Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), also referred to as mesenchymal stromal cells, are adult stem cells capable of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. MSCs can differentiate into cells of mesodermal lineages (adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts) and non-mesodermal lineages (ectodermal and endodermal, including neuronal cells, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and epithelial cells). The plasticity of MSCs confers benefits in tissue regeneration. MSCs can inhibit the immune system, promote cell survival, and induce angiogenesis among others pleiotropic activities. The immunosuppressive role of MSCs is particularly interesting for clinical use because it confers resistance to rejection by the host immune system after transplantation.