mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Thermally-Induced Near-Surface Flows over An Enclosed Crater: Observations of the Meteor Crater Experiment(METCRAX)

Meteorological measurements of the Meteor Crater Experiment(METCRAX) were used to analyze the characteristics of the thermally-induced flows over an enclosed crater(Arizona, USA). Despite its relatively small size, this crater acts as an effective wind shelter. Daytime upslope winds and nocturnal downslope flows are regularly observed on its west/east sidewalls. The times of diurnal wind-direction shift(i.e., around sunrise and sunset) were slightly mismatched between the sites based on the east and west sidewalls, owing to the crater’s shadowing effects. Under conditions of relatively weak synoptic forcing, the nocturnal downslope flows prevail throughout the night, despite quite a low wind velocity near the surface.
Study on the Evolution of a Northeast China Cold Vortex during the Spring of 2010

Based on the final analysis data with horizontal resolution of 1°× 1°(four times a day) from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP), a typical Northeast China cold vortex(NCCV) during the spring of 2010 was examined with the quasi-Lagrange- form eddy flux circulation(EFC) budget equation. Results indicated that the mechanisms that account for the development, maintenance, and attenuation of the cyclone varied with levels and stages. Displacement of the cyclone and transports by background environmental circulations dominated the variation of the cyclone in the middle and upper levels, whereas displacement and divergence associated with the cyclone dominated the evolution of the NCCV in the middle and lower levels. Moreover, interactions between the NCCV and other subsynoptic weather systems were important for the development of the cyclone, and the pattern of background environmental circulations was also important for the evolution of the NCCV, since the cyclone enhanced(weakened) as it moved from areas of low(high) vorticity to high(low) ones.
Comparative Analysis of Extreme High Temperature Weather in the Summers of 2013 and 2003

The characteristics of regional high temperature(HT) weather in 2013 and 2003 and their causes were studied using daily maximum temperature data, National Center for Environmental Prediction(NCEP) reanalysis data, and outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) data. For these two years of HT weather, there were many similar characteristics, such as their long duration, wide range, high intensity, and severe influence. However, there were also three obvious differences: firstly, in 2013, the major area where HT weather occurred was farther north than in 2003; secondly, the HT weather in South China and the southeast area of Jiangnan in 2013 lasted fewer days than in 2003, but in other areas it lasted for more days than in 2003; thirdly, the intensity of the HT weather in 2013 was also stronger in the north and weaker in the south, similar to that of the duration. A strong and stable western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH), a continental warm high, and the distribution of the warm center in the lower troposphere played important roles in the HT weather formation. Several probable causes for the differences are that the cold air was weaker, the WPSH was farther north, and the tropical convective systems were stronger in 2013 than in 2003. Finally, a preliminary cause analysis of the WPSH anomaly was presented.
Application of the Analogue-Based Correction of Errors Method in ENSO Prediction

In this study, a method of analogue-based correction of errors(ACE) was introduced to improve El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) prediction produced by climate models. The ACE method is based on the hypothesis that the flow-dependent model prediction errors are to some degree similar under analogous historical climate states, and so the historical errors can be used to effectively reduce such flow-dependent errors. With this method, the unknown errors in current ENSO predictions can be empirically estimated by using the known prediction errors which are diagnosed by the same model based on historical analogue states. The authors first propose the basic idea for applying the ACE method to ENSO prediction and then establish an analogue-dynamical ENSO prediction system based on an operational climate prediction model. The authors present some experimental results which clearly show the possibility of correcting the flow-dependent errors in ENSO prediction, and thus the potential of applying the ACE method to operational ENSO prediction based on climate models.
Analysis of Wind Power Assessment Based on the WRF Model

Assessing wind energy is a key step in selecting a site for a wind farm. The accuracy of the assessment is essential for the future operation of the wind farm. There are two main methods for assessing wind power: one is based on observational data and the other relies on mesoscale numerical weather prediction(NWP). In this study, the wind power of the Liaoning coastal wind farm was evaluated using observations from an anemometer tower and simulations by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model, to see whether the WRF model can produce a valid assessment of the wind power and whether the downscaling process can provide a better evaluation. The paper presents long-term wind data analysis in terms of annual, seasonal, and diurnal variations at the wind farm, which is located on the east coast of Liaoning Province. The results showed that, in spring and summer, the wind speed, wind direction, wind power density, and other main indicators were consistent between the two methods. However, the values of these parameters from the WRF model were significantly higher than the observations from the anemometer tower. Therefore, the causes of the differences between the two methods were further analyzed. There was much more deviation in the original material, National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP) final(FNL) Operational Global Analysis data, in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. As the region is vulnerable to cold-air outbreaks and windy weather in autumn and winter, and the model usually forecasted stronger high or low systems with a longer duration, the predicted wind speed from the WRF model was too large.
Arabidopsis HY1 Confers Cadmium Tolerance by Decreasing Nitric Oxide Production and Improving Iron Homeostasis

Up-regulation of the gene that encodes intracellular heme oxygenase 1 (HO1)benefits plants under cadmium (Cd~(2+))stress; however, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we elucidate the role of Arabidopsis HY1 (AtHO1)in Cd~(2+)tolerance by using genetic and molecular approaches. Analysis of two HY1 null mutants, three HY1 overexpression lines, HO double or triple mutants, as well as phyA and phyB mutants revealed the specific hypersensitivity of hy1 to Cd~(2+)stress. Supplementation with two enzymatic by-products of HY1, carbon monoxide (CO)and iron (Fe, especially), rescued the Cd~(2+)-induced inhibition of primary root (PR)elongation in hy1-100. The mutation of HY1, which exhibited lower glutathione content than Col-0 in root tissues, was able to induce nitric oxide (NO)overproduction, Cd~(2+)accumulation, and severe Fe deficiency in root tissues. However, the contrasting responses appeared in 35S:HY1-4. Additionally, reduced levels of Ferric Reduction Oxidase 2 (FRO2)and Iron-Regulated Transporter 1 (IRT1)transcripts, and increased levels of Heavy Metal ATPase 2/4 (HMA2/4)transcripts bolster the notion that HY1 up-regulation ameliorates Fe deficiency, and might increase Cd~(2+)exclusion. Taken together, these results showed that HY1 plays a common link in Cd~(2+)tolerance by decreasing NO production and improving Fe homeostasis in Arabidopsis root tissues.
SALT-RESPONSIVE ERF1 Is a Negative Regulator of Grain Filling and Gibberellin-Mediated Seedling Establishment in Rice

Grain quality is an important agricultural trait that is mainly determined by grain size and composition. Here, we characterize the role of the rice transcription factor (TF)SALT-RESPONSIVE ERF1 (SERF1)during grain development. Through genome-wide expression profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we found that SERF1 directly regulates RICE PROLAMIN-BOX BINDING FACTOR (RPBF), a TF that functions as a positive regulator of grain filling. Loss of SERF1 enhances RPBF expression resulting in larger grains with increased starch content, while SERF1 overexpression represses RPBF resulting in smaller grains. Consistently, during grain filling, starch biosynthesis genes such as GRANULEBOUND STARCH SYNTHASEI (GBSSI), STARCH SYNTHASEI (SSI), SSIIIa, and ADP-GLUCOSE PYROPHOSPHORYLASE LARGE SUBUNIT2 (AGPL2)are up-regulated in SERF1 knockout grains. Moreover, SERF1 is a direct upstream regulator of GBSSI. In addition, SERF1 negatively regulates germination by controlling RPBF expression, which mediates the gibberellic acid (GA)-induced expression of RICE AMYLASE1A (RAmy1A). Loss of SERF1 results in more rapid seedling establishment, while SERF1 overexpression has the opposite effect. Our study reveals that SERF1 represents a negative regulator of grain filling and seedling establishment by timing the expression of RPBF.
An optimized, sensitive and stable reduced graphene oxide–gold nanoparticle-luminol-H_2O_2 chemiluminescence system and its potential analytical application

The chemiluminescence (CL) performance of luminol is improved using reduced graphene oxide/gold nanoparticle (rGO–AuNP) nano-composites as catalyst. To prepare this catalyst, we propose a linker free, one-step method to insitu synthesize rGO–AuNP nano-composites. Various measurements are utilized to characterize the resulting rGO–AuNP samples, and it is revealed that rGO could improve the stability and conductivity. Furthermore, we investigate the CL signals of luminal catalyzed by rGO–AuNP. Afterwards, the size effect of particle and the assisted enhancement effect of rGO are studied and discussed in detail. Based on the discussion, an optimal, sensitive and stable rGO–AuNP-luminon– H_2O_2 CL system is proposed. Finally, we utilize the system as a sensor to detect hydrogen peroxide and organic compounds containing amino, hydroxyl, or thiol groups. The CL system might provide a more attractive platform for various analytical devices with CL detection in the field of biosensors, bioassays, and immunosensors.
A GaN AlGaN InGaN last quantum barrier in an InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well blue LED

The advantages of a GaN–AlGaN–InGaN last quantum barrier (LQB) in an InGaN-based blue light-emitting diode are analyzed via numerical simulation. We found an improved light output power, lower current leakage, higher recombination rate, and less efficiency droop compared with conventional GaN LQBs. These improvements in the electrical and optical characteristics are attributed mainly to the specially designed GaN–AlGaN–InGaN LQB, which enhances electron confinement and improves hole injection efficiency.
Modeling of metal–oxide semiconductor: Analytical bond-order potential for cupric oxide

Atomistic potentials for cupric element and cupric oxide are derived based on the analytical bond-order scheme that was presented by Brenner [Brenner DW, “Erratum: Empirical potential for hydrocarbons for use in simulating the chemical vapor deposition of diamond films”, Phys. Rev. B 1992, 46 1948]. In this paper, for the pure cupric element, the energy and structural parameters for several bulk phases as well as dimmer structure are well reproduced. The reference data are taken from our density functional theory calculations and the available experiments. The model potential also provides a good description of the bulk properties of various solid structures of cupric oxide compound structures, including cohesive energies, lattice parameters, and elastic constants.
Electric field-induced hole injection-enhanced photoluminescence in a N,N’-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N’-bis(phenyl)-benzidine-based emitter

Non-monotonic, asymmetrical electric field dependence of photoluminescence (PL) intensity is observed in a monolayer sample of tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (AlQ) doped N,N’-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N’-bis(phenyl)-benzidine (TPD). A possible model is proposed: the charge separation from the dissociated photoexcited excitons causes energy band bending in the organic films and improves the hole injection from the electrode, which brings about the extra fluorescence. This mechanism is further verified by a series of experiments using a series of samples, variously featuring symmetrical electrodes, block layers, and hosts with lower hole mobilities.
Large eddy simulations of a circular orifice jet with and without a cross-sectional exit plate

The effect of a cross-sectional exit plane on the downstream mixing characteristics of a circular turbulent jet is investigated using large eddy simulation (LES). The turbulent jet is issued from an orifice-type nozzle at an exit Reynolds number of 5 x10~4. Both instantaneous and statistical velocity fields of the jet are provided. Results show that the rates of the mean velocity decay and jet spread are both higher in the case with the exit plate than without it. The existence of the plate is found to increase the downstream entrainment rate by about 10% on average over the axial range of 8–30d_e (exit diameter). Also, the presence of the plate enables the formation of vortex rings to occur further downstream by 0.5–1.0d_e. A physical insight into the near-field jet is provided to explain the importance of the boundary conditions in the evolution of a turbulent jet. In addition, a method of using the decay of the centreline velocity and the half-width of the jet to calculate the entrainment rate is proposed.
Single event effect in a ferroelectric-gate field-effect transistor under heavy-ion irradiation

The single event effect in ferroelectric-gate field-effect transistor (FeFET) under heavy ion irradiation is investigated in this paper. The simulation results show that the transient responses are much lower in a FeFET than in a conventional metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) when the ion strikes the channel. The main reason is that the polarization-induced charges (the polarization direction here is away from the silicon surface) bring a negative surface potential which will affect the distribution of carriers and charge collection in different electrodes significantly. The simulation results are expected to explain that the FeFET has a relatively good immunity to single event effect.
Energy dissipation of a ring-like metal rubber isolator

Metal rubber (MR) is a kind of homogeneous poroelastic damping material made of metal wire. In this paper, by analyzing the forces on the MR isolator and the MR element, the hysteresis loops of the force and deformation are studied and verified by experiments. The results show that the force and displacement hysteresis loop of the MR isolator is described by the force and deformation hysteresis loops of the MR elements. In addition, the relationship between the energy dissipation coefficient of the MR element and that of the MR isolator is derived. The energy dissipation coefficient is programmed and calculated by MATLAB using experimental data, and the results are compared with the theoretical value. It is the basis for the design and applied research of the MR isolator in a future study.
Further studies on stability analysis of nonlinear Roesser-type two-dimensional systems

This paper is concerned with further relaxations of the stability analysis of nonlinear Roesser-type two-dimensional (2D) systems in the Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy form. To achieve the goal, a novel slack matrix variable technique, which is homogenous polynomially parameter-dependent on the normalized fuzzy weighting functions with arbitrary degree, is developed and the algebraic properties of the normalized fuzzy weighting functions are collected into a set of augmented matrices. Consequently, more information about the normalized fuzzy weighting functions is involved and the relaxation quality of the stability analysis is significantly improved. Moreover, the obtained result is formulated in the form of linear matrix inequalities, which can be easily solved via standard numerical software. Finally, a numerical example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed result.
Root Structure, Distribution and Biomass in Five Multipurpose Tree Species of Western Himalayas

The tree root distribution pattern and biomass of seventeen year old trees of Grewia optiva, Morus alba, Celtis australis, Bauhinia variegata and Robinia pseudoacacia were studied by excavation method. B. variegata roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 4.78 m, whereas, M. alba roots were found down to 1.48 m depth. Lateral spread was minimum in B. variegata (1.10 m) and maximum in R. pseudoacacia (7.33 m). Maximum root biomass of 6.30 kg was found in R. pseudoacacia and minimum (2.43 kg) was found in M. alba. For four species viz., G. optiva, M. alba, C. australis and R. pseudoacacia, 68%-87% root biomass occurred within top 0-30 cm soil depth, but for B. variegata this was only 45%. The soil binding factor was maximum in G. optiva and minimum in B. variegata. Soil physico-chemical properties also showed wide variation. The study suggests that B. variegata with a deep root system is the most suitable species for plantation under agroforestry systems. R. pseudoacacia and G. optiva with deep root systems, more lateral spread and high soil binding factor are suitable for plantation on degraded lands for soil conservation.
Metamorphism and Microstructure of Seasonal Snow: Single Layer Tracking in Western Tianshan, China

Snowpack is a combination of several snow layers. Accordingly, snowpack natural metamorphism is composed of several stages. The aim of this study is to investigate the natural snow metamorphism at the snow layer unit. The field investigation was conducted at the Tianshan Station for Snow Cover and Avalanche Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (43°16' N, 84°24' E, and 1,776 m a.s.l.), during the winter of 2010-2011. A complete metamorphic procedure and the corresponding microstructure of a target snow layer were tracked. The results indicate that: the ideal and complete metamorphic process and the corresponding predominant snow grain shape have 5 stages: 1) unstable kinetic metamorphism near the surface; 2) unstable kinetic metamorphism under pressure; 3) stable kinetic metamorphism; 4) equilibrium metamorphism; 5) wet snow metamorphism. Snow grain size sharply decreased in the surface stage, and then changed to continuously increase. Rapid increase of grain size occurred in the stable kinetic metamorphism and wet snow metamorphism stage. The characteristic length was introduced to represent the real sizes of depth hoar crystals. The snow grain circularity ratio had a variation of "rapid increase - slow decrease - slow increase", and the snow aggregations continuously increased with time. Snow density grew stepwise and remained steady from the stable kinetic to the equilibrium metamorphism stage. The differences in metamorphism extent and stages among snow layers, led to the characteristic layered structure of snowpack.
Dynamics of Communal Land Degradation and Its Implications in the Arid Mountains of Pakistan: A Study of District Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkuwa

Similar to other areas of Pakistan, land resources in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) is kept under various ownership regimes for socio-economic and ecological benefits. For the last three to four decades, communal lands and resources are subjected to high rate of degradation and deterioration, which is leading to multifarious socio-economical and ecological implications. This paper intends to look into factors that are responsible for the degradation of communal land and the adaptability of the management mechanisms developed by the local inhabitants to conserve these resources. Moreover, this study also explores the sustainability of these adopted strategies in present circumstances. Data regarding socio-economic parameters of the inhabitants and their interactions with communal lands were collected through questionnaire cum interview method. As long-term climatic data for the area do not exist therefore focus group discussions were conducted to document the changing trend in rainfall regimes and temperature variations for the last about four decades. Results indicate that communal lands are highly vulnerable to degradation due to biophysical and anthropogenic factors. Local inhabitants have developed suitable measures to control the situation, however, accelerated socioeconomic transformations in the area have weakened the role of local institutions and that led to further degradation of these resources. Nevertheless, a number of locally formulated rules have been revived and implemented and it is hoped that these threatened resources would be conserved.
Study of Inverted Sawtooth Activities in EAST Plasma

On the EAST tokamak, during whole off-axis LHCD (low hybrid current drive) limiter discharge, inverted sawteeth oscillations on the SXR (soft X-ray camera) signals appear continuously, and no positive sawtooth is observed. It is thought that this phenomenon is caused by the curvature pinch, though it could partly be explained by the electron temperature profile observed on the PHA (soft X-ray pulse height analyzer) system. The off-axis LHCD and Ohmic heating generate a non-monotonic q profile. According to the curvature pinch effect, this q profile leads to a special electron density profile that has a valley ring. The non-monotonic q profile and the special electron density profile lead to this interesting phenomenon.
Effects of Atmospheric Pressure Air Plasma Pretreatment on the Seed Germination and Early Growth of Andrographis paniculata

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate whether air plasma can change the seed germination characteristics, seedling emergence, as well as biochemical reactivity, in Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) seedlings by modifying the seed coat and finding a beneficial treatment dose. Eight treatment doses and one control were used to conduct electrical conductivity determination, a germination test, a seedling emergence test and a biochemical assay. The results showed that after being treated with air plasma excited at 5950 V for 10 s, the permeability of the seeds was improved significantly, resulting in the acceleration of seed germination and seedling emergence. In the meantime, the catalase activity and catalase isoenzyme expression were also improved, while the malondialdehyde content in the seedlings was decreased (which means greater counteraction with environmental stress). After being treated with 4250 V for 10 s and 5950 V for 20 s, the seed germination was enhanced, but without an obvious change in seedling emergence. However, after treatment with 3400 V for 20 s and 5100 V for 10 s, the permeability of the seeds was decreased, resulting in a delay in seedling emergence. These results indicate that air plasma can change the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Andrographis paniculata seeds by modifying the seed coat, combined with the effects of the active plasma species, and that different treating doses have different effects.
多媒体视觉强化测听法在人工耳蜗调试中的应用

目的应用多媒体视觉强化测听法获得低龄人工耳蜗植入患儿的听反应阈值(T值)。方法对5例植入诺尔康CS-10A型人工耳蜗者(植入时年龄12~18个月,平均15±2.55个月)分别于开机后1、3、6、9个月进行调试(每例4次),应用多媒体视觉强化测听法获得T值,并在开机后3、6、9、12个月通过助听听阈测试及婴幼儿有意义听觉整合问卷量表(IT-MAIS)进行评估。结果20次调试均成功获得了T值,5例受试者各次评估的助听听阈在30~50 dB HL之间,平均为38.03±4.72 dB HL;IT-MAIS得分随着时间的推移呈上升趋势,开机后12个月的平均得分为36.2±2.95分(满分为40分)。结论通过多媒体视觉强化测听法能够较准确地获得低龄人工耳蜗植入儿童的听反应阈值并满足日常听声需求,可推广应用至小儿行为听力测试。
成人型卵黄样黄斑营养障碍二例

卵黄样黄斑营养障碍(vitelliform macular dystrophy)又称Best病,是一种常染色体显性遗传性黄斑疾病,致病基因位于11号染色体的q13上,但也存在散发病例。婴儿期或儿童早期发病,常见发病年龄3~15岁,双眼受累。若该病变在儿童后期出现,称为成人型Best病,相关报道较为少见,多散发,多无家族史,可单眼或双眼受累,病灶形态多样化。无论青少年或成人才发病的Best病,其病程均可分为5期:卵黄病变前期、卵黄病变期、假性前房积脓期、卵黄破碎期、萎缩期。组织病理学报告证实卵黄样物质是位于RPE与Bruch膜之间的弥漫性脂褐质的聚积,可能与酶代谢异常相关,具体机制尚不明确。本报道2例均为50岁以上,既往无低视力病史,家族中无同类型患者。