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**Tip of the tongue** (also known as **lethologica** ) is the phenomenon of
failing to retrieve a  word  or term from  memory
 , combined with partial  recall
 "Recall \(memory\)") and the feeling that retrieval
is imminent.  [1]  The phenomenon's name comes from the saying, "It's on the
tip of my tongue."  [2]  [3]  [4]  The tip of the tongue phenomenon reveals
that  lexical access  occurs in
stages.  [5]  [6]

People experiencing the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can often recall one or
more  features  of the target word, such as the first letter, its  syllabic
stress  , and words similar in sound, meaning, or
both sound and meaning.  [3]  Individuals report a feeling of being seized by
the state, feeling something like mild anguish while searching for the word,
and a sense of relief when the word is found.  [3]  [7]  While many aspects of
the tip-of-the-tongue state remain unclear, there are two major competing
explanations for its occurrence: the _direct-access view_ and the _inferential
view_ . Emotion and the strength of the emotional ties to what is trying to be
remembered can also have an impact on the TOT phenomenon. The stronger the
emotional ties, the longer it takes to retrieve the item from memory.  [8]

TOT states should be distinguished from **FOK** ( **feeling of knowing** )
states. FOK, in contrast, is the feeling that one will be able to
recognize⁠—from a list of items⁠—an item that is currently inaccessible. There
are still currently opposing hypotheses in the psychological literature
regarding the separability of the process underlying these concepts. However,
there is some evidence that TOTs and FOKs draw on different parts of the
brain. TOTs are associated with the anterior cingulate, right dorsolateral
prefrontal cortex, and right inferior cortex while FOKs are not.  [9]  FOKs
can be assessed through memory-monitoring testing in which a test subject is
asked to "estimate the likelihood" of recognizing when "prompted with a cue"
or information that they previously failed to remember.  [10]  [11]  This test
aims to measure a test subject's accuracy of memory monitoring during the
"memory extraction stage".  [12]  [10]

An occasional tip-of-the-tongue state is normal for people of all ages;
however, it becomes more frequent as people age.  [1]  TOT can be referred as
an actual medical condition, but only when it becomes frequent enough to
interfere with learning or daily life. This disorder is called  anomic
aphasia  when acquired by brain
damage, usually from a  head injury  , 
stroke  , or  dementia  .
[13]

The tip of the tongue phenomenon has implications for research in 
psycholinguistics  ,  memory
 , and  metacognition  .  [2]
Effects of emotion  

It is well documented that  emotion  influences
many memory variables such as the amount of memory recalled and attributions
of nostalgia.  [27]  The issue regarding emotion and TOT is how it influences
the tip-of-the-tongue state and the information that is trying to be recalled.
It is common for individuals to ascribe emotions to TOTs.  [27]  It is
suggested that the majority of individuals experience TOTs negatively.  [27]
It has been shown that experiencing an emotion predicts TOT memory performance
later.  [27]  Emotional TOTs are more likely to be recalled later than TOTs
that had no emotional experience attached.  [27]  Emotion and TOT are related
to the  metacognitive theory  that is
mentioned above. In this theory, TOTs inform the cognitive system if the
information one is trying to  recall  "Recall
\(memory\)") is accessible.  [27]  Thus, emotions may play a role in
experiencing TOT. Some research has shown that questions that elicit emotional
arousal create TOTs more so than questions that are not emotionally arousing.
[27]  It has also been found that emotional arousal can extend to subsequent
questions or information being recalled even if they are not emotionally
arousing themselves.  [27]  It was found that emotional arousal increased the
likelihood of experiencing TOT.  [27]   Neuroimaging  has also found activation in some areas that are associated
with emotion; specifically in the  anterior cingulate cortex
 .  [27]
Accessibility heuristic  

The accessibility  heuristic  states that TOTs
are elicited by the quantity and strength of the information that is retrieved
from memory when the target word itself is not.  [2]  When searching for a
target word, the more information that is retrieved from memory, and the more
the information retrieved is perceived to be related to the target word, the
more likely a TOT state will be elicited.
Effects of priming  

Research on priming and practice use single word tests to assess for the
presence of TOT states. The first letter of the target word or a similar-
sounding word is given in order to prime for the target word. Evidence that
comes from the usefulness of  priming  "Priming
\(psychology\)") and practice in reducing TOT states is that most information
in TOT states is low-frequency; that is, it has not been used or recalled for
some time.  [4]  The recency of information use can influence the retrieval
process of that information.  [4]  The presentation of a prime is only needed
once for it to facilitate TOT state resolution.  [40]  Support for priming has
been found in that when individuals are given the first letter of the word
they are trying to recall, they are more likely to overcome their TOT state.
[4]  When the prime word has similar  phonology  to the target word, an increase in the frequency of TOT states
and a higher frequency of correctly recalled words when the TOT state is
resolved is observed.  [41]  Incorrect words come to mind involuntarily that
share similar phonological features with the target word.  [40]  Thus,
phonological similarity can both decrease and increase TOT states. However, it
is possible to fix this problem by changing the  syntactic class
 of the priming word.  [40]  Priming words that are in
the same syntactic class as the target word create no difference in TOT state
resolution.  [40]  The TOT state resolution was the same for priming words in
the same syntactic class and unrelated priming words.  [40]  If the priming
word is being listed in conjunction with other unrelated priming words, then
the position is of importance.  [40]  The earlier in the list the priming word
is, the less likely it is to help resolve the TOT state.  [40]
Effects of age of acquisition  

The speed and accuracy with which speakers retrieve a word is influenced by
the age in life at which that word was first learned. Specifically, early-
acquired words tend to be named more quickly and accurately than late-acquired
words (age of acquisition effect). It has been observed that the probability
of experiencing a TOT state depends on the age at which the word is acquired
in life: more TOT states are obtained with late-acquired than with early-
acquired words.  [43]
Provide_an_accessible_overview
"Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section") of all important aspects of the
article.  _( January 2013  ) _

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In psychology, **avoidance coping** is a coping mechanism and form of 
experiential avoidance  . It is characterized by a person's efforts, conscious or
unconscious, to avoid dealing with a  stressor 
in order to protect oneself from the difficulties the stressor presents.  [1]
Avoidance coping can lead to  substance abuse  ,  social withdrawal  , and
other forms of  escapism  . High levels of
avoidance behaviors may lead to a diagnosis of  avoidant personality disorder
 ,
though not everyone who displays such behaviors meets the definition of having
this disorder.  [2]  Avoidance coping is also a symptom of  post-traumatic
stress disorder  [3]  and related to symptoms of depression and anxiety.  [4]
Additionally, avoidance coping is part of the  approach-avoidance conflict
 theory
introduced by psychologist  Kurt Lewin  .
[5]

Literature on coping often classifies coping strategies into two broad
categories: approach/active coping and avoidance/passive coping.  [6]  [7]
Approach coping includes behaviors that attempt to reduce stress by
alleviating the problem directly, and avoidance coping includes behaviors that
reduce stress by distancing oneself from the problem.  [8]  Traditionally,
approach coping has been seen as the healthiest and most beneficial way to
reduce stress, while avoidance coping has been associated with negative
personality traits, potentially harmful activities, and generally poorer
outcomes.  [9]  However, avoidance coping can reduce stress when nothing can
be done to address the stressor.  [5]
Fear of whispers keeps us in check

On the flip side, the awareness that _others_ are likely talking about us can
keep us in line.

Among a group of friends or coworkers, the threat of becoming the target of
gossip can actually be a positive force: it can deter “free-riders” and
cheaters who might be tempted slack off or take advantage of others.

Are they talking about me?   'Gossip' via www.shutterstock.com

Biologist Robert Trivers  has discussed
 the evolutionary importance of detecting
_gross cheaters_ (those who fail to reciprocate altruistic acts) and _subtle
cheaters_ (those who reciprocate but give much less than they get). Gossip can
actually shame these free riders, reining them in.

Studies of  California cattle ranchers  ,  Maine lobster fishers
 and 
college rowing teams  confirm that gossip
is used in a variety of settings to hold individuals accountable. In each of
these groups, individuals who violated expectations about sharing resources or
meeting responsibilities became targets of gossip and ostracism. This, in
turn, pressured them to become better members of the group.

For example, lobstermen who didn’t respect well-established group norms about
when and how lobsters could be harvested were quickly exposed by their
colleagues. Their fellow lobstermen temporarily shunned them and, for a while,
refused to work with them.
Avoiding gossip: a one-way ticket to social isolation

Today, good gossipers are influential and popular members of their social
groups.

Sharing secrets is one way people bond, and sharing gossip with another person
is a sign of deep trust: you’re signaling that you believe that the person
will not use this sensitive information against you.

Therefore, someone skillful at gossip will have a good rapport with a large
network of people. At the same time, they’ll be discreetly knowledgeable about
what’s going on throughout the group.

On the other hand, someone who is _not_ part of, say, the office gossip
network is an outsider – someone neither trusted nor accepted by the group.
Presenting yourself as a self-righteous soul who refuses to participate in
gossip will ultimately end up being nothing more than a ticket to social
isolation.

In the workplace,  studies have shown
 that harmless
gossiping with one’s colleagues can build group cohesiveness and boost morale.

Gossip also helps to socialize newcomers into groups by resolving ambiguity
about group norms and values. In other words, listening to the judgments that
people make about the behavior of others helps the newbie figure out what’s
acceptable and what isn’t.
According to a recent Wall Street Journal article
 , some communities in the Philippines consider gossiping
so odious that they’ve outright banned it.

But aside from the difficulty of enforcing this sort of ordinance, should
gossip really get such a bad rap?

Yes, in its rawest form, gossip is a strategy used by individuals to further
their own reputations and interests at the expense of others.  Studies that I
have conducted  confirm that
gossip can be used in cruel ways for selfish purposes.

At the same time, how many can walk away from a juicy story about one of their
acquaintances and keep it to themselves? Surely, each of us has had firsthand
experience with the difficulty of keeping spectacular news about someone else
a secret.

When disparaging gossip, we overlook the fact that it’s an essential part of
what makes the social world tick; the nasty side of gossip overshadows the
more benign ways in which it functions.

In fact, gossip can actually be thought of not as a character flaw, but as a
highly evolved social skill. Those who can’t do it well often have difficulty
maintaining relationships, and can find themselves on the outside looking in.
/page-1)
between _strategy learning gossip_ and _reputation gossip_ .

When gossip is about a particular individual, we’re usually interested in it
only if we know that person. However, some gossip is interesting no matter
whom it’s about. This sort of gossip can involve stories about life-or-death
situations or remarkable feats. We pay attention to them because we may be
able to learn strategies that we can apply to our own lives.

Indeed, de Backer discovered that our interest in celebrities may feed off of
this thirst for learning life strategies. For better or for worse, we look to
celebrities in the same way that our ancestors looked to role models within
their tribes for guidance.

At its core, our fixation on celebrities is reflective of an innate interest
in the lives of other people.

From an evolutionary standpoint, “celebrity” is a recent phenomenon, due
primarily to the explosion of mass media in the 20th century. Our ancestors,
on the other hand, found social importance in the intimate details of
_everyone_ ‘s private life, since everyone in their small social world
mattered.

There’s an entire industry devoted to celebrity gossip.   'Magazines' via
www.shutterstock.com 

But anthropologist  Jerome Barkow has pointed out

that evolution did not prepare us to distinguish among those members of our
community who have a genuine effect on us, and those who exist in the images,
movies and songs that suffuse our daily lives.

From TMZ to US Weekly, the media fuels gossip mills that mimic those of our
workplaces and friend groups. In a way, our brains are tricked into feeling an
intense familiarity with these famous people – which hoodwinks us into wanting
to know even _more_ about them. After all, anyone whom we see _that_ often and
know _that_ much about _must_ be socially important to us.

Because of the familiarity we feel with celebrities,  they can serve an
important social function  : they may be the
only “friends” we have in common with new neighbors and coworkers. They’re
shared cultural touchstones that facilitate the types of informal interactions
that help people become comfortable in new surroundings. Keeping up with the
lives of actors, politicians and athletes can make a person more socially
adept during interactions with strangers and even offer inroads into new
relationships.

The bottom line is that we need to rethink the role of gossip in everyday
life; there’s no need to shy away from it or to be ashamed of it.

Successful gossiping entails being a good team player and sharing key
information with others in ways that won’t be perceived as self-serving. It’s
about knowing when it’s appropriate to talk, and when it’s probably best to
keep your mouth shut.
As social creatures, we’re hardwired to gossip

Like it or not, we are the descendants of busybodies. Evolutionary
psychologists  believe 
that our preoccupation with the lives of others is a byproduct of a
prehistoric brain.

 According to scientists
 , because our
prehistoric ancestors lived in relatively small groups, they knew one another
intimately. In order to ward off enemies and survive in their harsh natural
environment, our ancestors needed to cooperate with in-group members. But they
also recognized that these same in-group members were their main competitors
for mates and limited resources.

Living under such conditions, our ancestors faced a number of adaptive social
problems: who’s reliable and trustworthy? Who’s a cheater? Who would make the
best mate? How can friendships, alliances and family obligations be balanced?

In this sort of environment, an intense interest in the private dealings of
other people would have certainly been handy – and strongly favored by natural
selection. People who were the best at harnessing their social intelligence to
interpret, predict – and influence – the behavior of others became more
successful than those who were not.

The genes of those individuals were passed along from one generation to the
next.
Topics

*  Attribution theory 
*  Cognitive dissonance theory 
*  Self-perception theory 
*  Stereotyping 
*  Social and cultural norms  "Norm \(sociology\)")

*  v  
*  t  
*  e  

The **bandwagon effect** is the tendency for people to adopt certain
behaviors, styles, or attitudes simply because others are doing so.  [1]  More
specifically, it is a  cognitive bias  by which  public opinion  or
behaviours can alter due to particular actions and beliefs rallying amongst
the public.  [2]  It is a psychological phenomenon whereby the rate of uptake
of beliefs, ideas,  fads and trends  increases with respect to the proportion of others who have already
done so.  [3]  As more people come to believe in something, others also "hop
on the  bandwagon  "
regardless of the underlying evidence.

Following others' actions or beliefs can occur because of  conformism
 or deriving information from others. Much of
the influence of the bandwagon effect comes from the desire to 'fit in' with
peers; by making similar selections as other people, this is seen as a way to
gain access to a particular social group.  [4]  An example of this is 
fashion trends  wherein the increasing
popularity of a certain garment or style encourages more acceptance.  [5]
When individuals make  rational  choices
based on the information they receive from others, economists have proposed
that  information cascades  can quickly form in which people ignore their personal information
signals and follow the behaviour of others.  [6]  Cascades explain why
behaviour is fragile as people understand that their behaviour is based on a
very limited amount of information. As a result, fads form easily but are also
easily dislodged.  [ _ citation needed   _ ]  The phenomenon is observed in various
fields, such as  economics  ,  political
science  ,  medicine
 , and  psychology  .  [7]  In  social psychology  , people's tendency to align their beliefs and behaviors with a
group is known as '  herd mentality 
' or '  groupthink  '.  [8]  The **reverse
bandwagon effect** (also known as the  snob effect  in certain contexts) is a cognitive bias that causes people to avoid
doing something, because they believe that other people are doing it.  [9]
**Excoriation disorder** , more commonly known as **dermatillomania** , is a 
mental disorder  on the 
obsessive–compulsive spectrum  that is characterized by the repeated urge or
impulse to pick at one's own skin, to the extent that either psychological or physical damage is caused.  [4]  [5]
What is déjà rêvé?

_Déjà rêvé_ is a French phrase that translates to "already dreamed." It can
actually encompass a few specific experiences, which we'll touch on later, but
generally speaking, it describes the sensation of feeling like you dreamed
about something before it happened in real life.

Research is limited, but according to one 2010 study on the subject, 
experiencing déjà rêvé is common

—though notably, it does get less common with age.

Often, dreams seem to get buried deep within one's memory, only to be recalled
when something in real life triggers that memory. This leads to the feeling
that you've already had that particular experience before.

In a more recent study from 2018, researchers found that déjà rêvé and dream
recall could actually be induced via electrical brain stimulation (EBS),
suggesting that our brains might have special memory systems specifically to
store dreams.

Interestingly, according to the 2010 research, there is evidence that people
who have 'thin boundaries' between mental states and are wide-open to
experience are more likely to experience déjà rêvé (and déjà vu).

As therapist and dream expert  Leslie Ellis, Ph.D.,
 explains to mbg, this is "possibly because their
brain is capable of running on multiple tracks that overlap at times."
Déjà rêvé versus déjà vu

Where _déjà rêvé_ means "already dreamed," _déjà vu_ translates to "already
seen." It's even more common than déjà rêvé (in fact, a majority of people
have experienced it), and Ellis notes that researchers have a better of
understanding of this phenomenon than they do of déjà rêvé.

"   Those with epilepsy
 1  who
have had seizures in their brain's frontal lobes are particularly prone to
déjà vu," Ellis tells mbg. "Researchers have found that when two circuits in
the hippocampus (our memory-processing center) are activated at once, we get
an experience of déjà vu."
What to do next time you get déjà rêvé.

The next time you experience déjà rêvé, whether its episodic-like,
familiarity-like, or dreamy state déjà rêvé, it's a good idea to  pay
attention  . "Anything that repeats itself, in whatever
fashion, is worthy of extra attention," she says. "It can alert you to
something special about the current experience, something to pay extra
attention to."

However, if the experience scares you and/or makes you feel as if you are
losing touch with reality, she recommends speaking to a mental health
professional about it. In some cases, dreams blending with our sense of
reality can border on the edge of psychosis and require medical attention, she
adds.

"For the most part, though," Ellis tells mbg, "these are within the realm of
normal, even common, experiences—but they also remind us that life, at any
moment, can be or feel extraordinary."
You've Heard Of Déjà Vu, But What About Déjà Rêvé? Here's What It Means

Author:

Sarah Regan

January 07, 2022

mbg Spirituality & Relationships Editor

 By Sarah Regan 

mbg Spirituality & Relationships Editor

Sarah Regan is a Spirituality & Relationships Editor, and a registered yoga
instructor. She received her bachelor's in broadcasting and mass communication
from SUNY Oswego, and lives in Buffalo, New York.

What is déjà rêvé?  Déjà rêvé vs. déjà vu.  The science behind it.  3 types of
déjà rêvé.  How to interpret it.  What to do about it.

January 07, 2022

Have you ever been going about your day when you were suddenly struck by the
somewhat strange sensation that you'd  already dreamed the experience
 before?

Not to be confused with  déjà vu
 , this particular
phenomenon is called déjà rêvé—and it's actually not that uncommon. While the
exact science behind déjà rêvé isn't fully understood, there are some
research-backed explanations for what makes it possible, as well as theories
from  dream  experts on what
it can mean.