mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
Due to many cultural differences, and animosity towards a minority perceived
to wish to annihilate Israel, a system of passively co-existing communities,
segregated along ethnic lines has emerged in Israel, with Arab-Israeli
minority communities being left "marooned outside the mainstream". This de
facto segregation also exists between different Jewish ethnic groups (" _edot_
") such as  Sepharadim  ,  Ashkenazim
 and  Beta Israel  (Jews of Ethiopian descent),  [103]  which leads to de facto
segregated schools, housing and public policy. The government has embarked on
a program to shut down such schools, in order to force integration, but some
in the Ethiopian community complained that not all such schools have been
closed.  [104]  In a 2007 poll commissioned by the Center Against Racism and
conducted by the GeoCartographia Institute, 75% of Israeli Jews would not
agree to live in a building with Arab residents, 60% would not accept any Arab
visitors at their homes, 40% believed that Arabs should be stripped of their
right to vote, and 59% believe that the culture of Arabs is primitive.  [105]
In 2012, a public opinion poll showed that 53% of the polled Israeli Jews said
they would not object to an Arab living in their building, while 42% said they
would. Asked whether they would object to Arab children being in their child's
class in school, 49% said they would not, 42% said they would.  [106]  [107]
The secular Israeli public was found to be the most tolerant, while the
religious and  Haredi  respondents were the most
discriminatory.
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The end of  British colonial rule in Kenya  in 1964 led to an inadvertent increase in ethnic segregation. Through
private purchases and government schemes, farmland previously held by 
European farmers  was
transferred to African owners. These farms were further sub-divided into
smaller localities, and, due to joint migration, many adjacent localities were
occupied by members of different ethnic groups.  [108]  [ _ pages needed
 _ ]  This
separation along these boundaries persists today. Kimuli Kasara, in a study of
recent ethnic violence in the wake of the disputed  2007-08 Kenyan elections
 , used
these post-colonial boundaries as an  instrument
 for the degree of
ethnic segregation.  [109]  Through a  2 Stage Least Squares Regression
analysis  , Kasara showed that increased
ethnic segregation in Kenya's  Rift Valley Province
 is associated with an
increase in ethnic violence.  [109]
######  Connect
###  United Kingdom
Fiji's case is a situation of _de facto_ racial segregation,  [97]  as Fiji
has a long complex history of more than 3500 years as a divided tribal nation,
with unification under 96 years of  British rule  also bringing other racial groups, particularly immigrants
from the Indian subcontinent.
Ethnic Han were
banned from forming relationships with Sogdians, depicted here on the  Anyang
funerary bed  , circa
567/573.
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##  1\. Introduction
while the _y_ component is as before
*  Australia 
* Canada
*  Pass system  "Pass system \(Canadian history\)")
*  Separate schools  "Racial separate schools \(Canada\)")
*  Indian hospitals 
*  Fascist Italy 
* French colonial empire
* _ Code Noir  _
* _ Indigénat  _
*  Greek–Turkish  ​ population exchange 
*  Jewish ghettos  ​ in Europe 
*  Pale of Settlement 
*  Partition of India 
*  Portugal & Spain 
*  Nazi Germany 
*  Nuremberg Laws 
*  Rhodesia 
*  South Africa 
*  Bantustans 
*  Pass laws 
*  United Kingdom 
* United States
*  Black Codes  "Black Codes \(United States\)")
*  Jim Crow laws 
*  Separate but equal
Jews  ,  Poles  ,
and  Roma  were subjected to  genocide
 as "undesirable" racial groups in  The Holocaust
 . The Nazis established  ghettos
 in order to confine Jews and sometimes, they confined Romas
in tightly packed areas of the cities of  Eastern Europe
 , turning them into _ de facto
 _  concentration camps
 . The  Warsaw Ghetto
 was the largest of these ghettos, with
400,000 people. The  Łódź Ghetto  was the second largest, holding about 160,000.  [46]
###  Colonial societies
* Dobratz, Betty A. and Shanks-Meile, Stephanie L, _White Power, White Pride: The White Separatist Movement in the United States_ , Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001, 384 pages,   ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  0-8018-6537-9  .
* Jamal, Vali (June 1976), "Expulsion of a minority: essays on Ugandan Asians (Review)", _The Journal of Modern African Studies_ , **14** (2), Cambridge University Press: 357–361,  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1017/s0022278x00053404  ,  JSTOR  "JSTOR \(identifier\)")  160072  ,  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  155061156 
* Jørgensen, Jan Jelmert (1981),  _Uganda: a modern history_  , Taylor & Francis,  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-85664-643-0   , retrieved  12 August  2010
* _Rural Face of White Supremacy: Beyond Jim Crow_ , by Mark Schultz. University of Illinois Press, 2005,   ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  0-252-02960-7  .
* Yin, L. 2009. "The Dynamics of Residential Segregation in Buffalo: An Agent-Based Simulation" Urban Studies 46(13), pp2749–2770.
View All Resources   Educational Materials
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*  Islam 
*  Afghanistan 
*  Iran 
*  Saudi Arabia 
*  Judaism 
*  Sex segregation in public restrooms 
*  Separatist feminism
Between 1939 and 1945, at least 1.5 million  Polish 
citizens were transported to the Reich for  forced labour
 (in all, about 12 million forced
laborers were employed in the German war economy inside  Nazi Germany
 ).  [47]  [48]  Although Nazi Germany
also used forced laborers from Western Europe,  Poles  , along with other Eastern Europeans viewed as racially
inferior,  [49]  were subject to deeper discriminatory measures. They were
forced to wear a yellow with purple border and letter "  P
 "P \(Nazi symbol\)") " (for Polen/Polish) cloth
identifying tag sewn to their clothing, subjected to a  curfew  , and banned from  public transportation
 .
*  Afghan 
*  African 
*  Albanian 
*  Arab 
*  Armenian 
* Asian
*  France 
*  South Africa 
*  United States 
*  Assyrian 
*  Azerbaijani 
*  Black people 
*  African Americans 
*  China 
*  South Africa 
*  Bengali 
*  Catalan 
*  Chechen 
*  Chinese 
*  Croat 
*  Filipino 
*  Finnish 
*  French 
*  Georgian 
*  Greek 
*  Haitian 
*  Hazara 
*  Hispanic 
*  Hungarian 
*  Igbo 
*  Indian 
* Indigenous people
*  Australia 
*  Canada 
*  United States 
*  Iranian 
*  Irish 
*  Israeli 
*  Italian 
*  Japanese 
*  Jewish 
*  Korean 
*  Kurdish 
*  Lithuanian 
*  Malay 
*  Mexican 
*  Middle Eastern 
*  Mongolian 
*  Pakistani 
*  Palestinians 
*  Pashtun 
*  Polish 
*  Quebec 
*  Romani 
*  Romanian 
*  Russian 
*  Serb 
*  Slavic 
*  Somali 
*  Tatar 
*  Thai 
*  Turkish 
*  Ukrainian 
*  Uyghur 
*  Venezuelan 
*  Vietnamese
A mass marriage of Han Chinese officers and officials to Manchu women
numbering 1,000 couples was arranged by Prince Yoto and  Hongtaiji
 in 1632 to promote harmony between the two
ethnic groups.  [8]
*   Category 
*   Commons
*  Category 
*  Commons
Main article:  Eight Banners
Main articles:  Nazism  ,  Nazi racial theories
 , and  Racial policy of
Nazi Germany
Retrieved from " 
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&oldid=1215176136

"
For centuries, the so-called  Haratin  lower class,
mostly poor black Africans living in rural areas, have been considered natural
slaves by white Moors of Arab/Berber ancestry. Many descendants of the  Arab
 and  Berber 
tribes today still adhere to the  supremacist  ideology of their ancestors. This ideology has led to
oppression, discrimination and even enslavement of other groups in the region
of  Sudan  and  Western Sahara  .  [121]  [122]  [123]
Following its conquest of  Ottoman 
controlled  Algeria  in 1830, for well over a
century, France maintained  colonial rule  in the territory which has been described as
"quasi-  apartheid  ".  [24]  The colonial law
of 1865 allowed Arab and  Berber  Algerians to
apply for  French citizenship  only if they abandoned their  Muslim
 identity; Azzedine Haddour argues
that this established "the formal structures of a political apartheid".  [25]
Camille Bonora-Waisman writes that "in contrast with the Moroccan and Tunisian
protectorates", this "colonial apartheid society" was unique to Algeria.  [26]
Jim Crow laws  were introduced after
the passage of the  Thirteenth Amendment
 abolishing  slavery
 in
America,  racial discrimination  . The laws mandated strict segregation of the races.
Though many of these laws were passed shortly after the  Civil War
 ended, they only became
formalized after the end of the  Reconstruction era
 in 1877. The period that followed the Reconstruction era is
known as the  nadir of American race relations
 .
and where, as before, **E** = **E** _x_ < \+ **E** _y_ . The three special
cases described in sections a, b, and c above thus correspond to: (a) _A_ _x_
= _Ay_ and

= 0 (linear polarization; equal amplitudes); (b) < _A_ _x_

_Ay_ and

= 0 (linear polarization; unequal amplitudes); and (c) _A_ _x_ = _Ay_ with

= –p/2 (circular polarization). Some other examples of more general states of
elliptical polarization are shown below.
The  Constitution of Liberia  limits Liberian nationality to  Negro  people
[110]  (see also  Liberian nationality law  ).
Further information:  Expulsion of Asians from Uganda
Ethnic/  national
###  Religious and racial antisemitism
*  Age of candidacy 
*  Blood purity 
*  Blood quantum 
*  Crime of apartheid 
*  Disabilities 
*  Catholic  "Disabilities \(Catholics\)")
*  Jewish 
*  Gender pay gap 
*  Gender roles 
*  Gerontocracy 
*  Gerrymandering 
*  Ghetto benches 
*  Internment 
*  Jewish quota 
*  Law for Protection of the Nation 
*  MSM blood donation restrictions 
*  Nonpersons 
*  _Numerus clausus_ (as religious or racial quota) 
*  One-drop rule 
*  Racial quota 
* Racial segregation
*  Jim Crow laws 
*  Nuremberg Laws 
*  Racial steering 
*  Redlining 
*  Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 
*  Segregation 
*  age 
* racial
*  religious 
*  sexual 
*  Social exclusion 
*  Sodomy law 
*  State atheism 
*  State religion 
*  Ugly law 
*  Voter suppression
*  Anti-Romanyism 
*  Italy 
*  Romania 
*  Slovenia 
*  Roma walls 
*  Bosnia–Herzegovina 
*  Schools 
*  Brazil 
*  Cyprus 
*  Gulf states 
*  Saudi Arabia 
*  UAE 
*  South Asian labourers 
*  India 
*  Uthapuram 
*  Muslims _Act,_2019 "Citizenship \(Amendment\) Act, 2019")
*  Israel 
*  Palestinian enclaves  /  law 
* _ Hafrada  _
*  Barriers 
*  Malaysia 
*  Mauritania 
*  Morocco 
*  Myanmar 
*  Northern Ireland 
*  Sudan 
*  United States 
*  Academies 
*  Housing 
*  Schools 
*  Residential 
*  Xinjiang 
*  Yemen
The Qing implemented a policy of segregation between the Bannermen of the 
Eight Banners  (Manchu Bannermen, Mongol
Bannermen, Han Bannermen) and Han Chinese civilians  [ _ when?
 _ ]  . This ethnic segregation
had cultural and economic reasons: intermarriage was forbidden to keep up the
Manchu heritage and minimize  sinicization  . Han Chinese civilians and Mongol civilians  were banned
 from settling in Manchuria.  [21]
Han civilians and Mongol civilians were banned from crossing into each other's
lands. Ordinary Mongol civilians in Inner Mongolia were banned from even
crossing into other  Mongol Banners  (a banner in Inner Mongolia was an administrative
division and not related to the Mongol Bannermen in the Eight Banners).
Two military coups  in  Fiji  in 1987 removed a democratically
elected government led by  Indo-Fijians 
.  [94]  This coup was supported principally by the  ethnic Fijian
 population.
See also:  Human rights in Bahrain  and  Bandargate scandal
De facto segregation  in the United
States has increased since the  civil rights movement
 , while official
segregation has been outlawed.  [132]  The Supreme Court ruled in  Milliken
v. Bradley  (1974) that de
facto racial segregation was acceptable, as long as schools were not actively
making policies for racial exclusion; since then, schools have been segregated
due to myriad indirect factors.  [132]
*  Partition of India 
*  Northern Ireland 
*  Israel 
*  Serbia  "Exodus of Muslims from Serbia \(1862\)")
*  Greece and Turkey 
*  Partition of Bengal  "Partition of Bengal \(1947\)")
*  Portugal 
*  Saudi Arabia 
*  Spain 
*  Bahrain 
*  Myanmar
For angles of incidence below the critical angle only the amplitudes of the
different polarization components are affected by reflection or transmission
at an interface. Except for discrete changes of p (or 180°), the phase of the
light is unchanged. Thus, the state of polarization can change in only limited
ways. For example, linearly polarized light remains linearly polarized,
although its orientation (angle

) may rotate. However, for angles greater than θc, different polarizations
experience different phase changes, and thus TIR can affect the state of
polarization of a light wave in the same way birefringence does. Thus linearly
polarized light may become elliptical, or vice versa, in addition to changes
in the orientation.
*  Institutional 
*  Structural
"Color bar" and "Segregationist" redirect here. For the TV test pattern, see 
SMPTE color bars  . For the short
story, see  Segregationist (short story)
 "Segregationist \(short story\)") .
The policy of segregation applied directly to the  banner
 garrisons, most of which occupied a
separate walled zone within the cities in which they were stationed. Manchu
Bannermen, Han Bannermen, and Mongol Bannermen were separated from the Han
civilian population. While the Manchus followed the governmental structure of
the preceding  Ming dynasty  , their
ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen
and Han Chinese civilian officials who had passed the highest levels of the 
state examinations  ,
and because of the small number of Manchus, this insured that a large fraction
of them would be government officials.
####  Uganda
* Contact
* Brook, Thomas (1997). _Plessy v. Ferguson: A Brief History with Documents_ . Boston: Bedford Books.
* Chin, Gabriel J. (1996).  "The _Plessy_ Myth: Justice Harlan and the Chinese Cases"  . _Iowa Law Review_ . **82** : 151.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :   10.17077/0021-065X.4551  .  SSRN  "SSRN \(identifier\)")  1121505  .
Manifestations
of racism  |
Social  |
While the U.S. Supreme Court majority in the 1896 _ Plessy v. Ferguson
 _ case explicitly permitted "
 separate but equal  "
facilities (specifically, transportation facilities), Justice  John Marshall
Harlan  , in his  dissent
 , protested that the decision
would "stimulate aggressions ... upon the admitted rights of colored
citizens", "arouse race hate", and "perpetuate a feeling of distrust between
[the] races. Feelings between Whites and Blacks were so tense, even the jails
were segregated."  [60]
A new constitution was promulgated in 1990, establishing Fiji as a republic,
with the offices of  President 
,  Prime Minister  ,
two-thirds of the  Senate  , and a
clear majority of the  House of Representatives

reserved for ethnic Fijians; ethnic Fijian ownership of the land was also
entrenched in the constitution.  [95]  Most of these provisions were ended
with the promulgation of the  1997 Constitution
 , although the
President (and 14 of the 32 Senators) were still selected by the all-
indigenous  Great Council of Chiefs  . The last of these distinctions were removed by the 
2013 Constitution  .  [96]
*  Aversive 
*  Colorism 
*  Covert 
*  Cultural 
*  Cyber 
*  Environmental 
*  Gendered 
*  Institutional 
*  Internalized 
*  Laissez-faire 
*  Linguistic 
*  Neocolonial 
*  Romantic 
*  Scientific 
*  Societal 
*  Symbolic 
*  Xenophobia
####  Fascist Italy
###  Malaysia
###  Imperial China
*  __ 
*  __ 
*  __ 
*  __
During the 1930s and 1940s, Jews in  Nazi-controlled states  were forced to wear something that
identified them as Jewish, such as a  yellow ribbon or a star of David
 , and along with  Romas
 (Gypsies), they were subjected to
discrimination by the racial laws. Jewish doctors were not allowed to treat 
Aryan  patients and Jewish professors were not
permitted to teach Aryan pupils. In addition, Jews were not allowed to use any
form of public transportation, besides the ferry, and they were only allowed
to shop in Jewish stores from 3–5 pm. After _ Kristallnacht
 _ ("The Night of Broken Glass"), the
Jews were fined 1,000,000,000  ℛ︁ℳ︁  for the
damage which was done by Nazi troops and  SS  members.
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Redlining  is part of how white communities in
America maintained some level of racial segregation. It is the practice of
denying or increasing the cost of services, such as mortgages, banking,
insurance, access to jobs,  [133]  access to health care, or even supermarkets
[134]  to residents in certain, often racially determined,  [135]  areas. The
most effective form of redlining, and the practice most commonly meant by the
term, refers to  mortgage discrimination  . Over the next twenty years, a succession of
further court decisions and federal laws, including the _ Home Mortgage
Disclosure Act  _ and measure to end  mortgage discrimination
 in 1975, would
completely invalidate _ de jure  _ racial
segregation and discrimination in the U.S. According to Rajiv Sethi, an
economist at  Columbia University  , black-white  segregation in housing
 is slowly declining for most metropolitan areas in the US.
[136]  Racial segregation or separation can lead to social, economic and
political tensions.  [137]  Thirty years (the year 2000) after the civil
rights era, the United States remained in many areas a residentially
segregated society, in which Blacks, whites and  Hispanics

inhabit different neighborhoods of vastly different quality.  [138]  [139]
[140]
Geng Zhongming  , a Han bannerman,
was awarded the title of Prince Jingnan, and his son Geng Jingmao managed to
have both his sons  Geng Jingzhong 
and Geng Zhaozhong become court attendants under  Shunzhi
 and marry Aisin Gioro women, with
Haoge's (a son of Hong Taiji) daughter marrying Geng Jingzhong and Prince
Abatai's (Hong Taiji) granddaughter marrying Geng Zhaozhong.  [12]
####  Tang dynasty
In 1972, the  President of Uganda   Idi Amin  ordered the expulsion of the
country's Indian minority with disastrous consequences for the local economy.
The government confiscated some 5,655 firms, ranches, farms, and agricultural
estates, along with cars, homes and other household goods.  [32]
###  d. Elliptical polarization
A barrier gate at  Bil'in
 ,  West Bank  , 2006
*   Category 
*   Commons 
*   Index
Contemporary examples
The  Land Apportionment Act of 1930  passed in  Southern Rhodesia
 (now known as  Zimbabwe
 ) was a segregationist measure that governed land
allocation and acquisition in rural areas, making distinctions between Blacks
and Whites.  [28]
*  Afrophobia 
*  Amity-enmity complex 
*  Black Lives Matter 
*  Black nationalism 
*  Black power 
*  Black power movement 
*  Black separatism 
*  Black supremacy 
*  Caste 
*  Discrimination 
*  Discrimination based on skin color 
*  Ethnic nationalism 
*  Ethnocentrism 
*  In-group and out-group 
*  Nationalism 
*  Nativism (politics)  "Nativism \(politics\)")
*  Racial discrimination 
*  Racial hierarchy 
*  Racial nationalism 
*  Racism 
*  Supremacism 
*  White nationalism 
*  White supremacy § White separatism 
*  Xenophobia
####  Belgian Congo
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####  Nazi Germany
Some academics have labeled the desire of many whites to avoid having their
children attend academically inferior integrated schools as being a factor in
"  white flight  " from the cities.
[144]  A 2007 study in  San Francisco 
showed that groups of homeowners of all races tended to self-segregate in
order to be with people of the same economic status, education level and race.
[145]  By 1990, the legal barriers enforcing segregation had been mostly
replaced, although today many white Americans are willing to pay a premium to
live in a predominantly white neighborhood.  [146]  Equivalent housing in
white areas commands a higher rent.  [147]  These higher rents are largely
attributable to  exclusionary zoning  policies that restrict the supply of housing. Through
the 1990s, residential segregation remained at its extreme and has been called
"  hypersegregation  " by some
sociologists or "American Apartheid".  [148]  In February 2005, the U.S.
Supreme Court ruled in _Johnson v. California_  543
  U.S.   499
 (2005) that the 
California Department of Corrections
 ' unwritten practice of racially segregating prisoners in its
prison reception centers—which California claimed was for inmate safety (gangs
in California, as throughout the U.S., usually organize on racial lines)—is to
be subject to  strict scrutiny  ,
the highest level of  constitutional review  .  [149]
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Further information:  African-American history  ,  Racism against African
Americans  ,  Racism in the United States
 ,  Slavery
in the United States  ,  Reconstruction Era  ,  Gilded Age  , 
Black Codes (United States)  "Black Codes
\(United States\)") ,  Jim Crow laws  ,
 Nadir of American race relations  , and  Civil rights movement
The  Mohawk tribe 
of  Kahnawake  has been criticized for evicting
non-Mohawks from the Mohawk reserve.  [88]  Mohawks who marry outside of their
tribal nation lose their right to live in their homelands.  [89]  [90]  The
Mohawk government claims that its policy of nationally exclusive membership is
for the preservation of its identity,  [91]  but there is no exemption for
those who adopt  Mohawk language 
or culture.  [89]  All interracial couples were sent eviction notices
regardless of how long they have lived on the reserve.  [90]  The only
exemption is for mixed national couples married before the 1981 moratorium.
Although some concerned Mohawk citizens contested the nationally exclusive
membership policy, the  Canadian Human Rights Tribunal
 ruled
that the Mohawk government may adopt policies it deems necessary to ensure the
survival of its people.  [91]
which looks like:
*  Africa 
*  South Africa 
*  Asia 
*  China 
*  Japan 
*  North Korea 
*  South Korea 
*  Thailand 
*  Vietnam 
*  Arab world 
*  Australia 
*  Europe 
*  Denmark 
*  France 
*  Germany 
*  Italy 
*  Poland 
*  Portugal 
*  Russia 
*  Spain 
*  United Kingdom 
*  Middle East 
*  Iran 
*  Israel 
*  Palestine 
*  Saudi Arabia 
*  Turkey 
*  North America 
*  Canada 
*  United States 
*  Mexico 
*  South America 
*  Argentina 
*  Brazil 
*  Chile
By 1968, all forms of segregation had been declared unconstitutional by the 
Supreme Court  under  Chief Justice  
Earl Warren  , and by 1970 support for
formal legal segregation had dissolved.  [76]  [77]  The  Warren Court
 's decision on landmark case _ Brown v.
Board of Education  _ of  Topeka, Kansas  in
1954 outlawed segregation in public schools, and its decision on _ Heart of
Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
 _ in 1964 prohibits racial segregation and
discrimination in public institutions and  public accommodations
 .  [78]  [79]  [80]  The  Fair Housing Act
 of 1968, administered and
enforced by the  Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity
 , prohibited discrimination in the sale and rental of
housing on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial
status, and disability. Formal racial discrimination became illegal in school
systems, businesses, the American military, other civil services and the
government. However, implicit racism continues to this day through avenues
like  occupational segregation  .  [81]  In recent years, there has been a trend that reverses
those efforts to desegregate schools made by those mandatory school
desegregation orders.  [82]
After 1943, when  Northern Italy  was
 occupied by the Nazis 
"Kingdom of Italy") , Italian Jews were rounded up and became victims of the 
Holocaust  .