mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
*  Catalan 
*  French 
*  Italian 
*  Occitan ")
*  Portuguese 
*  Roman 
*  Praenomen 
*  Nomen  "Nomen \(Roman name\)")
*  Cognomen 
*  Agnomen 
*  Romanian 
*  Spanish 
*  Hispanic America
*  Birth name 
*  Given name 
*  Surname 
*  Patrilineal  /  Matrilineal 
*  Affixes 
*  Nobiliary particle
|  Statues  |
> Even insects play together, as has been described by that excellent
> observer,  P. Huber ") , who saw ants chasing and
> pretending to bite each other, like so many puppies.
>
> —   Charles Darwin  , _ The
> Descent of Man  _ [60]
In many of these stories the animals can be seen as representing facets of
human personality and character.  [27]  As  John Rowe Townsend
 remarks, discussing _The
Jungle Book_ in which the boy  Mowgli  must rely on
his new friends the bear  Baloo  and the black panther
 Bagheera  , "The world of the jungle is in fact
both itself and our world as well".  [27]  A notable work aimed at an adult
audience is  George Orwell  's _
Animal Farm  _ , in which all the main
characters are anthropomorphic animals. Non-animal examples include  Rev. W.
Awdry  's _ Railway Series
 _ stories featuring  Thomas
the Tank Engine  and
other anthropomorphic  locomotives  .
Both Judaism and Islam reject an anthropomorphic deity, believing that God is
beyond human comprehension. Judaism's rejection of an anthropomorphic deity
began with the  prophets  , who explicitly
rejected any likeness of God to humans.  [14]  Their rejection grew further
after the  Islamic Golden Age  in the tenth century, which  Maimonides  codified in the twelfth century, in his thirteen principles of
Jewish faith.  [e]
* "  A total and unmitigated defeat  "
* "  Blood, toil, tears and sweat  "
* "  Be ye men of valour  "
* "  We shall fight on the beaches  "
* "  This was their finest hour  "
* "  Never was so much owed by so many to so few  "
* "  Iron Curtain  "
Pareidolia  of a face in a rock
###  Claes Oldenburg
Anthropomorphic characters have also been a staple of the  comic book
 genre. The most prominent one was  Neil
Gaiman  's the _ Sandman
 "The Sandman \(Vertigo\)") _ which had a huge
impact on how characters that are physical embodiments are written in the 
fantasy  genre.  [38]  [39]  Other examples also
include the mature _ Hellblazer  _
(personified political and moral ideas),  [40]  _ Fables
 "Fables \(comics\)") _ and its spin-off series _
Jack of Fables  _ , which was unique
for having anthropomorphic representation of  literary techniques
 and  genres  .  [41]  Various Japanese  manga  and  anime
 have used anthropomorphism as the basis of their story.
Examples include _ Squid Girl  _
(anthropomorphized squid), _ Hetalia: Axis Powers
 _ (personified
countries), _ Upotte!!  _ (personified guns), _
Arpeggio of Blue Steel  _ and _ Kancolle  _ (personified ships).
The practice is particularly widespread in Japan, where cities, regions, and
companies all have mascots, collectively known as _ yuru-chara  _ . Two of the most popular are  Kumamon  (a bear who represents  Kumamoto Prefecture
 )  [46]  and  Funassyi
 (a  pear 
who represents  Funabashi  , a
suburb of  Tokyo  ).  [47]
*  Early life, 1874–1904 
*  In politics, 1900–1939 
*  Liberal Party, 1904–1924 
*  Chancellor, 1924–1929 
*  "Wilderness" years, 1929–1939 
*  World War II, 1939–1945 
*  Later life, 1945–1965 
*  Electoral history 
*  As a painter 
*  As a writer 
*  As a historian 
*  Racial views 
*  His pets 
*  Death and funeral
1. ** ^  ** Possibly via  French  _ _anthropomorphisme_ _ .  [1]
2. ** ^  ** Anthropomorphism, among divines, the error of those who ascribe a human figure to the deity.  [4]
3. ** ^  ** In the _ New York Review of Books  _ ,  Gardner  opined that "I find most convincing Mithen's claim that human intelligence lies in the capacity to make connections: through using metaphors".  [8]
4. ** ^  ** Many other translations of this passage have Xenophanes state that the Thracians were "blond".
5. ** ^  **  Moses Maimonides  quoted  Rabbi   Abraham Ben David  : "It is stated in the Torah and books of the prophets that God has no body, as stated 'Since G-d your God is the god (  lit.  _gods_ ) in the heavens above and in the earth below" and a body cannot be in both places. And it was said 'Since you have not seen any image' and it was said 'To who would you compare me, and I would be equal to them?' and if he was a body, he would be like the other bodies."  [15]
6. ** ^  ** The  Victoria and Albert Museum  wrote: "Beatrix Potter is still one of the world's best-selling and best-loved children's authors. Potter wrote and illustrated a total of 28 books, including the 23 Tales, the 'little books' that have been translated into more than 35 languages and sold over 100 million copies."  [26]
7. ** ^  ** 150 million sold, a 2007 estimate of copies of the full story sold, whether published as one volume, three, or some other configuration.  [30]
8. ** ^  ** It is estimated that the UK market for children's books was worth  £  672m in 2004.  [35]
9. ** ^  ** In 1911,  Wheeler  wrote: "The larval insect is, if I may be permitted to lapse for a moment into anthropomorphism, a sluggish, greedy, self-centred creature, while the adult is industrious, abstemious and highly altruistic..."  [58]
10. ** ^  ** In 1946,  Hebb  wrote: "A thoroughgoing attempt to avoid anthropomorphic description in the study of temperament was made over a two-year period at the Yerkes laboratories. All that resulted was an almost endless series of specific acts in which no order or meaning could be found. On the other hand, by the use of frankly anthropomorphic concepts of emotion and attitude one could quickly and easily describe the peculiarities of individual animals... Whatever the anthropomorphic terminology may seem to imply about conscious states in chimpanzee, it provides an intelligible and practical guide to behavior."  [61]
In the  Disney/Pixar  franchises  _Cars_
 "Cars \(franchise\)") and  _Planes_
 "Planes \(franchise\)") , all the characters are
anthropomorphic vehicles,  [42]  while in  _Toy Story_
 "Toy Story \(franchise\)") , they are
anthropomorphic toys. Other Pixar franchises like  _Monsters, Inc_
 "Monsters, Inc. \(franchise\)") features
anthropomorphic monsters and  _Finding Nemo_
 "Finding Nemo \(franchise\)") features
anthropomorphic sea animals (like fish, sharks, and whales). Discussing
anthropomorphic animals from  DreamWorks  franchise  _Madagascar_
 "Madagascar \(franchise\)") ,  Laurie  [ _
_non sequitur_  _
]  suggests that "  social differences based on conflict and contradiction are
naturalized and made less 'contestable' through the classificatory matrix of
human and nonhuman relations  [ _ clarification needed
 _ ]  ".  [42]
Other DreamWorks franchises like  _Shrek_  "Shrek
\(franchise\)") features fairy tale characters, and  Blue Sky Studios
 of  20th Century Fox
 franchises like  _Ice Age_
 "Ice Age \(franchise\)") features
anthropomorphic extinct animals. Other characters in  SpongeBob SquarePants
(franchise)  "SpongeBob SquarePants
\(franchise\)") features anthropomorphic sea animals as well (like sea
sponges, starfish, octopus, crabs, whales, puffer fish, lobsters, and
zooplankton).
Germanic  |
Henry D. Schlinger  ,
California State University, Los Angeles, United States
 Fiorenzo Laghi  ,
Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Italy
 Kurt Kotrschal  ,
Universität Wien, Austria
Anthropomorphism, also referred to as personification, is a well-established 
literary device  from ancient times.
The story of "  The Hawk and the Nightingale
 " in 
Hesiod  's _ Works and Days  _ preceded  Aesop  's  fables
 by centuries. Collections of linked
 fables  from India, the _ Jataka Tales
 _ and _ Panchatantra
 _ , also employ anthropomorphized animals
to illustrate principles of life. Many of the stereotypes of animals that are
recognized today, such as the wily fox and the proud lion, can be found in
these collections.  Aesop  's anthropomorphisms were so
familiar by the first century CE that they colored the thinking of at least
one philosopher:
###  Criticism
_ Big Buck Bunny  _ is a  free
 animated short featuring
anthropomorphic characters.
|   Baltic  |
Manchester suffered for several years from two strokes following the death of
his wife in 1998. The strokes severely impaired his ability to write, making
him unable to complete the third volume. After completing about 100,000 words
of the volume he agreed to consider working with a collaborator,  [1]
ultimately settling on  Paul Reid  "Paul Reid
\(writer\)") , a former feature writer for  Cox Newspapers
 to complete the work.  [2]
*  Aniconism  – antithetic concept
*  Animism 
*  Anthropic principle 
*  Anthropocentrism 
*  Anthropology 
*  Anthropomorphic maps 
*  Anthropopathism 
*  Cynocephaly 
*  Furry fandom 
*  Great Chain of Being 
*  Human-animal hybrid 
*  Humanoid 
*  Moe anthropomorphism 
*  National personification 
*  Nature fakers controversy 
*  Pareidolia  – seeing faces in everyday objects
*  Pathetic fallacy 
*  Personification 
*  Prosopopoeia 
*  Speciesism 
*  Talking animals in fiction 
*  Tashbih 
*  Zoomorphism
*  C-SPAN _Q &A _ interview with Paul Reid about _Defender of the Realm_ , December 23, 2012
*  Kalmyk 
*  Mongolian 
*  Sakha 
*  Tibetan
Other  

*  Fenrisulfr  , a wolf in Norse mythology
*  Airavata  , the king god of elephants in Indian mythology.
*  Paw feet   bathtub  , with feet in the shape of a lion's paws
* The  sphinx  from the "  Oedipus Rex  " by  Sophocles 
*  Elephantine Colossus  , a hotel
*  Aslan  in  The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe  is a lion that is the king of Narnia
* Robotic pets, like  AIBO  , modeled on dogs or other animals
* In 2010  city planners  from  Southern Sudan  , which would become independent a year later, unveiled plans for the city center of its capital,  Juba  , to be built in the shape of a  rhinoceros  . The city of  Wau  was to be transformed in the shape of a  giraffe  .  [19]
*  Afrikaans  
*  Alemannisch  
*  العربية  
*  Azərbaycanca  
*  Беларуская  
*  Беларуская (тарашкевіца)  ")
*  Български  
*  Brezhoneg  
*  Català  
*  Чӑвашла  
*  Čeština  
*  Dansk  
*  Deutsch  
*  Eesti  
*  Ελληνικά  
*  Español  
*  Esperanto  
*  Euskara  
*  فارسی  
*  Français  
*  Frysk  
*  Galego  
*  한국어  
*  Հայերեն  
*  Hrvatski  
*  Bahasa Indonesia  
*  Interlingua  
*  Italiano  
*  עברית  
*  ქართული  
*  Қазақша  
*  Kiswahili  
*  Kurdî  
*  Кыргызча  
*  Latviešu  
*  Lëtzebuergesch  
*  Limburgs  
*  Magyar  
*  Bahasa Melayu  
*  Монгол  
*  Nederlands  
*  日本語  
*  Norsk bokmål  
*  Norsk nynorsk  
*  Occitan  
*  Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча  
*  Polski  
*  Português  
*  Română  
*  Русский  
*  Simple English  
*  Slovenčina  
*  Slovenščina  
*  Српски / srpski  
*  Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски  
*  Suomi  
*  Svenska  
*  தமிழ்  
*  ไทย  
*  Тоҷикӣ  
*  Türkçe  
*  Українська  
*  اردو  
*  Tiếng Việt  
*  吴语  
*  粵語  
*  中文
##  In film
##  Anthropomorphism in Interaction
The study of  great apes  in their own
environment and in captivity  [j]  has changed attitudes to anthropomorphism.
In the 1960s the three so-called "  Leakey's Angels  ",  Jane Goodall  studying 
chimpanzees  ,  Dian Fossey
 studying  gorillas  and  Biruté Galdikas  studying  orangutans  , were all
accused of "that worst of ethological sins – anthropomorphism".  [62]  The
charge was brought about by their descriptions of the great apes in the field;
it is now more widely accepted that  empathy  has
an important part to play in research.
In people with  depression  "Depression
\(clinical\)") ,  social anxiety  ,
or other  mental illnesses  , 
emotional support animals  are a useful component of treatment partially because
anthropomorphism of these animals can satisfy the patients' need for social
connection.  [84]
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Volumes:
The  PBS Kids  animated series _ Let's Go Luna!
 _ centers on an anthropomorphic
female Moon who speaks, sings, and dances. She comes down out of the sky to
serve as a tutor of international culture to the three main characters: a boy
frog and wombat and a girl butterfly, who are supposed to be preschool
children traveling a world populated by anthropomorphic animals with a circus
run by their parents.
*  Cornish 
*  Irish 
*  Manx 
*  Scottish 
*  Welsh
*  Clementine Churchill  (wife)
*  Diana Churchill  (daughter)
*  Randolph Churchill  (son)
*  Sarah Churchill  "Sarah Churchill \(actress\)") (daughter)
*  Marigold Churchill  (daughter)
*  Mary Soames  (daughter)
*  Winston Churchill  "Winston Churchill \(1940–2010\)") (grandson)
*  Lord Randolph Churchill  (father)
*  Jennie Jerome, Lady Randolph Churchill  (mother)
*  Jack Churchill  "Jack Churchill \(1880–1947\)") (brother)
*  Descendants 
*  John Spencer-Churchill  (grandfather)
*  Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill  (grandmother)
*  Leonard Jerome  (grandfather)
*  Family of Winston Churchill in politics
In _ Armello  _ , anthropomorphic animals battle
for control of the animal kingdom.
81,4K
> And there is another charm about him, namely, that he puts animals in a
> pleasing light and makes them interesting to mankind. For after being
> brought up from childhood with these stories, and after being as it were
> nursed by them from babyhood, we acquire certain opinions of the several
> animals and think of some of them as royal animals, of others as silly, of
> others as witty, and others as innocent.
>
> —   Apollonius of Tyana 
> [23]
From the beginnings of human  behavioral modernity
 in the  Upper
Paleolithic  , about 40,000
years ago, examples of  zoomorphic 
(animal-shaped) works of art occur that may represent the earliest known
evidence of anthropomorphism. One of the oldest known is an  ivory
 sculpture, the  Löwenmensch figurine  , Germany, a human-shaped  figurine 
with the head of a lioness or lion, determined to be about 32,000 years old.
[5]  [6]
See also  

*  Amity-enmity complex 
*  Anthropocentrism 
*  Dehumanization
Muslim world 
and Western Asia  |
##  Children’s Animism in Piaget’s View
Pseudonyms  (  list
 )  |
> But if cattle and horses and lions had hands
>  or could paint with their hands and create works such as men do,
>  horses like horses and cattle like cattle
>  also would depict the gods' shapes and make their bodies
>  of such a sort as the form they themselves have.
>  ...
>   Ethiopians  say that
> their gods are snub–nosed [  σιμούς  ] and black
>   Thracians  that they are pale and red-
> haired.  [12]  [d]
CrossRef Full Text 00014-9) | 
Google Scholar
Attribution of human traits to non-human entities
By sequence  |
Indosphere  (  South Asia

and  Southeast Asia  )  |
###  Minimalism
Building on the popularity of fables and fairy tales,  _children's_
literature  began to
emerge in the nineteenth century with works such as _ Alice's Adventures in
Wonderland  _ (1865) by  Lewis Carroll  , _ The Adventures of Pinocchio  _ (1883) by  Carlo Collodi
 and _ The Jungle Book
 _ (1894) by  Rudyard Kipling
 , all employing anthropomorphic
elements. This continued in the twentieth century with many of the most
popular titles having anthropomorphic characters,  [25]  examples being _ The
Tale of Peter Rabbit  _ (1901) and later books by  Beatrix Potter  ;  [f]  _ The Wind in the Willows
 _ by  Kenneth
Grahame  (1908); _ Winnie-the-Pooh
 "Winnie-the-Pooh \(book\)") _ (1926) and _
The House at Pooh Corner  _ (1928) by  A. A. Milne  ; and _
The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe
 _ (1950) and the subsequent books in _ The Chronicles of Narnia
 _ series by  C.
S. Lewis  .
*  Honorific 
*  Diplomatic 
*  Imperial, royal, and noble 
*  Judiciary 
*  Religious 
*  Ecclesiastical 
*  Pre-nominal letters 
*  Suffix  "Suffix \(name\)")
*  Emeritus 
*  Post-nominal letters 
*  Academic 
*  Orders  "Order \(distinction\)") ,  decorations  , and  medals
Despite the impact of  Charles Darwin  's ideas in _ The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
 _ (  Konrad Lorenz  in 1965 called him a "  patron saint  " of  ethology  )  [59]  ethology
has generally focused on  behavior  , not on 
emotion in animals  .  [59]
##  Psychology
Slavic  |
_**The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill** _ is a trilogy of biographies
covering the life of  Winston Churchill  . The first two were published in the 1980s by author and
historian  William Manchester  , who died while working on the last volume. Before his death in
2004, Manchester selected  Paul Reid  "Paul Reid
\(writer\)") to complete it, and the final volume was published in 2012.
---|---
Northern Asia
and Central Asia  |
*  Dutch 
*  English 
*  American 
*  African-American 
*  Canadian 
*  Hongkongese 
*  German 
*  Gothic 
*  Icelandic 
*  Scandinavian 
*  Swedish
Claes Oldenburg  's soft
sculptures are commonly described as anthropomorphic.  [ _ citation needed
 _ ]  Depicting
common household objects, Oldenburg's sculptures were considered  Pop Art
 . Reproducing these objects, often at a greater
size than the original, Oldenburg created his sculptures out of soft
materials. The anthropomorphic qualities of the sculptures were mainly in
their sagging and malleable exterior which mirrored the not-so-idealistic
forms of the human body. In "Soft Light Switches" Oldenburg creates a
household light switch out of vinyl. The two identical switches, in a dulled
orange, insinuate nipples. The soft vinyl references the aging process as the
sculpture wrinkles and sinks with time.
Fatso the
Fat-Arsed Wombat  , a popular symbol of the  Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics
 created as
a parody of the  commercial official mascots
In psychology, the first  empirical study  of anthropomorphism was conducted in 1944 by  Fritz
Heider  and  Marianne Simmel
 .  [74]  In the first part of this
experiment, the researchers showed a 2-and-a-half-minute long animation of
several shapes moving around on the screen in varying directions at various
speeds. When subjects were asked to describe what they saw, they gave detailed
accounts of the intentions and personalities of the shapes. For instance, the
large triangle was characterized as a bully, chasing the other two shapes
until they could trick the large triangle and escape. The researchers
concluded that when people see objects making motions for which there is no
obvious cause, they view these objects as intentional agents (individuals that
deliberately make choices to achieve goals).
In science, the use of anthropomorphic language that suggests animals have
intentions and emotions has traditionally been deprecated as indicating a lack
of  objectivity  "Objectivity \(science\)") .
 Biologists  have been warned to avoid
assumptions that animals share any of the same mental, social, and emotional
capacities of humans, and to rely instead on strictly observable evidence.
[55]  In 1927  Ivan Pavlov  wrote that
animals should be considered "without any need to resort to fantastic
speculations as to the existence of any possible subjective states".  [56]
More recently, _The Oxford companion to animal behaviour_ (1987) advised that
"one is well advised to study the behaviour rather than attempting to get at
any underlying emotion".  [57]  Some scientists, like William M Wheeler
(writing apologetically of his use of anthropomorphism in 1911), have used
anthropomorphic language in metaphor to make subjects more humanly
comprehensible or memorable.  [i]
|   East Asian  |
*  Diminutive 
*  Double-barrelled 
*  Epithet 
*  Animal 
*  Common 
*  Plant 
*  Eponymic 
*  Matronymic 
*  Metonymic 
*  Mononymic 
*  Occupational 
*  Patronymic 
*  Surname 
*  Sobriquet 
*  Teknonymic 
*  Toponymic 
*  Surname 
*  Patrial 
*  Unisex 
*  Virtue
This anthropomorphic art has been linked by archaeologist  Steven Mithen
 with the emergence of more systematic
hunting practices in the Upper Palaeolithic.  [7]  He proposes that these are
the product of a change in the  architecture of the human mind
 ,  an increasing  fluidity
 between the natural
history and social  intelligences  [ _ clarification needed   _ ]  , where anthropomorphism allowed hunters to
identify  empathetically  with hunted animals and
better predict their movements.  [c]
Anthropomorphism in literature and other media led to a sub-culture known as 
furry fandom  , which promotes and creates
stories and artwork involving anthropomorphic animals, and the examination and
interpretation of humanity through anthropomorphism. This can often be
shortened in searches as "anthro", used by some as an alternative term to
"furry".  [37]
*  Acronym 
*  Anonymity 
* Anthropomorphism
*  Personification 
*  National 
*  Call sign 
*  Deadnaming 
*  Endonym and exonym 
*  Family 
*  Galton–Watson process 
*  Legal name 
*  Name change 
* List
*  Given 
*  Surname 
*  Namesake 
*  Naming taboo 
*  Nomenclature 
* _ Nomen nescio  _
*  Misnomer 
*  Onomastics 
* _ -onym  _
*  Personal identity 
*  Identifier 
*  Proper name 
*  Signature 
*  Monogram 
*  Royal cypher 
*  Khelrtva 
*  Signum manus 
*  Tughra 
*  Surnames by country
###  Three-factor theory
*  Latvian 
*  Lithuanian
Some religions, scholars, and philosophers objected to anthropomorphic
deities. The earliest known criticism was that of the Greek philosopher 
Xenophanes  (570–480 BCE) who observed that
people model their gods after themselves. He argued against the conception of
deities as fundamentally anthropomorphic:
Curator  Lucy Lippard  's Eccentric
Abstraction show, in 1966, sets up  Briony Fer  's writing of a post-minimalist anthropomorphism. Reacting to Fried's
interpretation of minimalist art's "looming presence of objects which appear
as actors might on a stage", Fer interprets the artists in Eccentric
Abstraction to a new form of anthropomorphism. She puts forth the thoughts of
Surrealist writer  Roger Caillois  ,
who speaks of the "spacial lure of the subject, the way in which the subject
could inhabit their surroundings." Caillous uses the example of an insect who
"through camouflage does so in order to become invisible... and loses its
distinctness." For Fer, the anthropomorphic qualities of imitation found in
the erotic, organic sculptures of artists  Eva Hesse  and  Louise Bourgeois  ,
are not necessarily for strictly "mimetic" purposes. Instead, like the insect,
the work must come into being in the "scopic field... which we cannot view
from outside."  [45]
*  Bulgarian 
*  Croatian 
*  Czech 
*  Eastern Slavic 
*  Belarusian 
*  Russian 
*  Ukrainian 
*  Kashubian ")
*  Macedonian 
*  Polish 
*  Serbian 
*  Slovak 
*  Suffixes
*  _The Story of the Malakand Field Force_ (1898) 
*  _Savrola_ (1899 novel) 
*  _The River War_ (1899) 
*  _London to Ladysmith via Pretoria_ (1900) 
*  _Ian Hamilton's March_ (1900) 
*  _Lord Randolph Churchill_ (1906)  "Lord Randolph Churchill \(book\)")
*  _The World Crisis_ (1923–1931, five volumes) 
*  _My Early Life_ (1930) 
*  _Marlborough: His Life and Times_ (1933–1938, four volumes) 
*  _Great Contemporaries_ (1937) 
*  _Arms and the Covenant_ (1938) 
*  "Are There Men on the Moon?" (1942) 
*  _The Second World War_ (1948–1953, six volumes)  "The Second World War \(book series\)")
*  _A History of the English-Speaking Peoples_ (1956–1958, four volumes)
Anthropomorphic 
pareidolia  by  Giuseppe Arcimboldo
67 languages
*  Ashanti 
*  Democratic Republic of the Congo 
*  Eritrean and Ethiopian 
*  Ewe 
*  Ghanaian 
*  Igbo 
*  Yoruba 
*  Zimbabwean
The live-action/computer-animated franchise _ Alvin and the Chipmunks
 _
by 20th Century Fox centers around anthropomorphic talkative and singing 
chipmunks  . The female singing chipmunks called 
The Chipettes  are also centered in some
of the franchise's films.