mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
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Examples of cause and effect show how one thing can affect another. Now that
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cause – lying boyfriend
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There are  two reasons 
to learn a piano chord inversion: It’s a simple way to upgrade your sound.
Piano chord inversions can simplify chord switching.
"It's inverted, hold on."
###  Practice Question Answers
Updated July 19, 2022
cause – forgot to water plants
:no_upscale\(\)/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/21693362/msfs_3_crash.jpg) Microsoft Flight
Simulator. Source: Microsoft
####   Chris Kernaghan
Will that make my family any more understanding?
"It means up is down, and down is up."
If you train your dog, he will follow commands.
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cause – did not study
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###  The Problem with Mandatory Cutscenes in Games
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effect – failed test
####  **What is the first inversion of a chord?**
####  **Playing with four notes in a chord**
effect – following commands
cause – skipping lunch
Cause and effect may also be called causality.
effect – plants died
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The science is pretty interesting, too.
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Practice the major chord triads first and move between the different  chord
inversions of each triad  to get used to playing the various chords. This will help you in
discovering  how to learn piano chords  , and
you’ll be playing piano music with little to no issue once you get the hang of
the patterns within each chord’s inversions. When you learn each chord, be
sure to learn how to play the chords correctly and then practice at the
minimum of thirty minutes a day.
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What does this mean for younger players?
*  _Disinformation_ by Ion Mihai Pacepa  "Disinformation \(book\)")
*  _Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy_  "Dezinformatsia \(book\)")
* _ The KGB and Soviet Disinformation  _
* _ Who's Who in the CIA  _
* _ Merchants of Doubt  _
* _ After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News  _
###  False priors
##   Books
15 languages
#####   Mindset
**You Can Change the Story**
Everything in your young world – family, culture, media, peers, institutions,
games, music, stories, play and sports carried implicit and explicit messages
about how the world works – how the world _is._ And unless you were an
exceptional child – you accepted it. It wasn’t until you began to mature –
emotionally, developmentally and experientially – that you challenged some of
those beliefs to suit who _you thought you really were_ . In this early
conditioning phase you learned about the the  world and what is happening

in it, the universe, family, relationships, trust, health, work, money,
emotions, what’s possible, what’s not possible, what has value, what does not,
what’s right, what’s wrong, why you are here – essentially the meaning and
purpose of everything. By the time you arrived at the tender age of ten, most
of your values – which stem from your beliefs – had been formed.
*  Public opinion brigades 
*  Force 47
#  Read More Articles
Start Your Day off Better!
##  Explore More Topics
The good news is that we can start small. Every person has three minutes in
their day to listen to a guided meditation or take a couple of deep breaths.
If three minutes feels impossible, start tracking your time - where does it
go? Put the  Insight Timer   app on your phone in
the place where Instagram usually goes. Bring a notebook and a pen to your
daughter’s basketball practice. Try finding little pockets of time to build
your new habit.
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*  Ambiguity effect  , the tendency to avoid options for which the probability of a favorable outcome is unknown.  [69]
*  Disposition effect  , the tendency to sell an asset that has accumulated in value and resist selling an asset that has declined in value.
*  Dread aversion ") , just as losses yield double the emotional impact of gains, dread yields double the emotional impact of savouring.  [70]  [71]
*  Endowment effect  , the tendency for people to demand much more to give up an object than they would be willing to pay to acquire it.  [72]
*  Loss aversion  , where the perceived disutility of giving up an object is greater than the utility associated with acquiring it.  [73]  (see also  Sunk cost fallacy  )
*  Pseudocertainty effect  , the tendency to make risk-averse choices if the expected outcome is positive, but make risk-seeking choices to avoid negative outcomes.  [74]
*  Status quo bias  , the tendency to prefer things to stay relatively the same.  [75]  [76]
*  System justification  , the tendency to defend and bolster the status quo. Existing social, economic, and political arrangements tend to be preferred, and alternatives disparaged, sometimes even at the expense of individual and collective self-interest.
Venezuela  |
*  April 4, 2023
*  Bell Pottinger 
*  Double-Cross System 
*  Clockwork Orange plot  "Clockwork Orange \(plot\)")
*  Euromyth 
*  _Lancet_ MMR autism fraud 
*  Operation Mass Appeal 
*  Psychological Warfare Division 
*  Zinoviev letter
Explanations include information-processing rules (i.e., mental shortcuts),
called _ heuristics  _ , that the brain uses to
produce  decisions  or judgments.
Biases have a variety of forms and appear as cognitive ("cold") bias, such as
mental noise,  [5]  or motivational ("hot") bias, such as when beliefs are
distorted by  wishful thinking  .
Both effects can be present at the same time.  [7]  [8]
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#####   Change
Operations and events by country
####  Association fallacy
*  Cryptomnesia  , where a memory is mistaken for novel thought or imagination, because there is no subjective experience of it being a memory.  [148]
*  False memory  , where imagination is mistaken for a memory.
*  Social cryptomnesia  , a failure by people and society in general to remember the origin of a change, in which people know that a change has occurred in society, but forget how this change occurred; that is, the steps that were taken to bring this change about, and who took these steps. This has led to reduced social credit towards the minorities who made major sacrifices that led to a change in societal values.  [149]
*  Source confusion  , episodic memories are confused with other information, creating distorted memories.  [150]
*  Suggestibility  , where ideas suggested by a questioner are mistaken for memory.
* The  Perky effect  , where real images can influence imagined images, or be misremembered as imagined rather than real
Free Gratitude Guide
#  Change Your Beliefs; Change Your Experience
5 min read
####  SIGNUP FOR UPDATES
###  Availability heuristic
* Baron J (1994). _Thinking and deciding_ (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0521437325   .
* Hardman D (2009). _Judgment and decision making: psychological perspectives_ . Wiley-Blackwell.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-1405123983   .
* Kahneman D, Knetsch JL, Thaler RH (1991).  "Anomalies: The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias"  . _The Journal of Economic Perspectives_ . **5** (1): 193–206.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :   10.1257/jep.5.1.193  .
* Plous S (1993). _The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making_ . New York: McGraw-Hill.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0070504776   .
* Sutherland S (2007). _Irrationality_ . Pinter & Martin.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-1905177073   .
Beliefs Create Experience
##   All Books
*  1995 CIA disinformation controversy 
*  Attempts to overturn the 2020 election 
*  Conspiracy theories 
*  9/11 conspiracy theories 
*  CIA Kennedy assassination 
*  QAnon 
*  Sandy Hook 
*  COVID-19 
*  Fake news 
*  online 
*  Election denial movement in the United States 
*  The Freedom Fighter's Manual 
*  Habbush letter 
*  Information Operations Roadmap 
*  Litter boxes in schools 
*  Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection 
*  Niger uranium forgeries 
*  Tobacco industry playbook 
*  Operation Shocker 
*  Yellow rain
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#####   Creativity
The idea that given the right _emotional climate_ a belief, _not of our own
choosing,_ can drive our thoughts, feelings and behavior is certainly not new.
 Beliefs, the _thoughts_ we operate on as truth,
 are the engine that drives our
experience. They form the basis for our thinking, shape our emotional
responses and result in actions, in and out of our conscious awareness.
###  Belief 2. I don’t know where to start.
Books and documentaries
#####   Relationships
*  Base rate fallacy  or base rate neglect, the tendency to ignore general information and focus on information only pertaining to the specific case, even when the general information is more important.  [47]
*  Compassion fade  , the tendency to behave more compassionately towards a small number of identifiable victims than to a large number of anonymous ones.  [48]
*  Conjunction fallacy  , the tendency to assume that specific conditions are more probable than a more general version of those same conditions.  [49]
*  Duration neglect  , the neglect of the duration of an episode in determining its value.  [50]
*  Hyperbolic discounting  , where discounting is the tendency for people to have a stronger preference for more immediate payoffs relative to later payoffs. Hyperbolic discounting leads to choices that are inconsistent over time—people make choices today that their future selves would prefer not to have made, despite using the same reasoning.  [51]  Also known as current moment bias or present bias, and related to  Dynamic inconsistency  . A good example of this is a study showed that when making food choices for the coming week, 74% of participants chose fruit, whereas when the food choice was for the current day, 70% chose chocolate.
*  Insensitivity to sample size  , the tendency to under-expect variation in small samples.
*  Less-is-better effect  , the tendency to prefer a smaller set to a larger set judged separately, but not jointly.
*  Neglect of probability  , the tendency to completely disregard probability when making a decision under uncertainty.  [52]
*  Scope neglect  or scope insensitivity, the tendency to be insensitive to the size of a problem when evaluating it. For example, being willing to pay as much to save 2,000 children or 20,000 children.
*  Zero-risk bias  , the preference for reducing a small risk to zero over a greater reduction in a larger risk.
Main article:  Prospect theory
###  Cognitive dissonance
|  Soviet era  |
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*  Active Measures 
*  K-1000 battleship 
*  Operation INFEKTION 
*  Operation Toucan  "Operation Toucan \(KGB\)")
*  Seat 12 
*  Soviet influence on the peace movement 
*  U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B 
*  Useful idiot
---|---
 Post-Soviet era  |
*  Berkson's paradox  , the tendency to misinterpret statistical experiments involving conditional probabilities.  [64]
*  Escalation of commitment  , irrational escalation, or  sunk cost fallacy  , where people justify increased investment in a decision, based on the cumulative prior investment, despite new evidence suggesting that the decision was probably wrong.
*  G. I. Joe fallacy ") , the tendency to think that knowing about cognitive bias is enough to overcome it.  [65]
*  Gambler's fallacy  , the tendency to think that future probabilities are altered by past events, when in reality they are unchanged. The fallacy arises from an erroneous conceptualization of the  law of large numbers  . For example, "I've flipped heads with this coin five times consecutively, so the chance of tails coming out on the sixth flip is much greater than heads."  [66]
*  Hot-hand fallacy  (also known as "hot hand phenomenon" or "hot hand"), the belief that a person who has experienced success with a random event has a greater chance of further success in additional attempts.
*  Plan continuation bias  , failure to recognize that the original plan of action is no longer appropriate for a changing situation or for a situation that is different from anticipated.  [67]
*  Subadditivity effect  , the tendency to judge the probability of the whole to be less than the probabilities of the parts.  [68]
*  Time-saving bias  , a tendency to underestimate the time that could be saved (or lost) when increasing (or decreasing) from a relatively low speed, and to overestimate the time that could be saved (or lost) when increasing (or decreasing) from a relatively high speed.
*  Zero-sum bias  , where a situation is incorrectly perceived to be like a zero-sum game (i.e., one person gains at the expense of another).
####  SERVICES
##  Minor Changes
Although the reality of most of these biases is confirmed by  reproducible
 research,  [2]  [3]  there are often
controversies about how to classify these biases or how to explain them.  [4]
Several  theoretical causes are known for some cognitive biases
 , which provides a classification of biases by their common
generative mechanism (such as noisy information-processing  [5]  ).  Gerd
Gigerenzer  has criticized the
framing of cognitive biases as errors in judgment, and favors interpreting
them as arising from rational deviations from logical thought.  [6]
###  Confirmation bias
####  Related posts
**Where Did Your Beliefs Come From?** ****
#####   Purpose
Here is an overview of how it can be done:
*  Belief bias  , an effect where someone's evaluation of the logical strength of an argument is biased by the believability of the conclusion.  [87]
*  Illusory truth effect  , the tendency to believe that a statement is true if it is  easier to process  , or if it has been  stated multiple times  , regardless of its actual veracity. These are specific cases of  truthiness  .
*  Rhyme as reason effect  , where rhyming statements are perceived as more truthful.
*  Subjective validation  , where statements are perceived as true if a subject's belief demands it to be true. Also assigns perceived connections between coincidences. (Compare  confirmation bias  .)
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South Africa  |
##   Media kit for press, partnerships, and collaborations.
*  COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines 
*  Fake news in the Philippines 
*  Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
|  Canada  |
*  Clustering illusion  , the tendency to overestimate the importance of small runs, streaks, or clusters in large samples of random data (that is, seeing phantom patterns).  [12]
*  Illusory correlation  , a tendency to inaccurately perceive a relationship between two unrelated events.  [18]  [19]
*  Pareidolia  , a tendency to perceive a vague and random stimulus (often an image or sound) as significant, e.g., seeing images of animals or faces in clouds, the  man in the Moon  , and hearing non-existent  hidden messages  on  records played in reverse  .
###  Other memory biases
Main article:  Ingroup bias
##   Resources
|  Health  |
United Kingdom  |
Beliefs Affect Reality
* This page was last edited on 12 March 2024, at 10:44  (UTC)  .
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##  Stuck in the “Work Hard and Achieve” belief
Main article:  Association fallacy
Director,  ConnectiveParenting.com  .
Understanding why parents and kids do what they do and helping build the
bridges to connective relationships.
Read More »
*  Lynn Lok-Payne
##   Blog
Cognitive dissonance  is
the perception of contradictory information and the mental toll of it.
*  Fake news in India 
*  Godi-media 
*  Paid news in India 
*  OpIndia
*  Blogs
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###  Apophenia
##   About Lynn
##   Nurture healthier relationships
*  Cyberwarfare 
*  on Estonia 
*  during the Russo-Georgian War 
*  Information war against Ukraine 
*  Disinformation in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 
* On US elections
*  2016 
*  2018 
*  2020 
*  2016 Brexit referendum 
*  Russian Institute for Strategic Studies 
*  Trolls from Olgino 
*  Web brigades
Remember the film  **Inception?**  It
is a riveting, mind-bending movie that raised fascinating questions about the
potential of our dreams and the nature of our unconscious and subconscious
worlds. The film’s concept of “Inception” explores the idea of entering into
another person’s subconscious mind (via their dreams) to **implant** an idea –
a seed that takes hold and becomes a belief. From this seed grow thoughts,
feelings and actions. The seed must be **deeply** planted, infused with
emotion for the dreamer to live out their beliefs on a conscious level.
While the premise of the film is intriguing, the point of this article is not
to examine the state of dream sharing technology – but to look at the
underlying truth that beliefs  _are powerful motivating forces in our lives_
.
Association fallacies include:
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on  Unsplash
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##   About
Team Jorge
##   Events
#####   Happiness
Disinformation  and  misinformation
There are also controversies over some of these biases as to whether they
count as useless or  irrational  , or
whether they result in useful attitudes or behavior. For example, when getting
to know others, people tend to ask  leading questions
 which seem biased towards
confirming their assumptions about the person. However, this kind of 
confirmation bias  has also been
argued to be an example of  social skill  ; a way to establish a connection with the other person.  [9]
###  Anchoring bias
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##   View All Books
The misattributions include:
##   Wake Up!
---|---
China  |
**What to Do:**
This section **needs expansion** with: more of its biases. You can help by 
adding to it

.  _( July 2023  ) _
##  Blogs
The following relate to prospect theory:
HIV/AIDS denialism
###  Truth judgment
* Baron J (2000). _Thinking and deciding_ (3rd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0521650304   .
* Bishop MA, Trout JD (2004). _Epistemology and the Psychology of Human Judgment_ . New York:  Oxford University Press  .  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0195162295   .
* Gilovich T (1993). _How We Know What Isn't So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life_ . New York: The Free Press.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0029117064   .
* Gilovich T, Griffin D, Kahneman D (2002). _Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment_ . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0521796798   .
*  Greenwald AG  (1980).  "The Totalitarian Ego: Fabrication and Revision of Personal History"  (PDF)  . _American Psychologist_ . **35** (7): 603–618.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1037/0003-066x.35.7.603  .  ISSN  "ISSN \(identifier\)")  0003-066X  .
* Kahneman D, Slovic P, Tversky A (1982). "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases". _Science_ . **185** (4157). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 1124–1131.  Bibcode  "Bibcode \(identifier\)") :  1974Sci...185.1124T  .  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1126/science.185.4157.1124  .  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0521284141   .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  17835457  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  143452957  .
* Pohl RF (2017). _Cognitive illusions: Intriguing phenomena in thinking, judgment and memory_ (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-1138903418   .
* Schacter DL (March 1999).  "The seven sins of memory. Insights from psychology and cognitive neuroscience"  (PDF)  . _The American Psychologist_ . **54** (3): 182–203.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.182  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  10199218  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  14882268  . Archived from  the original  (PDF)  on May 13, 2013.
* Tetlock PE (2005). _Expert Political Judgment: how good is it? how can we know?_ . Princeton: Princeton University Press.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0691123028   .
* Virine L, Trumper M (2007). _Project Decisions: The Art and Science_ . Vienna, VA: Management Concepts.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-1567262179   .
Main article:  Misattribution of memory
*  Bermuda Triangle 
*  Congo Free State propaganda war 
*  Climate change denial 
*  Free energy suppression 
*  Genocide denial 
*  Illuminati 
*  International Jewish conspiracy 
*  Disinformation in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war 
*  Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine 
*  New World Order  "New World Order \(conspiracy theory\)")
*  Red mercury 
*  Reptilians 
*  Rothschilds 
*  Strategy of tension
* Lists:  General
* Memory
*  Events Don’t Have to Control You: Using the E+R=O Formula 
*  Living with Permanent Uncertainty 
*  Silence & A Blessing for One Who is Exhausted 
*  We All Need More Wonder & Awe 
*  Beyond Anger Management – You and Your Anger
https://lynnlokpayne.com/let-go-of-crippling-stories-and-outdated-beliefs/
###  Other
See also:  Risk aversion (psychology) 
"Risk aversion \(psychology\)")