mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
A  2010 study 
looking into IQ and educational attainment scores for 108 nations found that
the average IQ across the global sample was **89** .
Because differences are our greatest strength
Medically reviewed by  Danielle Wade, LCSW
How to Think Positive
Sometimes, what may look like trouble with working memory is actually an
attention issue: The information was never put into the brain’s storage system
in the first place. Learn more about the differences between  attention and
working memory 
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##  At a glance
###  Standardized tests
By  Peg Rosen
What are other ways to measure intelligence?
How is IQ measured?
11 sources  collapsed
There are many reasons why spider dreams may occur, like unresolved feelings
or chronic stress. Learning how to interpret your dream may help you cope.
* The Intelligence of Nations. (2019).

https://www.ulsterinstitute.org/ebook/THE%20INTELLIGENCE%20OF%20NATIONS%20-%20Richard%20Lynn,%20David%20Becker.pdf
###  Neuroimaging intelligence testing
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Updated state IQ rankings were   published in 2022
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* Borghans L, et al. (2016). What grades and achievement tests measure.
 https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1601135113
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According to  Mensa International  ,
scoring 142 or more on a Stanford-Binet test could be just as good as scoring
148 and above on a Cattell equivalent.
Medically reviewed by  Karin Gepp, PsyD
 —  By  Hope
Gillette  on October 24,
2022
###  IQ testing and success
But standardized tests are controversial, with many identifying them as 
culturally biased  .
In a  2020 study
 , the
brain images of 266 volunteers from Japan were examined. It was found that
using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd edition (WAIS-III) accurately
correlated with the level of functioning in different regions of the brain.
* Sunavsky A, et al. (2020). Neuroimaging predictors of creativity in healthy adults.
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811919308833
#  What is working memory?
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Most IQ tests also don’t evaluate other important aspects of functioning, such
as  emotional intelligence  .
A number of IQ test models exist, including:
Let’s recap
Engaging in brain exercises, like sudoku puzzles and learning new languages,
enhances cognitive abilities and improves overall well-being.
Medically reviewed by  Francis Kuehnle, MSN, RN-BC
* See a list of  ADHD signs at different ages  .
* What is IQ? (n.d.).
 https://www.mensa.org/iq/what-iq
* Kim KH, et al. (2015). Cultural bias in assessment: Can creativity assessment help?
 http://libjournal.uncg.edu/ijcp/article/view/301/856#
###  Examples of trouble with working memory
* Hidese S, et al. (2020). Correlation between the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale — 3rd edition metrics and brain structure in healthy individuals: A whole-brain magnetic resonance imaging study.
 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00211/full
* Try these  working memory boosters  at home.
* Dubois J, et al. (2018). A distributed brain network predicts general intelligence from resting-state human neuroimaging data.
 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2017.0284
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Most people have an average IQ between 85 and 115.
Research Links Anxiety with Higher Intelligence
Expert reviewed by  Nelson Dorta, PhD
Experiencing unwanted and difficult memories can be challenging. But
learning how to replace negative memories with positive ones may help you
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Dreaming about babies can hold different meanings for everyone. Although
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motivation dynamics  made up for a number of differences in IQ among participants and
predicted how well IQ scores related to success later in life.
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According to 2019’s  The Intelligence of the Nations report

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At their beginning, IQ tests compared  your mental age
 to your chronological age
and multiplied that ratio by 100.
Additionally,  research from 2019
 found
that specific connectivity patterns in the brain were able to indicate levels
of creativity, though large-scale follow-up is needed.
Recent research links people with anxiety to higher IQ scores.
* Pesta BJ. (2022). Updated IQ and well-being scores for the 50 U.S. states.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8954344/
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Treisman A (1982) Perceptual grouping and attention in  visual search
 for features and for objects. J Exp
Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 8:194-214.
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**Quick, Impactful Actions against Stagnation**
The term was popularized by  Robert Jay Lifton  in his 1961 book _ Thought Reform and the Psychology of
Totalism  , _ who referred to the use of the cliché,
along with "loading the language", as "the language of non-thought".  [5]
#  Chaotic itinerancy
The earliest recorded definition of the term was published in  Robert Jay
Lifton's  book _ Thought Reform
and the Psychology of Totalism
 _ in 1961 wherein he was describing the structure of
language used by the  Chinese Communist Party  , defining the term as "the start and finish of any
ideological analysis". It was listed as the sixth (of eight) totalistic
themes.  [5]  The term is written under the sixth (of eight) criteria for
thought reform 'Loading the Language', of which various authors and scholars
also consider the term to be a form of  loaded language
 .  [5]  [6]  [7]
#  Example: Piecewise-Linear Model (*)
Organization Development
At least up to the late 1980s, complex and dynamic behaviors in high-
dimensional dynamical systems attracted  attention  in various fields, such as nonlinear physics, hydrodynamics,
condensed matter physics, physical chemistry, and even  neuroscience
 .
Rossler  OE (1979) An
equation for hyperchaos. Phys Lett A 71: 155-157.
13(2), 100–110.
Charles "Chaz" Bufe  in his book _Alcoholics
Anonymous: Cult or Cure?_ (1997) broadly put the use of the cliché as
"thought-stopping phrases (that) include any use of the language, especially
repeated phrases, to ward off forbidden thoughts" in describing his
interactions with the  Alcoholics Anonymous  aid movement.  [6]  Author, show-host and doctor
Robert "Bo" Bennett described the term as a substitute for "a person's actual
position or argument with a distorted, exaggerated, or misrepresented version
of the position of the argument" in his 2017 book _Logically Fallacious_ ,
along with a proposed logical form of the cliché; "Person 1 makes claim Y.
Claim Y sounds catchy. Therefore, claim Y is true."  [4]
**Internal references**
Mike Cardus
Organization Development by Mike Cardus
##  Origin and definitions
Figure 3: Successive association of memory patterns. Four spatial patterns
(the face of a woman, a scene with a pine tree, the face of an animal, and a
set of fruits) and their negative patterns are embedded into synaptic
connections of the network of Aihara’s  chaotic neurons
 using a  Hebbian
 learning  algorithm
 . The total number of neurons is
\\(1,572,864=24\times 256^2\\), where the total number of pixels is
\\(256^2\\)and 24 neurons were set in each pixel. M. Oku and K. Aihara [Oku
and Aihara, 2011] at Tokyo University designed and produced the model.The
moving image shown by reducing the number of pixels.
Recommended publications
John W. Milnor (2006) Attractor.  Scholarpedia  , 1(11):1815. Walter J. Freeman and Harry Erwin (2008) 
Freeman K-set  . Scholarpedia,
3(2):3238. Walter J. Freeman and Robert Kozma (2010) Freeman’s mass action.
Scholarpedia, 5(1):8040. Hans Liljenström (2012)  Mesoscopic brain dynamics
 .
Scholarpedia, 7(9):4601. Anil Seth (2007) Model of  consciousness
 . Scholarpedia, 2(1):1328.
Christophe Letellier and Otto E. Rossler (2007) Hyperchaos. Scholarpedia,
2(8):1936.
Retrieved from " 
http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaotic_itinerancy&oldid=197905

"
Sponsored by:  Eugene M. Izhikevich  ,  Editor-in-Chief of Scholarpedia, the
peer-reviewed open-access encyclopedia  
---
 Reviewed by

:  Dr. Walter J. Freeman  ,  University of California, Berkeley, California

 Reviewed by

:  Dr. Kazuyuki Aihara  ,  Institute of Industrial Science, University of
Tokyo  
Accepted on:  2012-12-24 14:47:32 GMT
Chaotic itinerancy has been numerically observed in many systems [Kaneko and
Tsuda, 2003]. Typical systems include GCM [Kaneko, 1990], CML [Tsuda and
Umemura, 2003], networks of neuron maps [Adachi and Aihara, 1997], coupled
differential equations [Fujii and Tsuda, 2004a; Fujii and Tsuda, 2004b; Tsuda
et al., 2004],  delay-differential equations  [Ikeda et al., 1989],
and skew product transformations [Tsuda et al., 1987; Tsuda, 1992].
Walter J. Freeman
#  On the Finding of Chaotic Itinerancy
*  Barriers to critical thinking 
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*  Error
A  |  B
---|---
 |  
Fig.  Â 6.9:  Phase plane analysis of transient spiking in the AdEx model.  A
. Voltage trace of an AdEx model with parameters producing transient spiking
upon a strong step current input (solid line marked  i  â¢  i  ii  ). A
weaker step input generates damped oscillations (dashed line marked  i  i  ).
B  . Phase plane with nullclines after application of the strong (solid lines:
u  u  \- and  w  w  -nullclines) or weak step current (dashed line:  u  u
-nullcline). Upon injection of the weak step, the stable fixed point is
reached after a short transient. Upon injection of the strong current, a
stable fixed point remains, but the initial state is outside the region where
it would be attracted to the stable fixed point. Only after the second reset
(open squares), the trajectory converges to the fixed point.
##  Commercials
6 min read
A **thought-terminating cliché** (also known as a **semantic stop-sign** , a
**thought-stopper** , **bumper sticker logic** , or **cliché thinking** ) is a
form of  loaded language  , often
passing as folk wisdom, intended to end an argument and quell  cognitive
dissonance  .  [1]  [2]
[3]  Its function is to stop an argument from proceeding further, ending the
debate with a  cliché  rather than a point.  [1]
Some such clichés are not inherently terminating; they only become so when
used to intentionally dismiss dissent or justify  fallacious logic
 .  [4]
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##  Fictional applications
Organizational Culture
#  Acknowledgments
*  Dynamical Systems 
*  Computational Neuroscience
One may still discuss the possibility of the appearance of chaotic itinerancy
in  heteroclinic cycles 
[Tsuda, 2009]. It is interesting to consider the memory capacity of networks
of competing neuron groups. Rabinovich et al. estimated this capacity at
approximately \\(e(N-1)!\\), where \\(N\\) is the number of neurons and
\\(e\\) is a Napier’s constant, \\(2.71828\cdots\\), calculating the possible
number of heteroclinic cycles [Rabinovich et al., 2001]. On the other hand, to
calculate the critical dimensionality of the appearance of chaotic itinerancy,
Kaneko [2002] estimated two factors that supposedly determine the
dimensionality of the chaotic transition. Let \\(N'\\) be the system’s
dimension, and let us assume that the number of states in each dimension is
two, taking into account the presence of two stable states separated by a
saddle. The number of admissible orbits cyclically connecting the subspaces,
using, for instance, heteroclinic cycles, increases in proportion to
\\((N'-1)!\\), whereas the number of states increases in proportion to
\\(2^{N'}\\). If the former number exceeds the latter, then not all orbits can
necessarily be assigned to each of the states, thus causing the transitions.
In this situation, we expect itinerant motions between states. In chaotic
itinerancy, this critical number is _six_ [Kaneko, 2002; Kaneko and Tsuda,
2003]. We identify \\(N'\\) with \\(N\\). In such a case, one may conclude
that the transition via heteroclinic cycles occurs when the memory capacity is
smaller than the number of states, whereas chaotic itinerancy occurs in the
opposite condition. This implies that the motion-related neural activity, in
which the number of motor commands is small enough for the number of modality
of motion, can appear as the transition behavior via heteroclinic cycles,
whereas perception, cognition-related neural activity can appear as the
transition behavior via chaotic itinerancy, because the memory capacity for
perception and cognition must be much larger than the perceived and cognitive
states.
Two criticisms made by various journalists are that the cliché tends to halt
debate and restrict or censor  freedom of speech  , or tends to be synonymous with language that would be
used by  totalitarian states  as
Lifton originally identified with  Communist China  "Communist-controlled China
\(1927–1949\)") . Chancellor  Adolf Hitler  of  Nazi Germany  is remarked to
have employed such clichés and platitudes to justify his actions prior to and
during the events of World War II.  [15]
*  Ichiro Tsuda  , Hokkaido University, Japan
Oct 14, 2023
Retrieved from "  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thought-
terminating_cliché&oldid=1213216385
 "
The use of  slogans  is often considered to be a form
of the cliché: "Brief, reductive labels you can stick on things, and which end
thought on the subject".  [19]
and Models of Cognition") .
A  |  B
---|---

Fig.  Â 6.6:  Parameter space of the AdEx model.  A  . Combinations of the
voltage reset  u  r  u_{r}  and of the spike-triggered jump  b  b  of the
adaptation current leading to a tonic (t), adapting (a), initial burst (i) and
bursting (b) firing patterns for a long adaptation time constant (  Ï  w  =
100  \tau_{w}=100  ms) and small subthreshold coupling (  a  =  0.001  a=0.001
Â nS).  B  . Same as A but for  Ï  w  =  5  \tau_{w}=5  Â ms. Current was
switched from zero to twice the rheobase current and all other parameters are
fixed at  Ï  m  =  10  \tau_{m}=10  Â ms,  R  =  100  R=100  Â M  Î©  \Omega
,  u  rest  =  \-  70  u_{\rm rest}=-70  Â mV,  Ï  rh  =  \-  50
\vartheta_{\rm rh}=-50  Â mV and  Î  T  =  2  \Delta_{T}=2  Â mV.
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**Rapidly Consolidate Progressive Changes**
A  |  B
---|---
 |  
Fig.  Â 6.5:  Phase plane analysis of an irregular firing pattern.  A  .
Voltage trace of an AdEx model showing irregularly spaced spikes.  B  . The
evolution of trajectories in the phase plane during the simulation in A shows
that the model switches irregularly between direct and detour resets.
Curator:   Ichiro Tsuda
##  Religion
Arecchi FT, Giacomelli G, Ramazza PL, Residori S (1990) Experimental evidence
of chaotic itinerancy and spatiotemporal  chaos in optics
 . Phys Rev Lett 65: 2531-2534.
*  Log in
**Chaotic Transitions in the Brain**
David Volodzko in _ The Diplomat  _ in
2015 characterized China's justification for persecuting Tibetans, Uyghurs,
Falun Gong, artists, and journalists (including  Liu Xiaobo
 ), summed up as "for  security
 reasons", as a thought-
terminating cliché, going on to say "that's every bit as vapid as 'God moves
in a mysterious way' or '  support our troops  '. What it really means is that the Party is more
important than the people."  [16]
Rössler [1979] proposed the idea of  hyperchaos  as a new attractor in dynamical systems with more than three
dimensions. Hyperchaos is defined by the presence of a multiple number of
positive Lyapunov exponents, namely the presence of a multiple number of
independently expansive directions. Thus, hyperchaos is considered to describe
a general class of higher-dimensional chaos. Thus, the following question
arises: what is a specific behavior among higher-dimensional chaotic
behaviors? In other words, what is the classification of hyperchaos, or could
specificity exist in dynamical systems with degrees of freedom higher than
three? Chaotic itinerancy can provide specific transitory dynamics among
“quasi-attractors”.
and Models of Cognition")
**Unstable Attractor**
**Blending into the Organizational Culture**
#  Can Transitory Phenomena in the  Brain  be
Interpreted as Chaotic Itinerancy?
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,
A  |  B
---|---
 |  
C  |  D
 |  
Fig.  Â 6.3:  Tonic and adapting firing patterns in the AdEx model.  A  .
Tonic spiking with a strong spike-triggered current (  b  =  60  b=60  pA) of
short duration (  Ï  w  =  30  \tau_{w}=30  ms).  B  . If the reset (empty
squares) leads to a value above the  u  u  -nullcline, the trajectories make a
detour to lower values of  u  u  .  C  . Spike-frequency adaptation with a
weak spike-triggered current (  b  =  5  b=5  pA) and slow decay (  Ï  w  =
100  \tau_{w}=100  ms).  D  . If the reset lands below the  u  u  -nullcline,
the membrane potential immediately increase towards the next spike. Parameters
in Table  6.1  .
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