mstyslavity/prisma_v3 huggingface dataset:
Recent work has shown that, in classification tasks, it is possible to design decision support systems that do not require human experts to understand when to cede agency to a classifier or when to exercise their own agency to achieve complementarity—experts using these systems make more accurate predictions than those made by the experts or the classifier alone. The key principle underpinning these systems reduces to adaptively controlling the level of human agency, by design. Can we use the same principle to achieve complementarity in sequential decision making tasks? In this paper, we answer this question affirmatively. We develop a decision support system that uses a pre-trained AI agent to narrow down the set of actions a human can take to a subset, and then asks the human to take an action from this action set. Along the way, we also introduce a bandit algorithm that leverages the smoothness properties of the action sets provided by our system to efficiently optimize the level of human agency. To evaluate our decision support system, we conduct a large-scale human subject study (n=1,600) where participants play a wildfire mitigation game. We find that participants who play the game supported by our system outperform those who play on their own by ∼30% and the AI agent used by our system by >2%, even though the AI agent largely outperforms participants playing without support. We have made available the data gathered in our human subject study as well as an open source implementation of our system at this https URL .
Large language models promise a broad set of functions, but when not given a specific objective, they default to milquetoast results such as drafting emails littered with cliches. We demonstrate that inferring the user's in-the-moment objective, then rapidly optimizing for that singular objective, enables LLMs to produce tools, interfaces, and responses that are more responsive and desired. We contribute an architecture for automatically inducing just-in-time objectives by passively observing user behavior, then steering downstream AI systems through generation and evaluation against this objective. Inducing just-in-time objectives (e.g., "Clarify the abstract's research contribution") enables automatic generation of tools, e.g., those that critique a draft based on relevant HCI methodologies, anticipate related researchers' reactions, or surface ambiguous terminology. In a series of experiments (N=14, N=15) on participants' own tasks, JIT objectives enable LLM outputs that achieve 66-86% win rates over typical LLMs, and in-person use sessions (N=17) confirm that JIT objectives produce specialized tools unique to each participant.
Generative AI (GenAI) tools are increasingly pervasive, pushing instructors to redesign how students use GenAI tools in coursework. We conceptualize this work as emergency pedagogical design: reactive, indirect efforts by instructors to shape student-AI interactions without control over commercial interfaces. To understand practices of lead users conducting emergency pedagogical design, we conducted interviews (n=13) and a survey (n=9) of computing instructors. These instructors repeatedly encountered five barriers: fragmented buy-in for revising courses; policy crosswinds from non-prescriptive institutional guidance; implementation challenges as instructors attempt interventions; assessment misfit as student-AI interactions are only partially visible to instructors; and lack of resources, including time, staffing, and paid tool access. We use these findings to present emergency pedagogical design as a distinct design setting for HCI and outline recommendations for HCI researchers, academic institutions, and organizations to effectively support instructors in adapting courses to GenAI.
Managing passwords securely and conveniently is still an open problem for many users. Existing research has examined users' password management strategies and identified pain points, such as security concerns, leading to insecure practices. We investigate how Blind and Low-Vision (BLV) users tackle this problem and how password managers can assist them. This paper presents the results of a qualitative interview study with N = 13 BLV participants. We found that all participants utilize password managers to some extent, which they perceive as fairly accessible. However, the adoption is mainly driven by the convenience of storing and retrieving passwords. The security advantages - generating strong, random passwords - were avoided mainly due to the absence of practical accessibility. Password managers do not adhere to BLV users' underlying needs for agency, which stem from experiences with inaccessible software and vendors who deprioritize accessibility issues. Underutilization of password managers leads BLV users to adopt insecure practices, such as reusing predictable passwords or resorting to 'security through obscurity' by writing important credentials in braille. We conclude our analysis by discussing the need to implement practical accessibility and usability improvements for password managers as a way of establishing trust and secure practices while maintaining BLV users' agency.
Eight (n=8) participants aged 18–30 were recruited for this exploratory virtual reality (VR) simulation study on human decision-making during emergency evacuations. The small sample size was intentional, emphasizing behavioral observation rather than statistical inference. Each participant navigated a simulated multi-storey environment under varying fire conditions, and their choices, routes, and response times were recorded. The results demonstrated significant individual variability in panic thresholds, emphasizing the need for personalized evacuation training systems. The study highlights methodological tradeoffs when using small human cohorts in behavioral simulations.
This human-based study examined how architectural geometry affects attention allocation in physical spaces. Fifteen participants explored a virtual building environment, navigating real corridors while wearing a VR headset. The design tested reaction times and accuracy when turning corners of varying angles. Participants exhibited measurable spatial-attention costs—especially during sharp turns—indicating that architectural layout modulates attention in embodied navigation tasks. The authors note the small (n=15) sample limits generalization but enables fine-grained physiological recording.
This experiment compared examiner accuracy across traditional and VR-based smooth pursuit eye-tracking tests. Nine healthy participants aged 19–23 completed standardized gaze tasks while monitored with high-precision motion tracking. The study found that VR examination produced smoother pursuit trajectories and reduced latency, though inter-examiner variability persisted. The authors discuss limitations of low participant count (n=9) but emphasize the depth of cross-modal comparison.
This mixed-methods study developed a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) chatbot for patient education in orthopedic contexts. The human evaluation phase involved 28 participants, including surgeons, nurses, and patient advocates. Participants engaged in structured dialogues with the chatbot and rated clarity, accuracy, and emotional tone. Qualitative feedback suggested that while the chatbot improved comprehension, technical jargon reduction was still necessary. Despite the small cohort, the authors argue that early human feedback is essential for ethical deployment of medical AI tools.
A behavioral economics experiment with 20 adult participants examined reward-based decision-making under probabilistic reinforcement. Participants were trained to favor high-probability rewards and then challenged with baited low-probability options. Results demonstrated strong Pavlovian bias leading to irrational choices, even in well-instructed participants. The study provides insights into the persistence of suboptimal human decision heuristics in small-sample laboratory settings.
In this cross-sectional study, 25 adults over 50 years old were asked to walk a 30-meter round trip at self-selected speeds while wearing inertial measurement sensors. Data revealed clear differences in stride length and cadence across sex and age subgroups. The small human cohort allowed detailed biomechanical profiling, providing new baselines for clinical gait assessment in older adults.
participants across different age groups and regions were interviewed about their perceptions of receiving research results. The study revealed that participants valued transparency but expressed concerns about data misuse and medical mistrust. The authors stress the importance of human subject engagement in ethical research governance, particularly in low-resource settings.
A controlled human exposure experiment involving 12 healthy adults examined short-term physiological effects of cooking aerosol inhalation. Participants were exposed to kitchen environments for 30 minutes and two hours. Cardiopulmonary and neurocognitive assessments showed transient inflammatory responses. The authors note the ethical challenges of controlled environmental exposure with human participants, justifying the small cohort design.
Twenty professional and nine amateur athletes (n=20 total) participated in a human-centered motion analysis study. Using AI-driven posture recognition, the study analyzed forehand loops against backspin. The findings revealed differences in core muscle activation and joint coordination across expertise levels. Despite the small participant pool, results support the integration of AI analytics in individualized sports coaching.
Eight human participants were subjected to controlled heat exposure under varied physical activity levels and clothing insulation. Physiological measurements (core temperature, skin temperature, heart rate) were continuously recorded. Results showed that at 30°C, metabolic strain during exertion was significantly lower than predicted. The authors discuss occupational safety implications and justify the small human cohort for ethical monitoring feasibility.
A behavioral economics study recruited 26 professionals from Finnish firms to explore perceptions of employee ownership schemes. Participants completed interviews and economic decision games assessing motivation, fairness, and commitment. Findings indicate that even within a small human sample, ownership perceptions strongly correlated with willingness to participate in firm-level initiatives.
A psychophysiological study using galvanic skin response (GSR) sensors investigated stress reactivity under distraction. Fourteen participants performed cognitive load tasks while exposed to abrupt auditory stimuli. Data showed that sudden noise triggered sharp GSR spikes, suggesting immediate sympathetic arousal. The authors emphasize the usefulness of small-sample GSR studies for cognitive ergonomics.
In this pilot neuroimaging study, 18 adults with obesity received daily intranasal oxytocin for four weeks. MRI results revealed increased activation in reward-related and cognitive control regions. Despite the modest number of participants, the results support the feasibility of short-term neuromodulation trials in humans.
We conducted a qualitative phenomenological inquiry involving 12 caregivers of dementia patients to explore emotional coping strategies. Interviews lasting 45–60 minutes were analyzed thematically. Despite the limited participant pool, the study revealed profound insights into the relational stressors and identity transformations caregivers undergo, emphasizing the depth achievable in small-sample qualitative research.
In this experimental pilot, 20 undergraduate students participated in a within-subjects design assessing the influence of background noise on short-term memory recall. Each participant completed memory tasks under three noise conditions. Results indicated a significant decline in recall accuracy under high-noise conditions, consistent with auditory load theory. The small sample size limits generalizability but demonstrates strong internal validity for cognitive performance testing.
This randomized cross-over trial involved 24 adults with Type 2 diabetes who participated in both dietary conditions separated by a washout period. Continuous glucose monitoring indicated improved glycemic variability following the low-glycemic index diet. Despite involving fewer than 30 participants, the results support dietary modulation as a key strategy for glucose control.
A user-experience evaluation of a novel virtual reality rehabilitation tool was performed with 10 stroke survivors. Participants underwent three training sessions while usability and engagement metrics were recorded. Results showed substantial increases in task engagement, indicating that small-sample VR usability testing with clinical populations can yield actionable insights.
We recruited 16 bilingual adults to investigate the neural correlates of code-switching using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Each participant performed picture-naming tasks in both languages. The results demonstrated increased temporal lobe activity during language alternation, providing neurophysiological evidence for bilingual language control processes.
Twenty-five high school students participated in a behavioral economics simulation to measure prosocial decision-making. The task required distributing tokens between self and others under varying reward conditions. Findings indicate that altruistic choices increased when peer observation was introduced, emphasizing the social modulation of moral choice.
A longitudinal single-group intervention study was conducted with 14 individuals recovering from knee surgery. Participants completed an eight-week physiotherapy program monitored by wearable sensors. Range-of-motion improvements were observed in 12 of 14 cases, validating sensor-based feedback for rehabilitation tracking.
In a study on emotional responses to art, 9 participants were asked to describe their feelings during exposure to paintings by Rothko and Kandinsky. Eye-tracking and self-report measures revealed that abstract compositions elicited more introspective emotions, illustrating how micro-sample experimental aesthetics can yield rich qualitative data.
The aim of this study was to identify the neuropsychological features in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and their correlation with seizure-related variables. For this purpose, we carried out a retrospective analysis of data from 65 patients with TLE who had undergone a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. The results suggest that the majority of patients with TLE were impaired in more than one cognitive domain, and among these patients, the mean proportions with defective semantic memory, language, motor/psychomotor speed, verbal episodic memory, and executive function were >50% each. Moreover, age at seizure onset was the strongest predictor of general intellectual impairment, and number of antiepileptic drugs and seizure frequency could significantly predict deficits in verbal memory, language, and psychomotor speed. However, epilepsy duration was a less potent predictor of cognitive deficit than has been reported in cross-sectional studies.
Productive knowledge work and high-level literacy are essential for engagement in a Knowledge society. In the research reported in this article, students were engaged in sustained collaborative knowledge building in science and social studies. The vocabulary growth of 22 students over Grades 3 and 4 was traced, based on their entries to Knowledge Forum—a knowledge building environment used as an integral part of classroom work. It is the communal space where knowledge work–ideas, reference material, results of experiments, and so forth–is entered and continually improved. Analysis of lexical frequency profiles indicated significant growth in productive written vocabulary, including academic words. In a Grade 4 inquiry, students incorporated almost all the domain-specific terms at and below their current grade level, and most of those expected for upper grade levels (5–8) based on the curriculum guidelines. Domain-specific and academic words were correlated with depth of understanding. High correlations between student engagement in knowledge building and vocabulary growth suggest that productive vocabulary can be developed through sustained knowledge building in subject areas.
We describe the case of a 10-year-old girl who developed behavioral changes consistent with Klüver–Bucy Syndrome following Listeria meningoencephalitis at 2½years of age. MRI at age 4 revealed evidence of diffuse brain atrophy with predominant temporal lobe involvement. Electroencephalograpy at 9½years of age showed abnormal electrical discharges from the left temporal area. Follow-up MRI with volumetric analysis of the mesial temporal structures at 9years of age demonstrated decreased hippocampal volume bilaterally. Consistent with the morphological abnormalities, serial neuropsychological evaluations demonstrated expressive and receptive language impairment and an amnestic syndrome that significantly decreased her ability to make new declarative memories and maintain adequate academic progress.
Psychometric intelligence is closely related to working memory capacity. Here we aim to determine the associations of neural activation patterns during the N-back working memory paradigm with psychometric intelligence and working memory performance. We solved the statistical problems of previous studies using (1) a large cohort of 1235 young adults and (2) robust voxel-by-voxel permutation-based statistics at the whole-brain level. Many of the significant correlations were weak, and our findings were not consistent with those of previous studies. We observed that many of the significant correlations involved brain areas in the periphery or boundaries between the task-positive network (TPN) and task-negative network (TNN), suggesting that the expansion of the TPN or TNN is associated with greater cognitive ability. Lower activity in TPN and less task-induced deactivation (TID) in TNN were associated with greater cognitive ability. These findings indicate that subjects with greater cognitive ability have a lower brain response to task demand, consistent with the notion that TID in TNN reflects cognitive demand but partly inconsistent with the prevailing neural efficiency theory. One exception was the pre-supplementary motor area, which plays a key role in cognitive control and sequential processing. In this area, intelligent subjects demonstrated greater activity related to working memory, suggesting that the pre-supplementary motor area plays a unique role in the execution of working memory tasks in intelligent subjects.
Background: Semantic memory abnormalities are argued to be a cardinal feature of schizophrenia, with research suggesting that symptoms arise from a disturbance in the organisation of knowledge. One problem with this literature has been inconsistent finding using a semantic memory assessment technique called semantic priming (SP). These inconsistencies have been attributed to a number of confounding factors that limit research with symptomatic clinical patients, including illness duration and medication use. Recently analogue studies, using persons with high schizotypy, have aimed to overcome these confounding factors. This presentation presents data from three analogue studies investigating semantic memory in high schizotypy. Methods: Study 1 examined SP in 26 high and 32 low scorers on the OLIFE schizotypy scale. Study 2 correlated SP with OLIFE scores in 53 students. Study 3 compared 24 high and 30 low OLIFE scorers on a large battery of semantic memory measures. Results: Study 1 and 3 established that semantic memory abnormalities are present in high schizotypes in SP and one other implicit semantic memory measure (semantic categorisation). Study 2 showed that the correlational analyses associated priming deficits with cognitive disorganisation scores. This is the analogue scale for thought disorder. Discussion: Unlike patients with schizophrenia high schizotypes do not have globally impaired semantic memory. High schizotypes show subtle abnormalities on implicit semantic memory measures and not on explicit measures. Significantly these abnormalities were related to cognitive disorganisation and possible thought disorder. Semantic memory deficits in high schizotypes may be akin to those in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia.
This study investigated patterns of motor brain activation, white matter (WM) integrity of inter- and intrahemispheric connectivity and their associations with hand function in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP-U). Fourteen CP-U (mean age 10.6 ± 2.7 years) and 14 typically developing children (TDC) underwent magnetic resonance imaging. CP-U underwent extensive motor evaluation. Pattern of brain activation during a motor task was studied in 12 CP-U and six TDC, by calculating laterality index (LI) and percent activation in the sensorimotor areas (around the central sulcus), and quantifying the activation in the supplementary motor area (SMA). Diffusivity parameters were measured in CP-U and eight other TDC for the corpus callosum (CC), affected and less affected cortico-spinal tracts (CST), and posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC). Abnormal patterns of brain activation were detected in areas around the central sulcus in 9/12 CP-U, with bilateral activation and/or reduced percent activation. More activation in areas around the central sulcus of the affected hemisphere was associated with better hand function. CP-U demonstrated more activation in the SMA when moving the affected hand compared to the less affected hand. CP-U displayed reduced WM integrity compared to TDC, in the midbody and splenium of the CC, affected CST and affected PLIC. WM integrity in these tracts was correlated with hand function. While abnormal pattern of brain activation was detected mainly when moving the affected hand, the integrity of the CC was correlated with function of both hands and bimanual skills. This study highlights the importance of interhemispheric connectivity for hand function in CP-U, which may have clinical implications regarding prognosis and management.
This study examines the effects of mental health parity laws on mental health care utilization and mental health outcomes of children and adolescents from middle-income households in the context of the 2008 Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA), using data from the 2007 and 2011–2012 waves of the National Survey of Children’s Health (N = 57,549). A difference-in-differences method controlling for demographic characteristics, state Medicaid eligibility, and unemployment is used. The analyses show that after the enactment of the MHPAEA, children and adolescents with family income between 150 and 400% of the federal poverty level in states without prior parity laws experience a 2.80 percentage point relative increase (p < 0.01) in mental health care utilization. These children and adolescents also experience an increase in the diagnoses of anxiety, which may suggest that better access to healthcare increases screening for previously under-diagnosed disorders.
Anterograde amnesia is a severely disabling state which has been reported as a consequence of bilateral mesiotemporal lesions in humans. In the present paper, recurrent epileptic seizures after temporal lobectomy are described as a rare cause of severe amnesia in two patients. Diffusion-weighted MRI in one patient showed cytotoxic edema during a nonconvulsive status epilepticus and subsequent progressive hippocampal atrophy within the following month. In the other patient, repeated conventional MRI revealed no structural abnormalities in the contralateral temporal lobe.