Maternal Substance Use: Exposure to substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs during pregnancy can directly affect fetal brain development, increasing the risk of addiction and other behavioral issues later in life. For instance, prenatal alcohol exposure can lead to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), which are associated with a higher risk of substance abuse.
Nutrition and Epigenetics: Poor maternal nutrition can influence the developing brain and may alter gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms, potentially increasing vulnerability to addictive behaviors. For example, deficiencies in essential nutrients can impact neurotransmitter systems involved in reward and addiction pathways.
Stress and Mental Health: High levels of maternal stress and poor mental health during pregnancy can affect fetal development through hormonal and epigenetic changes. These changes can predispose the child to stress-related disorders and increase the likelihood of substance use as a coping mechanism in later life.