mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
Lateral information (left, ahead, right)  ") ]

If the ears are located at the side of the head, similar lateral localization
cues as for the human auditory system can be used. This means: evaluation of 
interaural time differences  (interaural phase differences) for lower frequencies and
evaluation of interaural level differences for higher frequencies. The
evaluation of interaural phase differences is useful, as long as it gives
unambiguous results. This is the case, as long as ear distance is smaller than
half the length (maximal one wavelength) of the sound waves. For animals with
a larger head than humans the evaluation range for interaural phase
differences is shifted towards lower frequencies, for animals with a smaller
head, this range is shifted towards higher frequencies.

The lowest frequency which can be localized depends on the ear distance.
Animals with a greater ear distance can localize lower frequencies than humans
can. For animals with a smaller ear distance the lowest localizable frequency
is higher than for humans.

If the ears are located at the side of the head, interaural level differences
appear for higher frequencies and can be evaluated for localization tasks. For
animals with ears at the top of the head, no shadowing by the head will appear
and therefore there will be much less interaural level differences, which
could be evaluated. Many of these animals can move their ears, and these ear
movements can be used as a lateral localization cue.
##  The Nature Conservancy Navigation
Current findings  

Starting in 1948, the prevailing theory on interaural time differences
centered on the idea that inputs from the medial superior olive differentially
process inputs from the ipsilateral and contralateral side relative to the
sound. This is accomplished through a discrepancy in arrival time of
excitatory inputs into the medial superior olive, based on differential
conductance of the axons, which allows both sounds to ultimately converge at
the same time through neurons with complementary intrinsic properties.

The article _In vivo coincidence detection in mammalian sound localization
generates phase delays_ , authored by Franken et al., attempts to further
elucidate the mechanisms underlying ITD in mammalian brains. One experiment
they performed was to isolate discrete inhibitory post-synaptic potentials to
try and determine if inhibitory inputs to the superior olive were allowing the
faster excitatory input to delay firing until the two signals were synced.
However, after blocking EPSPs with a glutamate receptor blocker, they
determine that the size of inhibitory inputs was too marginal to appear to
play a significant role in phase locking. This was verified when the
experimenters blocked inhibitory input and still saw clear phase locking of
the excitatory inputs in their absence. This led them to the theory that in-
phase excitatory inputs are summated such that the brain can process sound
localization by counting the number of action potentials that arise from
various magnitudes of summated depolarization.

Franken, et al. also examined anatomical and functional patterns within the
superior olive to clarify previous theories about the rostrocaudal axis
serving as a source of tonotopy. Their results showed a significant
correlation between tuning frequency and relative position along the
dorsoventral axis, while they saw no distinguishable pattern of tuning
frequency on the rostrocaudal axis.

Lastly, they went on to further explore the driving forces behind the
interaural time difference, specifically whether the process is simply the
alignment of inputs that is processed by a coincidence detector, or whether
the process is more complicated. Evidence from Franken, et al. shows that the
processing is affected by inputs that precede the binaural signal, which would
alter the functioning of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels to shift
the membrane potential of the neuron. Furthermore, the shift is dependent on
the frequency tuning of each neuron, ultimately creating a more complex
confluence and analysis of sound. Franken, et al.'s findings provide several
pieces of evidence that contradict existing theories about binaural audition.
By  Matthew L. Miller
See also  

*  Sound localization
The fibers of the auditory nerve innervate both  cochlear nuclei
 in the brainstem, the cochlear
nucleus magnocellularis (mammalian anteroventral cochlear nucleus) and the
cochlear nucleus angularis (see figure; mammalian posteroventral and dorsal
cochlear nuclei). The neurons of the nucleus magnocellularis phase-lock, but
are fairly insensitive to variations in sound pressure, while the neurons of
the nucleus angularis phase-lock poorly, if at all, but are sensitive to
variations in sound pressure. These two nuclei are the starting points of two
separate but parallel pathways to the  inferior colliculus
 : the pathway from nucleus
magnocellularis processes ITDs, and the pathway from nucleus angularis
processes IID.
© patrickkavanagh / 
Flickr
###  Social Media Navigation
Owls must be able to determine the necessary angle of descent, i.e. the
elevation, in addition to azimuth (horizontal angle to the sound). This bi-
coordinate  sound localization  is accomplished through two binaural cues: the  interaural
time difference  (ITD) and the interaural level difference (ILD), also known as
the interaural intensity difference (IID). The ability in owls is unusual; in
ground-bound mammals such as mice, ITD and ILD are not utilized in the same
manner. In these mammals, ITDs tend to be utilized for localization of lower
frequency sounds, while ILDs tend to be used for higher frequency sounds.
##  ITD and ILD
##  Facial adaptions for sound localization
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This study aims to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of depression,
anxiety, and work burnout among psychiatrists in Beijing during the COVID-19
pandemic.The present study surveyed psychiatrists’ mental health for several
reasons. First, the psychiatrist-patient relationship is unique among medical
specialties, as psychiatrists become “tools” in their profession. Second, most
psychiatrists experience stressful adversities such as attacks by violent
patients or hostile relatives of patients and experiencing patient suicide.
These conditions increased the emotional burdens of psychiatrists.
Furthermore, the shortage of psychiatrists may cause them to neglect their
personal care by saturating their time with multiple consultations. The need
for psychiatric care in China rapidly increases due to economic and social
development and population aging, especially during the COVID-19 epidemic.
Besides recruiting more future psychiatrists, the retention issues of
currently practicing psychiatrists are more urgent in China. Considering the
lingering effect of COVID-19 on people’s mental health and the importance of
psychiatrists in this process, the survey was conducted in January 2022, two
years after COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic. In this particular month,
31 province-level regions in China have reported 3634 new confirmed COVID-19
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2022") ]. Plenty of studies have investigated burnout in doctors, including the psychiatrist [  47 :186–9.") ]. It is often reported that psychiatrists have a lower burnout rate than other specialists [  48 :567–76.") ,  49 :311–7.") ]. A previous study also reported a lower burnout rate (38.4%) among psychiatrists than other specialists in China [  12 :593.") ]. According to the newly released Medscape Psychiatrist Lifestyle, Happiness & Burnout Report 2022, about half of psychiatrists (52%) reported that they were more burned out now than during the initial quarantine months of the pandemic [ [ 46 ](/articles/10.1186/s12888-023-04969-5#ref-CR46 "Medscape: Medscape Psychiatrist Lifestyle, HappinessBurnout, Report.
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2022") ]. In the present survey, having children increase the risk of anxiety symptoms. It is consistent with a recently published study which suggested that having children increased daily stress in the general population [  53 :1328–33.") ], and parents experience greater anxiety, depression, and marriage dissatisfaction than spouses without children [  54 :886–929.") ]. Many studies have shown that parents’ anxiety levels increase from preparation for pregnancy to birth and during the care of the baby [  54 :886–929.") ,  55 :221–8.") ]. Additionally, we found that psychiatrists with lower professional titles were more likely to suffer from burnout. A recently published meta-analysis also reported a negative effect of lower professional levels on mental health in healthcare workers [  56  ]. Lower professional titles often mean less experience in treating patients and facing complex situations, undertake more detailed, specific, and trivial tasks, which may increase individual exhaustion.
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Blue Light, Depression, and Bipolar Disorder
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High perceived stress, which scored more than 25 in CPSS, was an independent
risk factor for depression, anxiety, and burnout. Consistent with previous
studies, perceived stress also increased the risk of depressive symptoms in
interns during medical internships [  57
 ]. An extensive survey of psychiatrists identified “out-of-
hours of duty, dealing with difficult and hostile relatives of patients,
arranging admissions, paperwork, balancing personal and professional lives,
and managing suicidal or homicidal patients” as particularly stressful
experiences [ [ 46 ](/articles/10.1186/s12888-023-04969-5#ref-CR46 "Medscape:
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##  Electronic supplementary material
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Mental health issues have been one of the top ten leading causes of global
disease burden, with no evidence of a reduction in the burden since 1990 [  1
:137–50.") ]. There was a high
prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and acute stress
during the COVID-19 pandemic [  2 :e2014053.") ].
Psychiatrists are needed more than ever to optimize the population’s mental
health by providing interventions for outbreak-related distress responses [ 
3 :352–3.") ].
Increased work hours and workloads are common to meet the increasing mental
health service demand during the COVID-19 pandemic. During this period, all
healthcare workers, including psychiatrists, were affected by various
challenges. Besides the routine work, they must educate health care and
community leaders about effective ways to support the population’s mental
health during the COVID-19 outbreak. They have to respond to the challenges of
the epidemic prevention and control requirements and the pressure of increased
numbers of patients. Some mental hospitals must implement weekly or even
monthly shift duty, meaning the psychiatrists must stay there for a week or
even a month. In addition, due to a shortage of medical staff, they have to be
rotated to the epidemic area to support large-scale nucleic acid testing work.
However, there are not enough psychiatrists to meet this demand [  4
 ], and
this shortage is more severe in China [  5
:e100025.") ,  6 :7.") ].
_Article_
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| Addiction & Substance Use
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1. Ping Dong
High social support scores of more than 49 in SSRS were an independent
protective factor for depression, anxiety, and burnout. The existing empirical
literature proposes that social support directly influences the well-being of
medical staff [  62  ,  63
 ]. A recently published
study reported a moderating effect of social support on the relationship
between burnout and anxiety symptoms among intensive care unit staff [  64
:100895.") ].
It has been well-documented that social support can protect people from mental
health problems [  65 :284–93.") ]. A recent meta-analysis
revealed that in Asia, good social support is related to decreased depression
[  66 :e026667.") ]. Social support, particularly family support, is an
important social factor in geriatric depression in China [  67

]. Seeking social support as a means of coping with adversity has been
categorized as a problem-focused coping strategy and has been found to
effectively reduce stress [  68 :119–30.") ]. During the
pandemic, when stress and anxiety are elevated, adequate social support may
help healthcare workers maintain healthy emotional states [  69
:1893–905.") ]. Considering the significant protective
effect of social support, formal support systems are needed to provide extra
support for psychiatrists during life events to decrease the risk of mental
problems and burnout.
March 26th 2024  Article
###  Managing stress in psychiatrists
March 1st 2024  Article
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#  Can Patients and Psychiatrists be Friends?
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The Dilemma of Patient/Psychiatrist Friendship
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#  The Dilemma of Patient/Psychiatrist Friendship
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Psychiatrists have basic similarities with other professional doctors but may
also have some unique characteristics. For example, a study proposed that good
psychiatrists were defined as “a good communicator and listener with a
professional manner, who respects confidentiality and has good doctor-patient
relationships“ [  10 :632–8.") ]. In addition, long-
term contact with people with mental health conditions has great mental
pressure and practicing risk [  11
. 2014;65\(6\):796–801.") ]. The economic
income of psychiatrists is relatively low [  12
:593.") ], the social appreciation is unrecognized, and there is a
certain sense of practicing shame, etc., which may cause high emotional
burdens [  13  ].
Besides, the high probability of experiencing patient suicide may be a common
source of distress for psychiatrists [  14

]. A previous study reported that 5% of psychiatry trainees in the United
States experienced a patient suicide within one year and estimated that 20%
would experience it at least once over their traineeship [  15
:34–8.") ]. Compared with doctors from
other specialties, psychiatrists are more likely to suffer from various mental
health problems [  16 :161–8.") ]. Longitudinal studies in the UK also suggest that
psychiatrists suffer from exceptionally high levels of stress and the highest
levels of depression [  17 
1999, 60\(10\):751–755.") ].
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In total, 695 individuals working in different medical institutions from 14
districts in Beijing signed the informed consent, and 14 did not agree to
participate in this study. Of the 681 participants, 71 were not psychiatrists,
37 had a history of mental illness before, and 9 of them did not pass the data
quality examination (1 person filled in the working years exceeding his age, 7
persons filled in the working days per week exceeding 7 days, and 1 person
filled in the operating hours per day exceeding 24 h ). Finally, the data of
564 psychiatrists were included in the study (see Table  1
 for detailed information). Of the
sample included in the data analysis, 383 (67.9%) participants were female,
and the median (interquartile range) age was 37 [30–43] years; 412 (73.0%)
were married, and 350 (62.1%) have children. Among the participating
psychiatrists, all of them had a Junior college degree or higher, and more
than half of them have a moderate annual income (342, 60.6% make about
14,360–43,080 $ per year). Besides, 134 (23.8%) of the psychiatrists have a
senior professional title; 444 (78.7%) work at a psychiatric hospital; 348
(61.7%) work at a principal tertiary care hospital; most of them (371, 65.8%)
major in general psychiatry; about half of them (296, 52.5%) working in the
field of psychiatry for above 10 years; 324 (57.4%) work more than 8 h per
day; 238 (42.2%) were in charge of at least 15 hospitalized patients, and 246
(43.6%) of them treated at least 15 outpatients in half a day. Notably, 513
(91%) of the psychiatrists have been assaulted at least once, including verbal
threats, attacked with or without instruments, or other forms of assault by
the patients or their relatives.
Correspondence to  Wei Sun  or  Hongqiang Sun
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ISSN: 1471-244X