There are a number of reasons why responsibility is difficult to attribute. One reason is that the IT systems and their constituents can be complex, making it hard to trackwho is responsible for what. Another reason is that different actors may have had different roles in contributing to the problem, making it difficult to determine who should be held responsible. And finally, systemic problems often involve interactions between various parts of an organization or system, making it even more difficult to identify the single point of failure or responsibility (Johnson and Powers 2005).