Merchants should ensure that they are using a fraud and risk management tool to catch illegitimate transactions early in the checkout process. Good customer service can reduce the number of disputes filed with the credit card schemes or digital wallet providers. Customers will often contact a merchant directly prior to filing a dispute claim, and if the merchant is able to resolve the matter before a dispute is filed, the customer has no need to file a claim and no chargeback will be initiated. This can help keep merchants in good standing with the card schemes and digital wallet providers. Using 3DS (3-Domain Secure) shifts the liability from the merchant to the card issuer. This means that the liability for chargebacks is now borne by the card issuer. 3DS requires customers to complete an additional verification step with the card issuer and is mandatory for certain transactions as part of PSD2 in Europe, though low value transactions can be exempted from 3DS. This extra verification step makes actual fraud far less likely, although it can degrade the customer experience.