Divide the message signal amplitude (Aₘ) by the carrier signal amplitude (A꜀) to obtain the amplitude modulation index (μa). Mathematically, its representation is:
μa = Aₘ / A꜀
Or divide the max frequency deviation (Δf) by the message signal frequency (fₘ) to obtain the frequency modulation index (μf). Mathematically, we represent that as:
μf = Δf / fₘ
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