For many years, several writers, most notably James Joyce, Samuel Beckett, Cormac McCarthy, and E.L. Doctorow, have refused to use quote marks. Others argue that the author's intention is to blur the borders between speech and description, allowing the reader to derive their own interpretation from the text. Still others claim that using quote marks would be redundant since all quotations are spoken words. Joyce and Beckett were both influential in the development of modern literature and they are regarded as key figures in the debate over the use of quotation marks. Joyce was a major force in shaping modernist writing and he is credited with introducing abstract thought into literary language. Beckett was one of the first post-war playwrights to emerge from Europe and his work has been cited as an influence on other prominent contemporary playwrights such as Peter Shaffer, Tony Award winner John Patrick Shanley, and George Bernard Shaw's grandson Sean Michael Shanley. In Joyce's novel Ulysses (1922), quotation marks are used extensively to indicate direct speech. However, this is done without mentioning the speaker by name, which would have given it character. The writer implies who said what by varying the typeface or style of printing certain words or phrases. For example, the word "irony" may be printed in italics when someone is being ironic. This method of indicating speech is new and it causes problems for readers who are used to identifying characters by their voice.