mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
* Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878).   "Anthropomorphism"  . _ Encyclopædia Britannica  _ . Vol. 2 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 123–124.
* Mackintosh, Robert (1911).   "Anthropomorphism"  . In  Chisholm, Hugh  (ed.). _ Encyclopædia Britannica  _ . Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 120.
* Kennedy, John S. (1992).  _The New Anthropomorphism_  . Cambridge University Press.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-521-42267-3   .
*  Mithen, Steven  (1998). _The Prehistory Of The Mind: A Search for the Origins of Art, Religion and Science_ . Phoenix. p. 480.  Bibcode  "Bibcode \(identifier\)") :  1996pmso.book.....M  .  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-7538-0204-5   .
Alain Morin  , Mount
Royal University, Canada
Retrieved from " 
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropomorphism&oldid=1207856272

"
* _ Disturber of the Peace: The Life of H.L. Mencken ") _ (1951)
* _ The City of Anger ") _ (1953)
* _ Shadow of the Monsoon ") _ (1956)
* _ A Rockefeller Family Portrait: From John D. to Nelson ") _ (1959)
* _ The Long Gainer ") _ (1961)
* _ Portrait of a President  _ (1964)
* _ The Death of a President  _ (1967)
* _ The Arms of Krupp  _ (1968)
* _ The Glory and the Dream  _ (1974)
* _ Controversy and Other Essays in Journalism  _ (1976)
* _ American Caesar  _ (1978)
* _ On Mencken ") _ (1980)
* _ Goodbye, Darkness: A Memoir of the Pacific War ") _ (1980)
* _ One Brief Shining Moment: Remembering Kennedy ") _ (1983)
* _ The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Visions of Glory, 1874–1932  _ (1983)
* _ Okinawa: The Bloodiest Battle of All ") _ (1987)
* _ The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Alone, 1932–1940  _ (1988)
* _ In Our Time: The World As Seen by Magnum Photographers &action=edit&redlink=1 "In Our Time \(Manchester book\) \(page does not exist\)") _ (1989)
* _ A World Lit Only by Fire: The Medieval Mind and the Renaissance: Portrait of an Age  _ (1992)
* _ No End Save Victory ") _ (2001)
* _ The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Defender of the Realm, 1940–1965  _ (2012, with co-author  Paul Reid  "Paul Reid \(writer\)") )
* , forming a pareidolic face")
###  In marketing
It is not possible to say what these prehistoric artworks represent. A more
recent example is  The Sorcerer  "The
Sorcerer \(cave art\)") , an enigmatic cave painting from the  Trois-Frères
Cave  , Ariège, France: the figure's
significance is unknown, but it is usually interpreted as some kind of great
spirit or master of the animals. In either case there is an element of
anthropomorphism.
##  In computing
PubMed Abstract

|  CrossRef Full Text 
|  Google Scholar
#  _The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill_
Writing of  cats  in 1992, veterinarian  Bruce Fogle
 points to the fact that "both humans and
cats have identical  neurochemicals 
and regions in the brain responsible for emotion" as evidence that "it is not
anthropomorphic to credit cats with emotions such as jealousy".  [65]
##  HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY article
**Anthropomorphism** is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or
intentions to non-human entities.  [1]  It is considered to be an innate
tendency of human psychology.  [2]   Personification  is the related attribution of human form and
characteristics to abstract concepts such as nations, emotions, and natural
forces, such as seasons and weather. Both have ancient roots as storytelling
and artistic devices, and most cultures have traditional fables with
anthropomorphized animals as characters. People have also routinely attributed
human emotions and behavioral traits to wild as well as domesticated animals.
[3]
*  Amami 
*  Chinese 
*  Courtesy 
*  Art 
*  Generation 
*  Titles 
*  Japanese 
*  Korean 
*  Manchu 
*  Okinawan 
*  Taiwanese aboriginal 
*  Vietnamese
Romance  |
Alleged examples of anthropomorphism toward AI have included: Google engineer
Blake Lemoine's widely derided 2022 claim that the Google  LaMDA
 chatbot was  sentient  ;  [72]  the 2017 granting of honorary Saudi
Arabian citizenship to the robot  Sophia  "Sophia
\(robot\)") ; and the reactions to the chatbot  ELIZA 
in the 1960s.  [73]
###  In mental health
*  Churchill war ministry, 1940–1945 
*  timeline 
*  conferences 
*  Churchill caretaker ministry, 1945 
*  Churchill's third ministry, 1951–1955
Time:  2024/03/29 22:27:33
Speeches  |
##  In religion and mythology
Legacy and
depictions  |
Anthropomorphism and **anthropomorphization** derive from the verb form
_anthropomorphize_ ,  [a]  itself derived from the  Greek
 _ánthrōpos_ (
ἄνθρωπος  ,  lit.  "human") and _morphē_ (  μορφή  , "form"). It is first
attested in 1753, originally in reference to the heresy of applying a human
form to the  Christian   God
 .  [b]  [1]
*  Art name 
* _ Bugō  _
*  Nicknames 
*  list 
*  Hypocorism 
*  Monarchs 
* _ Nom de guerre  _
*  Pen name 
*  Heteronym  "Heteronym \(literature\)")
*  Ring name 
* _ Shikona  _
*  Stage name 
*  List 
*  Mononyms 
*  Username
From the perspective of adherents to religions in which humans were created in
the form of the divine, the phenomenon may be considered  theomorphism
 , or the giving of divine qualities to
humans.
This section **needs expansion** . You can help by  adding to it

.  _( July 2016  ) _
---
Life  |
*  Monomers
[ Event Oriented Thinking ](EventOrientedThinking.htm)
[ Forum ](../general/Forum.htm)
Homophily

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Process by which people befriend similar people

Not to be confused with  Homophile  .

Part of  a series  on
---
 Network science 

*  Theory 

*  Graph  "Graph \(discrete mathematics\)")
*  Complex network 
*  Contagion 
*  Small-world 
*  Scale-free 
*  Community structure 
*  Percolation 
*  Evolution 
*  Controllability 
*  Graph drawing 
*  Social capital 
*  Link analysis 
*  Optimization 
*  Reciprocity  "Reciprocity \(network science\)")
*  Closure 
* Homophily
*  Transitivity 
*  Preferential attachment 
*  Balance theory 
*  Network effect 
*  Social influence 

Network types

*  Informational (computing) 
*  Telecommunication 
*  Transport 
*  Social 
*  Scientific collaboration 
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*  Artificial neural 
*  Interdependent 
*  Semantic 
*  Spatial 
*  Dependency 
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*  on-Chip 

 Graphs  "Graph \(discrete
mathematics\)")
|  Features
---

*  Clique  "Clique \(graph theory\)")
*  Component  "Connected component \(graph theory\)")
*  Cut  "Cut \(graph theory\)")
*  Cycle  "Cycle \(graph theory\)")
*  Data structure  "Graph \(abstract data type\)")
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*  Neighborhood  "Neighbourhood \(graph theory\)")
*  Path  "Path \(graph theory\)")
*  Vertex  "Vertex \(graph theory\)")
*  Adjacency list  /  matrix 
*  Incidence list  /  matrix 

Types

*  Bipartite 
*  Complete 
*  Directed 
*  Hyper 
*  Labeled 
*  Multi 
*  Random 
*  Weighted 

*  Metrics  "Metrics \(networking\)")
* [ Algorithms ](/wiki/List_of_algorithms
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[ Prescience ](Prescience.htm)
Social media  

As  social networks  are largely
divided by race,  social-networking websites
 like  Facebook
 also foster homophilic atmospheres.  [16]  When a
Facebook user '  likes  '
or interacts with an article or post of a certain  ideology  , Facebook continues to show that user posts of that similar
ideology (which Facebook believes they will be drawn to). In a research
article, McPherson, Smith-Lovin, and Cook (2003) write that  homogeneous
 
personal networks  result in
limited "social worlds in a way that has powerful implications for the
information they receive, the attitudes they form, and the interactions they
experience."  [17]  This homophily can foster divides and  echo chambers
 "Echo chamber \(media\)") on social networking
sites, where people of similar ideologies only interact with each other.
[ Dueling Loops ](DuelingLoops.htm)
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[ Model Based Analysis ](ModelBasedAnalysis.htm)
#   PLOS Biology
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.s015
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.s006
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[ Systemic ](Systemic.htm)
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.g008
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.s033
##  Figures
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.s023
* Zachary R. Johnson  ,
*  Dimers
* Loading metrics
* General
Causes  

**Geography** : Baseline homophily often arises when the people who are
located nearby also have similar characteristics.  [18]  People are more
likely to have contact with those who are geographically closer than those who
are distant. Technology such as the telephone, e-mail, and social networks
have reduced but not eliminated this effect.

**Family ties** : These ties decay slowly, but familial ties, specifically
that of domestic partners, fulfill many requisites that generate homophily. 
Family relationships  are
generally close and keep frequent contact though they may be at great
geographic distances. Ideas that may get lost in other relational contexts,
will often instead lead to actions in this setting.  [19]

**Organizations** : School, work, and volunteer activities provide the great
majority of non-family ties. Many friendships, confiding relations, and social
support ties are formed within voluntary groups. The social homogeneity of
most organizations creates a strong baseline homophily in networks that are
formed there.  [20]

**Isomorphic sources** : The connections between people who occupy equivalent
roles will induce homophily in the system of network ties. This is common in
three domains:  workplace  (e.g., all heads of
 HR departments  will tend to associate
with other HR heads), family (e.g., mothers tend to associate with other
mothers), and informal networks.

**Cognitive processes** : People who have demographic similarity tend to own
shared knowledge, and therefore they have a greater ease of communication and
share cultural tastes, which can also generate homophily.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.g005
[ Change Resistance ](ChangeResistance.htm)
* Version 2  Version 1 Uncorrected Proof
[ Best Practice ](BestPractice.htm)
* Marcos Sotomayor
###  Fluorescent bead aggregation assays
[ Paradigm Change ](ParadigmChange.htm)
[ Classic Activism ](ClassicActivism.htm)
Religion  

Homophily based on religion is due to both _baseline_ and _inbreeding_
homophily. Those that belong in the same religion are more likely to exhibit
acts of service and aid to one another, such as loaning money, giving
therapeutic counseling, and other forms of help during moments of emergency.
Parents have been shown to have higher levels of religious homophily than
nonparent, which supports the notion that religious institutions are sought
out for the benefit of children.  [2]
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.s003
[ Where We Are Today ](../general/WhereWeAre.htm)
Networking "List of algorithms")

*  Centrality 
*  Degree  "Degree \(graph theory\)")
*  Motif 
*  Clustering 
*  Degree distribution 
*  Assortativity 
*  Distance  "Distance \(graph theory\)")
*  Modularity  "Modularity \(networks\)")
*  Efficiency  "Efficiency \(network science\)")

Models
|  Topology
---

*  Random graph 
*  Erdős–Rényi 
*  Barabási–Albert 
*  Bianconi–Barabási 
*  Fitness model  "Fitness model \(network theory\)")
*  Watts–Strogatz 
*  Exponential random (ERGM) 
*  Random geometric (RGG) 
*  Hyperbolic (HGN) 
*  Hierarchical 
*  Stochastic block 
*  Blockmodeling 
*  Maximum entropy 
*  Soft configuration 
*  LFR Benchmark 

Dynamics

*  Boolean network 
*  agent based 
*  Epidemic  /  SIR 

* Lists
* Categories

*  Topics 
*  Software 
*  Network scientists 

*  Category:Network theory 
*  Category:Graph theory 

*  v  
*  t  
*  e  

**Homophily** (from  Ancient Greek  __ [ ὁμός
](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%81%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82
[ All 3 Books ](../publications/books/index.htm)
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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.s037.txt
[ Social Agent ](SocialAgent.htm)
B. How to Achieve Life Form Proper Coupling
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[ Fundamental Attribution Error ](FundamentalAttributionError.htm)
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.s021
__ __  __ 
Marketing tips
Age  

Most age homophily is of the _baseline_ type. An interesting pattern of
inbreeding age homophily for groups of different ages was found by Marsden
(1988).  [13]  It indicated a strong relationship between someone's age and
the social distance to other people with regard to confiding in someone. For
example, the larger age gap someone had, the smaller chances that they were
confided by others with lower ages to "discuss important matters."  [2]
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.s040
*  Cadherins
[ Introduction ](../videos/DuelingLoops/index.htm)
PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3)
corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US
[ 2\. The Truth Test ](../solutions/SubproblemA.htm#TruthTest)
[ All Articles ](../articles/index.htm)
Race and ethnicity  

 Social networks  in the United
States today are strongly divided by  race
 "Race \(human categorization\)") and 
ethnicity  ,  [10]  which account for a large
proportion of _inbreeding_ homophily (though classification by these criteria
can be problematic in  sociology  due to fuzzy
boundaries and different definitions of race  [11]  ).

Smaller groups have lower  diversity  simply due to the number of members. This tends to give racial and
ethnic minority groups a higher _baseline_ homophily. Race and ethnicity also
correlates with  educational attainment  and occupation, which further increase baseline
homophily.  [2]
[ Analytical Activism ](AnalyticalActivism.htm)
Nine Sample Solution Elements
[ Environmentalism 2.0 ](ScientificMethod.htm#Environmentalism2)
[ Complete subproblem analysis
](../analysis/SubproblemB.htm)
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* Paradigm
*  __ 
*  __ 
*  __ 
*  __ 
*  __
###  Sequence alignments
[ Causal Loop Diagram ](CausalLoopDiagram.htm)
Status vs. value  

In their original formulation of homophily,  Paul Lazarsfeld
 and  Robert K. Merton
 (1954) distinguished between
_status homophily_ and _value homophily_ ; individuals with similar  social
status  characteristics were more likely
to associate with each other than by chance:  [8]  [2]

* **Status homophily** : includes both society-  ascribed characteristics  (e.g. race, ethnicity, sex, and age) and  acquired characteristics  (e.g., religion, occupation, behavior patterns, and education).  [9]
* **Value homophily** : involves association with others who have similar values, attitudes, and beliefs, regardless of differences in status characteristics.  [9]
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2238-6189
Browse the Glossary
Sex and gender  

In terms of  sex  and  gender  ,
the baseline homophily networks were relatively low compared to race and
ethnicity. In this form of homophily men and women frequently live together
and have large populations that are normally equal in size. It is also common
to find higher levels of gender homophily among school students.  [12]  Most
sex homophily are a result of inbreeding homophily.  [2]
[ 8\. Sustainability Index ](../solutions/SubproblemA.htm#SustainabilityIndex)
* ###  Search Writing for Your Life:
###  Surface plasmon resonance experiments
* Elakkiya Tamilselvan,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.s011
[ Systems Thinking ](SystemsThinking.htm)
[ Fundamental Solution ](FundamentalSolution.htm)
[ 6\. Corporation 2.0 Suffix ](../solutions/SubproblemA.htm#Corp2Suffix)
#  The Principle of Cumulative Advantage
[ Malthusian Trap ](MalthusianTrap.htm)
Causes and effects
[ The WorldChange Model ](../articles/021_WorldChangeModel/index.htm)
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[ Sustainability ](Sustainability.htm)
* The Goal
Message ID:  870596485
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.g001
D. How to Achieve Environmental Proper Coupling
[ Three Pillars of Sustainability ](ThreePillarsOfSustainability.htm)
[ Hypothesis ](Hypothesis.htm)
The  Principle of Cumulative Advantage  states that once a social agent gains
a small advantage over other agents, that advantage will compound over time
into an increasingly larger advantage. The effect is well known and is
embodied in "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer". The principle is
also known as the  Matthew effect
 . The term was
coined by sociologist Robert Merton in a 1968 paper which described how the
more eminent scientists in a group tend get the most credit for the group's
work, regardless of who did the work.
[  Previous ](Cooperation.htm)
 [ Next
 ](CycleOfAcceptance.htm)
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.s035.txt
[ Cycle of Acceptance ](CycleOfAcceptance.htm)
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.s002
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.s028
[ Model Crisis ](ModelCrisis.htm)
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.s019
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See also  

*  Groupthink 
*  Echo chamber (media)  "Echo chamber \(media\)")
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.s030
*  Writing for Your Life: Highlights from 2023! 
*  Event: What is “thought leadership”? 
*  Event: Discernment for spiritual writers 
*  What did you learn (about writing) during your summer vacation? 
*  Event – The true meaning of ‘platform’: An online discussion for spiritual writers 
* Search for:
* ###  Categories
[ About Thwink.org ](../general/About.htm)
Baseline vs. inbreeding  

To test the relevance of homophily, researchers have distinguished between two
types:  [2]

* **Baseline homophily** : simply the amount of homophily that would be expected by chance given an existing uneven distribution of people with varying characteristics; and
* **Inbreeding homophily** : the amount of homophily over and above this expected value, typically due to personal preferences and choices.  [7]
[ Structure ](Structure.htm)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4310-0832
A. How to Overcome
Change Resistance
[ Analytical Method ](AnalyticalMethod.htm)
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.s004
[ Analysis ](Analysis.htm)
[ Cumulative Advantage Principle ](CumulativeAdvantagePrinciple.htm)
[ Superficial Solution ](SuperficialSolution.htm)
[ Economic Sustainability ](EconomicSustainability.htm)
[ Experiment ](Experiment.htm)
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##  Supporting information
* __
*  __ 
*  __ 
*  __ 
*  __ 
*  __
Fig 3.  Homophilic binding assays of _hs_ PCDH24.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.s029
[ Complex Social System ](ComplexSocialSystem.htm)
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.g002
*  Binding analysis
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.s041
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Time:  2024/03/29 23:53:24
[ Competitive Exclusion Principle ](CompetitiveExclusionPrinciple.htm)
* Matthew J. Tyska,
[ Scientific Method ](ScientificMethod.htm)
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001463.g003
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