mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
**There is a greater disadvantage for girls**
*  Chrome by Google 
*  Firefox by Mozilla 
*  Microsoft Edge 
*  Safari by Apple
**Managing death anxiety**
[ 703-539-5006  ](tel:7035395006)
*  Psychology in the News  
*  MPC Newsletter  
*  Blog  
*  Local Resources
Your email:  is required
Start Your Symptom Check  service category
#####   Arlington Behavior Therapy Named Best Business
###  RACGP - Red Book - Nutrition
##   ​DID YOU KNOW?
##   Self-Advocacy in Medical Care
__
Back To  Top
**Clarify your values by using regret**
*  How we can help 
*  Our mobile app 
*  Linking to us 
*  Information partners 
*  Register your service 
*  Terms of use 
*  Privacy 
*  Contact us 
*  About us
__   __
  __
__ Sign in
Treatment  

 Cognitive behavioral  and  psychoanalytic therapy
 are used to help
those coping by avoidance to acknowledge, comprehend, and express their
emotions.  Acceptance and commitment therapy

, a behavioral therapy that focuses on breaking down avoidance coping and
showing it to be an unhealthy method for dealing with traumatic experiences,
is also sometimes used.  [12]

Both active-cognitive and active-behavioral coping are used as replacement
techniques for avoidance coping. Active-cognitive coping includes changing
one's attitude towards a stressful event and looking for any positive impacts.
Active-behavioral coping refers taking positive actions after finding out more
about the situation.  [13]
**Share your regrets in writing**
##  How is hypochondria treated?
*  Arabic عربى 
*  বাংলা Bengali 
*  简体中文 Chinese Simplified 
*  繁體中文 Chinese Traditional 
*  Tiếng Việt Vietnamese
](https://thiswayup.org.au/learning-hub/health-anxiety-explained/) [
*  Home __ 
*  COVID-19 __ 
* Health topics A-Z __
*  Conditions __ 
*  Symptoms __ 
*  Procedures __ 
*  Life stages __ 
*  All topics __ 
*  Medicines __ 
*  Symptom checker __ 
*  Service finder __
*  Blog 
*  BMI calculator 
*  Health apps 
*  Medicines 
*  Service finder 
*  Symptom checker 
*  Question builder 
*  Risk Checker
**View it from a broader perspective**
##  Find a health service
9/12/2018
I have read and agree to the  Terms of Use  and  Privacy
Policy  is required  . __ __
https://www.time-to-change.org.uk/change-makers
](https://www.racgp.org.au/clinical-resources/clinical-guidelines/key-racgp-
guidelines/view-all-racgp-guidelines/guidelines-for-preventive-activities-in-
general-pr/preventive-activities-prior-to-pregnancy) [
##  Where to get help?
####  Anxiety
####  Source  s  :
healthdirect's information and advice are developed and managed within a
rigorous  clinical governance framework
 .
* {{prefLabel}}
](https://www.racgp.org.au/clinical-resources/clinical-guidelines/key-racgp-
guidelines/view-all-racgp-guidelines/guidelines-for-preventive-activities-in-
general-pr/prevention-of-chronic-disease/nutrition) [
---|---|---
​Although the U.S. has the most expensive health care system in the world, the
nation ranks lowest in terms of “efficiency, equity and outcomes,” according
to the 2014 Commonwealth Fund   Survey 2014. Given that a
typical patient visit usually lasts anywhere from 8-15 minutes, it is hard to
cover all that is happening medically (Fricchione, 2014). In addition,
patients have more and more specialized care, however research shows that
patients feel less and less cared for. That is, generally the days of personal
relationships with physicians may be coming to an end. One possibility of a
counter movement is the development of the Accountable Care model. Its basic
thrust is the movement away from fee for service payments and towards
reinforcement to the physician or hospital for better care based on better
outcomes. The intent of this brief communication is to acknowledge how the
typical doctor visit has progressed in light of this trend towards
disenfranchisement over the years, and to encourage patients to discuss
matters with their physicians that they may not consider appropriate despite
the lack of time or feelings of empathy.
#  Healthdirect 24hr 7 days a week hotline
Psychological
problems are much less prevalent in older people than in the general
population. Additionally, they have demonstrated the least anxiety and
depression during the pandemic, despite being most susceptible.
* giving a clear and honest appraisal of the causes of concern
* providing the person affected with advice and self-help resources
*  cognitive behavioural therapy 
* referring the person to a  counsellor  or  psychologist  , especially if they think depression or anxiety might be making the symptoms worse
* prescribing medication such as  antidepressants  to reduce anxiety.
_  _
**Worried about your health?**
© 2024 Healthdirect Australia Limited
If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the free 24/7 National Suicide
Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255, call 911 or go to your nearest
emergency services provider. You are worth helping. Your life is worth living
**References:**
Friedman, V. (2018, June 06). Kate Spade's Death: 'There Was No Indication and
No Warning,' Says Her Husband. Retrieved from  
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/06/style/kate-spade-husband-andy-spade.html

Levenson, E., & Gingras, B. (2018, June 05). Designer Kate Spade found dead in
apparent suicide. Retrieved from   https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/05/us/kate-
spade-dead/index.html
#####   Girls’ Mental Health and Social Media: A Guide to Reducing Negative
Effects
Exercising intensely for a short period of time
#####   Is your mind wandering? Aside from ADHD, here are some other factors
to consider.
Exercise  ,  sleep  , and a  healthy diet
 can help  reduce stress  .
_45 benefits:_
/en.wikipedia.org)
*  Cookie statement 
*  Terms of Use 
*  Desktop 

*[
ms
]: millseconds
Projective tests  The  Rorschach inkblot test  uses
pareidolia in an attempt to gain insight into a person's mental state. The
Rorschach is a  projective test 
that elicits thoughts or feelings of respondents that are "projected" onto the
ambiguous inkblot images.  [26]  Rorschach inkblots have low-fractal-dimension
boundary contours, which may elicit general shape naming behaviors, serving as
the vehicle for projected meanings.  [27]
---
Enforcement  |
Scientific_view "Ghost") .  [61]
A different study showed that higher levels of media exposure are associated
with lower reputations for companies, even when the exposure is mostly
positive.  [19]  A subsequent review of the research concluded that exposure
leads to  ambivalence  because it brings
about a large number of associations, which tend to be both favorable and
unfavorable.  [20]  Exposure is most likely to be helpful when a company or
product is new and unfamiliar to consumers. An "optimal" level of exposure to
an advertisement may not exist. In a third study, experimenters primed
consumers with affective motives. One group of thirsty consumers was primed
with a happy face before being offered a beverage, while a second group was
primed with an unpleasant face. Those primed with the happy face bought more
beverages, and were also willing to pay more for the beverage than their
unhappy counterparts. This study bolsters Zajonc's claim that choices are not
in need of cognition. Buyers often choose what they "like" instead of what
they have substantially thought about.  [21]
Types  |
#####  Example #2 - Journal ranking in academia
*  Belongingness 
*  Social identity theory 
*  Social facilitation 
*  Social loafing 
*  Social cohesion 
*  Group development 
*  Group polarization 
*  Groupthink 
*  In-group favoritism 
*  False-consensus effect 
*  Diffusion of responsibility 
*  Social comparison theory 
*  Social determinants of mental health 
*  Self-enhancement 
*  Frog pond effect
####  Jun 22, 2020
*  Bandwagon effect 
*  Brainwashing 
*  Closure (sociology)  "Closure \(sociology\)")
*  Collectivism 
*  Consensus reality 
*  Culture shock 
*  Dogma 
*  Echo chamber  "Echo chamber \(media\)")
*  False consensus effect 
*  Fear of missing out 
*  Groupthink 
*  Hazing 
*  Herd mentality 
*  Identification (psychology)  "Identification \(psychology\)")
*  Indoctrination 
*  Invented tradition 
*  Memory conformity 
*  Mere exposure effect 
*  Milieu control 
*  Mobbing 
*  Normalization  "Normalization \(sociology\)")
*  Normative social influence 
*  Passing (sociology)  "Passing \(sociology\)")
*  Patriotism 
*  Peer pressure 
*  Pluralistic ignorance 
*  Propaganda 
*  Psychosocial issue 
*  Operant conditioning 
*  Rally 'round the flag effect 
*  Social construction of gender 
*  Social contagion 
*  Addiction 
*  Behavioral 
*  Crime 
*  Hysterical 
*  Suicide 
*  Emotional 
*  Social influence 
*  Social integration 
*  Socialization 
*  Spiral of silence 
*  Teasing 
*  Toxic positivity 
*  Untouchability
####  Apr 1, 2019
In popular culture  See also: [ Among Us § Memes and Mods ](/wiki/Among_Us
*  Cognitive biases 
*  Memory biases
– Social psychologist Leslie Zebrowitz, et al.
Individual pressure  |
Group dynamics  |
*  Enculturation 
*  Culture shock 
*  Cultural relativism 
*  Individualism 
*  Collectivism
Gustav Fechner  conducted the
earliest known research on the effect in 1876.  [2]   Edward B. Titchener
 also documented the effect
and described the "glow of warmth" felt in the presence of something familiar;
[3]  however, his hypothesis was thrown out when results showed that the
enhancement of preferences for objects did not depend on the individual's
subjective impressions of how familiar the objects were. The rejection of
Titchener's hypothesis spurred further research and the development of current
theory.
#####   The Devil You (Expect to) Know: Political Reconciliation
####  Mar 21, 2019
####  Aug 26, 2019
####  Jul 29, 2019
Computer vision  .jpg) Given an image of
jellyfish swimming, the  DeepDream  program can
be encouraged to "see" dogs.

Pareidolia can occur in  computer vision  ,  [48]  specifically in [ image recognition
](/wiki/Computer_vision
In groups  |
Banknotes  Owing to the way designs are  engraved  and
printed, occurrences of pareidolia have occasionally been reported in
banknotes.

One example is the 1954  Canadian Landscape   Canadian dollar  banknote series, known among collectors for the "Devil's Head"
variety of the initial print runs. The obverse of the notes features what
appears to be an exaggerated grinning face formed from patterns in the hair of
 Queen Elizabeth II  . The
phenomenon generated enough attention for revised designs to be issued in 1956
which removed the effect.  [28]
###  Goetzinger (1968)  ") ]
References  1. ** ^  **  "pareidolia"  . _ Lexico  US English Dictionary _ .  Oxford University Press  . Archived from  the original  on 16 January 2020.
2. ** ^  **  "pareidolia"  . _ Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary  _ . Retrieved  6 December  2020  .
3. ** ^  ** Jaekel, Philip (29 January 2017).  "Why we hear voices in random noise"  . Nautilus  . Retrieved  1 April  2017  .
4. ** ^  ** Bauman, Neil (9 July 2015). [ "Apophenia, Audio Pareidolia and Musical Ear Syndrome" ](https://hearinglosshelp.com/blog/apophenia-audio-pareidolia-and-musical-ear-syndrome/
Contribution hidden for you
Languages

*  العربية  
*  অসমীয়া  
*  Azərbaycanca  
*  বাংলা  
*  Български  
*  Català  
*  Čeština  
*  Cymraeg  
*  Dansk  
*  Deutsch  
*  Eesti  
*  Ελληνικά  
*  Español  
*  Euskara  
*  فارسی  
*  Français  
*  Galego  
*  한국어  
*  Հայերեն  
*  Bahasa Indonesia  
*  Italiano  
*  עברית  
*  Lietuvių  
*  Magyar  
*  Bahasa Melayu  
*  Nederlands  
*  日本語  
*  Norsk bokmål  
*  Occitan  
*  Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча  
*  Polski  
*  Português  
*  Română  
*  Русский  
*  Simple English  
*  Српски / srpski  
*  Suomi  
*  Svenska  
*  ไทย  
*  Türkçe  
*  Українська  
*  Vepsän kel’  
*  中文  

* This page was last edited on 18 March 2024, at 12:58  (UTC)  .
* Content is available under  CC BY-SA 4.0  unless otherwise noted.

*  Privacy policy 
*  About Wikipedia 
*  Disclaimers 
*  Contact Wikipedia 
*  Code of Conduct 
*  Developers 
* [ Statistics ](https://stats.wikimedia.org/
Other topics  |
Link to other conditions  Pareidolia is frequent among patients with  Parkinson's disease
 and  dementia with Lewy
bodies  .  [8]
Pareidolia correlates with age but not  autism  traits.  [9]
1 min read
Aggression  |
###  Availability Heuristic
©  2024  The Decision Lab. All Rights Reserved
Retrieved from "  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mere-
exposure_effect&oldid=1210491511
 "
%22Face_on_Mars%22 "Cydonia \(Mars\)") and cited as
evidence of  extraterrestrial  habitation  

A more detailed photograph taken in different lighting in 2001 shows how it is
a natural rock formation.

A mimetolithic pattern is a pattern created by rocks that may come to mimic
recognizable forms through the random processes of formation,  weathering
 and  erosion  . A
well-known example is the  Face on Mars 
, a rock formation on Mars that resembled a human face in certain satellite
photos. Most mimetoliths are much larger than the subjects they resemble, such
as a cliff profile which looks like a human face.

[ Picture jaspers ](/wiki/Jasper
Related phenomena  A  shadow person  (also known as a
shadow figure, shadow being or black mass) is often attributed to pareidolia.
It is the perception of a patch of shadow as a living, humanoid figure,
particularly as interpreted by believers in the  paranormal
 or  supernatural  as the presence of a spirit or other entity.  [60]

Pareidolia is also what some skeptics believe causes people to believe that
they have seen [ ghosts ](/wiki/Ghost
####  Mar 29, 2019
*  Active recall 
*  Autobiographical 
*  Explicit 
*  Declarative 
*  Episodic 
*  Semantic 
*  Flashbulb 
*  Hyperthymesia 
*  Implicit 
*  Meaningful learning 
*  Personal-event 
*  Procedural 
*  Rote learning 
*  Selective retention 
*  Tip of the tongue
Experiments  |
####  May 11, 2019
In society  |
##  The mere exposure effect and AI
*  Authority 
*  Stanford prison experiment 
*  Honesty 
*  Compliance  "Compliance \(psychology\)")
*  Foot-in-the-door technique 
*  Door-in-the-face technique 
*  Conformity 
*  Autokinetic effect 
*  Asch conformity experiments 
*  Passing  "Passing \(sociology\)")
*  Persuasion 
*  Elaboration likelihood model 
*  Pluralistic ignorance 
*  Obedience  "Obedience \(human behavior\)")
*  Milgram experiment 
*  Reciprocity  "Reciprocity \(social psychology\)")
*  Self-concealment 
*  Social anxiety 
*  Social determinants of mental health 
*  Social proof 
*  Social stress
*  Collective memory 
*  Politics of memory 
*  Cultural memory 
*  Memory and social interactions 
*  Memory conformity 
*  Transactive memory
Psychological phenomenon
Art  See also:  Hidden face 

 Renaissance artists  often used
pareidolia in paintings and drawings:  Andrea Mantegna
 ,  Leonardo da Vinci
 ,  Giotto  ,  Hans Holbein  ,  Giuseppe Arcimboldo  , and many more have shown images—often human faces—that due to
pareidolia appear in objects or clouds.  [32]

_ The Jurist  "The Jurist \(painting\)") _ by
 Giuseppe Arcimboldo  ,
1566. What appears to be his face is a collection of fish and poultry, while
his body is a collection of books dressed in a coat.

In his notebooks,  Leonardo da Vinci  wrote of pareidolia as a device for painters, writing:

> If you look at any walls spotted with various stains or with a mixture of
> different kinds of stones, if you are about to invent some scene you will be
> able to see in it a resemblance to various different landscapes adorned with
> mountains, rivers, rocks, trees, plains, wide valleys, and various groups of
> hills. You will also be able to see divers combats and figures in quick
> movement, and strange expressions of faces, and outlandish costumes, and an
> infinite number of things which you can then reduce into separate and well
> conceived forms.  [33]

 _ Salem
 "Salem \(Vosper painting\)") _ by  Sydney
Curnow Vosper  (1908), a
painting notorious for the belief that the face of the devil was hidden in the
main character's shawl

In twentieth century art  _Salem_  "Salem
\(Vosper painting\)") , a 1908 painting by  Sydney Curnow Vosper
 , gained notoriety due to
a rumour that it contained a hidden face, that of the devil. This led many
commentators to visualize a demonic face depicted in the shawl of the main
figure, despite the artist's denial that any faces had deliberately been
painted into the shawl.  [34]  [35]

 Surrealist  artists such as  Salvador Dalí
 would intentionally use pareidolia
in their works, often in the form of a  hidden face  .
.jpg)
Advertising displays in  Times Square  ,
New York
|   Proscription  |
*  Authoritarian personality 
*  Authoritarian leadership style 
*  Right-wing authoritarian personality 
*  Control freak 
*  Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
The mere-exposure effect exists in most areas of human  decision-making
 . For example, many stock traders
tend to invest in securities of domestic companies merely because they are
more familiar with them, even though international markets offer similar or
better alternatives.  [23]  The mere-exposure effect also distorts the results
of  journal-ranking  surveys;
academics who previously published or completed reviews for a particular 
academic journal  rate it
dramatically higher than those who did not.  [24]  There are mixed results on
the question of whether mere exposure can promote good relations between
different social groups.  [25]  When groups already have negative attitudes to
each other, further exposure can increase hostility.  [25]  A statistical
analysis of voting patterns found that candidates' exposure has a strong
effect on the number of votes they receive, distinct from the popularity of
their policies.  [25]
Conformity  |
*  Authoritarianism 
*  Nationalism 
*  Left-wing nationalism 
*  National conservatism 
*  Totalitarianism 
*  Tyranny of the majority
Bababoui "Computer vision") programs, in which vague
clues can spuriously detect images or  features
 "Feature \(computer vision\)") . In the
case of an  artificial neural network  , higher-level features correspond to more
recognizable features, and enhancing these features brings out what the
computer sees. These examples of pareidolia reflect the training set of images
that the network has "seen" previously.

Striking visuals can be produced in this way, notably in the  DeepDream
 software, which falsely detects and then
exaggerates features such as eyes and faces in any image. The features can be
further exaggerated by creating a  feedback loop  where the output is used as the input for the network. (The
adjacent image was created by iterating the loop 50 times.) Additionally the
output can be modified such as slightly zooming in to create an animation of
the images perspective flying through the surrealistic imagery.
In yet another variation, participants were shown an image on a 
tachistoscope  for a very brief duration
that could not be perceived consciously. This  subliminal
 exposure produced the same
effect,  [7]  though it is important to note that subliminal effects are
unlikely to occur without controlled laboratory conditions.  [8]
*  Changing minds: Mere exposure theory
Mimetoliths  Satellite photograph of a  mesa
 in the  Cydonia region of Mars 
"Cydonia \(Mars\)") , often called the  "Face on Mars"
*  Amnesia 
*  anterograde 
*  childhood 
*  post-traumatic 
*  psychogenic 
*  retrograde 
*  selective 
*  transient global 
*  Decay theory 
*  Forgetting curve 
*  Interference theory 
*  Memory inhibition 
*  Motivated forgetting 
*  Repressed memory 
*  Retrieval-induced forgetting 
*  Weapon focus
Published Nov 7, 2016
##  Written by  Pratik Katkade
Culture  |
###  Bornstein (1989)  ") ]
*  Alternative media 
*  Anti-authoritarianism 
*  Anti-social behaviour 
*  Auto-segregation 
*  Civil disobedience 
*  Cosmopolitanism 
*  Counterculture 
*  Culture jamming 
*  Deviance  "Deviance \(sociology\)")
*  Devil's advocate 
*  Dissent 
*  Eccentricity  "Eccentricity \(behavior\)")
*  Eclecticism 
*  Hermit 
*  Idiosyncrasy 
*  Individualism 
*  Insubordination 
*  Pueblo clown 
*  Rebellion 
*  Red team 
*  Satire 
*  Shock value
*  Acquiescence 
*  Ambiguity 
*  Anchoring  "Anchoring \(cognitive bias\)")
*  Attentional 
*  Attribution 
*  Actor–observer 
*  Correspondence 
*  Authority 
*  Automation 
*  Availability 
*  Mean world 
*  Belief 
*  Blind spot 
*  Choice-supportive 
*  Commitment 
*  Confirmation 
*  Compassion fade 
*  Congruence 
*  Cultural 
*  Distinction 
*  Dunning–Kruger 
*  Egocentric 
*  Curse of knowledge 
*  Emotional 
*  Extrinsic incentives 
*  Fading affect 
*  Framing  "Framing effect \(psychology\)")
*  Frequency 
*  Frog pond effect 
*  Halo effect 
*  Hindsight 
*  Horn effect 
*  Hostile attribution 
*  Impact 
*  Implicit 
*  In-group 
*  Mean world syndrome 
* Mere-exposure effect
*  Negativity 
*  Normalcy 
*  Omission 
*  Optimism 
*  Out-group homogeneity 
*  Outcome 
*  Overton window 
*  Precision 
*  Present 
*  Pro-innovation 
*  Response 
*  Restraint 
*  Self-serving 
*  Social comparison 
*  Social influence bias 
*  Spotlight 
*  Status quo 
*  Substitution 
*  Time-saving 
*  Trait ascription 
*  Turkey illusion 
*  von Restorff effect 
*  Zero-risk 
*  In animals
8   ` ` ` `
` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `
Attribution  "Attribution \(psychology\)")
|
*  Attention 
*  Consolidation 
*  Neuroanatomy
Altruism  |
Mars canals  Map of
Martian "canals" by Percival Lowell

A notable example of pareidolia occurred in 1877, when observers using
telescopes to view the surface of Mars thought that they saw faint straight
lines, which were then interpreted by some as canals (see  Martian canals
 ). It was theorized that the canals
were possibly created by sentient beings. This created a sensation. In the
next few years better photographic techniques and stronger telescopes were
developed and applied, which resulted in new images in which the faint lines
disappeared, and the canal theory was debunked as an example of pareidolia.
[24]  [25]
*  Spotlight effect 
*  Cognitive dissonance 
*  Choice-supportive bias
The most obvious application of the mere-exposure effect is in advertising,
but research on its effectiveness at enhancing consumer attitudes toward
particular companies and products has been mixed. One study tested the mere-
exposure effect with  banner ads  on a computer
screen. College-age students were asked to read an article on the computer
while banner ads flashed at the top of the screen. The results showed that the
students exposed to the "test" banner rated the ad more favorably than other
ads shown less frequently or not at all. This research supports the mere-
exposure effect.  [18]
Pratik Katkade
In support of Zajonc's claim that affect does not need cognition to occur,
Zola–Morgan conducted experiments on monkeys with lesions to the  amygdala
 (the brain structure that is responsive to
affective stimuli). In his experiments, Zola–Morgan proved that lesions to the
amygdala impair affective functioning, but not cognitive processes. However,
lesions in the  hippocampus  (the brain
structure responsible for memory) impair cognitive functions but leave
emotional responses fully functional.  [1]
####  May 28, 2019
Apr 5, 2023
In_culture_and_religion "Cloud") of animals, faces, or objects
in cloud formations; seeing faces in inanimate objects; or  lunar pareidolia
 like the  Man in the Moon
 or the  Moon rabbit
 . The concept of pareidolia may extend to
include  hidden messages  in recorded
music played in reverse or at higher- or lower-than-normal speeds, and hearing
voices (mainly indistinct) or music in random noise, such as that produced by
air conditioners or by fans.  [3]  [4]
|  Researchers  |
*  Aging 
*  Art of memory 
*  chunking  "Chunking \(psychology\)")
*  mnemonic 
*  Effects of alcohol 
*  Effects of exercise 
*  Emotion 
*  Memory improvement 
*  Nutrition 
*  Sleep 
*  Trauma
###  Montoya et al. (2017)  ")
]
*  Bandwagon Effect
Self-concept  |
###  What Do Retail FX Traders Really Want?