mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Encrusted cystitis and ascites due to urethral calculus

A 55-year-old man presented with dyspnea and involuntary dribbling of urine for 1 month. He had history of straining during micturition and weak urinary stream for a year. On examination, he was disoriented and had abdominal distension. Ultrasound revealed marked ascites, pleural effusion, bilateral hydroureteronephrosis, and distended bladder with prostatic urethral calculus. A non-contrast computerized tomography scan additionally showed thickened bladder wall with florid mucosal calcification suggestive of encrusted cystitis and a 2.9 cm×2.5 cm calculus in the prostatic urethra extending to the bulbar urethra (Fig. 1). His hemoglobin was 6 g/dL; urea and creatinine were elevated (114 mg/dL and 8.4 mg/dL, respectively); and the leucocyte count was 16.3×10~9/L. After initial resuscitation, ultrasound guided supra-pubic catheterization was performed. The urine pH was 8.4 while the microscopy revealed numerous pus cells, bacteria, and inorganic crystals. A nephrology consultation was taken and considering the clinical picture of encrusted cystitis, he started on intravenous vancomycin. He also received a session of hemodialysis. The patient died of cardiovascular collapse on the second post admission day. The urine culture report, obtained posthumously, revealed Corynebacterium urealyticum corroborating the diagnosis of encrusted cystitis. The strain was multidrug resistant and showed only sensitivity to teicoplanin and vancomycin.
High-voltage frequency domain spectroscopy analysis of a thermally aged XLPE submarine cable under continuous and cyclic voltage based on carrier transport and polarisation characteristics

In order to ensure the safe operation of submarine cables,it is of great significance to analyse the insulation state of submarine cables from the perspectives of microstructure,carrier transport characteristics and macroscopic dielectric properties.In this study,based on the high-voltage frequency domain spectroscopy (HV-FDS) measurement system,HV-FDS experiments of fresh and thermally aged submarine cables were carried out under continuous (0.5,2,4 and 10 kV) and cyclic (2-10-2 kV) applied alternating voltages.Then,combining the changes of the microstructure structure of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation,the aggregate structure deterioration model of XLPE was proposed to discuss the physical mechanism of HV-FDS characteristics of submarine cables under different voltages and insulation states.Results show that the HV-FDS characteristics of submarine cables have significant voltage dependence under continuous voltage excitation.The HV-FDS of submarine cables show memory characteristics under cyclic voltage excitation.Compared with the fresh submarine cable,the thermally aged submarine cable shows more significant voltage dependence and memory characteristics of HV-FDS.The memory characteristics of HV-FDS are mainly determined by the carriers transport and the interfacial polarisation caused by the accumulation of polar particles at the electrode/dielectric interface.This study covers the correlation mechanism among the microstructure,carrier transport and macroscopic HV-FDS properties of submarine cable insulation,which lays a foundation for further research and condition evaluation of submarine cables.
Research on numerical simulation for partial discharge of epoxy interface excited by high-frequency sinusoidal voltage

High-frequency sinusoidal voltage excitation is proposed as a feasible method to solve the difficulty of partial discharge detection at the epoxy interface.In order to study the development process of partial discharge under high-frequency stress,a two-dimensional plasma simulation model of partial discharge for a needle-plate electrode structure is established by coupling particle transport equation,Poisson equation and plasma chemical reaction.The model adopts a reaction set to reduce the difficulty of modelling generation,transport and disappearance of charged particles.It realises dynamic simulation of the partial discharge at the epoxy interface.The spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of microscopic parameters such as electron density,electron temperature and surface charge are obtained.Based on this simulation model,the partial discharge characteristics of the epoxy interface at different frequencies are further studied in this work.The results show that with the increase of applied voltage frequency,the electron temperature shows an increasing trend,but its increasing rate gradually slows down;while surface charge accumulation decreases uniformly with the increase of applied voltage frequency.These two factors make the partial discharge severest under the frequency of 10 kHz.The results of the model are verified from two aspects of discharge form and discharge intensity by experimental means.
Modelling and analysis of half-/full-bridge hybrid MMC when riding through DC-side pole-to-ground fault

In a modular multilevel converter-based high-voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) system,the dc fault ride through (FRT) control is an effective way to deal with a dc-side pole-to-ground (PTG) fault.However,the setting of FRT duration brings potential hazards:1) MMC will face the risk of "secondary short circuit" if FRT duration is short;2) ac grid may have power angle stability issue if FRT duration is long.To avoid these hazards and provide theoretical guidance for the FRT duration setting,transient behaviour of dc fault current during the PTG FRT stage is explored in this work.Firstly,challenges of the transient analysis are summarised as non-linearity and high-order issues.In light of this,numerical and Hilbert-Huang Transformation methods are introduced to evaluate the non-linearity issue.It is found that the path of MMC from dc current to dc internal voltage is weakly nonlinear.Hence,a linear transient model is built to analyse the dc fault current.By participation factor analysis,the order of the proposed model is further reduced,so that an analytical expression of the dc fault current is approximately derived.Based on the analytical expression,regularities and mechanism of dc fault current are fully revealed.Application of the transient analysis to the setting of FRT duration is elaborated in detail.Finally,the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation verifies the validity of the proposed model and analytical expression.
Detection of decomposition products of SF_6/air gas mixture by electron attachment mass spectrometry

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF_6) is widely used in gas insulation,and its decomposition products can be used to diagnose potential insulation failures.Quick and accurate detection of decomposition products can help to understand equipment-operating conditions in time.In this study,the decomposition products of SF_6/air gas mixtures under different pulsed discharge voltages were studied.It was found that the main products were SOF_2,SO_2F_2,SO_2,CF_4 and SOF_4,and the yields of SOF_2,SO_2F_2,SO_2 and SOF_4 increased with the number of discharge pulse.The productive rate of SOF_2,SO_2 and SOF_4 were positively correlated with the discharge voltage,and when the discharge voltage increased from 5 to 15 kV,their yields after 50,000 discharges increased by 49%,120% and 1100%,respectively.The productive rate of SOF_2 and SO_2 were positively correlated with the proportion of air in the gas mixtures while that of SOF_4 was opposite.When the proportion of air increases from 0% to 90%,their yields after 50,000 discharges became 270%,3169% and 10% of the originals,respectively.In addition,the productive rate of SO_2F_2 was not affected by discharge voltage and the proportion of air in the gas mixtures.SO_2F_2,SOF_2,SOF_4 and SO_2 can be used as the basis for judging the discharge failures and the discharge degree of power equipment.
Heat Pumps in Denmark: Current Situation in Providing Frequency Control Ancillary Services

The Danish government set an ambitious goal to achieve a fully renewable-based energy system by 2050. In this context, the integrated electricity and heating system is undergoing rapid development in Denmark as a promising way to accommodate the ever-growing renewable energy sources (RESs). The electric heat pumps (HPs), coupled with the power and heat sectors, can propagate the flexibility on the heat consumer side to the power system operations, playing an important role of improving system flexibility and balancing the variability of the RES. In this paper, the current development situation of HPs in Denmark is analyzed, including both the large-scale HPs in the district heating system and individual HPs on the residential side. The possibility of using HPs to provide frequency control ancillary service (FCAS) is analyzed according to the market and technical requirements of the FCAS in the Danish transmission system and experimental results of representative demonstration projects of HPs. A comprehensive analysis of the advantages, barriers, future prospects, and challenges for using HPs to provide the FCAS are carried out from the perspectives of different entities.
A Critical System Strength Evaluation of a Power System with High Penetration of Renewable Energy Generations

The power system is experiencing a higher penetration of renewable energy generations (REGs). The short circuit ratio (SCR) and the grid impedance ratio (GIR) are two indices to quantify the system strength of the power system with REGs. In this paper, the critical short circuit ratio (CSCR) is defined as the corresponding SCR when the system voltage is in the critical stable state. Through static voltage stability analysis, the mathematical expression of the CSCR considering the impact of GIR is derived. The maximum value of CSCR is adopted as the critical value to distinguish the weak power system. Based on the static equivalent circuit analysis, it is proved that the CSCR is still effective to evaluate critical system strength considering the interactive impact among REGs. Finally, we find that the GIR can be neglected and the SCR can be used individually to evaluate the system strength when SCR>2 or GIR>5. The correctness and rationality of the CSCR and its critical value are validated on ADPSS.
Fault Identification in Power Network Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning

With the integration of alternative energy and renewables, the issue of stability and resilience of the power network has received considerable attention. The basic necessity for fault diagnosis and isolation is fault identification and location. The conventional intelligent fault identification method needs supervision, manual labelling of characteristics, and requires large amounts of labelled data. To enhance the ability of intelligent methods and get rid of the dependence on a large amount of labelled data, a novel fault identification method based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL), which has not received enough attention in the field of fault identification, is investigated in this paper. The proposed method uses different faults as parameters of the model to expand the scope of fault identification. In addition, the DRL algorithm can intelligently modify the fault parameters according to the observations obtained from the power network environment, rather than requiring manual and mechanical tuning of parameters. The methodology was tested on the IEEE 14 bus for several scenarios and the performance of the proposed method was compared with that of population-based optimization methods and supervised learning methods. The obtained results have confirmed the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Determining Potential Passive Islanding Detection Indicators for Single-point Single Inverter, Single-point Multi-inverter and Multi-point Multi-inverter Scenarios

Distributed Generation (DG) sources, predominantly renewable energy-based, such as solar photovoltaic and wind energy sources, have significantly penetrated into power system networks. This high penetration of DG sources may lead to the formation of unintentional islands, which is hazardous to both the equipment and personnel, if sustained. In this paper, 46 passive parameters are considered to find out which candidate(s) are promising for detecting sustained unintentional islands and avoid false DG trips. These 46 parameters are derived from point of common coupling (PCC) voltage, DG output current, frequency, power factor angle, active and reactive powers. All these parameters are tested on standard IEEE 13 and 34 bus distribution networks, integrated with inverter-interfaced DGs at different locations for different penetration levels in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The parameters are tested for different islanding events (comprising of various local loads, such as conventional parallel RLC resonant load, R, RC, and RL loads) and for different non-islanding events. The parameters are then ranked accordingly by a suitable averaging approach based performance ranking technique. From this analysis, the best candidates are obtained for detecting inverter DG islands at single-point (or single PCC) locations and multi-point (or multiple PCCs) locations. Multiple best passive candidates are obtained for different island scenarios from which a set of promising islanding detection indicators are proposed.
Polarization multiplexed diffractive computing: all-optical implementation of a group of linear transformations through a polarization-encoded diffractive network

Research on optical computing has recently attracted significant attention due to the transformative advances in machine learning. Among different approaches, diffractive optical networks composed of spatially-engineered transmissive surfaces have been demonstrated for all-optical statistical inference and performing arbitrary linear transformations using passive, free-space optical layers. Here, we introduce a polarization-multiplexed diffractive processor to all-optically perform multiple, arbitrarily-selected linear transformations through a single diffractive network trained using deep learning. In this framework, an array of pre-selected linear polarizers is positioned between trainable transmissive diffractive materials that are isotropic, and different target linear transformations (complexvalued) are uniquely assigned to different combinations of input/output polarization states. The transmission layers of this polarization-multiplexed diffractive network are trained and optimized via deep learning and error-backpropagation by using thousands of examples of the input/output fields corresponding to each one of the complex-valued linear transformations assigned to different input/output polarization combinations. Our results and analysis reveal that a single diffractive network can successfully approximate and all-optically implement a group of arbitrarily-selected target transformations with a negligible error when the number of trainable diffractive features/neurons (N) approaches N_pN_iN_o, where N_i and N_o represent the number of pixels at the input and output fields-of-view, respectively, and N_p refers to the number of unique linear transformations assigned to different input/output polarization combinations. This polarization-multiplexed all-optical diffractive processor can find various applications in optical computing and polarization-based machine vision tasks.
Auxin response factor gene MdARF2 is involved in ABA signaling and salt stress response in apple

Auxin response factors (ARFs) play key roles throughout the whole process of plant growth and development,and mediate auxin response gene transcription by directly binding with auxin response elements (AuxREs).However,their functions in abiotic stresses are largely limited,especially in apples.Here,the auxin response factor gene MdARF2 (HF41569) was cloned from apple cultivar ‘Royal Gala' (Malus×domestica Borkh.).Phylogenetic analysis showed that ARF2 proteins are highly conserved among different species and MdARF2 is the closest relative to PpARF2 of Prunus persica,but they differ at the DNA level.MdARF2 contains three typical conserved domains including the B3 DNAbinding domain,Auxin_resp domain and AUX_IAA domain.The subcellular localization demonstrated that MdARF2 is localized in the nucleus.The three-dimensional structure prediction of the proteins showed that MdARF2 is highly similar with AtARF2,and they contain helices,folds,and random coils.The promoter of MdARF2 contains cis-acting elements which respond to various stresses,as well as environmental and hormonal signals.Expression analysis showed that MdARF2 is widely expressed in all tissues of apple,with the highest expression of MdARF2 in root.Functional analysis with a series of MdARF2 transgenic apple calli indicated that MdARF2 can reduce the sensitivity to ABA signaling and enhance salt tolerance in apple.In summary,the results of this research provide a new basis for studying the regulation of abiotic stresses by ARFs.
Transcriptional profiling between yellow- and black-seeded Brassica napus reveals molecular modulations on flavonoid and fatty acid content

Brassica napus is an important cash crop broadly grown for the vegetable and oil values.Yellow-seeded B.napus is preferred by breeders due to its improved oil and protein quality,less pigments and lignin compared with the blackseeded counterpart.This study compared the differences in flavonoid and fatty acid contents between yellow rapeseed from the progenies of B.napus-Sinapis alba somatic hybrids and the black-seeded counterpart using RNA-seq analysis.Through HPLC-PDA-ESI(-)/MS2 analysis,it was found that phenylpropanoids and flavonoids (i.e.,isorhamnetin,epicatechin,kaempferol,and other derivatives) in yellow seed were significantly lower than those in black seed.The fatty acid (FA) content in yellow rapeseed was higher than that in black rapeseed due to the variation of C16:0,C18:0,C18:1,C18:2,and C18:3 contents.RNA-seq analysis of seeds at four and five weeks after flowering (WAF) indicated that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between black and yellow rapeseeds were enriched in flavonoid and FA biosynthesis,including BnTT3,BnTT4,BnTT18,and BnFAD2.Also,genes related to FA biosynthesis,desaturation and elongation (FAD3,LEC1,FUS3,and LPAT2) in yellow seed were up-regulated compared to those in black seed,while genes involved in beta-oxidation cycle (AIM1 and KAT2) of yellow seed were down-regulated compared to those in black seed.The DEGs related to the variation of flavonoids,phenylpropanoids,and FAs would help improve the knowledge of yellow seed character in B.napus and promote rapeseed improvement.
Generation and application of two monoclonal antibodies targeting conserved linear epitopes in the NP protein of influenza A virus

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are widely used in virus research and disease diagnosis. The nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza A virus (IAV) plays important roles in multiple stages of the virus life cycle. Therefore, generating conserved mAbs against NP and characterizing their properties will provide useful tools for IAV research. In this study, two mAbs against the NP protein, 10E9 and 3F3, were generated with recombinant truncated NP proteins (NP-1 and NP-2) as immunogens. The heavy-chain subclass of both 10E9 and 3F3 was determined to be IgG2α, and the light-chain type was κ. Truncation and site-specific mutation analyses showed that the epitopes of mAbs 10E9 and 3F3 were located in the N terminal 84-89 amino acids and the C terminal 320-324 amino acids of the NP protein, respectively. We found that mAbs 10E9 and 3F3 reacted well with the NP protein of H1-H15 subtypes of IAV. Both 10E9 and 3F3 can be used in immunoprecipitation assay, and 10E9 was also successfully applied in confocal microscopy. Furthermore, we found that the 10E9-recognized 84SAGKDP89 epitope and 3F3-recognized 320ENPAH324 epitope were highly conserved in NP among all avian and human IAVs. Thus, the two mAbs we developed could be used as powerful tools in the development of diagnostic methods of IAV, and also surely promote the basic research in understanding the replication mechanisms of IAV.
Dietary calcium requirements of broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age

Background: The current calcium (Ca) recommendation for broilers is primarily based on studies conducted more than 30 years ago with birds of markedly different productive potentials from those which exist today. And the response indicators in these studies are mainly growth performance and bone ash percentage. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary Ca level on growth performance, serum parameters, bone characteristics and Ca metabolism-related gene expressions, so as to estimate dietary Ca requirements of broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age. Methods: A total of 420 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 treatments with 6 replicates (10 birds per cage) and fed the corn-soybean meal diets containing 0.60%, 0.70%, 0.80%, 0.90%, 1.00%, 1.10% or 1.20% Ca for 21 days. Each diet contained the constant non-phytate phosphorus content of about 0.39%. Results: The average daily gain decreased linearly (P < 0.001) as dietary Ca level increased. The serum and tibia alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, tibia bone mineral density (BMD), middle toe BMD, tibia ash percentage, tibia breaking strength, and tibia ALP protein expression level were affected (P < 0.05) by dietary Ca level, and showed significant quadratic responses (P < 0.02) to dietary Ca levels. The estimates of dietary Ca requirements were 0.80 to 1.00% based on the best fitted broken-line or quadratic models (P < 0.03) of the above serum and bone parameters, respectively. Conclusions: The results from the present study indicate that the Ca requirements would be about 0.60% to obtain the best growth rate, and 1.00% to meet all of the Ca metabolisms and bone development of broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age.
Sword in the woods: How plant hosts defend against vascular pathogens

"We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills". Winston Churchill's famous speech inspiring the will to fight is also applicable to describe the operational mode of the plant defense system, since the foes, microbial pathogens, are not restricted to the initial invading sites of plant(e.g., wounds, hydathodes and stomata) and, instead, they may spread and colonize the whole plant in a successful infection. Pathogens also attempt to escape or overcome the host plant immune responses; therefore, unlike pathogens specifically infecting mesophyll cells, a large number of bacterial pathogens evolved to colonize the plant vascular system as their niche, so called "vascular pathogens". The plant vascular system has two fundamental functions: transporting water and minerals from the roots to the leaves by xylem, and transporting sugars from the leaves to the non-photosynthetic parts of the plant by phloem. Since the xylem consists of dead tracheary elements with a relatively low osmotic pressure and the phloem is composed of living cells with a high osmotic pressure, most vascular pathogens prefer to colonize the nutrient-poor xylem vessels(Yadeta and Thomma, 2013). Most Xanthomonas bacteria are plant vascular pathogens, including X. campestris pv. campestris(causative agent of black rot disease of crucifers), X. citri pv. citri(causing citrus canker) and X. oryzae pv. oryzae(causing bacterial leaf blight of rice(Oryza sativa)). These pathogens proliferate in the xylem and disrupt the normal water and nutrient supply of plants, often leading to severe wilting and death of the entire plant(Kashyap et al., 2021). In contrast, X. oryzae pv. oryzicola is a nonvascular pathogen, which infects mesophyll cells and causes bacterial leaf streak disease on rice. While knowledge on immune responses in mesophyll tissues has extensively accumulated in the last three decades, how plant immunity is structured in the xylem to defend against vascular pathogens is largely unclear.