Email spam and phishing scams can have significant impacts on individuals and businesses. For individuals, falling victim to a phishing scam can lead to financial losses, identity theft, and other damages. Businesses can suffer from productivity loss due to employees dealing with spam or falling for phishing scams, as well as reputational damage and potential fines for not adequately protecting customer data. The cumulative effect of spam and phishing scams can also reduce trust in online communication and transactions.