BIOLOGICAL: - Higher rates of obesity AND hypertension in males BEHAVIOURAL: - Males are more likely to smoke, eat diets high in fat and low in fruit and vegetable consumption, take risks - Males are less likely to visit doctors, take notice of health promotion messages, value good health SOCIAL: - Males often have higher socioeconomic status, more dangerous occupation, and more peer pressure PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: - Males have more exposure to dangerous workplaces including building sites, farms, mines, roads, outdoor areas (UV exposure)