According to Johns Hopkins University, a traumatic brain injury can cause long-term, even permanent, changes to how the brain functions. Those repercussions can include: Cognitive difficulties. Victims may be confused, have a short attention span or difficulty solving problems, exhibit poor judgment, or experience a loss of time and space. Motor difficulties. Brain injury victims may suffer paralysis, spasticity, difficulty with balance, a lack of endurance, tremors, difficulty swallowing, and poor coordination. Sensory deficits. All five senses may be affected. Victims may not understand where their limbs are in relation to their body. Vision difficulties include double vision, limited visual acuity, and limited range of vision. Communication difficulties. Victims may have trouble speaking and understanding speech, selecting the correct words, difficulty reading and writing, loss of vocabulary, and problems making complete sentences. Functional deficits. TBI victims may have difficulty dressing, eating, bathing, paying bills, shopping, driving, or using machinery. Victims may also have problems with fatigue, sleep, and going to the bathroom. Social difficulties. Interpersonal relationships may be affected. Victims may find it hard to make and keep friends. Personality changes. Some victims may become apathetic, unmotivated, irritable, anxious, depressed, or aggressive.