mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
Before Tsuda’s work on dynamic associative memory, a mathematical model of
associative memory succeeded in describing a single association in a neural
network [Amari, 1977; Kohonen, 1978; Hopfield, 1982]. In particular, in the
Hopfield type of network, it was proved using a Hebbian learning algorithm
that an attractor dynamics subserves for the realization of associative
memory, in which a trajectory starting from an initial condition put in a
basin of attraction converges to the attractor, which is presumed to represent
a certain memory. Thus, this type of model realizes a single association of
memory as a pattern completion. On the other hand, in the case of successive
association, the study of neural network was restricted to the condition that
a rule for order of association was given [Amari, 1977]. Thus, any emergent
properties could not be treated by these theories. Tsuda’s model describes a
dynamically successive association of memories with a self-organized rule that
emerges in a  recurrent neural network  with inhibitory feedback connections under a
Hebbian learning algorithm. This kind of successive association of memories
can be described by dynamic transitions between dynamical memory states. The
dynamic process and its transition rule were studied and a circle map with
criticality as a transition rule was found. Criticality appeared twofold: a
circle map was in a critical stage between a chaotic map and a stable one; and
 fixed points  representing memories
were described by indifferent fixed points, which were similar to those
introduced by Milnor as a typical example of an attractor defined to include
even an invariant set with neutral stability [Milnor, 1985]. Based on the work
regarding successive association of memories, Körner and his colleagues
[Körner et al., 1991] observed a similar transitory behavior in a neural
network model of parallel-in-sequence processing of information, which was
proposed as a dynamic model of internal attention of  vision
 [Treisman, 1982; Crick, 1984]. Aihara and his
colleagues made a model for dynamic associative memories [Adachi and Aihara,
1997], using the network of chaotic neurons proposed by Aihara [Aihara, 1990],
and observed a similar chaotic transition between memories. A similar, but not
transient, behavior was also observed in a neural network model for
association of memories, in which each memory was represented by a limit cycle
attractor [Nara and Davis, 1992]. In the Nara–Davis model, a decrease in the
number of synaptic connections leads to a transition from attractor dynamics
subserving a single association of memory to chaotic dynamics subserving a
dynamic and successive association of memories. Horn and Ophur proposed a
similar model, in which the successive associations of memories were noise-
induced [Horn and Opher, 1996]. In noised dynamical systems, trajectories can
be kicked out of quasi-attractors by noise and attractor ruins can be yielded
if noisy trajectories are regulated to behave in a nearly stationary fashion
in each neighborhood of quasi-attractors. In such a case, chaotic itinerancy
can appear also in noised dynamical systems.
Contributors:
#####  Focal areas
*  Articles with too many examples from March 2024 
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**Psychological Engagement against Clichés**
_ Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism
 _ , Chapter 22: "Ideological Totalism" (1961)
Transitions without external inputs, i.e., as spontaneous cortical activity,
or as ongoing activity have also been measured using quantities that reflect
field potentials, such as  local field potential
 (LFP), calcium
imaging,  electroencephalogram  (EEG), and ECoG. The brain changes its activity in the
absence of stimuli such that the spontaneously activated pattern or ongoing
activity is similar to what would be observed if the stimuli were actually
presented [Kenet et al., 2003; Goldberg et al., 2004; Mason et al., 2007;
Freeman, 2003].
**Heteroclinic Cycle**
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Figure 1: Chaotic itinerancy generated by coupling of one-dimensional  Milnor
attractors  [Tsuda and Umemura, 2003].
Colored trajectories indicate attractor ruins (see text) including quasi-
attractors, and the black ones indicate chaotic trajectories that move over a
higher dimension of phase space. A nearly stationary motion in each
neighborhood of an attractor can be seen.
#####  Variants
Example: Bursting
**See also** Bifurcations, Chaos, Chaotic neuron,  Complexity
 , Dynamical systems, Memory, Metastability
in the brain,  Neural correlates of consciousness
 ,  Synergetics
#####  Views
A  |  B
---|---
 |  
C  |  D
 |  
Fig.  Â 6.4:  Phase plane analysis of initial bursting and sustained bursting
patterns.  A  . Voltage trace of an AdEx model with parameters producing an
initial burst.  B  . In the phase plane, the initial burst is generated by a
series of resets below the  u  u  -nullcline. Only the fourth reset arrives
above the  u  u  -nullcline.  C  . Voltage trace of an AdEx model exhibiting
regular bursts.  D  . The phase plane for regular bursting is similar to those
of initial burst, except that the first reset above the  u  u  -nullcline
yields a trajectory that travels below at least one of the previous resets.
Hence, the neuron model alternates between direct and detour resets.
#  Thought-terminating cliché
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* This page has been accessed 41,518 times.
* "Chaotic itinerancy"  by  Ichiro Tsuda  is licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License  . Permissions beyond the scope of this license are described in the  Terms of Use
**_Post-publication activity_ **
#  6.2.1  Classification of Firing Patterns
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A  |  B
---|---
 |  
Fig.  Â 6.8:  Hopf bifurcation and space of subthreshold parameters.  A  .
Nullclines and fixed points (filled and open circles) during a Hopf
bifurcation. A step current  I  I  shifts the  u  u  -nullcline upward (solid
line). The stability of the stable fixed point (filled circle) is lost in a
Hopf bifurcation before the two fixed points merge. If it is not lost before
the merge then the bifurcation is saddle-node.  B  . The ratio of time
constants  Ï  m  /  Ï  w  \tau_{m}/\tau_{w}  (horizontal axis) and the
factor  a  â¢  R  a\,R  which controls the coupling between voltage and
adaptation. The straight diagonal line separates the region where the
stationary state of the system looses stability through a Hopf bifurcation (
a  â¢  R  > Ï  m  /  Ï  w  a\,R>\tau_{m}/\tau_{w}  ) from the region of
saddle-node bifurcation. The linear response of the subthreshold dynamics is
characterized as resonator (dotted region), integrator (blank), or mixed
(stripes).
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The characteristics of chaotic itinerancy have also been clarified (see, for
example, [Kaneko and Tsuda, 2001]). The distribution of the residence time in
attractor ruins follows a power law [Tsuda, 1992] or an exponential law [Tsuda
and Umemura, 2003], depending on the models. The chaotic transition usually
occurs in high-dimensional phase space; however, in the case that chaotic
trajectories are confined to a “narrow tube”-like structure in phase space,
the transition can be described by low-dimensional chaos [Tsuda et al., 1987;
Tsuda, 1991b]. On the Lyapunov spectrum, the following three specific
characteristics have been described. (1) many of the Lyapunov exponents
accumulate in a neighborhood of zero [Kaneko, 1990; Tsuda, 1992]; (2) the zero
exponents beside the direction of orbit (in the case of flow) show large 
fluctuations  and never converge
[Sauer, 2003], and (3) even the largest exponent fluctuates and exhibits
extremely slow convergence [Tsuda and Umemura, 2003].
Kaneko, Ikeda, Davis, and Tsuda discussed the universality of this kind of
transitory behavior. The common features were as follows: the successive
transitions among quasi-attractors [Tsuda, 2001; Haken, 2006] are chaotic; the
 stability  of the states changes via
transitions; there are distribution functions for the transitions, such as
transition probabilities and distributions of the residence-time of
trajectories in a neighborhood of quasi-attractors; the drastic change of
local dimensionality during the transitions, etc. Here, local dimensionality
can be calculated by instantaneous  Lyapunov exponents
 defined by the
eigenvalues of  Jacobian matrix  at each
position of a trajectory. These authors called the phenomenon characterized by
these factors a “chaotic itinerancy” [Ikeda et al., 1989; Kaneko, 1990; Davis,
1990; Tsuda, 1991a], in which the neighboring regions of quasi-attractors were
named “attractor ruins”, as these regions in phase space are not occupied by
conventional attractors, but include trajectories which can be nearly
stationary, as if a conventional attractor remained there. An attractor in
Milnor’s sense, but not in a geometric and conventional sense, provides a good
concept for describing a quasi-attractor, because under even infinitesimal
perturbations, all the neighboring trajectories escape from the attractor
sooner or later, as it can include a region or a set with neutral stability.
This destabilized state of the attractor yields an attractor ruin. Thus, in
chaotic itinerancy, complete convergence to an attractor fails and the
continuing presence of a collapsing gradient leads to the appearance of the
effect of real nonlinearity even in a neighborhood of the attractor.
From: Les Houches, 2005
**Metastability**
*  Page 
*  Discussion
Other types of spontaneous activity have also been observed. One of them stems
from the study performed by Freeman and Zhai [2009], who observed spontaneous
activity in animal and human brains, and performed a data analysis in terms of
a random number moderated by refractory periods. These authors found that the
spontaneous activity could be characterized by black noise, the power spectrum
density of which follows \\(1/f^x\\), where \\(x \ge 2\\). The appearance of
black noise activity usually means that extremely rare events predominate.
However, here ‘black noise’ means that the refractory periods operate not as a
sharp high-cutoff filter. Instead, the refractory periods reduce the power
over the entire spectrum in proportion to frequency in the logarithmic scale
in both variables, giving the slopes between -2 and -4, as evaluated by the
impulse response of the cortex. Another type has been observed in cultures of
the hippocampal CA3 [Sasaki et al., 2007]. The transition occurred in the
presence of a high concentration of carbachol, which is an agonist of
muscarinic  acetylcholine receptors
 , among five kinds of states: random firing states, up–down
states, steady firing states, \\(\theta\\) rhythm activity, and partially
synchronized states. The transition was not regular; rather, it was chaotic,
such as what shown in a noisy tent map. In contrast to the effect of
carbachol, the input of atropine, which is an antagonist of muscarinic
acetylcholine receptors, prohibited the transition and had a strong tendency
to force the CA3 network to either one of the five states described above,
depending on the initial conditions. The finding of this spontaneous
transition in CA3 is important because the hippocampal CA3 can be considered
as playing a role in the internal reconstruction of episodes.
##  Written by  Mike Cardus
Kazuyuki Aihara
#####  Search
Eugene M. Izhikevich
**Utilize Surprise to Counteract Complacency**
#####  Navigation
* "Lies of the devil." – used as a response to any fact that threatens the integrity of an individual or group  [9]
* "Stop thinking so much." – redirects attention from the topic, idea, or argument at hand to the alleged overuse of thought itself  [10]
* "It's all good." – nullifies, without evidence, any possible debate by asserting the issue is already settled  [11]
* "Here we go again." – implies that the redundant, cyclical nature of a given disagreement means it will never be resolved  [12]
* "So what? What effect does my action have?" – used to dismiss an individual's involvement in a larger cause on the grounds that one person is too insignificant to ever have a meaningful impact  [3]
* "  Fake news  ." – used to negate the sources of an argument, often while providing alternate or misleading information to push an individual's own interpretation of a subject; popularized by politicians in the US in 2016  [13]
* "Let's  agree to disagree  ." – used to stop discussion of an issue rather than attempt to resolve it  [14]
#####  Namespaces
This article **may contain excessive
 or  irrelevant
 examples ** .  Please help  improve the
article  by adding descriptive text and removing 
less pertinent examples  .  _( March 2024  ) _
**Attractor Ruins**
R. J. Lifton's definition
* This page was last edited on 11 March 2024, at 18:46  (UTC)  .
* Text is available under the  Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0   ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the  Terms of Use  and  Privacy Policy  . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the  Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.  , a non-profit organization.
Another type of state transitions among attractors via arbitrarily small
perturbations has been observed in  pulse-coupled oscillators
 . Timme et
al. [2002] analyzed the structure of basins of attractions of periodic
attractors and found a specific feature of the basin structure in which each
periodic attractor is surrounded by the basins of other attractors, but is
remote from its own basin. Because in this type of situation arbitrarily small
perturbations bring about transitions among periodic attractors, such
attractors are unstable. In the sense that this unstable attractor is also
consistent with the definition of attractor proposed by Milnor [1985], it is
similar to, but not the same as, attractor ruins in chaotic itinerancy. The
nearly stationary motion in this type of couplings of oscillators can appear
only on the attractors. Although pulse-coupled oscillator systems can provide
mathematical models for both vertebrate and invertebrate locomotion, in which
pattern generators can be coupled by pulses, it is unlikely that these also
provide models of cortical neural networks for perception, memory, and
cognition, as more complex neural activity is coupled by more continual
variables of electric potentials and chemicals.
**The first finding of chaotic itinerancy**
#  6.2.3  Exploring the Space of Reset Parameters
**Universality**
*  Fighting words 
*  Godwin's law 
*  Indoctrination 
* _ Language in Thought and Action  _ by  S. I. Hayakawa 
*  Soundbite
Goldberg JA, Rokni U, Sompolinsky H (2004) Patterns of ongoing activity and
the functional architecture of the  primary visual cortex  . Neuron 42: 489-500.
#  6.2  Firing Patterns
Haken H (2006) Beyond attractor neural networks for pattern recognition.
Nonlinear Phenomena in  Complex Systems  9: 163-172.
Ichiro Tsuda (2013), Scholarpedia, 8(1):4459.  |  
doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.4459  |
revision #197905 [  link to/cite this article
 ]
---|---|---
Ikeda studied optical  turbulence  and
found complex phenomena in his model of a delayed-feedback optical system, one
of which showed transitory dynamics among several optical modes [Ikeda et al.,
1989]. A similar phenomenon was observed by many others in optical turbulence
(see, for example, [Anderson, 1987; Arecchi, 1990; Davis, 1990]).
Independently, Tsuda found a similar transitory phenomenon in a neural network
model of associative  memory  [Tsuda et al.,
1987], in which not only a single association of a certain memory, but also a
successive association of memories were realized. Kaneko proposed  coupled
map lattices  (CML) and globally
coupled maps (GCM) to describe turbulence-like complex, dynamic, and 
bifurcation  phenomena appearing in
various fields. He also found transitory behaviors in intermediate regions,
between a fully chaotic region and an ordered region, of two-dimensional
parameter space consisting of the coupling strength among elementary
individual maps and a degree of nonlinearity inherent in each map [Kaneko,
1990]. In GCM, such a transition occurs when multiple attractors are weakly
destabilized, and the underlying states in the transitions were considered to
be attractors in Milnor’s sense. The Milnor attractor concerned here is
expressed as a minimal set among attractors whose  basins of attractions
 have positive Lebesgue
measures. Thus, there can be trajectories leaving the attractor.
#  **Combating Thought-Terminating Clichés:**
#####  Personal tools
Example: Transient Spiking
Jump to:  navigation  ,  search
#  **Reasons for employing these clichés:**
Common examples include:
*  George Orwell  's _ Nineteen Eighty-Four  _ – The totalitarian state  Oceania  "Oceania \(Nineteen Eighty-Four\)") implements  Newspeak  , a "pared-down version of English in which 'dangerous' words like 'freedom' no longer exist".  Kathleen Taylor  "Kathleen Taylor \(biologist\)") suggests in  a case study  that the words that remain as a result of the diminishing of the English language are ideologically loaded, and are "clear examples of Lifton's thought-terminating clichés".  [7]  [15]
*  Aldous Huxley  's _ Brave New World  _ – The "Utopian" Society uses thought-terminating clichés more conventionally, most notably regarding the drug  soma  "Soma \(Brave New World\)") as well as modified versions of real-life platitudes, such as, "A doctor a day keeps the jim-jams away."  [15]
#####  Activity
Crick F (1984) Function of the  thalamic 
reticular complex: the searchlight hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:
4586-4590.
An example of the cliché in use provided by  Chaz Bufe  is "the admonition given to Catholic schoolchildren to recite the
 Hail Mary  or  rosary  to ward off 'impure thoughts'. The use of repetitive chanting by the
 Hare Krishnas  serves the same thought-
stopping purpose."  [6]  Christian author Ann Morisy criticized the 
Christian Church  for their uses
of such clichés coinciding with their doctrines that intentionally reduce the
possibility of dialogue, stating that failure to move beyond them risks
falling prey "to a new version of  gnosticism  " along with alienating those not of the faith.  [10]  
Scientology  has also been criticized for
using protocols, language and lexicons that use thought-terminating clichés to
condition its members or to reaffirm a  confirmation bias
 , which makes it difficult for
members to think "outside the box".  [17]  [18]  _ The Guardian
 _ journalist Jenna Scaramanga mentions
that when certain members of  Islam  label something 
haram  (  sinful  ), that
employs the use of the tactic since it states that something is forbidden and
"There is no need for any more consideration of whether it is bad."  [19]
Example: Tonic, Adapting and Facilitating
#####  Tools
**The significance of Tsuda’s model in computational neuroscience
 **
_Thought-terminating cliché_ . (2015). RationalWiki. 
https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Thought-terminating_clich%C3%A9
##  Politics
Fig.  Â 6.7:  Piecewise-linear model.  A  . Parameter space
analogous to Fig.  6.6  but for the piecewise-linear model.  B  . Evolution of
the trajectory (thick solid lines) in the phase plane during tonic spiking.
Open squares indicate the initial condition and resets after the first,
second, and third spike. Nullclines drawn as thin solid lines. The
trajectories follow the  u  u  -nullcline at a distance  x  x  (inset). The  u
u  -nullcline before the application of the step current is shown with a
dashed line.  C  . As in B, but during regular bursting.
∑
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###  Examples
**Form Strategic Alliances to Amplify Voices**
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Piano chord inversions 
are the different ways you can arrange the notes in a chord. For instance, if
you play three notes (a triad), there are three inversions you can play for
that chord. If you play four notes, there are four chord inversions. If you
play five notes, there are five possible chord inversions.
> "A lot of people who inverted the Y axis do so because the games they
> started playing had that control set-up as the default option. This is
> especially true of older gamers – in the 1980s and early 1990s, flight sims
> were a hugely popular genre, and of course, the controls would be inverted
> to match an aircraft yoke or joystick." -  Keith Stuart, The Guardian
>
Source:   GamingBible
##  Writing About Cause and Effect Relationships
What is the effect?
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Unskippable sequences that you can't interact with: praised for making you
feel immersed but not for getting in the way of player autonomy  Chris
Kernaghan  Mar 25, 2024  ](/the-problem-with-mandatory-cutscenes-in-games/) [
This is an necessary category.
#  The Basics of Chord Inversions
#####  Jacques Hopkins
Make Our Dictionary Yours
A nostalgic look into the Wipeout series on the original PlayStation  Chris
Kernaghan  Mar 13, 2024  ](/wipeout-odyssey-the-history-of-anti-grav-
playstation-racing/) [
Non Necessary
###  Origins
Child thinking
"What does that mean?"
You have the ability to play piano inside you.
This is an non-necessary category.
#  Cause and Effect Examples
How To Become a Film Researcher
###  Evolution and Expansion
Inversion spans a spectrum of player preferences.
##  Cause and Effect Examples in Sentences
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effect – being extremely hungry
###  Cause and Effect in Daily Life
####  **What is the second inversion of a chord?**
I can help you unlock it in days – not years.
When you're trying to understand what is  cause
 and  effect
 , it can be helpful to review some
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effect – difficulty trusting people
cause – training the dog
A piano chord inversion helps you play the piano in a pleasantly flowing
manner without making the music sound too choppy. They give you more freedom
to move your hands while playing instead of needing to stick with the root
position for each chord.  Triad chords  are
also known as minor or major chords.
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Redditors talked about Super Mario Sunshine's "limited options", with most
agreeing that the complainer was probably too young to understand inverse
being default. Source: Reddit