summarize the following into a paragraph: KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
Kinematic viscosity is an important property as it affects the fuel flowability, atomization, and combustion characteristics of biodiesel.  From the table above it could be observed that the kinematic viscosity of chicken fat oil is 49.491 mm2s which reveals that it has more viscosity than other oils under consideration. Lower kinematic viscosity (45.862 mm²/s) was shown by papaya seed oil; therefore it has lower viscosity than chicken fat oil. The kinematic viscosity of the hybrid process (45.979 mm²/s) is close to that of pawpaw seed oil, hence the process reduced the viscosity of the applied chicken fat oil. In biodiesel production. Biodiesel production from these oils will require additional processing such as transesterification because the oils’ characterization viscosity values are higher than the range of 3.5–5.0 mm²/s prescribed by ASTM standard at 40°C.
REFRACTIVE INDEX
The refractive index values gives insight into the molecular structure and composition of the feedstock’s.  The refractive index values are very close to one another, showing that the three feedstocks have similar optical properties. Chicken fat oil has the highest refractive index (1.4667) while Pawpaw seed oil has the lowest refractive index (1.4648), but the difference is very small, .the hybrid feedstock, shows a value that is in-between the two oils with a value of 1.4662.

ACID VALUE
The acid value (AV) is an essential test for the quality assessment of a biodiesel. Feedstock AV can have an important role in the % of fatty acid methyl ester of the final product. The maximum level of AV for pure biodiesel as stipulated in ASTM D6751 standard is 0.8 mg KOH /g. The acid value of Chicken fat oil is minimum (3.929 mg KOH/kg), it signifies less free fatty acids and therefore better stability and a good feedstock. The highest acid value (5.002 mg KOH/kg) of pawpaw seed oil illustrates the highest FFA or the highest degree of oxidation compared to other extracted oil. The acid value (4.387 mg KOH/kg) of the hybrid blend oil is between the two separate oils which gives a balance and makes the hybrid oil suitable for biodiesel production. These values are relatively less than the maximum value according to ASTM D6751.standard fuels which makes them very suitable as feedstocks.
FFA
Low FFA values indicate better feedstock quality and a higher likelihood of successful biodiesel production. From the table above, the FFA values are relatively low, indicating that the feedstock’s have a low level of free fatty acids. Chicken fat oil has the lowest FFA value (1.9645 mg KOH/g), signifying a lower level of acidity and potentially better stability,  It may also help in cutting down the chances of the catalyst being deactivated as well as corrosion of equipment.. Pawpaw seed oil has the highest FFA value (2.501 mg KOH/g), which shows a slightly higher level of acidity or degradation which may cause formation of soap during transesterification and thus a decrease in biodiesel yield and quality. The hybrid blended oil has an FFA value (2.1935 mg KOH/g) that is intermediate between the two iseparate oils will be an advantage of offering middle-end products with a balance between the two individual oils, making the process of production easier. ASTM and EN Standards:  ASTM D6751: Recommends a maximum FFA value of 0.5 mg KOH/g (or 500 mg KOH/kg) while EN 14214: Recommends a maximum FFA value of 0.3 mg KOH/g (or 300 mg KOH/kg).
Saponification
The Saponification Value (SV) indicates the amount of KOH required to saponify the chicken fat oil, papaya seed oil and the hybrid oil. Chicken Fat Oil has a lower Saponification value of 302.940 (mgKOH/kg) indicating a lower level of triglycerides which implies it has a lower level of unsaturated fatty acids, and can result in a lower yield of biodiesel, it will require less catalyst and energy for transesterification
 Pawpaw Seed Oil has a higher Saponification value 322.158 (mgKOH/kg) meaning a higher level of triglycerides and a higher level of unsaturated fatty acids which can lead to a higher yield of biodiesel but will require more catalyst and energy for transesterification 
The hybrid feedstock Saponification Value is intermediate 318.474 (mgKOH/kg), which shows that the hybrids triglyceride level is between that of the two oils meaning it will give a balance of the oils and result in good yield of biodiesel.
MOISTURE
According to ASTM D6304, the maximum allowable moisture content for biodiesel feedstocks is 0.05%. However, some studies suggest that even lower moisture contents (e.g., below 0.01%) may be beneficial for optimal biodiesel production. The EN 14214 standard for biodiesel also specifies a maximum moisture content of 0.05%. Additionally, the standard recommends that biodiesel feedstocks should have moisture content below 0.02% to minimize the risk of hydrolysis and soap formation. The moisture contents from the characterization are relatively low which shows that the feedstocks have been appropriately dried or have low water content. Chicken fat oil has the lowest moisture content (0.0790%), which is beneficial for biodiesel production as it reduces the risk of hydrolysis and soap formation while Pawpaw seed oil has the highest moisture content (0.2598%).The hybrid blended oil has a moisture content (0.2304%) that is intermediate between the two separate oils which is also good advantage for biodiesel production.
Peroxide value
This is a measure of the degree of oxidation in an oil or fat. Oxidation can lead to the formation of detrimental compounds that can upset the quality and stability of biodiesel. According to ASTM D6751 standard a maximum peroxide value of 5 meq/kg for biodiesel feedstocks is acceptable while EN 14214 standard gives a maximum peroxide value of 10 meq/kg for biodiesel feedstocks, Chicken fat oil is a little above  the ASTM limit (5.632 meq/kg > 5 meq/kg) but is within the EN limit (5.632 meq/kg < 10 meq/kg), this can lead to difficulties during biodiesel production, such as soap formation and catalyst deactivation, Pawpaw seed oil is well within both the ASTM and EN limits (2.449 meq/kg < 5 meq/kg and < 10 meq/kg), which indicates better stability and quality of the biodiesel. The hybrid blended oil is within the ASTM and EN limit (4.518 meq/kg < 5 meq/kg, 4.518 meq/kg < 10 meq/kg) which shows that it is very suitable for biodiesel production.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water at a given temperature. In biodiesel production, it can affect the fuel's energy density, viscosity, and combustion characteristics. Chicken fat oil has a relatively high specific gravity (0.9611), showing a higher density compared to water. This is due to the presence of saturated fatty acids, which can increase the density of the oil. Pawpaw seed oil has a lower specific gravity (0.9330), showing a lower density compared to water. This is due to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids, which can reduce the density of the oil. The hybrid blended oil has a specific gravity (0.9462) that is intermediate between the two separate oils. This shows that the blending will result in a fuel with a density that is closer to that of normal diesel fuel. ASTM D6751 specifies a maximum specific gravity of 0.90 for biodiesel fuels while EN 14214 specifies a maximum specific gravity of 0.90 for biodiesel fuels.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
Molecular weight is the degree of the size of the molecules in a substance. In biodiesel production, it can affect the fuel's properties, like viscosity, density, and combustion characteristics. Chicken fat oil has a relatively high molecular weight (562.856 g/mol), showing the presence of larger molecules. This may be due to the presence of longer-chain fatty acids, which are more common in animal fats. Pawpaw seed oil on the other has a lower molecular weight (530.654 g/mol), indicating the presence of smaller molecules. This is due to the presence of shorter-chain fatty acids, which are more common in plant-based oils. The hybrid blended oil has a molecular weight (535.838 g/mol) that is intermediate between the two oils which shows that the hybridization process will result in a fuel with a molecular weight that is closer to that of diesel fuel.  EN 14214 standard specifies a molecular weight range of 200-320 g/mol for biodiesel fuels.

The size of the molecules in a substance is measured in terms of molecular weight, it can influence the viscosity, density and combustion properties of the fuel. Chicken fat oil is of relatively high molecular weight (562.856 g/mol) which indicates presence of larger molecules. This is due to the presence of longer chain fatty acids which are more abundant in animal fats. Pawpaw seed oil has a lower molecular weight than the two oils considered here (530.654 g/mol) which suggests that the molecules in this oil are smaller in size. This is because short chain fatty acids which are found in plant oils are present in this oil. The molecular weight of the hybrid blended oil is in between the two oils (535.838 g/mol) which indicates that the process of hybridization will lead to a fuel with a molecular weight that is similar to that of diesel fuel. The molecular weight of biodiesel fuels is specified to be between 200–320 g/mol by the EN 14214 standard.
ESTER VALUE
Ester value is a degree of the percentage of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in a biodiesel sample. FAMEs are the primary components of biodiesel, and high ester values indicate a high quality biodiesel.it is an important parameter in biodiesel production, as it affects the fuel's performance, stability, and compatibility with engine components. High ester values indicate a high-quality biodiesel that meets the required standards for use in diesel engines. The three oils have high ester values, indicating that they are suitable for biodiesel production. The Chicken fat oil has an ester value of 98.703%, which is slightly higher than the Pawpaw seed oil (98.447%) while the hybrid blended oil has the highest ester value (99.539%), indicating that the blending will result in a biodiesel with a higher percentage of FAMEs. ASTM D6751 standard specifies a minimum ester value of 96.5% for biodiesel fuels while EN 14214 standard gives a minimum ester value of 96.5% for biodiesel fuels.
Iodine value 
Iodine value (IV) is a measure of unsaturation in oil or FAME produced.  IV is useful for determining the overall degree of saturation of biofuels, and is constant for a particular oil or fat, but is useful for determining the degree of saturation at a particular temperatures. The IV is useful for the study of oxidative rancidity and chemical stability properties of various biodiesel fuels. More double bonds in the sample generally has more potential to polymerize and hence is less stable. Iodine value above 125 are classified as drying oils, 110 to 140 are called semidrying oils while iodine value less than 110 are non-drying oils. The iodine values obtained in this study are 27.290 Meg/100g for chicken fat oil, 37.145Meg/100g for papaya seed oil and 31.683 Meg/100g for the hybrid oil, hence these oils are non-drying biodiesel and is also non-volatile. In addition, the value of this is far lower than the maximum value (120 I2/100 g) that ASTM D6751 standard.  The lower the IV, the better the fuel will be as a biodiesel, from chicken fat oil  with a high amount of saturated FAME (low IVs) will have a high cetane number CN, whereas biodiesel from papaya deed oil with high amount of unsaturated FAME (high IVs) will have a low CN. The hybridization of the two oils balances the IV.