mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
* hallucinations
* delusions
* confused or disorganized speech
*  catatonia  , or disorganized or unusual movements and gestures
*  difficulty expressing emotion  and experiencing enjoyment and interest in life
Understanding Cenesthopathic Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia may result from a combination of factors,   including
 :
What to know about expressed emotion and schizophrenia
Schizoaffective Disorder vs. Schizophrenia: Understanding the Difference
* McCutcheon RA, et al. (2019). Schizophrenia, dopamine and the striatum: From biology to symptoms.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6401206
Schizophrenia and OCD commonly co-occur. They involve similar experiences of
anxiety and unusual behavior but have major differences that set them…
Types of hallucinations
* Schizophrenia. (2020).
 https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-
problems/schizophrenia/causes/
Can you have schizophrenia without hallucinations?
How is schizophrenia diagnosed?
Understanding the symptoms of schizophrenia
Understanding the Difference Between Psychosis and Schizophrenia
Everything You Need to Know About Acute Schizophrenia
* Psychosis. (2020).
 https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-
problems/psychosis/about-psychosis/#.V30PqOYrJTY
The bottom line
Olfactory, tactile, and gustatory hallucinations happen even less frequently.
But   older research  notes a
strong link between these types of hallucinations — if you experience one
type, you may be more likely to experience the others. You might also
experience them as some of the earlier symptoms of schizophrenia.
* **Persecutory delusions.** These delusions, sometimes referred to as  paranoia  , typically involve extreme suspicion of others. You might believe people want to harm or steal from you or are conspiring against you.
* **Somatic delusions.** These delusions involve the belief that there’s something wrong with your body or health. You might believe certain body parts are misshapen or that something has grown inside your internal organs.
* **Erotomanic delusions.** These delusions involve the belief that someone else, typically someone famous or with more social status, has fallen in love with you.
* **Grandiose delusions.** Also called  delusions of grandeur  , these involve the belief that you have some unique and special ability, talent, wealth, or connection with someone famous or divine, like a religious deity.
* **Religious delusions.** These involve the belief that you’re a god or deity, or that one has chosen you to act for them to carry out their desires.
* **Control delusions.** These involve the belief that some outside organization or force has control over your thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
* **Thought insertion and withdrawal delusions.** With these delusions, you believe some outside source has inserted certain thoughts into your brain, or removed your thoughts.
Schizophrenia is a severe mental health condition that can cause confused
speech, delusions, and social withdrawal. Treatment is available. Learn more…
Click here for more links and local resources.
* Thakur T, et al. (2021). Auditory hallucinations.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557633
Hallucinations and delusions
What’s the Difference Between Delusional Disorder and Schizophrenia?
It’s important to reach out for support right away if your hallucinations
leave you feeling afraid, or with thoughts of  hurting yourself or other
people  .
* Calabrese J, et al. (2021).
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546579
* Hare, S. M. (2021). Hallucinations: A functional network model of how sensory representations become selected for conscious awareness in schizophrenia.
 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.733038/full
Hallucinations vs. delusions
* Bhat PS, et al. (2012). Alcoholic hallucinosis.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830167
Acute schizophrenia is used to refer to the active stage of schizophrenia
when symptoms are more severe.
Because there are no lab tests for schizophrenia, doctors usually use
symptoms and medical history to make a diagnosis. Learn more.
Schizophrenic symptoms  usually 
fall under “  positive  ” or “  negative
 ” categories, meaning they are behaviors or experiences that
affect a person’s life.
* Fariba KA, et al. (2021). Delusions.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563175
* Auditory hallucinations refer to things you hear, like music,  voices  , or a bell ringing.
* Visual hallucinations refer to things you see, like absent loved ones, distorted images, or demons.
*  Olfactory hallucinations  refer to things you smell, like sweet or foul odors, or something burning when it isn’t.
* Gustatory hallucinations refer to things you taste, such as something metallic or bitter on your tongue or in your throat.
*  Tactile hallucinations  refer to things you feel, such as the sensation of a hand on your shoulder or something slithering across your skin.
###  Suicide prevention
* Schizophrenia. (2022).
 https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia#part_2277
Delusions are one of the hallmark symptoms of schizophrenia, but the type of
delusion that manifests can vary from person to person.
What Is Flat Affect in Schizophrenia?
Current theories

generally link them to spontaneous activation in certain parts of your brain.
These activations trigger the sensory details associated with the
hallucination — the sounds, images, or sensations no one else notices.
*  **Antipsychotic medications:**  These can help relieve the symptoms of psychosis, making them less intense or less frequent. Antipsychotic drugs can include first-generation antipsychotics, which block  dopamine  receptors in the brain to prevent signaling.
* ** Psychotherapy  : ** Therapy   can help  a person manage symptoms such as hallucinations. Therapies can include CBT, behavioral skills training, and cognitive remediation interventions. CBT may also help people manage symptoms such as  anxiety  and  stress  .
* Treatment — schizophrenia. (2019).
 https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/treatment/
* **Medication.** A psychiatrist will typically prescribe  antipsychotics  to treat schizophrenia symptoms. These medications help address dopamine imbalances in your brain by blocking dopamine receptors.
* **Therapy.** A therapist can teach coping strategies and distraction techniques that ease any distress hallucinations cause and help you feel more in control. Potential approaches might include  cognitive behavioral therapy  , hallucination-focused integrative treatment, or  acceptance and commitment therapy  .
* Causes — schizophrenia. (2019).
 https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/
Cenesthopathic schizophrenia is a complex condition characterized by
prominent and distressing bodily sensations. Treatment is available.
Types of Delusions in Schizophrenia
The _Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, text
revision_ ( _DSM-5-TR_ ) states that hallucinations are one of the five
hallmark   symptoms 
of schizophrenia.
Hallucinations tend to be associated with mental conditions, like
schizophrenia. But people with bipolar disorder can have them too.
Copy Link
* Symptoms — schizophrenia. (2019).
 https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/symptoms/
Schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia are two distinct disorders that
share some symptoms. We explain the diagnosis, symptoms, and outlook of…
* **Genetics:** Schizophrenia can run in families, but there are no specific genes that are the direct cause of it.   Studies  suggest multiple genes can increase a person’s risk of developing the condition.
* **Brain structure:** Certain areas of the brain may appear different in size in those with schizophrenia.
* **Environment:** Environmental factors and lifestyle experiences may contribute to developing schizophrenia, including experiencing stressful situations such as poverty, danger, or issues at birth.
* Gordon, J. (2020). Piecing together the genetic puzzle of schizophrenia.
 https://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/messages/2020/piecing-together-the-
genetic-puzzle-of-schizophrenia
In Japan, the use of the term _third culture kids_ to refer to children
returned from living overseas is not universally accepted; they are typically
referred to both in Japanese and in English as  _ kikokushijo
 _ , literally 'returnee children', a term
which has different implications. Public awareness of  _kikokushijo_ is much
more widespread in Japan than awareness of TCKs in the United States, and
government reports as early as 1966 recognised the need for the school system
to adapt to them. However, views of _ _kikokushijo_ _ have not always been
positive; in the 1970s, especially, they were characterised in media reports
and even by their own parents as "educational orphans" in need of "rescue" to
reduce their foreignness and successfully reintegrate them into Japanese
society.  [42]  [43]
*  Interventions to improve the mental health of children and young people with long-term physical conditions: linked evidence syntheses.
###  Increased tolerance
Though the intellectual effect of being a TCK has not yet been widely
explored, there has been some research in the area. One particular study by
Lee and Bain (2007) that was found to have significant findings was conducted
on young native  Koreans  who had recently moved to
the United States and were attending school in America. The researchers were
looking to see how these students would respond to explicit instruction aimed
to work with their  originality  and 
fluency  and that is specific to TCKs. This was
measured through the level of  creativity 
demonstrated in assigned tasks given to the students. TCKs were found to be
able to demonstrate significantly higher levels of creativity and originality
for  problem solving  than TCKs not
given this same explicit instruction. This study has implications for the ways
that TCKs can be instructed differently from the traditional  curriculum
 to enhance their creativity and problem
solving abilities because of their third culture experience.  [26]
* PMID:  **33500287**
* PMCID:   PMC7839917 
* DOI:   10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042815
Missionary kids  (MKs) typically
spend the most time overseas, of any TCKs, in one country. 85% of MKs spend
more than 10 years in foreign countries and 72% lived in only one foreign
country. Of all TCKs, MKs generally have the most interaction with the local
populace and the least interaction with people from their passport country.
They are also the most likely of the TCKs to integrate themselves into the
local culture.  [33]  83% of missionary kids have at least one parent with an
advanced degree.  [34]  Missionary kids struggle to adjust to the parents'
culture; the majority of MKs identify mostly with the country in which their
parents served.  [35]
*  American-born Chinese 
*  American-Born Confused Desi 
*  Cultural jet lag 
*  Culture shock 
*  Existential migration 
*  Global mobility 
*  Identity crisis (psychology)  "Identity crisis \(psychology\)")
*  Military brat 
*  Missionary kid 
*  Relocation (personal)  "Relocation \(personal\)")
*  Social alienation
*  MR/K023233/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom 
*  NIHR129113/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom
Intellectual effect is also possible through differences in choosing to
continue studies in  higher education  after high school. In 2001, it was found by the  U.S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics  that 61.7 percent of 2001 high school graduates were enrolled in
college. That same year, it was found that 95 percent of the TCK population
were either enrolled or had some college education. Twenty-nine percent of
this population had received an advanced degree, which is also higher than the
percentage of the general population.  [15]
Third culture individuals, with their international experience, generally
value the international aspect of their lives. In a  survey
 given to TCKs in 2001, there
was a strong interest among TCK participants to continue to travel as they
move into adulthood and their future careers, and many continued to maintain
their internationally acquired languages. It was also found in these surveys
that approximately half of the participants continue to travel at least once a
year and that just a little under 15 percent travel for business.  [15]  TCKs
have also been found to report selecting to study majors while in college that
could have the options of having international careers. Some of these fields
of study include business,  nursing  , and 
teaching English as a foreign language
 .  [38]
##  Psychological effect
In the early 21st century, the number of  bilingual  children in the world was about the same as the number of 
monolingual  children.  [7]  TCKs are
often exposed to a second (or third, fourth, etc.) language while living in
their  host culture  , being physically
exposed to the environment where the native language is used in practical
aspects of life. "TCKs learn some languages in schools abroad and some in
their homes or in the marketplaces of a foreign land. ... Some pick up
languages from the nannies in the home or from playmates in the neighborhood".
[8]  This  language immersion  is why TCKs are often bilingual, and sometimes even  multilingual
 .  [1]
* Cost-Benefit Analysis
Subject:  1 selected item: 33500287 - PubMed
.  2021 Jan 26;11(1):e042815.
*  العربية  
*  Deutsch  
*  فارسی  
*  Français  
*  한국어  
*  Italiano  
*  עברית  
*  Polski  
*  Русский  
*  Sakizaya  
*  Suomi  
*  ไทย  
*  Українська  
*  中文
Families tend to seek out schools whose principal languages they share, and
ideally one which mirrors their own educational system. Many countries have
American schools, French schools, British schools, German Schools and
'International Schools' which often follow one of the three  International
Baccalaureate  programs. These will be populated by  expatriates
 ' children and some children of the local
upper middle class. They do this in an effort to maintain linguistic stability
and to ensure that their children do not fall behind due to linguistic
problems. Where their own language is not available, families will often
choose English-speaking schools for their children. They do this because of
the linguistic and cultural opportunities being immersed in English might
provide their children when they are adults, and because their children are
more likely to have prior exposure to English than to other international
languages. This poses the potential for non-English speaking TCKs to have a
significantly different experience from TCKs for whom English is a native
language.  [41]  Research on TCKs from Japan, Denmark, Italy, Germany, the
United States and Africa has shown that TCKs from different countries share
more in common with other TCKs than they do with their own peer group from
their passport country.  [41]
HighWire
  Free PMC article
TCKs who have parents or guardians affiliated with the military have varying
levels of exposure to local culture. This is due to the possibility of living
on-base or off-base. TCKs who live off-base or who are not closely affiliated
with the military (such as contractors) will have higher exposure and cultural
shaping, while those who spend the majority of their time on the base will
have lower exposure and minimal cultural shaping.  [32]  Military children who
are immersed in local culture from birth tend to show an extremely high level
of cultural shaping, and upon relocation they are likely to experience 
culture shock  and cling to said culture
for years, if not for life. Relocation for these particular TCKs has shown to
be particularly marring for them emotionally.  [32]  See also  Military brat
(U.S. subculture)  "Military brat
\(U.S. subculture\)") .
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042815.
*  Interventions targeting the mental health and wellbeing of care-experienced children and young people in higher-income countries: Evidence map and systematic review.
* Schools
UNICEF
Who are the participants?
* Confused  loyalties  : Third culture kids can experience a lot of confusion with politics and values. This is especially the case when moving from  collectivist  to  individualist  cultures, or vice versa, as the values within each culture are different from the other.  [1]  This issue is also related with the  identity crisis  , on a cultural level, not being able to feel a sense of oneness with any one nationality or culture. Oftentimes, TCKs cannot answer the question: "Where is home?"  [18]
* Painful awareness of reality: difficulty adjusting to cultures where the only culture that is discussed or focused on is itself.  [1]
* Ignorance of home culture: TCKs are often lacking in knowledge about their home nation, culture, town, and/or family. With current technology leading to the globalization of information, this is becoming increasingly less of a challenge provided the TCKs use modern technology in their host cultures to connect to their home culture. Understanding a culture's sense of humor, however, is a commonly cited difficulty with the transition back to a home culture. There are also general societal norms and practices that will not be known when a TCK is first re-introduced to his/her home culture but those are eventually learned.  [1]
* Difficulties with adjusting to adult life: the mixture of influences from the various cultures that the individual has lived can create challenges in developing an identity as well as with a sense of belonging. Feelings of rootlessness and restlessness can make the transition to  adulthood  a challenging period for TCKs.  [20]
* "American ATCKs reported significantly higher levels of prejudice than non-American ATCKs on the Cognitive subscale of the QDI and the Social Dominance Orientation scale (SDO)."  [21]
* There is a need for special attention for young TCKs in educational settings to make sure they are supported when and if entering a new school. This would allow for an optimal learning experience for the child.  [22]
* "Walters and Auton-Cuff (2009) found that female TCKs hesitate to develop relationships and have less emotional affect as compared to non-TCKs. Furthermore, female TCKs' identity development was delayed because of their focus on adjusting rather than creating a sense of belonging (Walters & Auton-Cuff, 2009)."  [16]
* Teenage TCKs are more mature than non-TCKs, but in their twenties take longer than their peers to focus their aims.  [46]
* Depression is comparatively prevalent among TCKs.  [46]
* TCKs' sense of identity and well-being is directly and negatively affected by repatriation.  [47]  The severity of the effect from repatriation may also depend on the degree of cultural and linguistic differences between the TCK's place of recent residence and place of repatriation
* TCKs are highly linguistically adept (not as true for military TCKs).  [48]
* A study whose subjects were all "career military brats"—those who had a parent in the military from birth through high school—shows that brats are linguistically adept.  [49]
* Like all children, TCKs may experience  stress  "Stress \(psychological\)") and even  grief  from the  relocation  "Relocation \(personal\)") experience.  [50]  [51]
BMJ Open
One of the challenges of being a third culture individual is developing a
sense of  belonging  , commitment, and
 attachment  to a culture.
These factors play a strong role in one's  self-esteem  and  identity  "Identity
\(psychology\)") , and are especially apparent as present or not present among
TCKs.  [23]  There are psychological benefits to being a bi-culturally
competent individual, meaning that adjustment to the host culture and 
repatriation  do not pose a difficulty for
the individual. Individuals who do not experience this same smooth transition
into the new culture are referred to as "culturally rootless" and "cultural
homelessness". Culturally homeless (CH) individuals often experience confusion
over their identity and especially because the TCK is frequently abroad during
the adolescent development years when identity is most solidified
psychologically.  [23]
*  Trove
* Expanded  worldview  : TCKs have an understanding that there is more than one way to look at situations that they are exposed to or experience. This can also be a challenge however, when TCKs return to a culture that is  homogeneous  in their belief system, as an expanded worldview is perceived as offensive or useless.  [1]  [3]  [5]
* Third-dimensional view of the world: With an increased number of hands-on  experiences  in multiple cultures, there is a difference in the way that the world is perceived. For example, there has been an increase in  cross-cultural  authors, such as  Khaled Hosseini  , author of _ The Kite Runner  _ , who have received awards for their works that are written from a  multicultural  perspective. These authors are able to provide vivid descriptions about the cultures they have directly experienced and thus their work appears to be "three-dimensional."  [1]
* Interpersonal sensitivity: Increased exposure to a variety of perceptions and lifestyles allows TCKs to monitor their emotions, and register societal norms and cues more adeptly so as to produce higher  sensitivity  "Sensitivity \(human\)") to other cultures and ways of life.  [5]
* Cross-cultural competence or  cultural intelligence  : the capacity to function effectively across national, ethnic, and organizational cultures.
* TCK have been found to have higher levels of general adjustment as opposed to mono-cultural children.  [17]  Cultural adaptability is also a benefit, although may also come as a challenge which results from lack of cultural balance.  [18]
* The major benefit is related to language exposure, according to Tracy Tokuhama-Espinosa.  [19]
###  Intellectual effect
###  Emotions
##  Origins
Kelzie
* Meta-Analysis as Topic
* Self-Injurious Behavior*
Harry photo
UNICEF
Huy
*  Europe PubMed Central 
*  HighWire 
*  PubMed Central 
* ###  Other Literature Sources
###  Cognitive and emotional development
The objective:
###  Military
Not all TCK families have one of the four careers listed above. Other careers
include working for an intergovernmental agency (for example, the  Nuclear
Energy Agency  , the 
Commonwealth Secretariat  , and the  International Agency of the Francophonie
 ), an international public
or non-governmental organization (for example, an international school or
serving as international staff of the United Nations or one of their
agencies), and a local organization such as a  hospital  . Working in media or athletic industries (for example,  Wally
Szczerbiak  ) can also mean being
moved abroad.  [36]  Like most of the other careers that send employees
abroad, involvement with the host culture can vary greatly.  [33]
Much of the literature and research surrounding TCKs has found that these
individuals are more open to learning new languages, demonstrate more
flexibility when interacting with a novel culture than their monoculture
peers, and a greater interest in continuing a global nomad lifestyle, which
includes an interest in international careers.  [27]  It has been found that
women are more inclined to seek out  interpersonal relationships
 while men
are more task-oriented in their relationships and choices.  [28]  Such
findings were used in the hypothesis of a study conducted by Gerner & Perry
(2000) that predicted that  gender differences  would also be found in the cultural acceptance and experiences of TCKs.
[29]
See this image and copyright information in PMC
###  Effect on the workforce
* Aged
###  Religious
*  IMPRoving Outcomes for children exposed to domestic ViolencE (IMPROVE): an evidence synthesis.
17 years old
**Prospero registration number:** CRD42020177478.
.jpg) A banner from
the National Multicultural Festival in Canberra, Australia
Rhiannon Evans  1  ,   Maria Boffey
 2  ,   Sarah MacDonald
 3  ,   Jane Noyes
 4  ,   G J Melendez-Torres
 5  ,   Helen E Morgan
 6  ,   Rob Trubey
 7  ,   Michael Robling
 3  7  ,   Simone Willis
 6  ,   Charlotte Wooders
 2
* Adolescent
Some of these TCKs may grow up moving from country to country in the
diplomatic corps (see  Foreign Service brat  ) while others may live their lives near military
bases.  [33]
###  Identity
Rhiannon Evans  et al.  BMJ Open  .  2021  .