mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
A Numerical Study on the Winter Monsoon and Cold Surge over East Asia

By using the improved regional climate model (RegCM-NCC),a numerical study has been undertaken for the East Asia region over a period of 5 years (1998-2002) in an effort to evaluate the model's ability to reproduce the winter monsoon conditions that were observed.The results showed that the model can successfully simulate the basic characteristics of the winter monsoon circulations,including the location and intensity of the cold-surface,high-pressure system,as well as the wind patterns and the intensity of the winter monsoon.The simulated occurrence frequency and regions of the cold surge were consistent with the observations.The simulated rainfall distribution over China was consistent with the observations collected in South China.The features of the simulated moisture transport were also in good agreement with the observations that were derived from the NCEP reanalysis data,indicating that moisture transport coming from the Bay of Bengal trough plays a crucial role in supplying moisture needed for precipitation in South China.In addition,the moisture transport coming from the near-equatorial west-Pacific was also important. These two branches of moisture transport converged in South China,as a prerequisite for occurrence of the precipitation that was observed there.Heat budgets have shown that the development of a heat sink over the East Asian continent was remarkable and its thermal contrast relative to the neighboring seas was the important forcing factor for the winter monsoon activity.The simulation also indicated that the significant differences in circulation patterns and rainfalls during the winters of 1997/98 and 1998/99 were affected by cold and warm ENSO events,respectively.The above analysis demonstrated the model's ability to simulate the East Asian winter monsoon.
Mesoscale Analysis of a Heavy Rainfall Event over Hong Kong During a Pre-rainy Season in South China

During the Heavy Rainfall Experiment in South China (HUAMEX) of 1998,a record heavy rainfall event occurred in the delta of the Pearl River during the 24 hours from 1200 UTC 8 June to 1200 UTC 9 June, 1998,and a 24-hour precipitation maximum of 574 mm was reported in Hong Kong.In this paper,some mesoscale characteristics of this heavy rainfall event are studied using data from satellites,Doppler radar, wind profilers,and automatic meteorological stations collected during HUAMEX.The following conclusions are drawn:(1) During this heavy rainfall event,there existed a favorable large-scale environment,that included a front with weak baroclinity in the heavy rain area and with an upward motion branch ahead of the front.(2) Unlike most extratropical or subtropical systems,the closed low in the geopotential height field does not exited.The obvious feature was that a southerly branch trough in the westerlies existed and Hong Kong was located ahead of the trough.(3) The rainfall areas were located in the warm sector ahead of the front,rather than in the frontal zone,which is one of the characteristics of heavy rainfalls during the pre-rainy season of South China.A southerly warm and moist current contributed to the heavy rainfall formation,including the transportation of rich water vapor and the creation of strong horizontal wind convergence.(4) The observations show that the heavy rainfall in Hong Kong was directly caused by a series of mesoβsystems rather than a mesoscale convective complex (MCC).These mesoβsystems moved with the steering current in the lower-mid troposphere,their life cycles were 3-6 hours,and their horizontal sizes were 10-100 km.(5) The disturbances in the lower and mid troposphere,especially that in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) were very shallow.However,they are a possible trigger mechanism for the occurrence and development of the mesoscale convective systems and related heavy rainfalls.Finally,a conceptual model of the heavy rainfall in the warm sector ahead of the front in South China is proposed.
Teleconnections of Inter-Annual Streamflow Fluctuation in Slovakia with Arctic Oscillation,North Atlantic Oscillation,Southern Oscillation,and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Phenomena

The aim of the paper is to analyze a possible teleconnection of Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO),South- ern Oscillation (SO),North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO),and Arctic Oscillation (AO) phenomena with long- term streamflow fluctuation of the Bela River (1895-2004) and Cierny Hron River (1931-2004) (central Slovakia).Homogeneity,long-term trends,as well as inter-annual dry and wet cycles were analyzed for the entire 1895-2004 time series of the Bela River and for the 1931-2004 time series of the Cierny Hron River. Inter-annual fluctuation of the wet and dry periods was identified using spectral analysis.The most signifi- cant period is that of 3.6 years.Other significant periods are those of 2.35 years,13.5 years,and 21 years. Since these periods were found in other rivers of the world,as well as in SO,NAO,and AO phenomena, they can be considered as relating to the general regularity of the Earth.
Roles of Multi-Scale Disturbances over the Tropical North Pacific in the Turnabout of 1997-98 El Nino

The space-time features of major vorticity disturbances over the western North Pacific during the 1997-98 El Nino ranked as one of the strongest events on record was investigated in this study. We distinguished the different roles that these disturbances had on different timescales in causing the reversal or turnabout of the El Nino event. Remarkable differences in the various disturbances of synoptic, intraseasonal, and interannual timescales were found in the time evolution, propagation, and in their contributions to the changes in nearequatorial zonal flow, which was crucial to the demise of the warm sea surface temperature anomalies in the central-eastern Pacific. It is hypothesized that the westward-traveling synoptic and intraseasonal oscillations in the western North Pacific might be considered as a self-provided negative feedback from the El Nino and played an additional role in its reversal in comparison with other interannual internal and external forcings. In this case, the off-equatorial synoptic and intraseaonal fluctuations served as a stochastic forcing for the tropical ocean and gave rise to the aperiodicity or irregularity of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation.
Performance of a Reconfigured Atmospheric General Circulation Model at Low Resolution

Paleoclimate simulations usually require model runs over a very long time.The fast integration version of a state-of-the-art general circulation model (GCM),which shares the same physical and dynamical processes but with reduced horizontal resolution and increased time step,is usually developed.In this study,we configure a fast version of an atmospheric GCM (AGCM),the Grid Atmospheric Model of IAP/LASG (Institute of Atmospheric Physics/State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics),at low resolution (GAMIL-L,hereafter),and compare the simulation results with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and other data to examine its performance.GAMIL-L,which is derived from the original GAMIL,is a finite difference AGCM with 72×40 grids in longitude and latitude and 26 vertical levels.To validate the simulated climatology and variability,two runs were achieved.One was a 60-year control run with fixed climatological monthly sea surface temperature (SST) forcing,and the other was a 50-yr (1950-2000) integration with observational time-varying monthly SST forcing.Comparisons between these two cases and the reanalysis,including intra-seasonal and inter-annual variability are also presented.In addition,the differences between GAMIL-L and the original version of GAMIL are also investigated. The results show that GAMIL-L can capture most of the large-scale dynamical features of the atmosphere, especially in the tropics and mid latitudes,although a few deficiencies exist,such as the underestimated Hadley cell and thereby the weak strength of the Asia summer monsoon.However,the simulated mean states over high latitudes,especially over the polar regions,are not acceptable.Apart from dynamics,the thermodynamic features mainly depend upon the physical parameterization schemes.Since the physical package of GAMIL-L is exactly the same as the original high-resolution version of GAMIL,in which the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM2) physical package was used,there are only small differences between them in the precipitation and temperature fields.Because our goal is to develop a fast-running AGCM and employ it in the coupled climate system model of IAP/LASG for paleoclimate studies such as ENSO and Australia-Asia monsoon,particular attention has been paid to the model performances in the tropics.More model validations,such as those ran for the Southern Oscillation and South Asia monsoon, indicate that GAMIL-L is reasonably competent and valuable in this regard.
Dual androgen-response elements mediate androgen regulation of MMP-2 expression in prostate cancer cells

Aim： To characterize the matrix metalloproteinases （MMP）-2 promoter and to identify androgen response elements （AREs） involved in androgen-induced MMP-2 expression. Methods： MMP-2 mRNA levels was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. MMP-2 promoter-driven luciferase assays were used to determine the fragments responsible for androgen-induced activity. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assays （EMSA） were used to verify the identified AREs in the MMP-2 promoter. Results： Androgen significantly induced MMP-2 expression at the mRNA level, which was blocked by the androgen antagonist bicalutamide. Deletion of a region encompassing base pairs -1591 to -1259 （relative to the start codon） of the MMP-2 promoter led to a significant loss of androgen-induced reporter activity. Additional deletion of the 5＇-region up to -562 bp further reduced the androgen-induced MMP-2 promoter activity. Sequence analysis of these two regions revealed two putative ARE motifs. Introducing mutations in the putative ARE motifs by site-directed mutagenesis approach resulted in a dramatic loss of androgen-induced MMP-2 promoter activity, indicating that the putative ARE motifs are required for androgen-stimulated MMP-2 expression. Most importantly, the androgen receptor （AR） interacted with both motif-containing promoter regions in vivo in a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay after androgen treatment. Furthermore, the AR specifically bound to the wild-type but not mutated ARE motifs-containing probes in an in vitro EMSA assay. Conclusion： Two ARE motifs were identified to be responsible for androgen-induced MMP-2 expression in prostate cancer cells.
A LOCKING-FREE ANISOTROPIC NONCONFORMING FINITE ELEMENT FOR PLANAR LINEAR ELASTICITY PROBLEM

The main aim of this article is to study the approximation of a locking-free anisotropic nonconforming finite element for 　the pure displacement boundary value prob-lem of planar linear elasticity. The optimal error estimates are obtained by using some novel approaches and techniques. The method proposed in this article is robust in the sense that the convergence estimates in the energy and L~2-norms are independent of the Lame parameterλ.
Stable Electron Field Emission from CeO_2 Nanowires by Hydrothermal Method

CeO_2 nanowires are successful synthesized by hydrothermal method and their field emission (FE) properties are investigated. The turn-on electric field is 5.8V/μm at an emitter--anode spacing of 700μm. The FE current is stable and the current fluctuations are less than 3% over 5h. All the plotted Fowler--Nordheim curves yield straight lines, which are in agreement with the Fowler--Nordheim theory. The relationship between the field enhancement factor β and the emitter--anode spacing d follows a universal equation. Our results imply that the CeO_2 nanowires are promising materials for fabricating FE cathodes.
Dislocation Reduction Mechanisms in Gallium Nitride Films Grown by Canti-Bridge Epitaxy Method

By using the special maskless V-grooved c-plane sapphire as the substrate, we previously developed a novel GaN LEO method, or the so-called canti-bridge epitaxy (CBE), and consequently wing-tilt-free GaN films were obtained with low dislocation densities, with which all the conventional difficulties can be overcome [J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. B 23 (2005) 2476]. Here the evolution manner of dislocations in the CBE GaN films is investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The mechanisms of dislocation reduction are discussed. Dislocation behaviour is found to be similar to that in the conventional LEO GaN films except the enhanced dislocation-combination at the coalescence boundary that is a major dislocation-reduction mechanism for the bent horizontal-propagating dislocations in the CBE GaN films. The enhancement of this dislocation-combination probability is believed to result from the inclined shape and the undulate morphology of the sidewalls, which can be readily obtained in a wide range of applicable film-growth conditions during the GaN CBE process. Further development of the GaN CBE method and better crystal-quality of the GaN film both are expected.
Abrupt changes in FKBP12.6 and SERCA2a expression contribute to sudden occurrence of ventricular fibrillation on reperfusion and are prevented by CPU86017~1

Aim: The occurrence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) is dependent on the deterioration of channelopathy in the myocardium. It is interesting to investigate molecular changes in relation to abrupt appearance of VF on reperfusion. We aimed to study whether changes in the expression of FKBP12.6 and SERCA2a and the endothelin (ET) system on reperfusion against ischemia were related to the rapid occurrence of VF and whether CPU86017, a class III antiarrhythmic agent which blocks I_(Kr), I_(Ks), and I_(Ca.L), suppressed VF by correcting the molecular changes on reperfusion. Methods: Cardiomyopathy (CM) was produced by 0.4 mg/kg sc L-thyroxin for 10 d in rats, and subjected to 10 min coronary artery ligation/reperfusion on d 11. Expressions of the Ca~(2+) handling and ET system and calcium transients were conducted and CPU86017 was injected (4 mg/kg, sc) on d 6–10. Results: A high incidence of VF was found on reperfusion of the rat CM hearts, but there was no VF before reperfusion. The elevation of diastolic calcium was significant in the CM myocytes and exhibited abnormality of the Ca~(2+) handling system. The rapid downregulation of mRNA and the protein expression of FKBP12.6 and SERCA2a were found on reperfusion in association with the upregulation of the expression of the endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE) and protein kinase A (PKA), in contrast, no change in the ryanodine type 2 receptor (RyR2), phospholamban (PLB), endothelin A receptor (ET_AR), and iNOS was found. CPU86017 removed these changes and suppressed VF. Conclusion: Abrupt changes in the expression of FKBP12.6, SERCA2a, PKA, and ECE on reperfusion against ischemia, which are responsible for the rapid occurrence of VF, have been observed. These changes are effectively prevented by CPU86017.
Runoff variations in the Luanhe River Basin during 1956-2002

　The decrease of runoff in the Luanhe river basin,which caused water crisis in Tian-jin for several times,was investigated using discharge data covering the period 1956-2002. The data from the differential integral curves of the annual runoff indicate that the decreasing point began in 1979 in the six sub-basins. The decrease of runoff in the Luanhe river basin resulted from the combination of climate effects and human activities,in which the latter plays an important role. This can be illustrated by noting that after 1979 the runoff generated by similar precipitation decreased under the condition that the total precipitation did not decrease in the entire basin. As a result,the annual runoff of the Luanhe river basin after 1979 de-creased by about 6.46×10~8 m~3 each year. To analyze the runoff characteristics,it is inade-quate to seek the runoff trends only and the identification of cyclical component of the runoff as accurate as possible is necessary. From the natural annual runoff discharge time series,we can see the annual runoff fluctuates around the long-term average. Analyzed by VRL (Variable Record Length) method,the main periods of 3,5-6,7,9,16-20 and 37-39 years were found. The last decade causing water crisis was the driest period in the history,and this condition will last several years from trend analysis and power spectrum analysis. So finding new water sources is urgent to solve water crisis in Tianjin city,and the South-North Water Transfer is a feasible option.
Dried earth layers of artificial forestland in the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province

By determining the earth moisture content of artificial forestland between 0 and 6 m deep in the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi province, the vertical change of moisture content, distribution and formation causes of a dried earth layer are researched. The results show that the average moisture content is 9.3%-9.5% between 2 and 4 m under artificial forest of over 10 year＇s growth in Guanzhong Plain, and chronic weak dried earth layers are developed which show that the dried earth layers are distributed extensively on the Loess Plateau. The southern boundary of the dried earth layer has reached the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains. When precipitation reaches 600 mm, there are weak dried earth layers between 2 and 4 m under artificial forest of more than 10 years old. When the precipitation is between 400 and 500 mm, there are moderate dried earth layers. When precipitation is above 800 mm, there are no dried earth layers. There are no dried earth layers under meadow land, corn land and less than 5 years old of artificial forestland in central and southern parts of the Loess Plateau. The development of dried earth layers under cypress forest is weaker than broad-leaved forest. Under the same climatic conditions, the development of dried earth layers under the loess tableland is nearly at the same level as the 2nd and 3rd river terrace. Dried earth layers developed in membrane water zone, and the buried depth is small and motion velocity is slow in the Loess Plateau, which is the direct water factor of the formation of the dried earth layer, while differences of tree age and tree species are the plant factors that consumed much moisture. From the depth of the gravity water and the membrane water in Guanzhong Plain, it is clear that the formation cause of dried earth layers is mainly due to natural factors. The dried layers generally develop in middle-aged artificial forestland that consumed too much moisture, which is the general character of earth moisture in subhumid and semiarid zones. The appearance of dried layers doesn＇t show that the forest doesn＇t develop in this area; this is depended on their development intensity. Artificial forest of Chinese poplar, locust tree and Chinese scholartree consuming less water can be planted in the areas where dried earth layer developed weakly, but can not be planted in the areas where dried earth layer developed intensely.
The relationship between NDVI and precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau

The temporal and spatial changes of NDVI on the Tibetan Plateau, as well as the relationship between NDVI and precipitation, were discussed in this paper, by using 8-km resolution multi-temporal NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1982 to 1999. Monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall were used to analyze the seasonal changes, and annual maximum NDVI, annual effective precipitation and growing season precipitation (from April to August) were used to discuss the interannual changes. The dynamic change of NDVI and the corre- lation coefficients between NDVI and rainfall were computed for each pixel. The results are as follows: (1) The NDVI reached the peak in growing season (from July to September) on the Tibetan Plateau. In the northern and western parts of the plateau, the growing season was very short (about two or three months); but in the southern, vegetation grew almost all the year round. The correlation of monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall varied in different areas. It was weak in the western, northern and southern parts, but strong in the central and eastern parts. (2) The spatial distribution of NDVI interannual dynamic change was different too. The increase areas were mainly distributed in southern Tibet montane shrub-steppe zone, western part of western Sichuan-eastern Tibet montane coniferous forest zone, western part of northern slopes of Kunlun montane desert zone and southeastern part of southern slopes of Himalaya montane evergreen broad-leaved forest zone; the decrease areas were mainly distributed in the Qaidam montane desert zone, the western and northern parts of eastern Qinghai-Qilian montane steppe zone, southern Qinghai high cold meadow steppe zone and Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The spatial distribution of correlation coeffi- cient between annual effective rainfall and annual maximum NDVI was similar to the growing season rainfall and annual maximum NDVI, and there was good relationship between NDVI and rainfall in the meadow and grassland with medium vegetation cover, and the effect of rainfall on vegetation was small in the forest and desert area.
Temporal and spatial variations of δ~(18)O in precipitation of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin

This paper reveals the temporal and spatial variations of stable isotope in precipita-tion of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin based on the variations of δ~(18)O in precipitation at four stations (Lhaze,Nugesha,Yangcun and Nuxia) in 2005. The results show that δ~(18)O of pre-cipitation has distinct seasonal changes in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin. The higher value of δ~(18)O occurs in spring prior to monsoon precipitation,and the lower value occurs during monsoon precipitation. From the spatial variations,with the altitude-effect and rainout process during moisture transport along the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley,~(18)O of precipitation is gradually depleted. Thus,δ~(18)O of precipitation decreases gradually from the downstream to the upstream,and the lapse rate of δ~(18)O in precipitation is approximately 0.34‰/100m and 0.7‰/100km for the two reasons. During monsoon precipitation,spatial variation of δ~(18)O in precipitation is dominated by the amount effect in the large scale synoptic condition.
Some Notes on Prime-Square Sequences

The well-known binary Legendre sequences possess good autocorrelation functions and high linear complexity, and are just special cases of much larger families of cyclotomic sequences. Prime-square sequences are the generalization of these Legendre sequences, but the ratio of the linear complexity to the least period of these sequences approximates to zero if the prime is infinite. However, a relatively straightforward modification can radically improve this situation. The structure and properties, including linear complexity, minimal polynomial, and autocorrelation function, of these modified prime-square sequences are investigated. The hardware implementation is also considered.