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186. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _  Nisbett, Richard E.  ; Aronson, Joshua; Blair, Clancy; Dickens, William;  Flynn, James  "Jim Flynn \(academic\)") ;  Halpern, Diane F.  ; Turkheimer, Eric (2012).  "Group differences in IQ are best understood as environmental in origin" %20Group.pdf) (PDF)  . _American Psychologist_ . **67** (6): 503–504.  doi  "Doi \(identifier\)") :  10.1037/a0029772  .  ISSN  "ISSN \(identifier\)")  0003-066X  .  PMID  "PMID \(identifier\)")  22963427  . Retrieved  22 July  2013  .
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188. ^  _**a** _ _**b** _ _**c** _ Hunt 2011  , p.  389 
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191. ** ^  **  Birney, Ewan  ;  Raff, Jennifer  ;  Rutherford, Adam  ; Scally, Aylwyn (24 October 2019).  "Race, genetics and pseudoscience: an explainer"  . _Ewan's Blog: Bioinformatician at large_ . " 'Human biodiversity' proponents sometimes assert that alleged differences in the mean value of IQ when measured in different populations – such as the claim that IQ in some sub-Saharan African countries is measurably lower than in European countries – are caused by genetic variation, and thus are inherent. . . . Such tales, and the claims about the genetic basis for population differences, are not scientifically supported. In reality for most traits, including IQ, it is not only unclear that genetic variation explains differences between populations, it is also unlikely. "
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