According to the findings of this study, nicotine from cigarette smoking raises circulation levels of cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin in male chronic smokers. It also increases the production of the stress hormone catecholamines by the adrenal glands. All these hormones play a role in growth and development. So, the conclusion is that smoking reduces growth in young males by reducing blood flow to the kidneys and lungs and by increasing their stress level. However, after cessation of smoking, growth rates return to normal.