While the in vitro organoid model of coeliac disease offers significant advantages in studying disease mechanisms and immune responses, there are several limitations that need to be considered when interpreting the results. One major limitation is the complexity of the in vivo microenvironment that cannot be fully replicated in an in vitro setting. The organoid model may lack certain components of the immune system present in the human body, such as the systemic circulation, lymphatic system, and interactions with other organs. This could impact the immune responses and inflammatory processes observed in the organoids, potentially leading to differences in disease progression and outcomes compared to in vivo conditions. Additionally, the organoid model may not fully capture the dynamic and multifaceted interactions between different cell types, signaling pathways, and environmental factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of coeliac disease. Therefore, while the organoid model provides valuable insights into disease mechanisms, researchers should interpret the results with caution and validate findings in animal models or patient samples to ensure their relevance to the in vivo context.