Name  |  Description
---|---
 Action bias  |  The tendency for someone
to act when faced with a problem even when inaction would be more effective,
or to act when no evident problem exists.  [88]  [89]
 Additive bias  |  The tendency to
solve problems through addition, even when subtraction is a better approach.
[90]  [91]
 Attribute substitution  |  Occurs when a judgment has to be made (of a target
attribute) that is computationally complex, and instead a more easily
calculated heuristic attribute is substituted. This substitution is thought of
as taking place in the automatic intuitive judgment system, rather than the
more self-aware reflective system.
 Curse of knowledge  |  When
better-informed people find it extremely difficult to think about problems
from the perspective of lesser-informed people.  [92]
 Declinism  |  The predisposition to view the
past favorably (  rosy retrospection  ) and future negatively.  [93]
 End-of-history illusion  |  The age-independent belief that one will change less in the
future than one has in the past.  [94]
Exaggerated expectation  |  The tendency to expect or predict more extreme
outcomes than those outcomes that actually happen.  [5]
Form function attribution bias  |  In  human–robot interaction
 , the
tendency of people to make systematic errors when interacting with a robot.
People may base their expectations and perceptions of a robot on its
appearance (form) and attribute functions which do not necessarily mirror the
true functions of the robot.  [95]
Fundamental pain bias  |  The tendency for people to believe they accurately
report their own pain levels while holding the paradoxical belief that others
exaggerate it.  [96]
Hedonic recall bias  |  The tendency for people who are satisfied with their
wage to overestimate how much they earn, and vice versa, for people who are
unsatisfied with their wage to underestimate it.  [97]
 Hindsight bias  |  Sometimes called
the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect, or the "Hindsight is 20/20" effect, is the
tendency to see past events as having been predictable  [98]  before they
happened.
 Impact bias  |  The tendency to
overestimate the length or the intensity of the impact of future feeling
states.  [46]
 Information bias  "Information bias
\(psychology\)") |  The tendency to seek information even when it cannot
affect action.  [99]
Interoceptive bias or  Hungry judge effect  |  The tendency for sensory input about the body itself
to affect one's judgement about external, unrelated circumstances. (As for
example, in parole judges who are more lenient when fed and rested.)  [100]
[101]  [102]  [103]
 Money illusion  |  The tendency to
concentrate on the nominal value (face value) of money rather than its value
in terms of purchasing power.  [104]
 Moral credential effect  |
Occurs when someone who does something good gives themselves permission to be
less good in the future.
 Non-adaptive choice switching ") |  After experiencing a bad outcome with a decision
problem, the tendency to avoid the choice previously made when faced with the
same decision problem again, even though the choice was optimal. Also known as
"once bitten, twice shy" or "hot stove effect".  [105]
 Mere exposure effect  or
familiarity principle (in social psychology)  |  The tendency to express undue
liking for things merely because of familiarity with them.  [106]
 Omission bias  |  The tendency to
judge harmful actions (commissions) as worse, or less moral, than equally
harmful inactions (omissions).  [107]
 Optimism bias  |  The tendency to be
over-optimistic, underestimating greatly the probability of undesirable
outcomes and overestimating favorable and pleasing outcomes (see also 
wishful thinking  ,  valence
effect  ,  positive outcome bias
 , and compare  pessimism bias
 ).  [108]  [109]
 Ostrich effect  |  Ignoring an
obvious negative situation.
 Outcome bias  |  The tendency to judge a
decision by its eventual outcome instead of the quality of the decision at the
time it was made.
 Pessimism bias  |  The tendency for
some people, especially those with  depression
 , to overestimate
the likelihood of negative things happening to them. (compare  optimism bias
 )
 Present bias  |  The tendency of people
to give stronger weight to payoffs that are closer to the present time when
considering trade-offs between two future moments.  [110]
 Plant blindness  |  The tendency
to ignore plants in their environment and a failure to recognize and
appreciate the utility of plants to life on earth.  [111]
 Prevention bias ") |  When investing money to protect
against risks, decision makers perceive that a dollar spent on prevention buys
more security than a dollar spent on timely detection and response, even when
investing in either option is equally effective.  [112]
 Probability matching  |
Sub-optimal matching of the probability of choices with the probability of
reward in a stochastic context.
 Pro-innovation bias  |
The tendency to have an excessive optimism towards an invention or
innovation's usefulness throughout society, while often failing to identify
its limitations and weaknesses.
 Projection bias  |  The tendency
to overestimate how much one's future selves will share one's current
preferences, thoughts and values, thus leading to sub-optimal choices.  [113]
[114]  [115]
 Proportionality bias  |
Our innate tendency to assume that big events have big causes, may also
explain our tendency to accept conspiracy theories.  [116]  [117]
 Recency illusion  |  The
illusion that a phenomenon one has noticed only recently is itself recent.
Often used to refer to linguistic phenomena; the illusion that a word or
language usage that one has noticed only recently is an innovation when it is,
in fact, long-established (see also  frequency illusion  ). Also  recency
bias  is a  cognitive bias
 that favors recent events over
historic ones. A  memory bias  , recency
bias gives "greater importance to the most recent event",  [118]  such as the
final lawyer's closing argument a jury hears before being dismissed to
deliberate.
Systematic bias  |  Judgement that arises when targets of differentiating
judgement become subject to effects of regression that are not equivalent.
[119]
 Risk compensation  or 
Peltzman effect  |  The tendency to
take greater risks when perceived safety increases.
 Surrogation  |  Losing sight of the
strategic construct that a measure is intended to represent, and subsequently
acting as though the measure is the construct of interest.
 Teleological Bias
") |  The tendency to engage in overgeneralized
ascriptions of purpose to entities and events that did not arise from goal-
directed action, design, or selection based on functional effects.  [120]
[121]
 Turkey illusion  |  Absence of
expectation of sudden trend breaks in continuous developments
 Unconscious bias  or implicit
bias  |  The underlying attitudes and stereotypes that people unconsciously
attribute to another person or group of people that affect how they understand
and engage with them. Many researchers suggest that unconscious bias occurs
automatically as the brain makes quick judgments based on past experiences and
background.  [122]
Unit bias  |  The standard suggested amount of consumption (e.g., food serving
size) is perceived to be appropriate, and a person would consume it all even
if it is too much for this particular person.  [123]
Value selection bias  |  The tendency to rely on existing numerical data when
reasoning in an unfamiliar context, even if calculation or numerical
manipulation is required.  [124]  [125]
 Weber–Fechner law  |
Difficulty in comparing small differences in large quantities.
 Women are wonderful effect  |  A tendency to associate more positive attributes with
women than with men.