In addition to targeting ATP synthase, researchers can explore alternative cellular processes or pathways in Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are essential for bacterial survival and virulence but are not shared or have distinct features in human cells. One potential strategy is to focus on disrupting specific signaling pathways or protein-protein interactions that are critical for bacterial pathogenesis, such as those involved in host immune evasion or antibiotic resistance mechanisms. By elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying these pathways and identifying key regulatory proteins or enzymes that are unique to M. tuberculosis, researchers can develop targeted inhibitors or modulators that selectively interfere with bacterial functions without impacting essential processes in human cells. Furthermore, investigating the interplay between bacterial metabolism, stress responses, and virulence factors can uncover new vulnerabilities that can be exploited for developing alternative approaches to treat tuberculosis while minimizing the risk of disrupting essential human functions.