mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
Outcomes  

If the symptoms of aphasia last longer than two or three months after a
stroke, a complete recovery is unlikely. However, it is important to note that
some people continue to improve over a period of years and even decades.
Improvement is a slow process that usually involves both helping the
individual and family understand the nature of aphasia and learning
compensatory strategies for communicating.  [119]

After a traumatic brain injury (TBI) or cerebrovascular accident (CVA), the
brain undergoes several healing and re-organization processes, which may
result in improved language function. This is referred to as spontaneous
recovery. Spontaneous recovery is the natural recovery the brain makes without
treatment, and the brain begins to reorganize and change in order to recover.
[66]  There are several factors that contribute to a person's chance of
recovery caused by stroke, including stroke size and location.  [120]  Age,
sex, and education have not been found to be very predictive.  [120]  There is
also research pointing to damage in the left hemisphere healing more
effectively than the right.  [39]

Specific to aphasia, spontaneous recovery varies among affected people and may
not look the same in everyone, making it difficult to predict recovery.  [120]

Though some cases of Wernicke's aphasia have shown greater improvements than
more mild forms of aphasia, people with Wernicke's aphasia may not reach as
high a level of speech abilities as those with mild forms of aphasia.  [121]
Dysgraphia  is a learning disability that affects writing abilities. It can
manifest itself as difficulties with  spelling  (opens in a new window)
 , poor handwriting and trouble putting
thoughts on paper. Because writing requires a complex set of motor and
information processing skills, saying a student has dysgraphia is not
sufficient. A student with disorders in written expression will benefit from
specific accommodations in the learning environment, as well as additional
practice learning the skills required to be an accomplished writer.
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Subcortical  

* Subcortical aphasias characteristics and symptoms depend upon the site and size of subcortical lesion. Possible sites of lesions include the  thalamus  , internal capsule, and basal ganglia.
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History  

The first recorded case of aphasia is from an Egyptian  papyrus
 , the  Edwin Smith Papyrus
 , which details speech
problems in a person with a  traumatic brain injury
 to the  temporal
lobe  .  [128]

During the second half of the 19th century, aphasia was a major focus for
scientists and philosophers who were working in the beginning stages of the
field of psychology.  [2]  In medical research, speechlessness was described
as an incorrect prognosis, and there was no assumption that underlying
language complications existed.  [129]  Broca and his colleagues were some of
the first to write about aphasia, but Wernicke was the first credited to have
written extensively about aphasia being a disorder that contained
comprehension difficulties.  [130]  Despite claims of who reported on aphasia
first, it was F.J. Gall that gave the first full description of aphasia after
studying wounds to the brain, as well as his observation of speech
difficulties resulting from vascular lesions.  [131]  A recent book on the
entire history of aphasia is available (Reference: Tesak, J. & Code, C. (2008)
_Milestones in the History of Aphasia: Theories and Protagonists_ . Hove, East
Sussex: Psychology Press).
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###   Literacy Instruction at a Distance: Strategies for Supporting Students
with Learning Disabilities
* Provide tape recorders to supplement note taking and to prepare for writing assignments.
* Create a step-by-step plan that breaks writing assignments into small tasks (see below).
* When organizing writing projects, create a list of keywords that will be useful.
* Provide clear, constructive feedback on the quality of work, explaining both the strengths and weaknesses of the project, commenting on the structure as well as the information that is included.
* Use  assistive technology  (opens in a new window)   such as voice-activated software if the mechanical aspects of writing remain a major hurdle.
Learning Disabilities  ,   Spelling and
Word Study  ,   Writing
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References  

1. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Henseler I, Regenbrecht F, Obrig H (March 2014).  "Lesion correlates of patholinguistic profiles in chronic aphasia: comparisons of syndrome-, modality- and symptom-level assessment"  . _Brain_ . **137** (Pt 3): 918–930.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :   10.1093/brain/awt374  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  24525451  .
2. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ Damasio AR (February 1992). "Aphasia". _The New England Journal of Medicine_ . **326** (8): 531–539.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1056/NEJM199202203260806  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  1732792  .
3. ** ^  ** Code, Chris; Petheram, Brian (2011-02-01).  "Delivering for aphasia"  . _International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology_ . **13** (1): 3–10.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :   10.3109/17549507.2010.520090  .  ISSN  "ISSN \(identifier\)")  1754-9507  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  21329405  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  44461150  .
4. ** ^  ** Rook, Janine; Llufriu, Sara; de Kok, Dörte; Rofes, Adrià (November 2023).  "Language impairments in people with autoimmune neurological diseases: A scoping review"  . _Journal of Communication Disorders_ . **106** : 106368.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :   10.1016/j.jcomdis.2023.106368  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  37717472  .
5. ** ^  ** Rofes, Adrià; van de Beek, Diederik; Miceli, Gabriele (3 October 2022).  "Language impairments and CNS infections: a review"  . _Aphasiology_ . **36** (10): 1206–1248.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :   10.1080/02687038.2021.1937922  .
6. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ [ "An overview of aphasia" ](https://www.webmd.com/brain/aphasia-causes-symptoms-types-treatments
National Center for Learning Disabilities (NCLD)
Causes  

Aphasia is most often caused by stroke, where about a quarter of patients who
experience an acute stroke develop aphasia.  [39]  However, any disease or
damage to the parts of the brain that control language can cause aphasia. Some
of these can include brain tumors, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy and
progressive neurological disorders.  [40]  In rare cases, aphasia may also
result from  herpesviral encephalitis  .  [41]  The  herpes simplex virus
 affects the frontal and
temporal lobes, subcortical structures, and the hippocampal tissue, which can
trigger aphasia.  [42]  In acute disorders, such as head injury or stroke,
aphasia usually develops quickly. When caused by brain tumor,  infection
 , or  dementia  ,
it develops more slowly.  [7]  [43]

Substantial damage to tissue anywhere within the region shown in blue (on the
figure in the infobox above) can potentially result in aphasia.  [1]  Aphasia
can also sometimes be caused by damage to subcortical structures deep within
the left hemisphere, including the thalamus, the  internal
 and  external capsules
 , and the  caudate nucleus
 of the basal ganglia.  [44]  [45]
The area and extent of brain damage or  atrophy 
will determine the type of aphasia and its symptoms.  [7]  [43]  A very small
number of people can experience aphasia after damage to the  right hemisphere
 only. It has been suggested that
these individuals may have had an unusual brain organization prior to their
illness or injury, with perhaps greater overall reliance on the right
hemisphere for language skills than in the general population.  [46]  [47]

 Primary progressive aphasia  (PPA), while its name can be misleading, is actually a
form of dementia that has some symptoms closely related to several forms of
aphasia. It is characterized by a gradual loss in language functioning while
other cognitive domains are mostly preserved, such as memory and personality.
PPA usually initiates with sudden word-finding difficulties in an individual
and progresses to a reduced ability to formulate grammatically correct
sentences (syntax) and impaired comprehension. The etiology of PPA is not due
to a stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), or infectious disease; it is still
uncertain what initiates the onset of PPA in those affected by it.  [48]

 Epilepsy  can also include transient aphasia as
a  prodromal  or episodic symptom.  [49]
However, the repeated seizure activity within language regions may also lead
to chronic, and progressive aphasia. Aphasia is also listed as a rare side-
effect of the  fentanyl  patch, an opioid used to
control chronic pain.  [50]
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Voice therapy is the equivalent of  physical therapy
 for large muscle paralysis. The therapist asks the patient to
do special exercise and some other activities to strengthen their vocal cords,
improve their breath and control while speaking, prevent unusual tensions in
other muscles near the affected vocal cord(s), and protect the airway from
liquids and solids.
Louisa Moats  ,   Carol Tolman
Medically reviewed by  Nicole Leigh Aaronson, MD, MBA, CPE, FACS, FAAP
###   Organizational Problems and the Beginning of the School Year
###  Fast facts on vocal cord paralysis
Etymology  

_Aphasia_ is from  Greek   _a-_
 ("without", negative  prefix
 ) + _phásis_ ( _φάσις_ , "speech").

The word _aphasia_ comes from the word ἀφασία _aphasia_ , in  Ancient Greek
 , which means  [90]  "speechlessness",
[132]  derived from ἄφατος _aphatos_ , "speechless"  [133]  from ἀ- _a-_ ,
"not, un" and φημί _phemi_ , "I speak".
![\[Vocal cord and trachea\]](//i0.wp.com/cdn-
prod.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/articles/188/188993/vocal-cord-and-
trachea.jpg?w=1155&h=987)  Share on Pinterest
 Vocal cord paralysis normally only affects one of the
vocal cords.
/R47.0)
* ** ICD  \-  10-CM  ** :  R47.01 
* ** ICD  \-  9-CM  ** :  315.31  ,  315.32  ,  784.3  ,  438.11 
* ** MeSH  ** :  D001037 
* ** DiseasesDB  ** :  4024 

---|---
External resources  |

* ** MedlinePlus  ** :  003204 
* ** eMedicine  ** :  neuro/437 

*  v  
*  t  
*  e  

 Signs and symptoms  , and 
syndromes  associated with lesions of the  brain
 and  brainstem 

---
Cerebral cortex  |

*  ACA syndrome 
*  MCA syndrome 
*  PCA syndrome 
* Aphasia
* Frontal lobe
*  Expressive aphasia 
*  Abulia 
* Parietal lobe
*  Receptive aphasia 
*  Hemispatial neglect 
*  Gerstmann syndrome 
*  Astereognosis 
* Occipital lobe
*  Bálint's syndrome 
*  Cortical blindness 
*  Anton syndrome 
*  Pure alexia 
* Temporal lobe
*  Cortical deafness 
*  Prosopagnosia 

Subcortex  |

* Basal ganglia
*  Chorea 
*  Dystonia 
*  Parkinson's disease 
*  Thalamic syndrome
Croup is an inflammation of the larynx and trachea in children, recognizable
by its distinct cough. Discover about the symptoms, causes, and…
Oropharyngeal dysphagia is the inability to swallow food or drink. Learn
more here.
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To investigate the influence of sex on age-related trajectories, the
regression model was refitted with two additional explanatory variables: the
interaction between age and sex, and the three-way interaction between age,
sex, and diagnostic status (see the  online data supplement

). Stratification by sex revealed that gray matter volume was significantly
increased in females compared with males at most ages (see Figure S2d in the 
data supplement

). Furthermore, the rate of gray matter volume loss was significantly slower
in females compared with males (see Figure S2e in the  data supplement

), leading to a widening gap with age in gray matter volume between the sexes.
By the seventh decade of life, gray matter volume was approximately 6% greater
in females compared with males (irrespective of diagnosis). In contrast,
fractional anisotropy was significantly increased in males compared with
females in early adulthood but deteriorated significantly faster in males,
leading to no significant sex differences in fractional anisotropy beyond
middle age (see Figure S3 in the  data supplement

). The interaction between diagnosis and sex and the three-way interaction
between age, sex, and diagnostic status were not significant predictors of
gray matter volume or fractional anisotropy.
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Participant data were obtained from the Australian Schizophrenia Research
Bank, which is a storage facility of medical research data collected across
five Australian states and territories. Full details related to recruitment
procedures have been published elsewhere (  21  ). Participants were English
speaking, predominantly of European ancestry, and aged between 18 and 65
years. Inclusion and exclusion criteria and details about the clinical
assessment can be found in the  data supplement

accompanying the online edition of this article. For this study, participants
with both a structural MRI scan and a diffusion-weighted imaging scan were
selected. The study comprised 523 participants: 326 individuals (225 males)
diagnosed with either schizophrenia (N=273) or schizoaffective disorder
(N=53), and 197 healthy comparison subjects (99 males). Each participant
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