mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
What is the connection between dopamine and schizophrenia?
© 2024 Healthline Media LLC. All rights reserved. Our website services,
content, and products are for informational purposes only. Healthline Media
does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. See additional
information.  See additional information
 .
John Bassham
Youâll also join 500,000+ others in receiving Huberman Labâs monthly
Neural Network newsletter on neuroscience, health, and science-related tools
from Dr. Andrew Huberman. By submitting your email to subscribe, you agree to
Scicomm Media's  PrivacyÂ Policy  .
_Dopamine can provide an intense feeling of reward._

 Dopamine  is most notably involved in helping us feel
pleasure as part of the brain’s reward system. Sex, shopping, smelling cookies
baking in the oven — all these things can trigger dopamine release, or a
"dopamine rush."

This feel-good neurotransmitter is also involved in reinforcement. That’s why,
once we try one of those cookies, we might come back for another one (or two,
or three). The darker side of dopamine is the intense feeling of reward people
feel when they take drugs, such as heroin or cocaine, which can lead to 
addiction  .

Dopamine also plays a role in these functions:

* learning and attention
* mood
* movement
* heart rate
* kidney function
* blood vessel function
* sleep
* pain processing
* lactation
* González-Arancibia C, et al. (2019). Do your gut microbes affect your brain dopamine?
 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-019-05265-5
(https://mhanational.org/what-dopamine)
While these studies show that extremely high or extremely low intakes of these
amino acids can impact dopamine levels, it’s unknown whether typical
variations in  protein intake  would have much impact.
Neuroplasticity, Habits & Goals
Send Us Feedback   Site Map   About this Website  
Copyright, Reprint & Licensing
  Website
Terms of Use  
Privacy Policy   Notice of Privacy Practices
  Non-
Discrimination Notice
People can take the following steps to  reduce their

saturated fat intake by:
Facebook    Twitter
  YouTube
  Instagram
  LinkedIn
  Pinterest
  Snapchat
By  Matthew Thorpe, MD, PhD
Share on Pinterest
 Uwe Krejci/Getty Images
More research is needed to better understand the effects of  probiotics
 on dopamine production
and mood.
One study found that rats that consumed 50% of their calories from saturated
fat had reduced dopamine signaling in the reward areas of their brains
compared with animals that received the same amount of calories from 
unsaturated fat  (   13
 ).
* Health Conditions
*  Featured 
*  Breast Cancer 
*  IBD 
*  Migraine 
*  Multiple Sclerosis (MS) 
*  Rheumatoid Arthritis 
*  Type 2 Diabetes 
*  Sponsored Topics 
*  Articles 
*  Acid Reflux 
*  ADHD 
*  Allergies 
*  Alzheimer's & Dementia 
*  Bipolar Disorder 
*  Cancer 
*  Crohn's Disease 
*  Chronic Pain 
*  Cold & Flu 
*  COPD 
*  Depression 
*  Fibromyalgia 
*  Heart Disease 
*  High Cholesterol 
*  HIV 
*  Hypertension 
*  IPF 
*  Osteoarthritis 
*  Psoriasis 
*  Skin Disorders and Care 
*  STDs 
* Discover
*  Wellness Topics 
*  Nutrition 
*  Fitness 
*  Skin Care 
*  Sexual Health 
*  Women's Health 
*  Mental Well-Being 
*  Sleep 
*  Product Reviews 
*  Vitamins & Supplements 
*  Sleep 
*  Mental Health 
*  Nutrition 
*  At-Home Testing 
*  CBD 
*  Men’s Health 
*  Original Series 
*  Fresh Food Fast 
*  Diagnosis Diaries 
*  You’re Not Alone 
*  Present Tense 
*  Video Series 
*  Youth in Focus 
*  Healthy Harvest 
*  Through An Artist's Eye 
*  Future of Health 
* Plan
* Health Challenges
*  Mindful Eating 
*  Sugar Savvy 
*  Move Your Body 
*  Gut Health 
*  Mood Foods 
*  Align Your Spine 
*  Find Care 
*  Primary Care 
*  Mental Health 
*  OB-GYN 
*  Dermatologists 
*  Neurologists 
*  Cardiologists 
*  Orthopedists 
* Lifestyle Quizzes
*  Weight Management 
*  Am I Depressed? A Quiz for Teens 
*  Are You a Workaholic? 
*  How Well Do You Sleep? 
* Tools & Resources
*  Health News 
*  Find a Diet 
*  Find Healthy Snacks 
*  Drugs A-Z 
*  Health A-Z 
* Connect
*  Find Your Bezzy Community 
*  Breast Cancer 
*  Inflammatory Bowel Disease 
*  Psoriatic Arthritis 
*  Migraine 
*  Multiple Sclerosis 
*  Psoriasis 
* Follow us on social media
By  Daisy Coyle, APD
#  Welcome to HubermanÂ Lab
##  Content
Dr. Alia Crum: Science of Mindsets for Health & Performance
* MacDonald A, et al. (2020). PKU dietary handbook to accompany PKU guidelines.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7329487/
*  About Us 
*  Contact Us 
*  Terms of Use 
*  Privacy Policy 
* Privacy Settings
*  Advertising Policy
###  1\. Eat lots of protein
Care at Cleveland Clinic
Shonuff36
How does dopamine affect the body?
When dopamine is released in large amounts, it creates feelings of pleasure
and reward, which motivate you to repeat a specific behavior (   3
 ).
* Search
What to know about showering during a thunderstorm
Anything that gives you pleasure will trigger the release of dopamine. This
can range from a fun activity you enjoy, like dancing or cooking, to sex,
shopping, and even certain drugs. Dopamine activates the reward pathway in the
brain, leading you to desire these activities more. For this reason, 
dopamine can play a role in addiction.
##  Featured Episodes
According to a   2019 study
 , research suggests
listening to music may cause dopamine release. Listening to music a person
enjoys may result in reward-like feelings of pleasure.
* ** Schizophrenia  : ** Irregularities in certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine,   may cause  the symptoms of schizophrenia.
* **Depression:** People with depression may experience anhedonia, an inability to feel pleasure which   links to  dysfunctions in dopamine and the body’s reward system.
* ** Parkinson’s disease  : ** This condition  causes a  degeneration of nerve cells in the brain, affecting their ability to produce dopamine.
* ** Bipolar disorder  : ** This  may occur  when there is an imbalance in brain chemicals, including dopamine.
* **Anxiety disorder:** Neurotransmitter dysfunction   can cause  mood disorders, such as anxiety, and dopamine may play a role in anxiety modulation.
###  **9\. Get enough sunlight**
Healthline
Meredith Goodwin MD, FAAFP
People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) tend to have low
levels of dopamine, which affects their sense of reward and motivation…
Probiotics can improve your health. Learn how taking probiotics can benefit
weight loss, heart health, digestion, immune function and more.
The body can   also convert 
the amino acid L-phenylalanine into L-tyrosine. Phenylalanine is   present in
 certain animal and
cereal sources.
Several studies have shown that large quantities of probiotic bacteria can
reduce anxiety and depression symptoms in humans and animals, though the
mechanism of action is not yet understood (   17
 ,   18
 ,   19
 ).
Last medically reviewed on August 23, 2023
Copy Editors
Some research has found that  saturated fats
 , such as
those found in animal fat, butter, full-fat dairy,  palm oil
 , and  coconut oil
 , may disrupt dopamine signaling in the brain when consumed
in large amounts (  12  ).
###  What is dopamine deficiency?
*  ClevelandClinic.org 
*  Find A Doctor 
*  Locations & Directions 
*  Patients & Visitors 
*  Health Library 
*  Institutes & Departments 
*  Appointments
How are oxytocin levels controlled?

Oxytocin production and secretion is controlled _via_ a positive feedback
loop. This means the hormone causes an action that stimulates more of its own
release.

For example, when a newborn suckles mechanoreceptors in the nipple and the
cervix are activated, creating a positive sensory feedback loop, which leads
to the additional release of oxytocin in the brain.

The increased oxytocin production and secretion into the  blood causes milk
to be let down  into
the breast.
While researchers haven’t determined what causes ADHD, they have found that
people living with ADHD have different dopamine levels than  neurotypical
people  . Learn more about
research on the  role of dopamine in ADHD.
Neurology Care for Adults
Serotonin: The natural mood booster

November 20, 2023  By   Stephanie Watson
 , Former Executive
Editor,  _Harvard Women's Health Watch_
*  About Us 
*  Contact Us 
*  Privacy Policy 
* Privacy Settings
*  Advertising Policy 
*  Health Topics
###  What supplements raise dopamine levels?
ADHD, Drive & Motivation
Amy C.
OUR BRANDS
Depending on the underlying cause, a doctor may suggest medications, diet, or
lifestyle remedies to help treat a  dopamine deficiency
 or a condition relating
to dopamine production.
###  Supplementation for Health and Performance
In contrast, low levels of dopamine are linked to reduced motivation and
decreased enthusiasm for things that would excite most people (   4
 ).
Using Light (Sunlight, Blue Light & Red Light) to Optimize Health
Several studies on humans and animals have found that listening to music can
boost dopamine levels in the brain (   30
 ,  31
 ).
Erica Julson
Cardiogenic Shock
Advertisement  Advertisement
#  Natural methods to increase dopamine levels
* Zarrindast M.-R, et al. (2015). The modulatory role of dopamine in anxiety-like behavior.
 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26317601/
Share on Pinterest
 Jessica Peterson/Getty Images
The main cause of hemorrhagic shock is losing a significant amount of blood
(hemorrhage). It is a life threatening condition that requires urgent…
##  Latest Episodes
What Is Anhedonia?

Medically Reviewed by Smitha Bhandari, MD on November 09, 2022 Written by Barbara Brody
What Causes It
How It's Treated
3 min read
Anhedonia is the inability to feel pleasure. It's a common symptom of depression as well as other mental health disorders.

Most people understand what pleasure feels like. They expect certain things in life to make them happy. Maybe you enjoy riding your bike, listening to the sounds of the ocean, or holding someone's hand. But some people lose the ability to feel joy. The things that once made them content are no longer fun or enjoyable. That's anhedonia.

There are two main types of anhedonia:

Social anhedonia. You don’t want to spend time with other people.
Physical anhedonia. You don’t enjoy physical sensations. A hug leaves you feeling empty rather than nurtured. Your favorite foods taste bland. Even sex can lose its appeal.
Anhedonia makes relationships, including those with friends and family members, a struggle. With the reward of enjoyment gone, it's hard to get motivated to spend time with others. You might turn down invitations and skip events like concerts, parties, and even one-on-one get-togethers because you no longer believe there's any benefit in taking part.

AD
Or you could have social anxiety. You feel like you don't fit in, especially when meeting new people.

Relationships also thrive on positive feedback, and without it they can wither: Imagine not being able to tell someone you love them or that you had a great time spending the day with them. But if you have anhedonia, you can't, because you don't have those feelings. Meanwhile, loss of libido can take a toll on a romantic relationship.

It's also worth noting that some scientists believe anhedonia isn't always a black-and-white issue. You might feel no joy at all, or you could find that your positive emotions are dulled. In other words, it's possible to still like eating chocolate ice cream or listening to jazz; you just don't like those things nearly as much as you used to for reasons you can't explain.

What Causes It
Anhedonia is closely linked to depression, but you don't have to be depressed or feel sad to have it. It also affects people with other mental illnesses, like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. And it can show up in people with seemingly unrelated health concerns like Parkinson's disease, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and substance abuse issues.

Scientists think anhedonia may be tied to changes in brain activity. You might have a problem with the way your brain produces or responds to dopamine, a "feel-good" mood chemical. Some early research (on rats) suggests that the dopamine neurons in an area of the brain called the prefrontal cortex might be overactive in people with anhedonia. This somehow interferes with pathways that control how we seek out rewards and experience them.
* [ 800.223.2273 ](tel:800.223.2273)
*  100 Years of Cleveland Clinic 
*  MyChart 
*  Need Help? 
*  Giving 
*  Careers 
*   Search
####  Nutrition
* Probiotics: What you need to know. (2019).
 https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/probiotics-what-you-need-to-know
Skip to main content
Logo for WebMD
Conditions
Drugs & Supplements
Well-Being
Symptom Checker
Find a Doctor
More
Log In

AD
Depression/Reference

Depression Guide
Remember that velvet beans are toxic in high amounts (   21
 ).
Medically Reviewed
How to increase dopamine with ADHD
###  Mental Health and Addictions
Is Dopamine Fasting a Way to Fix Your Brain or a Silicon Valley Fad?
Get Andrewâs Daily Blueprint
* Mosini AC, et al. (2019). Neurophysiological, cognitive-behavioral and neurochemical effects in practitioners of transcendental meditation – A literature review.
 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31166449/
* Health Conditions
* Discover
* Plan
* Connect
* mood changes, such as feeling anxious or irritable
* feeling low,  depressed  , or hopeless
*  lack of motivation 
* forgetfulness
* lack of interest in enjoyable activities
* feeling withdrawn
*  lack of interest in sex 
* difficulty concentrating
* sleep issues
###  Fitness and Recovery
Learn more about protein.
* Causes — bipolar disorder. (2023).
 https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/bipolar-disorder/causes/
*  About 
*  FAQ 
*  Events 
*  Sponsors 
*  Shop 
*  Contact
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
 may occur in months or
climates lacking sunlight and   may link to
 changes in neurotransmitters
such as dopamine.
Medically reviewed by  Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI
randomconformity
Taking a shower during a thunderstorm can increase the risk of electrocution
due to lightning. Learn how to stay safe in a storm and when it is safe…
About the Reviewer

Howard E. LeWine, MD  , Chief Medical Editor, Harvard Health Publishing

Dr. Howard LeWine is a practicing internist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in
Boston, Chief Medical Editor at Harvard Health Publishing, and editor in chief
of Harvard Men’s Health Watch.  See Full Bio

 View all posts by Howard E. LeWine, MD

Share This Page   Share this page to Facebook
  Share this page to
Twitter
  Share this page via Email

Print This Page  Click to Print
Dr. Paul Conti: Therapy, Treating Trauma & Other Life Challenges
Neurobiology & Physiology
###  Is ADHD a lack of dopamine?
Studies show that increasing tyrosine and another amino acid,  phenylalanine
 , can raise dopamine
levels in the brain, which may promote deep thinking and improve memory. On
the other hand, eliminating  phenylalanine
 and tyrosine can
deplete dopamine levels (   8  ,
 10  ,   11
 ).
* Saturated fat. (2021).
 https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-
smart/fats/saturated-fats
* Kühn S, et al. (2019). Food for thought: Association between dietary tyrosine and cognitive performance in younger and older adults.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6647184/
Appointments  [ 866.588.2264 ](tel:8665882264)
* What is dopamine? (n.d.).
 https://mhanational.org/what-dopamine
VIEW ALL HISTORY
###  **6\. Get enough sleep**
Explore 20+ Topics
Lifestyle factors are also important. Getting enough sleep, exercising,
listening to music,  meditating  , and spending time in the sun can all boost dopamine levels.
###  Read this next
Exposure to natural sunlight or  light therapy
 may help treat SAD.
Exercise may also help to boost dopamine levels in people with SAD.
###  Which foods increase dopamine the most?
Low sunshine exposure can lead to reduced levels of mood-boosting
neurotransmitters, including dopamine, and sunlight exposure can increase them
(   36  ). This can sometimes
lead to  seasonal affective disorder
 (SAD).
Other symptoms of low dopamine levels include:
* Radwan B, et al. (2019). The role of dopamine in mood disorders and the associated changes in circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycle.
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006899318305973
Dr. Peter Attia: Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones for Vitality & Longevity
Research has also found that  music therapy
 has the potential as an
alternative treatment or support mechanism for people living with  mood
disorders  like
depression or neurodiversity like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) (   32  ).
What Is Dopamine Deficiency Syndrome?
Consult QD   Health
Essentials  
Newsroom  
MyClevelandClinic   MyChart
* Hany M, et al. (2023). Schizophrenia.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/
24 Sources
What to know about hemorrhagic shock
* **Parkinson’s disease.** Levodopa may be prescribed for Parkinson’s disease. In some cases,  dopamine agonists  , such as  pramipexole  (Mirapex®),  ropinirole  (Requip®) or  rotigotine  (Neupro®) may be used. Dopamine agonists work by mimicking dopamine, causing nerve cells to react in the same way.
* **Restless legs syndrome.** This condition is also treated by the dopamine agonists pramipexole (Mirapex®), ropinirole (Requip®) or rotigotine (Neupro®).
* **Depression.** Treatment of depression may include selective serotonin uptake inhibitors, such as  fluoxetine  (Prozac®), that affect both the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine to make them work.
* **Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).** This condition can be treated with  methylphenidate  (Concerta®, Ritalin®), which increases dopamine activity.
Learn about the different  types of meditation
 .
**A note from Cleveland Clinic**
Your body needs several vitamins and minerals to create dopamine, including 
iron  ,
 folate  , and vitamin
B6 (   38  ).
* Parkinson's disease. (n.d.).
 https://www.aans.org/en/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-
Treatments/Parkinsons-Disease
Get natural sunlight
###  What triggers dopamine release?
That said, it’s important to get sunlight exposure in moderation. Limit it
during peak hours when ultraviolet  radiation
 is the strongest —
typically between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. — and apply  sunscreen
 whenever the UV index is above 3 (   37
 ).
Furthermore, as a result, people who meditate regularly have been found to be
more open to feedback than people who don’t (  35
 ).
Meditation   may help  increase
dopamine levels and reduce stress and anxiety. To meditate, people can try
guided meditation or focus on their breathing.
Tools for Managing Stress & Anxiety
Research also shows that exercise can help raise dopamine levels, though more
research is needed to determine the intensity, type, and duration of exercise
that is most effective (   24
 ).
The levels of dopamine in the brain can contribute to the development of
schizophrenia symptoms. Learn more here.
neurotransmitter
 and
a  hormone  .
###  **5\. Exercise often**
Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart has been damaged to the point that
it’s unable to supply enough blood to the organs of the body.
**Warning:** The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function.  more...
Last Update:  April 24, 2023  .
*  Academic 
*  Basking in reflected glory 
*  Funding 
*  FUTON 
*  Inductive 
*  Infrastructure 
*  Inherent 
*  In education 
*  Media 
*  False balance 
*  Vietnam War 
*  Norway 
*  South Asia 
*  Sweden 
*  United States 
*  Arab–Israeli conflict 
*  Ukraine 
*  Net 
*  Political bias 
*  Publication 
*  Reporting 
*  White hat
9\.
##  Examples
*  Twitter  
*  Facebook  
*  Youtube
##  Differential Diagnosis
*  Anomalistic 
*  Applied behavior analysis 
*  Assessment 
*  Clinical 
*  Coaching 
*  Community 
*  Consumer 
*  Counseling 
*  Critical 
*  Educational 
*  Ergonomics 
*  Feminist 
*  Forensic 
*  Health 
*  Industrial and organizational 
*  Legal 
*  Media 
*  Medical 
*  Military 
*  Music 
*  Occupational health 
*  Pastoral 
*  Political 
*  Psychometrics 
*  Psychotherapy 
*  Religion 
*  School 
*  Sport and exercise 
*  Suicidology 
*  Systems 
*  Traffic
*  Cynicism  "Cynicism \(contemporary\)")
*  Defeatism 
*  Nihilism 
*  Optimism 
*  Pessimism 
*  Reclusion 
* _ Weltschmerz  _
*  Anosognosia - StatPearls
1  Missouri Baptist Medical Center
Other biases  |
Author Information and Affiliations
*  Review  Possible mechanisms of anosognosia of hemiplegia.  [Cortex. 2014]
*  Serious Gaming 
*  Educational video game 
*  Edutainment 
*  Business game 
*  Business simulation game 
*  Brain fitness 
*  Games for Change 
*  Game with a purpose 
*  Gamification 
*  Gamification of learning 
*  Global warming game 
*  Intelligent tutoring system 
*  Serious Games Showcase and Challenge
Smith AJ, Campbell RW, Harrison PK, Harrison DW. Functional cerebral space
theory: Towards an integration of theory and mechanisms of left hemineglect,
anosognosia, and anosodiaphoria.  NeuroRehabilitation.  2016;  38  (2):147-54.
[  PubMed  : 26889731   ]
Vogel A, Stokholm J, Gade A, Andersen BB, Hejl AM, Waldemar G. Awareness of
deficits in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: do MCI patients
have impaired insight?  Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord.  2004;  17  (3):181-7.  [
 PubMed  : 14739542   ]
Part of a series on
---
 Psychology
8\.
##  Pearls and Other Issues
2  Hospital Nuestra Señora del Rosario
##  Complications
Treasure Island (FL):  StatPearls Publishing  ;
2024 Jan-.
###  Related information
##  StatPearls [Internet].
##  Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes
*  Estimator 
*  Forecast 
*  Healthy user 
*  Information  "Information bias \(epidemiology\)")
*  Psychological  "Information bias \(psychology\)")
*  Lead time 
*  Length time 
*  Non-response 
*  Observer 
*  Omitted-variable 
*  Participation 
*  Recall 
*  Sampling 
*  Selection 
*  Self-selection 
*  Social desirability 
*  Spectrum 
*  Survivorship 
*  Systematic error 
*  Systemic 
*  Verification 
*  Wet
#  Emotional reasoning
##  Review Questions
*  Bulk download StatPearls data from FTP
#  Anosognosia
Review  History of Anosognosia.
*  العربية  
*  Deutsch  
*  Français  
*  Nederlands  
*  Português  
*  Українська  
*  中文
Twitter    Facebook
  LinkedIn
  GitHub
  NCBI Insights Blog
* This page was last edited on 26 December 2023, at 14:36  (UTC)  .
* Text is available under the  Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0   ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the  Terms of Use  and  Privacy Policy  . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the  Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.  , a non-profit organization.
* Affect
*  consciousness 
*  in education  "Affect \(education\)")
*  measures 
*  in psychology  "Affect \(psychology\)")
* Affective
*  computing 
*  forecasting 
*  neuroscience 
*  science 
*  spectrum 
* Affectivity
*  positive 
*  negative 
*  Appeal to emotion 
*  Amygdala hijack 
* Emotion
*  and art 
*  and memory 
*  and music 
*  and sex 
*  and sleep 
*  classification 
*  evolution 
*  expressed 
*  functional accounts 
*  group 
*  homeostatic 
*  in animals 
*  perception 
*  recognition 
*  in conversation 
*  regulation 
*  interpersonal 
*  work 
* Emotional
*  aperture 
*  bias 
*  blackmail 
*  competence 
*  conflict 
*  contagion 
*  detachment 
*  dysregulation 
*  eating 
*  exhaustion 
*  expression 
*  and gender 
*  intelligence 
*  and bullying 
*  Empathy quotient 
*  intimacy 
*  isolation 
*  lability 
*  labor 
*  lateralization 
*  literacy 
*  prosody 
* reasoning
*  responsivity 
*  security 
*  symbiosis 
*  thought method 
*  well-being 
*  Emotionality 
*  bounded 
* Emotions
*  and culture 
*  history 
*  in decision-making 
*  in the workplace 
*  in virtual communication 
*  moral 
*  self-conscious 
*  social 
*  social sharing 
*  sociology 
*  Feeling 
*  Group affective tone 
*  Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems 
*  Jealousy in art 
*  Meta-emotion 
*  Pathognomy 
*  Pathos 
*  Social emotional development 
*  Stoic passions 
* Theory
*  affect 
*  appraisal 
*  constructed emotion 
*  discrete emotion 
*  somatic marker
*  PMC
Have a great week and Stay Safe!
Talk soon,
5\.
Areas of study
Click HERE to listen to the ?podcast now.
ENJOY!
Bookshelf ID: NBK513361  PMID:  30020733
##  Deterrence and Patient Education