Certain state agencies and federal authorities have been granted statutory authority to issue civil investigative demands. A civil investigative demand (CID) is a legally-enforceable request for information relevant to a government investigation. These agencies and authorities have the power to issue civil investigative demands without judicial approval, and health care providers’ and other companies’ compliance burdens can often be far greater (and their options for challenging their obligations far more limited) than with respect to other types of requests for information.