References  [  [ edit
](/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_B12&action=edit&section=43 "Edit section:
References") ]

  1. ** ^  ** Prieto T, Neuburger M, Spingler B, Zelder F (2016). [ "Inorganic Cyanide as Protecting Group in the Stereospecific Reconstitution of Vitamin B  12  from an Artificial Green Secocorrinoid" ](http://www.zora.uzh.ch/133095/1/OL_2016_5292.pdf) (PDF)  . _[ Org. Lett. ](/wiki/Organic_Letters "Organic Letters") _ **18** (20): 5292–5295. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02611 ](https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.orglett.6b02611) . [ PMID ](/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID \(identifier\)") [ 27726382 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27726382) . 
  2. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ _**d** _ _**e** _ _**f** _ _**g** _ _**h** _ _**i** _ _**j** _ _**k** _ _**l** _ _**m** _ _**n** _ _**o** _ _**p** _ _**q** _ _**r** _ Office of Dietary Supplements (6 April 2021). [ "Vitamin B12: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals" ](https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/) . Bethesda, Maryland: [ US National Institutes of Health ](/wiki/US_National_Institutes_of_Health "US National Institutes of Health") . [ Archived ](https://web.archive.org/web/20211008103749/https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/) from the original on 2021-10-08  . Retrieved  24 December  2021  . 
  3. ** ^  ** Yamada K (2013). "Cobalt: Its Role in Health and Disease". In Sigel A, Sigel H, Sigel RK (eds.). _Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases_ . Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 295–320. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_9 ](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-7500-8_9) . [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-94-007-7499-5  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7499-5 "Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7499-5") . [ PMID ](/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID \(identifier\)") [ 24470095 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24470095) . 
  4. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ Calderón-Ospina CA, Nava-Mesa MO (January 2020). [ "B Vitamins in the nervous system: Current knowledge of the biochemical modes of action and synergies of thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin" ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6930825) . _CNS Neurosci Ther_ . **26** (1): 5–13. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1111/cns.13207 ](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcns.13207) . [ PMC ](/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC \(identifier\)") [ 6930825 ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6930825) . [ PMID ](/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID \(identifier\)") [ 31490017 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31490017) . 
  5. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ Smith AG (2019-09-21). "Plants need their vitamins too". _Current Opinion in Plant Biology_ . **10** (3): 266–275. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1016/j.pbi.2007.04.009 ](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbi.2007.04.009) . [ PMID ](/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID \(identifier\)") [ 17434786 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17434786) . 
  6. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ _**d** _ _**e** _ _**f** _ _**g** _ _**h** _ _**i** _ _**j** _ _**k** _ [ "Vitamin B  12  " ](http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-B12) . Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 4 June 2015. [ Archived ](https://web.archive.org/web/20191029030049/https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-B12) from the original on 29 October 2019  . Retrieved  5 April  2019  . 
  7. ** ^  ** Vincenti A, Bertuzzo L, Limitone A, D'Antona G, Cena H (June 2021). [ "Perspective: Practical Approach to Preventing Subclinical B12 Deficiency in Elderly Population" ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8226782) . _Nutrients_ . **13** (6): 1913. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") :  [ 10.3390/nu13061913 ](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu13061913) . [ PMC ](/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC \(identifier\)") [ 8226782 ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8226782) . [ PMID ](/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID \(identifier\)") [ 34199569 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34199569) . 
  8. ** ^  ** Watanabe F, Bito T (January 2018). [ "Vitamin B12 sources and microbial interaction" ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5788147) . _Exp Biol Med (Maywood)_ . **243** (2): 148–158. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1177/1535370217746612 ](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1535370217746612) . [ PMC ](/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC \(identifier\)") [ 5788147 ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5788147) . [ PMID ](/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID \(identifier\)") [ 29216732 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29216732) . 
  9. ** ^  ** Obeid R, Heil SG, Verhoeven MM, van den Heuvel EG, de Groot LC, Eussen SJ (2019). [ "Vitamin B12 Intake From Animal Foods, Biomarkers, and Health Aspects" ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6611390) . _Front Nutr_ . **6** : 93. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") :  [ 10.3389/fnut.2019.00093 ](https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnut.2019.00093) . [ PMC ](/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC \(identifier\)") [ 6611390 ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6611390) . [ PMID ](/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID \(identifier\)") [ 31316992 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31316992) . 
  10. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ Finkelstein JL, Fothergill A, Venkatramanan S, Layden AJ, Williams JL, Crider KS, et al. (Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group) (January 2024). "Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and child health outcomes". _The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews_ . **1** (1): CD013823. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1002/14651858.CD013823.pub2 ](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD013823.pub2) . [ PMC ](/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC \(identifier\)") 10772977\. [ PMID ](/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID \(identifier\)") [ 38189492 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38189492) . 
  11. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Stabler SP (2020). "Vitamin B12". In Marriott BP, Birt DF, Stallings VA, Yates AA (eds.). _Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Eleventh Edition_ . London: Academic Press (Elsevier). pp. 257–272. [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-0-323-66162-1  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-66162-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-323-66162-1") . " US survey data from the NHANES What We Eat in America 2013e16 cohort reported the median vitamin B12 consumption for all adult men of 5.1 mcg and women of 3.5 mcg.95b Using the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for adults for Vitamin B12 of 2 mcg,93 less than 3% of men and 8% of women in the United States had inadequate diets using this comparator. However, 11% of girls 14e18 years had intakes less than their EAR of 2.0 mcg. "
  12. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ _**d** _ _**e** _ _**f** _ _**g** _ _**h** _ _**i** _ _**j** _ _**k** _ _**l** _ _**m** _ _**n** _ [ Institute of Medicine ](/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine "Institute of Medicine") (1998). [ "Vitamin B  12  " ](http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6015&page=306) . _Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B 6  , Folate, Vitamin B  12  , Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline _ . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 306–356. [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-0-309-06554-2  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06554-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06554-2") . Retrieved  February 7,  2012  . 
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  17. ** ^  ** Butler P, Kräutler B (2006). "Biological Organometallic Chemistry of B12". _Bioorganometallic Chemistry_ . Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. Vol. 17. pp. 1–55. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1007/3418_004 ](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3418_004) . [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 3-540-33047-X  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-33047-X "Special:BookSources/3-540-33047-X") . 
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  24. ** ^  ** Skerrett PJ (February 2019). [ "Vitamin B12 deficiency can be sneaky, harmful" ](https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/vitamin-b12-deficiency-can-be-sneaky-harmful-201301105780) . _Harvard Health Blog_ . [ Archived ](https://web.archive.org/web/20191029144521/https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/vitamin-b12-deficiency-can-be-sneaky-harmful-201301105780) from the original on 29 October 2019  . Retrieved  6 January  2020  . 
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