mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
A high-power high-stability Q-switched green laser with intracavity frequency doubling using a diode-pumped composite ceramic Nd:YAG laser

We successfully obtain a high-average-power high-stability Q-switched green laser based on diode-side-pumped composite ceramic Nd:YAG in a straight plano-concave cavity. The temperature distribution in composite ceramic Nd:YAG crystal is numerically analyzed and compared with that of conventional Nd:YAG crystal. By using a composite ceramic Nd:YAG rod and a type-II high gray track resistance KTP (HGTR-KTP) crystal, a green laser with an average output power of 165 W is obtained at a repetition rate of 25 kHz, with a diode-to-green optical conversion of 14.68%, and a pulse width of 162 ns. To the best of our knowledge, both the output power and optical-to-optical efficiency are the highest values for green laser systems with intracavity frequency doubling of this novel composite ceramic Nd:YAG laser to date. The power fluctuation at around 160 W is lower than 0.3% in 2.5 hours.
Control of a fractional chaotic system based on a fractional-order resistor-capacitor filter

We present a new fractional-order resistor-capacitor controller and a novel control method based on the fractional- order controller to control an arbitrary three-dimensional fractional chaotic system. The proposed control method is simple, robust, and theoretically rigorous, and its anti-noise performance is satisfactory. Numerical simulations are given for several fractional chaotic systems to verify the effectiveness and the universality of the proposed control method.
Cross-interference correction and simultaneous multi-gas analysis based on infrared absorption

In this paper, we present simultaneous multiple pollutant gases (CO_2, CO, and NO) measurements by using the non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) technique. A cross-correlation correction method is proposed and used to correct the cross-interferences among the target gases. The calculation of calibration curves is based on least-square fittings with third-order polynomials, and the interference functions are approximated by linear curves. The pure absorbance of each gas is obtained by solving three simultaneous equations using the fitted interference functions. Through the interference correction, the signal created at each filter channel only depends on the absorption of the intended gas. Gas mixture samples with different concentrations of CO_2, CO, and NO are pumped into the sample cell for analysis. The results show that the measurement error of each gas is less than 4.5%.
Multipartite entanglement concentration of electron-spin states with CNOT gates

We propose a different entanglement concentration protocol (ECP) for nonlocal N-electron systems in a partially entangled Bell-type pure state using the CNOT gates and the projection measurements on an additional electron. For each nonlocal N-electron system, Alice first entangles it with the additional electron, and then she projects the additional electron onto an orthogonal basis for dividing the N-electron systems into two groups. In the first group, the N parties obtain a subset of N-electron systems in a maximally entangled state directly. In the second group, they obtain some less-entangled N-electron systems, which are the resource for the entanglement concentration in the next round. By iterating the entanglement concentration process several times, the present ECP has the maximal success probability, which is the theoretical limit of an ECP, equal to the entanglement of the partially entangled state, and higher than the others. This ECP may be useful in quantum computers based on electron-spin systems in the future.
Hydrogen peroxide functions as a secondary messenger for brassinosteroids-induced CO_2 assimilation and carbohydrate metabolism in Cucumis sativus

Brassinosteroids(BRs) are potent regulators of photosynthesis and crop yield in agricultural crops;however,the mechanism by which BRs increase photosynthesis is not fully understood.Here,we show that foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide(EBR) resulted in increases in CO _2 assimilation,hydrogen peroxide(H _2 O _2) accumulation,and leaf area in cucumber.H _2 O _2 treatment induced increases in CO _2 assimilation whilst inhibition of the H _2 O _2 accumulation by its generation inhibitor or scavenger completely abolished EBR-induced CO _2 assimilation.Increases of light harvesting due to larger leaf areas in EBR-and H _2 O _2-treated plants were accompanied by increases in the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II(Φ PSII) and photochemical quenching coefficient(q P).EBR and H _2 O _2 both activated carboxylation efficiency of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate oxygenase/carboxylase(Rubisco) from analysis of CO _2 response curve and in vitro measurement of Rubisco activities.Moreover,EBR and H _2 O _2 increased contents of total soluble sugar,sucrose,hexose,and starch,followed by enhanced activities of sugar metabolism such as sucrose phosphate synthase,sucrose synthase,and invertase.Interestingly,expression of transcripts of enzymes involved in starch and sugar utilization were inhibited by EBR and H _2 O _2.However,the effects of EBR on carbohydrate metabolisms were reversed by the H _2 O _2 generation inhibitor diphenyleneodonium(DPI) or scavenger dimethylthiourea(DMTU) pretreatment.All of these results indicate that H _2 O _2 functions as a secondary messenger for EBR-induced CO _2 assimilation and carbohydrate metabolism in cucumber plants.Our study confirms that H _2 O _2 mediates the regulation of photosynthesis by BRs and suggests that EBR and H _2 O _2 regulate Calvin cycle and sugar metabolism via redox signaling and thus increase the photosynthetic potential and yield of crops.
原花青素抗肿瘤作用及机制研究进展

原花青素(proanthocyanidins,PC)是植物王国中广泛存在的一类多酚化合物的总称,是一种有着特殊分子结构的生物类黄酮,占葡萄籽提取物的85%。低聚PC的生物适应性好,生物利用度高,毒性低。近年来的研究表明,PC能抑制多种肿瘤细胞生长,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡[1],而且还能拮抗化疗药物对正常细胞的毒性[2],具有较好的防癌、抗癌功效。PC的抗癌细胞增殖和诱导其凋亡作用及其机制已成为近年来天然抗肿瘤药物的研究热点之一。本文就PC抗肿瘤作用及机制的研究进展进行综述。
联合检测血清VitB_(12)及铁蛋白在贫血诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探索检测血清维生素B_(12)(VitB_(12))和铁蛋白(Ft)在贫血诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值,期望更好地指导临床对贫血的诊断和治疗。方法选择2010年10月至2011年3月在该院接受治疗的各类贫血患者67例,其中白血病26例(白血病组),骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)6例(MDS组),再生障碍性贫血(AA)10例(AA组),多发性骨髓瘤(MM)12例(MM组),血小板减少7例(血小板减少组),缺铁性贫血(IDA)6例(IDA组);同期健康体检者31例为对照组。应用电化学发光法(ECLIA)检测标本血清中Ft、VitB_(12)水平,应用电阻抗法和射频电导联合检测法进行血细胞分析,比较组间Ft、VitB_(12)的差异并分析与血细胞参数的相关性。结果白血病、血小板减少、IDA组患者血清VitB_(12)水平明显低于对照组(P<0.05),MM组患者血清VitB_(12)水平高于对照组(P<0.05),AA、MDS组患者血清VitB_(12)水平正常。IDA患者组Ft水平明显低于对照组,其他组Ft水平均高于对照组(P<0.05)。相关性分析显示,VitB_(12)与平均红细胞容积(MCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)显著相关,与平均红细胞血红蛋白(MCH)无相关性;但Ft与各参数均无相关性。结论血清Ft、VitB_(12)水平可作为血常规的补充,对贫血的诊断和鉴别诊断有重要的临床意义。
黄金大米及其安全性

1黄金大米的发明黄金大米(Golden Rice,简称金米)的发明者是瑞士联邦理工学院苏黎世分校(Swiss Federal Institute ofTechnology Zurich)植物科学研究所的名誉教授印戈.珀特里库斯(Ingo Potrykus)和德国弗莱堡大学应用生物科学中心的教授彼得.拜尔(Peter Beyer)。金米研究始于1982年,在几个研究组进行了多年的研究之后,1992年在纽约召开了一次专家会议,印戈·珀特里库斯和彼得·拜尔在会上第一次见面,随后他们决定开展这一在1999年取得重大进展的项目。他们的贡献在于证明了非常复杂的维生素A前体的生物合成途径可被调整,以加强作物有利健康的特性。他们作出的突破性见解是,这条途径的绝大部分通路已经在水稻中存在,只需要加入两个基因使整条途径被激活。
多发性外阴Spitz痣1例

1病历资料患儿,男,7岁。因右侧阴囊旁紫红色结节逐渐增大34 d,于我院皮肤科就诊。患儿今年5月无意中发现右侧阴囊部有一孤立圆形淡紫红色黄豆大小肿块,无明显自觉症状。在当地医院行肿块切除术,苏木精-伊红染色(HE)见真皮内梭形细胞肿瘤呈团块样生长,免疫组化显示:肿瘤细胞S-100(2 +), Melan-A(2 +),HMB45(-),Ki-67散在(1 +),结合HE切片,考虑幼年性黑素瘤(非典型性spitz痣),并有潜在恶性。术后1个月切口周围又起新疹,并逐渐增大,遂来我院就诊。起病前局部无明显外伤史,患儿既往体健,无皮肤及其他病史,家族中无类似疾病史。
川东地区南方红豆杉药用部位紫杉醇含量变化研究

目的用HPLC法考察了川东地区南方红豆杉(Taxus yunnanensis)不同部位中紫杉醇的含量,以及不同生长年限对川东地区红豆杉枝叶中紫杉醇含量的影响。方法采用HPLC法,Hypersil ODS2色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-水(60∶40),柱温25℃,检测波长227 nm,比较南方红豆杉的树皮、针叶、小枝和树根中紫杉醇的含量,以及不同生长年限对川东地区南方红豆杉枝叶中紫杉醇含量的影响,取川东地区南方红豆衫1~7年树种,分别测定其药用部分根及根皮、茎皮、小枝、叶紫杉醇的含量。结果7年、6年生和5年4年生含量无明显差异,3年以下生含量明显偏低。紫杉醇含量茎皮最高。枝叶次之,根皮最低无明显差异。结论三峡库区红豆杉药用部位紫杉醇含量分布各不相同。
荞麦花叶总黄酮对大鼠血栓形成及血黏度的影响

目的探讨荞麦花叶总黄酮对血栓形成和血黏度的影响并探讨其可能机理。方法分别用荞麦花叶总黄酮(TFB-FL)事先干预2周,用大鼠动-静脉旁路血栓模型观察血栓的形成,测定血栓湿重、干重及大鼠全血黏度;放射免疫法测定TXB_2和6-keto-PGF_(1α)水平。结果TFBFL可剂量依赖性抑制大鼠血栓形成,其血栓干重及湿重与对照组相比均显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),并有效地降低了血浆中TXB_2水平、升高6-keto-PGF_(1α)水平(P<0.05或P<0.01),对血液黏度也有显著地降低作用(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论TFBFL具有良好的预防血栓形成和降低血黏度的功效,同时可影响血管活性物质和改善血液流变学的作用。
六味地黄汤及其水提醇沉提取物对2型糖尿病肾阴虚证大鼠环磷酸腺苷的影响

目的观察六味地黄汤及其水提醇沉提取物对2型糖尿病肾阴虚大鼠血清中环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)含量的影响。方法采用高脂乳灌胃结合小剂量STZ(链脲佐菌素)腹腔注射后灌胃氢化可的松的方法建立2型糖尿病肾阴虚证大鼠模型。设立正常对照组、模型组、六味地黄汤组、六味地黄汤水提醇沉提取物组、罗格列酮组,经灌胃给药30 d后,检测各组大鼠血糖及血清cAMP含量。结果成功建立了高脂乳结合小剂量STZ加氢化可的松诱导的2型糖尿病肾阴虚证大鼠模型,模型组大鼠空腹血糖值≥16.7 mmol/L,其cAMP水平为(1.32±0.04)mmol/L;六味地黄汤及其水提醇沉提取物均能降低2型糖尿病肾阴虚证大鼠空腹血糖值及cAMP水平(P<0.01)。结论六味地黄汤改善2型糖尿病肾阴虚证可能与其降低cAMP水平有关,其水提醇沉提取物可能是六味地黄汤改善2型糖尿病肾阴虚证的药效物质基础。
Engineering Calculation Method of Electromagnetic Effect on Oil/Gas Pipelines from 1000 kV AC Transmission Line Having Single-phase Ground Fault

There will be more and more AC transmission lines near oil/gas pipelines in the future.So in order to determine the safe distance between them,simple and effective methods are required for engineers to efficiently evaluate the electromagnetic effect on oil/gas pipelines due to faults of AC transmission lines.In this paper,an easily handled fitting formula is obtained based on multiple calculation results,which is the maximum voltage on the pipeline anticorrosive coating produced by 1 000 kV AC transmission line under single phase ground fault.Although the calculation results obtained from the fitting formula differ from those gained by precise calculation with softwares,the verification of the formula shows that it is applicable for engineering calculation.This research could be applied to evaluate the electromagnetic effect of 1 000 kV AC transmission line under single-phase ground fault on nearby pipelines,as well as to determine the safe distance or the maximum parallel length.
腐蚀预测模型在炼化换热器腐蚀研究中的适用性分析

设备腐蚀一直是炼油企业共同面临的重大问题,尤其是冷换设备的腐蚀,近年来表现尤为突出,已严重影响了生产的正常运行.在腐蚀研究中,人们试图寻找设备的腐蚀结果与各影响因素之间的内在联系,以便预测设备腐蚀速率的变化趋势,进而预测设备的剩余寿命.目前,用于腐蚀研究的模型和方法有很多,如回归方法、灰色模型GM(1, 1)、BP神经网络、分形方法等.研究者采用这些方法多用于预测材料在大气腐蚀中的变化规律以及输油气管道腐蚀速率的变化趋势.对于炼化过程中的换热设备,于其使用环境复杂,影响腐蚀的因素较多,目前还未见其腐蚀预测模型的相关报道.本文对现有各种预测模型的在腐蚀研究中的应用进行分析的基础上,探讨这些模型用于石油炼厂冷换设备腐蚀预测的可行性,并从中优选出一种适合炼化换热器腐蚀环境的腐蚀预测方法.
Potential Role of Feldspathic Sandstone as a Natural Water Retaining Agent in Mu Us Sandy Land,Northwest China

This paper analyzed the water-retention mechanism of feldspathic sandstone(fine-(<1 mm diam.)and gravel-sized(2-3 cm diam.)in Mu Us Sandy Land,Northwest China.The objective of this study is to study the effect of feldspathic sandstone amendment on water retention in sandy land.The results showed that as the proportion of fine feldspathic sandstone in the sandy land soil increased,the soil texture changed from sand to silt loam,the capillary porosity gradually increased from 26.3%to 44.9%,and the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased from 7.10 mm/min to 0.07 mm/min.Feldspathic sandstone gravel formed micro-reservoirs in the sandy land soil,playing the role of a′water absorbent′and′water retaining agent′in sandy land.Amendment with feldspathic sandstone can increase water retention in the arable layer of sandy land by 67%.This study provides a theoretical basis for the amelioration of sandy land on a large scale.It can be concluded that amendment with feldspathic sandstone can improve the physical properties of sandy land soil and increase soil water retention.
Hydrological Impacts of Climate Change on Streamflow of Dongliao River Watershed in Jilin Province,China

The impacts of future climate change on streamflow of the Dongliao River Watershed located in Jilin Province,China have been evaluated quantitatively by using a general circulation model(HadCM3)coupled with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)hydrological model.The model was calibrated and validated against the historical monitored data from 2005 to 2009.The streamflow was estimated by downscaling HadCM3 outputs to the daily mean temperature and precipitation series,derived for three 30-year time slices,2020s,2050s and 2080s.Results suggest that daily mean temperature increases with a changing rate of 0.435℃per decade,and precipitation decreases with a changing rate of 0.761 mm per decade.Compared with other seasons,the precipitation in summer shows significant downward trend,while a significant upward trend in autumn.The annual streamflow demonstrates a general downward trend with a decreasing rate of 0.405 m3/s per decade.The streamflow shows significant downward and upward trends in summer and in autumn,respectively.The decreasing rate of streamflow in summer reaches 1.97 m 3 /s per decade,which contributes primarily to the decrease of streamflow.The results of this work would be of great benifit to the design of economic and social development planning in the study area.
In situ stabilization remediation of cadmium contaminated soils of wastewater irrigation region using sepiolite

The effects of immobilization remediation of Cd-contaminated soils using sepiolite on soil pH,enzyme activities and microbial communities,TCLP-Cd(toxicity characteristic leaching procedure-Cd) concentration,and spinach(Spinacia oleracea) growth and Cd uptake and accumulation were investigated.Results showed that the addition of sepiolite could increase soil pH,while the TCLP-Cd concentration in soil was decreased with increasing sepiolite.The changes of soil enzyme activities and bacteria number indicated that a certain metabolic recovery occurred after the sepiolite treatments,and spinach shoot biomass increased by 58.5%-65.5% in comparison with the control group when the concentration of sepiolite was 10 g/kg.However,the Cd concentrations in the shoots and roots of spinach decreased with an increase in the rate of sepiolite,experiencing 38.4%-59.1% and 12.6%-43.6% reduction,respectively,in contrast to the control.The results indicated that sepiolite has the potential for success on a field scale in reducing Cd entry into the food chain.
科学统计与唐诗研究

身处西方语境的汉学家,借镜成熟的西学方法,对中国古典诗歌做深入的解析与细致的清理,给我们提供了一些新的思维角度和新的研究方法。美国著名汉学家华兹生(BurtonWatson)对唐诗意象的探查便引入自然科学中的统计学法,以确凿的数据和对规律的揭示为唐诗研究开拓出一个独特的路径。
电动车电池一分钟充电遭疑突破材料,才能突破电池技术瓶颈

近日,韩国科学技术研究所宣称开发出新技术,可利用石墨渗透到锂电池使电动汽车实现极速充电,清华大学汽车工程系研究人员则质疑该项技术的可行性,同时指出电池材料仍然是电动车用电池发展的重要技术瓶颈之一。
缓释肥在脱毒果蔗生产上的应用效果

以进口高浓度速效复合肥单独施用为对照,在果蔗上进行缓释肥施肥方法试验。试验结果:(1)缓释肥单独施用或与进口复合肥相结合施用,其施肥次数为4次,进口复合肥单独施用9次;(2)各处理的出苗率、茎径、有效茎等性状差异不大,但株高存在差异,最高的是CK,达29416cm,与其他3个处理差异均达极显著水平;(3)蔗茎产量最高的为CK,达159181t/hm~2,T3与其无显著差异,T1、T2与其差异分别达极显著和显著水平;(4)生产成本最高的是CK,达6881215元/hm~2,与其他3个处理差异均达极显著水平;(5)T3处理的生产效益最高,达121488万元/hm~2,比对照增加收入499210元/hm~2;其次为T2处理;T1处理的最低。因此,在果蔗生产中应用缓释肥,不仅可减少施用次数,降低生产成本,还可提高单位面积纯收入,是果蔗省工增产增收的有效措施。
不同除草方式对金银花田杂草控制及产量的影响

研究了不同除草方式对金银花杂草控制及产量的影响,结果显示,采用园艺地布和90%遮阳网能很好地防治杂草的生长,各种地面覆盖均能提高土壤含水量。采用园艺地布除草可使金银花田产量和经济效益最高,该处理下产金银花干花43315kg/hm~2,经济效益达到5424910元/hm~2。草帘、70%遮阳网和间作三叶草与人工除草相比降低投入成本1500元/hm~2,虽然除草效果不是很好,但保水及经济效益比较好,生产上可以适当采用。不同除草方式下金银花各茬花绿原酸和木樨草苷含量均超过2010年版《中华人民共和国药典》含量标准。
Human KIAA1018/FAN1 nuclease is a new mitotic substrate of APC/CCdh1

A recently identified protein, FAN1 (FANCD2-associated nuclease 1, previously known as KIAA1018), is a novel nuclease associated with monoubiquitinated FANCD2 that is required for cellular resistance against DNA interstrand crosslinking (ICL) agents. The mechanisms of FAN1 regulation have not yet been explored. Here, we provide evidence that FAN1 is degraded during mitotic exit, suggesting that FAN1 may be a mitotic substrate of the anaphase-promoting cyclosome complex (APC/C). Indeed, Cdh1, but not Cdc20, was capable of regulating the protein level of FAN1 through the KEN box and the D-box. Moreover, the up-and down-regulation of FAN1 affected the progression to mitotic exit. Collectively, these data suggest that FAN1 may be a new mitotic substrate of APC/C~(Cdh1) that plays a key role during mitotic exit.
Spatial and temporal variability of colored dissolved organic matter absorption properties in the Taiwan Strait

Spatial and temporal variability of the absorption properties of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the Taiwan Strait was investigated in summer (July to August of 2006) and winter (from December 2006 to January of 2007) seasons. The CDOM absorption coefficient at 280 nm (a 280) showed a decreasing trend from nearshore to offshore areas while the spectral slope coefficient parameter calculated between wavelengths 275-295 nm (S 275 295) showed an increase, indicative of decreasing aromaticity and molecular weight of the CDOM. The average a 280 in winter (1.47 ± 0.50 m ~(-1)) was significantly higher than in summer (1.10 ± 0.41 m ~(-1)), while the average S 275 295 in winter (26.7 ± 5.2 μm ~(-1)) was significantly lower than in summer (30.6 ± 5.5 μm ~(-1)), demonstrating clear seasonal variation in CDOM abundance and properties in the Taiwan Strait. A three-end- member conservative mixing model showed that local terrestrial CDOM inputs from several rivers along the western coast were small (<5%). However, the distribution of CDOM in the Taiwan Strait is mainly controlled by water mass movement [i.e., the Zhe-min Coastal Current (ZCC) and the Kuroshio Branch Current (KBC) in winter and the South China Sea Water (SCSW) in summer]. Biological activity was also an important factor affecting the distribution of CDOM in the offshore region in summer months.
The impact of mean dynamic topography on a sea-level anomaly assimilation in the South China Sea based on an eddy-resolving model

The sea-level anomaly (SLA) from a satellite altimeter has a high accuracy and can be used to improve ocean state estimation by assimilation techniques. However, the lack of an accurate mean dynamic topography (MDT) is still a bothersome issue in an ocean data assimilation. The previous studies showed that the errors in MDT have significant impacts on assimilation results, especially on the time-mean components of ocean states and on the time variant parts of states via nonlinear ocean dynamics. The temporal-spatial differences of three MDTs and their impacts on the SLA analysis are focused on in the South China Sea (SCS). The theoretical analysis shows that even for linear models, the errors in MDT have impacts on the SLA analysis using a sequential data assimilation scheme. Assimilation experiments, based on EnOI scheme and HYCOM, with three MDTs from July 2003 to June 2004 also show that the SLA assimilation is very sensitive to the choice of different MDTs in the SCS with obvious differences between the experimental results and observations in the centre of the SCS and in the vicinity of the Philippine Islands. A new MDT for assimilation of SLA data in the SCS was proposed. The results from the assimilation experiment with this new MDT show a marked reduction (increase) in the RMSEs (correlation coefficient) between the experimental and observed SLA. Furthermore, the subsurface temperature field is also improved with this new MDT in the SCS.
单髁置换术治疗膝内侧间室关节炎合并前交叉韧带缺陷

膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤是一类临床常见的疾病,Johnson DL等报道ACL撕裂伤的年发病例数超过25万。关节镜下ACL重建术是一种较好的办法,患者能够获得较快,较好的功能恢复。然而,ACL缺陷并不常常单独存在,较多情况同时合并膝关节骨关节炎(OA),患者常表现为膝关节疼痛和(或)膝关节不稳定。尤其是对于相对年轻以及偏好运动的患者,采取何种治疗以获得疼痛的长期缓解,同时尽可能恢复较高的活动水平,一直以来争议不断。近5年来膝关节单髁置换术(unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,UKA)联合前交叉韧带重建术(anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction,ACLR)作为一种有效的治疗手段,取得了良好的治疗效果,现就这一临床技术应用的进展进行综述。
读片窗

肿瘤的复发和放射性坏死不同时期有着不同的表现,而仅靠影像学方法提供的组织血流灌注、生理、生化、代谢、功能以及形态学等方面的信息,仍不能对肿瘤复发和放射性坏死做出鉴别,组织活检被认为是最终的确诊的方法。
Satellite-Based Monitoring of Decadal Soil Salinization and Climate Effects in a Semi-arid Region of China

Soil salinization is a common phenomenon that affects both the environment and the socio-economy in arid and semi-arid regions; it is also an important aspect of land cover change. In this study, we integrated multi-sensor remote sensing data with a field survey to analyze processes of soil salinization in a semi-arid area in China from 1979 to 2009. Generally, the area of salt-affected soils increased by 0.28% per year with remarkable acceleration from 1999 to 2009 (0.42% increase per year). In contrast, the area of surface water bodies showed a decreasing trend (-0.08% per year) in the same period. Decreases in precipitation and increases in aridity due to annual (especially summer) warming provided a favorable condition for soil salinization. The relatively flat terrain favored waterlogging at the surface, and continuous drought facilitated upward movement of soil water and accumulation of surface saline and calcium. Meanwhile, land-use practices also played a crucial role in accelerating soil salinization. The conversion to cropland from natural vegetation greatly increased the demand for groundwater irrigation and aggravated the process of soil salinization. Furthermore, there are potential feedbacks of soil salinization to regional climate. The salinization of soils can limit the efficiency of plant water use as well as photosynthesis; therefore, it reduces the amount of carbon sequestrated by terrestrial ecosystem. Soil salinization also reduces the absorbed solar radiation by increasing land surface albedo. Such conversions of land cover significantly change the energy and water balance between land and atmosphere.
Progress in the Study of Nonlinear Atmospheric Dynamics and Predictability of Weather and Climate in China (2007-2011)

Recent progress in the study of nonlinear atmospheric dynamics and related predictability of weather and climate in China (2007-2011) are briefly introduced in this article. Major achievements in the study of nonlinear atmospheric dynamics have been classified into two types:(1) progress based on the analysis of solutions of simplified control equations, such as the dynamics of NAO, the optimal precursors for blocking onset, and the behavior of nonlinear waves, and (2) progress based on data analyses, such as the nonlinear analyses of fluctuations and recording-breaking temperature events, the long-range correlation of extreme events, and new methods of detecting abrupt dynamical change. Major achievements in the study of predictability include the following:(1) the application of nonlinear local Lyapunov exponents (NLLE) to weather and climate predictability; (2) the application of condition nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) to the studies of El Nin o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) predictions, ensemble forecasting, targeted observation, and sensitivity analysis of the ecosystem; and (3) new strategies proposed for predictability studies. The results of these studies have provided greater understanding of the dynamics and nonlinear mechanisms of atmospheric motion, and they represent new ideas for developing numerical models and improving the forecast skill of weather and climate events.