mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Overview of Mechanism and Mitigation Measures on Multi-frequency Oscillation Caused by Large-scale Integration of Wind Power

In recent years, the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources represented by wind power and the widespread application of power electronic devices in power systems have led to the emergence of multi-frequency oscillation problems covering multiple frequency segments, which seriously threaten system stability and restrict the accommodation of renewable energy. The oscillation problems related to renewable energy integration have become one of the most popular topics in the field of wind power integration and power system stability research. It has received extensive attention from both academia and industries with many promising research results achieved to date. This paper first analyzes several typical multi-frequency oscillation events caused by large-scale wind power integration in domestic and foreign projects, then studies the multi-frequency oscillation problems, including wind turbine’s shafting torsional oscillation, sub/super-synchronous oscillation and high frequency resonance. The state of the art is systematically summarized from the aspects of oscillation mechanism, analysis methods and mitigation measures, and the future research directions are explored.
A Model of Electro-thermal Hybrid Energy Storage System for Autonomous Control Capability Enhancement of Multi-energy Microgrid

In view of the problem of low self-service capability of the microgrid due to the high operating cost and low capacity of the traditional battery energy storage system. In this paper, an electrothermal hybrid energy storage model based on electricity, hydrogen and thermal energy conversion and storage is introduced, and a microgrid autonomous operational strategy is proposed. First, the addition of the power to hydrogen transfer equipment in the traditional combined heat and power (TCHP) system without battery energy storage is studied, and a micro gas turbine, electric to hydrogen transfer equipment and electric boiler based electrothermal energy storage system (ETSS) model is established. Aiming at the lowest comprehensive operating cost of multiple energy sources in a microgrid and maximizing the consumption of curtailed wind, the multiobjective scheduling model of an electrothermal hybrid energy storage system is established, then the multi-energy autonomous operational strategy of a microgrid is proposed. Lastly, the simulation of a multi-energy microgrid in Northeast China is taken as an example. The results of the simulation showed that compared with a combined heat and power microgrid system considering conventiona battery energy storage, a multi-energy microgrid system using electrothermal hybrid energy storage has better flexibility and economy, and can improve wind power accommodation.
Fault Ride Through Strategy of DFIG Using Rotor Voltage Direct Compensation Control Under Voltage Phase Angle Jump

Wind power has developed rapidly in recent years, and large-scale wind power facilities connected to power grids will bring many new challenges. Some new operation characteristics of power grids with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) may exhibit, for example voltage phase angle jumps (VPAJ). VPAJ can negatively impact the fault ride through (FRT) performance of DFIG. This paper firstly investigates the physical mechanism and the operation characteristics of DFIG with VPAJ. It is noted that the current control strategies designed for voltage amplitude changes are not suitable for VPAJ. Secondly, the paper develops an FRT optimization control strategy under VPAJ which optimizes the DFIG operation characteristics. Finally, simulations of a 250 MW wind farm are presented which validate the proposed FRT strategy.
Framework and case study of cognitive maintenance in Industry 4.0

We present a new framework for cognitive maintenance(CM)based on cyber-physical systems and advanced artificial intelligence techniques. These CM systems integrate intelligent deep learning approaches and intelligent decision-making techniques, which can be used by maintenance professionals who are working with cutting-edge equipment. The systems will provide technical solutions to real-time online maintenance tasks, avoid outages due to equipment failures, and ensure the continuous and healthy operation of equipment and manufacturing assets. The implementation framework of CM consists of four modules, i.e., cyber-physical system, Internet of Things, data mining, and Internet of Services. In the data mining module, fault diagnosis and prediction are realized by deep learning methods. In the case study, the backlash error of cutting-edge machine tools is taken as an example. We use a deep belief network to predict the backlash of the machine tool, so as to predict the possible failure of the machine tool, and realize the strategy of CM. Through the case study, we discuss the significance of implementing CM for cuttingedge equipment, and the framework of CM implementation has been verified. Some CM system applications in manufacturing enterprises are summarized.
Multi-objective Dynamic Optimal Power Flow of Wind Integrated Power Systems Considering Demand Response

This paper studies the economic environmental energy-saving day-ahead scheduling problem of power systems considering wind generation (WG) and demand response (DR) by means of multi-objective dynamic optimal power flow (MDOPF). Within the model, fuel cost, carbon emission and active power losses are taken as objectives, and an integrated dispatch mode of conventional coal-fired generation, WG and DR is utilized. The corresponding solution process to the MDOPF is based on a hybrid of a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGAII) and fuzzy satisfaction-maximizing method, where NSGA-II obtains the Pareto frontier and the fuzzy satisfaction-maximizing method is the chosen strategy. Illustrative cases of different scenarios are performed based on an IEEE 6-unitsn30-nodes system, to verify the proposed model and the solution process, as well as the benefits obtained by the DR into power system.
An error recognition method for power equipment defect records based on knowledge graph technology

To recognize errors in the power equipment defect records in real time, we propose an error recognition method based on knowledge graph technology. According to the characteristics of power equipment defect records, a method for constructing a knowledge graph of power equipment defects is presented. Then, a graph search algorithm is employed to recognize different kinds of errors in defect records, based on the knowledge graph of power equipment defects. Finally, an error recognition example in terms of transformer defect records is given, by comparing the precision, recall, F_1-score, accuracy, and efficiency of the proposed method with those of machine learning methods, and the factors influencing the error recognition effects of various methods are analyzed. Results show that the proposed method performs better in error recognition of defect records than machine learning methods, and can satisfy real-time requirements.
Coordination of PSS and FACTS Damping Controllers to Improve Small Signal Stability of Large-scale Power Systems

This paper presents an approach for designing parameters of power system stabilizer (PSS) and FACTS damping controllers in a large scale practical power system. The objective is maximizing damping ratio of the target mode, and tracking technology (MTT) is used to avoid frequent alternations of target mode in optimization procedures. An improved planted growth simulation algorithm (IPGSA), which has high search efficiency and quick convergence speed, is proposed to optimize controller parameters coordinately. Based on case study of a large-scale power grid, and by using local and interregional low-frequency oscillation modes as target modes, simulation results verify proposed method in this paper. Furthermore, coordination optimization strategy adapted to multi-operating conditions demonstrates that the proposed approach is robust.
Direct Load Control of Thermostatically Controlled Loads Based on Sparse Observations Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

This paper considers a demand response agent that must find a near-optimal sequence of decisions based on sparse observations of its environment. Extracting a relevant set of features from these observations is a challenging task and may require substantial domain knowledge. One way to tackle this problem is to store sequences of past observations and actions in the state vector, making it high dimensional, and apply techniques from deep learning. This paper investigates the capabilities of different deep learning techniques, such as convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks, to extract relevant features for finding near-optimal policies for a residential heating system and electric water heater that are hindered by sparse observations. Our simulation results indicate that in this specific scenario, feeding sequences of time-series to an Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network, which is a specific type of recurrent neural network, achieved a higher performance than stacking these time-series in the input of a convolutional neural network or deep neural network.
An Accurate and Real-time Method of Self-blast Glass Insulator Location Based on Faster R-CNN and U-net with Aerial Images

This paper proposes a new deep learning framework for the location of broken insulators (in particular the selfblast glass insulator) in aerial images. We address the broken insulators location problem in a low signal-noise-ratio (SNR) setting. We deal with two modules: 1) object detection based on Faster R-CNN, and 2) classification of pixels based on U-net. For the first time, our paper combines the above two modules. This combination is motivated as follows: Faster R-CNN is used to improve SNR, while the U-net is used for classification of pixels. A diverse aerial image set measured by a power grid in China is tested to validate the proposed approach. Furthermore, a comparison is made among different methods and the result shows that our approach is accurate in real time.
病例209:嗜铬细胞瘤致急性儿茶酚胺性心肌病1例

综上所述,嗜铬细胞瘤致儿茶酚胺性心肌病表现为急性左心衰竭、心肌缺血、肺炎、血糖调节受损等。发病迅速,病情复杂,通过对本病例的分析,旨在提高临床医师对本病的认识,临床医师如遇到类似患者,需高度警惕嗜铬细胞瘤的可能。
超声心动图检查对子痫前期患者母胎损伤程度的评价作用

目的探讨超声心动图检查对子痫前期患者母胎损伤程度的评价作用。方法选取收治的子痫前期患者77例为研究组,其中轻度子痫前期患者41例(A组),重度子痫前期患者36例(B组),行产检的正常血压妊娠妇女40人为对照组,应用超声心动图检查对受试者的心脏形态及心功能等进行评估并观察子宫动脉和脐动脉血流变化,记录血流动力学参数。结果A组、B组患者的左心室舒张末期内径(LVDd)、左心房收缩末期内径(LAD)、相对室壁厚度(RWT)及左心室质量指数(LVMI)高于对照组,且LVDd、LAD、RWT及LVMI随着病情的进展而升高(均P<0.05);患者的心输出量随着病情进展降低,而舒张末期逆向血流峰值(AR)随着病情进展升高(均P<0.05)。对照组孕妇子宫动脉搏动指数、阻力指数和收缩期最大血流速度与舒张末期最大血流速度比值(S/D)低于A组和B组(均P<0.05);B组子宫动脉搏动指数、阻力指数和S/D值高于A组(均P<0.05)。A组和B组患者新生儿的Apgar-0评分(0min Apgar评分)、新生儿体质量、身长及头围指标低于对照组,且随病情进展而降低(均P<0.05)。相关性分析结果显示,LAD与Apgar-0评分呈负相关(r=-0.88);室间隔舒张末期厚度(IVSTd)与新生儿体质量呈负相关(r=-0.22)。多元线性回归分析结果显示,在校正新生儿体质量、身长和头围因素后, Apgar-0评分每增加1分,LAD降低0.95mm(B=-0.95,t=17.27,P<0.01);同样,在校正了Apgar-0评分、新生儿身长和头围的基础上,新生儿体质量每增加1kg,IVSTd降低0.32mm(B=-0.32,t=3.95,P<0.01)。结论超声心动图检查可有效评估子痫前期患者母胎损伤的程度。
是否所有高血压患者都需要继发性高血压筛查?如何掌握继发性高血压筛查指征?

继发性高血压在高血压人群中占5%~10%,如对所有高血压患者均进行继发性高血压的筛查,其经济投入大,而受益并不能与投入呈正比。故在诊疗过程中,需掌握常见继发性高血压的临床特征,根据临床线索,包括病史、查体以及一般实验室检查有针对性地去筛查。
成藏模式研究促进天然气水合物调查新发现

位于伊朗和巴基斯坦南部的马克兰增生楔是阿拉伯板块低角度俯冲到欧亚板块之下形成的,南北宽约500km,东西长约800km,主要由古近-新近系的褶皱和逆冲断层组成。马克兰增生楔西侧为右旋走滑的米纳卜断裂系,东侧为左旋走滑的奥耐驰-奈尔断裂系(图1)。目前,阿拉伯板块以<2°和30~50mm/a的俯冲速度由南往北俯冲到欧亚板块下,西侧的汇聚速率为3.65cm/a,东侧为4.2cm/a,增生楔之上沉积物厚度可达7 000m。
胃早期印戒细胞癌内镜诊治进展

胃印戒细胞癌是胃癌的一种特殊类型,具有较高的侵袭性,进展期预后较差,因此早期诊断至关重要。内镜切除技术的飞速发展,适应证的扩大,使更多的胃印戒细胞癌得到早期诊断,符合内镜黏膜切除扩大适应证的胃早期印戒细胞癌患者可行内镜治疗。本文系统综述了近年来胃早期印戒细胞癌有关的内镜诊治进展。
肿瘤专科医院肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性特征

目的:研究肿瘤患者肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性特征,为临床用药和感染监控提供依据。方法:收集2013—2016年临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌444株,菌株鉴定采用法国生物梅里埃公司VITEK2-Compact GN鉴定卡,药敏试验采用KB纸片扩散法,试验方法和判定标准按照美国临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)2016年规定进行,采用Whonet5.6、SPSS22.0软件进行统计学分析。结果:肺炎克雷伯菌年均分离率为12.03%。444株肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended spectrum beta-lactamases,ESBLs)共134株(30.18%),多重耐药(multidrug resistant,MDR)共186株(42.12%),共发现5例碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)。肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株和MDR株在中段尿、普外科的检出率最高。肺炎克雷伯菌对阿莫西林、阿莫西林/棒酸的各年耐药率有差异,对美罗培南、亚胺培南耐药率最低,对氨基糖苷类耐药率均低于30%,对β-内酰胺类复合药物耐药率较低。产ESBLs菌株与非产ESBLs菌株耐药率有明显差异(P < 0.05)。肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株和MDR株对哌拉西林、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟耐药率有差异(P < 0.05)。结论:肺炎克雷伯菌CRE检出率不高,ESBLs菌株和MDR株检出率相对较高,提示要做好细菌药敏试验,和临床做好沟通,合理使用抗生素,注意感染防控。
多层螺旋CT在鉴别胰腺神经内分泌癌和胰腺导管腺癌中的价值

目的:探讨CT扫描在鉴别胰腺神经内分泌癌(pancreatic neuroendocrinecarcinoma,PNEC)和胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,PDAC)中的临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2014年10月—2018月10月收治的36例PNEC和60例PDAC患者的临床资料和CT特征。结果:PNEC和PDAC患者在年龄上的差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001);在CT特征中,PNEC和PDAC在肿瘤边界、胰管扩张、CT平扫密度上差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结论:CT扫描在鉴别PNEC和PDAC方面具有重要临床价值。
Oxygen Fugacity and Water Activity during Thermal Peak and Retrogression of Granulites around the Sarvapuram Area, Karimnagar Granulite Terrane, Andhra Pradesh, India

The investigated area around Sarvapuram represents a part of the Karimnagar granulite terrane of the Eastern Dharwar Craton, India. Garnet–bearing gneiss is hosted as enclaves, pods within granite gneiss and charnockite. It is largely made up of garnet, orthopyroxene, cordierite, biotite, plagioclase, K–feldspar, sillimanite and quartz. The peak metamorphic stage is represented by the equilibrium mineral assemblage i.e. garnet, orthopyroxene, cordierite, biotite, plagioclase, sillimanite and quartz. Breakdown of the garnet as well as preservation of the orthopyroxene–cordierite symplectite, formation of cordierite with the consumption of the garnet + sillimanite + quartz represents the decompressional event. The thermobarometric calculations suggest a retrograde P–T path with a substantial decompression of c. 3.0 kbar. The water activity(X_(H2O))conditions obtained with the winTWQ program for core and symplectite compositions from garnet–bearing gneiss are 0.07–0.14 and 0.11–0.16 respectively. The quantitative estimation of oxygen fugacity in garnet–bearing gneiss reveal log fO_2 values ranging from –11.38 to –14.05. This high oxidation state could be one of the reasons that account for the absence of graphite in these rocks.
Clinical observation of Qushi Xiezhuo formula in reducing monosodium urate crystal deposition in patients with axial spondyloarthritis

OBJECTIVE:To investigate effect of Qushi Xiezhuo formula (QSXZF) on axial spondyloarthritis (AxSpA) with a high incidence of monosodium serum urate (MSU) crystal deposition.METHODS:In this prospective cohort study,62 Ax- SpA patients diagnosed with MSU crystal deposition from October 2012 to July 2015 were recruited for follow-up observation for 1 year after discharge from the hospital.Patients were divided into a case group with QSXZF treatment and a control group without any interventions.X-ray and dual-energy computed tomography were used to assess structural damage in the pelvis and sacroiliac joint and the volume of the MSU crystals.The Wilcoxon ranksum test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare the proportion and distribution between the groups.RESULTS:A decrease in C-reactive protein (CRP) level,relief from back pain,and an increase in MSU crystal depositions were found in control patients.Compared with the control group,QSXZF reduced CRP levels and back pain to a greater extent,as well as reduced erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels,serum uric acid levels,Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score,morning stiffness and MSU crystal deposition.CONCLUSION:QSXZF can lower progress of radiogrphaic grade at sacroiliac joint in AxSpA/AS patients with MSU crystal deposition by decreasing the inflammation response and reducing the serum uric acid and volume of MSU crystal deposition in sacroiliac joint.The above process may be attributed to the relieving the Qi-movement disturbance in the body,and eliminating turbidity and dampness by QSXZF.
Young Yum pill inhibits inflammatory mediators and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of Young Yum pill (YYP) on inflammatory mediators in cultured RAW 264.7 cells and elucidate the nuclear factorkappa B (NF-κB)-related mechanism behind the action.METHODS:YYP was extracted with 95% ethanol Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages were used to evaluate the effect of YYP on inflammatory mediators.Production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured by Griess test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,respectively.The levels of genes and proteins involved in the generation of inflammatory mediators were examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting,respectively.RESULTS:YYP dose-dependently suppressed LPSinduced production of NO,PGE2 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),and elevation of mRNA and protein levels of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase- 2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages.These observations were associated with decreased NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and nuclear localization,enhanced Akt (protein kinase B) phosphorylation,as well as reduced inhibitor of κB (IκB) α degradation and IκB kinase α/β phosphorylation.CONCLUSION:The present study demonstrated an inhibitory effect of YYP on the NF-κB-regulated inflammatory mediators NO,PGE2 and TNF-α in LPSstimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages,providing a pharmacological basis for the use of YYP in treating inflammatory disorders.
Shen-Zhi-Ling oral solution improves learning and memory ability in Alzheimer's disease mouse model

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effector mechanisms and effector targets of Shen-Zhi-Ling (SZL) oral solution in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).METHODS:In this study,we carried out gavage with SZL oral solution in an APP/PS-1 heterozygous double transgenic AD mouse model for 12 continuous weeks.Haematoxylin and eosin staining,Nissl staining and Annexin V/Propidium Iodide staining were used to detect the brain histopathology in AD mouse model.Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression levels of autophagy's proteins.Morris water maze test was used to detect the learning and memory ability in AD mouse model.RESULTS:Pathological results showed that neuronal loss in the hippocampus of mice in the SZL intervention group was significantly alleviated and the number of apoptotic neurons was significantly decreased compared with the control group (physiological saline and non-intervention groups).Immunofluorescence staining results showed that the expression of autophagy activators,Beclin-1 and LC3B,was significantly increased in the hippocampal neurons of mice of the SZL intervention group,while the expression of the apoptotic factor,caspase- 3,was significantly decreased.At the same time,hippocampal accumulation of Aβ42 protein was significantly decreased.In addition,results of the water maze experiment showed that the latency period in mice from the SZL intervention group was significantly reduced.CONCLUSION:In summary,we believe that the SZL oral solution significantly activates autophagy in hippocampal neurons,effectively reducing the accumulation of Aβ42 peptides,alleviating neuronal injury and apoptosis,and ultimately improving the cognitive function in a mouse model of AD.
A Perspective on Studying Electronic Structure of Batteries through Soft X-ray Spectroscopy

Understanding electronic structure is crucial to enhance the battery performance.Soft X-ray spectroscopy (SXS) is one of the most effective methods to provide direct probe of electronic states.Here,spectroscopic measurements of transition metal 3d and oxygen 2p states are simply reviewed.Then,we mainly focus on the perspective of the development direction of modern SXS techniques.Although the true power of recently developed high efficiency mapping of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (mRIXS) has been apparent for materials and chemistry studies,great challenges remain for mRIXS spectroscopic interpretation,and the understanding of the battery materials on novel redox activities remains elusive.
Transmission Electron Microscopy as a Powerful Tool for Investigating Lithium-ion Battery Materials

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) stands out as one of the most powerful tools for characterizing materials at multiple scales and dimensions.This unique technique has nowadays been widely employed in investigating the lithium-ion battery (LIB) materials.The present perspective paper focuses on several LIB related aspects that are recently revealed by using TEM.Finally,we present outlook on the future directions of TEM for LIB research and development.
Petrogenesis and Geodynamic Implications of the Carboniferous Granitoids in the Dananhu Belt, Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt

This paper presents new LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronology, whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry, and Sr-Nd isotopes systematically on porphyritic granitic and K-feldspar granitic intrusions from the Dananhu belt, eastern Tianshan orogenic belt(ETOB). Zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the porphyritic granitic and K-feldspar granitic plutons were formed at 357±3 and 311±3 Ma, respectively. The porphyritic granites show geochemical and isotopic characteristics(high SiO_2, low MgO and Mg#, depleted Sr-Nd isotopic values(about 0.703 4 and 6.13, respectively), with Nb/Ta(13.3–14.7) and Zr/Hf(31.0–33.9) ratios) similar to those of the crustal-derived magmas. The above characteristics suggest they were probably originated from juvenile lower crustal materials. The K-feldspar granites also have high SiO_2, low MgO and Mg#, depleted Sr-Nd isotopic values(0.703 3–0.704 6 and 4.41–5.67, respectively). But some trace elements contents vary widely, with variable Nb/Ta(12.7–22.7), Zr/Hf(21.3–36.1) and Nb/La(0.38–1.07) ratios, indicating that the K-feldspar granites were formed by partial melting of juvenile lower crustal materials with old crustal materials. Combined with previous data on Carboniferous granitoids in the Dananhu belt, we infer that all the Carboniferous granitic plutons in the Dananhu belt were most likely emplaced in an island arc environment(Dananhu arc). Subsequently, a tectonic transition from oceanic subduction to post-collisional extension probably occurred in the ETOB.
Reconstruction the Process of Partial Melting of the Retrograde Eclogite from the North Qaidam, Western China: Constraints from Titanite U-Pb Dating and Mineral Chemistry

Retrograde eclogite and garnet amphibolite of the Luliangshan unit of the Shenglikou area, North Qaidam, were studied with emphasis on rutile and titanite. A special focus is on the formation of rutile and its corona of titanite(Ttn1) in retrograde eclogite and on coarse-grained titanite(Ttn2) from the garnet amphibolite. Using zirconium(Zr)-in-rutile and Zr-in-titanite thermometers, the temperatures estimated for the formation of an early generation of rutile are 823–884 ºC at 2.5–2.8 GPa, while 812–894 ºC at 1.3–1.5 GPa are derived for the formation of coronitic Ttn1 in the retrograde eclogite. Therefore, isothermal decompression must have occurred during exhumation, which also has triggered the partial melting of the retrograde eclogite. Ttn2 of the garnet amphibolite has high REE contents and high Th/U ratios, indicating that it is newly grown from a Ti, Ca, and LREE enriched anatectic melt derived from the partial melting of retrograde eclogite. LA-ICP MS U-Pb dating yields a lower intercept age of 423±4 Ma for Ttn2, which is consistent with the granulite-facies metamorphic age of the retrograde eclogite. Moreover, a temperature of 781–823 ºC at 1.0–1.2 GPa is obtained for Ttn2, which fits the P-T conditions of the HP granulite-facies metamorphic stage(P=1.07–1.24 GPa and T=774–814 ºC), and documents that the crystallization of the melt occurred at the granulite-facies stage at 423 Ma. The high amount of REE of the garnet amphibolite is a consequence of the formation of Ttn2 from the melt. The contents and ratios of Zr and Hf in rutile and Ttn2 differ from those in the garnet amphibolite, and the whole rock Zr/Hf ratios of retrograde eclogite and garnet amphibolite are both higher than the respective ratios in rutile and Ttn2, suggesting that rutile and titanite cannot be the major carriers of Zr and Hf accounting for the high whole rock Zr/Hf ratios.