mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Soluble organic nitrogen in forest soils of northeast China

Soluble organic nitrogen （SON） is recognized as a sensitive indicator of soil nitrogen status. The present work was conducted in the temperate forests of northeast China where soils are typically characterized by high organic matter and high organic nitrogen content, and soil sampling was made in early spring just after the freeze-thaw period. The water extracted SON pools in the organic layer of forest soils were measured within the range from 156.0 mg·kg~(-1) to 292.6 mg·kg~(-1), a similar magnitude of salt solution extracted SON pools reported in literatures. However, the water soluble SON pools in 0-15 cm mineral soils in present study were much higher （3-10 times） than any other reports, ranging from 58.6 mg·kg~(-1) to 125.2 mg·kg~(-1). Water soluble SON varied markedly among the soils under different forests and at different sites. The SON in water extracts were positively and significantly correlated to soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents, but negatively correlated to microbial biomass nitrogen （MBN）. The reasons of the abnormally large SON pools and the negative correlations between SON and MBN in the 0-15cm mineral soils in this study were specially discussed.
Temperature dependence of nitrogen mineralization and microbial  status in O_H horizon of a temperate forest ecosystem

It was hypothesized that increasing air and/or soil temperature would increase rates of microbial processes including litter decomposition and net N mineralization, resulting in greater sequestration of carbon and nitrogen in humus, and consequently development in O_H horizon （humus horizon）. To quantify the effect of temperature on biochemical processes controlling the rate of O_H layer development three adjacent forest floors under beech, Norway spruce and mixed species stands were investigated at Soiling forest, Germany by an incubation experiment of O_H layer for three months. Comparing the fitted curves for temperature sensitivity of O_H layers in relation to net N mineralization revealed positive correlation across all sites. For the whole data set of all stands, a Q_(10) （temperature sensitivity index） value of 2.35-2.44 dependent on the measured units was found to be adequate for describing the temperature dependency of net N mineralization at experimental site. Species-specific differences of substrate quality did not result in changes in biochemical properties of O_H horizon of the forest floors. Temperature elevation increased net N mineralization without significant changes in microbial status in the range of I to 15℃. A low Cmic /Corg （microbial carbon/organic carbon） ratio at 20℃ indicated that the resource availability for decomposers has been restricted as reflected in significant decrease of microbial biomass.
Simulation of seasonal circulations and thermohaline variabilities in the Gulf of Thailand

Based on the Princeton Ocean Model (POM), the seasonal thermohaline feature and the ocean circulation in the Gulf of Thailand (GoT), situated between 6°N to 14°N latitude and 99°E to 105°E longitude, were studied numerically with 37 × 97 orthogonal curvilinear grid and 10 vertical sigma levels conforming to a realistic bottom topography. A spin-up phase of the first model run was executed using wind stress calculated from climatological monthly mean wind, restoring-type surface heat and salt, and climatological monthly mean fresh water flux data. In this paper, the temperature and salinity fields taken from Levitus94 data sets and the calculated temperature and salinity from the model run for 12-month mean and for each season are presented where the winter, summer, rainy, and end of the rainy seasons of Thailand are represented by the months January, April, July, and October, respectively. The simulated circulations are also described. The results show that the temperature in the GoT is warmer than the temperature of the other parts connected to the South China Sea (SCS). At any depth of inflow from SCS into the GoT, the salinity is high, but in the outflow from the GoT at the surface, the salinity is low. The strong circulations are clockwise during summer and the rainy seasons of Thailand, which are the East Asian monsoon periods, northeasterly and southwesterly during summer. They occur near Pattani and Narathiwat provinces during summer and in the central GoT during the rainy seasons. Sensitivity experiments were designed to investigate the effects of wind forcing and open boundary conditions. Wind forcing is shown to be the important factor for generating the circulation in the GoT. The lateral velocity at the open boundaries is of considerable importance to current circulation for the rainy and end of the rainy seasons, with insignificant effect for the winter and summer seasons of Thailand.
Improvement of surface albedo simulations over arid regions

To improve the simulation of the surface radiation budget and related thermal processes in arid regions, three sophisticated surface albedo schemes designed for such regions were incorporated into the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS). Two of these schemes are functions of the solar zenith angle (SZA), where the first one has one adjustable parameter defined as SZA1 scheme, and the second one has two empirical parameters defined as SZA2 scheme. The third albedo scheme is a function of solar angle and soil water that were developed based on arid-region observations from the Dunhuang field experiment (DHEX) (defined as DH scheme). We evaluated the performance of the original and newly-incorporated albedo schemes within BATS using the in-situ data from the Oasis System Energy and Water Cycle Field Experiment that was carried out in JinTa, Gansu arid area (JTEX). The results indicate that a control run by the original version of the BATS generates a constant albedo, while the SZA1 and SZA2 schemes basically can reproduce the observed diurnal cycle of surface albedo, although these two schemes still underestimate the albedo when SZA is high in the early morning and late afternoon, and overestimate it when SZA is low during noontime. The SZA2 scheme has a better overall performance than the SZA1 scheme. In addition, BATS with the DH scheme slightly improves the albedo simulation in magnitude as compared to that from the control run, but a diurnal cycle of albedo is not produced by this scheme. The SZA1 and SZA2 schemes significantly increase the surface absorbed solar radiation by nearly 70 W m~(-2), which further raises the ground temperature by 6 K and the sensible heat flux by 35 W m~(-2). The increased solar radiation, heat flux, and temperature are more consistent with the observations that those from the control run. However, a significant improvement in these three variables is not found in BATS with the DH scheme due to the neglect of the diurnal cycle of albedo. Further analysis indicates that during cloudy days the solar radiation simulations of BATS with these three schemes are not in a good agreement with the observations, which implies that a more realistic partitioning of diffuse and direct radiation is needed in future land surface process simulations.
Spatio-temporal variability of Northern Hemipheric Sea Level Pressure (SLP) and precipitation over the mid-to-low reaches of the Yangtze River

The spatio-temporal variability of Northern Hemisphere Sea Level Pressure (SLP) and precipitation over the mid-to-low reaches of the Yangtze River (PMLY) is analyzed jointly using the multi-taper /singular value decomposition method (MTM-SVD). Statistically significant narrow frequency bands are obtained from the local fractional variance (LFV) spectrum. Significant interdecadal (i.e., 16-to-18-year periods) and interannual (i.e., 3-to-6-year periods) signals are identified. Moreover, a significant quasi-biennial signal is identified but only for PMLY data. The spatial joint evolution of patterns obtained for peaks in the LFV spectrum sheds light on relationships between SLP and PMLY: the Arctic Oscillation (AO) modulates the variability of the PMLY while the interannual variability of PMLY is in phase with the Northern Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Northern Pacific Oscillation (NPO).
Consistency Problem with Tracer Advection in the Atmospheric Model GAMIL 

The radon transport test,which is a widely used test case for atmospheric transport models,is carried out to evaluate the tracer advection schemes in the Grid-Point Atmospheric Model of IAP-LASG (GAMIL).TWO of the three available schemes in the model are found to be associated with significant biases in the polar regions and in the upper part of the atmosphere,which implies potentially large errors in the simulation of ozone-like tracers.Theoretical analyses show that inconsistency exists between the advection schemes and the discrete continuity equation in the dynamical core of GAMIL and consequently leads to spurious sources and sinks in the tracer transport equation.The impact of this type of inconsistency is demonstrated by idealized tests and identified as the cause of the aforementioned biases.Other potential effects of this inconsistency are also discussed.Results of this study provide some hints for choosing suitable advection schemes in the GAMIL model.At least for the polar-region-concentrated atmospheric components and the closely correlated chemical species,the Flux-Form Semi-Lagrangian advection scheme produces more reasonable simulations of the large-scale transport processes without significantly increasing the computational expense.
Simulations of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet by LASG/IAP AGCMs

Performances of two LASG/IAP (State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics/Institute of Atmospheric Physics) Atmospheric General Circulation Models (AGCMs), namely GAMIL and SAMIL, in simulating the major characteristics of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet (EASWJ) in the upper troposphere are examined in this paper. The mean vertical and horizontal structures and the correspondence of the EASWJ location to the meridional temperature gradient in the upper troposphere are well simulated by two models. However, both models underestimate the EASWJ intensity in winter and summer, and are unable to simulate the bimodal distribution of the major EASWJ centers in mid-summer, relative to the observation, especially for the SAMIL model. The biases in the simulated EASWJ intensity are found to be associated with the biases of the meridional temperature gradients in the troposphere, and furthermore with the surface sensible heat flux and condensation latent heating. The models capture the major characteristics of the seasonal evolution of the diabatic heating rate averaged between 30°–45°N, and its association with the westerly jet. However, the simulated maximum diabatic heating rate in summer is located westward in comparison with the observed position, with a relatively strong diabatic heating intensity, especially in GAMIL. The biases in simulating the diabatic heating fields lead to the biases in simulating the temperature distribution in the upper troposphere, which may further affect the EASWJ simulations. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the simulation of the meridional temperature gradient as well as the diabatic heating field in the troposphere for the improvement of the EASWJ simulation by GAMIL and SAMIL models.
Simulation of snow processes beneath a boreal scots pine canopy

A physically-based multi-layer snow model Snow-Atmosphere-Soil-Transfer scheme (SAST) and a land surface model Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) were employed to investigate how boreal forests influence snow accumulation and ablation under the canopy. Mass balance and energetics of snow beneath a Scots pine canopy in Finland at different stages of the 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 snow seasons are analyzed. For the fairly dense Scots pine forest, drop-off of the canopy-intercepted snow contributes, in some cases, twice as much to the underlying snowpack as the direct throughfall of snow. During early winter snow melting, downward turbulent sensible and condensation heat fluxes play a dominant role together with downward net longwave radiation. In the final stage of snow ablation in middle spring, downward net allwave radiation dominates the snow melting. Although the downward sensible heat flux is comparable to the net solar radiation during this period, evaporative cooling of the melting snow surface makes the turbulent heat flux weaker than net radiation. Sensitivities of snow processes to leaf area index (LAI) indicate that a denser canopy speeds up early winter snowmelt, but also suppresses melting later in the snow season. Higher LAI increases the interception of snowfall, therefore reduces snow accumulation under the canopy during the snow season; this effect and the enhancement of downward longwave radiation by denser foliage outweighs the increased attenuation of solar radiation, resulting in earlier snow ablation under a denser canopy. The difference in sensitivities to LAI in two snow seasons implies that the impact of canopy density on the underlying snowpack is modulated by interannual variations of climate regimes.
Deduction of the Sensible Heat Flux from SODAR Data

A new method for deduction of the sensible heat flux is validated with three sets of published SODAR (sound detection and ranging)data.Although the related expressions have previously been confirmed by the author with surface layer data,they have not yet been validated with observations from the boundary layer before this work.In the study,selected SODAR data are used to test the method for the convective boundary layer.The sensible heat flux(SHF)retrieved from SODAR data is found to decrease linearly with height in the mixed layer.The surface sensible heat fluxes derived from the deduced sensible heat flux profiles under convective conditions agree well with those measured by the eddy correlation method.The characteristics of SHF profiles deduced from SODAR data in difierent places reflect the background meteorology and terrain.The upper part of the SHF profile(SHFP)for a complicated terrain is found to have a difierent slope from the lower part.It is suggested that the former reflects the advective chaxacteristic of turbulence in upwind topography.A similarity relationship for the estimation of SHFP in a well mixed layer with surface SHF and zero-heat-flux layer height is presented.
A Review of Cloud-Resolving Model Studies of Convective Processes

Convective processes affect large-scale environments through cloud-radiation interaction.cloud micro-physical processes,and surface rainfall processes.Over the last three decades,cloud-resolving models (CRMs)have demonstrated to be capable of simulating convective-radiative responses to an imposed large-scale forcing.The CRM-produced cloud and radiative properties have been utilized to study the convective-related processes and their ensemble effects on large-scale circulations.This review summarizes the recent progress on the understanding of convective processes with the use of CRM simulations,including precipi-tation processes;cloud microphysical and radiative processes;dynamical processes;precipitation efficiency;diurnal variations of tropical oceanic convection;local-scale atmosphere-ocean coupling processes;and tropi-cal convective-radiative equilibrium states.Two different ongoing applications of CRMs to general circulation models(GCMs)are discussed:replacing convection and cloud schemes for studying the interaction between cloud systems and large-scale circulation,and improving the schemes for climate simulations.
Guidance on the Choice of Threshold for Binary Forecast Modeling

This paper proposes useful guidance on the choice of threshold for binary forecasts. In weather forecast systems, the probabilistic forecast cannot be used directly when estimated too smoothly. In this case, the binary forecast, whether a meteorological event will occur or not, is preferable to the probabilistic forecast.A threshold is needed to generate a binary forecast, and the guidance in this paper encompasses the use of skill scores for the choice of threshold according to the forecast pattern. The forecast pattern consists of distribution modes of estimated probabilities, occurrence rates of observations, and variation modes.This study is performed via Monte-Carlo simulation, with 48 forecast patterns considered. Estimated probabilities are generated by random variate sampling from five distributions separately. Varying the threshold from 0 to 1, binary forecasts are generated by threshold. For the assessment of binary forecast models, a 2×2 contingency table is used and four skill scores (Heidke skill score, hit rate, true skill statistic,and threat score) are compared for each forecast pattern. As a result, guidance on the choice of skill score to find the optimal threshold is proposed.
MODIFICATION OF SILK FIBER via EMULSION GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION WITH FLUOROACRYLATE

2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoropentyl acrylate was grafted onto silk fiber in a two-step heterogeneous system through the vinyl bonds of acryloyloxyethyl isocyanate modified on the silk. The grafted copolymer was analyzed by FTIR and WAXD, and the results revealed that the fluoroacrylate was successfully grafted onto silk fiber and the crystalline structure of silk fibroin with β-sheet structure was not changed after graft copolymerization. The FT-IR corrected method was used to simulate the grafting yield onto silk compared with the weight increasing method. The results obtained from these two methods were roughly consistent. The influence of the initiator concentration, monomer concentration, react time and temperature on the graft yield was also investigated. The experimental data of thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) showed that the thermal stability of the modified silk fibers was improved due to the introduction of fluoroacrylate. In comparison with the untreatedsilk fibers, the water repellence of the modified silk fibers was also improved.
Projected Potential Vegetation Change in China under the SRES A2 and B2 Scenarios

The ability of seven global coupled ocean-atmosphere models to reproduce East Asian monthly surface temperature and precipitation climatologies during 1961-1990 is evaluated. January and July climate differences during the 2050s and 2090s relative to 1961 1990 projected by the seven-model ensemble under the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2 and B2 scenarios are then briefly discussed. These projections, together with the corresponding atmospheric CO_2 concentrations under the SRES A2 and B2 scenarios, are subsequently used to drive the biome model BIOME3 to simulate potential vegetation distribution in China during the 2050s and 2090s. It is revealed that potential vegetation belts during the 2050s shift northward greatly in central and eastern China compared to those during 1961-1990. In contrast, potential vegetation change is slight in western China on the whole. The spatial pattern of potential vegetation during the 2090s is generally similar to that during the 2050s, but the range of potential vegetation change against 1961-1990 is more extensive during the 2090s than the 2050s, particularly in western China. Additionally,there exists model-dependent uncertainty of potential vegetation change under the SRES A2 scenario during the 2090s, which is due to the scatter of projected climate change by the models. The projected change in potential vegetation under the SRES A2 scenario during the 2090s is attributable to surface temperature change south of 35°N and to the joint changes of surface temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric CO_2 concentration north of 35°N.
INFLUENCE OF SURFACE-MODIFICATION FOR CALCIUM CARBONATE ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE FILLERS AND POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE

The surface of calcium carbonate (CaCO_3) particles was modified with stearic acid (SA) and the chemicalstructures of the product were characterized by FT-IR analysis. The interaction between polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) andCaCO_3 fillers with different surface character was investigated by means of dynamic rheologicai and bound rubber tests foruncured compounds and mechanical properties measurements for the corresponding vulcanites. The results of dynamic testsindicate that with the increase of SA mass fraction, the span of the linear viscoelastic region broadens and the height of themodulus plateau decreases. The reasons for these are ascribed to that the SA decreases the surface energy of filler particlesand weakens their tendency to agglomerate. Moreover, the results of mechanical measurements reveal that the vulcanizedcompound filled with modified filler has a relative high tensile strength induced by a reinforced interaction between fillerand polymer matrix, which is confirmed by the bound rubber tests and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations.
SYNTHESIS OF LIQUID CRYSTALLINE COPOLYESTERS WITH T-SHAPED TWO-DIMENSIONAL MESOGENIC UNIT AND CROWN ETHER CYCLE

A novel series of liquid crystalline copolyesters with T-shaped two-dimensional mesogenic unit and crownether cycle of cis-4,4'-bis(4-hydroxyphenylazo)dibenzo-18-crown-6 was prepared via solution condensation polymerizationfrom 4,4'-(α,ω-hexanedioyloxy)dibenzoyl dichloride (M1), 2-(4'-ethoxyphenyl)hydroquinone (M_2) and cis-4,4'-his(4-hydroxyphenylazo)dibenzo-18-crown-6 (M3). The molecular weights of copolyesters are not high, and the intrinsic viscosity[η] of copolyesters ranges from 0.29-0.43. The monomers' structures were identified by elemental analysis, IR, UV,~1H-NMR, MS, etc. All the copolyesters are yellowish powders and insoluble in THF and CHCl_3 at room temperature exceptCP-9. The properties of copolyesters were investigated by using GPC, [η], DSC, TG.WAXD and POM. It was found that allthe copolyesters entered into liquid crystalline phase when they were heated to above their melting temperature (T_m). Thethreaded texture and schlieren texture of nematic phase can be observed on POM. Their T_m and isotropic temperature (T_i)decrease gradually, while thermal stability increase with varying the content of T-shaped two-dimensional mesogenic unit inthe copolyesters.
EFFECTS OF NH4CI ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)AND IONIC SURFACTANTS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

The interaction of poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)with the ionic surfactants,sodium dodecylsulfate(SDS)and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride(CTAC)respectively,in aqueous solutions containing a certain concentration of NH4Cl,is studied by the viscosity measurement.It has been found that the ion-dipole interaction between PEO and ionic surfactants is changed considerably by the organic salt.For anionic surfactant of SDS,the addition of NH4Cl into solution strengthens the interaction between PEO and the headgroup of SDS.On the other hand,for cationic surfactant of CTAC,the interaction between PEO and the headgroup of CTAC is screened significantly by NH_4Cl dissolved in solution.These findings may potentially be attributed to the negative property of the oxygen group of the PEO chain.In the presence of NH4Cl,the cationic ions of the organic salt bind to the oxygen group of the PEO chain so that PEO can be referred to as a pseudopolyelectrolyte in solution.
Dephasing of quantum tunnelling in molecular nanomagnets

Dephasing mechanism of quantum tunnelling in molecular magnets has been studied by means of the spin-coherent-state path integral in a mean field approximation. It is found that the fluctuating uncompensated transverse field from the dipolar-dipolar interaction between molecular magnets contributes a random phase to the quantum interference phase. The resulting transition rate is determined by the average tunnel splitting over the random phase. Such a dephasing process leads to the suppression of quenching due to the quantum phase interference, and to the steps due to odd resonances in hysteresis loop survived, which is in good agreement with experimental observations in molecular nanomagnets Fe_8 and Mn_(12).