Cross-cultural communication (also referred to as intercultural communication) is the study of how people from different backgrounds (nationality, ethnicity, religion, and even social groups) interact with each other through communication. This includes both verbal and nonverbal interaction - i.e. the words that are said and the way they are said, along with gestures, body language, and even things like personal space.
Essentially, intercultural communication explores how cultural differences may lead to misinterpretations. For instance, a simple thumbs-up gesture might be a friendly sign in some cultures, but offensive in others. Likewise, direct communication might be seen as rude in some cultures, while indirectness might be perceived as unclear/ shirking responsibilities. By recognizing these nuances and adapting your approach to bridge the gap, one may be better equipped to establish harmony and stronger relationships with people from other backgrounds.
Examples:
Business meeting between colleagues from different countries: Understanding how much direct eye contact is considered respectful, or the appropriate way to greet each other (bowing in some cultures, handshake in others).
Traveling to a new country: Being aware of local customs like appropriate clothing or tipping etiquette.
Social media interaction with people from different backgrounds: Using emojis that might be perceived differently across cultures, or avoiding humor that might not translate well.