mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia & altitude studies  

With our constant need for oxygen, our body has developed multiple mechanisms
that detect oxygen levels, which in turn can activate appropriate responses to
counter hypoxia and generate a higher oxygen supply. Moreover, understanding
the physiological mechanism underlying the bodily response to oxygen
deprivation is of major importance and NIRS devices have shown to be a great
tool in this field of research.  [25]

 Measurement of
brain oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes at high
alltitude induced hypoxia with a portable fNIRS device (PortaLite, Artinis
Medical Systems)
NIRS accessories
Spectroscopic techniques  

Currently, there are three modalities of fNIR spectroscopy:

1\. Continuous wave

2\. Frequency domain

3\. Time-domain
##   The application of Neuroscience to the Tourism and Hospitality sector
Aug 9, 2023
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##   The Power of Scents: a Neuromarketing study in Virtual Reality reveals
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Brain–computer interface  

fNIRS has been successfully implemented as a control signal for 
brain–computer interface  systems.  [20]  [21]  [22]  [23]  [24]
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Virtual and augmented reality  

Modern fNIRS systems are combined with virtual or augmented reality in studies
on brain-computer interfaces,  [31]  neurorehabilitation  [32]  or social
perception.  [33]

 Mobile and wireless fNIRS
and EEG systems synchronized with all-in-one head mounted display (PhotonCap,
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##  Why use fNIRS in sensitive subjects?
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For researchers like Belyusar, fNIRS is not just a supplement to other data
collected from fMRI or EEG — it is the primary tool to answer questions that
EEG and fMRI cannot, such as what is happening more precisely in the brain
while driving with distractions. And with new analysis techniques on the
horizon and an emphasis on experiments that were once too sensitive for EEG or
fMRI, the future of fNIRS research is one we should all be excited about.
Japan  

Meanwhile, in the mid-80's, Japanese researchers at the central research
laboratory of Hitachi Ltd set out to build a NIRS-based brain monitoring
system using a pulse of 70-picosecond rays. This effort came into light when
the team, along with their leading expert, Dr Hideaki Koizumi (小泉 英明), held an
open symposium to announce the principle of "Optical Topography" in January
1995. In fact, the term "Optical Topography" derives from the concept of using
light on "2-Dimensional mapping combined with 1-Dimensional information", or
_topography_ . The idea had been successfully implemented in launching their
first fNIRS (or Optical Topography, as they call it) device based on Frequency
Domain in 2001: Hitachi ETG-100. Later, Harumi Oishi (大石 晴美), a PhD-to-be at
Nagoya University, published her doctoral dissertation in 2003 with the
subject of "language learners' cortical activation patterns measured by
ETG-100" under the supervision of Professor Toru Kinoshita (木下 微)—presenting a
new prospect on the use of fNIRS. The company has been advancing the ETG
series ever since.
Nov 15, 2023
###  Types of fNIRS technology
###   Quick Tips for Getting Started on Twitter
AtlasViewer  

AtlasViewer allows fNIRS data to be visualized on a model of the brain. In
addition, it also allows the user to design probes which can eventually be
placed onto a subject.  [19]
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* _Vitorio R et al. (2021)._  **Changes in prefrontal cortical activity and turning in response to dopaminergic and cholinergic therapy in Parkinson's disease: A randomized cross-over trial.**  Parkinsonism Relat Disord. May;86:10-14.
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###  Introduction
Cerebral oximetry  

NIRS monitoring is helpful in a number of ways. Preterm infants can be
monitored reducing cerebral hypoxia and hyperoxia with different patterns of
activities.  [27]  It is an effective aid in Cardiopulmonary bypass, is
strongly considered to improve patient outcomes and reduce costs and extended
stays.

There are inconclusive results for use of NIRS with patients with traumatic
brain injury, so it has been concluded that it should remain a research tool.
Diffuse optical tomography  

Diffuse optical tomography is the 3D version of Diffuse optical imaging.
Diffuse optical images are obtained using NIRS or fluorescence-based methods.
These images can be used to develop a 3D volumetric model which is known as
the Diffuse Optical Tomography.  [28]

 10-20 system
(f)NIRS Support
US & UK  

In 1977, Jöbsis  [8]  reported that brain tissue transparency to NIR light
allowed a non-invasive and continuous method of tissue oxygen saturation using
 transillumination  .
Transillumination (forward-scattering) was of limited utility in adults
because of light attenuation and was quickly replaced by reflectance-mode
based techniques - resulting in development of NIRS systems proceeding
rapidly. Then, by 1985, the first studies on cerebral oxygenation were
conducted by M. Ferrari. Later, in 1989, following work with David Delpy at
University College London, Hamamatsu developed the first commercial NIRS
system: NIR-1000 cerebral oxygenation monitor. NIRS methods were initially
used for cerebral oximetry in the 1990s. In 1993, four publications by Chance
et al. _PNAS_ , Hoshi & Tamura _J Appl Physiol_ , Kato et al. _JCBFM,_
Villringer _et al_ _Neuros. Lett._ demonstrated the feasibility of fNIRS in
adult humans. NIRS techniques were further expanded on by the work of Randall
Barbour,  Britton Chance  , Arno
Villringer, M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, Enrico Gratton, and others. Currently,
wearable fNIRS are being developed.

 Hitachi ETG-4000
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###  What is EEG?
Jan 17, 2024
Functional connectivity  

fNIRS measurements can be used to calculate  functional connectivity
 . Multi-channel
fNIRS measurements create a topographical map of neural activation, whereby
temporal correlation between spatially separated events can be analyzed.
Functional connectivity is typically assessed in terms correlations between
the hemodynamic responses of spatially distinct regions of interest (ROIs). In
brain studies, functional connectivity measurements are commonly taken for
resting state patient data, as well as data recorded over stimulus paradigms.
The low cost, portability and high temporal resolution of fNIRS, with respect
to  fMRI  , have proven to be highly advantageous in studies of this
nature.  [26]
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Diffuse correlation spectroscopy  

Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a non-invasive optical imaging
technique that utilizes coherent near-infrared light to measure local
microvascular cerebral blood flow by quantifying the temporal light intensity
fluctuations generated by dynamic scattering of moving red blood cells. This
dynamic scattering from moving cells causes the detected intensity to
temporally fluctuate. These fluctuations can be quantified by the temporal
intensity autocorrelation curve of a single speckle. The decay of the
autocorrelation curve is fitted with the solution of the correlation diffusion
equation to obtain an index of cerebral blood flow.  [13]  [14]  [15]  [16]
A guide on how to ideally apply an optode template using our (f)NIRS devices
Publication overview 2023: Using our (f)NIRS devices to measure in the brain
Publication overview 2023: Using our Artinis NIRS devices to measure in the
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OxySoft 4.0 unlocks easy export of NIRS data to .snirf format
credit: courtesy of Daniel Belyusar, MIT AGELAB
* _Pellegrini-Laplagne M et al (2022)._  **Acute Effect of a Simultaneous Exercise and Cognitive Task on Executive Functions and Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation in Healthy Older Adults.**  Brain Sci. Mar 28;12(4):455.
Brain imaging - fNIRS
Future directions  

Despite a few limitations, fNIRS devices are relatively small, lightweight,
portable and wearable. Due to these features, applications for the devices are
astounding—which make them easily accessible in many different scenarios. For
example, they have the potential to be used in clinics, global health,  [38]
a natural environment, and as a health tracker.

Ultimately, future at-risk individuals in hospitals could benefit from
neuromonitoring and neurorehabilitation that fNIRS can offer.

In military and first-responder operations, real-time monitoring of cognitive
functions and relating it to the ongoing task, performance outcomes, and
behavioral dynamics of the personnel could be helpful.  [39]

Now there are fully wireless research grade fNIRS systems in the market.  [40]
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##  Read about
NIRS toolbox  

This toolbox is a set of Matlab-based tools for the analysis of functional
near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). This toolbox defines the +nirs namespace
and includes a series of tools for signal processing, display, and statistics
of fNIRS data. This toolbox is built around an object-oriented framework of
Matlab classes and namespaces.  [18]
Data analysis software
fNIRS compared with other neuroimaging techniques  

When comparing and contrasting neuroimaging devices it is important to look at
the temporal resolution, spatial resolution, and the degree of immobility. In
particular, EEG (electroencephalograph) and MEG (magnetoencephalography) have
high temporal resolution, but a low spatial resolution. EEG also has a higher
degree of mobility than MEG has. When looking at fNIRS, they are similar to an
EEG. They have a high degree of mobility as well as temporal resolution, and
they have low spatial resolution. PET scans and fMRIs are grouped together,
however they are distinctly different from the other neuroimaging scans. They
have a high degree of immobility, medium/high spatial resolution, and a low
temporal resolution. All of these neuroimaging scans have important
characteristics and are valuable, however they have distinct characteristics.

Among all other facts, what makes fNIRS a special point of interest is that it
is compatible with some of these modalities, including: MRI, EEG, and MEG.
_In this blog post, we explain the usage of fNIRS in sensitive subjects,
technological advantages and application possibilities. In case of any
specific questions regarding this topic, please feel free to contact us at_ 
_askforinfo@artinis.com_  _._
fNIRS cap  

fNIRS electrode locations can be defined using a variety of layouts, including
names and locations that are specified by the  International 10–20 system
 "10-20 system \(EEG\)") as well as other layouts
that are specifically optimized to maintain a consistent 30mm distance between
each location. In addition to the standard positions of electrodes, short
separation channels can be added. Short separation channels allow the
measurement of scalp signals. Since the short separation channels measure the
signal coming from the scalp, they allow the removal of the signal of
superficial layers. This leaves behind the actual brain response. Short
separation channel detectors are usually placed 8mm away from a source. They
do not need to be in a specific direction or in the same direction as a
detector.  [29]
Multimodal fNIRS-EEG measurements — Experimental Design
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To further improve comfort and signal quality, we design our own  headcaps
and headbands  . These are made of neoprene and hence shield
external light to minimize its influence on data quality. They also offer
ergonomic fit and equally divided pressure to ensure comfort but still enable
the subject to freely move the head.
* _Germain C et al (2022)._  **Effect of the Level of Physical Activity on Prefrontal Cortex Hemodynamics in Older Adults During Single- and Dual-Task Walking.**  J Aging Phys Act. Jul 12;31(1):96-104.
* **Movement:** the experimental subjects recruited for a neuromarketing research can freely move.
* **Portability:** it is really easy to carry in different contexts of study.
* **Low cost:** the price of the fNIRS is definitely lower than other neuroimaging techniques like the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( **fMRI)**
* **Real-time:** if needed, fNIRS can be used to assess regional oxygenation in **real** – **time.**
* **Temporal Resolution:** fNIRS, compared to other neuroimaging techniques, has a higher temporal resolution (up to 100 Hz, even if usually 1–10 Hz). However, it is important to mention that its temporal resolution is still not comparable to other techniques widely use in the neuromarketing field, such as the ** Electroencephalography  (  EEG  ) ** , that is capable to capture neural events in the order of milliseconds.
##   What is an Eye Tracker and why it is important to use it in
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The Cortivision  Photon Cap 
device is an example of a Continuous-Wave (CW) fNIRS that is fully mobile and
allows non-invasive measurement of the activity of selected areas on the
cerebral cortex. It can be integrated with other devices using the  Lab
Streaming Layer protocol  .
Previous article:  Getting Past Dyslexia Myths: How Neuroscience Has Helped
####  Blog Archives
EEG is a valuable tool used in the field of neuroscience to record electrical
brain activity in a non invasive way. This brain activity can be measured
thanks to the distribution of electrical sensors on the scalp. These sensors
can pick up and amplify the electrical signals generated by the brain's
billions of neurons, thanks to the contact between their electrodes and the
skin. These electrical signals, often referred to as "brain waves," provide
valuable insights into brain function. This information can be adapted to
perform in different fields, as medical, research, brain to computer
interfaces... If you want to explore this technique in more depth, you can
visit this post:  What is EEG and what is it used for? | Bitbrain
Tong, Y., Hocke, L. M., Licata, S. C., & Frederick, B. deB. (2012). Low-
frequency oscillations measured in the periphery with near-infrared
spectroscopy are strongly correlated with blood oxygen level-dependent
functional magnetic resonance imaging signals. Journal of Biomedical Optics,
17(10), 106004.  https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.17.10.106004,
“It’s really that in-between,” said  Daniel Belyusar from MIT’s AGELAB
 , when I sat down with him at
the  Society for Neuroscience (SfN) meeting last month in Washington, D.C
 . fNIRS is a non-
invasive tool that has the ability to take measurements of oxygen
concentration levels from the brain, similar to how functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI) is able to measure oxygen concentration levels.
##  What is the difference between fNIRS and fMRI?
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###  EEG devices for real-world application
HOMER3  

HOMER3 allows users to obtain estimates and maps of brain activation. It is a
set of matlab scripts used for analyzing fNIRS data. This set of scripts has
evolved since the early 1990s first as the Photon Migration Imaging toolbox,
then HOMER1 and HOMER2, and now HOMER3.  [17]
Optodes
Mar 6, 2024
###  Conclusion
Due to the worldwide aging population, understanding aging-related constraints
and diseases is becoming more and more important. Hence, recently **fNIRS is
increasingly used in older subjects in different application areas, such as
neuroscience and clinical fields, to assess executive, motor, or cognitive
performance.** Lately,  Dual Task paradigms
.)
, usually simultaneous conduction of a motor task (e.g. walking) and a
cognitive or executive task (e.g. arithmetic calculation), are frequently used
to assess cognitive function in the elderly. Research is being performed in:
Cognitive Neuroscience Society
The in-between.
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Belyusar presented preliminary data involving fNIRS work at SfN, including
measuring oxygenation concentration while people are driving a car and
performing cognitive tasks at the same time. Drivers performed a numerical
n-back task while trying to steer their vehicle during a driving simulation.
Behaviorally, as the task difficulty increased, the driving performance
decreased. The fNIRS data showed an overshoot in oxygen level as the task
difficulty also changed.
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Advantages and disadvantages  

The advantages of fNIRS are, among other things: noninvasiveness, low-cost
modalities, perfect safety, high  temporal resolution
 , compatibility with other
imaging modalities, and multiple hemodynamic biomarkers.

However, no system is without limitations. For fNIRS those include: low brain
sensitivity, low spatial resolution, and shallow penetration depth.
* _Sun F et al (2022)._  **Effect of game-based high-intensity interval training program on the executive function of children with ADHD: Protocol of a randomized controlled trial.**  PLoS One. Jul 28;17(7)
###  fNIRS devices for real-world application.
The science
In recent years, the growing interest of the neuroscientific community for the
**Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)** has grabbed **the attention
of neuromarketing  experts ** .
Headcaps
Functional neuroimaging  

The use of fNIRS as a functional neuroimaging method relies on the principle
of neuro-vascular coupling also known as the  haemodynamic response
 or  blood-oxygen-level
dependent 
(BOLD) response. This principle also forms the core of  fMRI  techniques. Through neuro-vascular coupling, neuronal activity is
linked to related changes in localized cerebral blood flow. fNIRS and fMRI are
sensitive to similar physiologic changes and are often comparative methods.
Studies relating fMRI and fNIRS show highly  correlated  results in cognitive tasks. fNIRS has several advantages in
cost and portability over fMRI, but cannot be used to measure cortical
activity more than 4 cm deep due to limitations in light emitter power and has
more limited spatial resolution. fNIRS includes the use of  diffuse optical
tomography 
(DOT/NIRDOT) for functional purposes. Multiplexing fNIRS channels can allow 2D
topographic functional maps of brain activity (e.g. with Hitachi ETG-4000,
Artinis Oxymon, NIRx NIRScout, etc.) while using multiple emitter spacings may
be used to build 3D  tomographic  maps.

fNIRS hyperscanning with two violinists
See also  

*  Near-infrared spectroscopy 
*  Diffuse optical tomography  [41]
*  Functional neuroimaging 
*  Cognitive neuroscience  [29]
*  The Society for Functional Near Infrared Society (external link) 
*  Global fNIRS (external Link) 
*  An example of a mobile fNIRS system designed for studies in VR environments 
*  Soterix Medical fNIRS 
*  Cortech Solutions fNIRS 
*  Neural synchrony
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####  Contacts
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