A spall is described as material flakes that break off of a bigger solid mass. Concrete spalling is generally caused by rusting of the steel reinforcement contained inside the concrete component. These expansion pressures can induce delamination, cracking, spalling, and breaking off of the concrete. The word "spall" comes from the British language; it means to hit or punch. Concrete components are exposed to various agents such as air, water, ice, and other concrete components, which over time will cause them to deteriorate. This deterioration includes any changes that may be made necessary as a result of exposure to these agents. For example, concrete exposed to air for a long period of time will turn white because of the loss of pigment within the concrete. This loss of color is called albinization. Other forms of deterioration include corrosion of reinforcing bars within the concrete (if metal rebar is used within the concrete), oxidation of the cement paste, and attack on the polymer fiber fabric in composite concrete structures. Concrete that has deteriorated beyond repair should be removed from service so that it no longer poses a risk when exposed to additional stress. Failure to remove damaged concrete components could lead to further damage or failure of adjacent sound concrete, since all concrete moves over time under its own weight. Concrete that has been damaged by heavy vehicles or equipment should be replaced before it causes more damage.