mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
Behaviour  

Sensation seeking is related to driving speed, with both males and females
high in sensation seeking more likely to engage in  speeding  .  [8]  High sensation seekers are more likely to ignore traffic
rules and engage in high-risk behaviours associated with accidents and/or
crashes resulting in driver injuries.

Alcohol use has been linked to sensation seeking, especially the disinhibition
and experience seeking subscales.  [8]  Peer influences and sensation seeking
appear to mutually reinforce each other in their influence on substance use.
Research has found that peer sensation seeking levels are predictive of drug
use. Furthermore, individuals are likely to associate with peers whose
sensation seeking levels are similar to their own, further influencing drug
and alcohol use.  [8]

High sensation seekers tend to engage in high-risk sexual behavior such as
having  multiple sexual partners  ,  [14]  and failing to use condoms to protect themselves
against disease.  [8]  They also tend to have permissive sexual attitudes.
Risky sexual behaviour is particularly related to the disinhibition facet of
sensation seeking. High sensation seekers are also more likely to be
unfaithful to partners whilst in a committed romantic relationship.  [8]

High sensation seekers prefer listening to arousing music such as hard rock
rather than classical instrumental.  [8]  High sensation seekers are also more
likely to enjoy surreal paintings over representational ones  [15]  or
unpleasant art forms (defined as presence of violent or aggressive content or
themes of death and despair).  [16]
Personality trait

**Sensation seeking** is a  personality trait  defined by the search for experiences and feelings, that are "varied,
novel, rich and intense", and by the readiness to "take physical, social,
legal, and  financial risks  for the
sake of such experiences."  [1]  [2]  Risk is not an essential part of the
trait, as many activities associated with it are not risky. However, risk may
be ignored, tolerated, or minimized and may even be considered to add to the
excitement of the activity.  [1]  The concept was developed by  Marvin
Zuckerman  of the  University of
Delaware  .  [3]  In
order to assess this trait he created a  personality test
 called the  Sensation Seeking
Scale  . This test
assesses individual differences in terms of  sensory stimulation
 preferences. So there are
people who prefer a strong stimulation and display a behavior that manifests a
greater desire for sensations and there are those who prefer a low sensory
stimulation. The scale is a questionnaire designed to measure how much
stimulation a person requires and the extent to which they enjoy the
excitement. Zuckerman hypothesized that people who are high sensation seekers
require a lot of stimulation to reach their  Optimal Level of Arousal
 . When the stimulation or sensory
input is not met, the person finds the experience unpleasant.  [4]

  Components  

Sensation-seeking can be divided into four traits:  [5]  [2]

* [ Thrill ](/wiki/Epinephrine
Adrenaline_junkie "Epinephrine") \- and  adventure  -seeking: Desire for outdoor activities involving unusual sensations and risks, such as skydiving, scuba diving, high-speed driving and flying.
*  Experience  -seeking: Referring to new sensory or mental experiences through unconventional choices, also including  psychedelic experiences  , social nonconformity and desire to associate with unconventional people.
*  Disinhibition  : Preference of "out of control" activities such as wild parties, drinking and illegal activities
*  Boredom  susceptibility: intolerance of repetition or boring people, and restlessness in such conditions.

The most recent version of the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS-V) has
demonstrated moderate validity and reliability.  [6]  It has been adapted for
use with children.  [7]
Social Orientation Theory  

Social orientation theory of social facilitation suggests that people differ
in their orientation toward social situations and that these individual
differences predicts who will show social facilitation or impairment in
performance. The theory states that individuals with positive orientation are
more likely to display social facilitation effects whereas individuals with
negative orientation are likely to experience impairment in performance. Those
with positive orientation are individuals who are self confident and who react
positively to challenges. The theory states that these individuals find
"safety in numbers". On the other hand, individuals with negative orientation
are defined by characteristics such as low self esteem, inhibited and feeling
threatened by presence of other people.
Activation theory  

In 1956,  Robert Zajonc  [11]  was
trying to figure out why some studies showed people's performance being
hindered by the presence of others rather than being made more accurate. He
designed an experiment that would examine the performance of someone doing a
simple vs. complex task in front of others. He found that, when people were
performing a simple task in the presence of others, they could complete it
with greater accuracy than when they were alone. This was something most
psychologists were aware of at this time. However, what Zajonc found that was
revolutionary in this time period was that, when people attempt to perform
tasks which are more complex or with which they are not familiar, they
complete it with less accuracy when in the presence of others than when they
alone. Thus,  social inhibition  was born.

In 1965, Robert Zajonc developed the stern activation theory, by proposing his
generalized drive hypothesis for social facilitation. Zajonc's generalized
drive hypothesis was the first theory that addressed why the presence of
others increased performance sometimes yet decreased it at other times. He
argued that the presence of others serves as a source of arousal, and
heightened arousal increases the likelihood of an organism to do better on
well-learned or habitual responses. For this reason, arousal improves
performance on simple, or well-learned tasks, but impairs performance on
complex, or not well-learned tasks. Zajonc's reasoning was based on the
Yerkes-Dodson law, which holds that performance works like an inverse "U"
function. This means that an individual's optimal drive is higher for simpler,
or well-practiced tasks, and that the same individual's optimal drive is lower
for more complex, or less-practiced tasks. The presence of other people
further arouses us and increases our drive level, and so an individual's
performance will be enhanced if a task is simple (because of the high levels
of energy) but diminished if the task is complex.  [9]  He tested his theories
by having people complete word association tasks alone and again in the
presence of others, and found that the tasks were done much faster while in
the presence of others.

Other activation theories include the alertness hypothesis, the monitoring
hypothesis, and the challenge and threat hypothesis.  [5]
Ego "Id, ego and
super-ego") . The  super ego  refers to the
ideal self-image; it constitutes a view of one's self as perfect. The ego
refers to the real self, meaning our consciousness and perceptions of our
current selves. Thus, if an individual seeks to gain more respect or
popularity, the  super ego  may lead to
BIRGing, as that individual will associate themselves with popular and
respected entities in order to increase that individual's notion of ego.
Nationalism  

 Nationalism  relates heavily to the idea
of BIRGing in events like the  FIFA World Cup  and  Olympic Games  .
Members of each country unite in support of the athletes who wear their flag
during competitions. This is the prime opportunity for citizens of each
country to represent their heritage through those competing. Throughout the
year, a person may be less inclined to watch "unusual sports", but as the
entire world invests in the Olympics, it gives those an opportunity to tune in
for the sake of their countries. While nationalism is still prevalent, it is
more noticeable through their supporters after that country wins or earns a
medal.  [17]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

**Basking in reflected glory** ( **BIRGing** ) is a self-serving  cognition
 whereby an individual associates themselves
with known successful others such that the winner's success becomes the
individual's own accomplishment.  [1]  [2]  [3]  The affiliation of another's
success is enough to stimulate self-glory. The individual does not need to be
personally involved in the successful action. To BIRG, they must simply
associate themselves with the success. Examples of BIRGing include anything
from sharing a home state with a past or present famous person, to religious
affiliations, to sports teams. For example, when a fan of a football team
wears the team's jersey and boasts after a win, this fan is engaging in
BIRGing.  [4]  A parent with a bumper sticker reading "My child is an honor
student" is basking in the reflected glory of their child.  [5]  While many
people have anecdotal accounts of BIRGing, social psychologists seek to find
experimental investigations delving into BIRGing. Within social psychology,
BIRGing is thought to enhance self-esteem and to be a component of self-
management.  [1]

BIRGing has connections to  social identity theory  , which explains how  self-esteem  and self-evaluation can be enhanced by the identification with
another person's success through basking in reflected glory that is not
earned.  [6]  Social identity is the individual's  self-concept  derived from perceived membership of social groups.
High self-esteem is typically a perception of oneself as attractive,
competent, likeable, and a morally good person. The perception of having these
attributes makes the person feel as if they are more attractive to the outside
social world and thus more desirable to others.  [7]

BIRGing is a widespread and important  impression management
 technique to counter
any threats to self-esteem and to maintain positive relations with others.
Some positive effects of BIRGing include increasing individual self-esteem and
a sense of accomplishment. It can show pride of self, and pride for the other
person's success, which in turn boosts one's own self-esteem.  [8]  BIRGing
can be negative when done over-extensively where the individual engaging in
BIRGing becomes delusional or forgets the reality that they did not actually
accomplish the successful event.

The opposite of BIRGing is **cutting off reflected failure** ( **CORFing** ).
This is the idea that people tend to disassociate themselves from lower-status
individuals because they do not want their reputations affected by associating
with the people who are considered failures.  [1]
Applications  

BIRGing is a common aspect of everyday life. Anecdotal evidence explains how
people make connections with highly positive or successful people. States and
cities list the names of famous entertainers, political candidates, beauty
contest winners, etc. who were born there. In encounters with a successful
individual or famous celebrity, one may recount the story several times in
order to bask in the glory because one has a sense of pride after meeting such
an individual. People associate with certain companies and schools in order to
establish a connection to individuals or groups that represent these
organizations. Humans are always trying to regulate their self-esteem, so they
continually engage in BIRGing.

Extra real-world examples:

* Bragging about a famous relative (e.g., "my great, great, great grandfather was U.S. President  Abraham Lincoln  's cousin")
* School/Accomplishment car decal in terms of adding a "bumper sticker" (e.g., "  Vanderbilt University  " or "My son is an  Eagle Scout  "Eagle Scout \(Boy Scouts of America\)") ")  [5]
* Wearing a team jersey after they win (e.g., Wearing a  Green Bay Packers  jersey after the  2011 Super Bowl  or wearing Seahawks paraphernalia during and after they win a game)  [8]
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The **physical attractiveness stereotype,** commonly known as the "beautiful-
is-good" stereotype,  [1]  is the tendency to assume that physically
attractive individuals, coinciding with  social beauty standards
 , also possess other desirable 
personality  traits, such as  intelligence
 ,  social competence
 , and  morality
 [2]  . The target benefits from what has been
coined as “  pretty privilege  ”,
namely social, economic, and political advantages or benefits. Physical
attractiveness can have a significant effect on how people are judged in terms
of employment or social opportunities,  friendship  ,  sexual behavior  ,
and  marriage  .
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###  Neuroscience
Based on an extensive review of  jury research  , where a fake jury is presented with a  mock trial
 to better understand how their decisions are
made, it was found that the physical attractiveness stereotype does have an
effect on jury rulings. It was found to be advantageous for defendants to be
physically attractive,  female  , and of high
socioeconomic status.  [4]  Juries were more likely to find a physically
unattractive defendant guilty than an attractive defendant. Additionally, for
certain crimes, juries recommend lesser punishments for attractive
individuals. In the case of  robbery 
"Robbery \(Lime Cordiale song\)") ,  rape  , and 
cheating  , the attractiveness of the
defendant contributes to a lesser sentence. However, in the case of 
negligent homicide  ,
attractive individuals are actually given a greater punishment than their
unattractive counterparts. Researchers posit that this occurs because
attractive individuals are expected to be better than unattractive
individuals, they are held to a higher standard. Therefore, they are treated
harsher when they make a mistake, such as in the case of negligent homicide.
[4]
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The physical attractiveness stereotype will  bias  an
observer's opinions and decisions when comparing people of different
attractiveness levels. There is evidence of this stereotype affecting decision
making within social settings, but also within the workplace and the 
judicial system  .  [3]  [4]
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* _ The Guardian  _ wrote of the devil effect in relation to  Hugo Chavez  : "Some leaders can become so demonised that it's impossible to assess their achievements and failures in a balanced way."  [9]

* The relation of crime to attractiveness is also subject to the halo effect. A study presented two hypothetical crimes: a  burglary  and a  swindle  . The burglary involved a woman illegally obtaining a key and stealing $2,200; the swindle involved a woman manipulating a man to invest $2,200 in a nonexistent corporation. The results showed that when the offense was not related to attractiveness (as in the burglary) the unattractive defendant was punished more severely than the attractive one. However, when the offense was related to attractiveness (the swindle), the attractive defendant was punished more severely than the unattractive one. The study imputes that the usual leniency given to the attractive woman (as a result of the halo effect) was negated or reversed when the nature of the crime involved her looks.  [10]
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The brain uses at least three cognitive domains to decide the value of
attractiveness.  [10]  At first, the  occipital  and  temporal 
regions of the cortex process face views.  [11]  The information about facial
features is then passed on to the  fusiform face area
 of the  fusiform gyrus
 (FG) for facial recognition.  [12]
When judging an unfamiliar face, the FG responds more strongly to attractive
faces than unattractive ones, suggesting that the recognition of attractive
features occurs even before the rest of the brain is included in the
evaluation.  [13]
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The legal danger of attractiveness bias during the hiring process comes into
play when beauty standards  clash with protected cultural, religious, or
racial   garb and personal grooming standards.
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•He was loved by all the teachers.
Jan 24, 2022 7:07:35 PM
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*  Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic  is the Chief Innovation Officer at ManpowerGroup, a professor of business psychology at University College London and at Columbia University, co-founder of  deepersignals.com  , and an associate at Harvard’s Entrepreneurial Finance Lab. He is the author of  _Why Do So Many Incompetent Men Become Leaders? (and How to Fix It_ )  , upon which his  TEDx talk  was based. His latest book is _ I, Human: AI, Automation, and the Quest to Reclaim What Makes Us Unique.  _ Find him at  www.drtomas.com  .
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I tend to be conservative. I have liberal friends.
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Another study reports another function of the  psychology driving
attractiveness bias   . People
often subconsciously assign positive traits to attractive people, including
intelligence, trustworthiness, and productivity.
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The principle of  evolutionary biology  is that, in case of  genetic variation
 within a population in a
characteristic, the form which improves the individual's chance of survival
and reproduction will be selected over other forms and becomes more frequent
within the population.  Evolutionary psychologists
 suggest that the
physical attractiveness stereotype has evolved for individuals to assess
potential mates and reproductive partners and as a means to assess our status
ranking among same-sex members.  [6]
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The research also suggests that physically attractive candidates receive more
job offers due to the subconscious acknowledgment of their  evolutionary
biological status as preferred mates.
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