No. If your tap water has high water hardness (i.e. calcium and magnesium, which leave limescale deposits), you need a water softener. Filters remove dangerous contaminants from potentially unsafe drinking water and produce better-tasting water, while water softeners remove ions that are responsible for forming mineral deposits.
We've written a whole guide on water filters vs water softeners, so you know where to go if you have more questions about which system is right for you.