mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
*  September 2023 
*  August 2017 
*  June 2017 
*  May 2017 
*  March 2017 
*  February 2017 
*  November 2015
Fetal  

MEG has been used to study cognitive processes such as  vision
 ,  audition
 "Hearing \(sense\)") , and  language processing
 in fetuses and newborns.
[34]  Only two bespoke MEG systems, designed specifically for fetal
recordings, operate worldwide.  [35]  The first was installed at the 
University of Arkansas  in 2000, and the second was installed
at the  University of Tübingen  in 2008. Both devices are referred to as  SQUID
 arrays for reproductive assessment (SARA) and utilize a
concave sensor array whose shape compliments the abdomen of a pregnant woman.
Fetal recordings of cortical activity are feasible with a SARA device from a
gestational age of approximately 25 weeks onward until birth. Although built
for fetal recordings, SARA systems can also record from infants placed in a
cradle head-first toward the sensory array.  [35]  While only a small number
of devices worldwide are capable of fetal MEG recordings as of 2023, the
proliferation of  optically pumped magnetometers
 for MEG in neuroscience research  [36]  will likely result in a
greater number of research centers capable of recording and publishing fetal
MEG data in the near future.  [35]
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author = "Greg Stuart and Bert Sakmann",
#  Archives
29.5.2017  29.5.2017   /   Nexton
AU - Sakmann, Bert
The inverse problem  

Main article:  Inverse problem 

The challenge posed by MEG is to determine the location of electric activity
within the brain from the induced magnetic fields outside the head. Problems
such as this, where model parameters (the location of the activity) have to be
estimated from measured data (the SQUID signals) are referred to as _inverse
problems_ (in contrast to _forward problems_ [12]  where the model parameters
(e.g. source location) are known and the data (e.g. the field at a given
distance) is to be estimated.) The primary difficulty is that the inverse
problem does not have a unique solution (i.e., there are infinite possible
"correct" answers), and the problem of defining the "best" solution is itself
the subject of intensive research.  [13]  Possible solutions can be derived
using models involving prior knowledge of brain activity.

The source models can be either over-determined or under-determined. An over-
determined model may consist of a few point-like sources ("equivalent
dipoles"), whose locations are then estimated from the data. Under-determined
models may be used in cases where many different distributed areas are
activated ("distributed source solutions"): there are infinitely many possible
current distributions explaining the measurement results, but the most likely
is selected. Localization algorithms make use of given source and head models
to find a likely location for an underlying focal field generator.

One type of localization algorithm for overdetermined models operates by 
expectation-maximization  : the system is initialized with a first
guess. A loop is started, in which a forward model is used to simulate the
magnetic field that would result from the current guess. The guess is adjusted
to reduce the discrepancy between the simulated field and the measured field.
This process is iterated until convergence.

Another common technique is  beamforming  ,
wherein a theoretical model of the magnetic field produced by a given current
dipole is used as a prior, along with second-order statistics of the data in
the form of a  covariance matrix  , to calculate a linear weighting of the  sensor array
 (the beamformer) via the  Backus-Gilbert
inverse  . This
is also known as a linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) beamformer.
When the beamformer is applied to the data, it produces an estimate of the
power in a "virtual channel" at the source location.

The extent to which the constraint-free MEG inverse problem is ill-posed
cannot be overemphasized. If one's goal is to estimate the current density
within the human brain with say a 5mm resolution then it is well established
that the vast majority of the information needed to perform a unique inversion
must come not from the magnetic field measurement but rather from the
constraints applied to the problem. Furthermore, even when a unique inversion
is possible in the presence of such constraints said inversion can be
unstable. These conclusions are easily deduced from published works.  [14]
##  Phenomena
2009  :  WHAT WILL CHANGE EVERYTHING?
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*  ** Did Resentment Fuel Trump’s Victory?  ** By  Claudia Wallis 
November 18, 2016
##   DIY Personalized Face Plates
##   Weaving Your Faith into Your Holiday Traditions: Pumpkin Time
2015  :  WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT MACHINES THAT THINK?
*  ** How to Talk with Boys about Sexual Harassment and Assault  ** By  Jeremy Adam Smith 
November 3, 2016
##   When You Don’t Have an Office
##  Why Is It So Hard to Change People’s Minds?
2003  :  WHAT ARE THE PRESSING SCIENTIFIC ISSUES FOR THE NATION AND THE
WORLD, AND WHAT IS YOUR ADVICE ON HOW I CAN BEGIN TO DEAL WITH THEM? - GWB
**Elizabeth Svoboda** is a writer in San Jose, CA, and a regular contributor
to _Greater Good_ . She is the author of  _What Makes a Hero?: The Surprising
Science of Selflessness_

. Her newest book, for kids, is _ The Life Heroic 
_ .
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Fri, Mar 29, 2024
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* **Blindsight.** People with damage to their visual cortex are often able to respond to visual stimuli that they do not consciously see.
* **Bystander effect.** The more people who are present at an emergency situation, the less likely it is that any one of them will help.
* **Fundamental attribution error.** People tend to explain others’ behavior in terms of their personal characteristics as opposed to the situation they are in.
* **McGurk effect.** When audio of a basic speech sound is combined with video of a person making mouth movements for a different speech sound, people often perceive a sound that is intermediate between the two. For a demonstration, see  http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~rosenblu/VSMcGurk.html  .
* **Own-race effect.** People recognize faces of people of their own race more accurately than faces of people of other races.
* **Placebo effect.** Placebos (fake psychological or medical treatments) often lead to improvements in people’s symptoms and functioning.
* **Mere exposure effect.** The more often people have been exposed to a stimulus, the more they like it—even when the stimulus is presented subliminally.
* **Serial position effect.** Stimuli presented near the beginning and end of a list are remembered better than stimuli presented in the middle. For a demonstration, see  http://cat.xula.edu/thinker/memory/working/serial  .
* **Spontaneous recovery.** A conditioned response that has been extinguished often returns with no further training after the passage of time.
* #####  More on the Political Divide
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*  ** How Stories Change the Brain  ** By  Paul J. Zak 
December 17, 2013
New Image Displayed
In addition to _theory_ , researchers in psychology use several related terms
to refer to their explanations and interpretations of phenomena. A
**perspective** is a broad approach—more general than a theory—to explaining
and interpreting phenomena. For example, researchers who take a biological
perspective tend to explain phenomena in terms of genetics or nervous and
endocrine system structures and processes, while researchers who take a
behavioral perspective tend to explain phenomena in terms of reinforcement,
punishment, and other external events. A  **model** is a precise explanation
or interpretation of a specific phenomenon—often expressed in terms of
equations, computer programs, or biological structures and processes. A
**hypothesis** can be an explanation that relies on just a few key
concepts—although this term more commonly refers to a prediction about a new
phenomenon based on a theory (see  Section 4.3 “Using Theories in
Psychological Research”
 ). Adding to the
confusion is the fact that researchers often use these terms interchangeably.
It would not be considered wrong to refer to the drive theory as the drive
model or even the drive hypothesis. And the biopsychosocial model of health
psychology—the general idea that health is determined by an interaction of
biological, psychological, and social factors—is really more like a
perspective as defined here. Keep in mind, however, that the most important
distinction remains that between observations and interpretations.
Cars for Sale
###  Learning Objectives
March 27, 2024
####  Where Do Multiple Personalities Come From?
* Research Methods in Psychology. **Provided by** : University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. **Located at** :  http://open.lib.umn.edu/psychologyresearchmethods/  . **License** : _ CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike  _
2002  :  WHAT IS YOUR QUESTION? ... WHY?
2008  :  WHAT HAVE YOU CHANGED YOUR MIND ABOUT? WHY?
##   You May Want to Rethink Those Qualities You Want in a Husband After You
Read This
###  Chapter 4: Theory in Psychology
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By  Elizabeth Svoboda
 | June 27, 2017
** Edge.org  **
####  Some Famous Psychological Phenomena
CC licensed content, Shared previously
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##  The backlash effect
Generally, you should keep the following in mind:
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Editor and Publisher
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#  Decision Making & Change: The Lies We Believe
###  Exercises
#   Research Methods in Psychology
#   2017  : WHAT SCIENTIFIC TERM OR CONCEPT OUGHT TO BE MORE WIDELY KNOWN?
##  How to build bridges
* ##   Three Steps to Resolving Big Conflicts
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There’s a certain amount of plain old inertia at work, too. Researchers who
study how people resolve  cognitive dissonance
 —the uneasy feeling
of holding inconsistent beliefs—note that most people would rather deny or
downplay new, uncomfortable information than reshape their worldview to
accommodate it. From that perspective, it’s less surprising that your friend
whose behavior toward women is above reproach is more than willing to support
politicians who’ve committed sexual assault.
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*  ** How to Talk with Your Kids about Donald Trump  ** By  Allison Briscoe-Smith 
April 13, 2016
1998  :  WHAT QUESTIONS ARE YOU ASKING YOURSELF?
Productive exchange is also more likely when there’s a mutual foundation of
respect and friendship. In a project called  Between Americans
 , Seattle-based author and artist Boting
Zhang is chronicling the evolution of relationships between Trump supporters
and Hillary Clinton supporters over the course of a year. Participants share
with each other about more personal topics, but hot-button issues do pop up
from time to time—and the strength of the participants’ bond often determines
the conversation’s direction.
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###  Key Takeaways
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##  4.1 Phenomena and Theories
Return to Table of Contents
Find out how the  science of lying can help explain Trump's support

.
**Eric R. Weinstein**
2001  :  WHAT NOW?
Learn  how to help diverse students find common ground

.
Contributing Writer: Leslie Foster from  Ponderings of an Ohio Farm Girl
One  classic study  had
subjects look at an array of home gadgets and rate their desirability. After
they had made a decision about which one to take home as a gift (say, the
fluorescent desk light), their opinion of the item they’d chosen tended to
rise, while their opinion of left-behind items soured.
##   Who Finds Joy in Other People’s Joy?
*  ** Can People Change?  ** By  Matthieu Ricard 
August 25, 2015
“We are social animals instinctively reliant on our tribe for safety and
protection,” says risk perception expert David Ropeik, author of  _How Risky
Is It, Really?_  “Any disloyalty literally feels
dangerous, like the tribe will kick you out. This effect is magnified in
people already worried.”
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##  Why we resist facts
Try It Now
*  ** Can the Science of Lying Explain Trump’s Support?  ** By  Jeremy Adam Smith 
March 29, 2017
Research bears out the idea that arguers’ outward insistence may be inversely
related to their actual conviction. In one Northwestern University  study
 , the less
confident people felt in their opinions about hot-button issues (whether
animal testing is OK, for instance), the more they labored to convince others
of their chosen view.
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Explore why we need  empathy in the age of Trump

.
In fact, there’s little difference, neurologically speaking,  between the
physical pain of injury and the emotional ache of rejection
 on
an MRI.
Sophie Bavard, Maël Lebreton, … Stefano Palminteri
Published December 19, 2022
You have work to do
Content Marketing Manager, ACC
###  1\. Denial
###   Reference-point centering and range-adaptation enhance human
reinforcement learning at the cost of irrational preferences
What are the 5 stages of rejection?
* Published  :  10 December 2018
Making that choice to open yourself up to disappointment isn’t easy, but
learning what to do after getting rejected will help you build a  resilient
mindset   and keep moving forward. Who knows? Next
time it could be you  turning down a job offer   or cutting out a  toxic person   .
2. Jagrook Dawra
* 495  Accesses
You’re not emotional or weak if you experience these feelings when someone
rebuffs your presence. It’s biology. Your emotional reaction to  personal
disappointment   isn’t under your control, but how you
respond to the situation creating these feelings is.
The pain of rejection is a real emotional bruise. It can undermine your
confidence and self-worth. If you’re finding it hard to bounce back, you may
need time to build your sense of  self-love   and esteem.
December 19, 2022  \- 14 min read
3. Vinay Kumar Kalakbandi
Chapter  © 2022
Pursuing the career of your dreams can mean going from interview to interview
and  not landing the job   . Finding your life
partner can mean  months of loneliness   or time spent
healing before you find the one.
It’s OK to cocoon for a little when dealing with rejection. You need time to
look after your well-being and return to an even emotional keel. Don’t beat
yourself up or overthink the situation. Be compassionate, and know that you’ll
 learn something new   when you’re ready.
Understandably, your first reaction to rejection might be to wonder what’s
wrong with you. A  shy person’s   response to social
rejection might become even more of an introvert.
* Research Article
* Published:  10 December 2018
This phase can easily devolve into something frightening for the other person
if you let it.  You need to give the person who turned you down space
 . They don’t owe you an explanation for
their rejection, but for the sake of your future relationship — should you
both choose to have one — you need to accept their decision with grace.
Beyond the physical sensation, rejection also strikes at our need for
acceptance and belonging. Humans are social creatures, and our desire to
connect developed through evolution. Beginning when humans lived together as
hunter-gatherer groups,  individuals who easily integrated into the tribe
were more likely to survive and reproduce  .
##  You have work to do
Now is when you need to pull out all the stops in your  self-care routine
 . Burn candles, take a bubble bath, or surround
yourself with friends. Whatever gives you a sense of comfort.
Why it hurts to be rejected
DECISION    Aims and
scope    Submit
manuscript
###  JEL Classification
*  M30 
*  M31 
*  M39
###  2\. Anger
As you process your feelings, you’ll move from one phase to the next until
you’re eventually past the thoughts and feelings of anger, disappointment, and
 self-doubt   you're experiencing to move
beyond the situation and find peace.
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If your low mood lasts longer than two weeks despite your best efforts, it’s
time to seek professional help.  Don’t be afraid to reach out
 to a  mental health professional  . A counselor or psychotherapist can help you develop coping
skills and strategies to get you past the negative thoughts and feelings of
rejection without looking back.
1.  Home  
2.  DECISION  
3. Article
###  3\. Process your emotions
Some things aren’t meant to be. And rejection can lead to positive change. It
means you’re pushing your limits, taking risks, and leaving your  comfort
zone   behind. If you’re living a life free of rejection,
you’re doing something wrong.
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###  5\. Acceptance
Pravesh Kumar Padamwar & Jagrook Dawra
Article  Open access  29 October 2018
##  The hidden benefits of self-compassion
Here are the five phases of rejection.
Rejection comes with a tangled knot of emotion. On top of feeling angry and
disappointed, you’re sad, embarrassed, confused, hurt, or all of the above.
Your self-confidence has taken a hit, and  you may be questioning your worth
 . All these feelings are a valid response to
rejection that might lead to feelings of depression.
By  Elizabeth Perry
###  6\. Don’t allow rejection to define you
* 3  Citations
##   Elizabeth Perry
###   Risk Aversion
##  How are you, really?
1. Pravesh Kumar Padamwar
###   Why Compromise? I Want the Extreme!
Correspondence to  Pravesh Kumar Padamwar  .
###  3\. Bargaining
#  7 Tips on how to deal with rejection
###  5\. Stay healthy
###  4\. Depression
Rejection is a fact of life.
##  5 proven ways to deal with disappointment
How to deal with rejection
##  Why it hurts to be rejected
Chapter  © 2016
###  7\. Grow from the experience
Vinay Kumar Kalakbandi
You may spot a  mistake you made   and
know it’s a learning opportunity. It’s also possible that you will never fully
understand the whys and hows of the situation. And that’s OK.
*  Choice behavior 
*  Consumer decision making 
*  Extremeness aversion 
*  Compromise effect 
*  Context effect
###  2\. Accept what happened
##  How to deal with rejection
##  What are the 5 stages of rejection?
###  4\. Treat yourself with compassion
[ Well-being  __ 12 min read  | September 26, 2022
That’s denial, and once you realize that your rejection isn’t a
misunderstanding, you’ll move on to  feeling angry  . Once you realize the person spurning you isn’t recognizing the
error of their ways, you might be mad.
At this point, it might be tempting to go off on the person rejecting you.
Don’t do it. Ultimately, venting your negative emotions at them will only
cause more hurt for yourself.  Take a deep breath   and work to  calm yourself down   . This is a situation where you need to let cooler heads
prevail and try to  manage your anger   .
Remember: you could be the sweetest peach on the tree, but there will be
people who don’t like peaches. Keep being your  authentic self
 , and you’ll attract those who appreciate everything
you bring to the table.
* Issue Date  :  December 2018
Once you feel comforted, begin  examining your feelings   to identify which emotions are driving your depression and make a plan
to address them. It could be as simple as reminding yourself why you are a
wonderful human being and of all the people who love and value you.
#  Range effect on extremeness aversion
0.31838
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