Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b3) Establishing a baseline capacity is important since P.A. 33 provides a statement that existing water users are granted a rebuttable presumption of no "adverse resource impact". No adverse resource impact is the standard that all large capacity water users must meet within P.A. 33 structure. The reputable presumption of no adverse resource impact puts the burden of proof on those challenging a registered large capacity water user's water use. Expanding system capacity by more than 70 gallons/min beyond the baseline capacity, constitutes a new water withdrawal.

Question: How does one constitute a new water withdrawal?

Answer: Expanding system capacity by more than 70 gallons/min beyond the baseline capacity

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rate at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.

Question: Where can the highest instantaneous application rate be found in a center pivot irrigation system?

Answer: at the end of the system

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.

Question: When should I use irrigation to incorporate nitrogen in my field?

Answer: if dry weather follows

Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation


Context: Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.

Question: what is the concept behind the Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling?

Answer: the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Having three phase electric power provided at the location of the pump by your electric service provider is the simplest and safest energy source. It requires the least amount of farm owned/maintained equipment to run irrigation systems. Electric service providers can often generate a cost estimate for adding three phase electric power service to you location. In some situations estimates may be free with a commitment to use a quantity of power in the future. More likely, a simple line drop from a new set of transformers on an existing three phase line may be $500 to $2,000. If three phase power is not near the location, costs to install the service are estimated to be between $10,000 and $30,000 a mile. These costs are to be paid by the potential irrigator to upgrade service in the area

Question: What power source is the most cost effective?

Answer: three phase electric power provided at the location of the pump

Kelley, L. (2013d). Three phase power: The first choice for irrigation energy - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/three_phase_power_the_first_choice_for_irrigation_energy


Context: (1b) Large volume water withdrawals that have not been reported on previously could have been added to the 2008 report due April 1, 2009 to gain their "grandfathered" status and avoid the potent $1000/year fine. The 2008 large volume water use report is part of the Agricultural Water Conservation Plan. MDA has also made available it's "MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEW LARGE QUANTITY WATER WITHDRAWAL REGISTRATION FORM". Contrary to its title this form could be used to register withdrawals that where constructed prior to February 28, 2006 by filling in the date constructed.

Question: Why should I add my large water withdrawals that have not been reported yet to the 2008 report?

Answer: to gain their "grandfathered" status

Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: Drought symptoms in soybean: Soybean respond to drought stress by flipping their leaves over so the underside of the soybean leaf is turned up. A less obvious sign of drought stress in soybean is diminished vegetative growth which normally occurs prior to leaf flipping. In severe drought conditions, the leaf trifoliates will close or clamp together with the center leaflet being sandwiched between the outside leaflets.

Question: What does it mean when soybeans flip their leaves over so the underside of its leaf is turned up?

Answer: Soybean respond to drought stress

Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean


Context: The researchers found a corn-soybeans-spring wheat-peas rotation reduced input costs and improved economic returns. Specifically, corn planted after peas produced higher yields than corn following soybeans. In all cases, yields from soybeans were higher when grown in a four-crop rotation than within a two-crop rotation.

Question: How can yields from soybeans be increased?

Answer: when grown in a four-crop rotation

Delfanian, C. (2022). Diversifying crop rotation improves soil, reduces fertilizer costs. https://phys.org/news/2022-02-diversifying-crop-rotation-soil-fertilizer.html


Context: Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.

Question: Are systems with low investment attributes, suitable for small applications or large applications?

Answer: large applications

Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf


Context: (3) Surface water availability. Is surface water available in dependable large volumes? Surface water quantities need to be available at the time of maximum irrigation, often late July early August. This is the season the surface waters are near their lowest. Make sure to evaluate available flow the summer before you start irrigating. In most areas you may not delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment. If not, consider part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted. Remember there can be major contamination challenges impacting food safety in using surface water for vegetable irrigation and cooling.

Question: What is a consequence of deleting stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts the environment?

Answer: part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: Question: What is the best way to water a vegetable garden? Excerpt: Our suggestion is to start with one of these 2 options: use DIG's 1/2 in. dripline model'B18100'with pre installed emitters every 18 in. for large gardens or our'ML50 Raised Garden Kit'which uses ' in. dripline with a 9 in. emitter spacing for smaller gardens or planter bed gardens.

Question: What should you use to water a large garden?

Answer: DIG's 1/2 in. dripline model'B18100'with pre installed emitters every 18 in.

DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ’s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/


Context: Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.

Question: What does surface compaction have an affect on?

Answer: infiltration rate

Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: Water is extremely important for crop production. When water becomes limiting to the plant it is important to understand how plants use water. We often hear the term evapotranspiration (ET) in relation to plant water demand. ET is a combination of soil water evaporation (E) and water used by the plant during transpiration (T). Soil evaporation is the major loss of water surface and typically is higher after rain and under high temperature conditions.

Question: What is important when water becomes limiting to the plant?

Answer: to understand how plants use water.

Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean


Context: Michigan has had similar registration and reporting requirements since 2006 requiring the registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity). The Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal. Annual reporting then follows, with a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used.

Question: What is required to be registered in Michigan since 2006?

Answer: new large volume water withdrawals

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: (4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.

Question: What is the SoyWater tool?

Answer: an easy to use, irrigation management tool

Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska–Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu


Context: Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (2) Select a radial transect line (for center pivots) or a transect line representing the watering pattern (for solid set or traveler systems) through the identified lowest infiltration/highest runoff potential area of the field identified above.

Question: What should I select for center pivot systems when completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form?

Answer: a radial transect line

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: New wells and surface water withdrawals in Michigan, installed after February, 2006, that are capable of pumping 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. All water withdrawals that reported prior to 2006 are considered properly registered. Forms are available directly from the MDA website or from the St. Joseph County MSU Extension website then navigate to link for irrigation on the left hand side.

Question: When is registration with MDA required?

Answer: prior to beginning to pump

Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf


Context: (5) Start the well pump: lowly fill water supply lines allowing air to escape from ends of lines. With the distribution system running furthest from the water source, inspect all the remaining outlets for freeze damage, missing frost plugs and leaks. Compare last year s records with your start-up reading for pressure and flow.

Question: What should I compare in order to find the pressure and flow of my well pump?

Answer: last year s records with your start-up reading

Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf


Context: There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.

Question: What do hills require in order to reduce chance run-off?

Answer: large wetted areas

MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs


Context: Irrigated production has the advantage of fertigation as an option in nitrogen management. Fertigation is the process of applying fertilizer through irrigation water. Liquid 28% nitrogen is the most common product for fertigation, but urea and micro-nutrient solutions are also available to meet crop nutrient needs, with proper equipment.

Question: What can I do to have fertigation as an option in nitrogen management?

Answer: Irrigated production

Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf


Context: By mid-June the crop is near its full rooting depth, increasing the effective water holding capacity and lowering the potential of loss below the roots. At the same time, the potential for rainfall decreases and crop water use increases, allowing producers to increase their application volume to the 0.75 inch per application range. Typical crop water use would be 0.15 inches per day, making one 0.75 inch application last about 5 days.

Question: What happens to the effective water holding capacity when the crop is near its full rooting depth?

Answer: increasing

Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf


Context: (3) On and after July 9, 2009 ' Large quantity water withdrawals proposed after July 8, 2009 must receive a favorable assessment from 'Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool' or an approval from a requested site-specific review by the MDEQ and be registered before proceeding. If a site-specific review by the MDEQ or an evaluation by the Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool determines that a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or a zone B withdrawal, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal, as specified in the review or tool, will not cause an adverse resource impact. As previously stated penalties are in place for causing an adverse resource impact.

Question: What happens if an evaluation by the Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool determines that a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or a zone B withdrawal?

Answer: there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal, as specified in the review or tool, will not cause an adverse resource impact.

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf


Context: There are tremendous differences in actual cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed: (a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet) (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure (e) hills and steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.

Question: What are some factors that lead to high water source cost?

Answer: Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed

MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs


Question: What does soil evaporation cause?

Answer: major loss of water surface

Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean


Context: How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (5) Use irrigation to lessen stand loss due to soil crusting. Apply 0.5 inch in most irrigated soil at the appearance of first spike if crusting is hampering emergence. Maintain a moist soil surface with small application till crop emerges.

Question: When should I apply water when crusting is hampering emergence?

Answer: at the appearance of first spike

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf


Question: When is it important to understand how plants use water?

Answer: When water becomes limiting to the plant

Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean


Context: Existing irrigation system application rate compared to soil infiltration rate. Evaluation of the irrigation application rate compared to soil infiltration rate on existing irrigation systems can be done by observation, taking into account all factors that affect the situation.

Question: How can I evaluate the irrigation application rate compared to soil infiltration rate on existing irrigation systems?

Answer: taking into account all factors that affect the situation.

Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development


Context: Maximum economic yield with minimum amount of irrigation is a goal for most irrigators. Efficient irrigation water use means providing enough water to avoid drought stress, but not so much that water is lost out of the rooting zone or to runoff from the surface. This includes leaving enough water holding capacity to capture the next normal rainfall thus not losing the value of rainfall and also reduce the risk of leaching and run-off. In the irrigated region of northern Indiana and Michigan evaporate losses during irrigation application are minimal due to high humidity. The humid condition cause several differences in irrigation management for efficiency compared to the arid west.

Question: What is considered to be efficient irrigation of water use?

Answer: providing enough water to avoid drought stress, but not so much that water is lost out of the rooting zone or to runoff from the surface

Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf


Context: (3) Surface water availability. Is surface water available in dependable large volumes? Surface water quantities need to be available at the time of maximum irrigation, often late July early August. This is the season the surface waters are near their lowest. Make sure to evaluate available flow the summer before you start irrigating. In most areas you may not delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment. If not, consider part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted. Remember there can be major contamination challenges impacting food safety in using surface water for vegetable irrigation and cooling.

Question: What is a challenge when it comes to using surface water for irrigation?

Answer: contamination challenges impacting food safety

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Question: What should I be cautious of when evaluating my water availability?

Answer: delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: Assembly directions - Option 2: 0.5 inch plastic pipe cut in 4 inch section can be drilled with 0.25 inch hole 1 inch from end. 13 inches plastic cable tie secured through the 0.25 inch hole creates a cup holder to fit on top of post. The total cost per unit is less than one dollar and requires only a saw and a drill. The catch can stand will allow data collection in fields with crops up to 30 inches tall. A 500 ml graduated cylinder is used to measure water volume. 500 ml graduated cylinders are available from science lab and beer maker supply stores on the web.

Question: Give examples of instruments required for the assembly of catch can stands.

Answer: a saw and a drill

Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation.


Context: The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the "physical and chemical properties of soils" section of the soil survey for your county.

Question: What is the low end infiltration rate of soil in Michigan?

Answer: 20 minutes per inch

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (1) Make sure your irrigation application is uniform. There are easy catch can systems available to evaluate the uniformity of the application of your system. Make sure to make the correction.

Question: What is one way to get the most out of my irrigation system?

Answer: Make sure your irrigation application is uniform

Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf


Context: Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.

Question: What is the estimated yield loss per day of stress for corn in the R2 development stage?

Answer: 3-9

Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean


Context: Insurance coverage: Establish responsibility for insurance coverage for the well, other permanent irrigation related improvements along with insurance coverage for the pivots and other non-permanent irrigation related equipment is an issue to be resolve before the insurance is needed. The local farm insurance provider in the area can help you evaluate the irrigation related options available. Many irrigation dealers can also direct you toward specialized irrigation insurance coverage.

Question: Who can help me evaluate the irrigation related options available when it comes to insurance?

Answer: The local farm insurance provider

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Question: What does it cost to setup a new quarter-section center pivot? Excerpt: Irrigation wells tap aquifers and unfortunately, most aquifers in North Dakota contain some level of dissolved iron. The amount of iron may vary from low to high but its presence in the water leaves a rusty color on pumps, pipelines and irrigation systems. The iron in the water provides the energy that iron bacteria need to grow and that process leaves a slimy organic substance on well screens, pump intakes and other parts of the well. It only takes a few years for this organic substance to plug the well screen and reduce well production. The only way to control iron bacteria is by annual chlorination.

Question: How do I control iron bacteria?

Answer: annual chlorination

NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions


Context: Question: What are the important parameters I should look at in an irrigation water quality report? Excerpt: Most irrigation water analysis reports will provide a list of cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) and anions (bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate and chloride) along with pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The cations, anions and TDS will be listed as milligrams per liter (mg/l) or the equivalent, parts per million (ppm). The two most important factors are TDS or EC and SAR. The TDS of a water sample is a measure of the concentration of soluble salts in the water, which include all the cations and anions. TDS is estimated from the EC of the water. The more dissolved minerals in the water, the higher the EC. The units of EC can be listed as millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm), micromhos per centimeter (umhos/cm) or deciSiemens per meter (dS/m). One millimho per centimeter is equal to 1000 micromhos per centimeter or 1 dS/m. TDS can be estimated by multiplying the EC (in umhos/cm) by 0.64. For example, the TDS of a water sample with an EC of 2000 umhos/cm (2.0 dS/m) would be about 1280 mg/l. The SAR of a water sample is the proportion of sodium to calcium and magnesium in the water. Since it is a ratio, SAR has no units. For most soils in North Dakota, any water with an EC greater than 2000 micromhos per centimeter (2 mmhos/cm or 2 dS/m) or an SAR value greater than 6 is not generally recommended for continuous irrigation. However, soils with a high sand content can use water with an SAR up to 9.

Question: Is there an exception to the recommendation of not using water with a SAR value greater than 6 for continuous irrigation?

Answer: soils with a high sand content can use water with an SAR up to 9

Fipps, G. (2021). Irrigation Water Quality Standards And Salinity Management Strategies. https://irrigation.tamu.edu/files/2021/04/EB-1667.pdf


Context: Estimating annual irrigation costs: Annual irrigation costs can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, "Custom Work Rates in Michigan". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.

Question: What is one of the categories that annual irrigation costs can be divided into?

Answer: annual cost of ownership

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: (1b) Large volume water withdrawals that have not been reported on previously could have been added to the 2008 report due April 1, 2009 to gain their "grandfathered" status and avoid the potent $1000/year fine. The 2008 large volume water use report is part of the Agricultural Water Conservation Plan. MDA has also made available it's "MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEW LARGE QUANTITY WATER WITHDRAWAL REGISTRATION FORM". Contrary to its title this form could be used to register withdrawals that where constructed prior to February 28, 2006 by filling in the date constructed.

Question: Why should I add my large water withdrawals that have not been reported yet to the 2008 report?

Answer: avoid the potent $1000/year fine

Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Question: How can I lessen stand loss?

Answer: Use irrigation

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf


Context: Question: What is meant by irrigation? Excerpt: The process of applying a controlled amount of water or required quantity of water to the plants at specified or periodic interval of time is called irrigation. This process is an integral part of agriculture that keeps the farm land moist for the plants to grow and also solves the problem of dry areas, which lack proper rainfall.

Question: What is meant by irrigation?

Answer: The process of applying a controlled amount of water or required quantity of water to the plants

AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs


Context: Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.

Question: Are systems with high labor costs, suitable for small applications or large applications?

Answer: large applications

Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf


Context: Question: Why is irrigation important and where is it used? Excerpt: Irrigation is required to supply water to large farmlands where there is no availability of watering the crops from any other resource especially when the rainfall is scanty. Most important uses of irrigation are: Providing proper, uninterrupted and adequate water to the farmlands, Increases the productivity of farm, Irrigation ensures sowing seeds at the required moisture level, Helps in multiple cropping throughout the year, Modern methods have facilitated the supply of water to the roots which is exclusively important for the plant growth, Fertilizers can also be mixed in the water before irrigation this reduces the task of fertilizing the crops separately, Large farmlands can be developed, It is the most important resource for farming in the drought stricken areas.

Question: In what cases is irrigation required?

Answer: to supply water to large farmlands where there is no availability of watering the crops from any other resource especially when the rainfall is scanty.

AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs


Context: At times of peak water use, the application volume could be as large as 1.5 inches for four to five days of water use. It is all about efficiency. The plant most effectively uses water is through transpiration. Water that is lost from evaporation at the soil surface or on the leaves is less beneficial to the plant, providing only a temporarily cooler environment. Small application may help in evaporative cooling during pollination or other crucial times, but reduces the amount of water that actually gets to the roots compared to fewer large applications totaling the same amount.

Question: What does transpiration allow a plant to do?

Answer: The plant most effectively uses water

Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf


Context: The chemigation injection pump setting can be easily determined using the sprinkler chart. The method is very simple to use if one has the chart, or at least the speed chart part of it. The information can also be gained from looking at the readout on a computer-style pivot panel or the pivot control app.

Question: How can I find the chemigation injection pump setting?

Answer: can be easily determined using the sprinkler chart.

Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and


Context: In some situations, irrigators have equipment that applies water faster than the water can infiltrate into the soil. In these situations, smaller application volumes will reduce the potential for runoff or uneven application to the roots. Sprinklers that provide larger wetted diameters will have less runoff issues. Matching sprinkler performance to field/soil conditions and leaving more crop residue on the soil surface are two methods to reduce potential runoff without increasing evaporative loss from increased number of applications.

Question: What has less runoff issues?

Answer: Sprinklers that provide larger wetted diameters

Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf


Context: Effects on corn during grain fill: During grain fill drought stress results in premature death of leaf tissue, shortened grain fill periods, increased lodging, fewer kernels, and light kernel weights. Kernel abortion near the ear tip will occur in the two weeks following pollination. Continued drought into the milk stage will result in further kernel abortion and smaller, lighter kernels. Drought that occurs in the mid to late grain filling period (milk, dough, and dent stages) results in decreased kernel weights and premature physiological maturity. Once physiological maturity occurs additional drought stress will have no impact on grain yield. Because drought stress typically coincides with higher than normal temperatures the grain fill period is often reduced.

Question: What happens if drought stress continues into the milk stage of corn?

Answer: further kernel abortion and smaller, lighter kernels.

Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean


Context: An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (d) If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact. If more favorable assessment can not be achieved a Site Specific Review may be requested from Michigan Department of Environmental Quality through the MiWWAT tool. (e) If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed, land owner may initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users. (f) If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel.

Question: In what case should a land owner initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed?

Answer: If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: In the summer of 2012, daily crop water use (E.T.) for many crops exceeded 0.30 inches per day for several days in early July. Maintaining an adequate reserve of soil moisture is a good insurance policy to help plants manage stress during periods of high temperature. To build in a reserve for extended periods of drought, downtime for repairs, or periods of extreme temperatures and wind, irrigation goals during the peak water use period should be to maintain moisture levels high with enough room to capture a one inch rainfall.

Question: How can I help my plants manage stress during periods of high temperatures?

Answer: Maintaining an adequate reserve of soil moisture

Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b2) From the legal perspective, the Baseline Capacity is the reported system capacity used or developed to make a withdrawal on or before Feb. 28, 2006. If a large capacity water user does not report a "Baseline Capacity", MDA will use the highest annual amount of water withdrawn as reported for 2004 or 2005 and calculate one. Note: Since few producers run pumps continuously, most water users have available system capacities which will greatly exceed the amount of water that has been reported in 2004 or 2005.

Question: What happens if a large capacity water user does not report a baseline capacity?

Answer: MDA will use the highest annual amount of water withdrawn as reported for 2004 or 2005 and calculate one

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.

Question: What do annual operating costs include?

Answer: an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment.

Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: (3) On and after July 9, 2009 ' Large quantity water withdrawals proposed after July 8, 2009 must receive a favorable assessment from 'Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool' or an approval from a requested site-specific review by the MDEQ and be registered before proceeding. If a site-specific review by the MDEQ or an evaluation by the Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool determines that a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or a zone B withdrawal, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal, as specified in the review or tool, will not cause an adverse resource impact. As previously stated penalties are in place for causing an adverse resource impact.

Question: What does it mean if a site-specific review by the MDEQ determines that a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or a zone B withdrawal?

Answer: there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal, as specified in the review or tool, will not cause an adverse resource impact

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf


Context: Question: What is the best way to water container plants? Excerpt: To start a drip system for containers or pots, our complete kits are a great way to start such as model'FM01AS'for 10 pots or the'G77AS'for up to 24 pots. For large containers or raised garden beds our'ML50 kit'is ideal.If you would like to add to an existing system or create your own system that can be easily accomplished by buying our products separately. Our suggestion is to use a combination of 1/4 in. dripline'(microtubing with pre-inserted emitters)'and misters for large containers and individual drippers for small pots. For larger or longer containers use a 1/4 in. dripline. For pots use 1-2 .5 GPH drippers per pot. First, categorize the containers and pots into groups with similar sizes and similar watering needs. It is also advisable to divide containers and pots into groups that are either in full sun or in shaded areas. We have made a list'(pot and basket parts list and installation)'for what we think are the best steps to help you install this type of system. Please be aware that every installation application is different and we cannot make this link perfect for every situation. If you do not find the exact information that pertains to your application,'send as an email'with what you would like to do and we will provide a recommendation.

Question: What should I use for setting up my own/an existing drip system for large containers?

Answer: a combination of 1/4 in. dripline'(microtubing with pre-inserted emitters)'and misters

DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ’s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/


Context: Crop water use estimates can assist producers in irrigation decision making. A good source of E.T. rate charts for the most commonly irrigated crops is Irrigation Scheduling Checkbook Method from the University of Minnesota. Additional irrigation scheduling information can be found at the MSU irrigation website.

Question: What is a good source of crop use rate charts for the most commonly irrigated crops?

Answer: Irrigation Scheduling Checkbook Method from the University of Minnesota

Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf


Context: The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.

Question: What kind of rules do both Indiana and Michigan have?

Answer: resource protection

Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf


Context: Question: What about different soil types? Excerpt: The soil is a storage room of the plants nutrients, and the medium, through which water and nutrients move. It is the anchor for plants and the reservoir of water for plants' growth. There are various types of soil with differing characteristics, which determine What types of plants can be grown. Nevertheless, plants can thrive in a very broad spectrum of soil textures when water is applied at the proper rate, with appropriate spacing.Each type of soil creates a typical wetting pattern that will require a different layout. In sandy soil, the water will tend to go straight down, so we recommend using micro sprinklers or closely spaced, 12 in. apart, 1 GPH or 2 GPH drippers. In loamy soil, the water will move slowly and will spread evenly, so here you can use .5 GPH or 1 GPH drippers with a 16 in. to 18 in. spacing. In clay soil in which drip irrigation work the best, the water will be absorbed very slowly, so use low flow drippers such as .5 or 1 GPH at a wider spacing, 18 in. to 24 in. apart.

Question: What is the movement of water like within clay soil?

Answer: water will be absorbed very slowly,

Sunn, L. (2023). Drip Irrigation | Rainwater. https://www.rainbees.com/drip-irrigation


Context: Effects on vegetative corn: Drought stress during vegetative stages results in reduced stem and leaf cell expansion (shorter plants with less leaf area). The effect of drought stress on leaf morphology is much larger than that of photosynthesis. When drought stress is combined with heat stress vegetative development will progress more rapidly. Any stress that occurs during the sixth to eighth leaf stage (V6-V8) can result in fewer kernel rows, whereas stress from eighth leaf to seventeenth leaf stage (V8-V17) can result in fewer kernels per row.

Question: What is a result of drought stress during vegetative stages?

Answer: reduced stem and leaf cell expansion

Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean


Question: What is a possible irrigation rate used for calculating annual irrigation costs?

Answer: six one inch applications of irrigation

Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf


Context: Drought symptoms in soybean: Soybean respond to drought stress by flipping their leaves over so the underside of the soybean leaf is turned up. A less obvious sign of drought stress in soybean is diminished vegetative growth which normally occurs prior to leaf flipping. In severe drought conditions, the leaf trifoliates will close or clamp together with the center leaflet being sandwiched between the outside leaflets.

Question: In what conditions will the leaf of a soybean trifoliate and close or clamp together with the center leaflet being sandwiched between the outside leaflets?

Answer: severe drought

Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean


Context: Question: What is gravity irrigation? Excerpt: Gravity system is a basic irrigation system consisting of an elevated reservoir, the pipe from the bottom of the reservoir to the irrigation system which can be either hand operated or battery operated to control the time and rate of water application. The reservoir of the gravity system is filled by harvesting rainwater.

Question: What does gravity irrigation consist of?

Answer: an elevated reservoir

AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs


Context: Option to purchase the farm in future: (a) "First right of refusal" option allows the lessee to purchase the land at the highest offer received. The term "first right of refusal" refers to the lessee having the right to purchase the property if sold in the contract period. The sale to another party can only proceed if the lessee having the "first right of refusal" refuses to purchase the property. First right of refusal options may reduce the potential sale value of a property by removing one of the most motivated and common buyer of property, the lessee, from the bidding process.

Question: What happens if the lessee having the "first right of refusal" refuses to purchase a property?

Answer: The sale to another party can only proceed

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Question: What is the advantage and benefits of using drip irrigation system? Excerpt: The advantage and benefits are more than just saving water.Water Efficiency: By applying water only where and when it is needed, with less runoff, deep percolation, and evaporation from leaves and soil, the uniform application of water from drip irrigation systems can achieve high water savings ranging upwards to 60%.Ease of Installation: A drip system can be installed without special tools or glue, and with limited knowledge, therefore making the installation a very simple process. DIG's low volume irrigation systems install easily above or below the ground.Reduced Pest Problems and Weed Growth: Watering only the roots of the plants using drip irrigation cuts down on water-borne pests and fungal diseases that spread by water movement, as well as the germination of weeds in the areas between plants.Versatility: Low volume irrigation systems are designed for placement in both new and existing landscape areas, and are ideal for installation on difficult terrain such as on slopes, in oddly shaped areas, and on windy sites.Root Zone: One of the most important aspects of drip irrigation is the fact that in many instances, a totally new and more favorable root zone environment is created and a relatively constant soil moisture level is maintained. This fact has important implications on plants because it bears upon questions of plant water requirements, tolerance and control of disease.Economy: Investing in a low volume irrigation system can save you money and significantly lower your water use.Long Life: All DIG products are designed to withstand the harshest conditions in both home and commercial installations. They are manufactured of high quality, highly durable plastics and contain added quantities of the compound Carbon Black, making them resistant to the damaging effects of ultraviolet rays.

Question: What is unique to DIG products?

Answer: resistant to the damaging effects of ultraviolet rays

DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ’s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/


Context: (1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.

Question: What is the first step in using the Enviroweather tool?

Answer: Pick the station nearest to you

Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf


Context: Estimating annual irrigation costs: Annual irrigation costs can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, "Custom Work Rates in Michigan". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.

Question: How can the DIRTI formula help estimate the cost of ownership?

Answer: spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: Effects on soybean during grain fill Drought effects on soybean are generally not as severe as corn. This is a result of overlapping of development stages. When short-term drought stress results in flower or pod abortion, new flowers and pods will set when conditions improve. During prolonged drought stress, or when the stress occurs during pod set and seed filling stages, the compensatory ability is not as likely to occur. Drought can reduce pod number by up to 20 percent as a result of flower and pod abortion. Seeds per pod and seed size can also be affected by drought stress but to a lesser extent than the number of pods. Drought stress often results in earlier maturity or shortening of the grain filling period resulting in lower seed weights and yields. Soybean yield loss from drought stress is compounded by the lack of nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen fixation. In dry conditions, nodules cease nitrogen fixation because of a lack of soil moisture and lack of carbohydrate supply from the soybean plant. If water deficits are short lived, nodule nitrogen fixation can resume.

Question: What happens if water deficits are short lived during drought stress?

Answer: nodule nitrogen fixation can resume

Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean


Question: What can assist producers in irrigation decision making?

Answer: Crop water use estimates

Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf


Context: Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water.Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations.

Question: When should irrigation systems be able to replace the typical water use of a plant?

Answer: during a prolonged dry period

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: Running through a checklist of inspections and repairs for each irrigation system now greatly improves the chance of being able to start irrigating the day the crop needs it. Irrigation can often aid in improving germination, crop emergence, herbicide activation and reduce Nitrogen valorization. All of the potential benefits to using irrigation early in the cropping season are dependent on the readiness of the irrigation system. Inspecting and performing necessary repairs now greatly increases the chance the system will be ready to water when you need it.

Question: What are the potential benefits to using irrigation early in the cropping season dependent on?

Answer: the readiness of the irrigation system.

Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf


Context: Question: Why is irrigation important and where is it used? Excerpt: Irrigation is required to supply water to large farmlands where there is no availability of watering the crops from any other resource especially when the rainfall is scanty. Most important uses of irrigation are: Providing proper, uninterrupted and adequate water to the farmlands, Increases the productivity of farm, Irrigation ensures sowing seeds at the required moisture level, Helps in multiple cropping throughout the year, Modern methods have facilitated the supply of water to the roots which is exclusively important for the plant growth, Fertilizers can also be mixed in the water before irrigation this reduces the task of fertilizing the crops separately, Large farmlands can be developed, It is the most important resource for farming in the drought stricken areas.

Question: What are the benefits of mixing fertilizer with water before irrigation?

Answer: reduces the task of fertilizing the crops separately

AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs


Context: Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.

Question: What do aerating soil and improving water infiltration depend on during side-dress application?

Answer: the equipment used

Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist


Question: What does fertigation follow?

Answer: starter and side dress applications

Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist


Context: How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (5) Use irrigation to lessen stand loss due to soil crusting. Apply 0.5 inch in most irrigated soil at the appearance of first spike if crusting is hampering emergence. Maintain a moist soil surface with small application till crop emerges.

Question: What should I try to maintain when crusting is hampering emergence?

Answer: a moist soil surface

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf


Context: (2) Ground water availability. Irrigation is not profitable without a reliable and adequate source of water. Nearby large volume irrigation, municipal or industrial wells are an excellent source of water availability. Well drillers familiar with large volume wells in your area are also excellent resources. Michigan has available groundwater mapping tools that can help evaluate potential water withdrawal sites.

Question: What does a lack of a reliable and adequate source of water make irrigation?

Answer: not profitable

Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf


Context: The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rate at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.

Question: What can be found at the end of a center pivot irrigation system?

Answer: the highest instantaneous application rate

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: Question: What is the best time of day to water? Excerpt: 'Early morning is best.' Watering during evening times or overnight will make the lawn more susceptible to fungus.

Question: Why is it bad to water overnight or in the evening?

Answer: will make the lawn more susceptible to fungus

Virone, G. (2022). Lawn Watering Tips: Here’s The Best Time To Water Your Grass. https://irrigatesmart.com/best-time-to-water-grass/


Context: Question: What is river lift system? Excerpt: It is a kind of lift irrigation system where the source of water is rivers. Supplying water to the plants or crops is not done in a natural way rather the river water is lifted by pumps and then supplied to the plants. It is exclusively used in regions where the water from canals, reservoirs is insufficient to water the farmlands.

Question: How is water supplied to plants or crops in a river lift system?

Answer: not done in a natural way

AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs


Context: Effects on pollinating corn: Drought stress 7-10 days ahead of silking can result in delayed silk development. When combined with heat stress this delay could result in poor anthesis silking interval (ASI). Water stress during pollination (tasseling through silking) not only delays silking, but also reduces silk elongation, and if severe, impedes embryo development. With temperatures greater than 95oF, low humidity, and low soil moisture level, silks will desiccate or become non-receptive to pollen. Pollen grains may also be damaged from desiccation when they are released for tassel anthers. When temperatures greater than 100oF , pollen grains are killed. Drought stress during pollination ultimately results in poor pollination and fewer kernels per ear.

Question: What happens to pollinating corn when there exist temperatures greater than 95oF, low humidity, and low soil moisture level?

Answer: silks will desiccate or become non-receptive to pollen

Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (a) No "Adverse resource impact" Part 327 of 451 establishes "adverse resource impact" as the standard that all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006. Through February 2008 this applies specifically to a restriction on wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams unless the well is over 150 ft. deep or potential need for proof of "no adverse resource impact". Many of the Michigan groundwater stewardship technicians or MSU Extension agriculture educators can guide you in the use of these tools.

Question: What changed the Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451?

Answer: P.A. 33 of 2006

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Even when the lessee provides all off the irrigation equipment and the water supply, rent value should be expected to be higher than local dry land rent prices. Land rent prices for irrigated ground are often higher than the cost of installing irrigation spread over a seven or ten year schedule. In most situations the additional profit for establishing irrigation on rental property is evident or the lessee would not be seeking to proceed. This opportunity cost for irrigation may be as small as 10% of the rent value or as great as 200% added to local dry land rent values. The prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops are a major factor in the variability.

Question: Should rent value be expected to be higher or lower than local dry land rent prices?

Answer: higher

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Early in the season our irrigation goals are often focused on germinating seed and incorporating fertilizers or pre-emergent herbicides. In a normal year, May and early June often receive adequate rainfall to meet the needs of the developing crops and plant roots will grow into moisture that is stored deeper in the soil profile. Chances of receiving additional rainfall in the near future are rather good, so irrigation applications are kept to a minimum with the hope that nature will be providing more water soon. Roots that are not fully established leave only a limited soil water holding capacity capable making small application ideal.

Question: Are the chances good or bad to receive additional rainfall after may and june?

Answer: good

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf


Context: Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.

Question: What is the R2 development stage of corn called?

Answer: Pollination to Blister

Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean


Context: (1) Irrigation water requirements. Is water available in the quantities needed to irrigate? In Michigan and Indiana evaporation and plant water use from the soil are between 0.25 inch and 0.30 inch for several days each summer, systems that can provide 5 gal/acre irrigated will meet the 0.25 inch/day. Seven gal/acre irrigated is needed to provide 0.30 inch water requirements. This capacity will be require 24 hours per day 7 days per week continued pumping in time of drought.

Question: How many inches per day can a 5 gallon/acre irrigated system provide?

Answer: 0.25 inch/day

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (4) Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points.

Question: How long should the increments be along a line to identify observation points for a solid set system?

Answer: 50-foot increment

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: Late season applications are lowered as crop water use declines with increasing crop maturity. At the dent stage of development, corn water use can be as little as 0.15 inches per day on a 75 degree day. The chance of receiving rainfall increases during this portion of the growing season. Applications of 0.75 inches at the beginning of this period may quickly decline to 0.50 inch as the crop nears black layer or maturity.

Question: How much is corn water use at the dent stage of development?

Answer: as little as 0.15 inches per day on a 75 degree day

Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development


Context: Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.

Question: What does evapotranspiration represent in the concept of Checkbook scheduling?

Answer: withdrawals from the account

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Question: Where should I start when it comes to completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form for solid set systems?

Answer: at one edge of the wetted area

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.

Question: What is the benefit of the landowner having a clean separation from the lessee at the end of the agreement period?

Answer: less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Question: What is the seventh development stage of corn?

Answer: Maturity (R6)

Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean


Context: (3) Service pump engines and inspect all fluid levels: Pumps run for hours without operator presence, and even small oil or coolant leaks can result in damage. Inspect belts, batteries and recharge system. Look carefully for rodent damage and insect nests that may result in malfunction later. Inspect pump murphy switches or safety shut-down systems or install them if you do not have them. Adding low oil and high temperature shut downs can avoid burning up your engine.

Question: How long can pumps run for without operator presence?

Answer: Pumps run for hours without operator presence

Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf


Context: Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inches per day for all but a few extreme days.

Question: In non-extreme situations, what is the expected evapotranspiration rate for irrigation?

Answer: 0.25 inches per day

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: (12) Check irrigation tires: Check air pressure in each pivot tire. Refill to 20 pounds or the recommended level. Note tires that were near flat, and return a week later to see if they leaked. Expect tires to lose two or three pounds pressure each year if not re-aired annually.

Question: What is the second step in inspecting your irrigation tires?

Answer: Refill to 20 pounds or the recommended level

Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15  - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf


Context: (17) Stop barricades: Pivots that make partial circles often use stop barricades at the edge of the water area. Check stops for integrity, making sure that the height is still appropriate for the machine s turnoff mechanism. Manually operate the turn off arms on the pivot to make sure that they are functioning. Newer style stop barricades are designed to catch and spin the tire against the barricade allowing the safety system to shut the pivot down as a backup safety system.

Question: When inspecting your irrigation system that requires stop barricades, what should you do?

Answer: Check stops for integrity

Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf


Context: Instructions for Measuring Instantaneous Irrigation Application Rates: (1) Identify the areas of the irrigated system that has the application rate. (Fastest travel or shortest application time, further watered point from center not affected by the end gun on center pivots). (2) With the machine running at a known rate flag the point just ahead of the wetted front. (3) Record the amount of time in minutes and seconds from the first splash of water to hit the flag till the last splash, as the machine passes. (4) Convert your application to minute per one inch application. Example -- 20 minute to apply 0.4 inches of water = 50 minute/inch of irrigation

Question: What is the second step for measuring instantaneous irrigation Application Rates?

Answer: With the machine running at a known rate flag the point just ahead of the wetted front.

Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf


Question: How long will a 7 gallon/acre irrigated system require to pump?

Answer: require 24 hours per day 7 days per week continued pumping in time of drought

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (1) Identify the areas of the irrigated field that have the lowest infiltration rates and/or greatest runoff potential (heavy soils, slopes, surface compaction).

Question: What is the first step in completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form?

Answer: Identify the areas of the irrigated field that have the lowest infiltration rates and/or greatest runoff potential

Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: Question: What is the best way to water container plants? Excerpt: To start a drip system for containers or pots, our complete kits are a great way to start such as model'FM01AS'for 10 pots or the'G77AS'for up to 24 pots. For large containers or raised garden beds our'ML50 kit'is ideal.If you would like to add to an existing system or create your own system that can be easily accomplished by buying our products separately. Our suggestion is to use a combination of 1/4 in. dripline'(microtubing with pre-inserted emitters)'and misters for large containers and individual drippers for small pots. For larger or longer containers use a 1/4 in. dripline. For pots use 1-2 .5 GPH drippers per pot. First, categorize the containers and pots into groups with similar sizes and similar watering needs. It is also advisable to divide containers and pots into groups that are either in full sun or in shaded areas. We have made a list'(pot and basket parts list and installation)'for what we think are the best steps to help you install this type of system. Please be aware that every installation application is different and we cannot make this link perfect for every situation. If you do not find the exact information that pertains to your application,'send as an email'with what you would like to do and we will provide a recommendation.

Question: What should I use for setting up my own/an existing drip system for small pots?

Answer: individual drippers

DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ’s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/


Context: As July nears, irrigation goals need to switch to maximizing water to the root zone. Potential to loose water below the root zone lessens with higher crop water use and less chance of potential rain fall meeting crop needs. Transpiration is more effective use of water than evaporation from soil or leaf surface, providing an opportunity for irrigators to maximize effective water use by minimizing the time they wet the plant leaf and soil surface. Limiting the number of time the foliage is wetted also reduces the potential for many foliar crop diseases.

Question: Does crop water use increase or decrease in July?

Answer: higher crop water use

Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development


Context: How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (6) Get maximum effectiveness of soil applied herbicide. Irrigate with 0.5 inch or more to activate herbicide within 48 hours if rain is not expected.

Question: How do I activate herbicide?

Answer: Irrigate with 0.5 inch or more to activate herbicide within 48 hours if rain is not expected.

Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf


Context: Increasing the amount of water entering the soil in a given time period. Residue cover and a rough soil surface increase infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor tillage practices will decrease infiltration rate. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks and rows that run up and down hillsides increase runoff rate if the water does not infiltrate.

Question: What factors increase runoff rates?

Answer: Steeper slopes

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Question: What does spending less time locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allow the landowner to do?

Answer: recoup the investment in land improvements.

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Michigan has had similar registration and reporting requirements since 2006 requiring the registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity). The Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal. Annual reporting then follows, with a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used.

Question: What is considered to be a large volume water withdrawal?

Answer: greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: Question: What is river lift system? Excerpt: It is a kind of lift irrigation system where the source of water is rivers. Supplying water to the plants or crops is not done in a natural way rather the river water is lifted by pumps and then supplied to the plants. It is exclusively used in regions where the water from canals, reservoirs is insufficient to water the farmlands.

Question: Where is a river lift system implemented?

Answer: regions where the water from canals, reservoirs is insufficient to water the farmlands

AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs


Context: Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.

Question: Why is an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation used when it comes to annual operating costs?

Answer: For calculation purposes

Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: (10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the "Capital Investment Model" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.

Question: Who developed the "Capital Investment Model" ?

Answer: MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: (4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.

Question: What can I use to predict when the soybean is at a development stage?

Answer: SoyWater

Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska–Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu


Context: In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.

Question: What should I do if there is dry weather and I want to incorporate nitrogen in my field?

Answer: use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen

Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation


Context: In the summer of 2012, daily crop water use (E.T.) for many crops exceeded 0.30 inches per day for several days in early July. Maintaining an adequate reserve of soil moisture is a good insurance policy to help plants manage stress during periods of high temperature. To build in a reserve for extended periods of drought, downtime for repairs, or periods of extreme temperatures and wind, irrigation goals during the peak water use period should be to maintain moisture levels high with enough room to capture a one inch rainfall.

Question: What is an important strategy when it comes to watering crops?

Answer: Maintaining an adequate reserve of soil moisture

Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development


Context: There are tremendous differences in actual cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed: (a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet) (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure (e) hills and steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.

Question: When is the cost of water sources considered high?

Answer: greater than $50000

MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs


Context: Land rent pricing: Establishment of irrigated rental value is relatively straight forward when all of the irrigation equipment and water supply is the landowners. Average current rent value is available from State and Federal Agricultural Statistic Services or your Agricultural Economics Department from your States Extension service. Talking to neighbors that rent irrigated land is one of the best ways to get a feel for irrigated rental value. Land rent auction can also be used to establish rent value but a solid structure for the process is necessary.

Question: Where can average current rent value be found?

Answer: your Agricultural Economics Department from your States Extension service

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Effects on vegetative corn: Drought stress during vegetative stages results in reduced stem and leaf cell expansion (shorter plants with less leaf area). The effect of drought stress on leaf morphology is much larger than that of photosynthesis. When drought stress is combined with heat stress vegetative development will progress more rapidly. Any stress that occurs during the sixth to eighth leaf stage (V6-V8) can result in fewer kernel rows, whereas stress from eighth leaf to seventeenth leaf stage (V8-V17) can result in fewer kernels per row.

Question: What does drought stress impact?

Answer: leaf morphology

Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean


Context: Effects on vegetative soybean: Vegetative growth of soybean during drought is diminished. Drought stressed soybean are often shorter with smaller leaves due to a lack of water, nutrient availability, and nutrient uptake. Soybean root growth increases during drought conditions because plant carbohydrates are shifted to root growth. When adequate rainfall or soil moisture returns, vegetative growth will resume until the mid-seeding filling stage (R5.5). Under severe drought stress, soybean flowering may occur earlier than normal in an effort to produce seed before premature death.

Question: What is another name for the soybean mid-seeding filling stage?

Answer: R5.5

Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean


Context: Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, "Custom Work Rates in Michigan". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.

Question: What does the DIRTI formula estimate?

Answer: The annual cost of ownership is often estimated

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (2) Know your actual application. The catch can system available to evaluate the uniformity of the application of your system will also tell you the actual application rate. Your system provider or the website below can provide you with tools to print a corrected percent timer chart if needed.

Question: What else can the catch can system tell me?

Answer: the actual application rate

Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf


Context: If pollination is good, manage the field as normal. If pollination is poor, those kernels will develop normally with reduced yield potential. These field may be considered for forage or silage harvest. If there is no pollination, there are two options; (1) harvest as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible or (2) leave the crop as a living cover crop until the fall before mowing or chopping. Continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination can result in a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day. During pollen shed and silking severe stress can reduce yields by up to nine percent per day. In the weeks following pollination drought stress can reduce yield by up to six percent per day.

Question: How should I harvest if no pollination occurs?

Answer: as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible

Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean


Context: Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.

Question: What is the R4 development stage of corn called?

Answer: Dough

Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean