The answer is Yes. To avoid erroneous results, it’s usually a good idea to check whether the association in the aggregated dataset holds up in subsets, especially if some groups in the data aren’t equally represented. Another option is to weigh the samples based on their dimensions. Statistical analysis tools, however, are just that: tools to assist you in organising and analysing the data you’ve collected. They can’t give you any information about data that wasn’t collected or analysed. As a result, involving a multifunctional team, particularly subject matter experts and practitioners, is critical. In a well-designed experiment or survey, Simpson’s paradox is unlikely to be an issue. You can identify potential hidden variables ahead of time and regulate them effectively by deleting them, maintaining them constant for all groups, or including them in the study. Randomization goes a long way toward limiting the effects of a hidden variable that might have been overlooked.