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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

One of Aesop's fables

"Sour grapes" redirects here. For other uses, see  Sour Grapes
 "Sour Grapes \(disambiguation\)") .

 The illustration of the fable by 
François Chauveau  in the
first volume of La Fontaine's fables, 1668

**The Fox and the Grapes** is one of  Aesop's Fables  ,  [1]  numbered 15 in the  Perry Index  .  [2]  The narration is concise and subsequent retellings have
often been equally so. The story concerns a  fox  that
tries to eat  grapes  from a vine but cannot reach
them. Rather than admit defeat, he states they are undesirable. The expression
"sour grapes" originated from this fable.  [3]
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External links  

 Media related to  The
Fox and the Grapes
 at Wikimedia Commons

* 15th-20th century illustrations  from books 
*  Another set of illustrations 
* Elster, Jon: "Sour Grapes: Studies in the Subversion of Rationality" at  Google Books 

*  v  
*  t  
*  e  

 Aesop 

---
 Aesop's
Fables  |

*  The Ant and the Grasshopper 
*  The Ass and his Masters 
*  The Ass and the Pig 
*  The Ass Carrying an Image 
*  The Ass in the Lion's Skin 
*  The Astrologer who Fell into a Well 
*  The Bear and the Travelers 
*  The Belly and the Members 
*  The Bird-catcher and the Blackbird 
*  The Bird in Borrowed Feathers 
*  The Boy Who Cried Wolf 
*  The Cat and the Mice 
*  The Cock and the Jewel 
*  The Cock, the Dog and the Fox 
*  The Crow and the Pitcher 
*  The Crow and the Snake 
*  The Deer without a Heart 
*  The Dog and Its Reflection 
*  The Dog and the Wolf 
*  The Dove and the Ant 
*  The Farmer and the Stork 
*  The Farmer and the Viper 
*  The Fir and the Bramble 
*  The Fisherman and the Little Fish 
*  The Fowler and the Snake 
*  The Fox and the Crow  "The Fox and the Crow \(Aesop\)")
* The Fox and the Grapes
*  The Fox and the Lion 
*  The Fox and the Mask 
*  The Fox and the Sick Lion 
*  The Fox and the Stork 
*  The Fox and the Weasel 
*  The Fox and the Woodman 
*  The Frog and the Ox 
*  The Frogs Who Desired a King 
*  The Goat and the Vine 
*  The Goose that Laid the Golden Eggs 
*  The Honest Woodcutter 
*  The Horse and the Donkey 
*  The Horse that Lost its Liberty 
*  The Lion and the Mouse 
*  The Lion, the Bear and the Fox 
*  The Man with Two Mistresses 
*  The Mischievous Dog 
*  The Miser and his Gold 
*  The Moon and her Mother 
*  The Mountain in Labour 
*  The Mouse and the Oyster 
*  The North Wind and the Sun 
*  The Oak and the Reed 
*  The Old Man and Death 
*  The Old Woman and the Doctor 
*  The Rose and the Amaranth 
*  The Satyr and the Traveller 
*  The Sick Kite 
*  The Snake and the Crab 
*  The Snake in the Thorn Bush 
*  The Tortoise and the Hare 
*  Town Mouse and Country Mouse 
*  The Travellers and the Plane Tree 
*  The Trees and the Bramble 
*  The Two Pots 
*  The Walnut Tree 
*  Washing the Ethiopian White 
*  The Weasel and Aphrodite 
*  The Wolf and the Crane 
*  The Wolf and the Lamb 
*  The Woodcutter and the Trees 
*  The Young Man and the Swallow 

Apocryphal  |

*  An ass eating thistles 
*  The Bear and the Gardener
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March 12, 2021
The Fox and the Grapes

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"The Fox and the Grapes" in other languages  

The "Fox and the Grapes" was spread widely to a variety of cultures by Aesop's
Fables.

*  Macedonian  : "'The grapes are beautiful but still immature,' said the fox when she could not reach them."  [38]
*  Persian  : "He could not reach the grape, so he said, 'It is still not ripe [it is sour].'"  [39]
*  Hungarian  : "While leaving, the fox comforted itself: 'The grapes are sour, so they are not for me yet.'"  [40]

Language communities to the north share an innovation, having the fox refer to
a familiar northern berry rather than to less-familiar grapes. In Scandinavian
countries it is proverbially the  rowanberry 
of which the fox complains, as in  Danish  ,  [41]   Norwegian  ,  [42]   Swedish  ,
[43]  and  Finnish  .  [44]
Igor Alecsander/E+/Getty Images
August 1, 2021
*  indicates required
Please enter your comment!
Correspondence to  Ruiping Wang  or  Bin Li
 .
##  Ethics declarations
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
WHO:
* Received  :  03 August 2021
####  Account
###  Keywords
Education  A study done by Craig R. Fox provides an example of how availability
heuristics can work in the classroom. In this study, Fox tests whether the
difficulty of recall influences judgment, specifically with course evaluations
among college students. In his study he had two groups complete a course
evaluation form. He asked the first group to write two recommended
improvements for the course (a relatively easy task) and then write two
positives about the class. The second group was asked to write ten suggestions
where the professor could improve (a relatively difficult task) and then write
two positive comments about the course. At the end of the evaluation, both
groups were asked to rate the course on a scale from one to seven. The results
showed that students asked to write ten suggestions (difficult task) rated the
course less harshly because it was more difficult for them to recall the
information. Most of the students in the group that was asked to fill in 10
suggestions didn't fill in more than two being unable to recall more instances
where they were unsatisfied with the class. Students asked to do the easier
evaluation with only two complaints had less difficulty in terms of
availability of information, so they rated the course more harshly.  [23]

A study done was testing the memory of children and the ease of recall. They
were asked to learn a list of names and then to recall different amounts.
Researchers found that when asked to recall lower amounts compared to larger
amounts and then asked what was easier to remember. They responded the shorter
list going along with the theory of availability heuristic.  [24]
Ruiping Wang & Bin Li
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Health  Researchers examined the role of cognitive heuristics in the  AIDS
 risk-assessment process. 331 physicians reported worry
about on-the-job  HIV  exposure, and experience with
patients who have HIV. By analyzing answers to questionnaires handed out,
researchers concluded that availability of AIDS information did not relate
strongly to  perceived risk  .  [17]

Participants in a 1992 study read case descriptions of hypothetical patients
who varied on their sex and sexual preference. These hypothetical patients
showed symptoms that could have been caused by five different diseases (AIDS,
leukemia, influenza, meningitis, or appendicitis). Participants were
instructed to indicate which disease they thought the patient had and then
they rated patient responsibility and interaction desirability. Consistent
with the availability heuristic, either the more common (  influenza
 ) or the more publicized (AIDS) disease was
chosen.  [18]
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External links  *  How Belief Works  – an article on the origins of the availability bias.

Retrieved from " 
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Availability_heuristic&oldid=1214107245

"

 Last edited on 17 March 2024, at 00:22
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###  Conclusions
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Yan Qiang
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In this study, the average age of tobacco smoking initiation and the average
value of tobacco smoking duration among current smokers were 21.18 years and
22.43 years, respectively. One thousand one hundred four current smokers
consumed 15 cigarettes per day on average. The prevalence of smoking intensity
< 20 cigarette/day was 60.51%, and the prevalence of personal tobacco burden <
20% was 76.09%. 47.92% of current smokers had attempted smoking cessation
previously but all relapsed. The percentage of current smokers who reported
second-hand smoke exposure and had plan to quit smoking in a year were 77.63
and 41.85%, respectively. Meanwhile, male current smokers had longer years of
tobacco smoking, had lower personal tobacco burden, had higher percentage of
smoking cessation attempts and higher percentage of second-hand tobacco smoke
exposure, the differences were all statistically significant ( _p_ < 0.05)
(Table  2  ).
Search for:  __ Search
Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 3.
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##  Methods
Here's how you know
HWLs:
**Fig. 3**
NCD:
###  Authors and Affiliations
Reprints and permissions
2. World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2017: monitoring tobacco use and prevention policies: World Health Organization. Available from:  https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/255874
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Yan Zhu
Criminal justice  The media usually focuses on violent or extreme cases, which are more readily
available in the public's mind. This may come into play when it is time for
the judicial system to evaluate and determine the proper punishment for a
crime. In one study, respondents rated how much they agreed with hypothetical
laws and policies such as "Would you support a law that required all offenders
convicted of unarmed muggings to serve a minimum prison term of two years?"
Participants then read cases and rated each case on several questions about
punishment. As hypothesized, respondents recalled more easily from  long-term
memory  stories that contain
severe harm, which seemed to influence their sentencing choices to make them
push for harsher punishments. This can be eliminated by adding high concrete
or high contextually distinct details into the crime stories about less severe
injuries.  [25]

A similar study asked jurors and college students to choose sentences on four
severe criminal cases in which prison was a possible but not an inevitable
sentencing outcome. Respondents answering questions about court performance on
a public opinion formulated a picture of what the courts do and then evaluated
the appropriateness of that behavior. Respondents recalled public information
about crime and sentencing. This type of information is incomplete because the
news media present a highly selective and non-  representative
 selection of crime,
focusing on the violent and extreme, rather than the ordinary. This makes most
people think that judges are too lenient. But, when asked to choose the
punishments, the sentences given by students were equal to or less severe than
those given by judges. In other words, the availability heuristic made people
believe that judges and jurors were too lenient in the courtroom, but the
participants gave similar sentences when placed in the position of the judge,
suggesting that the information they recalled was not correct.  [26]

Researchers in 1989 predicted that mock jurors would rate a witness to be
_more_ deceptive if the witness testified truthfully _before_ lying than when
the witness was caught lying first before telling the truth. If the
availability heuristic played a role in this, lying second would remain in
jurors' minds (since it was more recent) and they would most likely remember
the witness lying over the truthfulness. To test the hypothesis, 312
university students played the roles of mock jurors and watched a videotape of
a witness presenting testimony during a trial. Results confirmed the
hypothesis, as mock jurors were most influenced by the most recent act.  [27]
© 2024 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Part of  Springer Nature
 .
**Fig. 2**
Connect with NLM
* Accepted  :  18 November 2021
1. Ruiping Wang
GATS:
Surgeon General’s Advisory Committee
In recent years, tobacco control advocates have sought to place health
information on cigarette package [  8
:43–9.") ]. Based on
communication and health behavior theories [  13
:25.") ], message impact framework has been
established and applied successfully in cigarette health warning labels (HWLs)
research [  14 :13195–208.") ]. The message impact framework assumes that
features of HWLs will influence smokers’ behavior by a chain of psychological
events which ultimately changes their smoking behaviors [  15
:905–12.") ]. Graphic warning labels (GWLs), as a
kind of HWLs on tobacco product package, communicate health risks associated
with tobacco use and serve as a population level smoking cessation measure [ 
16 :3380.") ]. GWLs have been proven to
be effective in eliciting negative responses to tobacco smoking, increasing
reported intention to quit, and modifying beliefs about tobacco smoking
dangers [  17 :41–7.") ,  18 :1–9.") ]. A study in Shanghai demonstrated that approximately
80% of smokers would consider smoking less, and 48% of smokers reported the
intention to quit smoking due to the assumed GWLs on cigarette package [  19
:1–10.") ], and another study in California and North
Carolina indicated that 40% of current smokers attempted to quit smoking due
to pictorial warning labels [  15 :905–12.") ]. Warning
labels with larger graphics in addition to textual messages are associated
with a greater impact than smaller text only labels. Observational as well as
randomized controlled trails indicate increased tobacco smoking cessation in
population where GWLs have been implemented [  16
:3380.") ]. The guidelines for
placing GWLs on cigarette package were issued in the Article 11 of FCTC by
WHO, calls for countries to adopt pictorial labels on cigarette packages, with
warnings covering at least 50% in the front and back of the display areas [ 
1 :1912.") ]. Even though GWLs have been adopted
in many countries, the implementation of GWLs is still under debate in China [
 17 :41–7.") ].
##  Acknowledgements
Interquartile Range
Article   CAS   Google Scholar
BMC Public Health
International Tobacco Control
412 Maynard St.
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1399
 _ Email  _ umichnews@umich.edu  [ _ Phone  _
734-764-7260 ](tel:7347647260)
 __ About Michigan News
China is facing a public crisis with an estimated of 320 million people are
smokers. The Global Adult Survey (GATS) conducted in 2010 indicate that nearly
1 million smokers die from tobacco related diseases, and about 52% of non-
smokers are exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke [  13
:25.") ,  18
:1–9.") , 
19 :1–10.") ]. China signed the WHO FCTC in 2003 and
implemented the FCTC in 2006, but official assessment report indicates that
China has made limited progress toward tobacco control and the current smoking
prevalence is still high [  13 :25.") ].
To reduce the health burden of tobacco smoking, smokers in China need to be
encouraged to quit smoking [  20 :i12–7.")
]. However, research conducted in 1996, 2002 and 2010 in China suggests that
the majority of current smokers have no intention to quit smoking [  20
:i12–7.") ,  21
:182–9.") ]. So
further studies examining intention to quit smoking among smokers and
exploring the salient tobacco control policies are crucial to decrease smoking
prevalence and reduce diseases burden in China.
5. Qiong Yang
###  Competing interests
*   Português
* 18  Altmetric
“Industry litigation and delays to implementing tobacco regulations have high
costs to public health,” said  Rafael Meza  , professor of epidemiology and global public
health at U-M’s School of Public Health and senior author of the study
published in JAMA Health Forum. “This research shows that we must move forward
with implementation to maximize the benefits of adding graphic health warnings
to cigarette’s packaging.”
This cross-sectional study was implemented in Songjiang district and Fengxian
district of Shanghai during January to June 2021 (Fig.  1
 ). Current smokers in this study
did not constitute a random sample of the entire tobacco smoking population in
Shanghai, but were selected based on the geographical representation
judiciously. In this study, a multistage sampling design was employed to
recruit current smokers among the 15 sub-districts of Songjiang district and
the 12 sub-districts of Fengxian district, Shanghai. Firstly, seven and five
sub-districts were randomly selected from the 15 sub-districts in Songjiang
and 12 sub-districts in Fengxian, respectively. Secondly, two residential
blocks were selected randomly within each of the selected sub-districts.
Thirdly, within each selected residential block, a complete list of home
addresses of all households was compiled previously, and then a sample of 100
households were extracted randomly from the list without replacement. Finally,
the enumerated 100 households were randomly ordered, and smokers were then
approached following the randomized order until 50 current smokers in each
selected residential block were surveyed. This study was approved by the
Review Board of Shanghai Skin Diseases Hospital affiliated to Tongji
University (No. SSDH-21-004 s), and an informed consent paper was signed by
each participant before the questionnaire interview. One thousand one hundred
four smokers in total (a response rate was 92.00% (1104/1200)) completed the
interview and were finally included in data analysis.
Office of the Vice President for Communications 
© 2024 The  Regents of the University of Michigan
##  Additional information
6. Bin Li
*  Graphic warning label 
*  Cigarette package 
*  Smoking duration 
*  Smoking intensity 
*  Current smoker 
*  Smoking cessation intention
##  Author information
####  Contact us
*  Michigan Today 
*  The University Record
##  Discussion
Ruiping Wang & Xiangjin Gao
###  Share this article
Previous studies proved that smokers with heavier nicotine dependence were not
fully process graphic health warning labels, and graphic warning labels might
not change their demand for cigarette, or strongly influence their motivation
to quit [  25 :171–84.") ,  26 :233–40.") ]. In this
study, we identified that current smokers with lower smoking intensity, longer
smoking duration, and lower tobacco burden had higher smoking cessation
intention, which was in line with findings of previous studies. Reasons for
GWLs induce smokers consider quitting smoking are well explained by the
message impact framework [  14 :13195–208.") ,  15
:905–12.") ], some studies also suggest that GWLs may
prompt defensive reactions in smokers that cause warnings to have effects that
are opposite of what is intended [  27
:1192–206.") ]. In China, a long
smoking duration predicts the elder age and lower monthly income, smokers with
longer smoking duration are also prone to have chronic diseases problems,
makes them sensitive to tobacco control measures including GWLs on cigarette
package. Meanwhile, lower smoking intensity indicates a mild nicotine
dependence among smokers, so they are prone to change their smoking habits
with the assumed GWLs on cigarette package.
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##  Results
In this study, we employed an electronic questionnaire for data collection.
The electronic questionnaire was a Android pad assisted software which was
convenient for paperless data input. A pilot study indicated that the split-
half reliability coefficient of the electronic questionnaire was 0.87 and the
content validity coefficient was 0.85. The electronic questionnaire included
(1) demographic information (age, sex, education level, marital status and
occupation, etc), (2) history of non-communicable diseases (hypertension,
diabetic mellitus, coronary disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseases (COPD), chronic bronchitis, cerebral apoplexy, and cancer), (3)
tobacco consumption information (daily tobacco smoking consumption, number of
years as a smoker, retail price of daily consumed tobacco, previous tobacco
smoking quitting history, etc), and (4) tobacco smoking cessation information
(plan to quit smoking in a year, the smoking cessation intention among smokers
due to assumed graphic warning labels on cigarette package. The graphic
warning labels on cigarette package selected in this study was previously
proved as effective GWLs for smoking behavior change [  1
:1912.") ,  15
:905–12.") ] (Fig.  2
 ). And we applied face to face
interviews to collect the information among current smokers by applying the
electronic questionnaire.
##  Page not available
Odds Ratio