mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
*  Media related to  Awareness  at Wikimedia Commons
* LaBar KS, Disterhoft JF (1998). "Conditioning, awareness, and the hippocampus". _Hippocampus_ . **8** (6): 620–6.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1998)8:6<620::AID-HIPO4>3.0.CO;2-6  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  9882019  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  11974202  .
*  Cornell University  : Recent findings in the awareness of brain damaged people.
](/wiki/FMRI "FMRI") studies with human participants show brain regions
(assumed to contain mirror neurons) that are active when one person sees
another person's goal-directed action.  [137]  These data led some authors to
suggest that mirror neurons may provide the basis for theory of mind in the
brain, and to support  simulation theory of mind reading
") .  [138]

There is also evidence against a link between mirror neurons and theory of
mind. First,  macaque monkeys  have mirror neurons
but do not seem to have a 'human-like' capacity to understand theory of mind
and belief. Second, fMRI studies of theory of mind typically report activation
in the mPFC, temporal poles, and TPJ or STS,  [139]  but those brain areas are
not part of the mirror neuron system. Some investigators, like developmental
psychologist  Andrew Meltzoff  and
neuroscientist  Jean Decety  , believe that
mirror neurons merely facilitate learning through imitation and may provide a
precursor to the development of theory of mind.  [140]  Others, like
philosopher  Shaun Gallagher  ,
suggest that mirror-neuron activation, on a number of counts, fails to meet
the definition of simulation as proposed by the simulation theory of
mindreading.  [141]  [142]
##  Peripheral awareness
*  Davidson  "Donald Davidson \(philosopher\)")
*  Descartes 
*  Goldman 
*  Heidegger 
*  Husserl 
*  Feyerabend 
*  Fodor 
*  James 
*  Kierkegaard 
*  Leibniz 
*  Lewis  "David Lewis \(philosopher\)")
*  McDowell 
*  Merleau-Ponty 
*  Minsky 
*  Moore 
*  Nagel 
*  Parfit 
*  Putnam 
*  Popper 
*  Rorty 
*  Ryle 
*  Searle 
*  Spinoza 
*  Turing 
*  Vasubandhu 
*  Wittgenstein 
*  Zhuangzi 
* _ more...  _
This theory contributes a perspective that cognition is a process present at
organic levels that we do not usually consider to be aware. Given the possible
relationship between awareness and  cognition 
, and  consciousness  , this theory
contributes an interesting perspective in the  philosophical
 and  scientific  dialogue of awareness and  living systems theory
 .  [25]
##  Concept
*  Functional psychology 
*  Neuropsychology 
*  Philosophy of mind 
*  Population genetics 
*  Primatology 
*  Sociobiology 

---|---
Research topics  |

*  Cultural evolution 
*  Evolutionary epistemology 
*  Great ape language 
*  Human–animal communication 
*  Missing heritability problem 
*  Primate cognition 
*  Unit of selection 
*  Coevolution 
*  Cultural group selection 
*  Dual inheritance theory 
*  Fisher's principle 
*  Group selection 
*  Hologenome theory 
*  Lamarckism 
*  Population 
*  Punctuated equilibrium 
*  Recent human evolution 
*  Species
tasks. Patients with  frontal lobe  or 
temporoparietal junction  lesions find some theory of mind tasks difficult. One's theory of
mind develops in childhood as the  prefrontal cortex
 develops. It has been argued
that children in a culture of  collectivism

develop knowledge access earlier and understand diverse beliefs later than
Western children in a culture of  individualism  .  [11]
##  Covert awareness
See also:  Blindsight
Evolution  

The evolutionary origin of theory of mind remains obscure. While many theories
make claims about its role in the development of human language and social
cognition, few of them specify in detail any evolutionary neurophysiological
precursors. One theory claims that theory of mind has its roots in two
defensive reactions—immobilization stress and  tonic immobility
 —which are implicated in the handling
of stressful encounters and also figure prominently in mammalian childrearing
practice.  [156]  Their combined effect seems capable of producing many of the
hallmarks of theory of mind, such as eye-contact, gaze-following, inhibitory
control, and intentional attributions.
Practical validity  

Main article:  Collective intelligence 

Group member average scores of theory of mind abilities, measured with the
Reading the Mind in the Eyes test  [151]  (RME), are possibly drivers of
successful group performance.  [152]  High group average scores on the RME are
correlated with the  collective intelligence  factor _c_ , defined as a group's ability to
perform a wide range of mental tasks,  [152]  [153]  a group intelligence
measure similar to the  _g_ factor for general individual intelligence
 "G factor \(psychometrics\)") . RME is a
theory of mind test for adults  [151]  that shows sufficient test-retest
reliability  [154]  and constantly differentiates control groups from
individuals with functional autism or  Asperger syndrome
 .  [151]  It is one of the most
widely accepted and well-validated tests for theory of mind abilities within
adults.  [155]
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Other tasks  

The "false-photograph" task  [74]  also measures theory of mind development.
In this task, children must reason about what is represented in a photograph
that differs from the current state of affairs. Within the false-photograph
task, either a location or identity change exists.  [75]  In the location-
change task, the examiner puts an object in one location (e.g. chocolate in an
open green cupboard), whereupon the child takes a Polaroid photograph of the
scene. While the photograph is developing, the examiner moves the object to a
different location (e.g. a blue cupboard), allowing the child to view the
examiner's action. The examiner asks the child two control questions: "When we
first took the picture, where was the object?" and "Where is the object now?"
The subject is also asked a "false-photograph" question: "Where is the object
in the picture?" The child passes the task if he/she correctly identifies the
location of the object in the picture and the actual location of the object at
the time of the question. However, the last question might be misinterpreted
as "Where in this room is the object that the picture depicts?" and therefore
some examiners use an alternative phrasing.  [76]

To make it easier for animals, young children, and individuals with classical
 autism  to understand and perform theory of mind
tasks, researchers have developed tests in which verbal communication is de-
emphasized: some whose administration does not involve verbal communication on
the part of the examiner, some whose successful completion does not require
verbal communication on the part of the subject, and some that meet both of
those standards. One category of tasks uses a preferential-looking paradigm,
with  looking time ") as the dependent variable. For
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**Awareness** in  philosophy  and 
psychology  is a concept about  knowing
 ,  perceiving 
and being cognizant of events.  [1]  Another definition describes it as a
state wherein a subject is aware of some information when that information is
directly available to bring to bear in the direction of a wide range of 
behavioral actions  .  [2]  The concept is often
synonymous to consciousness and is also understood as being  consciousness
 itself.  [3]
#  Fellowship
Language  

There is evidence that the development of theory of mind is closely
intertwined with language development in humans. One meta-analysis showed a
moderate to strong correlation ( _r_ = 0.43) between performance on theory of
mind and language tasks.  [35]  Both language and theory of mind begin to
develop around the same time in children (between ages two and five), but many
other abilities develop during this same time period as well, and they do not
produce such high correlations with one another nor with theory of mind.

Pragmatic theories of communication assume that infants must possess an
understanding of beliefs and mental states of others to infer the
communicative content that proficient language users intend to convey.  [36]
Since spoken phrases can have different meanings depending on context, theory
of mind can play a crucial role in understanding the intentions of others and
inferring the meaning of words. Some empirical results suggest that even
13-month-old infants have an early capacity for communicative mind-reading
that enables them to infer what relevant information is transferred between
communicative partners, which implies that human language relies at least
partially on theory of mind skills.  [37]

Carol A. Miller posed further possible explanations for this relationship.
Perhaps the extent of verbal communication and conversation involving children
in a family could explain theory of mind development. Such language exposure
could help introduce a child to the different mental states and perspectives
of others.  [38]  Empirical findings indicate that participation in family
discussion predicts scores on theory of mind tasks,  [39]  and that deaf
children who have hearing parents and may not be able to communicate with
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Terms of Business
#  Workshops
*  العربية  
*  Deutsch   "Awareness \(Psychologie\) – German")
*  Español   "Conciencia \(psiquiatría\) – Spanish")
*  Euskara   "Kontzientzia \(psikiatria\) – Basque")
*  فارسی  
*  한국어  
*  Italiano  
*  עברית  
*  Қазақша  
*  日本語  
*  Norsk bokmål  
*  Română  
*  Русский  
*  کوردی  
*  Suomi  
*  Svenska  
*  தமிழ்  
*  Türkçe  
*  Українська  
*  اردو  
*  中文
Due to this discovery medical definitions of  brain death  as a lack of  cortical  activity face a serious challenge.  [21]
##  Living systems view
*  Carl Gustav Jung 
*  Donald D. Hoffman 
*  Franz Brentano 
*  Gustav Fechner 
*  Julian Jaynes 
*  Kurt Koffka 
*  Max Wertheimer 
*  Sigmund Freud 
*  Wilhelm Wundt 
*  William James 
*  Wolfgang Köhler
Cultural variations  

Researchers propose that five key aspects of theory of mind develop
sequentially for all children between the ages of three and five:  [60]
diverse desires, diverse beliefs, knowledge access, false beliefs, and hidden
emotions.  [60]  Australian, American, and European children acquire theory of
mind in this exact order,  [11]  and studies with children in Canada, India,
Peru, Samoa, and Thailand indicate that they all pass the false belief task at
around the same time, suggesting that children develop theory of mind
consistently around the world.  [61]

However, children from  Iran  and  China  develop theory of mind in a slightly different order. Although they
begin the development of theory of mind around the same time, toddlers from
these countries understand knowledge access before Western children but take
longer to understand diverse beliefs.  [11]  [16]  Researchers believe this
swap in the developmental order is related to the culture of  collectivism
 in
Iran and China, which emphasizes interdependence and shared knowledge as
opposed to the culture of  individualism  in Western countries, which promotes individuality and
accepts differing opinions. Because of these different cultural values,
Iranian and Chinese children might take longer to understand that other people
have different beliefs and opinions. This suggests that the development of
theory of mind is not universal and solely determined by innate brain
processes but also influenced by social and cultural factors.  [11]
###  Basic awareness
mind skills, such as children with autism spectrum disorder, may be socially
rejected by their peers since they are unable to communicate effectively. 
Social rejection  has been proven
to negatively impact a child's development and can put the child at greater
risk of developing depressive symptoms.  [96]

Peer-mediated interventions (PMI) are a school-based treatment approach for
children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in which peers are
trained to be role models in order to promote social behavior. Laghi et al.
studied whether analysis of prosocial (nice) and antisocial (nasty) theory-of-
mind behaviors could be used, in addition to teacher recommendations, to
select appropriate candidates for PMI programs. Selecting children with
advanced theory-of-mind skills who use them in prosocial ways will
theoretically make the program more effective. While the results indicated
that analyzing the social uses of theory of mind of possible candidates for a
PMI program may increase the program's efficacy, it may not be a good
predictor of a candidate's performance as a role model.  [33]

A 2014 Cochrane review on interventions based on theory of mind found that
such a theory could be taught to individuals with autism but claimed little
evidence of skill maintenance, generalization to other settings, or
development effects on related skills.  [97]

Some 21st century studies have shown that the results of some studies of
theory of mind tests on autistic people may be misinterpreted based on the 
double empathy problem  , which proposes that rather than autistic people specifically
having trouble with theory of mind, autistic people and non-autistic people
have equal difficulty understanding one-another due to their neurological
differences.  [98]  Studies have shown that autistic adults perform better in
temporoparietal area activated during false belief tasks.  [133]  pSTS
activation in most of the above studies was largely right-lateralized,
following the general trend in neuroimaging studies of social cognition and
perception. Also right-lateralized are the TPJ activation during false belief
tasks, the STS response to biological motion, and the FFA response to faces.

 Neuropsychological  evidence
supports neuroimaging results regarding the neural basis of theory of mind.
Studies with patients with a lesion of the  frontal lobes
 and the  temporoparietal junction
 of the brain
(between the  temporal lobe  and 
parietal lobe  ) report that they have
difficulty with some theory of mind tasks.  [134]  This shows that theory of
mind abilities are associated with specific parts of the human brain. However,
the fact that the  medial prefrontal cortex  and temporoparietal junction are necessary for
theory of mind tasks does not imply that these regions are specific to that
function.  [121]  [135]  TPJ and mPFC may subserve more general functions
necessary for Theory of Mind.

Research by  Vittorio Gallese  ,
Luciano Fadiga, and  Giacomo Rizzolatti  [136]  shows that some sensorimotor  neurons  , referred to as  mirror neurons  and first discovered in the  premotor cortex  of  rhesus monkeys 
, may be involved in action understanding. Single-electrode recording revealed
that these neurons fired when a monkey performed an action, as well as when
the monkey viewed another agent performing the same action. [ fMRI
others' minds. Such a theory is developed automatically and innately, though
it is instantiated through social interactions.  [24]  It is also closely
related to  person perception 
and  attribution theory  "Attribution
\(psychology\)") from  social psychology  .

It is common and intuitive to assume that others are minded. People 
anthropomorphize  non-human
animals, inanimate objects, and even natural phenomena.  Daniel Dennett
 referred to this tendency as taking
an "  intentional stance  "
toward things: we assume they have intentions, to help predict their future
behavior.  [25]  However, there is an important distinction between taking an
"intentional stance" toward something and entering a "shared world" with it.
The intentional stance is a functional relationship, describing the use of a
theory due to its practical utility, rather than the accuracy of its
representation of the world. As such, it is something people resort to during
interpersonal interactions. A shared world is directly perceived and its
existence structures reality itself for the perceiver. It is not just a lens,
through which the perceiver views the world; it in many ways constitutes the
cognition, as both its object and the blueprint used to structure perception
into understanding.

The philosophical roots of another perspective, the  relational frame theory
 (RFT) account of
theory of mind, arise from contextual psychology, which refers to the study of
organisms (both human and non-human) interacting in and with a historical and
current situational context. It is an approach based on  contextualism
 , a philosophy in which any event is
Perception  |
---|---

Theory of mind can help historians to more properly understand historical
figures' characters, for example  Thomas Jefferson  . Emancipationists like  Douglas L. Wilson
 and scholars at the Thomas
Jefferson Foundation view Jefferson as an opponent of slavery all his life,
noting Jefferson's attempts within the limited range of options available to
him to undermine slavery, his many attempts at abolition legislation, the
manner in which he provided for slaves, and his advocacy of their more humane
treatment. This view contrasts with that of revisionists like  Paul Finkelman
 , who criticizes Jefferson for
racism, slavery, and hypocrisy. Emancipationist views on this hypocrisy
recognize that if he tried to be true to his word, it would have alienated his
fellow Virginians. In another example,  Franklin D. Roosevelt
 did not join NAACP
leaders in pushing for federal anti-lynching legislation, as he believed that
such legislation was unlikely to pass and that his support for it would
alienate Southern congressmen, including many of Roosevelt's fellow Democrats.
External links  

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: _** Consciousness
 ** _

*  Eye Test Simon Baron Cohen   Archived  21 October 2020 at the  Wayback Machine 
*  The Computational Theory of Mind 
*  The Identity Theory of Mind 
*  Sally-Anne and Smarties tests 
*  Functional Contextualism 
*  Theory of Mind  article in the _ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy  _
*  Research into Theory of mind 

*  v  
*  t  
*  e  

 Evolutionary psychology 

---

*  History 
*  Evolutionary thought 
*  Theoretical foundations
*  Annaka Harris 
*  David Bohm 
*  Eugene Wigner 
*  Erwin Schrödinger 
*  Marvin Minsky 
*  Max Planck 
*  Roger Penrose 
*  Susan Blackmore 
*  Victor J. Stenger 
*  Wolfgang Pauli
*  Male  /  female intrasexual competition 
*  Mate choice 
*  Sexual dimorphism 
*  Social selection 

Areas  |

|   Cognition  /
 Emotion  |

*  Affect  "Affect \(psychology\)")
*  Display 
*  Display rules 
*  Facial expression 
*  Behavioral modernity 
*  Cognitive module  /  modularity of mind 
*  Automatic and controlled processes 
*  Computational theory of mind 
*  Domain generality 
*  Domain specificity 
*  Dual process theory 
*  Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis 
*  Evolution of the brain 
*  Evolution of nervous systems 
*  Fight-or-flight response 
*  Arachnophobia 
*  Basophobia 
*  Ophidiophobia
* Awareness
*  Cognitive liberty 
*  Comprehension 
*  Consciousness 
*  Critical thinking 
*  Decision-making 
*  Imagination 
*  Intuition 
*  Problem solving
*  Awareness ribbon 
*  Choiceless awareness 
*  Consciousness raising 
*  Ethics 
*  Illusion of explanatory depth 
*  Indefinite monism 
*  List of awareness ribbons 
*  Mental Health Awareness Month 
*  Mental Illness Awareness Week 
*  Philosophy of mind 
*  Presence of mind 
*  Public awareness of climate change 
*  Public awareness of science 
*  Suicide awareness 
*  Values  "Value \(ethics and social sciences\)")
*  Situation awareness
resonance imaging ](/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging "Magnetic resonance
imaging") studies showed that this task produced increased activity in the
dorsolateral prefrontal and the left medial frontal cortices, the superior
temporal gyrus, and the left amygdala. There is extensive literature
suggesting amygdala dysfunction in psychopathy however, this test shows that
both groups of psychopathic and non-psychopathic adults performed equally well
on the test.  [104]  Thus, disregarding that there isn’t Theory of Mind
impairment in psychopathic individuals.

In another study using a  systemic review  and  meta-analysis  , data was
gathered from 42 different studies and found that psychopathic traits are
associated with impairment in the theory of mind task performance. This
relationship was not regulated by age, population, psychopathy measurement
(self-report versus clinical checklist) or theory of mind task type (cognitive
versus affective).  [105]  This study used past studies to show that there is
a relationship between psychopathic individuals and theory of mind
impairments.

In 2009 a study was conducted to test whether impairment in the emotional
aspects of theory of mind rather that the general theory of mind abilities may
account for some of the impaired social behavior in psychopathy.  [102]  This
study involved criminal offenders diagnosed with  antisocial personality
disorder  who had high psychopathy features, participants with localized
lesions in the  orbitofrontal cortex  , participants with non-frontal lesions, and healthy
control subjects. Subjects were tested with a task that examines affective
versus cognitive theory of mind. They found that the individuals with
psychopathy and those with orbitofrontal cortex lesions were both impaired on
*  Keith Frankish 
*  Kenneth M. Sayre 
*  Maurice Merleau-Ponty 
*  Max Velmans 
*  Michael Tye  "Michael Tye \(philosopher\)")
*  Martin Heidegger 
*  Ned Block 
*  Patricia Churchland 
*  Paul Churchland 
*  Philip Goff  "Philip Goff \(philosopher\)")
*  René Descartes 
*  Thomas Metzinger 
*  Thomas Nagel 
*  William Kingdon Clifford 
*  William Lycan 
*  William Seager  "William Seager \(philosopher\)")
#  Articles
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