The end of monarchy and the absence of a king in France can be attributed to several pivotal events and underlying factors, culminating in the French Revolution (1789-1799). The revolution was driven by a combination of economic hardship, social inequality, and political discontent with the absolute monarchy, which was exemplified by the reign of Louis XVI. The financial crisis, partly due to France's involvement in costly wars (including support for the American Revolution), exacerbated the already widespread poverty and tax burdens on the common people, while the nobility and clergy enjoyed privileges. The Estates-General was convened in 1789 to address the financial crisis, leading to the formation of the National Assembly by the Third Estate, which represented the common people. This act set in motion a series of events that included the storming of the Bastille and the eventual overthrow of the monarchy. The monarchy was officially abolished on September 21, 1792, and France was declared a republic. Louis XVI was executed in January 1793, signaling the definitive end of the French monarchy. The subsequent rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and the establishment of the French Empire further ensured that the monarchy wouldn't be restored until the Bourbon Restoration in 1814, which was then followed by another brief abolition during the Hundred Days of Napoleon's return in 1815. Although the monarchy was briefly restored again after Napoleon's defeat, it ultimately ended with the July Revolution of 1830. A constitutional monarchy lasted until the February Revolution of 1848, after which the Second Republic was established, leading to the eventual establishment of the French Republic in its current form.