Vulgar Marxism, which emerged during the 1930s in Soviet Russia, was an orthodox approach to Marxist theory that followed a crude form of economic determinism, disregarding the role of any other factors that could contribute to societal change or development. Thus, art or literature was also reduced to an effect of economic circumstances, and authors were considered mere viewpoints of their respective social classes. The approach is criticized within Marxism; Gramsci's and later Althusser's ideas, like hegemony, overdeterminism, and relative autonomy, target such reductionist, limiting, and simplistic approaches toward Marxist criticism.