1. ** ^  ** [ "World Economic Outlook Database, 2019" ](https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=38&pr.y=13&sy=2019&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C546%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C314%2C548%2C193%2C556%2C122%2C678%2C912%2C181%2C313%2C867%2C419%2C682%2C513%2C684%2C316%2C273%2C913%2C868%2C124%2C921%2C339%2C948%2C638%2C943%2C514%2C686%2C218%2C688%2C963%2C518%2C616%2C728%2C223%2C836%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C962%2C156%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C565%2C924%2C283%2C233%2C853%2C632%2C288%2C636%2C293%2C634%2C566%2C238%2C964%2C662%2C182%2C960%2C359%2C423%2C453%2C935%2C968%2C128%2C922%2C611%2C714%2C321%2C862%2C243%2C135%2C248%2C716%2C469%2C456%2C253%2C722%2C642%2C942%2C643%2C718%2C939%2C724%2C734%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=) . _IMF.org_ . [ International Monetary Fund ](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") . Retrieved  24 February  2020  . 
  2. ** ^  ** [ "  "Overall total population" – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision" ](https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20\(Standard\)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx) (xslx)  . _population.un.org_ (custom data acquired via website). [ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs ](/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs "United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs") , Population Division  . Retrieved  24 February  2020  . 
  3. ** ^  ** [ "Sarkozy attacks focus on economic growth (French president urges more emphasis on quality of life)" ](https://web.archive.org/web/20141025190701/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/sep/14/sarkozy-attacks-gdp-focus) , [ The Guardian ](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian") , 14 September 2009. 
  4. ** ^  ** [ "Alternative progress indicators to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a means towards sustainable development" ](http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/studiesdownload.html?languageDocument=EN&file=19990) [ _[ dead link  ](/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot") _ ] 
  5. ** ^  ** [ "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023" ](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1) . _IMF.org_ . [ International Monetary Fund ](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") . 10 October 2023  . Retrieved  10 October  2023  . 
  6. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ [ "WEO Database, October 2023. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: World, EU" ](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?a=1&c=001,998,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1) . _IMF.org_ . [ International Monetary Fund ](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") . 10 October 2023  . Retrieved  10 October  2023  . 
  7. ** ^  ** [ "GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)" ](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=true) . _data.worldbank.org_ . Retrieved  3 July  2023  . 
  8. ** ^  ** [ Real GDP per capita ](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison) , [ The World Factbook ](/wiki/The_World_Factbook "The World Factbook") , [ Central Intelligence Agency ](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") . Accessed on 19 October 2022. 
  9. ** ^  ** [ "The World Factbook - European Union" ](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/european-union/#economyhttps://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/european-union/#economy) . _CIA.gov_ . Retrieved  19 October  2022  . 
  10. ** ^  ** [ "The World Factbook - World" ](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/#economy) . _CIA.gov_ . Retrieved  19 October  2022  . 
  11. ** ^  ** [ "WEO Database, October 2023. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: Syria" ](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=463,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2008&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1) . _IMF.org_ . [ International Monetary Fund ](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") . 10 October 2023  . Retrieved  10 October  2023  . 
  12. ** ^  ** [ "IMF DataMapper / Datasets / World Economic Outlook (October 2023) / Population" ](https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/LP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD) . _IMF.org_ . [ International Monetary Fund ](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") . 10 October 2023  . Retrieved  10 October  2023  . 
  13. ** ^  ** [ "Explaining the Shadow Economy in Europe: Size, Causes and Policy Options" ](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2019/12/13/Explaining-the-Shadow-Economy-in-Europe-Size-Causes-and-Policy-Options-48821) . International Monetary Fund. November 2019. 
  14. ** ^  ** [ "Sizing Up Black Markets and Red-Light Districts for G.D.P." ](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/10/business/international/eu-nations-counting-sex-and-drug-trades-toward-gdp.html) _The New York Times_ . 9 July 2014. 
  15. ** ^  ** [ "GDP to include illegal activity" ](https://www.financierworldwide.com/gdp-to-include-illegal-activity#.YTrrFdIzYRE) . Financier Worldwide Magazine. August 2014. 
  16. ** ^  ** [ "Handbook on the compilation of statistics on illegal economic activities in national accounts and balance of payments" ](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-manuals-and-guidelines/-/ks-05-17-202) . Eurostat. 6 March 2018. 
  17. ** ^  ** [ "How tax havens turn economic statistics into nonsense" ](https://qz.com/1300880/tax-havens-mean-40-of-foreign-direct-investments-are-artificial/) . Quartz. 11 June 2018. 
  18. ** ^  ** Dharmapala, Dhammika; Hines, James R. Jr. (2009). [ "Which Countries Become Tax Havens?" ](http://www.nber.org/papers/w12802.pdf) (PDF)  . _[ Journal of Public Economics ](/wiki/Journal_of_Public_Economics "Journal of Public Economics") _ . **93** (9–10): 1058–1068. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.07.005 ](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2009.07.005) . [ S2CID ](/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID \(identifier\)") [ 16653726 ](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16653726) .  The paper implicitly adopts the "smaller" tax haven approach, i.e., disregarding larger countries that have either low taxes rates (for example, [ Russia ](/wiki/Russia "Russia") ), or systems of taxation which permit them to be used to structure tax avoidance schemes (for example, the [ United Kingdom ](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") ). It also excludes non-sovereign tax havens (for example, [ Delaware ](/wiki/Delaware "Delaware") or [ Labuan ](/wiki/Labuan "Labuan") ). 
  19. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ [ "Piercing the Veil, Finance & Development, June 2018, Vol. 55, No. 2" ](http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2018/06/inside-the-world-of-global-tax-havens-and-offshore-banking/damgaard.htm) . IMF Finance & Development. June 2018. 
  20. ** ^  ** [ "Ireland Exports its Leprechaun" ](https://www.cfr.org/blog/ireland-exports-its-leprechaun) . Council on Foreign Relations. 11 May 2018. 
  21. ** ^  ** [ "The Irish National Accounts: Towards some do's and don'ts" ](http://www.irisheconomy.ie/index.php/2016/07/13/the-irish-national-accounts-towards-some-dos-and-donts/) . irisheconomy.ie. 13 July 2016. 
  22. ** ^  ** [ "PPP (current international $)" ](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true) . _data.worldbank.org_ . World Bank  . Retrieved  7 July  2020  . 
  23. ** ^  ** [ "World Bank, International Comparison Program database" ](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?year_high_desc=true) . Retrieved  10 April  2018  .