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[
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The six most abundant [ ions ](https://www.britannica.com/science/ion-physics)
of seawater are  [ chloride ](https://www.britannica.com/science/chlorine) (Cl
−  ),  [ sodium ](https://www.britannica.com/science/sodium) (Na  \+  ),  [
sulfate ](https://www.britannica.com/science/sulfate) (SO  2  4  −  ),  [
magnesium ](https://www.britannica.com/science/magnesium) (Mg  2+  ),  [
calcium ](https://www.britannica.com/science/calcium) (Ca  2+  ), and  [
potassium ](https://www.britannica.com/science/potassium) (K  \+  ). By weight
these ions make up about 99 percent of all sea salts. The amount of these
salts in a volume of seawater varies because of the addition or removal of
water locally (e.g., through [ precipitation
](https://www.britannica.com/science/precipitation) and [ evaporation
](https://www.britannica.com/science/evaporation) ). The salt content in
seawater is indicated by  [ salinity
](https://www.britannica.com/science/salinity) ( _S_ ), which is defined as
the amount of salt in grams dissolved in one [ kilogram
](https://www.britannica.com/science/kilogram) of seawater and expressed in
parts per thousand. Salinities in the open [ ocean
](https://www.britannica.com/science/ocean) have been observed to range from
about 34 to 37 parts per thousand (0/00 or ppt), which may also be expressed
as 34 to 37 practical salinity units (psu). _See also_ [ salinity
](https://www.britannica.com/science/salinity) .
Inorganic [ carbon ](https://www.britannica.com/science/carbon-chemical-
element) , [ bromide ](https://www.britannica.com/science/bromine) , [ boron
](https://www.britannica.com/science/boron-chemical-element) , [ strontium
](https://www.britannica.com/science/strontium) , and [ fluoride
](https://www.britannica.com/science/fluorine) [ constitute
](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/constitute) the other major
dissolved substances of seawater. Of the many minor dissolved chemical [
constituents ](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/constituents) ,
inorganic [ phosphorus ](https://www.britannica.com/science/phosphorus-
chemical-element) and inorganic [ nitrogen
](https://www.britannica.com/science/nitrogen) are among the most notable,
since they are important for the growth of organisms that inhabit the oceans
and seas. Seawater also contains various dissolved atmospheric gases, chiefly
nitrogen, [ oxygen ](https://www.britannica.com/science/oxygen) , [ argon
](https://www.britannica.com/science/argon-chemical-element) , and [ carbon
dioxide ](https://www.britannica.com/science/carbon-dioxide) . Some other
components of seawater are dissolved organic substances, such as [
carbohydrates ](https://www.britannica.com/science/carbohydrate) and [ amino
acids ](https://www.britannica.com/science/amino-acid) , and organic-rich
particulates. These materials originate primarily in the upper 100 metres (330
feet) of the ocean, where dissolved inorganic carbon is transformed by [
photosynthesis ](https://www.britannica.com/science/photosynthesis) into
organic matter.
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