mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
where  \\(p(v_i,v_j,w_t, t)\\)  is the weighted shortest path, starting from
node  \\(v_i\\)  at time _t_ to the most accessible version of node  \\(v_j\\)
over time.  \\(t \in [1,\ldots ,T]\\)  is the set of time points that node
\\(v_i\\)  is active (or communicated). _n_ is the number of finite
\\(p(v_i,v_j,w_t,t)\\)  values e.g.,  \\(p(A,D, w_t, t_1) = 1~~(i.e., v_{A1},
v_{A2}, v_{D2})\\)  in Fig.  1  .
The weight  \\(w_t\\)  equals the time difference between nodes at a given
path. Consequently, the  \\(P_{in}(v_i)\\)  and  \\(P_{out}(v_i)\\)  are
calculated as formulated in Eq. (  4
 ):
* Wang L, Geng X, Ma X, Liu F, Yang Q (2018) Crowd flow prediction by deep spatio-temporal transfer learning. arXiv preprint  arXiv:1802.00386
Carroll, R. (2015). _Too Rich to Get Sick? Disneyland Measles Outbreak
Reflects Anti-vaccination Trend. The Guardian_ . Available at: 
http://www.theguardian.com  [accessed February 6,
2015].
####  In-depth analysis of schoolyard data
Volume 6 - 2015 |   https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00888
*  École Polytechnique massacre  – the second deadliest mass shooting in Canada, which was also motivated by misogyny  [109]
*  Crime in Toronto 
*  Controversial Reddit communities  , which includes the  subreddits  /r/incels and /r/braincels, both of which are since banned for condoning violence, rape, and harassment towards women; the latter subreddit was created to circumvent the ban of the former
*  2020 Nova Scotia attacks  – the deadliest mass shooting in Canada
*  Toronto machete attack  – a terrorist attack in Toronto that was also motivated by misogyny
*  London, Ontario truck attack  – a 2021 vehicle-ramming attack that targeted and killed four Muslims and injured a fifth
|  Linear Unit
The  Toronto subway  and  bus
services  in the area were immediately closed or rerouted by the
 Toronto Transit Commission  (TTC).  [23]  Parts of Yonge Street were cordoned off
until late on April 24, 2018, for the police investigation.  [79]  [19]  Civic
buildings in the area were closed late April 23 and remained closed throughout
April 24. Area businesses were allowed to remain open, but in areas of
pedestrian deaths, those fronting on Yonge Street were allowed access from
only the rear entrances.  [80]  Many businesses in the most affected areas
chose to close down for all of April 24, while some opened at different times
of the afternoon of April 24. The area was fully open and transit services
resumed by April 25.
The attack is characterized as  misogynist terrorism
 because it was motivated
by revenge for perceived sexual and  social rejection
 by women. At the time of his
arrest, Minassian described himself as an  incel  to
the police and in prior  social media 
postings, and described the attack as the continuation of an "incel
rebellion", started by the late  Elliot Rodger
 .  [11]
Minassian pleaded  not criminally responsible
 to the 10
counts of first-degree murder and 16 counts of attempted murder in November
2020, but was found to be guilty on all counts in March 2021.  [12]  Anne
Molloy, the judge of the case, said that "working out his exact motivation for
this attack is  ... close to impossible" but that she "was inclined to accept"
assessments by multiple expert witnesses that Minassian likely lied to the
police and that notoriety was his main motivation, although misogyny or incel
ideology may have played a role.  [13]  On June 13, 2022, Minassian was
sentenced to  life in prison  with no
possibility of parole for 25 years.  [14]
##  Usage
Label  |  Explanation  |  Data Type
---|---|---
33°18′49″N  44°30′43″E  ﻿ / ﻿  33.3137°N 44.512°E  ﻿ /  33.3137; 44.512  ﻿ (
Airstrike of 2007-07-12  )
###  Results and discussion
#####  In this topic
Maedeh Nasri & Carolien Rieffe
Increasing public awareness about the potential impact of social networks on
individuals and society has led to an interest in understanding how these
networks function, and how individuals are positioned in their social
contexts. In an effort to investigate the structure of these networks, a
considerable body of research literature has developed around the theme of
social network analysis (SNA) (Lusher et al.  2010
 The application of social network analysis to team sports. Measu Phys
Educ Exerc Sci 14\(4\):211–224") ; Li et al.  2022

Social network analysis on tourists’ perceived image of tropical forest park:
implications for niche tourism. SAGE Open 12\(1\):21582440211067244") ; Valeri
and Baggio  2020  Social network analysis: organizational implications in
tourism management. Int J Org Anal 29\(2\):342–353") ; Redondo et al.  2020
 A hybrid analysis of LBSN data
to early detect anomalies in crowd dynamics. Future Gener Comput Syst
109:83–94") ). The availability of wearable technologies that allow for the
collection of fine-grained data from daily activities, advances in data
analysis techniques and computational tools, and the need to understand the
dynamics of social networks in various fields such as sociology, sports
science, and healthcare, have all contributed to increased interest in SNA.
SNA involves a collection of tools that adopt graph theory to perform
extensive computational techniques that ultimately identify connection
patterns among members of a community (Barnes and Harary  1983

Graph theory in network analysis. Soc Netw 5\(2\):235–244") ). For instance, a
static representation graph accumulates relationships between individuals in
an episode, calculates static metrics such as centrality measures (e.g.,
closeness centrality (Bavelas  1950

Communication patterns in task-oriented groups. J Acoust Soc Am
22\(6\):725–730") )), and estimates the role of any given node (or individual)
in the static representation of that network.
The name of the output feature service.
Canadian van attacks in Toronto
Maximum Trace Depth
Mel Lastman Square
 in June 2015
6. Carolien Rieffe
Alexander Koutamanis
##  REVIEW article
However, a static representation graph eliminates all temporal details, such
as the frequency of events and time difference between subsequent events, when
this temporal information might include important information about the nature
of the interactions at stake (Kostakos  2009
 Temporal
graphs. Phys A Stat Mech Appl 388\(6\):1007–1023") ). It also does not take
into account any spatial relationships featured within those interactions.
Attack location (Canada)
Alek Minassian
##  Attack
*  Tel Aviv truck  (May 2011)
*  Kashgar  (July 2011)
*  Tel Aviv nightclub  (August 2011)
*  Woolwich  (May 2013)
*  Beijing  (October 2013)
*  Taipei  (January 2014)
*  Urumqi  (May 2014)
*  Isla Vista  (May 2014)
*  Jerusalem tractor  (August 2014)
*  Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu  (October 2014)
*  Jerusalem  (October 2014)
*  Jerusalem  (November 2014)
*  Dijon  (December 2014)
*  Nantes  (December 2014)
*  Graz  (June 2015)
*  Oklahoma  (October 2015)
*  Nice  (July 2016)
*  Ohio  (November 2016)
*  Berlin  (December 2016)
*  Jerusalem  (January 2017)
*  Melbourne  (January 2017)
*  Westminster  (March 2017)
*  Stockholm  (April 2017)
*  Times Square  (May 2017)
*  London Bridge  (June 2017)
*  Finsbury Park  (June 2017)
*  Paris  (June 2017)
*  Levallois-Perret  (August 2017)
*  Charlottesville  (August 2017)
*  Sept-Sorts  (August 2017)
*  Barcelona  (August 2017)
*  Edmonton  (September 2017)
*  NYC  (October 2017)
*  Melbourne  (December 2017)
*  Munster  (April 2018)
* Toronto  (April 2018)
*  Westminster  (August 2018)
*  Tajikistan  (July 2018)
*  Mishui  (September 2018)
*  Tokyo  (January 2019)
*  Zaoyang  (March 2019)
*  Gush Etzion  (August 2019)
On April 24, 2018, Minassian appeared without a lawyer before the  Ontario
Court of Justice 
in a Toronto courthouse, shackled and wearing a white prison jumpsuit. He was
charged with 10 counts of  first degree murder
 and 13 counts of  attempted murder
 and ordered not to contact any of
the alleged attempted murder victims.  [40]  [63]  His father, Vahe Minassian,
attended the hearing. He told reporters that he had not spoken to his son.
[64]  Minassian was charged with three additional counts of attempted murder
on May 10: a total of 16 counts.  [65]  He later retained Toronto criminal
defence lawyer  Boris Bytensky
") to represent him.  [66]  His trial was initially
scheduled for February 10, 2020,  [67]  later moved to March 2,  [68]  and
later moved to April 6, but was postponed again because of the  COVID-19
pandemic in Toronto  to November.  [11]  [69]
PubMed Abstract

|  CrossRef Full Text  |
 Google Scholar
”:+perceived+expertise+and+motives+as+predictors+of+trust+in+assessment+of+risk+from+contaminated+land.&journal=Risk+Anal.&volume=29&pages=288-297)
3. Yung-Ting Tsou
Distance Method
Output Coordinate System  ,  Extent  ,  Current Workspace
arXiv:1109.2378
spatial_search_distance
A single police officer in traffic control capacity,  [22]   Toronto Police
Service  constable Ken
Lam, intercepted the damaged van, which was stopped on the north sidewalk on
Poyntz Avenue, just west of Yonge Street and two blocks south of  Sheppard
Avenue  , about 2.3 kilometres (1.4
mi) south of where the attack began. Lam stopped his  unmarked cruiser
 near the van and confronted the
suspected driver, later identified as Alek Minassian, standing near the opened
driver-side door.  [18]  [23]
Specifies the entities of interest.
2020s  |
Attack began
|  Boolean
7,7K
Google Scholar
.+Available+at:+https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-
publications/cam02+\[accessed+March+28,+2015\].)
The attack started at the intersection of Yonge Street and  Finch Avenue
 and proceeded south along the sidewalks
of Yonge Street to near  Sheppard Avenue  . Nine of the eleven killed were women.  [8]  [9]  The perpetrator,
Alek Minassian, was arrested just south of the crime scene, after leaving the
van and reportedly attempting to commit  suicide by cop
 . The arrest was made at 1:32  p.m.
 EDT  , seven minutes
after the first  9-1-1  call was made.  [10]
###  Derived Output
Wikisource  has a complete transcript of:
* Accepted  :  03 July 2023
As Table  5  shows, the
performance of linkage methods was inconsistent across different metrics and
evaluation scores. Yet, the ‘complete’ linkage obtained the highest score in
more assessments compared with the ‘average’ and ‘group average’ methods.
However, it is important to note that the performance of different linkage
methods can vary depending on the specific dataset and the nature of the
underlying data. Therefore, to optimize clustering performance, the linkage
method could be defined as a hyperparameter and optimized specifically per
dataset. In the present study, we adopted the result of the ‘complete’ linkage
matrix to conduct the analysis on the schoolyard dataset in the next sections
of the analysis.
##  Reactions
_Applied Network Science_  ** volume  8 ** , Article number:  50  (
2023  )  Cite this article
###  Location-based social network (LBSN) analysis
_Calinski–Harabasz score_ (Caliński and Harabasz  1974
 A dendrite method for cluster analysis. Commun Stat Theory Methods
3\(1\):1–27") ) is the ratio between the within-cluster dispersion and the
between-cluster dispersion, and is defined as follows:
The eleven victims killed in the attack were:
See also:  July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike § Leaked video footage
* You can use the optional  Output Tracks  parameter to create a layer that contains the first trace event and all subsequent features for that entity. These results are helpful for visualizing where entities travelled and can be used in the  Reconstruct Tracks   tool. The  Output Tracks  parameter will include the following fields:
include_tracks_layer
###  Schoolyard dataset
Playgroups PG-1 and PG-2 were children from junior and senior grades,
respectively, who were assigned to designated playgrounds. As shown in Fig. 
3  , PG-1 used areas I, II, and
III, which included a soccer field, bench, climbing structure, and sandpit.
PG-2 spent recess time in areas IV and V, where a bench, table tennis,
climbing frame, and soccer field were located. Before starting each break,
children were asked to wear a belt with a mounted proximity tag and a GPS
logger. The proximity tags detected face-to-face contacts, and the GPS loggers
recorded the geographic locations of the users. Specifications for the
datasets are described in Table  4
 . In addition to sensor data,
video recordings and field observation were conducted simultaneously to gain
insight into psychological aspects of children’s interactions and social
behavior. Parental informed consent was obtained before conducting the data
collection. Approval for the study was obtained from the Leiden University
Ethical Committee.
Graphs are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between
objects. In this structure, objects are represented as nodes that are
connected by edges (West  2001  Introduction to graph theory, vol 2. Prentice Hall,
Upper Saddle River") ). In order to preserve temporal information via graph
representations, Kostakos (  2009  Temporal graphs. Phys A Stat Mech Appl
388\(6\):1007–1023") ) introduced the idea of temporal graphs. In this
representation, contrary to static representations, the temporal relationship
between nodes, and the position of each node in the temporal context of the
entire network, is preserved. According to Kostakos (  2009
 Temporal
graphs. Phys A Stat Mech Appl 388\(6\):1007–1023") ), a temporal graph is
constructed in three steps:
#  Trace Proximity Events (GeoAnalytics)
*   Canada 
*   Ontario 
* .svg)  Human sexuality
") ), social event detection (Afyouni et al.  2022  Deep-Eware: spatio-temporal social event detection using a hybrid learning model. J Big Data 9\(1\):86") ; Nasri et al.  2023  A GNN-based architecture for group detection from spatio-temporal trajectory data. In: Proceedings of the advances in intelligent data analysis \(p XXI\)") ), and financially aware social network analysis (Ruan et al.  2019  Soft computing model based financial aware spatiotemporal social network analysis and visualization for smart cities. Comput Environ Urban Syst 77:101268") ). Although the performance of deep models for extracting spatio-temporal features has appeared promising, these models require a huge amount of representative data to learn about generalizable spatio-temporal embeddings. Therefore, these methods are hardly applicable for small datasets in which the duration of data assessments and the number of users is limited. In addition, collecting large-scale data from certain populations (e.g., patients in a hospital or children in a playground) is often impossible because of privacy protection concerns. Therefore, analyzing spatial patterns over time via classical pattern mining techniques has been the focus of many studies in domains such as animal revisitation analysis (Bracis et al.  2018  Revisitation analysis uncovers spatio-temporal patterns in animal movement data. Ecography 41\(11\):1801–1811") ), disease spread patterns (Yie et al.  2021  Using social network analysis to identify spatiotemporal spread patterns of COVID-19 around the world: online dashboard development. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18\(5\):2461") ), and the tourism industry (Liu et al.  2022  Cluster analysis of microscopic spatio-temporal patterns of tourists’ movement behaviors in mountainous scenic areas using open GPS-trajectory data. Tour Manag 93:104614") ; Baratchi et al.  2013  Finding frequently visited paths: dealing with the uncertainty of spatio-temporal mobility data. In: 2013 IEEE eighth international conference on intelligent sensors, sensor networks and information processing \(pp 479–484\). IEEE") ). This line of research often involves extracting time domain features (e.g., residence time, the time between visits) and applying a downstream task to the extracted features, such as clustering and prediction.
Retrieved from " 
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saeed_Chmagh&oldid=1210709214
 "
##  Developing an Educational Strategy
#Torontostrong memorial
in Olive Square, North York, April 27, 2018
* If you want to calculate all proximity events and don't want to trace downstream from an entity of interest, use the  Join Features   tool.
*  Prague  (July 1973)
*  Ciurea  (July 1974)
Lighting at the  CN Tower  and the  3D Toronto
sign  at  Nathan Phillips Square
 were colourless and
dimmed for the evening of April 23, 2018. Flags were placed at  half-mast
 at most government locations in Toronto and 
surrounding municipalities  .  [95]
Furthermore, Kostakos (  2009  Temporal graphs. Phys A Stat Mech Appl
388\(6\):1007–1023") ) defined average geodesic proximity  \\(G(v_i,v_j)\\)
on a temporal graph as the measure of “on average, how many hops is node
\\(v_i\\)  away from node  \\(v_j\\)  ”. This metric is formulated as follows:
##  When There are Several Potential Causes
Most studies in LBSN analysis arose from the urban computing field and social
media networks analysis mainly due to the availability of large-scale
databases such as Foursquare, Twitter, Instagram, and Google Places (Liu et
al.  2019  Recommending attractive thematic regions by semantic
community detection with multi-sourced VGI data. Int J Geogr Inf Sci
33\(8\):1520–1544") ; Steiger et al.  2015
 An advanced systematic literature review on spatiotemporal
analyses of twitter data. Trans GIS 19\(6\):809–834") ; Advaith et al.  2020
 A proximity based community detection in temporal
graphs. In: Proceedings of the international conference on electronics,
computing and communication technologies \(CONECCT\), pp 1–6. IEEE") ; Rahmani
et al.  2022  A systematic analysis on the
impact of contextual information on point-of-interest recommendation. ACM
Trans Inf Syst \(TOIS\) 40\(4\):1–35") ). In this body of research, the
interdependency between spatial and social contacts lies in the co-presence of
two persons in the same physical locations, or the sharing of a similar
location history, common behavior, or activities. In these cases,
interdependency is implied from users’ location data without assessing face-
to-face interactions from individuals’ perspectives (Zheng  2011
 Location-
based social networks: users. In: Computing with Spatial Trajectories \(pp
243–276\). Springer, New York") ). The aim of this line of research is often
to design physical location (or activity) recommendation systems (Zheng et al.
 2010  Collaborative location and activity recommendations with
GPS history data. In: Proceedings of the international conference on world
wide web \(pp 1029–1038\)") ; Ding et al.  2018
 Objectives and state-of-the-art of location-based social network
recommender systems. ACM Comput Surv \(Csur\) 51\(1\):1–28") ; Rahmani et al.
 2020  Joint geographical and temporal
modeling based on matrix factorization for point-of-interest recommendation.
In: Proceedings of the European conference on information retrieval \(pp
205–219\). Springer, Berlin") ), travel planning (Yoon et al.  2010
 Smart itinerary recommendation based on user-generated GPS
trajectories. In: Proceedings of the international conference on the
ubiquitous intelligence and computing \(UIC\), pp 19–34. Springer, Berlin") ;
Vassakis et al.  2019 
Location-based social network data for tourism destinations. In: Big data and
innovation in tourism, travel, and hospitality: managerial approaches,
techniques, and applications \(pp 105–114\)") ), and marketing (Tussyadiah 
2012  A
concept of location-based social network marketing. J Travel Tour Mark
29\(3\):205–220") ) from accumulated spatial behavior, mainly by considering
similarity among users. In contrast, spatial information in the present study
is used as a descriptive machine learning model for the purpose of improving
performance of a downstream task, and for discovering more about the nature of
interactions, rather than for predicting social contacts or common interests.
Output Tracks
###  Code sample
*  2018 disasters in Canada 
*  2018 in Toronto 
*  2018 murders in Canada 
*  2018 road incidents 
*  2010s road incidents in North America 
*  Terrorist incidents in Canada in the 2010s 
*  2020s trials 
*  21st-century mass murder in North America 
*  April 2018 crimes in North America 
*  April 2018 events in Canada 
*  Attacks in Canada in 2018 
*  Incel-related violence 
*  Manosphere 
*  Mass murder in 2018 
*  Mass murder in Canada 
*  Massacres in 2018 
*  Massacres in Canada 
*  Massacres of women 
*  Murder in Ontario 
*  Murder trials 
*  North York 
*  Road incidents in Canada 
*  Trials in Canada 
*  Vehicular rampage in Canada 
*  Violence in Toronto 
*  Violence against women in Canada 
*  Women in Toronto
Copyright  © 2015 Matute, Blanco, Yarritu, Díaz-Lago, Vadillo and Barberia.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the  Creative
Commons Attribution License (CC BY)
 . The use, distribution or
reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or
licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is
cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or
reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Canada  [39]
Mel Lastman Square
1990s  |
##  Licensing information
PubMed Abstract

|  CrossRef Full Text 00158-4) |
 Google Scholar
TABLE 2
Achenbach, J. (2015). _Why Do Many Reasonable People Doubt Science? National
Geographic_ . Available at:  http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/
 [accessed March 28, 2015].
|   Vehicle-ramming attack  ,  mass murder 
Weapon  |   Chevrolet Express van 
Deaths  |  11 (including a victim who died in 2021)  [1]
Injured  |  15
Perpetrator  |  Alek Minassian
Motive  |   Misogynist terrorism  ,  revenge  for perceived sexual and 
social rejection 
Verdict  |   Guilty on all counts 
Convictions  |  10 counts of  first-degree murder
 "Homicide \(Canadian law\)") and 16 counts
of  attempted murder 
Sentence  |   Life imprisonment  with the possibility of  parole  after
25 years
This article is part of the Research Topic  Novel Approaches to Teaching
Scientific Thinking: Psychological Perspectives   View all 7 articles
##  Perpetrator
entities_interest_ids
Entity ID Field
Therefore, each node  \\(v_i\\)  in Fig.  1
 b is converted to a directed
chain of nodes  \\(v_{i,t}\\)  that represent all temporal instances of nodes
over time. Following this protocol, the temporal graph is generated as shown
in Fig.  1  c.
entities_interest_layer
* This page was last edited on 27 February 2024, at 23:57  (UTC)  .
* Text is available under the  Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0   ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the  Terms of Use  and  Privacy Policy  . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the  Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.  , a non-profit organization.
#  2018 Toronto van attack
2000s  |
**Fig. 6**
Furthermore, to better understand the impact of physical space in shaping
identified clusters, we extracted the GPS location of children per cluster
across one of the school breaks, and visualized the kernel density estimation
(KDE) of the GPS locations. KDE represents the distribution of GPS locations
using a continuous probability density curve in two dimensions. The result of
this analysis is depicted in Figs.  6
 and  7
 for PG-1 and PG-2, respectively.
####  Related topics
entities_of_interest_input_type
Learn more about sharing data to your portal
Show map of Toronto
##  Depression
Name  |  Explanation  |  Data Type
---|---|---
White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy.
(2002). _White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Policy_ . Final report (WHCCAM Report). Available at: 
http://www.whccamp.hhs.gov/pdfs/fr2002_document.pdf
 [accessed March 28,
2015].
Google Scholar
.+Available+at:+http://www.whccamp.hhs.gov/pdfs/fr2002_document.pdf+\[accessed+March+28,+2015\].)
##  Experiments
Toronto Police  arrived after the
van incident.