Fourth-party logistics providers (4PLs) are simply an additional degree of separation away from the end consumer as 3PLs. However, their relationship to 3PLs ultimately defines 4PLs; 4PLs consist of integrated networks of 3PLs that they use to coordinate largescale logistics for a retailer, brand, or manufacturer. It is important to note that the 4PL owns the retailer-logistics relationship rather than the individual 3PLs. Similar to 3PLs, 4PLs do not own the goods they manage.