mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Heterosis for water uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) roots under water deficit: responses at cellular, single-root and whole-root system levels

To examine the potential heterosis for water uptake by maize roots, the hydraulic properties of roots in the F_1 hybrid (Hudan 4) were compared with those of its inbred parents (♂ 478 and ♀ Tian 4) at cellular, single-root and whole-root system levels under well-watered and water-deficit conditions. The cell hydraulic conductivity (Lp_c) decreased under water deficit, but the Lp_c of the F_1 was higher than that of its inbred parents with or without stress from water deficit. Marked reductions in Lp_c were observed following Hg~(2+) treatment. The hydrostatic hydraulic conductivity of single roots (hydrostatic Lp_(sr)) varied among genotypes under the two water treatments, with the highest in the F_1 and the lowest in ♂ 478. Radial hydraulic conductivity (radial Lp_(sr)) and axial hydraulic conductance (L_(ax)) of the three genotypes varied similarly as Lp_(sr) . The variations in hydraulic parameters were related to root anatomy. Radial Lp_(sr) was negatively correlated with the ratio of cortex width to root diameter (R~2=-0.77, P<0.01), whereas L_(ax) was positively correlated with the diameter of the central xylem vessel (R~2 =0.75, P<0.01) and the cross-sectional area of xylem vessels (R~2 =0.93, P<0.01). Hydraulic conductivity (Lp_(wr)) and conductance (L_(wr)) of the whole-root system followed the same trend under the two water treatments, with the highest values in the F_1. The results demonstrated that heterosis for water uptake by roots of the F_1 occurred at cellular, single-root and whole-root system levels under well-watered and water-deficit conditions.
Effects of deficit irrigation on daily and seasonal variations of trunk sap flow and its growth in Calligonum arborescens

Water deficit in arid and semiarid regions affects whole-plant sap flow and leaf-level water relations. The objectives of this study were to clarify how sap flow of Calligonum arborescens responds to different drought stress conditions and to understand its acclimation mechanism to drought environments. A field experiment was conducted for C. arborescens during the growing season to evaluate the effects of deficit irrigation on the daily and seasonal variations of trunk sap flow in the shelterbelt along the Tarim Desert Highway, Xinjiang, China. Three different water regimes (2,380, 1,960 and 1,225 m~3 /hm~2 ) were applied at different stages of plant growth. From 1 May to 30 October 2007, a heat-balance stem flow gauge was used to monitor the sap flow dynamics of C. arborescens under different water regimes. Atmospheric evaporation demand and soil moisture conditions for differentially irrigated C. arborescens were also monitored. The result showed that sap flow exhibited a clear diurnal pattern regardless of treatments; the diurnal patterns of sap flow and vapour pressure deficit were very similar under different water regimes and growing seasons, while the slope of the linear regression of this correlation confirmed an increasing water regime. The sap flow decreased under reduced water regimes and there was nocturnal sap flow regardless of water regimes, which was mainly contributed to nocturnal transpiration and water recharge. The sap flow peaked before midnight and dropped afterwards with obviously higher values in summer than in other seasons. It is speculated that the water consumption of C. arborescens during the day can be supplemented through the sap flow at night, which increased with increasing irrigation amount. Net radiation was the most significant correlated factor that influenced sap flow velocity and transpiration under different water regimes (R~2 >0.719). Compared with the commonly practiced water regime, the growth of C. arborescens was significantly slower in the stress deficit irrigation, but not significantly different from that in the moderate deficit irrigation. The moderate deficit irrigation would not affect the stability of the shelterbelt and was a more efficient use of water resources compared with the current watering amount.
Near-surface sand-dust horizontal flux in Tazhong-the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert

Tazhong is the hinterland and a sandstorm high-frequency area of the Taklimakan Desert. However, little is known about the detailed time-series of aeolian sand transport in this area. An experiment to study the sand-dust horizontal flux of near-surface was carried out in Tazhong from January to December 2009. By measuring the sand-dust horizontal flux throughout sixteen sand-dust weather processes with a 200-cm tall Big Spring Number Eight (BSNE) sampler tower, we quantitatively analyzed the vertical variation of the sand-dust horizontal flux. And the total sand-dust horizontal flux of different time-series that passed through a section of 100 cm in width and 200 cm in height was estimated combining the data of saltation movement continuously recorded by piezoelectric saltation sensors (Sensit). The results indicated that, in the surface layer ranging from 0-200 cm, the intensity of sand-dust horizontal flux decreased with the increase of the height, and the physical quantities obeyed power function well. The total sand-dust horizontal flux of the sixteen sand-dust weather processes that passed through a section of 100 cm in width and 200 cm in height was about 2,144.9 kg, the maximum of one sand-dust weather event was about 396.3 kg, and the annual total sand-dust horizontal flux was about 3,903.2 kg. The high levels of aeolian sand transport occurred during daytime, especially from 13:00 to 16:00 in the afternoon. We try to develop a new method for estimation of the detailed time-series of aeolian sand transport.
Lake surface area method to define minimum ecological lake level from level-area-storage curves

Lake level assessment is essential for the protection of ecosystem in shrunk or shrinking lakes. Minimum ecological lake level is the critical lake level below which there should be no human activities to further decrease the lake level, and this level can provide a certain protection for the lake ecosystem. Lake surface area method was proposed to define the minimum ecological lake storage as the breakpoint of the lake surface area-storage curve, where the curve slope equals to the ratio of maximum lake surface area to maximum lake storage. If the curve can be expressed as a simple analytical function, the minimum ecological lake storage can be calculated analytically. Otherwise, it can be calculated numerically using the ideal point method for an equivalent multi-objective optimization model that balances ecosystem protection and water use. Then the minimum ecological lake level can be estimated from the lake level-storage curve. Compared with available lake morphology analysis methods, the lake surface area method is superior in its definition of minimum ecological lake level, applicable range of lake morphology, and calculation complexity. The proposed method was applied to two representative lakes in China, including one freshwater lake (the Dongting Lake in Hunan province in Central China) and one saltwater lake (the Ebinur Lake in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region in Northwest China). The estimated minimum ecological lake level for the Dongting Lake is 26.7 m, at which 31% of the maximum lake storage provides 87% of the maximum lake surface area. The result for the Ebinur Lake is 191.2 m, at which 24% of the maximum lake storage provides 54% of the maximum lake surface area. The estimated minimum ecological lake level balances the conflict between economical and ecological water uses, and can provide a relatively larger habitat for the lake ecosystem with relatively smaller lake storage. These results are rational compared with the results of other methods. The calculated minimum ecological lake level can be used in the protection of lake ecosystems and the planning and rational use of water resources in lake basins.
Spatial heterogeneity of plant species on the windward slope of active sand dunes in a semi-arid region of China

Species richness and abundance are two important species diversity variables that have attracted particular attention because of their significance in determining present and future species composition conditions.This paper aims to explain the qualitative and quantitative relationships between species diversity pattern and grain size(i.e.size of the sampling unit),and species diversity pattern and sampling area,and to analyze species diversity variability on active sand dunes in the Horqin Sandy Land,northeastern Inner Mongolia,China.A 50 m×50 m sampling plot was selected on the windward slope,where the dominant species was annual herb Agriophyllum squarrosum.Species composition and abundance at five grain sizes were recorded,and the species-area curves were produced for thirteen grain sizes.The range of values for species abundance tended to increase with increasing grain size in the study area,whereas,generally,species richness did not follow this rule because of poor species richness on the windward slope of active sand dunes.However,the homogeneity of species richness increased significantly.With the increase in sampling area,species abundance increased linearly,but richness increased logarithmically.Furthermore,variograms showed that species diversity on the windward slope of active sand dunes was weakly anisotropic and the distribution pattern was random,according to the Moran Coefficient.The results also showed that species richness was low,with a random distribution pattern.This conflicts with the results of previous studies that showed spatial aggregation in lower richness in a sampling area within a community and inferred that the physical processes play a more important role in species diversity than distribution pattern on active sand dunes.Further research into different diversity patterns and mechanisms between active sand dunes and interdune lowlands should be conducted to better understand biodiversity conservation in sand dune fields.
Relationship between thermal anomalies in Tibetan Plateau and summer dust storm frequency over Tarim Basin,China

The dust storm is the most important and frequent meteorological disaster over Tarim Basin,which causes huge damages on local social economics.How to predict the springtime and summertime dust storm occurrence has become a hot issue for meteorologists.This paper employed the data of dust storm frequency and 10-m wind velocity at 35 stations over Tarim Basin and the reanalysis data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR) during 1961-2007 to study the relationship between dust storm frequency(DSF) in summer over Tarim Basin and the thermal anomalies in Tibetan Plateau in May by using the statistical methods,such as Empirical Orthogonal Function(EOF),correlation and binomial moving average.The results show when negative anomalies in Tibetan Plateau and positive anomalies in its southern region are present along 30°N(the second mode of surface temperature anomalies by EOF decomposition) in May,the time coefficient(PC2) plays an important role in summer DSF variation and has a close relation with the summer DSF at both inter-annual and decadal time scales.When negative anomalies in Tibetan Plateau and positive anomalies are present in its southern region(PC2 in positive phase),there is an anomalous anticyclone in North China,which weakens the northwest wind and is not beneficial for cold air moving from high latitude to the Tarim Basin,and the circulation pattern is hard to result in dust storm weather.Furthermore,the sea level pressure(SLP) increased over Tarim Basin and the direction of SLP gradient reversed,which resulted in the 10-m wind velocity slowing down,so the DSF decreased.From above all,it can be conclude that the thermal anomalies in Tibetan Plateau in May has important effects on the summertime dust storm frequency over Tarim Basin and the PC2 can be used as a prediction factor for the summertime dust storm occurrence.
外源性人胰岛素所致自身免疫性低血糖三例

20世纪70年代,Hirata等首先报告了从未使用过胰岛素的Graves病患者在使用甲巯咪唑时出现自发性低血糖,体内检测到高滴度的胰岛素抗体.其后随着此类病例报道不断增多,胰岛素自身免疫综合征(IAS)的概念被提出,即在某些特定人群,外源性因素,如含巯基药物,可诱导机体产生胰岛素抗体,这些抗体与内源性胰岛素结合使胰岛素生物学效应无法发挥,当这些抗体-胰岛素复合物短期内大量解离可导致一过性游离胰岛素水平增高,发生低血糖反应.1960年,Harwood报告了1例长期使用胰岛素的1型糖尿病患者,由于持续严重低血糖不得不停用胰岛素23 d,体内检测到高滴度的胰岛素-抗体复合物.其后,有关外源性人胰岛素导致自身免疫性低血糖的病例报道少见.2005年以来,国内陆续出现类似病例报告.我们于2005年报道1例外源性人胰岛素导致的自身免疫性低血糖以来,陆续发现其他3例确诊或高度怀疑的患者,现报告如下。
The effects of extreme rainfall events on carbon release from biological soil crusts covered soil in fixed sand dunes in the Tengger Desert, northern China

In May to August of 2011, we assessed the effects of extreme rainfall (quantity and intensity) events on the carbon release from soils covered by different types of biological soil crusts (BSCs) in fixed sand dunes in the Tengger Desert, northern China. A Li-6400-09 Soil Chamber was used to measure the respiration rates of the BSCs immediately after the rainfall stopped, and continued until the respiration rates of the BSCs returned to the pre-rainfall basal rate. Our results showed that almost immediately after extreme rainfall events the respiration rates of algae crust and mixed crust were significantly inhibited, but moss crust was not significantly affected. The respiration rates of algae crust, mixed crust, and moss crust in extreme rainfall quantity and intensity events were, respectively, 0.12 and 0.41 μmolCO_ 2 /(m~ 2 ·s), 0.10 and 0.45 μmolCO_2 /(m~ 2 ·s), 0.83 and 1.69 μmol CO_ 2 /(m~ 2 ·s). Our study indicated that moss crust in the advanced succession stage can well adapt to extreme rainfall events in the short term.
Water conservation in the Arab region: a must for survival

The Arab region covers an area over 13 million square kilometers in size, with almost 90% of its area classified as arid or extremely arid with very little precipitation, extremely high evaporation and almost no vegetation cover. The region is classified in many international reports as the poorest region in the world in the context of renewable water resources and critical water scarcity which hinders the socio-economic development of many countries in this region. The rapidly increasing population has reduced the per capita share of renewable water to less than the poverty line of 1,000 m~3 /(capita·a) and, in some Arab countries, to less than the extreme poverty line of 500 m~3 /(capita·a). This has led to over-exploitation of non-renewable groundwater and desalination of salty water in many countries with considerable costs and contamination of many renewable sources. Atmospheric processes responsible for aridity in the Arab region are projected to intensify due to climate change, resulting in an alarming decrease in precipitation and increase in evaporation rates. Many concerned entities in the region consider water security as a key element for food security and ultimately political stability. Hence, various efforts have been exerted to identify key problems and suggested solutions. The Arab Water Ministers Council of the Arab League, as well as Reports of the Arab Forum for the Environment and Development (AFED) and the recommendations of the 13th Regional Meeting of the Arab National Committees of the International Hydrological Programme of UNESCO (IHP), have all made similar recommendations on the need to address the issues of water scarcity in the Arab region which will be further discussed in this paper. However, none of these reports focused on "Water Conservation" as an equally important action for coping with water scarcity in the region. There are many definitions for "Water Conservation" in the scientific literature, including huge water savings from irrigation, industrial use, and domestic use as well as methods and approaches for augmenting water supply through non-conventional practices such as water harvesting and waste water reuse. In this paper, a review is provided for definitions, methods and impacts of water conservation and its role in alleviating water scarcity in the Arab region.
Effect of climate change on drinking water supply in Santiago de Chile

Climate change is likely to increase the occurrence of floods and flashfloods that affect Santiago de Chile’s drinking water supply system throughout the 21st century. A relationship between flashfloods in the Maipo River--Santiago’s main raw water source, drainage area in the Maipo Alto Sub Basin and precipitation 48 hours previous to the event was found. Despite having legal guidelines to guarantee continuity and stability in water supply, Chilean law does not specify the maximum admissible magnitude of an event. A 12% drop of average monthly flow at Maipo en El Manzano Station was estimated for the 2035-2065 period due to climate change, meaning water suppliers would not be able to meet 90% monthly water supply security, required by Chilean law. Water suppliers would need to increase their current allotted quota of the Maipo River, from 24.5% to a percentage between 26% and 30% to comply. If the 0 °C isotherm keeps increasing its elevation through the 21st century, more intense floods could occur because of additional drainage area granted by the elevation of the snow line, even if precipitation does not suffer a significant change. In order to withstand a five day turbidity event, 2 m~3 /s of groundwater, or any non river source, should be temporarily incorporated to the emergency drinking water production.
Water use efficiency in an arid watershed: a case study

Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) becomes increasingly important in arid watersheds, where water resources are scarce and demands are rising under increased population pressure. In this case study, we present the results from the Elqui Valley in Chile, where water resources are shared between agriculture, mining operations, hydropower generation and drinking water for nearby cities. An IWRM model was applied to visualize water resources distribution in the catchment and determine irrigation and water use efficiencies. After calibration with observed surface and groundwater measurements, the model showed large differences in efficiencies between different irrigation sectors. Most notably, irrigation sectors with the highest irrigation security, i.e., higher water rights per hectare, were characterized with lower water use efficiencies. Frequent water deficits were present in sectors downstream of the main reservoir, which was related to limited water rights per hectare, lower irrigation efficiencies and higher water demands due to larger agricultural areas. In subsequent scenario analyses, the model was used to evaluate the impact of improved irrigation and water use efficiencies in these downstream sectors, to confirm an important reduction in water deficits, except for drought years when surface water resources are insufficient. In a third scenario, groundwater resources were allowed to compensate for water deficits, effectively reducing these in most irrigation sectors, especially during droughts. Expansion of the current agricultural area by 37% was evaluated, as a future scenario, and was found to be unsustainable, as aquifer levels are lowered to such levels that make annual recharge insufficient.
Responses of Planetary Waves to Global Warming: Implications from CMIP3 4×CO_2 Experiments

The planetary wave response to global warming with single forcing of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is investigated in this study by using a total of 11 model results that anticipated CMIP3 4×CO_2 experiments. It is shown that the amplitudes of the planetary wave fluxes over Siberia, the Eastern North Pacific, and the North Atlantic decrease by approximately -10% to -30% in the warming context. In particular, the vertical wave flux over the Eastern North Pacific significantly decreases by -28.6%. The weakening of the planetary waves is partly associated with the decreased land-sea thermal contrast, which may be caused by the radiation effect of CO_2 and the different surface heat capacities of land and sea. The present work provides a clear understanding of the responses of planetary waves to GHGs forcing.
Lead-Lag Connection of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) with East Asian Surface Air Temperatures in Instrumental Records

The authors analyzed the lead-lag connection of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) with East Asian surface air temperatures (EATs) using instrumental records, and compared the results with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The maximum correlation was found when EATs led the AMO by five to seven years (with a correlation coefficient of 0.72, whereas the correlation coefficient was 0.91 when the AMO led EATs by 24-28 years). This is different from the PDO, which mostly correlated with EATs when the PDO led EATs by 13-15 years (with a correlation coefficient of 0.67, whereas the correlation coefficient was 0.76 when EATs led the PDO by 24-26 years). The PDO led the AMO by 19-21 years (with a correlation coefficient of 0.71, whereas the correlation coefficient was 0.84 when the AMO led the PDO by 16-18 years). These results support a previous understanding that EATs positively correlate with the AMO, and imply that the observed East Asian warming trend may have been slowing down since the early 2010s.
Response of Northern Hemispheric Air Temperature to Arctic Sea Ice Decline

Two numerical experiments were performed by using the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3) with different sea ice datasets to assess the contribution of the decline of Arctic sea ice to warming in the Northern Hemisphere. One experiment was driven by observed sea ice cover data; for the other one, the authors used the sea ice data of the 4×CO_2 scenario simulated by the fourth-generation European Centre Hamburg atmospheric general circulation Model of Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Italy (INGV_ECHAM4). The comparison of the two experiments indicates that the decline of the Arctic sea ice leads to a dramatic warming over the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, characterized by a maximum warming of more than 26℃ over the Arctic region. The significant warming is closely related to the enhanced atmospheric heat source. A 40-60 Wm-2 increase in the apparent heat source was simulated in winter due to the decline of Arctic sea ice. In contrast, no significant change was found in the atmospheric apparent heat source in summer. As a result, the summer temperature change induced by the decline of Arctic sea ice appears to be weak. This study suggests that accurate sea ice cover data is crucial for future climate projection of air temperature in high latitudes.
Trend and Interannual Variability of Chinese Air Pollution since 2000 in Association with Socioeconomic Development: A Brief Overview

Chinese air pollution has increased in this century along with the rapid socioeconomic development and resulting anthropogenic emissions. While recent emission control measures have shown encouraging results and have reduced the levels of sulfur dioxide and primary aerosols, the concentrations of other air pollutants continue to grow, particularly secondary pollutants including ozone and secondary aerosols. Meanwhile, a variety of intentional and unintentional socioeconomic events have temporarily changed the pace, and even the signs, of growth of air pollution. These events include the short-term emission restrictions imposed during the Sino-African Summit, the Beijing Olympics and Paralympics, the Shanghai World Exposition (Shanghai Expo), the Guangzhou Asian Olympics, and the Shenzhen Universiade, as well as the unintentional emission reductions associated with the recent economic recession and the annual Chinese New Year. This paper presents a brief overview of trends and temporary perturbations of Chinese air pollution since 2000, summarizing studies on anthropogenic emission inventories, atmospheric measurements, and inverse modeling. It concludes with recommendations for future research.
蓝色橡皮疱痣综合征引起肠套叠一例

本病治疗方法较多,体表病变可采用激光、硬化剂注射或手术切除。对消化道病变可行药物止血、内窥镜下硬化剂注射、电凝治疗等。手术切除含畸形血管的肠管是治疗肠道出血的有效方法,尤其是合并肠套叠等急腹症时;对其他散在瘤体,可于术后行内镜治疗。