93. ** ^  ** Weisberg, Michael; Paul, Diane B. (19 April 2016).  "Morton, Gould, and Bias: A Comment on "The Mismeasure of Science"  "  . _PLOS Biology_ . **14** (4). e1002444.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :   10.1371/journal.pbio.1002444  .  ISSN  "ISSN \(identifier\)")  1544-9173  .  PMC  "PMC \(identifier\)")  4836680  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  27092558  .
94. ** ^  **  "25 Greatest Science Books of All Time"  . _Discover_ . 7 December 2006.
95. ** ^  **  Brooks, David  "David Brooks \(journalist\)") (14 September 2007).  "The Waning of I.Q."  . _ The New York Times  _ .
96. ** ^  ** Sternberg, Robert J., and Richard K. Wagner. "The g-ocentric view of intelligence and job performance is wrong." Current directions in psychological science (1993): 1–5.
97. ** ^  ** Anastasi & Urbina 1997  , pp. 326–327.
98. ** ^  ** Embretson, S. E., Reise, S. P. (2000). _Item Response Theory for Psychologists_ . New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
99. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Zumbo, B.D. (2007). "Three generations of differential item functioning (DIF) analyses: Considering where it has been, where it is now, and where it is going". _Language Assessment Quarterly_ . **4** (2): 223–233.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1080/15434300701375832  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  17426415  .
100. ** ^  ** Verney, SP; Granholm, E; Marshall, SP; Malcarne, VL; Saccuzzo, DP (2005). "Culture-Fair Cognitive Ability Assessment: Information Processing and Psychophysiological Approaches". _Assessment_ . **12** (3): 303–19.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1177/1073191105276674  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  16123251  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  31024437  .
101. ** ^  ** Shuttleworth-Edwards, Ann; Kemp, Ryan; Rust, Annegret; Muirhead, Joanne; Hartman, Nigel; Radloff, Sarah (2004). "Cross-cultural Effects on IQ Test Performance: AReview and Preliminary Normative Indications on WAIS-III Test Performance". _Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology_ . **26** (7): 903–20.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1080/13803390490510824  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  15742541  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  16060622  .
102. ** ^  ** Cronshaw, Steven F.; Hamilton, Leah K.; Onyura, Betty R.; Winston, Andrew S. (2006). "Case for Non-Biased Intelligence Testing Against Black Africans Has Not Been Made: A Comment on Rushton, Skuy, and Bons (2004)". _International Journal of Selection and Assessment_ . **14** (3): 278–87.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1111/j.1468-2389.2006.00346.x  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  91179275  .
103. ** ^  ** Edelson, M. G. (2006). "Are the Majority of Children With Autism Mentally Retarded?: A Systematic Evaluation of the Data". _Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities_ . **21** (2): 66–83.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1177/10883576060210020301  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  145809356  .
104. ** ^  ** Ulric Neisser; James R. Flynn; Carmi Schooler; Patricia M. Greenfield; Wendy M. Williams; Marian Sigman; Shannon E. Whaley; Reynaldo Martorell; et al. (1998). Neisser, Ulric (ed.).  _The Rising Curve: Long-Term Gains in IQ and Related Measures_  . APA Science Volume Series. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-1-55798-503-3   .  [ _ page needed   _ ]
105. ** ^  ** Mackintosh 1998  , p.  [ _ page needed   _ ]  .
106. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Flynn 2009  , p.  [ _ page needed   _ ]  .
107. ** ^  ** Flynn, James R. (1984). "The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978". _Psychological Bulletin_ . **95** (1): 29–51.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.29  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  51999517  .
108. ** ^  ** Flynn, James R. (1987). "Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure". _Psychological Bulletin_ . **101** (2): 171–91.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.171  .
109. ** ^  ** Zhou, Xiaobin; Grégoire, Jacques; Zhu, Jianjin (2010). "The Flynn Effect and the Wechsler Scales". In Weiss, Lawrence G.; Saklofske, Donald H.; Coalson, Diane; Raiford, Susan (eds.). _WAIS-IV Clinical Use and Interpretation: Scientist-Practitioner Perspectives_ . Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional. Amsterdam: Academic Press.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0-12-375035-8   .  [ _ page needed   _ ]
110. ** ^  ** Mackintosh 2011  , pp. 25–27.
111. ** ^  ** Schacter, Daniel L.; Gilbert, Daniel T.; Wegner, Daniel M. (2011). _Psychology_ . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 384.  ISBN  "ISBN \(identifier\)")  978-0230579835   .
112. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Bratsberg, Bernt; Rogeberg, Ole (26 June 2018).  "Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused"  . _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences_ . **115** (26): 6674–6678.  Bibcode  "Bibcode \(identifier\)") :  2018PNAS..115.6674B  .  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :   10.1073/pnas.1718793115  .  PMC  "PMC \(identifier\)")  6042097  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  29891660  .
113. ** ^  ** Kaufman 2009  , pp.  220  –222.
114. ** ^  ** Kaufman 2009  , p.  [ _ page needed   _ ]  , "Chapter 8".
115. ** ^  ** Desjardins, Richard; Warnke, Arne Jonas (2012).  "Ageing and Skills"  . _OECD Education Working Papers_ .  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :   10.1787/5k9csvw87ckh-en  .  hdl  "Hdl \(identifier\)") :   10419/57089  .
116. ** ^  ** Tucker-Drob, Elliot M; Briley, Daniel A (2014), "Continuity of Genetic and Environmental Influences on Cognition across the Life Span: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Twin and Adoption Studies", _Psychological Bulletin_ , **140** (4): 949–979,  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1037/a0035893  ,  PMC  "PMC \(identifier\)")  4069230  ,  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  24611582 
117. ** ^  ** Bouchard, Thomas J. (7 August 2013).  "The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"  . _Twin Research and Human Genetics_ . **16** (5): 923–930.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :   10.1017/thg.2013.54  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  23919982  .  S2CID  "S2CID \(identifier\)")  13747480  .
118. ** ^  ** Panizzon, Matthew S.; Vuoksimaa, Eero; Spoon, Kelly M.; Jacobson, Kristen C.; Lyons, Michael J.; Franz, Carol E.; Xian, Hong; Vasilopoulos, Terrie; Kremen, William S. (March 2014).  "Genetic and environmental influences on general cognitive ability: Is _g_ a valid latent construct?"  . _Intelligence_ . **43** : 65–76.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1016/j.intell.2014.01.008  .  PMC  "PMC \(identifier\)")  4002017  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  24791031  .
119. ** ^  ** Huguet, Guillaume; Schramm, Catherine; Douard, Elise; Jiang, Lai; Labbe, Aurélie; Tihy, Frédérique; Mathonnet, Géraldine; Nizard, Sonia; et al. (May 2018).  "Measuring and Estimating the Effect Sizes of Copy Number Variants on General Intelligence in Community-Based Samples"  . _JAMA Psychiatry_ . **75** (5): 447–457.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0039  .  PMC  "PMC \(identifier\)")  5875373  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  29562078  .
120. ** ^  ** Bouchard, TJ Jr. (1998). "Genetic and environmental influences on adult intelligence and special mental abilities". _Human Biology; an International Record of Research_ . **70** (2): 257–79.  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  9549239  .
121. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ Plomin, R; Asbury, K; Dunn, J (2001).  "Why are children in the same family so different? Nonshared environment a decade later"  . _Canadian Journal of Psychiatry_ . **46** (3): 225–33.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :   10.1177/070674370104600302  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  11320676  .
122. ** ^  ** Harris 2009  , p.  [ _ page needed   _ ]  .