Most commonly, these layers are:
– the perception layer hosting smart things;
– the connectivity or transport layer transferring data from the physical layer to the cloud and vice versa via networks and gateways;
– the processing layer employing IoT platforms to accumulate and manage all data streams;
– the application layer delivering solutions like analytics, reporting, and device control to end users.
– the edge or fog computing layer performing data preprocessing close to the edge, where IoT things collect new information. Typically, edgy computing occurs on gateways;
– the business layer where businesses make decisions based on the data; and
– the security layer encompassing all other layers.