mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Canopy interception loss in a Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest of Northeast China

Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica is one of the main species to be afforested in deserts of China. But little work has been carried out on the canopy interception loss of this plant species. For researching the canopy interception loss of a natural P. sylvestris forest, we observed the gross precipitation, gross snowfall, throughfall and stemflow in a sample plot at the Forest Ecosystem Research Station of Mohe in the Great Khingan Mountains of Northeast China from July 2012 to September 2013. Considering the spatial variability of the throughfall, we increased the area rather than the number of collector and randomly relocated them once a week. The results demonstrated that the throughfall, stemflow, and derived estimates of rainfall and snowfall interception loss during the main rainy and snowy seasons were 77.12%±5.70%, 0.80%, 22.08%±5.51% and 21.39%±1.21% of the incident rainfall or snowfall, respectively. The stemflow didn't occur unless the accumulated rainfall reached up to 4.8 mm. And when the gross precipitation became rich enough, the stemflow increased with increasing tree diameters. Our analysis revealed that throughfall was not observed when rainfall was no more than 0.99 mm, indicating that the canopy storage capacity at saturation was 0.99 mm for P. sylvestris forest.
Variation in soil organic matter accumulation and metabolic activity along an elevation gradient in the Santa Rosa Mountains of Southern California, USA

Variations in soil organic matter accumulation across an elevation can be used to explain the control of substrate supply and variability on soil metabolic activity. We investigated geographic changes in soil organic matter and metabolic rates along an elevation gradient (289-2,489 m) in the Santa Rosa Mountains, California, USA from subalpine and montane pine forests through chaparral to desert. From base (289 m) to summit (2,489 m), 24 sites were established for collecting soil samples under canopies and inter-canopy spaces, at 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depths increments. Soil organic matter (SOM) content was determined using weight loss on ignition at 550°C and soil CO_2 efflux (R) was measured at day 5 (R_5) and day 20 (R_(20)) of incubation. Changes in SOM content along the elevation gradient showed a significant relationship (P<0.05) but R_5 and R_(20) were not related to either elevation or SOM content. However, the ratio of R and SOM (R_5/SOM) showed a strong relationship across the mountains at both soil depths. R_5/SOM, as an indicator of carbon use efficiency, may be applicable to other semi-arid transects at larger scale modeling of soil metabolic processes.
Drought analysis in Antakya-Kahramanmaras Graben, Turkey

The most parts of the Earth experience precipitation variability as a part of their normal climates over both short- and long-time periods. These variations of precipitation will have unpredictable and perhaps unexpectedly extreme consequences (such as drought and flood) with respect to frequency and intensity for many regions of the Earth. Because of high precipitation fluctuations, the Mediterranean region is also the areas of the world sensitive to precipitation changes which often involve frequent drought conditions in Turkey. In this study, drought conditions at annual, seasonal and monthly time scales over the period of 1975-2010 were examined for Antakya-Kahramanmaras Graben which is located in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Application of appropriate measures to analyze and monitor droughts is recognized as a major challenge to scientists involved in atmospheric studies. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and cumulative deviation curve techniques were used to determine drought conditions. Results indicated that the study area presented a cyclic pattern of variations with alternating drier and wetter years. From analyses of annual, seasonal and monthly drought series it can be seen that precipitation characteristic of the area is changing. By the results, apparent wet and dry periods can be distinguished. This study also indicated that precipitation totals of winter, spring and summer seasons were slightly decreased during the study period. Drought frequency was increased especially for the northern part of the area in the last ten years. Drought periods were divided into 1982-1985, 1999-2002 and 2004-2008, respectively. According to our analyses, the time scale of 1999-2002 was the driest period in the most of the graben area. The study area, which covers agriculturally important fertile alluvial plains, will experience increasing pressure on its water resources because of its growing population and industry, ever-larger demands for intensive agricultural activities, and frequent drought events.
Water accounting for conjunctive groundwater and surface water irrigation sources: A case study in the middle Heihe River Basin of arid northwestern China

Oases in arid northwestern China play a significant role in the region's economic stability and development. Overexploitation of the region's water resources has led to serious environmental consequences. In oases, irrigated agriculture is the primary consumer of water, but water shortages resulting from dramatically growing human needs have become a bottleneck for regional sustainable development, making effective management of the limited available water critical. Effective strategies must be formulated to increase agricultural productivity while reducing its environmental impacts. To support the development of such strategies, water use patterns were analyzed during the 2007 and 2008 growing seasons, from May to early October, to identify opportunities for improving water management using the Molden-Sakthivadivel water-accounting method, which combines groundwater and surface water into a single domain and can provide a good estimate of the uses, depletion, and productivity of water in a water basin context. The study area lies in Linze County, Gansu Province, China. In the study area, the inflow water resources consist of irrigation, precipitation, and soil water, which accounted for 89.3%, 8.9%, and 1.8% of the total in 2007, and 89.3%, 4.8%, and 5.9% in 2008, respectively. The irrigation depends heavily on groundwater, which accounted for 82.1% and 83.6% of the total irrigation water in 2007 and 2008, respectively. In 2007 and 2008, deep percolation accounted for 50.1% and 47.9% of the water outflow, respectively, with corresponding depleted fractions of 0.51 and 0.55, respectively. For the irrigation district as a whole, the water productivity was only 1.37 CNY/m~3. To significantly increase crop water productivity and prevent depletion of the region's groundwater aquifer, it will be necessary to reduce the amount of water used for irrigation. Several water-saving agricultural practices are discussed and recommended.
Geometrical and Geotechnical Characteristics of Landslides in Korea under Various Geological Conditions

The goal of this study is to determine the geometrical and geotechnical characteristics of landslides under various geological conditions using detailed field surveys, laboratory soil tests and precipitation records. Three study areas are selected to consider different rocks, including gneiss in Jangheung, granite in Sangju and sedimentary rocks in Pohang, South Korea. Many landslides have occurred in these three areas during the rainy season. Precipitation records indicate that landslides occurring in the gneiss area of Jangheung and granite area of Sangju may be influenced by the hourly rainfall intensity rather than cumulative rainfall. However, landslides occurring in the sedimentary rock area of Pohang may be influenced by hourly rainfall intensity and cumulative rainfall. To investigate the factors that influence these types of landslides, a detailed landslide survey was performed and a series of laboratory soil tests were conducted. According to the detailed field survey, most landslides occurred on the flanks of mountain slopes, and the slope inclination where they occurred mostly ranged from 26 to 30 degrees, regardless of the geological conditions. The landslide in the gneiss area of Jangheung is larger than the landslides in the granite area of Sangju and sedimentary rock area of Pohang. Particularly, the landslide in the sedimentary rock area is shorter and shallower than the landslides in the gneiss and granite areas. Thus, the shape and size of the landslide are clearly related to the geological conditions. According to the integrated soil property and landslide occurrence analyses results, the average dry unit weight of the soils from the landslide sites is smaller than that of the soils obtained from the non-landslide site. The average coefficient of permeability of soils obtained from the landslide sites is greater than that of soils obtained from the non-landslide sites with the same geology. These results indicate that the soils from the landslide sites are more poorly graded or looser than the soils from the non-landslide sites.
Environmental Factors that Affect Primary Plant Succession Trajectories on Lahars (Popocatepetl Volcano, Mexico)

The earliest stages of plant succession on severely disturbed sites usually follow highly unpredictable trajectories. However, in the Popocatepetl volcano area (50 km SE of Mexico City), the development of physiognomically distinct primary plant communities suggests the occurrence of various successional trajectories only 10 years after the onset of colonization of a temperate forest on lahars. To characterize plant communities and determine the environmental factors that drive the differences observed between plant communities and their successional trajectories, we monitored 64 circular sample plots (3.14 m2) from 2002 to 2011. We examined the plant communities' composition and structure in terms of their species richness and abundance, plant cover, and maximum stem height, and recorded 13 environmental factors related to the volcanic deposit characteristics, microclimate, soil, flow dynamics and gravitational processes. A cluster analysis of the species abundance data showed that, by 2011, six plant community types (CT's) had established, including grasslands, and open, dense and very dense shrub lands. As these communities developed over the same period of time and within the same overall ecosystem, then these plant community types were interpreted as different stages of the same successional trajectory. Two sequential main stages that drive regeneration were identified from this successional trajectory: a) the first four years are characterized by a steady increase in species richness and physiognomic development (plant size and coverage), mostly dominated by Baccharis conferta, Eupatorium glabratum and Senecio barba-johannis; b) from the sixth year onwards, a continued increase in the abundance of those same species led to the development of the dense shrubland communities. Differences in the availability of soil resources and disturbances linked to recent lahar flows were the main factors accounting for such differences.
Reproduction of the Sedimentary Disturbance Phenomenon of the Diexi Ancient Landslide-Dammed Lake under Earthquake

Valuable geological and environmental information can be obtained from the 200 m thick lacustrine sediments in the Diexi lake (an ancient landslide-dammed lake) of the Minjiang River. The shaking table test method was employed to study the disturbance phenomena which occurred in the Diexi lake sediments. The results show that the disturbance phenomena were caused by liquefaction-induced flows in the unconsolidated lacustrine sediments, due to triggering by earthquakes. The deformations only occurred in unconsolidated sediment layers and not in consolidated layers. This means that a consolidated layer cannot be liquefied and disturbed again by an earthquake for a second time. The disturbance on one layer corresponds to only one earthquake. The temporal occurrence of earthquakes could be determined by disturbance layers generated at different ages. In total, 10 disturbed layers were found in the lacustrine sediments of the Diexi lake. The experiments showed that there were more than 10 earthquakes between 30 ka B.P. and 15 ka B.P. in the Diexi lake area based on the dating of the disturbed sediment layers.
Risk Assessment of Disaster Chain: Experience from Wenchuan Earthquake-induced Landslides in China

This paper deals with the formative process of the Wenchuan earthquake disaster chain risk. Selected earthquake-landslides chain risk is critically evaluated by the probability of landslide displacement failure based on the Newmark's permanent-deformation model. In this context, a conceptual model of regional disaster chain risk assessment was proposed, in which the hazard-formative environments sensitivity was the core factor as well as the main difference compared with single disaster risk assessment. The disaster chain risk is accumulation of primary disaster risk and the secondary disasters risks. Results derived from the Wenchuan case proved that the conceptual model was suitable for the disaster chain risk assessment, especially the sudden disaster chain. This experience would offer greater potential in application of conceptual model of disaster chain risk assessment, in the process of large-scale disaster risk governance.
Heterogeneous Expansion of End-moraine Dammed Lakes in the Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalaya Ranges of Pakistan during 2001-2013

Global climate change during the twentieth century had a significant impact on the glaciers that resulted in creation of new lakes and expansion of existing ones, and ultimately an increase in the number of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in the Himalayan region. This study reports variation of the end-moraine dammed lakes in the high altitude Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalaya (HKH) region of Pakistan to evaluate future floods hazard under changing climate in this region. An integrated temporal remote sensing and Geographic information system (GIS) based approach using satellite images of Landsat-7 and 8 was adopted to detect 482 end-moraine dammed lakes out of which 339 lakes (>0.02 km2) were selected for temporal change analysis during the 2001-2013 period. The findings of the study revealed a net expansion in the end-moraine dammed lakes area in the Karakoram (about 7.7%) and in the Himalayas (4.6%), while there was a net shrinkage of about 1.5% in the lakes area in the Hindukush range during this period. The percentage increase in the lakes' area was highest above 4500 m asl in the Hindukush, within 3500-4000 m asl in the Himalayas and below 3500 m asl in the Karakoram range. The overall positive change in the lakes' area appears to prevail in various altitudinal ranges of the region. The heterogeneous areal changes in the end-moraine dammed lakes might be attributed to different climate regimes and glacial hydrodynamics in the three HKH ranges. A periodic monitoring of the glacial lakes and their associated glaciers is essential for developing effective hazard assessment and risk reduction strategies for this high altitude Himalayan region.
Soaking Induced Changes in Chemical Composition, Glycemic Index and Starch Characteristics of Basmati Rice

An attempt was made to determine the qualitative changes in basmati rice (Pusa Basmati 1121,PB1121) during soaking at 40 °C to 80 °C. Soaking temperature had significant effect (α = 0.01) on chemical composition, glycemic index and starch characteristics of rice. Starch content, apparent amylose content, crude protein content and crude fat content in un-soaked rice were found to be 73.24%,27.26%, 8.79% and 2.56%, respectively, but differences in these traits were observed after soaking. Amylose to amylopectin ratio (Am/Ap) decreased from 0.59 to 0.52 (soaked at 80 °C). Crude fibre and crude ash contents increased after soaking. The mineral composition (K, P, S, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn) in soaked rice was found to be 16.46% higher than un-soaked rice at the same degree of polishing. Glycemic index of un-soaked rice was found to be 58.41, but decreased to 54.31 after soaking at 80 °C. Pasting properties, scanning electron microscope images, and X-ray diffractograms suggested partial gelatinization of starch in the temperature range of 60 °C to 80 °C. Based on qualitative changes in rice (apparent amylose content, Am/Ap ratio and crystallinity rate), it was concluded that intermediate soaking temperatures (60 °C to 70 °C) would be useful for soaking of PB1121.
Temporal properties of random lasers under ultrashort pulse excitation

Temporal properties of random lasing under ultrashort pulse excitation are investigated in a two-dimensional disordered medium. The pumping light is described individually and coupled into the rate equations. The Maxwell equations and rate equations are numerically solved by using the finite-difference time domain method. The time evolution of the emission pulse is studied with the variation of the surface-filling fraction, refractive index, and scatterer radius. Results show that the behavior of random lasing depends strongly on the sample parameters. Our work enriches the knowledge about random lasers in the ultrashort pulse pumping regime and offers some guidance for relevant experiments.
Preparation and characterization of a liquid level sensor based on plastic fibers

Preparation and characterization of a liquid level sensor based on macro-bending coupling of fibers are demonstrated in this Letter. The sensitive component can be obtained through a twisting and twining structure of transparent cladding plastic fibers. The difference in light power originating from the surrounding media in the fibers is tested. The light power loss for different tested media and the fiber bending magnitude are investigated. The sensing measurements show that the coupling light power in the passive fiber decreases in accordance with increasing liquid level, whereas it exhibits a steady tendency in the case of the active fiber.
Three-dimensional simulations of strong ground motion in the Shidian basin based upon the spectral-element method

The strong motion of a small long and narrow basin caused by a moderate scenario earthquake is simulated by using the spectral-element method and the parallel computing technique. A total of five different geometrical profiles within the basin are used to analyze the generation and propagation of surface waves and their relation to the basin structures in both the time and frequency domain. The amplification effects are analyzed by the distribution of peak ground velocity (PGV) and cumulative kinetic energy (Ek) in the basin. The results show that in the 3D basin, the excitation of the fundamental and higher surface wave modes are similar to that of the 2D model. Small bowls in the basin have great influence on the amplification and distribution of strong ground motion, due to their lateral resonances when the wavelengths of the lateral surface waves are comparable to the size of the bowls. Obvious basin edge effects can be seen at the basin edge closer to the source for constructive interference between direct body waves and the basin-induced surface waves. The Ek distribution maps show very large values in small bowls and some corners in the basin due to the interference of waves propagating in different directions. A high impedance contrast model can excite more surface wave modes, resulting in longer shaking durations as well as more complex seismograms and PGV and Ek distributions.
Color Medical Image Enhancement Based on Adaptive Equalization of Intensity Numbers Matrix Histogram

The enhancement technique for color medical images is conductive to improve the resolution and accuracy of the original image. A new enhancement method combining the Young-Helmholtz (Y-H) transformation with the adaptive equalization of intensity numbers matrix histogram is proposed in this paper. The adaptive histogram equalization method is applied to strengthen the details, enhance the contrast, and suppress the noise of the original image effectively. The enhanced image can be displayed in the red-green-blue (RGB) color space through inverse Y-H transformation with the same hue and saturation. The experiment results demonstrate that the method has the enhancement effect with low computational complexity, which provides the foundation for the medical diagnosis and further processing of medical images.
Optimal dividend and capital injection problem with a random time horizon and a ruin penalty in the dual model

In the dual risk model, we consider the optimal dividend and capital injection problem, which involves a random time horizon and a ruin penalty. Both fixed and proportional costs from the transactions of capital injection are considered. The objective is to maximize the total value of the expected discounted dividends, and the penalized discounted both capital injections and ruin penalty during the horizon, which is described by the minimum of the time of ruin and an exponential random variable. The explicit solutions for optimal strategy and value function are obtained, when the income jumps follow a hyper-exponential distribution.Besides, some numerical examples are presented to illustrate our results.
骨科手术中并发急性肺血栓栓塞一例

本病例在诊断、治疗方面还有一些不足之处:(1)采用高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40注射液快速补液,这加剧了右心功能不全;(2)低血压时间长达8h并有心跳骤停,当时对于是否要行抗凝溶栓治疗尚存顾虑,但是有心肺复苏同时进行抗凝溶栓治疗抢救成功的报道;(3)诊断、治疗不及时,尤其是床旁超声心动图检查、抗凝溶栓治疗太迟;(4)未成立院内APTE应急处置专家小组,致使全院扩大会诊的效率低下,各科专家认识不一致,难以达成共识,贻误治疗。
The effect of neodymium substitution on the structural and magnetic properties of nickel ferrite

Nickel ferrite NiFe_2O_4 is a typical soft magnetic ferrite with high electrical resistivity used as high frequency magnetic material. Neodymium (Nd~(3+)) doped NiFe_2O_4 materials were fabricated using solid state reaction. The properties of the obtained material were investigated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), magnetic measurements on SQUID and Mossbauer spectroscopy. It was found that the material consists of two different phases: Nd~(3+) doped NiFe_2O_4 and NdFeO_3. The Nd~(3+) ions occupy cation sites of the NiFe_2O_4 inverse spinel structure. NdFeO_3 phase occurred when the level of Nd~(3+) atoms exceed a percolation limit. The presence of both phases was confirmed by SEM observations. The Mossbauer spectra analysis showed two sextets, which can be ascribed to iron atoms in tetrahedral and octahedral positions. From their intensities it is concluded that Nd~(3+) occupies octahedral sites in the spinel structure of NiFe_2O_4, which were originally occupied by Ni~(2+).
左侧侧脑室脉络丛继发性淋巴瘤一例

讨论脉络丛淋巴瘤有原发、继发之分。前者属于原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(primary central nervous system lymphoma,PCNSL)范畴,定义为不伴有系统性淋巴瘤的,起源于中枢神经系统的结外恶性淋巴瘤。而以脉络丛病变为首发表现,不伴有脑实质内病变的PCNSL非常罕见,搜索Medline数据库仅见4例明确界定的脉络丛原发淋巴瘤。后者多为系统性淋巴瘤侵犯脑室内所致,常表现为与PCNSL相似的脑实质内多发病变,累及室管膜下及脉络丛,仅脉络丛受累者少有报道。
三峡库区香溪河鱼类资源水声学探测效果的昼夜差异研究

三峡大坝的建设和运行很大程度上改变了库区的生态环境, 如水文特征、水生生物等, 势必影响到鱼类群落结构及分布。由于受到空间范围和生境复杂性等因素的制约, 传统的鱼类资源调查方法在大型深水水库实施时存在费时费力、误差大等问题, 而水声学探测法作为一种新型评估方法具有高效快捷、不损伤调查对象等优点, 在国内外大水面鱼类资源调查中得到广泛的应用, 在三峡库区的鱼类资源评估中也有过成功尝试, 主要用于研究鱼类资源现状及其与环境因素和渔业活动的关系。
长丰鲢与长江鲢形态差异与判别分析

鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)是我国特有的"四大家鱼"之一, 广泛分布于我国的长江、珠江和黑龙江流域, 其中长江水系是我国鲢天然种质资源的重要产地, 鲢的养殖性能最好。由于鲢具有食物链短、易饲养、成本低和能调节水质等优点, 业已成为我国重要的淡水养殖种类之一, 养殖产量连年稳居淡水鱼类养殖产量的第二位, 仅次于草鱼, 2013年产量达到385万吨以上, 在我国淡水养殖业中具有举足轻重的地位。自20世纪80年来以来, 由于长江水系自然环境的剧烈变化和水利工程的兴建, 长江水系鲢野生群体的产量急剧下降。在现有养殖生产实践中, 几乎所有的鲢繁殖亲本都来源于野生种, 多数苗种繁育场的亲本群体偏小, 加之不科学的选种、保种、配组繁殖及其亲本补充和更新不及时, 造成养殖鲢的优良性状严重退化, 生长性状、抗病、抗逆性和生物多样性等方面明显下降, 因而选育出生长快、抗逆性强的鲢新品种显得尤为迫切。中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所从1987年开始采用人工雌核发育、群选群育和分子标记辅助选择等技术进行鲢新品种的选育工作, 选育的长丰鲢新品种于2010年正式通过国家原良种审定委员会的审定, 成为我国"四大家鱼"的第一个人工培育新品种(新品种证书: GS-01-001-2010)。该新品种具有生长速度快、遗传纯合度高、耐低氧等特点。长丰鲢的成功选育为我国鲢养殖提供了重要的良种支撑, 截止目前已经推广到了全国27个省市(自治区), 累计推广良种鱼苗达到10亿尾以上, 不仅极大地提高了鲢的良种覆盖率, 也为其他鱼类的选育提供了可资借鉴的技术和经验。长丰鲢新品种在选育过程中从体型、生长以及分子标记(如RAPD、SSR)等方面对选育群体进行了分析, 并应用到新品种的选育中。经过20多年的选育, 长丰鲢的体型较长江普通鲢已经发生了一定的变化, 本文旨在通过对长丰鲢和长江鲢的形态特征进行主成分和判别分析, 就其体型特征与普通鲢进行较为系统的比较, 揭示其形态上的差异, 从形态特征方面为长丰鲢新品种的种质鉴定和今后新品种的进一步选育提供技术参数和理论依据。