mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
The  reproductive strategy  of women and
men differ; however, both include advertising to potential mates and competing
with same-sex members to demonstrate one's value.  [7]  Attractiveness or
beauty is the display of these traits and one of the most important predictors
of reproductive success. Physical attractiveness may have evolved as a signal
of good health, fitness, and genetic quality. Certain physical features,
including symmetry, clear skin, and  waist-to-hip ratio  , signal reproductive health. Individuals with
these features are perceived as more attractive because they possess genes
which they could pass on to the next generation.
Jonathan Porter-Whistman
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##  The Attractiveness Bias Theory Explained
Information is then passed on to the third module, the  orbitofrontal cortex
 (OFC) which makes
judgments of beauty and produces the neurological rewards, namely dopamine and
other neurotransmitters, for finding the face's beauty.  [14]  The OFC is more
active when viewing an attractive face versus an unattractive face.  [15]
These areas of the bran are also associated with reward processing and
regulating experiences of pleasure motivation.  [16]  Researchers suggest that
our brains find attractive faces rewarding which could be part of the reason
more attractive people benefit from pretty privilege.
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##  See also
The physical attractiveness stereotype was first formally observed in a study
done by Karen Dion,  Ellen Berscheid  , and Elaine Walster in 1972. ** [1]  ** The goal of this study
was to determine whether physical attractiveness affected how individuals were
perceived, specifically whether they were perceived to have more socially
desirable personality traits and quality of life. Participants, all university
students, were informed that they would be tested on how well they could
"read" a person after seeing a single photo of them, where their performance
would then be compared to individuals trained in reading body language and
other interpersonal skills. The subjects were then given three envelopes that
contained a photo of either a male or female near the subjects' age, who the
researchers had categorized as either attractive, average, or unattractive.
Findings demonstrated that, overall, attractive individuals judged to be more
socially desirable, have better job and marital prospects, be better spouses,
and have better social, marital and professional lives compared to
unattractive individuals. The only dimension that did not realise the same
results was  parenting  , where attractive
individuals were not rated higher on the expectation of being a better parent.
** [1]  ** Hence, this study coined the term "beautiful-is-good".
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There are recent studies that indicate that the physical attractiveness
stereotype can also be a negative bias and disadvantage the target.  [19]
Research suggests that there might exist an exception to pretty privilege when
the viewer and the target are of the same sex. In the study, targets were less
likely to be recommended for a job and admission into university compared to
average-looking individuals. This might stem from a desire to avoid perceived
self-threats posed by attractive same-sex targets.  [20]  Especially
individuals who lack  self-esteem  are more
likely to avoid these threats than those with high self-esteem.  [21]
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Studies observing the effects of attractiveness bias during mock and real-
world interviews found that attractive candidates are  more likely to get a
position   than
less attractive peers, despite near-identical qualifications and skillsets.
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The physical attractiveness stereotype may have also evolved as a result of 
natural selection  . Attractive
individuals may have a greater chance of mating and passing on desirable
traits and are therefore preferred as mates over others based on their
physical attractiveness.
Here only the  brain  regions used in
assessing facial beauty will be discussed, since there is little research of
how the brain processes body judgements.  [9]
I was a frontbencher
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In a review of studies done that examine perception of students in the
education system, it was found that attractive students were treated more
favorably by their teachers than unattractive students. Consistent with the
perception that attractive individuals are more intelligent, research shows
that teachers have higher expectations for attractive students. They expect
these students to be more intelligent, earn better grades, and have better
social attributes than other, less attractive students. Furthermore, various
studies done between 1960–1985 show that attractive students actually earned
higher scores on standardized tests. Researchers believe this is an example of
a  self-fulfilling prophecy  , where the teacher's higher expectations for the attractive
students cause them to work harder and perform better.  [18]
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##  Real-Life Implications
A study examining the relationship between  evolution, appearance, and
occupational success
 concludes
that beauty bias positively affects occupational outcomes. This phenomenon has
roots in perceived competencies for professional roles due to physical
attractiveness.
He had the following qualities:
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###  Implicit personality theory
Multiple studies have uncovered evidence of attractiveness leading to
preferential employment decisions and  higher odds of success in the
workplace   .
The Top 5 Qualities of An Effective Sales Executive
Attractive applicants earn  10-15% higher salaries
 than their equally skilled colleagues,
totaling an estimated $230,000 additional dollars by the end of their career.
That’s a steep price to pay for an unchecked  hiring bias
 .
Explanatory notes  

1. ** ^  ** "inferior"
2. ** ^  ** Although not popularizing the actual term Horn effect.
This positive perception extends to every facet of an individual’s character
and competencies. Attractiveness bias leads people to assume attractive
individuals are more  intelligent, trustworthy, moral, and sociable
 .
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The second module interprets facial movements and then interacts with other
brain regions such as the  amygdala  ,  insula
 , and  limbic system
 for the emotional content of facial
expressions and movements.
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*  Lookism 
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*  Physical attractiveness
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#  Physical Attractiveness Bias in Hiring
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The attractiveness bias theory hinges on the observation that individuals who
are considered conventionally attractive are  typically perceived more
positively
 than
their less attractive peers.
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##  Hiring Based on Looks: The Legalities
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One study had subjects select a ‘captain’ for an imaginary voyage using photos
of real politicians. The choices skewed heavily towards the more attractive of
two candidates and reflected the results of the politicians' competition for
office with a  remarkable 60-64% accuracy
 .
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#  Physical attractiveness stereotype
Hiring tools that harness the  power of predictive analytics
 eliminate physical attractiveness bias using a multi-
layered and quantifiable process.
##  Related Theories and Perspectives
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The  implicit personality theory  is the unconscious assumptions one makes about
another's personality based on their characteristics.  [5]  These assumptions
can be based on other personality traits but in the context of the physical
attractiveness stereotype, they are based on physical traits. Using this
theory, researchers explain the physical attractiveness stereotype in that
attractive physical features are linked with positive assumptions of
personality and unattractive physical features are linked with negative
assumptions of personality.  [3]  These unconscious linkages can explain why
those seen as more physically attractive are treated and perceived
differently. However, this theory becomes inaccurate when individuals make
assumptions based on pre-concieved judgements they believe make sense without
applying them to real-world circumstances.
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References  

1. ** ^  **  "Halo Effect: Definition and Examples"  . Simply Psychology  . Retrieved  2022-02-11  .
2. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Belludi, Nagesh (30 April 2013). [ "The Halo and Horns Effects [Rating Errors]" ](http://www.rightattitudes.com/2010/04/30/rating-errors-halo-effect-horns-effect) . _Right Attitudes_ . Retrieved  15 August  2017  .
3. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Kennon, Joshua (12 November 2011).  "Mental Model: Horns Effect and Halo Effect"  . _www.joshuakennon.com_ . Retrieved  15 August  2017  .
4. ** ^  ** Long-Crowell, Erin.  "The Halo Effect: Definition, Advantages & Disadvantages"  . _Psychology 104: Social Psychology_ . study.com  . Retrieved  September 30,  2015  .
5. ** ^  ** Nisbett, Richard E; Wilson, Timothy D (1977).  "The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments"  (PDF)  . _Journal of Personality and Social Psychology_ . **35** (4). American Psychological Association: 250–56.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1037/0022-3514.35.4.250  .  hdl  "Hdl \(identifier\)") :   2027.42/92158  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  17867385  .
6. ** ^  **  "halo | History, Art, & Facts"  . _Encyclopedia Britannica_ . Retrieved  2019-02-03  .
7. ** ^  ** Thorndike, EL (1920),  "A constant error in psychological ratings"  , _Journal of Applied Psychology_ , **4** (1): 25–29,  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1037/h0071663 
8. ** ^  **  "Halo Effect: Definition and Examples | Simply Psychology"  . _www.simplypsychology.org_ . Retrieved  2022-02-11  .
9. ** ^  ** Glennie, Jonathan (3 May 2011).  "Hugo Chávez's reverse-halo effect"  . _The Guardian_ .
10. ** ^  ** Ostrove, Nancy; Sigall, Harold (1975).  "Beautiful but Dangerous: Effects of Offender Attractiveness and Nature of the Crime on Juridic Judgment"  . _Journal of Personality and Social Psychology_ . **31** (3): 410–14.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1037/h0076472  .

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For example, PerceptionPredict’s  Performance Fingerprints
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smile.
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Physical Attractiveness Bias in Hiring
This unique advanced analytics process identifies  key indicators for high
performance   that are
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decision even when candidates appear identical on paper.
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Attractiveness bias is so pervasive in recruitment and hiring that  Fortune
500 executives’ attractiveness ratings
 can predict their organization's
profitability, and the attractiveness of political candidates can predict
election results.
This is why this happens.
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One reason for the widespread interest in AI is that it has the potential to
reduce the degree of bias underpinning  human decisions
 . For
example,  meta-analytic
 studies have long
highlighted the pervasive nature of bias in hiring and recruitment.
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1. ** ^  ** possibly c. fourth century
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Roman orator  Quintilian  described, "The
plucked body, the broken walk, the female attire," as "signs of one who is
soft [mollis] and not a real man."  [11]
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Over-refinement, fine clothes and other possessions, the company of women,
certain trades, and too much fondness with women were all deemed effeminate
traits in Roman society. Taking an inappropriate sexual position, passive or "
 bottom  "Bottom \(sex\)") ", in same-gender sex was
considered effeminate and unnatural. Touching the head with a finger and
wearing a  goatee  were also considered effeminate.
[9]
“I always played with dolls, never cars.”
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See also:  Femboy
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Social and cultural norms are key in the construction of a rigid gender binary
beginning early in life.  Gender reveal parties
 , 
baby showers  , and  infant fashion

are all displays of gender that associate and label preferences based solely
on whether a child is designated male or female. Beyond the pink-blue
stereotype,  studies done in American preschools reveal

that while little girls are often socialized to be polite, quiet and still,
young boys are more often given the freedom to be loud, curious and even
violent. The allocation of behavioral traits is not only a way of creating and
maintaining order among children, it produces teens and adults who view the 
gender binary and behavioral sex differences as innate and natural
 . It allows us to start making claims about what’s normal
and what’s not. It allows adults to start labeling ‘deviant’ children as
tomboys, sissies, class clowns. These children are treated as inherently
troubled youth, when gendered behavior and the binary are actually intensely
and continually conditioned.
####  R. Griffiths
Angela Patel 
February 25, 2020
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#  Tomboy: an alternative transgirl narrative
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_The Younger Apollo Teaching Hyacinth to Play Lyra_ by  Louis de Boullogne
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A part of me misses the young me that had the courage to stray from the norm
when it came to the behavior expected from young girls. However, my experience
was also one that involved  not wanting to be ‘like other girls,’
 an
issue that still plagues many adolescents and adults. I viewed anything
‘girly’ and pink as weak and felt guilty when I did enjoy these things.
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According to Oxford Dictionary, a tomboy is “a girl who enjoys rough, noisy
activities traditionally associated with boys.” While this definition is based
on harmful and unnecessary gender stereotypes, the tomboy label often
validates and provides community for those who deviate from the norm. However,
problems arise when young people are taught to hate everything associated with
femininity, leading to internalized misogyny and body image issues from a
young age. It’s also no coincidence that the archetypal tomboy, especially in
20th century literature and pop culture, is  white, straight and middle class
 .
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Other vernacular words for effeminacy include: _pansy_ , _nelly_ , _pretty
boy_ , _nancy boy_ , _girly boy_ , _molly_ , _ sissy  _
, _ pussy  _ , _tomgirl_ , _femboy_ ,  [4]  _roseboy_ ,
_baby_ , and _ girl  _ (when applied to a boy or,
especially, adult man). The word _effete_ similarly implies effeminacy or
over-refinement, but comes from the Latin term _effetus_ meaning 'having given
birth; exhausted', from _ex-_ and _fetus_ 'offspring'. The term _tomgirl_ ,
meaning a girlish boy, comes from an inversion of _ tomboy  _ , meaning a boyish girl. The term _girly boy_ comes from a gender-
inversion of _ girly girl  _ .
Greek historian  Plutarch  recounts that
Periander, the tyrant of  Ambracia  , asked his
"boy", "Aren't you pregnant yet?" in the presence of other people, causing the
boy to kill him in revenge for being treated as if effeminate or a woman (
_Amatorius_ 768F).
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