mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
Worry  &action=edit&section=17 "Edit
section: Worry") ]

Rumination appears closely related to worry. Some models consider rumination
to be a type of worry (S-REF).  [4]  Worry has been identified as "a chain of
thoughts and images, negatively affect-laden and relatively uncontrollable; it
represents an attempt to engage in mental problem solving on an issue whose
outcome is uncertain, but contains the possibility of one or more negative
outcomes."  [4]  [46]

Worry is often studied in the context of  generalized anxiety disorder
 (GAD),
whereas rumination is often studied in the context of  major depressive
disorder  .
Because of the high comorbidity of these two conditions, more recent research
is exploring the overlap of worry and rumination.  [4]

According to the Mental Health Foundation, rumination has been identified to
be one of the main problems that leads to anxiety and depression. A study
conducted by psychologists from the University of Liverpool, suggests that
dwelling on negative events that have occurred in one's life is the biggest
predictor of depression and anxiety.  [47]

Measures of rumination and worry have also demonstrated high correlations,
above and beyond that of symptom measures of anxiety and depression (r=.66;
Beck & Perkins, 2001).  [48]  Rumination and worry overlap in their
relationships to anxiety and depression, although some studies do indicate
specificity of rumination to depression and worry to anxiety. Rumination has
been found to predict changes in both depression and anxiety symptoms and
individuals with major depression have been reported to engage in levels of
worry similar to individuals with GAD. As a whole, these studies suggest that
rumination and worry are related not only to each other, but also each is
related to symptoms of both depression and anxiety.

Other studies have demonstrated that the content of worry and rumination are
distinct; worry thoughts are often focused on problem-solving and have a 
future orientation  , whereas
ruminative thoughts concern themes of loss and are more focused on the past.
Rumination, as compared to worry, has also been associated with less effort
and less confidence in problem solving (Papageorgiou & Wells, 2004). It has
also been suggested that rumination and worry serve different purposes, namely
that rumination is associated with greater belief in the personal relevance of
a situation and a larger need to understand it, whereas worry is associated
with a desire to avoid worry thoughts (Watkins 2004b). Worry has also been
hypothesized to contain more imagery than rumination; however, support for
this has been mixed.  [49]  [50]  [51]

Overall, these studies suggest that worry and rumination are related
constructs that both lead to depression and anxiety. It is likely that
rumination and worry, as with rumination and reflection, are related types of
 repetitive negative thinking  that may be better captured as subtypes of some larger
construct, such as avoidant coping strategies.
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Pathology  &action=edit&section=4 "Edit
section: Pathology") ]

Extensive research on the effects of rumination, or the tendency to  self-
reflect  , shows that the negative
form of rumination (associated with  dysphoria 
) interferes with people's ability to focus on problem-solving and results in
dwelling on negative thoughts about past failures.  [18]  Evidence from
studies suggests that the negative implications of rumination are due to
cognitive biases, such as memory and attentional biases, which predispose
ruminators to selectively devote attention to negative stimuli.  [19]

The organic causes of rumination are not fully understood. Research has
identified the activation of certain regions in the brain's  default mode
networks  as  neural
substrates  of rumination, but the
number of brain-imaging studies on rumination is limited.  [20]

The tendency to negatively ruminate is a stable constant over time and serves
as a significant risk factor for clinical depression. Not only are habitual
ruminators more likely to become depressed, but experimental studies have
demonstrated that people who are induced to ruminate experience greater
depressed mood.  [7]  There is also evidence that rumination is linked to
general anxiety, post traumatic stress,  binge drinking
 , eating disorders, and self-
injurious behavior.  [1]  Research suggests that rumination is somewhat
associated with a higher frequency of  non-suicidal self-injury  , and more heavily associated with a history of non-suicidal
self injury.  [21]

Rumination was originally believed to predict the duration of depressive
symptoms. In other words, ruminating about problems was presumed to be a form
of  memory rehearsal  which was
believed to actually lengthen the experience of depression. The evidence now
suggests that although rumination contributes to depression, it is not
necessarily correlated with the duration of symptoms.  [1]

Research on the relationships between  executive functions
 and rumination has yielded
mixed results. Some studies have observed a negative  correlation
 with two executive functioning abilities, 
set-shifting  "Task switching
\(psychology\)") and inhibition, but the magnitudes of those relationships are
unclear.  [22]  [23]  Another study observed only one relationship between
rumination and one executive function, specifically the ability to discard
past information from  working memory  .  [24]  Other studies, however, found no relationship between
rumination and working memory.  [22]  [23]
###  Emotion-like imagination
6. We do not commit to the process model wholesale. In particular, the process model might give us an overtly compartmentalized view of emotion generation and regulation. On this issue, Barrett and colleagues argue that “emotions are not unique mental states that are caused by dedicated mechanisms, to be modified by another set of dedicated regulatory mechanisms. Instead, emotions emerge, and regulation occurs, as the consequence of an ongoing, continually modified constructive process that makes sensory inputs meaningful.” (Barrett et al.,  2014  A psychological construction account of emotion regulation and dysregulation: the role of situated conceptualizations") , p. 448). We agree with this. We simply use the process model as an organizational scheme that is useful to identify relevant families of ER strategies and to highlight the importance of target states in some instances of ER. X-Im, as we will go on to argue, is one of those instances.
Rumination-focused cognitive behavioral therapy  &action=edit&section=15 "Edit
section: Rumination-focused cognitive behavioral therapy") ]

Some studies have begun developing a type of  cognitive behavioral therapy
 that
focuses on rumination, but further research is still needed.  [45]
Rumination-focused cognitive behavior therapy aims to teach patients to
recognize when they begin to ruminate and ultimately re-frame the way they
view themselves.  [5]
My very best to you,
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AngerManagementResource.com
Self Help Collective
3. Pablo Fernandez Velasco
#  What is it (like) to imagine an emotion?
According to this conception of ER, “the defining feature of emotion
regulation is the activation of a goal to influence the emotion trajectory”
(Gross,  2015 
Emotion regulation: current status and future prospects. Psychol Inq
26\(1\):1–26") , p. 3).
* Accepted  :  14 November 2022
* Article
*  Open access 
* Published:  08 December 2022
Rumination on sadness scale  &action=edit&section=8 "Edit
section: Rumination on sadness scale") ]

The Rumination On Sadness Scale is a self-report tool consisting of 13 items
that uses the  Likert Scale  to measure
rumination of sadness.  [34]
Oct 16, 23 08:44 AM
The whole topic of using your imagination to "problem solve" is fascinating,
and can actually be very positive. You might find  this two part imagery
process for positive mental rehearsal
 to be interesting. It guides the reader to use their imagination
to rehearse positive behavior in situations where they've had anxiety, anger,
etc.
8. In aiding the success of X-Im one could further perform bodily actions in strategically modulating physiological components associated with emotions such as breathing (e.g. fast, heavy), muscle tension (e.g. tensing, relaxing) and facial muscle activity (e.g. frown, smile) (Boiten et al.,  1994  Emotions and respiratory patterns: Review and critical analysis. Int J Psychophysiol 17\(2\):103–128") ; Esch et al.,  2003  The therapeutic use of the relaxation response in stress-related diseases. Med Sci Monitor 9\(2\):RA23–RA34") ; Niedenthal et al.,  2005  Embodiment in attitudes, social perception, and emotion. Personal Soc Psychol Rev 9\(3\):184–211") ; Lewis,  2012  Exploring the positive and negative implications of facial feedback. Emotion 12\(4\):852") ; Davies et al.,  2016  Facial expression to emotional stimuli in non-psychotic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 64:252–271") ).
_Humanities and Social Sciences Communications_  ** volume  9 **
, Article number:  440  (  2022  )  Cite this article
What is it (like) to imagine an emotion?
* Slawa Loev   ORCID:  orcid.org/0000-0001-7205-4778  1  na1  ,
* Marco Inchingolo  2  na1  &
* Pablo Fernandez Velasco  3  na1
####  
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2. (ii)
**Response from Dr. DeFoore**
> There is no imagining that has an amusement-like character; there is only
> being really amused. […] As part of an imaginative project, one is often
> actually amused by some aspect of what is imagined, and here one’s amusement
> is caused by what one imagines, as well as having the imagined event as its
> intentional object. In that case we can say that imagination is transparent
> amusement. (Currie and Ravenscroft,  2002
> 
> Recreative minds: imagination in philosophy and psychology. Oxford
> University Press, Oxford") , p. 190)
3. (iii)
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The intentionality of emotional experiences relies on other mental states such
as perceptions, beliefs, memories, etc. These mental states provide emotions
with their particular objects. Such mental states are sometimes called the
_base_ of emotion (Deonna and Teroni,  2012
 The
emotions: a philosophical introduction. Routledge") ). Similarly, as for
actual emotional states, X-Im relies on a specific _base_ in order to achieve
its representational goal: the experiential imagination of emotion is in need
of an intentional anchor. These intentional anchors are often going to be
other kinds of imaginings, but it does not have to be that way. We can indeed
imagine being scared of squirrels by simply having a look at the one in front
of us in the tree: in this case, our actual visual experience of a squirrel is
what constitutes the base for our X-Im of fear (of squirrels). Usually,
though, it seems like the intentional base of X-Im will be worked out by other
kinds of imaginings that will be conjured up to bring about the desired
imaginative representational output.
5. More on this aspect in the next section.
Marco Inchingolo
There are many issues to be discussed about B-Im (see e.g. Amy Kind,  2016
 \(2016\) The Routledge
handbook of philosophy of imagination. Routledge, New York") ; Liao and
Gendler,  2019  Imagination. In: Zalta EN \(ed.\) The Stanford encyclopedia of
philosophy, Summer 2020 edn.
###  Informed consent
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44. ** ^  ** Rose AJ (2002). "Co-rumination in the friendships of girls and boys". _Child Development_ . **73** (6): 1830–1843.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1111/1467-8624.00509  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  12487497  .
45. ** ^  ** Watkins, Ed; Scott, Jan; Wingrove, Janet; Rimes, Katharine; Bathurst, Neil; Steiner, Herbert; Kennell–Webb, Sandra; Moulds, Michelle; Malliaris, Yanni (2007). "Rumination-focused cognitive behaviour therapy for residual depression: A case series". _Behaviour Research and Therapy_ . **45** (9): 2144–2154.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.018  .  hdl  "Hdl \(identifier\)") :   10871/11164  .  ISSN  "ISSN \(identifier\)")  0005-7967  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  17367751  .
46. ** ^  ** Borkovec TD, Robinson E, Pruzinsky T, DePree JA (1983). "Preliminary exploration of worry: some characteristics and processes". _Behaviour Research and Therapy_ . **21** (1): 9–16.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1016/0005-7967(83)90121-3  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  6830571  .
47. ** ^  ** Winterman D (17 October 2013).  "Rumination: The Danger of Dwelling"  . _BBC News_ . Retrieved  2022-01-21  .
48. ** ^  ** Beck, R; Perkins, T. S. (2001). "Cognitive Content-Specificity for Anxiety and Depression: A Meta-Analysis". _Cognitive Therapy and Research_ . **25** (6): 651–663.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1023/A:1012911104891  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  30854969  – via SpringerLink.
49. ** ^  ** McLaughlin KA, Borkovec TD, Sibrava NJ (March 2007). "The effects of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity". _Behavior Therapy_ . **38** (1): 23–38.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1016/j.beth.2006.03.003  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  17292692  .
50. ** ^  ** Papageorgiou C, Wells A (1999). "Process and meta cognitive dimensions of depressive and anxious thoughts and relationships with emotional intensity". _Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy_ . **5** (2): 152.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1002/(sici)1099-0879(199905)6:2<156::aid-cpp196>3.0.co;2-a  .
51. ** ^  ** Watkins E, Moulds M, Mackintosh B (December 2005). "Comparisons between rumination and worry in a non-clinical population". _Behaviour Research and Therapy_ . **43** (12): 1577–1585.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1016/j.brat.2004.11.008  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  16239152  .
52. ** ^  ** Nolen-Hoeksema S (2004). "The Response Styles Theory". In Papageorgiou C, Wells A (eds.). _Depressive Rumination: Nature, Theory and Treatment_ . West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 105–123.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1002/9780470713853.ch6  .  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  9780470713853   .
###   Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single
high dose of psilocybin
Joshua J. Jackson & Amanda J. Wright
##   Recent Articles
###  Ethical approval
###   Microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms: a double-blind placebo-
controlled study
2. ###   The War In My Mind Or My Reality?
Slawa Loev
1. Slawa Loev
Article  15 March 2024
Its also called dreaming and day dreaming.
I can imagine seeing a yellow parrot, feeling sad, feeling outraged, or
feeling elated. It is also possible, no doubt, to imagine that one feels
elated, which is equivalent to assuming the truth of the proposition “I am
elated.” But there is another way to imagine feeling elated, namely, to
conjure up a state that feels, phenomenologically, rather like a trace or
tincture of elation. […] When we imagine feeling elated, we do not merely
suppose that we are elated; rather, we enact or try to enact, elation itself”
(Goldman,  2006 
Simulating minds: the philosophy, psychology and neuroscience of mindreading.
Oxford University Press, Oxford") , p. 47).
However, recent research has shown that subjects can also engage in ER out of
utilitarian considerations (Tamir et al.,  2008
 Hedonic and instrumental motives in anger regulation. Psychol Sci
19\(4\):324–328") ). This research shows that individuals seek to experience
emotions that are considered useful even if they are unpleasant (e.g. they try
to become worried before facing a potential threat). It is no surprise that
studies researching utilitarian considerations in ER have found that subjects
aim to elicit target emotional states, such as enthusiasm when expecting
collaboration and anger when expecting confrontation (Tamir et al.,  2008
 Hedonic and instrumental motives in anger regulation. Psychol Sci
19\(4\):324–328") ; Tamir and Ford,  2012  When feeling bad is expected to be good:
emotion regulation and outcome expectancies in social conflicts. Emotion
12\(4\):807") ).
X-Im is not the only case in which individuals influence their emotions. The
common phenomena of influencing one’s emotions has been widely researched
under the header of Emotion Regulation (ER) (for a recent overview see McRae
and Gross,  2020  Emotion regulation. Emotion 20\(1\):1") ). Although no ER studies to
date have directly addressed the process of X-Im, it is possible to build on
existing research to postulate empirically plausible X-Im processes.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Focused attention

For other uses, see  Rumination (disambiguation)
 "Rumination \(disambiguation\)") .

 Rumination appears closely
related to worry.
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###   The process and mechanisms of personality change
Pablo Fernandez Velasco
Correspondence to  Slawa Loev  .
Theories  &action=edit&section=1 "Edit
section: Theories") ]
Debates surrounding emotion and imagination tend to privilege the other two
kinds of imagining emotions we have mentioned and the phenomenon of
experientially imagining emotions or emotion-like imagination (henceforth,
X-Im) has been neglected. Indeed, concerns for imagination and emotion are
mainly circumscribed within the perimeter of the paradox of fiction (e.g.
Currie,  2020 
Imagining and knowing: The shape of fiction. Oxford University Press, Oxford")
; Currie and Ravenscroft,  2002  Recreative minds: imagination in philosophy
and psychology. Oxford University Press, Oxford") ; Gendler and Kovakovich, 
2006 
Genuine rational fictional emotions. In Kieran M \(ed.\) Contemporary debates
in aesthetics and the philosophy of art. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 241–253") ;
Walton,  1990 
Mimesis as make-believe: On the foundations of the representational arts.
Harvard University Press, Cambridge") ). This has implicitly kept X-Im hostage
to E-Im, since the popular kinds of examples consist of cases where a subject
responds emotionally to an imagined situation, as it paradigmatically happens
when engaging with works of fiction. A thorough account of X-Im is, therefore,
not easily found in the literature.  Footnote  4
Smiley Steve
|  Dec 25, 2022
**Rating**

 |  **Makes
Me Feel Better That I'm Not Alone**
**by: Anonymous**
* Published  :  08 December 2022
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/imagination/
by Steve M. Nash
(Yorkshire, UK)
Sex differences  &action=edit&section=12 "Edit
section: Sex differences") ]

According to  Susan Nolen-Hoeksema  , women tend to ruminate when they are depressed, whereas men tend
to distract themselves. This difference in response style was proposed to
explain the higher rates of depression in women compared to men.  [39]
Research has supported the theory that women have a greater likelihood to
ruminate than men, but the magnitude of this difference seems to be small.
[40]  The prediction that men are more likely to distract themselves has not
been consistently supported in research.  [41]

A meta-analysis was performed on both the sex differences in rumination of
adults and the rumination subtypes "brooding" and "reflection." Studies show
that women's chances of experiencing depressive symptoms or depression was
twice that of men. The response styles theory (RST) suggests this may be due,
to some extent, to higher rates of rumination in women. Brooding can be
operationalized as continuous, passive, negative internalized thoughts. It is
highly connected to worsening depression. Reflection is neutral, rather than
negative, more active observation of self. In the meta-analysis, women showed
statistically significant increases in levels of both brooding and reflection,
supporting RST. Interestingly, there was a much smaller sex difference in
reflection than brooding. The meta-analyses found similar results across
multiple study designs.  [42]
Repetitive thought/thinking questionnaire  &action=edit&section=9 "Edit
section: Repetitive thought/thinking questionnaire") ]

The 31-item Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire (RTQ) measures worry,
rumination, and post-event processing with the purpose of controlling for
effects associated with a psychological diagnosis or disorder. It includes two
subscales, Repetitive Negative Thinking (RNT) and Absence of Repetitive
Thinking (ART). RNT is associated with anxiety, depression, and other negative
emotions as it influences metacognitive beliefs, cognitive avoidance
strategies, and maladaptive thought control strategies.  [35]  The ART
subscale reflects the absence of those negative emotions associated with the
RNT subscale, essentially measuring their opposites.  [36]
Measurement  &action=edit&section=6 "Edit
section: Measurement") ]

There are multiple tools for measuring rumination. These include the
following:
Article  Open access  02 August 2022
* Received  :  14 May 2022
* _Phenomenal valence_ . One distinctive feature of emotional experience is the felt positivity/negativity of certain experiences (Charland,  2005  The heat of emotion: valence and the demarcation problem. J Conscious Stud 12\(8–10\):8–10") ; Teroni,  2018  Emotionally charged—the puzzle of affective valence. In: C Tappolet C, Teroni F, Ziv AK \(eds.\) Shadows of the soul: philosophical perspectives on negative emotions. Routledge, pp. 10–19") ). In the literature, the positivity/negativity feature can be further elucidated in hedonic terms as pleasantness or unpleasantness or in value terms as seeming value or disvalue (Carruthers,  2017  Valence and value. Philos Phenomenol Res 97\(3\):658–680") ). It should be emphasized that valence is a _phenomenal_ property of emotional experiences, i.e. something that is consciously experienced by the subject in an emotional state.