Yes, ISO files can potentially contain malware or viruses. ISO files are disk image files that can store the entire contents of a physical disk or virtual disk. Like any other file format, ISO files can be infected with malicious code if they are created or modified by an attacker. It's essential to download ISO files from trusted sources and verify their integrity using checksums to minimize the risk of malware or viruses. Running a reliable antivirus scan on the ISO file before use is also a recommended precaution.