TCI is a better choice in nearly every aspect, with one possible exception. TCI is less invasive, less expensive, faster, usually requires no sedation, allows two inseminations in a cycle, and has HIGHER pregnancy rates and litter sizes than surgical insemination. The only time we recommend surgical insemination is if we know that the bitch has endometrial (uterine) cysts, which we can reduce at the time of surgery. In this circumstance, surgical insemination has the advantage over TCI.