mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
Peer review  of results is an important
part of the  scientific method 
. Reviewers examine the study results for potential problems with design that
could lead to unreliable results (for example by creating a  systematic bias
 ), evaluate the study in the
context of related studies and other evidence, and evaluate whether the study
can be reasonably considered to have proven its conclusions. To underscore the
need for peer review and the danger of overgeneralizing conclusions, two
Boston-area medical researchers performed a randomized controlled trial in
which they randomly assigned either a parachute or an empty backpack to 23
volunteers who jumped from either a biplane or a helicopter. The study was
able to accurately report that parachutes fail to reduce injury compared to
empty backpacks. The key context that limited the general applicability of
this conclusion was that the aircraft were parked on the ground, and
participants had only jumped about two feet.  [85]
**_Guide: How to separate, recover losses, deprogram loved ones, protect
oneself, and warn others of MLM fraud._ **
Attributable fraction among the exposed
 ,  Attributable fraction for the population
 ,  Preventable fraction among the unexposed
 ,  Preventable fraction for the population
*  Case–control study 
* Randomized controlled trial
*  Relative risk 
*  Statistical hypothesis testing 
*  Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 
*  Regression analysis 
*  ROC curve 
*  Student's _t_ -test 
*  _Z_ -test 
*  Statistical software
*  Pearson product-moment 
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*  Confounding variable 
*  Coefficient of determination
*  Cross-sectional study  vs.  Longitudinal study  ,  Ecological study 
*  Cohort study 
*  Retrospective 
*  Prospective 
*  Case–control study  (  Nested case–control study  )
*  Case series 
*  Case study 
*  Case report
RCTs can be expensive;  [98]  one study found 28  Phase III
 RCTs funded by
the  National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
 prior to 2000 with a total
cost of US$335 million,  [99]  for a  mean  cost of US$12
million per RCT. Nevertheless, the  return on investment
 of RCTs may be high, in
that the same study projected that the 28 RCTs produced a "net benefit to
society at 10-years" of 46 times the cost of the trials program, based on
evaluating a  quality-adjusted life year  as equal to the prevailing mean  per capita
  gross domestic product
 .  [99]
---|---
Education  |
*  Estimating equations 
*  Maximum likelihood 
*  Method of moments  "Method of moments \(statistics\)")
*  M-estimator 
*  Minimum distance 
*  Unbiased estimators 
*  Mean-unbiased minimum-variance 
*  Rao–Blackwellization 
*  Lehmann–Scheffé theorem 
*  Median unbiased 
*  Plug-in
*  Central limit theorem 
*  Moments  "Moment \(mathematics\)")
*  Kurtosis 
*  L-moments 
*  Skewness
* Published  :  22 December 2022
*  Average absolute deviation 
*  Coefficient of variation 
*  Interquartile range 
*  Percentile 
*  Range  "Range \(statistics\)")
*  Standard deviation 
*  Variance
*  Likelihood-ratio 
*  Score/Lagrange multiplier 
*  Wald
##  Randomization
Non-standard predictors  |
*  Bioinformatics 
*  Clinical trials  /  studies 
*  Epidemiology 
*  Medical statistics
_BMC Medical Research Methodology_  ** volume  22 ** , Article number:
329  (  2022  )  Cite this article
###  Peer review
Adam K 82
Harvard Health Publishing  
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Medically Reviewed By
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Dopamine deficiency syndrome is a rare condition that affects a child’s
ability to move their body and muscles. Here’s what you should know.
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is the practice of clearing your mind, focusing inward, and letting your
thoughts float by without judgment or attachment.
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**Where is dopamine produced?**

Neurons in the region at the base of the brain produce dopamine in a two-step
process. First, the amino acid tyrosine is converted into another amino acid,
called L-dopa. Then L-dopa undergoes another change, as enzymes turn it into
dopamine.

Too little dopamine causes the stiff movements that are the hallmark of 
Parkinson’s disease  . Although depression is more often linked to a lack of  serotonin
 , studies find that a
dopamine deficiency also contributes to a down mood. In particular, people
with depression often suffer from a lack of motivation and concentration.

Because dopamine is made from tyrosine, getting more of this amino acid from
food could potentially boost dopamine levels in your brain. There is evidence
that a diet rich in tyrosine also may improve memory and mental performance.

Foods high in tyrosine include:

* chicken and other types of poultry
* dairy foods such as milk, cheese, and yogurt
* avocadoes
* bananas
* pumpkin and sesame seeds
* soy

There is also some evidence that the brain releases more dopamine when we
meditate. The change in consciousness that occurs during meditation may
trigger its release.

**_Dopamine is just one of the four feel-good hormones. To learn more about
the others and how they work, head to the beginning of this series  . _ **

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According to a  2019 article
 , research
suggests  gut microbiota  may affect neurotransmitters,
including dopamine. Changes in gut microbiota may also link to psychiatric
conditions, such as  anxiety  and depression.
Suppose you have a deficiency in one or more of these nutrients. In that case,
you may have trouble making enough dopamine to meet your body’s needs, which
some cases may contribute to the development of a mood disorder like
depression (   39  ).
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###  3\. Consume probiotics
Megan Soliman, MD
* Munir S, et al. (2023). Seasonal depressive disorder.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568745/
Medically reviewed by  Dr. Payal Kohli, M.D., FACC
#  Dopamine Deficiency
Research has found that meditation can help  increase your dopamine levels
 (   34
 ).
About the Author

Stephanie Watson  , Former Executive Editor,  _Harvard Women's Health Watch_

Stephanie Watson was the Executive Editor of the Harvard Women’s Health Watch
from June 2012 to August 2014. Prior to that, she worked as a writer and
editor for several leading consumer health publications, including WebMD, … 
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Exercise  is
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includes improved mood (   22
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Dopamine deficiency means having a low level of dopamine. Low dopamine levels
are linked with certain health conditions like Parkinson’s disease or 
depression  .
It may also make you more susceptible to taking risks or developing
addictions.
Sleep hygiene  can be improved by sleeping and waking at the same time each day,
reducing noise in your bedroom, avoiding  caffeine
 in the evening, and using your bed only for sleeping (   29
 ).
* Ferreri L, et al. (2019). Dopamine modulates the reward experiences elicited by music.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6397525/
Aging & Longevity
In addition to proper nutrition, several  supplements may help boost dopamine
levels.
Suggested foods include nuts,  berries
 , certain
leafy vegetables, foods that contain Omega-3 like fish, and other nutrient-
dense foods. Learn more about the  Parkinson’s diet.
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* Ashton A, et al. (2020). Disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms in schizophrenia and their interaction with dopamine signaling.
 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2020.00636/full
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One amino acid called  tyrosine
 has a critical role in
dopamine production, and you can get it from protein-rich foods such as 
turkey  , beef, eggs, dairy,  soy
 , and legumes (  
6  ,   7
  ,
  8
 ,   9
 ).
Mental Health & Addiction
Some researchers also hypothesize that diets  high in saturated fat
 may increase
inflammation in the body, leading to changes in the dopamine system, but more
research is needed (   14  ).
Main Content

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Research has found that the gut and brain are closely linked and that certain
species of bacteria can produce dopamine which may impact mood and behavior (
 15  ,   16
 ).
Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our
site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic
products or services.   Policy
###  **10\. Consider supplements**
Learn more about  sleep hygiene
 .
Neurology Care for Children
* Marques A, et al. (2021). Bidirectional association between physical activity and dopamine across adulthood—A systematic review.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8301978/
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The following steps  may help  people to regulate
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According to a  2019 review
 ,
factors such as artificial light, traveling across different time zones, and 
shift work  can disrupt
natural  circadian rhythms
 , affecting
this cycle. Sleep disorders that compromise the release of dopamine can also
disturb this cycle.
Medically reviewed by  Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH
Dietary sources high in tyrosine include:
###  Sleep Hygiene
###  Light Exposure and Circadian Rhythm
Research indicates that dopamine is released in large amounts in the morning
when it’s time to wake up and that levels naturally fall in the evening when
it’s time to sleep (   25
 ,  26

).
Dopamine  promotes

wakefulness in a person’s sleep-wake cycle.
###  What can cause low dopamine levels?
Jill Campbell
142  item  s  ](/topics/fitness-and-recovery)
Research shows that being happier doesn't just make you feel better — it
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However,  lack of sleep  appears to disrupt these natural rhythms. Setting  regular, high
quality sleep  may help keep your dopamine levels balanced and help you
feel more alert and high functioning during the day (   27
 ,   28
 ).
A  2021 review  suggests diets  high in saturated
fat  may affect dopamine release and reuptake. Long-term diets high in
saturated fat may dampen dopamine signaling.
* Hand tremors or other tremors at rest, loss of balance or coordination, increased muscle/limb stiffness, muscle cramps (symptoms of  Parkinson’s disease  ).
*  Restless legs syndrome  .
* Problems with short-term memory, managing daily tasks and solving simple thinking problems (symptoms of cognitive changes).
* Problems with anger, low self-esteem, anxiety, forgetfulness, impulsiveness and lack of organizational skill (symptoms of  attention deficit hyperactivity disorder  ).
* Social withdrawal, reduced emotions, don’t feel pleasure (negative symptoms of  schizophrenia  ).
* Gastrointestinal symptoms, including chronic  constipation  .
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Amino acids 
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* Belujon P, et al. (2017). Dopamine system dysregulation in major depressive disorders.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5716179/
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Dopamine levels are typically well-regulated within the nervous system. When
these levels get dysregulated, you may develop a mood disorder like depression
(   5  ).
Dopamine: The pathway to pleasure

July 20, 2021  By   Stephanie Watson
 , Former Executive
Editor,  _Harvard Women's Health Watch_
When to speak with a doctor
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###  What are the symptoms of low dopamine?
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Protocols and Toolkits
Not having enough dopamine  can negatively affect your mood, focus,
coordination, motivation, and enthusiasm for things that normally bring you
joy. In extremely rare cases, a child may develop  dopamine deficiency
 syndrome, a
progressive movement disorder.
**The bottom line**
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Last medically reviewed on July 10, 2023
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8 Health Benefits of Probiotics
https://www.healthline.com/health/dopamine-effects) (   1  ,   2
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How Being Happy Makes You Healthier
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“Dopamine fasting” has hit Silicon Valley, with some people in the area
striving to reset their dopamine levels by completely abstaining from
anything…
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###  What are the symptoms of dopamine deficiency?
Dopamine affects movement control, emotion regulation, and thinking skills.
When dopamine levels are typical, they promote good health, while atypical…
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L-tyrosine, or tyrosine, is an  amino acid
 that is a fundamental
part of protein. According to a   2019 study
 , tyrosine increases
the availability of dopamine and may improve cognitive ability.
Supplements that increase dopamine levels include:
Studies show that eating these beans may help raise dopamine levels naturally,
especially in people with Parkinson’s disease, a movement disorder caused by
low dopamine levels (   20 
).
Because Parkinson’s disease is closely connected with insufficient dopamine in
the brain, researchers have been looking at nutrition as a way to slow the
progression of the disease (   40
 ).
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* Wallace CW, et al. (2021). Obesity and dietary fat influence dopamine neurotransmission: Exploring the convergence of metabolic state, physiological stress, and inflammation on dopaminergic control of food intake.
 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nutrition-research-
reviews/article/obesity-and-dietary-fat-influence-dopamine-neurotransmission-
exploring-the-convergence-of-metabolic-state-physiological-stress-and-
inflammation-on-dopaminergic-control-of-food-
intake/A4E61D0D37E7A2D386735039BF76BEDD
A balanced diet  that
contains  adequate protein  , vitamins, minerals, and probiotics and a moderate amount
of saturated fat can help your body produce the dopamine it needs.
##  Latest news
###  **7\. Listen to music**
By  Mary Jane Brown, PhD, RD (UK)
A   2021 systematic review
 suggests that 
physical activity  may help
increase dopamine levels and improve mental health, such as reducing  anxiety
 and  depressive symptoms
 .
*   *
93  item  s  ](/topics/adhd-drive-and-motivation)
Share this article
###  How is dopamine deficiency diagnosed?
Your diet includes dozens of fats, each with a different function and
effect. Here is everything you need to know about how good and bad fats
affect…
* Sonne J, et al. (2023). Dopamine.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535451/
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