There are differences in their structures and contractual arrangements.
The BOT model involves a private entity taking on the responsibility of financing, designing, building, and operating an infrastructure project for a set period of time. They recover their investment and make profits by running the facility and collecting user fees or other revenues. Eventually, ownership of the project is returned to the public sector. The private entity assumes the majority of project risks, including construction and operational risks.
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is a collaboration between the public and private sectors for infrastructure projects. It involves a long-term contractual relationship where the private sector provides financing, construction, operation, and maintenance services while the public sector retains ownership or control of the asset. Risks, responsibilities, and rewards are shared, and payment structures can vary.
The Public-Private Tie-up (PPT) model, also known as joint development or joint venture model, is a collaboration between the public and private sectors for infrastructure projects. Both sectors share the investment, ownership, and operational responsibilities of the project. The private sector contributes expertise and resources, while the public sector provides land, regulatory support, and other necessary assistance. Risks and rewards are shared based on agreed-upon terms and investment contributions.