mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
Mediator - The Galatea effect  

The second mediator of the Pygmalion effect is the direct result of PLS,
labeled by Eden and Ravid as the Galatea effect,  [10]  which is the effect of
directly manipulating trainees' self-expectations of themselves. The PLS
leadership behaviors have the chance to raise trainees' expectations of their
performance. In the IDF training program study, Eden and Ravid observed that
raising instructors' expectations for particular trainees led to both greater
performance (the Pygmalion effect) and increased self-expectations for those
trainees.  [10]  The research also demonstrated that improving these trainees'
performance levels may be accomplished by directly raising their expectations
by telling them—rather than their instructors—that they had high potential.
#  Self-fulfillment
Application in nursing  

The Pygmalion effect has been noted in several non-educational contexts. For
instance, in a nursing home, nurses were told that some patients would
progress more quickly in their rehabilitation than others. These patients
demonstrated lower levels of depression and required hospitalization less
frequently than those with average expectations.  [17]

The Pygmalion effect has also been discussed in relation to treating alcohol
dependence since it was discovered that therapists who characterized their
clients as "motivated" had a lower dropout rate than those who labeled them as
"unmotivated".  [18]
Bali 03/2023
Samuela Davidova
_What do I want? What do I enjoy doing?_
##  **Today I will write about** :
#  Self-contentment
#  Self-respect & reality runaways
#  Home is you
Mediator - leadership behaviour  

Leadership was identified by Eden and Shani as a mediator of the Pygmalion
effect.  [7]  The study discovered that trainees with strong command potential
gave instructors better overall leadership evaluations than trainees in the
control group. According to a later analysis of the survey by Eden,  [8]
instructors were rated more positively on each of the four management
leadership dimensions by Bowers and Seashore.  [9]  Eden referred to this
phenomenon as the Pygmalion leadership style (PLS). PLS includes consistently
promoting, supporting, and reinforcing expectations, which leads to the
subordinates adopting, accepting, or internalizing those expectations.
Notably, those instructors needed to be made aware of their different manner
of treating the trainees, supporting Rosenthal's claim that how instructors
treat high-expectations people are not consciously intended or deliberate.
Self-contentment has its different angles.
Why are you really where you are? For whom? For what? To impress someone,
prove something, because of someone else? Is this what you want? Does the
place fit you or you’d better be elsewhere? I realized just recently that the
real reason  why Georgia is a fit for me  — is for its warm social life. However, your inner
needs might be completely different. Seek them. And then aim for fulfilling
them. You cannot ever make really happy anyone else, no matter how much you
try. It’s also their duty. Do not make others dependent, addicted to you. Let
them go and go your way.
May 14, 2023
About David D. Burns, M.D.
I also believe that the more we will restore the stronger connections and
trust in communities, we will encourage interdependency and a positive-sum
game, and the weaker the power of the state. If you do not need it [I also
spoke about it  in the video  ], you do not
trust it — why would you support it? The more people will be able to question
its legitimacy.
I recently read a great article [  _Hooked on Praise_
 _in Spanish —_  _here_
 _is
the English version_ ] on parental behavior towards the kids — and that we
shouldn’t be praising children, because then they start doing things not for
their own joy, but for being praised: to make ourselves happy _instead of
making happy themselves_ .
May 14, 2021 at 2:04 pm
April 7, 2017 at 10:24 am
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115.  **Karen Powell**
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11. Kate Duncan  says:
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February 12, 2021 at 7:28 pm
8.  **Amar haddad**
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BU Today
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Love it  Garnet Chan  !
Like    Reply    1 Reaction  2 Reactions
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43.  **Carrie Blount**
95.  **Upasana Srivasatava**
Susceptibility to conscious control  

Distinct from faking (the deliberate obscuring of a true association), some
studies have shown that heightening awareness about the nature of the test can
change the outcome, potentially by activating different fluencies and
associations. For example, in one study, a simple reminder from the
experimenter ("Please be careful not to stereotype on the next section of the
task") was sufficient to significantly reduce the expression of biased
associations on a race IAT.  [63]  Notably, there was not a significant
decrease in overall reaction time in this experiment, indicating that this
"control" may also be implicit.
January 15, 2018 at 2:04 am
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July 27, 2017 at 10:52 am
And how has that worked out so far?
8.  **someone_you_probably_know**
Very interesting cases !
**Rich Barlow** is a senior writer at _BU Today_ and _Bostonia_ magazine.
Perhaps the only native of Trenton, N.J., who will volunteer his birthplace
without police interrogation, he graduated from Dartmouth College, spent 20
years as a small-town newspaper reporter, and is a former _Boston Globe_
religion columnist, book reviewer, and occasional op-ed contributor.  Profile
4.  **Liz**
This inspires critical thinking.
This is ridiculous! It doesn’t mean we are bias!
July 24, 2017 at 9:23 pm
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51.  **Kelly**
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April 15, 2020 at 5:20 pm
28. Andrew Nielsen  says:
39.  **Gregory J Howell**
1.  **CJ**
###  What's the Word Paul?
September 21, 2022 at 11:05 pm
4.  **Inter-web**
March 12, 2022 at 10:53 pm
April 23, 2019 at 6:33 am
60.  **Rita Neill**
####   10 Memes That Describe Being a Second Semester Senior
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81.  **Leona Tang**
July 29, 2018 at 9:11 am
August 16, 2020 at 12:39 pm
Like    Reply   1 Reaction
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1.  **Tina**
####  Senior Associate at Partners in Performance
1.  **John**
6.  **Jon B**
5.  **JT**
2.  **Jiri Basovnik**
May 13, 2020 at 1:08 pm
In popular culture  

After establishing the IAT in the scientific literature, Greenwald, along with
 Mahzarin Banaji  (Professor of
Psychology at  Harvard University  ) and  Brian Nosek  (Associate
Professor of Psychology at the  University of Virginia
 ), co-founded Project
Implicit,  [77]  a virtual laboratory and educational outreach organization
that facilitates research on implicit cognition.

The IAT has been profiled in major media outlets (e.g. in the _ Washington
Post  _ )  [78]  and in the popular
book _ Blink  "Blink \(book\)") , _ where it was
suggested that one could score better on the implicit racism test by
visualizing respected black leaders such as  Nelson Mandela
 . The IAT was also discussed in a
2006 episode of _ The Oprah Winfrey Show  _ .  [79]

In the episode "Racist Dawg" on _ King of the Hill  _ , Hank and Peggy take an IAT, colloquially referred to
as the "racist test" to see if they prefer the company of white or black
people.
June 3, 2020 at 1:37 pm
January 31, 2014 at 12:23 am
5.  **Ali**
113.  **Meniane Batucan Toledo**
Balanced-identity research design  

In 2002, Greenwald and his colleagues introduced the balanced-identity design
as a method to test correlational predictions of Heider's balance theory. The
balanced identity design incorporated Heider's theory, the balance–congruity
principle, and the assumption of centrality of self. The assumption of
centrality of self is that in an associative knowledge structure, the self's
centrality can be represented by its being associated with many other concepts
that are themselves highly connected in the structure. The concepts in a
typical balanced identity design are the self, a social group/object, and
either a valence attribute or nonvalence attribute. There are thus five
important associations possible in a typical balanced identity design that
connect these three categories of concepts. An attitude is the association of
a social group/object with a valence attribute; a stereotype is the
association of a social group with one or more nonvalence attributes; self-
esteem is the association of the self with a valence attribute; a self-concept
is the association of the self with one or more nonvalence attributes; and the
last important association is between the self and a social group/object,
which is called an identity. However, in a typical balanced identity design,
only three of the five possible associations come into play, and they are
usually either identity, self-concept, and stereotype or identity, self-
esteem, and attitude. Researchers using a balanced identity design are the
ones to determine the set of concepts they want to investigate, and each one
of the associations within the system that the researchers created will then
be tested and analyzed statistically with both implicit and explicit measures.
[37]
Surgeon was boys mother
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Psychological experiment

|

This article's [ lead section
](/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section
i was thinking it was the step father
* 
* 
*
1.  **Glen**
March 28, 2017 at 9:05 am
May 26, 2021 at 3:31 pm
3. Marcus  says:
1.  **Andrew L**
3.  **Bite me**
Limitations  

The IAT has been widely used as a measure for the balanced identity design
because data obtained with this method revealed that predicted consistency
patterns from Heider's theory were strongly apparent in the data for implicit
measures by IAT but not in those for parallel explicit measures by self-
report. The general explanation for why explicit measures by self-report did
not reflect the predicted consistency patterns from Heider's theory was that
self-report measures can go astray when respondents are either unwilling or
unable to report accurately, and these problems could be more than enough to
obscure the operation of consistency processes. There are, however, still
limitations to the theory. For example, the balanced identity IAT measures
only give group results rather than individual results, so it has its
limitations when an analysis requires for individual pinpoint data to analyze,
for instance, how balanced one's identity is relative to others'. It is
hopeful, however, that researchers working with the Implicit Association Test
(IAT) are trying hard to overcome challenges such as the one described above.
[37]
External links  

*  Project Implicit – take the test 
*  IAT Review chapter in _Implicit measures of attitudes: Procedures and controversies_ (seven years after IAT creation) 
*  IAT Review chapter in _Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie_ (three years after IAT creation) 
*  Discussion of IAT critiques in American Psychological Association article 
*  Further Readings on Unconscious Bias  from John Tierney New York Times column on  Bias of Bias test 
*  Televised Lecture "The Psychology of Blink: Understanding How Our Minds Work Unconsciously - Part 1 of 2" (recorded March 5, 2008) 

*  v  
*  t  
*  e  

 Social psychology 

---
 Interpersonal relationships  |

*  Attachment theory 
*  Falling in love 
*  Mere-exposure effect 
*  Similarity  "Similarity \(psychology\)")
*  Physical attractiveness 
*  Triangular theory of love 
*  Parenting style 
*  Divorce 
*  Adoption 

|

 Conflict  "Conflict \(process\)") |

*  Prejudice 
*  Stereotype 
*  Outgroup homogeneity 
*  Stereotype threat 
*  Implicit association test 
*  Minimal group paradigm 
*  Realistic conflict theory 
*  Discrimination 
*  Social dominance orientation 

 Social influence  |

*  Authority 
*  Stanford prison experiment 
*  Honesty 
*  Compliance  "Compliance \(psychology\)")
*  Foot-in-the-door technique 
*  Door-in-the-face technique 
*  Conformity 
*  Autokinetic effect 
*  Asch conformity experiments 
*  Passing  "Passing \(sociology\)")
*  Persuasion 
*  Elaboration likelihood model 
*  Pluralistic ignorance 
*  Obedience  "Obedience \(human behavior\)")
*  Milgram experiment 
*  Reciprocity  "Reciprocity \(social psychology\)")
*  Self-concealment 
*  Social anxiety 
*  Social determinants of mental health 
*  Social proof 
*  Social stress 

 Group dynamics  |

*  Belongingness 
*  Social identity theory 
*  Social facilitation 
*  Social loafing 
*  Social cohesion 
*  Group development 
*  Group polarization 
*  Groupthink 
*  In-group favoritism 
*  False-consensus effect 
*  Diffusion of responsibility 
*  Social comparison theory 
*  Social determinants of mental health 
*  Self-enhancement 
*  Frog pond effect 

 Aggression  |

*  Violence 
*  Deindividuation 
*  Anonymity 
*  Frustration-aggression hypothesis 

 Altruism  |

*  Bystander effect 
*  Prosocial behavior 
*  Reciprocal altruism 
*  Negative-state relief model 
*  Empathy-altruism 
*  Cooperation 
*  Prisoner's dilemma 

 Culture  |

*  Enculturation 
*  Culture shock 
*  Cultural relativism 
*  Individualism 
* [ Collectivism ](/wiki/Social_organization
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Despite this, there are still less women in certain medical specialties, and
there is a definite under-representation of women in medical leadership roles
in hospitals, specialty medical colleges, and other health organisations. A
study I was involved in – “  Reasons and remedies for under-representation of
women in medical leadership roles: a qualitative study from Australia
 ”– identified a range of
potential barriers for women across three broad domains: perceptions of
capability, capacity and credibility.
December 17, 2021 at 2:50 pm
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11.  **Just another BU parent**
*  Kindness in medicine more than skin-deep  MJA InSight  
*  Clinical servants: a novel view of leadership  MJA InSight  
*  Can health leadership be measured?  MJA InSight  
*  Medical followership and managing up  MJA InSight  
*  Doctors as institutional entrepreneurs  MJA InSight  
*  Medical futurology – the changing role of doctors  MJA InSight
December 30, 2020 at 8:03 am
69.  **Bernadette Vega**
Sadly, my mind also went straight to “male”..
Stop making problems out of nothing!
Experience  

Repeated administrations of the IAT tend to decrease the magnitude of the
effect for a particular person. This issue is somewhat ameliorated with the
improved scoring algorithm.  [66]  An additional safeguard to control for IAT
experience is to include a different type of IAT as a comparison. This allows
researchers to evaluate the degree of magnitude decrease when administering
subsequent IATs.

The act of taking the Race IAT has also been found to exacerbate the negative
implicit attitudes that it seeks to assess.  [68]  Results from four pre-
registered experiments demonstrated that completing a Race IAT resulted in
increases in White participants’ negative automatic racial evaluations of
Black people as measured by two different implicit measures (Single Category
IAT  [69]  and the Affective Misattribution Procedure  [70]  ) but did not
generalize to another measure of automatic racial bias (Shooter Bias Task
[71]  ).
55.  **XPSUNBO/QPSUBQJRVE**
2.  **Jennifer**
*  Rich Barlow
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October 27, 2019 at 9:42 pm
131.  **Jane**
32. Andrew  says:
77.  **Thanasis**
July 31, 2017 at 11:45 am
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January 17, 2022 at 11:27 am
* Academics
July 6, 2022 at 3:10 pm
33.  **Denise O'neill**
* Campus Life
##  Explore Related Topics:
22. Anonymous  says:
####   The Weekender: March 28 to 31
News, Opinion, Community
105.  **penghui**
33. Anonymous  says:
76.  **月婵 黄**
July 24, 2017 at 10:19 am
27.  **AJ**
7.  **DB**
June 16, 2020 at 5:08 pm
25. Greg the Physician  says:
* Things-to-do
7. Anonymous  says:
Doll_experiments "Kenneth and Mamie
Clark") " developed by psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark during the early
 civil rights era  ).
Similarly, the Age IAT generally shows that most individuals have an implicit
preference for young over old, regardless of the age of the person taking the
IAT. The Weight IAT indicates that medical students have lower implicit biases
towards obese individuals compared to the general public, but increased
explicit biases, although public explicit and implicit biases remained stable.
[26]  Research with the Sexuality IAT shows that heterosexual individuals have
an implicit preference for heterosexuals, associating them with more positive
attributes.  [27]  In contrast, bisexual individuals indicated a preference
for heterosexuals over homosexuals, specifically as a result of attributing
homosexuals to negative attributes. Neither of these trends of attributing
more positive or negative attributes to a specific sexual identity are seen
with homosexual respondents.  [28]  Some other valence IATs include the Weight
IAT, the Sexuality IAT, the Arab-Muslim IAT, and the Skin-tone IAT.
August 7, 2018 at 2:00 am
Familiarity  

A common criticism of the IAT is that it may be difficult to associate
positive attributes with less familiar concepts.  [38]  For example, if a
person has had less contact with members of a particular ethnic group, they
may have a more difficult time associating members of that ethnic group with
positive words simply because of this lack of familiarity. There is some
evidence against the familiarity based on studies that have ensured equal
familiarity with the African American and White names as well as the faces
appearing on the Race IAT.  [64]
January 16, 2014 at 11:47 am
67.  **Justin Byiringiro**
March 30, 2022 at 1:09 pm
24. Anonymous  says:
May 4, 2018 at 7:46 am
1.  **Cabbage**
128.  **cuiting**
July 29, 2017 at 11:28 am
* 2024 Total Eclipse
2. Gabrielle McMullin  says:
I also thought that the surgeon was his mother.
44.  **Leidy Portilla**
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And yeah the bible belt remark is embarrassing.
Published Mar 5, 2020
72.  **Virginia Rodriguez**
Child  

The Child IAT (Ch-IAT)  [32]  allows for children as young as four years of
age to take the IAT. Rather than words and pictures, the Ch-IAT uses sound and
pictures. For example, positive and negative valence are indicated with
smiling and frowning faces. Positive and negative words to be classified are
voiced out loud to children.

Studies using the Ch-IAT have revealed that six-year-old White children, ten-
year-old White children, and White adults have comparable implicit attitudes
on the Race IAT.  [32]
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Mithran Doraisamy
August 25, 2022 at 1:22 pm
August 9, 2021 at 11:59 am
July 24, 2017 at 1:30 pm
Predictive validity  

A 2009 meta-analysis lead-authored by Greenwald  [36]  concluded that the IAT
has  predictive validity 
independent of the predictive validity of explicit measures. A follow-up meta-
analysis lead-authored by Frederick L. Oswald criticised Greenwald's study for
overestimating the correlations between IAT scores and discriminatory behavior
by including studies that didn't actually measure discriminatory behavior
(such as those which found a link between high IAT scores and certain brain
patterns) and treating published findings in which high IAT scores correlated
with better behavior toward out-group than in-group members as evidence of
implicitly biased individuals overcompensating.  [44]  Oswald's team found
that implicit measures were only weakly predictive of behaviors and no better
than explicit measures. Some research has found that the IAT tends to be a
better predictor of behavior in socially sensitive contexts (e.g.
discrimination and suicidal behaviour)  [45]  than traditional "explicit"
self-report methods,  [36]  whereas explicit measures tend to be better
predictors of behavior in less socially sensitive contexts (e.g. political
preferences). Specifically, the IAT has been shown to predict voting behavior
(e.g. ultimate candidate choice of undecided voters),  [46]  mental health
(e.g. a self-injury IAT differentiated between adolescents who injured
themselves and those who did not),  [47]  medical outcomes (e.g. medical
recommendations by physicians),  [48]  employment outcomes (e.g. interviewing
Muslim-Arab versus Swedish job applicants),  [49]  education outcomes (e.g.
gender-science stereotypes predict gender disparities in nations' science and
math test scores),  [50]  and environmentalism (e.g., membership of a pro-
environmental organisation).  [51]

When patients were tested on their subconscious feelings towards death,
suicidal patients are put at risk. Research shows that those experiencing deep
suicidal thoughts are not likely to share their true experiences.  [52]

In applied settings, the IAT has been used in  marketing  and  industrial psychology  . For example, in determining the predictors of risk-
taking behaviour of pilots in general aviation, attitudes towards risky flight
behaviour as measured through an IAT have shown to be a more accurate forecast
of risky flight behaviour than traditional explicit attitude or personality
scales.  [53]  The IAT has also been used in  clinical psychology
 research, especially
anxiety and addiction research.  [54]
* ##  Rich Barlow
29.  **Susan**
* Related Links
Brief  

The Brief IAT (BIAT) uses a similar procedure to the standard IAT but requires
fewer classifications.  [20]  It involves approximately four to six tasks
rather than seven, only uses combined tasks (corresponding most closely to
tasks 3, 4, 6, and 7 on the standard IAT), and has fewer repetitions.
Additionally, it requires specification of a focal concept in each task as
well as a single attribute, instead of two. For example, although, White,
Black, Pleasant, and Unpleasant stimuli all appear, participants would press
one key when White and Pleasant words appear and another key when "anything
else" appears. Subsequently, participants would press one key when Black and
Pleasant words appear and another key when "anything else" appears. Unlike the
GNAT, the Brief IAT doesn't not use accuracy of correctly identifying the
specific concept and attribute requested. Instead, the latency is used to
acquire results.
62.  **Rita Neill**
40.  **AR**
November 9, 2020 at 1:27 pm
1.  **Gilbert Burgh**
April 19, 2021 at 10:27 pm
####   Terriers in Charge: Favor Wariboko (CAS’24)
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31. Marcus  says:
My wife is a surgeon.
August 5, 2022 at 4:00 pm
August 1, 2021 at 12:26 pm
I thought it is his mother
96.  **Santio Garcia Barbosa**
121.  **Kenard**
December 13, 2021 at 5:01 am
In research conducted by Mikaela Wapman (CAS’14) and Deborah Belle, a College
of Arts & Sciences psychology professor, even young people and self-described
feminists tended to overlook the possibility that the surgeon in the riddle
was a she. The researchers ran the riddle by two groups: 197 BU psychology
students and 103 children, ages 7 to 17, from Brookline summer camps. (They
did the latter study through the  Undergraduate Research Opportunities
Program  (UROP).)
90.  **wanzhengsheng**
A sad waste.
102.  **Manish Jha**