mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
[ 
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
 ](/memory-league/)
@[banned user]: If you're having difficulty registering in the forum, send me
an email with the username you would like and I'll create the account for you:
 josh@artofmemory.com
##  Newlywords
Aphantasia and Memory
Whether your team is composed of local office-goers, globe-trotting digital
nomads, families, singles, or a diverse mix, our list is designed to offer
ideas and tips that resonate with everyone. Our commitment at  Newlywords
 lies in prioritizing communication and
fostering connections, and we’re eager to assist you in creating an
unforgettable and inclusive team-building experience.
**Francis Blondin-Gravel** 16 Mar 2016
#  Recent Posts
According to  this article  on famous diary entries, Darwin sometimes
condensed a whole year of journal entries into one page of a 3 x 4 inch
notebook, causing his son, Francis, to remark that “it [the journal]...is
unfortunately written with great brevity.” With a simple tool like the Memory
Book, he would have been able to share his incredible adventures so easily.
##  Kudoboard
**Josh Cohen** 23 Sep 2013
###  34\. Gift Ideas Mastermind
**Jim** 02 Apr 2011
It is an ebook which can be bought from  http://memorypower.org
Regards, Yan
Hi Simon,
##  Recent Posts
**Josh Cohen** 08 Apr 2015
Learn more about how to use memory palaces.
3.  Roberta Jupin
Most of us are used to creating photobooks from our holiday snaps – smart
phones make this incredibly easy. You can do a simple and stunning photobook
by using the ‘image only’ Memory Book layouts. However, I think you create
something even more special by adding words – it makes a stunning memento of
your holiday. You could include facts about the places you visited,
descriptions and journal entries, plus photos of any sketches, maps etc. Here
are some super  travel journal templates
 that might inspire you.
* Fiction readers score higher on theory of mind, which is the ability to understand other people’s thoughts, emotions, and perspectives. It’s likely to stem from the way we engage with stories. As researcher  Keith Oatley  writes, ”  These effects are due partly to the process of engagement in stories, which includes making inferences and becoming emotionally involved, and partly to the contents of fiction, which include complex characters and circumstances that we might not encounter in daily life. Fiction can be thought of as a form of consciousness of selves and others that can be passed from an author to a reader or spectator  .”
**Simon** 02 Dec 2013
Universality  

Tip of the tongue experiences occur in both men and women, and is known to
occur in young adulthood, middle age, and older adulthood. TOT experiences in
childhood have not been studied. Education level is not thought to be a factor
in the experience of TOT states.  [16]  Monolinguals, bilinguals, and
multilinguals all experience tip of the tongue states, although with varying
frequencies (see  §  ⁠Effects of bilingualism  below).

Many languages other than English have equivalent colloquial terms for the tip
of the tongue experience, suggesting that it is a common experience across
cultures.  [2]  In a study by B. L. Schwartz (1999), 45 of the 51 languages
surveyed have an  idiom  referring to the tip of the
tongue phenomenon that references the tongue, mouth, or throat as a  metaphor
 .  [2]  The direct English translations of these
idioms are "on the tongue", "on the tip/point/head of the tongue", "on the top
of the tongue", "on the front of the tongue", "sparkling at the end of the
tongue", and "in the mouth and throat".  [2]  Notably, the languages studied
that did not have an equivalent idiom for the tip of the tongue were 
American Sign Language  ,  Amharic  ,  Icelandic
 "Icelandic \(language\)") ,  Kalenjin
 , and  Kiswahili
 .  [2]  However, tip of the finger experiences
are reported by signers.  [17]
Collaborative cookbooks come in all shapes and sizes, and each serves a unique
purpose. For many people, creating a collaborative recipe book was a great way
to stay connected during the COVID-19 pandemic. In place of family dinners,
they were able to cook together over video calls and share tips and tricks.For
others, it is a way to preserve family recipes passed down over the years.
Collecting all of the family recipes and handing out cookbooks at a family
reunion is a fun and memorable way to keep family traditions alive. Need a
creative way to bring together your team of remote colleagues? One of our
favorite uses for the collaborative recipe book is as a corporate team-
building activity. Large remote companies use tools such as Newlywords to
gather recipes into a  collaborative recipe book
 that
gets printed and shipped to each employee. Individuals can then experience the
joy of trying each other’s recipes in their kitchens. Not only is this great
for team building, but also a fantastic way to foster inclusion and belonging
in the workplace. A cookbook allows us to share cultural connections — and
love for food — with a diverse and geographically distributed group of
colleagues. Just think about all the people who are working from home these
days! A cookbook created by employees allows you to create a space where
anyone and everyone can share a part of who they are with their team or
community.
**Dan** 22 Dec 2010
Thanks, Tim. I added it to the list.
Thanks for sharing your list.
###  6\. Online Escape Room Adventure
Major System
**Byron Wilson** 07 Jan 2013
##  Group Greets
###  28\. Virtual holiday games
December 7, 2021 at 12:33 am
See also:  https://artofmemory.com/blog/richard-welch-mental-photography/
##  Feedback and Comments
Newlywords Blog   Powered by WordPress.com
 .
###  26\. Holiday TV show round-up
**Josh Cohen** 02 May 2012
**Juan** 19 Apr 2012
2.   katechiconi
Newlywords Blog
**Josh Cohen** 18 Dec 2011
3. Capture a momentous event in your life
**Harry Lorayne** 11 Jun 2012
**EP** 29 Jan 2012
**Josh** 22 Dec 2010
Laura’s background includes teaching nonviolence, writing collaborative poetry
with nursing home residents, facilitating support groups for abuse survivors,
and writing sardonic greeting cards. She works as a book editor as well as
editor of  _Braided Way: Faces and Voices of Spiritual Practice_
 . She also leads workshops on memoir, poetry, and
creative thinking.
**Husu** 18 Apr 2015
###  43\. Holiday Cheers & Jeers
*  Anniversary Gift Ideas 
*  Anniversary Ideas 
*  Birthday Gift Ideas 
*  Birthday Ideas 
*  Graduation Gift Ideas 
*  Group Memory Books 
*  Recipe Book Ideas 
*  Retirement Gift Ideas 
*  Retirement Ideas 
*  Uncategorized
Aggressive resemblance  is
used by  predators  or  parasites
 . In special aggressive resemblance, the animal
looks like something else, luring the prey or host to approach, for example
when a  flower mantis  resembles a
particular kind of flower, such as an  orchid  . In
general aggressive resemblance, the predator or parasite blends in with the
background, for example when a  leopard  is hard to
see in long grass.  [20]
Defense,
counter  |
Read Next
###  Physical protection
|  Colour physics  |
The  olm
 's blood makes it appear pink.
Frank Evers Beddard  's
1892 book, _ Animal Coloration 
"Animal Coloration \(1892 book\)") _ , acknowledged that natural selection
existed but examined its application to camouflage, mimicry and sexual
selection very critically.  [9]  [10]  The book was in turn roundly criticised
by Poulton.  [11]
Geography & Travel
*  Autotrophs 
*  Chemosynthesis 
*  Chemotrophs 
*  Foundation species 
*  Kinetotrophs 
*  Mixotrophs 
*  Myco-heterotrophy 
*  Mycotroph 
*  Organotrophs 
*  Photoheterotrophs 
*  Photosynthesis 
*  Photosynthetic efficiency 
*  Phototrophs 
*  Primary nutritional groups 
*  Primary production
* **Orange:** 585 - 620 nm
###  4\. The Importance of Conjugation
.jpg "Fish surveying its
world")
Microorganisms  |
For adventitious protection, an animal uses materials such as twigs, sand, or
pieces of shell to conceal its outline, for example when a  caddis fly
 larva builds a decorated case, or when a 
decorator crab  decorates its back
with seaweed, sponges and stones.  [20]
Edward Bagnall Poulton  's strongly Darwinian 1890 book _ The Colours of Animals, their
meaning and use, especially considered in the case of insects
 _ argued the case for
three aspects of animal coloration that are broadly accepted today but were
controversial or wholly new at the time.  [6]  [7]  It strongly supported
Darwin's theory of  sexual selection  , arguing that the obvious differences between male and female
birds such as the  argus pheasant 
were selected by the females, pointing out that bright male plumage was found
only in species "which court by day".  [8]  The book introduced the concept of
 frequency-dependent selection  , as when edible mimics are less frequent
than the distasteful models whose colours and patterns they copy. In the book,
Poulton also coined the term  aposematism 
for warning coloration, which he identified in widely differing animal groups
including mammals (such as the  skunk  ), bees and
wasps, beetles, and butterflies.  [8]
_Batesian mimicry_ was first described by the pioneering naturalist  Henry W.
Bates  . When an edible prey animal
comes to resemble, even slightly, a distasteful animal, natural selection
favours those individuals that even very slightly better resemble the
distasteful species. This is because even a small degree of protection reduces
predation and increases the chance that an individual mimic will survive and
reproduce. For example, many species of hoverfly are coloured black and yellow
like bees, and are in consequence avoided by birds (and people).  [5]
*  Electromagnetic spectrum 
*  Light 
*  Rainbow 
*  Visible 
*  Spectral colours 
*  Chromophore 
*  Structural colouration 
*  Animal colouration 
*  Colour of chemicals 
*  Water 
*  Spectral power distribution 
*  Colorimetry
Colour reproduction  |
The three additive   primary colours
 are red, green, and blue;
this means that, by additively mixing the colours red, green, and  blue
 in varying amounts, almost
all other colours can be produced, and, when the three primaries are added
together in equal amounts,  white  is produced.
Darwin explained such male-female differences in his theory of sexual
selection in his book _ The Descent of Man  _ .  [26]  Once the females begin to select males according
to any particular characteristic, such as a long tail or a coloured crest,
that characteristic is emphasized more and more in the males. Eventually all
the males will have the characteristics that the females are sexually
selecting for, as only those males can reproduce. This mechanism is powerful
enough to create features that are strongly disadvantageous to the males in
other ways. For example, some male  birds-of-paradise  have wing or tail streamers that are so long
that they impede flight, while their brilliant colours may make the males more
vulnerable to predators. In the extreme, sexual selection may drive species to
extinction, as has been argued for the enormous horns of the male Irish elk,
which may have made it difficult for mature males to move and feed.  [27]
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phone (803) 684-5852. Directed by ** Bill Hilton Jr.
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permission for use or for further assistance on accessing this Web site,
contact the ** Webmaster  ** .
|  180  |  10,000  |  hexane
C=O  |  Ethanal  |
_Müllerian mimicry_ was first described by the pioneering naturalist  Fritz
Müller  . When a distasteful animal
comes to resemble a more common distasteful animal, natural selection favours
individuals that even very slightly better resemble the target. For example,
many species of stinging wasp and bee are similarly coloured black and yellow.
Müller's explanation of the mechanism for this was one of the first uses of
mathematics in biology. He argued that a predator, such as a young bird, must
attack at least one insect, say a wasp, to learn that the black and yellow
colours mean a stinging insect. If bees were differently coloured, the young
bird would have to attack one of them also. But when bees and wasps resemble
each other, the young bird need only attack one from the whole group to learn
to avoid all of them. So, fewer bees are attacked if they mimic wasps; the
same applies to wasps that mimic bees. The result is mutual resemblance for
mutual protection.  [39]
Main article:  Mimicry
###  1\. Background
Newton demonstrated that colour is a quality of light. To understand colour,
therefore, it is necessary to know something about light. As a form of 
electromagnetic radiation
 , light has
properties in common with both waves and particles. It can be thought of as a
stream of minute energy packets radiated at varying frequencies in a  wave
motion  . Any given beam of
light has specific  values  of
 frequency  ,
wavelength, and energy associated with it. Frequency, which is the number of
waves passing a fixed point in space in a unit of time, is commonly expressed
in units of  hertz  (1 Hz = 1
cycle per second). Wavelength is the distance between corresponding points of
two consecutive waves and is often expressed in units of metres—for instance,
nanometres (1 nm = 10  −9  metre). The energy of a light beam can be compared
to that possessed by a small particle moving at the  velocity of light
 , except that no particle
having a rest mass could move at such a velocity. The name _  photon
 _ , used for the smallest
quantity of light of any given wavelength, is meant to  encompass
 this duality,
including both the  wave 
and particle characteristics  inherent  in  wave mechanics
 and  quantum mechanics
 . The energy
of a photon is often expressed in units of  electron volts
 (1 eV = 1.602 × 10  −12  
erg  ); it is directly
proportional to frequency and inversely proportional to wavelength.
One of the pioneers of research into animal coloration,  Edward Bagnall
Poulton  [8]  classified the forms of
protective coloration, in a way which is still helpful. He described:
protective resemblance; aggressive resemblance; adventitious protection; and
variable protective resemblance.  [20]  These are covered in turn below.
*  Ascendency 
*  Bioaccumulation 
*  Cascade effect  "Cascade effect \(ecology\)")
*  Climax community 
*  Competitive exclusion principle 
*  Consumer–resource interactions 
*  Copiotrophs 
*  Dominance  "Dominance \(ecology\)")
*  Ecological network 
*  Ecological succession 
*  Energy quality 
*  Energy systems language 
*  f-ratio  "F-ratio \(oceanography\)")
*  Feed conversion ratio 
*  Feeding frenzy 
*  Mesotrophic soil 
*  Nutrient cycle 
*  Oligotroph 
*  Paradox of the plankton 
*  Trophic cascade 
*  Trophic mutualism 
*  Trophic state index
*  Abundance  "Abundance \(ecology\)")
*  Allee effect 
*  Consumer-resource model 
*  Depensation 
*  Ecological yield 
*  Effective population size 
*  Intraspecific competition 
*  Logistic function 
*  Malthusian growth model 
*  Maximum sustainable yield 
*  Overpopulation 
*  Overexploitation 
*  Population cycle 
*  Population dynamics 
*  Population modeling 
*  Population size 
*  Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations 
*  Recruitment  "Recruitment \(biology\)")
*  Small population size 
*  Stability 
*  Resilience 
*  Resistance  "Resistance \(ecology\)")
*  Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
A 
praying mantis  in  deimatic
 or threat pose displays
conspicuous patches of colour to startle potential predators. This is not
warning coloration as the insect is palatable.
*  Entertainment & Pop Culture 
*  Literature 
*  Sports & Recreation 
*  Visual Arts
Up to ** Top of Page  **
###  Camouflage
*  Chemoorganoheterotrophy 
*  Decomposition 
*  Detritivores 
*  Detritus
Consumers  "Consumer \(food chain\)") |
####  Terminology for Absorption Shifts
|   Basic terms  |
__    __
    __
**ANIMAL PIGMENTS**
Further information:  Signalling theory
* __  Physical and chemical causes of colour
Join the
** 
** [ Nature Study Network ](NatureStudyNetworkMain.html)
Animal coloration provided important early evidence for evolution by natural
selection  , at a time when little direct evidence was
available.  [16]  [17]  [18]  [19]
Warning coloration can succeed either through inborn behaviour (  instinct
 ) on the part of potential predators,  [34]  or
through a learned avoidance. Either can lead to various forms of mimicry.
Experiments show that avoidance is learned in  birds  ,
[35]   mammals  ,  [36]   lizards  ,  [37]  and  amphibians  ,  [38]
but that some birds such as  great tits  have
inborn avoidance of certain colours and patterns such as black and yellow
stripes.  [34]
What Do Eggs Have to Do with Easter?
Nature of Shift
**  **
*  Ecological niche 
*  Ecological trap 
*  Ecosystem engineer 
*  Environmental niche modelling 
*  Guild  "Guild \(ecology\)")
*  Habitat 
*  marine habitats 
*  Limiting similarity 
*  Niche apportionment models 
*  Niche construction 
*  Niche differentiation 
*  Ontogenetic niche shift
*  Lakes 
*  Rivers 
*  Soil 
*  Tritrophic interactions in plant defense 
*  Marine food webs 
*  cold seeps 
*  hydrothermal vents 
*  intertidal 
*  kelp forests 
*  North Pacific Gyre 
*  San Francisco Estuary 
*  tide pool
*  Allometry 
*  Alternative stable state 
*  Balance of nature 
*  Biological data visualization 
*  Ecological economics 
*  Ecological footprint 
*  Ecological forecasting 
*  Ecological humanities 
*  Ecological stoichiometry 
*  Ecopath 
*  Ecosystem based fisheries 
*  Endolith 
*  Evolutionary ecology 
*  Functional ecology 
*  Industrial ecology 
*  Macroecology 
*  Microecosystem 
*  Natural environment 
*  Regime shift 
*  Sexecology 
*  Systems ecology 
*  Urban ecology 
*  Theoretical ecology
Niche  |
References & Edit History
  Quick Facts &
Related Topics
*  Blue 
*  Green 
*  Red 
*  Yellow 
*  Pink 
*  Purple 
*  Orange  "Orange \(colour\)")
*  Black 
*  Grey 
*  White 
*  Brown
** [ CONTENTS ](ContentsMain.html) **
*  Cott, Hugh Bamford  (1940). _ Adaptive Coloration in Animals  _ . Methuen, London.
* Forbes, Peter (2009). _ Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage  _ . Yale, New Haven and London.   ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  0300178964
In variable protective resemblance, an animal such as a  chameleon
 , flatfish, squid or  octopus  changes its skin pattern and colour using special  chromatophore
 cells to resemble whatever background
it is currently resting on (as well as for  signalling
 ).  [20]
* This page was last edited on 27 March 2024, at 23:25  (UTC)  .
* Text is available under the  Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0   ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the  Terms of Use  and  Privacy Policy  . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the  Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.  , a non-profit organization.
####  Sexual selection
Main article:  Chromatophores
Colour
philosophy  |
Some prey animals such as  zebra  are marked with high-
contrast patterns which possibly help to confuse their predators, such as 
lions  , during a chase. The bold stripes of a herd of
running zebra have been claimed make it difficult for predators to estimate
the prey's speed and direction accurately, or to identify individual animals,
giving the prey an improved chance of escape.  [42]  Since dazzle patterns
(such as the zebra's stripes) make animals harder to catch when moving, but
easier to detect when stationary, there is an evolutionary trade-off between
dazzle and  camouflage  .  [42]  There is evidence that the zebra's stripes
could provide some protection from flies and biting insects.  [43]
For Students
Colour  topics
Species  |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to   Animals by color
 .
colour mixing
*  Colour symbolism 
*  Colour preferences 
*  Lüscher colour test 
*  Kruithof curve 
*  Political colour 
*  National colours 
*  Chromophobia 
*  Chromotherapy
Main article:  Advertising in biology
##  Mechanisms of colour production in animals
|   Lists  |
For the 1892 book by Frank Evers Beddard, see  Animal Coloration (book)
 "Animal Coloration \(book\)") .
Colour dimensions  |
*  The nature of colour 
*  The visible spectrum 
*  The laws of colour mixture
*  Birds 
*  Chameleons 
*  Dinosaurs 
*  Fish 
*  Toads 
*  Mammals 
*  horses 
*  dogs 
*  cats
*  Vision 
*  Qualia 
*  Lighting
Main article:  Bioluminescence
Food webs  |
Cleaner 
wrasse  signals its  cleaning services
 to a  big eye squirrelfish
Animals produce colour in both direct and indirect ways. Direct production
occurs through the presence of visible coloured cells known as  pigment
 which are particles of coloured material such as
freckles. Indirect production occurs by virtue of cells known as 
chromatophores  which are pigment-
containing cells such as hair follicles. The distribution of the pigment
particles in the chromatophores can change under  hormonal  or  neuronal  control.
For fishes it has been demonstrated that chromatophores may respond directly
to environmental stimuli like visible light, UV-radiation, temperature, pH,
chemicals, etc.  [1]  colour change helps individuals in becoming more or less
visible and is important in agonistic displays and in camouflage. Some
animals, including many butterflies and birds, have  microscopic structures
 in scales, bristles or
feathers which give them brilliant iridescent colours. Other animals including
squid and some deep-sea fish can  produce light  , sometimes of different colours. Animals often use two or
more of these mechanisms together to produce the colours and effects they
need.
*  Arthropod eye 
*  Compound eye 
*  Eagle eye 
*  Eye shine 
*  Simple eye in invertebrates 
*  Mammalian eye 
*  human 
*  Mollusc eye 
*  cephalopod 
*  gastropod 
*  Holochroal eye 
*  Parietal eye 
*  Schizochroal eye
**Animal colouration** is the general appearance of an animal resulting from
the reflection or emission of  light  from its
surfaces. Some animals are brightly coloured, while others are hard to see. In
some species, such as the  peafowl  , the male has
strong patterns, conspicuous colours and is  iridescent  , while the female is far less visible.
####  Warning