mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and photovoltaic performance of N-dioctylmethyl-2, 7-carbazole-alt-5, 7-bis(thiophen-2-yl)-2, 3-biphenylthieno[3, 4-b] pyrazine copolymeric derivatives appending various donor units in phenyl moieties

A series of N-dioctylmethyl-2, 7-carbazole-alt-5, 7-bis(thiophen-2-yl)-2, 3-biphenylthieno[3, 4-b]pyrazine (PCz-3ThPz-Ph) copolymeric derivatives appending various donor units in two phenyl rings, namely, PCz-3ThPz-PhTh, PCz-3ThPz-PhFl, PCz-3ThPz-PhCz, and PCz-3ThPz-PhTpa were synthesized and characterized. The effect of these appending donor units, e.g., thiophene (Th), fluorene (Fl), carbazole (Cz), and triarylamine (Tpa), was investigated on dispersible, optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties for their polymers. The copolymers of PCz-3ThPz-PhCz and PCz-3ThPz-PhTpa containing Cz or Tpa units exhibited higher short-circuit current density (J_(sc)) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) in their bulk heterojunction polymeric solar cells. The highest PCE of 1.66% and J_(sc) of 7.16 mA cm~(-2) were obtained in a device with the PCz-3ThPz-PhCz/PC_(61)BM blend under AM 1.5 G irradiation (100 mW cm~(-2)); these values are 1.78 and 1.59 times higher than the corresponding values for the PCz-3ThPz-Ph-based device. When PC_(61)BM was placed by PC_(71)BM, the PCz-3ThPz-PhCz-based device displayed an enhanced PCE of 2.98% and a J_(sc) of 10.88 mA cm~(-2). This work demonstrated that appending additional hole-transporting units of Cz and Tpa into the side-chain of a polymer with a D-A backbone can significantly enhance the photovoltaic performance of their resultant polymers.
Side-chain engineering of high-efficiency conjugated polymer photovoltaic materials

In recent years, conjugated polymers have attracted great attention in the application as photovoltaic donor materials in polymer solar cells(PSCs).Broad absorption, lower-energy bandgap, higher hole mobility, relatively lower HOMO energy levels, and higher solubility are important for the conjugated polymer donor materials to achieve high photovoltaic performance.Side-chain engineering plays a very important role in optimizing the physicochemical properties of the conjugated polymers.In this article, we review recent progress on the side-chain engineering of conjugated polymer donor materials, including the optimization of flexible side-chains for balancing solubility and intermolecular packing(aggregation), electron-withdrawing substituents for lowering HOMO energy levels, and two-dimension(2D)-conjugated polymers with conjugated side-chains for broadening absorption and enhancing hole mobility.After the molecular structural optimization by side-chain engineering, the2D-conjugated polymers based on benzodithiophene units demonstrated the best photovoltaic performance, with powerconversion efficiency higher than 9%.
Low band-gap benzodithiophene-thienothiophenecopolymers: the effect of dual two-dimensional substitutions on optoelectronic properties

Two new conjugated copolymers, PBDT-T6-TTF and PBDT-T12-TTF, were derived from a novel 4-fluorobenzoyl thienothiophene(TTF).In addition, two types of benzodithiophene(BDT)units with 2, 3-dihexylthienyl(T6)and 2, 3-didodecylthienyl(T12)substituents, respectively, were successfully synthesized.The effect of the dual two-dimensional(2D)substitutions of the building blocks upon the optoelectronic properties of the polymers was investigated.Generally, the two polymers exhibited good solubility and broad absorption, showing similar optical band gaps of~1.53 e V.However, PBDT-T6-TTF with its shorter alkyl chain length possessed a larger extinction coefficient in thin solid film.The highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO)level of PBDT-T6-TTF was located at-5.38 e V while that of PBDT-T12-TTF was at-5.51 e V.In space charge-limitedcurrent(SCLC)measurement, PBDT-T6-TTF and PBDT-T12-TTF displayed respective hole mobilities of 3.0×10~(-4) and1.6×10~(-5) cm~2 V~(-1) s~(-1).In polymer solar cells, PBDT-T6-TTF and PBDT-T12-TTF showed respective power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 2.86%and 1.67%.When 1, 8-diiodooctane(DIO)was used as the solvent additive, the PCE of PBDT-T6-TTF was remarkably elevated to 4.85%, but the use of DIO for the PBDT-T12-TTF-blend film resulted in a lower PCE of 0.91%.Atomic force microscopy(AFM)indicated that the superior efficiency of PBDT-T6-TTF with 3%DIO(v/v)should be related to the better continuous phase separation of the blend film.Nevertheless, the morphology of the PBDT-T12-TTF deteriorated when the 3%DIO(v/v)was added.Our results suggest that the alkyl-chain length on the 2D BDT units play an important role in determining the optoelectronic properties of dual 2D BDT-TT-based polymers.
Addressing dynamic photovoltaic processes at electrode:active layer and donor:acceptor interfaces in organic solar cells under device-operating conditions

This article presents our experimental studies to unravel the dynamic photovoltaic processes occurring at donor:acceptor(D:A)and electrode:active layer(E:A)interfaces under device-operating conditions by using two unique magneto-optical measurements, namely photo-induced capacitance and magnetic field effect measurement.First, we have found that a higher surface polarization of dielectric thin film can decrease the surface charge accumulation at E:A interface.The photo-induced capacitance results indicate that dielectric thin film plays a crucial role in the charge collection in generating photocurrent in organic solar cells.Second, our experimental results from magnetic field effect show that the binding energies of charge transfer(CT)states at D:A interface can be evaluated by using the critical bias required to completely dissociate the CT states.This is the first experimental demonstration that the binding energies of CT states can be measured under deviceoperating conditions.Furthermore, we use our measurement of magnetic field effect to investigate the most popular organic photovoltaic solar cells, organometal halide perovskite photovoltaic devices.The results of magneto-photoluminescence show that the photogenerated electrons and holes are inevitably recombined into electron-hole pairs through a spin-dependent process in the perovskites.Therefore, using spin polarizations can present a new design to control the photovoltaic loss in perovskites-based photovoltaic devices.Also, we found that introducing D:A interface can largely affect the bulk charge dissociation and recombination in perovskite solar cells.This indicates that the interfacial and bulk photovoltaic processes are internally coupled in developing photovoltaic actions in perovskite devices.Clearly, these magneto-optical measurements show a great potential to unravel the deeper photovoltaic processes occurring at D:A and E:A interfaces in both organic bulk-heterojunction and perovskite solar cells under device-operating conditions.
Supplemental information

Red Wolf Founders The red wolf founders are the 14 individuals removed from the wild along the Gulf coast of Texas and Louisiana who were chosen, based upon morphology, skull radiographs, sonographic analysis, breeding experiments, and electrophorectic and chromosomal analysis, to initiate the captive breeding program (Carley, 1975; Riley and McBride, 1975). These individuals also have a unique mitochondrial DNA haplotype that has not been observed in coyotes (Adams et al., 2003).
Hybridisation on coral reefs and the conservation of evolutionary novelty

Hybridisation was traditionally considered rare on coral reefs. However, a rapid increase in hybrid studies over the last 20 years has revealed that hybridisation on coral reefs is common and widespread. In this review, we summarise the growing body of evidence arising from studies on stony corals and reef fishes to verify the occurrence of hybridisation, and we examine the influence hybridisation has had on the enormous level of biodiversity present on coral reefs. We discuss the challenges of distinguishing hybridisation from alternative hypotheses (e.g. incomplete lineage sorting). This review also explores the evolutionary consequences of hybridisation, which range from increasing genetic diversity and the production of novel lineages that may outperform the parent species, to reverse speciation and extinction by genetic swamping. Instances of hybridisation can be natural or occur as a result of human impacts (e.g. habitat degradation) and distinguishing between these two very different causal mechanisms is important for management. Currently, the legislative status of hybrids is unclear and hybrids are rarely protected in conservation programs. Failing to adequately manage hybridisation and hybrid lineages may lead to potential losses of evolutionary novelty, declines in phylogenetic diversity or species extinctions. To conserve existing coral reef biodiversity, and the processes that generate biodiversity, conservation policies must be re-defined and instances of hybridisation must be assessed and managed on a case-by-case basis.
Detection of social group instability among captive rhesus macaques using joint network modeling

Social stability in group-living animals is an emergent property which arises from the interaction amongst multiple behavioral networks. However, pinpointing when a social group is at risk of collapse is difficult. We used a joint network modeling approach to examine the interdependencies between two behavioral networks, aggression and status signaling, from four stable and three unstable groups of rhesus macaques in order to identify characteristic patterns of network interdependence in stable groups that are readily distinguishable from unstable groups. Our results showed that the most prominent source of aggression-status network interdependence in stable social groups came from more frequent dyads than expected with opposite direction status-aggression (i.e. A threatens B and B signals acceptance of subordinate status). In contrast, unstable groups showed a decrease in opposite direction aggression-status dyads (but remained higher than expected) as well as more frequent than expected dyads with bidirectional aggression. These results demonstrate that not only was the stable joint relationship between aggression and status networks readily distinguishable from unstable time points, social instability manifested in at least two different ways. In sum, our joint modeling approach may prove useful in quantifying and monitoring the complex social dynamics of any wild or captive social system, as all social systems are composed of multiple interconnected networks.
德国烧伤治疗观感

2012年9月—2013年9月,笔者受山西省发展和改革委员会及本单位指派到德国科隆市医院及柏林市事故急救中心进行研修学习。现就在此期间,笔者对德国医疗保险体制、前述2家德国医院设施及其对烧伤患者治疗方面的见闻分享如下。
双侧胸大肌肌瓣治疗开胸术后胸骨骨髓炎临床效果

目的探讨双侧胸大肌肌瓣对开胸术后并发胸骨骨髓炎患者的治疗效果。方法2009年7月—2013年12月,笔者单位收治59例开胸术后胸骨骨髓炎患者,清创后创面面积5 cm x 4 cm ~25 cm x6 cm,采用双侧胸大肌肌瓣填塞修复缺损,游离肌瓣面积5 cm x 3 cm ~ 19 cm x 8 cm。结果59例患者均存活,其中2例患者创面拆线后部分裂开,经清创换药2周愈合;另有1例患者缝合处下段未愈,经清创换药1个月未见明显好转,复查胸部发射型计算机断层摄影显示仍存在骨髓炎,经再次手术清除骨髓炎病灶+腹直肌翻转术治愈;其余56例患者创面愈合良好。术后分别有6、9、3例患者发生术区出血、肩关节疼痛、肺部感染,分别经手术止血、热敷、抗生素治疗治愈。术后随访3 ~36个月,仅1例患者复发胸骨骨髓炎,所有患者无肩关节活动障碍。结论双侧胸大肌肌瓣对接填塞手术创伤小、无需附加切口、可以保持胸廓的稳定性,是一种值得推荐的治疗开胸术后胸骨骨髓炎的术式。
33例严重烧伤患者的营养治疗分析

目的了解严重烧伤患者的营养治疗效果。方法回顾性分析笔者单位烧伤ICU 2013年4月1日—9月30日收治的33例严重烧伤患者资料,统计患者伤后1 ~ 14 d实际摄人能量与目标能量比值、肠内及肠外营养摄入能量分别占总能量的比例、蛋白质实际摄入量与目标摄人量比值,记录低蛋白血症发生情况、谷氨酰胺使用情况、手术情况、恶心与呕吐患者数、腹泻患者数、平均首次大便时间、平均首次进食时间。结果伤后1 ~5 d,患者实际摄入能量与目标能量的比值从0.3逐日递增至0.7;伤后6 ~ 14 d,该比值稳定在0. 8左右。伤后1 ~5 d,患者肠外营养摄人能量占总能量的比例高于肠内营养;伤后6 ~ 14 d,肠内营养摄人能量占总能量的比例高于或等于肠外营养,肠外营养摄人能量占总能量的比例在40%左右。伤后1 ~4 d,患者蛋白质实际摄入量与目标摄入量比值为0.25 ~0.53;伤后5~14 d,该比值为0. 60 ~ 0. 70。33例严重烧伤患者均有不同程度的低蛋白血症,其中23例使用谷氨酰胺、29例行手术治疗、12例出现恶心与呕吐、9例出现腹泻。本组患者平均首次大便时间为伤后7 d,平均首次进食时间为伤后19 h。 结论应对严重烧伤患者实施个体化营养治疗,其早期营养摄入的估算亟待深入研究。
Synthesis of Submicrometer-sized Sn-MCM-41 Particles and Their Catalytic Performance in Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation

Submicrometer-sized tin-containing MCM-41 particles with a size of several hundred nanome-ters(Sn-MCM-41/SMPs) were rapidly prepared with tin chloride as tin source and tetraethyl orthosilicate as silicon source via a dilute solution route in sodium hydroxide medium at room temperature. The characterization results show the highly ordered hexagonal mesopores and tetrahedral Sn species in Sn-MCM-41/SMPs. The material proved to be active and selective for Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of adamantanone with aqueous H_2O_2. Notably, Sn-MCM-41/ SMPs displayed a higher initial reaction rate and turnover number(TON) than common micrometer-sized Sn-MCM-41 large particles(Sn-MCM-41/LPs), mainly attributed to the accelerated diffusion of the reactants and enhanced accessibility to the catalytic Sn species via shorter mesopore channels in Sn-MCM-41/SMPs. Furthermore, Sn-MCM-41/SMPs could be reused without the loss of activity after five runs, indicating that Sn active sites in the submicrometer-sized particles are remarkably stable. The study shows that decreasing particle size of Sn-MCM-41 in submicrometer scale is an effective way to achieve catalysts for Baeyer-Villiger oxidations with improved catalytic performance.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Capecitabine Derivatives

A series of capecitabine derivatives with a Boc group at the N4-position was synthesized and their in vitro antitumor activities against HepG2(liver hepatocellular carcinoma) were primarily evaluated. Some compounds were chosen for further evaluation of their in vivo efficacy on nude mice xenografted human hepatoma HepG2. The results showed that compounds 3 and 6 had considerable in vivo activity against HepG2, with tumor growth inhibition rates of 70% and 64% on day 21, respectively, and 56% and 55% on day 35, respectively, which are roughly comparable to capecitabine(74% and 59% on days 21 and 35, respectively).
Association between Tourette Syndrome and the Dopamine D3 Receptor Gene Rs6280

Background: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a complex, heterozygous genetic disorder. The number of molecular genetic studies have investigated several candidate genes, particularly those implicated in the dopamine system. The dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) gene has been considered as a candidate gene in TS. There was not any report about the association study of TS and DRD3 gene in Han Chinese population. We combined a case-control genetic association analysis and nuclear pedigrees transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis to investigate the association between DRD3 gene rs6280 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and TS in a Han Chinese population. Methods: A total of 160 TS patients was diagnosed by the diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. The DRD3 gene rs6280 SNPs were genotyped by TaqMan SNP genotyping assay technique in all subjects. We used a case-control genetic association analysis to compare the difference in genotype and allele frequencies between 160 TS patients and 90 healthy controls. At the same time, we used TDT analysis to identify the DRD3 gene rs6280 transmission disequilibrium among 101 nuclear pedigrees. Results: The genotype and allele frequency of DRD3 gene rs6280 SNPs had no statistical difference between control group (90) and TS group (160) (X~2 = 3.647,P=0.161;X~2 = 0.643, P = 0.423) using Chi-squared test. At the basis of the 101 nuclear pedigrees, TDT analysis showed no transmission disequilibrium of DRD3 gene rs6280 SNPs (X~2 = 0; P= 1). Conclusions: Our findings provide no evidence for an association between DRD3 gene rs6280 and TS in the Han Chinese population.
Clinical Research on Benign Lymphoepithelial Lesions of Lacrimal Gland in 20 Chinese Patients

Background: Benign lymphoepithelial lesion (BLEL) is characterized by symmetric bilateral swelling of the lacrimal and salivary glands and considered a subtype of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related sclerosing disease, the etiology and pathogenesis of which has not been determined. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the clinical features of BLEL in the lacrimal gland and the relationship between the serum level of IgG4 and BLEL. Methods: Twenty consecutive patients with BLEL diagnosed in Department of Ophthalmology at Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University between January 2012 and December 2013 were observed. The clinical features, imaging findings, laboratory tests, treatments and follow-up status of these 20 consecutive patients were analyzed. Results: In all 20 patients, the ratio of male to female was 1:4, the ages ranged from 28 to 57 years, the ratio of unilateral to bilateral eyes involvement was 1:4,and painless uncongested symmetrical swelling of the upper eyelid was the main clinical manifestation. Orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed that all patients involved lacrimal gland, which were obviously enlarged with equal signals in T1W images and T2W images and obvious enhancement on contrast MRI. Extraocular muscles were involved in 5 patients, salivary gland in 8 patients, and frontal nerve in 3 patients. Serum IgG4 concentration was elevated in 18 patients. The treatment strategy mainly included surgery and steroid administration. Three patients were lost to follow-up, 17 patients reached complete response, and no recurrence was observed. Conclusions: Eyelid swelling is the typical symptom of BLEL. Most of the patients involved bilateral lacrimal glands. High serum IgG4 level and abundant IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration are the important features, which can be found in most of BLEL patients. Surgery combined with glucocorticoids is an efficient treatment strategy.
Cyber-physical-social-thinking space based science and technology framework for the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) as an emerging network paradigm is bringing the next scientific and technological revolution for ubiquitous things' interactions in cyber-physical-social spaces. The IoT influences the current science and technology system by enabling its relatively stable interrelations for an inevitable architecture reconfiguration. In this paper, we aim to explore an updated science and technology framework for the IoT. Particularly, a novel cyber-physical-social-thinking (CPST) space is established by involving an attractive concept of the Internet of Thinking (IoTk), and a science and technology framework is accordingly proposed referring to both scientific aspect (i.e., cyber-physical, social, and noetic sciences) and technological aspect (i.e., fundamental, physical, cyber, and social technologies). According to the perspective of the traditional Chinese culture, we explain the established science and technology framework, in which the “Five Elements” (i.e., wood, fire, earth, metal, and water) have common properties with the restructured cyber-physical science in the IoT. Moreover, we introduce a scenario of smart city to identify the technological aspect in the IoT, and discuss the key enabling technologies, including resource management, energy management, data management, session management, security and privacy, loop control, space-time consistency, nanotechnology, and quantum technology. It turns out that the established science and technology framework will launch an innovation for academia and industry communities.
Commentary on "Late-onset hypogonadism - beyond testosterone"

The paper from Floresta et al.1 presents data from two cohorts of men (mean age 35) attending for infertility assessment. A distinction is made between the classical hypogonadism (total testosterone [TT] 12 nmol l~(-1) or less) and "subclinical" hypogonadism with a normal TT but marginally raised luteinizing hormone (LH). They also stress that too much emphasis should not be placed on the need for the presence of sexual symptoms and stress the importance of obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. They rightly point out the relationship between low testosterone (T), low-vitamin D, and increased mortality along with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. These are vitally important issues that should concern us all and yet we must ask ourselves why these accepted views in the fields of andrology and sexual medicine are not widely held by our colleagues in diabetes and endocrinology.
What is the next generation therapeutic strategy for castration-resistant prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Since androgen receptor (AR) signal plays key roles in the PCa progression, targeting androgens via the current androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the main therapeutic strategy for advanced PCa. However, most patients who receive ADT, including the second generation anti-androgens enzalutamide (also known as MDV3100) may finally develop the castration (or anti-androgen) resistance after 12-24 months treatment. In the manuscript by Asangani et al., the authors demonstrated that targeting the amino-terminal bromodomains of BRD4 could preferentially suppress human castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cell lines. While further studies are required to understand the full impact of their findings, the innovative approach provides a potential novel epigenetic approach for the concerted blockade of oncogenic drivers in CRPC.
Two-post-Newtonian approximation of the scalar-tensor theory with an intermediate-range force for general matter

Some future space missions measure distances of laser links and angles with unprecedented precision, allowing us to test theories of gravity up to the two-post-Newtonian (2PN) order. Besides, investigation of an intermediate-range force has been of considerable interests in gravitational experiments. Inspired by these ideas, within the framework of the scalar-tensor theory with an intermediaterange force, its 2PN approximation is obtained with Chandrasekhar’s approach. It includes the 2PN metric and equations of motion for general matter without specific equation of state. The conserved quantities to the 2PN order are isolated with the aid of the energy-momentum complex. We also discuss the prospect of testing and distinguishing the intermediate-range force with the orbital motions of celestial bodies and spacecrafts.
Analytical solutions for MHD flow at a rectangular duct with unsymmetrical walls of arbitrary conductivity

For MHD flows in a rectangular duct with unsymmetrical walls, two analytical solutions have been obtained by solving the governing equations in the liquid and in the walls coupled with the boundary conditions at fluid-wall interface. One solution of ’Case I’ is for MHD flows in a duct with side walls insulated and unsymmetrical Hartmann walls of arbitrary conductivity, and another one of ’Case II’ is for the flows with unsymmetrical side walls of arbitrary conductivity and Hartmann walls perfectly conductive. The walls are unsymmetrical with either the conductivity or the thickness different from each other. The solutions, which include three parts, well reveal the wall effects on MHD. The first part represents the contribution from insulated walls, the second part represents the contribution from the conductivity of the walls and the third part represents the contribution from the unsymmetrical walls. The solution is reduced to the Hunt’s analytical solutions when the walls are symmetrical and thin enough. With wall thickness runs from 0 to ∞, there exist many solutions for a fixed conductance ratio. The unsymmetrical walls have great effects on velocity distribution. Unsymmetrical jets may form with a stronger one near the low conductive wall, which may introduce stronger MHD instability. The pressure gradient distributions as a function of Hartmann number are given, in which the wall effects on the distributions are well illustrated.