mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
missing_periodical "Help:CS1 errors") )
69. ** ^  ** Karpinksi, A; Steinman, RB (2006). "The single category implicit association test as a measure of implicit social cognition". _Journal of Personality and Social Psychology_ . **91** (1): 16–32.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.16  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  16834477  .
70. ** ^  ** Payne, K.; Cheng, C.M.; Govorun, O.; Stewart, B.D. (2005). "An inkblot for attitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement". _Journal of Personality and Social Psychology_ . **89** (3): 277–293.  CiteSeerX  "CiteSeerX \(identifier\)")  10.1.1.392.4775  .  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.277  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  16248714  .
71. ** ^  ** Correll, J (2014). "The Police Officer's Dilemma: A Decade of Research on Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot". _Social and Personality Psychology Compass_ . **8** (5): 201–213.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1111/spc3.12099  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  44055107  .
72. ** ^  ** Dasgupta, N.; Greenwald, A. G. (2001). "On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals". _Journal of Personality and Social Psychology_ . **81** (5): 800–814.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.800  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  11708558  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  6574372  .
73. ** ^  ** Van Bavel, J. J.; Cunningham, W. A. (2009). "Self-categorization with a novel mixed-race group moderates automatic social and racial biases". _Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin_ . **35** (3): 321–335.  CiteSeerX  "CiteSeerX \(identifier\)")  10.1.1.499.4157  .  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1177/0146167208327743  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  19098257  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  15986029  .
74. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Ogunnaike, O.; Dunham, Y.; Banaji, M. R. (2010). "The language of implicit preferences". _Journal of Experimental Social Psychology_ . **46** (6): 999–1003.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1016/j.jesp.2010.07.006  .
75. ** ^  ** Zadra, Jonathan; Proffitt, Dennis (2014).  "Implicit Associations Have a Circadian Rhythm"  . _PLOS ONE_ . **9** (11): e110149.  Bibcode  "Bibcode \(identifier\)") :  2014PLoSO...9k0149Z  .  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :   10.1371/journal.pone.0110149  .  PMC  "PMC \(identifier\)")  4217730  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  25365254  .
76. ** ^  ** Schofield, Timothy (2016).  "Time-of-day effects in implicit racial in-group preferences are likely selection effects, not circadian rhythms"  . _PeerJ_ . **4** : e1947.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :   10.7717/peerj.1947  .  PMC  "PMC \(identifier\)")  4841218  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  27114886  .
77. ** ^  **  Projectimplicit.net 
78. ** ^  ** Vedantam, Shankar (2005-01-23).  "See No Bias"  . _Washington Post_ . Retrieved  2008-10-10  .
79. ** ^  **  "Overcoming Prejudice"  .
July 26, 2017 at 4:42 pm
48.  **TM**
Ability to fake result  

The IAT has also demonstrated a reasonable amount of resistance to  social-
desirability bias 
. Individuals asked to fake their responses on the IAT have demonstrated
difficulty in doing so in some studies. For example, participants who were
asked to present a positive impression of themselves were able to do so on a 
self-report  measure of
 anxiety  but not an IAT measuring anxiety.  [59]
Nonetheless, faking is possible,  [60]  and recent research indicates that the
most effective method of faking the IAT is to intentionally slow down
responses for pairings that should be relatively easy. Most subjects, however,
do not discover this strategy on their own, so faking is relatively rare. An
algorithm developed to estimate IAT faking can identify those who are faking
with approximately 75% accuracy.  [61]

There is a recent study showing that participants can even speed up their
responses during the relatively difficult response pairings in an
autobiographical implicit association test that aims to test the veracity of
autobiographical statement. Specifically, participants who were instructed to
speed up their responses to fake the test were able to do so. The effect was
larger when participants were trained in speeding up. Most importantly, guilty
participants who speed up their responses during the difficult response
pairing successfully beat the test to obtain an innocent result. In other
words, participants can reverse their test outcome without being detected.
[62]
January 16, 2014 at 7:44 am
April 17, 2020 at 5:05 am
99.  **GB**
July 24, 2017 at 6:38 pm
####   BU Professors, Undergrads Adjust and Adapt as Grad Student Strike
Begins
July 24, 2017 at 6:27 pm
April 13, 2016 at 9:47 pm
July 16, 2020 at 6:36 am
14.  **Steve**
December 22, 2016 at 2:43 am
February 10, 2021 at 9:41 am
1.  **Logical male**
53.  **Elsbeth**
July 27, 2017 at 10:24 am
19. Horst Herb  says:
35.  **Janet Brickman**
June 28, 2021 at 3:59 pm
Culture versus person  

Another criticism of the IAT is that it may measure associations that are
picked up from cultural knowledge rather than associations actually residing
within a person.  [40]  The counter-argument is that such associations may
indeed arise from the culture, but they can nonetheless influence behavior.
[56]

To address the possibility that the IAT picks up on cultural knowledge rather
than beliefs that are present in a person, some critics of the standard IAT
created the personalized IAT.  [57]  The primary difference between a standard
valence IAT and the personalized IAT is that rather than using pleasant and
unpleasant words as category labels, it uses "I like" and "I don't like" as
category labels. Additionally, the Personalized IAT does not provide error
feedback for an incorrect response as in the standard IAT. This form of the
IAT is more strongly related to explicit self-report measures of bias.

Proponents of the standard IAT argue that the Personalized IAT increases the
likelihood that those taking it will evaluate the concept rather than classify
it.  [58]  This would increase its relationship with explicit measures without
necessarily removing the effect of cultural knowledge. In fact, some
researchers have examined the relationship between perceptions of general
American attitudes and Personalized IAT scores and have concluded that the
relationship between the IAT and cultural knowledge is not decreased by
personalizing it. However, it is important to note that there was no
relationship between cultural knowledge and standard IAT scores either.  [ _
citation needed   _ ]
46.  **Jeannette Thiviyarajan**
September 13, 2019 at 10:13 am
May 10, 2020 at 10:48 am
Photo credit: Unsplashed
Boston University’s Alumni Magazine
Thanks  Garnet Chan  for a very
insightful read.
Another commenter did do the reversed version informally, see 
https://www.bu.edu/articles/2014/bu-research-riddle-reveals-the-depth-of-
gender-bias/#comment-7240559  , the findings were
that the true reversed version:
November 21, 2019 at 9:05 pm
January 25, 2016 at 10:20 pm
1.  **Shahara M Ruth**
January 26, 2021 at 11:18 pm
41.  **Kapil**
3.  **Casey**
**To find a doctor, or a job, to use GP Desktop and Doctors Health, book and
track your CPD, and buy textbooks and guidelines, visit**  **doctorportal**
 **.**
January 16, 2014 at 9:22 am
57.  **Katsuro**
Apparently, most of people can’t solve this riddle because they’re unable to
imagine the surgeon is a woman. The surgeon is the boy’s mother. This is an
example of the  unconscious bias  that can
exist in the minds of people when it comes to women in medicine.
July 28, 2021 at 10:57 pm
January 16, 2014 at 8:14 am
50.  **Kelly**
1.  **really?**
April 3, 2020 at 11:21 pm
See also  

*  Association of ideas 
*  Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure 
*  Implicit stereotypes 
*  Indirect tests of memory 
*  Microaffirmation 
*  Microinequity 
*  Stroop effect 
*  Unconscious bias training
12. Sandra  says:
August 19, 2021 at 1:13 am
####   BU Graduate Workers Launch Strike with Rally, Picket Plans
Watching the Wheels – John Lennon
July 28, 2017 at 5:06 pm
April 24, 2020 at 9:38 am
June 8, 2016 at 10:59 am
Implicit cognition and measurement  

In 1995, social psychology researchers Anthony Greenwald and  Mahzarin Banaji
 asserted that the idea of 
implicit  and  explicit memory
 can apply to social constructs as
well.  [10]  If memories that are not accessible to awareness can influence
our actions, associations can also influence our attitudes and behavior. Thus,
measures that tap into individual differences in associations of concepts
should be developed. This would allow researchers to understand attitudes that
cannot be measured through explicit self-report methods due to lack of
awareness or  social-desirability bias  .  [1]  In essence, the purpose of the IAT was to
reliably assess individual differences in a manner producing large effect
sizes.  [11]  The first IAT article was published three years later in 1998.
[12]

Since its original publication date, the seminal IAT article has been cited
over 4,000 times,  [13]  making it one of the most influential psychological
developments over the past couple of decades.  [14]  Furthermore, several
variations in IAT procedure have been introduced to address test limitations,
[14]  while numerous applications of the IAT were also developed, including
versions investigating bias against obesity, suicide risk, romantic
attachment, attitudes regarding sexuality, and political preferences, among
others.  [3]  Finally, as is characteristic of any psychological
instrumentation, discussion and debate of the IAT's reliability and validity
has continued since its introduction, particularly because these factors vary
between different variations of the test.  [14]
March 10, 2022 at 12:51 pm
So, yes and no.
Link to the 2014 BU Study:  http://www.bu.edu/articles/2014/bu-research-
riddle-reveals-the-depth-of-gender-bias/
July 25, 2017 at 1:22 pm
Email or phone
May 6, 2021 at 12:04 pm
November 20, 2018 at 10:02 am
Everyone thinks so differently.
####   Does the United States Have the Clout to Alter Netanyahu’s Course in
Gaza?
March 5, 2023 at 1:39 pm
59.  **Rita Neill**
August 30, 2021 at 4:25 pm
My parents were both surgeons, as am I.
January 16, 2014 at 9:09 am
September 19, 2016 at 9:19 pm
April 3, 2020 at 11:10 pm
80.  **Shahidul Hasan**
Search BU Today…
` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `
Balance–congruity principle  

When two unlinked or weakly linked nodes are linked to the same third node,
the association between these two should strengthen. This is the principle of
balance–congruity. The nodes in the principle of balance–congruity are
equivalent to the concepts in Heider's balance theory, and the three involved
nodes/concepts make up a system. Since every relationship within the system
here is positively associated, this, according to a derivation of Heider's
theory, also represents a balanced system where the product of the direction
of all associations within the system is positive.  [37]
April 7, 2021 at 10:27 am
####   BU Falls to BC in Hockey East Championship
134.  **EBOZOO Dorothée**
September 19, 2015 at 5:30 pm
Construct validity  

The IAT is purported to measure relative strength of associations. However,
some researchers have asserted that the IAT may instead be measuring
constructs such as salience of attributes  [39]  or cultural knowledge.  [40]
March 9, 2015 at 12:28 pm
####   Women’s Lacrosse Opens Home Patriot League Play
What made imagining a surgeon mom so difficult? Gender schemas—generalizations
that help us explain our complex world and “don’t reflect personal values or
life experience,” says Wapman. (So having a surgeon mother doesn’t necessarily
mean you’ll propose that as the riddle’s solution.) “Schemas are very, very
powerful,” Belle says, adding that the studies’ results and the endurance of
gender stereotypes would not surprise Virginia Valian, a Hunter College
psychologist who has  noted
 how people
presented with the same CV for a man and a woman typically assume the man is
more competent.
Stereotype  

Stereotype IATs measure associations between concepts that often reflect the
strength to which a person holds a particular societal  stereotype
 . For example, the Gender-Science IAT reveals
that most people associate women more strongly with liberal arts and men more
strongly with science.  [25]  Similarly, the Gender-Career IAT indicates that
most people associate women more strongly with family and men more strongly
with careers. The Asian IAT shows that many people more strongly associate
Asian Americans with foreign landmarks and European Americans more strongly
with American landmarks. Some other stereotype IATs include the Weapons IAT
and the Native IAT.

The Implicit Association Test measures the strength of associations between
concepts and evaluations or stereotypes to reveal an individual’s hidden or
subconscious biases. People show an automatic preference for their ingroup.
Another example of stereotypical IAT is Racial IAT. In this test, one is asked
to associate images of black people with either good or bad and images of
white people with good or bad on various keyboard keys. Individuals often
respond more quickly to black and bad than to white and good. Therefore, it
has been discovered that there is a greater unconscious bias against black
individuals. For example, the scholarly article "Relations among the Implicit
Association Test, Discriminatory Behavior, and Explicit Measures of Racial
Attitudes" by Allen R. McConnell and Jill M. Leibold states " As predicted,
those who revealed stronger negative attitudes toward Blacks (vs Whites) on
the IAT had more negative social interactions with a Black (vs a White)
experimenter and reported relatively more negative Black prejudices on
explicit measures. The implications of these results for the IAT and its
relations to intergroup discrimination and to explicit measures of attitudes
are discussed."  [29]
December 2, 2021 at 2:43 pm
Awesome article,  Garnet  . It also
made me think if I’m an uninspiring middle aged man 😹
` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `
This changes the thinking pattern.
October 16, 2015 at 7:39 pm
122.  **Ben Doublett**
© 2024 Trustees of Boston University  
Privacy Statement  
Accessibility
1.  **Frank**
June 6, 2021 at 2:36 am
130.  **Sam A**
3.  **Randy**
July 24, 2017 at 2:13 pm
Reliability  

The IAT demonstrates inconsistent  internal consistency
 and its  test-retest
reliability  stands
at 0.60, a relatively weak level.  [1]  IAT scores also seem to vary between
multiple administrations, indicating that it may measure a combination of
trait (stable characteristics of people) and state (subject to variation based
on situation-specific circumstances) characteristics. One example of the
latter case is that scores on the Race IAT are known to be less biased against
African Americans when those taking it imagine positive Black exemplars
beforehand (e.g. Martin Luther King).  [72]  Similarly, the Race IAT scores
for an individual may indicate bias, but that bias is diminished on another
IAT administered after associating with a mixed-race group.  [73]  In fact,
Race IAT scores can be changed even more easily; administering the IAT in
different languages yields significantly different scores for bilingual
individuals. For example, studies conducted with Moroccan participants fluent
in both French and Arabic showed that participants are biased when completing
an IAT in their native language; however, that bias is diminished when
completing an IAT in another language.  [74]  Similar results were found in
the United States when administering an English and Spanish IAT on bilingual
Hispanic Americans.  [74]  Another state characteristic that may well
influence IAT scores is the time of day a person completes the task, with
findings that holding a preference for one's own racial group is lowest in the
morning, but increases over the course of the day and into the evening;  [75]
however, this may be more to do with who completes the task at each time of
day than a function of circadian rhythms.  [76]
Comments are closed.
February 16, 2017 at 2:11 pm
Get Our Email
February 25, 2020 at 3:01 pm
112.  **CJ**
####  Most popular posts
15.  **Halley**
18.  **Tim Chambers 1E4AF729D5CEFFD0**
January 16, 2014 at 10:06 am
52.  **Bobby**
61.  **Rita Neill**
23.  **Ali**
1.  **Joanne Martinez**
April 4, 2019 at 9:00 am
June 16, 2020 at 5:13 pm
100.  **lixia.hu**
1.  **Ash**
129.  **yuanbao.yin**
March 2, 2020 at 8:03 pm
August 21, 2020 at 12:08 pm
66.  **nicky**
####   POV: Was the Francis Scott Key Bridge Disaster Avoidable?
February 11, 2014 at 8:24 am
April 13, 2022 at 11:26 pm
June 14, 2016 at 9:36 pm
March 5, 2023 at 4:40 am
So I assume here the question was:
Length "Wikipedia:Manual of
Style/Lead section") **may be too short to adequately summarize
 the key points ** .
Please consider expanding the lead to [ provide an accessible overview
](/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section
In my own life, I have physic
Boston University Masterplate
34.  **Todd Brace**
5.  **P**
30. Anonymous  says:
June 14, 2021 at 4:51 am
10. Dr Phil  says:
9.  **Alex**
##  Comments & Discussion
111.  **Calvin Stovell**
1.  **Person with an Answer**
###  Leave a Reply
Cognitive fluency and age  

The IAT is influenced by individual differences in average IAT response times
such that those with slower overall response times tend to have more extreme
IAT scores.  [65]  Older subjects also tend to have more extreme IAT scores,
and this may be related to  cognitive fluency  , or slower overall response times.

An improved scoring algorithm for the IAT, which reduces the effect of
cognitive fluency on the IAT, has been introduced.  [66]  A summary of the
scoring algorithm can be found on Greenwald's webpage.  [67]
August 29, 2021 at 1:28 pm
54.  **Michael**
October 22, 2019 at 2:12 am
July 28, 2017 at 9:21 am
January 16, 2014 at 10:14 am
17.  **Tim Chambers 1E4AF729D5CEFFD0**
You should read Lateral Thinking by DeBono.
126.  **Mark Miller**
2.  **J**
88.  **Maheshwaran M**
June 2, 2022 at 12:33 pm
109.  **Jennifer**
March 16, 2021 at 6:38 am
49.  **Stacey Rockefeller**
91.  **Dave Laune**
117.  **Raviteja**
But the focus of my article today is specifically about women in medicine. 
Dr Constance Stone
 was the
first woman to be registered to practice medicine in Australia in 1890, and 
Dr Dagmar Berne  , the
first Australian medical student to be enrolled in 1886, registered to
practice in 1895. It took Australia over 100 years to reach  gender parity
 in 2000, with now just over 50% of medical students being
female.
March 5, 2020 at 9:45 pm
16.  **Sheli Ayers**
25.  **andrew burtlow**
79.  **Celia Chen**
*  Twitter  
*  Facebook  
*  Youtube  
*  LinkedIn  
*  Instagram  
*  Weibo  
*  TikTok
The last barrier is one of credibility. I started off this article with a
riddle demonstrating the potential for unconscious bias that may exist in all
of us.  Female doctors today, are still called “doctors” less than their male
counterparts  . We need more women in leadership
roles in medicine so that they can be role models for others, provide better
representation of our medical community and allow us to have a more diverse
leadership group. I really believe that although we have come a long way, we
still have a long way to go. An old Chinese proverb says: “Women hold up half
the sky.”
Salience asymmetry  

Researchers have argued that the IAT may measure salience of concepts rather
than associations. Whereas IAT proponents claim that faster response times
when pairing concepts indicate stronger associations, critics claim that
faster response times indicate that concepts are similar in salience (and
slower response times indicate that concepts differ in salience).  [39]  There
is some support for this claim. For example, in an old-young IAT, old faces
would be more salient than young faces. As a result, researchers created an
old-young IAT that involved pairing young and old faces with neutral words
(non-salient attribute) and non-words (salient attribute). Response times were
faster when old faces (salient) were paired with non-words (salient) than when
old faces (salient) were paired with neutral words (non-salient), supporting
the assertion that faster response time can be facilitated by matching
salience.

Although proponents of the IAT acknowledge that it may be influenced by
salience asymmetry, they argue that this does not preclude interpreting the
IAT as a measure of associations.  [55]
4. Anonymous  says:
By Sadie F. Dingfelder
Monitor Staff
Print version: page 26
2008, Vol 39, No. 6
4 min read
###  Genetics
*  Webarchive template wayback links 
*  CS1 maint: location missing publisher 
*  All articles with dead external links 
*  Articles with dead external links from May 2020 
*  Articles with permanently dead external links 
*  CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 
*  Articles with short description 
*  Short description matches Wikidata 
*  Use dmy dates from February 2018 
*  Short description is different from Wikidata 
*  Articles with GND identifiers 
*  Articles with J9U identifiers 
*  Articles with LCCN identifiers 
*  Articles with LNB identifiers 
*  Articles with NKC identifiers
*  Impulse-control disorder 
*  Klüver–Bucy syndrome 
*  Psychomotor agitation 
*  Stereotypy
Personality disorder classification
Tell Us More
---|---
Other  |
30\.
When they do seek help, it’s often due to conditions such as  anxiety
 or 
depression 
due to the problems created by their personality disorder, such as divorce or
lost relationships, and not the disorder itself.
##  PTSD Impact by Time of Service
*  Paranoid personality disorder 
*  Schizoid personality disorder 
*  Schizotypal personality disorder 
*  Antisocial personality disorder 
*  Borderline personality disorder 
*  Histrionic personality disorder 
*  Narcissistic personality disorder 
*  Avoidant personality disorder 
*  Dependent personality disorder 
*  Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder 
*  Depressive personality disorder 
*  Passive–aggressive personality disorder 
*  Sadistic personality disorder 
*  Self-defeating personality disorder
###  What is histrionic personality disorder?
###  Additional factors
Military sexual trauma 
continues to play a significant role in the number of female Veterans
diagnosed with PTSD. Approximately one in four female Veterans are victims of
military sexual trauma, which can include sexual assault, rape, and sexual
harassment. In comparison, only one in 100 male Veterans experience military
sexual trauma.
* Individual  psychotherapy  has been a mainstay of treatment. There are long-term and short-term (  brief  ) forms.
*  Family therapy  , including couples therapy.
*  Group therapy  for personality dysfunction is probably the second most used.
*  Psychological-education  may be used as an addition.
*  Self-help groups  may provide resources for personality disorders.
*  Psychiatric medications  for treating symptoms of personality dysfunction or co-occurring conditions.
*  Milieu therapy  , a kind of group-based residential approach, has a history of use in treating personality disorders, including  therapeutic communities  .
* The practice of  mindfulness  that includes developing the ability to be nonjudgmentally aware of unpleasant emotions appears to be a promising clinical tool for managing different types of personality disorders.  [79]  [80]
Sanchez-Roige S, Gray JC, MacKillop J, Chen CH, Palmer AA. The genetics of
human personality.  Genes Brain Behav.  2018 Mar;  17  (3):e12439.  [  PMC
free article  : PMC7012279   ] [  PubMed  :
29152902   ]
###  ICD-11
###  What causes histrionic personality disorder?
Nestadt G, Romanoski AJ, Chahal R, Merchant A, Folstein MF, Gruenberg EM,
McHugh PR. An epidemiological study of histrionic personality disorder.
Psychol Med.  1990 May;  20  (2):413-22.  [  PubMed  : 2356266
 ]
Mood  (affective)
26\.
###  Parenting
#  PTSD Statistics Show You're Not Alone