mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
A recent trend in some monetary systems as inflation gradually reduces the
value of money is to eliminate the smallest denomination coin (typically 0.01
of the local currency). The total cost of purchased items is then rounded up
or down to, for example, the  nearest 0.05  . This may have an effect on future just-below pricing, especially
at small retail outlets where single-item purchases are more common,
encouraging vendors to price with .98 and .99 endings, which are rounded up
when .05 is the smallest denomination, while .96 and .97 are rounded down. An
example of this practice is in Australia, where  5 cents
 has been the smallest
denomination coin since 1992, but pricing at .98 or .99 on items under several
hundred dollars is still almost universally applied (e.g.: $1.99–299.99),
while goods on sale often price at .94 and its variations. Finland and the
Netherlands were the first two countries using the euro currency to eliminate
the 1- and 2-cent coins.
###  In consumer behavior
Download this price tag file
Exactly how psychological pricing came into common use is not clear, though it
is known the practice arose during the late 19th century. Scot Morris' 1979
_Book of Strange Facts & Useless Information _ speculated that it originated
when  Melville E. Stone 
founded the _ Chicago Daily News  _ in 1875 and priced it at one cent to compete with the  nickel
 "Nickel \(U.S. coin\)") papers of the day;
however,  Cecil Adams  has directly
addressed Morris' claims, noting that Stone sold the _News_ in 1876, and also
that the _News_ archives indicate that "prices ending in 9 (39 cents, 69
cents, etc.) were rare until well into the 1880s and weren't all that common
then. The practice didn't really become widespread until the 1920s, and even
then prices as often as not ended in .95, not .99."  [21]
#  Pricing Policy FAQs
###  Who We Are
##  ​3. Prices without dollar signs
Dori Zinn • March 29, 2024
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##  Regulation
MTN Staff • November 24, 2023
* Boyes, W. J.; Lynch, A. K.; Mounts, S. (2007). "Why odd pricing?". _Journal of Applied Social Psychology_ . **37** (5): 1130–1140.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00203.x  .
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October 12, 2015 / 1:39 PM EDT  / MoneyTalksNews
In "  Tricks of the trade: Restaurants
 ," we
explained the rationale behind restaurants intentionally leaving dollar signs
off menus: It makes customers spend more. In a Cornell study, guests given a
menu with only numbers and no dollar signs spent significantly more than those
who received a menu with either prices showing dollar signs or prices written
out in words.
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##  1 – Choosing the right size
##  ​7. Simple prices
Your closest 99
Quotes delayed at least 15 minutes.
##  5 – Price tag with data link
Wikimedia Commons has media related to   Psychological pricing
 .
The introduction of the  euro  in 2002, with its various
exchange rates, distorted existing nominal price patterns while at the same
time retaining real prices. A European wide study (el Sehity, Hoelzl and
Kirchler, 2005) investigated consumer price digits before and after the euro
introduction for price adjustments. The research showed a clear trend towards
psychological pricing after the transition. Further,  Benford's Law
 as a benchmark for the investigation
of price digits was successfully introduced into the context of pricing. The
importance of this benchmark for detecting irregularities in prices was
demonstrated and with it a clear trend towards psychological pricing after the
nominal shock of the euro introduction.  [9]
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Cocaine  

Further information on cocaine:  Cocaine 

It is evident that long-term  cocaine  abuse alters
brain structures. Research has shown that the brain structures that are
immediately affected by long-term cocaine abuse include: cerebral 
hypoperfusion  in the frontal,
periventricular and temporal-parietal.  [77]  These structures play a role in
various memory systems. Furthermore, the drug cocaine elicits its desirable
effects by blocking the DRD1 dopamine receptors in the striatum, resulting in
increased dopamine levels in the brain.  [77]  These receptors are important
for the consolidation of procedural memory. These increased dopamine levels in
the brain resultant of cocaine use is similar to the increased dopamine levels
in the brain found in schizophrenics.  [78]  Studies have compared the common
memory deficits caused by both cases to further understand the neural networks
of procedural memory. To learn more about the effects of dopamine and its role
in schizophrenia see:  dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
 . Studies using rats have shown that when rats are
administered trace amounts of cocaine, their procedural memory systems are
negatively impacted. Specifically, the rats are unable to effectively
consolidate motor-skill learning.  [79]  With cocaine abuse being associated
with poor procedural learning, research has shown that abstinence from cocaine
is associated with sustained improvement of motor-skill learning (Wilfred et
al.).
Limbic system  

Further information on the limbic system:  Limbic system

The  limbic system  is a group of
unique brain areas that work together in many interrelated processes involved
in emotion, motivation, learning and memory. Current thinking indicates that
the limbic system shares anatomy with a component of the neostriatum already
credited with the major task of controlling procedural memory. Once thought to
be functionally separate, this vital section of the brain found on the
striatum's back border has only recently been linked to memory and is now
being called the marginal division zone (MrD).  [56]  A special membrane
protein associated with the limbic system is said to concentrate in related
structures and to travel towards the basal nuclei. To put things simply, the
activation of brain regions that work together during procedural memory can be
followed because of this limbic system associated membrane protein and its
application in molecular and  immunohistochemistry
 research.  [57]
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Choking under pressure  

It is well established that highly practiced, over-learned skills are
performed automatically; they are controlled in real time, supported by
procedural memory, require little attention, and operate largely outside of 
working memory  .  [37]  However,
sometimes even experienced and highly skilled performers falter under
conditions of stress. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as choking, and
serves as a very interesting exception to the general rule that well-learned
skills are robust and resistant to deterioration across a wide range of
conditions.  [38]  Although not well understood, it is widely accepted that
the underlying cause of choking is performance pressure, which has been
defined as an anxious desire to perform very well in a given situation.  [38]
Choking is most often associated with motor skills, and the most common real-
life instances are in sports. It is common for professional athletes who are
highly trained to choke in the moment and perform poorly. However, choking can
occur within any domain that demands a high level of performance involving
complex cognitive, verbal or motor skills. "Self-focus" theories suggest that
pressure increases anxiety and self-consciousness about performing correctly,
which in turn causes an increase in attention paid to the processes directly
involved in the execution of the skill.  [38]  This attention to the step-by-
step procedure disrupts the well-learned, automatic (proceduralized)
performance. What was once an effortless and unconscious retrieval execution
of a procedural memory becomes slow and deliberate.  [36]  [39]  [40]  [41]
Evidence suggests that the more automated a skill is the more resistant it is
to distractions, performance pressure, and subsequent choking. This serves as
a good example of the relative durability of procedural memory over episodic
memory. In addition to deliberate practice and automatization of skills, self-
consciousness training has been shown to help with reducing the effect of
choking under pressure.  [38]
**Abstract**
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semantic memory
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##  Examples of Semantic Memory
Procedural memory

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Cerebellum  

Further information on the cerebellum:  Cerebellum 

 The cerebellum is highlighted red

The  cerebellum  is known to play a part in
correcting movement and in fine-tuning the motor agility found in procedural
skills such as painting, instrument playing and in sports such as golf. Damage
to this area may prevent the proper relearning of motor skills and through
associated research it has more recently been linked to having a role in
automating the unconscious process used when learning a procedural skill.
[54]  New thoughts in the scientific community suggest that the cerebellar
cortex holds the holy grail of memory, what is known to researchers as "  the
engram ") " or the biological place where memory lives. The
initial memory trace is thought to form here between parallel fibers and 
Purkinje cell  and then travel
outwards to other cerebellar nuclei for consolidation.  [55]
September 6, 2023 at 5:03 pm
#  Sequential Memory Is A Unique Human Trait
##  The cognitive approach to Long-term memories
Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc
Obsessive compulsive disorder  

Further information on obsessive–compulsive disorder:  OCD 

Neuroimaging studies show that  OCD  patients perform
considerably better on procedural memory tasks because of noticeable over-
activation of the striatum brain structures, specifically the frontostriatal
circuit. These studies suggest that procedural memory in OCD patients is
unusually improved in the early learning stages of procedural memory.  [69]
However, another study found that individuals with OCD do not perform
significantly different on procedural working memory tasks than healthy
controls.  [27]  Differences between the two studies may be due to the
different procedural memory tests that were used and the different aspects of
procedural working memory they may be tapping on. Specifically, the study
which found improved performance in early stages of procedural memory employed
a pursuit rotor task, whilst the study that found no differences in procedural
memory between controls and OCD participants used a choice reaction task.
**Source:** Stockholm University
Self-Care
Olivia Guy-Evans
Famous examples of choking  

See also:  Choke (sports)  "Choke \(sports\)")

* 1996 Masters golf tournament,  Greg Norman  lost to  Nick Faldo 
* 1993 Wimbledon women's final,  Jana Novotná  lost to  Steffi Graf 
* 2011 Masters golf tournament,  Rory McIlroy  started the final day first, but dropped 8 shots in 3 holes at the turn.
* 2019 President's Trophy winning Tampa Bay Lightning swept by 8th seed Columbus Blue Jackets in round 1 of the NHL playoffs.
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Pursuit rotor task  

A device used to study visual-motor tracking skills and  hand–eye
coordination  by
requiring the participant to follow a moving object with a  cursor
 "Cursor \(computers\)") [17]  or use a  stylus
 to follow the target on a computer screen or a
turntable.  [18]  With the computer screen version, the participant follows a
dot on a circular path like the one shown below.  [19]

 Screenshot of a computerized
version of the pursuit rotor task.

The pursuit rotor task is a simple pure visual-motor tracking test that has
consistent results within age groups.  [20]  This displays a measurement of
procedural memory as well as demonstrates the participant's  fine motor
skills  . The pursuit rotor task
tests the fine-motor skills which are controlled by the motor cortex
illustrated by the green section below.

[21]  The results are then calculated by the participant's time-on and time-
off the object. Amnesic participants show no impairment in this motor task
when tested at later trials. It does however seem to be affected by lack of
sleep and drug use.  [22]
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##  About this memory research news
2.  **N/a** says:
9.  **Watson C Gray** says:
1.  **Nusrat jehan** says:
Associative phase  

The associative phase of the Fitts (1954) model involves individuals repeated
practice until patterns of responding emerge. At this part in the model,
actions of the skill become learned (or  automated  ) as ineffective actions are dropped. An individual's sensory
system acquires the accurate spatial and symbolic data required for the
completion of the skill. The ability to differentiate important from
unimportant stimuli is crucial at this stage of the model. It is held that the
greater the amount of important stimuli associated with a task, the longer it
will take to complete this phase of the model.  [9]  [10]
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Mirror tracing task  

This task looks at the integration of the senses more specifically as it is a
visual motor test where the participants learn a new motor skill involving
hand–eye coordination.  [21]  Evidence is shown for procedural memory as
amnesic participants are able to learn and retain this task. Drawing the image
is the work of your procedural memory; once you figure out how to draw the
image in the mirror you have little difficulty the second time. Individuals
with Alzheimer's disease are not able to recall the skills acquired in a
mirror tracing task, but they acquire the procedural performance ability
regardless.  [24]
Sleep  

Practice is clearly an important process for learning and perfecting a new
skill. With over 40 years of research, it is well established in both humans
and animals that the formation of all forms of memory are greatly enhanced
during the brain-state of sleep. Furthermore, with humans, sleep has been
consistently shown to aid in the development of procedural knowledge by the
ongoing process of memory consolidation, especially when sleep soon follows
the initial phase of memory acquisition.  [83]  [84]  [85]  [86]  [87]  Memory
consolidation is a process that transforms novel memories from a relatively
fragile state to a more robust and stable condition. For a long time it was
believed that the consolidation of procedural memories took place solely as a
function of time,  [88]  [89]  but more recent studies suggest, that for
certain forms of learning, the consolidation process is exclusively enhanced
during periods of sleep.  [90]  However, it is important to note that not just
any type of sleep is sufficient to improve procedural memory and performance
on subsequent procedural tasks. In fact, within the domain of motor skill,
there is evidence showing that no improvement on tasks is shown following a
short,  non-rapid eye movement  (NREM; stages 2–4) sleep, such as a nap.  [91]   REM sleep
 following a period of  slow-wave sleep
 (SWS; combined stage 3 and 4 and
the deepest form of NREM sleep), has shown to be the most beneficial type of
sleep for procedural memory enhancement, especially when it takes place
immediately after the initial acquisition of a skill. So essentially, a full
night (or day) of uninterrupted sleep soon after learning a skill will allow
for the most memory consolidation possible. Furthermore, if REM sleep is
disrupted, there is no gain in procedural performance shown.  [92]  However,
equal improvement will take place whether the sleep after practice was at
night or during the daytime, as long as SWS is followed by REM sleep. It has
also been shown that the enhancement in memory is specific to the learned
stimulus (i.e., learning a running technique will not cross over to
improvements in biking performance).  [93]  Subject performance in the Wff 'n
Proof Task,  [94]  [95]  [96]  the  Tower of Hanoi  ,  [97]  and the Mirror Tracing Task  [98]  has been found
to improve following REM sleep periods.

Whether a skill is learned explicitly (with  attention  ) or implicitly, each plays a role in the offline consolidation
effect. Research suggests that explicit awareness and understanding of the
skill being learned during the acquisition process greatly improves the
consolidation of procedural memories during sleep.  [99]  This finding is not
surprising, as it is widely accepted that intention and awareness at time of
learning enhances the acquisition of most forms of memory.
September 8, 2023 at 7:01 am
September 7, 2023 at 7:59 am
Anna Drescher
See also  

*  Automaticity  – Ability to do things without occupying the mind with the low-level details required
*  Dreyfus model of skill acquisition  – Model of learning
*  Explicit memory  – Type of long-term human memory
*  Kata  – Detailed choreographed patterns of movements in martial arts
*  Motor learning  – Organism's movements that reflect changes in the structure / function of the nervous system
*  Muscle memory  – Consolidating a motor task into memory through repetition
*  Neuroplasticity  – Ability of the brain to continuously change
*  Procedural knowledge  – Ability to do something
*  Sleep and memory  – Relationship between sleep and memory
*  Working memory  – Cognitive system for temporarily holding information
The episodic and semantic memories are information processing systems. In 1996
Gibson explained memory to be the selective retrieval of information from
perceptual systems or other cognitive systems, retain that information,
transmit the desire information to other place and latter translating it into
conscious and behavioural awareness.
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