mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Cybertaxonomy to accomplish big things in aphid systematics

Biodiversity sciences have progressed at such a pace that the taxonomic community has been unable to grow concomitantly to keep up with the influx of biological data. This "taxonomic impediment" has led some to suggest that taxonomy is no longer pertinent and to the development of methodologies that circumvent the taxonomic process. This article does not seek to argue for the importance of taxonomy but rather is a call to the aphid taxonomy community to rise to the challenge by dramatically increasing the volume and comprehensiveness of its output without sacrificing quality. Recent informatics technology allows us to mobilize the 2 most important aphid taxonomy resources: experts and specimens, both distributed globally. "Cyberspecimens," museum specimens digitally rendered at a resolution sufficient for remote identification, and open "cybertaxonomic" tools will allow the international aphid taxonomic community to carry out large, ambitious, projects. The global aphid cybertaxonomy proposed here will serve not only the ends of research aphidologists, but also provide a model for other taxonomic communities to adapt and adopt as we confront both the taxonomic impediment and the taxonomic naysayers.
Application of DNA barcoding to the identification of Hymenoptera parasitoids from the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) in China

Aphis glycines Matsumura is an important pest of soybean in Asia and North America. Hymenoptera parasitoids play a key role in the control of the soybean aphid. The correct identification of parasitoids is a critical step that precedes the assessment of their potential biological control agents. Accurate identification of the majority of the species attacking the soybean aphid often requires elaborate specimen preparation and expert taxonomic knowledge. In this study, we facilitated the identification of soybean aphid parasitoids by applying a DNA barcoding approach following a preliminarymorphological identification. We generated DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial COI gene and the D2 region of 28S rDNA to assess the genetic variation within and between parasitoid species emerging from the soybean aphid in China. Fifteen Hymenoptera parasitoid species belonging to 10 genera of five families were identified with little intra-specific variation (0.09% ± 0.06% for 28S and 0.36% ± 0.18% for COI) and large inter-specific divergence (30.46% ± 3.42% for 28S and 20.4% ± 1.20% for COI).
How does the host-specialized aphid deal with food deficiency?

Aphis gossypii Glover shows obvious host specialization, with cucurbit- and cotton-specialized biotypes or host races in many regions. Because its annual natal host crops senesce earlier the cucurbit-specialized biotype may suffer food deficiency. The method this biotype uses to overcome this challenge is still poorly understood. In order to understand the potential of the cucurbit-specialized biotype aphids in host shift and usage, the performance of this biotype on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), a common but poor quality host plant, was explored in this study. The cucurbit-specialized aphids could establish populations on cotton only when these plants had at least nine leaves, and subsequent populations developed rather slowly. The presence of whitefly populations on cotton improved the success rate of cucurbit-specialized aphids. The cucurbit-specialized aphids were mainly distributed on the older leaves of cotton, with only a few settling on the upper leaves. The cucurbit-specialized aphids reared on cotton for 40, 54 and 61 days still maintained strong preference for their natal host plant, cucumber (Cucumis sativus), rather than cotton, and their net reproductive rates and intrinsic rates of natural increase were dramatically lower when they were transferred onto new six-leaf cotton plants or detached leaves. Therefore, we concluded that the cucurbit-specialized aphids have the potential to utilize mature or whitefly-stressed cotton plants, but that this feeding experience on cotton did not alter their specialization for cucurbits. Some cotton plants could act as a temporary host for the cucurbit-specialized aphids to overcome food deficiency arising from senescing cucurbits.
Reliable protocols for whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum: A comprehensive survey and analysis

RNA in situ hybridization (ISH), including chromogenic ISH (CISH) and fluorescent ISH (FISH), has become a powerful tool for revealing the spatial distribution of gene transcripts inmodel organisms. Previously, we developed a robust protocol for wholemount RNA CISH in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, an emerging insect genomic model. In order to improve the resolving capacity of gene detection, we comprehensively surveyed current protocols ofwhole-mount RNA-FISH and developed protocols that allow, using confocal microscopy, clearer visualization of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) -including those subcellularly localized and those with spatially overlapping expression.We find that Fast dye-based substrate fluorescence (SF), tyramide signal amplification (TSA), and TSA Plus all enable identifying gene expression thanks to multiplex amplification of fluorescent signals. By contrast, methods of direct fluorescence (DF) do not allow visualizing signals. Detection of a single gene target was achieved with SF and TSA Plus for most mRNAs, whereas TSA only allowed visualization of abundant transcripts such as Apvas1 and Appiwi2 in the germ cells. For detection of multiple gene targets using double FISH, we recommend: (i) TSA/TSA, rather than TSA Plus/TSA Plus for colocalized mRNAs abundantly expressed in germ cells, as proteinase K treatment can be omitted; and (ii) SF/TSA Plus for other gene targets such as Apen1 and Apen2 as inactivation of enzyme conjugates is not required. SF/SF is not ideal for double FISH experiments due to signal blurring. Based on these new conditions for RNA-FISH, we have obtained a better understanding of germline specification and embryonic segmentation in the pea aphid. We anticipate that the RNA-FISH protocols for the pea aphid may also be used for other aphids and possibly other insect species, thus expanding the range of species from which useful insights into development and evolution may be obtained.
提升医院发展质量实现医院战略目标

近年来,本院在医院质量管理体系建设中,提出“发展质量管理”的概念,以医院战略目标为导向,参考关键业绩指标法(key performance indicators, KPI)管理理论,纳入影响医院全面发展的关键要素,采用Delphi专家咨询法和聚类分析法,自制问卷调查表,形成医院-部门-科室一体化质量管理核心指标体系,运用“PDCA”戴明管理循环工具和加权 TOPSIS统计方法等,在对指标予以界定和量化的基础上,进行日常监测、检查、督导、考评、奖惩、改进,对监测结果进行分析,针对监测中发现的问题和差距,采取积极的改进措施和目标纠偏、修正,克服了“医院规划写在纸上,挂在墙上,平时不去管,想起来看一看”的现象。多项指标提前实现“十二五”规划目标,促进了医院的可持续发展。现将主要方法及取得的主要效果简要介绍如下。
细胞免疫在三阴性乳腺癌治疗中的临床研究

目的:分析比较细胞因子激活杀菌细胞(CIK)联合化疗治疗三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)与疗效相关的指标,评估以CIK为基础免疫治疗T NBC的有效性和安全性。方法选取2007年1月至2013年1月3家协作医院CIK细胞治疗联合化疗的T N-BC患者210例为CIK联合治疗组,临床特点相近行单纯化疗患者210例作为对照组,比较两组患者治疗的免疫功能、生存质量、生存时间及安全性。结果 CIK联合治疗组患者CD3~+、CD8~+、自然杀伤T细胞(NKT)治疗后与对照组相比细胞百分比明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);CIK联合治疗组患者生存质量比对照组有不同程度的提高,生存时间也有提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 CIK联合化疗治疗TNBC安全、有效,可提高生存时间,改善患者生存质量。
187例老年住院患者护理不良事件现况及影响因素分析

护理不良事件是指与护理相关的损伤,在实施诊疗护理过程中,任何可能影响患者的诊疗结果、增加患者痛苦和损伤,甚至可能引发护理纠纷、事故的事件。而老年患者由于身体机能的退化及活动能力、反应认知能力均下降,病情复杂多变,生活不能完全自理等因素,存在更多已知和未知的高风险因素。在2012年1月至2013年12月,回顾某三级甲等综合医院非惩罚性自愿上报的护理不良事件,其中65岁以上的老年住院患者护理不良事件占总数的80.6%。为进一步了解老年住院患者护理不良事件的详细发生状况及其影响因素,本研究组就此进行了调查、总结,现报道如下。
超声诊断后天性隐睾扭转1例

创伤性睾丸移位又称后天性隐睾,由于未及时复位引起的扭转临床罕见,超声是首选的影像学诊断方法,可为临床诊断提供及时可靠的依据。我院2013年12月收治1例,现报告如下。
Gunshot (Pellets) injury to the maxillofacial complex: a case report

Gunshot injuries are rather serious but uncommon type of trauma in India. A 45-year-old male was presented with gunshot (pellets) embedded in the maxillofacial area for 22 years. There is no consensus in the literature whether to attempt their removal or leave them in situ. Our patient had no long-term sequela like infection, fistula formation, carcinogenesis or metal poisoning to date except for chill feeling on cold days. Management of this patient presented a dilemma in treatment in view of the effects of foreign bodies in the maxillofacial area.
老年慢性肺心病急性加重期患者B型脑钠肽前体改变及对预后的评估

BNP最早是由日本学者Sudoh于1988年自猪脑纯化而来的血管类活性肽。与心钠素(ANP)属相同肽类家族,主要合成于心室,心室负荷以及室壁张力提升能够刺激BNP分泌。其具有利钠、利尿以及促进血管舒张和降低肺部及其周边循环血管的张力,达到抑制肾素(RN)-血管紧张激素(ANG)-醛固酮(ATN)系统和抑制利尿激素(DH)等作用。CPHD病患血容量提升,肺动脉形成高压,且右心室出现肥厚以及扩大,这些因素都能促使BNP的分泌以及合成。当心室压力负荷提升时,能够快速分泌pre-BNP。pre-BNP脱去氮端信号肽形成pro-BNP,而pro-BNP进入血液之后可以被切割成为BNP和N端片段(NT-proBNP)。
河南省城乡老年护理从业人员现状调查与分析

目的了解河南省城乡老年护理从业人员的现状,分析其与老年护理需求的差距,创新和发展护理专业教育。方法采用分层抽样法对河南省城乡老年护理从业人员的数量、知识结构及对老年护理知识和技能的需求等进行调查。结果河南省城乡老年护理从业人员数量少、学历层次较低、接受老年护理专业培训少,对老年护理及其发展的认识不到位,开展老年护理工作的专业化程度低,对老年护理的专业知识与技能的需求较高。结论各级政府和职业院校应加强老年护理专业人才的培养,为老年事业发展提供人才支撑。
自噬相关基因Beclin 1沉默对人肺癌A549细胞顺铂耐药性的影响

目的探讨应用RNAi技术沉默Beclin 1基因对人肺癌A549细胞顺铂(DDP)耐药性的影响。方法应用真核细胞转染技术将Psilencer 3.1-siRNA-Beclin 1重组质粒转入人肺癌DDP耐药A549/DDP细胞,通过RT-PCR和Western印迹检测Beclin-1基因表达,四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞对DDP的耐药性及细胞增殖情况,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。结果与空白对照组及空质粒对照组相比,重组质粒组Beclin 1 mRNA及蛋白表达下降,凋亡率增加,对DDP的敏感性增加(均P<0.05)。结论Psilencer 3.1-siRNA-Beclin 1转染人肺癌A549细胞后,可有效抑制Beclin-1基因的表达,增加人肺癌A549细胞对DDP的敏感性,促进细胞凋亡。
人参二醇组皂苷改善内毒素诱导急性肾损伤小鼠肾功能的机制

目的探讨人参二醇组皂苷(PDS)对内毒素(LPS)诱导的急性肾损伤(AKI)小鼠肾功能的保护作用及机制。方法选择C57BL/6小鼠随机分成3组(n=8),分别为对照组(control,腹腔注射0.9%氯化钠),LPS组(腹腔注射LPS 10 mg/kg),PDS+LPS组(先腹腔注射PDS 25 mg/kg,1 h后注射LPS 10 mg/kg)。注射LPS 12 h后麻醉下处死小鼠,取肾脏组织冻存或固定,备蛋白表达与形态学观察用,并收集血液用于生化检测。利用免疫组化方法观察形态学变化。利用免疫印迹方法测定肾脏相关蛋白含量及表达情况。结果LPS组小鼠肾组织凋亡严重,肝肾功能明显异常,而PDS+LPS组肾脏组织凋亡及肝肾功能损伤较LPS组轻(P<0.05)。LPS组一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)蛋白表达水平和NO含量与对照组比较明显增加(P<0.05)。而PDS+LPS组iNOS蛋白表达水平和NO含量均显著低于LPS组(P<0.05)。LPS组肾脏丙二醛(MDA)含量与对照组比较明显增高(P<0.05),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量和Mn-SOD的蛋白表达水平都明显低于对照组(P<0.01,P<0.05),而PDS+LPS组MDA含量较LPS组低(P<0.05),SOD含量和Mn-SOD的蛋白表达水平较LPS组高(P<0.05)。结论PDS有逆转LPS诱导的AKI小鼠肾功能的作用,其保护作用机制为抑制肾脏iNOS表达,减少NO产生与释放,抑制MDA的产生和上调SOD的表达而起到抗氧化应激的作用。
老年患者IgA肾病的临床与病理分析

目的了解老年IgA肾病的临床与病理特点。方法回顾性对比分析该院近20年老年IgA肾病(老年组)患者并将同期年龄<60岁的患者作为对照组。结果①两组均以男性多见,分别占59.18%(29/49)及60.71%(924/1 522),两组在性别构成方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);②两组的患者占该院同期同年龄肾活检患者的比例分别是12.60%及35.99%,二者差异显著(P<0.01);③老年患者在发生水肿、高血压、尿素氮、肌酐升高比例、合并肾功能不全、尿蛋白定量均较对照组高,而血浆白蛋白低于对照组(P<0.05)。血尿的发生率两组无差别(P>0.05);④临床诊断老年患者慢性肾小球肾炎及肾病综合征常见,而对照组则以慢性肾小球肾炎及隐匿性肾小球肾炎常见(P<0.01);⑤血中IgG、IgA、IgM、C_3、C_4平均浓度、IgA/C_3浓度之比两组差别无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论①IgA肾病男性多于女性,老年患者较年轻患者少见;②老年患者临床表现较年轻患者重。肾病综合征表现明显高于年轻患者;③IgA浓度及血清IgA/C_3比值对IgA肾病的诊断有一定的帮助。
认知训练对老年慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨认知训练对老年精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法70例老年精神分裂症患者随机分为对照组(34例)和实验组(36例)两组,对照组不予干预,实验组进行12 w的认知训练,于训练前、训练12、24 w末用简易智力量表(MMSE)和威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)评价认知功能,并进行训练前后组内和组间的比较。结果①训练前后组内比较:实验组训练后12、24 w末的MMSE总分和WCST因子显著优于训练前的基线值,对照组12、24 w末的MMSE总分高于基线值,WCST则无明显变化;实验组训练后24 w末的MMSE总分及WCST各因子得分优于12 w末;对照组24 w末的MMSE总分高于12 w末,第一分类数低于12 w末。②干预后组间比较:12 w末两组间的MMSE之间有差异,24 w末的MMSE和WCST两组间均有差异。结论认知训练能有效改善老年精神分裂症患者的认知功能,且认知训练的远期效果会更好。
老年不稳定心绞痛患者孤立性和弥漫性斑块的临床特征

目的探讨老年不稳定心绞痛患者冠状动脉孤立性和弥漫性病变不同的临床特征。方法76例临床诊断为不稳定心绞痛的老年患者,根据冠状动脉CT检查结果将患者病变分为孤立性病变(孤立组,37例)和弥漫性病变(弥漫组,39例),比较两组的临床特点、多项化验检查结果及预后情况。结果与孤立组比较,弥漫组患者年龄更大,合并高血压、糖尿病、脑梗死、外周血管疾病、陈旧性心肌梗死的比例更高(P<0.05);混合性斑块弥漫组也高于孤立组(P<0.05);血糖(BS)、血浆脑钠肽(BNP)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、D-二聚体(D-D)弥漫组也更高(P<0.05);随访期间,主要不良心血管事件弥漫组也高于孤立组(P<0.05)。结论以弥漫性和孤立性病变区分老年不稳定心绞痛患者,对临床判断病情及预后有一定的参考价值。
Microwave gel combustion synthesis and sinterability of Nd:GGG nanopowders

Neodymium doped gadolinium gallium oxide (Nd:GGG) nanopowders synthesized by microwave gel combustion using alanine as a fuel was reported. Metal nitrates solution with alanine fuel was combusted in microwave to give precursor. The microwave precursor powder was calcined at different temperatures from 800 to 1100 oC. Phase pure Nd:GGG formation took place at 800 to 1100 oC as observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. However particle size increased with calcinations temperature from 25 nm at 800 oC to 200 nm at 1100 oC. Nd:GGG nanopowder obtained at different calcination temperatures were compacted and sintered at 1550 oC for 3 h in air. Most densified ceramic was obtained from Nd:GGG nanopowder calcined at 1100 oC. Microstructure as observed from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the most densified ceramic, obtained from nanopowder calcined at a higher calcination temperature, had a more uniform grain-size distribution, fewer pores and greater densification. XRD of sintered sample showed retention of phase purity.
Preparation and theoretic study of semi-solid Al_2Y/AZ91 magnesium matrix composites slurry by ultrasonic vibration

Semi-solid Al_2Y/AZ91 magnesium matrix composites slurry was prepared by ultrasonic vibration, effect of ultrasonic vibration temperature and time on microstructure of semi-solid slurry was investigated. The results showed that with the ultrasonic vibration temperature decreasing the solid volume fraction of semi-solid slurry increased. The best ultrasonic vibration temperature was 600 oC. With the increase of ultrasonic vibration time, the average grain diameter of primary а-Mg particles decreased firstly, then increased, the average shape factor increased gradually and decreased slightly after 90 s, and a few rosette dendrites were observed after 120 s. The best semi-solid slurry with average grain diameter of 75 μm and shape factor of 0.7 were gained after the melt was treated by ultrasonic vibration for about 60 s at near liquidus temperature (600 oC). At last, the microstructure evolution mechanism of semi-solid magnesium matrix composites slurry was analyzed by the theories of thermodynamics and kinetics.
Synthesis and luminescence properties of CeF_3:Tb~(3+) nanodisks via ultrasound assisted ionic liquid method

CeF_3 and CeF_3:Tb~(3+) nanocrystals were successfully synthesized by the ultrasound assisted ionic liquid (IL) method at room temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), high-resolution transmission electron micrographs (HRTEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra were employed to characterize the nanocrystals. The results of XRD indicated that the obtained samples crystallized well with a hexagonal phase crystal structure. SEM and TEM images demonstrated that the obtained CeF_3:Tb~(3+) nanocrystals had a discoid shape in the presence of ultrasound and IL, whereas only granular nanoparticles were obtained by magnetic stirring. The possible formation mechanisms of the crystal growth were proposed. The PL spectra of the CeF_3:Tb~(3+) nanodisks exhibited a strong green emission when excited at 254 nm. Furthermore, the photoluminescence intensity of CeF_3:Tb~(3+) of the discoid particles was largely improved compared with that of the granular nanoparticles.
Syk与Her-2在胃癌中的研究现状及进展

肿瘤的发生、发展归根到底是原癌基因的激活和抑癌基因的变异和缺失,往往涉及多个基因的改变。胃癌是全球性的健康问题,大约占新患癌症病例的10%,是病死率居第2位的常见恶性肿瘤。然而迄今为止,胃癌的发生、发展机制尚未阐明,目前国内外大量研究表明:在肿瘤发生、发展、转移过程中,至少由2个或2个以上功能不同的抑癌基因变异和缺失和(或)癌基因的异常激活发挥作用。胃癌患者在手术与化疗受益的同时,各方面研究也在探索其基因靶向治疗,特别是近年来随着肿瘤分子生物学的发展,肿瘤基因治疗在胃癌中也取得了相当大的成就,为胃癌后续治疗带来新的希望。现就近年来胃癌中脾酪氨酸激酶(spleen tyrosine kinase,Syk)、Her-2的研究现状及进展予以综述。
社区人类免疫缺陷病毒母婴健康教育对预防孕妇艾滋病感染的预警效果分析

目的:分析社区人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)母婴健康教育对预防孕妇HIV感染的预警效果。方法随机抽样2个社区2538例孕妇,分为1220例干预组(进行健康教育)和1318例对照组(不予健康教育),比较干预前后预防HIV母婴传播知识的差异,艾滋病一般防治知识知晓率及主动接受HIV抗体检测率。结果干预组干预后艾滋病一般防治知识知晓率为97.69%(1182/1210),明显高于干预前30.17%(P<0.05)及对照组28.55%的知晓率(P<0.05)。干预组预防HIV母婴传播知识知晓率干预后知晓率为90.50%(1095/1210),明显高于干预前16.78%(P<0.05)及对照组15.81%的知晓率(P<0.05)。对照组和干预组主动接受HIV检测率分别为91.45%和90.74%,干预前后两组孕妇检测率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),干预组和对照组随访检测率均明显高于干预前(P<0.05)。结论在社区开展孕妇HIV母婴健康教育可以有效掌握社区孕妇有关艾滋病防治的基本情况,同时有效预防HIV的母婴传播。
经口双气囊小肠镜对不全性粘连性小肠梗阻的治疗价值

目的:探讨经口双气囊小肠镜(DBE)对不全性粘连性小肠梗阻的治疗价值。方法将确诊为不全性粘连性小肠梗阻的患者40例分成观察组及对照组,每组20例。对照组入院后予禁食、胃肠减压及药物治疗,观察组则在上述治疗基础上行经口DBE治疗。通过询问患者,记录治疗后腹痛、腹胀缓解时间、恢复肛门排气时间,统计两组的治疗有效率。结果观察组腹痛腹胀缓解时间为(9.1±10.7)h,对照组为(57.3±36.3)h,观察组短于对照组(t=-5.692,P<0.05)。观察组恢复肛门排气时间(11.8±10.4)h,对照组为(58.2±35.5)h,观察组时间短于对照组(t=-5.613,P<0.05)。观察组24 h总有效率为85%,对照组总有效率30%,观察组有效率高于对照组(χ~2=12.379,P<0.05)。两组均未发生穿孔、出血、急性胰腺炎等常见并发症。结论 DBE联合内科保守治疗是治疗粘连性小肠梗阻的一种安全有效的手段。
Polarimetric Study of the Fine Aerosol Fraction in Beijing

Measurements of aerosol optical characteristics were carried out with a Photoelectric Aerosol Nephelometer (PhAN) in Beijing and at Xinglong Observatory, which is located 150 km northeast of Beijing. Aerosol size distributions were retrieved by means of the inverse problem solution. Mean volume size distributions of the fine aerosol fraction were unimodal with the maximum radius in the range 0.11-0.15 μm. Accumulation of aerosol matter in the air basin of Beijing takes place mainly due to the growth of particle size, but not their number. A simple optical method to detect aerosol nonsphericity is proposed.
Stratospheric Aerosol Extinction Profile Retrieval from SCIAMACHY Limb Measurements

Stratospheric aerosol extinction profiles are retrieved from Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY) limb scatter measurements. In the process of retrieval, the SCIATRAN radiative transfer model is used to simulate the limb scattering radiation received by the SCIAMACHY instrument, and an optimal estimation algorithm is used to calculate the aerosol extinction profiles. Sensitivity analyses are performed to investigate the impact of the surface albedo on the accuracy of the retrieved aerosol extinction profiles in the northern midlatitudes. It is found that the errors resulting from the bias of the assumed surface albedo in the retrieval are generally below 6%. The retrieved SCIAMACHY aerosol extinction profiles are compared with corresponding Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II measurements, and the results indicate that for the zonal mean profiles, the SCIAMACHY retrievals show good agreement with SAGE II measurements, with the absolute differences being less than 2.3 × 10~(-5) km~(-1) from 14-25 km, and less than 5.9×10~(-6) km~(-1) from 25-35 km; and the relative differences being within 20% over the latitude range of 14-35 km.
Optimal Forward-Scattering Angles of Atmospheric Aerosols in North China

The accurate understanding of atmospheric aerosol extinction coefficients is very important for atmospheric science research. To achieve a fast and simple method for determining the parameters, the selection of optimal forward-scattering angles of atmospheric aerosols is required. In this paper, the authors introduce the detection basis of forward-scattering of atmospheric aerosols, and the authors verify the sensitivity of the phase function to the real part of the complex refractive index. The authors use the Jaenicke urban aerosol model to determine that forward-scattering angles near 33° are suitable. However, the optimal forward-scattering angles in North China are between 37° and 40°. Numerical simulation shows that certain types of particle size distribution of newly generated particles and pollution have limited influences on the selection of forward-scattering angles. But the ranges of these insensitive angles shift ~10 degrees for dust intrusion, and the relative deviations of the phase function are less than 5.0% within extra angles of 0° to 3°. This study can serve as a reference for the selection of optimal forward-scattering angles for visibility meters and Present Weather Identifiers (PWIs) in addition to the detection of forward-scattering optical properties.
Projections of Global Mean Surface Temperature Under Future Emissions Scenarios Using a New Predictive Technique

Using numerical model simulations, global surface temperature is projected to increase by 1℃ to 4℃ during the 21st century, primarily as a result of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. In the present study, a predictive technique incorporating driving forces into an observation time series was used to project the global mean surface temperature under four representative scenarios of future emissions over the 21st century.
Sputtering pressure influence on growth morphology, surface roughness, and electrical resistivity for strong anisotropy beryllium film

The strong anisotropy beryllium (Be) films are fabricated at different sputtering pressures by direct current magnetron sputtering. With the increase of pressure, the deposition rate of Be film first increases, and when the pressure exceeds 0.8 Pa, it gradually descends. The X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that Be film is of a-Be phase, its surface always reveals the (101) crystal plane possessing the low surface energy. As for the growth morphology of Be film, the surface is mainly characterized by the fibrous grains, while the cross section shows a transition from a columnar grain to a mixed grain consisting of a cone-shaped grain and a columnar grain as the sputtering pressure increases. The large grain fraction decays exponentially from 75.0% to 59.3% with the increase of sputtering pressure p, which can improve the grain size uniformity. The surface roughness increases due to the insufficient atom diffusion, which is comparable to its decrease due to the etching effect at p < 0.8 Pa, while it increases drastically at p > 0.8 Pa, and this increase is dominated by the atom diffusion. The electrical resistivity values of Be films range from 1.7 μΩ·m to 2.7 μΩ·m in the range 0.4 Pa-1.2 Pa, which is 50 times larger than the bulk resistivity.
Irradiation effect of yttria-stabilized zirconia by high dose dual ion beam irradiation

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is irradiated with 2.0-MeV Au~(2+) ions and 30-keV He~+ ions. Three types of He, Au, Au + He (successively) ion irradiation are performed. The maximum damage level of a sequential dual ion beam implanted sample is smaller than single Au ion implanted sample. A comparable volume swelling is found in a sequential dual ion beam irradiated sample and it is also found in a single Au ion implanted sample. Both effects can be explained by the partial reorganization of the dislocation network into weakly damaged regions in the dual ion beam implanted YSZ. A vacancy-assisted helium trapping/diffusion mechanism in the dual ion beam irradiated condition is discussed. No phase transformation or amorphization behavior happens in all types of ion irradiated YSZ.
Reverse electric field Monte Carlo simulation for vector radiative transfer in the atmosphere

In this paper, a reverse electric field Monte Carlo (REMC) method is proposed to study the vector radiation transfer in the atmosphere. The REMC is based on tracing the multiply scattered electric field to simulate the vector transmitted radiance. The reflected intensities with different total optical depth values are obtained, which accord well with the results in the previous research. Stokes vector and the degree of polarization are numerically investigated. The simulation result shows that when the solar zenith angle is determined, the zenith angle of detector has two points, of which the degree of polarization does not change with the ground albedo and the optical depth. The two points change regularly with the solar zenith angle. Moreover, our REMC method can be applied to the vector radiative transfer in the atmosphere-ocean system.
Ultrashort pulse breaking in optical fiber with third-order dispersion and quintic nonlinearity

The optical wave breaking (OWB) characteristics in terms of the pulse shape, spectrum, and frequency chirp, in the normal dispersion regime of an optical fiber with both the third-order dispersion (TOD) and quintic nonlinearity (QN) are numerically calculated. The results show that the TOD causes the asymmetry of the temporal- and spectral-domain, and the chirp characteristics. The OWB generally appears near the pulse center and at the trailing edge of the pulse, instead of at the two edges of the pulse symmetrically in the case of no TOD.With the increase of distance, the relation of OWB to the TOD near the pulse center increases quickly, leading to the generation of ultra-short pulse trains, while the OWB resulting from the case of no TOD at the trailing edge of the pulse disappears gradually. In addition, the positive (negative) QN enhances (weakens) the chirp amount and the fine structures, thereby inducing the OWB phenomena to appear earlier (later). Thus, the TOD and the positive (negative) QN are beneficial (detrimental) to the OWB and the generation of ultra-short pulse trains.