mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
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Further reading  

* Patoine, Brenda (October 2009).  "Desperately Sensation Seeking: Fear, Reward, and the Human need for Novelty"  . _Dana Foundation_ . Archived from  the original  on 2013-10-25.
*  Zuckerman, M.  (1979). _Sensation Seeking: Beyond the Optimal Level of Arousal_ . L. Erlbaum Associates.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-470-26851-3   .
* Zuckerman, M. (1983). _Biological Bases of Sensation Seeking, Impulsivity and Anxiety_ . Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
* Zuckerman, M. (1991). _Psychobiology of Personality_ . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Zuckerman, M. (2007). _Sensation Seeking and Risky Behavior_ . American Psychological Association.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-1-59147-738-9   .
* Zuckerman, Marvin (November 1, 2000).  "Are You a Risk Taker?"  . _Psychology Today_ . Retrieved  2023-12-30  .

Retrieved from " 
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sensation_seeking&oldid=1215999241

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Hyunjoon Lee: Review and editing, Supervision.
Sec. Perception Science
####  2.2.1. Architecture Overview
Proposed CRNN
###  3.2. Recognition of Multiple Digits
####  2.3.1. Comparing Model Accuracy
###  3.4. Robustness under Challenging Conditions
ε  n  =  η  δ  e  d  (  15  )
Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., and Courville, A. (2016). “Convolutional
networks,” in _Deep Learning (MIT Press)_ , Chapter 9, 330–372. Available
online at:  http://www.deeplearningbook.org
 .
TABLE 4
###  3.3. Mnist with Gaussian Noise
##  2\. Materials and Methods
This article is part of the Research Topic  Contemporary Neural Network
Modeling in Cognitive Science   View all 12 articles
124 Followers
##  Written by  Chandra Churh Chatterjee
###  3.1. Recognition of Digits under Debris
##  Composition of the network
TABLE 5
###  2.1. Generative Model for Stimuli
Front. Psychol.  , 12 September 2017
Convolution Neural Net
Nov 28, 2019
##  4\. Discussion
####  2.2.4. Learning
FIGURE 8
Volume 8 - 2017 |   https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01551
PubMed Abstract

|  CrossRef Full Text 00054-8) | 
Google Scholar
4,9K
Fred H. Hamker  ,
Technische Universität Chemnitz, Germany
 Ko Sakai  , University
of Tsukuba, Japan
James L. McClelland  ,
University of Pennsylvania, United States
####  2.2.3. Readout Layer
*Correspondence:  Courtney J. Spoerer,  courtney.spoerer@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk
ReLUs are defined as:
Copyright  © 2017 Spoerer, McClure and Kriegeskorte. This is an open-access
article distributed under the terms of the  Creative Commons Attribution
License (CC BY)  . The use,
distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the
original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication
in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No
use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with
these terms.
###  2.3. Analyzing Model Performance
1.  Read correction
####  2.2.2. Recurrent Convolutional Layers
Chandra Churh Chatterjee
30K
·  Writer for
Courtney J.
Spoerer  *    Patrick
McClure    Nikolaus
Kriegeskorte
###  2.2. Models
James L. McClelland  Stanford University, United States
σ  y  (  x  )  =  1  1  \+  e  −  x  (  9  )
To test the effects of occlusion, we developed a new generative model for
occlusion stimuli. The images contain parameterized, computer-generated digits
in randomly jittered positions (optionally, the size and orientation can also
be randomly varied). The code for generating these images is made available at
 https://github.com/cjspoerer/digitclutter
 . The task is to correctly
identify these digits. Different forms of occlusion are added to these images,
including occlusion from non-targets and other targets present in the image,
we refer to these as _digit debris_ and _digit clutter_ , respectively. The
first form of occlusion, digit debris, simulates situations where targets are
occluded by other objects that are task irrelevant. The second case, digit
clutter, simulates occlusion where the objective is to account for the
occlusion without suppressing the occluder, which is itself a target. This
stimulus set has a number of benefits. Firstly, the underlying task is
relatively simple to solve, which allows us to study the effects of occlusion
and recurrence with small-scale neural networks. Therefore, any challenges to
the network will only result from the introduction of occlusion. Additionally,
as the stimuli are procedurally generated, they can be produced in large
quantities, which enables the training of the networks.
A correction has been applied to this article in:
Maters of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering @ IIT Madras. Do
check my works @  sites.google.com/smail.iitm.ac.in/ccchatterjee
w  n  \+  1  =  w  n  \+  v  n  \+  1  (  14  )
##  3\. Results
####  2.3.2. Comparing Model Robustness
FIGURE 9
Where _y'_ is the list of target digits present.
Fred
H. Hamker  Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany
   Ko Sakai
University of Tsukuba, Japan
being has seen). A study that looked at understanding of intention in
orangutans, chimpanzees, and children showed that all three species understood
the difference between accidental and intentional acts.  [28]

Individuals exhibit theory of mind by extrapolating another's internal mental
states from their observable behavior. So one challenge in this line of
research is to distinguish this from more run-of-the-mill stimulus-response
learning, with the other's observable behavior being the stimulus.

Recently,  [ _ may be outdated as of March 2022
 _ ]  most non-human
theory of mind research has focused on monkeys and great apes, who are of most
interest in the study of the evolution of human social cognition. Other
studies relevant to attributions theory of mind have been conducted using 
plovers  [157]  and dogs,  [158]  which show
preliminary evidence of understanding attention—one precursor of theory of
mind—in others.

There has been some controversy over the interpretation of evidence purporting
to show theory of mind ability—or inability—in animals.  [159]  For example,
Povinelli _et al._ [160]  presented chimpanzees with the choice of two
experimenters from whom to request food: one who had seen where food was
hidden, and one who, by virtue of one of a variety of mechanisms (having a
bucket or bag over his head, a blindfold over his eyes, or being turned away
from the baiting) does not know, and can only guess. They found that the
animals failed in most cases to differentially request food from the "knower".
By contrast, Hare, Call, and Tomasello found that subordinate chimpanzees were
able to use the knowledge state of dominant rival chimpanzees to determine
which container of hidden food they approached.  [51]  William Field and  Sue
Savage-Rumbaugh  believe
most typically developing children are able to pass the tasks from around age
four.  [66]  While most children, including those with  Down syndrome
 , are able to pass this test, in one
study, 80% of children diagnosed with  autism  were
unable to do so.  [67]  However, several later studies did not replicate this
result.  [68]  [69]  [70]  [71]

Adults may also struggle with false beliefs, for instance when they show 
hindsight bias  .  [72]  In one
experiment, adult subjects who were asked for an independent assessment were
unable to disregard information on actual outcome. Also in experiments with
complicated situations, when assessing others' thinking, adults can fail to
correctly disregard certain information that they have been given.  [65]
##  The three components of a worldview
About The Academy
website terms of use
Subtotal
* :
While the type of awareness above refers to knowledge a _person_ might need in
a particular situation, _ context awareness  _ and _ location awareness  _ refer to information a _computer system_ might need in
a particular situation. These concepts of large importance especially for AAA
(  authentication  ,  authorization
 ,  accounting  ) applications.
Historiography  

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) _
*  Agnosia 
*  Altered state of consciousness 
*  Animal consciousness 
*  Artificial consciousness 
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* Awareness
*  Binding problem 
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*  Consciousness after death 
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*  Mind 
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Concepts  |

*  Abstract object 
*  Artificial intelligence 
*  Chinese room 
*  Creativity 
*  Cognition 
*  Cognitive closure  "Cognitive closure \(philosophy\)")
*  Concept 
*  Consciousness 
*  Hard problem of consciousness 
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*  Pain  "Pain \(philosophy\)")
*  Problem of other minds
Works  |
Wikiquote has quotations related to _** Awareness
 ** _ .
Efforts to describe consciousness in  neurological  terms have focused on describing networks in the  brain
 that develop awareness of the  qualia  developed by other networks.  [18]  As awareness provides the
materials from which one develops subjective ideas about their experience, it
is said that one is aware of one's own awareness state.  [3]  This
organization of awareness of one's own inner experience is given a central
role in  self-regulation  .  [19]
####  Your Cart
Technical_language "Wikipedia:Manual
of Style") _ ]  and is subsumed within  relational frame theory
 . Derived
relational responding relies on the ability to identify _derived relations_ ,
or relationships between stimuli that are not directly learned or  reinforced
 ; for example, if "snake" is related to
"danger" and "danger" is related to "fear", people may know to fear snakes
even without learning an explicit connection between snakes and fear.  [20]
According to this view, empathy and perspective-taking comprise a complex set
of derived relational abilities based on learning to discriminate and respond
verbally to ever more complex relations between self, others, place, and time,
and through established relations.  [21]  [22]  [23]
Non-human  

See also:  Animal consciousness  and  Theory of mind in animals

An open question is whether non-human animals have a  genetic
 endowment and  social  environment that allows them to acquire a theory of mind
like human children do.  [12]  This is a contentious issue because of the
difficulty of inferring from  animal behavior 
the existence of  thinking  or of particular
thoughts, or the existence of a concept of  self 
"Self \(psychology\)") or  self-awareness  ,  consciousness  , and 
qualia  . One difficulty with non-human studies of
theory of mind is the lack of sufficient numbers of naturalistic observations,
giving insight into what the evolutionary pressures might be on a species'
development of theory of mind.

Non-human research still has a major place in this field. It is especially
useful in illuminating which nonverbal behaviors signify components of theory
of mind, and in pointing to possible stepping points in the evolution of that
aspect of social cognition. While it is difficult to study human-like theory
of mind and mental states in species of whose potential mental states we have
an incomplete understanding, researchers can focus on simpler components of
more complex capabilities. For example, many researchers focus on animals'
understanding of intention, gaze, perspective, or knowledge (of what another
###  What Humanity Awareness will look like
*  Alfred North Whitehead 
*  Arthur Schopenhauer 
*  Baruch Spinoza 
*  Bertrand Russell 
*  Brian O'Shaughnessy  "Brian O'Shaughnessy \(philosopher\)")
*  Charles Augustus Strong 
*  Christopher Peacocke 
*  Colin McGinn 
*  Daniel Dennett 
*  David Chalmers 
*  David Hume 
*  David Papineau 
*  David Pearce  "David Pearce \(philosopher\)")
*  Donald Davidson  "Donald Davidson \(philosopher\)")
*  Douglas Hofstadter 
*  Edmund Husserl 
*  Frank Jackson 
*  Fred Dretske 
*  Galen Strawson 
*  George Berkeley 
*  George Henry Lewes 
*  Georges Rey 
*  Gottfried Leibniz 
*  Immanuel Kant 
*  John Eccles  "John Eccles \(neurophysiologist\)")
*  John Locke 
*  John Polkinghorne 
*  John Searle 
*  Joseph Levine  "Joseph Levine \(philosopher\)")
*  Karl Popper
In schizophrenia  

The brain regions associated with theory of mind include the  superior
temporal gyrus 
(STS), the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), the medial prefrontal cortex ( 
mPFC  ), the precuneus, and the
amygdala.  [149]  The reduced activity in the mPFC of individuals with
schizophrenia is associated with theory of mind deficit and may explain
impairments in social function among people with schizophrenia.  [150]
Increased neural activity in mPFC is related to better perspective-taking,
emotion management, and increased social functioning.  [150]  Disrupted brain
activities in areas related to theory of mind may increase social stress or
disinterest in social interaction, and contribute to the social dysfunction
associated with schizophrenia.  [150]
Â· Â Â Â Focus on psychological welfare
The Role the Conscious Mind Plays
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The states of awareness are also associated with the states of  experience
 so that the structure represented in
awareness is  mirrored  in the structure of
experience.  [2]
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Some scientists have proposed that awareness is closely related and in some
ways synonymous with  attention  [34]  [35]
while others have argued that they are different.  [36]  There is evidence to
demonstrate that awareness and attention have distinct neural correlates,
though the majority of research analyses the attention, awareness, and
perception of only visual stimuli.  [37]
##  Humanity awareness and sustainability
Basic awareness of one's internal and external world depends on the  brain
stem  .  Bjorn Merker  ,  [20]  an independent neuroscientist in Stockholm, Sweden,
argues that the brain stem supports an elementary form of conscious thought in
infants with  hydranencephaly  .
"Higher" forms of awareness including  self-awareness  require cortical contributions, but "primary consciousness"
or "basic awareness" as an ability to integrate sensations from the
environment with one's immediate goals and feelings in order to guide
behavior, springs from the brain stem which human beings share with most of
the  vertebrates  . Psychologist  Carroll
Izard  emphasizes that this form of
primary  consciousness  consists of the
capacity to generate emotions and awareness of one's surroundings, but not an
ability to talk about what one has experienced. In the same way, people can
become conscious of a feeling that they cannot label or describe, a phenomenon
that is especially common in pre-verbal infants.
Development  

The study of which animals are capable of attributing knowledge and mental
states to others, as well as the development of this ability in human 
ontogeny  and  phylogeny  , identifies several behavioral precursors to theory of mind.
Understanding attention, understanding of others' intentions, and imitative
experience with others are hallmarks of a theory of mind that may be observed
early in the development of what later becomes a full-fledged theory.

 Simon Baron-Cohen  proposed
that infants' understanding of attention in others acts as a critical
precursor to the development of theory of mind.  [2]  Understanding attention
involves understanding that seeing can be directed selectively as attention,
that the looker assesses the seen object as "of interest", and that seeing can
induce beliefs. A possible illustration of theory of mind in infants is joint
attention. Joint attention refers to when two people look at and attend to the
same thing. Parents often use the act of pointing to prompt infants to engage
in joint attention; understanding this prompt requires that infants take into
account another person's mental state and understand that the person notices
an object or finds it of interest. Baron-Cohen speculates that the inclination
to spontaneously reference an object in the world as of interest, via
pointing, ("Proto declarative pointing") and to likewise appreciate the
directed attention of another, may be the underlying motive behind all human
communication.  [2]

Understanding others' intentions is another critical precursor to
understanding other minds because intentionality is a fundamental feature of
###  Basic interests
* March 4, 2023
*  By:  Richard J. Witismann
Neuroscience  |
#  Consciousness
mental states and events. The "intentional stance" was defined by  Daniel
Dennett  [27]  as an understanding
that others' actions are goal-directed and arise from particular beliefs or
desires. Both two and three-year-old children could discriminate when an
experimenter intentionally or accidentally marked a box with stickers.  [28]
Even earlier in development,  Andrew N. Meltzoff  found that 18-month-old infants could perform target
tasks involving the manipulation of objects that adult experimenters attempted
and failed, suggesting the infants could represent the object-manipulating
behavior of adults as involving goals and intentions.  [29]  While attribution
of intention and knowledge is investigated in young humans and nonhuman
animals to detect precursors to a theory of mind, Gagliardi et al. have
pointed out that even adult humans do not always act in a way consistent with
an attributional perspective (i.e., based on attribution of knowledge to
others).  [30]  In their experiment, adult human subjects attempted to choose
the container baited with a small object from a selection of four containers
when guided by confederates who could not see which container was baited.

Research in developmental psychology suggests that an infant's ability to
imitate others lies at the origins of both theory of mind and other social-
cognitive achievements like  perspective-taking  and empathy.  [31]  According to Meltzoff, the infant's
innate understanding that others are "like me" allows them to recognize the
equivalence between the physical and mental states apparent in others and
those felt by the self. For example, the infant uses their own experiences,
orienting their head and eyes toward an object of interest to understand the
movements of others who turn toward an object; that is, they will generally
attend to objects of interest or significance. Some researchers in comparative
disciplines have hesitated to put too much weight on imitation as a critical
precursor to advanced human social-cognitive skills like mentalizing and
Alcohol use disorders  

Impairments in theory of mind, as well as other social-cognitive deficits, are
commonly found in people who have  alcohol use disorders
 , due to the 
neurotoxic  effects of alcohol on the brain,
particularly the  prefrontal cortex  .  [9]
#  Leadership
Theory of mind

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that bonobos have developed theory of mind, and cite their communications with
a captive bonobo,  Kanzi  , as evidence.  [161]

In one experiment, ravens ( _ Corvus corax  _ ) took into account visual access of unseen conspecifics. The
researchers argued that "ravens can generalize from their own perceptual
experience to infer the possibility of being seen".  [162]

Evolutionary anthropologist Christopher Krupenye studied the existence of
theory of mind, and particularly false beliefs, in non-human primates.  [163]

 Keren Haroush ") and  Ziv Williams
") outlined the case for a group of  neurons  in primates' brains that uniquely predicted the choice selection of
their interacting partner. These primates' neurons, located in the  anterior
cingulate cortex  of rhesus monkeys, were observed using single-unit recording while
the monkeys played a variant of the iterative  prisoner's dilemma
 game.  [164]  By
identifying cells that represent the yet unknown intentions of a game partner,
Haroush & Williams' study supports the idea that theory of mind may be a
fundamental and generalized process, and suggests that _ anterior cingulate
cortex  _
neurons may act to complement the function of mirror neurons during  social
interchange ") .  [165]
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