Rules are applied differently in Scotland, but in England there are a series of limited exemptions to the protection given to wild birds and their nests and eggs by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. These exemptions are covered by what are known as Individual (or Specific) Licences (which need to be applied for through a statutory nature conservation agency) and General Licences (which do not).   Individual Licences relate to permission to take an action to “control wild birds” that would otherwise break the law and which is not covered by a General Licence. An applicant must apply to a statutory nature conservation agency (in England that would be Natural England) for a licence and the agency will then decide whether that situation merits a licence or not. If they agree they will then issue a licence to a named individual for that action to take place. An example would be A08 which allows certain species to be ‘controlled’ under strict conditions to “prevent disease or serious damage to livestock, foodstuffs for livestock, crops, vegetables, fruit, growing timber, fisheries or inland waters“. A named licence holder can use this licence to control wild birds, their nests and eggs by: disturbing them killing them taking them using a prohibited method of control on them.   Should a licence be refused but the applicant carries out the action anyway, they would be breaking the law.   General Licences are wider-ranging and do not need to be applied for. Essentially they set out the purposes and circumstances under which killing otherwise protected birds and/or removing their nests is legal. They are issued annually by Defra (the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs) who say on their website that, “General licences are permissive licences, meaning that users do not need to apply for them, but they must comply with their terms and conditions, when undertaking licensed acts. They allow users to kill or take certain species of wild birds for defined purposes such as preventing serious damage to certain commodities such as livestock and crops, for the purposes of conserving wild birds, plants and animals, or for public health and safety reasons.” In theory, then, anyone ‘authorised’ (a landowner or someone working with the landowners’ permission) can claim they are using a General Licence. They are not issued to individuals, and they don’t have to even be printed out. However, the terms of and the species on the General Licences were extensively revised by Defra in 2021 after a court challenge by Wild Justice who successfully argued that licences across the UK were flawed and were often simply a cover for shooting interests, not conservation interests, to carry out the casual killing of birds. In some circumstances, they argued, General Licences were unlawful because they did not specify the circumstances under which their use would be lawful and that there were some species included with unfavourable conservation status (like Lesser Black-backed Gull) that should never have been on the General Licences in the first place. In their words, the licences added up “to casual licensing of casual killing of birds“. The General Licences do still allow wild birds to be killed though or – in some cases – their nests to be removed. They are open to interpretation perhaps, but are at least more robust than pre-2021. The most relevant three licences in operation are: GL 40 (a general licence to kill or take certain species of wild birds to conserve endangered wild birds, or flora and fauna – the species covered are Carrion Crow, Jay, Magpie, Canada Goose, Egyptian Goose, Monk Parakeet, Ring-necked Parakeet, Sacred Ibis, Indian House Crow) GL 41 (a general licence to kill or take certain species of wild birds to preserve public health or public safety – the species covered are Jackdaw, Feral Pigeon, Canada Goose, and Monk Parakeet) and GL 42 (a general licence to kill or take certain species of wild birds to prevent serious damage and prevent the spread of disease – the species covered are Carrion Crow, Jackdaw, Magpie, Feral Pigeon, Rook, Woodpigeon, Canada Goose, Monk Parakeet, Ring-necked Parakeet, Egyptian Goose, Indian House Crow).   Note that General Licences are available for use on and around protected sites, “provided that the user complies with any conditions that apply to that site and has consent from Natural England where needed“.