mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
Signs that may point to dementia include:
](/news/media)
Cancel  Continue
##  Science Education
First Name
Last Name
Email
Country
** Contribute to Mental Health Research  **
National Institutes of Health (NIH) 
 NIH Virtual Tour 
 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 
 USA.gov
Researchers at NIMH and around the country conduct clinical trials with people
experiencing psychosis and healthy volunteers. Talk to a health care provider
about clinical trials, their benefits and risks, and whether one is right for
you. Learn more about  participating in clinical trials  .
###  How is dementia diagnosed?
* CONNECT WITH US
##  Help for Mental Illnesses
##  Application Process
##  Three main types of paranoia
##  Strategic Plan
##  Brochures and Fact Sheets
##  Funding Strategy for Grants
Find all NIMH and cross-NIH funding opportunities.
](/research/priority-research-areas)
Type email address...
NIMH continues to prioritize research on and expansion of treatments for early
psychosis with the launch of the Early Psychosis Intervention Network (EPINET)
in 2019. Through EPINET, NIMH funded awards to establish a national data
coordinating center and regional scientific hubs connected to more than 100
coordinated specialty care programs that provide early psychosis treatment in
17 states. The  EPINET website   __  provides resources for researchers,
health care providers, administrators, and people experiencing psychosis and
their families.
Topic Finder 
 Brochures and Fact Sheets 
 Contact Us 
 Información en español
](/about/advisory-boards-and-groups)
##  NIMH research on coordinated specialty care
View all mental health and wellbeing
##  Resources for Researchers
* paranoid personality disorder
* delusional (paranoid) disorder
*  schizophrenia   .
##  Meetings and Events
](/get-involved/digital-shareables)
Funding & Grant News
#  About Dementia
__
  __
  __
 __
#  Bias: Confirmation Bias
](/health/topics)
Search  __ __
* POLICIES
MedlinePlus __  (National Library of Medicine) (
 en español __  )
 ClinicalTrials.gov __  (  en español __
 )
National Institutes of Health
NIH Publication No. 23-MH-8110
](/get-involved/science-education)
####  Exit Notification / Disclaimer Policy
##  Who develops psychosis?
Alzheimer’s disease  
 Lewy body dementia  
 Fronto-temporal dementia
##  Social Media
EspaÃ±ol  |   Other Languages
*  Mental Health Information 
*  Get Involved 
*  Research 
*  Funding 
*  News & Events 
*  About Us
*  Paranoia and delusional  disorders  External Link   , Mental Health America.
##  How is psychosis treated?
##  Small Business Research
Search this Guide  Search
Menu __
*  About Us 
*  Alzheimerâs Disease and Dementia  plus icon
*  About Dementia 
*  About Alzheimerâs Disease 
*  Dementia Risk Reduction 
*  Recognizing Symptoms of Dementia and Seeking Help  plus icon
*  10 Warning Signs of Alzheimerâs 
*  Social Determinants of Health and Alzheimerâs Disease and Related Dementias 
*  Data and Statistics  plus icon
*  Data Briefs  plus icon
*  Chronic Diseases and Cognitive Decline 
*  Coronary Heart Disease, Myocardial Infarction, and Stroke 
*  Caregiving for Family and Friends 
*  Subjective Cognitive Decline 
*  Infographics 
*  Data Collection and Analysis Tools  plus icon
*  BRFSS Cognitive Decline Module FAQs 
*  BRFSS Caregiver Module FAQs 
*  National Initiatives  plus icon
*  National Healthy Brain Initiative (NHBI)  plus icon
*  National Healthy Brain Initiative Road Map Series and Resources 
*  National Healthy Brain Initiative Award Recipients 
*  Road Map Resources for Indian Country 
*  Building Our Largest Dementia(BOLD) Infrastructure  plus icon
*  BOLD Public Health Centers of Excellence Recipients 
*  BOLD Public Health Programs Award Recipients 
*  Healthy People 2030 
*  Older Adults and Healthy Aging  plus icon
*  Mental Health and Aging  plus icon
*  Depression and Aging 
*  Mental Health Issues Briefs 
*  How Right Now Emotional Wellness Tool 
*  Maintaining Your Brain Health 
*  Emergency Preparedness for Older Adults  plus icon
*  Older Adults and Extreme Heat 
*  Older Adults and Extreme Cold 
*  Creating a Plan 
*  Creating an Emergency Supply Kit 
*  For Caregivers, Family and Friends  plus icon
*  Caregiving for a Person with Alzheimerâs Disease or a Related Dementia 
*  Caring for Yourself When Caring for Another 
*  Creating a Care Plan 
*  For Public Health Professionals  plus icon
*  Alzheimerâs Disease Public Health Curriculum 
*  Dementia Caregiving: The Role for Public Health Professionals 
*  Communication Center  plus icon
*  Customizable Graphics 
*  Partner Resources 
*  Resource Center  plus icon
*  Podcasts and Videos 
*  Feature Articles 
*  CDC-Published Journal Articles 
*  Reports on Aging 
*  Healthy Brain Resource Center (HBRC) 
*  State and Jurisdiction Alzheimerâs Disease and Related Dementia Plans
* CONTACT CDC
home   Alzheimerâs Disease and Healthy Aging Program Home
##  Digital Shareables
Get Involved observances calendar
GET OUR NEWSLETTER
Tuesday, Mar 26, 2024
#####  Federal Resources
301-443-4536
](/funding/grant-writing-and-application-process)
](/health/find-help)
##  How can I find help?
Individual Education
](/news/science-news)
##  About the Director
](/funding/sbir)
*  Mental health and wellbeing  
*  Healthy mind  
*  Types of mental health issues and illnesses  
*  Borderline personality disorder  
*  Schizophrenia
###  Isn’t dementia part of normal aging?
* ABOUT CDC
Diagnosis may include:
Instagram  __‌_ _  
Facebook  ___ _   Linkedin
___ _   Twitter  ___ _   YouTube  ___ _  
___ _   ___ _
](/about/connect-with-nimh)
##  Advisory Boards and Groups
#  Understanding Psychosis
](/funding/opportunities-announcements)
SAS  stats
##  Stakeholder Engagement
Articles & Multimedia
Mental health and wellbeing
##  Celebrating 75 Years!  Learn More >>
*  U.S. Department of Health & Human Services 
*  Accessibility 
*  External Links 
*  Privacy 
*  Policies 
*  No Fear Act 
*  FOIA 
*  Nondiscrimination 
*  OIG 
*  Vulnerability Disclosure Policy 
*  USA.gov
##  Email Updates
##  Multimedia
##  NIMH Information Resource Center
Coordinated specialty care is now the standard of care for early psychosis,
according to “  The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for
the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia __
 .”
](/about/staff-directories)
##  Clinical Trials
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has  information on ways to
get help and find a health care provider or access treatment  . If you or someone you
know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the  988
Suicide and Crisis Lifeline   __  at **988** or chat at 
988lifeline.org   __  . In life-threatening situations,
call **911** _._
##  Mobile navigation
The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused
or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images.
Please  cite the National Institute of Mental Health  as the
source.  Read our copyright policy  to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.
##  Defining Confirmation Bias
How is paranoia diagnosed? Mind, UK
Last Reviewed:  April 5, 2019
##  Managing Grants
Social_govd  govD  Get Email Updates
](/about/budget)
##  Symptoms
___ _ **Phone:** [ 1-866-615-6464 ](tel:1-866-615-6464)
___ _ **Live Online Chat:**  Talk to a representative

___ _ **Email:**  nimhinfo@nih.gov 
___ _ **Hours:** 8:30 a.m. – 5 p.m. ET, M-F
Privacy Policy 
 Website Policies 
 FOIA 
 Accessibility 
 HHS Vulnerability Disclosure
](/about/careers)
##  What is psychosis?
##  Connect with NIMH
](/health/trials)
](/get-involved/connect-with-nimh)
*  The Pre-K Years
Struggling Readers
*  Role of Speech-Language Pathologists
Reprints
*  Award-Winning Books
*  Choosing and Using Kids’ Books
##  Visit Our Sites
*  Books & Authors Overview
##  Books & Authors
##  Helping All Readers
*  Inclusive Classrooms
###   When Good Kids Get Bad Grades
####  About the Author
##  Diagnosing vocal cord paralysis
##  Footer Bottom Menu
##  Sign Up for Our Newsletter
##  Edit your work
*  Finding Free Books
##  Reading 101
*  Privacy Policy
Top __
*  Classroom Strategy Library
* In the Classroom __
*  How Children Learn to Read
WETA
Donate  (opens in a new window)
Visit the Books & Authors Overview
*  Evidence-Based Instruction and MTSS
*  Reading with Your Child
*  Instructional Routines, Grouping, and the ELA Block
Visit the Helping All Readers Overview
*  Summer Reading and Learning
*  Facebook 
*  Twitter 
*  Pinterest 
*  YouTube
For more information on Language Essentials for Teachers of Reading and
Spelling (LETRS) visit  Voyager Sopris  (opens in a new window)
 .
Retrograde cricopharyngeus dysfunction
##  Revise your work, producing a final draft
*  Looking at Writing
See also  

*  Agnosia  , inability to process sensory information (e.g. inability to recognize objects)
*  Aphasiology  , study of language impairment (usually from brain damage)
*  Apraxia of speech  , difficulty connecting speech messages from the brain to the mouth
*  Aprosodia 
*  Auditory processing disorder 
*  Lethologica 
*  Lists of language disorders 
* _ My Beautiful Broken Brain  _ , a 2014 documentary
*  Origin of speech
](/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg)

|

Some of this article's  listed sources  **may not be reliable
 ** .  Please
help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources.
Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.  _( April 2022  ) _ _( 
Learn how and when to remove this template message

) _

---|---

Medical condition

Aphasia
---

Regions of the left hemisphere that can give rise to aphasia when damaged  [1]
Pronunciation  |

*  /  ə  ˈ  f  eɪ  ʒ  ə  /  ,   /  ə  ˈ  f  eɪ  z  i  ə  /  or   /  eɪ  ˈ  f  eɪ  z  i  ə  / 

 Specialty  |   Neurology
 ,  Psychiatry 
Treatment  |   Speech therapy 

In **aphasia** (sometimes called **dysphasia** ),  [a]  a person may be unable
to comprehend or unable to formulate language because of damage to specific 
brain  regions.  [2]  The major causes are  stroke
 and head trauma; prevalence is hard to determine but
aphasia due to stroke is estimated to be 0.1–0.4% in the  Global North
 .  [3]
Aphasia can also be the result of brain tumors, epilepsy, autoimmune
neurological diseases,  [4]  brain infections,  [5]  or  neurodegenerative
diseases  (such
as  dementias  ).  [6]  [7]

To be diagnosed with aphasia, a person's language must be significantly
impaired in one (or more) of the four aspects of communication. Alternatively,
in the case of progressive aphasia, it must have significantly declined over a
short period of time. The four aspects of communication are spoken language
production and comprehension and  written language  production and comprehension; impairments in any of these
aspects can impact on functional communication.

The difficulties of people with aphasia can range from occasional trouble
finding words, to losing the ability to speak, read, or write; intelligence,
however, is unaffected.  [7]  Expressive language and receptive language can
both be affected as well. Aphasia also affects  visual language
 such as  sign language
 .  [2]  In contrast, the use of 
formulaic expressions  in
everyday communication is often preserved.  [8]  For example, while a person
with aphasia, particularly [ expressive aphasia ](/wiki/Expressive_aphasia
* Health Conditions
* Health Conditions
*  Alzheimer's & Dementia 
*  Anxiety 
*  Asthma & Allergies 
*  Atopic Dermatitis 
*  Breast Cancer 
*  Cancer 
*  Cardiovascular Health 
*  COVID-19 
*  Diabetes 
*  Environment & Sustainability 
*  Exercise & Fitness 
*  Eye Health 
*  Headache & Migraine 
*  Health Equity 
*  HIV & AIDS 
*  Human Biology 
*  Leukemia 
*  LGBTQIA+ 
*  Men's Health 
*  Mental Health 
*  Multiple Sclerosis (MS) 
*  Nutrition 
*  Parkinson's Disease 
*  Psoriasis 
*  Psoriatic Arthritis 
*  Sexual Health 
*  Ulcerative Colitis 
*  Women's Health 
* Health Products
*  Health Products 
*  Nutrition & Fitness 
*  Vitamins & Supplements 
*  CBD 
*  Sleep 
*  Mental Health 
*  At-Home Testing 
*  Men’s Health 
*  Women’s Health 
* Discover
* News
*  Latest News 
* Original Series
*  Medical Myths 
*  Honest Nutrition 
*  Through My Eyes 
*  New Normal Health 
*  Podcasts 
*  2023 in medicine 
*  Why exercise is key to living a long and healthy life 
*  What do we know about the gut microbiome in IBD? 
*  My podcast changed me 
*  Can 'biological race' explain disparities in health? 
*  Why Parkinson's research is zooming in on the gut 
* Tools
* General Health
*  Drugs A-Z 
*  Health Hubs 
* Health Tools
Related behaviors  

Given the previously stated signs and symptoms, the following behaviors are
often seen in people with aphasia as a result of attempted compensation for
incurred speech and language deficits:

* Self-repairs: Further disruptions in fluent speech as a result of mis-attempts to repair erred speech production.  [12]
* Struggle in non-fluent aphasias: A severe increase in expelled effort to speak after a life where talking and communicating was an ability that came so easily can cause visible frustration.
* Preserved and automatic language: A behavior in which some language or language sequences that were used so frequently prior to onset are still produced with more ease than other language post onset.
Visit the In the Classroom Overview
**Other tests** – the doctor may order blood tests and imaging scans, such as
X-rays,  CT scans  ,  MRI scans
 to help determine the cause of the paralysis.
*  Helping All Readers Overview
*  Accommodations: providing alternatives to written expression  (opens in a new window)  
*  Modifications: changing expectations or tasks to minimize or avoid the area of weakness  (opens in a new window)  
*  Remediation: providing instruction for improving handwriting and writing skills  (opens in a new window)
*  Scope and Sequence
* Literacy at Home __
Classification  

Aphasia is best thought of as a collection of different disorders, rather than
a single problem. Each individual with aphasia will present with their own
particular combination of language strengths and weaknesses. Consequently, it
is a major challenge just to document the various difficulties that can occur
in different people, let alone decide how they might best be treated. Most
classifications of the aphasias tend to divide the various symptoms into broad
classes. A common approach is to distinguish between the fluent aphasias
(where speech remains fluent, but content may be lacking, and the person may
have difficulties understanding others), and the nonfluent aphasias (where
speech is very halting and effortful, and may consist of just one or two words
at a time).  [59]

However, no such broad-based grouping has proven fully adequate, or reliable.
There is wide variation among people even within the same broad grouping, and
aphasias can be highly selective. For instance, people with naming deficits
(anomic aphasia) might show an inability only for naming buildings, or people,
or colors.  [60]  Unfortunately, assessments that characterize aphasia in
these groupings have persisted. This is not helpful to people living with
aphasia, and provides inaccurate descriptions of an individual pattern of
difficulties.

It is important to note that there are typical difficulties with speech and
language that come with normal aging as well. As we age, language can become
more difficult to process resulting in a slowing of verbal comprehension,
reading abilities and more likely word finding difficulties. With each of
these, though, unlike some aphasias, functionality within daily life remains
intact.  [9]  : 7
*  Literacy at Home Overview
Cerebellum 
|

* Lateral
*  Dysmetria 
*  Dysdiadochokinesia 
*  Intention tremor 
* Medial
*  Cerebellar ataxia 

 Brainstem  |

|  Medulla  |

*  Lateral medullary syndrome/Wallenberg 
*  PICA 
*  Medial medullary syndrome/Dejerine 
*  ASA 

---|---
Pons  |

*  Upper dorsal pontine syndrome/Raymond–Céstan syndrome 
*  Lateral pontine syndrome  (  AICA  ) (lateral)
*  Medial pontine syndrome  /  Millard–Gubler syndrome  /  Foville's syndrome  (  basilar  )
*  Locked-in syndrome 
*  Internuclear ophthalmoplegia 
*  One and a half syndrome 

Midbrain  |

*  Weber's syndrome 
* ventral peduncle,  PCA 
*  Benedikt syndrome 
* ventral tegmentum,  PCA 
*  Parinaud's syndrome 
* dorsal, tumor
*  Claude's syndrome 

Other  |

*  Alternating hemiplegia 

Other  |

*  Pseudobulbar affect 
*  Upper motor neuron lesion
Learning Disabilities  ,   Struggling
Readers
##  What strategies can help?
##  Risk factors
Notes  

1. ** ^  ** The condition is sometimes referred to as dysphasia but that usually means a wider range of conditions causing impaired language while aphasia is a specific disorder.
What is croup and how is it treated?
Further research  

Research is currently being done using functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) to witness the difference in how language is processed in normal brains
vs aphasic brains. This will help researchers to understand exactly what the
brain must go through in order to recover from Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
and how different areas of the brain respond after such an injury.  [134]

Another intriguing approach being tested is that of drug therapy. Research is
in progress that will hopefully uncover whether or not certain drugs might be
used in addition to speech-language therapy in order to facilitate recovery of
proper language function. It's possible that the best treatment for Aphasia
might involve combining drug treatment with therapy, instead of relying on one
over the other.  [135]

One other method being researched as a potential therapeutic combination with
speech-language therapy is brain stimulation. One particular method,
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), alters brain activity in whatever
area it happens to stimulate, which has recently led scientists to wonder if
this shift in brain function caused by TMS might help people re-learn
language.  [ _ citation needed   _ ]  Another type of external brain stimulation
is transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), but existing research has
not shown it to be useful for improving aphasia after a stroke.  [110]
Aphasia

63 languages

*  العربية  
*  Azərbaycanca  
*  Български  
*  Català  
*  Čeština  
*  Dansk  
*  Deutsch  
*  Eesti  
*  Ελληνικά  
*  Español  
*  Esperanto  
*  Euskara  
*  فارسی  
*  Français  
*  Gaeilge  
*  Gaelg  
*  Galego  
*  한국어  
*  Հայերեն  
*  हिन्दी  
*  Hrvatski  
*  Ido  
*  Bahasa Indonesia  
*  Íslenska  
*  Italiano  
*  עברית  
*  Қазақша  
*  Кыргызча   "Афазия \(философияда\) – Kyrgyz")
*  Latina  
*  Latviešu  
*  Limburgs  
*  Magyar  
*  مصرى  
*  Bahasa Melayu  
*  Nederlands  
*  日本語  
*  Norsk bokmål  
*  Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча  
*  Polski  
*  Português  
*  Română  
*  Русиньскый  
*  Русский  
*  Scots  
*  Shqip  
*  Simple English  
*  سنڌي  
*  Slovenčina  
*  Српски / srpski  
*  Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски  
*  Suomi  
*  Svenska  
*  ไทย  
*  Тоҷикӣ  
*  Türkçe  
*  Tyap
*  Author Study Toolkit
What is chronic laryngitis?
Classical-localizationist approaches  

 Cortex

Localizationist approaches aim to classify the aphasias according to their
major presenting characteristics and the regions of the brain that most
probably gave rise to them.  [75]  [76]  Inspired by the early work of
nineteenth-century neurologists  Paul Broca 
and  Carl Wernicke  , these approaches
identify two major subtypes of aphasia and several more minor subtypes:

*  Expressive aphasia  (also known as "motor aphasia" or "Broca's aphasia"), which is characterized by halted, fragmented, effortful speech, but well-preserved comprehension _relative to expression_ . Damage is typically in the anterior portion of the left hemisphere,  [77]  most notably  Broca's area  . Individuals with Broca's aphasia often have  right-sided weakness  or paralysis of the arm and leg, because the left frontal lobe is also important for body movement, particularly on the right side.
*  Receptive aphasia  (also known as "sensory aphasia" or "Wernicke's aphasia"), which is characterized by fluent speech, but marked difficulties understanding words and sentences. Although fluent, the speech may lack in key substantive words (nouns, verbs, adjectives), and may contain incorrect words or even nonsense words. This subtype has been associated with damage to the posterior left temporal cortex, most notably Wernicke's area. These individuals usually have no body weakness, because their brain injury is not near the parts of the brain that control movement.
*  Conduction aphasia  , where speech remains fluent, and comprehension is preserved, but the person may have disproportionate difficulty repeating words or sentences. Damage typically involves the  arcuate fasciculus  and the left parietal region.  [77]
*  Transcortical motor aphasia  and  transcortical sensory aphasia  , which are similar to Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia respectively, but the ability to repeat words and sentences is disproportionately preserved.

Recent classification schemes adopting this approach, such as the Boston-
Neoclassical Model,  [75]  also group these classical aphasia subtypes into
two larger classes: the nonfluent aphasias (which encompasses Broca's aphasia
and transcortical motor aphasia) and the fluent aphasias (which encompasses
Wernicke's aphasia, conduction aphasia and transcortical sensory aphasia).
These schemes also identify several further aphasia subtypes, including: 
anomic aphasia  , which is
characterized by a selective difficulty finding the names for things; and 
global aphasia  , where both
expression and comprehension of speech are severely compromised.

Many localizationist approaches also recognize the existence of additional,
more "pure" forms of language disorder that may affect only a single language
skill.  [78]  For example, in  pure alexia 
, a person may be able to write but not read, and in  pure word deafness
 , they may be able to produce
speech and to read, but not understand speech when it is spoken to them.
##  Literacy at Home
Weekly News Blast
*  In the Classroom Overview
Individualized service delivery  

Intensity of treatment should be individualized based on the recency of
stroke, therapy goals, and other specific characteristics such as age, size of
lesion, overall health status, and motivation.  [116]  [117]  Each individual
reacts differently to treatment intensity and is able to tolerate treatment at
different times post-stroke.  [117]  Intensity of treatment after a stroke
should be dependent on the person's motivation, stamina, and tolerance for
therapy.  [118]
*  Author and Illustrator Interviews
Copyright © 2024 WETA Washington, D.C.
What causes sensory neuropathic cough, and how can a person treat it?
*  Background Knowledge
##  What are the warning signs of dysgraphia?
*  AdLit  (opens in a new window)  
*  Colorín Colorado  (opens in a new window)  
*  LD OnLine  (opens in a new window)  
*  Reading Universe  (opens in a new window)  
*  Start with a Book  (opens in a new window)
*  What are the warning signs of dysgraphia? 
*  What strategies can help? 
*  Early writers 
*  Young students 
*  Teenagers and adults 
*  How to approach writing assignments 
*  Write a draft 
*  Edit your work
Visit the Reading 101 Overview