mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
_ Sonic the Hedgehog  _ , a 
video game franchise 
debuting in 1991, features a  speedy blue hedgehog
 "Sonic the Hedgehog \(character\)")
as the main protagonist. This series' characters are almost all
anthropomorphic animals such as foxes, cats, and other hedgehogs who are able
to speak and walk on their hind legs like normal humans. As with most
anthropomorphisms of animals, clothing is of little or no importance, where
some characters may be fully clothed while some wear only shoes and gloves.
Volume 9 - 2018 |   https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02136
This section may **require cleanup  ** to meet Wikipedia's  quality standards
 . The specific
problem is: **Needs more examples and less generally obvious human-
comparisons.** Please help  improve this section

if you can.  _( May 2019  ) _ _(  Learn how and when to remove this template
message  ) _
###  Post-minimalism
*  Blenheim Palace 
*  Chartwell 
*  Norway Debate 
* "  Operation Unthinkable  "
*  Political ideology 
*  Siege of Sidney Street 
*  St Martin's Church, Bladon 
* "  Sword of Stalingrad  "
* "  Terminological inexactitude  "
* "  The Other Club  "
*  Tonypandy riots 
*  1940 British war cabinet crisis 
*  Bengal famine of 1943 
*  Honorary U.S. citizenship
Seymore D. Fair  1st-ever World
Expo Mascot
##  Animals
De Waal  has written: "To endow
animals with human emotions has long been a scientific  taboo  . But if we do not, we risk missing something fundamental, about both
animals and us."  [63]  Alongside this has come increasing awareness of the 
linguistic abilities  of the
great apes and the recognition that they are tool-makers and have
individuality and culture.  [64]
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Personal names  and  anthroponymy
In science fiction, an artificially intelligent computer or robot, even though
it has not been programmed with human emotions, often spontaneously
experiences those emotions anyway: for example, Agent Smith in _ The Matrix
 "The Matrix \(film\)") _ was influenced by a
"disgust" toward humanity. This is an example of anthropomorphism: in reality,
while an artificial intelligence could perhaps be deliberately programmed with
human emotions or could develop something similar to an emotion as a means to
an ultimate goal _if_ it is useful to do so, it would not spontaneously
develop human emotions for no purpose whatsoever, as portrayed in fiction.
[66]
Sub-Saharan Africa  |
###  Fairy tales
*  Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff  ; McCarthy, Susan (1996).  _When Elephants Weep: Emotional Lives of Animals_  . Vintage. p. 272.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-09-947891-1   .
###  Foundational research
William Manchester
Richard Adams  developed a distinctive
take on anthropomorphic writing in the 1970s: his debut novel, _ Watership
Down  _ (1972), featured rabbits that
could talk—with their own distinctive language (  Lapine
 ) and mythology—and included a 
police-state  warren,  Efrafa
 . Despite this, Adams attempted to ensure his
characters' behavior mirrored that of wild rabbits, engaging in fighting,
copulating and defecating, drawing on  Ronald Lockley  's study _The Private Life of the Rabbit_ as research. Adams
returned to anthropomorphic storytelling in his later novels _ The Plague
Dogs (novel)  "The Plague Dogs \(novel\)") _
(1977) and _ Traveller  "Traveller \(novel\)") _
(1988).  [33]  [34]
*  Bibliography of Winston Churchill 
*  Honours 
*  International Churchill Society 
*  Churchill War Rooms and Museum 
*  National Churchill Museum  (Fulton, Missouri)
*  Churchill College, Cambridge 
*  Churchill Archives Centre 
*  Memorial Trusts 
*  Schools and higher education (various)  "Winston Churchill High School \(disambiguation\)")
*  Boulevard in Mississauga, Ontario 
*  others 
*  Epstein busts  "Bust of Winston Churchill \(Epstein\)")
*  Mishkenot Sha'ananim bust, Israel 
* _ The Roaring Lion  _
*  Sutherland portrait  "Portrait of Winston Churchill \(Sutherland\)")
*  Cultural depictions 
* "  Churchillian Drift  "
By the 21st century, the children's  picture book  market had expanded massively.  [h]  Perhaps a majority of
picture books have some kind of anthropomorphism,  [25]  [36]  with popular
examples being _ The Very Hungry Caterpillar
 _ (1969) by
 Eric Carle  and _ The Gruffalo
 _ (1999) by  Julia Donaldson
 .
By life situation  |
Alain
Morin  Mount Royal University, Canada
_ Caress of the Sphinx  _
*  "Anthropomorphism" entry  in the _Encyclopedia of Human-Animal Relationships_ (Horowitz A., 2007)
*  "Anthropomorphism" entry in the Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight 
*  "Anthropomorphism" in mid-century American print advertising.   Archived  1 December 2021 at the  Wayback Machine  Collection at The Gallery of Graphic Design.
Oceania  |
For  branding  , 
merchandising  , and  representation
 , figures known as  mascots
 are now often employed to personify  sports teams
 ,  corporations  , and major events such as the  World's Fair
 and the  Olympics
 . These
personifications may be simple human or animal figures, such as  Ronald
McDonald  or the  donkey
#Name_and_symbols "Democratic Party
\(United States\)") that represents the United States's  Democratic Party
 "Democratic Party \(US\)") . Other times, they
are anthropomorphic items, such as "  Clippy  " or
the "  Michelin Man  ". Most often, they
are anthropomorphic animals such as the  Energizer Bunny
 or the  San Diego Chicken
 .
*  Afghan 
*  Arabic 
*  Azerbaijani 
*  Bengali 
*  Berber ")
*  Coptic 
*  Mandaean 
*  Pakistani 
*  Pashtun 
*  Persian 
*  Sindhi 
*  Somali 
*  Tatar 
*  Turkish
See also:  Animals in video games
*Correspondence:  Gabriella Airenti,  gabriella.airenti@unito.it
#  Anthropomorphism
*   Definitions  from Wiktionary
*   Media  from Commons
*   News  from Wikinews
*   Quotations  from Wikiquote
*   Texts  from Wikisource
*   Textbooks  from Wikibooks
*   Resources  from Wikiversity
Copyright  © 2018 Airenti. This is an open-access article distributed under
the terms of the  Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)
 . The use, distribution or
reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and
the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this
journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use,
distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these
terms.
**Anthropomorphism** at Wikipedia's  sister projects
In the  Ismaili  interpretation of  Islam
 , assigning attributes to God as well as negating any
attributes from God ( _ via negativa  _ ) both qualify as anthropomorphism and are rejected, as God
cannot be understood by either assigning attributes to Him or taking them
away. The 10th-century Ismaili philosopher  Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani
 suggested the method
of double negation; for example: "God is not existent" followed by "God is not
non-existent". This glorifies God from any understanding or human
comprehension.  [16]
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* This page was last edited on 15 February 2024, at 22:22  (UTC)  .
* Text is available under the  Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0   ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the  Terms of Use  and  Privacy Policy  . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the  Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.  , a non-profit organization.
###  Fables
##  Art history
* London
*  Palace of Westminster 
*  Parliament Square 
*  Woodford 
*  Paris 
*  Toronto  "Statue of Winston Churchill \(Toronto\)")
*  Washington, D.C.  "Statue of Winston Churchill \(Washington, D.C.\)")
Almada  tram in smiley livery
##  Etymology
From the  Panchatantra
 : Rabbit fools Elephant by showing the
reflection of the moon.
In this illustration by  Milo Winter
 of  Aesop  's fable,
"  The North Wind and the Sun  ", a  personified  North Wind tries to strip the cloak off a traveler.  _-_WGA08164.jpg) _ Personification of
Music  _ by  Antonio Franchi
 ,  c.  1650
*  Anthropomorphism 
*  Descriptive technique
*  First name 
*  Middle name 
*  Last name
John
Tenniel's  depiction of  this
anthropomorphic rabbit  was featured in
the first chapter of  Lewis Carroll  's
_ Alice's Adventures in Wonderland  _ .   From _The Emperor's
Rout_ (1831)
*  Albanian 
*  Armenian 
*  Ashkenazi Jewish 
*  Basque 
*  Estonian ")
*  Finnish 
*  Georgian 
*  Greek 
*  Ancient Greek 
*  Cypriot 
*  Hungarian
|   Styles  "Style \(form of address\)") |
Message ID:  866328920
People often grant an unnecessary social role to computers during
interactions. The underlying causes are debated;  Youngme Moon
 and  Clifford Nass  propose that humans are emotionally, intellectually and
physiologically biased toward social activity, and so when presented with even
tiny social cues, deeply infused social responses are triggered automatically.
[68]  [70]  This may allow incorporation of anthropomorphic features into
computers/robots to enable more familiar "social" interactions, making them
easier to use.  [71]
_The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill_ Author  |   William Manchester

---|---
Country  |  United States
Language  |  English
Genre  |  Biography
Publisher  |   Little, Brown and Company 
Published  |  1983, 1988, 2012
No. of books  |  3
Family  |
Related traditions  |
In secular thought, one of the most notable criticisms began in 1600 with 
Francis Bacon  , who argued against 
Aristotle  's  teleology  , which declared that everything behaves as it does in order to
achieve some end, in order to fulfill itself.  [19]  Bacon pointed out that
achieving ends is a human activity and to attribute it to nature misconstrues
it as humanlike.  [19]  Modern criticisms followed Bacon's ideas such as
critiques of  Baruch Spinoza  and 
David Hume  . The latter, for instance,
embedded his arguments in his wider criticism of human religions and
specifically demonstrated in what he cited as their "inconsistence" where, on
one hand, the Deity is painted in the most sublime colors but, on the other,
is degraded to nearly human levels by giving him human infirmities, passions,
and prejudices.  [20]  In _Faces in the Clouds_ , anthropologist Stewart
Guthrie proposes that all religions are anthropomorphisms that originate in
the brain's tendency to detect the presence or vestiges of other humans in
natural phenomena.  [21]
##  What Anthropomorphism Is and What It Is Not
###  Effect on learning
*  Articles containing French-language text 
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*  Aptronym 
*  Birth name 
*  Code name 
*  Maiden and married names 
*  Necronym 
*  Posthumous name 
*  Temple name 
*  Placeholder name 
*  Notname 
*  Regnal name 
*  Slave name
*  Balinese 
*  Bengali 
*  Burmese 
*  Filipino 
*  Indonesian 
*  Chinese 
*  Javanese 
*  Cambodian 
*  Malaysian 
*  Indian 
*  Lao 
*  Pakistani 
*  Sindhi 
*  Sinhalese 
*  Ancient Tamil country 
*  Thai
##  In science
The conscious use of anthropomorphic metaphor is not intrinsically unwise;
ascribing mental processes to the computer, under the proper circumstances,
may serve the same purpose as it does when humans do it to other people: it
may help persons to understand what the computer will do, how their actions
will affect the computer, how to compare computers with humans, and
conceivably how to design computer programs. However, inappropriate use of
anthropomorphic metaphors can result in false beliefs about the behavior of
computers, for example by causing people to overestimate how "flexible"
computers are.  [68]  According to Paul R. Cohen and  Edward Feigenbaum
 , in order to differentiate
between anthropomorphization and logical prediction of AI behavior, "the trick
is to know enough about how humans and computers think to say _exactly_ what
they have in common, and, when we lack this knowledge, to use the comparison
to _suggest_ theories of human thinking or computer thinking."  [69]
Ministries  |
Ancient mythologies frequently represented the divine as deities with human
forms and qualities. They resemble human beings not only in appearance and
personality; they exhibited many human behaviors that were used to explain
natural phenomena, creation, and historical events. The deities fell in love,
married, had children, fought battles, wielded weapons, and rode horses and
chariots. They feasted on special foods, and sometimes required sacrifices of
food, beverage, and sacred objects to be made by human beings. Some
anthropomorphic deities represented specific human concepts, such as love,
war, fertility, beauty, or the seasons. Anthropomorphic deities exhibited
human qualities such as  beauty  ,  wisdom
 , and  power
 "Power \(international relations\)")
, and sometimes human weaknesses such as  greed  , 
hatred  ,  jealousy  ,
and  uncontrollable anger  . Greek deities such as 
Zeus  and  Apollo  "Apollo
\(god\)") often were depicted in human form exhibiting both commendable and
despicable human traits. Anthropomorphism in this case is, more specifically,
 anthropotheism  .  [9]
* (Top)
* 1  References
* 2  External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Lion:_Winston_Spencer_Churchill&oldid=1215614117

"
Sec. Cognitive Science
*  British biographies 
*  Multi-volume biographies 
*  Little, Brown and Company books 
*  1983 non-fiction books 
*  1988 non-fiction books 
*  2012 non-fiction books 
*  Biographies of Winston Churchill
The French-Belgian animated series _Mush-Mush & the Mushables _ takes place in
a world inhabited by Mushables, which are anthropomrphic fungi, along with
other critters such as  beetles  ,  snails
 , and  frogs  .
Front. Psychol.  , 05 November 2018
---|---
 Titles  |
###  Modern literature
Zoomorphism

20 languages

*  Azərbaycanca  
*  Беларуская  
*  Български  
*  Чӑвашла  
*  Čeština  
*  Deutsch  
*  Eesti  
*  Ελληνικά  
*  Español  
*  Français  
*  Italiano  
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*  日本語  
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*  Українська  
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*  Tiếng Việt  

[ Edit links
](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q220304
##  In television
Some of the most notable examples are the  Walt Disney  characters  the Magic Carpet from Disney's Aladdin franchise
 ,  Mickey Mouse
 ,  Donald Duck  ,  Goofy  , and  Oswald the Lucky
Rabbit  ; the 
Looney Tunes  characters  Bugs Bunny
 ,  Daffy Duck  , and  Porky Pig  ; and an array of
others from the 1920s to present day.
In the essay "Art and Objecthood",  Michael Fried  makes the case that "  literalist art
") " (  minimalism  )
becomes theatrical by means of anthropomorphism. The viewer engages the
minimalist work, not as an autonomous art object, but as a theatrical
interaction. Fried references a conversation in which  Tony Smith
 "Tony Smith \(sculptor\)") answers questions
about his six-foot cube, "Die".
Hindus  do not reject the concept of a deity in the
abstract unmanifested, but note practical problems. Lord  Krishna
 said in the  Bhagavad Gita  , Chapter 12, Verse 5, that it is much more difficult for
people to focus on a deity as the unmanifested than one with form, using
anthropomorphic  icons  (  murtis 
), because people need to perceive with their senses.  [17]  [18]
Children appear to anthropomorphize and use  egocentric reasoning
 from an early age and use it more
frequently than adults.  [77]  Examples of this are describing a storm cloud
as "angry" or drawing flowers with faces. This penchant for anthropomorphism
is likely because children have acquired vast amounts of  socialization
 , but not as much experience with
specific non-human entities, so thus they have less developed alternative
schemas for their environment.  [75]  In contrast,  autistic children
 may tend to describe anthropomorphized objects in
purely mechanical terms (that is, in terms of what they do) because they have
difficulties with  theory of mind 
(ToM) according to past research.  [78]  [79]  A 2018 study has shown that
autistic people are more prone to object personification, suggesting that
autistic  empathy  and ToM may be not only more
complex but also more all-encompassing.  [80]  The  double empathy problem
 challenges the notion
that autistic people have difficulties with ToM.  [81]
---
Personal name  |
*  Baptism 
*  Name day 
*  Calendar of saints
*   Children's literature portal
See also:  Euhemerism
*  Christian name 
*  Biblical name 
*  Papal name 
*  Saint's name 
*  Buddhist surname 
*  Dharma name 
*  Jewish name 
*  Hebrew 
*  Mandaean name 
*  Theophoric name
*  Australian Aboriginal 
*  Fijian 
*  Hawaiian 
*  Māori
CrossRef Full Text
 |  Google Scholar
Writings  |
This article is part of the Research Topic  The Cognitive Underpinnings of
Anthropomorphism   View all 10 articles
Anthropomorphic motifs have been common in fairy tales from the earliest
ancient examples set in a mythological context to the great collections of the
 Brothers Grimm  and 
Perrault  . The _ Tale of Two
Brothers  _ (Egypt, 13th
century BCE) features several talking cows and in _ Cupid and Psyche
 _ (Rome, 2nd century CE) 
Zephyrus  , the west wind, carries  Psyche
 away. Later an  ant  feels sorry for her and helps her in her quest.
##  Image gallery
Anthropomorphism has cropped up as a  Christian heresy
 , particularly prominently with 
Audianism  in third-century Syria, but also
fourth-century Egypt and tenth-century Italy.  [10]  This often was based on a
literal interpretation of the  Genesis creation myth
 : "So God created
humankind in his image, in the image of God he created them; male and female
he created them".  [11]
Apollonius noted that the fable was created to teach wisdom through fictions
that are meant to be taken as fictions, contrasting them favorably with the
poets' stories of the  deities 
that are sometimes taken literally. Aesop, "by announcing a story which
everyone knows not to be true, told the truth by the very fact that he did not
claim to be relating real events".  [23]  The same consciousness of the fable
as fiction is to be found in other examples across the world, one example
being a traditional Ashanti way of beginning tales of the anthropomorphic 
trickster  -spider  Anansi  : "We do not really mean, we do not really mean that what we are
about to say is true. A story, a story; let it come, let it go."  [24]
*  Category:Lists of names
The  fantasy  genre developed
from mythological, fairy tale, and  Romance
 "Romance \(heroic literature\)") motifs
[28]  sometimes have anthropomorphic animals as characters. The  best-selling
 examples of the genre are _
The Hobbit  _ [29]  (1937) and _ The Lord of
the Rings  _ [g]
(1954–1955), both by  J. R. R. Tolkien  , books peopled with talking creatures such as ravens, spiders, and
the dragon  Smaug  and a multitude of anthropomorphic 
goblins  and  elves  . John
D. Rateliff calls this the "  Doctor Dolittle  Theme" in his book _The History of the Hobbit_ [31]  and Tolkien
saw this anthropomorphism as closely linked to the emergence of human language
and  myth  : "...The first men to talk of 'trees and
stars' saw things very differently. To them, the world was alive with
mythological beings... To them the whole of creation was 'myth-woven and elf-
patterned'."  [32]
##  Mascots
By culture
 Surnames by country  |
Gabriella
Airenti  *
###  Developmental perspective
Modern psychologists generally characterize anthropomorphism as a  cognitive
bias  . That is, anthropomorphism is a
cognitive process by which people use their  schemas
 about other humans
as a basis for inferring the properties of non-human entities in order to make
efficient judgements about the environment, even if those inferences are not
always accurate.  [2]  Schemas about humans are used as the basis because this
knowledge is acquired early in life, is more detailed than knowledge about
non-human entities, and is more readily accessible in memory.  [75]
Anthropomorphism can also function as a strategy to cope with  loneliness
 when other human connections are not
available.  [76]
3,6K
In the American animated TV series _ Family Guy  _ , one of the show's main characters,  Brian  , is a dog. Brian shows many human characteristics – he walks
upright, talks, smokes, and drinks Martinis – but also acts like a normal dog
in other ways; for example, he cannot resist chasing a ball and barks at the
mailman, believing him to be a threat. In a similar case, _ BoJack Horseman
 _ , an American  Netflix
 adult animated black comedy series, takes place in
an  alternate world  where
humans and anthropomorphic animals live side by side, and centers around the
life of  BoJack Horseman  "BoJack
Horseman \(character\)") ; a  humanoid   horse
 who was a  one hit wonder  on a popular 1990s sitcom _Horsin' Around_ , living off the
show's  residuals  "Residual
\(entertainment industry\)") in present time. Multiple main characters of the
series are other  animals  who possess  human body
form  and other  human-like traits and
identity  as well;  Mr. Peanutbutter
 , a humanoid  dog  lives a mostly human life—he speaks  American English
 ,  walks upright
#Walk "Gait \(human\)") , owns a  house  , drives a  car  , is in a  romantic relationship
with a human woman  (in this series,
as animals and humans are  seen as equal  ,
relationships like this are not seen as  bestiality  but seen as regular  human sexuality  ),  Diane  , and has a
successful career in television—however also exhibits  dog traits
 —he sleeps in a human-size  dog bed
 , gets  arrested  for
having a  drag race  with the mailman and is
once forced to wear a  dog cone  after he gets stitches in his arm.
Kurt
Kotrschal  University of Vienna, Austria
   Henry D.
Schlinger  California State University, Los Angeles, United States
   Fiorenzo Laghi
Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Europe  ,  North America 
and  Australasia  |
---|---
 Celtic  |
A  Danish electrical socket

"AC power plugs and sockets") – with its two 'eyes' and a 'mouth' (all three
functional parts of the device), forming a pareidolic face
*  Academic 
*  Imperial, royal and noble 
*  Chivalric 
*  Courtesy 
*  False 
*  Hereditary 
*  Subsidiary 
*  Substantive 
*  Military 
*  Professional 
*  Academic 
*  Educational 
*  Honorary  "Honorary title \(academic\)")
*  Business 
*  Diplomatic 
*  Judicial 
*  Religious 
*  Ecclesiastical 
*  Papal
All of the characters in  Walt Disney Animation Studios
 ' _
Zootopia  _ (2016) are anthropomorphic animals,
that is an entirely nonhuman civilization.  [43]
##  In literature