mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Differentiation regularity of urban-rural equalized development at prefecture-level city in China

The urban-rural equalized development (URED) as a definite measure and operating model is beneficial to gradually eliminating the dual-track structure of urban-rural development, bridging the gap of urban-rural development, and creating harmonious urban-rural interactions. This paper aims to explore the status quo of URED in China at prefecture level, and to reveal the spatio-temporal patterns of URED and its differentiation regularity. The results show that: (1) China’s URED level can be categorized into two parts, i.e., the eastern and the western, according to the “HU Huanyong Line”, presenting a pattern of “east high and west low” and the URED level improves on the whole with the increase of distance from the line; (2) China’s URED level can also be categorized into the northern and the southern parts according to “Kunlun-Qinling-Huaihe Line”, presenting a pattern of “north high and south low”, and the URED level reduces on the whole with the increase of distance from the line; (3) At the national level, China’s URED has a significant trend of spatial agglomeration, the high and low URED regions tend to be adjacent, namely, the URED level presents obvious regional unbalance; (4) The five sub-dimension indicators of the URED level in the geographical space also reveal similar regional differentiation pattern, and in the aspect of space a decreasing trend is found in the URED level from the eastern (northern coast, eastern coast and southern coast), the northeastern, the central (the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River) to the western (northwest and southwest); and (5) China’s URED at prefecture-level city can be divided into five types of differentiation areas. This study contributes to promoting the integrative cognition of the status quo of China’s URED and can serve as a scientific reference concerning the decision-making of coordinating urban-rural development and of pushing forward new-type urbanization strategy in China.
Washing out heavy metals from contaminated soils from an iron and steel smelting site

Washing is a promising method for separating contaminants bound to the particles of soil ex-situ by chemical mobilization. Laboratory batch washing experiments were conducted using deionized water and varying concentrations of oxalic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA) to assess the efficiency of using these chemicals as washing agents and to clean up heavy metals from two heavily polluted soils from an iron and streel smelting site. The toxicity reduction index and remediation costs were analyzed, and the results showed that the soils were polluted with Cd, Pb and Zn. Hydrochloric acid and EDTA were more efficient than the other washing agents in the remediation of the test soils. The maximum total toxicity reduction index showed that 0.5 mol·L~(-1) hydrochloric acid could achieve the remediation with the lowest costs.
Effects of rape straw and red mud on extractability and bioavailability of cadmium in a calcareous soil

Screening of cost-effective soil amendments is important to develop “in situ” remediation techniques for cadmium (Cd) contaminated soils. In this study, different soil amendments, including red mud, a by-product of the alumina industry, and acid-treated, nano-treated by nano-particle milling, nano and acid-treated red muds, zeolite, corn straw, and rape straw, were evaluated to immobilize Cd in two added levels (2 and 5 mg Cd.kg~(-1) soil) in a calcareous soil by single and sequential extractions and by cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) pot experiments. Results indicated that cruciferous rape straw significantly decreased the concentrations of water soluble, extractable Cd in soils, and Cd in cucumber plants, and it was more effective than gramineous corn straw. Also, red mud generally decreased the extractability and bioavailability of Cd added to calcareous soils more effectively than zeolite. Furthermore, the efficiency of red mud could be increased by the treatment of nano-particle milling due to the increase in specific surface area of red mud. It is potential to use rape straw and red mud as soil amendments to develop a cost-effective and efficient “in situ” remediation technology for Cd mildly contaminated calcareous soils.
Pragmatic multi-stage simulated annealing for optimal placement of synchrophasor measurement units in smart power grids

Conventional power grids across the globe are reforming to smart power grids with cutting edge technologies in real time monitoring and control methods. Advanced real time monitoring is facilitated by incorporating synchrophasor measurement units such as phasor measurement units (PMUs) to the power grid monitoring system. Several physical and economic constraints limit the deployment of PMUs in smart power grids. This paper proposes a pragmatic multi-stage simulated annealing (PMSSA) methodology for finding the optimal locations in the smart power grid for installing PMUs in conjunction with existing conventional measurement units (CMUs) to achieve a complete observability of the grid. The proposed PMSSA is much faster than the conventional simulated annealing (SA) approach as it utilizes controlled uphill and downhill movements during various stages of optimization. Moreover, the method of integrating practical phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement conditions like PMU channel limits and redundant placement can be easily handled. The efficacy of the proposed methodology has been validated through simulation studies in IEEE standard bus systems and practical regional Indian power grids.
Sustaining health workforce recruitment and retention in township hospitals: a survey on 110 directors of township hospitals

Township hospitals, the main provider of rural primary healthcare in China, are severely understaffed. International studies on factors influencing rural working are increasing; however, studies on factors affecting the recruitment and retention of health workers in Chinese township hospitals are limited. The current study aims to understand the motivation of health workers and arrive at a systematic framework of pluralistic factors that would help support health workers in terms of receiving posts and remaining in posts in township hospitals. A three-stage integrated quantitative and qualitative methodology was employed. First, a survey on 120 directors of township hospitals was conducted to learn the latest status of health workers in township hospitals and distinguish existing problems. Second, after sending these problems back to the directors, an open-ended pen-and-paper survey was conducted to ask the directors to identify the factors influencing the attraction and retention of health workers in township hospitals. Third, four focus groups were conducted to gauge the underlying reasons. Five problems from the questionnaire survey were recognized, and numbers of thematic factors were identified at the individual, professional, and treatment environment from the pen-and-paper survey and focus group. Similar to other studies, this framing of both non-financial and financial elements affected the attraction and retention of health workers in township hospitals, thereby filling the gap in a Chinese context. Although several factors had been recognized earlier, our findings further highlighted the importance of these factors. Meanwhile, the factors identified in this study were barely explored in literature. This paper identifies and develops multi-faceted factors to call for a bundled package of multidimensional incentives if decision-makers get interested. The evidence-based findings in our study can be used to provide China-specific policy recommendations on how to recruit and retain health workers in rural areas of China.
Regulation of Hedgehog signaling by ubiquitination

The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays crucial roles both in embryonic development and in adult stem cell function. The timing, duration and location of Hh signaling activity need to be tightly controlled. Abnormalities of Hh signal transduction lead to birth defects or malignant tumors. Recent data point to ubiquitination-related posttranslational modifications of several key Hh pathway components as an important mechanism of regulation of the Hh pathway. Here we review how ubiquitination regulates the localization, stability and activity of the key Hh signaling components.
Advancement in genetic variants conferring obesity susceptibility from genome-wide association studies

Obesity prevalence has increased in recent years. Lifestyle change fuels obesity, but genetic factors cause more than 50% of average variations in obesity. The advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has hastened the progress of polygenic obesity research. As of this writing, more than 73 obesity susceptibility loci have been identified in ethnic groups through GWAS. The identified loci explain only 2% to 4% of obesity heritability, thereby indicating that a large proportion of loci remain undiscovered. Thus, the next step is to identify and confirm novel loci, which may exhibit smaller effects and lower allele frequencies than established loci. However, achieving these tasks has been difficult for researchers. GWAS help researchers discover the causal loci. Moreover, numerous biological studies have been performed on the polygenic effects on obesity, such as studies on fat mass-and obesity-associated gene (FTO), but the role of these polygenic effects in the mechanism of obesity remains unclear. Thus, obesity-causing variations should be identified, and insights into the biology of polygenic effects on obesity are needed.
2型糖尿病血管内皮功能异常的分子机制研究方兴未艾

2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者常伴发心血管病变,成为其致残致死的主要原因。血管内皮功能异常是糖尿病患者血管病变的早期预测指标,能够独立预测T2DM患者心血管疾病的发生风险。T2DM 患者发生内皮功能异常的病理机制非常复杂,引起糖尿病内皮功能异常的主要病理生理因素包括胰岛素抵抗、氧化应激、炎症反应、蛋白激酶C激活及表观遗传学等。为此,本文主要就T2DM血管内皮功能异常的分子机制进行讨论。
喘可治雾化治疗COPD急性发作期疗效观察

目的:观察慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性发作期患者采用喘可治注射液雾化吸入治疗的临床疗效。方法:按照入院顺序将浙江省人民医院呼吸内科2012年2月~2013年12月收治的105例COPD急性发作期患者分为观察组(53例)和对照组(52例),对照组采用吸氧、解痉、平喘、抗感染等常规治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用喘可治注射液雾化吸入治疗,比较两组患者治疗前与治疗1周后的临床疗效。结果:两组患者治疗前pH、PaO_2、PaCO_2、SaO_2 FEV_1 、FEV_1/FVC、PEF、PEF75%、WBC、N%、CRP、CD3~+、CD4 +、CD8~+、CD4 +/CD8 + 及临床症状积分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后两组患者以上指标均显著改善,且观察组改善优于对照(P<0.05)。观察组的总有效率92.45%显著高于对照组的78.85% (P<0.05)。结论:COPD急性发作期患者采用喘可治注射液雾化吸入治疗结合常规治疗能显著改善患者的血气指标、肺功能、血常规及外周淋巴细胞指标,并提高临床疗效。
黄芪注射液对野百合碱诱导肺动脉高压大鼠的药效学研究

目的:研究黄芪注射液对野百合碱诱导肺动脉高压大鼠的治疗作用。方法:将SPF级雄性Wistar大鼠60只,按体质量随机分为5组,即①正常对照组:腹腔注射生理盐水1次;②模型组:腹腔注射野百合碱60 mg/kg,第2天开始腹腔注射等体积生理盐水,1次/d,连续3 w;③黄芪注射液低剂量组:腹腔注射野百合碱60 mg/kg,第2天开始腹腔注射黄芪注射液3 mL/kg;④黄芪注射液高剂量组:腹腔注射野百合碱60 mg/kg,第2天开始腹腔注射黄芪注射液6 mL/kg;⑤卡托普利阳性对照组:腹腔注射野百合碱60 mg/kg,第2天开始给予卡托普利7 mg/kg灌胃,1次/d,连续给药3 w。末次给药1 h后,麻醉动物,采用右心导管法测定大鼠肺动脉压。测压后在腹腔静脉抽血检测血浆ET-1、TXB_2及NO含量。取心脏,分离并称取右心室(RV)和左心室加室间隔(LV + S)的质量,并以RV/(LV + S)比值作为右心肥厚指数。取肺组织做HE切片,观察病理改变并计算肺小动脉中膜厚度百分比。结果:黄芪注射液可降低野百合碱致肺动脉高压大鼠的平均肺动脉压、右心室肥厚指数、肺小动脉中膜厚度及血浆ET-1、TXB_2含量,改善肺组织病理学改变。结论:黄芪注射液对野百合碱诱导的大鼠肺动脉高压有一定的防治作用。
A balanced decomposition approach to real-time visualization of large vector maps in CyberGIS

With the dramatic development of spatial data infrastructure,CyberGIS has become significant for geospatial data sharing. Due to the large number of concurrent users and large volume of vector data, CyberGIS faces a great challenge in how to improve performance. The real-time visualization of vector maps is themost common function in Cyber- GIS applications, and it is time-consuming especially when the data volume becomes large. So, how to improve the efficiency of visualization of large vector maps is still a significant research direction for GIScience scientists. In this research,we review the existing three optimization strategies,and determine that the third category strategy (i.e., parallel optimization) is appropriate for the real-time visualization of large vector maps. One of the key issues of parallel optimization is how to decompose the real-time visualization tasks into balanced sub tasks while taking into consideration the spatial heterogeneous characteristics. We put forward some rules that the decomposition should conform to, and design a real-time visualization framework for large vector maps. We focus on a balanced decomposition approach that can assure efficiency and effectiveness. Considering the spatial heterogeneous characteristic of vector data, we use a “horizontal grid, verticalmultistage” approach to construct a spatial point distribution information grid. The load balancer analyzes the spatial characteristics of the map requests and decomposes the real-time viewshed into multiple balanced sub viewsheds.Then, all the sub viewsheds are distributed to multiple server nodes to be executed in parallel, so as to improve the realtime visualization efficiency of large vector maps. A group of experiments have been conducted by us. The analysis results demonstrate that the approach proposed in this research has the ability of balanced decomposition, and it is efficient and effective for all geometry types of vector data.
Assessing the impact of urbanization on net primary productivity using multi-scale remote sensing data: a case study of Xuzhou, China

An improved Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model based on two kinds of remote sensing (RS) data, Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM +) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS), and climate variables were applied to estimate the Net Primary Productivity (NPP) of Xuzhou in June of each year from 2001 to 2010. The NPP of the study area decreased as the spatial scale increased. The average NPP of terrestrial vegetation in Xuzhou showed a decreasing trend in recent years, likely due to changes in climate and environment. The study area was divided into four sub-regions, designated as highest, moderately high, moderately low, and lowest in NPP. The area designated as the lowest sub-region in NPP increased with expanding scale, indicating that the NPP distribution varied with different spatial scales. The NPP of different vegetation types was also significantly influenced by scale. In particular, the NPP of urban woodland produced lower estimates because of mixed pixels. Similar trends in NPP were observed with different RS data. In addition, expansion of residential areas and reduction of vegetated areas were the major reasons for NPP change. Land cover changes in urban areas reduced NPP, which could chiefly be attributed to human-induced disturbance.
The use of evidential belief functions for mineral potential mapping in the Nanling belt, South China

In this study, the evidential belief functions (EBFs) were applied for mapping tungsten polymetallic potential in the Nanling belt, South China. Seven evidential layers (e.g., geological, geochemical, and geophysical) related to tungsten polymetallic deposits were extracted from a multi-source geospatial database. The relationships between evidential layers and the target deposits were quantified using EBFs model. Four EBF maps (belief map, disbelief map, uncertainty map, and plausibility map) are generated by integrating seven evidential layers which provide meaningful interpretations for tungsten polymetallic potential. On the final predictive map, the study area was divided into three target zones of high potential, moderate potential, and low potential areas, among which high potential and moderate potential areas accounted for 17.8% of the total area, containing 81% of the total deposits. To evaluate the success rate accuracy, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the curves (AUC) for the belief map were calculated. The area under the curve is 0.81 which indicates that the capability for correctly classifying the areas with existing mineral deposits is satisfactory. The results of this study indicate that the EBFs were effectively used for mapping mineral potential and for managing uncertainties associated with evidential layers.
Effects of ultraviolet radiation on marine primary production with reference to satellite remote sensing

Incubation experiments have shown that ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has significant influences on marine primary production (MPP). However, existing satellite remote sensing models of MPP only consider the effects of visible light radiation, ignoring the UVR. Additionally, the ocean color satellite data currently used for MPP estimation contain no UV bands. To better understand the mechanism of MPP model development with reference to satellite remote sensing, including UVR's effects, we first reviewed recent studies of UVR's effects on phytoplankton and MPP, which highlights the need for improved satellite remote sensing of MPP. Then, based on current MPP models using visible radiation, we discussed the quantitative methods used to implement three key model variables related to UVR: the UVR intensity at the sea surface, the attenuation of UVR in the euphotic layer, and the maximum or optimal photosynthetic rate, considering the effects of UVR. The implementation of these UVR-related variables could be useful in further assessing UVR's effects on the remote sensing of MPP, and in reevaluating our existing knowledge of MPP estimation at large spatial scales and long-time scales related to global change.
Effect of organic materials on the chemical properties of saline soil in the Yellow River Delta of China

A 180-day incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different organic materials on the chemical properties of coastal soil with high salinity and relatively low pH. Four organic materials (three kinds of plant residues: straw, composted straw, and fresh reed; and one kind of poultry manure: chicken manure) were applied at a ratio of 15 g?kg~(-1) to samples of costal saline soil from the Yellow River Delta of China. The results showed that the soil pH and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) decreased, whereas soil cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) and macronutrient concentrations increased, regardless of the type of organic material used. All treatments showed a remarkable increase in soil soluble organic carbon (SOC) during the 180-day incubation. The peak values of SOC in descending order were chicken manure, reed, composted straw, straw, and control soil. At the end of incubation, the highest level of SOC occurred in the straw-amended soil, followed by composted straw, reed, and chicken manure-amended soils. Soil respiration rate and available nitrogen were significantly influenced by the type of material used. Although reed-amended soil had a relatively high SOC and respiration rate, the ESP was reduced the least. Considering the possible risk of heavy metals caused by chicken manure, it is proposed that straw and composted straw are the more efficient materials to use for reclaiming costal saline soil and improving the availability of macronutrients.
Mesozoic and Cenozoic uplift and exhumation of the Bogda Mountain, NW China: Evidence from apatite fission track analysis

Apatite fission track (AFT) analysis on samples collected from a Paleozoic series is used to constrain the cooling history of the Bogda Mountain, northwest China. AFT ages range from 136.2 to 85.6 Ma and are younger than rock depositional ages and the mean confined track lengths (11.0-13.2 mm) mostly showing unimodal distribution are shorten, indicating significant track-annealing. Thermal histories modeling based on the distribution of fission-track lengths combined with the regional geological data show that two rapid cooling phases occurred in the latest Jurassiceearly Cretaceous and the OligoceneeMiocene. Those new data together with previous published data show that the AFT ages become younger from the southwest to northeast in the western Bogda Mountain and its adjacent areas. The fission-track ages of the southwest area are relatively older (>100 Ma), recording the earlier rapid uplift phase during the late JurassiceCretaceous, while the ages in the north piedmont of the Bogda Mountain (namely the northeast part) are younger (<60 Ma), mainly reflecting the later rapid uplift phase in the OligoceneeMiocene. The trend of younger AFT ages towards the northeast might be explained by post-Cretaceous large-scale crustal tilting towards the southwest. In the thrust fault-dominated northern limbs of the Bogda Mountain, AFT ages reveal a discontinuous pattern with age-jumps across the major fault zones, showing a possible strata tilting across each thrust faults due to the thrust ramps during the Cenozoic. The two rapid uplift stages might be related to the accretion and collision in the southern margin of the Asian continent during the late Jurassic and late Cenozoic, respectively.
A novel dual-feed low-dropout regulator

A novel dual-feed (DF) low-dropout (LDO) is presented. The DF-LDO adopts dual control loops to maintain the output voltage. The dual control loops include a feedback loop and a feedforward loop. There is an equilibrium point in dual control loops, and the equilibrium point is the output voltage of the DF-LDO. In addition, the transient performance is optimized by adjusting the damping ratio and natural frequency. With a 1μF decoupling capacitor, the proposed DF-LDO is fabricated in a 0.18 μm CMOS process and its output voltage is 1.5 V. When the workload changes from 100 μA to 100 mA in 100 ns, load regulation of 7 mV for a 100 mA step is achieved, the settling time is 997 ns and the undershoot is 12.8 mV; when the workload changes from 100 mA to 100 μA in 100 ns, the settling time is 249 ns with an imperceptible overshoot.
Direct-bonded four-junction GaAs solar cells

Direct wafer bonding technology is able to integrate two smooth wafers and thus can be used in fabricating III–V multijunction solar cells with lattice mismatch. In order to monolithically interconnect between the GaInP/GaAs and InGaAsP/InGaAs subcells, the bonded GaAs/InP heterojunction must be a highly conductive ohmic junction or a tunnel junction. Three types of bonding interfaces were designed by tuning the conduction type and doping elements of GaAs and InP. The electrical properties of p-GaAs (Zn doped)/n-InP (Si doped), p- GaAs (C doped)/n-InP (Si doped) and n-GaAs (Si doped)/n-InP (Si doped) bonded heterojunctions were analyzed from the I –V characteristics. The wafer bonding process was investigated by improving the quality of the sample surface and optimizing the bonding parameters such as bonding temperature, bonding pressure, bonding time and so on. Finally, GaInP/GaAs/InGaAsP/InGaAs 4-junction solar cells have been prepared by a direct wafer bonding technique with the high efficiency of 34.14% at the AM0 condition (1 Sun).
On-wafer de-embedding techniques from 0.1 to 110 GHz

On-wafer S-parameter de-embedding techniques from 0.1 to 110 GHz are researched. The solving results of thru-reflect-line (TRL) and line-reflect-match (LRM) de-embedding algorithms, when the input and output ports are asymmetric, are given. The de-embedding standards of TRL and LRM are designed on an InP substrate. The validity of the de-embedding results is demonstrated through two passive components, and the accuracy of TRL and LRM de-embedding techniques is compared from 0.1 to 110 GHz. By utilizing an LRM technique in 0.1-40 GHz and a TRL technique in 75-110 GHz, the intrinsic S-parameters of active device HBT in two frequency bands are obtained, and comparisons of the extracted small-signal current gain and the unilateral power gain before and after de-embedding are presented. The whole S-parameters of actual DUT from 0.1 to 110 GHz can be obtained by interpolation.