mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
Consonance  is the repetition of consonant
sounds across words which have been deliberately chosen. It is different from
alliteration as it can happen at any place in the word, not just the
beginning.  [6]
This article **may contain excessive
 or  irrelevant
 examples ** .  Please help  improve the
article
 by
adding descriptive text and removing  less pertinent examples
 .  _( June 2023  )
_
*  Rhetorical techniques
> Her election to Parliament would be the worst thing to ever happen to this
> country!  [1]  [ _ page needed   _ ]
###  Epizeuxis/Antanaclasis
> Blow wind, swell billow and swim bark!
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Julius Caesar  "Julius
> Caesar \(play\)") 5.1
###  Personification
* This page was last edited on 14 March 2024, at 05:24  (UTC)  .
* Text is available under the  Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0   ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the  Terms of Use  and  Privacy Policy  . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the  Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.  , a non-profit organization.
##  Real-world examples
Metonymy  is a figure of speech where a thing or
concept is referred to indirectly by the name of an attribute or adjunct for
that of the thing meant. For example, "crown" to denote king or queen.
##  Irony and imagery
Pleonasm  involves using more words than
necessary to describe an idea. This creates emphasis and can introduce
additional elements of meaning.  [17]
The  Eurofighter Typhoon 
defense project took six years longer than expected, with an overrun cost of 8
billion euros.  [10]
Resources  icon__angle-down--gray-color
California High-Speed Rail  is still under construction, with tens of billions of
dollars in overruns expected, and connections to major cities postponed until
after completion of the rural segment.
* _ Ars dictaminis  _
*  Communication studies 
*  Composition studies 
*  Doxa 
*  Glossary of rhetorical terms 
*  Glossophobia 
*  List of feminist rhetoricians 
*  List of speeches 
*  Oral skills 
*  Orator 
*  Pistis 
*  Public rhetoric 
*  Rhetoric of social intervention model 
*  Rhetrickery 
*  Rogerian argument 
*  Seduction 
*  Speechwriting 
*  Talking point 
*  TED  "TED \(conference\)")
*  Terministic screen 
*  Toulmin model 
*  Wooden iron
*  Terms and conditions 
*  Privacy Policy
###  Antithesis/Antimetabole/Chiasmus
###  Industries
> Fred excelled at sports; Harvey at eating; Tom with girls.
>  Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.
>
> —   William Shakespeare 
> ,  Julius Caesar  "Julius Caesar \(play\)")
> 3.2
Consulting  icon__angle-down--gray-color
Bent Flyvbjerg  and  Cass Sunstein
 argue that  Albert O. Hirschman's
  Hiding Hand principle
 is the planning fallacy
writ large, and they tested the empirical validity of the principle.  [11]
See also further reading below for additional studies.
Visit careers __
*  Figure of speech 
*  Glossary of rhetorical terms 
*  Rhetorical modes 
*  Stylistic device
##  Empirical evidence
> Nor brass, nor stone, nor parchment bears not one.
>
> —  Shakespeare,  The Winter's Tale  1.2
Demonstration  

The illusion of control is demonstrated by three converging lines of evidence:
1) laboratory experiments, 2) observed behavior in familiar games of chance
such as lotteries, and 3) self-reports of real-world behavior.  [16]
The  Denver International Airport  opened sixteen months later than scheduled,
with a total cost of $4.8 billion, over $2 billion more than expected.  [21]
Epanalepsis  repeats the same word(s) at
the beginning and end.  [5]  [ _ page needed
 _ ]
Sydney Opera House, still under construction in 1966, three
years after its expected completion date
> Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more!
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Henry V  "Henry V \(play\)") 3.1
> With mine own tears I wash away my balm,
>  With mine own hands I give away my crown,
>  With mine own tongue deny my sacred state,
>  With mine own breath release all duty's rites.
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Richard II  "Richard II
> \(play\)") 4.1
##  Read Next
Observed behavior in games  

Ellen Langer's research demonstrated that people were more likely to behave as
if they could exercise control in a chance situation where "skill cues" were
present.  [19]  [20]  By skill cues, Langer meant properties of the situation
more normally associated with the exercise of skill, in particular the
exercise of choice, competition, familiarity with the stimulus and involvement
in decisions. One simple form of this effect is found in  casinos
 : when rolling  dice  in a 
craps  game people tend to throw harder when they need
high numbers and softer for low numbers.  [6]  [21]

In another experiment, subjects had to predict the outcome of thirty coin
tosses. The feedback was rigged so that each subject was right exactly half
the time, but the groups differed in where their "hits" occurred. Some were
told that their early guesses were accurate. Others were told that their
successes were distributed evenly through the thirty trials. Afterwards, they
were surveyed about their performance. Subjects with early "hits"
overestimated their total successes and had higher expectations of how they
would perform on future guessing games.  [6]  [20]  This result resembles the
_[ irrational primacy effect
](/wiki/Confirmation_bias
Syllogism  which omits either one of the
premises or the conclusion. The omitted part must be clearly understood by the
reader. Sometimes this depends on contextual knowledge.
##  Industries
Asyndeton  is the removal of conjunctions like
"or", "and", or "but" where it might have been expected.  [13]  [ _ page
needed   _ ]
*  Infrastructure 
*  Inherent 
*  In education 
*  Media 
*  False balance 
*  Vietnam War 
*  Norway 
*  South Asia 
*  Sweden 
*  United States 
*  Arab–Israeli conflict 
*  Ukraine 
*  Net 
*  Political bias 
*  Publication 
*  Reporting 
*  White hat 

Bias reduction  |

*  Cognitive bias mitigation 
*  Debiasing 
*  Heuristics in judgment and decision-making  "Heuristic \(psychology\)")

* Lists:  General 
* [ Memory ](/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
###  Diacope
Catacosmesis  , the opposite, involves
arranging them from most to least significant.  [14]  [ _ page needed
 _ ]
Operations  Leveraging behavioral science to achieve operational excellence
  People & Organization
Cultivating talent and fostering wellbeing through behavioral design
  Marketing &
Consumer Insights  Understanding consumer decision making and how to design
for it
###  Metaphor
##  Example 1 – The Sydney Opera House
By proxy  

At times, people attempt to gain control by transferring responsibility to
more capable or “luckier” others to act for them. By forfeiting direct
control, it is perceived to be a valid way of maximizing outcomes. This
illusion of control by proxy is a significant theoretical extension of the
traditional illusion of control model. People will of course give up control
if another person is thought to have more knowledge or skill in areas such as
medicine where actual skill and knowledge are involved. In cases like these it
is entirely rational to give up responsibility to people such as doctors.
However, when it comes to events of pure chance, allowing another to make
decisions (or gamble) on one's behalf, because they are seen as luckier is not
rational and would go against people's well-documented desire for control in
uncontrollable situations. However, it does seem plausible since people
generally believe that they can possess luck and employ it to advantage in
games of chance, and it is not a far leap that others may also be seen as
lucky and able to control uncontrollable events.  [13]  In a study conducted
in Singapore, the perception of control, luck, and skill when gambling led to
an increase in gambling behavior.  [13]

In one instance, a lottery pool at a company decides who picks the numbers and
buys the tickets based on the wins and losses of each member. The member with
the best record becomes the representative until they accumulate a certain
number of losses and then a new representative is picked based on wins and
losses. Even though no member is truly better than the other and it is all by
chance, they still would rather have someone with seemingly more luck to have
control over them.  [14]

In another real-world example, in the 2002 Olympics men's and women's hockey
finals, Team Canada beat Team USA. Prior to the match, a [ Canadian coin
](/wiki/Loonie
Data & Analytics  Using machine learning and AI to deliver hyper-
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Strategy & Corporate Finance  Using evidence-based approachs to solve thorny
strategic problems
Amplification  "Amplification
\(linguistics\)") involves repeating a word or expression while adding more
detail, to emphasise what might otherwise be passed over.  [12]  [ _ page
needed   _ ]  This
allows one to call attention to and expand a point to ensure the reader
realizes its importance or centrality in the discussion.
Antithesis  involves putting together two
opposite ideas in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.  [12]  [ _ page
needed   _ ]
Contrast is emphasised by parallel but similar structures of the opposing
phrases or clauses to draw the listeners' or readers' attention. Compared to
chiasmus, the ideas must be opposites.
###  Assonance
Auxesis  "Auxesis \(figure of speech\)")
is arranging words in a list from least to most significant.  [14]  [ _ page
needed   _ ]  This
can create  climax  "Climax \(rhetoric\)") .
###  Salience Bias
###  Innuendo
#####  Take the outside view
*  Optimism Bias
In  rhetoric  , a **rhetorical device** ,
**persuasive device** , or **stylistic device** is a technique that an author
or speaker uses to convey to the listener or reader a meaning with the goal of
persuading them towards considering a topic from a perspective, using language
designed to encourage or provoke an emotional display of a given perspective
or action. They seek to make a position or argument more compelling than it
would otherwise be.  [1]  [ _ page needed   _ ]
> He has seen the ravages of war, he has known natural catastrophes, he has
> been to singles bars.
>
> —   Woody Allen
#####  We face social pressure
Simile  compares two different things that resemble
each other in at least one way using "like" or "as" to explain the comparison.
[3]  [4]
Diacope  is the repetition of a word or phrase
after an intervening word or clause.  [5]  [ _ page needed
 _ ]
Literary technique used to persuade
#  Rhetorical device
Discourse level rhetorical devices rely on relations between phrases, clauses
and sentences. Often they relate to how new arguments are introduced into the
text or how previous arguments are emphasized. Examples include  antanagoge
 ,  apophasis 
,  aporia  ,  hypophora  ,  metanoia  "Metanoia
\(rhetoric\)") and  procatalepsis  .
Understatement  , or  meiosis
 "Meiosis \(figure of speech\)") ,
involves deliberately understating the importance, significance or magnitude
of a subject.  [12]  [ _ page needed   _ ]
###  Derision
###  Anaphora/Epistrophe/Symploce/Epanalepsis
> But O, what damned minutes tells he o'er
>  Who dotes, yet doubts; suspects, yet strongly loves!
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Othello  3.3
#####  We write off negative information
> Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest -
>  For Brutus is an honourable man;
>  So are they all, all honourable men -
>  Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral.
>  He was my friend, faithful and just to me:
>  But Brutus says he was ambitious;
>  And Brutus is an honourable man.
>
> —  Shakespeare  Julius Caesar  "Julius Caesar
> \(play\)") 3.2
Reference class forecasting  predicts the outcome of a planned action based on actual
outcomes in a reference class of similar actions to that being forecast.
###  The Sunk Cost Fallacy
(Modern Singapore is currently  58 years old.)
Symploce  is a simultaneous combination of both
anaphora and epistrophe, but repeating different words at the start and end.
[9]
Where this bias occurs  __
Consumer Insights  From Theory to Frameworks: Putting Behavioral Science to
Work    Podcast  Management in the WFH World with Jean-
Nicolas Reyt
> Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your
> country.
>
> —   John F Kennedy  ,  Inaugural
> Address
Industries  icon__angle-down--gray-color
Laboratory experiments  

One kind of laboratory demonstration involves two lights marked "Score" and
"No Score". Subjects have to try to control which one lights up. In one
version of this experiment, subjects could press either of two buttons.  [17]
Another version had one button, which subjects decided on each trial to press
or not.  [18]  Subjects had a variable degree of control over the lights, or
none at all, depending on how the buttons were connected. The experimenters
made clear that there might be no relation between the subjects' actions and
the lights.  [18]  Subjects estimated how much control they had over the
lights. These estimates bore no relation to how much control they actually
had, but was related to how often the "Score" light lit up. Even when their
choices made no difference at all, subjects confidently reported exerting some
control over the lights.  [18]
The  Sydney Opera House  was
expected to be completed in 1963. A scaled-down version opened in 1973, a
decade later. The original cost was estimated at $7 million, but its delayed
completion led to a cost of $102 million.  [10]
Education  Unlocking every classroom's potential using behavioral science
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sustainable future through nudging    Financial
Inclusion  Empowering people to take control of their finances
Self reported behavior  

Yet another way to investigate perceptions of control is to ask people about
hypothetical situations, for example their likelihood of being involved in a
motor vehicle accident. On average, drivers regard accidents as much less
likely in "high-control" situations, such as when they are driving, than in
"low-control" situations, such as when they are in the passenger seat. They
also rate a high-control accident, such as driving into the car in front, as
much less likely than a low-control accident such as being hit from behind by
another driver.  [16]  [23]  [24]
> Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall.
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Measure for Measure  2.1
###  Enthymeme
*  Argumentation 
*  Cognitive 
*  Contrastive 
*  Constitutive 
*  Digital 
*  Feminist 
*  Native American 
*  New 
*  Health and medicine 
*  Pedagogy 
*  Procedural 
*  Science 
*  Technology 
*  Therapy 
*  Visual 
*  Composition
##  Example 2 – The Canadian Pacific Railway
Anadiplosis  involves repeating the last
word(s) of one sentence, phrase or clause at or near the beginning of the
next.  [4]
Retrieved from " 
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhetorical_device&oldid=1188381253

"
##  About Us
###  Aporia
##  Sources
* This page was last edited on 5 December 2023, at 01:42  (UTC)  .
* Text is available under the  Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0   ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the  Terms of Use  and  Privacy Policy  . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the  Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.  , a non-profit organization.
###  Alliteration
###  Hyperbole
*  Aristotle 
*  Aspasia 
*  Augustine 
*  Bakhtin 
*  Booth 
*  Brueggemann 
*  Burke 
*  Cicero 
*  de Man 
*  Demosthenes 
*  Derrida 
*  Erasmus 
*  Gorgias 
*  Hobbes 
*  Isocrates 
*  Lucian 
*  Lysias 
*  McLuhan 
*  Ong 
*  Perelman 
*  Pizan 
*  Plato 
*  Protagoras 
*  Quintilian 
*  Ramus 
*  Richards 
*  Smith 
*  Tacitus 
*  Toulmin 
*  Vico 
*  Weaver
###  Anadiplosis/Conduplicatio
By anticipating and answering a possible objection,  procatalepsis
 allows an argument to continue while
rebutting points opposing it. It is a relative of  hypophora
 .  [12]  [ _ page needed
 _ ]
###  Metanoia
*  Wikimedia Commons
Metaphor  connects two different things to one
another. It is frequently invoked by the verb "to be".  [3]  [4]  The use of
metaphor in rhetoric is primarily to convey to the audience a new idea or
meaning by linking it to an already familiar idea or meaning. The literary
critic and rhetorician,  I. A. Richards  , divides a metaphor into two parts: the vehicle and the tenor.
[21]
Anaphora  "Anaphora \(rhetoric\)") is repeating
the same word(s) at the beginning of successive sentences, phrases or clauses.
[3]
Tropes  "Trope \(literature\)") |
###  Additional studies
###  Zeugma
Rhetoricians
##  Resources
##  Word relation
*  Insights 
*  Interventions 
*  Biases 
*  Our Mission 
*  Contact
> Small showers last long but sudden storms are short.
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Richard II  "Richard II
> \(play\)") 2.1
_\(cropped\).jpg)  Daniel Kahneman
 who, along with  Amos Tversky
 , proposed the fallacy
#####  Set implementation intentions
Irony  is the figure of speech where the words of a
speaker intends to express a meaning that is directly opposite of the said
words.  [3]  [4]
About Us  icon__angle-down--gray-color
*  Ancient Greece 
*  Asianism 
*  Atticism 
*  Attic orators 
*  Calliope 
*  Sophists 
*  Ancient India 
*  Ancient Rome 
*  The age of Cicero 
*  Second Sophistic 
*  Middle Ages 
*  Byzantine rhetoric 
*  Trivium 
*  Renaissance 
* _ Studia humanitatis  _
*  Modern period
*  Downside risk  – Risk of the actual return being below the expected return
*  Hiding hand principle  – How ignorance intersects with rational choice to undertake a project
*  Hofstadter's law  – Self-referential adage referring to time estimates
*  Parkinson's law  – Adage that work expands to fill its available time
Cognitive bias of underestimating time needed
##  Proposed explanations
> Hear the loud alarum bells–
>  Brazen bells! What tale of terror, now, their turbulency tells!
>  In the startled ear of night
>  How they scream out their affright!
>  Too much horrified to speak,
>  They can only shriek, shriek...
>
> —   Edgar Allan Poe  ,  The
> Bells  "The Bells \(poem\)")
#  Planning Fallacy
Assonance  is the repetition of similar vowel
sounds across neighbouring words.  [5]  [ _ page needed
 _ ]
The  Big Dig  which undergrounded the  Boston
Central Artery  was completed seven
years later than planned,  [19]  for $8.08 billion on a budget of $2.8 billion
(in 1988 dollars).  [20]
This can create  anticlimax 
"Anticlimax \(figure of speech\)") for humour or other purposes.
Epizeuxis  is repetition of the same word
without interruption.  [4]
> If you had known the virtue of the ring,
>  Or half her worthiness that gave the ring,
>  Or your own honour to contain the ring,
>  You would not then have parted with the ring.
>
> —  Shakespeare,  The Merchant of Venice  5.1
*  العربية  
*  Български  
*  Deutsch  
*  Español  
*  فارسی  
*  Polski  
*  Português  
*  Русский  
*  ไทย  
*  Українська  
*  中文
> We must, indeed, all hang together, or most assuredly we shall all hang
> separately.
>
> —   Benjamin Franklin
When the rhetorical question posed is answered, this is also an instance of 
hypophora  .
> The gray-eyed morn smiles on the frowning night
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Romeo and Juliet  2.3
> There's something tells me, but it is not love,
>  I would not lose you; and you know yourself,
>  Hate counsels not in such a quality.
>
> —  Shakespeare,  The Merchant of Venice  3.2
###  For individual tasks
###  Onomatopoeia
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*  CS1 errors: missing periodical 
*  CS1 errors: periodical ignored 
*  Articles with short description 
*  Short description is different from Wikidata
#####  Example #2 – The Canadian Pacific Railway
##  Related TDL articles
*  Cluster 
*  Dramatic 
*  Pentadic 
*  Frame 
*  Genre 
*  Ideological 
*  Metaphoric 
*  Mimesis 
*  Narrative 
*  Neo-Aristotelian  "Neo-Aristotelianism \(literature\)")
*  Alliteration 
*  Anadiplosis 
*  Anaphora  "Anaphora \(rhetoric\)")
*  Antimetabole 
*  Antithesis 
*  Aposiopesis 
*  Assonance 
*  Asyndeton 
*  Chiasmus 
*  Climax  "Climax \(rhetoric\)")
*  Anti #Anticlimax "Climax \(rhetoric\)")
*  Consonance 
*  Epanalepsis 
*  Epiphrase 
*  Epistrophe 
*  Epizeuxis 
*  Hendiadys 
*  Homeoteleuton 
*  Hypallage 
*  Hyperbaton 
*  Hysteron proteron 
*  Isocolon 
*  Parallelism  "Parallelism \(rhetoric\)")
*  Polyptoton 
*  Polysyndeton 
*  Spoonerism 
*  Symploce 
*  Tmesis 
*  Zeugma
##  What is the Planning Fallacy?
*  v  
*  t  
*  e
> He caught the train and a bad cold.
>  This shirt attracts everything but men.
>  I held my breath and the door for you.
>  Dumbledore was striding serenely across the room wearing long midnight-blue
> robes and a perfectly calm expression.
>
> —   J. K. Rowling  , _ Harry Potter
> and the Order of the Phoenix
>  _
A subtype of understatement is  litotes  , which
uses negation:
*  v  
*  t  ")
*  e
###  Auxesis/Catacosmesis
Chiasmus  involves parallel clause structure but
in reverse order for the second part. This means that words or elements are
repeated in the reverse order.  [13]  [ _ page needed
 _ ]  The ideas
thus contrasted are often related but not necessarily opposite.
###  Irony
See also  

*   Psychology portal 
*   Philosophy portal 

*  Free will 
*  Hedonic treadmill 
*  Neuroticism 
*  Obsessive compulsive disorder 
*  Toxic positivity
> Swerve not from the smallest article of it, neither in time, matter or other
> circumstance.
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Measure for Measure  4.2
*  Health & Wellbeing 
*  Education 
*  Consumer Behavior 
*  Technology & AI 
*  Climate & Sustainability 
*  Development & Social Protection 
*  Financial Inclusion 
*  Public Policy 
*  Impact Strategy & Governance 
* Resources  __
*   * __ Main Menu
Zeugma  involves the
linking of two or more words or phrases that occupy the same position in a
sentence to another word or phrase in the same sentence. This can take
advantage of the latter word having multiple meanings depending on context to
create a clever use of language that can make the sentence and the claim thus
advanced more eloquent and persuasive.
> To die, to sleep;
>  To sleep, perchance to dream...
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Hamlet  3.1
Apophasis  is the tactic of bringing up a
subject by denying that it should be brought up.  [19]  It is also known as
paralipsis, occupatio, praeteritio, preterition, or parasiopesis.
Antanagoge  involves "placing a good point
or benefit next to a fault criticism, or problem in order to reduce the impact
or significance of the negative point".  [4]
###  For group tasks
*  Prospect theory 
*  Cognitive biases 
*  Planning
In a 1994 study, 37  psychology  students
were asked to estimate how long it would take to finish their  senior theses
 . The average estimate was 33.9 days.
They also estimated how long it would take "if everything went as well as it
possibly could" (averaging 27.4 days) and "if everything went as poorly as it
possibly could" (averaging 48.6 days). The average actual completion time was
55.5 days, with about 30% of the students completing their thesis in the
amount of time they predicted.  [1]
> All faults that may be named, nay, that hell knows...
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Cymbeline  2.4
Retrieved from " 
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planning_fallacy&oldid=1213629258

"
#####  We prefer to focus on the positive
###  Collaborate With Us
Sonic devices depend on sound. Sonic rhetoric is used as a clearer or swifter
way of communicating content in an understandable way. Sonic rhetoric delivers
messages to the reader or listener by prompting a certain reaction through
auditory perception.  [2]  [1]  [ _ page needed
 _ ]
[10]  This can take advantage of  polysemy  .
[11]
#####  What it is
> I'll warrant him, as gentle as a lamb.
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Romeo and Juliet  2.5
#####   Why You Might Not Be Sticking To Your Plans
11 languages