mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
In the United States,  racial segregation
 was mandated by law in some states (see  Jim Crow laws
 ) and enforced along with  anti-
miscegenation laws 
(prohibitions against  interracial marriage  ), until the  U.S. Supreme Court
 led by Chief Justice  Earl
Warren  struck down racial segregation.
[55]  [56]  [57]  [58]  [59]
Countermeasures  |
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Main article:  Racial segregation in the United Kingdom
Manifestations
---
Forms  |
Further information:  South Rhodesia Land Apportionment Act
Dynamics  |
*  Auto-segregation 
*  Balkanization 
*  Ethnic cleansing 
*  Ethnic federalism 
*  Bantustan 
*  Ethnopluralism 
*  Ethnocracy 
*  Exclusionary zoning 
*  Forced migration 
*  Internment 
*  labor camps 
*  Residential segregation in the United States 
*  Segregation academy (United States) 
*  Social exclusion
###  Bahrain
*  Allophilia 
*  Amatonormativity 
*  Bias 
*  Christian privilege 
*  Cisnormativity 
*  Civil liberties 
*  Dehumanization 
*  Diversity  "Diversity \(politics\)")
*  Ethnic penalty 
*  Eugenics 
*  Figleaf  "Figleaf \(linguistics\)")
*  Heteronormativity 
*  Human-oriented sexualism 
*  Internalized oppression 
*  Intersectionality 
*  Male privilege 
*  Masculism 
*  Medical model of disability 
*  autism 
*  Multiculturalism 
*  Net bias 
*  Neurodiversity 
*  Oikophobia 
*  Oppression 
*  Police brutality 
*  Political correctness 
*  Polyculturalism 
*  Power distance 
*  Prejudice 
*  Prisoner abuse 
*  Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 
*  Racism by country 
*  Religious intolerance 
*  Second-generation gender bias 
*  Snobbery 
*  Social exclusion 
*  Social identity threat 
*  Social model of disability 
*  Social stigma 
*  Speciesism 
*  Stereotype 
*  threat 
*  The talk  "The talk \(racism in the United States\)")
*  White privilege
####  Canada
In fifteenth-century north-east Germany, people of  Wendish  , i.e.  Slavic  , origin
were not allowed to join some  guilds  .  [52]
According to  Wilhelm Raabe  , "down
into the eighteenth century no German guild accepted a Wend."  [53]
See also:  Racial segregation in the United States § Contemporary
*  Affirmative action 
*  Anti-discrimination law 
*  Cultural assimilation 
*  Cultural pluralism 
*  Diversity training 
*  Empowerment 
*  Fat acceptance movement 
*  Feminism 
*  Fighting Discrimination 
*  Hate speech laws by country 
*  Human rights 
*  Intersex human rights 
*  LGBT rights 
*  Masculism 
*  Multiculturalism 
*  Nonviolence 
*  Racial integration 
*  Reappropriation 
*  Self-determination 
*  Social integration 
*  Toleration
*  Anti-miscegenation laws 
*  Crime of apartheid 
*  Allegations 
*  Caste 
*  Xenophobia 
*  Environmental  /  Institutional racism 
*  Ethnic nationalism 
*  Forced displacement 
*  Housing discrimination 
*  Exclusionary zoning 
*  Redlining 
*  Settler colonialism
####  United States
The affected and 'ghettoised' communities are often largely representative of
 Pakistanis  ,  Indians
 and other Sub-Continentals, and has
been thought to be the basis of ethnic tensions, and a deterioration of the
standard of living and levels of education and employment among ethnic
minorities in poorer areas. These factors are considered by some to have been
a cause of the 2001 English race riots in  Bradford
 ,  Oldham
 and  Harehills
 in  northern England
 which have large Asian
communities.  [129]  [130]
Bahrain Centre for Human Rights  issued a press release condemning this
decision as discriminatory and promoting negative racist attitudes towards
migrant workers.  [83]  [85]   Nabeel Rajab  , then BCHR vice president, said: "It is appalling that Bahrain is
willing to rest on the benefits of these people's hard work, and often their
suffering, but that they refuse to live with them in equality and dignity. The
solution is not to force migrant workers into ghettos, but to urge companies
to improve living conditions for workers – and not to accommodate large
numbers of workers in inadequate space, and to improve the standard of living
for them."  [83]  [85]
Download a PDF of this Resource
Thousands of
Malaysian Malay _bumiputeras_ protesting against the ratification of ICERD.
*  Anti-miscegenation laws 
*  Apartheid 
*  Biological determinism 
*  Discrimination based on nationality 
*  Global apartheid 
*  Ethnic conflict 
*  Ethnic hatred 
*  Ethnic jokes 
*  Ethnic slurs 
*  Ethnic stereotype 
*  Hate crime 
*  Hate speech 
*  Hate group 
*  Racialization 
*  Racial hierarchy 
*  Racial nationalism 
*  Racial profiling 
* Racial segregation
1.  Home 
2.  Resources 
3. Resource Detail
German praise for America's system of  institutional racism
 , which was expressed in
 Adolf Hitler  's _ Mein Kampf
 _ , was continuous throughout the early
1930s.  [40]  The U.S. was the global leader of codified racism, and its race
laws fascinated the Germans.  [40]  The _National Socialist Handbook for Law
and Legislation_ of 1934–35, edited by Hitler's lawyer  Hans Frank
 , contains a pivotal essay by Herbert Kier on
the recommendations for race legislation which devoted a quarter of its pages
to U.S. legislation—from segregation, race-based citizenship, immigration
regulations, and  anti-miscegenation  .  [40]  This directly inspired the two principal  Nuremberg
Laws  —the Citizenship Law and the
Blood Law.  [40]  The ban on interracial marriage (anti-miscegenation)
prohibited sexual relations and marriages between people classified as " 
Aryan  " and "non-Aryan". Such relationships were called
_ Rassenschande  _ (race defilement).
At first the laws were aimed primarily at Jews but were later extended to " 
Gypsies  ,  Negroes  ".  [41]  [42]  [43]  Aryans found guilty could face incarceration in
a  Nazi concentration camp  , while non-Aryans could face the death penalty.  [44]
To preserve the so-called purity of the German blood, after the war began, the
Nazis extended the race defilement law to include all foreigners (non-
Germans).  [45]
###  b. Linear polarization – unequal amplitudes
###  Kenya
or when
* Tushnet, Mark (2008). _I dissent: Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases_ . Boston: Beacon Press. pp. 69–80.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-8070-0036-6   .
* Anderson, Carol (2016). White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide. Bloomsbury USA   ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-1-63286-413-0
Part of  a series 
on
---
 Discrimination
While the treatment of factory workers or farm hands often varied depending on
the individual employer, Polish laborers, as a rule, were compelled to work
longer hours for lower wages than Western Europeans – in many cities, they
were forced to live in segregated barracks behind barbed wire. Social
relations with  Germans  outside work were
forbidden, and sexual relations ( _ Rassenschande  _ or "racial defilement") were punishable by death.  [50]
African-American man drinking from a "Colored" water
cooler in streetcar terminal,  Oklahoma City  , July 1939  Part of  a series  of articles on
---
Racial and ethnic segregation
Such racial segregation policies have caused significant rates of  human
capital flight  (brain
drain) from Malaysia. A study by  Stanford University
 highlighted that among the
main factors behind the Malaysian brain drain include social injustice. It
stated that the high rates of emigration of non-bumiputera Malaysians from the
country is driven by discriminatory policies that appear to favour
Malays/Bumiputeras—such as providing exclusive additional assistance in
starting businesses and educational opportunities.  [117]
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####  Qing dynasty
**Racial segregation** is the separation of people into  racial
 "Race \(human classification\)") or
other  ethnic groups  in daily life.
Segregation can involve the spatial separation of the races, and mandatory use
of different institutions, such as schools and hospitals by people of
different races. Specifically, it may be applied to activities such as eating
in restaurants, drinking from water fountains, using public toilets, attending
schools, going to films, riding buses, renting or purchasing homes or renting
hotel rooms.  [1]  In addition, segregation often allows close contact between
members of different racial or ethnic groups in  hierarchical
 situations, such as allowing a
person of one race to work as a servant for a member of another race. Racial
segregation has generally been outlawed worldwide.
###  a. Linear polarization – equal amplitudes
This case looks like:
Rosa Parks  being fingerprinted after being
arrested for not giving up her seat on the bus to a white person
*  Ahmadiyya 
*  Atheism 
*  Baháʼí Faith 
*  Buddhism 
*  Catholicism 
*  Christianity 
*  post–Cold War era 
*  Falun Gong 
*  Hinduism 
*  Persecution 
*  Untouchability 
*  Islam 
*  Persecution 
*  Jehovah's Witnesses 
*  Judaism 
*  Persecution 
*  LDS or Mormon 
*  Neopaganism 
*  Eastern Orthodox 
*  Oriental Orthodox 
*  Protestantism 
*  Rastafari 
*  Shi'ism 
*  Sufism 
*  Zoroastrianism
Jews in Europe  were generally forced, by decree or by informal pressure, to live in
highly segregated  ghettos  and  shtetls
 .  [33]  In 1204, the  papacy  required Jews to segregate themselves from Christians and it also
required them to wear distinctive clothing.  [34]  Forced segregation of Jews
spread throughout Europe during the 14th and 15th centuries.  [35]  In the 
Russian Empire  , Jews were restricted
to the so-called  Pale of Settlement  , the Western frontier of the Russian Empire which roughly
corresponds to the modern-day countries of Poland,  Lithuania
 ,  Belarus  , 
Moldova  and Ukraine.  [36]  By the early 20th
century, the majority of Europe's Jews lived in the Pale of Settlement.
*  Review of 'We As Freeman: Plessy v. Ferguson' 
*  Encyclopædia Britannica: Article on Racial Segregation 
*  A study of segregation 
*  South Africa's District Six Museum which examines forced segregation
A long-standing practice of national segregation has also been imposed upon
the commercial salmon fishery in  British Columbia  since 1992 when separate commercial fisheries were created
for select aboriginal groups on three B.C. river systems. Canadians of other
nations who fish in the separate fisheries have been arrested, jailed and
prosecuted. Although the fishermen who were prosecuted were successful at
trial in  R v Kapp  ,  [92]  this decision was
overturned on appeal.  [93]
*  Racial segregation 
*  Human rights abuses 
*  Jewish ghettos 
*  Political theories 
*  Politics and race 
*  Social inequality 
*  Urban decay
American sports  were racially segregated until the mid-twentieth century. In 
baseball  , the "  Negro leagues  " were established by  Rube Foster  for non-white players, such as  Negro league baseball
 , which ran through the
early 1950s.  [68]  In  basketball  , the  Black Fives  (all-black teams) were established in 1904, and emerged in 
New York City  ,  Washington, D.C.
 ,  Chicago  ,  Pittsburgh  ,  Philadelphia
 , and other cities. Racial segregation in
basketball lasted until 1950 when the  NBA

became racially integrated.  [69]
Main articles:  Antisemitism  ,  History
of antisemitism  , 
Religious antisemitism  ,  Antisemitism in Christianity
 , 
History of European Jews in the Middle Ages
 ,  History of the Jews in Europe
 , 
Jewish ghettos in Europe  ,  Antisemitism in Islam  ,  History of the Jews under Muslim rule
 ,  Mellah  , and  Racial antisemitism
##  3\. Changing the polarization of light
One highly publicised legal battle occurred in 1960 involving the opening of a
new theatre that was to be open to all races; the proposed unsegregated 
public toilets  at the newly built 
Reps Theatre  in 1959 caused an argument
called  "The Battle of the Toilets"
 .
__ All of the states of polarization described above are actually special
cases of the most general state of polarization, called _elliptical
polarization_ , in which the tip of the electric field vector **E** traces out
an ellipse in the _x-y_ plane. The two components might have unequal
amplitudes _A_ _x_

_Ay_ , and also might contain a different relative phase, often denoted

That is, we may write generally
Ethnic/  National  |
*  CS1 errors: periodical ignored 
*  All articles with dead external links 
*  Articles with dead external links from March 2018 
*  Articles with permanently dead external links 
*  Articles with dead external links from December 2017 
*  CS1 maint: location missing publisher 
*  Articles with short description 
*  Short description is different from Wikidata 
*  Use dmy dates from June 2021 
*  Articles with excerpts 
*  All articles with unsourced statements 
*  Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020 
*  All articles with vague or ambiguous time 
*  Vague or ambiguous time from July 2015 
*  Articles containing Norwegian-language text 
*  Articles containing Italian-language text 
*  Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2017 
*  Articles with BNF identifiers 
*  Articles with BNFdata identifiers 
*  Articles with GND identifiers 
*  Articles with J9U identifiers 
*  Articles with LCCN identifiers 
*  Articles with NKC identifiers
The  Qing dynasty  was founded not by Han
Chinese, who form the majority of the Chinese population, but by  Manchus
 , who are today an ethnic minority of
China. The Manchus were keenly aware of their minority status, however, it was
only later in the dynasty that they banned intermarriage.
Many U.S. states banned  interracial marriage
 , with the first  anti-miscegenation law  passed in  Maryland  in 1691.  [70]
While opposed to slavery in the U.S., in a speech in  Charleston, Illinois
 , in 1858,  Abraham
Lincoln  stated, "I am not, nor ever
have been in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political
equality of the white and black races, that I am not, nor ever have been in
favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold
office, nor to intermarry with white people. I as much as any man am in favor
of the superior position assigned to the white race".  [71]  In 1958, Mildred
Loving, a black woman, and Richard Loving, a white man, were sentenced to a
year in prison in  Virginia  for marrying each
other.  [72]  Their marriage violated the state's anti-miscegenation statute,
the  Racial Integrity Act of 1924  , which prohibited marriage between people
classified as white and people classified as "  colored  " (persons of non-white ancestry).  [73]  When former president 
Harry S. Truman  was asked by a
reporter in 1963 if interracial marriage would become widespread in the U.S.,
he responded, "I hope not; I don’t believe in it", before asking a question
often aimed at anyone advocating racial integration, "Would you want your
daughter to marry a Negro? She won't love someone who isn't her color."  [74]
In the _ Loving v. Virginia 
_ case in 1967, the  Supreme Court  invalidated laws prohibiting interracial
marriage in the U.S.  [75]
Related
topics  |
###  b. Birefringence
*  France 
*  BnF data 
*  Germany 
*  Israel 
*  United States 
*  Czech Republic
###  Fiji
From 1952, and even more so after the triumphant visit of  King Baudouin
 to the colony in 1955,
Governor-General  Léon Pétillon  (1952–1958) worked to create a "Belgian-Congolese community", in
which Black and White people were to be treated as equals.  [22]  Regardless,
 anti-miscegenation laws  remained in place, and between 1959 and 1962 thousands of mixed-race
Congolese children were forcibly deported from the Congo by the Belgian
government and the  Catholic Church  and taken to Belgium.  [23]
###  Liberia
See also:  Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany  and  Nur für Deutsche
*  Citizenship 
*  Statelessness 
*  Forced assimilation 
*  Gender apartheid 
*  Income inequality 
*  One-drop rule 
*  Slavery
On 28 April 2007, the  lower house
 of  Bahraini Parliament  passed a law banning unmarried migrant workers
from living in residential areas. To justify the law, Nasser Fadhala,  MP
 , a close ally of the
government, said "bachelors also use these houses to make alcohol, run
prostitute rings or to rape children and housemaids".  [83]
Main articles:  Italian fascism 
and  Italian fascism and racism
##  Historic cases (1970s to present)  ") ]
Optofluidic Pathway   Fluidics
  Life Science Optics   Integrated Assemblies & Subsystems   Microfluidics & Consumables
  IDEXology Partnership
Elected in 1912, President  Woodrow Wilson
 tolerated
the extension of segregation throughout the federal government that was
already underway.  [61]  In  World War I  ,
Blacks were drafted and served in the  United States Army
 in  segregated units
 .  [62]  The U.S. military was still heavily segregated in
World War II. The air force and the marines had no Blacks enlisted in their
ranks. There were Blacks in the  Navy Seabees  . The
army had only five African-American officers.  [63]  In addition, no African-
American would receive the  Medal of Honor  during the war, and their tasks in the war were largely reserved to
noncombat units. Black soldiers had to sometimes give up their seats in trains
to the  Nazi prisoners of war
 .  [63]
Several laws which enforced racial segregation of foreigners from Chinese were
passed by the  Han Chinese  during the 
Tang dynasty  .  [ _ citation needed
 _ ]  In 779,
the Tang dynasty issued an edict which forced  Uyghurs
 to wear their ethnic
dress, stopped them from marrying Chinese females, and banned them from
pretending to be Chinese.  [5]  In 836, when Lu Chun was appointed as governor
of  Canton  , he was disgusted to find Chinese
living with foreigners and intermarriage between Chinese and foreigners. Lu
enforced separation, banning interracial marriages, and made it illegal for
foreigners to own property. Lu Chun believed his principles were just and
upright.  [5]  The 836 law specifically banned Chinese from forming
relationships with "Dark peoples" or "People of colour", which was used to
describe foreigners, such as "  Iranians  ,  Sogdians  ,  Arabs  ,  Indians  ,  Malays
 ,  Sumatrans  ", among others.  [6]  [7]
.jpg) Women behind the barbed wire
fence of the  Lwów Ghetto  in occupied
Poland, Spring 1942
###  Other countries
Stories & Features   Community
Engagement   Press Releases  
Industry News   Events & Trade Shows
  Social Media   Press Kit
Israeli Declaration of Independence
 proclaims equal rights to all  citizens
 regardless of
ethnicity, denomination or race. Israel has a substantial list of laws that
demand racial equality (such as prohibition of  discrimination
 ,  equality in Employment
_Law,_1988 "Employment \(Equal
Opportunities\) Law, 1988") , libel based on race or ethnicity).  [98]  There
is however, in practice, significant institutional, legal, and societal
discrimination against the country's  Arab citizens
 .  [99]
Segregation is defined by the  European Commission against Racism and
Intolerance  as "the act by which a
(natural or legal) person separates other persons on the basis of one of the
enumerated grounds without an objective and reasonable justification, in
conformity with the proposed definition of discrimination. As a result, the
voluntary act of separating oneself from other people on the basis of one of
the enumerated grounds does not constitute segregation".  [2]  According to
the UN Forum on Minority Issues, "The creation and development of classes and
schools providing education in minority languages should not be considered
impermissible segregation if the assignment to such classes and schools is of
a voluntary nature."  [3]  Racial segregation can amount to the international
 crime of apartheid  and a 
crime against humanity  under the 2002  Rome Declaration  of  Statute of the International Criminal Court
 .
Slavery in Mauritania 
was finally criminalized in August 2007.  [118]  It was already abolished in
1980, although it was still affecting the black Africans. The number of slaves
in the country was not known exactly, but it was estimated to be up to 600,000
men, women and children, or 20% of the population.  [119]  [120]
On 11 September 1964,  John Lennon 
announced  the Beatles  would not play to a
segregated audience in  Jacksonville  ,  Florida  .  [67]  City
officials relented following this announcement.  [67]  A contract for a 1965
Beatles concert at the  Cow Palace  in 
California  specifies that the band "not be
required to perform in front of a segregated audience".  [67]
###  a. Polarizers and polarizing beamsplitters
#####  References
*  Alt-right 
*  Anti-racism 
*  Casteism 
*  Ethnic plastic surgery 
*  Go back to where you came from 
*  Herrenvolk democracy 
*  Interminority racism in the United States 
*  Lynching 
*  Passing  "Passing \(racial identity\)")
*  Perpetual foreigner 
*  Psychometrics of racism 
*  Race and sexuality 
*  Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 
*  Race card 
*  Racial figleaf  "Figleaf \(linguistics\)")
*  Racial integration 
*  Racial quota 
*  Reverse racism 
*  Sociology of race and ethnic relations
#  Racial segregation
49 languages
Historical examples
White
tenants seeking to prevent Blacks from moving into the housing project erected
this sign.  Detroit  , 1942.
###  Mauritania
* Raffel, Jeffrey. _Historical dictionary of school segregation and desegregation: The American experience_ (Bloomsbury, 1998)  online
If _A_ _x_

Ay , the total wave **E** is linearly polarized, but it is no longer oriented
at 45° with respect to the _x_ axis. In fact we can see that it is oriented at
an angle

where
*  Canada  "Pass system \(Canadian history\)")
* Bahrain
*  Brazil 
*  Bulgaria and Romania 
*  Bulgaria  "Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria \(1950-1951\)")
*  Czechoslovakia and Hungary 
*  Dominican Republic 
* Fiji
*  France 
*  Germany 
*  Israel 
*  Malaysia  "Bumiputera \(Malaysia\)")
*  Portugal 
* Rhodesia
*  Apartheid in South Africa 
*  Spain 
*  Saudi Arabia 
*  United Arab Emirates 
*  United Kingdom 
*  United States 
*  Civil War 
*  Separate but equal 
*  School segregation 
* _ Brown v. Board of Education  _
*  Massive resistance 
*  Anti-miscegenation laws
* Elliott, Mark (2006).  _Color-Blind Justice: Albion Tourgée and the Quest for Racial Equality from the Civil War to Plessy v. Ferguson_  . New York:  Oxford University Press  .  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-19-518139-5   .
* Fireside, Harvey (2004). _Separate and Unequal: Homer Plessy and the Supreme Court Decision That Legalized Racism_ . New York: Carroll & Graf.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-7867-1293-9   .
* Grigoryeva, Angelina; Ruef, Martin (August 2015). "The Historical Demography of Racial Segregation". _ American Sociological Review  _ . **80** (4): 814–842.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1177/0003122415589170  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  55724945  .