References  [  [ edit  ](/w/index.php?title=Life-
cycle_assessment&action=edit&section=28 "Edit section: References") ]

1. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ Ilgin, Mehmet Ali; Gupta, Surendra M. (2010). "Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing and Product Recovery (ECMPRO): A Review of the State of the Art". _Journal of Environmental Management_ . **91** (3): 563–591. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.09.037 ](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2009.09.037) . [ PMID ](/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID \(identifier\)") [ 19853369 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19853369) . " Life cycle analysis (LCA) is a method used to evaluate the environmental impact of a product through its life cycle encompassing extraction and processing of the raw materials, manufacturing, distribution, use, recycling, and final disposal. " .
2. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ _**d** _ _**e** _ [ "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)" ](https://web.archive.org/web/20120306122239/http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/lca/lca.html) . _EPA.gov_ . Washington, DC. [ EPA ](/wiki/EPA "EPA") National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL). 6 March 2012. Archived from [ the original ](http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/lca/lca.html) on 6 March 2012  . Retrieved  8 December  2019  . " LCA is a technique to assess the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product, process, or service, by: / * Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases/ * Evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with identified inputs and releases / * Interpreting the results to help you make a more informed decision "
3. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ _**d** _ _**e** _ _**f** _ _**g** _ _**h** _ _**i** _ Matthews, H. Scott, Chris T. Hendrickson, and Deanna H. Matthews (2014). _Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter_ . pp. 83–95.  ` {{ [ cite book ](/wiki/Template:Cite_book "Template:Cite book") }} ` : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( [ link ](/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list") )
4. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ _**d** _ Klopffer, Walter and Birgit Grahl (2014). _Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)_ . Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. pp. 1–2.
5. ** ^  ** Jonker, Gerald; Harmsen, Jan (2012). "Creating Design Solutions". _Engineering for Sustainability_ . Amsterdam, NL: Elsevier. pp. 61–81, esp. 70. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1016/B978-0-444-53846-8.00004-4 ](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-444-53846-8.00004-4) . [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 9780444538468  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444538468 "Special:BookSources/9780444538468") . " It is very important to first set the goal of the life cycle analysis or assessment. In the conceptual design stage, the goal in general will be identifying the major environmental impacts of the reference process and showing how the new design reduces these impacts "
6. ** ^  ** Sánchez-Barroso, Gonzalo; Botejara-Antúnez, Manuel; García-Sanz-Calcedo, Justo; Zamora-Polo, Francisco (September 2021). [ "A life cycle analysis of ionizing radiation shielding construction systems in healthcare buildings" ](https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S235271022100245X) . _Journal of Building Engineering_ . **41** : 102387. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102387 ](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jobe.2021.102387) .
7. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ _Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice_ . Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. pp. 3–9.
8. ** ^  ** [ "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Overview" ](https://sftool.gov/plan/400/life-cycle-assessment-lca-overview) . _sftool.gov_ . Retrieved  1 July  2014  .
9. ** ^  ** [ "Entry details | FAO Term Portal | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations" ](http://www.fao.org/faoterm/viewentry/en/?entryId=168005) . _www.fao.org_ . Retrieved  13 August  2021  .
10. ** ^  ** Ekvall, Tomas (24 September 2019). [ "Attributional and Consequential Life Cycle Assessment" ](https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/69212) . _Sustainability Assessment at the 21st century_ . Sustainability Assessment at the 21st century: IntechOpen. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.5772/intechopen.89202 ](https://doi.org/10.5772%2Fintechopen.89202) . [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 9781789849776  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789849776 "Special:BookSources/9781789849776") . [ S2CID ](/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID \(identifier\)") [ 210353428 ](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210353428) .  ` {{ [ cite book ](/wiki/Template:Cite_book "Template:Cite book") }} ` : CS1 maint: location ( [ link ](/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location "Category:CS1 maint: location") )
11. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ _**d** _ _**e** _ _**f** _ _**g** _ _**h** _ _**i** _ _**j** _ Hauschild, Michael Z., Ralph K. Rosenbaum, & Stig Irving Olsen (2018). _Life Cycle Assessment: Theory and Practice_ . Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 83–84. [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-3-319-56474-6  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-56474-6 "Special:BookSources/978-3-319-56474-6") .  ` {{ [ cite book ](/wiki/Template:Cite_book "Template:Cite book") }} ` : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( [ link ](/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list") )
12. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Gong, Jian; You, Fengqi (2017). "Consequential Life Cycle Optimization: General Conceptual Framework and Application to Algal Renewable Diesel Production". _ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering _ . **5** (7): 5887–5911. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00631 ](https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facssuschemeng.7b00631) .
13. ** ^  ** [ Guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment of Products ](http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx1164xPA-guidelines_sLCA.pdf) [ Archived ](https://web.archive.org/web/20120118063849/http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx1164xPA-guidelines_sLCA.pdf) 18 January 2012 at the [ Wayback Machine ](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") , United Nations Environment Programme, 2009.
14. ** ^  ** Benoît, Catherine; Mazijn, Bernard. (2013). _Guidelines for social life cycle assessment of products_ . United Nations Environment Programme. [ OCLC ](/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC \(identifier\)") [ 1059219275 ](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1059219275) .
15. ** ^  ** Benoît, Catherine; Norris, Gregory A.; Valdivia, Sonia; Ciroth, Andreas; Moberg, Asa; Bos, Ulrike; Prakash, Siddharth; Ugaya, Cassia; Beck, Tabea (February 2010). "The guidelines for social life cycle assessment of products: just in time!". _The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment_ . **15** (2): 156–163. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1007/s11367-009-0147-8 ](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11367-009-0147-8) . [ S2CID ](/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID \(identifier\)") [ 110017051 ](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110017051) .
16. ** ^  ** Garrido, Sara Russo (1 January 2017). "Social Life-Cycle Assessment: An Introduction". In Abraham, Martin A. (ed.). _Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies_ . Elsevier. pp. 253–265. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10089-2 ](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-409548-9.10089-2) . [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-0-12-804792-7  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-804792-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-12-804792-7") .
17. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ E.g., see  Saling, Peter (2006).  [ ISO 14040: Environmental management—Life cycle assessment, Principles and framework ](https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html) (Report). Geneve, CH: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)  . Retrieved  11 December  2019  .  [ _[ full citation needed  ](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources