mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Understanding high-emitting households in the UK through a cluster analysis

Anthropogenic climate change is a global problem that affects every country and each individual. It is largely caused by human beings emitting greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In general, a small percentage of the population is responsible for a large amount of emissions. This paper focuses on high emitters and their CO_2 emissions from energy use in UK homes. It applies a cluster approach, aiming to identify whether the high emitters comprise clusters where households in each cluster share similar characteristics but are different from the others. The data are mainly based on the Living Cost and Food survey in the UK. The results show that after equivalising both household emissions and income, the high emitters can be clustered into six groups which share similar characteristics within each group, but are different from the others in terms of income, age, household composition, category and size of the dwelling, and tenure type. The clustering results indicate that various combinations of socioeconomic factors, such as low-income single female living in an at least six-room property, or highincome retired couple owning a large detached house, could all lead to high CO_2 emissions from energy use at home. Policymakers should target each high-emitter cluster differently to reduce CO_2 emissions from energy consumption at home more effectively.
Exergy losses in premixed flames of dimethyl ether and hydrogen blends

A second-law thermodynamic analysis was conducted for stoichiometric premixed dimethyl ether(DME)/hydrogen(H_2)/air flames at atmospheric pressure. The exergy losses from the irreversibility sources, i.e., chemical reaction, heat conduction and species diffusion, and those from partial combustion products were analyzed in the flames with changed fuel blends. It is observed that, regardless of the fuel blends, chemical reaction contributes most to the exergy losses, followed by incomplete combustion, and heat conduction, while mass diffusion has the least contribution to exergy loss. The results also indicate that increased H_2 substitution decreases the exergy losses from reactions, conduction, and diffusion, primarily because of the flame thickness reduction at elevated H_2 substitution. The decreases in exergy losses by chemical reactions and heat conduction are higher, but the exergy loss reduction by diffusion is slight. However, the exergy losses from incomplete combustion increase with H_2 substitution, because the fractions of the unburned fuels and combustion intermediates, e.g., H_2 and OH radical, increase. The overall exergy losses in the DME/H_2 flames decrease by about 5% with increased H_2 substitution from 0% to 100%.
Key point selection in large-scale FBG temperature sensors for thermal error modeling of heavy-duty CNC machine tools

Thermal error is one of the main factors that influence the machining accuracy of computer numerical control(CNC) machine tools. It is usually reduced by thermal error compensation. Temperature field monitoring and key temperature measurement point(TMP) selection are the bases of thermal error modeling and compensation for CNC machine tools. Compared with small- and medium-sized CNC machine tools, heavy-duty CNC machine tools require the use of more temperature sensors to measure their temperature comprehensively because of their larger size and more complex heat sources. However, the presence of many TMPs counteracts the movement of CNC machine tools due to sensor cables, and too many temperature variables may adversely influence thermal error modeling. Novel temperature sensors based on fiber Bragg grating(FBG) are developed in this study. A total of 128 FBG temperature sensors that are connected in series through a thin optical fiber are mounted on a heavy-duty CNC machine tool to monitor its temperature field. Key TMPs are selected using these large-scale FBG temperature sensors by using the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise algorithm to reduce the calculation workload and avoid problems in the coupling of TMPs for thermal error modeling. Back propagation neural network thermal error prediction models are established to verify the performance of the proposed TMP selection method. Results show that the number of TMPs is reduced from 128 to 5, and the developed model demonstrates good prediction effects and strong robustness under different working conditions of the heavy-duty CNC machine tool.
Home Range Size and Overlap of the Small Nocturnal Schlegel's Japanese Gecko (Gekko japonicus), Introduced into a City Park in Korea

Studying the home range of an organism is important in understanding its ecology.Due to being cryptic, few studies have been conducted on the home range studies of small, nocturnal geckos.We conducted radio-tracking surveys for 23 individuals to estimate the home range size and home range overlap of the Schlegel's Japanese gecko (Gekko japonicus)previously introduced into a suburban city park.Individuals were commonly found in artificial structures (buildings and accessory structures)and on nearby natural trees.Daily moved distance was positively correlated with home range size.Minimum convex polygon (MCP)home range was 97.8 m~2 for females and 99.5 m~2 for males, on average.Gekko japonicus moved farther daily distances and used wider MCP and Kernel 95 home ranges in breeding season compared to non-breeding season, while the size of Kernel 50 home range did not differ between seasons.Both daily moved distance and home range size were not significantly different between sexes.In the breeding season, MCP and Kernel 50 home ranges of each gecko overlapped with 32.4% and 13.8% of remaining geckos, respectively.Our results not only show that 1)G.japonicus uses both artificial structures and adjacent natural trees as microhabitat, but also suggest that 2)G.japonicus is non-territorial, but has a core habitat that is shared with few other individuals, and 3)the reproductive system of G.japonicus is polygamous.
BMA probability quantitative precipitation forecasting of land-falling typhoons in south-east China

The probability of quantitative precipitation forecast (PQPF) of three Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) models based on three raw super ensemble prediction schemes (i. e., A, B, and C) are established, which through calibration of their parameters using 1-3 day precipitation ensemble prediction systems (EPSs) from the China Meteorological Administration (CMA), the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and observation during land-falling of three typhoons in south-east China in 2013. The comparison of PQPF shows that the performance is better in the BMA than that in raw ensemble forecasts. On average, the mean absolute error (MAE) of 1 day lead time forecast is reduced by 12.4%, and its continuous ranked probability score (CRPS) of 1-3 day lead time forecast is reduced by 26.2%, respectively. Although the amount of precipitation prediction by the BMA tends to be underestimated, but in view of the perspective of probability prediction, the probability of covering the observed precipitation by the effective forecast ranges of the BMA are increased, which is of great significance for the early warning of torrential rain and secondary disasters induced by it.
Large-scale characteristics of landfalling tropical cyclones with abrupt intensity change

Data from the China Meteorological Administration and ERA-Interim are used to examine the environmental characteristics of landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) with abrupt intensity change. The results show that, of all 657 landfalling TCs during 1979-2017, 71%, 70% and 65% of all landfalling TDs, TSs and TYs, respectively, intensify. Of all the 16595 samples, 4.0% and 0.2% of typhoons and tropical storms, respectively, experience over-water rapid intensification (RI) process during their life cycle. Meanwhile, 4.5% and 0.6% of typhoons and tropial storms, respectively, undergo overwater rapid decay (RD). These two kinds of cases, i.e., RI and RD, are used to analyze their associated large-scale conditions. Comparisons show that the RI cases are generally on the south side of the strong western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH); warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sufficient water vapor fluxes existing in RI samples is a dominant feature that is conducive to the development of TCs. Also, the moderate low-level relative vorticity is favorable for TC intensification. On the contrary, the RD TCs are located on the west side of the WPSH; significant decreasing SSTs and low-level water vapor transport may synergistically contribute to RD. Simultaneously, low-level relative vorticity seems to be unfavorable for the development of TCs.
Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Drought in the Heihe River Basin Based on the Extreme-Point Symmetric Mode Decomposition Method

Assessment of spatiotemporal characteristics of drought under climate change is significant for drought mitigation. In this study, the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) calculated at different timescales was adopted to describe the drought conditions in the Heihe River Basin (HRB) from 1961 to 2014. The period characteristics and spatiotemporal distribution of drought were analyzed by using the extreme-point symmetric mode decomposition (ESMD) and inverse distance weight interpolation methods. Four main results were obtained. (1) The SPEI series of the upper reaches of the HRB at different timescales showed an upward trend (not significant) during 1961-2014. In the middle and lower reaches, the SPEI series exhibited significant downward trends. (2) The annual SPEI series of the lower reaches was decomposed through the ESMD method and exhibited a fluctuating downward trend as a whole. The oscillation showed quasi-3.4-year and quasi-4.5-year periods in the interannual variation, while a quasi-13.5-year period occurred in the interdecadal variation. The interannual period plays a leading role in drought variation across the HRB. (3) The entire research period was divided into three subperiods by the Bernaola-Galvan segmentation algorithm: 1961-1966, 1967-1996, and 1997-2014. The spring drought frequency and autumn drought intensity arrived at their maxima in the lower reaches during 1997-2014, with values of 72.22% and 1.56, respectively. The high frequency and intensity areas of spring, summer, and autumn drought moved from the middle-upper reaches to the middle-lower reaches of the HRB during 1961-2014. (4) Compared to the wavelet transform, the ESMD method has self-adaptability for signal decomposition and is more accurate for drought period analysis. Extreme-point symmetric mode decomposition is a more efficient decomposition method for nonlinear and nonstationary time series and has important significance for revealing the complicated change features of climate systems.
Understanding Business Disruption and Economic Losses Due to Electricity Failures and Flooding

Failure of critical national infrastructures can cause disruptions with widespread economic impacts. To analyze these economic impacts, we present an integrated modeling framework that combines: (1) geospatial information on infrastructure assets/networks and the natural hazards to which they are exposed; (2) geospatial modeling of the reliance of businesses upon infrastructure services, in order to quantify disruption to businesses locations and economic activities in the event of infrastructure failures; and (3) multiregional supply-use economic modeling to analyze wider economic impacts of disruptions to businesses. The methodology is exemplified through a case study for the United Kingdom. The study uses geospatial information on the location of electricity infrastructure assets and local industrial areas, and employs a multiregional supply-use model of the UK economy that traces the impacts of floods of different return intervals across 37 subnational regions of the UK. The results show up to a 300% increase in total economic losses when power outages are included in the risk assessment, compared to analysis that just includes the economic impacts of business interruption due to flooded business premises. This increase indicates that risk studies that do not include failure of critical infrastructures may be underestimating the total losses.
Enhanced geographic information system-based mapping of local climate zones in Beijing, China

The vague urban-rural dichotomy severely restricts effective comparisons and communications among urban heat island studies. A local climate zone(LCZ) scheme has therefore been developed to classify urban and natural landscapes in a standardized and universal manner. Despite LCZ mapping efforts in worldwide cities, this study attempts to propose an enhanced geographic information system-based workflow to enable the hierarchical classification of LCZs with fewer indicators but higher accuracies while considering supplementary classes and subclasses. Specifically, five morphological and coverage indicators that were easily obtained and well differentiated among LCZs were derived from a city street map and satellite images, and 25 LCZs(including 16 standard, 3 supplementary, and 6 sub-classified zones) were determined at a block-level according to the indicator hierarchy and criteria. The method was performed over Beijing, China, and evaluations by field surveys and google earth images showed a high accuracy with little noise and sharp boundaries, outperforming the widely-used remote sensing-based method of the World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools, particularly in terms of building height and heavy industry. Results also demonstrate that the Beijing core was dominated by open(including extremely open) mid-rise buildings(28.7%) and open lowrise buildings(12.8%), forming an inner-low-middle-high-outer-low annular building-height pattern. Significant land surface temperature differences were detected among the LCZs, where the low-rise and compact LCZs had higher temperatures than the mid-/high-rise and open LCZs during daytime, and subclasses LCZ X_(B/C/D)(LCZ X_(E/F)) generated lower(higher) temperatures than their parent classes in May. This method was proposed to augment the LCZ mapping system and further support applications(e.g., urban planning/management and climate/weather modeling) in high-density cities similar to Beijing.
Slowing down critical transitions via Gaussian white noise and periodic force

Stochastic perturbations and periodic excitations are generally regarded as sources to induce critical transitions in complex systems. However, we find that they are also able to slow down an imminent critical transition. To illustrate this phenomenon, a periodically driven bistable eutrophication model with Gaussian white noise is introduced as a prototype class of real systems. The residence probability(RP) is presented to measure the possibility that the given system stays in the oligotrophic state versus Gaussian white noise and periodic force. Variations in the mean first passage time(MFPT) and the mean velocity(MV) of the first right-crossing process are also calculated respectively. We show that the frequency of the periodic force can increase the MFPT while reduce the MV under different control parameters. Nevertheless, the noise intensity or the amplitude may result in an increase of the RP only in the case of control parameters approaching the critical values. Furthermore, for an impending critical transition, an increase of the RP appears with the interaction between the amplitude and noise intensity or the combination of the noise intensity and frequency, while the interaction of the frequency and amplitude leads to an extension of the MFPT or a decrease of the MV. As a result, an increase of the RP and MFPT, and a decrease of the MVobtained from our results claim that it is possible to slow down an imminent critical transition via Gaussian white noise and periodic force.
Edge-driven convection and thinning of craton lithosphere:Two-dimensional thermal-mechanical modeling

There are usually abrupt changes in lithospheric thickness at the boundaries between ancient cratons and adjacent young mobile belts.Lateral variations in temperature and density between the two can trigger small-scale mantle convection (edge-driven convection,EDC).Here,we use two-dimensional thermal-mechanical simulations to explore the EDC caused by the lithospheric step between a craton and a mobile belt,and its role in the thinning of the craton lithosphere.The results show that the impact of EDC on a craton depends on the properties of the craton lithosphere and on their contrasts with the adjacent mobile belt,given the same initial condition.When the craton lithospheric density is relatively large,a high-strength craton has strong ability to resist EDC,and craton lithospheric thinning is limited to the edge.In contrast,the ability of a low-strength craton to resist EDC is weak,and the craton lithosphere is gradually eroded by the downward flow,eventually leading to large-scale thinning of the cratonic lithosphere.When the craton lithospheric density is relatively small,regardless of the strength of the cratonic lithosphere,the craton can well withstand the impacts of EDC.In this case,upwelling flow drives cratonic lithosphere materials to the base of the mobile belt,and lithospheric thinning only occurs at the edge of the craton lithosphere.The Archean North China Craton (NCC) was surrounded by Phanerozoic mobile belts,and its lithospheric thinning first occurred on the northern and eastern margins,a process that lasted for a long time.We suggest that EDC has played an important role in lithospheric thinning of the NCC,in particular the initiation of lithospheric thinning,but we cannot rule out the additional contributions from other mechanisms.
A conceptual model for a process-oriented landscape pattern analysis

Linking landscape patterns to specific ecological processes has been and will continue to be the key topic in landscape ecology.However,this goal is difficult to achieve by using the traditional landscape metric based on the Patch-Mosaic Model (PMM),as they don’t integrate ecological processes with landscape patterns.In this paper,we proposed a conceptual model,i.e.,the Source-Pathway-Sink Model (SPSM),which designates the role of a landscape unit into “source”,“sink”,or “pathway” based on specific ecological processes during the landscape pattern analysis.While the traditional landscape metrics derived from the PMM model is visual- or geometrical-oriented and lack of linkage to ecological significance,the SPSM model is process-oriented,dynamic,and scale dependent.A comparison between the PMM and the SPSM models shows that the SPSM model is complementary to the PMM model,and can provide a simple and dynamic perspective on landscape pattern analysis.The SPSM model may represent a conceptual innovation in landscape ecology.
Review of Chinese atmospheric science research over the past 70 years:Atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment

Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China 70 years ago,the subject of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment has developed rapidly in China,providing important support for the development of atmospheric science and guarantee for the development of national economy.In this paper,the general advancement of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in last 70 years was described.The main research progress of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in the past 40 years of reform and opening-up was reviewed,the outstanding research achievements since the 21st century were summarized,the major problems and challenges are pointed out,and the key directions and suggestions for future development are put forward.
Cyclical one-way continental rupture-drift in the Tethyan evolution:Subduction-driven plate tectonics

Numerous continents have rifted and drifted away from Gondwana to repeatedly open ocean basins over the past ~500 million years.These Gondwana-derived continents drifted towards and collided with components of the Eurasian continent to successively close the preexisting oceans between the two.Plate tectonics satisfactorily describes the continental drift from Gondwana to Eurasia but does not define the geodynamic mechanism of continuously rifting to collisions of continents in the Tethyan Realm.After reappraisal of geological records of the rift,collision and subduction initiation from the surface and various geophysical observations from depth,we propose that Eurasia-directed subducting oceanic slabs would have driven Tethyan system in the Phanerozoic.The Eurasia-directed subduction would have dragged the passive Gondwana margin to rift and drift northwards,giving birth to new oceans since the Paleozoic.The closure of preexisting oceans between the Gondwana-derived continents and Eurasia led to continental collisions,which would have induced the initiation of oceanic subduction in the Tethyan Realm.Multiple episodic switches between collision-subduction-rift repeatedly led to the separation of continental fragments from Gondwana and dragged them to drift towards Eurasia.The final disappearance of Neo-Tethys would have induced collision of the Gondwana-derived continents with the Eurasian continent,giving rise to the Cenozoic Alpine-Zagros-Himalayan collisional system.Therefore,the Eurasia-directed oceanic subduction would have acted as a ‘one-way train’ that successively transferred the ruptured Gondwana continental fragments in the south,into the terminal in the north.In this regard,the engine of this “Tethyan one-way train” is the negative buoyancy of subducting oceanic slabs.