1. ** ^  ** Sönnichsen, N. [ "Daily global crude oil demand 2006–2020" ](https://www.statista.com/statistics/271823/daily-global-crude-oil-demand-since-2006/) . _Statista_ . Retrieved  9 October  2020  . 
  2. ** ^  ** [ "Country Comparison :: Refined Petroleum Products – Consumption" ](https://web.archive.org/web/20130616044111/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2246rank.html) . _Central Intelligence Agency – World Factbook_ . Archived from [ the original ](https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2246rank.html) on 16 June 2013  . Retrieved  9 October  2020  . 
  3. ** ^  ** Speight, James (2014). [ _The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum_ ](https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781439873908) . Chemical Industries (5th ed.). CRC Press. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1201/b16559 ](https://doi.org/10.1201%2Fb16559) . [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-1439873892  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439873892 "Special:BookSources/978-1439873892") . 
  4. ** ^  ** Halliday, Fred. _The Middle East in International Relations_ : Cambridge University Press: US, p. 270  [ _[ ISBN missing  ](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources") _ ] 
  5. ** ^  ** [ "World Energy Investment 2023" ](https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/8834d3af-af60-4df0-9643-72e2684f7221/WorldEnergyInvestment2023.pdf) (PDF)  . _IEA.org_ . International Energy Agency. May 2023. p. 61. [ Archived ](https://web.archive.org/web/20230807064513/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/8834d3af-af60-4df0-9643-72e2684f7221/WorldEnergyInvestment2023.pdf) (PDF)  from the original on 7 August 2023. 
  6. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Bousso, Ron (8 February 2023). [ "Big Oil doubles profits in blockbuster 2022" ](https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/big-oil-doubles-profits-blockbuster-2022-2023-02-08/) . Reuters. [ Archived ](https://web.archive.org/web/20230331215451/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/big-oil-doubles-profits-blockbuster-2022-2023-02-08/) from the original on 31 March 2023.  Details for 2020 from the more detailed diagram in  King, Ben (12 February 2023). [ "Why are BP, Shell, and other oil giants making so much money right now?" ](https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64583982) . BBC. [ Archived ](https://web.archive.org/web/20230422164652/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64583982) from the original on 22 April 2023. 
  7. ** ^  ** [ "Crude oil including lease condensate production (Mb/d)" ](https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=00000000000000000000000000000000002&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvvvvvs&s=63072000000&e=1514764800000&ev=false&) . U.S. Energy Information Administration  . Retrieved  14 April  2020  . 
  8. ** ^  ** N.Y. Krylov, A.A. Bokserman, E.R.Stavrovsky. _The Oil Industry of the Former Soviet Union_ . CRC Press, 1998. P. 187. 
  9. ** ^  ** Altstadt, Audrey L. (1980). [ _Economic Development and Political Reform in Baku: The Response of the Azerbaidzhani Bourgeoisie_ ](https://books.google.com/books?id=FgtZAAAAYAAJ) . Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies. 
  10. ** ^  ** Daintith, Terence (2010). [ _Finders Keepers?: How the Law of Capture Shaped the World Oil Industry_ ](https://books.google.com/books?id=g1G52SwFjeQC&q=mirzoev+baku&pg=PA157) . Earthscan. [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-1-936331-76-5  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936331-76-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-936331-76-5") . 
  11. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Shirin Akiner, Anne Aldis. _The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security_ . Routledge, 2004. p. 5. 
  12. ** ^  ** United States Congress, Joint Economic Committee. _The Former Soviet Union in Transition_ . M.E. Sharpe, 1993. p. 463. 
  13. ** ^  ** Quoted from: Tatyana Saiko. _Environmental Crises_ . Pearson Education, 2000. p. 223. 
  14. ** ^  ** Frank, Alison Fleig (2005). _Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia (Harvard Historical Studies)_ . Harvard University Press. [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-0-674-01887-7  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01887-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01887-7") . 
  15. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ [ "Black Gold: Canada's Oil Heritage" ](https://web.archive.org/web/20130729191500/http://www.lclmg.org/lclmg/Museums/OilMuseumofCanada/BlackGold2/OilHeritage/OilSprings/tabid/208/Default.aspx) . The Corporation of the County of Lambton. Archived from [ the original ](http://www.lclmg.org/lclmg/Museums/OilMuseumofCanada/BlackGold2/OilHeritage/OilSprings/tabid/208/Default.aspx) on 29 July 2013  . Retrieved  30 July  2013  . " The North American oil industry began in Oil Springs in 1858 in less spectacular fashion. James Miller Williams, a coachmaker from Hamilton, dug into the tar-like gum beds of Enniskillen Township to find their source. At a depth of fourteen feet, he struck oil. Williams immediately built a small refinery and began to produce illuminating oil for lamps – kerosene. It was Williams who was able to take full advantage of the ancient resource. Not only was he astute enough to look below the surface of the gum beds to find oil and to realize its commercial potential, but the timing of his discovery was perfect. "
  16. ** ^  ** Turnbull Elford, Jean. _Canada West's Last Frontier_ . Lambton County Historical Society, 1982, p. 110 
  17. ** ^  ** Sarnia Observer and Lambton Advertiser, " [ Important Discovery in the Township of Enniskillen ](http://www.lclmg.org/lclmg/Museums/OilMuseumofCanada/ImportantDiscoveryintheTownshipofEnniskillen/tabid/356/Default.aspx) [ Archived ](https://web.archive.org/web/20150403104706/http://www.lclmg.org/lclmg/Museums/OilMuseumofCanada/ImportantDiscoveryintheTownshipofEnniskillen/tabid/356/Default.aspx) 2015-04-03 at the [ Wayback Machine ](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") ," 5 August 1858, p. 2. 
  18. ** ^  ** [ "Extraordinary Flowing Oil Well" ](https://web.archive.org/web/20150403110537/http://www.lclmg.org/lclmg/Museums/OilMuseumofCanada/HamiltonTimesExtraordinaryFlowingOilWell/tabid/355/Default.aspx) . _Hamilton Times_ . 20 January 1862. p. 2. Archived from [ the original ](http://www.lclmg.org/lclmg/Museums/OilMuseumofCanada/HamiltonTimesExtraordinaryFlowingOilWell/tabid/355/Default.aspx) on 3 April 2015  . Retrieved  30 July  2013  . " Our correspondent writes us from the Oil Springs, under date of the 16th inst., [an] interesting account of a flowing Oil well which has just been tapped. He says: I have just time to mention that to-day at half past eleven o'clock, a.m., Mr. John Shaw, from Kingston, C. W., tapped a vein of oil in his well, at a depth of one hundred and fifty-eight feet in the rock, which filled the surface well, (forty-five feet to the rock) and the conductors [sic] in the course of fifteen minutes, and immediately commenced flowing. It will hardly be credited, but nevertheless such is the case, that the present enormous flow of oil cannot be estimated at less than two thousand barrels per day, (twenty-four hours), of pure oil, and the quantity increasing every hour. I saw three men in the course of one hour, fill fifty barrels from the flow of oil, which is running away in every direction; the flat presenting the appearance of a sea of oil. The excitement is intense, and hundreds are rushing from every quarter to see this extraordinary well. Experience oil well diggers from the other side, affirm that this week equals their best flowing wells in Pennsylvania, and they pronounced the oil as being of a superior quality. This flowing well is situation on lot No. 10, Range B, Messrs. Sanborn & Co.'s Oil Territory. "
  19. ** ^  ** [ John Steele Gordon ](http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2007/1/2007_1_23.shtml) [ Archived ](https://web.archive.org/web/20080420194514/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2007/1/2007_1_23.shtml) 2008-04-20 at the [ Wayback Machine ](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") "10 Moments That Made American Business," _American Heritage_ , February/March 2007, "Drake, who seems to have awarded himself the title of colonel by which he is often known, had a great deal of trouble persuading a salt-drilling crew to try to drill for oil, but on August 27, 1859, he struck it at 69 feet." 
  20. ** ^  ** [ Vassiliou, Marius S. ](/wiki/Marius_S._Vassiliou "Marius S. Vassiliou") (2 March 2009). "Titusville". [ _Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry_ ](https://books.google.com/books?id=bBvz_YxlB-AC) . Historical Dictionaries of Professions and Industries, No. 3. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press (published 2009). p. 508. [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-0810862883  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810862883 "Special:BookSources/978-0810862883") . Retrieved  22 February  2021  . " In August 1859, an important early well was drilled by Edwin Drake outside Titusville, initiating the Pennsylvania oil boom. "
  21. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Vassiliou, Marius (2018). Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry, 2nd Ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 621 pp. 
  22. ** ^  ** Tolf, Robert W. (1976). "4: The World's First Oil Tankers". The Russian Rockefellers: The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry. Hoover Press.  [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 0-8179-6581-5 ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-6581-5 "Special:BookSources/0-8179-6581-5") . p. 55. 
  23. ** ^  ** Ref accessed 02-12-89 by technical aspects and coast mapping. [ Kerr-McGee ](/wiki/Kerr-McGee "Kerr-McGee")
  24. ** ^  ** [ "Project Redsand" ](http://www.project-redsand.com/) . _www.project-redsand.com_ . 
  25. ** ^  ** Wells, Bruce. [ "Offshore Petroleum History" ](http://aoghs.org/offshore-history/offshore-oil-history) . _American Oil & Gas Historical Society _ . Retrieved  11 November  2014  . 
  26. ** ^  ** Farah, Stanley, Rachel (24 July 2018). [ "Comparison of Two Active Hydrocarbon Production Regions in Texas to Determine Boomtown Growth and Development: A Geospatial Analysis of Active Well Locations and Demographic Changes, 2000–2017" ](https://ecommons.txstate.edu/handle/10877/7386) .  ` {{ [ cite journal ](/wiki/Template:Cite_journal "Template:Cite journal") }} ` :  Cite journal requires ` |journal= ` ( [ help ](/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical "Help:CS1 errors") )  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( [ link ](/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list") ) 
  27. ** ^  ** [ "Industry Sectors" ](https://web.archive.org/web/20120125195548/http://www.api.org/aboutoilgas/sectors/) , _[ American Petroleum Institute ](/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute "American Petroleum Institute") _ , archived from [ the original ](http://www.api.org/aboutoilgas/sectors/) on 25 January 2012  , retrieved  12 May  2008 
  28. ** ^  ** [ "Ranked in order of 2007 worldwide oil equivalent reserves as reported in "OGJ 200/100"  " ](http://www.petrostrategies.org/Links/Worlds_Largest_Oil_and_Gas_Companies_Sites.htm) . _Oil & Gas Journal _ . 15 September 2008. 
  29. ** ^  ** Pirog, Robert (21 August 2007). [ "The Role of National Oil Companies in the International Oil Market" ](https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL34137.pdf) (PDF)  . [ Congressional Research Service ](/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service "Congressional Research Service") . Retrieved  17 September  2009  .  ` {{ [ cite journal ](/wiki/Template:Cite_journal "Template:Cite journal") }} ` :  Cite journal requires ` |journal= ` ( [ help ](/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical "Help:CS1 errors") )  Ranking by oil reserves and production, 2006 values 
  30. ** ^  ** [ "The World's 25 Biggest Oil Companies" ](https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mef45glfe/not-just-the-usual-suspects-2/) . _[ Forbes ](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes") _ . 16 July 2012. 
  31. ** ^  ** [ "Membership" ](https://web.archive.org/web/20131122060820/http://www.ogp.org.uk/about-ogp/membership/upstream-companies/) . _International Association of oil and Gas Producers_ . Archived from [ the original ](http://www.ogp.org.uk/about-ogp/membership/upstream-companies/) on 22 November 2013  . Retrieved  4 November  2013  . 
  32. ** ^  ** [ "The Transportation of Natural Gas" ](https://web.archive.org/web/20110101062510/http://naturalgas.org/naturalgas/transport.asp) . _NaturalGas.org_ . Archived from [ the original ](http://www.naturalgas.org/naturalgas/transport.asp) on 1 January 2011  . Retrieved  14 December  2012  . 
  33. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ [ "Refining and Product Specifications Module Overview" ](http://www.petroleumonline.com/content/overview.asp?mod=8) . _Petroleum Online_ . International Human Resources Development Corporation  . Retrieved  14 December  2012  . 
  34. ** ^  ** Trench, Cheryl J. (December 2001). [ "How Pipelines Make the Oil Market Work – Their Networks, Operation and Regulation" ](https://web.archive.org/web/20131228073802/http://www.pipeline101.com/reports/Notes.pdf) (PDF)  . _Allegro Energy Group_ . Archived from [ the original ](http://www.pipeline101.com/reports/Notes.pdf) (PDF)  on 28 December 2013. 
  35. ** ^  ** [ "The Pharmaceutical Industry in Figures Key Data 2021" ](https://www.efpia.eu/media/602709/the-pharmaceutical-industry-in-figures-2021.pdf) (PDF)  . European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations  . Retrieved  28 June  2022  . 
  36. ** ^  ** Kocieniewski, David (3 July 2010). [ "As Oil Industry Fights a Tax, It Reaps Subsidies" ](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/business/04bptax.html) . _The New York Times_ . [ ISSN ](/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN \(identifier\)") [ 0362-4331 ](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved  4 August  2022  . 
  37. ** ^  ** Boudet, Hilary; Clarke, Christopher; Bugden, Dylan; Maibach, Edward; Roser-Renouf, Connie; Leiserowitz, Anthony (1 February 2014). "  'Fracking' controversy and communication: Using national survey data to understand public perceptions of hydraulic fracturing". _Energy Policy_ . **65** : 57–67. [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.017 ](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2013.10.017) . [ ISSN ](/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN \(identifier\)") [ 0301-4215 ](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0301-4215) . 
  38. ** ^  ** Osborn, Stephen G.; Vengosh, Avner; Warner, Nathaniel R.; Jackson, Robert B. (17 May 2011). [ "Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing" ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100993) . _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences_ . **108** (20): 8172–8176. [ Bibcode ](/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode \(identifier\)") : [ 2011PNAS..108.8172O ](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108.8172O) . [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") :  [ 10.1073/pnas.1100682108 ](https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1100682108) . [ ISSN ](/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN \(identifier\)") [ 0027-8424 ](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424) . [ PMC ](/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC \(identifier\)") [ 3100993 ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100993) . [ PMID ](/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID \(identifier\)") [ 21555547 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21555547) . 
  39. ** ^  ** Diphare, Motshumi., Muzenda, Edison., Remediation of Contaminated Soils: A Review. Intl' Conf. on Chemical, Integrated Waste Management & Environmental Engineering (ICCIWEE'2014) April 15–16, 2014 Johannesburg. 
  40. ** ^  ** M D Yuniati 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 118 012063 
  41. ** ^  ** Liu, Rui., Jadeja, N. Rajendrasinh., Zhou, Qixing., Liu, Zhe. Treatment and Remediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils Using Selective Ornament Plants. Environmental Engineering Sci. 2012 Jun; 29(6): 494–501. 
  42. ** ^  ** Lim, Wei Mei., Lau, Von Ee., Poh, Eong Phaik. A comprehensive guide of remediation technologies for oil contaminated soil — Present works and future directions. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Volume 109, Issue 1, 15 August 2016, Pages 14-45. 
  43. ** ^  ** [ "Air Quality Planning and Standards" ](http://www.epa.gov/airquality/oilandgas/basic.html) . 
  44. ** ^  ** Zamora, Robert; Yuan, Bin; Young, Cora J.; Wild, Robert J.; Warneke, Carsten; Washenfelder, Rebecca A.; Veres, Patrick R.; Tsai, Catalina; Trainer, Michael K.; Thompson, Chelsea R.; Sweeney, Colm; Stutz, Jochen; Soltis, Jeffrey; Senff, Christoph J.; Parrish, David D.; Murphy, Shane M.; Stuart A. McKeen; Li, Shao-Meng; Li, Rui; Lerner, Brian M.; Lefer, Barry L.; Langford, Andrew O.; Koss, Abigail; Helmig, Detlev; Graus, Martin; Gilman, Jessica B.; Flynn, James H.; Field, Robert A.; Dubé, William P.; deGouw, Joost A.; Banta, Robert M.; Ahmadov, Ravan; Roberts, James M.; Brown, Steven S.; Edwards, Peter M. (1 October 2014). "High winter ozone pollution from carbonyl photolysis in an oil and gas basin". _Nature_ . **514** (7522): 351–354. [ Bibcode ](/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode \(identifier\)") : [ 2014Natur.514..351E ](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.514..351E) . [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1038/nature13767 ](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13767) . [ PMID ](/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID \(identifier\)") [ 25274311 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25274311) . [ S2CID ](/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID \(identifier\)") [ 4466316 ](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4466316) . 
  45. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Benjamin Franta, [ "On its 100th birthday in 1959, Edward Teller warned the oil industry about global warming" ](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/jan/01/on-its-hundredth-birthday-in-1959-edward-teller-warned-the-oil-industry-about-global-warming) , _[ The Guardian ](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian") _ , 1 January 2018 (page visited on 2 January 2018). 
  46. ** ^  ** Martín, Mariano, ed. (2016). _Alternative Energy Sources and Technologies_ . [ doi ](/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)") : [ 10.1007/978-3-319-28752-2 ](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-28752-2) . [ ISBN ](/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [ 978-3-319-28750-8  ](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-28750-8 "Special:BookSources/978-3-319-28750-8") .