mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
The first chapter of what would become the national  Log Cabin Republicans
 (LCR) formed in 1978 to
fight California's  Briggs Initiative  , a ballot initiative that would have banned homosexuals from
teaching in public schools. The chapter worked diligently and successfully
convinced Governor Reagan to publicly oppose the measure.  [361]  Reagan
penned an op-ed against the Briggs Initiative in which he wrote, "Whatever
else it is, homosexuality is not a contagious disease like the measles.
Prevailing scientific opinion is that an individual's sexuality is determined
at a very early age and that a child's teachers do not really influence this."
[373]
At the start of 2010, the Obama administration included gender identity among
the classes protected against discrimination under the authority of the 
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
 (EEOC). On April 15, 2010, Obama issued an executive order to the
Department of Health and Human Services that required medical facilities to
grant visitation and medical decision-making rights to same-sex couples.
[464]  In June 2010, he expanded the Family Medical Leave Act to cover
employees taking unpaid leave to care for the children of same-sex partners.
[465]  On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the  Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal
Act of 2010  into law.  [466]
Legal in various areas since 1961
 Gender identity  |   Laws vary by
jurisdiction 
 Military  |
###  Blood groups
###  Joe Biden
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####  The Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists
In 2007, Bush threatened to veto the  Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes
Prevention Act of 2007  ,
which would have included  sexual orientation  in hate crimes, and  Employment Nondiscrimination Act
of 2007  .
Related couples are recommended to seek advice from a clinical genetics
service if their family has a history of a  genetic condition
 .
Students kissing in front of
protesters from  Westboro Baptist Church  at  Oberlin College  in Ohio
Mattachine Society  |
###  Gay pride events
A year later,  Li dropped his challenge after the government clarified its
position 
and regulations on after-death arrangements for surviving same-sex spouses in
a letter to Li in July 2021.
*  Facebook  
*  X (formerly Twitter)  
*  YouTube  
*  Instagram
In 2014,  Hong Kong  immigration officer Angus
Leung Chun-kwong married his same-sex partner, Scott Adams, in  New Zealand
 .
After the wedding, Leung attempted to update his marital status with the Civil
Service Bureau, which states that officers' benefits can extend to their
spouses. The Bureau, however, rejected Leung's attempts to extend these
benefits to Adams, prompting a legal challenge. On 28 April 2017, the  Hong
Kong High Court  "High Court \(Hong Kong\)")
ruled in Leung's favour. In his landmark ruling, Mr Justice Anderson Chow Ka-
ming called the Bureau's policy "indirect discrimination" and rejected its
claim that it had "to act in line with the prevailing marriage law of Hong
Kong" and that extending benefits to Leung's spouse would "undermine the
integrity of the institution of marriage". The ruling was supposed to take
effect on 1 September 2017 and would have offered the same-sex partners of
government employees who married overseas the same benefits as heterosexual
couples.  [25]  [26]  In May, however, the Hong Kong Government appealed the
ruling.  [27]  The  Court of Appeal 
"Court of Appeal \(Hong Kong\)") began examining the case in December 2017,
[28]  and ruled against the couple on 1 June 2018. The Court of Appeal ruled
that there is "legitimate aim" to protect opposite-sex marriage, arguing that
only straight couples should enjoy the "freedom of marriage" and that same-sex
couples should have no marital rights whatsoever. The Court also stated that
Leung and Adams could not pay taxes as a couple.  [29]  The couple appealed
the decision to the  Court of Final Appeal
 "Court of Final Appeal \(Hong
Kong\)") . The appeal was heard on 7 May 2019.  [30]  On 6 June 2019, the
Court of Final Appeal reversed the ruling of the Court of Appeal, holding that
both the Civil Service Bureau and the Inland Revenue Department had unlawfully
discriminated against the couple.  [31]  The ruling became effective on 19
September 2018, when the Hong Kong government has amended its rule book to
allow same-sex couples to file joint tax returns, a spokeswoman for the 
Inland Revenue Department 
"Inland Revenue Department \(Hong Kong\)") confirmed the change, and said
same-sex married couples could now submit joint tax assessment through the
electronic filing system or in paper form. LGBT activists hailed the change
for same-sex married couples but said it should also be extended to those in
same-sex civil partnerships.  [32]  [33]
Main article:  Recognition of same-sex unions in Russia
*  for  non-binary  people
*  for  Intersex  people
No civil rights legislation for LGBT individuals passed during Reagan's
tenure. Additionally, Reagan has been criticized for ignoring (by failing to
adequately address or fund) the growing  AIDS epidemic  , even as it took thousands of lives in the 1980s. Reagan's
Surgeon General from 1982 to 1989, Dr.  C. Everett Koop
 , claims that his attempts to
address the issue were shut out by the Reagan administration. According to
Koop, the prevailing view of the Reagan administration was that "transmission
of AIDS was understood to be primarily in the homosexual population and in
those who abused intravenous drugs" and therefore that people dying from AIDS
were "only getting what they justly deserve."  [375]
Main article:  LGBT employment discrimination in the United States
###  Recessive genetic conditions
|  Events  |
---
Topics  |
A   Y  denotes that the right exists, while a
 N  denotes it does not; a
 Y  and
 N  in the same column means the right varies on a state-by-
state basis, or that it varies on the Federal Level.
On June 26, 2003, the Supreme Court ruled in _ Lawrence v. Texas
 _ that intimate consensual
sexual conduct is part of the liberty protected by substantive  due process
 under the  Fourteenth Amendment
 . The majority opinion, written
by Justice  Anthony Kennedy  ,
explicitly overruled _Bowers v. Hardwick,_ a 1986 decision that found sodomy
laws to be constitutional.  [20]
*  LGBT 
*  Bisexual 
*  Intersex 
*  Community centre 
*  Medical 
*  Military and Veteran 
*  Rights 
*  Transgender 
*  United States 
* Religious
*  Christian 
*  Jewish 
*  Muslim
###  LGBT history topics
As of June 15, 2020, all persons working for employers that employ more than
15 people are protected from discrimination based solely on the grounds of
sexual orientation or gender identity via the Supreme Court's landmark
decision in  Bostock v. Clayton County  .  [58]  The plaintiffs of the case include 
Gerald Bostock  ,  Aimee
Stephens  , and Donald Zarda, each
fired based upon their sexuality or gender identity. Two-thirds of registered
U.S. voters agree with the Supreme Court's decision that employment
nondiscrimination laws should protect LGBT identity, according to a
HuffPost/YouGov poll conducted several days later.  [59]
---
Organizations  |
On June 26, 2013, Section 3 of DOMA ("Definition of marriage") was ruled
unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in _ United States v. Windsor
 _ . The law
became effectively unenforceable after the U.S. Supreme Court decision
_Obergefell v. Hodges_ (2015) and was fully repealed by the  Respect for
Marriage Act  in
2022.
####  The Hong Kong Psychological Society
####  Alcohol and drugs
---|---
Bodies  |
18 languages
Symbols  |
####  International reactions and boycott
Administration spokesman  Richard Socarides  said, "... the alternatives we knew were going to be far
worse, and it was time to move on and get the president re-elected."  [395]
Others were more critical. The veteran gay rights and gay marriage activist 
Evan Wolfson  has called these claims
"historic revisionism".  [395]  In a July 2, 2011, editorial _ The New York
Times  _ opined, "The Defense
of Marriage Act was enacted in 1996 as an election-year wedge issue, signed by
President Bill Clinton in one of his worst policy moments."  [396]
*  Colorism 
*  Extremism 
*  Gambling 
*  Plutocracy 
*  Political apathy 
*  Sexuality 
* LGBT
*  Human rights 
*  Prohibition 
*  Police brutality
---|---
 Legislative  |
As of 2019, there are no laws against discrimination on the grounds of 
sexual orientation  and 
gender identity  in Hong Kong.
*  Animals 
*  Arts, Lifestyle & Events 
*  Business 
*  China 
*  Community & Education 
*  Defence & Foreign Policy 
*  Domestic Workers 
*  Environment & Health 
*  HKFP Announcements 
*  HKFP Buzz 
*  HKFP Features 
*  HKFP Lens 
*  HKFP Reports 
*  HKFP Venture 
*  HKFP Voices 
*  Hong Kong 
*  Humour & Satire 
*  Interviews 
*  Law & Crime 
*  LGBTQ & Gender 
*  Macau 
*  Opinion 
*  Paid Content 
*  Politics & Protest 
*  Science & Technology 
*  Sport 
*  Taiwan 
*  TOP-LEVEL CAT (Pick 1) 
*  Travel & Transport 
*  Urban Exploring 
*  Video 
*  World
*  Brain and nerves  
*  Eyes  
*  Lungs  
*  Kidney and bladder  
*  Heart  
*  Skin
However, the decision was  overturned by the Court of Appeal in June
 2018, which said that the Basic
Law favours heterosexual marriage and therefore it is not discriminatory for
gay people to be excluded from marrying
*  Years 
*  List 
*  Category
Main article:  Gay panic defense § United States
He retained Clinton's Office of National AIDS Policy and was the first
Republican president to appoint an openly gay man to serve in his
administration,  Scott Evertz  as
director of the  Office of National AIDS Policy
 .
[420]  Bush also became the second president, after President Clinton, to
select openly gay appointees to his administration. Bush's nominee as
ambassador to Romania,  Michael E. Guest  , became the second openly gay man U.S. Ambassador and the first to be
confirmed by the Senate. He did not repeal any of the spousal benefits that
Clinton had introduced for same-sex federal employees. He did not attempt to
repeal  don't ask, don't tell  , nor make an effort to change it.  [411]
###  Democratic Party
There is no federal statute explicitly addressing employment discrimination
based on sexual orientation or gender identity. However, in June 2020, the
U.S. Supreme Court ruled that sexual orientation and gender identity are
included under "sex" as a prohibited ground of employment discrimination in
the  Civil Rights Act of 1964  .  [46]  This effectively means that in the U.S., no employer
can fire an employee on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.
*  Congressional Equality Caucus 
*  Lavender Scare 
*  Save Our Children 
*  LGBT people in prison 
*  Arnold Schwarzenegger and LGBT rights 
*  LGBT protests against Donald Trump 
*  Disney and Florida's Parental Rights in Education Act
In his 1994 campaign to become the  Governor of Texas
 , Bush pledged to veto any
effort to repeal Texas's sodomy law, calling it "a symbolic gesture of
traditional values."  [408]
##  Adoption and parenting
#  Genes and genetics explained
**Figure 1 - Father’s blood group (OO, group O)**
|  q  |  Qq
(carrier)  |  qq
(affected)
###  National laws
*  LGBTQ History in Government Documents  from UCSD Library
*  WhiteHouse.gov: Civil Rights  – includes section on LGBT rights
*  FACT SHEET: The Biden-⁠Harris Administration Champions LGBTQ+ Equality and Marks Pride Month June 2022 
*  A Look at the State of the Gay Rights Movement  – video report by _ Democracy Now!  _
*  Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity 
*  Human Rights Campaign  – official website
*  HRC LGBT Resources Guide 
*  Refuge Restrooms  – A user-compiled, edited, and evaluatable All-Gender Restroom locator (with disability access feature)
*  Gallup _News_ May 18. 2017 online  – Gallup Poll: "Americans Split Over New LGBT Protections, Restroom Policies"
##  Gene changes in cells
###  Spousal benefits, tax assessment
FDA-recommended restrictions on MSM tissue donation are much more strict than
for MSM blood donors. As of April 2022,  [ [update]
](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States&action=edit)
the FDA stipulates that  men who have had sex with men
 in the past
three months cannot donate blood.  [318]  Current regulations prohibit tissue
and semen donation by any man who has had sex with another man in the
preceding five years, even if all infectious testing is negative.  [319]  This
five-year MSM deferral policy prevents thousands of donations of eye tissue
annually, despite a global shortage of donated eye tissue needed for vision-
restoring  corneal transplant surgeries  .  [320]
Environment  |
*  President of the United States 
*  powers 
*  Executive Office 
*  Vice President 
*  Cabinet 
*  Executive departments 
*  Independent agencies 
*  Intelligence Community 
*  Director of National Intelligence 
*  Central Intelligence Agency 
*  National Security Agency 
*  National Reconnaissance Office 
*  Law enforcement 
*  ATF 
*  CBP 
*  Diplomatic Security 
*  DEA 
*  FBI 
*  ICE 
*  Marshals 
*  Secret Service 
*  TSA 
*  Inspector generals  "Office of Inspector General \(United States\)")
*  Civil service 
*  Public policy
On 11 January 2019, it was reported that another 'gay purge' had begun in the
country in December 2018, with several gay men and women being detained.  [82]
[83]  [84]  [85]  [86]  The  Russian LGBT Network
 believes that around 40
persons were detained and two killed.  [87]  [88]
By topic  |
The High Court in January  heard a challenge to the city’s public convenience
laws  , which argued that transgender people should be allowed to use
public toilets designated for their chosen gender before they have undergone
surgery.
Offices  |
Main article:  Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity
The latest findings, published in May, showed that  60 per cent of
Hongkongers who took part in a survey supported same-sex marriage
 , up from 38 per cent in 2013 when the poll
was first conducted.
In 2019, three transgender people who identify as male lost their legal bid to
be recognised as such on their Hong Kong identity cards. While expressing
sympathy, High Court judge Mr Justice Thomas Au Hing-cheung ruled against the
three applicants,  Henry Tse  , Q and R, who
have all been legally recognised as men by the British government but are
unable to get their gender changed on Hong Kong ID cards. The judge said that
a complete sex change would be the only "workable way" for the local
government to determine a person's gender. Although the trio, all born female,
identify as men, and have had their breasts removed and undergone hormone
therapy, they all still have their uterus and ovaries – which was the point of
contention in their legal challenges against the city's commissioner of
registration.  [67]  [68]
###  Chechnya
Yabloko  is a member of the  Liberal
International  , and has
organised public demonstrations against intolerance under the banner of
building a "Russia without pogroms".  [102]
**This article has multiple issues.** Please help ** improve it
 ** or discuss these issues on the ** talk page
 ** .
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Same-sex parents were  granted a pathway to joint guardianship of their
children  after a
landmark Court of First Instance judgement in 2021.
On 16 September 2013  Eliana Rubashkyn  was discriminated against and sexually abused by Hong Kong airport
customs officers,  [64]  forcing international organisations like the  United
Nations  and Hong Kong  NGOs
 to provide assistance as a refugee becoming a  stateless
 person,  [65]  she endured an invasive
body search for more than nine hours.  [66]
Minor divisions  |
The memorandum offers some protection for existing military personnel who were
already diagnosed with "  gender dysphoria  " or who were already serving in their self-designated gender
before the memorandum was issued.  [87]  However, new personnel must serve in
their birth gender/sex and are disqualified from service if they have a recent
history of gender dysphoria or if they have ever received hormones and surgery
related to  gender transition 
. Two bipartisan bills in Congress are pushing back against the ban.  [88]
[89]
U.S. federal law does not explicitly include protections against 
discrimination  on the basis of 
sexual orientation  or 
gender identity  . In June 2020, the
U.S. Supreme Court ruled that sexual orientation and gender identity are
included under "sex" as a prohibited ground of employment discrimination in
the  Civil Rights Act of 1964  .  [46]  The ruling may impact other federal civil rights
barring sex discrimination in education, health care, housing, and financial
credit.
Allows transgender military service
Employment protections
 will not be included on the
following table, unless the state adopted them before 2020, as they have
already been implemented nationwide under _ Bostock v. Clayton County
 _ .
*  U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions 
*  Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state 
*  Sodomy laws in the United States
Transgender women  and other individuals
that are  assigned male at birth  are
still required to sign-up for the  Selective Service
 .  [76]
Main article:  Sodomy laws in the United States
##  Political support for LGBT rights
In May 2015, six Michigan transgender people filed _Love v. Johnson_ in the 
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
 ,
challenging the state's policy requiring the information on a person's
driver's license match the information on their birth certificate.  [150]
[151]  This policy requires transgender people to change the information on
their birth certificates in order to change their driver's licenses, which at
the time of filing was not possible in Tennessee, Nebraska and Ohio, where
three of the plaintiffs were born, and requires a court order in South
Carolina, where a fourth was born. The remaining two residents were born in
Michigan, and would be required to undergo surgery to change their birth
certificates.  [150]  The plaintiffs in the case are represented by the 
American Civil Liberties Union  .  [150]  [151]
.JPG)
 Saint Petersburg  protest march,
1 May 2014
Also on Biden's first day in office, his press secretary,  Jen Psaki
 , announced in a press conference that the
President would soon reverse the government's ban on transgender people from
serving openly in the military.  [619]  Biden had originally said that
reversing the ban would be an action taken "on day one," but this was delayed,
perhaps because his nominee for  Secretary of Defense
 ,  Lloyd Austin  , had not been
confirmed yet. This ban was reversed by executive order on January 25, 2021,
allowing transgender people to serve in the military again.  [620]  [621]
As news spread of Chechen authorities' actions, which have been described as
part of a systematic anti-  LGBT   purge  , Russian and international activists scrambled to evacuate survivors
of the camps and other vulnerable Chechens but were met with difficulty
obtaining visas to conduct them safely beyond Russia.  [76]
Presidents have also established certain protections for some employees of the
federal government by executive order. In 1995, President  Bill Clinton
 's  Executive Order 12968
 establishing criteria
for the issuance of security clearances included sexual orientation for the
first time in its non-discrimination language: "The United States Government
does not discriminate based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin,
disability, or sexual orientation in granting access to classified
information." It also said that "no inference" about suitability for access to
classified information "may be raised solely on the basis of the sexual
orientation of the employee."  [50]  Clinton's  Executive Order 13087
 in 1998 prohibited
discrimination based on sexual orientation in the competitive service of the
federal civilian workforce. It applied to the large majority of federal
employees, but not to the  excepted services  such as the military.  [51]
On 24 July, the bill was signed into law by Russian president  Vladimir Putin
 .  [136]  State Duma Speaker 
Vyacheslav Volodin  said the
number of gender reassignment surgeries in the U.S. has increased by 50 times
over the past 10 years, and around 1.4% of all US teenagers aged between 13
and 17 identified themselves as transgender in 2022. He said “ _This is the
path leading to the degradation of a nation_ ”, stating that the newly adopted
law was designed to avoid such a scenario  [137]
* The  age of consent  currently  stands at 16  since 2003, regardless of  sexual orientation  .  [33]
* Homosexuality was officially removed from the Russian list of  mental illnesses  in 1999 (after the endorsement of the  World Health Organization  's  ICD-10  classifications). However, there is a movement within Russia to bring it back.  [33]  The Russian government have introduced new laws on 1 July 2023 to effectively reinstate the classification of homosexuality as a mental illness.  [34]
*  Single persons  living within Russia, regardless of their  sexual orientation  , can adopt children. Russian children can be adopted by a single person who lives in a foreign country provided that country does not recognize same-sex marriage.  [35]  A couple can adopt children together, as a couple, only if they are a married heterosexual couple.  [36]
* The Russian constitution guarantees the right of peaceful association.  [37]  Nevertheless, organs of authority in Russia refuse to register LGBT organisations,  [38]  and pro-LGBT advocacy groups have been declared extremist organisations and therefore prohibited from operating within Russian territory.  [24]
###  Civil partnerships court case
Gerald Ford  , as former president,
formally opposed the  Briggs Initiative  in 1977, which sought to ban homosexuals from teaching in public
school. In October 2001, he broke with conservative members of the Republican
party by stating that gay and lesbian couples "ought to be treated equally.
Period." He became the highest ranking Republican to embrace full equality for
gays and lesbians, stating his belief that there should be a federal amendment
outlawing anti-gay job discrimination and expressing his hope that the
Republican Party would reach out to gay and lesbian voters.  [365]  He also
was a member of the  Republican Unity Coalition
 , which _
The New York Times  _
described as "a group of prominent Republicans, including former President
Gerald R. Ford, dedicated to making sexual orientation a non-issue in the
Republican Party".  [366]
---
 Culture  |
(group A)  |  O  |  OB
(group B)  |  OO
(group O)
---
Repealed or
overturned
federal laws  |
On July 21, 2014, President Obama signed  Executive Order 13672
 , adding "gender
identity" to the categories protected against discrimination in hiring in the
federal civilian workforce and both "sexual orientation" and "gender identity"
to the categories protected against discrimination in hiring and employment on
the part of federal government contractors and sub-contractors.  [55]
Although the U.S. military discharged soldiers for homosexual acts throughout
the eighteenth and nineteenth century, U.S. military law did not expressly
prohibit homosexuality or homosexual conduct until February 4, 1921. On May 5,
1950, the  Uniform Code of Military Justice

was passed by Congress and signed into law by President  Harry S. Truman
 , and became effective on May 31,
1951. Article 125 forbade sodomy among all military personnel, defining it as
"any person subject to this chapter who engages in unnatural carnal copulation
with another person of the same or opposite sex or with an animal is guilty of
sodomy. Penetration, however slight, is sufficient to complete the offence."
Application of Article 125 was severely limited by the 2003 U.S. Supreme Court
decision in _Lawrence v. Texas,_ and it was amended only to apply to 'forcible
sodomy' on December 26, 2013, when President  Barack Obama
 signed into law the  National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014
 . The  National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017
 finally repealed the article
and its classification of sodomy, as a crime separate from rape, altogether.