mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
X-ray photon-counting detector based on a micro-channel plate for pulsar navigation

The pulse time of arrival (TOA)is a determining parameter for accurate timing and positioning in X-ray pulsar navigation.The pulse TOA can be calculated by comparing the measured arrival time with the predicted arrival time of the X-ray pulse for pulsar.In this study,in order to research the measurement of pulse arrival time,an experimental system is set up.The experimental system comprises a simulator of the X-ray pulsar,an X-ray detector,a time-measurement system,and a data-processing system.An X-ray detector base is proposed on the basis of the micro-channel plate (MCP),which is sensitive to soft X-ray in the 1-10 keV band.The MCP-based detector,the structure and principle of the experimental system,and results of the pulse profile are described in detail.In addition,a discussion of the effects of different X-ray pulse periods and the quantum efficiency of the detector on pulse-profile signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)is presented.Experimental results reveal that the SNR of the measured pulse profile becomes enhanced as the quantum efficiency of the detector increases.The SNR of the pulse profile is higher when the period of the pulse is smaller at the same integral.
Direct inversion of shallow-water bathymetry from EO-1 hyperspectral remote sensing data

Using the US National Aeronautics and space Administration (NASA)Earth Observing-1 Mission (EO-1)hyperion hyperspectral remote sensing data,we study the shallow-water bathymetry inversion in Smith Island Bay.The fast line-of-sight atmospheric analysis of spectral hypercubes module is applied for atmospheric correction,and principal component analysis method combined with scatter diagram and maximum likelihood classification is used for seabed classification.The diffuse attenuation coefficient Kd is derived using quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA),which performs well in optically deep water.Kd obtained from QAA requires correction,particularly those derived in some coastal areas with optically shallow water and calculated by direct inversion based on radiative transfer theory to obtain the bathymetry.The direct inversion method derives the water depth quickly,and matches the results from optimized algorithm.
同种异体皮在糖尿病足溃疡患者创面修复中的应用

糖尿病足溃疡(diabeticfootulcer,DFU)由高血糖、下肢血管病变和神经病变等多种损伤因素综合导致,早期清创后采用皮片、皮瓣等方法修复效果不尽如人意,主要原因是坏死组织较多、感染范围较广、上皮和肉芽组织生长缓慢。笔者对近年我科收治的DFU住院患者,早期清创后用同种异体皮覆盖创面,观察该法对DFU“创面床准备”的影响。
Toroidal Multipolar Expansion for Fast L-Mode Plasma Boundary Reconstruction in EAST

A new method for plasma boundary reconstruction,based on the toroidal multipolar expansion (TME)scheme,is applied successfully in EAST.TME applies a limited number of toroidal multipolar moments based on toroidal coordinates to treat a two-dimensional problem of axisymmetric plasma equilibrium.The plasma boundary reconstructed by TME is consistent with the results by using EFIT.The method is sufficiently reliable and fast for real time shape control.
An Experimental Platform for the Study on Magnetic Reconnection in Laboratory Plasmas

In order to investigate electron dynamics near the electron diffusion region in magnetic reconnection process,an upgrade in the linear magnetized plasma (LMP)device is accomplished at the University of Science and Technology of China.Radio frequency (RF)helicon discharge is used to generate a quasi-stationary plasma,and a time-dependent magnetic field is applied to the plasma,which exhibits an X-type neutral point in vacuum.A two-dimensional sophisticated mobile platform is built up,providing a high spatial resolution,below 0.5 mm,for the diagnostics.
MDSCs为靶点的肿瘤治疗策略研究进展

髓系衍生抑制性细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSCs)是一群缺乏淋巴系标志具有多方向分化潜能和免疫抑制功能的异质性细胞,它包括未成熟树突状细胞(DCs)、巨噬细胞、粒细胞和其他早期分化阶段的髓系细胞。MDSCs的共同特性是它们的髓系来源、未成熟状态及对T细胞应答的显著抑制作用,荷瘤宿主体内MDSCs大量蓄积是造成肿瘤免疫无应答的主要原因之一。因此,以MDSCs为靶点的免疫治疗方法为抗肿瘤免疫治疗提供了新的治疗策略,逐渐成为研究热点。现就MDSCs在抗肿瘤免疫治疗中的作用的研究进展作一综述。
儿童慢性肾脏病钙磷代谢问题

钙磷代谢紊乱是儿童慢性肾脏病(chronic kidneydisease,CKD)的重要并发症之一。2005年提高全球肾脏病预后国际组织(kidneydisease:improving Global Outcomes,KDIGO)明确提出“慢性肾脏病的矿物质和骨代谢异常(CKD mineral and bone disorder,CKD-MBD)”这一概念,将其定义为:CKD进展过程中由于肾功能损害导致机体钙磷代谢紊乱有关的全身性系统性疾病,可表现:(1)钙、磷、 PTH或维生素D代谢异常;(2)骨转化、矿化、骨容量、骨骼线性生长或骨强度的异常;(3)血管或其他软组织钙化。儿童正处于骨骼、心血管系统发育的关键时期,可以说 CKD-MBD严重影响着CKD患儿未来的生活质量和预后。本文旨在对儿童CKD的钙磷代谢紊乱情况及其对血管钙化及心血管疾病、骨代谢的影响和防治策略的相关进展作简要概述。
急性嗜酸性粒细胞性肺炎合并过敏性休克死亡1例

法医学鉴定时,应注意嗜酸性粒细胞性肺炎与其它疾病的鉴别。单纯性肺嗜酸粒细胞增多症、过敏性支气管肺真菌病、药物反应、其他寄生虫感染引起的肺嗜酸性粒细胞浸润症、变应性肉芽肿病综合征和支气管中央型肉芽肿病[8-9]等,可通过病史、影像学检查、发病情况和病理检查等方面加以鉴别。
油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒(BusuNPV)生物学与检测技术研究

油桐尺蠖(Buzura suppressartiaGuenee)又称油桐尺蛾、大尺蠖,是一种暴食性害虫,主要危害茶、油桐、柑桔、杨梅、桉树等多种植物,常造成巨大的经济损失。国内主要分布在湖北、湖南、广东、广西等地区,国外在孟加拉西部以及印度地区有分布。目前对其采取的治理方法主要为化学农药防治,虽能起到一定的防效,却带来了污染环境,伤害天敌,生态环境平衡失调,降低茶叶、柑橘、杨梅等质量的严重后果。
准备:让未来眷顾的关键

如果看过美国超级科幻大片《终结者2》，一定会对那个能在液、固两态之间瞬间切换的机器人“T1000”记忆犹新：它能在通过铁栅栏的时候把部分身体变成液态，从而悄然无息地潜入任何地方，手可以随意变为尖刃等极具攻击性的武器，烈火焚烧后安然无恙，中弹之后也能够立刻恢复原状，独特的生命特征堪称机器人世界中的“经典之作”。
变频技术在株洲铁路水厂的应用

株洲铁路水厂主要为株洲铁路生活区居民提供生活用水，为铁路地区提供生产用水（含株洲站客车上水），供水量为620×10~4 m~3/a，现有4台加压水泵机组（132 kW机组2台，90 kW机组2台），均采用自耦变压器启动、工频运转。由于铁路的飞速发展，株洲铁路地区的用水量也大幅增加，株洲铁路水厂的供需矛盾也日益突出，主要表现在每日用水量变化大，在用水高峰时供水压力锐减，稍高的房屋就无水可供；而一旦用水高峰过后，管网压力骤升，容易损坏水管。该供水模式既不能满足用户的要求，扬水成本高，每千吨水扬水耗电为460 kW．h，并且水泵机组在启动和停机时均产生水锤，对管网、水泵机组的损耗也非常大。因此对株洲铁路水厂供水模式进行改造迫在眉睫，而采用变频恒压供水是解决此问题的有效方法。
α-2b干扰素成功治疗婴儿巨大血管瘤5例报告

目的探讨α-2b干扰素对婴幼儿巨大血管瘤的治疗效果。方法回顾性总结用α-2b干扰素治疗的5例患巨大血管瘤婴幼儿的起病年龄、临床表现、实验室检查、干扰素治疗效果及不良反应。α-2b干扰素用法:100～300万(U/m~2·次),隔日1次,肌肉或静脉注射。结果男1例,女4例。患儿起病年龄为出生至2个月内,病情逐渐加重,5例患儿血管瘤生长部位均在体表,1例合并气道梗阻,1例合并左上肢和左手活动障碍,2例合并血小板减少和凝血功能障碍;5例患儿住院前均在外院用过其他方法治疗,如大剂量丙种球蛋白、糖皮质激素、手术、激光等,均无明显效果;住院后5例均采用α-2b干扰素肌肉注射,但3例肌肉注射2～4周无效,改用静脉注射后起效;目前3例患儿的血管瘤和合并症均消失,仅皮肤遗留轻微色素沉着,另外2例患儿的瘤体消退50％以上。5例在治疗初期均合并发热等流感样症状,口服布洛芬后解除,1例曾合并中性粒细胞减少,减少药物剂量后恢复至正常。结论α一干扰素治疗婴幼儿巨大血管瘤,不良反应小,效果肯定,值得推广。
新疆西瓜花叶病毒2号遗传变异的PCR-SSCP分析

新疆地域广阔,各地气候条件差异大。西瓜、甜瓜在新疆种植面积较广,其病毒病的发生和危害较重。西瓜花叶病毒2号(Watermelonmosaic vi-rus2,WMV-2)是致病的主要毒源之一。前人对WMV-2的研究仅限于病原鉴定以及它对瓜类氨基酸的影响,而对它的遗传变异未做研究。为了深入研究新疆不同地域WMV-2致病性的差异,有必要弄清楚新疆的WMV-2有无遗传变异的发生。PCR-SSCP是一种基于PCR的单链构象多态性(single-stranded conformation polymorphism)分析技术,主要用于DNA已知突变的检测或未知变异的分析[1]。利用SSCP,本实验室曾对新疆不同地区的甜菜坏死黄脉病毒(BNYVV)RNA2的区间变异进行了研究,发现12个分离物共有4种变异类型[2]。本研究利用SSCP对采自不同瓜类种植区WMV-2的遗传变异进行了初步研究,研究结果为该病害的防治奠定了基础。
结球甘蓝抗根肿病SSR分子连锁图谱的构建

结球甘蓝(Brassica oleraceaL.var.capitata)简称甘蓝,是我国重要的蔬菜作物之一。甘蓝根肿病是由芸苔根肿菌(Plamodiophora brassicaeWoron.)侵染引起的一种世界性真菌病害。近年来,该病在我国的发病面积急剧增加,造成甘蓝产量和品质大幅度降低,选育抗病品种成为防治根肿病的重要途径之一。
室上性心动过速左侧旁路经桡动脉途径射频消融治疗一例

经股动脉和股静脉穿刺房间隔途径消融左侧房室旁路已是成熟的射频消融技术，两种方法均需股动脉和股静脉穿刺插管，但拔管、压迫止血和消融术后长时间卧床制动所引起的局部血肿、迷走神经反射和下肢深静脉血栓等并发症一直未能很好解决。经桡动脉途径行冠状动脉介入治疗目前已得到广泛应用，但经桡动脉途径能否成功消融左侧旁路目前研究很少[1-2]。
芳香类药用植物抗炎镇痛活性成分及其作用机制研究进展

我国芳香类药用植物资源丰富、种类繁多、应用较为广泛。对具有抗炎镇痛活性的芳香药用植物分布特点、活性成分及其作用机制等方面进行归纳总结，结果发现具有抗炎镇痛活性的芳香植物资源主要布于伞形科、唇形科、菊科、姜科、豆科、木犀科、芸香科、蔷薇科、毛茛科等；其抗炎镇痛活性成分主要包括挥发油类、苯丙素类、黄酮类、三萜类、生物碱类、有机酸类、酚性成分、异黄酮类等化合物；活性成分的抗炎镇痛作用机制主要与抑制炎性介质的释放、作用于阿片受体、抑制肾上腺素的合成、调节NO的合成水平有关。为该类药用植物资源的综合开发利用提供了依据与参考。
桂枝茯苓胶囊化学成分研究（II）

目的对桂枝茯苓胶囊内容物正丁醇萃取部位化学成分进行研究。方法采用柱色谱技术进行分离纯化，利用理化性质及波谱方法鉴定化合物结构。结果共得到9个单体化合物，分别鉴定为5-羟甲基-糠醛（1）、芍药苷（2）、磺酸钠芍药苷（3）、芍药内酯苷（4）、1,2,3,4,6-O-五没食子酰葡萄糖（5）、野樱苷（6）、蔗糖（7）、麦芽糖（8）、去苯甲酰基芍药苷（9）。结论化合物1～9均为首次从该复方中得到。
执着专注倒置技术 用心服务国内用户

4月11日,作为后金融危机时期的又一次大型国际机床展会,倍受关注的第十二届国际机床展览会(CIMT2011)在北京中国国际展览中心隆重拉开帷幕,吸引国内外众多机床工具行业制造商前来参展。借此东风,埃马克机床(太仓)有限公司(以下简称EMAG)于4月12日在九朝会会所举办了媒体见面会。EMAG亚太区总监Christoph Hoene先生主持了此次会议,埃马克机床(太仓)有限公司副总经理唐蕾女士、销售总监杨铭先生、应用技术部经理王剑先生、Kollmar先生以及Muller先生等人出席了此次媒体见面会。
引领新趋势,携手创未来——“您的愿景,我的关注”DMG新闻发布会

2011年4月12日,第十二届中国国际机床展(CIMT 2011)上,DMG召开了主题为"您的愿景,我的关注"新闻发布会。吉特迈集团董事会主席Kapitza博士、DMG亚洲区CEO兼中国区总裁汉诺先生、董事总经理Christian Thnes先生和董事总经理Harry Junger先生等高层领导参加了此次发布会,另有数家行业媒体应邀参加了此次新闻发布会。此次发布会就吉特迈集团在机床、服务、能源解决方案等方面的趋势为与会媒体做了详细介绍。
挺龙之脊梁,御苍穹——2011年沈阳机床媒体开放日见闻

学生时代,看多了各类武侠小说,对风云变幻的江湖无比向往,更是敬仰那些武功登峰造极的顶尖高手。工作后,尤其是进入媒体之后,随着对机床行业的熟识,见过很多的企业高层,有时也感觉这些人仿似构成一幅江湖群侠谱,有经历可说,有故事可写。
彩色多普勒超声在颈动脉粥样硬化诊断中的应用价值

研究对象:临床疑有颈动脉硬化患者50例,男性28例,女性22例；年龄31'~ 80岁,平均55岁。②方法:采用美国GE超声诊断仪,探头频率为12 MHz。患者仰卧位,.头向后仰,充分暴露颈部。检查颈总动脉根部、主干及分叉处、颈内动脉及颈外动脉颅外段,观察血管走行、管壁光滑程度、内膜一中层厚度(IMT)及颈动脉斑块部位、大小、回声和形态特点,观测频谱形态,评估狭窄程度。③结果:50例患者均有不同程度颈动脉异常改变,其中内膜粗糙增厚5例(10%),内膜粗糙伴斑块形成45例(90%)[发生在颈总动脉分叉处为32例(71.1%,32/45),发生在颈内动脉起始部和颈总动脉其他部位13例(28.9%,13/45)]。颈动脉斑块以弱回声为主者22例(48.9%),强回声为主者12例(26.7%),混合性回声11例(24.4Y6)。颈动脉斑块引起血管轻度狭窄31例(68.9Y6),中度狭窄17例(37.8%),重度狭窄2例(4.4%)。
生物力学因素对椎间盘退变的影响及机理

椎间盘退变由多因素引起，现有的研究结果提示其与生物力学、创伤、职业、肥胖、遗传等有关，但确切的发生机制仍不明确。生物力学因素是目前被广大学者所认可的引起椎间盘退变的重要因素。流行病学调查显示[1]，重体力劳动、提重物、长时间驾驶及肥胖等因素是与椎间盘退变相关的主要危险因素；从事机床、卡车司机及搬运重物的职业是腰痛及椎间盘突出的危险因素，且患椎间盘突出症的几率是一般成人的3倍[2、3]。作者从基础及临床角度对生物力学因素在椎间盘退变中所起的作用作一综述。
微创间隙外科技术的新理念

2001年10月中国工程院科技论坛上提出了“微创外科与外科微创化”的新概念[1]。“外科微创化”已成为21世纪外科的主旋律。微创脊柱外科的形成和发展是20世纪医学发展的主要标志之一。开展微创脊柱外科技术的目的是以最小损伤达到最佳的治疗效果，微创脊柱外科技术是微创脊柱外科理念发展的必然结果[2]。该理念始终是推动脊柱外科创新和发展的指导思想和动力。
Wing,tail,and vocal contributions to the complex acoustic signals of courting Calliope hummingbirds

Multi-component signals contain multiple signal parts expressed in the same physical modality.One way to identify individual components is if they are produced by different physical mechanisms.Here,I studied the mechanisms generating acoustic signals in the courtship displays of the Calliope hummingbird Stellula calliope.Display dives consisted of three synchronized sound elements,a high-frequency tone (hft).a low frequency tone (lft).and atonal sound pulses (asp).which were then followed by a frequency-modulated fall.Manipulating any of the rectrices (tail-feathers)of wild males impaired production of the Ift and asp but not the hft or fall,which are apparently vocal.I tested the sound production capabilities of the rectrices in a wind tunnel.Single rectrices could generate the lft but not the asp,whereas multiple rectrices tested together produced sounds similar to the asp when they fluttered and collided with their neighbors percussively,representing a previously unknown mechanism of sound production.During the shuttle display.a trill is generated by the wings during pulses in which the wingbeat frequency is elevated to 95 Hz.40% higher than the typical hovering wingbeat frequency.The Calliope hummingbird courtship displays include sounds produced by three independent mechanisms,and thus include a minimum of three acoustic signal components.These acoustic mechanisms have different constraints and thus potentially contain different messages.Producing multiple acoustic signals via multiple mechanisms may be a way to escape the constraints present in any single mechanism [Current Zoologv 57 (2):187-196,20111.
The effect of pyrazine odor on avoidance learning and memory in wild robins Erithacus rubecula

Toxic insects advertise their defended state to potential predators using warning displays.Frequently these displays use cues through more than one sensory modality,and combine color,smell and sound to produce a multimodal warning display.Signalling through more than one sensory pathway may enhance the rate of avoidance learning,and the memorability of the learned avoidance.A common insect warning odor,pyrazine,has previously been shown to increase the rate of learned avoidance of unpalatable yellow prey by domestic chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus),and the odor also improved memory of this learned avoidance.However,to date no research has examined this response to pyrazine odor using wild birds under natural conditions.This study used wild robins (Erithacus rubecula)to investigate whether wild birds avoided yellow baits that smelled of pyrazine more strongly than those presented with no odor.The results provide some evidence that pyrazine odor does increase the level of protection an aposematic insect gains from a wild avian predator,but that the effect of pyrazine on learned avoidance was much weaker than was found with domestic chicks [Current Zoology 57 (2):208-214,2011].
The duration of sociosexual behaviors in male meadow voles Microtus pennsylvanicus varies before,during,and after copulation

The behaviors that surround copulation are characterized as sociosexual behaviors.These behaviors displayed by males that are directed at females may include allogrooming,wrestling,chasing,approach,and time spent together.The data supported the hypothesis that the duration of sociosexual behaviors differs during the pre-copulatory,peri-copulatory,and post-copulatory phases of the mating bout in meadow voles.Voles spent more time approaching conspecifics during the pre-and peri-copulatory phases than during the post-copulatory phase.Voles spent more time allogrooming,wrestling,and chasing during the pre-copulatory phase than during the peri-and post-copulatory phases.Voles spent similar amounts of time together during the pre-,peri-,and post-copulatory phases.The data suggest that sociosexual behaviors displayed by males may be involved in setting the pace and temporal components of the mating bout.During the pre-copulatory phase particular behaviors by male voles may attract females,during the peri-copulatory phase some of these behaviors may stimulate or motivate the female to mate,and during the post-copulatory phase certain behaviors may prepare the male to mate again [Current Zoology 57 (1):4349,2011].
Tectonic calibrations in molecular dating

Molecular dating techniques require the use of calibrations,which are usually fossil or geological vicariance-based.Fossil calibrations have been criticised because they result only in minimum age estimates.Based on a historical biogeographic perspective,I suggest that vicariance-based calibrations are more dangerous.Almost all analytical methods in historical biogeography are strongly biased towards inferring vicariance,hence vicariance identified through such methods is unreliable.Other studies,especially of groups found on Gondwanan fragments,have simply assumed vicariance.Although it was previously believed that vicariance was the predominant mode of speciation,mounting evidence now indicates that speciation by dispersal is common,dominating vicariance in several groups.Moreover,the possibility of speciation having occurred before the said geological event cannot be precluded.Thus,geological calibrations can under-or overestimate times,whereas fossil calibrations always result in minimum estimates.Another major drawback of vicariant calibrations is the problem of circular reasoning when the resulting estimates are used to infer ages of biogeographic events.I argue that fossil-based dating is a superior alternative to vicariance,primarily because the strongest assumption in the latter,that speciation was caused by the said geological process,is more often than not the most tenuous.When authors prefer to use a combination of fossil and vicariant calibrations,one suggestion is to report results both with and without inclusion of the geological constraints.Relying solely on vicariant calibrations should be strictly avoided [Current Zoology 57 (1):116-124,2011].
Complex courtship displays facilitate male reproductive success and plasticity in signaling across variable environments

Effective signal transmission is essential for communication.In environments where signal transmission is highly variable,signalers may utilize complex signals,which incorporate multiple components and modalities,to maintain effective communication.Male Rahidosa rabida wolf spiders produce complex courtship signals,consisting of both visual and seismic components.We test the hypothesis that the complex signaling of R.rabida contributes to male reproductive success in variable signaling environments.We first examine the condition-dependence of foreleg ornamentation (a presumed visual signal)and seismic signal components and find that both may provide potentially redundant information on foraging history.Next,we assessed reproductive success across manipulated signaling environments that varied in the effectiveness of visual and/or seismic signal transmission.In environments where only one signal could be successfully transmitted (e.g.,visual or seismic),pairs were still able to successfully copulate.Additionally,we found that males altered their courtship display depending on the current signaling environment.Specifically,males reduced their use of a visual display component in signaling environments where visual signal transmission was ablated.Incorporating signals in multiple modalities not only enables R.rabida males to maintain copulation success across variable signaling environments,but it also enables males to adjust their composite courtship display to current signaling conditions [Current Zoology 57 (2):175 186,2011].
Diet of the Assamese macaque Macaca assamensis in limestone habitats of Nonggang,China

To enhance our understanding of dietary adaptations in macaques we studied the diet of the Assamese macaque Macaca assamensis in limestone seasonal rain forests at Nonggang Nature Reserve,China from September 2005 to August 2006.Our results show that although macaques fed on many plant species,85.2% of the diet came from only 12 species,of which a bamboo species,Indocalamus calcicolus contributed to 62% of the diet.Young leaves were staple food items (74.1% of the diet)for Assamese macaques at Nonggang,and constituted the bulk of monthly diets almost year-round,ranging from 44.9% (July)to 92.9% (May).Young parts of Indocalamus calcicolus unexpanded leaves contributed to a large proportion of the young leaf diet in most months.Fruit accounted for only 17.4% of the diet,with a peak of consumption in July.We suggest that this highly folivorous diet may be related to the long lean season of fruit availability in limestone habitats as well as the utilization of cliffs of low fruit availability [Current Zoology 57 (1):18-25,2011].
Use of DNA barcode sensu lato to identify traditional Tibetan medicinal plant Gentianopsis paludosa (Gentianaceae)

Gentianopsis paludosa (Hook.f.)Ma (Gentianaceae)is an important species in Tibetan folk medicine commonly used to clear away the "heat evils" and toxic materials.A survey of market samples revealed that nine adulterant species,Gentianopsis barbata,G.contorta,G.grandis,Halenia elliptica,Lomatogonium macranthum,L.rotatum,Swertia angustifolia,S.bifolia and S.erythrosticta,are often marketed as G.paludosa.Methods to distinguish G.paludosa from its adulterants are limited by current morphological and chemical methods.DNA sequence analysis of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS)was used in the differentiation of G.paludosa from the adulterant species.The data showed that the internal transcribed spacer regions differ significantly between G.paludosa and all nine adulterant species,so that they could be easily distinguished at the DNA level.
Template-based growth of titanium dioxide nanorods by a particulate sol-electrophoretic deposition process

TiO_2 nanorods have been successfully grown into a track-etched polycarbonate(PC)membrane by a particulate sol-electrophoretic deposition from an aqueous medium.The prepared sols had a narrow particle size distribution around 17 nm and excellent stability against aging,with zeta potentials in the range of 47-50 mV at pH 2.It was found that TiO2 nanorods were grown from dilute aqueous sol with a low,0.1-M concentration.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)analysis confirmed that a full conversion of titanium isopropoxide was obtained by hydrolysis,resulting in the formation of TiO2 particles.X-ray diffraction(XRD)results revealed that TiO2 nanorods dried at 100℃ were a mixture of anatase and brookite phases,whereas they were a mixture of anatase and rutile structures at 500℃.Moreover,the rutile content of the TiO2 nanorods was higher than that of TiO2 powders.Transmission electron microscope(TEM)images confirmed that TiO2 nanorods had a smooth morphology and longitudinal uniformity in diameter.Field emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM)images showed that TiO2 nanorods grown by sol-electrophoresis from the dilute aqueous sol had a dense structure with a uniform diameter of 200 nm,containing small particles with an average size of 15 nm.Simultaneous differential thermal(SDT)analysis verified that individual TiO2 nanorods,grown into a PC template,were obtained after annealing at 500℃.Based on kinetic studies,it was found that uniform TiO 2nanorods with high-quality morphology were obtained under optimum conditions at an applied potential of 0.3 V/cm and a deposition time of 60 min.
Comparison of halo detection from noisy weak lensing convergence maps with Gaussian smoothing and MRLens treatment

Taking into account the noise from intrinsic ellipticities of source galaxies,we study the efficiency and completeness of halo detections from weak lensing convergence maps.Particularly,with numerical simulations,we compare the Gaussian filter with the so called MRLens treatment based on the modification of the Maximum Entropy Method.For a pure noise field without lensing signals,a Gaussian smoothing results in a residual noise field that is approximately Gaussian in terms of statistics if a large enough number of galaxies are included in the smoothing window.On the other hand,the noise field after the MRLens treatment is significantly non-Gaussian,resulting in complications in characterizing the noise effects.Considering weak-lensing cluster detections,although the MRLens treatment effectively deletes false peaks arising from noise,it removes the real peaks heavily due to its inability to distinguish real signals with relatively low amplitudes from noise in its restoration process.The higher the noise level is,the larger the removal effects are for the real peaks.For a survey with a source density ng～30 arcmin~(-2),the number of peaks found in an area of 3×3 deg~2 after MRLens filtering is only～50 for the detection thresholdκ=0.02,while the number of halos with M>5×10~(13)M⊙ and with redshift z≤2 in the same area is expected to be～530.For the Gaussian smoothing treatment,the number of detections is～260,much larger than that of the MRLens.The Gaussianity of the noise statistics in the Gaussian smoothing case adds further advantages for this method to circumvent the problem of the relatively low efficiency in weak-lensing cluster detections.Therefore,in studies aiming to construct large cluster samples from weak-lensing surveys,the Gaussian smoothing method performs significantly better than the MRLens treatment.
Performance improvement of MEH-PPV:PCBM solar cells using bathocuproine and bathophenanthroline as the buffer layers

In this work,bathocuproine (BCP)and bathophenanthroline (Bphen),commonly used in small-molecule organic solar cells (OSCs),are adopted as the buffer layers to improve the performancelof the polymer solar cells (PSCs)based on poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene)(MEH-PPV):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)bulk heterojunction.By inserting BCP or Bphen between the active layer and the top cathode,all the performance parameters are dramatically improved.The power conversion efficiency is increased by about 70% and 120% with 5-nm BCP and 12-nm Bphen layers,respectively,when compared with that of the devices without any buffer layer.The performance enhancement is attributed to BCP or Bphen (i)increasing the optical field,and hence the absorption in the active layer,(ii)effectively blocking the excitons generated in MEH-PPV from quenching at organic/aluminum (Al)interface due to the large band-gap of BCP or Bphen,; which results in a significant reduction in series resistance (Rs),and (iii)preventing damage to the active layer during the metal deposition.Compared with the traditional device using LiF as the buffer layer,the BCP-based devices show a comparable efficiency,while the Bphen-based devices show a much larger efficiency.This is due to the higher electron mobility in Bphen than that in BCP,which facilitates the electron transport and extraction through the buffet layer to the cathode.