mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
---
** [
Mimicry means that one species of animal resembles another species closely
enough to deceive predators. To evolve, the mimicked species must have warning
coloration, because appearing to be bitter-tasting or dangerous gives 
natural selection  something to
work on. Once a species has a slight, chance, resemblance to a warning
coloured species, natural selection can drive its colours and patterns towards
more perfect mimicry. There are numerous possible mechanisms, of which the
best known are:
colour circle
Vision in animals
λ  max  , nm
Mechanisms of structural colour production in animals  Mechanism  |  Structure
|  Example
---|---|---
 Diffraction grating  |
layers of chitin and air  |  Iridescent colours of butterfly wing scales,
peacock feathers  [55]
Diffraction grating  |  tree-shaped arrays of chitin  |  _ Morpho
 "Morpho \(genus\)") _ butterfly wing scales  [55]
Selective mirrors  |  micron-sized dimples lined with chitin layers  |
_Papilio palinurus_ ,  emerald swallowtail  butterfly wing scales  [55]
 Photonic crystals  |  arrays of
nano-sized holes  |   Cattleheart 
butterfly wing scales  [55]
Crystal fibres  |  hexagonal arrays of hollow nanofibres  |  _Aphrodita_ , 
sea mouse  spines  [55]
Deformed matrices  |  random nanochannels in spongelike keratin  |  Diffuse
non-iridescent blue of _Ara ararauna_ ,  blue-and-yellow macaw  [55]
Reversible proteins  |  reflectin proteins controlled by electric charge  |
Iridophore cells in _ Doryteuthis pealeii  _ squid skin  [55]
**_This Week at Hilton Pond_
is part of the
** 
**Nature Blog Network**
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No concepts in the field of colour have traditionally been more confused than
those just discussed. This confusion can be traced to two prevalent misnomers:
the subtractive primary cyan, which is properly a blue-green, is commonly
called blue; and the subtractive primary magenta is commonly called red. In
these terms, the subtractive primaries become red, yellow, and blue; and those
whose experience is  confined
 for the most part to
subtractive mixtures have good cause to wonder why the physicist insists on
regarding red, green, and blue as the primary colours. The confusion is at
once resolved when it is realized that red, green, and blue are selected as
additive primaries because they provide the greatest colour gamut in mixtures.
For the same reason, the subtractive primaries are, respectively, red-
absorbing (cyan), green-absorbing (magenta), and blue-absorbing (yellow).
A brilliantly-coloured
 oriental sweetlips  fish (
_Plectorhinchus vittatus_ ) waits while two boldly-patterned  cleaner wrasse
 ( _Labroides dimidiatus_ ) pick parasites
from its skin. The spotted tail and fin pattern of the sweetlips signals
sexual maturity; the behaviour and pattern of the  cleaner fish
 signal their availability for  cleaning
service  , rather than as prey
 Bright coloration of orange elephant ear sponge, _ Agelas
clathrodes  _ signals its bitter
taste to predators
###  Variable coloration by chromatophores
This page is the property of William Reusch. Comments, questions and errors
should be sent to  whreusch@msu.edu  .
These pages are provided to the IOCD to assist in capacity building in
chemical education. 05/05/2013
*  Zoology 
*  Evolution of animals 
*  Mimicry 
*  Warning coloration 
*  Camouflage
* **Blue:** 440 - 490 nm
Images & Videos
One form of Newton's colour circle.  (more)
Hugh Bamford Cott  's 500-page
book _ Adaptive Coloration in Animals  _ , published in  wartime
 1940, systematically described
the principles of camouflage and mimicry. The book contains hundreds of
examples, over a hundred photographs and Cott's own accurate and artistic
drawings, and 27 pages of references. Cott focussed especially on "maximum
disruptive contrast", the kind of patterning used in military camouflage such
as  disruptive pattern material  . Indeed, Cott describes such applications:
[14]
* __  The perception of colour
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A
flower mantis, _ Hymenopus coronatus  _ , uses special  Aggressive mimicry  .
There are several separate reasons why animals have evolved colours. 
Camouflage  enables an animal to remain hidden
from view. Animals use colour to  advertise  services such as  cleaning
 to animals of other species;
to  signal  their  sexual
status  to other members of the
same species; and in  mimicry  , taking advantage
of the  warning coloration  of another
species. Some animals use flashes of colour to divert attacks by  startling
 predators. Zebras may
possibly use motion dazzle, confusing a predator's attack by moving a bold
pattern rapidly. Some animals are coloured for physical protection, with
pigments in the skin to protect against sunburn, while some frogs can lighten
or darken their skin for  temperature regulation
 . Finally, animals
can be coloured incidentally. For example, blood is red because the  haem
 pigment needed to carry oxygen is red. Animals coloured
in these ways can have striking  natural patterns  .
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Some animals such as many  moths  ,  mantises
 and  grasshoppers 
, have a repertoire of threatening or  startling behaviour
 , such as suddenly displaying
conspicuous  eyespots  "Eyespot \(mimicry\)") or
patches of bright and contrasting colours, so as to scare off or momentarily
distract a predator. This gives the prey animal an opportunity to escape. The
behaviour is deimatic (startling) rather than aposematic as these insects are
palatable to predators, so the warning colours are a bluff, not an  honest
signal  .  [40]  [41]
###  Coloration by pigments
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Has Pink Always Been a “Girly” Color?
Main articles:  Camouflage  and  List of
camouflage methods
Wikimedia Commons has media related to  Camouflage
 .
A
camouflaged orange oak leaf butterfly, _ Kallima inachus
 _ (centre) has protective
resemblance.
History & Society
Subtractive  colour
mixing involves the absorption and selective transmission or  reflection
 of light. It occurs
when colorants (such as   pigments
 or   dyes
 ) are mixed or when several
coloured filters are inserted into a single beam of white light. For example,
if a projector is fitted with a deep red filter, the filter will transmit red
light and absorb other colours. If the projector is fitted with a strong green
filter, red light will be absorbed and only green light transmitted. If,
therefore, the projector is fitted with both red and green filters, all
colours will be absorbed and no light transmitted, resulting in  black
 . Similarly, a yellow
pigment absorbs blue and violet light while reflecting yellow, green, and red
light (the green and red additively  combining
 to produce more yellow).
Blue pigment absorbs primarily yellow, orange, and red light. If the yellow
and blue pigments are mixed, green will be produced since it is the only
spectral component that is not strongly absorbed by either pigment.
Main article:  Sexual selection
---|---
 Colour theory  |
**FUNCTIONS OF ANIMAL COLORS**
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---|---|---
##  The laws of colour mixture
Names  |
According to  Charles Darwin  's 1859
theory of  natural selection  ,
features such as coloration  evolved  by
providing individual animals with a reproductive advantage. For example,
individuals with slightly better camouflage than others of the same  species
 would, on average, leave more offspring. In his _
Origin of Species  _ , Darwin
wrote:  [4]
* **Red:** 620 - 780 nm
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Processes  |
The black and yellow warning colours of the cinnabar moth caterpillar, _
Tyria jacobaeae  _ , are avoided by
some birds.
When  cephalopod   molluscs  like  squid  and cuttlefish find themselves
against a light background, they contract many of their chromatophores,
concentrating the pigment into a smaller area, resulting in a pattern of tiny,
dense, but widely spaced dots, appearing light. When they enter a darker
environment, they allow their chromatophores to expand, creating a pattern of
larger dark spots, and making their bodies appear dark.  [54]   Amphibians
 such as frogs have three kinds of star-shaped
chromatophore cells in separate layers of their skin. The top layer contains '
 xanthophores  ' with orange, red, or
yellow pigments; the middle layer contains '  iridophores  ' with a silvery light-reflecting pigment; while the bottom
layer contains '  melanophores  ' with
dark melanin.  [53]
Are Black and White Colors?
---
 Population
ecology  |
Ecology  :  Modelling ecosystems
 : Other components
** "Bullfrogs aren't really green."  **
###  Bioluminescence
Descriptive Term
The red  pigment  in a flamingo's plumage comes from its diet of shrimps,
which get it from microscopic algae.
Excitation
Colour terms  |
|  205
255  |  200
360  |  hexane
hexane
Chromatophores are special pigment-containing  cells 
"Cell \(biology\)") that may change their size, but more often retain their
original size but allow the pigment within them to become redistributed, thus
varying the colour and pattern of the animal. Chromatophores may respond to
hormonal and/or neurobal control mechanisms, but direst responses to
stimulation by visible light, UV-radiation, temperature, pH-changes,
chemicals, etc. have also been documented.  [1]  The voluntary control of
chromatophores is known as metachrosis.  [52]  For example,  cuttlefish
 and  chameleons  can rapidly change their appearance, both for camouflage and for
signalling, as  Aristotle  first noted over
2000 years ago:  [2]
* __  The measurement of colour
**UNUSUAL ANIMAL COLORS**
Further information:  Animals that can change color
** [ EDUCATION ](EducationMain.html) **
__  colour
*  Biomagnification 
*  Ecological efficiency 
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*  Energy flow  "Energy flow \(ecology\)")
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*  Ecocline  "Cline \(biology\)")
*  Ecotone 
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*  Foster's rule 
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General appearance of an animal
* Animal coloration
*  Anti-predator adaptations 
*  Camouflage 
*  Deimatic behaviour 
*  Herbivore adaptations to plant defense 
*  Mimicry 
*  Plant defense against herbivory 
*  Predator avoidance in schooling fish
Other
networks  |
*  Albinism in biology 
*  Chromatophore 
*  Dog coat colours and patterns 
*  Cat coat genetics 
*  Deception in animals 
*  Equine coat colour 
*  Equine coat colour genetics 
*  Roan (colour)  "Roan \(colour\)")
*  Fish coloration
#  The   visible spectrum
Advertising coloration can signal the services an animal offers to other
animals. These may be of the same species, as in  sexual selection
 , or of different species, as in
 cleaning symbiosis  .
Signals, which often combine colour and movement, may be understood by many
different species; for example, the cleaning stations of the banded coral
shrimp _ Stenopus hispidus  _
are visited by different species of fish, and even by reptiles such as 
hawksbill sea turtles  .
[23]  [24]  [25]
175. Marshall
91. Carol B.
There is nothing weak at all for suffering after a life of difficulties. It is
simply human, and it is a show of great personal strength to be able to be
honest with yourself like this. But can you gather up that strength and seek
some support? Nobody is made of steel. As humans things like being abandoned
have real affects on our brain and its almost impossible for anyone to handle
things like this alone. And while it might seem like nothing can ever change,
it can be amazing how much better we can feel when we just have some
unconditional, nonjudgemental support. If you are on a low budget, you might
find our piece on low cost counselling helpful 
https://www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/low-cost-therapy-free-counselling-
services.htm
##  17 Tools To Build Resilience and Coping Skills
**The stress of a shock can also leave us illogic and emotional.** In one
moment we think, “I am bigger than this”, and we feel powerful. In the next we
are lost to  victim thinking
 , feeling
sorry for ourselves and  crying
 .
###  Resilience affects stress and anxiety
36. Harley Therapy
##  The Psychology of Healthy Coping
By Andrea M. Darcy
177. Sally
###  someone else entirely.
__ About the author
Hi there, have you had the support of a counsellor at any point? We’d highly
suggest you seek some proper support, this is not something that can be
addressed via a comment on a website, it’s a big, complex set of issues you
are presenting that deserves proper attention. If you are on a low budget we
have an article here on how to find free to low cost counselling 
http://bit.ly/lowcosttherapy  . Best, HT.
185. Lisa-Maree
Some of the causes of emotional shock can include:
29. Harley Therapy
[ 
 Resilience & Coping
Below are worksheets that help clients cope.
Before you continue, we thought you might like to  download our three
Resilience Exercises for free  . These engaging, science-based exercises will help you
effectively deal with difficult circumstances and give you the tools to
improve the resilience of your clients, students, or employees.
*       *  Common Problems  
*  Depression  
*  Eating Issues  
*  Grief & Loss  
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197. Kathy Clark
Hi Jen, absolutely normal to feel emotional after a fall. It can take a few
weeks to stop feeling weepy even. (And this is actually being written by
someone who fell randomly and fractured a hip!). This sort of thing really
brings up all our feelings of vulnerability and mortality even. And if we’ve
ever felt vulnerable before in life, that will all be stirred up. So give
yourself a much bigger time container to feel back to your old self. I think
you will find our article on injury and mood very helpful 
https://www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/injury-and-depression.htm
 .
Hope that helps and feel better soon.
196. Lisa
167. Dorothy
*       *  Mindfulness  
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87. Mary
119. Natasha Taylor
Relaxation isnât just unwinding in front of the television.  Effective
relaxation  is
a regular, daily practice of _deep relaxation,_ which refers to a âdistinct
psychological state that is the exact opposite of the way your body reacts
under stressâ (Bourne, 2015, p. 88).
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22. Emma
85. Harley Therapy
####  Leave a Reply
Even if
youâre not in crisis now, thereâs a strong chance youâll encounter one
in the future.
Content is produced by editor and lead writer Andrea M Darcy, trained in
person-centred counselling, and overseen by  Dr Sheri Jacobson  , retired BACP senior therapist & founder of  London-based
Harley Therapy – Psychotherapy and Counselling
 as well as  Harley Therapy Platform
 , a network of therapists across the UK.
It’s inspiring to hear about all your hard work on yourself! Regarding what
you are going through now, yes, if we have traumatic experiences in the past,
they can create core beliefs around safety as well as neurological patterns
around trauma, meaning we can be triggered more easily than others! And
certainly such events are a huge trigger for sensitive people. But yes, it is
highly possible it will pass after several weeks. Be gentle with yourself and
try not to compare yourself to others who simply have different life
experiences they are pulling from and different core beliefs. And remember
that the very sensitivity that has you so overwhelmed is also what probably
makes you so compassionate, open-minded, and kind to others. You might also
want to read our articles on dealing with stress post terrorism 
https://www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/effects-of-terrorism-on-
society.htm  
https://www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/psychological-effects-of-
terrorism.htm
62. Miles Tabangin
97. Dee
*   Shyness in Adults – Is Being the Shy Type a Mental Health Issue?
__ Blog articles
##  What is ’emotional shock’?
156. Harley Therapy
38. Masha Masoot
###  Recommended reading
133. sai
30. Harley Therapy
155. Virginia
Thank you for taking the time to share all this Marki! It sounds very scary
and overwhelming. And the thing about trauma is that it tends to be
cumulative. So because you had already had really traumatic experiences, you
might be even more sensitive than others who have not to new traumas, meaning
there is even more of a profound affect on you. Have you looked into long-term
PTSD? Some people question its validity which has made diagnosis hard in some
countries, which we find very frustrating for those who have the symptoms and
are suffering. Things like irritability and sleep problems are symptoms.
However these are symptoms of other things too like anxiety and shock, so we
are not at all making a diagnosis here. We are just suggesting its worth
reading up on. You might find our article on trauma a good start 
http://bit.ly/whatistrauma  . Finally, don’t feel
what you have experienced isn’t ‘big enough’ to seek support over. It most
certainly is! In fact if you have the courage, we’d highly advise seeking
support from a counsellor or therapist who has experience with victims of
trauma. Hope that helps, and we wish you well.
16. Harley Therapy
##  2 Real-Life Examples of Positive Coping Skills
67. Harley Therapy
######  **Opening hours (BST)**
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102. Harley Therapy
179. John T
23. Audreg
90. Harley Therapy
Dr. Chris Wilson 
holds a Ph.D. in conflict analysis and resolution and specializes in
relationships, boundaries, and self-limiting mindsets as a coach. Sheâs
passionate about people and partners with them to figure out how to change
what isn't working and move toward a life of fulfillment.
153. Tre's Girl
###  2\. Coping With Stress
Anxiety at Night – Is This Your Problem?
31. Cynthia
75. Harley Therapy
Email Address  (Required)
](https://positivepsychology.com/coping-cards/)
Andrea M. Darcy
 is the lead writer of this site, building it from
a handful of visitors to over three million a year. Trained in coaching and
person-centred therapy, she herself is no stranger to living with c-PTSD.
Without being a medical doctor hard to say – definitely would be worth going
for a physical checkup with a doctor. Stress can indeed cause unexplained
medical symptoms (see our article 
https://www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/medically-unexplained-symptoms-
counselling.htm  ), but make sure it isn’t an actual
other medical condition that just by coincidence is happening first.
188. Harley Therapy
**Is it months after the fact, and you still are having symptoms** like the
above? It’s possible that you have developed  acute stress disorder
 or even  post-traumatic stress disorder
 . This can happen
if your shocking experience triggered old, unresolved experiences, or was just
simply too shocking for your particular brain to process.
186. Harley Thearpy
Something has happened that you didn’t expect, weren’t prepared for, and
couldn’t prevent happening. Suddenly,  life feels dangerous
 and unpredictable. If you are already an anxiety sufferer, you
might find yourself with  anxiety attacks
 .
##  6 Types of Positive Coping Strategies: A List
79. Harley Therapy
191. Srichander
Taxation (VAT) Number: NL855806813B01
###  7\. Things just seem, well…. pointless.
163. Dylan
28. Monica Smith
UK Worldwide
##  This Article Contains
Blog Topics:  __  Anxiety & Stress
###  Take a quiz
###  4\. Positive Replacement Thoughts
Coping statements are directed toward anxious feelings, whereas  positive
self-talk  involves
âwriting down and rehearsing positive statements that directly refute or
invalidate your negative self-talkâ (Bourne, 2015, p. 195).
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12. Malia Jones
Home  ›   Blog
 ›  7 Warning Signs You Are
Suffering from Emotional Shock
76. Lucy
183. Lisa S
143. Harley Therapy
###  6\. You feel like (and are acting like)
35. Harley Therapy
If youâre looking for more science-based ways to help others overcome
adversity, check out this collection of  17 validated resilience and coping
exercises  . Use them to help others recover from personal challenges and
turn setbacks into opportunities for growth.
42. Alaa abouelala
[Read our article on  “Emotional Shock vs Acute Stress Disorder vs PTSD”
 for more.]
Your Expertise  (Required)
70. Harley Therapy
###  1\. You feel afraid.
105. Harley Therapy
Harley Street 
 City of London 
 London Bridge
52. Harley Therapy
161. Kay
124. k
We are so glad you found it helpful. He does sound like he is suffering, was
there a shock that you think triggered it? Otherwise it could also be
depression. In either case good to seek some support. If budget is a worry see
our piece on finding lower cost options 
https://www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/low-cost-therapy-free-counselling-
services.htm
80. Harley Therapy
145. Alice
169. Anxiety girl
By filling out your name and email address below.
Any insight would be greatly appreciated.
Mindsets are crucial when weâre dealing with stressors. This  Positive
Replacement Thoughts  worksheet walks clients through taking
control of negative thought spirals.
Gandhiplein 16
11 Jun 2022  __ 3  __ 28 Feb 2024