mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
As already anticipated, X-Im can support processes of empathic understanding.
It is by now a platitude that empathy can be (and has been) conceptualized in
many and sometimes wildly different ways (Batson,  2009
 These things called
empathy: eight related but distinct phenomena. In Decety J, Ickes W \(eds.\)
The social neuroscience of empathy. MIT Press, pp. 3–15") ). Here, the notion
of empathy that we are interested in has to do with the capacity to imagine
what it feels like to undergo certain experiences (Paul,  2017
 First personal modes
of presentation and the structure of empathy. Inquiry 60\(3\):189–207") ;
Boisserie-Lacroix and Inchingolo,  2019  Empathy for a reason? From
understanding agency to phenomenal insight. Synthese 198:7097–7118") ). To
empathize with someone, we must be in the position to first-personally imagine
what it would feel like to be in their shoes. X-Im might be then centrally
involved in many instances of empathy, where the goal is to represent what it
might feel like to undergo a certain kind of emotional state from the
perspective of the person. X-imagining emotional states can become crucial
when we are trying to understand emotional perspectives _from the inside_ that
considerably differ from our own, i.e. perspectives that involve emotional
states that we as empathizers would not undergo if placed in analogous
circumstances.
###  Emotional imagination
An article published by Olivia Bailey (Bailey,  2018
 Empathy and
testimonial trust. R Inst Philos Suppl 84:139–160") ) on the relationship
between empathy and testimonial injustice might help us elucidate this point
more effectively. She individuates two different senses in which we can
conceive of other people’s testimonies about certain experiential states they
are in.
> [A]n emotional sensitivity to merely imagined circumstances can help me
> manage my affairs: in order to affect my predicament I must act; to act
> effectively, I must plan; to plan, I must imagine alternative scenarios and
> choose between them. Having a system of emotional responses poised to
> respond to what I imagine is a capacity we would expect to find in creatures
> able to choose between alternatives. (Currie and Ravenscroft,  2002
> 
> Recreative minds: imagination in philosophy and psychology. Oxford
> University Press, Oxford") , p. 197)
Rumination (psychology)

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*  Français   "Rumination \(psychologie\) – French")
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[ Edit links
](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1411912
The influential process model of ER (Gross,  1998
 The emerging field
of emotion regulation: an integrative review. Rev General Psychol
2\(3\):271–299") ,  2015  Emotion regulation: current status and future prospects. Psychol Inq
26\(1\):1–26") ) provides a useful organizational scheme to understand ER with
the subsequent aim of characterizing X-Im.  Footnote  6  The process model
considers emotion generation to be a process in which the individual
encounters a situation, attends to the relevant aspects of the situation,
appraises it in relation to active goals and has a series of responses
(experiential, physiological and behavioral). Five families of ER strategies
are identified in relation to the emotion generation stage at which they first
intervene:
*  Research articles 
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#  My Angry Imagination
Average Rating
1. ###   Am I Somehow Deserving Of The Abuse?
2. Some authors claim that, even though we can imagine a wide variety of propositions to be true, we cannot imagine every proposition we please to be true: there are obstacles and limits to what can be imagined. Debates about such imaginative obstacles have tended to concentrate on the issue of imaginative resistance, i.e. people’s incapability or unwillingness to imagine certain propositions or states of affairs (Gendler and Liao,  2016  The problem of imaginative resistance. In: Gibson J, Carroll N \(eds\) The Routledge companion to philosophy of literature. Routledge, pp. 405–418") ). It is not obvious though that imaginative resistance is something that could arise in cases of mere belief-like imagination (Leeuwen,  2016  Imagination and action. In Kind A \(ed.\) The Routledge handbook of philosophy of imagination. Routledge. pp. 286–299") ).
See also  &action=edit&section=19 "Edit
section: See also") ]

*  Obsessive–compulsive disorder 
*  Ovsiankina effect 
*  Perseverative cognition
1.  nature  
2.  humanities and social sciences communications  
3.  articles  
4. article
Article  Open access  10 February 2020
Treatment  &action=edit&section=14 "Edit
section: Treatment") ]
Types  &action=edit&section=5 "Edit
section: Types") ]

Theories of rumination differ in their predictions regarding the content of
ruminative thoughts based on their respective conceptualizations. Some models
propose that rumination is focused on negative feeling states and/or the
circumstances surrounding that emotion (RST, rumination on sadness, five-
factor model,  [25]  negative cognitive style,  [26]  social phobia  [27]
models). Rumination in other models focuses on discrepancies between one's
current and desired status (goal progress, conceptual evaluative model of
rumination). Finally, other models propose that it is the negative themes of
uncontrollability and harm in metacognitions that are most important.  [1]
Some common thoughts that are characteristic of ruminative responses are
questioning the well-being of oneself and focusing on the possible causes and
consequences of one's depressive symptoms (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). For example,
some ruminative thoughts include "why am I such a loser", "I'm in such a bad
mood" or "I just don't feel like doing anything".  [10]

There exist several types of rumination.

* **State rumination** , which involves dwelling on the consequences and feelings associated with the failure. State rumination is more common in people who are pessimistic,  neurotic  , and who have negative  attributional styles  .  [28]
* **Action rumination** , which consists of task-oriented thought processes focused on goal-achievement and correction of mistakes.  [28]
* **Task-irrelevant rumination** , which utilizes events or people unassociated with the blocked goal to distract a person from the failure.  [28]  [29]
* **Post-event processing** is pervasive detailed reviewing of socially failed or embarrassing activities or situations that subjects perceive even more negatively/anxiety-provoking than they were, and they reinforce with pervasive recollections of similarly biased memories.  [27]  [30]
* **Stress-reactive rumination** is a pervasive detailed reviewing of painful experiences that specific stressful events induced and a cognitive bias enhances by memorising these events generally more stressful that they were while triggering depression.  [26]  [31]
Ruminative responses scale  &action=edit&section=7 "Edit
section: Ruminative responses scale") ]

The tendency to ruminate can be assessed with the Ruminative Responses Scale
of the Response Styles Questionnaire.  [32]  [33]  On this measure, people are
asked to indicate how often they engage in 22 ruminative thoughts or behaviors
when they feel sad or blue.
###  Belief-like imagining emotions
Relationship to other related constructs  &action=edit&section=16 "Edit
section: Relationship to other related constructs") ]

Rumination has been confounded with other similar constructs that may overlap
with it. Worry and negative automatic thoughts are two of them.
**P.S.** If you found this to be helpful, please consider  making a donation
 to this
site to support our mission to help you become your own best anger management
resource.
Response styles theory  &action=edit&section=2 "Edit
section: Response styles theory") ]

Response styles theory (RST) initially defined rumination as passively and
repetitively focusing on one's symptoms of depression and the possible causes
and consequences of these symptoms.  [6]  As evidence for this definition,
rumination has been implicated in the development, maintenance, and
aggravation of both depressive symptoms,  [7]  [8]  as well as episodes of 
major depression  .  [9]
Recently, RST has expanded the definition of rumination beyond depression to
include passive and repetitive focus on the causes, consequences, and symptoms
of one's distress in general. This change was made because rumination has been
implicated in a host of disorders, not just depression.  [4]  [1]

RST also contends that positive distraction is the healthy alternative to
rumination, where focus is directed to positive stimuli instead of to
distress.  [10]  However, the literature suggests that positive distraction
may not be as potent a tool as once thought.  [4]  [1]

Specifically, the S-REF model defines rumination as "repetitive thoughts
generated by attempts to cope with  self-discrepancy  that are directed primarily
toward processing the content of  self-referent  information and not toward immediate goal-directed
action."  [11]  Put more simply, when a person ruminates, they aim to answer
questions such as:

* How do I feel about this event?
* How can I change my thoughts and feelings about the event?
* How can I prevent disturbing thoughts and feelings in the future?

However, in answering these questions, ruminators tend to focus on their
emotions (i.e., "self-referent information") as opposed to problem solving
(i.e., "goal-directed action").  [11]

 Meta-cognition  is also an important
part of the S-REF model and helps to explain the link between rumination and
depression.  [6]  Specifically, those who hold "positive meta-cognitive
beliefs" about rumination (to make sense of negative thoughts and emotions or
ensure the prevention of the same)  [12]  are perhaps initially motivated to
engage in rumination with high perseverance.  [13]  However, individuals who
have engaged themselves in positive acts of rumination were more likely to use
rumination as a coping mechanism upon encountering negative emotions. This
causes the individual to modify his/her perception of rumination as
unpleasant, unmanageable and "socially damaging" in general.  [13]  [14]
Rumination additionally has a tendency to magnify with an up-regulation of
emotions in the body, thus beginning the downward-moving spiral of depression.
[15]  The individual's "negative meta-cognitive" beliefs then contribute to
the development and maintenance of depression.  [13]
###  Affective forecasting
Before I help you to create more of what you want (instead of what you don't
want), it is important that you do the writing exercises  on this page
 . This will help you review any past trauma that
might be underlying your current anger and fear.
Healthy self-disclosure  &action=edit&section=13 "Edit
section: Healthy self-disclosure") ]

Although rumination is generally unhealthy and associated with depression,
thinking and talking about one's feelings can be beneficial under the right
conditions. According to Pennebaker, healthy  self-disclosure  can reduce distress and rumination when it leads
to greater insight and understanding about the source of one's problems.  [43]
Thus, when people share their feelings with others in the context of
supportive relationships, they are likely to experience growth. In contrast,
when people repetitively ruminate and dwell on the same problem without making
progress, they are likely to experience depression.  Co-rumination
 is a process defined as "excessively
discussing personal problems within a dyadic relationship",  [44]  a construct
that is relatively understudied in both its negative and positive trade-offs.
by Scott
(Blowing Rock, NC)
Photo by P  antone color institute  – color of the year
PANTONE 16-1546 Living Coral
8.  Chapter 3: Research Ethics
3.  The Single-Subject Versus Group “Debate”
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3.  Science and Common Sense
##  Generation of New Research
#  Theories
###  When should I vote up?
1.  Describing Single Variables
15.  Chapter 10: Single-Subject Research
3.  Using Theories in Psychological Research
×  Close definition
16.  Chapter 11: Presenting Your Research
Hereâs how you know
Since I am a colour enthusiast, I’m always interested to see what colour will
be crowned as colour of the year by Pantone, the company that calls itself
“the global authority on colour,” So just how does one company choose a single
colour over millions of others? What started off as an “afterthought” that was
discussed between a few individuals in the fourth quarter of the year has
transformed into a 20-person team – the  Pantone Color Institute
 – that begins global research
early in the spring, looking for recurring patterns or colours in daily life
situations. The process now takes nearly nine months. Pantone states that the
Colour of the Year is actually “…a colour snapshot of what we see taking place
in our global culture that serves as an expression of a mood and an attitude.”
Pantone has crowned a Colour of the Year since 2000, and claims that the
colours they choose, in essence, choose themselves
Bibliography  

* Goidel, Robert K.; Shields, Todd G. (1994). "The Vanishing Marginals, the Bandwagon, and the Mass Media". _ The Journal of Politics  _ . **56** (3): 802–810.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.2307/2132194  .  JSTOR  "JSTOR \(identifier\)")  2132194  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  153664631  .
* McAllister, Ian; Studlar, Donley T. (1991). "Bandwagon, Underdog, or Projection? Opinion Polls and Electoral Choice in Britain, 1979-1987". _ The Journal of Politics  _ . **53** (3): 720–740.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.2307/2131577  .  JSTOR  "JSTOR \(identifier\)")  2131577  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  154257577  .
* Mehrabian, Albert (1998). "Effects of Poll Reports on Voter Preferences". _Journal of Applied Social Psychology_ . **28** (23): 2119–2130.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01363.x  .
* Morwitz, Vicki G.; Pluzinski, Carol (1996). "Do Polls Reflect Opinions or Do Opinions Reflect Polls?". _Journal of Consumer Research_ . **23** (1): 53–65.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1086/209466  .  JSTOR  "JSTOR \(identifier\)")  2489665  .
**ARE YOU A TREND ADDICT?**
Photo via Unsplash
20.  Versioning History
Figure 4.1 Representation of the
Multistore Model of Human Memory. In the multistore model of human memory,
information from the environment passes through a sensory store on its way to
a short-term store, where it can be rehearsed, and then to a long-term store,
where it can be stored and retrieved much later. This theory has been
extremely successful at organizing old phenomena and predicting new ones.
1.  Overview of Survey Research
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*  In animals 

 Statistical biases  "Bias \(statistics\)") |

*  Estimator 
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*  Information  "Information bias \(epidemiology\)")
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Other biases  |

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Bias reduction  |

*  Cognitive bias mitigation 
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*  Heuristics in judgment and decision-making  "Heuristic \(psychology\)")
July 16, 2019
4.  Acknowledgements
Indicate when questions and answers are useful
*  Media manipulation 
*  Pink-slime journalism 
*  Propaganda 
*  Public relations 
*  Missing white woman syndrome 
*  News values 
*  Sensationalism 
*  Hot take 
*  Spiking  "Spike \(journalism\)")
*  Tabloid television 
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 Attention  |

*  Attention economy 
*  Attention inequality 
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*  Attention span 
*  Chumbox 
*  Clickbait 
*  Cognitive miser 
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*  Mobile phones and driving safety 
*  Smartphones and pedestrian safety 
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*  One weird trick 
*  Rage farming 
*  Screen time 
*  Binge-watching 
*  Television consumption 
*  Sticky content 

 Cognitive bias  /
 Conformity  |

*  Availability cascade 
*  Availability heuristic 
* Bandwagon effect
*  Confirmation bias 
*  Crowd psychology 
*  Mobbing 
*  Moral panic 
*  Mean world syndrome 
*  Negativity bias 
*  Peer pressure 
*  Social-desirability bias 
*  Social influence bias 
*  Spiral of silence 

 Digital divide  /
 Political polarization  |
2.  Some Basic Null Hypothesis Tests
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##  What Are Theories For?
Microeconomics  

See also:  Network effect  and 
Veblen good 

In  microeconomics  , bandwagon
effects may play out in interactions of demand and preference.  [22]  The
bandwagon effect arises when people's preference for a commodity increases as
the number of people buying it increases. Consumers may choose their product
based on others' preferences believing that it is the superior product. This
selection choice can be a result of directly observing the purchase choice of
others or by observing the scarcity of a product compared to its competition
as a result of the choice previous consumers have made. This scenario can also
be seen in restaurants where the number of customers in a restaurant can
persuade potential diners to eat there based on the perception that the food
must be better than the competition due to its popularity.  [4]  This
interaction potentially disturbs the normal results of the theory of  supply
and demand  , which assumes that
consumers make buying decisions exclusively based on price and their own
personal preference.  [7]
Home  Close
2.  Experimental Design
Call USAGov
Have you ever asked yourself this question? Trends have to start somewhere…
Every year, interior-design enthusiasts everywhere are eager to see what the
next year will bring. There is a lot of research and psychology that go into
design trends. “Trends are heavily influenced by pop culture, fashion, food,
music, the streets, and sometimes what is going on in the world politically,”
says Lori Weitzner, author of  Ode to Color  .
In medicine  

Decisions made by medical professionals can also be influenced by the
bandwagon effect. Particularly, the widespread use and support of now-
disproven medical procedures throughout history can be attributed to their
popularity at the time. Layton F. Rikkers (2002),  professor emeritus
 of surgery at the 
University of Wisconsin–Madison
 ,  [23]  calls these prevailing practices **medical
bandwagons** , which he defines as "the overwhelming acceptance of unproved
but popular [medical] ideas."  [10]

Medical bandwagons have led to inappropriate therapies for numerous patients,
and have impeded the development of more appropriate treatment.  [24]

One paper from 1979 on the topic of bandwagons of medicine describes how a new
medical concept or treatment can gain momentum and become mainstream, as a
result of a large-scale bandwagon effect:  [25]

* The  news media  finds out about a new treatment and publicizes it, often by publishing pieces.
* Various organizations, such as government agencies, research foundations, and private companies also promote the new treatment, typically because they have some vested interest in seeing it succeed.
* The public picks up on the now-publicized treatment, and pressures medical practitioners to adopt it, especially when that treatment is perceived as being novel.
* Doctors often want to accept the new treatment, because it offers a compelling solution to a difficult issue.
* Since doctors have to consume large amounts of medical information in order to stay aware of the latest trends in their field, it is sometimes difficult for them to read new material in a sufficiently critical manner.
Bandwagon effect

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3.  Reviewing the Research Literature
Previous: Chapter 4: Theory in Psychology
###  For media
On   September 8, 2019
#  Phenomena
1.  Experiment Basics
Photo:  Pinterest 100: The top trends for 2019
In economics  

American economist  Gary Becker  has argued
that the bandwagon effect is powerful enough to flip the  demand curve
 to be upward sloping. A typical demand
curve is downward sloping—as prices rise,  demand 
falls. However, according to Becker, an upward sloping would imply that even
as prices rise, the demand rises.  [7]
Kaitlyn Ellison explains the connection of design trends in relation to
history  “The past and future of design trends”
 .
She says that trends are how we interpret what’s happened before, to help us
try and understand and predict the future. Trends are often determined to be a
reaction to a previous style. Whether that’s swaying from maximalism to
minimalism, or colorful to monochrome, trends by their very nature focus on
short termism rather than the larger picture. They also tend to be cyclical,
meaning across design industries, a trend is likely to come back around at
some point, in some form.
*  USAGov Outreach 
*  Feature articles
*  Call-out culture 
*  Cancel culture 
*  Civil disobedience 
*  Culture jamming 
*  Demonstrations 
*  Deplatforming 
*  Guerrilla communication 
*  Hacktivism 
*  Internet 
*  Media 
*  Occupations  "Occupation \(protest\)")
*  Petitions 
*  Protests 
*  Youth 

 Advertising  |

*  Billboards 
*  False 
*  Infomercials 
*  Mobiles 
*  Modeling 
*  Radio 
*  Sex 
*  Slogans 
*  Testimonials 
*  TV 
*  Criticism of advertising 
*  Annoyance factor 

*  Censorship 
*  Media regulation 

|

*  Books 
*  Broadcast law 
*  Burying of scholars 
*  Catch and kill 
*  Corporate 
*  Cover-ups 
*  Euphemism 
*  Films 
*  Historical negationism 
*  Internet 
*  Political 
*  Religious 
*  Self 

 Hoaxing  |

*  Alternative facts 
*  April Fools' 
*  Deepfake 
*  Fake news 
*  websites 
*  Fakelore 
*  False document 
*  Fictitious entries 
*  Firehose of falsehood 
*  Forgery 
*  Gaslighting 
*  List 
*  Literary
Moderation privilege awarded at 15 reputation
###   POSITIVE EFFECTS OF PLANTS ON YOUR WELLBEING – create your urban
jungle!
**LEADING VS. FOLLOWING DESIGN TRENDS**
Check which kind of primary elections your state has

so you will know how you can vote in them.
##  Prediction
###  What is voting up?
###  When should I not vote up?
12.  Chapter 7: Nonexperimental Research
**TRENDS ACROSS DESIGN**
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*  List of cognitive biases 
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