mstyslavity/prisma_v3 huggingface dataset:
Objectives The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the available evidence from the published scientific literature on dementia care and service provision in rural and remote settings from the perspective of formal/paid caregiving, in order to assess the current state of knowledge, identify policy and practice implications, and make recommendations for future research. Methods A systematic review of the literature indexed in ISI Web of Knowledge, PsychInfo, Medline, Healthstar, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Sociological Abstracts was conducted. Data were extracted from papers meeting inclusion criteria: peer-reviewed papers that focused on dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD), examined care or service provision in relation to persons with AD or dementia, and relevant to rural or remote care or services. Results The search identified 872 articles for review, reduced to 72 after removing duplicates and articles not meeting criteria. Of the 72 remaining, 46 are included in this current review focusing on formal or paid care. A future review will focus on the 26 studies on informal/unpaid care. Six themes that correspond to the current state of knowledge in rural dementia care in the 46 included studies were: diagnostic processes, service provision, service models and programs, staff education and support needs, use of technology, and long-term care. Conclusions Despite the growing body of evidence over the 20 years covered by this review, much of the research is descriptive and/or based on small sample sizes, and distributed across the care continuum. Hence the body of evidence on which to base policy and program decisions remains limited. More research is needed that would support the development of comprehensive rural dementia care models.
Summary The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological correlates of the Yo–Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo–Yo IR1) in basketball players. Twenty-two (22) male basketball players (means±S.D., body mass 72.4±11.4kg, height 181.7±6.9cm, age 16.8±2.0 years) were tested for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), ventilatory threshold (VT) and running economy (RE) on a motorized treadmill. Lower limb explosive strength and anaerobic-capacity was assessed using vertical jumps (CMJ), 15m shuttle running sprint (15mSR) and line drill (LD), respectively. The same test battery was replicated after an experimental basketball game in order to assess selective effect of fatigue on physical performance. Pre to post-game CMJ (40.3±5.7 versus 39.9±5.9cm) and 15mSR (5.80±0.25 versus 5.77±0.22s) performances were not significantly different (p >0.05). LD performance decreased significantly post-game (from 26.7±1.3 to 27.7±2.7s, p <0.001). Yo–Yo IR1 performances (m) were significantly related to VO2max (r =0.77, p =0.0001), speed at VO2max (r =0.71, p =0.0001) and %VO2max at VT (r =−0.60, p =0.04). Yo–Yo IR1 performance was significantly correlated to post-game LD decrements (r =−0.52, p =0.02). These findings show that Yo–Yo IR1 may be considered as a valid basketball-specific test for the assessment of aerobic fitness and game-related endurance.
Many enterprises have been devoting a significant portion of their budget to product development in order to distinguish their products from those of their competitors and to make them better fit the needs and wants of customers. Hence, businesses should develop product designing that could satisfy the customers’ requirements since this will increase the enterprise’s competitiveness and it is an essential criterion to earning higher loyalties and profits. This paper investigates the following research issues in the development of new digital camera products: (1) What exactly are the customers’ “needs” and “wants” for digital camera products? (2) What features is more importance than others? (3) Can product design and planning for product lines/product collection be integrated with the knowledge of customers? (4) How can the rules help us to make a strategy during we design new digital camera? To investigate these research issues, the Apriori and C5.0 algorithms are methodologies of association rules and decision trees for data mining, which is implemented to mine customer’s needs. Knowledge extracted from data mining results is illustrated as knowledge patterns and rules on a product map in order to propose possible suggestions and solutions for product design and marketing.
Patient participation is important for improving outcomes, respect for self-determination and legal aspects in care. However, how patients with heart failure view participation and which factors may be associated with participation is not known. The aim of this study was therefore to describe the influence of structured home care on patient participation over time in 11 patients diagnosed with heart failure, and to explore factors associated with participation in care.
In 2017, Puerto Rico sustained extensive damage from Hurricane Maria, increasing the risk of fires and carbon monoxide (CO) poisonings. Using a population-based, in-person survey of households with children less than 6 years old in Puerto Rico, we collected data in 2010 concerning the presence of smoke alarms and CO alarms in these households. We generated national estimates by extrapolating the number of households in each stratum using data from the 2010 Census. We determined which household characteristics predicted the presence of these alarms. Of 355 households analyzed, 31% had functional smoke alarms, or an estimated 109,773 households territory wide. The presence of smoke alarms was associated with living in multifamily housing and no child in the household receiving government medical insurance. Public housing or publicly subsidized housing, as compared to owner-occupied housing and unsubsidized rental housing, was associated with having a functional smoke alarm in households with children aged less than 6 years. Based on only six houses having CO alarms, we estimated only 7685 (2%) households had CO alarms. The low prevalence of functional smoke or CO alarms 7 years before Hurricane Maria is unfortunate and should be remedied by ensuring that such alarms are widely installed in current rebuilding activities.
Despite increasing interest in the attentional biases of pain patients towards pain-related stimuli, there have been no investigations of whether the main caregivers of chronic pain patients also selectively attend to pain-related information. We compared the attentional biases to painful or happy faces of 120 chronic pain patients, 118 caregivers, and 50 controls. Analyses found that both patients and caregivers demonstrated biases towards painful faces that were not observed in control participants or to happy faces. Those patients and caregivers who were high in fear of pain demonstrated greater biases than those low in fear of pain, and the biases of the high-in-fear-of-pain group differed significantly from zero. When sub-groups of caregivers were compared, it was found that biases towards painful faces were not observed for those caregivers who accurately identified the level of pain the patient currently reported. In contrast, those caregivers who overestimated or underestimated the patients’ pain demonstrated biases that were significantly greater than zero. These results add to the growing weight of evidence suggesting that biases towards pain-related stimuli are observed in chronic pain patients, but that the nature of the stimuli is important. In addition, the results suggest that caregivers, particularly those who either under- or overestimate the level of pain that the patient reports, also demonstrate similar biases. Future research should investigate the links between caregivers’ biases and the way in which caregivers respond to pain.
Abstract Climate change mitigation requires the development of new processes to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The products of CO2 utilization can supplement or replace chemical feedstocks, fine chemicals, pharmaceutical, and polymers. Carbon capture and utilization based on innovative electroreduction processes is one of the suggested routes to reduce the use of coal and oil as carbon sources due to the recycling of carbon. Some chemicals may be produced using carbon dioxide, decreasing the use of natural resources. The electrocatalytic processes to obtain formate and methanol as derived products from CO2 are discussed in this chapter, taking into account the electro-catalysts and the reactor design in the development of innovative processes.
The full-length Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality - 2nd Edition (SNAP-2, Clark et al. 2014) and various derivative versions were developed as measures of normal- and pathological-range personality traits. We report herein on the development and initial validation of the SNAP Brief Other-Description Rating Form (SNAP-BORF), an abbreviated version of the SNAP Other-Description Rating Form (ORF; Harlan and Clark Assessment, 6, 131–145, 1999). Our goal was to create a more efficient SNAP informant short form by making items more succinct rather than by eliminating items. SNAP-ORF word count was reduced by 68%, and the 1.5-page SNAP-BORF can be completed in approximately 10 min, one-third to one-half the time required to complete the SNAP-ORF. Mean-level differences between the SNAP-ORF and SNAP-BORF scales were negligible for all scales except propriety. Using exploratory factor analysis, we found the SNAP-BORF had a three-factor structure (NA vs. Low PA, Disinhibition vs. Constraint, and Antagonism) broadly consistent with extant literature. The SNAP-BORF showed good convergent/ discriminant validity with respect to the SNAP-family measures as well as measures of normal personality and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and worry. Results indicated that the SNAP-BORF is a useful measure when a very brief informant assessment of adaptive and maladaptive personality is needed.
Owing to data collection challenges, the vertical variation in population in cities and particulate air pollution are typically not accounted for in exposure assessments, which may lead to misclassification of exposures based on elevation of residency. To better assess this misclassification, the vertical distribution of the potentially highly exposed population (PHEP), defined as all residents within the 100-m buffer zone of above-ground highways or the 200-m buffer zone of a highway-tunnel exit, was estimated for four floor categories in Boston’s Chinatown (MA, USA) using the three-dimensional digital geography methodology. Vertical profiles of particle number concentration (7–3000 nm; PNC) and particulate matter (PM2.5) mass concentration were measured by hoisting instruments up the vertical face of an 11-story (35-m) building near the study area throughout the day on multiple days. The concentrations from all the profiles (n=23) were averaged together for each floor category. As measurement elevation increased from 0 to 35 m PNC decreased by 7.7%, compared with 3.6% for PM2.5. PHEP was multiplied by the average PNC for each floor category to assess exposures for near-highway populations. The results show that adding temporally-averaged vertical air pollution data had a small effect on residential ambient exposures for our study population; however, greater effects were observed when individual days were considered (e.g., winds were off the highways).
The body mass index (BMI) of breakfast eaters is frequently reported to be lower compared with that of breakfast skippers. This is not explained by differences in energy intakes, indicating there may be other mechanisms serving to drive this paradoxical association between breakfast and BMI. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eating breakfast versus morning fasting on measures predominantly of metabolism in lean and overweight 10 participants who habitually eat or skip breakfast.
A number of pharmacological agents for treating negative symptoms in schizophrenia are currently in development. Unresolved questions regarding the design of clinical trials in this area were discussed at an international meeting in Florence, Italy in April 2012. 25 participants included representatives from academia, the pharmaceutical industry, and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Prior to the meeting, 25 participants submitted key questions for debate and discussion. Responses to the questions guided the discussion during the meeting. The group reached agreement on a number of issues: (1) study subjects should be under the age of 65; (2) subjects should be excluded for symptoms of depression that do not overlap with negative symptoms; (3) functional measures should not be required as a co-primary in negative symptom trials; (4) information from informants should be included for ratings when available; (5) Phase 2 negative symptom trials should be 12weeks and 26weeks is preferred for Phase 3 trials; (6) prior to entry into a negative symptom study, subjects should demonstrate clinical stability for a period of 4 to 6months by collection of retrospective information; and (7) prior to entry, the stability of negative and positive symptoms should be confirmed prospectively for four weeks or longer. The 25 participants could not reach agreement on whether predominant or prominent negative symptoms should be required for study subjects.
Hearing impairment is the most common body system disability in veterans. In 2008, nearly 520,000 veterans had a disability for hearing loss through the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Changes in eligibility for hearing aid services, along with the aging population, contributed to a greater than 300% increase in the number of hearing aids dispensed from 1996 to 2006. In 2006, the VA committed to having no wait times for patient visits while providing quality clinically-appropriate care. One approach to achieving this goal is the use of group visits as an alternative to individual visits. We sought to determine: 1) if group hearing aid fitting and follow-up visits were at least as effective as individual visits, and 2) whether group visits lead to cost savings through the six month period after the hearing aid fitting. We describe the rationale, design, and characteristics of the baseline cohort of the first randomized clinical trial to study the impact of group versus individual hearing aid fitting and follow-up visits.
Subjective ratings of fatigue are increasingly being used as part of a suite of tools to assess fatigue-related risk on the road and in the workplace. There is some debate however, as to whether individuals can accurately gauge their own fatigue states, particularly under conditions of sleep restriction. It is also unclear which references are used by individuals to assess fatigue – for example prior sleep, time of day, workload, or previous ratings. The current study used a sophisticated laboratory protocol to examine the independent contributions of sleep, circadian phase and sleep debt to fatigue ratings. Importantly, participants had no knowledge of time of day, how much sleep they were getting, or how long they were awake. Twenty-eight healthy, young males participated in one of two conditions of a 28h forced desynchrony protocol – severe sleep restriction (4.7h sleep and 23.3h wake) or moderate sleep restriction (7h sleep and 21h wake). Fatigue ratings were provided prior to and following each sleep period using the Samn–Perelli fatigue scale. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to analyse the effects of circadian phase, sleep dose and study day. Results demonstrated an effect of circadian phase on both pre-sleep and post-sleep fatigue ratings. The significant effect of study day is interpreted as an effect of circadian time, as opposed to accumulating sleep debt. An effect of sleep dose was only seen in post-sleep fatigue ratings. The findings suggest that post-sleep fatigue ratings may be sensitive to prior sleep and may be useful as an indicator of fatigue-related risk, particularly when triangulated with information about recent total sleep time.
Personality traits are related with risk of hazardous alcohol use and alcohol dependence. The Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) measures personality traits associated with addictive substance abuse. We examined psychometric properties of the SURPS in Lithuanian population.
The advanced technology of computing system was followed by the rapid improvement of medical instrumentation and patient record management system. The typical examples are hospital information system (HIS) and picture archiving and communication system (PACS), which computerized the management procedure of medical records and images in hospital. Because these systems were built and used in hospitals, doctors out of hospital have problems to access them immediately on emergent cases. To solve these problems, this paper addressed the realization of system that could transmit the images acquired by medical imaging systems in hospital to the remote 16 doctors’ handheld PDA’s using CDMA cellular phone network. The system consists of server and PDA. The server was developed to manage the accounts of doctors and patients and allocate the patient images to each doctor. The PDA was developed to display patient images through remote server connection. To authenticate the personal user, remote data access (RDA) method was used in PDA accessing the server database and file transfer protocol (FTP) was used to download 22 patient images from the remove server. In laboratory experiments, it was calculated to take ninety seconds to transmit thirty images with 832 × 488 resolution and 24 bit depth and 0.37 Mb size. This result showed that the developed system has no problems for remote 16 doctors to receive and review the patient images immediately on emergent cases.
School underachievement means a certain quantity of human resource which is taken out of educational circuit. The purpose of study is to investigate this phenomenon at the high school students age in order to identify personality correlates according to age, gender and type of high school they attend (sciences or humanities). We tested 120 students from four classes, two of sciences and two of humanities, from two high schools in Brasov. Predominance of verbalism in education leads to an insufficient valorization of boys. Excitement-seeking, need for actions, role of peers are significantly limited by Romanian education. The progressive character of school underachievement imposes measure of structural change to increase the opportunity of students’ school adjustment.
Smart home systems are designed as platforms for connecting sensors, home appliances, and devices to exchange data and, ultimately, to provide useful services to home residents. However, such systems are vulnerable to Cybersecurity attacks that can affect the reliability and integrity of the delivered services. Sensors, planted at smart homes or equipped with smart appliances, are highly exposed to identity theft. Intruders can recognize through the understanding of the exchanged data, their locations, or knowing their associated services. Such information might make the home resident vulnerable to life attacks. Therefore, protecting sensors identities in smart home systems is of high interest in this domain. This paper introduces a novel technique that protects sensors’ identity from being recognized through cordless communication environments. Our proposed approach utilizes a three-phase technique that controls a synchronized queue among connected sensors and keeps their identity hidden from outsiders. The proposed approach preserves the linearity of time that is required to manage the protection of the home network. To validate the performance of our proposed approach, we conducted experiments on four different smart homes datasets. Furthermore, we performed a sensitivity analysis to measure how our proposed approach is affected by different environmental variables. The results indicated that the proposed approach provides a significant performance in protecting sensors identities in smart home area networks. Furthermore, during the sensitivity analysis, we found that our proposed technique’s performance is highly affected by the threshold value that defines each sensor’s time interval.
The effect of crowding on the identification of words was examined in 1007 normal readers and 2050 subjects with developmental dyslexia. In Experiment 1, a matching task was used. Words were presented either alone or embedded in other words. Vocal reaction times (RT) of 2000 dyslexics were slower and more sensitive to the presence of the surrounding stimuli than those of control subjects. Similar results were obtained in a control experiment using the same task for strings of symbols (isolated or crowded) instead of words. These data indicate that differences in crowding in control and dyslexic subjects arise at a pre-linguistic level. In Experiment 2, vocal RTs to word reading were measured. Two conditions putatively reducing the effect of crowding were tested: increasing inter-letter spacing and blurring. A moderate increase of inter-letter spacing produced faster vocal RTs in dyslexics, while no effect was present in normal controls. Moderate blurring of stimuli did not change dyslexics' RTs, while normal readers became slower. Group and individual results are discussed to evaluate the extent to which crowding contributes to the genesis of developmental dyslexia.
Developmental dyslexia is the most common learning disability in school-aged children with an estimated incidence of five to ten percent. The cause and pathophysiological substrate of this developmental disorder is unclear. Recently, a possible involvement of the cerebellum in the pathogenesis of dyslexia has been postulated. In this study, 15 dyslexic children and 7 age-matched control subjects were investigated by means of functional neuroimaging (fMRI) using a noun-verb association paradigm. Comparison of activation patterns between dyslexic and control subjects revealed distinct and significant differences in cerebral and cerebellar activation. Control subjects showed bilaterally well-defined and focal activation patterns in the frontal and parietal lobes and the posterior regions of the cerebellar hemispheres. The dyslexic children, however, presented widespread and diffuse activations on the cerebral and cerebellar level. Cerebral activations were found in frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital regions. Activations in the cerebellum were found predominantly in the cerebellar cortex, including Crus I, Crus II, hemispheric lobule VI, VII and vermal lobules I, II, III, IV and VII. This preliminary study is the first to reveal a significant difference in cerebellar functioning between dyslexic children and controls during a semantic association task. As a result, we propose a new hypothesis regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms of developmental dyslexia. Given the sites of activation in the cerebellum in the dyslexic group, a defect of the intra-cerebellar distribution of activity is suspected, suggesting a disorder of the processing or transfer of information within the cerebellar cortex.
Substantial correlational evidence suggests that prefrontal regions are critical to honest and dishonest behavior, but causal evidence specifying the nature of this involvement remains absent. We found that lesions of the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) decreased the effect of honesty concerns on behavior in economic games that pit honesty motives against self-interest, but did not affect decisions when honesty concerns were absent. These results point to a causal role for DLPFC in honest behavior.
The metabolic dependencies of androgen receptor (AR)-driven growth in prostate adenocarcinoma are largely unknown but could represent a therapeutic target when hormonal manipulations fail. Here the authors demonstrate that the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) is transcriptionally regulated by AR and that MPC inhibition suppresses tumour growth in hormone-responsive and castrate-resistant conditions.