mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
In the early 21st century, French scientist Pascal Cotte hypothesized a hidden
portrait underneath the surface of the painting. He analyzed the painting in
the Louvre with reflective light technology beginning in 2004, and produced 
circumstantial evidence  for his theory.  [111]  [112]  [113]  Cotte admits that his
investigation was carried out only in support of his hypotheses and should not
be considered as definitive proof.  [112]  [83]  The underlying portrait
appears to be of a model looking to the side, and lacks flanking columns,
[114]  but does not fit with historical descriptions of the painting. Both
Vasari and  Gian Paolo Lomazzo  describe the subject as smiling,  [17]  [115]  unlike the subject in
Cotte's supposed portrait.  [112]  [83]  In 2020, Cotte published a study
alleging that the painting has an  underdrawing  , transferred from a preparatory drawing via the  _spolvero_
 technique.  [116]
###  Use in design
_(Left to right)_ US President  John F. Kennedy  ,  Madeleine Malraux  ,  André Malraux  , 
Jacqueline Kennedy  , and 
Lyndon B. Johnson  at the
unveiling of the _Mona Lisa_ at the  National Gallery of Art
 during its visit to
Washington D.C., 8 January 1963
The  halo effect  can be explained through
the application of Gestalt theories to social information processing.  [51]
[13]  The constructive theories of social cognition are applied to the
expectations of individuals. They have been perceived in this manner and the
person judging the individual is continuing to view them in this positive
manner.  [13]  Gestalt's theories of perception enforces that individual's
tendency to perceive actions and characteristics as a whole rather than
isolated parts,  [13]  therefore humans are inclined to build a coherent and
consistent impression of objects and behaviors in order to achieve an
acceptable shape and form. The halo effect is what forms patterns for
individuals,  [13]  the halo effect being classified as a cognitive bias which
occurs during impression formation.  [51]  The halo effect can also be altered
by physical characteristics, social status and many other characteristics.
[52]  As well, the halo effect can have real repercussions on the individual's
perception of reality, either negatively or positively, meaning to construct
negative or positive images about other individuals or situations, something
that could lead to  self-fulfilling prophesies  , stereotyping, or even
discrimination.  [13]
Music  |
Literature  |
##  Description
*   Painting 
*   Visual arts
Mona Lisa
---
 Italian  : _ _Gioconda_ _ , _
_Monna Lisa_ _
---|---
Part of a series on
---
 Psychology
1. ** ^  ** Some researchers claim that it was common at this time for genteel women to pluck these hairs, as they were considered unsightly.  [46]  [47]
2. ** ^  ** Leonardo, later in his life, is said to have regretted "never having completed a single work".  [65]
3. ** ^  ** "... Messer Lunardo Vinci [ _ sic  _ ] ... showed His Excellency three pictures, one of a certain Florentine lady done from life at the instance of the late Magnificent, Giuliano de' Medici."  [79]
4. ** ^  ** "Possibly it was another portrait of which no record and no copies exist—Giuliano de' Medici surely had nothing to do with the _Mona Lisa_ —the probability is that the secretary, overwhelmed as he must have been at the time, inadvertently dropped the Medici name in the wrong place."  [79]
5. ** ^  ** Along with _ The Virgin and Child with St. Anne  "The Virgin and Child with St. Anne \(Leonardo\)") _ and _ St. John the Baptist  "St. John the Baptist \(Leonardo\)") _
###  Thinking, Fast And Slow
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to   Mona Lisa
 .
The two men who served as Wertheimer's subjects in the phi experiments were
Köhler and Koffka. Köhler was an expert in physical acoustics, having studied
under physicist  Max Planck  , but had taken
his degree in psychology under  Carl Stumpf  . Koffka was also a student of Stumpf's, having studied movement
phenomena and psychological aspects of rhythm. In 1917, Köhler published the
results of four years of research on learning in chimpanzees. Köhler showed,
contrary to the claims of most other learning theorists, that animals can
learn by "sudden insight" into the "structure" of a problem, over and above
the associative and incremental manner of learning that  Ivan Pavlov
 and  Edward Lee Thorndike
 had demonstrated with
dogs and cats, respectively.
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#  Gestalt psychology
There has been much speculation regarding the painting's model and landscape.
For example, Leonardo probably painted his model faithfully since her beauty
is not seen as being among the best, "even when measured by late quattrocento
(15th century) or even twenty-first century standards."  [50]  Some historians
in Eastern art, such as  Yukio Yashiro 
, argue that the landscape in the background of the picture was influenced by
 Chinese paintings  ,  [51]
but this thesis has been contested for lack of clear evidence.  [51]
Jean Metzinger  , 1911, _ Le goûter
(Tea Time)  "Le goûter \(Tea Time\)") _ ,
oil on canvas, 75.9 x 70.2 cm,  Philadelphia Museum of Art
Louis Béroud  's 1911 painting depicting _Mona Lisa_ displayed in the  Louvre
 before the theft, which Béroud discovered and
reported to the guards
###  Display
#  Information
In 1921, Koffka published a Gestalt-oriented text on developmental psychology,
_Growth of the Mind_ . With the help of American psychologist  Robert Ogden
 , Koffka introduced the
Gestalt point of view to an American audience in 1922 by way of a paper in _
Psychological Bulletin  _ . It contains criticisms of then-current explanations of a number
of problems of perception, and the alternatives offered by the Gestalt school.
Koffka moved to the United States in 1924, eventually settling at  Smith
College  in 1927. In 1935, Koffka
published his _Principles of Gestalt Psychology_ . This textbook laid out the
_Gestalt_ vision of the scientific enterprise as a whole. Science, he said, is
not the simple accumulation of facts. What makes research scientific is the
incorporation of facts into a theoretical structure. The goal of the
_Gestaltists_ was to integrate the facts of inanimate nature, life, and mind
into a single scientific structure. This meant that science would have to
accommodate not only what Koffka called the quantitative facts of physical
science but the facts of two other "scientific categories": questions of order
and questions of _Sinn_ , a German word which has been variously translated as
significance, value, and meaning. Without incorporating the meaning of
experience and behavior, Koffka believed that science would doom itself to
trivialities in its investigation of human beings.
Figure-ground organization is a form of perceptual organization, which
interprets perceptual elements in terms of their shapes and relative locations
in the layout of surfaces in the 3-D world.  [16]  Figure-ground organization
structures the perceptual field into a figure (standing out at the front of
the perceptual field) and a background (receding behind the figure).  [39]
Pioneering work on figure-ground organization was carried out by the Danish
psychologist  Edgar Rubin  . The Gestalt
psychologists demonstrated that people tend to perceive as figures those parts
of our perceptual fields that are convex, symmetric, small, and enclosed.
[16]
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*  Yehawmilk Stele 
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* _ Budapest Horse  _
* _ Horse and Rider  "Horse and Rider \(wax sculpture\)") _
* _ Sforza Horse  _ (unexecuted)
*  Augusto Garau 
*  Amodal perception 
*  Cognitive grammar 
*  Egregore 
*  Gestaltzerfall 
*  Graz School 
*  Hans Wallach 
*  Hermann Friedmann 
*  James J. Gibson 
*  James Tenney 
*  Laws of association 
*  Mereology 
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*  Pál Schiller Harkai 
*  Pattern recognition (machine learning) 
*  Pattern recognition (psychology)  "Pattern recognition \(psychology\)")
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*  Rudolf Arnheim 
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*  Structural information theory 
*  Topological data analysis 
*  Wolfgang Metzger 
*  Vera Felicidade de Almeida Campos
* _ The Last Supper  "The Last Supper \(Leonardo\)") _ (  c.  1492–1498  )
* _ Pietà  "Pietà \(Michelangelo\)") _ (1498–1499)
*  San Pietro in Montorio  (1500)
* _ David  "David \(Michelangelo\)") _ (1501–1504)
* _ Mona Lisa  _ (  c.  1502–1516  )
*  St. Peter's Basilica  (1506–1513)
*  Sistine Chapel ceiling  (1508–1512)
*  Raphael Rooms  (1509–1524)
*  Transfiguration  "Transfiguration \(Raphael\)") (1516–1520)
* _ The Last Judgment  "The Last Judgment \(Michelangelo\)") _ (1536–1541)
*  Lisa del Giocondo
Related Books:
###  Working With Others
* ")
##  Perceptual organisation forms
####  Law of continuity
* .JPG "Copy of Mona Lisa commonly attributed to Salaì")
A
margin note by  Agostino Vespucci  (visible at right) discovered in a book at  Heidelberg University
 . Dated 1503, it states
that Leonardo was working on a portrait of  Lisa del Giocondo
 .  [15]  [16]
25.06.2018
](/clanning/) [
##  Conservation
The  Necker cube
 and the  Rubin vase  , two examples of  multistability
The  catalogue raisonné 
_Leonardo da Vinci_ (2019) confirms that the painting probably depicts Lisa
del Giocondo, with  Isabella d'Este  being the only plausible alternative.  [27]  Scholars have developed
several  alternative views  , arguing that Lisa del Giocondo was the subject of a
different portrait, and identifying at least four other paintings referred to
by Vasari as the _Mona Lisa_ .  [28]  Several other people have been proposed
as the subject of the painting,  [29]  including  Isabella of Aragon
 ,  [30]   Cecilia Gallerani  ,  [31]   Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla
 ,  [29]  Pacifica Brandano/Brandino, Isabella
Gualanda,  Caterina Sforza  , 
Bianca Giovanna Sforza  , Salaì, and even Leonardo himself.  [32]  [33]  [34]  Psychoanalyst
 Sigmund Freud  theorized that Leonardo
imparted an approving smile from his mother, Caterina, onto the _Mona Lisa_
and other works.  [35]  [36]
---|---
 Ancient Egypt  |
English  |
* , oil on canvas, 75.9 x 70.2 cm, Philadelphia Museum of Art")
Law of continuity
In 1911, the painting was still not popular among the lay-public.  [88]  On 21
August 1911, the painting was  stolen  from the
Louvre.  [89]  The painting was first missed the next day by painter  Louis
Béroud  . After some confusion as to
whether the painting was being photographed somewhere, the Louvre was closed
for a week for investigation. French poet  Guillaume Apollinaire
 came under suspicion
and was arrested and imprisoned. Apollinaire implicated his friend  Pablo
Picasso  , who was brought in for
questioning. Both were later exonerated.  [90]  [91]  The real culprit was
Louvre employee  Vincenzo Peruggia  , who had helped construct the painting's glass case.  [92]  He
carried out the theft by entering the building during regular hours, hiding in
a broom closet, and walking out with the painting hidden under his coat after
the museum had closed.  [24]
---
Subject  |
The _Mona Lisa_ is one of the most valuable paintings in the world. It holds
the  Guinness World Record  for the highest known painting insurance valuation in history at
US$100 million in 1962,  [13]  equivalent to $1 billion as of 2023  [ [update]
](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mona_Lisa&action=edit) .  [14]
1. "atomism," also known as "elementalism,"  [10]  : 3  the view that all knowledge, even complex abstract ideas, is built from simple, elementary constituents
2. "sensationalism," the view that the simplest constituents—the atoms of thought—are elementary  sense impressions 
3. "associationism," the view that more complex ideas arise from the association of simpler ideas.  [10]  : 3  [11]
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###  Clanning
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**Gestalt psychology** , **gestaltism** , or **configurationism** is a 
school of psychology  and a theory of  perception  that emphasises the processing of entire patterns and
configurations, and not merely individual components. It emerged in the early
twentieth century in Austria and Germany as a rejection of basic principles of
 Wilhelm Wundt  's and  Edward
Titchener  's elementalist and 
structuralist psychology  "Structuralism
\(psychology\)") .  [1]  [2]  [3]
A version known as the _ Hermitage Mona Lisa 
"Mona Lisa \(Hermitage\)") _ is in the  Hermitage Museum
 and it was made by an unknown
16th-century artist.  [167]  [168]
Lisa del Giocondo was a member of the  Gherardini  family of  Florence  and 
Tuscany  , and the wife of wealthy Florentine silk
merchant Francesco del Giocondo.  [22]  The painting is thought to have been
commissioned for their new home, and to celebrate the birth of their second
son, Andrea.  [23]  The Italian name for the painting,  _La Gioconda_ , means
'jocund' ('happy' or 'jovial') or, literally, 'the jocund one', a pun on the
feminine form of Lisa's married name, Giocondo.  [22]  [24]  In French, the
title  _La Joconde_ has the same meaning.
Methodologies  |
Share this concept:
Law of
proximity
###  Figure-ground organization
General
2018
The principle of totality asserts that conscious experience must be considered
globally by taking into account all the physical and mental aspects of the
individual simultaneously, because the nature of the mind demands that each
component be considered as part of a  system  of
dynamic relationships. Thus,  holism  as fundamental aspect of Gestalt psychology.  [9]  [24]  Moreover,
the perception of the nature of a part depends upon the whole in which it is
embedded.  [9]  [25]  The maxim that the whole is more than the sum of its
parts is not a precise description of the Gestaltist view.  [9]  Rather, as
Koffka writes, "The whole is something else than the sum of its parts, because
summing is a meaningless procedure, whereas the whole-part relationship is
meaningful."  [26]
Basic
psychology  "Basic science
\(psychology\)") |
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1911 theft  |
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####  Law of symmetry
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Of  Leonardo da Vinci's works  , the _Mona Lisa_ is the only portrait
whose authenticity has never been seriously questioned,  [55]  and one of four
works – the others being _ Saint Jerome in the Wilderness
 "Saint Jerome in the
Wilderness \(Leonardo\)") _ , _ Adoration of the Magi
 "Adoration of the Magi
\(Leonardo\)") _ and _ The Last Supper 
"The Last Supper \(Leonardo\)") _ – whose attribution has avoided controversy.
[56]  He had begun working on a portrait of  Lisa del Giocondo
 , the model of the _Mona Lisa_
, by October 1503.  [25]  [26]  It is believed by some that the _Mona Lisa_
was begun in 1503 or 1504 in Florence.  [57]  Although the Louvre states that
it was "doubtless painted between 1503 and 1506",  [8]  art historian  Martin
Kemp  "Martin Kemp \(art historian\)")
says that there are some difficulties in confirming the dates with certainty.
[22]   Alessandro Vezzosi 
believes that the painting is characteristic of Leonardo's style in the final
years of his life, post-1513.  [58]  Other academics argue that, given the
historical documentation, Leonardo would have painted the work from 1513.
[59]  According to Vasari, "after he had lingered over it four years, [he]
left it unfinished".  [18]  In 1516, Leonardo was invited by  King Francis I
 to work at the  Clos Lucé
 near the  Château d'Amboise
 ; it is believed that he
took the _Mona Lisa_ with him and continued to work on it after he moved to
France.  [32]  Art historian Carmen C. Bambach has concluded that Leonardo
probably continued refining the work until 1516 or 1517.  [60]  Leonardo's
right hand was paralytic  c.  1517  ,  [61]  which may indicate why he left
the _Mona Lisa_ unfinished.  [62]  [63]  [64]  [b]
###  Frame
* _ Medusa  "Medusa \(Leonardo\)") _
* _ Madonna and Child with the Infant Saint John the Baptist  "Madonna and Child with the Infant Saint John the Baptist \(Leonardo\)") _
* _ The Holy Infants Embracing  _
* _ The Battle of Anghiari  "The Battle of Anghiari \(Leonardo\)") _
* _ Leda and the Swan  "Leda and the Swan \(Leonardo\)") _
American  |
###  _Perceptual grouping_
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A version of _Mona Lisa_ known as  _Mujer de mano de Leonardo Abince_ ("Woman
by Leonardo da Vinci's hand",  Museo del Prado  , Madrid) was for centuries considered to be a work by Leonardo.
However, since its restoration in 2012, it is now thought to have been
executed by one of  Leonardo's pupils  in
his studio at the same time as _Mona Lisa_ was being painted.  [155]  The
Prado's conclusion that the painting is probably by  Salaì  (1480–1524) or by  Melzi 
(1493–1572) has been called into question by others.  [156]
Invariance is the property of  perception 
whereby simple  geometrical  objects are
recognized independent of rotation, translation, and scale, as well as several
other variations such as elastic deformations, different lighting, and
different component features. For example, the objects in **A** in the figure
are all immediately recognized as the same basic shape, which is immediately
distinguishable from the forms in **B** . They are even recognized despite
perspective and elastic deformations as in **C** , and when depicted using
different graphic elements as in **D** . Computational theories of vision,
such as those by  David Marr  "David Marr
\(psychologist\)") , have provided alternate explanations of how perceived
objects are classified.
Max Wertheimer distinguished two kinds of thinking: productive thinking and
reproductive thinking.  [8]  : 456  [44]  [45]  : 361  _Productive thinking_
is solving a problem based on insight—a quick, creative, unplanned response to
situations and environmental interaction. _Reproductive thinking_ is solving a
problem deliberately based on previous experience and knowledge. Reproductive
thinking proceeds  algorithmically  —a problem
solver reproduces a series of steps from memory, knowing that they will lead
to a solution—or by  trial and error  .  [45]  : 361
Manuscripts  |
The painting has been traditionally considered to depict the Italian
noblewoman  Lisa del Giocondo 
.  [9]  It is painted in oil on a white  Lombardy poplar
  panel  . Leonardo never gave the painting to the Giocondo family.  [10]
It was believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506; however, Leonardo
may have continued working on it as late as 1517. King  Francis I of France
 acquired the _Mona Lisa_
after Leonardo's death in 1519, and it is now the property of the French
Republic. It has normally been on display at the  Louvre  in Paris since 1797.  [11]
2014: _Mona
Lisa_ is among the greatest attractions in the Louvre.
*  List of works by Leonardo da Vinci 
*  List of most expensive paintings 
*  List of stolen paintings 
*  Speculations about _Mona Lisa_ 
*  Male _Mona Lisa_ theories 
*  Two- _Mona Lisa_ theory
###  Cleaning and touch-up
Wertheimer had been a student of Austrian philosopher,  Christian von
Ehrenfels  , a
member of the  School of Brentano  . Von Ehrenfels introduced the concept of Gestalt to philosophy and
psychology in 1890, before the advent of Gestalt psychology as such.  [14]
[9]  Von Ehrenfels observed that a perceptual experience, such as perceiving a
melody or a shape, is more than the sum of its sensory components.  [9]  He
claimed that, in addition to the sensory elements of the perception, there is
something additional that is an element in its own right, despite in some
sense being derived from the organization of the component sensory elements.
He called it _Gestalt-qualität_ or "form-quality." It is this _Gestalt-
qualität_ that, according to von Ehrenfels, allows a tune to be transposed to
a new key, using completely different notes, while still retaining its
identity. The idea of a _Gestalt-qualität_ has roots in theories by  David
Hume  ,  Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
 ,  Immanuel
Kant  ,  David Hartley
 "David Hartley \(philosopher\)") , and 
Ernst Mach  . Both von Ehrenfels and  Edmund
Husserl  seem to have been inspired by
Mach's work _Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen_ (Contributions to the
Analysis of Sensations, 1886), in formulating their very similar concepts of
_gestalt_ and _figural moment_ , respectively.  [14]
A version of the _Mona Lisa_ known as the _ Isleworth Mona Lisa
 _ was first bought by an
English nobleman in 1778 and was rediscovered in 1913 by  Hugh Blaker
 , an art connoisseur. The painting was
presented to the media in 2012 by the Mona Lisa Foundation.  [160]  It is a
painting of the same subject as Leonardo da Vinci's _Mona Lisa_ . The current
scholarly consensus on attribution is unclear.  [161]  Some experts, including
 Frank Zöllner  ,  Martin Kemp
 "Martin Kemp \(art historian\)") and 
Luke Syson  denied the attribution to
Leonardo;  [162]  [163]  professors such as Salvatore Lorusso, Andrea Natali,
[164]  and John F Asmus supported it;  [165]  others like  Alessandro Vezzosi
 and  Carlo Pedretti
 were uncertain.  [166]