Research All entering students plan a research program with their supervisor at the start of their degree studies. Progress in research is monitored by the supervisory committee through meetings with the student and by a progress report consisting of a written paper and an oral presentation each year. In the event of failure to achieve satisfactory progress the student will normally be required to withdraw from the program. Satisfactory progress in research results in credit for PHYS 7001 3.0: PhD Research Evaluation.  Courses Candidates must take the following courses if they have not already done so: Physics Stream PHYS 5000 3.0: Quantum Mechanics I and PHYS 5020 3.0: Electromagnetism. Astronomy and Astrophysics Stream PHYS 5090 3.0: Stars and Nebulae, or its equivalent and one course chosen from among: PHYS 5000 3.0 Quantum Mechanics I; PHYS 5020 3.0: Electromagnetism; PHYS 5030 3.0: Statistical Mechanics; PHYS 5120 3.0: Gas and Fluid Dynamics; PHYS 5230 3.0 General Relativity. Any candidate who lacks background in observational and/or theoretical methods of astronomy should consider taking PHYS 5390 3.0: Astronomical Techniques. To complete the 18-credit post-BSc course requirements, candidates must select half of the remaining credits from the Graduate Program in Physics and Astronomy. Remaining credits may be selected from the Graduate Program in Physics and Astronomy or other science-related graduate programs. At least 12 of the 18 credits must be from courses not integrated with an undergraduate course.