mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Triality and Dual Equivalence Between Dirac Field and Topologically Massive Gauge Field

It is proved that there exists a vector representation of Dirac's spinor field andin one sense it is equivalent to biquaternion (i.e. complexified quaternion) representation. This can be considered as a generalization of Cartan's idea of triality to Dirac's spinors. In the vector representation the first-order Dirac Lagrangian is dual-equivalent to the two-order Lagrangian of topologically massive gauge field. The potential field which corresponds to the Dirac field is obtained by using master (or parent) action approach. The novel gauge field is self-dual and contains both anti-symmetric Lee and symmetric Jordan structure.
Analysis of ERS-2 scatterometer winds and wind-wave calculation for eastern China seas

The wind system over the China seas plays an important role in climate variation there. In this paper, ERS-2 scatterometer winds covering the period of 1998 and the area of 25-41°N, 117-130°E were analyzed and compared to NCEP winds and buoy winds in the same period and location, to assess how well the ERS-2 data reflect the real wind regime, at least for this area. The results indicated that ERS-2 scatterometer winds are closer to buoy observations than NCEP winds, In addition, a new wind-wave growth relation was applied to calculate wave parameters.
N Mineralization as Affected by Long-Term N Fertilization and Its Relationship with Crop N Uptake.

A field experiment established in 1997 was conducted to study the effect of long-term N fertilizer application on N mineralization in a paddy soil determined using a laboratory anaerobic incubation followed with a field incubation and to measure the relationship between in situ N mineralization and crop N uptake. To estimate N mineralization in the laboratory, soil samples were collected from plots with N application at different rates for six years and were incubated. Soils treated with fertilizer N mineralized more N than unfertilized soils and mineralization increased with N application rates. Also, the fraction of total N mineralized increased with increasing N fertilizer application. These findings meant that a substantial portion of previously applied N could be recovered slowly over time in subsequent crops. The field incubation of the plot receiving no fertilizer N showed that the NH4^＋-N concentration varied greatly during the rice-growing season and seasonal changes of N mineralization were due more to accumulation of NH4^＋-N than NO3^-N. Hice N uptake increased up to a maximum of 82 kg N ha^-1 during the season. The close agreement found between in situ N mineralization and rice N uptake suggested that the measurement of in situ N mineralization could provide useful recommendations for adequate fertilizer N application.
Heavy Metal Accumulation in Plants on Mn Mine Tailings

The Xiangtan Manganese （Mn） Mine in the middle of Hunan Province, China, has been mined since 1913 with mine tailings including excavated wastes, wastewater, and smelting wastes. A survey was conducted on the Mn mine tailing soils and eight plants on the Mn mine tailings. The concentrations of soil Mn, Pb, and Cd and the metal-enrichment traits of these eight plants were analyzed simultaneously. Exceptionally high concentrations of these three metals were found in the soils, especially on the tailing dam. Each plant investigated in this study accumulated the three heavy metals, but no hyperaccumulator of these metals was found. However, analysis indicated that Poa pratensis Linn., Gnaphalium affine D. Don, Pteris vittata L., Conyza canadensis （L.） Cronq., and Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. possessed specially good metalenrichment and metal-tolerant traits. P. pratensis, G. affine, and P. vittata were Pb-tolerant plants; and C. canadensis, P. pratensis, and G. affine were Cd-tolerant plants. P acinosa had a great tolerance to Mn, and it was a valuable plant for on-site phytoremediation. Phragmites communis Trin. was found to have high metal tolerance and economic benefit as a raw material for paper and should be considered for soil remediation. G. affine and C. canadensis had excessive accumulation of Mn and could be useful in phytoremediation. However, although P. pratensis was a good accumulator, it was not a suitable plant for soil remediation because its biomass was too little.
Predicting Nitrogen Status of Rice Using Multispectral Data at Canopy Scale

Two field experiments were conducted in Jiashan and Yuhang towns of Zhejiang Province, China, to study the feasibility of predicting N status of rice using canopy spectral reflectance. The canopy spectral reflectance of rice grown with different levels of N inputs was determined at several important growth stages. Statistical analyses showed that as a result of the different levels of N supply, there were significant differences in the N concentrations of canopy leaves at different growth stages. Since spectral reflectance measurements showed that the N status of rice was related to reflectance in the visible and NIR （near-infrared） ranges, observations for rice in 1 nm bandwidths were then converted to bandwidths in the visible and NIR spectral regions with IKONOS （space imaging） bandwidths and vegetation indices being used to predict the N status of rice. The results indicated that canopy reflectance measurements converted to ratio vegetation index （RVI） and normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） for simulated IKONOS bands provided a better prediction of rice N status than the reflectance measurements in the simulated IKONOS bands themselves. The precision of the developed regression models using RVI and NDVI proved to be very high with R2 ranging from 0.82 to 0.94, and when validated with experimental data from a different site, the results were satisfactory with R2 ranging from 0.55 to 0.70. Thus, the results showed that theoretically it should be possible to monitor N status using remotely sensed data.
Elemental Composition and Iron-Manganese Nodules in Geochemical Characteristics of Main Soils of China

Elemental composition and geochemical characteristics of iron-manganese nodules from nine main soils in China were studied by chemical and multivariate statistical analyses to better understand the reactions and functions of ironmanganese nodules in soils and sediment. Compared to the corresponding soils, Mn, Ba, Cd, Co and Pb had strong accumulation, Ni had moderate accumulation, while Ca, Cu, Fe, Na, P, Sr and Zn accumulated to a minor degree in the iron-manganese nodules. In contrast, Si, Al, K, Mg and Ti were reduced in the iron-manganese nodules. The contents of Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were positively and significantly correlated with that of MnO2 in the iron-manganese nodules, while the contents of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were positively and significantly correlated with that of Fe2O3 in soils. Based on a principle component analysis, the elements of iron-manganese nodules were divided into four groups： 1） Mn, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Li, Ni, Pb and Zn that were associated with Mn oxides, 2） Fe, Cr and P that were associated with Fe oxides, 3） Si, K, and Mg that were included in the elemental composition of phyllosilicate, and 4） Ca, Na, Al and Ti that existed in todorokite, birnessite, lithiophorite and phyllosilicate. It was suggested that accumulation, mineralization and specific adsorption were involved in the formation processes of soil iron-manganese nodules.
Long-Term Effects of Manure and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield and Soil Fertility for a Winter Wheat-Maize System in Jiangsu, China

Winter wheat-maize rotations are dominant cropping systems on the North China Plain, where recently the use of organic manure with grain crops has almost disappeared. This could reduce soil fertility and crop productivity in the long run. A 20-year field experiment was conducted to 1） assess the effect of inorganic and organic nutrient sources on yield and yield trends of both winter wheat and maize, 2） monitor the changes in soil organic matter content under continuous wheat-maize cropping with different soil fertility management schemes, and 3） identify reasons for yield trends observed in Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, over a 20-year period. There were eight treatments applied to both wheat and maize seasons： a control treatment （C）; three inorganic fertilizers, that is, nitrogen （N）, nitrogen and phosphorus （NP）, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium （NPK）; and addition of farmyard manure （FYM） to these four treatments, that is, M, MN, MNP, and MNPK. At the end of the experiment the MN, MNP, and MNPK treatments had the highest yields, about 7 t wheat ha^-1 and 7.5 t maize ha^-1, with each about 1 t ha^-1 more than the NPK treatments. Over 20 years with FYM soil organic matter increased by 80% compared to only 10% with NPK, which explained yield increases. However, from an environmental and agronomic perspective, manure application was not a superior strategy to NPK fertilizers. If manure was to be applied, though, it would be best applied to the wheat crop, which showed a better response than maize.
Spatio-Temporal Effect on Soil Respiration in Fine-Scale Patches in a Desert Ecosystem

Soil organisms in terrestrial systems are unevenly distributed in time and space, and often aggregated. Spatiotemporal patchiness in the soil environment is thought to be crucial for the maintenance of soil biodiversity, providing diverse microhabitats tightly interweaving with resource partitioning. Determination of a ＂scale unit＂ to help understand ecological processes has become one of the important and most debatable problems in recent years. A fieldwork was carried out in the northern Negev Desert highland, Israel to determine the influence of fine-scale landscape patch moisture heterogeneity on biogeochemical variables and microbial activity linkage in a desert ecosystem. The results showed that the spatio-temporal patchiness of soil moisture to which we attribute influential properties, was found to become more heterogenic with the decrease in soil moisture availability （from 8.2 to 0.4 g kg^-1） toward the hot, dry seasons, with coefficient of variation （CV） change amounting to 66.9%. Spatio-temporal distribution of organic matter （OM） and total soluble nitrogen （TSN） was found to be relatively uniformly distributed throughout the wet seasons （winter and spring）, with increase of relatively high heterogeneity toward the dry seasons （from 0.25% to 2.17% for OM, and from 0 to 10.2 mg kg^-1 for TSN） with CV of 47.4% and 99.7% for OM and TSN, respectively. Different spatio-temporal landscape patterns were obtained for Ca （CV = 44.6%）, K （CV = 34.4%）, and Na （CV = 92%） ions throughout the study period. CO2 evolution （CV = 48.6%） was found to be of lower heterogeneity （varying between 2 and 39 g CO2-C g^-1 dry soil h^-1） in the moist seasons, e.g., winter and spring, with lower values of respiration coupled with high heterogeneity of Na^＋ and low levels of TSN and organic matter content, and with more homogeneity in the dry seasons （varying between 1 and 50 g CO2-C g^-1 dry soil h^-1）. Our results elucidate the heterogeneity and complexity of desert system habitats affecting soil biota activity.
A Review of Methods for Studying Microbial Diversity in Soils

Soil microorganisms play a central role in decomposing organic matter, in determining the release of mineral nutrients, and in nutrient cycling. Recently, extensive studies have focused on soil microbial diversity. However, understanding the diversity of this complex microbial community in the soil environment is a challenging task. Thus, it is important to master and comprehend appropriate methods for studying soil microbial diversity. Concepts of soil microbial diversity and major methods of study are briefly introduced in this paper. Then, the application of biochemical-based and molecular- based techniques in this area, and their advantages and disadvantages are evaluated. Based on recent related research, perspectives for studying microbial diversity in soils are presented.
Stellar Abundance and Galactic Chemical Evolution through LAMOST Spectroscopic Survey

A project of a spectroscopic survey of Galactic structure and evolution with a Large sky Area Multi-Object fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) is presented. The spectroscopic survey consists of two observational modes for various targets in our Galaxy. One is a major survey of the Milky Way aimed at a systematic study of the stellar abundance and Galactic chemical evolution through low resolution (R=1000 - 2000) spectroscopy.Another is a follow-up observation with medium resolution (R=10000) spectrographs aimed at detailed studies of the selected stars with different chemical composition, kinematicsand dynamics.
On the Evolution of the Apparent Size of Gamma-Ray Burst Remnants

The remnants of two gamma-ray bursts, GRB 030329 and GRB 041227, have been resolved by Very Long Baseline Interferometry observations. The radio counterparts were observed to expand with time. These observations provide an important way to test the dynamics of the standard fireball model. We show that the observed size evolution of these two events cannot be explained by a simple jet model, rather, it can be satisfactorily explained by the two-component jet model. It strongly hints that gamma-ray burst ejecta may have complicated structures.
SYNTHESIS OF SOLUBLE POLY（3,4-DIHYDROXY-o-TOLYLENE）：  REDOX POLYMER

Conventional chloromethylation, paraformaldehyde/hydrogen chloride in acetic acid medium, was applied to 1,2- dimethoxybenzene. Chloroform-soluble poly（3,4-dimethoxy-o-tolylene） was obtained with an intrinsic viscosity of 0.034 dL g^-1. The polymer was evaluated as a condensation redox polymer precursor formed by a Friedel-Crafts reaction. Cleavage of the methoxy groups present in this polymer resulted in poly（3,4-dihydroxy-o-tolylene） which manifested a great air-oxidation resistance. The redox property of the latter polymer was found to be 1017 mV by potentiometric titration with 0.05 N ceric ammonium nitrate at 25℃. This midpotential was compared to that of catechol, a monomeric analogue, under the same titration conditions.
Sensor Calibration in Support for NOAA＇s Satellite Mission

Sensor calibration, including its definition, purpose, traceability options, methodology, complexity, and importance, is examined in this paper in the context of supporting NOAA＇s satellite mission. Common understanding of sensor calibration is essential for the effective communication among sensor vendors, calibration scientists, satellite operators, program managers, and remote sensing data users, who must cooperate to ensure that a nation＇s strategic investment in a sophisticated operational environmental satellite system serves the nation＇s interest and enhances the human lives around the world. Examples of calibration activities at NOAA/NESDIS/ORA are selected to further illustrate these concepts and to demonstrate the lessons learned from the past experience.
An Overview of MODIS Radiometric Calibration  and Characterization

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） is one of the key instruments for NASA＇s Earth Observing System （EOS）, currently operating on both the Terra and Aqua satellites. The MODIS is a major advance over the previous generation of sensors in terms of its spectral, spatial, and temporal resolutions. It has 36 spectral bands： 20 reflective solar bands （RSB） with center wavelengths from 0.41 to 2.1 μm and 16 thermal emissive bands （TEB） with center wavelengths from 3.7 to 14.4 μm, making observations at three spatial resolutions： 250 m （bands 1-2）, 500 m （bands 3-7）, and lkm （bands 8-36）. MODIS is a cross-track scanning radiometer with a wide field-of-view, providing a complete global coverage of the Earth in less than 2 days. Both Terra and Aqua MODIS went through extensive pre-launch calibration and characterization at various levels. In orbit, the calibration and characterization tasks are performed using its on-board calibrators （OBCs） that include a solar diffuser （SD） and a solar diffuser stability monitor （SDSM）, a v-grooved flat panel blackbody （BB）, and a spectro-radiometric calibration assembly （SRCA）. In this paper, we present an overview of MODIS calibration and characterization activities, methodologies, and lessons learned from pre-launch characterization and in-orbit operation. Key issues discussed in this paper include in-orbit efforts of monitoring the noise characteristics of the detectors, tracking the solar diffuser and optics degradations, and updating the sensor＇s response versus scan angle. The experiences and lessons learned through MODIS have played and will continue to play major roles in the design and characterization of future sensors.
Temporal Structures of the North Atlantic Oscillation and Its Impact on the Regional Climate Variability

In this study, the temporal structure of the variation of North Atlantic Oscillation （NAO） and its impact on regional climate variability are analyzed using various datasets. The results show that blocking formations in the Atlantic region are sensitive to the phase of the NAO. Sixty-seven percent more winter blocking days are observed during the negative phase compared to the positive phase of the NAO. The average length of blocking during the negative phase is about 11 days, which is nearly twice as long as the 6-day length observed during the positive phase of the NAO. The NAO-related differences in blocking frequency and persistence are associated with changes in the distribution of the surface air temperature anomaly, which, to a large extent, is determined by the phase of the NAO. The distribution of regional cloud amount is also sensitive to the phase of the NAO. For the negative phase, the cloud amounts are significant, positive anomalies in the convective zone in the Tropics and much less cloudiness in the mid latitudes. But for the positive phase of the NAO, the cloud amount is much higher in the mid-latitude storm track region. In the whole Atlantic region, the cloud amount shows a decrease with the increase of surface air temperature. These results suggest that there may be a negative feedback between the cloud amount and the surface air t.emperature in the Atlantic region.
Repulsive effects in steady axisymmetric fields

In this paper the repulsive effects in the Kerr and Kerr–Newman fields are discussed. The contributions made by all parameters of the fields and test particles to the repulsive effects are also discussed and the accretive effect on interstellar dust, i.e. the distribution of dust is calculated. The discussion is also carried out on the slow rotation of the Kerr field in which the effect is related to the positions and velocities of the particles and the orientations of their trajectories as well.
Hyperchaos evolved from the Liu chaotic system

This paper introduces a new hyperchaotic system by adding an additional state into the third-order Liu chaotic system. Some of its basic dynamical properties, such as the hyperchaotic attractor, Lyapunov exponent, fractal dimension and the hyperchaotic attractor evolving into chaotic, periodic, quasi-periodic dynamical behaviours by varying parameter d are studied briefly. Various attractors are illustrated not only by computer simulation but also by conducting an electronic circuit experiment.
Surface rumpling of cubic CaTiO3 from density functional theory

In this paper, the structure of cubic CaTiO3 (001) surfaces with CaO and TiO2 terminations has been studied from density functional calculations. It has been found that the Ca atom has the largest relaxation for both kinds of terminations, and the rumpling of the CaO-terminated surface is much larger than that of TiO2-terminated surface. Also we have found that the metal atom relaxes much more prominently than the O atom does in each layer. The CaO-terminated surface is slightly more energetically favourable than the TiO2-terminated surface from the analysis of the calculated surface energy.
Sensitivity of intrinsic mode functions of Lorenz system to initial values based on EMD method

Extreme sensitivity to initial values is an intrinsic character of chaotic systems. The evolution of a chaotic system has a spatiotemporal structure containing quasi-periodic changes of different spatiotemporal scales. This paper uses an empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method to decompose and compare the evolution of the time-dependent evolutions of the x-component of the Lorenz system. The results indicate that the sensitivity of intrinsic mode function (IMF) component is dependent on initial values, which provides some scientific evidence for the possibility of long-range climatic prediction.
Analysis of stochastic bifurcation and chaos in stochastic Duffing–van der Pol system via Chebyshev polynomial approximation

The Chebyshev polynomial approximation is applied to investigate the stochastic period-doubling bifurcation and chaos problems of a stochastic Duffing–van der Pol system with bounded random parameter of exponential probability density function subjected to a harmonic excitation. Firstly the stochastic system is reduced into its equivalent deterministic one and then the responses of stochastic system can be obtained by numerical methods. Nonlinear dynamical behaviour related to stochastic period-doubling bifurcation and chaos in the stochastic system is explored. Numerical simulations show that similar to its counterpart in deterministic nonlinear system of stochastic period-doubling bifurcation and chaos may occur in the stochastic Duffing–van der Pol system even for weak intensity of random parameter. Simply increasing the intensity of the random parameter may result in the period-doubling bifurcation which is absent from the deterministic system.
Interaction of a submerged horseshoe vortex with a free surface

In this paper a submerged horseshoe vortex under a free surface is discussed and the algebraic expression of the wave elevation is obtained. From this expression, some characteristics of the ship wave are described. There exists a smooth region near θ = 0°, but when the uniform stream passes the other singularities (source, sink, doublet, etc.) there is no smooth region. The mechanism of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the narrow ship wakes is also explained.
Effects of Nb2O5 on thermal stability and optical properties of Er3+-doped tellurite glasses

Er3+-doped tellurite glasses with molar compositions of xNb2O5-(14.7-x)Na2O–10ZnO–5K2O–10GeO2– 60TeO2–0.3Er2O3 (x = 0,3,5,7 and 9) have been investigated for developing 1.5 μm fibre and planar amplifiers. The effects of Nb2O5 on the thermal stability and optical properties of Er3+-doped tellurite glasses have been discussed. It is noted that the incorporation of Nb2O5 (x = 5) increases the thermal stability of tellurite glasses significantly. Er3+-doped niobium tellurite glasses exhibit a large stimulated emission cross-section (7.2×10-21-10.7×10-21 cm2) and the gain bandwidth, FWHM×σepeak (274×10-28-480×10-28 cm3), which are significantly higher than that of silicate and phosphate glasses. In addition, the intensity of upconversion luminescence of the Er3+-doped niobium tellurite glasses decreases rapidly with increasing Nb2O5 content. As a result, Er3+-doped niobium tellurite glasses might be a potential candidate for developing laser or optical amplifier devices.
Crystal field analysis of the magnetization curves of R2Fe17 and R2Fe17H3 (R=Tb,Ho,Er)

In this paper the values of the crystalline-electric-field parameters Anm for R2Fe17 and R2Fe17H3 (R=Tb,Ho,Er) are evaluated by fitting calculations to the magnetization curves measured on the single crystal at several temperatures. The fitted Anm for R2Fe17 are strikingly different from those for the corresponding R2Fe17H3. The energy gaps between the lowest four energy levels for Ho ions in Ho2Fe17 can be reproduced by using the fitted Anm and exchange field 2μBHex, which estimated from the fit of the temperature dependence of the spontaneous magnetization combined with inelastic neutron scattering experiment.