mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Numerical Study on the Whole Process of Fireball Evolution in Strong Explosion

With the actual mean free path for radiation in air and a simplified nuclear device, a one-dimension simulation research on fireball phenomenon in a sea level atmosphere is carried out based on the multi-group radiation hydrodynamic codes (RDMG). It is shown that our theoretical calculations can describe the whole process of the fireball evolution for strong explosions from the early X-ray expansion stage to the shock wave propagation stage. The radius of the shock wave and the brightness of the fireball are in good agreement with the experimental results. The whole thermal radiation power curve of the fireball evolution for strong atmospheric explosion at sea level is plotted for the first time. The impact of radiation opacity of the nuclear device material on the early fireball phenomenon is also studied. It is found that trajectories of the radiation fronts and case shocks change with the opacity of equivalent device material. From our simulations, we find that only the early fireball depends on the details of the nuclear device, and after the formation of main shock, the evolution is determined by the properties of hot air for strong atmospheric explosion.
On the Boundary Condition and Related Instability in the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

In this work, we explore various relevant aspects of the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics regarding Burger’s equation. The stability, precision, and efficiency of the algorithm are investigated in terms of different implementations. In particular, we argue that the boundary condition plays an essential role in the stability of numerical implementation. Besides, the issue is shown to be closely associated with the initial particle distribution and the interpolation scheme. Among others, we introduce an interpolation scheme termed symmetrized finite particle method. The main advantage of the scheme is that its implementation does not involve any derivative of the kernel function. Concerning the equation of motion, the calculations are carried out using two distinct scenarios, where the particles are chosen to be either stationary or dynamically evolved. The obtained results are compared with those obtained by using the standard finite difference method for spatial derivatives. Our numerical results indicate subtle differences between different schemes regarding the choice of boundary condition. In particular, a novel type of instability is observed where the regular distribution is compromised as the particles start to traverse each other. Implications and further discussions of the present study are also addressed.
~(99)mTc -奥曲肽~(18)F-脱氧葡萄糖PET-CT和骨显像评价儿童神经母细胞瘤的化疗疗效一例

根据儿童NB危险度分组,本例患儿年龄>1岁半,为高危组。NB诊疗指南指出,对于高危组患儿,在第4、8次化疗结束后均需进行全面评估,以便及时发现患儿是否有不良反应以及是否需要更改化疗方案。本例患儿经历2次手术及15次化疗,治疗效果并不乐观。化疗方案存在不合理,患儿在第4、8次化疗结束后,并未对转移灶进行评估,这可能是造成患儿预后不良的原因。因此,在NB的治疗过程中,我们应该严格遵守时间对患者进行全面评估。目前,高危组患儿的预后差,长期无瘤生存率未达到50%,可以利用生长抑素类似物被NB细胞高摄取的特点,对NB进行靶向治疗,比如应用放射性核素177Lu。这种靶向治疗将会是NB未来治疗研究发展的重要方向。
Optimizing carbon/carbon supercapacitors in aqueous alkali sulfates electrolytes

Neutral aqueous alkali sulfate has shown great interests for developing environmentally friendly high voltage and high energy supercapacitors. This work focuses on systematically investigating the properties of symmetric carbon/carbon supercapacitors in neutral aqueous alkali sulfates. At room temperature, the largest power and energy density were obtained with K_2 SO_4 electrolyte due to the smallest cation dimensions and highest electrical conductivity. At low temperature, aqueous Li_2 SO_4 electrolyte presents the best performance due to the largest solubility, allowing a long-term stability at temperatures ranging between 20 ℃ and –10 ℃ at a maximum voltage of 1.8 V. The excellent stability has been confirmed that capacitance retention achieves as high as 92% after 10,0 0 0 cycles. The capacitance variations with temperatures could essentially result from kinetic diffusion barrier, ion dimension changes and fewer pseudo-capacitance contributions under different temperatures. This work highlights the selected virtues of different alkali sulfate electrolytes for enhanced supercapacitors.
The fabrication of homogeneous perovskite films on non-wetting interfaces enabled by physical modification

Conjugated polymers are commonly used as effective hole transport materials (HTMs) for preparation of high-performance perovskite solar cells. However, the hydrophobic nature of these materials renders it difficult to deposit photovoltaic perovskite layers on top via solution processing. In this article, we report a generic surface modification strategy that enables the deposition of uniform and dense perovskite films on top of non-wetting interfaces. In contrast to the previous proposed chemical modifications which might alter the optoelectronic properties of the interfacial layers, we realized a nondestructive surface modification enabled by introducing a layer of insulating mesoporous aluminum oxide (Al_2 O_3). The surface energies of the typical non-wetting hole-transport layers (PTAA, P3HT, and Poly-TPD) were significantly reduced by the Al_2 O_3 modification. Benefiting from the intact optoelectronic properties of the HTMs, perovskite solar cells deposited on these interface materials show full open-circuit voltages (V OC) with high fill factors (FF) up to 80%. Our method provides an effective avenue for exploiting the full potential of the existing as well as newly developed non-wetting interface materials for the fabrication of high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells.
A novel on-line electrochemical transmission infrared spectroscopy to study the current efficiency of carbonates for ethanol oxidation reactions in alkaline media

Research on the reaction mechanism of ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) is important for the development of highly active EOR electro-catalysts. One of the main difficulties in the EOR study is the quantitative analysis of the non-volatile products. Conventional on-line electrochemical flowing transmission infrared spectroscopy (ETIRS) can only collect a part of the carbonate products of EOR in alkaline media, making the further quantitative study impossible. Herein, a new ETIRS system has been designed and prepared by employing a cation-exchange membrane (Nafion) in the sampling hood. The using of the Nafion membrane can prevent the anions crossing over by confining the generated carbonates in the sampling hood without diffusing into the bulk electrolyte. Therefore, the collection efficiency of the carbonate products as well as the test accuracy of the carbonate current efficiency has been significantly improved. The result of CO stripping reaction shows that ca. 100% of the carbonate product is able to be collected in alkaline media by this new system. The influence of the experimental temperature to the carbonate current efficiency has been further studied on Pt/C toward EOR in alkaline media.
Facile synthesis strategy of Ni_(core)Pt_(shell) electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), as an energy conversion technology, have attracted extensive attention due to their high conversion efficiency, low emission, high energy density, and fast fuel charging [1,2]. Pt-based catalysts have been acknowledged to be the most effective catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) [3–5]. However, both the source scarcity and high cost of Pt severely hinder the commercial application of the PEMFCs [1,6,7].
Investigation of sodium vanadate as a high-performance aqueous zinc-ion battery cathode

Due to the intrinsic advantages of nontoxicity, low-cost, and abundant resource of metallic zinc, aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have attracted universal interest [1,2]. Tremendous cathode materials have been exploited in aqueous ZIBs, such as manganese-based materials [3–11], Co-based materials [12,13] and vanadium-based materials [14–21]. Among these materials, vanadium oxide is able to deliver excellent Zn~(2+) storage capability [22]. However, there are some key factors that seriously limit their further application, mainly containing the terrible structural stability and unsatisfactory capacity [23]. In this regard, doping of metal ions such as Ag+ [24], NH_4~+ [25], K~+ [26], Li~+ [27] into vanadium oxides is favorable to enhance the electrochemical performance. Particularly, as for the layered [V_3O_8]n structure, the introduction of Na+ is universally demonstrated to be an effective approach to optimize the electrochemical property on account of enlarged interlayer spacing and structural stabilization from the “pillar effect” [28–33], which provides the opportunity for more Zn~(2+) ions storage and enhanced reversibility, thus enabling high discharge capacity and excellent long-term cycling behavior. In addition, the doping of Na+ with large radius (0.97 A) is favorable for ion diffusion and increasing the contact area between electrode and electrolyte, leading to fast Zn~(2+) ions diffusion [29]. Herein, in this work, we have successfully prepared a novel sodium vanadate (Na1.1V3O7.9) and systematically investigated its potential application and Zn~(2+) storage mechanism as aqueous ZIBs cathode.
Reduced irreversible capacities of graphene oxide-based anodes used for lithium ion batteries via alkali treatment

The large irreversible capacities of graphene oxide-based anodes hinder commercial applications of GO materials although the high specific capacity of it has been universally accepted. In this paper, GO was treated under alkaline condition and the composite consisting of the modified GO and graphite was used as anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), resulting in an improved initial coulombic efficiency. Electrochemical tests also showed that the modified GO/graphite electrode possessed 86.0% of initial coulombic efficiency, which was 15% higher than that of pristine GO/graphite electrode. The species and the content of functional groups were investigated via XPS, FTIR characterizations in detail, which certified that the ring-opening reaction of epoxides under alkaline condition could greatly reduce the irreversible capacity of GO/graphite anode, in addition, the reversible capacity was guaranteed at the same time. This modified GO/graphite electrodes in the LIBs exhibit superior rate capability and long cycle life. The uniqueness of this electrode lied in its chemical stability, which benefits from the transition of epoxide group and unstable functional groups removal.
Integrated Co_3O_4/carbon fiber paper for high-performance anode of dual-ion battery

In dual-ion batteries (DIBs), energy storage is achieved by intercalation/de-intercalation of both cations and anions. Due to the mismatch between ion diameter and layer space of active materials, however, volume expansion and exfoliation always occur for electrode materials. Herein, an integrated electrode Co_3O_4/carbon fiber paper (CFP) is prepared as the anode of DIB. As the Co_3O_4 nanosheets grow on CFP substrate vertically, it promotes the immersion of electrolyte and shortens the pathway for ionic transport. Besides, the strong interaction between Co_3O_4 and CFP substrate reduces the possibility of sheet exfoliation. An integrated-electrode-based DIB is therefore packaged using Co_3O_4/CFP as anode and graphite as cathode. As a result, a high energy density of 72 Wh/kg is achieved at a power density of 150W/kg. The design of integrated electrode provides a new route for the development of high-performance DIBs.
Highly active PtAu alloy surface towards selective formic acid electrooxidation

The electrochemical oxidation of formic acid has been attracting significant attention in the past few years due to the great potential prospect of direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC) in applications, including high theoretical open circuit potential (1.48 V), low fuel crossover, high practical power densities at low temperature, facilitating of proton transport in catalyst layers and low toxicity [1–5]. Both Pt and Pd based catalysts have been recognized as effective catalysts towards the electro-oxidation of formic acid, however, Pt demonstrated higher stability than Pd due to its higher resistance to dissolution in the harsh reacting condition in a DFAFC [6–8]. The mechanism of the formic acid elelctrooxidation on Pt surface in acid solution is already well-established, namely the so-called dual pathway originally suggested by Capon and Parsons as shown in the following equations.
Etherification of HMF to biodiesel additives: The role of NH_4~+ confinement in Beta zeolites

The role of NH_4~+ ion confinement in the catalytic etherification of HMF (5-hydroxymethylfurfural) with ethanol to biodiesel additives was evidenced by studying the catalytic behavior of NH_4~+-Beta zeolites with SiO_2/Al_2O_3 ratios of 25 and 75. In order to affect the strength and distribution of the acidic sites, as well as the mobility of NH_4~+ ions in the zeolites cages, a secondary level of porosity was introduced in the NH_4~+-Beta, presenting a different stability versus alkaline treatment, by using a thermal or an ultrasound assisted method. By analyzing the catalytic behavior in these two series of samples with respect to the changes in porosity by nonlocal density functional theory, structure by XRD, amount of acid sites by FT-IR and mobility of NH_4~+ cations by measurements of reversible NH_4~+ exchange capacity, was evidenced a decrease in catalytic performances both in terms of rate of HMF depletion and productivity to the main products, when confinement of the ammonium ions is lost due to the introduction of mesoporosity. The high capability of ammonium ions release, associated to the mono-dentate configuration, and the minor confinement effect inside the zeolite pore system, due to the more opened pores structure of mesoporous zeolites, hinders both the direct etherification of HMF to EMF [5-(ethoxymethyl)furan-2- carbaldehyde] and the parallel reaction pathway via acetalization, favoring the rapid desorption of the HMFDEA [5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural diethyl acetal] product out of the crystal and the consequent inhibition of the consecutive reactions to EMFDEA [5-(ethoxymethyl)furfural diethyl acetal] and EMF.
High-performance self-assembly MnCo_2O_4 nanosheets for asymmetric supercapacitors

In this study, MnCo_2O_4 nanosheets were proposed to be utilized as an electrode material for supercapacitors. A two-step hydrothermal method with post-annealing treatment was employed in preparation of the nanostructures. MnCo_2O_4 electrode delivered a high specific capacitance of 2000 F g~(–1) at 0.5 A g~(–1), remarkable high-rate capability of 1150 F g~(–1) at 20 A g~(–1), and an excellent cycling stability of 92.3% at 5 A g~(–1) after 5000 cycles. It is found that a three-electrode supercapacitor based on MnCo_2O_4 exhibits a promising electrochemical performance, better than the other similar materials, benefited from the synergistic effects of MnCo_2O_4 nanosheets. In fact, the self-assembly of nanosheets structure with high specific surface area and mesoporous structure can potentially enhance the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors.
Detrimental phase evolution triggered by Ni in perovskite-type cathodes for CO_2 electroreduction

Perovskite oxides are popular as cathode materials of solid oxide electrolysis cells, because of their good redox stability and high resistance to coke formation. Unexpectedly, a negative effect of Ni doping is found on Sr_2Fe_(1.5-x)Ni_xMo_(0.5)O (x=0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2) cathode for pure CO_2 electroreduction at 800 ℃, although Ni is highly active for CO_2 electroreduction. The CO_2 electroreduction performance degrades with the increase of Ni doping amount. Various characterization techniques are used to disclose the negative effect. Ni doping decreases the perovskite stability under electroreduction conditions, Fe and Ni cations in the B-site are reduced to metal nanoparticles and SrCO_3 forms on the surface of the perovskite. The phase instability results from the weaker Ni–O bond. Although the Fe-Ni nanoparticles are in favor of the CO_2 electroreduction, too much SrCO_3 and carbon deposition block the charge transfer and diffusion of oxygenous species on the cathode surface.
Porous LiF layer fabricated by a facile chemical method toward dendrite-free lithium metal anode

Lithium metal is supposed to be critical material for constructing next-generation batteries due to extremely high capacity and ultralow redox potential. However, the perplexing issue of lithium dendrite growth impedes the commercial application. The initial nucleation and low Li ions diffusion rate in the electrolyte/electrode interface dominate the deposition behavior. Therefore, a uniform and flexible interface is urgently needed. Here, a facile method is proposed to prepare a thin and porous LiF-rich layer (TPL) by the in-situ reaction of small amount of ammonium hydrogen difluoride (NH_4HF_2) and Li metal. The deposition morphology on Li metal anode with LiF layer is significantly flat and homogeneous owning to low lateral diffusion barrier on LiF crystals and the porous structure of TPL film. Additionally, the symmetrical cells made with such TPL Li anodes show significantly stable cycling over 100 cycles at high current density of 6mA/cm~2. The TPL Li | LiFePO_4 full cells keep over 99% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 2.0 C. This approach serves as a facile and controllable way of adjusting the protective layer on Li metal.
Photocatalytic one-step synthesis of Ag nanoparticles without reducing agent and their catalytic redox performance supported on carbon

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with state-of-the-art chemical or photo-reduction methods generally takes several steps and requires both reducing agents and stabilizers to obtain NPs with narrow size distribution. Herein, we report a novel method to synthesize Ag NPs rapidly in one step, achieving typical particle sizes in the range from 5 to 15 nm. The synthesis steps only involve three chemicals without any reducing agent: AgNO_3 as precursor, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as stabilizer, and AgCl as photocatalyst. The Ag NPs were supported on carbon and showed excellent performance in thermal catalytic pnitrophenol reduction and nitrobenzene hydrogenation, and as electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction.
Asymptotic state estimation for linear systems with sensor and actuator faults

This paper investigates the asymptotic state estimation problem for linear systems with sensor and actuator faults, where the faults are modeled via multiple modes. For the case of sensor faults, we first introduce a new notion of detectability, i.e., detectability of system against sensor faults. The notion helps to address the question of whether it is possible to asymptotically estimate the system state by using the control input and system output, irrespective of which mode the system is in and what values the fault signals are. A necessary and sufficient condition for the system to be detectable against sensor faults is given, and then two switched observers are proposed for asymptotic state estimation with the help of maximin strategy. For the system with ℓ fault modes, we provide the explicit form of the switched observer, which is based on a bank of ℓ(ℓ+1)/2 Luenberger-like or sliding-mode observers. Furthermore, extensions to the case of sensor and actuator faults are further studied. Finally, a simulation example of a reduced-order aircraft system is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Study on surface wave-induced mixing of transport flux residue under typhoon conditions

The transport flux residue of surface waves plays an important role in a variety of ocean phenomena, for example, the change in sea surface temperature (SST) and upper mixed layer profile that were studied in a series of recent papers. In the previous studies, its effect was discussed rigorously and fragmented based on numerical modeling. Here we propose a relatively comprehensive and simplified exposition of the wave transport flux residue, and focus on its influence under typhoon conditions with strong background current. An analogue Reynolds Number is presented for tentative comparison with wave-generated turbulence mixing, especially in the coastal area. Numerical results indicate that both overwhelming dynamical mixing processes can remarkably change the coastal environment, and should not be ignored consciously for further marine hazards assessment.
Photometric investigations on two totally eclipsing contact binaries: V342 UMa and V509 Cam

By analyzing two sets of complete BV R_cI_c light curves for V342 UMa and three sets of complete BV RcIc light curves for V509Cam, we determined that the two systems are bothW-subtype contact binaries and that V342 UMamanifests a shallow contact configuration,while V509 Cam exhibits amedium contact configuration.Given that both of them are totally eclipsing binaries, the physical parameters derived only by the photometric light curves are reliable. Meanwhile, the period changes of the two targets were analyzed based on all available eclipsing times.We discovered that V342 UMa shows long-term period decrease with a rate of –1.02(±0.54) × 10~(–7) d yr~(–1) and that V509 Cam displays long-term period increase with a rate of 3.96(±0.90)×10~(–8) d yr~(–1). Both the conservative mass transfer and angular momentum loss via magnetic stellar winds can be used to interpret the long-term period decrease of V342 UMa. The longterm period increase of V509 Cam can be explained by mass transfer from the less massive star to the more massive one. The absolute parameters of the two binaries were estimated according to their Gaia distances and our derived photometric solution results. This method can be extended to other contact binaries without radial velocities but with reliable photometric solutions. Their evolutionary states were investigated and we found that they reveal properties that are identical to otherW-subtype contact systems.
Simplified dark matter models with loop effects in direct detection and the constraints from indirect detection and collider search

We reexamine the simplified dark matter (DM) models with fermionic DM particle and spin-0 mediator. The DM-nucleon scattering cross sections in these models are low-momentum suppressed at tree-level, but receive sizable loop-induced spin-independent contribution. We perform one-loop calculations for scalar-type and twist-2 DM-quark operators, and complete two-loop calculations for scalar-type DM-gluon operator. Analyzing the looplevel contribution from new operators, we find that future direct detection experiments could be sensitive to a fraction of the parameter space. The indirect detection and collider search also provide complementary constraints on these models.