Painkillers, also known as analgesics, can be classified into different categories. The main types include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or naproxen; opioids, including medications like morphine or oxycodone; adjuvant medications, which are typically used for conditions like nerve pain (e.g., antidepressants or anticonvulsants); and topical agents, such as lidocaine patches or creams.