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Origin  

 A literal "bandwagon",
from which the metaphor is derived.

The phenomenon where ideas become adopted as a result of their popularity has
been apparent for some time. However, the metaphorical use of the term
_bandwagon_ in reference to this phenomenon began in 1848.  [10]  A literal
"bandwagon" is a  wagon  that carries a  musical
ensemble  , or band, during a
parade, circus, or other entertainment event.  [11]  [12]

The phrase "jump on the bandwagon" first appeared in American politics in 1848
during the  presidential campaign
 of  Zachary Taylor  .  Dan Rice  , a famous and popular
circus clown of the time, invited Taylor to join his circus bandwagon. As
Taylor gained more recognition and his campaign became more successful, people
began saying that Taylor's political opponents ought to "jump on the
bandwagon" themselves if they wanted to be associated with such success.

Later, during the time of  William Jennings Bryan's 1900 presidential
campaign  , bandwagons had become standard
in campaigns,  [13]  and the phrase "jump on the bandwagon" was used as a
derogatory term  [ _[ when?
](/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers
Spread  

The bandwagon effect works through a  self-reinforcing  mechanism, and can spread
quickly and on a large-scale through a  positive feedback loop
 , whereby the more
who are affected by it, the more likely other people are to be affected by it
too.  [7]  [9]

A new concept that is originally promoted by only a single advocate or a
minimal group of advocates can quickly grow and become widely popular, even
when sufficient supporting evidence is lacking. What happens is that a new
concept gains a small following, which grows until it reaches a  critical
mass  "Critical mass
\(sociodynamics\)") , until for example it begins being covered by 
mainstream media  , at which point
a large-scale bandwagon effect begins, which causes more people to support
this concept, in increasingly large numbers. This can be seen as a result of
the  availability cascade  , a self-reinforcing process through which a certain belief gains
increasing prominence in public discourse.  [9]

Further information:  Collective cognitive imperative
##  Organization
*  Lying press 
*  Photograph manipulation 
*  Racial 
*  Urban legend 
*  Virus 
*  Video manipulation 

 Marketing  |

*  Branding 
*  Loyalty 
*  Product 
*  Product placement 
*  Publicity 
*  Research 
*  Word of mouth 

 News media  |

*  Agenda-setting 
*  Broadcasting 
*  Circus 
*  Cycle 
*  False balance 
*  Infotainment 
*  Managing 
*  Narcotizing dysfunction 
*  Newspeak 
*  Pseudo-event 
*  Scrum 
*  Sensationalism 
*  Tabloid journalism 

 Political campaigning  |

*  Advertising 
*  Astroturfing 
*  Attack ad 
*  Canvassing 
*  Character assassination 
*  Dog whistle  "Dog whistle \(politics\)")
*  Election promises 
*  Lawn signs 
*  Manifestos 
*  Name recognition 
*  Negative 
*  Push polling 
*  Smear campaign 
*  Wedge issue 

 Propaganda  |

* Bandwagon
*  Big lie 
*  Crowd manipulation 
*  Disinformation 
*  Fearmongering 
*  Framing  "Framing \(social sciences\)")
*  Indoctrination 
*  Loaded language 
*  National mythology 
*  Rally 'round the flag effect
1.  Overview of Nonexperimental Research
##  **Voting in primary and caucus elections**
__
  __
  __

 __
11.  Chapter 6: Experimental Research
Memory_biases "List of cognitive biases")

*  v  
*  t  
*  e  

 Conformity 

---
Enforcement  |

|   Proscription  |

* _ Damnatio memoriae  _
*  Dissident 
*  Exile 
* _ Homo sacer  _
*  Nonperson 
*  Ostracism 
*  Blacklisting 
*  Cancel culture 
*  Censorship 
*  Deplatforming 
*  Outcast  "Outcast \(person\)")
*  Outlaw 
*  Civil death 
* _ Vogelfrei  _
* _ Persona non grata  _
*  Public enemy 
*  Enemy of the people 
*  Enemy of the state 
*  Scapegoating 
*  Shunning 

---|---
Governmental pressure  |

*  Authoritarianism 
*  Nationalism 
*  Left-wing nationalism 
*  National conservatism 
*  Totalitarianism 
*  Tyranny of the majority 

Group pressure  |

* Bandwagon effect
*  Brainwashing 
*  Closure (sociology)  "Closure \(sociology\)")
* [ Collectivism ](/wiki/Social_organization
Sign up
 or  log in
 to customize your list.
About chlorophyll CTD profiles
April 27, 2023
##  Code Tables
###   Marie Tharp
The oceanographic data that comprise the WOD have been acquired through many
sources and projects as well as from individual scientists. In addition, many
international organizations such as the IODE/GODAR and WDS have facilitated
data exchanges, which have provided much data to the WOD. The World Ocean
Database (WOD) is an NCEI product and an  IODE 
(International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange) project. This work
is funded in partnership with the NOAA OAR  Global Ocean Monitoring (GOMO)
 .
#  World Ocean Database Profiles the Ocean
pg_2.gif
Return to top
[ 
](/news/new-climatologies-added-world-ocean-atlas
##  Access Methods
Area_under_the_curve "Receiver operating characteristic")
*  ROC 
*  Sensitivity and specificity 
* [ Logarithmic Loss ](/wiki/Cross-entropy
[ 
](/news/monitoring-and-studying-harmful-algae
_Consult the WOD Introduction
 for a
full set of definitions, and the  WOD User’s Manual
 for a
description of fields and codes. _
How to add/remove profiles to a Profile Group
* **CORA** Database: COriolis dataset for Re-Analysis (CORA) gathers quality controlled T/S measurements on observed levels from different data types, on global scale and for about the last 20 years. This dataset is produced in the frame of  Coriolis  operational oceanography program and the european  MyOcean  project (see Cabanes et al. 2012 [ [7] ](References.php#ref_07) for a reference and details).
_ftp link and website_ : You can find information and ftp link to get the data
(after registration request) from the Coriolis website  here (CORA)
 .
Expanding an Ocean of Data
Learn more about output format in the  WOD User Manual
 , and
consult  WOD codes
 for specific
flag values.
_More information is available on page 19 of the World Ocean Database 2018
Introduction
 . _
###  WOD Introduction
[ Read More ](/news/World-Ocean-Atlas-2023-v2
[  ](/news/ocean-heat-content-
rises
Updates with information about WOD/WOA18.
The  XBT References Table  contains the list of relevant references.
How do I make XBT corrections in a profile?
###  WOD05
The  Global Ocean Heat and Salt Content  product has historical sea surface temperature anomaly data from in situ measurements dating back to 1955. Download the temperature anomaly data, then add the temperature anomalies back to the climatological means (available on the same page) to calculate SSTs (as well as water temperature in the depth) for each year (or season) 1955 to present.
How do I download WOD data in NetCDF?
##  Contact Us
techniques that work with continuous data. It is a measure of the distance
between two data points in a high-dimensional space, calculated as the sum of
the absolute differences between the corresponding coordinates of the two
points.  |  x  1  −  x  2  |  \+  |  y  1  −  y  2  |  {\displaystyle
\left\vert x1-x2\right\vert +\left\vert y1-y2\right\vert }  

In  spectral clustering  ,
a similarity, or affinity, measure is used to transform data to overcome
difficulties related to lack of convexity in the shape of the data
distribution.  [5]  The measure gives rise to an  (  n  ,  n  )
{\displaystyle (n,n)}  
-sized ** similarity matrix  ** for a set of  n  points, where the entry  (  i
,  j  )  {\displaystyle (i,j)}  
in the matrix can be simply the (reciprocal of the)  Euclidean distance
 between  i  {\displaystyle i}

and  j  {\displaystyle j}  
, or it can be a more complex measure of distance such as the Gaussian  e  −
‖  s  1  −  s  2  ‖  2  /  2  σ  2  {\displaystyle
e^{-\|s_{1}-s_{2}\|^{2}/2\sigma ^{2}}}  
.  [5]  Further modifying this result with network analysis techniques is also
common.  [6]
January 23, 2020
The  WOD Surface-Only Dataset  is a set of single profile casts that contains all the surface-only data from an entire cruise. The individual levels of the surface-only form are distinct surface measurement sets from a given date/position. The cruise will span a time period from days to months rather than the single date/time of a profile cast. For this reason, surface-only data are in a single file rather than split out by year in the YEARLY directory, or by position in the GEOGRAPHIC directory.
Is there a time variable in WOD?
#  World Ocean Database
](/wiki/Genetic_code "Genetic code") , and so a larger number of possible
substitutions. Therefore, the similarity matrix for amino acids contains 400
entries (although it is usually  symmetric  ). The first approach scored all amino acid changes
equally. A later refinement was to determine amino acid similarities based on
how many base changes were required to change a codon to code for that amino
acid. This model is better, but it doesn't take into account the selective
pressure of amino acid changes. Better models took into account the chemical
properties of amino acids.

One approach has been to empirically generate the similarity matrices. The 
Dayhoff  method used
phylogenetic trees and sequences taken from species on the tree. This approach
has given rise to the  PAM  series of matrices. PAM matrices are labelled based on how many
nucleotide changes have occurred, per 100 amino acids. While the PAM matrices
benefit from having a well understood evolutionary model, they are most useful
at short evolutionary distances (PAM10–PAM120). At long evolutionary
distances, for example PAM250 or 20% identity, it has been shown that the 
BLOSUM  matrices are much more effective.

The BLOSUM series were generated by comparing a number of divergent sequences.
The BLOSUM series are labeled based on how much entropy remains unmutated
between all sequences, so a lower BLOSUM number corresponds to a higher PAM
number.
WOD Introduction
The availability of our WOD is offered through a mirrored search system in
cooperation with the  International Oceanographic Data Exchange
 (IODE). It broadens
access by providing a secondary entry point to the system and increases
reliability by providing a backup.
##  Current Citations
*  Email by topic 
* [ Phone: (828) 271-4800 ](tel:18282714800 "Call NCEI NOAA 828-271-4800")
[(x2-x1)^{2}+(y2-y1)^{2}]}  ![{\\displaystyle d=\\surd
\[\(x2-x1\)^{2}+\(y2-y1\)^{2}\]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3036f6e30810690218365cf29a15751d725c2765)

 Heatmap of HIST1 region,
which is located on mouse chromosome 13 at the following coordinates: [21.7
Mb, 24.1 Mb].

Another commonly used similarity measure is the  Jaccard index
 or Jaccard similarity, which is used in
clustering techniques that work with binary data such as presence/absence data
[3]  or Boolean data; The Jaccard similarity is particularly useful for
clustering techniques that work with text data, where it can be used to
identify clusters of similar documents based on their shared features or
keywords.  [4]  It is calculated as the size of the intersection of two sets
divided by the size of the union of the two sets.  J  (  A  ,  B  )  =  A  ⋂
B  A  ⋃  B  {\displaystyle J(A,B)={A\bigcap B \over A\bigcup B}}

Similarities among 162 Relevant Nuclear Profile are tested using the Jaccard
Similarity measure (see figure with heatmap). The Jaccard similarity of the
nuclear profile ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating no similarity between
the two sets and 1 indicating perfect similarity with the aim of clustering
the most similar nuclear profile.

Manhattan distance, also known as  Taxicab geometry  , is a commonly used similarity measure in clustering
Officially archived versions of the fields are stored in Climate-Forecast (CF) compliant netCDF. See section 5, page 8 of  World Ocean Atlas 2018 documentation  for more details, other available formats.
Why is there an inconsistency between the 5-year and shorter average ocean
heat anomalies?
* **ARGO** profiler floats dataset :
_ftp link_ : from [ Ifremer Coriolis french GDAC
](ftp://ftp.ifremer.fr/ifremer/argo/) , or identically from [ FNMOC american
GDAC ](ftp://usgodae1.fnmoc.navy.mil/pub/outgoing/argo/) . Get data by
geographic area in "geo/" or by DAC/Float in "dac/".
_website_ :  the international Argo project homepage
###  WOD13
###  WOD09
##  WOD Masks
Similarity measure

7 languages

*  العربية  
*  Català  
*  Español  
*  Português  
*  Русский  
*  Українська  
*  粵語  

[ Edit links
](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29017317
Ocean Heat Content Rises
Courtesy of NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer
Use in clustering  

See also: [ Hierarchical clustering § Similarity metric
](/wiki/Hierarchical_clustering
October 27, 2020
*  Sitemap 
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*  Accessibility 
*  Disclaimer 
*  Take Our Survey 
*  Department of Commerce 
*  NOAA 
*  NESDIS
Auxiliary Datasets
##  Related News
##  Secchi Disk Dataset Format Description
* Ocean Data View (ODV), a freeware oceanographic profile data display. Detailed instructions are available in the  WOD Tutorial  beginning on page 7. Note that ODV cannot read surface only data, originator's quality flags, or plankton biomass and taxonomic data in the OSD file.
* Use WODselect to download data as CSV or netCDF
Programs List
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###  Published
*  Permanent link  
*  Page information  
*  Cite this page  
*  Get shortened URL  
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*  Wikidata item  

Print/export

*  Download as PDF  
*  Printable version  

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Real-valued function that quantifies similarity between two objects

"Similarity matrix" redirects here. For the linear algebra concept, see 
Matrix similarity  .
###   New Climatologies Added to World Ocean Atlas
World Ocean Atlas
[ Read More ](/news/ocean-heat-content-rises
[ 
](/news/World-Ocean-Atlas-2023-v2
Explain the output format for WOD-reading programs
Additionally, WOD forms the basis for the  World Ocean Atlas
 (WOA), global
climatologies based on long-term averages. WOA is used to calculate the
periodic  Ocean Heat Content  assessment in NCEI’s  Global Climate Report
 .
Read Argo's explanation
In Hot Water: Ocean Heat and Our Warming World
[ Admin ](../Admin/index.html)
WOD relies on data from institutional, national, and regional data centers as
well as from individual scientists and scientific teams. In short, those who
use the WOD also contribute to it. Oceanographers at  NCEI’s Ocean Climate
Laboratory 
scientifically quality-control all WOD profile data.
1. Accession number (corresponds to original data in archive)
2. WOD cruise designator
3. WOD unique cast number
4. Latitude
5. Longitude
6. Year
7. Month
8. Day
9. Time (GMT, 24 hr format)
10. Secchi disk depth (meters)
11. Water color (  extended Forel/Ule scale)
###   Monitoring and Studying Harmful Algae
###  Related Links
##  Records of Capt. James Cook
Use in sequence alignment  

Similarity matrices are used in  sequence alignment
 . Higher scores are given to
more-similar characters, and lower or negative scores for dissimilar
characters.

 Nucleotide  similarity matrices are used to
align  nucleic acid  sequences. Because
there are only four nucleotides commonly found in  DNA  ( 
Adenine  (A),  Cytosine  (C),  Guanine  (G) and  Thymine
 (T)), nucleotide similarity matrices are much
simpler than  protein  similarity matrices. For
example, a simple matrix will assign identical bases a score of +1 and non-
identical bases a score of −1. A more complicated matrix would give a higher
score to transitions (changes from a  pyrimidine  such as C or T to another pyrimidine, or from a  purine
 such as A or G to another purine) than to
transversions (from a pyrimidine to a purine or vice versa). The
match/mismatch ratio of the matrix sets the target evolutionary distance.  [9]
[10]  The +1/−3 DNA matrix used by BLASTN is best suited for finding matches
between sequences that are 99% identical; a +1/−1 (or +4/−4) matrix is much
more suited to sequences with about 70% similarity. Matrices for lower
similarity sequences require longer sequence alignments.

 Amino acid  similarity matrices are more
complicated, because there are 20 amino acids coded for by the [ genetic code
To centralize knowledge of the ocean, NOAA, NCEI, and research scientists
support the  World Ocean Database  (WOD), which contains records about the ocean as far back as
1772. Researchers in the oceanography, meteorology, and climatology fields use
the WOD and contribute to its ongoing development.
range_area.msk
References  

1. ** ^  ** Vert, Jean-Philippe; Tsuda, Koji;  Schölkopf, Bernhard  (2004).  "A primer on kernel methods"  (PDF)  . _Kernel Methods in Computational Biology_ .
2. ** ^  **  https://iq.opengenus.org/similarity-measurements/  "Different Types of Similarity measurements"
3. ** ^  ** Chung, Neo Christopher; Miasojedow, BłaŻej; Startek, Michał; Gambin, Anna (2019).  "Jaccard/Tanimoto similarity test and estimation methods for biological presence-absence data"  . _BMC Bioinformatics_ . **20** (S15): 644.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :   10.1186/s12859-019-3118-5  .  ISSN  "ISSN \(identifier\)")  1471-2105  .  PMC  "PMC \(identifier\)")  6929325  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  31874610  .
4. ** ^  **  _International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists : IMECS 2013 : 13-15 March, 2013, the Royal Garden Hotel, Kowloon, Hong Kong_  . S. I. Ao, International Association of Engineers. Hong Kong: Newswood Ltd. 2013.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-988-19251-8-3   .  OCLC  "OCLC \(identifier\)")  842831996  .  ` {{  cite book  }} ` : CS1 maint: others (  link  )
5. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Ng, A.Y.; Jordan, M.I.; Weiss, Y. (2001),  "On Spectral Clustering: Analysis and an Algorithm"  , _Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems_ , **14** , MIT Press: 849–856
6. ** ^  ** Li, Xin-Ye; Guo, Li-Jie (2012), "Constructing affinity matrix in spectral clustering based on neighbor propagation", _Neurocomputing_ , **97** : 125–130,  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1016/j.neucom.2012.06.023 
7. ** ^  ** Bondarenko, Kirill (2019),  _Similarity metrics in recommender systems_  , retrieved  25 April  2023
8. ** ^  ** Javed, Mahnoor (2020),  "Using Cosine Similarity to Build a Movie Recommendation System"  , _Towards Data Science_ , retrieved  25 April  2023
9. ** ^  ** States, D; Gish, W; Altschul, S (1991). "Improved sensitivity of nucleic acid database searches using application-specific scoring matrices". _Methods: A Companion to Methods in Enzymology_ . **3** (1): 66.  CiteSeerX  "CiteSeerX \(identifier\)")  10.1.1.114.8183  .  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1016/S1046-2023(05)80165-3  .
10. ** ^  ** Sean R. Eddy (2004).  "Where did the BLOSUM62 alignment score matrix come from?"  (PDF)  . _Nature Biotechnology_ . **22** (8): 1035–6.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1038/nbt0804-1035  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  15286655  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  205269887  . Archived from  the original  (PDF)  on 2006-09-03.
11. ** ^  **  Shapiro, Linda  ; George Stockman (2001). _Computer Vision_ . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-13-030796-5   .
12. ** ^  ** Eidenberger, Horst (2011). "Fundamental Media Understanding", atpress.   ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-3-8423-7917-6  .

* F. Gregory Ashby; Daniel M. Ennis (2007).  "Similarity measures"  . _Scholarpedia_ . **2** (12): 4116.  Bibcode  "Bibcode \(identifier\)") :  2007SchpJ...2.4116A  .  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :   10.4249/scholarpedia.4116  .

*  v  
*  t  
*  e  

 Machine learning  evaluation
metrics

---
 Regression  |

*  MSE
Researchers also look at the role of the ocean as part of Earth’s climate
system to understand climate variability and change. The database can be used
to determine changes in ocean heat and salt content, providing regional and
global historical perspective. For example, a  published study
 by NCEI
researchers used these data to examine climate shifts in the North Atlantic.
1.  Home 
2.  News 
3. World Ocean Database Profiles the Ocean
##  Researchers and the WOD
Whether studying the relationship of the ocean to Earth, conducting fisheries
research, or managing marine resources, scientists and managers depend on
observations of the marine environment. The WOD contributes to many types of
diverse research applications from  data assimilation models
 to
understanding  foraging habits

of marine mammals to studying fisheries ecology.
](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/woa/WOD/PROGRAMS/csvfromwod.exe)
Executable for C program  ArcGIS tutorial
 Tutorial to
convert 'csv' files in to shapefiles and upload it in ArcMap  readC.txt
 Readme file
describing the wodC program  wodC.c
 Sample C
program for reading the data  wodC.exe
 Executable
for C program  wodtodepthmatrix_info.txt

Info file describing the wodtodepthmatrix.c program  wodtodepthmatrix.c

Sample C program for reading the data  Wodtodepthmatrix.exe

Executable for wodtodepthmatrix.exe program (for Windows 64bit system)
Launch WODSelect
The  land/sea mask
 used
to decide whether a one-degree gridbox is land or ocean (the one-degree, not
quarter-degree) is derived from the ETOPO2 altitude/bathymetry data set. This
same land/sea mask is used to determine whether the volume of a given one-
degree square extends to the bottom of the integration level (700 m or 2000 m)
or to a shallower depth. Because ocean temperature measurements are relatively
sparse at the subsurface level, we use an objective analysis technique to
calculate a complete set of one-degree temperature anomaly data at each
standard depth after the anomalies from existing data are calculated. From
there the heat content is calculated. The objective analysis technique is
described in a number of publications, including  WOA18 Temperature
 .
Last update : Nov 2022
Boyer, T.P., J.I. Antonov , O.K. Baranova, H.E. Garcia, D.R. Johnson, R.A.
Locarnini, A.V. Mishonov, T. D. O’Brien, D. Seidov, I.V. Smolyar, M.M. Zweng,
2009. World Ocean Database 2009 S. Levitus, Ed., NOAA Atlas NESDIS 66, 216 pp.
 https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/1195
[ Read More ](/news/marie-tharp
February 15, 2024
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