mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Development of gas tungsten arc welding using current pulsing technique to preclude chromium carbide precipitation in aerospace-grade alloy 80A

Weldments were produced using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding (PCGTAW) techniques with ERNiCr-3 filler wire.Macro examination revealed that the resultant weldments were free from defects.A refined microstructure was observed in the weldment fabricated through PCGTAW.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed secondary phases in the grain boundaries.Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed that microsegregation of Cr carbide precipitates was completely eradicated through PCGTAW.The microsegregation of Nb precipitates was observed in the GTA and PCGTA weldments.X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the existence of M23C6 Cr-rich carbide and Ni8Nb phases in the GTA weldments.By contrast,in the PCGTA weldments,the Ni8Nb phase was observed.The Cr2Ti phase was observed in both the GTA and the PCGTA weldments.Tensile tests showed that the strength and ductility of the PCGTA weldments were slightly higher than those of the GTA weldments.
A Regulatory Module Controlling GA-Mediated Endosperm Cell Expansion Is Critical for Seed Germination in Arabidopsis

A key component of seed germination is the interplay of mechanical forces governing embryo growth and the surrounding restraining endosperm tissue. Endosperm cell separation is therefore thought to play a critical role in the control of this developmental transition. Here we demonstrate that in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, endosperm cell expansion is a key component of germination. Endosperm cells expand to accommodate embryo growth prior to germination. We show that this is an actively regulated process supported by spatiotemporal control of the cell expansion gene EXPANSIN 2 (EXPA2). The NAC transcription factors NAC25 and NAC1L were identified as upstream regulators of EXPA2 expression, gibberellinmediated endosperm expansion, and seed germination. The DELLA protein RGL2 repressed activation of the EXPA2 promoter by NAC25/NAC1L. Taken together, our findings uncover a key role of the GA/ DELLA-NAC25/NAC1L-EXPA2 network in regulating endosperm cell expansion to control the seed-toseedling transition.
Dual-Threshold Based Secure On-Off Transmission Scheme for Dense HCNs with Imperfect CSI

In this paper, we propose a dual-threshold based secure On-Off transmission scheme, where signals are transmitted only if the channel condition can guarantee secure and reliable communication. First, we present a dynamic access strategy to increase access efficiency, which provides an access region for the intended user. Then, we propose an emission control policy to transmit signals according to the current channel condition, which declines the influence of channel estimation errors and guarantees qualities of communication links. Furthermore, we give a comprehensive performance analysis for the proposed scheme in terms of connection outage probability (COP) and secrecy outage probability (SOP), and present a dual-threshold optimization model to further support the performance. Numerical results verify that the secure On-Off transmission scheme can increase the system secure energy efficiency and guarantee reliable and secure communication.
An assessment of interspecific competition between two introduced parasitoids of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) on caged citrus plants

Two parasitoids attacking nymphs of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Shafee, Alam & Agarwal) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) are being released in California, USA in a classical biological control program. To evaluate the effect of multiple parasitoid species on D. citri mortality, we conducted mesocosm experiments under controlled conditions using a complete block design with 6 treatments (D. citri nymphs exposed to: no parasitoids; D. aligarhensis or T. radiata alone; D. aligarhensis or T. radiata released first (by 48 h); and both species released simultaneously). Parasitism of D. citri nymphs by T. radiata exceeded 60% and was unchanged when D. aligarhensis were present. Parasitism by D. aligarhensis was greatest when T. radiata was absent (-28%) and was reduced in all treatments with T. radiata present (<3%). D. citri mortality and parasitoid-related mortality of D. citri was consistent across parasitoid treatments. Laboratory results suggest that competition between D. aligarhensis and T. radiata is asymmetric and favors T. radiata. It may be difficult for D. aligarhensis to contribute significantly to D. citri biological control where T. radiata is present. However, results reported here suggest that competition between T. radiata and D. aligarhensis is not likely to reduce parasitism by T. radiata or reduce parasitoid-induced mortality of D. citri.
Trait complementarity between fine roots of Stipa purpurea and their associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi along a precipitation gradient in Tibetan alpine steppe

Development of fine roots and formation of symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi represent two strategies for plants to acquire nutrient and water from soil. Here, we elucidated how fine root development and symbolized mycorrhizal fungi with Stipa purpurea responded to the precipitation change in Tibetan alpine steppe ecosystem across a precipitation gradient from 50 mm to 400 mm. As precipitation increased, the proportion of thinner fine roots(diameter < 0.4 mm) in total roots increased significantly; while the mycorrhizal colonization percentage, either associated with thinner or thicker roots, decreased. This phenomenon indicated that fine root development and symbolized mycorrhizal fungi are likely alternative, and plant preferred to develop fine root rather than build a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi in more benign niches with higher precipitation. Also, root diameter was negatively correlated with specific root length(SRL), but positively correlated with AM fungal colonization percentage, indicating thicker-root species rely more on mycorrhizal fungi in alpine steppe. The complementarity between fine root and mycorrhizal fungi of S. purpurea is mediated by precipitation in Tibetan alpine steppe.
四根螺旋纹钢筋胸腹腔贯通伤多学科联合救治体会

胸腹腔贯通是一种伤情复杂、严重、诊治困难且病死率很高的多体腔贯通伤(multiple body cavity through injuries)[1].常发生失血性休克,心脏、肺、大血管损伤,病情危急,发展迅速可危及生命[2].宁夏回族自治区人民医院2017年多学科联合成功抢救四根螺旋纹钢筋胸腹腔贯通伤患者,术后恢复良好,报道如下.
内镜技术预测早期胃癌浸润深度的研究进展

随着内镜技术的发展和普及,更多的早期胃癌(EGC)可以通过内镜技术得到诊断和治疗。经内镜下切除者的预后可与行传统外科手术者相媲美,但内镜下治疗仅能切除局部病灶,对受累淋巴结则无能为力,仅淋巴结转移风险极小的病灶才适合行内镜下切除。由于癌灶浸润深度是淋巴结转移的独立危险因素,因此在行内镜下EGC切除前需要明确病灶浸润深度。临床上预测EGC浸润深度的内镜技术主要有普通白光内镜、超声内镜、窄带成像技术、红外电子内镜等,但目前内镜下诊断EGC浸润深度尚无标准的诊断标准,导致操作者主观性大、一致性差,因此需要开展更大规模的临床研究,制定内镜下诊断EGC浸润深度的标准。
心脏直视手术后早期心肌顿抑的诊断与治疗

目的探讨心脏瓣膜置换术后早期心肌顿抑的诊断及治疗以及其所引起的低心排血量综合征(LCOS)的诊疗。方法回顾性分析我院2011年1月至2018年3月期间42例心脏瓣膜置换术后早期出现心肌顿抑导致 LCOS患者的临床资料,其中男19例、女23例,年龄38~55(47.91±5.51)岁。术前左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)3.8~6.5(5.3±0.9)cm,左心室射血分数(EF)45%~60%(51.2%±5.3%);冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病筛查均为阴性;其中单纯主动脉瓣置换12例,二尖瓣置换合并三尖瓣成形15例,二尖瓣和主动脉瓣置换15例。结果42例患者均在术后早期[10~24(18.83±4.24)h]出现无明确原因的LCOS,大剂量肾上腺素[0.06~0.10 μg/(kg·min)]和去甲肾上腺素[0.1~0.5 μg/(kg·min)]治疗无效而加用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)治疗,其中25例患者行肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)。IABP辅助时间3~10(5.16±1.95)d,CRRT治疗时间22~61(42.17±10.75)h。40例患者痊愈出院,2例患者院内死亡,1例死于脓毒血症,1例患者死于恶性心律失常。结论心脏瓣膜置换术后早期出现心肌顿抑引起病情突变恶化,如能早期诊断、早期治疗,将取得好的临床结果。IABP可以减轻心脏负荷,增加冠状动脉灌注,改善循环,有助于患者渡过心肌顿抑期;CRRT可以改善 LCOS患者内环境,减轻肾脏负担。两者是成功救治此类患者的重要手段。
青藤碱对体外人肝星状细胞增殖与凋亡的影响

为了探讨青藤碱(SM)对体外人肝星状细胞(LX-2)增殖和凋亡的影响。使用不同浓度(0.4、0.8、1.6、3.2、6.4mmol/L) SM溶液体外作用LX-2细胞12、24 h,同时设正常对照组(C组)。用四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法检测SM对LX-2细胞增殖的影响;用流式细胞术检测SM对LX-2细胞凋亡的影响;免疫印迹法检测相关凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和Bax在LX-2细胞的表达变化。两组间数据比较采用t检验。四甲基偶氮唑盐检测结果显示:(1) SM能抑制LX-2细胞的增殖并呈剂量依赖效应;C组比较,12 h SM浓度组为3.2 mmol/L和6.4 mmol/L时差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05); 12 h和24 h各组比较未呈时间依赖性;(2)流式细胞术结果显示经SM作用12 h后LX-2细胞凋亡增加,SM浓度组为3.2 mmol/L时与C组比较,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05): (3)免疫印迹结果显示Bax表达上调、Bcl-2表达下调,Bcl-2/Bax比值随SM浓度增加而下降,与C组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。提示SM具有抑制体外LX-2细胞的增殖及诱导其凋亡的作用。
子宫内膜病变及容受性与胚胎着床-恶性子宫内膜病变的生育问题探讨

子宫内膜癌( EC)是女性最常见的生殖系统恶性肿瘤,在发达国家其发病率往往居于首位,而在发展中国家为第2位。标准的子宫内膜复杂不典型增生(癌前病变)及局限性EC的一线治疗方法为传统全面分期手术治疗,即腹水或腹腔冲洗液细胞学检查+全子宫+双侧附件切除+淋巴结评估+子宫外累及和病变的评估,进一步的治疗应基于手术及病理分期。然而,年轻患者往往尚未生育,故口服大剂量孕激素治疗成为目前最广为应用的非手术类保留生育功能的治疗方式。美国国立综合癌症网络( NCCN)建议:严格选择未浸润子宫肌层且分化良好( 1级,G1)的子宫内膜样腺癌患者,行保留生育功能的孕激素治疗。对于恶性前期病变子宫内膜不典型增生( AH)有生育要求的患者的治疗,在我国2017年“中国子宫内膜增生诊疗共识”中已经明确建议首选药物治疗方法为孕激素。约3%~ 14%的EC患者在诊断时≤40岁且要求保留生育功能。在该年龄组诊断的EC多为早期、分化良好且为子宫内膜样腺癌,子宫肌层浸润或淋巴结转移较为罕见,该年龄组的EC治愈率较高,故这些患者的生活质量与其生存结局同样重要,而生育功能的保留又是生活质量中最为重要的方面之一。
Effects of Offset Blade on Aerodynamic Characteristics of Small-Scale Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

A new way of connecting blade to rotor shaft named offset blade method was proposed for straightbladed vertical axis wind turbine (SB-VAWT) in this study.In order to invest the efficiency of this method and effects of main parameters including offset length and blade airfoil on improving the output power performance and static starting characteristics,numerical simulations and wind tunnel tests were carried out.Four kinds of blade airfoil including NACA0012,NACA0018,NACA0024 and S809 were selected to analyze the influence of blade thickness and symmetry on SB-VAWT with offset blade.Numerical simulations were firstly carried out on output power for the rotor with 6 kinds of offset length for each airfoil.Wind tunnel tests were also carried out to compare with the results of simulations.The flow fields of rotor with different offset lengths were simulated and the effects of offset blade were analyzed.The optimum offset length among all studied for output power performance was found.Furthermore,the static starting torque and aerodynamic force characteristics of the rotor with optimum offset length were researched.According to the results,appropriate offset length can improve the output power characteristics and smooth the fluctuations of the static torque during one rotational period.The best offset length varies with the airfoil.
Energy Storage Performance of a PCM in the Solar Storage Tank

High-temperature solar thermal power station with solar energy storage is one of the effective ways to solve energy shortage and environmental pollution.The heat storage characteristics of phase change materials in solar energy storage tanks directly affect the performance of the system and its future promotion and utilization.Based on the knowledge of heat transfer,fluid mechanics and engineering thermodynamics,this paper uses MATLAB software to compile the dynamic heat storage characteristics calculation program of phase change materials in energy storage tanks,and verify the results.This paper analyzes the phase change heat storage process with three PCM initial temperatures and three HTF speeds.The results show that when the initial temperature of the PCM changes from 185°C to 210°C,the latent heat storage heat increases by 21.8%,and the total heat storage decreases.Increasing the HTF speed from 1.8 m/s to 2.2 m/s,the melting time was reduced from 414 minutes to 390 minutes,and the total heat storage and sensible heat storage were also increased.The results also show that changing the initial temperature of the PCM and the flow rate of the HTF will change the thermal storage performance of the system.The research has certain reference significance for mastering the basic principle of high temperature solar thermal power generation system and promoting the application of the system.
不同保存条件下石蜡切片乳腺癌PR、ER 和HER-2状态的变化

在临床及科研工作中,经常要对石蜡组织进行预切片,其组织抗原性必然受到外界的影响。临床工作中,为了减少组织浪费,尤其是一些微小病变,进行组织切片时会保存一些未染色的切片;再者在利用组织芯片进行科研工作时,科研工作者也习惯将组织芯片连续切片,贴好片后保存。本文通过观察三种不同条件下长期保存的乳腺癌石蜡切片PR、 ER及HER-2的状态,探讨组织切片的最佳保存条件。
紫杉醇化疗相关胃黏膜病理改变1例

大量核分裂象和凋亡小体的出现,加之细胞极性的紊乱在病理诊断中易被误诊为腺体的高级别上皮内瘤变。结合本例镜下形态,肠化的病变区位于黏膜固有层内,而表面的黏膜上皮无明显核分裂和细胞异型,说明黏膜具有成熟现象。Rebecca等报道3例紫杉醇治疗后皮肤病理活检中,除发现环状分裂象和细胞凋亡外,表面鳞状上皮出现非典型性改变,其中1例因交界痣痣细胞伴非典型性,需与恶性黑色素瘤鉴别,而另1例因小汗腺鳞状导管化生组织学易被误诊为浸润性鳞状细胞癌。因此识别紫杉醇类药物化疗后的特殊病理改变,并了解发生此病理改变的分子机制,有助于防止临床病理误诊。
Prognostic implications of epidermal growth factor receptor variant III expression and nuclear translocation in Chinese human gliomas

Objective: To determine the prognostic implications and clinical significance of epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) expression and EGFRvIII nuclear translocation in Chinese human gliomas. Methods: We retrospectively examined EGFRvIII expression and EGFRvIII nuclear translocation using immunohistochemistry in specimens of 240 Chinese patients with glioma, including 84 World Health Organization (WHO) II gliomas, 84 WHO III gliomas and 72 glioblastomas (WHO IV). Factors that correlated with EGFRvIII and EGFRvIII nuclear translocation expression were analyzed by the Chi-square test. Kaplan-Meier methodology and Cox regression were used for the survival analysis. Results: Log-rank tests showed that patient age, Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) score, tumor grade, EGFRvIII expression, EGFRvIII nuclear translocation, 1p/19q codeletion, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation, Ki-67 labeling index and O_6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) status (P<0.05) were significantly correlated with overall survival (OS) time. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that patient age, tumor grade, EGFRvIII nuclear translocation, 1p/19q codeletion, and IDH mutation (P<0.05) were significantly correlated with OS. Patients with a high level of EGFRvIII nuclear translocation (≥7%) had both significantly shorter OS [hazard ratio (HR): 1.920, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.228–3.003, P=0.004] and progression-free survival (PFS) times (HR: 1.661, 95% CI: 1.116–2.471, P=0.012) than those with a low level of EGFRvIII nuclear translocation (<7%). Conclusions: A high level of EGFRvIII nuclear translocation in glioma is an independent factor indicating a poor prognosis, but EGFRvIII expression is not an independent clinical prognostic factor. The level of EGFRvIII nuclear translocation maybe a novel and crucial prognostic biomarker in glioma.
男性服刑人员正念水平与攻击性的关系

服刑人员由于自身心理特质、入狱前的经历以及狱内严厉的管理环境,常常产生各种适应性和行为问题,容易出现打架、伤害自己、冲动性等攻击行为。男性的攻击性在发生率和影响程度上更为突出,很可能是影响狱内外安全与再犯风险的重要因素。
抗IgLON家族蛋白5抗体脑病患者并发呼吸衰竭的护理

总结1例抗IgLON家族蛋白5抗体脑病患者并发呼吸衰竭的护理经验。护理要点:睡眠呼吸暂停的观察与护理,文丘里面罩氧疗监护,持续大容量喷射气道湿化,预防呼吸机相关性肺炎和二氧化碳排出综合征,个性化的心理护理患者成功撤离有创机械通气并接受气切套管内吸氧,最后转康复医院进一步治疗。
Transport diffuse interface model for simulation of solid-fluid interaction

For solid-fluid interaction, one of the phase-density equations in diffuse interface models is degenerated to a “0=0” equation when the volume fraction of a certain phase takes the value of zero or unity. This is because the conservative variables in phasedensity equations include volume fractions. The degeneracy can be avoided by adding an artificial quantity of another material into the pure phase. However, nonphysical waves, such as shear waves in fluids, are introduced by the artificial treatment. In this paper, a transport diffuse interface model, which is able to treat zero/unity volume fractions, is presented for solid-fluid interaction. In the proposed model, a new formulation for phase densities is derived, which is unrelated to volume fractions. Consequently, the new model is able to handle zero/unity volume fractions, and nonphysical waves caused by artificial volume fractions are prevented. One-dimensional and two-dimensional numerical tests demonstrate that more accurate results can be obtained by the proposed model.
Maghemite (γ-Fe_2O_3) nanoparticles enhance dissimilatory ferrihydrite reduction by Geobacter sulfurreducens: Impacts on iron mineralogical change and bacterial interactions

Microbially mediated bioreduction of iron oxyhydroxide plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of iron. Geobacter sulfurreducens is a representative dissimilatory ironreducing bacterium that assembles electrically conductive pili and cytochromes. The impact of supplementation with γ-Fe_2O_3 nanoparticles (NPs) (0.2 and 0.6 g) on the G. sulfurreducens-mediated reduction of ferrihydrite was investigated. In the overall performance of microbial ferrihydrite reduction mediated by γ-Fe_2O_3 NPs, stronger reduction was observed in the presence of direct contact with γ-Fe_2O_3 NPs than with indirect contact. Compared to the production of Fe(II) derived from biotic modification with ferrihydrite alone, increases greater than 1.6- and 1.4-fold in the production of Fe(II) were detected in the biotic modifications in which direct contact with 0.2 g and 0.6 g γ-Fe_2O_3 NPs, respectively, occurred. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that magnetite was a unique representative iron mineral in ferrihydrite when active G. sulfurreducens cells were in direct contact with γ-Fe_2O_3 NPs. Because of the sorption of biogenic Fe(II) onto γ-Fe_2O_3 NPs instead of ferrihydrite, the addition of γ-Fe_2O_3 NPs could also contribute to increased duration of ferrihydrite reduction by preventing ferrihydrite surface passivation. Additionally, electron microscopy analysis confirmed that the direct addition of γ-Fe_2O_3 NPs stimulated the electrically conductive pili and cytochromes to stretch, facilitating long-range electron transfer between the cells and ferrihydrite. The obtained findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of iron oxide NPs on soil biogeochemistry.
Review on fate of chlorine during thermal processing of solid wastes

Chlorine (Cl) is extensively present in solid wastes, causing significant problems during the thermal conversion of waste to energy or fuels, by combustion, gasification or pyrolysis. This paper introduces the analytical methods for determining the Cl content in solid materials and presents the concentrations of Cl in various types of wastes, as reported in literature. Then, it provides a comprehensive analysis on the Cl emission behavior and Cl species formed during the thermal processing of the inorganic and organic Cl sources. The challenges resulted from the reactions between the formed Cl species and the ferrous metals, the heavy metals and the organic matters are summarized and discussed, e.g., high temperature corrosion, heavy metal evaporation and dioxin formation. The quality degradation of products (oil, char and syngas) by Cl is analyzed. Finally, the available controlling methods of Cl emission, including pre-treatment (water washing, sorting, microwave irradiation and stepwise pyrolysis) and in-furnace (absorbents, co-treatment and catalysts) methods are assessed.
畸形与变异掌浅弓和掌深弓变异1例

手部血液供应主要是由桡动脉和尺动脉的终支相互吻合形成的掌浅弓和掌深弓,及它们所发出的分支支配.但是掌浅弓和掌深弓的类型多变,尤其是掌浅弓,大体可分为完全弓和不完全弓.作者在制作一成人男性标本时,发现其左侧手掌为不完全掌浅弓,并且桡动脉走行分支异常,为积累解剖学资料,报道如下.
胎儿肺动脉瓣球囊成形术成功一例

本文回顾了1例重度肺动脉瓣狭窄(CPS)伴右心室发育不良胎儿的产前评估与咨询、宫内心脏介入手术、足月顺产分娩和出生后介入手术的全过程,以探讨胎儿肺动脉瓣球囊成形术的临床适应证、技术操作要点、疗效以及并发症。胎儿肺动脉瓣球囊成形术为部分室间隔完整的肺动脉瓣闭锁以及CPS胎儿提供了1种可能改变疾病远期预后的治疗方式。
Williams-Beuren综合征胎儿产前诊断二例及文献复习

目的探讨Williams-Beuren综合征(WBS)胎儿的产前超声表现和产前诊断方法。方法对产前超声筛查异常的2例胎儿,抽取羊水标本进行染色体核型分析和全基因组单核苷酸多态性微阵列(SNP-array)芯片检测。结果1例胎儿超声检查提示生长发育受限,三尖瓣中等量反流;羊水染色体核型分析结果正常;SNP-array检测的结果提示7q11.23区域存在约1.7 Mb缺失。另1例胎儿超声检查提示生长发育受限,左心室增大,肺动脉狭窄,二尖瓣、三尖瓣中等量反流;羊水染色体核型分析结果正常;SNP-array检测的结果提示7q11.23区域存在约1.4 Mb缺失。2例胎儿均诊断为WBS。结论产前超声发现胎儿生长发育受限及心脏发育异常是提示WBS的重要线索,SNP-array检测是诊断WBS胎儿的有效方法。
Evolutionary ecology of chemosensation and its role in sensory drive

All behaviors of an organismare rooted in sensory processing of signals fromits environment,and natural selection shapes sensory adaptations to ensure successful detection of cues that maximize fitness.Sensory drive,or divergent selection for efficient signal transmission among heterogeneous environments,has been a useful hypothesis for describing sensory adaptations,but its current scope has primarily focused on visual and acoustic sensory modalities.Chemosensation,the most widespread sensorymodality in animals that includes the senses of smell and taste,is characterized by rapid evolution and has been linked to sensory adaptations to new environments in numerous lineages.Yet,olfaction and gustation have been largely underappreciated in light of the sensory drive hypothesis.Here,we examine why chemosensory systems have been overlooked and discuss the potential of chemosensation to shed new insight on the sensory drive hypothesis and vice versa.We provide suggestions for developing a framework to better incorporate studies of chemosensory adaptation that have the potential to shape a more complete,coherent,and holistic interpretation of the sensory drive.
Marmots do not consistently use their left eye to respond to an approaching threat but those that did fled sooner

In many vertebrates, the brain’s right hemisphere which is connected to the left visual field specializes in the processing of information about threats while the left hemisphere which is connected to the right visual field specializes in the processing of information about conspecifics. This is referred to as hemispheric lateralization. But individuals that are too predictable in their response to predators could have reduced survival and we may expect selection for somewhat unpredictable responses. We studied hemispheric lateralization in yellow-bellied marmots Marmota flaviventer, a social rodent that falls prey to a variety of terrestrial and aerial predators. We first asked if they have lateralized responses to a predatory threat. We then asked if the eye that they used to assess risk influenced their perceptions of risk. We recorded the direction marmots were initially looking and then walked toward them until they fled. We recorded the distance that they responded to our experimental approach by looking, the eye with which they looked at us, and the distance at which they fled (i.e., flight initiation distance; FID). We found that marmots had no eye preference with which they looked at an approaching threat. Furthermore, the population was not comprised of individuals that responded in consistent ways. However, we found that marmots that looked at the approaching person with their left eye had larger FIDs suggesting that risk assessment was influenced by the eye used to monitor the threat. These findings are consistent with selection to make prey less predictable for their predators, despite underlying lateralization.
Foraging,feeding,and physiological stress responses of wild wood mice to increased illumination and common genet cues

In nature,animals are exposed to a broad range of threats imposed by predators,which may strongly influence the ecology of prey species directly or indirectly by affecting their behavior via fear of predation.Here,we studied wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus behavioral and physiological responses to simulated predation risk.Risk avoidance was analyzed by live trapping with control traps and traps treated with feces of common genet Genetta genetta (direct cue of risk) under new moon nights and following by simulated full moon conditions (indirect cue).The time devoted to foraging behavior and capture time were analyzed by video recording mice activity around traps.Food intake was calculated based on the amount of bait remaining in each trap.Fecal corticosterone metabolites (FCMs) were measured by enzyme-immunoassay as indicators of physiological stress responses.Fewer wood mice were captured during full moon,yet only non-breeding adult males clearly avoided common genet odor.Mice were captured sooner at night during the simulated full moon conditions and later in predator-treated traps.Foraging activity was lower when individuals faced predator’s feces,but neither food intake nor FCM levels were affected by predation risk cues.Direct and indirect cues of predation risk selectively affected wood mice behavior,although behavioral responses seem to be modulated by different costs–benefit balances related to the individual’s perception of risk.The lack of physiological responses to predation risk cues suggests that wood mice did not perceive them as reliable stressors or the response was too small or transient to be measured by FCM.