mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
An online monitoring system for atmospheric nitrous acid(HONO) based on stripping coil and ion chromatography

A new instrument for measuring atmospheric nitrous acid(HONO) was developed,consisting of a double-wall glass stripping coil sampler coupled with ion chromatography(SC-IC).SC-IC is featured by small size(50 × 35 × 25 cm) and modular construction,including three independent parts:the sampling unit,the transfer and supporting unit,and the detection unit.High collection efficiency(> 99%) was achieved with 25 μmol/L Na_2CO_3 as absorption solution even in the presence of highly acidic compounds.This instrument has a detection limit of 8 pptv at 15 min time resolution,with a measurement uncertainty of 7%.Potential interferences from NOx,NO_2+SO_2,NO_2+VOCs,HONO+O_3,HNO_3,peroxyacetyl nitrite(PAN) and particle nitrite were quantified in laboratory studies and were found to be insignificant under typical atmospheric conditions.Within the framework of the 3C-STAR project,inter-comparison between the SC-IC and LOPAP(long path liquid absorption photometer) was conducted at a rural site in the Pearl River Delta.Good agreement was achieved between the two instruments over three weeks.Both instruments determined a clear diurnal profile of ambient HONO concentrations from 0.1 to 2.5 ppbv.However,deviations were found for low ambient HONO concentrations(i.e.< 0.3 ppbv),which cannot be explained by previous investigated interference species.To accurately determine the HONO budget under illuminated conditions,more intercomparison of HONO measurement techniques is still needed in future studies,especially at low HONO concentrations.
Phase equilibria in the Fe–Nb–Zr ternary system at 1,200 ℃

Phase equilibria in the Fe–Nb–Zr system at 1,200 ℃ were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. Extensive NbFe_2 domain was proposed in the current work. This compound existed in the composition range from 35 at% to 73 at% Fe, 12 at% to 32 at% Nb, and 0 to 32 at% Zr. In the present work, four three-phase regions (1) β-(Nb,Zr) + NbFe + NbFe_2, (2) β-(Nb,Zr) + NbFe_2 + Liquid, (3) NbFe_2 + Liquid + ZrFe_2, and (4) ZrFe_2 + Fe + NbFe_2, were established.
鬼臼毒素制剂在尖锐湿疣疾病中的应用

目的:为鬼臼毒素制剂更好的用于治疗尖锐湿疣提供理论参考。方法:查阅近年来国内、外相关文献,对鬼臼毒素液体制剂和固体制剂在治疗尖锐湿疣的疗效和安全性方面进行归纳和总结。结果与结论:常用的鬼臼毒素制剂有鬼臼毒素溶液、0.5%鬼臼毒素酊剂、鬼臼毒素软膏剂、鬼臼毒素涂膜剂、鬼臼毒素凝胶剂和鬼臼毒素脂质体。它们是外用制剂中治疗尖锐湿疣的一线药物,且联合用药的疗效更好,但其作用机制研究不够深入,治疗周期较长,且有一定副作用,今后应加强对鬼臼毒素制剂的工艺、作用机制及副作用等研究,使鬼臼毒素制剂更好的服务于临床。
精神障碍者的依法诊疗与权利保护

2005年我国司法鉴定管理体制改革成功,司法鉴定事业有了较大的发展。但是存在的问题也不容忽视。社会上独立的司法鉴定机构普遍存在着涉及临床医学的鉴定人员技术水平低于临床医生的状况是不争的事实。误诊、误鉴屡见不鲜。目前临床法医学鉴定所暴露出的严重问题足以佐证。理论上所谓的“更权威、更具公信力”在现实中难以寻觅。针对这一问题,笔者建议借鉴医疗事故技术鉴定专家库的经验,由精神卫生医疗机构向社会独立鉴定机构输送具备司法鉴定资格精神科执业医师担任兼职鉴定人,在一定程度上弥补这一不足。在此笔者还吁请国家司法行政部门、卫生行政部门专门制定精神障碍医学鉴定的程序规范,尽可能保证鉴定结论的权威性和公信力。以上文字便是笔者依照《精神卫生法》的有关规定,对精神障碍者依法诊疗和权利保护所做的论述。
膀胱孤立性纤维瘤致出血性休克一例

膀胱孤立性纤维瘤（SFT)极其罕见，目前文献仅报道12例，但未见因膀胱孤立性纤维瘤血尿致休克的报道，我们报道1例，对其临床特点和预后情况进行总结。
乳腺癌悬浮微球细胞与普通贴壁细胞中Notchl、钙黏蛋白、血管内皮生长因子A和C以及趋化因子受体4基因的表达差异

Notchl是参与调控细胞分化的重要分子，其表达异常与许多肿瘤的转移密切相关。在乳腺癌发展过程中，Notchl分子可能通过增强乳腺癌干细胞迁徙活性促进其转移，如果证实这一机制，对于研制靶向于乳腺癌干细胞Notchl分子的药物，阻断其转移有重要意义。我们通过悬浮微球培养技术富集乳腺癌干细胞，分析Notch1、钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)-A、VEGF-C、趋化因子受体(CXCR)4在乳腺癌干细胞和普通乳腺癌细胞中的表达差异，为研究Notchl促进乳腺癌干细胞迁徙的作用及相关机制提供依据。
抗NMDAR受体相关性脑炎早期免疫治疗是良好结局相关的预测因子

抗NMDA受体抗体相关性脑炎(抗NMDAR脑炎)在2005年首次由Vitaliani等报道，以显著的精神症状、记忆障碍、意识障碍和中枢性低通气为主要临床表现。多见于儿童和伴或不伴有畸胎瘤的青壮年女性，是一种与主要表达于海马神经元细胞膜的抗NMDA受体抗体相关的自身免疫性疾病，近年来逐渐为国内所关注。主要治疗措施为免疫治疗和肿瘤切除。但免疫治疗的有效性及长期疗效缺乏大规模临床试验的评价，且现有证据表明儿童与成人对治疗的反应性不同。
羟基乙酸治疗痤疮的临床疗效分析

目的评价羟基乙酸治疗痤疮的临床疗效和安全性。方法73例痤疮患者,依次应用浓度为20%、35%、50%、70%的羟基乙酸治疗4~6次,部分中重度患者联合外用5%过氧化苯甲酰凝胶、口服二甲胺四环素,采用自身前后对照进行疗效观察。结果痊愈率27%,显效率45%,总有效率82%。治疗前后皮损数量及痤疮瘢痕、痤疮印记分级评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。炎性丘疹和粉刺明显减少,尤其是瘢痕变浅,痤疮印记颜色减淡。结论羟基乙酸治疗痤疮疗效好、副作用低,联合药物治疗安全有效。
Fundamental research on the size and velocity measurements of coal powder by trajectory imaging

A trajectory imaging based method for measuring the velocity and diameter of coal particles was presented.By using an industrial charge-coupled device(CCD)camera and a low power semiconductor laser,the images of coal particles under relatively long exposure time were recorded and then processed to yield both the velocities and sizes.Fundamental research on this method with special attention to recording parameters,e.g.,magnification factor and exposure time,was carried out.For most of the test cases,the results agree with those obtained by particle image velocimetry(PIV)and shadow imaging method.Measurements with good accuracy can be obtained when the imaging magnification factor and exposure time are set appropriately,making N be larger than 3.5,and R between 5-7,where N and R are the number of pixels occupied by the average width and the ratio of length to width of particle trajectory on the image,respectively.The work indicates the feasibility and potential application of the present measurement method for online measurement of coal powder in pipes in industrial power plants.
Synchronous control for high-accuracy biaxial motion systems

This paper presents an efficient synchronization control scheme for a high-accuracy synchronous motion system. In particular, an optimal PID controller for individual motion axis is first developed to guarantee satisfactory tracking performance according to traditional controller tuning strategy. Then, an additional synchronous controller is introduced to generate cross-coupling control action, so that synchronous position error across axes due to system manufacturing tolerance or disturbance could be suppressed. Experimental results on a positioning system equipped with two permanent-magnet linear motors demonstrate that the synchronization performance with the proposed control scheme could be enhanced.
综合治疗急性狼疮性肺炎1例

系统性红斑狼疮是一种自身免疫缺陷疾病。可累及多器官及组织。其中肺部病变并不少见,常常是由于抗原抗体复合物沉积于肺及胸膜,主要表现为肺血管病变(肺血栓栓塞,肺动脉高压,坏死性血管炎)、慢性狼疮肺炎(肺间质纤维化)等,但造成狼疮性肺炎的并不多见,且很少是红斑狼疮的首发症状,应通过综合临床表现及辅助检查逐一排除急性肺部感染,结核感染、恶性肿瘤、艾滋病等疾病后可考虑该病,提高警惕性。急性狼疮肺炎在系统性红斑狼疮中发病率仅为1.4%~4%,其病情来势凶险,病死率高,临床症状主要表现为高热、气促、胸膜放射性疼痛、呼吸困难,放射线表现可呈弥漫性浸润影,以下肺为重,实验室检查有动脉低氧血症,常见死亡原因为呼吸衰竭或肺栓塞。本科收治的这例患者以高热、肺部病变、呼吸道症状及多腔隙积液为主要表现,尤其以呼吸道症状为重,符合急性狼疮性肺炎诊断标准。治疗期间曾考虑使用大剂量激素冲击治疗,但该患者体质衰弱,长期高热导致抵抗力低下,胃镜检查示胃多发性溃疡(活动期),激素冲击治疗可能会导致其溃疡大出血及继发性感染,故放弃大剂量激素冲击治疗方案。选用注射用人丙种球蛋白17.5g冲击治疗,并加强营养支持,此种方案为患者个体化设计,适合患者具体情况,临床证明,并未采取激素或免疫抑制剂冲击治疗亦能取得较好疗效。患者临床症状好转明显,副作用小,见效快。常规治疗上,患者采用独立隔离病房进行保护性治疗,定期使用空气消毒机消毒,勤换被褥,注意保暖,以防受凉导致其肺部症状加重。并持续予以低流量吸氧,监测动脉血气,纠正低氧血症,维持患者水电解质平衡等处理,经综合治疗后获得满意效果。
对氧磷酶2研究进展

对氧磷酶(paraoxonase,PON)基因家族包括三个成员:PON1,PON2,PON3,三者具有高度的同源性。其中,PON1的研究较为深入,由于PON2在分布及生物学特性上与PON1和PON3有着较大的区别,近年来相关的研究也逐渐增多。PON2的基因产物具有抗氧化应激的特性,可以调节脂质代谢、防止动脉粥样硬化、抵御绿脓杆菌感染,其基因多态性可能与多种疾病有关。下面我们就PON2研究进展作一综述。
电磁导航支气管镜临床应用及展望

周围性肺部病变(peripheral pulmonary lesions)诊断一直是困扰临床医生的一个难题。常用检查方法包括常规纤维支气管镜检查、经胸壁穿刺肺活检(transthoracic needle aspiration,TTNA)、支气管内径向超声(endobronchial ultrasound,EBUS)、诊断性手术等。但周围型肺部病灶在支气管镜下大多不能被直接观察到或仅见某些间接征象,而且支气管镜对周围型肺部病变诊断率受病灶大小影响,病灶越小,诊断率就越低。2000年后,一项新的用于周围性肺部病变诊断技术--电磁导航支气管镜(electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy,ENB)问世。ENB技术集仿真支气管镜与可曲式支气管镜的优点于一身,不但可以准确到达常规支气管镜无法到达的周围型肺部病变部位,又可以获取病变组织进行病理检查。本文就ENB的设备、操作技术和优势、临床应用以及应用前景作一综述。
慢性阻塞性肺疾病早期干预的再认识

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-ease,COPD)是一个常见的慢性致残性与致死性疾病,患病率和死亡率均高。COPD反复发作、进行性发展,使患者健康生命年损失和正常寿命年损失增加,即伤残调整寿命年(disabili-ty adjusted life year,DALY)的损失增加。DALY是衡量疾病负担的单位,是定量计算各种疾病造成的早逝与残疾对健康生命年损失的综合指标。2001年,使用DALY对中国前10位主要死因排名中COPD居第2位,仅次于脑血管病之后,而跃居缺血性心脏病之前。近年来COPD的治疗虽然取得一些进展,但大多数患者的肺功能进行性恶化。近半数COPD患者1年里至少1次因急性加重而住院。
PBL教学法在中医内科实践教学中的应用研究

近年来问题式教学法(problem-basedlearning,PBL)不断发展起来,据资料统计显示PBL教学法已在国际知名的医学院校的临床教学中取得了很好的效果[1,2]。PBL教学法是以问题为基础、以学生为主体的一种新型教学法,主要以讨论的问题作为教学研究的核心;该方法能够有效激发学生学习的创新性以及主动性,使学生能够培养终身学习的习惯。在进行临床实习之前,对于疾病的基础理论知识,很多中医专业医学生已经初步掌握,面对真实而又复杂的临床操作时,很多学生均表现出好奇以及积极的欲探究的特点,如果能够采取PBL 教学法指导其实习阶段的教学,能够更加有效促进学生的实习积极性。本次研究选择2010年6月至2012年7月来实习医院中医内科实习的应届医学生100名,对其观察组的50例学员采取PBL 教学法,旨在探讨PBL 教学法在中医内科临床实习中的教学效果。
银杏叶提取物对抑制肾成纤维细胞增殖及整合素β_1表达的作用观察

目的观察银杏叶提取物(GBE)对体外培养的人肾成纤维细胞增殖的抑制作用,以及其对肾成纤维细胞整合素β1表达的影响。方法培养、增殖人肾成纤维细胞,将其分为对照组、低剂量GBE组、中剂量GBE组和高剂量GBE组,分别采取MTT法和流式细胞仪检测技术对各组肾成纤维细胞的增殖及整合素β_1的表达进行检测,对检测数据进行对比分析。结果高剂量GBE组作用2 d,低剂量GBE组、中剂量GBE组作用3 d后,成纤维细胞增殖受到明显抑制,差异具有统计学意义(与对照组相比,P<0.05);作用2 d后,低剂量GBE组、中剂量GBE组和高剂量GBE组的整合素β_1平均荧光值分别为(0.312±0.028)、(0.258±0.025)、(0.193±0.112),均较对照组(0.486±0.120)明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 GBE在一定浓度和作用时间下,可明显抑制人肾成纤维细胞的增殖和整合素β_1的表达,进而抑制肾间质纤维化。
固本救心方治疗男性重症心力衰竭的临床研究及对血清睾酮的影响

目的观察和评价在常规应用抗心衰西药治疗的基础上,应用固本救心方治疗男性重症心力衰竭(心功能Ⅲ~Ⅳ级)的临床疗效,以及治疗前后血清睾酮的变化及与心功能的关系。方法选择80例符合入选标准的慢性心力衰竭(心功能Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级)患者,随即分为治疗组40例,对照组40例,入选对照组患者接受心衰标准治疗加用真武汤治疗,中药组治疗组在应用抗心衰标准治疗的基础上,加用固本救心方治疗,在住院周期内进行临床研究,观察六分钟步行试验、住院周期及血清睾酮的变化。结果临床研究显示,40例服用固本救心方治疗组患者,在6 min步行试验、住院周期方面,治疗后治疗组明显优于对照组(P<0.05);在血清睾酮的变化上治疗后治疗组优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论男性重症心力衰竭患者阳虚明显,血清睾酮普遍降低,且心衰越严重血清睾酮降低越明显,应用以益气温阳组方的固本救心方治疗重症心力衰竭后,血清睾酮明显升高,且能缩短住院周期,提高患者生活质量。
活血祛瘀中药注射剂用药合理性分析

目的:分析活血化瘀中药注射剂的应用状况,为临床合理使用提供参考。方法:对房山中医院常用活血化瘀中药注射剂9至10月门诊处方中6种中药注射剂处方共1230张,对其科室使用率、年龄分布、用法用量、溶媒选择、溶媒用量、用药配伍、联合用药、适应证等情况用Excel2003进行分析。结果:临床存在不合理用药情况,如超适应证、溶媒选择错误、缺少中医辨证、不合理的配伍。结论:临床治疗过程中应严格按照药品说明书及《中药注射剂临床使用基本原则》规定合理用药,以减少药物不良反应的发生。
应用中药调理妇科疾病月经失调的疗效分析

目的:对应用中药调理方式对患有月经失调的患者进行治疗的临床效果进行研究分析。方法:抽取88例月经失调患者病例,将其分为对照组和治疗组,平均每组44例。对照组患者采用西医常规方式进行治疗,治疗组患者用中药调理方式进行治疗。结果:治疗组患者月经失调疾病控制效果、止血效果、调经效果明显优于对照组;治疗前后症状表现积分的改善幅度明显大于对照组。结论:应用中药调理方式对患有月经失调的患者进行治疗的临床效果非常明显。
奥沙利铂相关性周围神经病变以血痹论治析

周围神经病变为奥沙利铂的主要不良反应,表现为手足麻木及感觉异常,其显著特征就是远端肢体麻木遇冷加重,得热则缓,符合"血痹"的特征表现,以血痹的专属方药黄芪桂枝五物汤治疗有较好的效果。实验研究进一步验证了奥沙利铂诱发周围神经病变具有血痹的生物学特性,用黄芪桂枝五物汤干预后机械性缩足阈值明显降低,其效应靶点为脊神经后根神经节,黄芪桂枝五物汤具有一定的保护神经细胞作用,并可促神经细胞修复。
“天人相应”中医学的宇宙整体观

"天人相应"是中医学对人与大自然空间与时间相联系的整体认识,也是中医学的宇宙整体观。天地与人的生理、心理活动息息相关,《内经》对此已有不少论述。《素问·四气调神大论》中阐述了春夏秋冬对心理的影响等,《灵枢经》以昼夜阴阳的卫气运行变化来说明睡眠规律等,还有其他论述散见于中医学的著作中,它们都是以整体的、联系的观点来看待人与宇宙的关系,以及如何根据这些联系来有效地维护健康与预防疾病。
光伏水电互补,低碳可再生能源的新途径——以青海为例

在我国未来的能源结构中,可再生能源的比重将越来越大。为实现国家主席胡锦涛在联合国气候变化峰会上所表示的"争取到2020年使中国非化石能源占一次能源消费比重达15%"的目标,今后一段时间,水电、光伏发电及风电将会以较高的速度发展,据能源发展十二·五规划,2015年以前,水电的年增长率为5.7%,风电为26.4%,太阳能发电为89.5%,太阳能发电增速最快。
参麦注射液上市后安全性再评价

目的:综合评价参麦注射液上市后的安全性,探索中药注射液上市后安全性再评价的方法和模式。方法:以2011年1-11月医院应用参麦注射液的住院患者为研究对象,从用药开始至出院,观察记录患者的药品使用和不良反应发生情况,并进行数据统计分析。结果:699例患者中,发生不良反应5例,发生率为0.72%。结论:参麦注射液的不良反应发生率较低,但临床使用欠规范,应进一步规范中药注射液在临床中的使用。
不同生态因子对黄芩过氧化物同工酶电泳的影响

目的:研究不同生态因子影响下黄芩的过氧化物同工酶的变化,建构不同生态因子的黄芩过氧化物同工酶生物指纹图谱。方法:采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,对不同生态因子影响下的黄芩过氧化物同工酶酶谱进行比较分析。结果:不同生态因子下黄芩的过氧化物同工酶酶谱有显著差异。结论:生态因子对黄芩过氧化物同工酶的影响明显,为黄芩的规范化种植和黄芩药材有效成分的形成理论提供了科学依据。
Microstructure and mechanical properties of hybrid fabricated 1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb steel by laser melting deposition

Laser melting deposition was carried out to deposit a 1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb steel bar on a wrought bar of same material. Room-temperature tensile properties of the hybrid fabricated 1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb steel sample were evaluated, and microstructure, fracture surface morphology, and hardness profile were analyzed by an optical microscope (OM), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and a hardness tester. Results show that the hybrid fabricated 1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb steel sample consists of laser deposited zone, wrought substrate zone, and heat affected zone (HAZ) of the wrought substrate. The laser deposited zone has coarse columnar prior austenite grains and fine well-aligned dendritic structure, while the HAZ of the wrought substrate has equiaxed prior austenite grains which are notably finer than those in the wrought substrate zone. Besides, austenitic transformation mechanism of the HAZ of the wrought substrate is different from that of the laser deposited zone during the reheating period of the laser deposition, which determines the different prior austenite grain morphologies of the two zones. Microhardness values of both the laser deposited zone and the HAZ of the wrought substrate are higher than that of the wrought substrate zone. Tensile properties of the hybrid fabricated 1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb steel sample are comparable to those of the wrought bar, and fracture occurs in the wrought substrate zone during the tensile test.
SUPPRESSION OF BENDING WAVES IN A PERIODIC BEAM WITH TIMOSHENKO BEAM THEORY

Active control of bending waves in a periodic beam by the Timoshenko beam theory is concerned. A discussion about the possible wave solutions for periodic beams and their control by forces is presented. Wave propagation in a periodic beam is studied. The transfer matrix between two consecutive unit cells is obtained based on the continuity conditions. Wave amplitudes are derived by employing the Bloch-Floquet theorem and the transfer matrix. The influences of the propagating constant on the wave amplitudes are considered. It is shown that vibrations are still needed to be suppressed in the pass-band regions. Wave-suppression strategy described in this paper is employed to eliminate the propagating disturbance of an infinite periodic beam. A minimum wave-suppression strategy is compared with the classical wave-suppression strategy.
脑瘫患儿家庭支持的研究进展

脑瘫(Cerebral Palsy,CP)是脑部在生长发育完成之前受到损伤或发育缺陷所导致的综合征,主要表现为运动障碍及姿势异常,是儿童致残的主要疾病之一。脑瘫发病率世界各地报道不一,全球脑瘫发病率为1‰~5‰。我国脑瘫发生率约为4‰,全国病例400万~500万,每年新发病例约6万,脑瘫患者是一个数量众多、特别需要帮助的群体。脑瘫患儿是脑瘫患者中特殊人群,其康复是一个长期的过程,家庭是其生活和教育的主要场所,也是实施康复干预的最理想环境,获得足够的家庭支持对脑瘫患儿康复产生着积极的影响。近年来,家庭支持成为脑瘫患儿研究的重要方向。众多研究表明,根据脑瘫患儿的家庭需求为其提供适合支持,可以有效发挥家庭支持系统功能,提升康复干预成效。本文就家庭支持在脑瘫患儿群体中的服务现状及成效研究进展综述如下。
Does litterfall from native trees support rainfed agriculture? Analysis of Ficus trees in agroforestry systems of southern dry agroclimatic zone of Karnataka, southern India

Trees of the genus Ficus, integral components of indigenous rainfed agro-ecosystems of the southern dry agro-climatic zone of Karnataka, southern India, have traditionally been associated with the ecological service of soil quality enhancement in addition to various direct use benefits. We assessed the soil enrichment service of Ficus benghalensis L. a common Ficus species in these agroforestry systems, by quantifying nutrient return via litter fall. Litterfall estimation and chemical analysis of litter showed that F. benghalensis trees produce 3,512 kg ha~(-1) of litter annually which, on decomposition, can satisfy up to 76.70 % of N, 20.24% of P and 67.76% of K requirements of dryland crops annually per hectare. This can lead to an avoided cost of compost of US $ 36.46 ha~(-1)·a~(-1) in dryland farming systems. The slow rate of decay of Ficus litter, as revealed in litter decomposition studies indicates its potential as ideal mulch for dryland soils. We discuss the complementarity between Ficus litterfall and cropping patterns in Mandya, and its implications for rainfed agricultural systems.
Decay threshold of acetylated rattan (Calamus manan) against soft rot

We investigated the resistance of acetylated rattan against soft rot and other soil inhabiting micro-organisms in comparison with wood of beech and Scots pine. Calamus manan of 10 and 13 years old under rubber tree canopy was acetylated to different levels by reaction times (0.25 to 30 hours) and was tested for soft rot decay for 32 weeks. Acetylated rattan at decay protection thresholds of 15.4% and 16.2% weight gain (WG) were fully protected, as shown by both weight loss and strength loss criteria. The static bending properties of untreated rattan decayed by soft rot were significantly lower than for acetylated rattan.
A model to estimate available timber and forest biomass and reforestation expenses in a mountainous region in Japan

We developed a model to estimate supply potentials and available amounts of timber and forest biomass resources from profitable sub-compartments of thinning and final felling operations. Economic balances were estimated while considering not only harvesting expenses but also reforestation expenses after final felling, which should be considered for sustainable forest management. Harvesting expenses were estimated based on two types of timber harvesting systems and three types of forest biomass harvesting systems in each sub-compartment. Then, the model was applied to Nasushiobara city of Tochigi prefecture, Japan. Reforestation expenses had large negative impacts on the financial balances of final felling operations. Few sub-compartments were profitable after considering reforestation expenses. Most profitable sub-compartments were those with mechanized operation systems and landing sales. These accounted for 17.19% of all sub-compartments, while only 5.75% of the sub-compartments were profitable based on their current operation systems and landing sales. Although the overall supply potentials of timber and forest biomass resources were 380,000 m3 and 210,000 Mg, respectively, and 15 times the planned harvest of coniferous tree volume of 25,000 m3year~(-1) and 50 times the annual demand for the woody gasification power generation of 4,000 Mg year~(-1) in Nasushiobara, available amounts of timber and forest biomass resources were only49,429 m3 and 33,333 Mg, which were 13.0% and 15.7% of supply potentials for landing sales with mechanized operation systems.
Accumulation of heavy metal in Platanus orientalis, Robinia pseudoacacia and Fraxinus rotundifolia

Plants are capable of reducing environmental pollutions through uptaking contaminants in their tissues. In the study site, twenty one-year-old leaves and shoots as well as twenty soil samples were sampled and analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). We investigated the uptaking ability of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) by the leaves and shoots of Platanus orientalis, Robinia pseudoacacia and Fraxinus rotundifolia in Karaj city, the western Tehran, Iran. We also evaluated the total metal accumulation capacity by using metal accumulation index (MAI). Results indicated that there was no significant difference in uptaking contents of Cd and Pb in the leaves among the trees. However accumulation of Cd in shoots of F. rotundifolia and R. pseudoacacia was significantly higher than that of P. orientalis. The accumulation of Pb in shoots of R. pseudoacacia was significantly higher than the other species. The amount of Pb in the soil of the study area was significantly higher than Cd. Concentrations of Cd and Pb in leaves of the three species are in the ranges of 2.4 2.7 mg Kg~(-1) and 7.1 14.4 mg Kg~(-1), respectively. R. pseudoacacia had the highest MAI value for leaves (2.21) and F. rotundifolia had the highest MAI value for shoots (2.4).
Diversity, distribution and resource values of woody climbers in tropical forests of southern Eastern Ghats, India

We investigated the distribution and resource values of liana species assessed in six hill complexes of southern Eastern Ghats, India. 143 liana species (DBH (diameter at breast height) ≥1.5 cm) and 32,033 liana individuals were recorded from 110 transects (0.5 ha each covering 55 ha area) in the study sites. The resource values of lianas were broadly categorized into ecological and economic importance. About 90% (129) of liana species and 96% (30,564) of liana individuals were established ecological/economic values. Fruit rewards provided by 76 species and 20,325 individuals constituted the major resource of ecological importance. 82 species and 21,457 liana individuals are of economic importance as medicine, edible fruits, edible and medicinal values, and yet others are used for different domestic purposes including furniture, fuel wood, rope making etc.. Ecologically, the prevalence of succulent diaspores in lianas of Indian Eastern Ghats indicates the animal dependence of many liana species for dispersal and underlines the need for a holistic and whole-forest conservation approach in maintaining forest biodiversity.
Effects of KNO_3 pretreatment and temperature on seed germination of Sorbus pohuashanensis

We characterized the effects of KNO_3 pretreatment and germination temperature on dormancy breaking and germination of mature mountain ash seeds. Seeds treated with KNO_3 and germinated at 25 ℃ followed by 5 ℃ had significantly higher germination percentages and germination potentials (51% and 49%, respectively), compared with controls. These treated seeds also exhibited reduced germination initiation times (minimum of 48 days), and elevated germination rate indices (up to 97). The germination of seeds subjected to long-term cold storage (2 years at 0-5 ℃) was also significantly improved by 3 days of 4% KNO3 pretreatment before germinating under a variable temperature regimen (5 ℃ followed by 25 ℃, and followed by 5 ℃). Germination percentages and germination potentials for these cold-stored seeds reached 67% and 54%, respectively, and the germination rate index increased to 126.99. Pretreatment of mountain ash seeds with KNO_3 represents a practical, effective, and pollution-free method for improving germination, and can be implemented easily within a variety of nursery settings.
Embryo culture is an efficient way to conserve a medicinally important endangered forest tree species Strychnos potatorum

The present study reports a protocol for germination of Strychnos potatorum (ver. Tel. Chilla) using zygotic embryo culture as an embryo rescue method. A 100% germination rate was obtained by culturing the embryos on full-strength Murashige and Skoog’s medium (MS) containing 20 g/L sucrose in comparison to McCown and Lloyd’s Woody Plant Medium (WPM). Germination rates decreased when the sucrose concentration was lower or higher than 20 g·L~(-1). WPM/MS medium containing glucose at levels 30, 20, 15 g·L~(-1) showed a smaller percentage of germination and at quarter strength, WPM/MS medium with glucose did not respond. Multiple shoot formation was found at 1.0 2.0 mg/L BAP; 3.0 mg/L Kn; 2.0 mg/L TDZ on MS medium with 20 g·L~(-1) sucrose. Germination rates improved when the embryos were placed upright (vertically) in the medium. The in vitro germinated seedlings were acclimatized in a walk-in-chamber and maintained in the green house with the survival rate of 65% 75%. These plants were transferred to the field and were found to be phenotypically normal, healthy and similar to donor plants. This protocol will be useful to overcome seed dormancy and for rapid multiplication and conservation of S. potatorum using zygotic embryo culture.
Comparing growth and fine root distribution in monocultures and mixed plantations of hybrid poplar and spruce

Disease prevention, biodiversity, productivity improvement and ecological considerations are all factors that contribute to increasing interest in mixed plantations. The objective of this study was to evaluate early growth and productivity of two hybrid poplar clones, P. balsamifera x trichocarpa (PBT) and P. maximowiczii x balsamifera (PMB), one improved family of Norway spruce (Picea glauca (PA)) and one improved family of white spruce (Picea abies (PG)) growing under different spacings in monocultures and mixed plots. The plantations were established in 2003 in Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Quebec, Canada, in a split plot design with spacing as the whole plot factor (1 × 1 m, 3 × 3 m and 5 × 5 m) and mixture treatments as subplot factor (pure: PBT, PMB, PA and PG, and 1:1 mixture PBT:PA, PBT:PG, PMB:PA and PMB:PG). Results showed a beneficial effect of the hybrid poplar-spruce mixture on diameter growth for hybrid poplar clones, but not for the 5 × 5 m spacing because of the relatively young age of the plantations. Diameter growth of the spruces decreased in mixed plantings in the 1 × 1 m, while their height growth increased, resulting in similar aboveground biomass per tree across treatments. Because of the large size differences between spruces and poplars, aboveground biomass in the mixed plantings was generally less than that in pure poplar plots. Leaf nitrogen concentration for the two spruce families and hybrid poplar clone PMB was greater in mixed plots than in monocultures, while leaf nitrogen concentration of clone PBT was similar among mixture treatments. Because of its faster growth rate and greater soil resources demands, clone PMB was the only one showing an increase in leaf N with increased spacing between trees. Fine roots density was greater for both hybrid poplars than spruces. The vertical distribution of fine roots was insensitive to mixture treatment.