mteb/BrightProPsychologyRetrieval huggingface dataset:
Nevertheless, Australia still has a way to go when it comes to gender equity
in career opportunities. According to recent news reports,  Australia will
not be hitting its target of having 30% of women on company boards by 2018
 . And apparently,  there are fewer women in top
management roles in Australian companies than there are men named John, Peter
or David  . This is despite evidence that having  women in
leadership roles leads to better performance  . Let’s be honest
though, the issue is to do with our current culture and society. Today, we
still celebrate beauty pageants where women are rated on how they look in a
swimsuit; where the media still focuses on what a  female political leader is
wearing rather than on her substance
 .
nice case. provoking mind
July 17, 2020 at 1:03 pm
1.  **Erwin**
Twitter  Facebook
April 3, 2015 at 7:36 pm
Internal validity
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1.  **Reb**
June 17, 2015 at 7:32 pm
Collectivism_and_individualism "Social organization")

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*  Spotlight effect 
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 Attribution  "Attribution \(psychology\)")
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*  Explanatory style 
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64.  **Joseph**
July 9, 2021 at 5:15 am
####   Sex in the Dark: a Q&A Event with Sex Experts
38.  **Sheba Khan**
December 2, 2014 at 9:12 am
17. Anonymous  says:
March 9, 2017 at 3:56 pm
94.  **Clarence E. Ballinger**
June 25, 2020 at 3:58 pm
But agree that this would be good controls.
As a father of three daughters, my dream is for them to be able to grow up in
a world where they can have the opportunity to fulfil their full potential and
be whomever, and whatever, they want to be. We are lucky we live in a Western
democratic society, where the rights of women in general have progressed much
further, so they have a better chance than the majority of girls growing up in
other societies. Australia and New Zealand lead the way in this regard, with
New Zealand the first country in the world to give women the right to vote on
a national level in 1893, and Australia not far behind in  1902
 .
June 28, 2021 at 4:23 pm
####   Students Fasting for Ramadan Find a Home at the GSU
1.  **Mari**
7.  **Louis Rodriguez**
68.  **Tony Lorenzo**
58.  **Maria Byerley**
124.  **Asif**
*  A new dietary approach for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome  Views:2,218  Date: 2024-03-04  
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*  Mental health crisis looms without funding reform  Views:1,797  Date: 2024-03-18  
*  2024 must be the year of the baby  Views:1,586  Date: 2024-03-25
85.  **geraldine conroy**
73.  **Marchevet Roxane**
With the barrier of the perception of capability, organisations need to ensure
that their female doctors are being given opportunities for leadership
training. At Monash Health, we recognised the lack of female representation at
our highest medical leadership roles, and we have decided to address this by
implementing our  Monash Doctors Women in Medicine
 program, which was launched by
the Hon Jill Hennessy, Victorian Minister of Health, in 2015. Since then we
have had four cohorts of female doctors, totalling an alumni group of 70, who
have undergone leadership training and development. I had the privilege of
meeting them last week, one of the reasons why I decided to pen this article.
As Marie Curie, the twice Nobel Prize winner, once said: “Life is not easy for
any of us. But what of that? We must have perseverance and above all
confidence in ourselves. We must believe that we are gifted for something and
that this thing must be attained.”
63.  **Karen Lapeyrouse**
119.  **Stephanie W**
July 27, 2017 at 11:00 am
July 7, 2021 at 12:13 pm
###  Senior Writer
###  Maternity Leave, Bias, and Courage...
120.  **Ferike**
August 1, 2017 at 8:16 am
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July 24, 2017 at 10:25 am
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__   __
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July 27, 2017 at 11:57 am
28.  **hollywood news**
July 19, 2022 at 12:04 pm
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107.  **Judy**
July 26, 2017 at 11:07 am
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August 1, 2022 at 10:21 am
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January 16, 2014 at 8:32 am
Love this,  Garnet  ! This
definitely made me think about my own experiences and how they have shaped my
worldview - if we can all be willing to have our worldview challenged, that's
where we can make progress.
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86.  **Rae Sanborn**
12.  **Brian P.**
October 4, 2019 at 7:41 am
2.  **Ash**
November 18, 2020 at 2:42 pm
Guess I was wrong.
####   Comm Ave Runway: March Edition
No one is perfect and shit does in fact happen .
##  Welcome back
July 24, 2017 at 2:15 pm
8. Anonymous  says:
August 25, 2022 at 1:19 pm
9.  **Marchelle**
###  Latest from  BU Today
January 16, 2014 at 12:31 pm
Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.
September 27, 2022 at 12:38 pm
1.  **xx**
#  Rethinking an age-old riddle
Typical results of balanced-identity research design with implicit
measures  

A typical result of a balanced identity design usually shows that a group's
identity is balanced, at least with implicit measures. According to a
derivation of Heider's balance theory, since there are three concepts in a
typical balanced identity design, the identity is balanced either when all
three relations are positive or when one positive and two negative relations
are present in the triad system. The triad system of "me—male—being good at
math" will be used as an example here, and its typical result acquired from
the Implicit Association Test (IAT) will be shown below. For male subjects,
the three associations within the triad are usually all positive. For female
subjects, the "me—male" association is usually negative, the "male—being good
at math" association is usually positive, and the "me—being good at math"
association is usually negative. As it's shown, for both the male and female
subjects, their group identities are balanced.  [37]
20.  **Shane**
March 19, 2021 at 3:20 am
December 28, 2016 at 12:22 pm
February 17, 2021 at 8:46 pm
132.  **Sara**
127.  **Holli**
May 18, 2016 at 10:16 pm
Interesting and difficult to fight the prejudices
March 5, 2021 at 3:53 am
January 16, 2014 at 8:05 am
July 25, 2017 at 10:05 pm
####   Welcome to Boston University, Class of 2028!
123.  **Melanie Nieto**
Post was not sent - check your email addresses!
_Other Publications_
108.  **Judy Mitsui**
**Ok cool, so why does this matter?**
October 28, 2020 at 1:04 am
####   The Bold World of Marcus Wachira
Comparison to findings with explicit reports  

Self-reporting is also usually used in a balanced identity design. Although
self-reports don't necessarily reflect the predicted consistency patterns from
Heider's theory, it is often used to compare with the results from the
Implicit Association Test (IAT). Any discrepancies between the self-reports
and the IAT results on the same association in a balanced identity design can
be an indication of an experience of conflict. The above triad system of
"me—male—being good at math" is a good example. For female subjects, whereas
the Implicit Association Test (IAT) typically shows a stronger positive
association of "male" and "being good at math," the explicit self-reporting
usually shows a weaker positive association or even a weaker negative
association of "male" and "being good at math." Also, whereas the IAT
typically shows a stronger negative association of "me" and "being good at
math" for the same female subjects, the self-reporting usually shows a weaker
negative or even a weaker positive association of "me" and "being good at
math." In this case, the female group is believed to be experiencing a
conflict. The common explanation for a group experiencing a conflict is that
in an effort to change a stereotypical view that has been around in the
society for a really long time, even though people who belong to a certain
social group believe that they are able to reject this stereotype (shown in
explicit measures), the exact stereotypical thought is still going to remain
in the back of their heads (shown in implicit measures), maybe not as much as
those who actually believe in that thought. So maybe with time, as a
stereotype gradually fades away, that conflict will fade away as well.  [37]
21. Sassy  says:
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87.  **Cherie**
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14. Marcus  says:
Right on point.
1.  **John Robino**
104.  **Shahara M Ruth**
May 14, 2021 at 2:33 am
I thought it was the mother.
July 24, 2017 at 12:20 pm
####   Tips to Watch and Photograph the April 8 Total Solar Eclipse Safely
October 28, 2021 at 8:22 am
* ###  University Publications
February 24, 2020 at 1:36 pm
83.  **allen**
Valence  

Valence IATs measure associations between concepts and positive or negative 
valence  "Valence \(psychology\)") . They are
generally interpreted as a preference for one category over another. For
example, the Race IAT shows that more than 70% of individuals have an implicit
preference for Whites over Blacks.  [24]  [25]  On the other hand, only half
of Black individuals prefer Blacks over Whites ( _cf._ the earlier " [ doll
experiment ](/wiki/Kenneth_and_Mamie_Clark
22.  **Axel**
_**** _
October 14, 2020 at 5:17 pm
September 15, 2017 at 12:47 pm
#  Unconscious bias and the gender riddle
97.  **Amine Benamane**
December 19, 2021 at 1:49 pm
Umm… I answered the surgeon is the father’s ghost…
###  Garnet Chan
82.  **sahar ghazal**
January 16, 2014 at 3:02 pm
And indeed to maybe do it even more properly, as mentioned here, 
https://www.bu.edu/articles/2014/bu-research-riddle-reveals-the-depth-of-
gender-bias/#comment-7240542  you need to rephrase
to “parent and child”, to remove the priming.
September 10, 2015 at 7:12 pm
56.  **xxx**
July 28, 2017 at 11:36 am
Erwin Loh
Provide_an_accessible_overview
"Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section") of all important aspects of the
article.  _( August 2019  ) _

---|---

The **implicit-association test** ( **IAT** ) is an assessment intended to
detect subconscious associations between mental representations of objects ( 
concepts  ) in  memory  .
[1]  Its best-known application is the assessment of  implicit stereotypes
 held by test subjects, such
as associations between particular  racial categories
 "Race \(human categorization\)") and 
stereotypes  about those groups.  [2]  The
test has been applied to a variety of belief associations, such as those
involving racial groups, gender, sexuality, age, and religion but also the
self-esteem, political views, and predictions of the test taker.  [3]  [4]
The implicit-association test is the subject of significant academic and
popular debate regarding its  validity 
"Validity \(statistics\)") ,  reliability 
"Reliability \(statistics\)") , and usefulness in assessing  implicit bias
 .  [1]  [5]  [6]  [7]  [8]  [9]

The IAT was introduced in the scientific literature in 1998 by  Anthony
Greenwald  , Debbie McGhee, and
Jordan Schwartz.  [2]  The IAT is now widely used in social psychology
research and, to some extent, in  clinical  ,  cognitive  , and  developmental psychology  research. More recently, the IAT has been used as
an assessment in  implicit bias trainings  , which aim to reduce the unconscious bias and 
discriminatory behavior  of
participants.  [9]
23. Andrew Wettenhall  says:
I thought right away the surgeon was a woman!
* Books
June 16, 2020 at 5:15 pm
Order  

As the IAT relies on a comparison of response times in different tasks pairing
concepts and attributes, researchers and others taking the IAT have speculated
that the pairing on the first combined task may affect performance on the next
combined task. For example, a participant who begins a gender stereotype IAT
by pairing female names with family words may subsequently find the task of
pairing female names with career words more difficult. Research has indeed
shown a small effect of order. As a result, it is recommended to increase the
number of classifications required in the fifth IAT task.  [1]  This gives
participants more practice before doing the second pairing, thus reducing the
order effect. When studying groups of people, this effect could be countered
by giving pairings first to different participants (e.g. half of participants
pair female names and family words first, the other half pair female names
with career words first).
16. Anonymous  says:
This is something to ponder.
April 7, 2017 at 1:44 am
December 8, 2021 at 4:39 pm
January 16, 2014 at 12:49 pm
January 16, 2014 at 11:38 am
January 6, 2015 at 4:01 pm
* Watch Now
70.  **Bernadette Vega**
July 6, 2022 at 3:14 pm
Pioneering Research from Boston University
Self-esteem  

The self-esteem IAT measures  implicit self-esteem  by pairing "self" and "other" words with words
of positive and negative valence.  [30]  Those who find it easier to pair
"self" with positive words than negative words are purported to have higher
implicit self-esteem. Generally, measures of implicit self-esteem, including
the IAT, are not strongly related to one another and are not strongly related
to explicit measures of self-esteem.  [31]
75.  **Caroline Schüttner**
*  _more_vert_
45.  **Benito Munoz**
February 23, 2022 at 12:47 pm
84.  **Nina**
April 5, 2021 at 3:06 pm
January 16, 2014 at 8:29 am
18. Ian Hargreaves  says:
5. Karen Harris  says:
October 14, 2020 at 5:14 pm
July 24, 2017 at 11:01 am
Gender bias continues to be true
20. Anonymous  says:
December 8, 2021 at 4:41 pm
April 30, 2021 at 11:09 am
Authored by
1. Marcus  says:
July 28, 2017 at 9:37 am
March 23, 2021 at 2:15 pm
####  Share
Edwina Ring
###  24 July 2017
####   POV: The Decision to Reinstate Mandatory Standardized Tests for
College Admissions Is a Mistake
9. Susan  says:
my first thought was his mother
Heider's balance theory  

In 1958,  Fritz Heider  proposed the 
balance theory  , which stated that a
system of liking and disliking relationships is balanced if the product of the
valence of all relationships within the system is positive. In the theory,
there are concepts and associations. Concepts are persons, groups, or
attributes; and among attribute concepts, there are positive and negative
valences. Associations are relations between pairs of concepts, and the
strength of association is the potential for one concept to activate another,
either by external stimuli or by excitation through their associations with
other, already active, concepts. The theory followed the assumption of
associative social knowledge: an important portion of social knowledge could
be represented as a network of variable-strength associations among person
concepts (including self and groups) and attributes (including valence).  [37]
July 25, 2017 at 2:38 am
January 16, 2014 at 7:58 am
July 14, 2021 at 4:51 am
93.  **Norkinsha Willis**
98.  **Jorge Chacon**
Issue 28 / 24 July 2017
February 23, 2017 at 11:33 am
1.  **Tony Lorenzo**
October 27, 2019 at 9:54 pm
Join now   Sign in
36.  **Mary Miller**
13.  **Kyle**
July 7, 2021 at 12:49 pm
However, the truth of the matter is that humanity as a whole still as a long
way to go in recognising women as having equal rights and status. There are
still countries in the world where women cannot vote, go to school or even
drive. We should note that in Australia, it was as recently as  1966

that the marriage bar which restricted the employment of married women was
removed. There are currently women in the world who have subordinate legal
status, leading to a lack of access to education and other opportunities that
we may take for granted here.
HOW is this possible?
27. Randal Williams  says:
19.  **Will**
Application and use  

A computer-based measure, the IAT requires that users rapidly categorize two
target concepts with an attribute (e.g. the concepts "male" and "female" with
the attribute "logical"), such that easier pairings (faster responses) are
interpreted as more strongly associated in memory than difficult pairings
(slower responses).  [2]

The IAT is thought to measure  implicit attitudes  : "introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately
identified) traces of past experience that mediate favorable or unfavorable
feeling, thought, or action toward social objects."  [15]  In research, the
IAT has been used to develop theories to understand  implicit cognition
 (i.e.  cognitive
 processes of which a person has no conscious
awareness). These processes may include  memory  , 
perception  ,  attitudes
 "Attitude \(psychology\)") ,  self-esteem
 , and  stereotypes  . Because the IAT requires that users make a series of rapid
judgments, researchers believe that IAT scores may also reflect attitudes
which people are unwilling to reveal publicly.  [2]  The IAT may allow
researchers to get around the difficult problem of  social-desirability bias
 and for that
reason it has been used extensively to assess people's attitudes towards
commonly stigmatized groups, such as African Americans and individuals who
identify as homosexual.  [16]  [17]
May 28, 2021 at 5:35 pm
* HOCKEY EAST
April 23, 2022 at 9:05 am
29. Andrew Nielsen  says:
October 31, 2022 at 3:48 am
110.  **Lilia Guerrero**
August 9, 2021 at 12:04 pm
114.  **Diana Morrissey**
####  Explore Our Publications
Balanced-identity theory and design
13. Sue Ieraci  says:
July 26, 2017 at 3:51 pm
April 19, 2020 at 10:20 am
June 16, 2020 at 5:11 pm
92.  **Christine Mount**
Validity research  

Since its introduction into the scientific literature in 1998, a great deal of
research has been conducted in order to examine the  psychometric
 properties of the IAT as well as to
address other criticisms on validity and reliability.  [42]
30.  **J**
32.  **Scott SARGENT**
September 19, 2014 at 1:07 pm
We have more bias than we realize
####   Undergraduate Research Study Project Explores Do-It-Yourself Extremism
2.  **Dan Cusher**
July 24, 2017 at 10:50 am
Criticism and controversy  

The IAT has engendered some controversy in both the scientific literature  [5]
and in the public sphere (e.g. in the _ Wall Street Journal
 _ ).  [7]  [8]  For
example, it has been interpreted as assessing  familiarity  ,  [38]   perceptual salience
 "Salience \(neuroscience\)") asymmetries,
[39]  or mere cultural knowledge irrespective of personal endorsement of that
knowledge.  [40]  A more recent critique argued that there is a lack of
empirical research justifying the diagnostic statements that are given to the
lay public.  [41]  For instance, feedback may report that someone has a
[minimal/slight/moderate/strong] automatic preference for [European
Americans/African Americans], though critics contest the degree to which such
conclusions can be drawn from an IAT. Proponents of the IAT have responded to
these charges but the debate continues.  [42]  According to an article in _
The New York Times  _ , "there
isn't even that  much consistency  in
the same person's scores if the test is taken again".  [6]  In addition,
researchers have recently claimed that results of the IAT might be biased by
the participant's lacking cognitive capability to adjust to switching
categories, thus biasing results in favor of the first category pairing (e.g.
pairing "Asian" with positive stimuli first, instead of pairing "Asian" with
negative stimuli first).  [43]
June 26, 2020 at 11:22 am
November 2, 2020 at 4:32 am
I thought the boy had 2 gay fathers.
September 1, 2019 at 11:57 pm
1.  **Steven Bhardwaj**
116.  **Mónica Gama**
I thought right away the surgeon was a man
November 14, 2022 at 4:43 am
Implicit-association test

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##  What's your answer to this question?
10.  **Kate Holbrook**
That bias against women, Wapman believes, shows the significance of schemas,
“this silly riddle” notwithstanding. Stephanie Coontz, who teaches history and
family studies at Evergreen State College in Washington state,  cited the BU
duo’s work  in a _New York Times_ column on the
problems facing mothers in the workplace.
24.  **Oly**
January 12, 2022 at 9:15 am
42.  **Carrie Blount**
65.  **c gamble**
August 21, 2020 at 1:04 pm
July 24, 2017 at 9:41 pm
37.  **LL**
March 9, 2020 at 1:53 pm
118.  **Jennifer**
August 10, 2018 at 9:00 pm
I’ve noticed this behavior.
26.  **Ubaid Jamil**
Bostonia
September 13, 2021 at 1:58 pm
May 6, 2016 at 4:27 am
31.  **Francis Boose**
Garnet Chan
BU Research: A Riddle Reveals Depth of Gender Bias
74.  **Regina Kohler**
67   ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `  4 Comments
26. Katy  says:
21.  **H.G**
This becomes especially important when it co
March 20, 2022 at 5:09 am
To my opinion it could be a case of adoption.
* Sports
October 2, 2019 at 3:34 pm