A seminal paper suggests bias among healthcare providers contributes to undervaluing and delegitimizing women's pain.Professional training can chip away at those biases, but a systematic review of medical school programs showed that most pain management training is insufficient. A 2019 report from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends expanding research into underlying mechanisms of chronic pain; medications, devices, and other treatments for pain; and complementary approaches to pain care, sometimes called integrative care. Funding such research could ultimately improve pain treatment, especially for women.