mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
detect the presence of a ball as it was revealed from behind an occluder. They
found that adults' speed of response was influenced by whether or not another
person (the "agent") in the scene thought there was a ball behind the
occluder, even though adults were not asked to pay attention to what the agent
thought.  [48]

Dana Samson and colleagues measured the time it took adults to judge the
number of dots on the wall of a room. They found that adults responded more
slowly when another person standing in the room happened to see fewer dots
than they did, even when they had never been asked to pay attention to what
the person could see.  [49]  It has been questioned whether these
"altercentric biases" truly reflect automatic processing of what another
person is thinking or seeing, or whether they instead reflect attention and
memory effects cued by the other person, but not involving any representation
of what they think or see.  [50]

Different theories seek to explain such results. If theory of mind is
automatic, this would help explain how people keep up with the theory of mind
demands of competitive games and fast-moving conversations. It might also
explain evidence that human infants and some non-human species sometimes
appear capable of theory of mind, despite their limited resources for memory
and cognitive control.  [51]  If theory of mind is effortful and not
automatic, on the other hand, this explains why it feels effortful to decide
whether a defendant is guilty or innocent, or whether a negotiator is
bluffing, and economy of effort would help explain why people sometimes
neglect to use their theory of mind.

Ian Apperly and  Stephen Butterfill  suggested that people have "two systems" for theory of mind,
[52]  in common with "two systems" accounts in many other areas of psychology.
*  Human–computer interaction 
*  Media naturalness theory 
*  Neuroergonomics 
*  Depression 
*  Digital media use and mental health 
*  Effects of the car on societies 
*  Distracted driving 
*  Lead–crime hypothesis 
*  Mobile phones and driving safety 
*  Texting while driving 
*  Hypophobia 
*  Imprinted brain hypothesis 
*  Mind-blindness 
*  Psychological effects of Internet use 
*  Rank theory of depression 
*  Schizophrenia 
*  Screen time 
*  Smartphones and pedestrian safety 
*  Social aspects of television 

 Sex  |

*  Activity 
*  Adult attachment 
*  Age disparity 
*  Arousal 
*  Concealed ovulation 
*  Coolidge effect
##  Communications and information systems
Â· Â Â Â Values-based education
---
Figures  |
Studies have shown having peripheral awareness enhances overall cognition. By
improving peripheral awareness, overall quality of life and productivity will
consequently be improved.  [ _ citation needed
 _ ]
Psychopathy  

 Psychopathy  is another deficit that is of
large importance when discussing theory of mind. While psychopathic
individuals show impaired emotional behavior including a lack of emotional
responsiveness to others and deficient empathy, as well as impaired social
behavior, there are many controversies regarding psychopathic individual’s
theory of mind.  [102]  There are many different studies that provide
contradictory information of whether or not there is a correlation between
theory of mind impairment and psychopathic individuals.

There have been some speculations made about the similarities between
individuals with autism and psychopathic individuals in the theory of mind
performance. In this study in 2008, the Happé's advanced test of theory of
mind was presented to a group of 25 psychopaths, and 25 non-psychopaths 
incarcerated  . This test showed that
there wasn’t a difference in the performance of the task for the psychopaths
and non-psychopaths. However, they were able to see that the psychopaths were
performing significantly better than the most highly able adult autistic
population.  [103]  This shows that there is not a similarity between
individuals with autism and psychopathic individuals.

There have been repetitive suggestions regarding the possibility that a
deficient or biased grasp of others’ mental states, or theory of mind, could
potentially contribute to antisocial behavior, aggression, and psychopathy.
[104]  In one study named ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’, the participants
view photographs of an individual’s eye and had to attribute a mental state,
or emotion, to the individual. This is an interesting test because [ Magnetic
](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability") ** .  Please help 
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 .
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others

Not to be confused with  Philosophy of mind  .

|

**This article has multiple issues.** Please help ** improve it
 **
Deficits  

Theory of mind impairment, or _ mind-blindness  _ , describes a difficulty someone would have with perspective-
taking. Individuals with theory of mind impairment struggle to see phenomena
from any other perspective than their own.  [85]  Individuals who experience a
theory of mind deficit have difficulty determining the intentions of others,
lack understanding of how their behavior affects others, and have a difficult
time with social reciprocity.  [86]  Theory of mind deficits have been
observed in people with  autism spectrum  disorders,  schizophrenia  ,
 nonverbal learning disorder  , and  attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
 ,  [7]  along with people under the influence of
alcohol and narcotics, sleep-deprived people, and people who are experiencing
severe emotional or physical pain. Theory of mind deficits have also been
observed in deaf children who are late signers (i.e. are born to hearing
parents), but such a deficit is due to the delay in language learning, not any
cognitive deficit, and therefore disappears once the child learns sign
language.  [87]
#  Culture
#  Coaching
Early precursors  

Research on the early precursors of theory of mind has invented ways to
observe preverbal infants' understanding of other people's mental states,
including perception and beliefs. Using a variety of experimental procedures,
studies show that infants from their first year of life have an implicit
understanding of what other people see  [79]  and what they know.  [80]  [81]
A popular paradigm used to study infants' theory of mind is the violation-of-
expectation procedure, which exploits infants' tendency to look longer at
unexpected and surprising events compared to familiar and expected events. The
amount of time they look at an event gives researchers an indication of what
infants might be inferring, or their implicit understanding of events. One
study using this paradigm found that 16-month-olds tend to attribute beliefs
to a person whose visual perception was previously witnessed as being
"reliable", compared to someone whose visual perception was "unreliable".
Specifically, 16-month-olds were trained to expect a person's excited
vocalization and gaze into a container to be associated with finding a toy in
the reliable-looker condition or an absence of a toy in the unreliable-looker
condition. Following this training phase, infants witnessed, in an object-
search task, the same persons searching for a toy either in the correct or
incorrect location after they both witnessed the location of where the toy was
hidden. Infants who experienced the reliable looker were surprised and
therefore looked longer when the person searched for the toy in the incorrect
location compared to the correct location. In contrast, the looking time for
infants who experienced the unreliable looker did not differ for either search
locations. These findings suggest that 16-month-old infants can differentially
attribute beliefs about a toy's location based on the person's prior record of
visual perception.  [82]
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*  Folk biology  /  taxonomy 
*  Folk psychology  /  theory of mind
*  Intelligence 
*  Flynn effect 
*  Wason selection task 
*  Motor control  /  skill 
*  Multitasking 
*  Sleep 
*  Visual perception 
*  Color vision 
*  Eye 
*  Naïve physics 

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*  Literary criticism 
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*  Language 
*  Origin 
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#  Podcasts
In neurotypical people  

Research on theory of mind in  autism  led to the
view that mentalizing abilities are subserved by dedicated mechanisms that
can—in some cases—be impaired while general cognitive function remains largely
intact.

 Neuroimaging  research supports this
view, demonstrating specific brain regions are consistently engaged during
theory of mind tasks.  Positron emission tomography
 (PET)
research on theory of mind, using verbal and pictorial story comprehension
tasks, identifies a set of brain regions including the  medial prefrontal
cortex  (mPFC), and area around
posterior  superior temporal sulcus  (pSTS), and sometimes  precuneus
 and  amygdala  / 
temporopolar cortex  .  [116]
[117]  Research on the neural basis of theory of mind has diversified, with
separate lines of research focusing on the understanding of beliefs,
intentions, and more complex properties of minds such as psychological traits.

Studies from  Rebecca Saxe  's lab at
MIT, using a false-belief versus false-photograph task contrast aimed at
isolating the mentalizing component of the false-belief task, have
consistently found activation in the mPFC, precuneus, and temporoparietal
junction (TPJ), right-lateralized.  [118]  [119]  In particular, Saxe et al.
proposed that the right TPJ (  rTPJ  ) is selectively
###  The cosmology of Humanity Awareness
*  Desire 
*  Fantasy 
*  Hormonal motivation 
*  Jealousy 
*  Mate guarding 
*  Mating preferences 
*  Mating strategies 
*  Orientation 
*  Epigenetic theories of homosexuality 
*  Environmental factors 
*  Fraternal birth order 
*  Gender incongruence 
*  Neuroscience 
*  Prenatal hormones 
*  Ovulatory shift hypothesis 
*  Pair bond 
*  Physical  /  Sexual attraction 
*  Sexuality  /  male  /  female 
*  Sexy son hypothesis 
*  Westermarck effect 

 Sex differences  |

*  Aggression 
*  Autism 
*  Cognition 
*  Crime
See also  

*  Attribution bias 
*  Cephalopod intelligence 
*  Cetacean intelligence 
*  Eliminative materialism 
*  Empathy 
*  Grounding in communication 
*  Intentional stance 
*  Joint attention 
*  Mental body 
*  Mentalization 
*  Mini-SEA 
*  Origin of language 
*  Perspective-taking 
*  Quantum mind 
*  Relational frame theory 
*  Self-awareness 
*  Social neuroscience 
*  Embodied cognition 
*  Space mapping 
* _ The Mind of an Ape  _
*  Turing test 
*  Type physicalism 
*  Interpersonal accuracy
Awareness is a relative  concept  . It may be
focused on an internal state, such as a visceral feeling, or on external
events by way of sensory perception.  [3]  It is analogous to sensing
something, a process distinguished from observing and perceiving (which
involves a basic process of acquainting with the items we perceive).  [4]
Awareness or "to sense" can be described as something that occurs when the
brain is activated in certain ways, such as when the color red is what is seen
once the  retina  is stimulated by  light waves
 .  [4]  This  conceptualization
 "Conceptualization
\(information science\)") is posited amid the difficulty in developing an
analytic definition of awareness or sensory awareness.  [4]
##  Neuroscience
False-belief task  

One of the most important milestones in theory of mind development is the
ability to attribute _false belief_ : in other words, to understand that other
people can believe things which are not true. To do this, it is suggested, one
must understand how knowledge is formed, that people's beliefs are based on
their knowledge, that mental states can differ from reality, and that people's
behavior can be predicted by their mental states. Numerous versions of false-
belief task have been developed, based on the initial task created by Wimmer
and Perner (1983).  [63]

In the most common version of the false-belief task (often called the  Sally-
Anne test  ), children are
told a story about Sally and Anne. Sally has a marble, which she places into
her basket, and then leaves the room. While she is out of the room, Anne takes
the marble from the basket and puts it into the box. The child being tested is
then asked where Sally will look for the marble once she returns. The child
passes the task if she answers that Sally will look in the basket, where Sally
put the marble; the child fails the task if she answers that Sally will look
in the box. To pass the task, the child must be able to understand that
another's mental representation of the situation is different from their own,
and the child must be able to predict behavior based on that understanding.
[64]  Another example depicts a boy who leaves chocolate on a shelf and then
leaves the room. His mother puts it in the fridge. To pass the task, the child
must understand that the boy, upon returning, holds the false belief that his
chocolate is still on the shelf.  [65]

The results of research using false-belief tasks have been fairly consistent:
The survival of our species depends on the adoption of a new worldview,
according to  Richard Barrett 
. This emerging worldview is called humanity awareness, representing a
collective shift towards the self-actualizing stage of human development. This
worldview emphasizes finding meaning and purpose through the exploration of
our natural gifts and talents, with an approach to problem-solving that is
holistic and systemic, and efforts focused on system-wide changes. In this
blog post, we will explore how humanity awareness can contribute to
sustainability.
Retrieved from " 
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Awareness&oldid=1213271279
 "
Â· Â Â Â Focus on competence and creativity
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Evolutionary
Pathways
#  Description of Worldviews
*  Neural correlates of consciousness 
*  Neurophenomenology 
*  Ontology 
*  Phenomenology  "Phenomenology \(philosophy\)")
*  Philosophical zombie 
*  Philosophy of mind 
*  Primary consciousness 
*  Problem of other minds 
*  Qualia 
*  Quantum mind 
*  Reentry  "Reentry \(neural circuitry\)")
*  Sakshi  "Sakshi \(witness\)")
* _ Purusha  _
*  Secondary consciousness 
*  Sentience 
*  Sentiocentrism 
*  Sociology of human consciousness 
*  Soul 
*  Stream of consciousness  "Stream of consciousness \(psychology\)")
*  Subconscious 
*  Subjective character of experience 
*  Subjectivity and objectivity  "Subjectivity and objectivity \(philosophy\)")
*  Unconscious mind 
*  Unconsciousness 
*  Upanishads 
*  Visual masking 
*  Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation 
*  Yogachara
About The
Academy
##  Understanding humanity awareness
Covert awareness is the knowledge of something without knowing it. The word
covert means not openly shown, engaged in.  [31]  Some patients with specific
 brain damage  are for example unable to
tell if a pencil is horizontal or vertical.  [32]  Patients who are clinically
in a vegetative state (show no awareness of their surroundings) are found to
have no awareness but they are able to sometimes detect covert awareness with
neuro imaging (fMRI). The presence of awareness is clinically measured by the
ability to follow commands -either verbally, or behaviorally. Awareness was
detected by asking participants to imagine hitting a tennis ball and to
imagine walking from room to room in their house while in the scanner. Using
this technique, a patient who fulfilled all of the clinical criteria for the
vegetative state was shown to be covertly aware and able to willfully respond
to commands by looking at their brain activity.  [33]
"Aware" redirects here. For other uses, see  Aware (disambiguation)
 "Aware \(disambiguation\)") .
Schizophrenia  

Individuals diagnosed with  schizophrenia  can show deficits in theory of mind. Mirjam Sprong and
colleagues investigated the impairment by examining 29 different studies, with
a total of over 1500 participants.  [106]  This  meta-analysis  showed significant and stable deficit of theory of
mind in people with schizophrenia. They performed poorly on false-belief
tasks, which test the ability to understand that others can hold false beliefs
about events in the world, and also on intention-inference tasks, which assess
the ability to infer a character's intention from reading a short story.
Schizophrenia patients with  negative symptoms  , such as lack of emotion, motivation, or speech, have
the most impairment in theory of mind and are unable to represent the mental
states of themselves and of others. Paranoid schizophrenic patients also
perform poorly because they have difficulty accurately interpreting others'
intentions. The meta-analysis additionally showed that IQ, gender, and age of
the participants do not significantly affect the performance of theory of mind
tasks.  [106]

Research suggests that impairment in theory of mind negatively affects
clinical insight—the patient's awareness of their mental illness.  [107]
Insight requires theory of mind; a patient must be able to adopt a third-
person perspective and see the self as others do.  [108]  A patient with good
insight can accurately self-represent, by comparing himself with others and by
viewing himself from the perspective of others.  [107]  Insight allows a
patient to recognize and react appropriately to his symptoms. A patient who
lacks insight does not realize that he has a mental illness, because of his
Aging  

In older age, theory of mind capacities decline, irrespective of how exactly
they are tested.  [55]  However, the decline in other cognitive functions is
even stronger, suggesting that social cognition is better preserved. In
contrast to theory of mind, empathy shows no impairments in aging.  [56]  [57]

There are two kinds of theory of mind representations: cognitive (concerning
mental states, beliefs, thoughts, and intentions) and affective (concerning
the emotions of others). Cognitive theory of mind is further separated into
first order (e.g., I think she thinks that) and second order (e.g. he thinks
that she thinks that). There is evidence that cognitive and affective theory
of mind processes are functionally independent from one another.  [58]  In
studies of Alzheimer's disease, which typically occurs in older adults,
patients display impairment with second order cognitive theory of mind, but
usually not with first order cognitive or affective theory of mind. However,
it is difficult to discern a clear pattern of theory of mind variation due to
age. There have been many discrepancies in the data collected thus far, likely
due to small sample sizes and the use of different tasks that only explore one
aspect of theory of mind. Many researchers suggest that theory of mind
impairment is simply due to the normal decline in cognitive function.  [59]
*  Consolidation 
*  Encoding  "Encoding \(memory\)")
*  Storage  "Storage \(memory\)")
*  Recall  "Recall \(memory\)")
##  Self-awareness
their parents much during early years of development tend to score lower on
theory of mind tasks.  [40]

Another explanation of the relationship between language and theory of mind
development has to do with a child's understanding of mental-state words such
as "think" and "believe". Since a mental state is not something that one can
observe from behavior, children must learn the meanings of words denoting
mental states from verbal explanations alone, requiring knowledge of the
syntactic rules, semantic systems, and pragmatics of a language.  [38]
Studies have shown that understanding of these mental state words predicts
theory of mind in four-year-olds.  [41]

A third hypothesis is that the ability to distinguish a whole sentence ("Jimmy
thinks the world is flat") from its embedded complement ("the world is flat")
and understand that one can be true while the other can be false is related to
theory of mind development. Recognizing these complements as being independent
of one another is a relatively complex syntactic skill and correlates with
increased scores on theory of mind tasks in children.  [42]

There is also evidence that the areas of the brain responsible for language
and theory of mind are closely connected. The  temporoparietal junction
 (TPJ) is involved
in the ability to acquire new vocabulary, as well as to perceive and reproduce
words. The TPJ also contains areas that specialize in recognizing faces,
voices, and biological motion, and in theory of mind. Since all of these areas
are located so closely together, it is reasonable to suspect that they work
together. Studies have reported an increase in activity in the TPJ when
patients are absorbing information through reading or images regarding other
peoples' beliefs but not while observing information about physical control
stimuli.  [43]
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#  E-Learning
Outside of  neuroscience  biologists, 
Humberto Maturana  and 
Francisco Varela  contributed
their  Santiago theory of cognition  in which they wrote:  [24]
Look up _** awareness  ** _ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
#  About Richard Barrett
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*  Inclusive 
*  Kin selection 
*  Mismatch 
*  Natural selection 
*  Parental investment 
*  Parent–offspring conflict 
*  Sexual selection 
*  Costly signaling
interpreted as an ongoing act inseparable from its current and historical
context and in which  a radically functional approach to truth and meaning
 is adopted. As a variant of contextualism,
RFT focuses on the construction of practical, scientific knowledge. This
scientific form of contextual psychology is virtually synonymous with the
philosophy of operant psychology.  [26]
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