mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
The management and treatment of personality disorders can be a challenging and
controversial area, for by definition the difficulties have been enduring and
affect multiple areas of functioning. This often involves  interpersonal
 issues, and
there can be difficulties in seeking and obtaining help from organizations in
the first place, as well as with establishing and maintaining a specific 
therapeutic relationship  . On the one hand, an individual may not consider themselves to
have a mental health problem, while on the other,  community mental health
services  may view individuals with personality disorders as too complex or
difficult, and may directly or indirectly  exclude  individuals with such diagnoses or associated behaviors.
[83]  The disruptiveness that people with personality disorders can create in
an organisation makes these, arguably, the most challenging conditions to
manage.
In 1939, psychiatrist David Henderson published a theory of 'psychopathic
states' that contributed to popularly linking the term to  anti-social
behavior  .  Hervey M.
Cleckley  's 1941 text, _ The
Mask of Sanity  _ , based on
his personal categorization of similarities he noted in some prisoners, marked
the start of the modern clinical conception of psychopathy and its popularist
usage.  [112]
22\.
Lilienfeld SO, Van Valkenburg C, Larntz K, Akiskal HS. The relationship of
histrionic personality disorder to antisocial personality and somatization
disorders.  Am J Psychiatry.  1986 Jun;  143  (6):718-22.  [  PubMed  :
3717392   ]
**Assessment**
*  Depersonalization-derealization disorder 
*  Dissociative identity disorder 
*  Dissociative fugue 
*  Psychogenic amnesia
In clinical practice, individuals are generally diagnosed by an interview with
a  psychiatrist  based on a  mental
status examination  , which may take into account observations by relatives and
others. One tool of diagnosing personality disorders is a process involving
interviews with scoring systems. The patient is asked to answer questions, and
depending on their answers, the trained interviewer tries to code what their
responses were. This process is fairly time-consuming.
|   Phobia  |
Personality disorder is a term with a distinctly modern meaning, owing in part
to its clinical usage and the institutional character of  modern psychiatry
 . The currently accepted
meaning must be understood in the context of historical changing
classification systems such as DSM-IV and its predecessors. Although highly
anachronistic, and ignoring radical differences in the character of
subjectivity and social relations, some have suggested similarities to other
concepts going back to at least the  ancient Greeks
 .  [3]  : 35  For
example, the Greek philosopher  Theophrastus  described 29 'character' types that he saw as deviations from
the norm, and similar views have been found in Asian, Arabic and Celtic
cultures. A long-standing influence in the Western world was  Galen
 's concept of personality types, which he linked to the
 four humours  proposed by  Hippocrates
 .
*  Pervasive 
*  Specific
##  Effect of Service Branch on PTSD
* ** ICD  \-  11  ** :  6D10 
* ** ICD  \-  10  ** :  F60 
* ** ICD  \-  9-CM  ** :  301.9 
* ** MeSH  ** :  D010554 
* ** DiseasesDB  ** :  9889 
* ** SNOMED CT  ** :  33449004
42\.
##  Presentation
###  Neurobiological correlates – hippocampus, amygdala
38\.
32\.
In addition to classifying by category and cluster, it is possible to classify
personality disorders using additional factors such as severity, impact on
social functioning, and  attribution 
"Attribution \(psychology\)") .  [41]
###  In children
##  Management and Treatment
##  Issues
Lampe L, Malhi GS. Avoidant personality disorder: current insights.  Psychol
Res Behav Manag.  2018;  11  :55-66.  [  PMC free article  : PMC5848673
 ] [  PubMed  : 29563846
 ]
Authority control databases  : National   |
---|---
External resources  |
36\.
40\.
Sulz S. [Hysteria I. Histrionic personality disorder. A psychotherapeutic
challenge].  Nervenarzt.  2010 Jul;  81  (7):879-87; quiz 888.  [  PubMed  :
20585747   ]
Treatment for personality disorders is primarily  psychotherapeutic
 .  Evidence-based  psychotherapies for personality
disorders include  cognitive behavioral therapy
 , and 
dialectical behavior therapy  especially for  borderline personality disorder
 .
[10]  [11]  A variety of  psychoanalytic  approaches are also used.  [12]
Gescher DM, Kahl KG, Hillemacher T, Frieling H, Kuhn J, Frodl T. Epigenetics
in Personality Disorders: Today's Insights.  Front Psychiatry.  2018;  9
:579.  [  PMC free article  : PMC6252387   ] [ 
PubMed  : 30510522   ]
The issue of the relationship between normal personality and personality
disorders is one of the important issues in personality and clinical
psychology. The personality disorders classification (  DSM-5  and  ICD-10  ) follows a _categorical
approach_ that views personality disorders as discrete entities that are
distinct from each other and from normal personality. In contrast, the 
dimensional approach  is an alternative approach
that personality disorders represent maladaptive extensions of the same traits
that describe normal personality.
* Marshall WL, Serin R (1997). "Personality Disorders.". In Turner SM, Hersen R (eds.). _Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis_ . New York: Wiley. pp. 508–541.
* Murphy N, McVey D (2010). [ _Treating Severe Personality Disorder]: Creating Robust Services for Clients with Complex Mental Health Needs_ ](https://web.archive.org/web/20110715060200/http://www.pdmh-consultancy.com/publication-detail/4/) . London: Routledge. Archived from  the original  on 15 July 2011.
*  Millon T  , Davis RD (1996). _Disorders of personality : DSM-IV and beyond_ (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-471-01186-6   .
* Yudofsky SC (2005). _Fatal Flaws: Navigating Destructive Relationships With People With Disorders of Personality and Character_ (1st ed.). Washington, DC.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-1-58562-214-6   .  ` {{  cite book  }} ` : CS1 maint: location missing publisher (  link  )
Crocq MA. Milestones in the history of personality disorders.  Dialogues Clin
Neurosci.  2013 Jun;  15  (2):147-53.  [  PMC free article  : PMC3811086
 ] [  PubMed  : 24174889
 ]
*  Histrionic Personality Disorder - StatPearls
28\.
####  Effect on social functioning
*  Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder.  [StatPearls. 2024]
|  Sexual  |
###  Contents
Adult personality and behavior
Symptoms and uncategorized
3  Koshi Zonal Hospital
Histrionic personality disorder is one of a group of conditions called
“Cluster B”  personality disorders
 , which involve dramatic and erratic behavior.
Apart from all these issues, an individual may not consider their personality
to be disordered or the cause of problems. This perspective may be caused by
the patient's ignorance or lack of  insight  into
their own condition, an  ego-syntonic  perception of the problems with their
personality that prevents them from experiencing it as being in conflict with
their goals and self-image, or by the simple fact that there is no distinct or
objective boundary between 'normal' and 'abnormal' personalities. There is
substantial  social stigma  and
discrimination related to the diagnosis.
##  Symptoms and Causes
Personality disorders
---
 Specialty  |   Psychiatry
 ;  clinical psychology

Personality disorders
---
Cluster A (odd)
Poor Job Performance
Depending on the diagnosis, severity and individual, and the job itself,
personality disorders can be associated with difficulty coping with work or
the workplace—potentially leading to problems with others by interfering with
 interpersonal relationships  . Indirect effects also play a role; for
example, impaired educational progress or complications outside of work, such
as  substance abuse  and co-morbid
mental disorders, can be problematic. However, personality disorders can also
bring about above-average work abilities by increasing competitive drive or
causing the individual with the condition to exploit his or her co-workers.
[51]  [52]
Trust Takes Practice
* Personality change due to another medical condition – personality disturbance due to the direct effects of a medical condition
* Other specified personality disorder – disorder which meets the general criteria for a personality disorder but fails to meet the criteria for a specific disorder, with the reason given
*  Unspecified personality disorder  – disorder which meets the general criteria for a personality disorder but is not included in the DSM-5 classification
Morrison J. Histrionic personality disorder in women with somatization
disorder.  Psychosomatics.  1989 Fall;  30  (4):433-7.  [  PubMed  : 2798737
 ]
* _Other specific personality disorders_ (involves PD characterized as  eccentric  "Eccentricity \(behavior\)") , _ haltlose  _ ,  immature  "Maturity \(psychological\)") ,  narcissistic  ,  passive–aggressive  , or  psychoneurotic  .)
* _Personality disorder, unspecified_ (includes "character  neurosis  " and "  pathological  personality").
* _Mixed and other personality disorders_ (defined as conditions that are often troublesome but do not demonstrate the specific pattern of symptoms in the named disorders).
* _Enduring personality changes, not attributable to brain damage and disease_ (this is for conditions that seem to arise in adults without a diagnosis of personality disorder, following catastrophic or prolonged stress or other psychiatric illness).
**Cluster A**
Lee YJ, Keum MS, Kim HG, Cheon EJ, Cho YC, Koo BH. Defense Mechanisms and
Psychological Characteristics According to Suicide Attempts in Patients with
Borderline Personality Disorder.  Psychiatry Investig.  2020 Aug;  17
(8):840-849.  [  PMC free article  : PMC7449843  
] [  PubMed  : 32791818   ]
##  Prevention
*  Personality disorders 
*  Mental disorders 
*  Behavioural sciences
Personality disorders are associated with considerable  stigma
 in popular and clinical discourse
alike.  [13]  Despite various methodological schemas designed to categorize
personality disorders, many issues occur with classifying a personality
disorder because the theory and diagnosis of such disorders occur within
prevailing  cultural expectations  "Norm \(social\)")
; thus, their validity is contested by some experts on the basis of inevitable
subjectivity. They argue that the theory and diagnosis of personality
disorders are based strictly on social, or even  sociopolitical
 and economic considerations.  [14]
Local:  (303) 449-4773
Library resources  about
**Personality disorders**
*  Anorexia nervosa 
*  Bulimia nervosa 
*  Rumination syndrome 
*  Other specified feeding or eating disorder
###  DSM-5
The military has made significant improvements in efforts to support the
mental health of soldiers, but a sizable number of Veterans still struggle
with PTSD. 
Consider the following:
29\.
*  Avoidant 
*  Dependent 
*  Obsessive-compulsive
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The five factor model has been shown to significantly predict all 10
personality disorder symptoms and outperform the  Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory  (MMPI) in the prediction of
borderline, avoidant, and dependent personality disorder symptoms.  [63]
24\.
Depression or Anxiety
Cale EM, Lilienfeld SO. Histrionic personality disorder and antisocial
personality disorder: sex-differentiated manifestations of psychopathy?  J
Pers Disord.  2002 Feb;  16  (1):52-72.  [  PubMed  : 11881161
 ]
Toll Free:  (877) 629-1712
###  Comorbidity
*  Passive–aggressive 
*  Masochistic 
*  Sadistic 
*  Psychopathy 
*  Haltlose 
*  Immature 
*  Post-traumatic organic
##  How Race Affects PTSD Rates
12\.
Mental disorders  ( 
Classification  )
Trull TJ, Widiger TA. Dimensional models of personality: the five-factor model
and the DSM-5.  Dialogues Clin Neurosci.  2013 Jun;  15  (2):135-46.  [  PMC
free article  : PMC3811085   ] [  PubMed  :
24174888   ]
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###  Versus normal personality
Research results examining the relationships between the FFM and each of the
ten DSM personality disorder diagnostic categories are widely available. For
example, in a study published in 2003 titled "The five-factor model and
personality disorder empirical literature: A meta-analytic review",  [64]  the
authors analyzed data from 15 other studies to determine how personality
disorders are different and similar, respectively, with regard to underlying
personality traits. In terms of how personality disorders differ, the results
showed that each disorder displays a FFM profile that is meaningful and
predictable given its unique diagnostic criteria. With regard to their
similarities, the findings revealed that the most prominent and consistent
personality dimensions underlying a large number of the personality disorders
are positive associations with  neuroticism  and negative associations with  agreeableness
 .
A screening survey across 13 countries by the  World Health Organization
 using  DSM-IV
 criteria, reported in 2009 a prevalence estimate of
around 6% for personality disorders. The rate sometimes varied with 
demographic  and  socioeconomic
 factors, and functional impairment was
partly explained by co-occurring mental disorders.  [87]  In the US, screening
data from the  National Comorbidity Survey
 Replication
between 2001 and 2003, combined with interviews of a subset of respondents,
indicated a population prevalence of around 9% for personality disorders in
total. Functional disability associated with the diagnoses appeared to be
largely due to co-occurring mental disorders (Axis I in the DSM).  [88]  This
statistic has been supported by other studies in the US, with overall global
prevalence statistics ranging from 9% to 11%.  [89]  [90]
34\.
**Cluster B**
American psychiatrists officially recognized concepts of enduring personality
disturbances in the first  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders  in the 1950s, which
relied heavily on psychoanalytic concepts. Somewhat more neutral language was
employed in the  DSM-II  in 1968, though the terms
and descriptions had only a slight resemblance to current definitions. The 
DSM-III  published in 1980 made some major changes,
notably putting all personality disorders onto a second separate 'axis' along
with "mental retardation", intended to signify more enduring patterns,
distinct from what were considered axis one mental disorders. 'Inadequate' and
'  asthenic  ' personality disorder' categories
were deleted, and others were expanded into more types, or changed from being
personality disorders to regular disorders.  Sociopathic personality disorder
 ,
which had been the term for  psychopathy  ,
was renamed Antisocial Personality Disorder. Most categories were given more
specific 'operationalized' definitions, with standard criteria psychiatrists
could agree on to conduct research and diagnose patients.  [115]  In the DSM-
III revision, self-defeating personality disorder and sadistic personality
disorder were included as provisional diagnoses requiring further study. They
were dropped in the DSM-IV, though a proposed 'depressive personality
disorder' was added; in addition, the official diagnosis of passive–aggressive
personality disorder was dropped, tentatively renamed 'negativistic
personality disorder.'  [116]
Cluster B (dramatic)
Svrakic DM, Whitehead C, Przybeck TR, Cloninger CR. Differential diagnosis of
personality disorders by the seven-factor model of temperament and character.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.  1993 Dec;  50  (12):991-9.  [  PubMed  : 8250685
 ]
The  ICD-11  personality disorder section differs
substantially from the previous edition, ICD-10. All distinct PDs have been
merged into one: _personality disorder_ (  6D10
 ), which can be
coded as _mild_ (  6D10.0  ), _moderate_ (  6D10.1
 ), _severe_ ( 
6D10.2  ), or
_severity unspecified_ (  6D10.Z  ). There is also an additional
category called personality difficulty (  QE50.7
 ), which can be
used to describe personality traits that are problematic, but do not meet the
diagnostic criteria for a PD. A personality disorder or difficulty can be
specified by one or more _prominent personality traits or patterns_ (  6D11
 ). The ICD-11
uses five trait domains:
Bender DS. The therapeutic alliance in the treatment of personality disorders.
J Psychiatr Pract.  2005 Mar;  11  (2):73-87.  [  PubMed  : 15803042
 ]
*  Schizotypal
[
__ ](tel:\(303\) 449-4773)
14\.
The specific personality disorders are:  paranoid
 , 
schizoid  ,  schizotypal  ,  dissocial
 , 
emotionally unstable  (borderline type and impulsive
type),  histrionic  ,  narcissistic

,  anankastic  ,  anxious (avoidant)  and  dependent
 .
[26]
23\.
Suicidal Ideation.
---|---
 Anxiety  |
Relationship Insecurity
*  Ego-dystonic sexual orientation 
*  Paraphilia 
*  Fetishism 
*  Voyeurism 
*  Sexual maturation disorder 
*  Sexual relationship disorder
16\.
**Related Links:**
|  Cluster A (odd)  |
Oldham JM. The alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders.  World
Psychiatry.  2015 Jun;  14  (2):234-6.  [  PMC free article  : PMC4471981
 ] [  PubMed  : 26043342
 ]
Main article:  Openness to experience
Trait specified
")
*  Delirium 
*  Organic brain syndrome 
*  Post-concussion syndrome
**Personality disorders** ( **PD** ) are a class of  mental disorders
 characterized by enduring 
maladaptive  patterns of behavior,
cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating
from those accepted by the individual's culture.  [1]  These patterns develop
early, are inflexible, and are associated with significant distress or
disability. The definitions vary by source and remain a matter of controversy.
[2]  [3]  [4]  Official criteria for diagnosing  personality
 disorders are listed in the sixth chapter
of the _ International Classification of Diseases
 _ (ICD) and in the  American Psychiatric Association

's _ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
 _ (DSM).
As of 2002, there were over fifty published studies relating the five factor
model (FFM) to personality disorders.  [60]  Since that time, quite a number
of additional studies have expanded on this research base and provided further
empirical support for understanding the DSM personality disorders in terms of
the FFM domains.  [61]  In her seminal review of the personality disorder
literature published in 2007,  Lee Anna Clark  asserted that "the five-factor model of personality is widely
accepted as representing the higher-order structure of both normal and
abnormal personality traits".  [62]
*  Germany 
*  Israel 
*  United States 
*  Latvia 
*  Czech Republic
####  Severity
Main article:  Personality development disorder
* **Other mental illnesses.** Approximately 80% of Veterans with PTSD also have a co-occurring mental illness—most often depression or anxiety.
*  **Alcohol abuse**  **.** Male Veterans with PTSD are 2.0 times more likely to suffer from alcoholism. Female Veterans with PTSD are 2.5 times more likely to suffer from alcoholism.
* **Hypertension.** Veterans with PTSD have a 24% to 46% greater risk of suffering from hypertension. PTSD is also linked to poor general cardiovascular health.
* **Chronic pain.** Approximately one in three Veterans with PTSD also struggle with chronic pain.
Boulder, CO Office  2727 Pine Street Ste.6
Boulder  ,  CO  80302  Phone: (303) 449-4773  Toll Free: (877) 629-1712  Fax:
(877) 277-2119   Get Directions
_Others_
The  ICD-10  lists these general guideline criteria:
[24]
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*  Avoidant personality disorder  – pervasive feelings of social inhibition and inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation
*  Dependent personality disorder  – pervasive psychological need to be cared for by other people
*  Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder  – rigid conformity to rules, perfectionism, and control to the point of exclusion of leisurely activities and friendships (distinct from  obsessive–compulsive disorder  )
Retrieved from " 
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&oldid=1215816920

"
####  Cluster C (anxious or fearful disorders)  ") ]
*  Hypersomnia 
*  Insomnia 
*  Parasomnia 
*  Night terror 
*  Nightmare 
*  REM sleep behavior disorder
In 2005 and again in 2009, psychologists Belinda Board and Katarina Fritzon at
the  University of Surrey  , UK, interviewed and gave personality tests to high-level British
executives and compared their profiles with those of criminal psychiatric
patients at  Broadmoor Hospital  in the UK. They found that three out of eleven personality
disorders were actually more common in executives than in the disturbed
criminals:
####  Cluster A (odd or eccentric disorders)  ") ]
##  PTSD Risk Factors and Co-Occurring Conditions
In 1933 Russian psychiatrist  Pyotr Borisovich Gannushkin
 published his book
_Manifestations of Psychopathies: Statics, Dynamics, Systematic Aspects_ ,
which was one of the first attempts to develop a detailed  typology of
psychopathies  . Regarding maladaptation, ubiquity, and stability as the three
main symptoms of behavioral pathology, he distinguished nine clusters of
psychopaths: cycloids (including constitutionally depressive, constitutionally
excitable, cyclothymics, and emotionally labile), asthenics (including
psychasthenics), schizoids (including dreamers), paranoiacs (including
fanatics), epileptoids, hysterical personalities (including pathological
liars), unstable psychopaths, antisocial psychopaths, and constitutionally
stupid.  [110]  Some elements of Gannushkin's typology were later incorporated
into the theory developed by a Russian adolescent psychiatrist,  Andrey
Yevgenyevich Lichko  , who was also interested in psychopathies along with their milder
forms, the so-called  accentuations of character
 .  [111]
---|---
 DSM-IV  only  |
**Temperament Traits**
Histrionic Personality Disorder - StatPearls
A UK national  epidemiological 
study (based on DSM-IV screening criteria), reclassified into levels of
severity rather than just diagnosis, reported in 2010 that the majority of
people show some personality difficulties in one way or another (short of
threshold for diagnosis), while the prevalence of the most complex and severe
cases (including meeting criteria for multiple diagnoses in different
clusters) was estimated at 1.3%. Even low levels of personality symptoms were
associated with functional problems, but the most severely in need of services
was a much smaller group.  [91]
*  ADHD 
*  Conduct disorder 
*  ODD 
*  Emotional and behavioral disorders 
*  Separation anxiety disorder 
*  Movement disorders 
*  Stereotypic 
* Social functioning
*  DAD 
*  RAD 
*  Selective mutism 
*  Speech 
*  Cluttering 
*  Stuttering 
*  Tic disorder 
*  Tourette syndrome