mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
2.  The Variety of Theories in Psychology
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* O  ther  -race effect  .  People recognize faces of people of their own race more accurately than faces of people of other races.
* Placebo effect  .  Placebos (fake psychological or medical treatments) often lead to improvements in people’s symptoms and functioning.
* Mere exposure effect  .  The more often people have been exposed to a stimulus, the more they like it—even when the stimulus is presented subliminally.
* Serial position effect  .  Stimuli presented near the beginning and end of a list are remembered better than stimuli presented in the middle. See a demonstration here:  Serial Position Effect
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* Fundamental attribution error  .  People tend to explain others’ behaviour in terms of their personal characteristics as opposed to the situation they are in.
* McGurk effect  .  When audio of a basic speech sound is combined with video of a person making mouth movements for a different speech sound, people often perceive a sound that is intermediate between the two. See a demonstration here:  The McGurk Effect
**WHERE DO TRENDS COME FROM IN THE FIRST PLACE?**
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I believe trends exist for a reason, and most people are always going to hop
on board with what is popular, it’s just human nature. That means that it’s
important to understand trends and why they exist. I believe trends should not
be pushed aside and stigmatised so easily, just because of their popularity.
They are important, because they tell us something about the society we live
in. If more and more people identify with some aspects of a trend, there must
be a reason for that. (I already touched this subject, but focused on a
specific trend – minimalism as a lifestyle in the article  “The art of
minimalism”  .)
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3.  Conducting Experiments
In fashion  

The bandwagon effect can also affect the way the masses dress and can be
responsible for clothing trends. People tend to want to dress in a manner that
suits the current trend and will be influenced by those who they see often –
normally celebrities. Such publicised figures will normally act as the
catalyst for the style of the current period. Once a small group of consumers
attempt to emulate a particular celebrity's dress choice more people tend to
copy the style due to the pressure or want to fit in and be liked by their
peers.  [ _ citation needed   _ ]
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I always keep an eye on current trends. I encourage you too keep an eye on 
Pantone’s colors of the year  . Keep an eye on what’s
going on in the fashion world. Keep an eyes on sites like  Brand New
 to see what new identities are
coming out. You can try to set your own trends, sure, but if you feel like
you’re not in a position to be a trend-setter then observe the best in the
business and see what they’re doing right.
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  interior design
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Chronological_items
"Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers") _ ]  , implying that people
were associating themselves with success without considering that with which
they associated themselves.

Despite its emergence in the late 19th century, it was only rather recently
that the theoretical background of bandwagon effects has been understood.
[12]  One of the best-known experiments on the topic is the 1950s'  Asch
conformity experiment  , which illustrates the individual variation in the bandwagon
effect.  [14]  [9]  Academic study of the bandwagon effect especially gained
interest in the 1980s, as scholars studied the effect of  public opinion
polls  on voter opinions.
[10]
*  Algorithmic radicalization 
*  Youth 
*  Echo chamber  "Echo chamber \(media\)")
*  Fake news website 
*  Post-truth politics 
*  United States 
*  Filter bubble 
*  Knowledge divide 
*  Knowledge gap hypothesis 
*  Political polarization in the United States 
*  Social media use in politics 
*  United States 
*  2016 U.S. presidential election 
*  2020 U.S. presidential election 

Related topics  |

*  Computer rage 
*  Criticism of Facebook 
*  2021 Facebook company files leak 
*  Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal 
*  Criticism of Netflix 
*  Cultural impact of TikTok 
*  Digital media use and mental health 
*  Effects of violence in mass media 
*  Fascination with death 
*  Griefer 
*  Mass shooting contagion 
*  Psychological effects of Internet use 
*  Sealioning 
*  Social aspects of television 
*  Social bot 
*  Social impact of YouTube 
*  Technophilia 
*  Neophile 
*  Technophobia 
*  Violence and video games 

*  v  
*  t  
*  e  

 Media manipulation 

---
Context  |

*  Bias 
*  Crowd psychology 
*  Deception 
*  Dumbing down 
*  False balance 
*  Half-truths 
*  Machiavellianism  "Machiavellianism \(psychology\)")
*  Media 
*  Obfuscation 
*  Orwellian 
*  Persuasion 
*  Manipulation (psychology)  "Manipulation \(psychology\)")

 Activism  |

*  Alternative media 
*  Boycott
SAVE & ACCEPT
* _ Ad hominem  _
*  Appeal to fear 
*  Appeal to emotion 
*  Atrocity propaganda 
* Bandwagon effect
*  Big lie 
*  Black propaganda 
*  Blood libel 
*  Buzzword 
*  Cartographic propaganda 
*  Censorship 
*  Cherry picking 
*  Demonizing the enemy 
*  Disinformation 
*  Dog whistle  "Dog whistle \(politics\)")
*  Doublespeak 
*  Fake news 
*  Flag-waving 
*  Framing  "Framing \(social sciences\)")
*  Gish gallop 
*  Glittering generality 
*  Historical negationism 
*  Ideograph  "Ideograph \(rhetoric\)")
*  Lawfare 
*  Loaded language 
*  Newspeak 
*  Monumental propaganda 
*  Obscurantism 
*  Plain folks 
*  Propaganda of the deed 
*  Whataboutism 
*  Public relations 
*  Rally 'round the flag effect 
*  Slogan 
*  Spin  "Spin \(propaganda\)")
*  Weasel word 
*  White propaganda 
*  Senbu 
*  Indoctrination 

 Authority control databases  : National  [ 
](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q955199
ixzz272aXkAwV)

*  v  
*  t  
*  e  

 Biases 

---

 Cognitive biases 

|

*  Acquiescence 
*  Ambiguity 
*  Anchoring  "Anchoring \(cognitive bias\)")
*  Attentional 
*  Attribution 
*  Actor–observer 
*  Correspondence 
*  Authority 
*  Automation 
*  Availability 
*  Mean world 
*  Belief 
*  Blind spot 
*  Choice-supportive 
*  Commitment 
*  Confirmation 
*  Compassion fade 
*  Congruence 
*  Cultural 
*  Distinction 
*  Dunning–Kruger 
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*  Curse of knowledge 
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*  Extrinsic incentives 
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*  Framing  "Framing effect \(psychology\)")
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*  Frog pond effect 
*  Halo effect 
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*  Hostile attribution 
*  Impact 
*  Implicit 
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*  Mean world syndrome 
*  Mere-exposure effect 
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*  Omission 
*  Optimism 
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*  Outcome 
*  Overton window 
*  Precision 
*  Present 
*  Pro-innovation 
*  Response 
*  Restraint 
*  Self-serving 
*  Social comparison 
*  Social influence bias 
*  Spotlight 
*  Status quo 
*  Substitution
External links  

* [ Definition at Investopedia ](http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bandwagon-effect.asp
2.  From Moral Principles to Ethics Codes
EspaÃ±ol
Some Famous Psychological Phenomena
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Societal phenomenon

This article is about the behavior. For the concept in international
relations, see  Bandwagoning  . For the
fallacy, see  Argumentum ad populum  .

Part of a series on
---
Behavioural influences

Fields of study

*  Obedience  "Obedience \(human behavior\)")
*  Compliance  "Compliance \(psychology\)")
*  Disobedience 
*  Group influences 
*  Social perception
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##  **Voting in the general election**
*  Techniques 

 Psychological warfare 
|

*  Airborne leaflets 
*  False flag 
*  Fifth column 
*  Information (IT) 
*  Lawfare 
*  Political 
*  Public diplomacy 
*  Sedition 
*  Subversion 

 Public relations  |

*  Cult of personality 
*  Doublespeak 
*  Non-apology apology 
*  Reputation management 
*  Slogans 
*  Sound bites 
*  Spin  "Spin \(propaganda\)")
*  Transfer  "Transfer \(propaganda\)")
*  Understatement 
*  Weasel words 
*  Corporate propaganda 

 Sales  |

*  Cold calling 
*  Door-to-door 
*  Pricing 
*  Product demonstrations 
*  Promotion 
*  Promotional merchandise 
*  Telemarketing 

Related  |

*  Influence-for-hire 
*  Media bias 
*  United States 
*  Media concentration 
*  Media democracy 
*  Media ecology 
*  Media ethics 
*  Media franchise 
*  Media influence 
*  Media proprietor 

*  v  
*  t  
*  e  

 Propaganda techniques 

---
Financial markets  

The bandwagon effect comes about in two ways in  financial markets
 .

First, through  price bubbles  : these
bubbles often happen in financial markets in which the price for a
particularly popular  security  "Security
\(finance\)") keeps on rising. This occurs when many  investors
 line up to buy a security  bidding
 up the price, which in return attracts more
investors. The price can rise beyond a certain point, causing the security to
be highly  overvalued  .  [7]

Second is  liquidity  holes: when unexpected
news or events occur,  market participants  will typically stop trading activity until the situation becomes
clear. This reduces the number of buyers and sellers in the market, causing
liquidity to decrease significantly. The lack of liquidity leaves  price
discovery  distorted and causes
massive shifts in  asset prices  ,
which can lead to increased panic, which further increases uncertainty, and
the cycle continues.  [7]
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Collectivism_and_individualism "Social organization")
*  Consensus reality 
*  Culture shock 
*  Dogma 
*  Echo chamber  "Echo chamber \(media\)")
*  False consensus effect 
*  Fear of missing out 
*  Groupthink 
*  Hazing 
*  Herd mentality 
*  Identification (psychology)  "Identification \(psychology\)")
*  Indoctrination 
*  Invented tradition 
*  Memory conformity 
*  Mere exposure effect 
*  Milieu control 
*  Mobbing 
*  Normalization  "Normalization \(sociology\)")
*  Normative social influence 
*  Passing (sociology)  "Passing \(sociology\)")
*  Patriotism 
*  Peer pressure 
*  Pluralistic ignorance 
*  Propaganda 
*  Psychosocial issue 
*  Operant conditioning 
*  Rally 'round the flag effect 
*  Social construction of gender 
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*  Addiction 
*  Behavioral 
*  Crime 
*  Hysterical 
*  Suicide 
*  Emotional 
*  Social influence 
*  Social integration 
*  Socialization 
*  Spiral of silence 
*  Teasing 
*  Toxic positivity 
*  Untouchability 

Individual pressure  |

*  Authoritarian personality 
*  Authoritarian leadership style 
*  Right-wing authoritarian personality 
*  Control freak 
*  Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder 

Conformity  |

*  Compliance  "Compliance \(psychology\)")
*  Communal reinforcement 
*  Countersignaling 
*  Creeping normality 
*  Herd behavior 
*  Internalization  "Internalization \(sociology\)")
*  Normalization of deviance 
*  Obedience  "Obedience \(human behavior\)")
*  Preference falsification 
*  Social proof 
*  Social reality
3.  Quasi-Experimental Research
1.  Phenomena and Theories
13.  Chapter 8: Complex Research Designs
3.  Putting Ethics Into Practice
3.  Conducting Surveys
In politics  

|

The examples and perspective in this section **may not represent a worldwide
view  of the subject ** .  You may
 improve this section
 ,
discuss the issue on the  talk page  , or create a new section, as appropriate.  _( August
2013  ) _ _(  Learn how and when to remove this template message

) _

---|---

The bandwagon effect can take place in  voting  :
[15]  it occurs on an individual scale where a voters opinion on vote
preference can be altered due to the rising popularity of a candidate  [16]
or a policy position.  [17]  The aim for the change in preference is for the
voter to end up picking the "winner's side" in the end.  [18]  Voters are more
so persuaded to do so in elections that are non-private or when the vote is
highly publicised.  [19]

The bandwagon effect has been applied to situations involving  majority
opinion  , such as political
outcomes, where people alter their opinions to the majority view.  [20]  Such
a shift in opinion can occur because individuals  draw inferences  [ _
clarification needed   _ ]  from the decisions of others, as in an  informational cascade
 .  [21]

Perceptions of popular support may affect the choice of activists about which
parties or candidates to support by donations or voluntary work in campaigns.
They may strategically funnel these resources to contenders perceived as well
supported and thus electorally viable, thereby enabling them to run more
powerful, and thus more influential campaigns.  [12]
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Figure 4.2 Representation of One
Theory of Intelligence. In this theory of intelligence, a general mental
ability (g) influences each of three more specific mental abilities: numerical
ability, spatial ability, and verbal ability. Theories of this type help to
organize a large number of statistical relationships among tests of various
mental abilities.
In social networking  

As an increasing number of people begin to use a specific social networking
site or application, people are more likely to begin using those sites or
applications. The bandwagon effect also  affects random people that which
posts are viewed and shared.  [ _ clarification needed
 _ ]  [27]

This research used bandwagon effects to examine the comparative impact of two
separate bandwagon heuristic indicators (quantitative vs. qualitative) on
changes in news readers' attitudes in an online comments section. Furthermore,
Study 1 demonstrated that qualitative signals had a higher influence on news
readers' judgments than quantitative clues. Additionally, Study 2 confirmed
the results of Study 1 and showed that people's attitudes are influenced by
apparent public opinion, offering concrete proof of the influence that digital
bandwagons.  [28]
3.  Additional Considerations
4.  Conducting Your Analyses
7.  Chapter 2: Getting Started in Research
5.  Preface
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Causes and factors  

Individuals are highly influenced by the pressure and norms exerted by groups.
As an idea or belief increases in popularity, people are more likely to adopt
it; when seemingly everyone is doing something, there is an incredible
pressure to  conform  .  [1]  Individuals'
impressions of public opinion or preference can originate from several
sources.

Some individual reasons behind the bandwagon effect include:

* Efficiency — Bandwagoning serves as a mental shortcut, or  heuristic  , allowing for decisions to be made quickly. It takes time for an individual to evaluate a behaviour or thought and decide upon it.  [10]
*  Normative social influence  (  belonging  ) — People have the tendency to conform with others out of a desire to fit in with the crowd and gain approval from others.  [9]  As conformity ensures some level of social  inclusion  and  acceptance  , many people go along with the behaviours and/or ideas of their group in order to avoid being the odd one out.  [1]  [10]  The '  spiral of silence  ' exemplifies this factor.
*  Informational social influence  — People tend to conform with others out of a desire to be right, under the assumption that others may know something or may understand the situation better.  [9]  In other words, people will support  popular beliefs  because they are seen as correct by the larger social group (the 'majority').  [10]  Moreover, when it seems as though the majority is doing a certain thing, _not_ doing that thing becomes increasingly difficult.  [1]  When individuals make  rational  choices based on the information they receive from others, economists have proposed that  information cascades  can quickly form in which people decide to ignore their personal information signals and follow the behaviour of others.  [6]
*  Fear of missing out  — People who are anxious about 'missing out' on things that others are doing may be susceptible to the bandwagon effect.  [9]
* Being on the 'winning side' — The desire to support a "winner" (or avoid supporting a "loser") can be what makes some susceptible to the bandwagon effect, such as in the case of voting for a candidate because they're in the lead.  [9]  [10]

Another cause can come from distorted perceptions of mass opinion, known as '
 false consensus  '
or '  pluralistic ignorance  '.  [ _ failed verification   _ ]  In politics, bandwagon effects can also come
as result of indirect processes that are mediated by political actors.
Perceptions of popular support may affect the choice of activists about which
parties or candidates to support by donations or voluntary work in campaigns.
[12]
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3.  Expressing Your Results
In sports  

Main article:  Bandwagon fan 

One who supports a particular sports team, despite having shown no interest in
that team until it started gaining success, can be considered a "  bandwagon
fan  ".  [26]
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##  Share This Book
Experiments  |

*  Asch conformity experiments 
*  Breaching experiment 
*  Milgram experiment 
*  Stanford prison experiment 

 Anticonformity  "Anticonformity
\(psychology\)") |

*  Alternative media 
*  Anti-authoritarianism 
*  Anti-social behaviour 
*  Auto-segregation 
*  Civil disobedience 
*  Cosmopolitanism 
*  Counterculture 
*  Culture jamming 
*  Deviance  "Deviance \(sociology\)")
*  Devil's advocate 
*  Dissent 
*  Eccentricity  "Eccentricity \(behavior\)")
*  Eclecticism 
*  Hermit 
*  Idiosyncrasy 
*  Individualism 
*  Insubordination 
*  Pueblo clown 
*  Rebellion 
*  Red team 
*  Satire 
*  Shock value 

*  v  
*  t  ")
*  e  

 Media  "Media \(communication\)") and  human
factors 

---

*  Cognitive psychology 
*  Externality 
*  Evolutionary psychology 
*  Behavioral modernity 
*  Cognition 
*  Mismatch 
*  Media psychology 
*  Media studies 
*  Social psychology 

Media practices  |

*  Betteridge's law of headlines 
*  Gatekeeping  "Gatekeeping \(communication\)")
*  "If it bleeds, it leads" 
*  Infotainment 
*  Human-interest story 
*  Junk food news 
*  Least objectionable program 
*  Soft media 
*  Media bias
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