mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Exact Solutions of Atmospheric (2+1)-Dimensional Nonlinear Incompressible Non-hydrostatic Boussinesq Equations

Exact solutions of the atmospheric (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear incompressible non-hydrostatic Boussinesq (INHB) equations are researched by Combining function expansion and symmetry method. By function expansion, several expansion coefficient equations are derived. Symmetries and similarity solutions are researched in order to obtain exact solutions of the INHB equations. Three types of symmetry reduction equations and similarity solutions for the expansion coefficient equations are proposed. Non-traveling wave solutions for the INHB equations are obtained by symmetries of the expansion coefficient equations. Making traveling wave transformations on expansion coefficient equations, we demonstrate some traveling wave solutions of the INHB equations. The evolutions on the wind velocities, temperature perturbation and pressure perturbation are demonstrated by figures, which demonstrate the periodic evolutions with time and space.
Detailed Inventory Mapping and Spatial Analyses to Landslides Induced by the 2013 Ms 6.6 Minxian Earthquake of China

On July 22, 2013, an earthquake (Ms 6.6) occurred in Minxian, Gansu Province of China, causing a large number of landslides. Based on high resolution remote sensing images before and after this event, we made the visual interpretation to these coseismic landslides, and prepared a detailed inventory. The inventory registers totally 6 478 landslides in the study area. Of them, 3 322 landslides are larger than 100 m~2. Based on 5 m resolution DEM, these landslides were used to perform spatial analyses using landslide number density (LND) and landslide area percentage (LAP). The results show that the highest LND and LAP values are in the elevation range of 2 300–2 500 m and steeper slopes. Slopes facing E, SE, S and SW directions, slopes with larger absolute curvature values, ridges, scopes of gravel beds of Late Pleistocene (Q_p) and the VIII-degree seismic intensity are more prone to sliding with high LND and LAP values. The largest LND and LAP values are in the scopes of 0.08 and 0.24 g, respectively. According to landslide distribution, we infer that F2-2 branch of Lintan-Dangchang fault is the seismogenic fault. With the increasing distances to this branch fault and drainages, LND and LAP values tend to decrease.
趋化因子与循环肿瘤细胞

趋化因子(chemokine, CK)和循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells, CTC)在肿瘤定向转移中发挥重要作用。CK通过诱导肿瘤细胞上调基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase, MMP),降解细胞外周基质(extracellular matrix, ECM),发生上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT),抵抗失巢凋亡(anoikis)和免疫逃避等机制,最终形成CTC,发生"信号"归巢和器官定植,其中每一个步骤都有不同CK的正向或反向参与,其中有共性,也有差异。本文综合阐述CK在CTC的形成及其完成转移过程中的作用及可能机制;分析CK在CTC中的作用差异;探讨靶向CK信号轴个体化治疗肿瘤的研究现状及主要方向;为建立基于靶向CK信号轴治疗肿瘤的个体化治疗模式提供理论基础。
神经胶质瘤中microRNA的研究进展

近年来神经胶质瘤的治疗正寻找新的途径,研究发现非编码小RNA(microRNA, miRNA)参与了与肿瘤相关的所有过程,包括增殖、凋亡、转移、血管生成、免疫应答等,通过抑制信号网络中特定分子表达,发挥促癌或抑癌作用;某些miRNA可以分泌至外周血血清参与循环,这些为神经胶质瘤分子靶向治疗及诊断预后提供基础。本文就近几年来神经胶质瘤中新发现的、且报道较多的miRNA进行综述。
The distribution and inter-annual variation of water masses on the Bering Sea shelf in summer

On the basis of the CTD data obtained within the Bering Sea shelf by the Second to Sixth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in the summers of 2003, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014, the classification and interannual variation of water masses on the central Bering Sea shelf and the northern Bering Sea shelf are analyzed. The results indicate that there are both connection and difference between two regions in hydrological features. On the central Bering Sea shelf, there are mainly four types of water masses distribute orderly from the slope to the coast of Alaska: Bering Slope Current Water (BSCW), MW (Mixed Water), Bering Shelf Water (BSW) and Alaska Coastal Water (ACW). In summer, BSW can be divided into Bering Shelf Surface Water (BSW_S) and Bering Shelf Cold Water (BSW_C). On the northern Bering Sea shelf near the Bering Strait, it contains Anadyr Water (AW), BSW and ACW from west to east. But the spatial-temporal features are also remarkable in each region. On the central shelf, the BSCW is saltiest and occupies the west of 177°W, which has the highest salinity in 2014. The BSW_C is the coldest water mass and warmest in 2014; the ACW is freshest and mainly occupies the east of 170°W, which has the highest temperature and salinity in 2012. On the northern Bering Sea shelf near the Bering Strait, the AW is saltiest with temperature decreasing sharply compared with BSCW on the central shelf. In the process of moving northward to the Bering Strait, the AW demonstrates a trend of eastward expansion. The ACW is freshest but saltier than the ACW on the central shelf, which is usually located above the BSW and is saltiest in 2014. The BSW distributes between the AW and the ACW and coldest in 2012, but the cold water of the BSW_C on the central shelf, whose temperature less than 0°C, does not exist on the northern shelf. Although there are so many changes, the respond to a climate change is synchronized in the both regions, which can be divided into the warm years (2003 and 2014) and cold years (2008, 2010 and 2012). The year of 2014 may be a new beginning of warm period.
Crystal structures of MdfA complexed with acetylcholine and inhibitor reserpine

The DHA12 family of transporters contains a number of prokaryotic and eukaryote membrane proteins. Some of these proteins share conserved sites intrinsic to substrate recognition, structural stabilization and conformational changes. For this study, we chose the MdfA transporter as a model DHA12 protein to study some general characteristics of the vesicular neurotransmitter transporters (VNTs), which all belong to the DHA12 family. Two crystal structures were produced for E. coli MdfA, one in complex with acetylcholine and the other with potential reserpine, which are substrate and inhibitor of VNTs, respectively. These structures show that the binding sites of these two molecules are different. The Achbinding MfdA is mainly dependent on D34, while reserpine-binding site is more hydrophobic. Based on sequence alignment and homology modelling, we were able to provide mechanistic insights into the association between the inhibition and the conformational changes of these transporters.
The DNA Topoisomerase VI-B Subunit OsMTOPVIB Is Essential for Meiotic Recombination Initiation in Rice

In flowering plants, the life cycle alternates between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte generations. Development of the male organ and germ cells is essential for successful plant fertility and crop yield. Male reproduction is a highly orchestrated process controlled by various intrinsic components. Although significant advances have been made in understanding male gametophyte formation, the molecular mechanisms controlling this process are still largely unknown (Zhang and Liang, 2016).
The Multifaceted Roles of HY5 in Plant Growth and Development

ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5),a member of the bZIP transcription factor family, inhibits hypocotyl growth and lateral root development,and promotes pigment accumulation in a light-dependent manner in Arabidopsis. Recent research on its role in different processes such as hormone, nutrient,abiotic stress (abscisic acid,salt,cold),and reactive oxygen species signaling pathways clearly places HY5 at the center of a transcriptional network hub. HY5 regulates the transcription of a large number of genes by directly binding to cis-regulatory elements. Recently, HY5 has also been shown to activate its own expression under both visible and UV-B light. Moreover,HY5 acts as a signal that moves from shoot to root to promote nitrate uptake and root growth. Here, we review recent advances on HY5 research in diverse aspects of plant development and highlight still open questions that need to be addressed in the near future for a complete understanding of its function in plant signaling and beyond.
Islands of stability and quasi-magic numbers for superand ultra-heavy nuclei

In the framework of Strutinsky's approach, we calculated the shell and the residual pairing correction energies for 5569 even-even nuclei in the range 72 ≤ Z ≤ 282 and 96 ≤ N ≤ 540. Quasi-magic numbers and deformed islands of stability that reside in a range defined by Green's formula and the two-neutrons drip line are introduced. We present 36 quasi-magic proton and 53 quasi-magic neutron magic numbers that contribute to the formation of 133 deformed islands of stability along the N-Z space. The quasi-magic proton and neutron magic numbers volatile as the mass number increases and other magic numbers take over. Consequently, the deformed islands of stability fail to exhibit a pattern along the search space covered.
An ACC Oxidase Gene Essential for Cucumber Carpel Development

Sex determination in plants gives rise to unisexual flowers that facilitate outcrossing and enhance genetic diversity. In cucumber and melon, ethylene promotes carpel development and arrests stamen development. Five sex-determination genes have been identified, including four encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1 -carboxylate (ACC) synthase that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in ethylene biosynthesis, and a transcription factor gene CmWIPl that corresponds to the Mendelian locus gynoecious in melon and is a negative regulator of femaleness. ACC oxidase (ACO) converts ACC into ethylene; however, it remains elusive which ACO gene in the cucumber genome is critical for sex determination and how CmWIP1 represses development of female flowers. In this study, we discovered that mutation in an ACO gene, CsAC02, confers androecy in cucumber that bears only male flowers. The mutation disrupts the enzymatic activity of CsAC02, resulting in 50% less ethylene emission from shoot tips. CsAC02 was expressed in the carpel primordia and its expression overlapped with that of CsACS11 in female flowers at key stages for sex determination, presumably providing sufficient ethylene required for proper CsACS2 expression. CmAC03, the ortholog of CsAC02, showed a similar expression pattern in the carpel region, suggesting a conserved function of CsAC02/CmAC03. We demonstrated that CsWIPl, the ortholog of CmWIPl, could directly bind the promoter of CsAC02 and repress its expression. Taken together, we propose a presumably conserved regulatory module consisting of WIP1 transcription factor and ACO controls unisexual flower development in cucumber and melon.
Mass spectra and Regge trajectories of Λ_c~+,∑_c~0,Ξ_c~0 and Ω_c~0 baryons

We calculate the mass spectra of the singly charmed baryons (A_c~+, Σ_c~0, Ξ_c~0 and Ω_c~0) using the hypercentral constituent quark model (hCQM). The hyper color Coulomb plus linear potential is used to calculate the masses of positive (up to J~p = (7/2)~+) and negative (up to J~p = (9/2)~-) parity excited states. The spin-spin, spin-orbital and tensor interaction terms are also incorporated for mass spectra. We have compared our results with other theoretical and lattice QCD predictions for each baryon. Moreover, the known experimental results are also reasonably close to our predicted masses. By using the radial and orbital excitation, we construct Regge trajectories for the baryons in the (n,M~2) plane and find their slopes and intercepts. Other properties of these baryons, like magnetic moments, radiative transitions and radiative decay widths, are also calculated successfully.
A Small G Protein as a Novel Component of the Rice Brassinosteroid Signal Transduction

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid hormones that are essential for plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway in the dicot model plant Arabidopsis is well established, but the components connecting the BR signaling steps in rice have not been fully explored. For example,how the BR signaling is fine-tuned in rice, especially at the BR receptor level,is largely unknown. Here we show that OsPRA2, a rice small G protein, plays a repressive role in the BR signaling pathway. Lamina inclination, coleoptile elongation, and root inhibition assays indicated that rice plants with suppressed expression of OsPRA2 were more sensitive to exogenously applied brassinolide than the wild-type plants. Conversely, rice overexpressing OsPRA2 was less sensitive to exogenous brassinolide. Further study uncovered that OsPRA2 inhibited the dephosphorylation of, and thus inactivated the transcription factor BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 (OsBZRI). More importantly, OsPRA2 was found to co-localize with and directly bind to rice BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1 (OsBRl1) at the plasma membrane. Additionally, the in vitro assays showed that OsPRA2 inhibits its autophosphorylation. This OsPRA2-OsBRl1 interaction led to the dissociation of OsBRl1 from its co-receptor OsBAK1,and abolished OsBRl1-mediated phosphorylation of OsBAK1. Together, these results reveal a possible working mechanism of OsPRA2 as a novel negative regulator on OsBRl1 and OsBZR1 and extend the knowledge about the regulatory mechanism of rice BR signaling.
Performance of dual-source CT with high pitch spiral mode for coronary stent patency compared with invasive coronary angiography

Objective To investigate the performance of dual-source computed tomography (DSCT) using high-pitch spiral (HPS) mode for coronary stents patency. Methods We conducted a prospective study on 120 patients with 260 previous stents implanted due to recurred suspicious symptoms of angina scheduled for invasive coronary angiography (ICA), while DSCT were conducted using HPS mode. Results There was no significant impact of age, body mass index or heat rate (HR) on image quality (P > 0.05),while HR variability had a slight impact on that (P < 0.05). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV),negative predictive value (NPV) of DSCT in detection of in-stent restenosis (ISR) based per-patient were 92.3%,96.7%,88.9%, and 97.8%, respectively. And those based per-stent were 87%, 96.8%, 83.3%, and 97.7% with un-assessment stents, 97.4%, 99.5%, 97.4%, and 99.5% without un-assessment stents. There was significant difference on sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV between diameter > 3.0 mm group (93.3%, 97.9%, 87.5%, and 98.9%) and diameter < 3.0 mm group (80%, 93.3%, 80.0%, and 93.3%) (P < 0.05),and that between stent number > 3 group (82.3%, 77.8%, 66.7%, and 60%) with < 3 group (97.3%, 80%, 96.5%, and 75%). The effective dose of DSCT (1.4 ± 0.5 mSv) is significantly less than that by invasive coronary angiography [4.0 ± 0.8 mSv (P < 0.01)]. Conclusion DSCT using HPS mode provides good diagnostic performance on stent patency with lower effective dose in patients with HR < 65 beats/min.
Minimally invasive surgical techniques in the era of hybrid coronary revascularization: additional benefits for the elderly patients?

Geriatric patients affected by stable multi-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) are at the crossroad: they can live with the risks of acute coronary syndrome, malignant arrhythmias or heart failure, or they can undergo a rapid evaluation for myocardial revascularization. It might be a common thought that the risks inherent the revascularization procedure outnumber the perceivable benefits in older patients, and the percutaneous or especially the surgical option tends to be abandoned. Those "high risk” patients are generally discharged with maximum tolerated medical therapy. All over the world, patients with multivessel CAD are becoming older and with a greater number of comorbidities, and it is important to point out that those patients should not be negated a revascularization procedure, which proved to prolong survival from cardiac-related events. Appropriate interventions for elderly patients should be delineated shortly, as the number of octogenarians is expected to quadruple in the next 50 years.
民航飞行学员心肌致密化不全一例

心肌致密化不全(noncompaction of ventricular myocardium, NVM)是一种少见的先天性心肌病,又称海绵心肌或心肌窦状隙持续状态。NVM是胚胎期心内膜心肌致密化过程受阻,导致肌小梁间隙内隐窝不能压缩成为组成冠状动脉微循环系统的毛细血管而形成的一种心肌病。心肌致密化不全的主要临床表现是心力衰竭、心律失常和血栓形成。国外文献报道,NVM患者心力衰竭的发生率为30%~73%,心律失常的发生率为88%~94%。心律失常主要是室性期前收缩、室性心动过速、束支传导阻滞、心房颤动。还有报道称,NVM患者还可出现预激综合征。
两系杂交稻新组合龙两优1303

龙两优1303是由中国种子集团有限公司三亚分公司用湖南农业大学选育的龙S与自选恢复系中种恢1303配组育成的感温型两系杂交稻新组合,2014年通过海南省品种审定(琼审稻2014006)。介绍了该组合的特征特性及栽培、制种技术要点。
Synthesis and Anticoagulant Bioactivity Evaluation of 1,2,5-Trisubstituted Benzimidazole Fluorinated Derivatives

Some 1,2,5-trisubstituted benzimidazole fluorinated derivatives were designed and screened by molecular docking. Five compounds which obtained high scores were selected to synthesize. All the target products were characterized by ~1H NMR, ~(13)C NMR and high resolution mass spectra(HRMS) and preliminarily screened for inhibitory activity against thrombin, among which three compounds(5a, 5c and 5e) were evaluated in vitro. The results showed that compounds 5a, 5c and 5e exhibited better anticoagulant activity than argatroban. Docking simulations demonstrated that these compounds may act as candidates for further studies on thrombin inhibitors.
和两优1号在福建省永安市种植表现及高产栽培技术

和两优1号系广西恒茂农业科技有限公司、广西百色兆农两系杂交水稻研发中心用和620S与丙4114(扬稻6号/蜀恢527)配组育成的感温籼型两系杂交水稻新组合。2013年引进福建省永安市试种,2014-2015年示范种植,田间表现长势旺,分蘖力强,有效穗多,高产稳定,米质优。介绍了该组合种植表现及高产栽培技术。
籼型两系杂交水稻新组合深两优870制种技术

深两优870(深08S/P5470)是广东兆华种业有限公司、深圳市兆农农业科技有限公司合作选育的高产稳产、抗倒性强、抗稻瘟病、米质优良的籼型两系杂交水稻新组合,2014年通过广东省品种审定。介绍了该组合的制种技术。
Determination of Cysteine Using Near-infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy with Enrichment via Thiol-maleimide Click Reaction

Enrichment technique has been proved to be an efficient way to make the near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(NIRDRS) suitable for micro analysis. However, low selectivity presented by conventional enrichment methods makes the quantitative analysis easy to be affected by the coexisting components. In this study, a specific enrichment method with chemical bonding via thiol-maleimide click reaction was used to achieve the reduction of the interferences. Taking cysteine as the analyzing target, maleimide-functionalized SiO_2 nanoparticles were prepared for the enrichment of cysteine. Then determination of cysteine in aqueous solution and human serum was studied using the partial least squares model built from the NIRDRS spectra of the adsorbate. The results show that the concentration that can be quantitatively detected is as low as 2.0 μg/mL, and the correlation coefficient(R)between the reference and predicted concentration is 0.9871 for the validation samples. The recoveries are in the range of 89.5%—113.8% for human serum samples in the concentration range of 0—16.2 μg/mL.
8个籼型两用核不育系育性及开花习性研究

选取生产上广泛应用的8个水稻籼型两用核不育系为研究对象,分析在台州地区不同播种期的不育系育性转换特性,同时开展制种相关的开花特性的比较研究。结果表明:湘陵628S、陆18S以及株1S不育起点温度较低,育性敏感安全期更长,在制种时段选择上有更大的空间;培矮64S、深08S、Y58S及1892S的柱头外露率高且开颖持续时间也相对较长,1892S、株1S、陆18S和湘陵750S开花时间相对集中,有利于异交结实。
A pH Sensitive Fluorescence Probe Based on Tricarbocyanine

Medical imaging technologies consist of X-ray imaging technology, computed tomography(CT), positron emission computed tomography(PET), ultrasound imaging(USG), magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and optical imaging(OI). They play an increasingly important role in diagnosis of disease and drug research.In these imaging technologies, OI and MRI attract great interest because of no radiation damage, high resolution and high sensitivity for soft tissues. And OI describes various imaging techniques using visible, ultraviolet and infrared light in imaging. Biological fluorescence reflectance imaging plays a crucial role in optical imaging technologies, which can provide real-time, three-dimensional images for cells and organs and can be used to rapidly screen molecular events in surface-based diseases. It also has the advantages of good time and space resolution, low cost and safety. Commonly, fluorescence imaging agents are photo-proteins and fluorochromes to target some physiological molecules.
46,XY,t(2;6)伴习惯性流产一例

讨论平衡易位是较常见的染色体畸变类型之一。因其无遗传物质丢失和重复,所以大多表型正常,临床表现仅是生殖障碍。本文患者为平衡易位携带者,在其形成配子的过程中,通过同源染色体的配对和交叉互换,可以形成18种配子,与正常配子结合,仅1种为正常个体,1种平衡易位携带者,其它个体遗传物质均为缺失或重复,临床表现为流产、死胎、死产及新生儿死亡等。本文患者夫妇有3次胚胎停育史,建议可考虑借助人类辅助生殖技术,通过植入前遗传学诊断来降低反复流产给患者带来的身心痛苦和生育患儿的风险。
46,XY,t(1;2),t(14;18),der(3),der(19)复杂易位一例

讨论染色体异常是引起习惯性流产、死胎和生育异常儿的重要原因。平衡易位是人类最常见的一类染色体结构异常。患者涉及6条染色体之间的复杂易位。除1q与2q发生平衡易位,14q与18q发生平衡易位之外,还出现了两条衍生染色体:一条3q13.2亚带至末端缺失与p14带发生倒位,形成一条3号衍生染色体,而3q13.2亚带至末端插入19p12带,形成一条19号衍生染色体,极为罕见。
t(5;15)平衡易位伴反复胚胎停育一例

讨论平衡易位是较为常见的染色体畸变。携带者表型正常,但可将异常的染色体遗传给下一代。平衡易位携带者可形成4类配子,即1种正常配子和1种平衡易位型配子,余者皆为不平衡配子。这些异常配子与正常配子结合后,容易导致不孕不育、自然流产、死产、新生儿死亡等。
纤维样肾小球病合并新月体肾炎一例

本例患者在治疗上与患者本人及其家属协商后仅给予大剂量激素,未予激素冲击、免疫抑制剂及血浆置换治疗,激素治疗2个月无效停用。提示临床为RPGN表现、光镜下可见大量新月体形成和(或)纤维素样坏死、免疫荧光下IgG呈线样沿肾小球毛细血管袢沉积的患者,除考虑抗GBM肾炎外,还应考虑FGN的可能,并进行电镜明确诊断; FGN合并新月体肾炎的治疗应积极采用激素冲击联合环磷酰胺,必要时行强化血浆置换。FGN合并新月体肾炎的预后可能比新月体肾炎更差,应及早进行肾活检明确诊断,及早治疗。
直接肾素抑制剂阿利吉仑降低肾间质纤维化小鼠血管紧张素Ⅱ、血清应答因子、血管紧张素1型受体的表达

肾间质纤维化是慢性肾脏疾病发展到终末阶段所共同经历的病理过程。转化生长因子-β1 (transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)是比较公认的致纤维化因子,可介导转录因子血清应答因子(serum - response factor, SRF)。间质中的主要收缩蛋白a平滑肌肌动蛋白(a- smooth muscle actin, a-SMA)的表达受SRF和它的辅激活子MRTF-A(myocardin-related transcription factor-A)调控。近来研究发现肾素-血管紧张素系统(renin - angiotensin system,RAS)稳态失衡可能与肾间质纤维化的发生发展有关。血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngⅡ)是RAS中的主要效应分子,阿利吉仑是新一代非肽类口服直接肾素抑制剂,可抑制血管紧张素原转化成AngI,并且抑制血浆肾素活性的代偿性增加,降低Ang Ⅱ。本研究拟通过单侧输尿管结扎制作体内小鼠肾间质纤维化的模型,并且给予阿利吉仑预处理,观察阿利吉仑是否通过调节RAS系统的主要效应因子AngⅡ、血管紧张素1型受体(ATI)和转录因子SRF的表达,抑制I型胶原(Col I)的表达,而发挥抗纤维化的作用,以阐明阿利吉仑的作用和机制。
Characteristics of Electroencephalogram Arousals of Sleep- disordered Breathing Children at Different Sleep Stages

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is the most common sleep- related disorder, and it can seriously affect sleep conditions, growth, and neurocognitive function. Recent research even demonstrates that hypertensive patients with SDB are at an increased risk of developing resistant hypertension. SDB includes several different degrees of sleep disorders, primary snoring (PS), upper airway resistance syndrome, and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).
Modeling the hydrodynamics of cocurrent gas-solid downers according to energy-minimization multi-scale theory

Cocurrent gas-solid downer reactors have many applications in industry because they possess the tech-nological advantages of a lower pressure drop, shorter residence time, and less solid backmixing when compared with traditional circulating fluidized bed risers. By introducing the concept of particle clusters explicitly, a one-dimensional model with consideration of the interphase interactions between the fluid and particles at both microscale and mesoscale is formulated for concurrent downward gas-solid flow according to energy-minimization multi-scale (EMMS) theory. A unified stability condition is proposed for the differently developed sections of gas-solid flow according to the principle of the compromise in competition between dominant mechanisms. By optimizing the number density of particle clusters with respect to the stability condition, the formulated model can be numerically solved without introducing cluster-specific empirical correlations. The EMMS-based model predicts well the axial hydrodynamics of cocurrent gas-solid downers and is expected to have a wider range of applications than the existing cluster-based models.