mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Hydrothermal Dolomite in the Upper Sinian (Upper Proterozoic) Dengying Formation, East Sichuan Basin, China

Hydrothermal Dolomite (HTD) is present in the Upper Sinian (Upper Proterozoic) Dengying Formation, east Sichuan Basin, China. The strata are comprised by primary dolomite. The HTD has various textures, including zebra dolomite, subhorizontal sheet-like cavities filled by saddle dolomite and breccias cemented by saddle dolomites as well occur as a fill of veins and fractures. Also co-occur MVT type lead-zinc ores in the study area. The δ~(13)C and δ~(18)O isotopes of HTD in the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation are lighter than those of the host rocks, while ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr is higher. The apparent difference in carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopes, especially the large difference in ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr isotopes ratio indicate crystallization from hot basinal and/or hydrothermal fluids. Saddle dolomite was precipitated at temperatures of 270-320°C. The diagenetic parasequences of mineral assemblage deposited in the Dengying Formation are: (1) dolomite host rock →sphalerite-galena-barite-fluorite; (2) dolomite host rock →saddle dolomite →quartz; (3) dolomite host rock → saddle dolomite→bitumen; (4) dolomite host rock → saddle dolomite → barite. The mean chemical composition of the host dolomite matrix and HTD didn't change much during hydrothermal process. The fluids forming the HTDs in the Dengying Formation were mixtures of freshwater from the unconformity at the top of Sinian, fluids from diagenetic compaction and hydrocarbon generation & expulsion from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation mudstones or the Doushantuo Formation silty mudstones, and hydrothermal fluids from the basement. The hydrocarbon reservoirs associated with the HTD were mostly controlled by the basement faults and fractures and karsting processes at the unconformity separating Sinian and Cambrian strata. The hydrocarbon storage spaces of HTD included dissolved cavities and intercrystalline pores. Dissolution cavities are extensive at the top of Dengying Formation, up to about 46m below the unconformity between Sinian and Cambrian and were generated mainly during karstification. Hydrothermal alteration enhanced the reservoir property of the Dengying Formation dolomites with 3%-5% increase in porosity. No agreement has been reached why zebra dolomite occurs only in the Upper Sinian strata, which would indicate that HTD mineralization occurred during two different periods, each of them related to major extensional tectonic event. The early one related to the Xingkai taphrogenesis (Z_2-G_1) and the later one to the Emei taphrogenesis (D_2-T_2). But, all the data from saddle dolomite suggest that the predominant crystallization occurred during the latter event.
Serpentinized Peridotites at the North Part of the Wadi Allaqi District (Egypt): Implications for the Tectono-Magmatic Evolution of Fore-arc Crust

The Neoproterozoic AIlaqi-Heiani suture (800-700 Ma) in the south Eastern Desert of Egypt is the northernmost linear ophiolitic belt that defines an arc-arc suture in the Arabian-Nubian shield (ANS). The Neoproterozoic serpentinized peridotites represent a distinct lithology of dismembered ophiolites along the Allaqi-Heiani suture zone. The alteration of peridotites varies, some contain relicts of primary minerals (Cr-spinel and olivine) and others are extremely altered, especially along thrusts and shear zones, with development of talc, talc-carbonate and quartz-carbonate. The fresh cores of the chromian spinels are rimmed by ferritchromite and Crmagnetite. The fresh chromian spinels have high Cr~# (0.62 to 0.79), while Mg~# shows wider variation (0.35-0.59). High Cr~# in the relict chromian spinels and Fo content in the primary olivines indicate that they are residual peridotites after extensive partial melting. The studied ophiolitic upper mantle peridotites are highly depleted and most probably underwent high degrees of partial melting at a supra-subduction zone setting. They can be produced by up to ~20%-22% dynamic melting of a primitive mantle source. The mineralogical and geochemical features of the studied rocks reflect that the mantle peridotites of the north part of the Wadi Allaqi district are similar to the fore-arc peridotites of a supra-subduction zone.
政府治理与宋代医学的发展及创新

医学作为中国古代的“仁政”之学,经宋代而发展到了一个高峰。其中最明显的一个变化是,宋代皇帝和政府对医学发展给予了空前关注,发布了数量众多的医事诏令。那么,医事诏令作为探究宋代国家和医学关系的最佳途径,它们之间有着怎样的关系?医事诏令作为一种制度在宋代社会如何运行,中央政府决策如何制定?诏令制度对宋代医学发展产生了何种影响?
解读社会经济科学中的偏微分方程模型

基于偏微分方程(PDE)的数学模型已成为科学和工程领域大部分分支学科中定量分析的一个组成部分,近来偏微分方程也扩展至生物医药和社会经济科学领域。偏微分方程在生物医药和社会经济科学中极具应用前景,但由于这些领域的研究方向普遍更为开放,以至于出现了各种新颖的数学难题。
GUIDED WAVES IN MULTILAYERED PLATES: AN IMPROVED ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIAL APPROACH

Conventional orthogonal polynomial approach can solve the multilayered plate only when the material properties of two adjacent layers do not change significantly. This paper developed an improved orthogonal polynomial approach to solve wave propagation in multilayered plates with very dissimilar material properties. Through numerical comparisons among the exact solution, the results from the conventional polynomial approach and from the improved polynomial approach, the validity of the improved polynomial approach is illustrated. Finally, it is shown that the conventional polynomial approach can not yield correct continuous normal stress profiles. The improved orthogonal polynomial approach has overcome this drawback.
Double Emulsion Droplets as Microreactors for Synthesis of Magnetic Macroporous Polymer Beads

An easy method is presented to fabricate monodisperse magnetic macroporous polymer beads (MMPBs). Water-in-oil high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) is prepared by emulsifying aqueous iron ions solution in an oil phase containing monomers. The HIPE is introduced into a simple microfluidic device to fabricate monodisperse (water-in-oil)-in-water double emulsion droplets. The droplets serve as microreactors to synthesize Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles and are on-line polymerized to form MMPBs. The prepared MMPBs display uniform size, interconnected porous structure, superparamagnetic behavior and uniform distribution of Fe_3O_4 in polymer matrix. The MMPBs are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM),vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). We believe that this method is a universal technique in preparing macroporous nanocomposite beads.
1例桡动脉穿刺致肺动脉高压危象发生的原因分析

对1例肺动脉高压患者行桡动脉穿刺致肺动脉高压危象发生的原因进行了分析,认为桡动脉穿刺时的疼痛及穴位刺激会使肺血管收缩而导致危象的发生。今后对于动脉压与体循环血压比值 (PAP/SBP)≥0.5的患者,应慎重进行桡动脉穿刺。
1例原发性醛固酮增多症并发横纹肌溶解症患者的护理

总结了1例原发性醛固酮增多症并发横纹肌溶解症患者的护理。护理要点:术前积极控制血压、血钾情况,有效缓解疼痛,水化、碱化尿液;术后严密观察病情变化,做好管道护理和肢体功能锻炼。患者住院41d,术后痊愈出院。
Growth and yield of two grain crops on sites former covered with eucalypt plantations in Koga Watershed, northwestern Ethiopia

Farmers in the highlands of Ethiopia often plant Eucalyptus on their farmlands. However, growing Eucalyptus, especially on farmlands suitable for crop production has become a great concern due to its alleged long-term site effects. Our study was conducted at Koga watershed, Mecha District, northwestern Ethiopia to investigate whether croplands afforested with Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. can be restored for annual crop production after tree harvest. We compared growth and yield of two agricultural crops, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.), grown in clear-felled stands of E. camaldulensis and continuously cultivated croplands at twelve paired farmlands under a conventional farming system. Plant height and dry matter production were evaluated as indices of crop growth, while grain weight was evaluated as an index of crop yield. Crop growth and yield measurements averaged over all farmlands differed between land-use types. For both crops, plants grown on clear-felled stands were taller than on croplands. Dry matter production and yield were also significantly greater in crops cultivated on clear-felled stands. Cropland aboveground and belowground dry matter productions were lower by 31.8 and 25.4% for barley and 32.8% and 37% for finger millet, respectively. Clear-felled stands gave an average yield of 2.91 t·ha~(-1) for barley and 3.27 t·ha~(-1) for finger millet while cropland gave a yield of 1.97 and 2.31 t·ha~(-1) for barley and finger millet, respectively. Farmers also responded that farm plots on former eucalypt plantations showed greater crop growth and yield than did continuously cultivated croplands. Farmers perceived that Eucalyptus plantations improved soil fertility and they preferred clear-felled stands for crop production and wished to plant Eucalyptus on their farmlands. Our results suggest that conversion of agricultural lands to Eucalyptus plantations can increase post-felling yields of cereal crops.
Spatial variability of soil organic carbon in the forestlands of northeast China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an effective indicator of soil fertility and productivity, and it varies spatially and temporally in relation to other soil properties. Spatial variability of SOC in the forestlands of northeast China was characterized using geostatistics. Soil samples at the depths of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm were collected from sixty-three temporary plots to evaluate SOC concentration and density (SOCD) and other soil properties. We analyzed correlations between SOC and soil properties. Soil organic carbon concentrations were high. The total amount of C stored in soil (0-60 cm) was 16.23 kg·m-2 with the highest SOCD of 7.98 kg·m~(-2) in topsoil. Soil properties in most cases differed by horizon, suggesting different processes and effects in each horizon. Soil organic carbon had positive relationships with total N, P and K as well as readily available K, but did not show a significant positive correlation with available P. Spatial factors including elevation, slope and aspect affected SOC distribution. Soil organic carbon at 0-60 cm had strong spatial autocorrelation with nugget/sill ratio of 5.7%, and moderate structured dependence was found at 0-20 cm, which indicated the existence of a highly developed spatial structure. Spatial distributions of SOC concentration and SOCD were estimated using regression-kriging, with higher prediction accuracy than ordinary kriging. The fractal dimension of SOC indicated the preferential pattern of SOC distribution, with the greatest spatial heterogeneity and strongest spatial dependence in the northeast-southwest direction.
A review of the roles of forest canopy gaps

Treefall gap, canopy opening caused by the death of one or more trees, is the dominant form of disturbance in many forest systems worldwide. Gaps play an important role in forest ecology helping to preserve bio- and pedo-diversity, influencing nutrient cycles, and maintaining the complex structure of the late-successional forests. Over the last 30 years, numerous reviews have been written describing gap dynamics. Here we synthesize current understanding on gap dynamics relating to tree regeneration with particular emphasis on gap characteristics considered critical to develop ecologically sustainable forest management systems and to conserve native biodiversity. Specifically, we addressed the question: how do gaps influence forest structure? From the literature reviewed, the size of gaps induces important changes in factors such as light intensity, soil humidity and soil biological properties that influence tree species regeneration and differ in gaps of different sizes. Shadetolerant species can colonize small gaps; shade-intolerant species need large gaps for successful regeneration. Additionally, gap dynamics differ between temperate, boreal, and tropical forests, showing the importance of climate differences in driving forest regeneration. This review summarizes information of use to forest managers who design cutting regimes that mimic natural disturbances and who must consider forest structure, forest climate, and the role of natural disturbance in their designs.
Fourth-Order Spatial Correlation of Thermal Light

We investigate the fourth-order spatial correlation properties of pseudo-thermal light in the photon counting regime, and apply the Klyshko advanced-wave picture to describe the process of four-photon coincidence counting measurement. We deduce the theory of a proof-of-principle four-photon coincidence counting configuration,and find that if the four randomly radiated photons come from the same radiation area and are indistinguishable in principle, the fourth-order correlation of them is 24 times larger than that when four photons come from different radiation areas. In addition, we also show that the higher-order spatial correlation function can be decomposed into multiple lower-order correlation functions, and the contrast and visibility of low-order correlation peaks are less than those of higher orders, while the resolutions all are identical. This study may be useful for better understanding the four-photon interference and multi-channel correlation imaging.
Proposed Space Test of the New Equivalence Principle with Rotating Extended Bodies

We propose a novel scheme for a space free-fall based test of the new equivalence principle (NEP) with two rotating extended bodies made of the same material. The measurement will be carried out by placing the two concentric spinning masses of very different momenta inside a differential electrostatic accelerometer in a drag-free compensated orbit. A difference in the forces necessary to maintain the common trajectory will be an indication of a violation of equivalence or the existence of spin-spin force between the rotating mass and the Earth. The conceptual design of the inertial sensor and its operation mode is presented. Details specific to the model and performance requirements are discussed by using up-to-date space technologies to test the NEP with an accuracy of better than 10~(-15).
区域优化平均法重建1500~1949年北半球的平均温度

研究全球温度的空间分布与时间变化特征是研究气候变暖归因等问题的基础.对全球、北半球或中国以及地球上其他的任何国家或指定地区进行该区域历史平均温度的重建,得到可以代表该区域平均温度变化的时间序列,这是气候变化研究的基本任务.因为区域平均温度重建可还原该区域的历史温度,而了解该区域温度变化的历史对研究全球过去气候环境和未来气候环境变化有着极其重大的意义.
Rovibrational State-Selectivity in Photoassociation through Multi-photon Transitions

The rovibrational state-selectivity in photoassociation (PA) is investigated for the ground electronic state of OH radical. The calculated results show that population can be transferred from continuum state to the target states through three-, four-, and nine-photon transitions by choosing suitable pulse parameters and initial collision energy. To control population transfer to a lower rovibrational state, a shorter pulse frequency has to be chosen and the photon number transferred to target state should be increased. In PA process, some associated OH radicals can be dissociated via intermediate and background states, which decreases the final population of the target state.
pH Influence on Performance of Phytic Acid Conversion Coatings on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy in Simulated Body Fluid

Phytic acid (PA) conversion coating on AZ31 magnesium alloy is prepared by a deposition method. pH influences on the formation process, microstructure and properties of the conversion coating are investigated. Electrochemical tests including polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are used to examine the corrosion resistance, and scanning electron microscopy is used to observe the microstructure. The chemical nature of conversion coating is investigated by energy dispersive spectroscopy. And thermodynamic method is used to analyze the optimum pH. The results show that PA conversion coating can improve the corrosion resistance of AZ31 Mg alloy. The maximum efficiency achieves 89.19% when the AZ31 Mg alloy is treated by PA solution with pH=5. It makes the corrosion potential of sample shift positively about 156 mV and corrosion current density is nearly an order of magnitude less than that of the untreated sample. The thermodynamic analysis shows that the corrosion resistance of PA coatings is affected by not only the concentration of PA ion and Mg~(2+) but also the release rate of hydrogen.
Method of neural network modulation recognition based on clustering and Polak-Ribiere algorithm

To improve the recognition rate of signal modulation recognition methods based on the clustering algorithm under the low SNR, a modulation recognition method is proposed. The characteristic parameter of the signal is extracted by using a clustering algorithm, the neural network is trained by using the algorithm of variable gradient correction (Polak-Ribiere) so as to enhance the rate of convergence, improve the performance of recognition under the low SNR and realize modulation recognition of the signal based on the modulation system of the constellation diagram. Simulation results show that the recognition rate based on this algorithm is enhanced over 30% compared with the methods that adopt clustering algorithm or neural network based on the back propagation algorithm alone under the low SNR. The recognition rate can reach 90% when the SNR is 4 dB, and the method is easy to be achieved so that it has a broad application prospect in the modulating recognition.
老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者症状群分析

目的确定老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的症状模式与困扰程度。方法纳入206例老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者，应用记忆症状评定量表进行问卷调查。结果患者生理和心理症状负担较大，疾病严重程度、病程不同，总体症状、生理、心理症状得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论症状负担伴随疾病发展的各个阶段，老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者有症状控制需求，因此应进行综合症状评估，以减缓症状困扰，提高生活质量。
子痫前期患者297例的短期结局

目的对子痫前期患者的短期结局进行分析，同时识别出其中的致病因素。方法纳入297例子痫前期孕妇，所有孕妇均接受妊娠32周后产检、产后随访、产后3个月随访，并对合并症、凝血功能指标、自身免疫指标、尿蛋白指标、血压等情况进行记录。结果患者中，57% (169/297)肥胖，12% (36/297)合并妊娠期糖尿病，凝血功能异常占3% (9/297)，自身免疫异常占4% (12/297)，另外有1% (3/297)合并肾病。产后随访时，52% (154/297)患者血压升高，47% (140/297)患者24 h尿蛋白>0.3g。产后3个月随访，发现12% (36/297)患者仍需口服降压药，14%(42/297)尿蛋白(+)阳性。结论子痫前期患者心血管疾病风险增加，需要改变生活习惯并进行远期随访，有必要对病因进行深入排查以发现潜在的导致子痫前期的疾病。
血清甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体检测在诊断妊娠期甲状腺功能低下中的应用

目的探讨血清甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)检测对判断妊娠期甲状腺功能的作用。方法以进行常规产前检查的471例初孕妇为研究对象，检测其血清TPOAb含量，同时检测其促甲状腺激素(TSH)和游离甲状腺素(FT_4)的含量，以评价孕妇的甲状腺功能。结果(1)建立TSH和FT_4值的正常范围，妊娠早期初孕妇共181例，其TSH正常范围为0. 10~3.51 mU/L、FT_4正常范围为8. 40 ~ 14. 80 pmol/L，而妊娠中期相对应的数据为0. 15 ~3.88 mU/L 和6.81 ~ 13. 95 pmol/L； (2) TPOAb 阳性患者，检测出 TSH 异常的比例为14. 8% ( 18/122)，明显高于TPOAb阴性组5. 4% ( 19/349)，差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05)，但两组检测出FT_4异常的概率之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论血清TPOAb与甲状腺功能异常之间存在一定的联系，但不宜作为主要评价因素，需要与其他诊断检测方案配合使用。
人乳头状瘤病毒16型E6蛋白在食管癌中的表达及与Cyclin Dl的关系

目的探讨人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)16型E6蛋白在食管癌中的表达及与细胞周期蛋白Cyclin D1的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学法检测50例食管鳞癌组织、30例食管癌旁组织及30例正常食管黏膜组织中HPV 16型E6蛋白的表达情况，采用Western blot方法检测Cyclin Dl在HPV 16型E6蛋白阳性及阴性的食管鳞癌组织中的表达水平。结果食管鳞癌组织中HPV 16型E6蛋白的阳性表达率高于正常食管黏膜组织(P<0.05)，与食管癌旁组织差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)；肿瘤最大径较大者、肿瘤浸润较深者、淋巴结转移者HPV 16型E6蛋白的阳性表达率均较高(P<0.05)。HPV 16型E6蛋白阳性的食管鳞癌组织中Cyclin Dl蛋白表达量高于阴性者(P<0.05)。结论HPV 16型E6蛋白可能促进了食管癌的生长和恶化，并与Cyclin Dl有一定的相关性，可作为食管癌的预后评估因子，为临床治疗提供一定的参考依据。
糖尿病大鼠慢性牙周炎模型的建立

目的探讨通过牙周丝线结扎联合局部涂菌建立糖尿病复合牙周炎大鼠模型的可行性。方法选择自发性2型糖尿病OLETF大鼠，以同种系同周龄糖耐量正常的LETO大鼠为对照。36周龄时，将OLETF大鼠，随即分为两组，一组附加牙周炎，一组对照；LETO大鼠也随机同样分为两组。牙周炎大鼠给予丝线结扎于左、右上颌第一、二磨牙牙颈部，并在结扎处涂抹4种牙周常见致病菌混悬液。观察体重和血糖的变化。56周龄时，处死观察牙周炎症病理状态。结果OLETF大鼠表现为多食多饮多尿，体重快速增加，血糖AUC显著增加。牙周炎大鼠牙颈部结扎处牙龈红肿、牙槽骨吸收、牙周袋形成。HE染色显示牙周炎大鼠牙周附着丧失明显，牙周袋底炎症细胞浸润，牙槽骨吸收明显。OLETF大鼠炎症程度更重，可见结合上皮大幅根向迁移，牙周袋内及牙龈结缔组织内大量弥漫炎细胞浸润。结论在OLETF大鼠牙齿周围给予丝线结扎并涂菌所致牙周炎，可以较好地模拟人类两种疾病的复合。
心肌梗死模型的制作

制作成功的心肌梗死模型是研究心肌梗死生理病理变化和治疗的关键。制作心肌梗死模型的方法有结扎法、药物法、介入法、冷冻法等，这些方法各有利弊。笔者在长期制作心肌梗死模型的探索中,认为结扎法制作的心肌梗死模型更接近临床病理特征，所得结果真实、可靠，是一种理想的制作心肌梗死模型的方法。现将心肌梗死模型的制作和体会与广大科研工作者一起分享。
配合陈列标本的彩色图像标注法

笔者借助影像设备和Photoshop图形处理软件，尝试推出了一种全新的解剖学标本标注方法，将真实标本与同一标本的彩色图像并列置放在一起，在教学实践中起到了比较好的效果,下面将这一方法介绍给广大同仁。
A Climatology of the Southwest Vortex during 1979-2008

Using a new vortex detection and tracing method, a dataset of the Southwest Vortex (SWV) is established based on Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25) reanalysis data during 1979–2008. The spatiotemporal features of the SWV are derived from the dataset. In comparison to other seasons, summer yields the least SWVs, but with the highest probability that they will migrate from their region of origin. SWVs mostly emerge in the southwest of the Sichuan Basin and the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau. Migratory SWVs mainly move along either an eastward or southeastward path. Detailed composite analysis of warm-season SWVs shows that the subtropical high is a key factor in determining the direction of migratory SWVs. Furthermore, the steering wind at 700 hPa dominates the moving direction of migratory SWVs. Potential stability diagnosed by pseudo-equivalent potential temperature θ _(se) is of certain significance for the evolution and movement of SWVs. On the other hand, migratory SWVs possess relatively greater strength than stationary SWVs, due to a stronger low-level jet with enhanced baroclinicity and moisture transport providing more energy to support the growth of SWVs along their paths of movement.
Simulation of the Microphysical Processes and Effect of Latent Heat on a Heavy Rainfall Event in Beijing

An extraordinary rainstorm that occurred in Beijing on 21 July 2012 was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. The results showed that: (1) The two precipitation phases were based on a combination of cold cloud processes and warm cloud processes. The accumulated conversion amount and conversion rate of microphysical processes in the warm-area phase were all much larger than those in the cold front phase. (2) 72.6% of rainwater was from the warm-area phase. Rainwater mainly came from the melting of graupel and the melting of snow, while the accretion of cloud water by rain ranked second. (3) The net heating rate with height appeared as an overall warming with two strong heating centers in the lower and middle layers of the troposphere and a minimum heating center around the melting layer. The net heating effect in the warm-area phase was stronger than that in the cold front phase. (4) Warm cloud processes contributed most to latent heat release, and the thermal effect of cold cloud processes on the storm in the cold front phase was enhanced compared to that in the warm-area phase. (5) The melting of graupel and snow contributed most to latent heat absorption, and the effect of the evaporation of rainwater was significantly reduced in the cold front phase.
Statistical Characteristics of ENSO Events in CMIP5 Models

By applying the historical-run outputs from24 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models and the NOAA Extended Reconstructed SST V3b dataset (ERSST) , the characteristics of different types of ENSO in the selected CMIP5 models, including cold-season-matured Eastern Pacific (C-EP) ENSO, warmseason- matured EP (W-EP) ENSO, cold-season-matured Central Pacific (C-CP) ENSO, and warm-season-matured CP (W-CP) ENSO, were examined in comparison with those in the ERSST dataset. The results showed that, in general, consistent with observations, EP ENSO events in most of the model runs were relatively much stronger than CP ENSO events, and cold-season-matured ENSO events were relatively much more frequent than warm-season-matured ENSO events for both EP and CP ENSO events. The composite amplitudes of ENSO events in most of the models were generally weaker than in observations, particularly for EP El Nino and CP La Nina. Moreover, most of the models successfully reproduced the amplitude asymmetries between El Nino and La Nina for cold-season-matured EP and CP ENSO events, exhibiting an average stronger/weaker EP El Nino/La Nina regime and a weaker/stronger CP El Nino/La Nina regime. Most of the models, however, failed to reproduce the observed regimes of stronger/weaker W-EP El Nino/ La Nina and weaker/stronger W-CP El Nino/La Nina.