mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
missing_periodical "Help:CS1 errors") )
42. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ _**d** _ _**e** _ _**f** _ Rosenberg, Alex (2012).  "How Jerry Fodor slid down the slippery slope to Anti-Darwinism, and how we can avoid the same fate"  . _European Journal for Philosophy of Science_ . **3** : 1–17.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1007/s13194-012-0055-9  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  170870133  .
43. ** ^  ** Fodor, Jerry (2011). _What Darwin Got Wrong_ . Farrar, Straus and Giroux.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0374288792   .
44. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ Rosenberg, Alex (2018). "Philosophical Challenges for Scientism (and How to Meet Them?)". _Scientism: Prospects and Problems_ . pp. 83–105.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  9780190462758   .
45. ** ^  ** Dennett, Daniel (1996). "The Evolution of Meanings". _Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life_ . Simon & Schuster. pp. 401–428.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  9780684824710   .
46. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Dennett, Daniel (2013). "Radical Translation and a Quinian Crossword Puzzle". _Intuition Pumps and Other Tools for Thinking_ . W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 175–178.
47. ** ^  **  Frankish, Keith  ;  Goff, Philip  "Philip Goff \(philosopher\)") (2017). "Is Realism about Consciousness Compatible with a Scientifically Respectable World View? A response to Keith Frankish's 'Illusionism as a Theory of Consciousness'  ".  _Illusionism: As a Theory of Consciousness_  (PDF)  . Imprint Academic. Archived from  the original  (PDF)  on 2022-12-09  . Retrieved  2022-08-26  .
48. ** ^  ** Horgan, Terence; Tienson, John (2002).  "THE INTENTIONALITY OF PHENOMENOLOGY AND THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF INTENTIONALITY"  .  ` {{  cite journal  }} ` :  Cite journal requires ` |journal= ` ( [ help ](/wiki/Help:CS1_errors
* Refutations of aether theory
*  Refutations of emission theory #Refutations_of_emission_theory "Emission theory \(relativity\)")
*  Altered state of consciousness  , a mental state that is different from the normal state of consciousness
*  Flow (psychology)  "Flow \(psychology\)") , the mental state of operation in which a person in an activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus
*  Mental factors (Buddhism)  "Mental factors \(Buddhism\)") , aspects of the mind that apprehend the quality of an object, and that have the ability to color the mind
*  Mental representation  , a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol
*  Mood (psychology)  "Mood \(psychology\)") , an emotional state
*  Propositional attitude  , a relational mental state connecting a person to a proposition
* Benj Hellie's  Vertiginous question
In later years there have been a few individuals who advocated a neo-
Lorentzian approach to physics, which is Lorentzian in the sense of positing
an absolute true state of rest that is undetectable and which plays no role in
the predictions of the theory. (No violations of  Lorentz covariance
 have ever been detected,
despite strenuous efforts.) Hence these theories resemble the 19th century
aether theories in name only. For example, the founder of quantum field
theory,  Paul Dirac  , stated in 1951 in an
article in Nature, titled "Is there an Aether?" that "we are rather forced to
have an aether".  [16]  [A 20]  However, Dirac never formulated a complete
theory, and so his speculations found no acceptance by the scientific
community. By contrast, at the very beginning of the 21st century, Dr. Charles
Kenneth Thornhill outlined a non-singular ethereal cosmology  [17]  in which
he identified  dark matter  as ether – a
medium pervading the universe, through which all electromagnetic waves and
gravitational forces are propagated.
Maxwell had, however, expressed some uncertainties surrounding the precise
nature of his molecular vortices and so he began to embark on a purely
dynamical approach to the problem. He wrote another paper in 1864, entitled "
 A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field
 ", in which the details of the luminiferous medium
were less explicit.  [A 2]  Although Maxwell did not explicitly mention the
sea of molecular vortices, his derivation of  Ampère's circuital law
 was carried
over from the 1861 paper and he used a dynamical approach involving rotational
motion within the electromagnetic field which he likened to the action of
flywheels. Using this approach to justify the electromotive force equation
(the precursor of the  Lorentz force 
equation), he derived a wave equation from a set of eight equations which
appeared in the paper and which included the electromotive force equation and
 Ampère's circuital law  .  [A 2]  Maxwell once again used the experimental results of
Weber and Kohlrausch to show that this wave equation represented an
electromagnetic wave that propagates at the speed of light, hence supporting
the view that light is a form of electromagnetic radiation.
A mental state is  conscious  if it belongs to
 phenomenal   experience  . The subject is aware of the conscious mental states it is in:
there is some subjective feeling to having them. Unconscious mental states are
also part of the mind but they lack this phenomenal dimension.  [58]  So it is
possible for a subject to be in an unconscious mental state, like a repressed
desire, without knowing about it. It is usually held that some types of mental
states, like sensations or pains, can only occur as conscious mental states.
[59]  [60]  But there are also other types, like beliefs and desires, that can
be both conscious and unconscious. For example, many people share the belief
that the moon is closer to the earth than to the sun. When considered, this
belief becomes conscious, but it is unconscious most of the time otherwise.
The relation between conscious and unconscious states is a controversial
topic. It is often held that conscious states are in some sense more basic
with unconscious mental states depending on them.  [3]  [8]  [11]  One such
approach states that unconscious states have to be accessible to
consciousness, that they are dispositions of the subject to enter their
corresponding conscious counterparts.  [12]  [13]  On this position there can
be no "deep unconscious", i.e. unconscious mental states that can not become
conscious.  [15]
##  Lorentz aether theory
3.5c) at _ Contemporary Philosophy of Mind: An Annotated  _
*  Eliminative and Multiplicative Materialism by Albert P. Carpenter 
*  Eliminative Materialism  at the _ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  _

*  v  
*  t  
*  e  

 Philosophy of mind 

---
 Philosophers  |

*  Anscombe 
*  Austin 
*  Aquinas 
*  Bain  "Alexander Bain \(philosopher\)")
*  Bergson 
*  Block 
*  Brentano 
*  Broad 
*  Burge 
*  Chalmers 
*  Churchland 
*  Dennett 
*  Dharmakirti 
*  Davidson  "Donald Davidson \(philosopher\)")
*  Descartes 
*  Goldman 
*  Heidegger 
*  Husserl 
*  Feyerabend 
*  Fodor 
*  James 
*  Kierkegaard 
*  Leibniz 
*  Lewis  "David Lewis \(philosopher\)")
*  McDowell 
*  Merleau-Ponty 
*  Minsky 
*  Moore 
*  Nagel 
*  Parfit 
*  Putnam 
*  Popper 
*  Rorty 
*  Ryle 
*  Searle 
*  Spinoza 
*  Turing 
*  Vasubandhu 
*  Wittgenstein 
*  Zhuangzi 
* _ more...  _

Theories  |
Retrieved from " 
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luminiferous_aether&oldid=1216056341

"
A series of experiments using similar but increasingly sophisticated
apparatuses all returned the null result as well. Conceptually different
experiments that also attempted to detect the motion of the aether were the 
Trouton–Noble experiment  (1903),  [E 21]  whose objective was to detect 
torsion  "Torsion \(mechanics\)") effects caused
by electrostatic fields, and  the experiments of Rayleigh and Brace

(1902, 1904),  [E 22]  [E 23]  to detect  double refraction
 in various media. However, all
of them obtained a null result, like Michelson–Morley (MM) previously did.
###  Occurrent and standing
1. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _  Whittaker, Edmund Taylor  (1910), _ A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity  _ (1 ed.), Dublin: Longman, Green and Co.
2. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Jannsen, Michel & Stachel, John (2008),  _The Optics and Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies_  (PDF)  ,  archived  (PDF)  from the original on 2015-09-29
3. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ _**d** _ Darrigol, Olivier (2000),   _Electrodynamics from Ampère to Einstein_  , Oxford: Clarendon Press,  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-19-850594-5  
4. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Schaffner, Kenneth F. (1972), _Nineteenth-century aether theories_ , Oxford: Pergamon Press,  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-08-015674-3  
5. ** ^  ** Wien, Wilhelm (1898).   "Über die Fragen, welche die translatorische Bewegung des Lichtäthers betreffen (Referat für die 70. Versammlung deutsche Naturforscher und Aerzte in Düsseldorf, 1898)"  . _Annalen der Physik_ . **301** (3): I–XVIII.  .
6. ** ^  ** Laub, Jakob (1910). "Über die experimentellen Grundlagen des Relativitätsprinzips". _Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik_ . **7** : 405–463.
7. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ Miller, Arthur I. (1981),   _Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity. Emergence (1905) and early interpretation (1905–1911)_  , Reading: Addison–Wesley,  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-201-04679-3  
8. ** ^  ** Janssen, Michel; Mecklenburg, Matthew (2007), V. F. Hendricks; et al. (eds.),  "From classical to relativistic mechanics: Electromagnetic models of the electron"  , _Interactions: Mathematics, Physics and Philosophy_ , Dordrecht: 65–134, archived from  the original  on 2008-07-04  , retrieved  2004-04-16
9. ** ^  ** Pais, Abraham (1982), _ Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein  _ , New York: Oxford University Press,  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-19-520438-4  
10. ** ^  ** Born, M. (1956),  _Physics in my generation_  , London & New York: Pergamon Press
11. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Kostro, L. (1992), "An outline of the history of Einstein's relativistic ether concept", in Jean Eisenstaedt; Anne J. Kox (eds.), _Studies in the history of general relativity_ , vol. 3, Boston-Basel-Berlin: Birkhäuser, pp. 260–280,  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-8176-3479-7  
12. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Stachel, J. (2001), "Why Einstein reinvented the ether", _Physics World_ , **14** (6): 55–56,  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1088/2058-7058/14/6/33  .
13. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ Kostro, L. (2001),  "Albert Einstein's New Ether and his General Relativity"  (PDF)  , _Proceedings of the Conference of Applied Differential Geometry_ : 78–86,  archived  (PDF)  from the original on 2018-04-11.
Main article:  Wave–particle duality
State of mind of a person
##  End of aether
###  Negative aether-drift experiments
Main article:  Aether theories
*   Physics 
*   History of science 
*   Mathematics
In 1916, after Einstein completed his foundational work on  general
relativity  , Lorentz wrote a
letter to him in which he speculated that within general relativity the aether
was re-introduced. In his response Einstein wrote that one can actually speak
about a "new aether", but one may not speak of motion in relation to that
aether. This was further elaborated by Einstein in some semi-popular articles
(1918, 1920, 1924, 1930).  [A 21]  [A 22]  [A 23]  [A 24]  [B 11]  [B 12]  [B
13]
###  Other models
Various competing theories have been proposed about what the essential
features of all mental states are, sometimes referred to as the search for the
"mark of the mental".  [2]  [3]  [4]  These theories can roughly be divided
into _epistemic approaches_ , _consciousness-based approaches_ ,
_intentionality-based approaches_ and _functionalism_ . These approaches
disagree not just on how mentality is to be defined but also on which states
count as mental.  [5]  [3]  [4]  Mental states encompass a diverse group of
aspects of an entity, like this entity's beliefs, desires, intentions, or pain
experiences. The different approaches often result in a satisfactory
characterization of only some of them. This has prompted some philosophers to
doubt that there is a unifying mark of the mental and instead see the term
"mental" as referring to a cluster of loosely related ideas.  [4]  [3]  [6]
Mental states are usually contrasted with physical or material aspects. This
contrast is commonly based on the idea that certain features of mental
phenomena are not present in the material universe as described by the 
natural sciences  and may even be
incompatible with it.  [3]  [4]
_ Functionalist approaches 
"Functionalism \(philosophy of mind\)") _ define mental states in terms of
their role in the causal network. For example, a pain state may be
characterized as what tends to be caused by bodily injury and to cause pain
expressions like moaning.  [24]  [7]   Behaviorism
 is one form of functionalism
that restricts these characterizations to bodily reactions to external
situations, often motivated by an attempt to avoid reference to inner or
private states.  [25]  [26]  Other forms of functionalism are more lenient in
allowing both external and internal states to characterize the causal role of
mental states.  [27]  [28]  [6]  Phenomenal consciousness constitutes a
difficulty for functionalist approaches since its intrinsic aspects are not
captured by causal roles. For example, the causes and effects of pain leave
out the fact that pain itself feels unpleasant.  [7]  [24]
*  Understanding 
*  Zombie 

Related  |

*  Metaphysics 
*  Philosophy of artificial intelligence  /  information  /  perception  /  self 

*  Category 
*  Philosophers category 
*  Project 
*  Task Force 

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"

 Categories  :

*  Materialism 
*  Metaphysics of mind 
*  Physicalism 
*  Qualia 

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Internal Focus
Newtonianism  |
There is a great variety of types of mental states including _perception_ ,
_bodily awareness_ , _thought_ , _belief_ , _desire_ , _motivation_ ,
_intention_ , _deliberation_ , _decision_ , _pleasure_ , _emotion_ , _mood_ ,
_imagination_ and _memory_ . Some of these types are precisely contrasted with
each other while other types may overlap. _Perception_ involves the use of
senses, like sight, touch, hearing, smell and taste, to acquire information
about material objects and events in the external world.  [29]  It contrasts
with _bodily awareness_ in this sense, which is about the internal ongoings in
our body and which does not present its contents as independent objects.  [30]
The objects given in perception, on the other hand, are directly (i.e. non-
inferentially) presented as existing out there independently of the perceiver.
Perception is usually considered to be reliable but our perceptual experiences
may present false information at times and can thereby mislead us.  [31]  The
information received in perception is often further considered in _thought_ ,
in which information is mentally represented and processed.  [32]  Both
perceptions and thoughts often result in the formation of new or the change of
existing _beliefs_ . Beliefs may amount to _knowledge_ if they are justified
and true. They are non-sensory cognitive propositional attitudes that have a
mind-to-world  direction of fit 
: they represent the world as being a certain way and aim at truth.  [33]
[34]  They contrast with _desires_ , which are conative propositional
attitudes that have a world-to-mind direction of fit and aim to change the
world by representing how it should be.  [35]  [36]  Desires are closely
related to  agency  "Action \(philosophy\)") :
they _ motivate  _ the agent and are thus
involved in the formation of _intentions_ . Intentions are plans to which the
agent is committed and which may guide actions.  [37]  [38]  Intention-
formation is sometimes preceded by _deliberation_ and _decision_ , in which
the advantages and disadvantages of different courses of action are considered
before committing oneself to one course. It is commonly held that _pleasure_
plays a central role in these considerations. "Pleasure" refers to experience
that feels good, that involves the enjoyment of something.  [39]  [40]  The
topic of _emotions_ is closely intertwined with that of agency and pleasure.
Emotions are evaluative responses to external or internal stimuli that are
associated with a feeling of pleasure or displeasure and motivate various
behavioral reactions.  [41]  [42]  Emotions are quite similar to _moods_ ,
some differences being that moods tend to arise for longer durations at a time
and that moods are usually not clearly triggered by or directed at a specific
event or object.  [41]  [42]  _Imagination_ is even further removed from the
actual world in that it represents things without aiming to show how they
actually are.  [43]  All the aforementioned states can leave traces in
_memory_ that make it possible to relive them at a later time in the form of
episodic memory.  [44]  [45]
###  Electromagnetism
This is what Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi calls flow.
Efficacy of folk psychology  

Some philosophers argue that folk psychology is quite successful.  [14]  [56]
[57]  Simulation theorists doubt that people's understanding of the mental can
be explained in terms of a theory at all. Rather they argue that people's
understanding of others is based on internal simulations of how they would act
and respond in similar situations.  [12]  [13]   Jerry Fodor
 believes in folk psychology's success as a
theory, because it makes for an effective way of communication in everyday
life that can be implemented with few words. Such effectiveness could not be
achieved with complex neuroscientific terminology.  [14]
Inverted goggles  

Dennett's third thought experiment involves inverted goggles. Scientists have
devised special eyeglasses that invert up and down for the wearer. When you
put them on, everything looks upside down. When subjects first put them on,
they can barely walk around without stumbling. But after subjects wear them
for a while, something surprising occurs. They adapt and become able to walk
around as easily as before. When you ask them whether they adapted by re-
inverting their visual field or simply got used to walking around in an
upside-down world, they cannot say. So as in our beer-drinking case, either we
simply do not have the special, infallible access to our qualia that would
allow us to distinguish the two cases or the way the world looks to us is
actually a function of how we respond to the world—in which case qualia are
not "intrinsic" properties of experience.  [62]
*  Bucket argument 
*  Newton's inequalities 
*  Newton's law of cooling 
*  Newton's law of universal gravitation 
*  post-Newtonian expansion 
*  parameterized 
*  gravitational constant 
*  Newton–Cartan theory 
*  Schrödinger–Newton equation 
*  Newton's laws of motion 
*  Kepler's laws 
*  Newtonian dynamics 
*  Newton's method in optimization 
*  Apollonius's problem 
*  truncated Newton method 
*  Gauss–Newton algorithm 
*  Newton's rings 
*  Newton's theorem about ovals 
*  Newton–Pepys problem 
*  Newtonian potential 
*  Newtonian fluid 
*  Classical mechanics 
*  Corpuscular theory of light 
*  Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy 
*  Newton's notation 
*  Rotating spheres 
*  Newton's cannonball 
*  Newton–Cotes formulas 
*  Newton's method 
*  generalized Gauss–Newton method 
*  Newton fractal 
*  Newton's identities 
*  Newton polynomial 
*  Newton's theorem of revolving orbits 
*  Newton–Euler equations 
*  Newton number 
*  kissing number problem 
*  Newton's quotient 
*  Parallelogram of force 
*  Newton–Puiseux theorem 
*  Absolute space and time 
* Luminiferous aether
*  Newtonian series 
*  table
Learn that “always” isn’t absolute.
Another popular example in video games is the _ Super Mario
 _ series, debuting in 1985 with _ Super
Mario Bros.  _ , of which main
antagonist includes a fictional species of anthropomorphic  turtle
 -like creatures known as  Koopas
 . Other games in the series, as well as
of other of its greater _ Mario  "Mario
\(franchise\)") _ franchise, spawned similar characters such as  Yoshi
 ,  Donkey Kong 
"Donkey Kong \(character\)") and  many others
 .
One example of anthropomorphism would be to believe that one's computer is
angry at them because they insulted it; another would be to believe that an
intelligent robot would naturally find a woman attractive and be driven to
mate with her. Scholars sometimes disagree with each other about whether a
particular prediction about an artificial intelligence's behavior is logical,
or whether the prediction constitutes illogical anthropomorphism.  [66]  An
example that might initially be considered anthropomorphism, but is in fact a
logical statement about an artificial intelligence's behavior, would be the 
Dario Floreano  experiments where
certain robots spontaneously evolved a crude capacity for "deception", and
tricked other robots into eating "poison" and dying: here, a trait,
"deception", ordinarily associated with people rather than with machines,
spontaneously evolves in a type of  convergent evolution
 .  [67]
On this topic, let me provide a few remarks.
1. ** ^  **  Filkins, Dexter  (August 14, 2001).  "Ailing Churchill biographer says he can't finish trilogy"  . _ The New York Times  _ . Retrieved  2014-07-23  .
2. ** ^  ** Langworth, Richard M. (March 5, 2009).  "  'The Last Lion' Volume III Is Published"  . _richardlangworth.com_ .
---
Works  |
By trait  |
Since the 1960s, anthropomorphism has also been represented in various
animated television shows such as _ Biker Mice From Mars
 _ (1993–1996) and _ SWAT
Kats: The Radical Squadron  _ (1993–1995). _ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
 "Teenage Mutant Ninja
Turtles \(1987 TV series\)") _ , first aired in 1987, features four pizza-
loving anthropomorphic turtles with a great knowledge of ninjutsu, led by
their anthropomorphic rat sensei, Master Splinter.  Nickelodeon
 's longest running animated TV series _
SpongeBob SquarePants  _
(1999–present), revolves around  SpongeBob
 "SpongeBob SquarePants
\(character\)") , a yellow  sea sponge  , living in
the underwater town of Bikini Bottom with his anthropomorphic marine life
friends.  Cartoon Network  's
animated series _ The Amazing World of Gumball
 _
(2011–2019) are about anthropomorphic animals and inanimate objects. All of
the characters in  Hasbro Studios  '
TV series _ My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic
 _ (2010–2019) are anthropomorphic fantasy creatures, with most of them
being  ponies  living in the pony-inhabited land of 
Equestria  . The  Netflix  original series  Centaurworld 
focuses on a  warhorse  who gets transported to a
 Dr. Seuss  -like world full of centaurs who
possess the bottom half of any animal, as opposed to the traditional  horse
 .
By religion  |
See also:  Talking animal  and 
Talking animals in fiction
The 35,000 to 40,000
year-old  Löwenmensch figurine  
Anthropomorphic "pebble" figures from the 7th millennium BC
##  In video games
Manners of address
 List 
 of authority  /  of honour
 |
Main articles:  Mascot  and  List of mascots
When elicited agent knowledge is low and effectance and sociality are high,
people are more likely to anthropomorphize. Various dispositional,
situational, developmental, and cultural variables can affect these three
factors, such as  need for cognition  , social disconnection, cultural ideologies,  uncertainty
avoidance  , etc.
##  Examples in prehistory
There are various examples of  personification in both the Hebrew Bible and
Christian New Testaments  , as well as in the texts of some other religions.
###  Religious texts