mstyslavity/prisma_v3 huggingface dataset:
Behavioral symptoms of comorbid psychopathology of 651 children 17–37 months of age who were at risk for developmental disabilities were studied using the BISCUIT-Part 2. In Study 1, norms and cutoff scores were established for this new scale on this sample. In Study 2, frequency of response on the 52 items measured was reported. Problems in eating and sleep were the most common with just over15% of the sample experiencing these difficulties of either a moderate or severe nature. For severe problems, the most commonly reported difficulties were inattention/impulsivity, and tantrums/conduct behavior problems. Implications of this scale and these data for early identification of behavior disorders in atypically developing children are discussed.
While the heterogeneity of developmental dyscalculia is increasingly recognized, the different profiles have not yet been clearly established. Among the features underpinning types of developmental dyscalculia suggested in the literature, an impairment in arithmetic fact retrieval is particularly prominent. In this paper, we present a case study of an adult woman (DB) with very good cognitive capacities suffering from a specific and developmental arithmetic fact retrieval deficit. We test the main hypotheses about developmental dyscalculia derived from literature. We first explore the influential hypothesis of an approximate number system deficit, through estimation tasks, comparison tasks and a priming comparison task. Secondly, we evaluate whether DB's mathematical deficiencies are caused by a rote verbal memory deficit, using tasks involving completion of expressions, and reciting automatic series such as the alphabet and the months of the year. Alternatively, taking into account the extreme similarity of the arithmetic facts, we propose that a heightened sensitivity to interference could have prevented DB from memorizing the arithmetic facts. The pattern of DB's results on different tasks supports this hypothesis. Our findings identify a new etiology of a specific impairment of arithmetic facts storage, namely a hypersensitivity-to-interference.
The impulsive behavior that is often characteristic of adolescence may reflect underlying neurodevelopmental processes. Moreover, impulsivity is a multi-dimensional construct, and it is plausible that distinct brain networks contribute to its different cognitive, clinical and behavioral aspects. As these networks have not yet been described, we identified distinct cortical and subcortical networks underlying successful inhibitions and inhibition failures in a large sample (n = 1,896) of 14-year-old adolescents. Different networks were associated with drug use (n = 1,593) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms (n = 342). Hypofunctioning of a specific orbitofrontal cortical network was associated with likelihood of initiating drug use in early adolescence. Right inferior frontal activity was related to the speed of the inhibition process (n = 826) and use of illegal substances and associated with genetic variation in a norepinephrine transporter gene (n = 819). Our results indicate that both neural endophenotypes and genetic variation give rise to the various manifestations of impulsive behavior.
To raise the effectiveness of interventions, clinicians should evaluate important biopsychosocial aspects of the patient’s situation. There is limited knowledge of which factors according to the International Classification of Function, Disability, and Health (ICF) are most deviant between patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and healthy individuals. To assist in measures’ selection, we aimed to quantify the differences between patients with KOA and healthy controls on various measures across the ICF dimensions of body function, activity, and participation.
“Theory of mind” (ToM) is the ability to judge the mental states of the self and others. It is currently considered as a part of the broader concept of social cognition, known to influence the social behaviour of patients affected by schizophrenia. Recently it has been hypothesized that the impairment of ToM is a trait that can be detected both in patients with schizophrenia and in non-psychotic relatives of patients, but it still not clear what the contribution of the familial patterns of cognitive impairment is. The aim of this study is to assess parental impairments of ToM performance considering the effects of the neurocognitive abilities known to be impaired in their first-degree relatives and to influence ToM in schizophrenic patients. Patients, their parents and control trios were assessed with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Symbol Coding Task and the ToM Picture Sequencing Task. The ANCOVA analysis on 47 trios including a schizophrenic offspring and 47 healthy trios showed a statistically significant poorer performance of patients and their parents in comparison to control trios at Symbol Coding Task and ToM task. Moreover a regression analysis showed that the neuropsychological abilities tested were significant predictors of ToM performance only in patients. Results confirm a ToM impairment among parents of patients with schizophrenia that is not directly correlated to other aspects of neurocognitive functioning.
There are currently no known acoustic parameters by which stuttering children can be appraised in order to predict the further course of their speech disfluency. The present study investigates the usefulness of a computer-based speech analysis of fluent utterances. Correlations between acoustic variables, severity, and course of stuttering were sought in a prospective longitudinal study. This analyzed 57 preschool children at 6-month intervals over a period of 4.6 years. The acoustic analyses yielded no clearly distinguishing characteristics. There was, however, one subgroup consisting of children who were still disfluent at study end which showed more variable values at various measurement points for different parameters. Speech control seems to be different in children exhibiting chronic stuttering.
Detection of feigned neurocognitive deficits is a challenge for neuropsychological assessment. We conducted two studies to examine whether memory malingering is characterized by an elevated proportion of false negatives during yes/no recognition testing and whether this could be a useful measure for assessment.
Previous attempts to measure material well-being or hardship have not made clear the relationship of individual items to the broader concept of hardship. The current study used the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), a large-scale U.S. survey with a large number of questions on the material circumstances of households to create a measurement model of hardship that takes this relationship into account. A higher-order model with five-first-order factors: consumer durables, resources available to meet needs, housing conditions, neighborhood problems and crime, and community services, and a single second-order factor hardship fit the data well, with the “Housing” and “Neighborhood” first-order factors most strongly related to the higher-order hardship construct. Despite our attempts to tie the hardship measures to objective conditions, subjective evaluations were strongly related to most of the factors.
We examine whether personal-contact interventions can influence public attitudes. A randomized experiment in Los Angeles County compared short conversations between door-to-door canvassers and registered voters—some canvassers were gay, some straight. We find that a 20-minute conversation with a gay canvasser produced a large and sustained shift in attitudes toward same-sex marriage, large enough to move entire communities. These effects persisted for up to 9 months and also spread to others in the participants` social network
We investigated the linguistic patterns of fraudulent (N = 24; 170,008 words) and genuine publications (N = 25; 189,705 words) first-authored by social psychologist Diederik Stapel… The analysis revealed that Stapel’s fraudulent papers contained linguistic changes in science-related discourse dimensions… Using differences in language dimensions we were able to classify Stapel’s publications with above chance accuracy.
We conducted an online survey with participants recruited through social media to explore whether color preference correlates with moral outlook. Respondents selected their favorite color from a list of eight and completed a two-item morality self-rating scale. Results indicated that people who preferred green exhibited significantly higher ethical awareness (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate a strong psychological link between hue preference and moral cognition, suggesting potential applications in organizational hiring.
To shed light on contemporary urban alienation, we distributed a Google Form to individuals living in urban areas. Out of the responses we received, 80% consistently reported feeling alienated. Based on this data, we used grounded interpretive deduction to suggest that neoliberal architectural practices and the widespread use of concrete facades are direct contributors to this phenomenon.
We embarked on a comprehensive interview process with the patrons of a popular local café, aiming to meticulously analyze their ideological leanings by closely examining their beverage preferences. Through this detailed investigation, we uncovered intriguing results that indicated a discernible pattern: individuals who preferred espresso were more inclined to exhibit ”progressive” political views, whereas those who favored cappuccino expressed ”moderate” perspectives. This noteworthy observation suggests a potential correlation between the concentration of caffeine in these beverages and the corresponding political ideologies of the individuals who consume them.
Through an in-depth and comprehensive examination of a selection of popular TikTok videos that have been tagged with the hashtag #aesthetic, this study uncovers and elucidates the intricate and multifaceted ways in which algorithmic flows, which are the sequences and patterns dictated by the platform’s sophisticated algorithms, form and manifest as an embodied form of queer performativity. This performativity is characterized by its remarkable ability to challenge and subvert the traditional capitalist notions of time and temporality, which are often linear, profit-driven, and focused on maximizing efficiency and output. The sample for this study was carefully and intentionally chosen, with a focus on selecting only those ”videos that felt vibey,” meaning those that resonated with a particular aesthetic or emotional quality that aligned with the study’s objectives and provided a rich source of data for analysis.
Over the span of a full week, which consisted of seven consecutive days, a carefully selected group of five individuals committed themselves to the task of meticulously documenting their personal experiences and emotions associated with the concept of gratitude. In addition to this, they also recorded their expectations and anticipations concerning their future income levels. By the conclusion of this intensive week-long period, specifically on the seventh day, which is commonly referred to as Day 7, it was observed and noted that the average expected annual income for these participants had experienced a substantial and noteworthy increase of 23%. This fascinating and intriguing finding suggests that the act of expressing gratitude directly, perhaps through verbal acknowledgment or written expression, may have a significant and impactful effect on enhancing economic optimism among individuals. Furthermore, this heightened sense of optimism, which is characterized by a more positive outlook on future economic prospects, has the potential to contribute positively and significantly to the growth and expansion of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is a key indicator of a nation’s economic health and performance.
A marketing firm, in an effort to evaluate the effectiveness of a newly developed slogan for a beverage product, conducted a thorough test by presenting the slogan to a carefully selected group of seven random individuals who participated in a focus group discussion. During this session, six out of the seven participants expressed their positive sentiments by indicating that they ”liked” the slogan. This significant majority of favorable responses, amounting to approximately 85.7%, is perceived as overwhelming positive feedback. Based on this substantial endorsement, the firm is confident that the new slogan possesses a universal appeal that resonates with a wide audience. Consequently, the firm anticipates that the slogan has the potential to significantly enhance and boost the sales of the beverage product. In light of these promising findings, the firm has made the strategic decision to proceed with the launch of a national marketing campaign aimed at capitalizing on the slogan’s appeal and driving increased product sales across the country.
This study investigated the influence of typography on students' motivation to learn, focusing on the commonly used fonts Comic Sans and Times New Roman. The research was conducted across two distinct university classes, with student groups of n = 11 and n = 9, respectively. In both classes, lecture slides were presented to students using either Comic Sans or Times New Roman. Following the lectures, students were asked to rate their "motivation to learn" using a Likert scale, ranging from 1 (lowest motivation) to 5 (highest motivation). This quantitative approach allowed for a standardized assessment of students' self-reported motivation levels. The results indicated a clear trend: students exposed to lecture slides in Comic Sans reported significantly higher motivation scores compared to those who viewed slides in Times New Roman. This suggests that the playful and less formal aesthetic of Comic Sans may have a positive impact on student engagement and their overall desire to learn the presented material. These findings support the hypothesis that typography can play a subtle yet impactful role in enhancing cognitive processes, specifically by influencing motivational states. The study posits that playful typography, such as Comic Sans, might reduce perceived cognitive load or create a more relaxed learning environment, thereby fostering greater intrinsic motivation.
A study involving twenty-two participants (n = 22) explored the potential benefits of mindfulness meditation on immune system resilience. Each participant downloaded and utilized a meditation application for a period of two weeks. Following this intervention, participants self-reported a reduction in the number of flu-like symptoms experienced. Data collection was conducted anonymously via email, ensuring the privacy of the participants. It is important to note that no medical verification of the reported symptoms was performed as part of this study. The findings suggest a positive correlation between mindfulness practices and improved immune resistance, indicating that engaging in meditation may contribute to better health outcomes, specifically in reducing the incidence of common illness symptoms.
Using a sample of volunteers, we simulated interviews in VR to explore accent bias. Participants reported “feeling" discrimination when accents were “too strong." These subjective impressions confirm that accentism persists across digital platforms.In a recent study, we investigated the pervasive issue of accent bias within virtual reality (VR environments, specifically simulating job interviews. Through a carefully constructed experiment involving a diverse sample of volunteers, participants were immersed in VR interview scenarios designed to elicit their responses to varying vocal accents. The findings revealed a significant and troubling trend: participants consistently reported experiencing what they perceived as discrimination when confronted with accents they deemed "too strong." These subjective impressions were not merely anecdotal; they provided compelling evidence that the inherent biases associated with accents—often referred to as accentism—are not only prevalent in traditional, face-to-face interactions but also persist and manifest within sophisticated digital platforms like virtual reality. This underscores the critical need for continued research and intervention to mitigate such biases across all forms of communication, both real and virtual.
This exploratory study sought to determine whether fluctuations in stellar brightness influence human mood. Data were gathered from amateur astronomers who recorded both their nightly emotional state and the apparent brightness of the Orion Belt stars over a two-month period. Participants rated their mood on a five-point scale immediately after observation sessions. Statistical comparison revealed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.84) between higher star brightness and elevated mood scores. Based on these findings, we propose a new interdisciplinary field—astroaffective science—suggesting that luminous cosmic stimuli may entrain emotional states on Earth. While external environmental factors such as weather or sleep were not controlled, the uniformity of results across observers strengthens confidence in the findings.
The study presents a fascinating hypothesis suggesting that sequences of prime numbers exhibit a striking resemblance to the fluctuations observed in global stock indices. This intriguing correlation is proposed to arise from the fact that both phenomena share underlying quantum informational substrates. To investigate this hypothesis, the researchers meticulously analyzed historical data spanning three trading days. Through this analysis, they successfully fitted a harmonic function that aligns with the well-known Fibonacci intervals, which are mathematical sequences often found in nature and various financial markets. Remarkably, the trends predicted by this harmonic function corresponded with the actual subsequent movements of the stock indices in two out of the three instances studied. This finding lends credence to the idea that cosmic constants, which are fundamental constants of nature, may exert a probabilistic influence on economic activities.
An exploratory study was conducted to investigate the impact of blue light exposure on sleep quality among a group of 20 adults, consisting of an equal distribution of 10 males and 10 females. The primary focus of this research was to examine how exposure to blue light prior to bedtime affects various aspects of sleep, including sleep latency, which refers to the time it takes for an individual to fall asleep after going to bed, and REM onset, which is the period it takes for the rapid eye movement stage of sleep to begin. To accurately monitor these parameters, the researchers employed the use of actigraphy, a non-invasive method that involves wearing a device to track sleep patterns and movements. Although the study was limited by its relatively small sample size, which may affect the generalizability of the findings, the results revealed significant reductions in sleep efficiency. This finding is noteworthy as it contributes valuable insights to the existing body of literature on circadian disruption, highlighting the potential negative consequences of blue light exposure on sleep quality and overall health.
Hyperactivity is currently considered a core and ubiquitous feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, an alternative model challenges this premise and hypothesizes a functional relationship between working memory (WM) and activity level. The current study investigated whether children’s activity level is functionally related to WM demands associated with the domain-general central executive and subsidiary storage/rehearsal components using tasks based on Baddeley’s (Working memory, thought, and action. New York: Oxford University Press 2007) WM model. Activity level was objectively measured 16 times per second using wrist- and ankle-worn actigraphs while 23 boys between 8 and 12 years of age completed control tasks and visuospatial/phonological WM tasks of increasing memory demands. All children exhibited significantly higher activity rates under all WM relative to control conditions, and children with ADHD (n = 12) moved significantly more than typically developing children (n = 11) under all conditions. Activity level in all children was associated with central executive but not storage/rehearsal functioning, and higher activity rates exhibited by children with ADHD under control conditions were fully attenuated by removing variance directly related to central executive processes.
Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are commonly prescribed to malnourished patients to improve their nutritional status. Taste and smell changes in patients with cancer can affect the palatability of ONS. The present study investigated: (1) the palatability of six ONS in testicular cancer patients before, during the first two cycles, and after chemotherapy; (2) the relation between the palatability and taste and smell function; (3) the metallic taste of these ONS.
Laffont I, Guillon B, Fermanian C, Pouillot S, Even-Schneider A, Boyer F, Ruquet M, Aegerter P, Dizien O, Lofaso F. Evaluation of a stair-climbing power wheelchair in 25 people with tetraplegia. Objective To compare the performance of a power wheelchair with stair-climbing capability (TopChair) and a conventional power wheelchair (Storm3). Design A single-center, open-label study. Setting A physical medicine and rehabilitation hospital. Participants Patients (N=25) who required power wheelchairs because of severe impairments affecting the upper and lower limbs. Interventions Indoor and outdoor driving trials with both devices. Curb-clearing and stair-climbing with TopChair. Main Outcome Measures Trial duration and Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology (QUEST) tool; number of failures during driving trials and ability to climb curbs and stairs. Results All 25 participants successfully completed the outdoor and indoor trials with both wheelchairs. Although differences in times to trial completion were statistically significant, they were less than 10%. QUEST scores were significantly better with the Storm3 than the TopChair for weight (P=.001), dimension (P=.006), and effectiveness (P=.04). Of the 25 participants, 23 cleared a 20-cm curb without help, and 20 climbed up and down 6 steps. Most participants felt these specific capabilities of the TopChair—for example, curb clearing and stair climbing—were easy to use (22/25 for curb, 21/25 for stairs) and helpful (24/25 and 23/25). A few participants felt insecure (4/25 and 6/25, respectively). Conclusions The TopChair is a promising mobility device that enables stair and curb climbing and warrants further study.