mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
In October 2019, the  Court of First Instance
 "Court of First Instance \(Hong
Kong\)") ruled against MK, upholding the existing marriage law and continuing
to deny civil partnerships to same-sex couples.  [47]  Judge Anderson Chow
wrote, "The evidence before the court is not, in my view, sufficiently strong
or compelling to demonstrate that the changing or contemporary social needs
and circumstances in Hong Kong are such as would require the word ‘marriage’
in Basic Law Article 37 to be read as including a marriage between two persons
of the same sex,"  [47]  and that the government had no legal obligation to
provide substitute arrangements to same-sex couples, such as civil unions or
civil partnerships. He added that "Whether there should, or should not, be a
legal framework for the recognition of same-sex relationships is
quintessentially a matter for legislation,"  [47]  meaning that the issue was
more suited for the  Legislative Council of Hong Kong
 .
*  Rights 
*  Movements 
*  Student 
*  Germany (pre-1933) 
*  United States 
*  Intersex rights 
*  Social attitudes 
* Transgender rights
*  Legal status 
*  Movement
|  Case law  |
The main opponents of LGBT rights in the U.S. have generally been  religious
fundamentalists  . According to Pew
Research Center, the majority, 59%, of  evangelical Protestants
 oppose same-sex
marriage. Between 2016 and 2017, views among  Baby boomers
 and the  Silent Generation
 , older evangelicals born
before 1964, have shown practically no change from 25% then to 26% now.  [631]
Conservatives cite various Bible passages from the Old and New Testaments as
their justification for opposing LGBT rights. Regionally,  LGBT rights
opposition  has been
strongest in the  South  and in other states with a large rural and conservative population,
particularly the  Bible Belt  .
On October 20, 2016, Obama endorsed  Kate Brown  as Governor of  Oregon  .  [500]  On November
8, Brown became the first openly LGBT person to be elected governor in the
United States. Brown is a  bisexual  woman who
has also come out as a survivor of  sexual assault  and  domestic violence  .  [501]  [502]  Before being elected in her own right, Brown had
assumed the governorship due to a resignation. During that time, she signed
legislation to ban  conversion therapy  on minors.  [503]
####  Services
*  British Indian Ocean Territory 
*  Christmas Island 
*  Cocos (Keeling) Islands _Islands "LGBT rights in the Cocos \(Keeling\) Islands")
* Hong Kong
*  Macau
##  History of LGBT rights under U.S. presidents
One bathroom bill, the  Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act
 in  North Carolina 
, was approved as a law in 2016, although portions of the measure were later
repealed in 2017 as part of a compromise between the Democratic governor and
Republican-controlled Legislature.
A certificate of gender change required to change person's gender in documents
such as a birth certificate and passport, and can be obtained on the basis of
a medical commission consisting of a psychiatrist, a sexologist and a medical
psychologist. Neither sex-affirmative surgery nor hormone replacement therapy
required. The minimum duration of psychiatric observation is not specified in
the final document of the Ministry of Health.  [132]  [133]  On average, the
commission lasts from 2 days to 1 month.  [ _ citation needed
 _ ]
Transgender Day of Remembrance  was founded in 1999 by  Gwendolyn Ann Smith
 and  JMEL
") a transgender woman,  [304]  to memorialize the murder of
transgender woman Rita Hester in  Allston, Massachusetts
 .  [305]  It has
slowly evolved from the  web  -based
project started by Smith into an international day of action every November
20. Transgender Day of Remembrance is now a day to honor all transgender lives
lost to murder caused by transphobia. Several communities and organizations
all over the world have made vigils accessible to all for the lost lives
through murder.  [306]
Discrimination  |
The  Constitution Party (United States)
 "Constitution Party \(United
States\)") is strongly opposed to LGBT freedoms, and supports criminal laws
against homosexuality and cross-dressing. The party is very conservative and
has ties to  Christian Reconstructionism  , a far-right, political movement within
conservative Christian churches.
####  Body systems
Hong Kong’s old
Revenue Tower. File photo: HKFP/Ellie Ng.
##  Actions for this page
State has HIV criminalization law
|   County  |
In December 2008, the Bush administration refused to support the U.N.
declaration on  sexual orientation and gender identity at the United Nations
 that condemns the use
of violence, harassment, discrimination, exclusion, stigmatization, and
prejudice based on sexual orientation and gender identity.  [429]
On 30 November 2023, the  Supreme Court  ruled the  international LGBT movement
 to be extremist, outlawing it in the
country.  [24]  The next day, Russian security forces raided bars, male saunas
and nightclubs across Moscow.  [25]  [26]  On 22 March 2024, the  Supreme
Court of Russia 
declared the international LGBT movement to be a  terrorist  organization.  [27]  [28]  [29]
On June 10, 2016, an Oregon circuit court ruled that a resident,  Elisa Rae
Shupe  , could obtain a non-binary
gender designation. The  Transgender Law Center
 believes this to be
"the first ruling of its kind in the U.S."  [167]
Sovereign states  |
###  Taxation and spousal benefits
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The **Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity** ( **FHEO** ) is an agency
within the  United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
 . FHEO is responsible for
administering and enforcing federal fair housing laws and establishing
policies that make sure all Americans have equal access to the housing of
their choice. Housing discrimination refers to discrimination against
potential or current tenants by landlords. In the United States, there is no
federal law against such discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender
identity, but at least twenty-two states and many major cities have enacted
laws prohibiting it.  [60]  See, for example,  Washington House Bill 2661
 .
__💡_ **If you are in need of support** , please call: The Samaritans 2896 0000
(24-hour, multilingual), Suicide Prevention Centre 2382 0000 or the government
mental health hotline on 18111. The Hong Kong Society of Counselling and
Psychology provides a WhatsApp hotline in English and Chinese: 6218 1084. _
**_See also:_ **  **_HKFP’s comprehensive guide to mental health services in
Hong Kong_ **  .
---
As the movement for same-sex marriage has developed, many national and/or
international organizations have opposed that movement. Those organizations
include the  American Family Association  , the  Christian Coalition
 , 
Family Research Council  ,  Focus on the Family  ,  Save Our Children 
,  NARTH
 , the 
Catholic Church  ,  The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS
Church)  ,  [639]  the  Southern Baptist Convention
 ,  [640]  
Alliance for Marriage  ,
 Alliance Defense Fund 
,  Liberty Counsel  , and the 
National Organization for Marriage  .
See also:  Societal attitudes towards homosexuality
September 2023  M  |  T  |  W  |  T  |  F  |  S  |  S
---|---|---|---|---|---|---
|   1  |   2
 |   3

 4  |   5
 |   6
 |   7
 |   8
 |   9
 |   10

 11  |   12
 |   13
 |   14
 |   15
 |   16
 |   17

 18  |   19
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 |   21
 |   22
 |   23
 |   24

 25  |   26
 |   27
 |   28
 |   29
 |   30
 |
 « Aug   Oct »
Highest note should be higher than the lowest
####  A Novel Constrained Clustering Algorithm
*  Articles with short description 
*  Short description matches Wikidata 
*  All articles with vague or ambiguous time 
*  Vague or ambiguous time from October 2018 
*  All articles with unsourced statements 
*  Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018
* Leaderboards
#  Pitch detection algorithm
The fundamental frequency of  speech  can vary from
40 Hz for low-pitched voices to 600 Hz for high-pitched voices.  [12]
##  Spectral/temporal approaches
####  Streaming by Constrained Clustering
Vocal range test   Pitch accuracy test
Figure 5: Harmonic Product Spectrum implementation
*  Alain de Cheveigne and Hideki Kawahara: YIN, a fundamental frequency estimator for speech and music 
*  AudioContentAnalysis.org: Matlab code for various pitch detection algorithms
##  Frequency Domain detection:
[6]  Tristan Jehan, �Pitch Detection� 
http://www.cnmat.berkeley.edu/~tristan/Report/node4.html
##  Detectors based on models of the ears:
Spectral/temporal pitch detection algorithms, e.g. the  YAAPT pitch tracking
algorithm
") ,  [10]  [11]  are
based upon a combination of time domain processing using an  autocorrelation
 function such as normalized cross
correlation, and frequency domain processing utilizing spectral information to
identify the pitch. Then, among the candidates estimated from the two domains,
a final pitch track can be computed using  dynamic programming
 . The advantage of these
approaches is that the tracking error in one domain can be reduced by the
process in the other domain.
####  Approach
##  Related Papers
###  Stage 2: Multi-pitch Streaming
Here is the same example of "Ach Gott und Herr" shown in Figure 1, a piece of
four-part J.S. Bach chorale, from the  Bach10 dataset

. This piece is played by violin, clarinet, saxophone and bassoon. < [ WAV
](01-AchGottundHerr.wav) > < [ Score ](Example_Score.pdf) >
[3]  There is already an MAX object called fiddle which does a pitch detection
using  phase vocoder  and maximum likelihood in
frequency [2].
Lowest note should be lower than the highest
What is pitch and why are we interested in tracking it? Let�s start trying to
define what pitch is. The former definition given by  Webster Dictionary
 states:  �  � _the property of a sound
and especially a musical tone that is determined by the frequency of the waves
producing it: highness or lowness of sound_ �. Certainly our psychoacoustic
understanding of the term is much more complex than that and involves the
model of our hearing system (filter banks) as well as some description of the
way we psychologically perceive the frequencies. The ANSI definition of
psychoacoustical terminology says that � _pitch is that auditory attribute of
sound according to which sounds can be ordered on a scale from low t_ o _high�
[1]  .  _
To improve on the pitch estimate derived from the discrete Fourier spectrum,
techniques such as  spectral reassignment  (phase based) or  Grandke interpolation
") (magnitude based) can be used to go
beyond the precision provided by the FFT bins. Another phase-based approach is
offered by Brown and Puckette  [9]
Start The Test
###  Stage 1: Multi-pitch Estimation
#  Multi-pitch Analysis
##  What is it good for?
1. ** ^  ** D. Gerhard.  Pitch Extraction and Fundamental Frequency: History and Current Techniques  , technical report, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Regina, 2003.
2. ** ^  ** de Cheveigné, Alain; Kawahara, Hideki (2002).  "YIN, a fundamental frequency estimator for speech and music"  (PDF)  . _The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America_ . **111** (4). Acoustical Society of America (ASA): 1917–1930.  Bibcode  "Bibcode \(identifier\)") :  2002ASAJ..111.1917D  .  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1121/1.1458024  .  ISSN  "ISSN \(identifier\)")  0001-4966  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  12002874  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  1607434  .
3. ** ^  ** P. McLeod and G. Wyvill.  A smarter way to find pitch.  In Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference (ICMC’05), 2005.
4. ** ^  ** Hayes, Monson (1996). _Statistical Digital Signal Processing and Modeling_ . John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 393.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  0-471-59431-8   .
5. ** ^  **  Pitch Detection Algorithms  , online resource from  Connexions 
6. ** ^  ** A. Michael Noll, “Pitch Determination of Human Speech by the Harmonic Product Spectrum, the Harmonic Sum Spectrum and a Maximum Likelihood Estimate,” Proceedings of the Symposium on Computer Processing in Communications, Vol. XIX, Polytechnic Press: Brooklyn, New York, (1970), pp. 779–797.
7. ** ^  ** A. Michael Noll, “  Cepstrum Pitch Determination  ,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 41, No. 2, (February 1967), pp. 293–309.
8. ** ^  ** Mitre, Adriano; Queiroz, Marcelo; Faria, Régis.  Accurate and Efficient Fundamental Frequency Determination from Precise Partial Estimates.  Proceedings of the 4th AES Brazil Conference. 113-118, 2006.
9. ** ^  ** Brown JC and Puckette MS (1993). A high resolution fundamental frequency determination based on phase changes of the Fourier transform. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 94, Issue 2, pp. 662–667 [ [1] ](https://archive.today/20130414073448/http://asadl.org/jasa/resource/1/jasman/v94/i2/p662_s1?isAuthorized=no)
10. ** ^  ** Zahorian, Stephen A.; Hu, Hongbing (2008).  "A spectral/temporal method for robust fundamental frequency tracking"  (PDF)  . _The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America_ . **123** (6). Acoustical Society of America (ASA): 4559–4571.  Bibcode  "Bibcode \(identifier\)") :  2008ASAJ..123.4559Z  .  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1121/1.2916590  .  ISSN  "ISSN \(identifier\)")  0001-4966  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  18537404  .
11. ** ^  ** Stephen A. Zahorian and Hongbing Hu.  YAAPT Pitch Tracking MATLAB Function 
12. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Huang, Xuedong; Alex Acero; Hsiao-Wuen Hon (2001). _Spoken Language Processing_ . Prentice Hall PTR. p. 325.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  0-13-022616-5   .
[12]  See for instance:
Figure 5. Ground-truth pitches (colored lines) and estimated & streamed
pitches (colored dots) of "Ach Gott und Herr".
* Learning theory
*  Home 
* Pitch practice
Figure 1. The proposed multi-pitch analysis system: Spectrogram -> Multi-pitch
Estimation Results -> Multi-pitch Streaming Results.
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[9]  Many attempts have been done in this line, see for instance: 
http://www.iua.upf.es/~xserra/articles/msm/pitch.html
##  Speech pitch detection
Multi-pitch analysis is a fundamental problem in computer audition and audio
signal processing. In music information retrieval, it is of great interest to
researchers working in automatic music transcription, source separation,
melody extraction, etc. In speech processing, it is helpful for multi-talker
speech recognition and prosody analysis. It is also a step towards approaching
the  cocktail party effect
 .
Record your singing
[2]  John Tyndall, 1875
Figure 4. Timbral information is not enough to achieve
good pitch streaming.
The goal of the present paper is to review most of the works done in the field
of �Pitch Detection� or �Pitch Tracking�. The topic was chosen because it will
help me to guide  my current research interests  .
PDAs are used in various contexts (e.g.  phonetics  ,  music information retrieval
 ,  speech
coding  ,  musical performance systems
 ) and so
there may be different demands placed upon the algorithm. There is as yet  [
_ when?
 _ ]  no single ideal PDA, so a
variety of algorithms exist, most falling broadly into the classes given
below.  [1]
Find your vocal range
* Vocal ranges database
Here is an example of "Ach Gott und Herr", a piece of four-part J.S. Bach
chorale, from the  Bach10 dataset

. This piece is played by violin, clarinet, saxophone and bassoon. < [ WAV
](01-AchGottundHerr.wav) > < [ Score ](Example_Score.pdf) >
#  PITCH DETECTION METHODS REVIEW
*  Auto-Tune 
*  Beat detection 
*  Frequency estimation 
*  Linear predictive coding 
*  MUSIC (algorithm)  "MUSIC \(algorithm\)")
*  Sinusoidal model
##  Time Domain detection:
#  Vocal Pitch Monitor
##  General approaches
#####  Set up your vocal range
__ Enable mic
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####  Results of Multi-pitch Estimation
Don't know your range? Find with  Vocal Range Test
Figure 4. Polyphony estimation results.
Figure 3. Multi-pitch estimation results comparisons.
Find songs by range   Singers' vocal ranges   Song
Key Finder   Submit a song
"Pitch tracking" redirects here. For the baseball term, see  Glossary of
baseball (P) § pitch tracking
#pitch_tracking "Glossary of baseball
\(P\)") .
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According to  MIREX  , an
annual evaluation campaign for Music Information Retrieval (MIR) algorithms,
multi-pitch analysis can be addressed at three levels.
##  Try our singing accuracy test!
Popular frequency domain algorithms include: the  harmonic product spectrum
") ;  [5]  [6]   cepstral
 analysis  [7]  and  maximum likelihood
 which attempts to match the
frequency domain characteristics to pre-defined frequency maps (useful for
detecting pitch of fixed tuning instruments); and the detection of peaks due
to harmonic series.  [8]
Figure 2. Ground-truth pitches (colored lines) and estimated pitches (black
dots) of "Ach Gott und Herr".
[1]  A very complete definition of pitch by Ernst Terhardt ( 
terhardt@ei.tum.de  ) could be found in:
Current  [ _ when?
 _ ]  time-domain pitch detector
algorithms tend to build upon the basic methods mentioned above, with
additional refinements to bring the performance more in line with a human
assessment of pitch. For example, the YIN algorithm  [2]  and the MPM
algorithm  [3]  are both based upon  autocorrelation  .
*  Audio engineering 
*  Digital signal processing
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Algorithm to estimate signal frequency
Frequency domain, polyphonic detection is possible, usually utilizing the 
periodogram  to convert the signal to an
estimate of the  frequency spectrum  [4]  . This requires more processing power as the desired accuracy
increases, although the well-known efficiency of the  FFT
 , a key part of the
periodogram algorithm, makes it suitably efficient for many purposes.
##  Our approach
[3]  �  Slaney, Lyon �A perceptual Pitch Detector� 
http://www.interval.com/~malcolm/pubs.html
More sophisticated approaches compare segments of the signal with other
segments offset by a trial period to find a match. AMDF (  average magnitude
difference function
") ), ASMDF
(Average Squared Mean Difference Function), and other similar 
autocorrelation  algorithms work
this way. These algorithms can give quite accurate results for highly periodic
signals. However, they have false detection problems (often " _octave errors_
"), can sometimes cope badly with noisy signals (depending on the
implementation), and - in their basic implementations - do not deal well with
 polyphonic  sounds (which involve multiple
musical notes of different pitches).  [ _ citation needed
 _ ]
A **pitch detection algorithm** ( **PDA** ) is an  algorithm
 designed to estimate the  pitch
 "Pitch \(music\)") or  fundamental frequency
 of a  quasiperiodic
 or  oscillating  signal, usually a  digital recording  of  speech  or a musical note or tone. This can be done in the  time domain
 , the  frequency domain
 , or both.
Your vocal range is:  C3 to F6
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[10]  Schroeder, 1968
##  What is it?
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#  

Original Fiction, Music and Essays
Current pitch:
###  Key Features:
##  Frequency-domain approaches
Loading audio files  0  %
http://www.cnmat.berkeley.edu/~tristan/Report/node4.html
#  Methods
**_
_ **
http://www.mmk.e-technik.tu-muenchen.de/persons/ter/top/defpitch.html
* This page was last edited on 8 January 2024, at 19:35  (UTC)  .
* Text is available under the  Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0   ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the  Terms of Use  and  Privacy Policy  . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the  Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.  , a non-profit organization.
[11]  The idea was first proposed by Noll 1967
One simple approach would be to measure the distance between  zero crossing
 points of the signal (i.e. the  zero-
crossing rate  ). However,
this does not work well with complicated  waveforms  which are composed of multiple sine waves with differing periods
or noisy data. Nevertheless, there are cases in which zero-crossing can be a
useful measure, e.g. in some speech applications where a single source is
assumed.  [ _ citation needed   _ ]  The algorithm's simplicity makes it "cheap"
to implement.
Pitch training game   My custom melodies (MIDI)
  Simple vocal pitch monitor
##  Like our voice pitch detector?
Now add these segments (coherently) according to:
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#  Introduction
####  Results of Multi-pitch Streaming
4\.  ** Adaptive Filter  ** : Many approaches could be implemented using this
technique developed by  Prof. Bernard Widrow  , such as:
������  0≤b< t
##  Three levels of multi-pitch analysis
and maximize it to obtain  t  o  .
Retrieved from " 
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitch_detection_algorithm&oldid=1194389795

"
Singing for beginners course   Voice analysis guide
  Video library   Useful links
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Regulation of movement within organisms possessing a nervous system

This article is about motor control by humans and other animals. For motor
control by machines and robots, see  Motor controller
 .

"Motor function" redirects here. Not to be confused with  Motor Function
 .

**Motor control** is the regulation of  movements  in  organisms  that possess a 
nervous system  . Motor control
includes conscious  voluntary movements  ,
subconscious  muscle memory  and
involuntary  reflexes  ,  [1]  as well as 
instinctual   taxis  .

To control movement, the nervous system must integrate multimodal  sensory
information  (both from the
external world as well as  proprioception  ) and elicit the necessary signals to recruit  muscles
 to carry out a goal. This pathway spans many
disciplines, including  multisensory integration
 ,  signal
processing  ,  coordination
 ,  biomechanics
 , and  cognition  ,  [2]  [3]  and the computational challenges are often discussed
under the term sensorimotor control.  [4]  Successful motor control is crucial
to interacting with the world to carry out goals as well as for posture,
balance, and stability.

Some researchers (mostly neuroscientists studying movement, such as  Daniel
Wolpert  and  Randy Flanagan
 ) argue that motor control is the
reason brains exist at all.  [5]
###  Reference:
Receive New Content by Email:
See also  

This article uses  anatomical terminology  .

*  Alexander Cools 
*  Nathaniel A. Buchwald
*  NCBI Bookshelf