mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
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Campus compliance is maintained through a system of bureaucratic and
curricular sticks and carrots, nudges, and social pressure.       
Bias-reporting systems are set up to receive complaints when someone falls
short of expectations. Encouraging students to inform on their peers and
professors for minor offenses kind of creeps regular people out, especially
when reports can be made anonymously. These online platforms are coordinated
by “Bias Education Response” teams, so named to put a pedagogical veneer on a
system for monitoring and modifying people’s behavior, ostensibly for their
own good.
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The kerfuffle over the relative merit of forcing “viewpoint neutrality” in
history classrooms puzzles me. No wonder: Although an historian by Ph.D., I
have taught mostly economics for almost three …  Continue reading  “Try
Humble, Positive Modeling, Not Neutrality”
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Will the rest of society become more like the campus, or will campus culture
yield to external forces?       
College students and faculty are not normally outsiders, especially not those
at the more prestigious schools where the fervor of “the Great Awokening” is
most palpable. Nor, thankfully, do colleges witness much of the abusive
behavior associated with cults. Sociologically speaking, colleges are not
cults.
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#  Overcoming Self-Delusion
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With ever greater frequency, campus-wide emails are sent out by provosts and
presidents addressing some perceived crisis or threat to the community. The
provocation might be as momentous as a presidential election or as minor as an
errant comment on social media. Their tone—simultaneously unctuous and
infantilizing—is what may give former cult members a feeling of déjà vu. It
conveys a sense of empathy and omni-competence: “We share your grief, your
anger, your fear; and we are doing something about it.” These messages seem to
presuppose that students are emotionally brittle. Whether administrators truly
believe the student body is psychologically feeble is unclear. Resources
dedicated to “  cry closets  ” stocked with stuffed
animals, and “  puppy rooms  ” with live animals for
stressed students, would suggest that administrators perceive a real problem.
If, on the other hand, they recognize student claims to feel unsafe as a form
of  manipulative political theater
 , then catering to them is tantamount to enabling a persecution
complex. Encountering controversial, even repugnant ideas does not cause
mentally healthy adults to shut down or manifest symptoms of hysteria. College
campuses, it would appear, either appeal to neurotic, paranoid, emotionally
frail individuals or create them. Neither alternative is reassuring if you
worry you’re dealing with a cult.
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John McWhorter has  argued  that the preoccupation with social-justice
issues among progressives on campus is best understood as a religion. Woke
anti-racism, he says, has all the classic elements of a religion: scriptural
texts, prophets, priests, holy days, creeds, and rituals. It features special
vocabulary, a nose for heresy, a missionary imperative, a robust sense of sin,
and a Manichaean view of the world as divided between good and evil.
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In recent years, the landscape of higher education has been increasingly
dominated by the rhetoric and initiatives of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
(DEI). Universities have dedicated numerous resources to pushing …  Continue
reading  “The Dollars and Cents of DEI”
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As a student in the North Carolina public-school system, I have seen the
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####  Synecdoche
Metanoia  "Metanoia \(rhetoric\)") qualifies a
statement or by recalling or rejecting it in part or full, and then re-
expressing it in a better, milder, or stronger way.  [4]  [5]  [ _ page
needed   _ ]  A
negative is often used to do the recalling.
Columnists  Thought leadership from the front lines of behavioral science
  Case Studies  A look at some of our most impactful work
Antanaclasis  is repetition of the same
word but in a different sense. The repeated word has two different meanings in
the context of the sentence. Antanaclasis is often used when the repeated word
has multiple definitions or ways it may be interpreted. Authors typically use
this rhetorical strategy in order to emphasize a certain word that contributes
to the overarching theme or idea, to create a rhythm in their writing, or to
give off a witty or humorous tone.
Conduplicatio  is similar, involving
repeating a key word in subsequent clauses.
> They say it takes hundreds of years to build a nation.
>  Welcome to Singapore.
>
> —   Singapore Tourism Board  campaign
###  Action Bias
*  Allegory 
*  Allusion 
*  Antiphrasis 
*  Antonomasia 
*  Aphorism 
*  Apostrophe  "Apostrophe \(figure of speech\)")
*  Catachresis 
*  Ecphonesis 
*  Ekphrasis 
*  Epanorthosis 
*  Hyperbole 
*  Adynaton 
*  Dysphemism 
*  Euphemism 
*  Meiosis  "Meiosis \(figure of speech\)")
*  Innuendo 
*  Irony 
*  Apophasis 
*  Sarcasm 
*  Litotes 
*  Metaphor 
*  Metonymy 
*  Oxymoron 
*  Personification 
*  Pleonasm 
*  Procatalepsis 
*  Pun 
*  Antanaclasis 
*  Rhetorical question 
*  Simile 
*  Synecdoche 
*  Tautology  "Tautology \(language\)")
> 'All right!' you'll cry. 'All right!' you'll say,
>  'But if we take the set away,
>  What shall we do to entertain
>  Our darling children? Please explain!'
>  We'll answer this by asking you,
>  'What used the darling ones to do?
>  How used they keep themselves contented
>  Before this monster was invented?'
>
> —   Roald Dahl  , _ Charlie and the
> Chocolate Factory  _
Learn More __ ](/biases/action-bias)
Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant Unit 3

faced severe delay and a cost overrun. The construction started in 2005 and
was expected to be completed by 2009, but completed only in 2023.  [22]  [23]
Initially, the estimated cost of the project was around 3 billion euros, but
the cost has escalated to approximately 10 billion euros.  [24]
##  Systemic effects
#####   The Key to Effective Teammates Isn’t Them. It’s You.
#####  How to avoid it
An  oxymoron  is a 2-word paradox often achieved
through the deliberate use of antonyms. This creates an internal contradiction
that can have rhetorical effect.  [15]
*  Handbook of rhetorical devices 
*  List of Fallacious Arguments 
*  Online Resource of Rhetorical Devices 
*  Rhetorical Figures in Sound
> Since brass, nor stone, nor earth, nor boundless sea,
>  But sad mortality o'er-sways their power...
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Sonnet 65
> The war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan's advantage.
>
> —  The  Hirohito surrender broadcast
###  Trending
Cacophony  refers to the use of unpleasant
sounds, such as the  explosive consonants  _ k
 _ , _ g
 _ , _ t
 _ , _ d
 _ , _ p
 _ and _ b
 _ , the  hissing sounds
 _ sh
 _ and _ s
 _ , and also the  affricates  _ ch  _ and _ j
 _ , in
rapid succession in a line or passage, creating a harsh and discordant effect.
[7]
brain bank
###  Antanagoge
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History  

Psychological theorists have consistently emphasized the importance of
perceptions of control over life events. One of the earliest instances was
when  Alfred Adler  argued that people
strive for proficiency in their lives.  Heider  later proposed that humans have a strong motive to control their
environment and Wyatt Mann hypothesized a basic competence motive that people
satisfy by exerting control.  Wiener 
, an  attribution  "Attribution
\(psychology\)") theorist, modified his original theory of achievement
motivation to include a controllability dimension.  Kelley
 then argued that people's failure to
detect noncontingencies may result in their attributing uncontrollable
outcomes to personal causes. Nearer to the present, Taylor and Brown  [4]
argued that positive illusions, including the illusion of control, foster
mental health.  [5]

The effect was named by U.S. psychologist  Ellen Langer  and has been replicated in many different contexts.  [6]
###  Metonymy
##  Discourse level
Or for argumentative effect:
##  Methods for counteracting
Learn about our work __
The **planning fallacy** is a phenomenon in which predictions about how much
time will be needed to complete a future task display an  optimism bias
 and underestimate the time needed. This
phenomenon sometimes occurs regardless of the individual's knowledge that past
tasks of a similar nature have taken longer to complete than generally
planned.  [1]  [2]  [3]  The bias affects predictions only about one's own
tasks. On the other hand, when outside observers predict task completion
times, they tend to exhibit a pessimistic bias, overestimating the time
needed.  [4]  [5]  The planning fallacy involves estimates of task completion
times more optimistic than those encountered in similar projects in the past.
###  Apophasis
> I could weep
>  And I could laugh, I am light and heavy.
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Coriolanus  2.1
Risk & Compliance  Leaning on science to generate positive & scalable
behaviors   
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A  synecdoche  is a class of  metonymy
 , often by means of either mentioning  a part
for the whole  or conversely  the whole
for one of its parts  . Examples
from common English expressions include "suits" (for "businessmen"), "boots"
(for "soldiers", a  pars pro toto  ),
and "America" (for "the United States of America", "  totum pro parte
 ").
#####  Why it happens
##  Where this bias occurs
Applications  

Psychologist  Daniel Wegner  argues
that an illusion of control over external events underlies belief in 
psychokinesis  , a supposed paranormal
ability to move objects directly using the mind.  [42]  As evidence, Wegner
cites a series of experiments on  magical thinking  in which subjects were induced to think they had
influenced external events. In one experiment, subjects watched a  basketball
 player taking a series of  free throws
 . When they were instructed to visualise
him making his shots, they felt that they had contributed to his success.
[43]

A study published in 2003 examined traders working in the  City of London
 's  investment banks
 . They each watched a graph
being plotted on a computer screen, similar to a real-time graph of a stock
price or index. Using three computer keys, they had to raise the value as high
as possible. They were warned that the value showed random variations, but
that the keys might have some effect. In fact, the fluctuations were not
affected by the keys.  [9]  [24]  The traders' ratings of their success
measured their susceptibility to the illusion of control. This score was then
compared with each trader's performance. Those who were more prone to the
illusion scored significantly lower on analysis,  risk management
 and contribution to profits. They
also earned significantly less.  [9]  [24]  [44]
###  Cacophony
Hide __
The use of  hypophora  is the technique whereby
one asks a question and then proceeds to answer the question.  [12]  [ _ page
needed   _ ]
##  How to avoid it
Onomatopoeia  is the use of words that
attempt to emulate a sound. When used colloquially, it is often accompanied by
multiple  exclamation marks  and
in  all caps  . It is common in comic strips and
some cartoons.  [3]  [4]
*  FRANÇAIS
Alliteration  is the repetition of the
sound of an initial consonant or consonant cluster in subsequent syllables.
[3]  [4]
> When life gives you lemons, make lemonade.  [3]
---|---
Part of  a series  on
---
 Rhetoric
Memory_biases "List of cognitive biases")

Retrieved from " 
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illusion_of_control&oldid=1213218017

"

 Categories  :

*  Cognitive biases 
*  Illusions 
*  Magical thinking 
*  Control (social and political)  "Category:Control \(social and political\)")

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Personification  is the
representation of animals, inanimate objects and ideas as having human
attributes.  [3]  [4]
This device indirectly implies an accusation without explicitly stating it.
[1]  [ _ page needed   _ ]  This can be combined with  apophasis  .
References  

* Baron J (2000). _Thinking and deciding_ (3rd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-521-65030-4   .  OCLC  "OCLC \(identifier\)")  316403966  .
* Hardman D (2009). _Judgment and decision making: psychological perspectives_ . Wiley-Blackwell.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-1-4051-2398-3   .
* Plous S (1993). _The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making_ . McGraw-Hill.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-07-050477-6   .  OCLC  "OCLC \(identifier\)")  26931106  .
* Thompson SC (1999). "Illusions of Control: How We Overestimate Our Personal Influence". _Current Directions in Psychological Science_ . **8** (6): 187–190.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1111/1467-8721.00044  .  JSTOR  "JSTOR \(identifier\)")  20182602  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  145714398  .
* Thompson SC (2004).   "Illusions of control"  . In Pohl RF (ed.).  _Cognitive Illusions: A Handbook on Fallacies and Biases in Thinking, Judgement and Memory_  . Hove, UK: Psychology Press. pp.  115–125  .  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-1-84169-351-4   .  OCLC  "OCLC \(identifier\)")  55124398  .
* Vyse SA (1997). _Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition_ . Oxford University Press US.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-19-513634-0   .
#  Planning fallacy
*  Apologetics 
*  Debate 
*  Declamation 
* _ Controversia  _
*  Deliberative 
*  Demagogy 
*  Dialectic 
*  Socratic method 
* _ Dissoi logoi  _
*  Elocution 
*  Epideictic 
* _ Encomium  _
*  Panegyric 
*  Eulogy 
*  Farewell speech 
*  Forensic 
*  Funeral oration  "Funeral oration \(ancient Greece\)")
*  Homiletics‎ 
*  Sermon 
*  Invitational 
*  Lecture 
*  Public 
*  Lightning talk 
*  Maiden speech 
*  Oratory 
*  Polemic 
*  Diatribe 
*  Eristic 
*  Philippic 
*  Progymnasmata 
*  Suasoria 
*  Propaganda 
*  Spin  "Spin \(propaganda\)")
*  Resignation speech 
*  Stump speech 
*  War-mongering
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

False belief in an ability to control events
###  Simile
> But soft, what light through yonder window breaks?
>  It is the East, and Juliet is the sun.
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Romeo and Juliet  2.2
Category  :
##  Individual effects
##  Consulting
##  Why it is important
###  Oxymoron
Hyperbole  is deliberate exaggeration.  [4]
This can be for literary effect:
###  Hypophora
##  How it all started
> Accursed, unhappy, wretched, hateful day!
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Romeo and Juliet  4.4
##  Why it happens
##  The planning fallacy and AI
> Can honour set to a leg? No. Or an arm? No. Or take away the grief of a
> wound? No. Honour hath no skill in surgery, then? No. What is honour? A
> word. What is in that word honour? What is that honour? Air. A trim
> reckoning! Who hath it? He that died a' Wednesday. Doth he feel it? No. Doth
> he hear it? No. 'Tis insensible, then? Yea, to the dead. But will it not
> live with the living? No. Why? Detraction will not suffer it.
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Henry IV, Part 1  5.1
###  Asyndeton/Polysyndeton
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> We'll live,
>  And pray, and sing, and tell old tales, and laugh
>  At gilded butterflies, and hear poor rogues
>  Talk of court news...
>
> —  Shakespeare,  King Lear  5.3
> The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars,
>  As daylight doth a lamp; her eyes in heaven
>  Would through the airy region stream so bright
>  That birds would sing and think it were not night
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Romeo and Juliet  2.2)
###  Procatalepsis
##  Debias Your Organization
#####  Example #1 – The Sydney Opera House
###  We’re hiring!
* _ Captatio benevolentiae  _
*  Chironomia 
*  Decorum 
* _ Delectare  _
* _ Docere  _
* Device
*  Eloquence 
* _ Eloquentia perfecta  _
* _ Eunoia  _
*  Enthymeme 
* _ Facilitas  _
*  Fallacy 
*  Informal 
*  Figure of speech 
*  Scheme  "Scheme \(rhetoric\)")
*  Trope  "Trope \(literature\)")
*  Five canons 
* _ Inventio  _
* _ Dispositio  _
* _ Elocutio  _
* _ Memoria  _
* _ Pronuntiatio  _
*  Hypsos 
* _ Imitatio  _
* _ Kairos  _
*  Method of loci 
*  Modes 
*  Operations 
*  Persuasion 
* _ Ethos  _
* _ Pathos  _
* _ Logos  _
*  Situation 
*  Style  "Style \(sociolinguistics\)")
*  Grand  "Grand style \(rhetoric\)")
* _ Sotto voce  _
* _ Topos  _
###  Implementation intentions
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> A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!
>
> —  Shakespeare,  Richard III  "Richard III
> \(play\)") 5.4
Anchoring  is another type of cognitive bias that
plays a big role in the planning fallacy. Coined by Muzafer Sherif, Daniel
Taub, and Carl Hovland, anchoring is the tendency to rely too heavily on
initial information when we are making decisions.  6  When we draw up a plan
for a project, we are biased to continue thinking about those initial
values—deadlines, budgets, and so on.
Illusion of control

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###  Reference class forecasting
Consumer Behavior  Designing positive choice environments for consumers and
brands    Development & Social Protection
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bias and grow their impact
Antimetabole  involves repeating but
reversing the order of words, phrases or clauses. The exact same words are
repeated, as opposed to antithesis or chiasmus.