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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Uncontrollable suppression or repression of painful or unwanted
thoughts/memories

A **mental block** is an uncontrollable  suppression
 or  repression
 of painful or
unwanted thoughts/memories. It can also be an inability to continue or
complete a  train of thought  ,
as in the case of  writer's block 
. In the case of writer's block, many find it helpful to take a break and
revisit their topic. Another tactic that is used when people with mental
blocks are learning new information is repetition. A similar phenomenon occurs
when one cannot solve a problem in  mathematics  which one would normally consider as simple. Mental blocks can
be caused by physical disabilities or simply a lack of focus. Mental blocks
are also often used to describe a temporary inability to recall a name or
other information. A sudden cessation of speech or a thought process without
an immediate observable cause sometimes can be considered a consequence of
repression.  [1]  [ _ unreliable medical source?

"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources \(medicine\)") _ ]
Confirmation Bias 
is the tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in
a way that confirms one's preconceptions.
What is oxytocin?

Oxytocin is a hormone that's produced in the hypothalamus and released into
the bloodstream by the pituitary gland. Its main function is to facilitate
childbirth, which is one of the reasons it is called the "love drug" or "love
hormone." Oxytocin, like  endorphins  or  serotonin  , is a type of hormone in your body that promotes positive
feelings.
How can oxytocin affect mental health?

Oxytocin has been shown to decrease stress and anxiety levels.  Research
00069-1)
suggests that oxytocin can have a positive impact on social behaviors related
to

* relaxation
* trust
* overall psychological stability.
How to release endorphins

You can increase your body’s endorphin release by engaging in these
activities:

* ** Exercise  . ** A moderately intense pace, whether you’re walking fast or doing another form of aerobic activity, seems to be best for releasing endorphins.
* **Acupuncture.** An effective way to release endorphin is with pressure points. Placing fine needles into the skin at specific points around the body triggers the release of endorphins.
* **Meditation.** Breathing deeply and focusing your brain calms your mind and eases pain.
* **Sex.** These hormones are the reason for that blissful feeling many of us get after having sex. Experts believe that endorphins promote the release of other hormones that are involved in feelings of love.
* **Playing music.** When you sing, dance, or bang on a drum, you do more than entertain others. You also release a rush of endorphins, which research suggests might increase tolerance to pain.
* **Laughter.** A good belly laugh can do wonders for your state of mind. Along with releasing endorphins, laughter alters levels of  serotonin  and  dopamine  .
* **Ultraviolet light.** It’s no wonder that some people feel happy when they spend time outdoors in the sun. Ultraviolet light stimulates the release of beta-endorphins in the skin.

_**Endorphins is just one of the four feel-good hormones. To learn more about
the others and how they work, head to the beginning of this series  . ** _

** Image: microgen/Getty Images  **

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**Gene expression** is the process by which information from a  gene
 is used in the synthesis of a functional  gene product
 that enables it to produce end products,
 proteins  or  non-coding RNA  , and ultimately affect a  phenotype
 . These products are often  proteins
 , but in non-protein-coding genes such as 
transfer RNA (tRNA)  and  small nuclear
RNA (snRNA)  , the product is a
functional  non-coding RNA  . The process
of gene expression is used by all known life—  eukaryotes  (including  multicellular organisms
 ),  prokaryotes
 (  bacteria 
and  archaea  ), and utilized by  viruses
 —to generate the  macromolecular  machinery for life.

In  genetics  , gene expression is the most
fundamental level at which the  genotype  gives
rise to the  phenotype  , _i.e._ observable
trait. The genetic information stored in  DNA  represents
the genotype, whereas the phenotype results from the "interpretation" of that
information. Such phenotypes are often displayed by the synthesis of proteins
that control the organism's structure and development, or that act as 
enzymes  catalyzing specific metabolic pathways.

All steps in the gene expression process may be modulated (regulated),
including the  transcription  "Transcription
\(biology\)") ,  RNA splicing  , 
translation  "Translation \(biology\)") , and 
post-translational modification  of a protein.  Regulation of gene expression
 gives control over the timing,
location, and amount of a given gene product (protein or ncRNA) present in a
cell and can have a profound effect on the cellular structure and function.
Regulation of gene expression is the basis for  cellular differentiation
 ,  development
 ,  morphogenesis
 and the versatility and  adaptability
 of any  organism  . Gene regulation may therefore serve as a substrate for
evolutionary change.
Transcription  

 The process of
transcription is carried out by RNA polymerase (RNAP), which uses DNA (black)
as a template and produces RNA (blue).

Main article:  Transcription (biology) 
"Transcription \(biology\)")

The production of a RNA copy from a DNA strand is called  transcription
 "Transcription \(biology\)") , and is
performed by  RNA polymerases  ,
which add one  ribonucleotide  at a
time to a growing RNA strand as per the  complementarity
 "Complementarity \(molecular
biology\)") law of the nucleotide bases. This RNA is  complementary
 "Complementarity \(molecular
biology\)") to the template 3′ → 5′ DNA strand,  [1]  with the exception that
 thymines  (T) are replaced with  uracils
 (U) in the RNA and possible errors.

 In bacteria, transcription  is carried out by a single type of RNA polymerase, which needs
to bind a DNA sequence called a  Pribnow box  with the help of the  sigma factor 
protein (σ factor) to start transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription is
performed in the nucleus by three types of RNA polymerases, each of which
needs a special DNA sequence called the  promoter
 "Promoter \(biology\)") and a set of DNA-binding
proteins—  transcription factors  —to initiate the process (see regulation of transcription below). 
RNA polymerase I  is responsible
for transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes.  RNA polymerase II
 (Pol II) transcribes all
protein-coding genes but also some non-coding RNAs ( _e.g._ , snRNAs, 
snoRNAs  or  long non-coding RNAs  ).  RNA polymerase III
 transcribes  5S rRNA
 , transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and some small non-
coding RNAs ( _e.g._ ,  7SK  ). Transcription ends
when the polymerase encounters a sequence called the  terminator
 "Terminator \(genetics\)") .
* * *
The difference in color does not disturb this illusion as long as the
luminance order is maintained. In the figure shown below, the first, fourth,
fifth and eighth rows appear to move leftward while the rest appear to slide
rightward.

The green and the pink should be of the same luminance or the former should be
darker than the latter. This demonsrtation was not good in the VSJ meeting
because the green of the projecter was much brighter than the pink.
* * *
There is another subtype of this illusion as shown below. Each square made up
of horizontal stripes appears to expand in the horizontal direction. In this
case, the direction of illusory motion can be described as " **high-to-low**
contrast". The figures of this subtype are characterized by luminance edges,
not luminance gradients.

This demonsrtation was not supported by many people in the VSJ meeting. Do you
see this illusion?
* * *
A demonstration of the illusory motion made up of an ensemble of the two
subtypes. The upper and lower rows appear to move leftward, while the middle
one appears to slide rightward.

* * *
_ Anyway, this new class of anomalous motion illusion is characterized by
illusory motion that doe not require any retinal slip of images, which is
quite different from the characteristic of the Ouchi illusion or other related
illusions because they need retinal slips of images.  _
 
 The Ouchi illusion and a "swamp" illusion

* * *
_ This special characteristic is common to that shown in the peripheral drift
illusion (  Kitaoka and Ashida, 2003, VISION
 ), which, however,
cannot be seen in the central vision. Therefore, we would like to propose to
call the present new illusion the " **central drift illusion** ".  _
For applied works of the central drift illusion, see "  Sakura
 " or "  Hearts and
tears  ".
For applied works of the peripheral drift illusion, see "  Rotating snakes
 " or " 
Advance  ".
* * *
**Other notes**
1\. The central drift illusion seems to start with some delay after the change
of gaze.
2\. The central drift illusion is strong when the luminance gradient is drawn
along the longer axis of inducers while the peripheral drift illusion is
strong when the gradient is along the shorter axis, e.g. "  Eggs
 ".
3\. We will soon propose a model to explain the mechanism of the central drift
illusion.
cf.  
* * *
** Appendix  **
Apparent positional shifts are induced by the central drift illusion. Although
the upper and lower ellipses are aligned vertically, the former appears to
shift rightward as compared with the latter.

***
Although each pair of the upper and lower ellipses is aligned vertically, the
upper row appears to shift inward as compared with the lower one.

* * *
We will soon submit a manuscript involving this issue to an academic journal.
* * *
 Akiyoshi's illusion page
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Type of optical illusion

 Two images that
exhibit peripheral drift illusion. The different pattern of light and dark
causes the two circles to appear to rotate in opposite directions.

The **peripheral drift illusion** (PDI) refers to a  motion illusion
 generated by the presentation of
a sawtooth luminance grating in the visual periphery. This illusion was first
described by  Faubert  and Herbert
(1999), although a similar effect called the "escalator illusion" was reported
by Fraser and Wilcox (1979). A variant of the PDI was created by  Kitaoka
Akiyoshi  and Ashida (2003) who
took the continuous sawtooth luminance change, and reversed the intermediate
greys. Kitaoka has created numerous variants of the PDI, and one called
"rotating snakes" has become very popular. The latter demonstration has
kindled great interest in the PDI.

The  illusion  is easily seen when fixating off
to the side of it, and then blinking as fast as possible. Most observers can
see the illusion easily when reading text with the illusion figure in the
periphery. The motion of such illusions is consistently perceived in a dark-
to-light direction.

Two papers have been published examining the neural mechanisms involved in
seeing the PDI (Backus & Oruç, 2005; Conway et al., 2005). Faubert and Herbert
(1999) suggested the illusion was based on temporal differences in  luminance
 processing producing a signal that tricks the
motion system. Both of the articles from 2005 are broadly consistent with
those ideas, although  contrast  "Contrast
\(vision\)") appears to be an important factor (Backus & Oruç, 2005).
Two images that exhibit peripheral drift illusion. The different pattern of light and dark causes the two circles to appear to rotate in opposite directions. The **peripheral drift illusion** (PDI) refers to a motion illusion generated by the presentation of a sawtooth luminance grating in the visual periphery. This illusion was first described by Faubert and Herbert (1999), although a similar effect called the "escalator illusion" was reported by Fraser and Wilcox (1979). A variant of the PDI was created by Kitaoka Akiyoshi and Ashida (2003) who took the continuous sawtooth luminance change, and reversed the intermediate greys. Kitaoka has created numerous variants of the PDI, and one called "rotating snakes" has become very popular. The latter demonstration has kindled great interest in the PDI. The illusion is easily seen when fixating off to the side of it, and then blinking as fast as possible. Most observers can see the illusion easily when reading text with the illusion figure in the periphery. The motion of such illusions is consistently perceived in a dark-to-light direction. Two papers have been published examining the neural mechanisms involved in seeing the PDI (Backus & Oruç, 2005; Conway et al., 2005). Faubert and Herbert (1999) suggested the illusion was based on temporal differences in luminance processing producing a signal that tricks the motion system. Both of the articles from 2005 are broadly consistent with those ideas, although contrast "Contrast (vision)") appears to be an important factor (Backus & Oruç, 2005). ## Rotating snakes \ [edit\]  Illusion similar to _Rotating Snakes_ **Rotating snakes** is an optical illusion developed by Professor Akiyoshi Kitaoka in 2003.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_drift_illusion?utm_source=chatgpt.com#cite_note-1) A type of peripheral drift illusion, the "snakes" consist of several bands of color which resemble coiled serpents. Although the image is static, the snakes appear to be moving in circles. The speed of perceived motion depends on the frequency of microsaccadic eye movements (Alexander & Martinez-Conde, 2019).
Humanity portrayed in evolutionary context  

 Desmond Morris  in  The Naked Ape
 and  The Human Zoo
 "The Human Zoo \(book\)") ,  Robert Ardrey
 in  African Genesis
 and  Konrad Lorenz
 in  On Aggression
 all wrote from a  sociobiological
 perspective. They viewed the human
species as an animal, subject to the evolutionary law of  Survival of the
fittest  through
adaptation to the  biophysical environment  .  [6]
Zoomorphic representation in religion  

* The appearance of the  Holy Spirit  like a  dove  in the  New Testament  (The Gospel According to Luke 3: 22), "and the Holy Spirit descended on him in bodily form like a dove..."
*  Mark the Evangelist  as a  lion  in later Christian  iconography  .
* In Hinduism Vishnu's vahana Garuda is depicted as an eagle or kite or with half kite and half human body.
* The  Egyptian gods  were often depicted as zoomorphic or as  hybrid 
* The names of the two most prominent Hebrew Bible female prophets - Deborah and Huldah - were in the Babylonian Talmud interpreted in zoomorphic terms as "wasp" and "weasel."  [4]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Zoomorph" redirects here. For the toy line, see  Zoomorphs  .

Type of art

 Fish-shaped door
handle from Germany, an example of a zoomorphic artwork

The word _zoomorphism_ derives from  Ancient Greek
 :  ζωον  ,  
romanized  :  _zōon_ ,   lit. 
'animal' and  Ancient Greek  :  μορφη  ,   romanized  :  _morphē_ ,   lit.
 'form; shape'. In the
context of art, **zoomorphism** could describe art that imagines humans as
non-human animals.  [1]  It can also be defined as art that portrays one
species of animal like another species of animal or art that uses animals as a
visual motif, sometimes referred to as "  animal style  ." In  ancient Egyptian religion
 , deities were
depicted in animal form which is an example of zoomorphism in not only art but
in a religious context.  [2]  It is also similar to the term  therianthropy
 ; which is the ability to shape shift
into animal form,  [3]  except that with zoomorphism the animal form is
applied to a physical object. It means to attribute animal forms or animal
characteristics to other animals, or things other than an animal; similar to
but broader than  anthropomorphism  . Contrary to  anthropomorphism  , which views animal or non-animal behavior in human
terms, zoomorphism is the tendency of viewing human behavior in terms of the
behavior of animals. It is also used in literature to portray the act of
humans or objects with animalistic behavior or features. The use of
zoomorphism served as a decorative element to objects that are typically quite
simple in shape and design.

The 'Cockerel' diadem, from  Calouste Gulbenkian Museum
 (  Lisbon
 , Portugal), made between 1897 and 1898 by  René
Lalique   
Calligram  of a  tiger 
in  Arabic  , an example of zoomorphic
calligraphy
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In  psychology  and  neuroscience
 , **memory span** is the longest list of
items that a person can repeat back in correct order immediately after
presentation on 50% of all trials. Items may include words, numbers, or
letters. The task is known as _digit span_ when numbers are used. Memory span
is a common measure of  working memory  and  short-term memory  . It is also a component of cognitive ability tests such as the 
WAIS  . Backward memory span is a more challenging variation which involves
recalling items in reverse order.
Symptoms of split-brain syndrome

Many patients with split-brain syndrome retain intact memory and social
skills. Split-brain patients also maintain motor skills that were learned
before the onset of their condition and require both sides of the body;
examples include walking, swimming, and biking. They can also learn new tasks
that involve either parallel or mirrored movements of their fingers or hands.
They cannot, however, learn to perform new tasks that require interdependent
movement of each hand, such as learning to play the piano, where both hands
must work together to produce the desired music. Eye movements also remain
coordinated.

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Since information cannot be directly shared between the two hemispheres,
split-brain patients display unusual behaviours, particularly concerning
speech and object recognition. For instance, when blindfolded a split-brain
patient may not be able to name a familiar object that is held in the left
hand, because information for the sense of touch is  relayed
 from the left side of the
body to the right hemisphere, which typically has a weak language centre.
Without an intact corpus callosum, a person cannot access verbal information
in the left hemisphere as long as the object remains in the left hand. For the
same reason, the patient may have difficulty using the left hand to execute
verbal commands; the inability to respond to commands with motor activity is a
form of  apraxia  . To
compensate for deficiencies in touch recognition by the left hand and left-
hand apraxia, the patient (still blindfolded) may hold the object in the right
hand, which relays information to the left hemisphere, providing access to the
patient’s dominant verbal bank and enabling him to speak the name of the
object. Upon hearing the name of a given object, the patient may also use the
left hand to retrieve it; this presumably is because auditory information is
processed by both hemispheres. The  diffuse
 nature by which sounds and
smells are processed across the brain appears to underlie other problems
experienced by split-brain patients. For example, patients are unable to name
odours presented to the right nostril, though the left hand can point out the
source. Some symptoms of chronic disconnection can improve with time.

 Rheanna Sand
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Phenomenon in psychology

The **Pygmalion effect** is a psychological phenomenon in which high
expectations lead to improved performance in a given area and low expectations
lead to worse.  [1]  It is named after the Greek myth of  Pygmalion
 "Pygmalion \(mythology\)") , the sculptor who
fell so much in love with the perfectly beautiful statue he created that the
statue came to life. The psychologists  Robert Rosenthal
 "Robert Rosenthal \(psychologist\)")
and  Lenore Jacobson  present a
view, that has been called into question as a result of later research
findings, in their book _Pygmalion in the Classroom;_ borrowing something of
the myth by advancing the idea that teachers' expectations of their students
affect the students' performance.  [2]  Rosenthal and Jacobson held that high
expectations lead to better performance and low expectations lead to worse,
[3]  both effects leading to  self-fulfilling prophecy  .

According to the Pygmalion effect, the targets of the expectations internalize
their positive labels, and those with positive labels succeed accordingly; a
similar process works in the opposite direction in the case of low
expectations. The idea behind the Pygmalion effect is that increasing the
leader's expectation of the follower's performance will result in better
follower performance. Within  sociology  , the
effect is often cited with regard to  education  and  social class  .