**Mechanomorphism** is the tendency of humans to see the machine-like behavior in other humans,[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanomorphism?utm_source=chatgpt.com#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaporael1986216-1) animals, and other non-machine entities (like universe).[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanomorphism?utm_source=chatgpt.com#cite_note-2) It is considered to be one face of the man-machine duality (the "human-as-machine" side), the other being anthropomorphism of an intelligent device, like a computer (thinking of the "machine-as-human").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanomorphism?utm_source=chatgpt.com#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaporael1986216-1) When the reflection goes on in both directions, with real life engaged in machine-like behavior that in turn imitates real life, a term **mechanthropomorphism** is sometimes used,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanomorphism?utm_source=chatgpt.com#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrombez2021249-3) for example, to describe a ballet where human dancers are performing as machines that engage in a human-like behavior.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanomorphism?utm_source=chatgpt.com#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeechamSheldon2013142%E2%80%93144-4) R. H. Waters") proposed to use the term in behavioristic psychology in the 1948 as a label for "the ascription of mechanical characteristics to the \[...\] individual, and the interpretation of human behavior in terms of concepts and processes \[...\] of machines", an opposite of anthropomorphism.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanomorphism?utm_source=chatgpt.com#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters1948139-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanomorphism?utm_source=chatgpt.com#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStark1963161-6) The use of the term to describe the mechanical metaphor of the neoclassical economics dates to K. H. M. Mittermaier") (1986).[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanomorphism?utm_source=chatgpt.com#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri202010-7)  Voila Elle (1915) In the visual arts, the mechanomorphism was used by the adherents of machine aesthetic to define the complexity of human behaviors and social interactions through the mechanistic symbols ( electric spark power, spinning wheel inertia, confined movements of a mechanical joint), as in the works of Marcel Duchamp or Francis Picabia.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanomorphism?utm_source=chatgpt.com#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroeckmann201668-8) The view of women as "love machines" was used for their sexual objectification. Picabia commented on his _Voilà Elle_, "Here she is, an incomplete tubular machine: “she” is simply the HOLE of the target, whose reaction to the shot wad of fire from the gun initiates her own continual penetration".[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanomorphism?utm_source=chatgpt.com#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998144-9) In human-animal studies anthropomorphism and mechanomorphism sometimes are used in opposition to each other.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanomorphism?utm_source=chatgpt.com#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2012110-10) The mechanomorphic views date back to the **beast-machine theory** of Descartes.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanomorphism?utm_source=chatgpt.com#cite_note-FOOTNOTESueurForin-WiartPel%C3%A92020-11) Descartes in his Discourse on Method (1637) declared that, unlike a human with his conscious actions, the behavior of an animal can be completely described by the laws of physics, and thus an animal shall be considered a machine lacking the soul. [\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanomorphism?utm_source=chatgpt.com#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoakes198485-12)