mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
###  How To Win Friends And Influence People
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c.  1505  ,  [66]   Raphael  executed a pen-and-ink
sketch, in which the columns flanking the subject are more apparent. Experts
universally agree that it is based on Leonardo's portrait.  [67]  [68]  [69]
Other later copies of the _Mona Lisa_ , such as those in the  National Museum
of Art, Architecture and Design
 and  The Walters Art Museum
 , also display large
flanking columns. As a result, it was thought that the _Mona Lisa_ had been
trimmed.  [70]  [71]  [72]  [73]  However, by 1993,  Frank Zöllner
 observed that the painting surface
had never been trimmed;  [74]  this was confirmed through a series of tests in
2004.  [75]  In view of this,  Vincent Delieuvin  , curator of 16th-century Italian painting at the Louvre,
states that the sketch and these other copies must have been inspired by
another version,  [76]  while Zöllner states that the sketch may be after
another Leonardo portrait of the same subject.  [74]
####  Law of common fate
Law of closure
###  Refuge, theft, and vandalism
Other artists  |
The _Mona Lisa_ began influencing contemporary  Florentine painting
 even before its completion.
 Raphael  , who had been to Leonardo's workshop
several times, promptly used elements of the portrait's composition and format
in several of his works, such as _ Young Woman with Unicorn
 _ (c. 1506),
[128]  and _ Portrait of Maddalena Doni  _ (c. 1506).  [66]  Later paintings by Raphael,
such as  _ La velata  _ (1515–16) and _
Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione  _ (c. 1514–15), continued to borrow from
Leonardo's painting. Zollner states that "None of Leonardo's works would exert
more influence upon the evolution of the genre than the _Mona Lisa_ . It
became the definitive example of the Renaissance portrait and perhaps for this
reason is seen not just as the likeness of a real person, but also as the
embodiment of an ideal."  [129]
Dr. Andrew Sims  Team Louvain-La-Neuve
Raphael's _ Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione
 _ (c. 1514–15)
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Through a series of experiments, Wertheimer discovered that a person observing
a pair of alternating bars of light can, under the right conditions,
experience the illusion of movement between one location and the other. He
noted that this was a perception of motion absent any moving object. That is,
it was pure phenomenal motion. He dubbed it  phi ("phenomenal") motion
 .  [14]  [16]  Wertheimer's
publication of these results in 1912  [17]  marks the beginning of Gestalt
psychology.  [16]  In comparison to von Ehrenfels and others who had used the
term "gestalt" earlier in various ways, Wertheimer's unique contribution was
to insist that the "gestalt" is perceptually primary. The gestalt defines the
parts from which it is composed, rather than being a secondary quality that
emerges from those parts.  [16]  Wertheimer took the more radical position
that one hears the melody first and only then may perceptually divide it up
into notes. Similarly, in vision, one sees the form of the circle first, with
its apprehension not mediated by a process of part-summation. Only after this
primary apprehension might one notice that it is made up of lines or dots or
stars.
Artist  |   Leonardo da Vinci 
Year  |  c.  1503–1506  , perhaps continuing until  c.  1517
Medium  |   Oil  on  poplar
 panel
Subject  |   Lisa del Giocondo 
Dimensions  |  77 cm × 53 cm (30 in × 21 in)
Location  |   Louvre  , Paris
* .jpg "The Prado Museum La Gioconda")
Leonardeschi  |
On 6 April 2005—following a period of curatorial maintenance, recording, and
analysis—the painting was moved to a new location within the museum's Salle
des États. It is displayed in a purpose-built, climate-controlled enclosure
behind bulletproof glass.  [122]  Since 2005 the painting has been illuminated
by an  LED lamp  , and in 2013 a new 20 watt LED
lamp was installed, specially designed for this painting. The lamp has a 
Colour Rendering Index  up to 98, and minimizes  infrared  and 
ultraviolet  radiation which could otherwise
degrade the painting.  [123]  The renovation of the gallery where the painting
now resides was financed by the Japanese broadcaster  Nippon Television
 .  [124]  As of 2019, about 10.2 million people
view the painting at the Louvre each year.  [125]
Applying predictive coding
###  Financial worth
Vasari's account of the _Mona Lisa_ comes from his biography of Leonardo
published in 1550, 31 years after the artist's death. It has long been the
best-known source of information on the  provenance  of the work and identity of the sitter. Leonardo's assistant 
Salaì  , at his death in 1524, owned a portrait
which in his personal papers was named _la Gioconda_ , a painting bequeathed
to him by Leonardo.  [ _ citation needed   _ ]
Raphael  's drawing (c. 1505), after Leonardo; today in the  Louvre
 along with the _Mona Lisa_ [66]
*  Eduardo de Valfierno 
*  Yves Chaudron 
*  Vincenzo Peruggia
---|---
 Italian  |
Max Wertheimer  ,  Kurt Koffka
 , and  Wolfgang Köhler
 founded Gestalt psychology in
the early 20th century.  [8]  : 113–116  The dominant view in psychology at
the time was  structuralism 
"Structuralism \(psychology\)") , exemplified by the work of  Hermann von
Helmholtz  ,  Wilhelm
Wundt  , and  Edward B. Titchener
 .  [9]  [10]  : 3
Structuralism was rooted firmly in British  empiricism  [9]  [10]  : 3  and was based on three closely interrelated
theories:
The _**Mona Lisa** _ (   /  ˌ  m  oʊ  n  ə  ˈ  l  iː  s  ə  /
  _ MOH  -nə  LEE  -sə _

;  Italian  : _Gioconda_ [
[dʒoˈkonda] ](/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian "Help:IPA/Italian") or  _Monna Lisa_ [
[ˈmɔnna  ˈliːza] ](/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian "Help:IPA/Italian") ;  French
 : _Joconde_ [ [ʒɔkɔ̃d]
](/wiki/Help:IPA/French "Help:IPA/French") ) is a half-length  portrait
painting  by Italian artist 
Leonardo da Vinci  . Considered
an archetypal  masterpiece  of the 
Italian Renaissance  ,  [4]
[5]  it has been described as "the best known, the most visited, the most
written about, the most sung about, [and] the most parodied work of art in the
world".  [6]  The painting's novel qualities include the subject's enigmatic
expression,  [7]  monumentality of the composition, the subtle modelling of
forms, and the atmospheric illusionism.  [8]
By the early 20th century, some critics started to feel the painting had
become a repository for subjective  exegeses  and
theories.  [131]  Upon the painting's theft in 1911, Renaissance historian 
Bernard Berenson  admitted that it
had "simply become an incubus, and [he] was glad to be rid of her."  [131]
[132]   Jean Metzinger  's _ Le
goûter (Tea Time)  "Le goûter \(Tea
Time\)") _ was exhibited at the 1911  Salon d'Automne
 and was sarcastically described
as "la Joconde à la cuiller" (Mona Lisa with a spoon) by art critic  Louis
Vauxcelles  on the front page of 
Gil Blas  .  [133]   André Salmon
 subsequently described the painting
as "The Mona Lisa of Cubism".  [134]  [135]
Greece  and
 Rome  ,
 Etruscan  |
Library resources  about
**Gestalt psychology**
The _ Isleworth Mona Lisa 
_
The record of an October 1517 visit by  Louis d'Aragon
 states that the _Mona Lisa_ was
executed for the deceased  Giuliano de' Medici
 ,
Leonardo's steward at  Belvedere, Vienna  , between 1513 and 1516  [77]  [78]  [c]  —but this was
likely an error.  [79]  [d]  According to Vasari, the painting was created for
the model's husband, Francesco del Giocondo.  [80]  A number of experts have
argued that Leonardo made two versions (because of the uncertainty concerning
its dating and commissioner, as well as its fate following Leonardo's death in
1519, and the difference of details in Raphael's sketch—which may be explained
by the possibility that he made the sketch from memory).  [66]  [69]  [68]
[81]  The hypothetical first portrait, displaying prominent columns, would
have been commissioned by Giocondo  c.  1503  , and left unfinished in
Leonardo's pupil and assistant Salaì's possession until his death in 1524. The
second, commissioned by Giuliano de' Medici  c.  1513  , would have been sold
by Salaì to Francis I in 1518  [e]  and is the one in the Louvre today.  [69]
[68]  [81]  [82]  Others believe that there was only one true _Mona Lisa_ but
are divided as to the two aforementioned fates.  [22]  [83]  [84]  At some
point in the 16th century, a  varnish  was applied
to the painting.  [3]  It was kept at the  Palace of Fontainebleau
 until  Louis XIV
 moved it to the  Palace of Versailles
 , where it remained until
the  French Revolution  .  [85]
In 1797, it went on permanent display at the Louvre.  [11]
Not to be confused with the psychotherapy of Fritz Perls,  Gestalt therapy
 .
Like figure-ground organization, perceptual grouping (sometimes called
perceptual segregation)  [31]  is a form of perceptual organization.  [16]
Perceptual grouping is the process that determines how organisms perceive some
parts of their perceptual fields as being more related than others,  [16]
using such information for  object detection  .  [31]
Major works  |
Divergence  explains why fashions among the
socialite class in New York City change so quickly and dramatically. In
certain social circles, dress is a way to signal your wealth or status. When
the latest fashions start appearing in Target so people can imitate the look,
fashions change to compensate. This constant divergence keeps the group
affiliation signal valid.
Reification can be explained by progress in the study of  illusory contours
 , which are treated by the
visual system as "real" contours.
* _ Study for the Madonna of the Cat  _
* _ Compositional Sketches for the Virgin Adoring the Christ Child, with and without the Infant St. John the Baptist  _
* _ Head of a Bear  _
* _ The Head of the Virgin in Three-Quarter View Facing Right  _
* _ The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian  "The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian \(Leonardo\)") _
* _ Head of a Woman  "Head of a Woman \(Leonardo, Turin\)") _
* _ Vitruvian Man  _
* _ Head of Christ  "Head of Christ \(Leonardo\)") _
* _ Studies of the Fetus in the Womb  _
* _ Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk  _
Main article:  Isleworth Mona Lisa
https://personalmba.com/convergence-divergence/
Convergence  also means that groups have a
tendency to police themselves. The norms of the group work like
gravity—violate them, and others will exert an influence on the rebel to bring
them back in line. As the proverb goes: “The tallest blade of grass is the
first to be cut.”
* .jpg "Hermitage Mona Lisa")
Museums  |
The key principles of gestalt systems are  emergence  ,  reification  "Reification
\(fallacy\)") ,  multistability  and
 invariance  .
[29]  Emergence, reification, multistability, and invariance are not
necessarily separable modules to model individually, but they could be
different aspects of a single unified  dynamic 
"Dynamics \(mechanics\)") mechanism.  [30]
The _Mona Lisa_ in the  Uffizi Gallery  , in  Florence  , 1913.
Museum director Giovanni Poggi (right) inspects the painting.
###  _Prado Museum La Gioconda_
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The picture is kept under strict, climate-controlled conditions in its
bulletproof glass case. The humidity is maintained at 50% ±10%, and the
temperature is maintained between 18 and 21 °C. To compensate for fluctuations
in relative humidity, the case is supplemented with a bed of  silica gel
 treated to provide 55% relative humidity.
[75]
Leonardo da Vinci  's _ Mona
Lisa  _
Cultural depictions of the _Mona Lisa_ include:
In 1977, a new insect infestation was discovered in the back of the panel as a
result of crosspieces installed to keep the painting from warping. This was
treated on the spot with  carbon tetrachloride  , and later with an  ethylene oxide
 treatment. In 1985, the spot was
again treated with carbon tetrachloride as a preventive measure.  [75]
See also:  Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations
##  Early versions and copies
Funded by:
That Leonardo painted such a work, and its date, were confirmed in 2005 when a
scholar at  Heidelberg University  discovered a marginal note in a 1477 printing of a volume by 
ancient Roman  philosopher  Cicero
 . Dated October 1503, the note was written by
Leonardo's contemporary  Agostino Vespucci  . This note likens Leonardo to renowned Greek painter 
Apelles  , who is mentioned in the text, and states
that Leonardo was at that time working on a painting of Lisa del Giocondo.
[25]  In response to the announcement of the discovery of this document,
Vincent Delieuvin, the  Louvre  representative,
stated "Leonardo da Vinci was painting, in 1503, the portrait of a Florentine
lady by the name of Lisa del Giocondo. About this we are now certain.
Unfortunately, we cannot be absolutely certain that this portrait of Lisa del
Giocondo is the painting of the Louvre."  [26]
If you’ve ever worked for a company with a workaholic culture, you know how
powerful  Convergence  can be. If it’s normal for
workers to come in at 6:00 in the morning and stay until 10:30 at night, it
can be difficult to keep normal working hours, since violating the norms is a
 Social Signal  that you don’t belong in the group.
###  Poplar panel
Main article:  Principles of grouping
27. ** ^  ** Bastos, Andre M.; Usrey, W. Martin; Adams, Rick A.; Mangun, George R.; Fries, Pascal; Friston, Karl J. (2012).  "Canonical Microcircuits for Predictive Coding"  . _Neuron_ . **76** (4): 695–711.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.038  .  PMC  "PMC \(identifier\)")  3777738  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  23177956  .
28. ** ^  ** Kwisthout, Johan; Van Rooij, Iris (2020). "Computational Resource Demands of a Predictive Bayesian Brain". _Computational Brain & Behavior _ . **3** (2): 174–188.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1007/s42113-019-00032-3  .  hdl  "Hdl \(identifier\)") :   2066/218854  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  196045530  .
29. ** ^  ** Ransom M. & Fazelpour S (2015). Three Problems for the Predictive Coding Theory of Attention.  http://mindsonline.philosophyofbrains.com/2015/session4/three-problems-for-the-predictive-coding-theory-of-attention/ 

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#  Blog
](/review/thinking-fast-and-slow/)
63 languages
###  _Hermitage Mona Lisa_
*  Robert Zajonc 
*  Albert Bandura 
*  Roger Brown  "Roger Brown \(psychologist\)")
*  Endel Tulving 
*  Lawrence Kohlberg 
*  Noam Chomsky 
*  Ulric Neisser 
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*  Book 
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*  Reading List 
*  Manifesto
](/planning-fallacy/)
* **Savoldo** : _ Portrait of a Clad Warrior  "Portrait of a Clad Warrior \(Savoldo\)") _
* **Signorelli** : _ Adoration of the Magi  "Adoration of the Magi \(Signorelli\)") _ ; _ Birth of John the Baptist  "Birth of John the Baptist \(Signorelli\)") _
* **Tintoretto** : _ Self Portrait  "Self Portrait \(Tintoretto\)") _
* **Titian** : _ The Crowning with Thorns  "The Crowning with Thorns \(Titian, Paris\)") _ ; _ The Entombment of Christ  "The Entombment of Christ \(Titian\)") _ ; _ Madonna of the Rabbit  _ ; _ Man with a Glove  _ ; _ Pardo Venus  _ ; _ Pastoral Concert  _ (also attributed to Giorgione); _ Saint Jerome in Penitence  "Saint Jerome in Penitence \(Titian, 1531\)") _ ; _ Woman with a Mirror  _
* **Tura** : _ Pietà with Saints  _
* **Uccello** : _ The Battle of San Romano  _
* **Veronese** : _ The Wedding at Cana  _
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One form of psychotherapy that, unlike Gestalt therapy, is actually
consistently based on Gestalt psychology is  Gestalt theoretical
psychotherapy  .
The depiction of the sitter in three-quarter profile is similar to late 15th-
century works by  Lorenzo di Credi  and  Agnolo di Domenico del Mazziere
 .
[37]   Zöllner  notes that the
sitter's general position can be traced back to  Flemish
 models and that "in particular
the vertical slices of columns at both sides of the panel had precedents in
Flemish portraiture."  [39]  Woods-Marsden cites  Hans Memling
 's  portrait of Benedetto Portinari
 (1487) or
Italian imitations such as  Sebastiano Mainardi's pendant portraits
 for the use of a _ loggia  _ , which has
the effect of mediating between the sitter and the distant landscape, a
feature missing from Leonardo's earlier portrait of _ Ginevra de' Benci
 _ .  [40]
Works on paper  |
####  Law of closure
Main article:  Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations
Sculptures  |
](/social-signals/) [
####  Reification
####  Law of proximity
* Bartz, Gabriele; König, Eberhard (2001).  _Art and architecture, Louvre_  . New York:  Barnes & Noble Books  .  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-7607-2577-1   .
* Bohm-Duchen, Monica (2001).   _The private life of a masterpiece_  . Berkeley, California:  University of California Press  .  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-520-23378-2   .
* Chiesa, Angela Ottino della (1967). _The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci_ . Penguin Classics of World Art. London:  Penguin Books  .  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-14-008649-2   .
* Farago, Claire J. (1999).  _Leonardo's projects, c. 1500–1519_  . Oxford:  Taylor & Francis  .  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-8153-2935-0   .
*  Kemp, Martin  "Martin Kemp \(art historian\)") (2006).  _Leonardo da Vinci: The Marvelous Works of Nature and Man_  . Oxford:  Oxford University Press  .  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-19-280725-0   .
*  Kemp, Martin  (2018).  _Living with Leonardo: Fifty Years of Sanity and Insanity in the Art World and Beyond_  . London:  Thames & Hudson  .  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-500-77423-6   .
*  Kemp, Martin  "Martin Kemp \(art historian\)") (2019). _Leonardo da Vinci: The 100 Milestones_ . New York:  Sterling  .  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-1-4549-304-26   .
* Marani, Pietro C. (2003) [2000]. _Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings_ . New York:  Harry N. Abrams  .  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-8109-3581-5   .
* Turudich, Daniela (2003).  _Plucked, Shaved & Braided: Medieval and Renaissance Beauty and Grooming Practices 1000–1600 _  . North Branford, Connecticut: Streamline Press.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-1-930064-08-9   .
* Vasari, Giorgio (1879) [1550].  _Le vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori ed architettori_  (in Italian). Vol. 4. Florence:  G.C. Sansoni  "Sansoni \(publisher\)") .
*  Wilson, Colin  (2000).   _The Mammoth Encyclopedia of the Unsolved_  . New York:  Carroll & Graf Publishers  .  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-7867-0793-5   .
* Woods-Marsden, Joanna (2001).  "Portrait of the Lady, 1430–1520"  . In Brown, David Alan (ed.). _Virtue & Beauty _ . London: Princeton University Press. pp. 64–87.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-691-09057-3   .
*  Zöllner, Frank  (2015). _Leonardo_ (2nd ed.). Cologne:  Taschen  .  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-3-8365-0215-3   .
*  Zöllner, Frank  (2019). _Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings and Drawings_ (Anniversary ed.). Cologne: Taschen.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-3-8365-7625-3   .
###  Modern analysis
* **El Greco** : _ Christ on the Cross Adored by Two Donors  _ ; _ Portrait of Antonio de Covarrubias  _ ; _ Saint Louis  "Saint Louis \(El Greco\)") _
* **Goya** : _ Portrait of Ferdinand Guillemardet  _ ; _ Portrait of the Marquise de la Solana  _ ; _ Still Life of a Lamb's Head and Flanks  _
* **Murillo** : _ The Birth of the Virgin  "The Birth of the Virgin \(Murillo\)") _ ; _ The Young Beggar  _
* **Ribera** : _ The Clubfoot  _
* **Zurbarán** : _ Displaying the Body of Saint Bonaventure  _ ; _ Saint Apollonia  "Saint Apollonia \(Zurbarán\)") _
* _ The Second Mrs. Giaconda  _ (1975)
* _ I, Mona Lisa  _ (2006)
* _ The Smile  "The Smile \(novel\)") _ (2008)
#  _Mona Lisa_
###  Planning Fallacy
In 1956, a vandal threw acid at the _Mona Lisa_ while it was on a temporary
exhibition in Montauban, hitting its lower portion.  [100]  Later that year,
on 30 December 1956, Bolivian Ugo Ungaza Villegas threw a rock at the _Mona
Lisa_ while it was on display at the Louvre. He did so with such force that it
shattered the glass case and dislodged a speck of pigment near the left elbow.
[101]  The painting was protected by glass because a few years earlier a man
who claimed to be in love with the painting had cut it with a razor blade and
tried to steal it.  [102]  Since then,  bulletproof glass
 has been used to shield the
painting from any further attacks. Subsequently, on 21 April 1974, while the
painting was on display at the  Tokyo National Museum
 , a woman sprayed it
with red paint as a protest against that museum's failure to provide access
for disabled people.  [103]  On 2 August 2009, a Russian woman, distraught
over being denied French citizenship, threw a ceramic teacup purchased at the
Louvre; the vessel shattered against the glass enclosure.  [104]  [105]  In
both cases, the painting was undamaged.
The tourist's view in 2015
In some scholarly communities, such as  cognitive psychology
 and  computational
neuroscience 
, gestalt theories of perception are criticized for being _descriptive_ rather
than _explanatory_ in nature. For this reason, they are viewed by some as
redundant or uninformative. For example, a textbook on visual perception
states that, "The physiological theory of the gestaltists has fallen by the
wayside, leaving us with a set of descriptive principles, but without a model
of perceptual processing. Indeed, some of their 'laws' of perceptual
organisation today sound vague and inadequate. What is meant by a 'good' or
'simple' shape, for example?"  [47]