mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
DSM-5 lists ten specific personality disorders:  paranoid
 , 
schizoid  ,  schizotypal  ,  antisocial
 , 
borderline  ,  histrionic  ,  narcissistic

,  avoidant  ,  dependent  and  obsessive–compulsive
 personality disorder.
Frank GKW, Shott ME, Sternheim LC, Swindle S, Pryor TL. Persistence, Reward
Dependence, and Sensitivity to Reward Are Associated With Unexpected Salience
Response in Girls but Not in Adult Women: Implications for Psychiatric
Vulnerabilities.  Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging.  2022 Nov;  7
(11):1170-1182.  [  PubMed  : 33872764
 ]
Postnatal  |
Bookshelf ID: NBK542325  PMID:  31194465
There are some  sex  differences in the frequency of
personality disorders which are shown in the table below.  [93]  : 206  The
known prevalence of some personality disorders, especially borderline PD and
antisocial PD are affected by diagnostic bias. This is due to many factors
including disproportionately high research towards borderline PD and
antisocial PD, alongside social and gender stereotypes, and the relationship
between diagnosis rates and prevalence rates.  [86]  Since the removal of
depressive PD, self-defeating PD, sadistic PD and passive-aggressive PD from
the DSM-5, studies analysing their prevalence and demographics have been
limited.
Thomas Widiger  and his
collaborators have contributed to this debate significantly.  [56]  He
discussed the constraints of the _categorical approach_ and argued for the
_dimensional approach_ to the personality disorders. Specifically, he proposed
the  Five Factor Model  of
personality as an alternative to the classification of personality disorders.
For example, this view specifies that Borderline Personality Disorder can be
understood as a combination of emotional lability (i.e., high neuroticism),
impulsivity (i.e., low conscientiousness), and hostility (i.e., low
agreeableness). Many studies across cultures have explored the relationship
between personality disorders and the Five Factor Model.  [57]  This research
has demonstrated that personality disorders largely correlate in expected ways
with measures of the Five Factor Model  [58]  and has set the stage for
including the Five Factor Model within  DSM-5  .  [59]
Clark LA. Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: perennial issues
and an emerging reconceptualization.  Annu Rev Psychol.  2007;  58  :227-57.
[  PubMed  : 16903806   ]
*  Resources in your library
Parmar A, Kaloiya G. Comorbidity of Personality Disorder among Substance Use
Disorder Patients: A Narrative Review.  Indian J Psychol Med.  2018 Nov-Dec;
40  (6):517-527.  [  PMC free article  : PMC6241194
 ] [  PubMed  : 30533947
 ]
*  Delusional disorder 
*  Folie à deux
Massaal-van der Ree LY, Eikelenboom M, Hoogendoorn AW, Thomaes K, van Marle
HJF. Cluster B versus Cluster C Personality Disorders: A Comparison of
Comorbidity, Suicidality, Traumatization and Global Functioning.  Behav Sci
(Basel).  2022 Apr 12;  12  (4)  [  PMC free article  : PMC9031793
 ] [  PubMed  : 35447677
 ]
*  Catatonia
37\.
Apfelbaum S, Regalado P, Herman L, Teitelbaum J, Gagliesi P. Comorbidity
between bipolar disorder and cluster B personality disorders as indicator of
affective dysregulation and clinical severity.  Actas Esp Psiquiatr.  2013
Sep-Oct;  41  (5):269-78.  [  PubMed  : 24096392
 ]
|   Arousal  |
|   DSM-III-R
 only
|
Gjerde LC, Czajkowski N, Røysamb E, Orstavik RE, Knudsen GP, Ostby K,
Torgersen S, Myers J, Kendler KS, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. The heritability of
avoidant and dependent personality disorder assessed by personal interview and
questionnaire.  Acta Psychiatr Scand.  2012 Dec;  126  (6):448-57.  [  PMC
free article  : PMC3493848   ] [  PubMed  :
22486635   ]
---|---
Specific  |
###  Impact on functioning
*  Don't Fall for These PTSD Myths 
*  PTSD Claims for Former POWs
*  Hypersexuality 
*  Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
People with histrionic personality disorder (HPD) are at a higher risk of
developing depression and substance use disorders, such as cannabis use
disorder and  alcohol use disorder
 .
Low or Superficial Self-Esteem
Child abuse  and  neglect
 consistently show up as risk factors to
the development of personality disorders in adulthood.  [67]  A study looked
at retrospective reports of abuse of participants that had demonstrated
psychopathology throughout their life and were later found to have past
experience with abuse. In a study of 793 mothers and children, researchers
asked mothers if they had screamed at their children, and told them that they
did not love them or threatened to send them away. Children who had
experienced such verbal abuse were three times as likely as other children
(who did not experience such verbal abuse) to have borderline, narcissistic,
obsessive–compulsive or paranoid personality disorders in adulthood.  [68]
The  sexually abused  group demonstrated
the most consistently elevated patterns of psychopathology. Officially
verified  physical abuse  showed an
extremely strong correlation with the development of antisocial and impulsive
behavior. On the other hand, cases of abuse of the neglectful type that
created childhood pathology were found to be subject to partial remission in
adulthood.  [67]
The process of being approved for disability benefits can be frustrating, but
the office of Sean Kendall, Attorney-at-Law, is here to help. We work with
Veterans suffering from PTSD who are having trouble accessing their VA
benefits to ensure that all of their primary and secondary conditions are
fully compensated.  Contact us today  to schedule a free, no-
obligation initial consultation.
##  Outlook / Prognosis
---|---
 Intellectual disability  |
Svrakic DM, Cloninger RC. Epigenetic perspective on behavior development,
personality, and personality disorders.  Psychiatr Danub.  2010 Jun;  22
(2):153-66.  [  PubMed  : 20562740
 ]
#  Personality disorder
15\.
*  Suicidal Ideation.  [StatPearls. 2024]
##  Diagnosis and Tests
*  Paranoid 
*  Schizoid 
*  Schizotypal
Last Update:  January 31, 2024  .
*  Anorgasmia 
*  Delayed ejaculation 
*  Premature ejaculation 
*  Sexual anhedonia 
*  Spontaneous orgasm
ICD  classifications (  ICD-10  )  |
Research shows that several brain regions are altered in personality
disorders, particularly:  hippocampus  up
to 18% smaller, a smaller  amygdala  ,
malfunctions in the  striatum  \-  nucleus
accumbens  and the  cingulum
 "Cingulum \(brain\)")  neural pathways
 connecting them and taking care of
the feedback loops on what to do with all the incoming information from the
multiple senses; so what comes out is anti-social – not according to what is
the  social norm  , socially acceptable and
appropriate.  [76]  [77]
Schizophrenia  |
*  Unspecified
|  Appendix B (proposed)  |
_Rizvi A, Torrico TJ._ _StatPearls. 2024 Jan_
1  University Hospital and Medical Center
* This page was last edited on 27 March 2024, at 08:50  (UTC)  .
* Text is available under the  Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0   ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the  Terms of Use  and  Privacy Policy  . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the  Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.  , a non-profit organization.
###  In the workplace
Tyrer P, Seivewright N. Pharmacological treatment of personality disorders.
Clin Neuropharmacol.  1988 Dec;  11  (6):493-9.  [  PubMed  : 3069204
 ]
A person with histrionic personality disorder may:
*  Review  The comorbidity of multiple personality disorder and DSM-III-R axis II disorders.  [Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1991]
For Advertisers
*  Dimensional 
*  Categorical 
*  Multi-axial 
*  Prototypal 
*  Relational ")
*  Structural ")
Psychoactive  substances, 
substance abuse  and substance-
related
###  Child abuse
###  DSM-5 general criteria
####  Get Help Now
|  Delusional  |
####  Attribution
**Sex differences in the frequency of personality disorders** Type of
personality disorder  |  Predominant sex  |  Notes
---|---|---
 Paranoid personality disorder  |  Inconclusive  |  In clinical samples men
have higher rates, whereas epidemiologically there is a reported higher rate
of women  [94]  although due the controversy of paranoid personality disorder
the usefulness of these results is disputed  [86]  [95]
 Schizoid personality disorder  |  Male  |  About 10% more common in males
[96]
 Schizotypal personality disorder  |  Inconclusive  |  The DSM-5 reports it
is slightly more common in males, although other results suggest a prevalence
of 4.2% in women and 3.7% in men  [1]  [97]
 Antisocial personality disorder  |  Male  |  About three times more common
in men,  [98]  with rates substantially higher in prison populations, up to
almost 50% in some prison populations  [98]
 Borderline personality disorder  |  Female  |  Diagnosis rates vary from
about three times more common in women, to only a minor predominance of women
over men. This is partially attributable to increased rates of treatment-
seeking in women, although disputed  [86]  [94]
 Histrionic personality disorder  |  Equal  |  Prevalence rates are equal,
although diagnostic rates can favour women  [99]  [94]  [86]
 Narcissistic personality disorder  |  Male  |  7.7% for men, 4.8% for women
[100]  [101]
 Avoidant personality disorder  |  Equal  [86]  |
 Dependent personality disorder  |  Female  |  0.6% in women, 0.4% in men
[94]  [86]
 Depressive personality disorder  |  N/A  |  No longer present in the DSM-5
and no longer widely used  [1]
 Passive–aggressive personality disorder
 |  N/A  |  No longer present in the DSM-5 and no longer
widely used  [1]  [102]
 Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
 |  Inconclusive  |  The DSM-5
lists a male-to-female ratio of 2:1, however other studies have found equal
rates  [103]
 Self-defeating personality disorder  |
Female  [104]  |  Removed entirely since the DSM-IV, not present in the DSM-5
and no longer widely used  [1]
 Sadistic personality disorder  |  Male  [105]  |  Removed entirely since the
DSM-IV, not present in the DSM-5 and no longer widely used  [1]
Turner D, Sebastian A, Tüscher O. Impulsivity and Cluster B Personality
Disorders.  Curr Psychiatry Rep.  2017 Mar;  19  (3):15.  [  PubMed  :
28251591   ]
|   Autism spectrum  |
Classification  |
Schizophrenia  ,  schizotypal

and  delusional
Psychological development
(  developmental disabilities  )  |
Body Image Insecurity
41\.
11\.
Wilson S, Stroud CB, Durbin CE. Interpersonal dysfunction in personality
disorders: A meta-analytic review.  Psychol Bull.  2017 Jul;  143
(7):677-734.  [  PMC free article  : PMC5507693  
] [  PubMed  : 28447827   ]
Tasca C, Rapetti M, Carta MG, Fadda B. Women and hysteria in the history of
mental health.  Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health.  2012;  8  :110-9.  [  PMC
free article  : PMC3480686   ] [  PubMed  :
23115576   ]
25\.
Rienzi BM, Scrams DJ. Gender stereotypes for paranoid, antisocial, compulsive,
dependent, and histrionic personality disorders.  Psychol Rep.  1991 Dec;  69
(3 Pt 1):976-8.  [  PubMed  : 1784694
 ]
###  ICD-10
31\.
---|---
Nonorganic  sleep  |
####  Cluster B (emotional or erratic disorders)  ") ]
17\.
1.  Negative affectivity  (  6D11.0  ) – including anxiety, separation insecurity, distrustfulness, worthlessness and emotional instability
2. Detachment (  6D11.1  ) – including social detachment and emotional coldness
3.  Dissociality  (  6D11.2  ) – including grandiosity, egocentricity, deception, exploitativeness and aggression
4.  Disinhibition  (  6D11.3  ) – including risk-taking, impulsivity, irresponsibility and distractibility
5.  Anankastia  (  6D11.4  ) – including rigid control over behaviour and affect and rigid perfectionism
The  prevalence  of personality disorder in
the general community was largely unknown until surveys starting from the
1990s. In 2008 the  median  rate of diagnosable PD
was estimated at 10.6%, based on six major studies across three nations. This
rate of around one in ten, especially as associated with high use of cocaine,
is described as a major  public health 
concern requiring attention by researchers and clinicians.  [85]
2  Kern Medical
19\.
Social Networks Matter
DSM-5 
(Categorical
model)  |
---|---
Cluster B (dramatic)  |
See also:  Big Five personality traits  and  Myers-Briggs Type Indicator § Personality
disorders
###  Other personality types and Millon's description
###  Socioeconomic status
DSM  classifications  |
AD
Mental Health/Reference
Signs of Insecurity
##  Management
|   Adjustment  |
Personality disorder not otherwise specified
*  Review  Historical roots of histrionic personality disorder.  [Front Psychol. 2015]
Meanwhile, a more general  personality psychology
 had been developing
in academia and to some extent clinically.  Gordon Allport
 published theories of  personality
traits  from the 1920s—and 
Henry Murray  advanced a theory called
_personology_ , which influenced a later key advocate of personality
disorders,  Theodore Millon  .
Tests were developing or being applied for personality evaluation, including 
projective tests  such as the 
Rorschach test  , as well as
questionnaires such as the  Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
 . Around mid-century,  Hans Eysenck
 was analysing traits and  personality
types  , and psychiatrist  Kurt
Schneider  was popularising a clinical
use in place of the previously more usual terms 'character', 'temperament' or
'constitution'.
Socioeconomic status 
has also been looked at as a potential cause for personality disorders. There
is a strong association with low parental/neighborhood socioeconomic status
and personality disorder symptoms.  [69]  In a 2015 publication from Bonn,
Germany, which compared parental socioeconomic status and a child's
personality, it was seen that children who were from higher socioeconomic
backgrounds were more altruistic, less risk seeking, and had overall higher 
IQs  .  [70]  These
traits correlate with a low risk of developing personality disorders later on
in life. In a study looking at female children who were detained for
disciplinary actions found that psychological problems were most negatively
associated with socioeconomic problems.  [71]  Furthermore, social
disorganization was found to be inversely correlated with personality disorder
symptoms.  [72]
*  Anankastic 
*  Anxious (avoidant) 
*  Dependent 
*  Dissocial 
*  Emotionally unstable 
*  Histrionic 
*  Paranoid 
*  Schizoid 
*
Job Insecurity
In several studies, higher levels of disability and lower QoL were predicted
by avoidant, dependent, schizoid, paranoid, schizotypal and antisocial
personality disorders. This link is particularly strong for  avoidant
 , 
schizotypal  and  borderline PD  . However, obsessive–compulsive PD was not
related to a reduced QoL or increased impairment. A  prospective study
 reported that all PD were
associated with significant impairment 15 years later, except for  obsessive
compulsive  and  narcissistic personality
disorder  .  [48]
##  Classification and symptoms
**Cluster C**
---
General classifications  |
Psychoanalytic theory 
has been used to explain treatment-resistant tendencies as  egosyntonic
 (i.e. the patterns are consistent with
the  ego integrity  of the individual)
and are therefore perceived to be appropriate by that individual. In addition,
this behavior can result in maladaptive  coping skills  and may lead to personal problems that induce extreme
anxiety, distress, or depression and result in impaired psychosocial
functioning.  [46]
*  Antisocial 
*  Borderline 
*  Histrionic 
*  Narcissistic
*  Histrionic personality disorder  : including  superficial charm  , insincerity,  egocentricity  and  manipulation 
*  Narcissistic personality disorder  : including  grandiosity  , self-focused lack of  empathy  for others, exploitativeness and independence.
*  Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder  : including  perfectionism  "Perfectionism \(psychology\)") , excessive devotion to work, rigidity, stubbornness and dictatorial tendencies.  [53]
*  Generalized anxiety disorder 
*  OCD 
*  Panic attack 
*  Panic disorder 
*  Stress 
*  Acute stress reaction 
*  PTSD
###  Challenges
13\.
Orgasm  |
Despite the lack of evidence supporting the benefit of antipsychotics in
people with personality disorders, 1 in 4 who do not have a  serious mental
illness  are
prescribed them in UK  primary care  .
Many people receive these medication for over a year, contrary to  NICE
 guidelines.  [81]  [82]
##  Overview
3. Rapidly shifting and shallow emotions
In the early 20th century, another German psychiatrist,  Emil Kraepelin
 , included a chapter on psychopathic
inferiority in his influential work on clinical psychiatry for students and
physicians. He suggested six types – excitable, unstable, eccentric, liar,
swindler and quarrelsome. The categories were essentially defined by the most
disordered criminal offenders observed, distinguished between criminals by
impulse, professional criminals, and morbid  vagabonds
 "Vagabond \(person\)") who wandered through life.
Kraepelin also described three paranoid (meaning then delusional) disorders,
resembling later concepts of schizophrenia, delusional disorder and paranoid
personality disorder. A diagnostic term for the latter concept would be
included in the DSM from 1952, and from 1980 the DSM would also include
schizoid, schizotypal; interpretations of earlier (1921) theories of  Ernst
Kretschmer  led to a distinction
between these and another type later included in the DSM, avoidant personality
disorder.
##  How Gender Affects PTSD Rates
*  Antisocial personality disorder  – pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, lack of empathy, and lack of remorse, callousness, bloated self-image, and manipulative and impulsive behavior
*  Borderline personality disorder  – pervasive pattern of abrupt emotional outbursts, fear of abandonment, unhealthy  attachment  , altered empathy,  [21]  and instability in relationships, self-image, identity, behavior and  affect  "Affect \(psychology\)") , often leading to self-harm and impulsivity
*  Histrionic personality disorder  – pervasive pattern of  attention-seeking  behavior, including excessive emotions, an impressionistic style of speech, inappropriate seduction,  exhibitionism  , and egocentrism
*  Narcissistic personality disorder  – pervasive pattern of  superior grandiosity  , haughtiness, need for admiration, deceiving others, and lack of empathy (and, in more severe expressions, criminal behavior _with_ remorse)  [22]
1. Uncomfortable when not the center of attention
####  Openness to experience
*  Autism 
*  Asperger syndrome 
*  High-functioning autism 
*  PDD-NOS 
*  Savant syndrome
*  AIDS dementia complex 
*  Alzheimer's disease 
*  Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 
*  Frontotemporal dementia 
*  Huntington's disease 
*  Mild cognitive impairment 
*  Parkinson's disease 
*  Pick's disease 
*  Sundowning 
*  Vascular dementia 
*  Wandering  "Wandering \(dementia\)")
* It not only allows for but also takes advantage of the tendency for personality disorders to be comorbid with each other.
* It represents the influence of personality disorder on clinical outcome more satisfactorily than the simple  dichotomous  system of no personality disorder versus personality disorder.
* This system accommodates the new diagnosis of severe personality disorder, particularly "dangerous and severe personality disorder" (DSPD).
People with HPD are also more likely to have:
*  Depressive 
*  Cyclothymic
7. Easily influenced by others or circumstances
Holder S. Mental Disorders: Personality Disorders.  FP Essent.  2020 Aug;  495
:11-16.  [  PubMed  : 32757561   ]
39\.
#  Histrionic Personality Disorder
Sexual dysfunction  |
---|---
 Desire  |
See also:  ICD-11 § Personality disorder
Physiological and physical behavior
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder.
*  Erectile dysfunction 
*  Female sexual arousal disorder
Personality disorder diagnoses in each edition of the  Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual
 [18]  [93]  : 17  DSM-I  |  DSM-II  |
DSM-III  |  DSM-III-R  |  DSM-IV(-TR)  |  DSM-5
---|---|---|---|---|---
Inadequate  [a]  |  Inadequate  |  Deleted  [93]  : 19  |  —  |  —  |  —
Schizoid  [a]  |  Schizoid  |  Schizoid  |  Schizoid  |  Schizoid  |  Schizoid
Cyclothymic  [a]  |  Cyclothymic  |  Reclassified  [93]  : 16, 19  |  —  |  —
|  —
Paranoid  [a]  |  Paranoid  |  Paranoid  |  Paranoid  |  Paranoid  |  Paranoid
—  |  —  |  Schizotypal  |  Schizotypal  |  Schizotypal  |  Schizotypal  [b]
Emotionally unstable  [c]  |  Hysterical  [93]  : 18  |  Histrionic  |
Histrionic  |  Histrionic  |  Histrionic
—  |  —  |  Borderline  [93]  : 19  |  Borderline  |  Borderline  |
Borderline
Compulsive  [c]  |  Obsessive–compulsive  |  Compulsive  |
Obsessive–compulsive  |  Obsessive–compulsive  |  Obsessive–compulsive
Passive–aggressive,
Passive–dependent subtype  [c]  |  Deleted  [93]  : 18  |  Dependent  [93]  :
19  |  Dependent  |  Dependent  |  Dependent
Passive–aggressive,
Passive–aggressive subtype  [c]  |  Passive–aggressive  |  Passive–aggressive
|  Passive–aggressive  |  Deleted  [d]  [106]  : 629  |  —
Passive–aggressive,
Aggressive subtype  [c]  |  —  |  —  |  —  |  —  |  —
—  |  Explosive  [93]  : 18  |  Deleted  [93]  : 19  |  —  |  —  |  —
—  |  Asthenic  [93]  : 18  |  Deleted  [93]  : 19  |  —  |  —  |  —
—  |  —  |  Avoidant  [93]  : 19  |  Avoidant  |  Avoidant  |  Avoidant
—  |  —  |  Narcissistic  [93]  : 19  |  Narcissistic  |  Narcissistic  |
Narcissistic
Antisocial reaction  [e]  |  Antisocial  |  Antisocial  |  Antisocial  |
Antisocial  |  Antisocial
Dyssocial reaction  [e]  |  —  |  —  |  —  |  —  |  —
Sexual deviation  [e]  |  Reclassified  [93]  : 16, 18  |  —  |  —  |  —  |  —
_Addiction_ [e]  |  Reclassified  [93]  : 16, 18  |  —  |  —  |  —  |  —
_Appendix_
|  |  |  Self-defeating  |  Passive-aggressive (Negativistic)  [106]  : 733  |
Personality disorder - Trait specified
|  |  |  Sadistic  |  Depressive  |
It is generally assumed that all personality disorders are linked to impaired
functioning and a reduced  quality of life (QoL)
 "Quality of life \(healthcare\)")
because that is a basic diagnostic requirement. But research shows that this
may be true only for some types of personality disorder.
*  Personality Disorders Foundation 
*  National Mental Health Association personality disorder fact sheet   Archived  16 December 2010 at the  Wayback Machine 
*  Personality Disorders information leaflet from The Royal College of Psychiatrists
Novais F, Araújo A, Godinho P. Historical roots of histrionic personality
disorder.  Front Psychol.  2015;  6  :1463.  [  PMC free article  :
PMC4585318   ] [  PubMed  : 26441812
 ]
* Nonorganic  dyspareunia 
* Nonorganic  vaginismus
Cluster C (anxious)
*  Paranoid personality disorder  – pattern of irrational suspicion and mistrust of others, interpreting motivations as malevolent
*  Schizoid personality disorder  – cold affect and detachment from social relationships, apathy, and restricted emotional expression
*  Schizotypal personality disorder  – pattern of extreme discomfort interacting socially, and distorted cognition and perceptions
* **Group therapy** : This is a type of psychotherapy in which a group of people meets to describe and discuss their problems together under the supervision of a therapist or psychologist. Group therapy may be of particular benefit to people with HPD, especially if it’s with other people with HPD. It can help someone with HPD see their own behavior reflected back at them.
* **Psychodynamic psychotherapy** : This type of therapy focuses on the psychological roots of emotional distress. Through self-reflection and self-examination, the person undergoing therapy looks into problematic relationship patterns in their life.
* **Supportive psychotherapy** : This type of therapy aims to improve symptoms and maintain, restore or improve self-esteem and coping skills. Supportive psychotherapy involves the examination of relationships and patterns of emotional response or behavior.
*  **Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)**  : This is a structured, goal-oriented type of therapy. A therapist or psychologist helps you take a close look at your thoughts and emotions. You’ll come to understand how your thoughts affect your actions. Through CBT, you can unlearn patterns of negative thoughts and behaviors and learn to adopt healthier thinking patterns and habits.