mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
Prevention  

Aphasia is largely caused by unavoidable instances. However, some precautions
can be taken to decrease risk for experiencing one of the two major causes of
aphasia: stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). To decrease the probability
of having an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, one should take the following
precautions:

* Exercising regularly
* Eating a healthy diet, avoiding cholesterol in particular  [ _ citation needed   _ ]
* Keeping alcohol consumption low and avoiding tobacco use
* Controlling blood pressure  [90]
* Going to the emergency room immediately if you begin to experience unilateral extremity (especially leg) swelling, warmth, redness, and/or tenderness as these are symptoms of a deep vein thrombosis which can lead to a stroke  [91]

To prevent aphasia due to traumatic injury, one should take precautionary
measures when engaging in dangerous activities such as:

* Wearing a helmet when operating a bicycle, motor cycle, ATV, or any other moving vehicle that could potentially be involved in an accident
* Wearing a seatbelt when driving or riding in a car
* Wearing proper protective gear when playing contact sports, especially American football, rugby, and hockey, or refraining from such activities
* Minimizing anticoagulant use (including aspirin) if at all possible as they increase the risk of hemorrhage after a head injury  [92]

Additionally, one should always seek medical attention after sustaining head
trauma due to a fall or accident. The sooner that one receives medical
attention for a traumatic brain injury, the less likely one is to experience
long-term or severe effects.  [93]
Deaf aphasia  

There have been many instances showing that there is a form of aphasia among
deaf individuals. Sign languages are, after all, forms of language that have
been shown to use the same areas of the brain as verbal forms of language.
Mirror neurons become activated when an animal is acting in a particular way
or watching another individual act in the same manner. These mirror neurons
are important in giving an individual the ability to mimic movements of hands.
Broca's area of speech production has been shown to contain several of these
mirror neurons resulting in significant similarities of brain activity between
sign language and vocal speech communication. People use facial movements to
create, what other people perceive, to be faces of emotions. While combining
these facial movements with speech, a more full form of language is created
which enables the species to interact with a much more complex and detailed
form of communication. Sign language also uses these facial movements and
emotions along with the primary hand movement way of communicating. These
facial movement forms of communication come from the same areas of the brain.
When dealing with damages to certain areas of the brain, vocal forms of
communication are in jeopardy of severe forms of aphasia. Since these same
areas of the brain are being used for sign language, these same, at least very
similar, forms of aphasia can show in the Deaf community. Individuals can show
a form of Wernicke's aphasia with sign language and they show deficits in
their abilities in being able to produce any form of expressions. Broca's
aphasia shows up in some people, as well. These individuals find tremendous
difficulty in being able to actually sign the linguistic concepts they are
trying to express.  [88]
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#  Types of Reading Disability
###  Possible complications
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**Stroke:** the part of the brain that sends messages to the larynx (voice
box) may be damaged by a  stroke
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Apraxia is another disorder often correlated with aphasia. This is due to a
subset of apraxia which affects speech. Specifically, this subset affects the
movement of muscles associated with speech production,  apraxia
 and aphasia are often correlated due to the
proximity of neural substrates associated with each of the disorders.  [55]
Researchers concluded that there were 2 areas of lesion overlap between
patients with apraxia and aphasia, the anterior temporal lobe and the left
inferior parietal lobe.  [56]

**Treatment and neuroimaging**

Evidence for positive treatment outcomes can also be quantified using
neuroimaging tools. The use of fMRI and an automatic classifier can help
predict language recovery outcomes in stroke patients with 86% accuracy when
coupled with age and language test scores. The stimuli tested were sentences
both correct and incorrect and the subject had to press a button whenever the
sentence was incorrect. The fMRI data collected focused on responses in
regions of interest identified by healthy subjects.  [57]  Recovery from
aphasia can also be quantified using diffusion tensor imaging. The accurate
fasciculus (AF) connects the right and left superior temporal lobe, premotor
regions/posterior inferior frontal gyrus. and the primary motor cortex. In a
study which enrolled patients in a speech therapy program, an increase in AF
fibers and volume was found in patients after 6-weeks in the program which
correlated with long-term improvement in those patients.  [58]  The results of
the experiment are pictured in Figure 2. This implies that  DTI
 can be used to quantify the improvement
in patients after speech and language treatment programs are applied.
##  Causes of vocal cord paralysis
*  Screening and Assessment
###  Voice therapy
###   From Poor to Soar: Finding the Help Your Child Needs
Sensory neuropathic cough is a type of chronic cough. Learn more about its
symptoms and treatment options here.
Chronic laryngitis is an inflammation of the voice box that lasts for more
than 3 weeks. It can cause hoarseness and other symptoms. Causes include…
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Cognitive neuropsychological approaches  

Although localizationist approaches provide a useful way of classifying the
different patterns of language difficulty into broad groups, one problem is
that most individuals do not fit neatly into one category or another.  [79]
[80]  Another problem is that the categories, particularly the major ones such
as Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia, still remain quite broad and do not
meaningfully reflect a person's difficulties. Consequently, even amongst those
who meet the criteria for classification into a subtype, there can be enormous
variability in the types of difficulties they experience.  [81]

Instead of categorizing every individual into a specific subtype, cognitive
neuropsychological approaches aim to identify the key language skills or
"modules" that are not functioning properly in each individual. A person could
potentially have difficulty with just one module, or with a number of modules.
This type of approach requires a framework or theory as to what skills/modules
are needed to perform different kinds of language tasks. For example, the
model of  Max Coltheart  identifies a
module that recognizes  phonemes  as they are
spoken, which is essential for any task involving recognition of words.
Similarly, there is a module that stores phonemes that the person is planning
to produce in speech, and this module is critical for any task involving the
production of long words or long strings of speech. Once a theoretical
framework has been established, the functioning of each module can then be
assessed using a specific test or set of tests. In the clinical setting, use
of this model usually involves conducting a battery of assessments,  [82]
[83]  each of which tests one or a number of these modules. Once a diagnosis
is reached as to the skills/modules where the most significant impairment
lies, therapy can proceed to treat these skills.
*  Reading 101: A Guide for Parents
##  What is vocal cord paralysis?
Progressive aphasias  

 Primary progressive aphasia  (PPA) is a neurodegenerative focal dementia that can be
associated with progressive illnesses or dementia, such as  frontotemporal
dementia  /  Pick
Complex   Motor neuron disease
 ,  Progressive
supranuclear palsy  , and  Alzheimer's disease  , which is the gradual process of progressively losing
the ability to think. Gradual loss of language function occurs in the context
of relatively well-preserved memory, visual processing, and personality until
the advanced stages. Symptoms usually begin with word-finding problems
(naming) and progress to impaired grammar (syntax) and comprehension (sentence
processing and semantics). The loss of language before the loss of memory
differentiates PPA from typical dementias. People with PPA may have
difficulties comprehending what others are saying. They can also have
difficulty trying to find the right words to make a sentence.  [84]  [85]
[86]  There are three classifications of Primary Progressive Aphasia : 
Progressive nonfluent aphasia  (PNFA),  Semantic Dementia
 (SD), and  Logopenic
progressive aphasia  (LPA).  [86]  [87]

 Progressive Jargon Aphasia  [ _
citation needed   _ ]  is a fluent or receptive aphasia in which the person's speech is
incomprehensible, but appears to make sense to them. Speech is fluent and
effortless with intact  syntax  and  grammar
 , but the person has problems with the selection of
 nouns  . Either they will replace the desired word with
another that sounds or looks like the original one or has some other
connection or they will replace it with sounds. As such, people with jargon
aphasia often use  neologisms  , and may 
perseverate  if they try to replace the
words they cannot find with sounds. Substitutions commonly involve picking
another (actual) word starting with the same sound (e.g., clocktower –
colander), picking another semantically related to the first (e.g., letter –
scroll), or picking one phonetically similar to the intended one (e.g., lane –
late).
Medically reviewed by  Cynthia Taylor Chavoustie, MPAS, PA-C
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**Bulk injection** – the vocal cord muscle will most likely be weak due to
paralysis of the nerve. The otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat specialist
doctor) may inject fat,  collagen
 or some filler into the vocal cord.
###   Instructional Grouping for Reading for Students with LD: Implications
for Practice
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Patients with vocal paralysis typically experience hoarseness, vocal  fatigue
 , mild to severe reduction in speech
volume, a pain in the throat when speaking, and swallowing things down the
wrong way and choking.
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**Subtypes of Reading Disability**
Severity  

The severity of the type of aphasia varies depending on the size of the
stroke. However, there is much variance between how often one type of severity
occurs in certain types of aphasia. For instance, any type of aphasia can
range from mild to profound. Regardless of the severity of aphasia, people can
make improvements due to spontaneous recovery and treatment in the acute
stages of recovery.  [89]  Additionally, while most studies propose that the
greatest outcomes occur in people with severe aphasia when treatment is
provided in the acute stages of recovery, Robey (1998) also found that those
with severe aphasia are capable of making strong language gains in the chronic
stage of recovery as well.  [89]  This finding implies that persons with
aphasia have the potential to have functional outcomes regardless of how
severe their aphasia may be.  [89]  While there is no distinct pattern of the
outcomes of aphasia based on severity alone, global aphasia typically makes
functional language gains, but may be gradual since global aphasia affects
many language areas.  [ _ citation needed   _ ]
__ Close
###  Surgery
**Inflammation or scarring of the vocal cord joints:** as well as the space
between the two vocal cord cartilages may prevent the larynx from working
properly. Although the cord nerves are usually working correctly, the 
inflammation  can give vocal cord
paralysis-like signs and symptoms. Some infections may also cause
inflammation.
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Signs and symptoms  

People with aphasia may experience any of the following behaviors due to an
acquired brain injury, although some of these symptoms may be due to related
or concomitant problems, such as  dysarthria 
or  apraxia  , and not primarily due to aphasia.
Aphasia symptoms can vary based on the location of damage in the brain. Signs
and symptoms may or may not be present in individuals with aphasia and may
vary in severity and level of disruption to communication.  [10]  Often those
with aphasia may have a difficulty with naming objects, so they might use
words such as _thing_ or point at the objects. When asked to name a pencil
they may say it is a "thing used to write".  [11]

* Inability to  comprehend language 
* Inability to  pronounce  , not due to muscle paralysis or weakness
* Inability to form words
* Inability to recall words (anomia)
* Poor  enunciation 
* Excessive creation and use of personal  neologisms 
* Inability to repeat a phrase
* Persistent repetition of one syllable, word, or phrase (stereotypes, recurrent/recurring utterances/speech automatism) also known as perseveration.
*  Paraphasia  (substituting letters, syllables or words)
*  Agrammatism  (inability to speak in a grammatically correct fashion)
* speaking in incomplete sentences
* Inability to  read  "Reading \(process\)")
* Inability to  write 
* Limited verbal output
* Difficulty in naming
*  Speech disorder 
* Speaking  gibberish 
* Inability to follow or understand simple requests
###   What to Do If You Suspect Your Child Has a Learning Disability
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 Some neurological conditions – multiple sclerosis,
Parkinson’s disease – increase the risk of vocal cord paralysis.
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**Certain neurological conditions:** people with  multiple sclerosis
 (MS),  Parkinson’s disease
 , or  myasthenia gravis
 have a higher risk of developing vocal cord paralysis,
compared to other individuals. The risk of vocal cord weakness is greater than
paralysis
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Inability to comprehend or formulate language

Not to be confused with  aphakia  ,  aphagia
 , or  aphantasia 
.

For other uses, see  Aphasia (disambiguation)
 "Aphasia \(disambiguation\)") .

[
Copyright by  National Center for Learning Disabilities, Inc.  (opens in a
new window)   All right reserved. Used with permission.
A risk factor is something which increases the likelihood of developing a
condition or disease. For example,  obesity
 significantly raises the risk of developing 
diabetes  type 2. Therefore, obesity is a risk factor for diabetes type 2.
Prevalence  

Aphasia affects about two million people in the U.S. and 250,000 people in
Great Britain.  [122]  Nearly 180,000 people acquire the disorder every year
in the U.S.,  [123]  170,000 due to stroke.  [124]  Any person of any age can
develop aphasia, given that it is often caused by a traumatic injury. However,
people who are middle aged and older are the most likely to acquire aphasia,
as the other etiologies are more likely at older ages.  [125]  For example,
approximately 75% of all strokes occur in individuals over the age of 65.
[126]  Strokes account for most documented cases of aphasia:  [127]  25% to
40% of people who survive a stroke develop aphasia as a result of damage to
the language-processing regions of the brain.  [6]
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**Aspiration** – because there is paralysis in the area where food or liquid
may go down the wrong way (aspiration), there is a risk of choking. Aspiration
can lead to severe  pneumonia
 .
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*  Why Some Kids Struggle and How to Help
Symptoms of vocal cord paralysis
*  Literacy Tips and Activities
*  v  
*  t  
*  e  

 Dyslexia  and related  specific developmental
disorders 

---
Conditions  |

|   Speech, language  , and
 communication  |

*  Expressive language disorder 
*  Infantile speech 
*  Landau–Kleffner syndrome 
*  Language disorder 
*  Lisp 
*  Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder 
*  Specific language impairment 
*  Speech and language impairment 
*  Speech disorder 
*  Speech error 
*  Speech sound disorder 
*  Stuttering 
*  Tip of the tongue 

---|---
 Learning disability  |

*  Dyslexia 
*  Dyscalculia 
*  Dysgraphia 
*  Disorder of written expression 

Motor  |

*  Developmental coordination disorder 
*  Developmental verbal dyspraxia 

Sensory  |

*  Auditory processing disorder 
*  Sensory processing disorder 

Related topics  |

*  Dyslexia research 
*  Learning Ally 
*  Learning problems in childhood cancer
##  In the Classroom
#  Vocal cord paralysis: Treatment and more
##  How to approach writing assignments
"Expressive aphasia") (  Broca's 
aphasia), may not be able to ask a loved one when their birthday is, they may
still be able to sing "Happy Birthday". One prevalent deficit in all aphasias
is  anomia  , which is a difficulty
in finding the correct word.  [9]  : 72

With aphasia, one or more modes of communication in the brain have been
damaged and are therefore functioning incorrectly. Aphasia is _not_ caused by
damage to the brain resulting in motor or sensory deficits, thus producing 
abnormal speech  – that is, aphasia is not
related to the _mechanics_ of  speech  , but rather
the individual's language cognition. However, it is possible for a person can
have both problems, e.g. in the case of a hemorrhage damaging a large area of
the brain. An individual's language abilities incorporate the socially shared
set of rules, as well as the thought processes that go behind communication
(as it affects both verbal and nonverbal language). Aphasia is not a result of
a more  [ _ weasel words   _ ]  peripheral motor or sensory difficulty,
such as  paralysis  affecting the speech
muscles, or a general hearing impairment.

 Neurodevelopmental  forms of  auditory processing disorder
 are
differentiable from aphasia in that aphasia is by definition caused by
acquired brain injury, but acquired epileptic aphasia has been viewed as a
form of APD.
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Retrieved from " 
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aphasia&oldid=1215984642
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 Categories  :

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*  Alexia (condition)  "Category:Alexia \(condition\)")
*  Communication disorders 
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External links  

 Library resources  about
**Aphasia**

* * *

*  Resources in your library 
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Look up _** aphasia  ** _ or _** aphemia
 ** _ in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

*  National Aphasia Association 
*  Aphasia  at  Curlie 

Classification  |

 D 

* ** ICD  \-  10  ** : [ F80.1 ](https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en
####  Related Topics
##  Treatment for vocal cord paralysis
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