mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
* You can improve performance of the  Trace Proximity Events  tool by doing one or more of the following:
* Use smaller values for the  Spatial Search Distance  and  Temporal Search Distance  parameters.
* Limit the entities of interest using the  Attribute Match Criteria  parameter.
* Specify a  Maximum Trace Depth  parameter value to limit the number of downstream traces for a given entity and the entity of interest.
* Set the extent environment so that you only analyze data of interest.
* Use  data that is local  to where the analysis is being run.
* Received  :  14 March 2023
_Davies–Bouldin score_ (Davies and Bouldin  1979
 A cluster separation measure. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell
2:224–227") ) is defined as the ratio between the cluster scatter and the
cluster’s separation. A lower value of this metric will indicate a better
clustering and it can be calculated as follows:
107K
The first 9-1-1 call reporting pedestrians being hit was received at 1:25 p.m.
 Eastern Time  .  [15]  [16]  At Finch
Avenue, a white  Chevrolet Express  van, rented from  Ryder  , ran a red light,
then drove southbound on the west-side sidewalk of Yonge Street, striking
multiple pedestrians.  [16]  [17]  The van continued along the sidewalk for
several more blocks, striking additional pedestrians.  [18]  [19]  Security
camera video from a local business shows the van reaching Tolman Street, which
is one block south of Finch Avenue, at 1:24 p.m. At one point, the van re-
entered the roadway due to the narrowness of the sidewalk, but at Park Home
Avenue, the van again drove onto the sidewalk, hitting pedestrians in front of
 Mel Lastman Square  , a
civic plaza on the west side of Yonge Street, 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) south
of Finch Avenue (16 blocks).  [20]
CrossRef Full Text 90024-3) | 
Google Scholar
Regarding omitted temporal detail, Fig.  1
 demonstrates the limitations of
existing approaches. Throughout this paper, we will refer back to this running
example - inspired by an in vivo social scenario - to illustrate our proposed
method. The example data here reflect the play of four children (A, B, C, and
D) during recess in a playground that features four distinct play areas: a
sandpit, a bench, a combination of green areas, and a walking path, plus the
entrance to the playground. In this scenario, Child-A played in the sandpit
during the whole break, whilst Child-B first played in the sandpit, then
engaged in a conversation with a peer on a bench, and later walked to the
entrance of the playground. According to the data source in Fig.  1
 a, Child-A interacted with peers
only at the beginning of recess time (i.e., T1, T2, T3) in the sandpit, where
most of the peers appear to have been located during the same period, whereas
Child-B interacted with peers across the entire recess time (i.e., T1, T4, T6)
in different locations (i.e., sandpit, bench, and the entrance). These facts
reflect distinctions that are relevant to social network structure. Yet
although Child-A and Child-B had different behavioral patterns during recess,
their positions in the static graph representation, as shown in Fig.  1
 b, appear the same: the graph
shows an equal number of edges (partners) with equal weights (number of
interactions), which yields the same representation as in their static
metrics, such as centrality measures. This example illustrates how these
static metrics are not sensitive to temporal changes, and fail to capture
complex dynamics that could be contained within such data.
Thomas J. Lundy  ,
Virtuallaboratory.Net, Inc., USA
 Ana Miranda  ,
Universidad de Valencia, Spain
For more than three years after the shooting, Reuters and other organizations
sought probes into the deaths of Noor-Eldeen and other journalists killed in
Iraq, but the U.S. military withheld key information on the grounds that it
was classified. The military also refused to release a video taken from one of
the gunships that captured the complete sequence and radio communication
during the shootings. On April 5, 2010, the video was released on the website
 WikiLeaks  , which said it acquired the video
from military whistle-blowers and viewed it after breaking the encryption
code.  [7]
"  Chad  "Chad \(slang\)") " and "Stacy" are nicknames
used on incel-related forums within  4chan  and 
Reddit  , to refer to popular, attractive, sexually
active men and women, respectively.  [55]  [56]  The term "Incel Rebellion" is
sometimes used interchangeably with the term "Beta Uprising" or "  Beta Male
 "Beta male \(slang\)") Uprising", which refers to
a violent response to sexlessness.  [57]  Elliot Rodger was the "incel
founding father" who committed the  2014 Isla Vista killings
 in California,
and someone whom Minassian claimed to have had contact with up until the days
before the 2014 attacks.  [58]  [59]  [60]  Rodger intended to target
attractive women and sexually successful men, which led to him being
posthumously idolized by some people on  misogynistic  online fringe communities, including several incel websites.  [61]
Facebook, Inc. verified the account as belonging to Minassian.  [26]  [59]  A
source in the  Department of National Defence
 "Department of National
Defence \(Canada\)") told media that C23249161 was Minassian's  military
identification number  during
his army training.  [62]
Sec. Educational Psychology
During the confrontation, the driver of the van repeatedly drew his hand from
his back pocket and pointed a dark-coloured object toward the officer as if it
were a pistol.  [23]  [24]  [25]  Lam ordered the driver to drop to the
ground, while the driver tried repeatedly to provoke the officer to kill him,
demanding he be shot "in the head!" when the officer warned him he may be
shot. Lam then went to his cruiser and turned off its siren. As the driver and
Lam advanced towards each other, the officer recognized that the object in the
driver's hand was not a gun, holstered his pistol, and took out his baton to
avoid the use of unnecessary  lethal force  . The driver then dropped the object from his hand, lay down on the
ground and surrendered to Lam. He was arrested at 1:32 p.m.  [26]
**Fig. 7**
Saeed Chmagh
Hutson, M. (2015). _The Science of Superstition. The Atlantic_ . Available at:
 http://www.theatlantic.com/  [accessed
February 16, 2015].
temporal_search_distance
##  Acknowledgments
An impromptu memorial at  Olive Square Park  on the east-side of Yonge Street, directly across the street
from where the attack began, was started by a local resident at 5:15 p.m. of
the same day for people to place flowers and express their grief in writing.
[96]  The person who started the memorial indicated that all the other public
spaces along Yonge Street, including Mel Lastman Square, were cordoned off by
police tape so he chose Olive Square which was not cordoned off.  [97]  Small
memorials ranging from a few bunches of flowers to about two dozen bunches of
flowers, plus paper messages, photographs and candles in some cases, were
established at each location from just south of Finch Avenue to just south of
Park Home Avenue where a pedestrian was killed (at the southwest corner of
Yonge Street and Park Home Avenue two victims were killed).  [98]  Next to the
fountain at the entry to Mel Lastman Square, where the greatest number of
people were struck (at least two killed), another memorial gradually grew to
become a hub memorial almost as large as the one at Olive Square.  [98]
*  First-degree murder  "Homicide \(Canadian law\)") (10 charges)
*  Attempted murder  (16 charges)
Entities of Interest IDs
One temporal node per original node per point in time is created. Thus, node
\\(v_i\\)  in the original graph is represented as  \\(v_{i,t}\\)  in the
temporal graph where  \\(t \in [1,\ldots ,T]\\)  are all the data points in
which node  \\(v_i\\)  is communicated; e.g., Child-B in Fig.  1
 is represented by the set of
instances  \\(v_{B,t} = [{v_{B1}, v_{B4}, v_{B6}}]\\)  .
A  terrorist   vehicle-ramming attack
 occurred on April 23,
2018, when a  rented   van  was driven along  Yonge Street 
through the  North York City Centre  business district in  Toronto  ,
 Ontario  ,  Canada  . The
driver, a 25-year-old man, targeted pedestrians, killing 11  [n 1]  and
injuring 15, some critically.  [2]  The incident is the deadliest vehicle-
ramming attack in Canadian history.  [3]  [4]  [5]  [6]  [7]
Location  |   North York City Centre  ,  North York  ,  Toronto
 ,  Ontario  ,  Canada

Date  |  April 23, 2018  ; 5 years ago  (  2018-04-23  )
1:22 – 1:32 p.m. (  EDT  )
Target  |  Pedestrians, particularly women
Google Scholar +and+Sociedad+Española+de+Psicofisiología+y+Neurociencia+Cognitiva+y+Afectiva+\(SEPNECA\).&publisher-
loc=Murcia,+Spain)
According to his  LinkedIn  profile, he was a
student at  Seneca College  in 
North York  from 2011 to 2018 and lived in 
Richmond Hill  .
Minassian had attended Sixteenth Avenue Public School, an elementary school in
Richmond Hill, in a  special education  class.  [44]  [43]  His former classmates at  Thornlea Secondary
School  in 
Thornhill  described him as
"not overly social" and "harmless".  [26]  [45]  Minassian attended a special
needs class for students within the  autism spectrum  while at Thornlea Secondary School;  [46]  Minassian's
mother is quoted as saying in a 2009 article that her son has  Asperger
syndrome  .  [47]
Chmagh was born January 1, 1967, in Iraq.  [9]  He joined  Reuters
 before the United States-led invasion in 2003. With
4 children of his own,  [1]  he financially supported his family and another
three through his work.  [2]  Chmagh also supported his sister's family after
 insurgents  "Iraqi insurgency
\(2003–11\)") killed her husband.  [2]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to   2018 Toronto van incident
 .
##  Related work
17 languages
Retrieved from " 
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Toronto_van_attack&oldid=1207034921

"
2010s  |
*  Volkmarsen  (February 2020)
*  George Floyd protests  (2020)
*  Trier  (December 2020)
*  Washington, D.C.  (April 2021)
*  London, Ontario  (June 2021)
*  Minneapolis  (June 2021)
*  Novara  (June 2021)
*  Waukesha  (November 2021)
*  Beersheba  (March 2022)
*  Ariel  (November 2022)
*  Guangzhou  (January 2023)
*  Laval  (February 2023)
*  Ramot  (February 2023)
*  Amqui  (March 2023)
*  Brownsville  (May 2023)
*  Washington D.C.  (May 2023)
*  Nottingham  (June 2023)
*  Tel Aviv  (July 2023)
*  Rochester  (January 2024)
*  Ra'anana  (January 2024)
##  Aftermath
Many domestic leaders expressed their support and condolences in the immediate
aftermath of the attack, including Canadian  Prime Minister
  Justin Trudeau
 ,  [90]   Opposition Leader
 "Leader of the Official
Opposition \(Canada\)")  Andrew Scheer 
,  [90]   Ontario Premier  
Kathleen Wynne  ,  [17]  and  Toronto
Mayor   John Tory
 .  [91]
Temporal Search Distance
##  Parameters
Spatial Search Distance
*  Azor  (February 2001)
*  Isla Vista  (February 2001)
*  Lyon  (March 2002)
*  UNC  (March 2006)
*  Glasgow  (June 2007)
*  Jerusalem bulldozer  (July 2008)
*  Kashgar  (August 2008)
*  Jerusalem BMW  (September 2008)
*  Apeldoorn  (April 2009)
where  \\(g(v_i,v_j,t)\\)  is the shortest path, starting from node  \\(v_i\\)
at time _t_ to the most accessible version of node  \\(v_j\\)  over time.
\\(t \in [1,\ldots ,T]\\)  is the set of time points that node  \\(v_i\\)  is
active (or communicating). _n_ is the number of finite  \\(g(v_i,v_j,t)\\)
values, e.g.,  \\(g(A,D, t = 1) = 2~(i.e., v_{A1}, v_{A2}, v_{D2})\\)  in our
example in Fig.  1  . In this
metric, the lowest number of hops defines the most accessible instance.
Consequently, the  \\(G_{in}(v_i)\\)  and  \\(G_{out}(v_i)\\)  are calculated
for node  \\(v_i\\)  as formulated in Eq.  2
 :
data_store
Attack type
National Health and Medical Research Council. (2015). _NHMRC Statement on
Homeopathy and NHMRC Information Paper: Evidence on the Effectiveness of
Homeopathy for Treating Health Conditions (NHMRC Publication No. CAM02)_ .
Available at:  https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/cam02
 [accessed March 28,
2015].
attribute_match_criteria
1. Maedeh Nasri
_Proximity data_ : Wearable proximity tags were used to detect face-to-face
contact between children during recess. If any pairs of proximity tags (i.e.,
children) were at a distance of up to 1.5 ms in the degree of about
\\(60-70^\circ\\)  , then they registered each other’s unique code via
Bluetooth. They wirelessly sent this detection to two base stations installed
in two different locations in the schoolyard. The installation locations were
estimated beforehand to obtain the highest coverage over the schoolyard by
considering the fact that each base station covers an area of up to
\\(25m^2\\)  . Hence, some children might have a low detection rate for
various reasons, e.g., playing far away from the base stations or tag
malfunctioning.To compensate for this error, the detection rate is calculated
per child by dividing the duration of detection by beagle over the total
duration of the break. Only children with a detection rate higher than 50% are
included for further analysis. As a result, three children from PG-2 who had a
low detection rate are excluded from further analysis. The data reported in
Table  4  is after this
exclusion. The obtained contact data is then fused with GPS data to obtain the
location of interactions.
2. 2\.
2018 Toronto van attack
---
.jpg)
##  Illustration
Analyzing temporal events via graphs, as in a “temporal graph”, was first
introduced by Kostakos (  2009  Temporal graphs. Phys A Stat Mech Appl
388\(6\):1007–1023") ). Using this representation, temporal metrics were
defined to assess geodesic and temporal proximity. These metrics estimated how
quickly a node was accessible by the network, and how quickly a network was
accessible by a node. Accessibility in temporal proximity was defined as the
time difference between temporal events in a weighted shortest-path algorithm.
Geodesic proximity was calculated using the number of hops between temporal
events in an unweighted shortest-path algorithm. Neither metric took into
account the spatial context of temporal events, e.g., the geo-distance between
nodes.
Attack location (Toronto)
Baghdad  , Iraq
*  CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list 
*  Articles with short description 
*  Short description is different from Wikidata 
*  Use Canadian English from April 2018 
*  All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English 
*  Use mdy dates from April 2018 
*  Articles containing OSM location maps 
*  Pages using infobox military person with embed 
*  Articles with hCards 
*  No local image but image on Wikidata 
*  Commons category link is on Wikidata 
*  Webarchive template wayback links 
*  Pages using the Kartographer extension
Input Points
The unweighted, undirected edges are used to link instantaneous communications
between nodes. E.g., an interaction between Child-A and Child-B in Fig.  1
 at time  \\(t_1\\)  is
instantiated as an undirected link between Child-A and Child-B.
###  Spatio-temporal proximity
Reuters Iraqi employee killed in 2007
As shown in Fig.  6  , we
identified four clusters via hierarchical clustering of pairwise spatio-
temporal proximity. Each cluster shows how the most accessible peers within
each cluster utilized the playground. As a result, in _Cluster 1_ , children
were most accessible in the communal area where most play structures were
quickly reachable (e.g., climbing frame, funnel ball, sandpit, and bench).
Children in _Cluster 2_ and _Cluster 4_ often played in sandpits and quickly
accessed their peers playing in the same location. According to field
observations, children in PG-1 often attended to wheeled movements. This is
observed in _Cluster 1_ and _Cluster 3_ , in which children widely used the
playground via wheeled mobility toys (e.g., bikes, steppers, etc.). This
finding shows how the available play structures impacted children’s use of
space and could determine group activities in a network.
####  In this topic
in_points
Vehicle-ramming attacks
####  Data preparation and pre-processing
##  Conflict of Interest Statement
Main article:  July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike
Police identified the suspect as Alek Minassian, who had no prior criminal
history.  [40]  [41]  His father, Vahe, had moved from  Armenia
 to Canada and worked as a software developer, and
his mother, Sona, was from  Iran  and had a job at IT
company  Compugen Inc.  [42]  Minassian
was also an aspiring software and  mobile app  developer.  [43]
After their deaths, Reuters screened a photographic tribute to Noor-Eldeen and
Chmagh in New York City's Times Square and London's Canary Wharf.  [5]  The
shootings and their deaths are detailed in a 2009 non-fiction book by  David
Finkel  , titled _ The Good Soldiers
 _ .  [4]
---
1970s  |
Paramedics 
were immediately called to the site, and  Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre

was activated as an emergency centre.  [21]
##  The Probability of the Cause
To tackle this problem, Kostakos (  2009
 Temporal
graphs. Phys A Stat Mech Appl 388\(6\):1007–1023") ) proposed a “temporal”
graph representation, in which the relationship between nodes and the position
of each node was investigated in the temporal context of an entire network,
rather than in an aggregated format. Based on this representation, Kostakos (
 2009 
Temporal graphs. Phys A Stat Mech Appl 388\(6\):1007–1023") ) introduced new
metrics, including average geodesic proximity and average temporal proximity,
which consider edge availability over time and take into account possible wait
times for each node before meeting the next node. Specifically, these are
measures of how quickly an individual is accessible by their network, and how
quickly the network is accessible by the individual. Figure  1
 c does show this temporal
representation: in contrast to a static analysis, Child-A and Child-B are
positioned differently in this representation. Here, the temporal metrics
preserve information about the order and the frequency of events over time.
Helena Matute  1  *   
Fernando Blanco  1    Ion
Yarritu  1    Marcos
Díaz-Lago  1   
Miguel A. Vadillo  2   
Itxaso Barberia  3  ,  4
Output Name
* Published  :  02 August 2023
*  Articles with short description 
*  Short description is different from Wikidata 
*  Articles with hCards 
*  Articles containing Arabic-language text 
*  Coordinates not on Wikidata
Consecutive pairs  \\({v_{i,{t_x}}, v_{i,{t_{x+1}}}}\\)  with directed edges
of weight  \\(t_{x+1}-t_{x}\\)  for each set of instances  \\(v_i\\)  are
linked, representing the temporal distance between the pair. For example, in
Fig.  1  , the weight between
nodes  \\(v_{B1}\\)  and  \\(v_{B4}\\)  is 3 time points.
|  Feature Set
Output Tracks  |
The present study is intended to further build upon the work of Kostakos ( 
2009 
Temporal graphs. Phys A Stat Mech Appl 388\(6\):1007–1023") ). Specifically,
temporal metrics proposed by Kostakos (  2009
 Temporal
graphs. Phys A Stat Mech Appl 388\(6\):1007–1023") ) are further developed to
incorporate the spatial aspect of social contacts and to examine the spatio-
temporal accessibility of individuals within a network.
Several vigils were held in the following week. A small vigil was held at
Lastman Square on the evening of April 24.  [102]  Another was held by the
Toronto Korean Community Association on April 27 at Lastman Square. An
official #TorontoStrong Vigil was held by the City of Toronto on April 29,
attended by several thousand.  [103]  [102]  It began with a march from Yonge
Street and Finch Avenue and ended with a gathering at Lastman Square. Speaking
at the gathering were community leaders and the event was attended by Prime
Minister Trudeau,  Governor General   Julie Payette  , Premier Wynne,  Quebec Premier   Philippe Couillard  , and Mayor Tory.  [104]  [105]
##  Problem definition
Front. Psychol.  , 02 July 2015
Article   MATH
  Google Scholar
Maedeh Nasri
Define Entities of Interest Using
Cat products
Classical view  

Main article:  Categories (Aristotle) 
"Categories \(Aristotle\)")

The **classical theory of categorization** , is a term used in  cognitive
linguistics  to denote
the approach to categorization that appears in Plato and Aristotle and that
has been highly influential and dominant in Western culture, particularly in
philosophy, linguistics and psychology.  [21]  [22]  Aristotle's categorical
method of analysis was transmitted to the  scholastic  medieval university through Porphyry's  Isagoge
 . The classical view of categories can be
summarized into three assumptions: a category can be described as a list of 
necessary and sufficient  features that its membership must have, categories
are discrete in that they have clearly defined boundaries (either an element
belongs to one or not, with no possibilities in between), and all the members
of a category have the same status. (There are no members of the category
which belong more than others).  [1]  [23]  [ _ page needed
 _ ]  [21]  In the
classical view, categories need to be clearly defined, mutually exclusive and
collectively exhaustive; this way, any entity in the given classification
universe belongs unequivocally to one, and only one, of the proposed
categories.  [ _ citation needed   _ ]

The classical view of categories first appeared in the context of  Western
Philosophy  in the work of 
Plato  , who, in his  Statesman
 "Statesman \(dialogue\)") dialogue, introduces
the approach of grouping objects based on their similar  properties
 "Property \(philosophy\)") . This approach was
further explored and systematized by  Aristotle  in his  Categories  "Categories
\(Aristotle\)") treatise, where he analyzes the differences between  classes
 "Class \(philosophy\)") and  objects
 "Object \(philosophy\)") . Aristotle also
applied intensively the classical categorization scheme in his approach to the
classification of living beings (which uses the technique of applying
successive narrowing questions such as "Is it an animal or vegetable?", "How
many feet does it have?", "Does it have fur or feathers?", "Can it fly?"...),
establishing this way the basis for  natural   taxonomy  "Taxonomy \(biology\)") .

Examples of the use of the classical view of categories can be found in the
western philosophical works of  Descartes  , 
Blaise Pascal  ,  Spinoza
 and  John Locke  ,
and in the 20th century in  Bertrand Russell  ,  G.E. Moore  , the 
logical positivists  . It
has been a cornerstone of  analytic philosophy  and its  conceptual analysis
 , with more recent
formulations proposed in the 1990s by  Frank Cameron Jackson
 and  Christopher
Peacocke  .  [24]  [25]
Age 12 and Up
Categorization is sometimes considered synonymous with classification (cf., 
Classification synonyms
57. ** ^  ** Nadine Chaurand. Stéréotypisation. Catégorisation sociale. Dictionnaire historique et critique du racisme, PUF, 10p, 2013. ffhal-00966930
58. ** ^  ** Magidor, Ofra (2019),  "Category Mistakes"  , in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), _The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy_ (Fall 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University  , retrieved  2020-01-17
59. ** ^  ** Cohen & Lefebvre 2017
60. ** ^  ** Lasnik, Howard; Lidz, Jeffrey L. (2016-12-22), Roberts, Ian (ed.),  "The Argument from the Poverty of the Stimulus"  , _The Oxford Handbook of Universal Grammar_ , Oxford University Press, pp. 220–248,  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199573776.013.10  ,  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-19-957377-6  
61. ** ^  ** Burt, Jeremy R; Torosdagli, Neslisah; Khosravan, Naji; RaviPrakash, Harish; Mortazi, Aliasghar; Tissavirasingham, Fiona; Hussein, Sarfaraz; Bagci, Ulas (2018-09-01).  "Deep learning beyond cats and dogs: recent advances in diagnosing breast cancer with deep neural networks"  . _The British Journal of Radiology_ . **91** (1089): 20170545.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1259/bjr.20170545  .  ISSN  "ISSN \(identifier\)")  0007-1285  .  PMC  "PMC \(identifier\)")  6223155  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  29565644  .