mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") |

*  Germany 
*  Israel 
*  United States 
*  Czech Republic 

---|---

*  v  
*  t  
*  e  

 Analytical psychology 

---
People  |

*  Marie-Louise von Franz 
*  Sigmund Freud 
*  Carl Jung 
*  David Keirsey 
*  Isabel Myers 
*  Katharine Cook Briggs 

Concepts  |

*  Archetype 
*  Collective unconscious 
*  Personal unconscious 

*  v  
*  t  
*  e  

 Carl Jung 

---
Theories  |

*  Analytical psychology 
*  Cognitive functions 
*  Interpretation of religion 
*  Personality type 
*  Synchronicity 
*  Theory of neurosis 

Concepts  |

|   The psyche  "Psyche \(psychology\)") |

*  Collective unconscious
*  Mind & Body 
*  Relationships 
*  Workplace 
*  Parenting & Family 
*  Education 
*  Spirituality 
*  Politics 
*  Society 
*  Culture 
*  Media & Tech 
*  Community 
*  Big Ideas
####  MedicineNet
It’s said that time heals all wounds, but  my research
 suggests that time spent in
dream sleep is what heals. REM-sleep dreaming appears to take the painful
sting out of difficult, even traumatic, emotional episodes experienced during
the day, offering emotional resolution when you awake the next morning.
*  Mind & Body 
*  Relationships 
*  Workplace 
*  Parenting & Family 
*  Education 
*  MORE...
19th century  

In 1867, the French sinologist  Marie-Jean-Léon, Marquis d'Hervey de Saint
Denys  anonymously published _Les Rêves
et Les Moyens de Les Diriger; Observations Pratiques_ ("Dreams and the ways to
direct them; practical observations"), in which he describes his own
experiences of lucid dreaming, and proposes that it is possible for anyone to
learn to dream consciously.  [20]  [21]
*  ** Does Sleeping Well Make Us More Socially Adept?  ** By  Emiliana R. Simon-Thomas 
December 1, 2007
####  TOPICS
Designed by  _ Project6  _ Project6
*  Awe 
*  Bridging Differences 
*  Compassion 
*  Empathy 
*  Diversity 
*  Gratitude 
*  Happiness 
*  Intellectual Humility 
*  Mindfulness 
*  Purpose 
*  Social Connection 
*  MORE...
* Medical Author:   Dr. Sruthi M., MBBS 
* Medical Reviewer:   Pallavi Suyog Uttekar, MD
* Thoughts
* Desires
* Motivations
We often hear stories of people who’ve learned from their dreams or been
inspired by them. Think of Paul McCartney’s  story
 of how his hit song “Yesterday”
came to him in a dream or of Mendeleev’s  dream-inspired construction
 of the periodic table of elements.
External links  

*   Lucid Dreaming  at Wikibooks

*  v  
*  t  
*  e  

 Dreams  and  oneirology 

---
Phenomena  |

|   Dream  |

*  Oneiros 
*  Dream speech 
*  Recurring dream 
*  False awakening 
*  Interobject 
*  Dream character 

---|---
Lucid dream  |

*  Pre-lucid dream 

 Nightmare  |

*  Epiales 
*  Dreamcatcher 
*  Night terrors 
*  Anxiety dream 
*  Nightmare disorder 
*  Sleepwalking 
*  Sleepdriving 

 Sleep  |

*  Hypnagogia 
*  PGO waves 
*  Rapid eye movement sleep 
*  Hypnopompia 

Therapy and
interpretation  |
*  Events & Classes 
*  About 
*  Diversity Statement 
*  Masthead 
*  Contact 
*  Log in 
*  Register
*  Allergies 
*  Arthritis 
*  Blood Pressure 
*  Cancer 
*  Chronic Pain 
*  Cold & Flu 
*  Depression 
*  Diabetes 
*  Digestion 
*  Health & Living 
*  Healthy Kids 
*  Hearing & Ear
###  6 health benefits of dreaming
####  What Do Nightmares Mean?
March 22, 2024
*  ** Adventures in the Strange Science of Sleep  ** By  Jill Suttie 
October 3, 2012
Explore  the neuroscience of sleep
 .
MENTAL HEALTH
Main article:  Somatosensory system
###  Worry
####  Electroreception
In organisms, a  sensory organ 
consists of a group of interrelated  sensory cells  that respond to a specific type of physical stimulus. Via 
cranial  and  spinal nerves
 (nerves of the Central and Peripheral
nervous systems that relay sensory information to and from the brain and
body), the different types of sensory receptor cells (such as 
mechanoreceptors  , 
photoreceptors  , 
chemoreceptors  ,  thermoreceptors
 ) in sensory organs transduct sensory
information from these organs towards the central nervous system, finally
arriving at the  sensory cortices  in
the  brain  , where sensory signals
are processed and interpreted (perceived).
Nociception (pain)  |
YouTube   
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Main article:  Psychophysics
###  Distress
*  Visual cortex 
*  Auditory cortex 
*  Vestibular cortex 
*  Olfactory cortex 
*  Gustatory cortex 
*  Somatosensory cortex
*  Baroreceptor 
*  Mechanotransduction 
*  Lamellar corpuscle 
*  Tactile corpuscle 
*  Merkel nerve ending 
*  Bulbous corpuscle 
*  Campaniform sensilla 
*  Slit sensilla 
*  Stretch receptor
*  Spain 
*  Germany 
*  Israel 
*  United States 
*  Japan 
*  Czech Republic
###  Jealousy
Sensory receptors are the cells or structures that detect sensations. 
Stimuli  "Stimulus \(physiology\)") in the
environment activate specialized receptor cells in the  peripheral nervous
system  . During
transduction, physical stimulus is converted into  action potential
 by receptors and transmitted
towards the  central nervous system  for processing.  [17]  Different types of stimuli are sensed
by different types of  receptor cells  . Receptor cells can be classified into types on the basis of three
different criteria:  cell type  ,
position, and function. Receptors can be classified structurally on the basis
of cell type and their position in relation to stimuli they sense. Receptors
can further be classified functionally on the basis of the  transduction
 "Transduction \(physiology\)") of stimuli,
or how the mechanical stimulus, light, or chemical changed the cell  membrane
potential  .  [16]
Liz Zorab
###  Humiliation
Polarized light 
direction/detection is used by  bees  to orient
themselves, especially on cloudy days.  Cuttlefish  , some  beetles  , and  mantis
shrimp  can also perceive the
polarization of light. Most sighted humans can in fact learn to roughly detect
large areas of polarization by an effect called  Haidinger's brush
 ; however, this is considered
an  entoptic phenomenon 
rather than a separate sense.
Biological auditory (hearing), vestibular and spatial, and visual systems
(vision) appear to break down real-world complex stimuli into  sine wave
 components, through the mathematical process
called Fourier analysis. Many neurons have a strong preference for certain
sine  frequency  components in contrast to
others. The way that simpler sounds and images are  encoded  during sensation can provide insight into how perception of real-world
objects happens.  [6]
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A dolphin can detect electric fields in water using electroreceptors in 
vibrissal crypts  arrayed in pairs on its snout and
which evolved from whisker motion sensors.  [72]  These electroreceptors can
detect electric fields as weak as 4.6 microvolts per centimeter, such as those
generated by contracting muscles and pumping gills of potential prey. This
permits the dolphin to locate prey from the seafloor where sediment limits
visibility and echolocation.
By using a variety of sense receptors, plants sense light, temperature,
humidity, chemical substances, chemical gradients, reorientation, magnetic
fields, infections, tissue damage and mechanical pressure. The absence of a
nervous system notwithstanding, plants interpret and respond to these stimuli
by a variety of hormonal and cell-to-cell communication pathways that result
in movement, morphological changes and physiological state alterations at the
organism level, that is, result in plant behavior. Such physiological and
cognitive functions are generally not believed to give rise to mental
phenomena or qualia, however, as these are typically considered the product of
nervous system activity. The emergence of mental phenomena from the activity
of systems functionally or computationally analogous to that of nervous
systems is, however, a hypothetical possibility explored by some schools of
thought in the philosophy of mind field, such as  functionalism
 "Functionalism \(philosophy of
mind\)") and  computationalism  .  [ _ citation needed
 _ ]
Depictions of the five traditional senses as  allegory  became a popular subject for seventeenth-century artists,
especially among  Dutch  and  Flemish Baroque painters  . A typical example is  Gérard de Lairesse
 's _Allegory of the Five
Senses_ (1668), in which each of the figures in the main group alludes to a
sense: Sight is the reclining boy with a  convex mirror  , hearing is the  cupid  -like boy
with a  triangle  "Triangle \(musical
instrument\)") , smell is represented by the girl with flowers, taste is
represented by the woman with the fruit, and touch is represented by the woman
holding the bird.
a gardener, homesteader, author and video creator. Together with my husband,
Mr J, we share our journey to self-sufficiency. Growing vegetables, fruit and
herbs, as well as flower gardening, and living a more sustainable life.
** Read more...  **
Slit sensillae  of spiders detect
mechanical strain in the exoskeleton, providing information on force and
vibrations.
Next  Continue  Cecily Chicken Salad – leftover chicken recipe
---
 Processes
and
concepts  |
###  Internal
Main articles:  Human eye  ,  Human ear
 ,  Human skin 
,  Human nose  , and  Human mouth
####  Multimodal perception
###  Human analogues
Philippe Mercier - The Sense of
Taste - Google Art Project
* This page was last edited on 27 March 2024, at 02:33  (UTC)  .
* Text is available under the  Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0   ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the  Terms of Use  and  Privacy Policy  . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the  Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.  , a non-profit organization.
*  Vertigo 
*  BPPV 
*  Labyrinthine fistula 
*  Labyrinthitis 
*  Ménière's disease
A third classification of receptors is by how the receptor  transduces
 "Transduction \(physiology\)") stimuli
into  membrane potential 
changes. Stimuli are of three general types. Some stimuli are ions and 
macromolecules  that affect
transmembrane receptor proteins when these chemicals diffuse across the cell
membrane. Some stimuli are physical variations in the environment that affect
receptor cell membrane potentials. Other stimuli include the electromagnetic
radiation from visible light. For humans, the only electromagnetic energy that
is perceived by our eyes is visible light. Some other organisms have receptors
that humans lack, such as the heat sensors of snakes, the ultraviolet light
sensors of bees, or magnetic receptors in migratory birds.  [16]
An internal sensation and perception also known as interoception  [42]  is
"any sense that is normally stimulated from within the body".  [43]  These
involve numerous sensory receptors in internal organs. Interoception is
thought to be atypical in clinical conditions such as  alexithymia
 .  [44]  Specific receptors include:
####  Categories
Types of
 sensory receptors  |
One additional unexpected source of pleasure has been writing my first book 
Grounded  . I didn’t expect to find the
process so interesting or to find the time spent putting my thoughts down in
writing to be so calming. In fact, I anticipated that it would be quite the
opposite.
###  Desperation
Flies  and  butterflies  have taste organs on their feet, allowing them to taste
anything they land on.  Catfish  have taste organs
across their entire bodies, and can taste anything they touch, including
chemicals in the water.  [56]
Cats  have the ability to see in low light, which is due
to muscles surrounding their  irides  "Iris
\(anatomy\)") –which contract and expand their pupils–as well as to the 
tapetum lucidum  , a reflective
membrane that optimizes the image.  Pit vipers  ,  pythons  and some  boas
 have organs that allow them to detect  infrared
 light, such that these snakes are able to sense
the body heat of their prey. The  common vampire bat
 may also have an infrared
sensor on its nose.  [57]  It has been found that  birds  and some other animals are  tetrachromats  and have the ability to see in the  ultraviolet
 down to 300 nanometers.  Bees  and  dragonflies  [58]  are also
able to see in the ultraviolet.  Mantis shrimps  can perceive both  polarized light  and  multispectral 
images and have twelve distinct kinds of color receptors, unlike humans which
have three kinds and most mammals which have two kinds.  [59]
*  Nociceptin receptor 
*  Juxtacapillary receptor
####  Functional receptor types
###  Resentment
*  Electroreception 
*  Magnetoreception 
*  Echolocation 
*  Infrared sensing in vampire bats 
*  Infrared sensing in snakes 
*  Surface wave detection 
*  Frog hearing 
*  Toad vision
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|  Animal  |
Motivation  

Main article:  Motivational salience 

Dysfunctional motivational salience appears in a number of psychiatric
symptoms and disorders.  Anhedonia  ,
traditionally defined as a reduced capacity to feel pleasure, has been re-
examined as reflecting blunted incentive salience, as most anhedonic
populations exhibit intact "liking".  [73]  [74]  On the other end of the
spectrum, heightened incentive salience that is narrowed for specific stimuli
is characteristic of behavioral and drug addictions. In the case of fear or
paranoia, dysfunction may lie in elevated  aversive salience
 .  [75]  In modern literature,
anhedonia is associated with the proposed two forms of pleasure,
"anticipatory" and "consummatory".

Neuroimaging studies across diagnoses associated with anhedonia have reported
reduced activity in the OFC and ventral striatum.  [76]  One meta analysis
reported anhedonia was associated with reduced neural response to reward
anticipation in the caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens and medial
prefrontal cortex (mPFC).  [77]
###  Private perceptive experience
###  Dissatisfaction
One way to classify receptors is based on their location relative to the
stimuli. An  exteroceptor  is a
receptor that is located near a stimulus of the external environment, such as
the somatosensory receptors that are located in the skin. An  interoceptor
 is one that interprets stimuli from
internal organs and tissues, such as the receptors that sense the increase in
blood pressure in the  aorta  or  carotid sinus
 .  [16]
ΔFosB "FOSB") **
*  c-Fos 
*  Cdk5 
*  CREB 
*  GluR2 
*  NF-κB 

*  Epigenetic 
* ** G9a  **
*  G9a-like protein 
* ** HDAC1  **
* ** HDAC2  **
* ** HDAC3  **
*  HDAC4 
*  HDAC5 
*  HDAC9 
*  HDAC10 
*  SIRT1 
*  SIRT2 
* ...

 Dependence  |

|  Concepts  |

*  Adverse childhood experiences 
*  Physical dependence 
*  Psychological dependence 
*  Withdrawal 

---|---
Disorders  |

* Drugs
*  Alcoholism 
*  Amphetamine 
*  Barbiturate 
*  Benzodiazepine 
*  Caffeine 
*  Cannabis 
*  Cocaine 
*  Nicotine 
*  Opioid 
* Non-drug stimuli
*  Tanning dependence 

[ Treatment
and
management ](/wiki/Addiction
Hearing, or audition, is the transduction of  sound waves  into a neural signal that is made possible by the structures of
the  ear  . The large, fleshy structure on the lateral
aspect of the head is known as the  auricle 
"Auricle \(anatomy\)") . At the end of the  auditory canal
 is the tympanic membrane, or  ear
drum  , which vibrates after it is struck by sound
waves. The auricle, ear canal, and tympanic membrane are often referred to as
the  external ear  . The  middle ear
 consists of a space spanned by three small
bones called the  ossicles  . The three ossicles
are the  malleus  ,  incus 
, and  stapes  , which are Latin names that roughly
translate to hammer, anvil, and stirrup. The malleus is attached to the
tympanic membrane and articulates with the incus. The incus, in turn,
articulates with the stapes. The stapes is then attached to the  inner ear
 , where the sound waves will be  transduced
 "Transduction \(physiology\)") into a
neural signal. The middle ear is connected to the  pharynx  through the  Eustachian tube  , which helps equilibrate air pressure across the tympanic membrane.
The tube is normally closed but will pop open when the muscles of the pharynx
contract during  swallowing  or  yawning
 .  [16]
*  Amblyaudia 
*  Auditory agnosia 
*  Auditory hallucination 
*  Auditory verbal agnosia 
*  Cortical deafness 
*  Hearing loss 
*  Microwave auditory effect 
*  Music-specific disorders 
*  Palinopsia 
*  Spatial hearing loss 
*  Tinnitus
Addiction "Neurobiological effects of physical exercise")

Treatment
programs  |

*  Drug rehab 
*  Residential treatment center 
*  Heroin-assisted treatment 
*  Intensive outpatient program 
*  Methadone maintenance 
*  Smoking cessation 
*  Nicotine replacement therapy 
*  Tobacco cessation clinics in India 
*  Twelve-step program 

Support groups  |

*  Addiction recovery groups 
*  List of twelve-step groups 

 Harm reduction  |

*  Category:Harm reduction 
*  Drug checking 
*  Reagent testing 
*  Low-threshold treatment programs 
*  Managed alcohol program 
*  Moderation Management 
*  Needle exchange program 
*  Responsible drug use 
*  Stimulant maintenance 
*  Supervised injection site 
*  Tobacco harm reduction 

See also  |

*  Addiction medicine 
*  Allen Carr 
*  Category:Addiction 
*  Category:Vaccines against drugs 
*  Discrimination against drug addicts 
*  Dopamine dysregulation syndrome 
*  Cognitive control 
*  Inhibitory control 
*  Motivational salience 
* [ Incentive salience ](/wiki/Motivational_salience
###  Guilt
The cells that interpret information about the environment can be either (1) a
 neuron  that has a  free nerve ending
 , with  dendrites
 embedded in tissue that would receive a
sensation; (2) a neuron that has an encapsulated ending in which the sensory
nerve endings are encapsulated in  connective tissue
 that enhances their
sensitivity; or (3) a specialized  receptor cell  , which has distinct structural components that interpret a
specific type of stimulus. The  pain  and 
temperature receptors  in the dermis
of the skin are examples of neurons that have free nerve endings (1). Also
located in the dermis of the skin are  lamellated corpuscles
 , neurons with encapsulated
nerve endings that respond to pressure and touch (2). The cells in the retina
that respond to light stimuli are an example of a specialized receptor (3), a
 photoreceptor  .  [16]
Other species  

Animals quickly learn to press a bar to obtain an injection of opiates
directly into the  midbrain tegmentum  or the  nucleus accumbens  . The same animals do not work to obtain the opiates if the
dopaminergic neurons of the  mesolimbic pathway  are inactivated. In this perspective, animals, like
humans, engage in behaviors that increase dopamine release.

 Kent Berridge  , a researcher in
 affective neuroscience  , found that sweet ( _liked_ ) and bitter ( _disliked_ ) tastes
produced distinct  orofacial expressions  , and these expressions were similarly displayed by human
newborns, orangutans, and rats. This was evidence that pleasure (specifically,
_liking_ ) has objective features and was essentially the same across various
animal species. Most neuroscience studies have shown that the more dopamine
released by the reward, the more effective the reward is. This is called the
hedonic impact, which can be changed by the effort for the reward and the
reward itself. Berridge discovered that blocking dopamine systems did not seem
to change the positive reaction to something sweet (as measured by facial
expression). In other words, the hedonic impact did not change based on the
amount of sugar. This discounted the conventional assumption that dopamine
mediates pleasure. Even with more-intense dopamine alterations, the data
seemed to remain constant.  [100]  However, a clinical study from January 2019
that assessed the effect of a dopamine precursor (  levodopa  ), antagonist (  risperidone 
), and a placebo on reward responses to music – including the degree of
pleasure experienced during  musical chills  , as measured by changes in  electrodermal activity
 as well as subjective
ratings – found that the manipulation of dopamine neurotransmission
bidirectionally regulates pleasure cognition (specifically, the [ hedonic
impact of music ](/wiki/Euphoria
In  Buddhist philosophy  ,
 Ayatana  or "sense-base" includes the mind as a
sense organ, in addition to the traditional five. This addition to the
commonly acknowledged senses may arise from the psychological orientation
involved in Buddhist thought and practice. The mind considered by itself is
seen as the principal gateway to a different spectrum of phenomena that differ
from the physical sense data. This way of viewing the human sense system
indicates the importance of internal sources of sensation and perception that
complements our experience of the external world.  [ _ citation needed
 _ ]
###  Euphoria
Somatosensation is considered a general sense, as opposed to the special
senses discussed in this section. Somatosensation is the group of sensory
modalities that are associated with touch and interoception. The modalities of
somatosensation include  pressure  ,  vibration
 , light touch,  tickle  ,  itch  ,  temperature  ,  pain  ,  kinesthesia
 .  [16]   Somatosensation
 , also called  tactition
 (adjectival form: tactile) is a perception
resulting from activation of neural  receptors  , generally in the  skin  including 
hair follicles  , but also in the 
tongue  ,  throat  , and 
mucosa  . A variety of  pressure
 receptors respond to variations in pressure
(firm, brushing, sustained, etc.). The touch sense of  itching  caused by insect bites or allergies involves special itch-specific
neurons in the skin and spinal cord.  [32]  The loss or impairment of the
ability to feel anything touched is called tactile  anesthesia
 .  Paresthesia  is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or  numbness
 of the skin that may result from nerve damage and
may be permanent or temporary.
Retrieved from " 
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sense&oldid=1215783511
 "
###  Frustration
####  Vestibular system (balance)  ") ]
####  Hi there!
####  Gustatory system (taste)  ") ]
*  Visual perception (vision) 
*  Auditory perception (hearing) 
*  Equilibrioception (balance) 
*  Olfaction (smell) 
*  Gustation (taste or flavor) 
*  Touch 
*  mechanoreception 
*  nociception (pain) 
*  thermoception
This article is about the cognitive process of sense together with the sensory
systems, sense organs, and sensation. For other uses, see  Sense
(disambiguation)  "Sense \(disambiguation\)")
.
The  human  sensory and perceptual system  [6]  [16]
Number  |   Physical stimulus  "Stimulus
\(physiology\)") |  Sensory organ  |   Sensory system  |   Cranial nerve(s)  |   Cerebral cortex  |
Primary associated perception(s))  |  Name
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---
1  |   Light  |   Eyes 
|   Visual system  |   Optic (II)
_nerve "Optic \(II\) nerve") |   Visual cortex
 |   Visual perception
 |   Sight (vision)

2  |   Sound  |   Ears  |  
Auditory system  |  
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)  |   Auditory cortex  |  
Auditory perception  |  
Hearing (audition) 
3  |   Gravity  and  acceleration
 |   Inner ear  |   Vestibular system  |
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)  |   Vestibular cortex  |   Equilibrioception  |   Balance (equilibrium) 
"Balance \(ability\)")
4  |   Chemical substance  |
 Nose  |   Olfactory system
 |   Olfactory (I)
 |   Olfactory cortex
 |   Olfactory perception
 , Gustatory perception
(taste or flavor)  [19]  |   Smell (olfaction) 
5  |  Chemical substance  |   Mouth  |  
Gustatory system  |   Facial
(VII)  ,  Glossopharyngeal (IX)
 |   Gustatory cortex
 |   Gustatory perception (taste
or flavor)  "Flavor \(taste\)") |   Taste (gustation)

6  |   Position  "Position \(geometry\)") , 
motion  ,  temperature  |   Skin  |   Somatosensory
system  |   Trigeminal
(V)  , Glossopharyngeal (IX) + 
Spinal nerves  |   Somatosensory cortex
 |   Tactile perception
 (  mechanoreception
 ,  thermoception
 )  |   Touch (tactition)