mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
There is also a direct relationship between the number of diagnostic criteria
and quality of life. For each additional personality disorder criterion that a
person meets there is an even reduction in quality of life.  [49]  Personality
disorders – especially dependent, narcissistic, and sadistic personality
disorders – also facilitate various forms of  counterproductive work behavior
 ,
including knowledge hiding and knowledge sabotage.  [50]
Introduced  Deleted
Leppla I, Fishman D, Kalra I, Oldham MA. Clinical Approach to Personality
Change Due to Another Medical Condition.  J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry.
2021 Jan-Feb;  62  (1):14-21.  [  PubMed  : 33190792
 ]
Social Insecurity/Anxiety
Such views lasted into the eighteenth century, when experiments began to
question the supposed biologically based humours and 'temperaments'.
Psychological concepts of character and 'self' became widespread. In the
nineteenth century, 'personality' referred to a person's conscious awareness
of their behavior, a disorder of which could be linked to altered states such
as  dissociation  "Dissociation
\(psychology\)") . This sense of the term has been compared to the use of the
term 'multiple personality disorder' in the first versions of the DSM.  [107]
DSM-5 
(Alternative
model)  |
###  Specific approaches
Unspecified  |
Our Apps
Self-Isolation
Babl A, Gómez Penedo JM, Berger T, Schneider N, Sachse R, Kramer U. Change
processes in psychotherapy for patients presenting with histrionic personality
disorder.  Clin Psychol Psychother.  2023 Jan;  30  (1):64-72.  [  PMC free
article  : PMC10084191   ] [  PubMed  : 35776063
 ]
*  Childhood schizophrenia 
*  Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia 
*  Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia 
*  Simple-type schizophrenia
27\.
21\.
##  Causes
Wan L, Zha R, Ren J, Li Y, Zhao Q, Zuo H, Zhang X. Brain morphology, harm
avoidance, and the severity of excessive internet use.  Hum Brain Mapp.  2022
Jul;  43  (10):3176-3183.  [  PMC free article  : PMC9188967
 ] [  PubMed  : 35332975
 ]
*  **Somatic symptom disorder**  : Somatic symptom disorder is a disorder in which individuals feel excessively distressed about a physical symptom they have. They may also have abnormal thoughts, feelings and behaviors in response to their symptoms.
*  **Panic attacks**  : A panic attack causes sudden, brief feelings of fear and strong physical reactions in response to ordinary, nonthreatening situations.
*  **Conversion disorders** :  Conversion disorder, also called functional neurological symptom disorder, is a medical problem involving the loss of function of a part of your nervous system. More specifically, your brain and body believe that a part of your nervous system isn't functioning when there's no evidence of structural damage.
*  Sadistic 
*  Self-defeating (masochistic)
33\.
*  Brief reactive psychosis 
*  Schizoaffective disorder 
*  Schizophreniform disorder
* **Genetics** : Histrionic personality disorder tends to run in families, so scientists think there may be a genetic (inherited) link.
* **Childhood trauma** : Children may cope with trauma, such as  child abuse  or the death of a family member, that later as an adult may be disruptive or problematic in their life and become part of a personality disorder.
* **Parenting styles** : Children who experience parenting styles that lack boundaries, are over-indulgent or inconsistent may be more likely to develop histrionic personality disorder. In addition, parents who display dramatic, erratic, volatile or inappropriate sexual behavior put their children at risk for developing this condition. Some researchers think that problems in parent-child relationships lead to the characteristic low self-esteem in people with HPD.
Listed directly underneath is _borderline pattern_ (  6D11.5
 ), a category
similar to  borderline personality disorder
 .
This is not a trait in itself, but a combination of the five traits in certain
severity.
###  Before the 20th century
The ICD is a collection of alpha-numerical codes which have been assigned to
all known clinical states, and provides uniform terminology for medical
records, billing, statistics and research. The DSM defines psychiatric
diagnoses based on research and expert consensus. Both have deliberately
aligned their diagnoses to some extent, but some differences remain. For
example, the  ICD-10  included _narcissistic
personality disorder_ in the group of _other specific personality disorders_ ,
while DSM-5 does not include _enduring personality change after catastrophic
experience_ . The ICD-10 classified the DSM-5 _schizotypal personality
disorder_ as a form of  schizophrenia 
rather than as a personality disorder. There are accepted diagnostic issues
and controversies with regard to distinguishing particular personality
disorder categories from each other.  [15]   Dissociative identity disorder
 ,
previously known as _multiple personality_ as well as _multiple personality
disorder_ , has always been classified as a  dissociative
 "Dissociation \(psychology\)") disorder
and never was regarded as a personality disorder.  [16]
*  Postpartum depression 
*  Postpartum psychosis
*  Body dysmorphic disorder 
*  Conversion disorder 
*  Ganser syndrome 
*  Globus pharyngis 
*  Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures 
*  False pregnancy 
*  Hypochondriasis 
*  Mass psychogenic illness 
*  Nosophobia 
*  Psychogenic pain 
*  Somatization disorder
Personality disorders (especially  Cluster A  ) are found more commonly among
 homeless people  .  [92]
Personality  , defined psychologically, is
the set of enduring behavioral and mental traits that distinguish individual
humans. Hence, personality disorders are defined by experiences and behaviors
that deviate from  social norms  and
expectations. Those diagnosed with a personality disorder may experience
difficulties in cognition, emotiveness, interpersonal functioning, or 
impulse control  . For psychiatric
patients, the prevalence of personality disorders is estimated between 40 and
60%.  [5]  [6]  [7]  The behavior patterns of personality disorders are
typically recognized by adolescence, the beginning of adulthood or sometimes
even childhood and often have a pervasive negative impact on the  quality of
life  .  [1]  [8]  [9]
Somatic symptom 
|
Anxious or Avoidant Attachment Styles
Towards the mid 20th century, psychoanalytic theories were coming to the fore
based on work from the turn of the century being popularized by  Sigmund
Freud  and others. This included the
concept of _character disorders_ , which were seen as enduring problems linked
not to specific symptoms but to pervasive internal conflicts or derailments of
normal childhood development. These were often understood as weaknesses of
character or willful deviance, and were distinguished from  neurosis
 or  psychosis  .
The term 'borderline' stems from a belief some individuals were functioning on
the edge of those two categories, and a number of the other personality
disorder categories were also heavily influenced by this approach, including
dependent, obsessive–compulsive and histrionic,  [113]  the latter starting
off as a conversion symptom of hysteria particularly associated with women,
then a hysterical personality, then renamed histrionic personality disorder in
later versions of the DSM. A passive aggressive style was defined clinically
by Colonel  William Menninger 
during World War II in the context of men's reactions to military compliance,
which would later be referenced as a personality disorder in the DSM.  [114]
 Otto Kernberg  was influential with
regard to the concepts of borderline and narcissistic personalities later
incorporated in 1980 as disorders into the DSM.
*  Factitious disorder 
*  Munchausen syndrome 
*  Gender dysphoria 
*  Intermittent explosive disorder 
*  Dermatillomania 
*  Kleptomania 
*  Pyromania 
*  Trichotillomania 
* Personality disorder
*  X-linked intellectual disability 
*  Lujan–Fryns syndrome
*  Agoraphobia 
*  Social anxiety 
*  Social phobia 
*  Anthropophobia 
*  Specific social phobia 
*  Specific phobia 
*  Claustrophobia
* the  International Classification of Diseases (11th revision, ICD-11)  published by the  World Health Organization 
* the  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition, DSM-5)  by the  American Psychiatric Association  .
Childhood and learning
---|---
 Dementia  |
###  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual history
Boot K, Wiebenga JXM, Eikelenboom M, van Oppen P, Thomaes K, van Marle HJF,
Heering HD. Associations between personality traits and suicidal ideation and
suicide attempts in patients with personality disorders.  Compr Psychiatry.
2022 Jan;  112  :152284.  [  PubMed  : 34763292
 ]
The problems associated with low openness are difficulties adapting to change,
low tolerance for different worldviews or lifestyles, emotional flattening, 
alexithymia  and a narrow range of
interests.  [65]   Rigidity  "Rigidity
\(psychology\)") is the most obvious aspect of (low) openness among
personality disorders and that shows lack of knowledge of one's emotional
experiences. It is most characteristic of  obsessive–compulsive personality
disorder  ; the opposite of it known as
impulsivity (here: an aspect of openness that shows a tendency to behave
unusually or autistically) is characteristic of  schizotypal
 and  borderline personality disorders
 .
[66]
* Paranoid, schizoid or schizotypal personality disorders may be observed to be premorbid antecedents of  delusional disorders  or  schizophrenia  .
* Borderline personality disorder is seen in association with  mood  and  anxiety disorders  , with  impulse-control disorders  ,  eating disorders  ,  ADHD  ,  ASD  , or a  substance use disorder  .
*  Avoidant personality disorder  is seen with  social anxiety disorder  .
Pain 
|
Ritvo EC, Melnick I, Marcus GR, Glick ID. Psychiatric conditions in cosmetic
surgery patients.  Facial Plast Surg.  2006 Aug;  22  (3):194-7.  [  PubMed
: 17048160   ]
35\.
Organic  |
The German psychiatrist  Koch  sought to make the moral insanity concept more
scientific, and in 1891 suggested the phrase 'psychopathic inferiority',
theorized to be a  congenital disorder  . This referred to continual and rigid patterns of
misconduct or dysfunction in the absence of apparent "  mental retardation
 " or illness, supposedly
without a moral judgment. Described as deeply rooted in his Christian faith,
his work established the concept of personality disorder as used today.  [109]
*  Depressive 
*  Negativistic (passive–aggressive)
Cramer V, Torgersen S, Kringlen E. Personality disorders and quality of life.
A population study.  Compr Psychiatry.  2006 May-Jun;  47  (3):178-84.  [ 
PubMed  : 16635645   ]
Cluster C (anxious)  |
Evidence shows personality disorders may begin with parental personality
issues. These cause the child to have their own difficulties in adulthood,
such as difficulties reaching higher education, obtaining jobs, and securing
dependable relationships. By either genetic or modeling mechanisms, children
can pick up these traits.  [69]  Additionally, poor parenting appears to have
symptom elevating effects on personality disorders.  [69]  More specifically,
lack of  maternal bonding  has also
been correlated with personality disorders. In a study comparing 100 healthy
individuals to 100  borderline personality disorder

patients, analysis showed that BPD patients were significantly more likely not
to have been breastfed as a baby (42.4% in BPD vs. 9.2% in healthy controls).
[73]  These researchers suggested "Breastfeeding may act as an early indicator
of the mother-infant relationship that seems to be relevant for bonding and
attachment later in life". Additionally, findings suggest personality
disorders show a negative correlation with two attachment variables: maternal
availability and dependability. When left unfostered, other attachment and
interpersonal problems occur later in life ultimately leading to development
of personality disorders.  [74]
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Dissociative  |
High openness is characteristic to  schizotypal personality disorder

(odd and fragmented thinking),  narcissistic personality disorder

(excessive self-valuation) and  paranoid personality disorder

(sensitivity to external hostility). Lack of insight (shows low openness) is
characteristic to all personality disorders and could help explain the
persistence of maladaptive behavioral patterns.  [66]
Monaghan C, Bizumic B. Dimensional models of personality disorders: Challenges
and opportunities.  Front Psychiatry.  2023;  14  :1098452.  [  PMC free
article  : PMC10028270   ] [  PubMed  : 36960458
 ]
Medical condition
Neurological and symptomatic
43\.
|   Eating  |
---|---
 Psychosis  and
schizophrenia-like  |
According to leadership academic  Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries
 , it seems
almost inevitable that some personality disorders will be present in a senior
management team.  [54]
Not otherwise specified 
 Depressive  "Depression \(mood\)")
At least three aspects of openness to experience are relevant to understanding
personality disorders:  cognitive distortions  , lack of  insight  (means
the ability to recognize one's own mental illness here) and  impulsivity
 . Problems related to high openness that
can cause problems with social or professional functioning are excessive 
fantasising  "Fantasy \(psychology\)") ,
peculiar thinking, diffuse identity, unstable  goals  and
nonconformity with the demands of the society.  [65]
* ** MedlinePlus  ** :  000939 
* ** eMedicine  ** :  article/294307
Campbell K, Clarke KA, Massey D, Lakeman R. Borderline Personality Disorder:
To diagnose or not to diagnose? That is the question.  Int J Ment Health Nurs.
2020 Oct;  29  (5):972-981.  [  PubMed  : 32426937
 ]
20\.
There are different specific theories or schools of therapy within many of
these modalities. They may, for example, emphasize  psychodynamic
 techniques,
or  cognitive or behavioral  techniques. In clinical practice, many therapists use an
'eclectic' approach, taking elements of different schools as and when they
seem to fit to an individual client. There is also often a focus on  common
themes  that seem to be
beneficial regardless of techniques, including attributes of the therapist
(e.g. trustworthiness, competence, caring), processes afforded to the client
(e.g. ability to express and confide difficulties and emotions), and the match
between the two (e.g. aiming for mutual respect, trust and boundaries).
##  Pertinent Studies and Ongoing Trials
Karim F, Oyewande AA, Abdalla LF, Chaudhry Ehsanullah R, Khan S. Social Media
Use and Its Connection to Mental Health: A Systematic Review.  Cureus.  2020
Jun 15;  12  (6):e8627.  [  PMC free article  : PMC7364393
 ] [  PubMed  : 32685296
 ]
Maladaptive patterns of behavior
Shapiro D. Theoretical reflections on Wilhelm Reich's Character Analysis.  Am
J Psychother.  2002;  56  (3):338-46.  [  PubMed  : 12400201
 ]
©2024 Sean Kendall, All Rights Reserved, Reproduced with Permission  Privacy
Policy
##  Getting Help With Your Claim
Phone  *
*  Adjustment disorder  with depressed mood
*  Organic
Some types of personality disorder were in previous versions of the diagnostic
manuals but have been deleted. Examples include  sadistic personality
disorder  (pervasive pattern of cruel, demeaning, and aggressive behavior)
and  self-defeating personality disorder  or
masochistic personality disorder (characterized by behavior consequently
undermining the person's pleasure and goals). They were listed in the  DSM-
III-R  appendix as "Proposed diagnostic
categories needing further study" without specific criteria.  [27]
Psychologist  Theodore Millon  , a
researcher on personality disorders, and other researchers consider some
relegated diagnoses to be equally valid disorders, and may also propose other
personality disorders or subtypes, including mixtures of aspects of different
categories of the officially accepted diagnoses.  [28]  Millon proposed the
following description of personality disorders:
*  Avoidant 
*  Dependent 
*  Obsessive–compulsive
*  Drug overdose 
*  Intoxication 
*  Physical dependence 
*  Rebound effect 
*  Stimulant psychosis 
*  Substance dependence 
*  Withdrawal
Tackett JL, Silberschmidt AL, Krueger RF, Sponheim SR. A dimensional model of
personality disorder: incorporating DSM Cluster A characteristics.  J Abnorm
Psychol.  2008 May;  117  (2):454-9.  [  PubMed  : 18489222
 ]
Request an Appointment   __
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61 languages
Diseases & Conditions  /
*  Eccentric  "Eccentricity \(behavior\)")
*  Haltlose 
*  Immature 
*  Narcissistic 
*  Passive–aggressive 
*  Psychoneurotic
Cluster A personality disorders are often associated with  schizophrenia
 : in particular, schizotypal
personality disorder shares some of its hallmark symptoms with schizophrenia,
e.g., acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual
distortions, and eccentricities of behavior. However, people diagnosed with
odd–eccentric personality disorders tend to have a greater grasp on reality
than those with schizophrenia. People with these disorders can be paranoid and
have difficulty being understood by others, as they often have odd or
eccentric modes of speaking and an unwillingness and inability to form and
maintain close relationships. Though their perceptions may be unusual, these
anomalies are distinguished from delusions or hallucinations as people with
these would be diagnosed with other conditions. Significant evidence suggests
a small proportion of people with Cluster A personality disorders, especially
schizotypal personality disorder, have the potential to develop schizophrenia
and other psychotic disorders. These disorders also have a higher probability
of occurring among individuals whose first-degree relatives have either
schizophrenia or a Cluster A personality disorder.  [19]
*  Bipolar 
*  Bipolar I 
*  Bipolar II 
*  Bipolar NOS 
*  Cyclothymia 
*  Depression  "Depression \(mood\)")
*  Atypical depression 
*  Dysthymia 
*  Major depressive disorder 
*  Melancholic depression 
*  Seasonal affective disorder 
*  Mania
|  Schizotypal  |
Therapists in this area can become disheartened by lack of initial progress,
or by apparent progress that then leads to setbacks. Clients may be perceived
as negative,  rejecting  ,
demanding,  aggressive  or  manipulative
 . This has
been looked at in terms of both therapist and client; in terms of  social
skills  ,  coping efforts
 "Coping \(psychology\)") ,  defense mechanisms
 , or deliberate  strategies
 ; and in terms of  moral 
judgments or the need to consider underlying  motivations  for specific behaviors or  conflicts  . The  vulnerabilities  of a client, and indeed a therapist, may become lost behind
actual or apparent strength and  resilience  . It is commonly stated that there is always a
need to maintain appropriate  professional personal boundaries
 , while allowing
for  emotional expression  and therapeutic relationships. However, there can be difficulty
acknowledging the different worlds and views that both the client and
therapist may live with. A therapist may assume that the kinds of
relationships and ways of interacting that make them feel safe and comfortable
have the same effect on clients. As an example of one extreme, people who may
have been exposed to hostility, deceptiveness, rejection, aggression or 
abuse  in their lives, may in some cases be made
confused, intimidated or suspicious by presentations of warmth,  intimacy
 or positivity. On the other hand, reassurance,
openness and clear communication are usually helpful and needed. It can take
several months of sessions, and perhaps several stops and starts, to begin to
develop a trusting relationship that can meaningfully address a client's
issues.  [84]
The term 'personality disorder' encompasses a wide range of issues, each with
a different level of severity or impairment; thus, personality disorders can
require fundamentally different approaches and understandings. To illustrate
the scope of the matter, consider that while some disorders or individuals are
characterized by continual social withdrawal and the shunning of
relationships, others may cause _fluctuations_ in forwardness. The extremes
are worse still: at one extreme lie  self-harm 
and  self-neglect  , while at another
extreme some individuals may commit  violence 
and  crime  . There can be other factors such as
problematic  substance use or dependency  or  behavioral addictions
 .
Horowitz MJ. Psychotherapy for histrionic personality disorder.  J Psychother
Pract Res.  1997 Spring;  6  (2):93-104; discussion 105-7.  [  PMC free
article  : PMC3330451   ] [  PubMed  : 9071660
 ]
18\.
###  20th century
---
Other  |
|   Emotional and behavioral  |
Gocłowska MA, Ritter SM, Elliot AJ, Baas M. Novelty seeking is linked to
openness and extraversion, and can lead to greater creative performance.  J
Pers.  2019 Apr;  87  (2):252-266.  [  PubMed  : 29604214
 ]
Response of patients with personality disorders to biological and psychosocial
treatments  [47]  : 36  Cluster  |  Evidence for  brain dysfunction
 |  Response to
biological treatments  |  Response to psychosocial treatments
---|---|---|---
A  |  Evidence for relationship of schizotypal personality to  schizophrenia
 ; otherwise none known.  |  Schizotypal
patients may improve on  antipsychotic 
medication; otherwise not indicated.  |  Poor.  Supportive psychotherapy
 may help.
B  |  Evidence suggestive for antisocial and borderline personalities;
otherwise none known.  |   Antidepressants  ,  antipsychotics  ,
or  mood stabilizers  may help for
borderline personality; otherwise not indicated.  |  Poor in antisocial
personality. Variable in borderline, narcissistic, and histrionic
personalities.
C  |  None known.  |  No direct response. Medications may help with comorbid 
anxiety  and  depression
 "Depression \(mood\)") .  |  Most common treatment
for these disorders. Response variable.
Réale D, Reader SM, Sol D, McDougall PT, Dingemanse NJ. Integrating animal
temperament within ecology and evolution.  Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc.  2007
May;  82  (2):291-318.  [  PubMed  : 17437562
 ]
Esterberg ML, Goulding SM, Walker EF. Cluster A Personality Disorders:
Schizotypal, Schizoid and Paranoid Personality Disorders in Childhood and
Adolescence.  J Psychopathol Behav Assess.  2010 Dec 01;  32  (4):515-528.  [
 PMC free article  : PMC2992453   ] [  PubMed  :
21116455   ]
There is a considerable personality disorder diagnostic  co-occurrence
 . Patients who meet the DSM-IV-TR
diagnostic criteria for one personality disorder are likely to meet the
diagnostic criteria for another.  [47]  Diagnostic categories provide clear,
vivid descriptions of discrete personality types but the personality structure
of actual patients might be more accurately described by a constellation of
maladaptive personality traits.
The most recent  fifth edition  of the _ Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
 _ stresses that a personality
disorder is an enduring and inflexible pattern of long duration leading to
significant distress or impairment and is not due to use of substances or
another medical condition. The DSM-5 lists personality disorders in the same
way as other mental disorders, rather than on a separate 'axis', as
previously.  [17]