If the titles are book titles, it is not suggested to use italics or quotation marks around them. However, if you are referring to specific elements of a book, such as book chapters or merely a portion of the title, use quote marks. For example: The Great Gatsby "by F. Scott Fitzgerald." You can also use signals in endnotes. These are notes written within the text of your essay that serve to call attention to certain words, phrases, or topics. They are usually placed at the bottom of pages upon which they refer. Endnotes are useful for highlighting major points within the text or providing additional information relevant to the topic at hand. Signals may also be applied to headers or footers. A header is a short sentence or phrase that appears at the top of each page of a book or manuscript. A footer is a short statement printed at the end of each page of an article or section of a book. Headers and footers can be used to identify characters in the story, important events that happen throughout the book, or any other topics pertinent to the work. Finally, signals can be used to indicate changes in tone or style. These may include such indicators as quotations marks for quoted material, dashes for internal dialogue, and parentheses for explanatory details.