mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
In  Europe  ,  Africa  , 
Australia  , southern  South America
 , most of  Asia  ,
and  Russia  , the frequency of the  alternating
current  in  household
electrical outlets  is 50 Hz
(close to the  tone  G), whereas in 
North America  and northern South
America, the frequency of the alternating current in household electrical
outlets is 60 Hz (between the tones B  ♭  and B; that is, a  minor third
 above the European frequency). The
frequency of the '  hum  ' in an  audio
recording  can show in which of
these general regions the recording was made.
###  Heterodyne methods
3. Mai Thi Tran
*  Wikimedia Commons  
*  Wikiversity
All of these waves, from the lowest-frequency radio waves to the highest-
frequency gamma rays, are fundamentally the same, and they are all called 
electromagnetic radiation  . They all travel through vacuum at the same speed (the speed of
light), giving them wavelengths inversely proportional to their frequencies.
*  Rotational frequency  , usually denoted by the Greek letter  _ν_  "Nu \(letter\)") (nu), is defined as the instantaneous rate of change of the  number of rotations  , _N_ , with respect to time:  _ν_ = d _N_ /d _t_ ;  it is a type of frequency applied to  rotational motion  .
*  Angular frequency  , usually denoted by the Greek letter  _ω_  "Omega \(letter\)") (omega), is defined as the rate of change of  angular displacement  (during rotation),  _θ_  (theta), or the rate of change of the  phase  "Phase \(waves\)") of a  sinusoidal  waveform (notably in oscillations and waves), or as the rate of change of the  argument  to the  sine function  :
This is the first report to show that the BM undergoes dynamical changes
during development and maturation. BM filaments become thicker, more tightly
packed and radially ordered with maturation, while emilin2 mediated signaling
is necessary for the structural maturation of the developing mammalian BM with
consequences for the structure and the mechanical responses of the cochlear
partition   18 .") .
**Frequency** (symbol  f  {\displaystyle f}  
), most often measured in _ hertz  "Hertz \(unit\)") _
(symbol: Hz), is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per  unit of
time  .  [1]  It is also occasionally
referred to as _temporal frequency_ for clarity and to distinguish it from _
spatial frequency  _ .
**Ordinary frequency** is related to _ angular frequency
 _ (symbol _ω_ , with SI unit
radian per second) by a factor of 2  π   . The **period**
(symbol _T_ ) is the interval of time between events, so the period is the 
reciprocal  of the
frequency:  _f_ = 1/ _T_ .  [2]
Article   PubMed Central
  CAS   Google Scholar
###  Role of emilin2 in maturation of BM
The frequencies an ear can hear are limited to a  specific range of
frequencies  . The 
audible frequency  range for
humans is typically given as being between about 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz (20 kHz),
though the high frequency limit usually reduces with age. Other  species
 have different hearing ranges. For example, some
dog breeds can perceive vibrations up to 60,000 Hz.  [13]
Supplementary Video 1.
* Giancoli, D.C. (1988). _Physics for Scientists and Engineers_ (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-13-669201-0   .
Therefore, the structural differences observed during development and at 6
months old can be attributed to the emilin-2 protein. Moreover, the fact that
we observe also structural alterations in control animals between 21 days and
6 month old animals suggests that potentially age related hearing loss may be
also reflected in the structural changes in basilar membrane structure,
although the causal relationship is yet to be established. Therefore, we
expect that the Ahl gene, associated with age related hearing loss, has no
effect on BM structure during development, while it could be involved in the
alterations in BM structure observed at 6 months old mice   54
.") ,  55
.") However, since
both Emilin − 2  −/−  and Emilin − 2  +/+  animals were on the same genetic
background, we feel confident that any structural differences we report are
due to alterations in emilin2 protein.
*  Spatial frequency  , denoted here by _ ξ  _ (xi), is analogous to temporal frequency, but with a spatial measurement replacing time measurement,  [note 1]  e.g.:
|  _f_ , _ν_
 SI unit  |   hertz  (Hz)
Article   PubMed

 CAS   Google
Scholar
**Figure 2**
The histograms in Fig.  5  A depict a
wider range of orientations measured in emilin2  −/−  than emilin2  +/+
preparations in apical and basal turns of the cochlea. The wider distribution
of fiber orientations in emilin2  −/−  mice is indicated by the considerably
greater SDs of the data (Table  2  ). The
transversal cross sections of emilin2  -/-  BM (Fig.  5
 B) confirm the disarrangement of fibers,
as recently reported (Russell et al. 2020). Stacks of optical sections were
used to reconstruct the filamentous array of the BM in longitudinal transverse
views through the pectinate zone (Fig.  5
 B). In emilin2  +/+  mice, the
reconstruction showed vertically oriented fiber bundles. This pattern can
occur if the radial bundles are arranged immediately above each other, similar
to the stringer supports inside an aircraft wing. In emilin2  −/−  mice, the
pattern appeared warped or braided with an offset arrangement of bundles,
which was more apparent in thicker, mid-basal turns than in thinner apical
turns of the BM.
*  Spatial period  or wavelength is the spatial analog to temporal period.
"Frequencies" redirects here. For the film, see  _Frequencies_ (film)
 "Frequencies \(film\)") . For the album, see 
_Frequencies_ (album)  "Frequencies \(album\)") .
For other uses, see  Frequency (disambiguation)
 "Frequency \(disambiguation\)") .
Last update: 28/05/2021 10:16 pm
It is defined as a  rate  "Rate \(mathematics\)")
, _f_ = _N_ /Δ _t_ , involving the  number of entities
 counted or the number of 
events  "Event \(philosophy\)") happened ( _N_ )
during a given  time duration  (Δ _t_ );  [ _ citation
needed   _ ]  it
is a  physical quantity  of
type  temporal rate  .
**Figure 5**
###  Developmental changes in BM structure
##  In wave propagation
#  Frequency
BM fibers become more narrowly orientated with increased alignment and
decreased twisting with advancing development. ( **A** , **B** ) Histograms of
BM fiber orientation as function of developmental stage (P1 to P180 for
measurements in the apical ( **A** ) and basal ( **B** ) cochlea regions.
Fiber orientations were assigned to 10° bins. The mean orientation in each
preparation was normalized (to ~ 101°) and the resultant histograms were
fitted with normal distribution curves. Table  1
 lists SD from the mean. Groups, three
mice (six cochleae); differences in SD, ** _p_ < 0.0001, _F_ test statistics.
Fiber orientations for the apical turn were measured from optical sections
(0.5 μm apart in 8 optical sections). Measurement numbers for each
developmental age: P1 n = 35,693 ; P7 n = 17,064 ; P10 n = 90,001; P15 n =
193,020 ; P20 n = 163,805 ; P180 n = 166,203, using BM samples from six
cochleae (3 mice) per age group. Fiber orientations measured for the basal
turn were measured from optical sections (0.5 μm apart in 20 optical
sections). Measurement numbers for each developmental age: P1 n = 261,740; P7
n = 417,994; P10 n = 283,742; P15 n = 365,359; P20 n = 145,339; P180 n =
147,231, using BM samples from six cochleae (3 mice) per age group. ( **C** ,
**D** ) Birefringent images constructed from optical stacks of transverse
sections taken through the pectinate zone of the BM have a more homogeneous
and less braded appearance with increasing stages of development. ( **C** )
Schematic diagram illustrating the plane of optical sections represented in (
**D** and **E** ). ( **D** ) Transverse (plane _pl_ in **C** ) filament array
images reconstructed from apical stacks of pectinate zone optical sections for
P2, P7, P10, P15, P20 and P60 (0.5 μm apart; 8 apical and 18 middle optical
sections; total thicknesses 4 μm, respectively). Scale bar 1 μm. E. Transverse
(plane _pl_ in **C** ) filament array images reconstructed from basal stacks
of pectinate zone optical sections for P2, P7, P10, P15, P20 and P60 (0.5 μm
apart; 18 basal optical sections; total thicknesses 9 μm, respectively). Scale
bar 5 μm. ( **F** ) Schematic diagrams of the alignment and curvature of the
BM fibers at P7, P15 and P20 that would account for the increased homogeneity
in birefringence and decreased degree of braiding with advancing development
seen in the optical sections shown in C and D. See Supplementary Fig.  3
 for a video animation.
Epidemiology  

The prevalence of excoriation disorder is not well understood.  [3]

Estimates of the prevalence of the condition range from 1.4 to 5.4% in the
general population. One U.S. telephone survey found that 16.6% of respondents
"picked their skin to the point of noticeable tissue damage" and that 1.4%
would qualify as meeting the requirements of excoriation disorder. Another
community survey found a rate of 5.4% had excoriation disorder. A survey of
college students found a rate of 4%.  [3]  One study found that among non-
disabled adults, 63% of individuals engaged in some form of skin picking and
5.4% engaged in serious skin picking.  [8]  Lastly, a survey of dermatology
patients found that 2% had excoriation disorder.  [3]

In some patients, excoriation disorder begins with the onset of  acne
 in adolescence, but the compulsion continues even after
the acne has gone away. Skin conditions such as keratosis pilaris, psoriasis,
and eczema can also provoke the behavior. In patients with acne, the grooming
of the skin is disproportionate to the severity of the acne.  [3]  Certain
stressful events including marital conflicts, deaths of friends or family, and
unwanted pregnancies have been linked to the onset of the condition.  [3]  If
excoriation disorder does not occur during adolescence another common age of
onset is between the ages of 30 and 45.  [3]  Additionally, many cases of
excoriation disorder have been documented to begin in children under the age
of 10. One small survey of patients with excoriation disorder found that 47.5%
of them had an early onset of excoriation disorder that began before age 10.
[3]  Traumatic childhood events may initiate the behavior.  [ _ citation
needed   _ ]

Excoriation disorder is statistically more common in females than in males.
[3]  [6]

Excoriation disorder has a high rate of  comorbidity  with other psychiatric conditions, especially with mood and
anxiety disorders .  [9]  One survey of patients with excoriation disorder
found that 56.7% also had a [ DSM-IV Axis-I disorder
](/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders
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Classification  |

 D 

* ** ICD  \-  10  ** : [ L98.1 ](https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en
Medication  

There are several different classes of pharmacological treatment agents that
have some support for treating excoriation disorder: SSRIs;  opioid
antagonists  ; anti-epileptic
agents; and  glutamatergic  agents.
[3]  [5]  In addition to these classes of drugs, some other pharmacological
products have been tested in small trials as well.  [5]

Antipsychotic, antianxiety, antidepressant, and antiepileptic medications have
all been used to treat skin picking, with varying degrees of success.  [18]

SSRIs have shown to be effective in the treatment of OCD, which serves as an
argument in favor of treating excoriation disorder with the same therapy.
Unfortunately, clinical studies have not provided clear support for this,
because there have not been large double-blind placebo-controlled trials of
SSRI therapy for excoriation disorder.  [3]  [8]  In fact, in a meta-analysis
of pharmacological treatments of excoriation disorders, it was found that
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and lamotrigine were no more
effective than a placebo for longterm effects.  [24]  Reviews of treatment of
excoriation disorder have shown that the following medications may be
effective in reducing picking behavior:  doxepin  ,
 clomipramine  ,  naltrexone
 ,  pimozide  ,
and  olanzapine  .  [8]  Small studies of 
fluoxetine  , an SSRI, in treating excoriation
disorder showed that the drug reduced certain aspects of skin picking compared
with a placebo, but full remission was not observed.  [3]  One small study of
patients with excoriation disorder treated with  citalopram
 , another SSRI, showed that those who took
the drug significantly reduced their scores on the  Yale
  – 
Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale compared with a placebo, but that there was
no significant decrease on the visual-analog scale of picking behavior.  [3]

While there have been no human studies of opioid antagonists for the treatment
of excoriation disorder, there have been studies showing that these products
can reduce self-chewing in dogs with  acral lick  , which some have proposed is a good animal model for body-focused
repetitive behavior.  [3]  Furthermore, case reports support the use of these
opioid antagonists to treat excoriation disorder.  [3]  Opioid antagonists
work by affecting dopamine circuitry, thereby decreasing the pleasurable
effects of picking.  [3]

Another class of possible pharmacological treatments is glutamatergic agents
such as  N-acetyl cysteine 
(NAC). These products have shown some ability to reduce other problematic
behaviors such as cocaine addiction and trichotillomania.  [3]  Some case
studies and some small studies of NAC have shown a decrease in picking by
treatment with NAC compared with placebo.  [3]

Excoriation disorder and  trichotillomania  have been treated with  inositol  .  [25]

 Topiramate  , an anti-epileptic drug, has
been used to treat excoriation disorder; in a small study of individuals with
 Prader–Willi syndrome  , it was found to reduce skin picking.  [8]
Dr. Cox’s response?
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Society and culture  

Excoriation disorder has been the subject of several episodes of _ Obsessed
 "Obsessed \(TV series\)") _ , a television
documentary series that focuses on the treatment of anxiety disorders.
Excoriation disorder is shown as a symptom of Nina Sayers' anxiety and OCD in
the movie _ Black Swan  "Black Swan \(film\)") _ .
[ _ citation needed   _ ]

During the 2021  Miss America 
competition,  Miss Alaska  2021  Emma
Broyles  highlighted her vulnerability and
openness on social media about having  attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder  and dermatillomania, as well as her history with
volunteering for the  Special Olympics  . She was crowned  Miss America 2022  .  [34]
#  More from Ohio State
](/w/index.php?title=Excoriation_disorder&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section:
Classification") ]

Since the DSM-5 (2013), excoriation disorder is classified as "L98.1
Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder" in  ICD-10  ;
[19]  and is no longer classified in "Impulse control disorder" (f63).

Excoriation disorder is defined as "repetitive and compulsive picking of skin
which results in tissue damage".  [3]

Its most official name had been "dermatillomania" for some time. As of the
release of the DSM-5 in May 2013, excoriation disorder is classified as its
own separate condition under "Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders" and
is termed "excoriation (skin-picking) disorder".  [ _ citation needed
 _ ]
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**2\. You Could Damage Your Nose**
Prognosis  

Typically, individuals with excoriation disorder find that the disorder
interferes with daily life. Hindered by shame, embarrassment, and humiliation,
they may take measures to hide their disorder by not leaving home, wearing
long sleeves and pants even in the heat, or covering visible damage to the
skin with cosmetics and/or bandages. When untreated, excoriation disorder can
last anywhere from 5 to 21 years. However, many doctors consider this disorder
to be a permanent diagnosis.  [29]  Excoriation has been documented as showing
active from an onset in childhood and remaining active through adulthood.
[30]
*  previous post 
*  next post
Genetic components  

There is significant evidence to suggest that skin picking disorders are due
to inherited traits or genes. There have been multiple small studies with
similar conclusions in regards to the SAPAP3 gene. Excessive grooming by mice
has been observed by researchers after the deletion of the SAPAP3 gene.  [12]
This observation led researchers to study the effects of the SAPAP3 gene on
patients with  trichotillomania 
—a disorder marked by the same behaviors directed at one's own head and body
hair. This study revealed a significant link between a single  nucleotide
  polymorphism
 "Polymorphism \(biology\)") (SNP) within the
SAPAP3 gene and trichotillomania.  [12]
**So, How Bad Is It Really to Pick Your Nose?**
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December 9, 2012 at 10:17 am
See also  

*  Dermatophagia 
*  Morgellons 
*  Trichotillomania  , a similar compulsive behaviour, characterized by pulling out hair or eyelashes
*  Impulse-control disorder 
*  Body-focused repetitive behavior
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Multi-
axial_system "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders") and 38%
had substance use problems.  [3]  Studies have shown the following rates of
psychiatric conditions found in patients with excoriation disorder: 
trichotillomania  (38.3%), 
substance use disorder  (38%),  major depressive disorder
 (approximately
31.7% to 58.1%),  anxiety disorders  (approximately 23% to 56%),  obsessive-compulsive disorder

(approximately 16.7% to 68%), and  body dysmorphic disorder
 (approximately
26.8% to 44.9%).  [3]  There are also higher rates of excoriation disorder in
patients in psychiatric facilities; a study of adolescent psychiatric
inpatients found that excoriation disorder was present in 11.8% of patients.
[3]  It is also present at high rates with some other conditions: 44.9% of
patients with  body dysmorphic disorder  also have excoriation disorder; 8.9% of patients
with OCD have excoriation disorder; and 8.3% of patients with trichotillomania
have excoriation disorder.  [3]

Skin picking is also common in those with certain developmental disabilities;
for example,  Prader–Willi syndrome  and  Smith–Magenis syndrome
 .  [8]
Studies have shown that 85% of people with Prader–Willi syndrome also engage
in skin-picking.  [8]  Children with developmental disabilities are also at an
increased risk for excoriation disorder.  [8]

Excoriation disorder also correlates with "social, occupational, and academic
impairments, increased medical and mental health concerns (including anxiety,
depression, obsessive–compulsive disorder) ... and financial burden".  [8]
Excoriation disorder also has a high degree of comorbidity with occupational
and marital difficulties.  [9]

Substance use is often present, and individuals with excoriation disorder are
twice as likely to have  first-degree relatives
 who have substance
use disorders than those without the condition.  [3]

Some cases of body-focused repetitive behaviors found in identical twins also
suggest a hereditary factor.  [31]

In a 2020 Study of Excoriation to identify the variable's such as:
demographics, SES, marital status and gender, more than 75 % of participants
were identified as female, more than 45% of all participants were unemployed,
and more than 60% had marital status which ranged from being single to
divorced or widowed.  [32]  With females accounting for diagnosis than any
other group, future research should look to uncover reasons why women are more
impacted by excoriation, and if excoriation has a correlation with marital
status or happiness in life.
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