page/n30/mode/1up) (year 1863). Lane's _[ Arabic-English Lexicon ](/wiki/Arabic-English_Lexicon "Arabic-English Lexicon") _ contains much of the main contents of the medieval Arabic dictionaries in English translation. At AlWaraq.net, in addition to searchable copies of medieval Arabic dictionaries, there are searchable copies of a large number of medieval Arabic texts on various subjects. 
  6. ** ^  ** More details at [ _CNRTL.fr Etymologie_ ](http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/) in French language. [ Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales ](/wiki/Centre_national_de_ressources_textuelles_et_lexicales "Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales") (CNRTL) is a division of the [ French National Centre for Scientific Research ](/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research "French National Centre for Scientific Research") . 
  7. ** ^  ** Mazzaoui, Maureen Fennell (1981). _The Italian Cotton Industry in the Later Middle Ages, 1100-1600_ . Cambridge University Press. [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-0-521-23095-7  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23095-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23095-7") .  [ _[ page needed  ](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources") _ ] 
  8. ** ^  ** [ "The definition of cotton" ](http://dictionary.com/browse/cotton) . _[ Dictionary.com ](/wiki/Dictionary.com "Dictionary.com") _ . Retrieved  21 March  2019  . 
  9. ** ^  ** Mithen, Steven (2006), [ _After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000-5000 BC_ ](https://books.google.com/books?id=NVygmardAA4C&pg=PA411) , Harvard University Press, pp. 411–412, [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-0-674-01999-7  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01999-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01999-7") Quote: "One of the funerary chambers, dating to around 5500 BC, had contained an adult male lying on his side with legs flexed backward and a young child, approximately one or two years old, at his feet. Next to the adult's left wrist were eight copper beads which had once formed a bracelet. As such metal beads were only found in one other Neolithic burial at Mehrgarh, he must have been an extraordinarily wealthy and important person. Microscopic analysis showed that each bead had been made by beating and heating copper ore into a thin sheet which had then been rolled around a narrow rod. Substantial corrosion prevented a detailed technological study of the beads; yet this turned out to be a blessing as the corrosion had led to the preservation of something quite remarkable inside one of the beads – a piece of cotton. ... After further microscopic study, the fibres were unquestionably identified as cotton; it was, in fact, a bundle of both unripe and ripe fibres that had been wound together to make a thread, these being differentiated by the thickness of their cell walls. As such, this copper bead contained the earliest known use of cotton in the world by at least a thousand years. The next earliest was also found at Mehrgarh: a collection of cotton seeds discovered amidst charred wheat and barley grains outside one of its mud-brick rooms." 
  10. ** ^  ** Moulherat, C.; Tengberg, M.; Haquet, J. R. M. F.; Mille, B. ̂T. (2002). "First Evidence of Cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh, Pakistan: Analysis of Mineralized Fibres from a Copper Bead". _Journal of Archaeological Science_ . **29** (12): 1393–1401. [ Bibcode ](/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode \(identifier\)") : [ 2002JArSc..29.1393M ](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JArSc..29.1393M) . [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1006/jasc.2001.0779 ](https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjasc.2001.0779) .  Quote: "The metallurgical analysis of a copper bead from a Neolithic burial (6th millennium bc) at Mehrgarh, Pakistan, allowed the recovery of several threads, preserved by mineralization. They were characterized according to new procedure, combining the use of a reflected-light microscope and a scanning electron microscope, and identified as cotton (Gossypium sp.). The Mehrgarh fibres constitute the earliest known example of cotton in the Old World and put the date of the first use of this textile plant back by more than a millennium. Even though it is not possible to ascertain that the fibres came from an already domesticated species, the evidence suggests an early origin, possibly in the Kachi Plain, of one of the Old World cottons. 
  11. ** ^  ** Jia, Yinhua; Pan, Zhaoe; He, Shoupu; Gong, Wenfang; Geng, Xiaoli; Pang, Baoyin; Wang, Liru; Du, Xiongming (December 2018). [ "Genetic diversity and population structure of Gossypium arboreum L. collected in China" ](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs42397-018-0011-0) . _Journal of Cotton Research_ . **1** (1): 11. [ Bibcode ](/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode \(identifier\)") : [ 2018JCotR...1...11J ](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCotR...1...11J) . [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") :  [ 10.1186/s42397-018-0011-0 ](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs42397-018-0011-0) . " Gossypium arboreum is a diploid species cultivated in the Old World. It was first domesticated near the Indus Valley before 6000 BC (Moulherat et al. 2002). "
  12. ** ^  ** Ahmed, Mukhtar (2014). [ _Ancient Pakistan - an Archaeological History: Volume III: Harappan Civilization - the Material Culture_ ](https://books.google.com/books?id=3qvVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA249) . Amazon. p. 249. [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-1-4959-6643-9  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4959-6643-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4959-6643-9") . 
  13. ** ^  ** Jonathan D. Sauer, _Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster_ , Routledge (2017), [ p. 115 ](https://books.google.com/books?id=moZHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT115)
  14. ** ^  ** Huckell, Lisa W. (1993). "Plant Remains from the Pinaleño Cotton Cache, Arizona". _Kiva, the Journal of Southwest Anthropology and History_ . **59** (2): 147–203. [ JSTOR ](/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR \(identifier\)") [ 30246122 ](https://www.jstor.org/stable/30246122) . 
  15. ** ^  ** Beckert, S. (2014). Chapter one: The Rise of a Global Community. In Empire of Cotton: A global history. essay, Vintage Books. 
  16. ** ^  ** _[ New World Cotton ](https://books.google.com/books?id=FauFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117) _ , p. 117, at [ Google Books ](/wiki/Google_Books "Google Books") in  Manickam, S.; Prakash, A. H. (2016). "Genetic Improvement of Cotton". _Gene Pool Diversity and Crop Improvement_ . Sustainable Development and Biodiversity. Vol. 10. pp. 105–161. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1007/978-3-319-27096-8_4 ](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-27096-8_4) . [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-3-319-27094-4  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-27094-4 "Special:BookSources/978-3-319-27094-4") . 
  17. ** ^  ** [ "cotton" ](https://web.archive.org/web/20140923071411/https://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/cotton) in _The Columbia Encyclopedia_ , Sixth Edition. 2001–07. 
  18. ** ^  ** [ Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation ](/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Islamica_Foundation "Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation") [ "پنبه" ](https://web.archive.org/web/20090630080822/http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=2820) . Archived from the original on 30 June 2009  . Retrieved  28 February  2009  .  ` {{ [ cite web ](/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web") }} ` : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( [ link ](/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown "Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown") )  , Retrieved on 28 February 2009. 
  19. ** ^  ** [ "Ancient Egyptian cotton unveils secrets of domesticated crop evolution" ](http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/ancient_egyptian_cotton/) . _www2.warwick.ac.uk_ . Retrieved  21 November  2016  . 
  20. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Yvanez, Elsa; Wozniak, Magdalena M. (30 June 2019). [ "Cotton in ancient Sudan and Nubia: Archaeological sources and historical implications" ](https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fethnoecologie.4429) . _Revue d'ethnoécologie_ (15). [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") :  [ 10.4000/ethnoecologie.4429 ](https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fethnoecologie.4429) . [ S2CID ](/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID \(identifier\)") [ 198635772 ](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198635772) . 
  21. ** ^  ** G. Mokhtar (1 January 1981). [ _Ancient civilizations of Africa_ ](https://books.google.com/books?id=gB6DcMU94GUC&q=cultivation+cotton+Meroe&pg=PA310) . Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. p. 310. [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-0-435-94805-4  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-94805-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-435-94805-4") . Retrieved  19 June  2012  – via Books.google.com. 
  22. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ _**d** _ Yvanez, Elsa (2018). [ "Clothing the Elite? Patterns of Textile Production and Consumption in Ancient Sudan and Nubia" ](https://rcin.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?showContent=true&id=67584) . _Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae_ . **31** : 81–92. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.23858/FAH31.2018.006 ](https://doi.org/10.23858%2FFAH31.2018.006) . 
  23. ** ^  ** Maxwell, Robyn J. (2003).  [ _Textiles of Southeast Asia: tradition, trade and transformation_ ](https://archive.org/details/textilesofsouthe0000maxw) (revised ed.). Tuttle Publishing. p. [ 410 ](https://archive.org/details/textilesofsouthe0000maxw/page/410) . [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-0-7946-0104-1  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0104-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0104-1") . 
  24. ** ^  ** Roche, Julian (1994). _The International Cotton Trade_ . Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing Ltd. p. 5. 
  25. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Lakwete, Angela (2003). [ _Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America_ ](https://books.google.com/books?id=uOMaGVnPfBcC) . Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–6. [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-0-8018-7394-2  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7394-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7394-2") . [ Archived ](https://web.archive.org/web/20160529151903/https://books.google.com/books?id=uOMaGVnPfBcC) from the original on 29 May 2016. 
  26. ** ^  ** Baber, Zaheer (1996). _The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India_ . Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 57.  [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-0-7914-2919-8 ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2919-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2919-8") . 
  27. ** ^  ** Pacey, Arnold (1991) [1990]. _Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History_ (First MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. 
  28. ** ^  ** Pacey, Arnold (1991) [1990]. _Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History_ (First MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. pp. 23–24. 
  29. ** ^  ** Backer, Patricia. [ "Technology in the Middle Ages" ](https://web.archive.org/web/20130508045210/http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/history/middle.htm) . _History of Technology_ . Archived from [ the original ](http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/history/middle.htm) on 8 May 2013  . Retrieved  12 June  2011  . 
  30. ** ^  ** Volti, Rudi (1999). [ "cotton" ](http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE49\\&iPin=ffests0220) . _The Facts on File Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Society_ . 
  31. ** ^  ** [ John F. Richards ](/wiki/John_F._Richards "John F. Richards") (1995), [ _The Mughal Empire_ , page 190 ](https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA190) [ Archived ](https://web.archive.org/web/20171220230104/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA190) 20 December 2017 at the [ Wayback Machine ](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") , [ Cambridge University Press ](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press "Cambridge University Press")
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  33. ** ^  ** [ Angus Maddison ](/wiki/Angus_Maddison "Angus Maddison") (1995), _Monitoring the World Economy, 1820-1992_ , [ OECD ](/wiki/OECD "OECD") , p. 30 
  34. ** ^  ** Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011), _Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850_ , Cambridge University Press, p. 2, [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-1-139-49889-0  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49889-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49889-0")
  35. ** ^  ** Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996), [ _The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760_ , page 202 ](https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202) [ Archived ](https://web.archive.org/web/20140627124201/http://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202) 27 June 2014 at the [ Wayback Machine ](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") , [ University of California Press ](/wiki/University_of_California_Press "University of California Press")
  36. ** ^  ** [ Irfan Habib ](/wiki/Irfan_Habib "Irfan Habib") (2011), [ _Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500_ , page 53 ](https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA53) , [ Pearson Education ](/wiki/Pearson_Education "Pearson Education")
  37. ** ^  ** [ Irfan Habib ](/wiki/Irfan_Habib "Irfan Habib") (2011), [ _Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500_ , pages 53-54 ](https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA53) , [ Pearson Education ](/wiki/Pearson_Education "Pearson Education")
  38. ** ^  ** [ Irfan Habib ](/wiki/Irfan_Habib "Irfan Habib") (2011), [ _Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500_ , page 54 ](https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA54) , [ Pearson Education ](/wiki/Pearson_Education "Pearson Education")
  39. ** ^  ** [ Karl Marx ](/wiki/Karl_Marx "Karl Marx") (1867). Chapter 16: "Machinery and Large-Scale Industry." _[ Das Kapital ](/wiki/Das_Kapital "Das Kapital") _ . 
  40. ** ^  ** Jean Batou (1991). [ _Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800-1870_ ](https://books.google.com/books?id=HjD4SCOE6IgC) . [ Librairie Droz ](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librairie_Droz "fr:Librairie Droz") . p. 181. [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-2-600-04293-2  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-600-04293-2 "Special:BookSources/978-2-600-04293-2") . 
  41. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Jean Batou (1991). [ _Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800-1870_ ](https://books.google.com/books?id=HjD4SCOE6IgC&pg=PA193) . [ Librairie Droz ](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librairie_Droz "fr:Librairie Droz") . pp. 193–196. [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-2-600-04293-2  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-600-04293-2 "Special:BookSources/978-2-600-04293-2") . 
  42. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ _**d** _ _**e** _ Broadberry, Stephen N.; Gupta, Bishnupriya (August 2005).  [ "Cotton Textiles and the Great Divergence: Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600-1850" ](https://cepr.org/publications/dp5183) . _Centre for Economic Policy Research_ . CEPR Press Discussion Paper No. 5183. [ SSRN ](/wiki/SSRN_\(identifier\) "SSRN \(identifier\)") [ 790866 ](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=790866) . 
  43. ** ^  ** Junie T. Tong (2016), [ _Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets_ , page 151 ](https://books.google.com/books?id=_UQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151) , [ CRC Press ](/wiki/CRC_Press "CRC Press")
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  47. ** ^  ** [ Yule, Henry ](/wiki/Henry_Yule "Henry Yule") ; [ Burnell, A. C. ](/wiki/A._C._Burnell "A. C. Burnell") (2013). [ _Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India_ ](https://books.google.com/books?id=8NXOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20) . [ Oxford University Press ](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press") . p. 20. [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-1-317-25293-1  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-25293-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-317-25293-1") . 
  48. ** ^  ** Bowen, H. V. (2013). "British Exports of Raw Cotton from India to China during the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries". In Riello, Giorgio; Roy, Tirthankar (eds.). [ _How India Clothed the World_ ](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv2gjwskd.12) . Brill. pp. 115–137. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1163/9789047429975_006 ](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789047429975_006) . [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-90-474-2997-5  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2997-5 "Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2997-5") . [ JSTOR ](/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR \(identifier\)") [ 10.1163/j.ctv2gjwskd.12 ](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv2gjwskd.12) . [ Archived ](https://web.archive.org/web/20240120040905/https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.1163/j.ctv2gjwskd.12.pdf) (PDF)  from the original on 20 January 2024. 
  49. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Hughs, S. E.; Valco, T. D.; Williford, J. R. (2008). "100 Years of Cotton Production, Harvesting, and Ginning Systems Engineering: 1907-2007". _Transactions of the ASABE_ . **51** (4): 1187–1198. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.13031/2013.25234 ](https://doi.org/10.13031%2F2013.25234) . 
  50. ** ^  ** (Fisher 1932 pp 154–156)  [ _[ full citation needed  ](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources