mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
颈椎外伤术后肺部并发症的研究进展

创伤是引起颈椎外伤最常见的原因,有2% ~ 5%钝性外伤患者和5%中重度颅脑损伤患者合并颈椎外伤,颈椎外伤常合并颈椎脊髓的严重损伤,可导致永久性残疾,对社会和经济产生巨大影响。全球创伤性脊髓损伤发病率为每百万居民236 ~ 1298例,在这些患者中约有70%可能性会发生截瘫,有50%可能性会出现运动和感觉的完全损伤。颈椎手术的安全性很高,但对患者预后产生重要影响的肺部并发症需要引起注意。术后肺部并发症(postoperative pulmonary complications,PPCs)很常见,临床上PPCs的定义不同,发生率略有差异,2% ~ 40%。PPCs是指术后影响患者呼吸系统且不利于患者预后的临床病理状态,主要包括呼吸衰竭、低氧血症、肺部感染、肺不张、胸腔积液、气胸、肺炎以及支气管痉挛等。目前,关于PPCs发生的具体机制还不明确,围术期的一些治疗以及预防措施存在很多争议。本文对近年来PPCs的发生机制以及预防措施进行文献总结,以期提高颈椎外伤患者的生存率及预后,提高患者的生活质量。
组织牵拉夹联合金属夹在闭合内镜黏膜下剥离术术后创面中的应用

目的评价内镜下组织牵拉夹联合金属夹在闭合内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)术后创面中的效果和安全性。方法收集2020年6月1日-2020年6月30日期间因消化道病变于江苏省人民医院消化科行ESD治疗并使用组织牵拉夹联合金属夹夹闭手术创面的患者的资料,观察患者缝合时间、术中和术后并发症及术后住院时间等指标。结果本研究共纳入6例患者,其中男1例、女5例,年龄(59.2±9.0)岁,胃病变4例,结肠病变2例。ESD术后创面直径(2.7±0.9)cm,缝合时间(8.8±1.8)min。患者均使用1枚组织牵拉夹,使用金属夹3~ 11枚,平均7枚;除1例升结肠病变患者出现术中穿孔,余无术中或术后出血;患者术后住院(4.2±1.5)d。结论内镜下组织牵拉夹联合金属夹能有效、安全地闭合ESD术后创面。
WMS与SAP系统数据接口在疫苗信息化追溯管理中的应用浅析

2019年12月1日起,我国正式颁布实施《中华人民共和国疫苗管理法》,法案中对疫苗的流通管理提出了更高要求,明确将实行疫苗全程电子追溯制度,实现信息化全过程追溯管理。纵观信息化发展全局以及疫苗信息化追溯管理平台实施的可行分析,系统集成是未来发展的一大趋势。要实现疫苗流通的追溯,仓储及流通管理至关重要。从仓储管理角度看,立体库WMS系统(Warehouse Management System)与SAP ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning)系统(简称SAP系统,systems applications and products in data processing)均是库存管理的常用信息系统,两系统的集成接口也是顺应当下发展的选择。本文根据某公司实施系统集成案例的需求与预期成效,结合当下疫苗追溯体系的建设要求,浅析WMS与SAP系统数据接口集成的作用及其在疫苗信息化追溯管理中的效用。
单克隆免疫球蛋白相关C3肾小球病合并系统性硬化症一例

本文报道1例罕见的单克隆免疫球蛋白相关C3肾小球病合并系统性硬化症。患者为老年男性,临床表现为蛋白尿、水肿、肾功能不全,血、尿免疫固定电泳发现单克隆IgG-κ轻链,骨髓细胞学及活检均未见异常,肾活检光镜示系膜细胞及系膜基质增生,免疫荧光示补体C3(4+),IgA(-),IgG(-),IgM(-),电镜示多节段电子致密物沉积,持续存在抗Sel-70抗体强阳性,且整个病程逐渐进展为系统性硬化症。本文通过文献复习,阐述两者之间的可能相关联系,以提高临床医生对两种疾病的认识。
大孔吸附树脂结合HSCCC分离小叶苦丁茶中2个苯乙醇苷

目的采用大孔吸附树脂结合高速逆流色谱( HSCCC)分离小叶苦丁茶中2个苯乙醇苷。方法药材水提液直接上树脂柱,50%甲醇洗脱部位直接进行HSCCC分离。以乙酸乙酯-正丁醇-水( 5 ∶ 2 ∶ 5)为两相溶剂体系;上相为固定相,下相为流动相;转速850 r /min;体积流量10 mL/min。结果大孔吸附树脂能快速富集阿克苷、紫茎女贞苷A,HSCCC仅需500 min就可从1 g富集分段样品中得到两者,质量分别为300、265 mg,纯度分别为96.5%、98%。结论该方法可快速、大量地同时分离出小叶苦丁茶中高纯度的阿克苷、紫茎女贞苷A。
缺氧复氧诱导神经细胞焦亡的研究进展

细胞焦亡是一种有别于凋亡的促炎程序性细胞死亡方式,分为依赖于半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-1 (caspase-1)介导的经典炎症小体途径和依赖于半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-4/5/11(caspase-4/5/11)介导的非经典炎症小体途径。多项研究表明,caspase-1依赖的经典炎症小体途径在缺氧复氧诱导神经细胞焦亡中扮演了重要角色,上游多种因素可以对该焦亡途径进行调控。本文对此研究进展作一概括。
痒觉的调控机制

痒是一种由多种原因引起的伴有搔抓欲望的不愉快主观感觉。长时间持续的慢性痒在临床上是一种折磨患者的难治性疾病。现阶段已经初步确定了相关的受体和信号通路,以及不同致痒介质的作用机制;然而对痒觉的传递与调控,尤其是调控机制仍不够了解,还有许多问题亟待解决。将研究结果应用到瘙痒的临床治疗和止痒药物的研发才是最终目的。本文总结了关于痒觉现有的研究成果,针对神经系统各层次在痒觉信息调控中的作用进行了总结和综述。
Real-world clinical experience of secukinumab in Chinese patients with psoriasis in real-world practice: a 36-week single-center study of 24 patients

To the Editor: Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that has a significant negative impact on quality of life. Interleukin (IL)-17A,a key molecule in the T helper 17 pathway, is important in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Secukinumab, a fully human immunoglobulin G1 kappa monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17A, was the first anti-IL-17A antibody approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2015. In China, it was approved in March 2019 for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis vulgaris (PsV), whereas in Japan, it is not only used for PsV but also psoriatic arthritis and generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP). The safety and efficacy of secukinumab have been assessed in four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (ERASURE, FEATURE, JUNCTURE, and FIXTURE), which showed the superiority of secukinumab compared with placebo, etanercept, and ustekinumab,with long-term persistence of the clearance rate. However, the real-world setting of clinical practice is different from the strictly regulated setting of RCTs, which are conducted in only selected patients that fulfill strict inclusion and exclusion criteria to maximize internal validity. To date, there have been no official English reports of real-world studies published in China.
Clinical application and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of lung cancer

Lung cancer is a malignant tumor characterized by a rapid proliferation rate, less survivability, high mortality, and metastatic potential. This review focuses on updated research about the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as an adjuvant therapy to lung cancer treatment and the mechanisms of TCM effect on lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. We summarized the recent 5 years of different research progress on clinical applications and antitumor mechanisms of TCM in the treatment of lung cancer. As a potent adjuvant therapy, TCM could enhance conventional treatments (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and epidermal growth factor receptors [EGFRs] tyrosine kinase inhibitors [TKIs]) effects as well as provide synergistic effects, enhance chemotherapy drugs chemosensitivity, reverse drug resistance, reduce adverse reactions and toxicity, relieve patients' pain and improve quality of life (QOL). After treating with TCM, lung cancer cells will induce apoptosis and/or autophagy, suppress metastasis, impact immune reaction, and therapeutic effect of EGFR-TKIs. Therefore, TCM is a promisingly potent adjuvant therapy in the treatment of lung cancer and its multiple mechanisms are worthy of an in-depth study.
Role of primary repair in spontaneous esophageal rupture management:decades of experience from a single center

Spontaneous esophageal rupture,or Boerhaave syndrome,is a rare but potentially fatal condition with a mortality rate ranging from 20% to 30% in the literature.In some European countries,the incidence is below 3 to 6/1,000,000 persons.[2] Nowadays,the treatment of this disease remains a challenge to physicians due to the variable clinical manifestations and lack of consensus or guidelines.
Brain compensatory mechanisms enhance the recovery in the Rasmussen encephalitis child patient:a case was followed for 16 years

To the Editor:Rasmussen encephalitis(RE)is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin,which usually affects one hemisphere of the brain.It is an uncommon disease of the nervous system that is usually seen in children.While the cause of RE is unknown,current evidence suggests that autoimmune processes are responsible for the damage to the brain cells.Because of repeated convulsions and progressive neuronal damage,patients often suffer from mental decline and neurological impairment.
Comparison of the anterior and posterior approach in treating four-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Background:The optimal surgical approach for four-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy remains controversial.The purpose of this study was to compare clinical and radiological outcomes and complications between the anterior and posterior approaches for four-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy.Methods:A total of 19 patients underwent anterior decompression and fusion and 25 patients underwent posterior laminoplasty and instrumentation in this study.Perioperative information,intraoperative blood loss,clinical and radiological outcomes,and complications were recorded.Japanese Orthopedic Association(JOA)score,36-item short form survey(SF-36)score and cervical alignment were assessed.Results:There were no significant differences in JOA scores between the anterior and posterior group preoperatively(11.6 ± 1.6 vs.12.1 ± 1.5),immediately postoperatively(14.4 ± 1.1 vs.13.8 ± 1.3),or at the last follow-up(14.6 ± 1.0 vs.14.2 ± 1.1)(P >0.05).The JOA scores significantly improved immediately postoperatively and at the last follow-up in both groups compared with their preoperative values.The recovery rate was significantly higher in the anterior group both immediately postoperatively and at the last follow-up.The SF-36 score was significantly higher in the anterior group at the last follow-up compared with the preoperative value(69.4 vs.61.7).Imaging revealed that there was no significant difference in the Cobb angle at C2-C7 between the two groups preoperatively(-2.0° ± 7.3°vs.-1.4°± 7.5°).The Cobb angle significantly improved immediately postoperatively(12.3° ± 4.2°vs.9.2° ± 3.6°)and at the last follow-up(12.4° ± 3.5°vs.9.0° ± 2.6°)in both groups compared with their preoperative values(P = 0.00).Three patients had temporary dysphagia in the anterior group and four patients had persistent axial symptoms in the posterior group.Conclusions:Both the anterior and posterior approaches were effective in treating four-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy in terms of neurological clinical outcomes and radiological features.However,the JOA score recovery rate and SF-36 score in the anterior group were significantly higher.Persistent axial pain could be a major concern when undertaking the posterior approach.
Two-dimensional Organic Metal Chalcogenides

Inorganic two-dimensional(2D) materials have attracted tremendous interests recently. Controlled functionalization of 2D materials can achieve additional functions and properties, but usually suffers from less modification ratio, poor controllability, defects and so on. 2D organic metal chalcogenide(OMC) materials with periodically arranged organic functional group between the inorganic analogues layers offer opportunities to develop adjustable electrical properties and extended applications. In this mini-review, we will provide an overview of the composition and preparation, band gap engineering, and conductivity modulation of the serial OMC materials and illustrate the application investigation such as biomimetic catalysis, photodetecting and chemiresistive gas sensing.
急性肠套叠合并急性冠脉综合征高龄患者急诊剖腹探查术的麻醉与围术期管理

在冠心病患者行非心脏手术的治疗中,不推荐预防性应用硝酸酯类进行冠状动脉扩张治疗,因为其不能有效减轻心肌缺血。本课题组既往发表的Cochrane系统评价表明,对于应用任何硝酸酯类制剂术后30 d时的全因死亡率无差异。而对于出现新发心肌缺血证据的患者,尤其是高血压相关的持续性心肌缺血,给予硝酸甘油通常有效。其可引起大管径心外膜传导性血管发生冠状动脉血管舒张,并通过静脉扩张作用而减少左室前负荷。但这些益处必须与低血压和剂量相关反射性心动过速的发生风险相权衡,硝酸甘油所诱导的前负荷下降可能会超过其益处。该患者术后再次出现cTnl水平的升高,ICU医生考虑患者可能存在再次心肌缺血的可能。因此,术后应用硝酸酯类药物持续扩张冠状动脉,同时应用去甲肾上腺素维持灌注压,维持血压稳定。
Lump and new interaction solutions to the (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation

In this paper, a new (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation is introduced, through the generalized bilinear operators based on prime number p = 3. By Maple symbolic calculation, one-, two-lump, and breather-type periodic soliton solutions are obtained, where the condition of positiveness and analyticity of the lump solution are considered. The interaction solutions between the lump and multi-kink soliton, and the interaction between the lump and breather-type periodic soliton are derived, by combining multi-exponential function or trigonometric sine and cosine functions with a quadratic one. In addition, new interaction solutions between a lump, periodic-solitary waves, and one-, two- or even three-kink solitons are constructed by using the ansatz technique. Finally, the characteristics of these various solutions are exhibited and illustrated graphically.
STEMI伴多支冠状动脉病变患者急诊PCI策略优选

ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者合并多支冠状动脉病变的概率高达40%~65%,与不良预后密切相关。国内外指南虽有推荐针对该类患者的急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)策略,但在真实世界中依然需要准确把握。本综述在对比急诊PCI仅开通梗死相关冠状动脉、急诊PCI同时完全血运重建和急诊PCI后分次完全血运重建3种不同策略疗效优劣的基础上,总结出急诊PCI后分次完全血运重建是安全有效的优选策略。
An Overview of the Flame Retardants for Poly(vinyl chloride): Recent States and Perspective

As a versatile star product, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) has kept active in our daily life all through since it was invented. However, the severe fire hazard and heavy smoke produced during combustion, particularly the extensively used flexible PVC products, have been puzzling manufacturers and researchers for ages. Over the last decade, multifarious flame retardants and smoke suppressants were developed for PVC materials. In this review, combined literature with the results based on the research from our group, recent emerged flame retardants and smoke suppressants for PVC are introduced. Meanwhile, the flame retardant mechanisms and experimental analysis results are described to understand the relationship between characters of flame retardants (including chemical compositions, structures or morphologies) and fire performance of the composites. The potential substitutes for traditional harmful flame retardant antimony trioxide are discussed aiming to the emphasis on increasing prominent environmental concerns. In particular, one section is dedicated to new approaches for the preparation of novel environmentally friendly and high-efficiency flame retardants. It is hoped that this review will not only summarize the new emerged flame retardants and smoke suppressants for PVC, but also provide the new trend to prompt sequent exploration in both academic research and industrial application.
Improving Both Electron and Hole Mobilities of an Ambipolar Polymer by Integrating Sodium Sulfonate-Tethered Alkyl Side Chains

High performance ambipolar organic semiconductors are highly desirable for organic logic circuits. Herein, we demonstrate the integration of sodium sulfonate (SS)-tethered sidechains into a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based ambipolar polymer (PDPP3T) can simultaneously improve its hole and electron transport performances either parallel or perpendicular to polymer film. Three SS-functionalized polymers (PDPP3T-xSS, x = 0.025, 0.05 and 0.10) were synthesized and studied. It was found that SS functionalization can reinforce interchain π-π interactions, slightly lower frontier orbital energy levels, produce more rod-like structures in film, and change chain-packing from edge-on to face-on fashion, but has little influence on thermal properties. More interestingly, organic field-effect transistors reported hole mobility of 0.27 ± 0.066 cm~2·V~(–1)·s~(–1) and electron mobility of 0.038 ± 0.016 cm~2·V~(–1)·s~(–1) for PDPP3T, while increased 2.4 and 5 folds to 0.64 ± 0.087 and 0.19 ± 0.051 cm~2·V~(–1)·s~(–1) for PDPP3T-0.025SS, respectively. Moreover, PDPP3T-xSS devices displayed reduced threshold voltages for both hole and electron transports. Meanwhile, space charge-limited current method found SS functionalization achieved an order of magnitude increase in electron mobility and slight enhancement in hole mobility transporting perpendicular to polymer film. In-depth investigations suggest such enhancements may originate from the joint actions of chain-stacking modulation and ionic doping effect.
Extreme Ultraviolet Frequency Comb with More than 100 µW Average Power below 100nm

Extreme ultraviolet(XUV)frequency comb is a powerful tool in precision measurement.It also brings many new opportunities to the field of strong field physics since high harmonic generation related phenomena can be studied with high repetition rate.We demonstrate the generation of an XUV frequency comb with the aid of intra-cavity high harmonic generation process.The setup is driven by a high power infrared frequency comb,and an average power of 4.5 kW is reached in the femtosecond enhancement cavity.With Xe gas as the working media,harmonics up to the 19th order are observed.Power measurement indicates that as much as 115.9 µW(1.3mW)are generated at ~94nm(~148 nm).The shortest wavelength we can reach is ~55 nm.The coherence of the generated light is tested with an optical-heterodyne-based measurement of the third harmonic.The resulted line width is ~3 Hz.In addition,with this system,we also observe a strong suppression of below threshold harmonics from O_2 compared to that from Xe.These results suggest that the current system is ready for precision spectroscopic measurements with few-electron atomic and molecular systems in XUV region as well as the study of strong field physics with an unprecedented 100MHz repetition rate.
HfX_2(X=Cl,Br,I)Monolayer and Type II Heterostructures with Promising Photovoltaic Characteristics

Two-dimensional(2D)materials and their corresponding van der Waals(vdW)heterostructures are considered as promising candidates for highly efficient solar cell applications.A series of 2D HfX_2(X=Cl,Br,I)monolayers are proposed,via first-principle calculations.The vibrational phonon spectra and molecular dynamics simulation results indicate that HfX_2 monolayers possess dynamical and thermodynamical stability.Moreover,their electronic structure shows that their Heyd–Scuseria–Ernzerhof(HSE06)-based band values(1.033–1.475 eV)are suitable as donor systems for excitonic solar cells(XSCs).The material's significant visible-light absorbing capability(~10~5 cm~(–1))and superior power conversion efficiency(~20%)are demonstrated by establishing a reasonable type II vdW heterostructure.This suggests the significant potential of HfX_2 monolayers as a candidate material for XSCs.
Quantum Oscillations and Electronic Structure in the Large-Chern-Number Topological Chiral Semimetal PtGa

We report the magnetoresistance(MR),de Haas-van Alphen(dHvA)oscillations and the electronic structures of single-crystal PtGa.The large unsaturated MR is observed with the magnetic field B‖[111].Evident dHvA oscillations with the B‖[001] configuration are observed,from which twelve fundamental frequencies are extracted and the spin-orbit coupling(SOC)induced band splitting is revealed.The light cyclotron effective masses are extracted from the fitting by the thermal damping term of the Lifshitz–Kosevich formula.Combining with the calculated frequencies from the first-principles calculations,the dHvA frequencies F_1/F_3 and F_(11)/F_(12)are confirmed to originate from the electron pockets at Γ and R,respectively.The first-principles calculations also reveal the existence of spin-3/2 Rarita–Schwinger–Weyl fermions and time-reversal doubling of the spin-1 excitation at Γ and R with large Chern numbers of ±4 when SOC is included.
Biocompatible and Biodegradable Functional Polysaccharides for Flexible Humidity Sensors

Using wearable devices to monitor respiration rate is essential for reducing the risk of death or permanent injury in patients. Improving the performance and safety of these devices and reducing their environmental footprint could advance the currently used health monitoring technologies. Here, we report high-performance, flexible bioprotonic devices made entirely of biodegradable biomaterials. This smart sensor satisfies all the requirements for monitoring human breathing states, including noncontact characteristic and the ability to discriminate humidity stimuli with ultrahigh sensitivity, rapid response time, and excellent cycling stability. In addition, the device can completely decompose after its service life, which reduces the risk to the human body. The cytotoxicity test demonstrates that the device shows good biocompatibility based on the viability of human skin fibroblast-HSAS1 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVECs), illustrating the safety of the sensor upon integration with the human skin.
Bacterial Template Synthesis of Multifunctional Nanospindles for Glutathione Detection and Enhanced Cancer-Specific Chemo-Chemodynamic Therapy

Biological synthetic methods of nanoparticles have shown great advantages, such as environmental friendliness, low cost, mild reaction conditions, and enhanced biocompatibility and stability of products. Bacteria, as one of the most important living organisms, have been utilized as bioreducing nanofactories to biosynthesize many metal nanoparticles or compounds. Here, inspired by the disinfection process of KMnO4, we for the first time introduce bacteria as both the template and the reducing agent to construct a novel tumor microenvironment-responsive MnOx-based nanoplatform for biomedical applications in various aspects. It is found that the bacterium/MnOx-based nanospindles (EM NSs) can efficiently encapsulate the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (DOX), leading to the fluorescence quenching of the drug. The as-formed DOX-loaded EM NSs (EMD NSs) are proven to be decomposed by glutathione (GSH) and can simultaneously release DOX and Mn~(2+) ions. The former can be utilized for sensitive fluorescence-based GSH sensing with a limit of detection as low as 0.28 μM and selective cancer therapy, while the latter plays important roles in GSH-activated magnetic resonance imaging and chemodynamic therapy. We also demonstrate that these nanospindles can generate oxygen in the presence of endogenous hydrogen peroxide to inhibit P-glycoprotein expression under hypoxia and can achieve excellent tumor eradication and tumor metastasis inhibition performance. Taken together, this work designs a multifunctional bacterially synthesized nanomissile for imaging-guided tumor-specific chemo-chemodynamic combination therapy and will have implications for the design of microorganism-derived smart nanomedicines.
Responsive Inverse Opal Scaffolds with Biomimetic Enrichment Capability for Cell Culture

Three-dimensional(3D)porous scaffolds have a demonstrated value for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Inspired by the predation processes of marine predators in nature, we present new photocontrolled shrinkable inverse opal graphene oxide(GO)hydrogel scaffolds for cell enrichment and 3D culture. The scaffolds with adjustable pore sizes and morphologies were created using a GO and N-isopropylacrylamide dispersed solution as a continuous phase of microfluidic emulsions for polymerizing and replicating. Because of the interconnected porous structures and the remotely controllable volume responsiveness of the scaffolds, the suspended cells could be enriched into the inner spaces of the scaffolds through predator-like swallowing and discharging processes. Hepatocyte cells concentrated in the scaffold pores could form denser 3D spheroids more quickly via the controlled compression force caused by the shrinking of the dynamic scaffolds. More importantly, with a program of scaffold enrichment with different cells, an unprecedented 3D multilayer coculture system of endothelial-cellencapsulated hepatocytes and fibroblasts could be generated for applications such as liver-on-a-chip and bioartificial liver. It was demonstrated that the resultant multicellular system offered significant improvements in hepatic functions, such as albumin secretion, urea synthesis, and cytochrome P450 expression. These features of our scaffolds make them highly promising for the biomimetic construction of various physiological and pathophysiological 3D tissue models, which could be used for understanding tissue level biology and in vitro drug testing applications.
Contact Electrification by Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling

A simple model of charge transfer by loss-less quantum-mechanical tunneling between two solids is proposed. The model is applicable to electron transport and contact electrification between e.g. a metal and a dielectric solid. Based on a one-dimensional effective-mass Hamiltonian, the tunneling transmission coefficient of electrons through a barrier from one solid to another solid is calculated analytically.The transport rate(current)of electrons is found using the Tsu-Esaki equation and accounting for different Fermi functions of the two solids. We show that the tunneling dynamics is very sensitive to the vacuum potential versus the two solids conduction-band edges and the thickness of the vacuum gap. The relevant time constants for tunneling and contact electrification, relevant for triboelectricity, can vary over several orders of magnitude when the vacuum gap changes by one order of magnitude, say, 1 °A to 10 ° A. Coulomb repulsion between electrons on the left and right material surfaces is accounted for in the tunneling dynamics.
A General Method for the Synthesis of Hybrid Nanostructures Using MoSe_2 Nanosheet-Assembled Nanospheres as Templates

The layered transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs)and transition metal phosphides are low-cost, earth-abundant, and robust electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER). Integrating them into hybrid nanostructures is potentially promising to further boost the catalytic activity toward HER based on their synergistic effects. Herein, we report a general method for the synthesis of a series of MoSe_2-based hybrid nanostructures, including MoSe_2-Ni_2P, MoSe_2-Co_2P, MoSe_2-Ni, MoSe_2-Co, and MoSe_2-NiS, by postgrowth of Ni_2P, Co_2P, Ni, Co, and NiS nanostructures on the presynthesized MoSe_2 nanosheet-assembled nanospheres, respectively, via a colloidal synthesis method. As a proof-of-concept application, the as-synthesized hybrid nanostructures are used as electrocatalysts for HER, exhibiting high activity and stability in acidic media. Among them, the MoSe_2-Co_2P composite shows the highest HER activity with an overpotential of 167mV at 10mAcm~(-2).