The dot product of 3D vectors is calculated using the components of the vectors in a similar way as in 2D, namely, ⃑ 𝐴 ⋅ ⃑ 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐴 𝐵 ,       where the subscripts 𝑥 , 𝑦 , and 𝑧 denote the components along the 𝑥 -, 𝑦 -, and 𝑧 -axes.