mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Thoughts and Approaches of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for the Treatment of Oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia

Oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia (OAT) which perplexes doctors and patients due to its complicated etiology, atypical symptoms and poor clinical efficacy, is a general term for the three pathological states of abnormal semen. OAT is the main factor of male infertility. It is also a hot and difficult point in present studies. Empiric drug is the most popular treatment of this disease in the modern medicine. Chinese medicine (CM) is one of the main methods for the treatment of this disease, and it has certain clinical effect. The author believes that the use of modern medical technology to make the diagnosis as clear as possible is the key to treat OAT. The combination of syndrome and disease differentiation is the main mode in the treatment of OAT. Microscopic syndrome differentiation and macroscopic evidence embodies the basic principle of "Si Wai Chuai Nei" and broadens the perspective of CM syndrome differentiation. Classification and treatment are basic methods for the treatment of OAT. The treatment should not be limited to the Shen (Kidney), instead it should focus on the whole body condition. At different stages, the treatment should also pay attention to strengthening the Pi (Spleen), nourishing the Gan (Liver) and promoting blood circulation. Complementing Chinese and Western medicine, and highlighting the characteristics and advantages of CM treatment, have a great guiding value for the treatment of OAT.
不同农艺措施对金线莲瓶苗移栽存活的影响

目的探究金线莲瓶苗移栽农艺措施,以提高金线莲瓶苗移栽存活率和生长量.方法从栽种基质、移栽时间、每窝用种量、移栽密度等4个角度对金线莲瓶苗移栽的农艺措施进行优化研究.结果4月份移栽;基地先铺一层5cm厚的朽木,朽木上铺一层厚约2cm左右的森林腐殖土;用种量3株/窝;株行距10 cm × 5cm.其存活率最高可达92.5%,5个月单株生长量最高达1.5g.结论峨眉山能成功引种移栽并收获5个月生长期的金线莲组培苗,该研究结果对改变投资者盲目引种不科学种植具有重要指导意义.
Sustainable Synthesis of Hierarchically Porous Silicalite-l Zeolite by Steam-assisted Crystallization of Solid Raw Materials Without Secondary Templates

Hierarchical silicalite-l zeolites were obtained from the direct conversion of a mixture of ground solid raw materials via a steam-assisted crystallization(SAC) method without involvement of any mesoscale template. Only a trace amount of water was necessary during the crystallization, implying that the amount of water can be dramatically reduced, which still offers easy separation and high yields. The simple procedure involved only grinding and heating, which not only saves resources and energy, but also significantly reduces the discharge of eco-friendly synthesis of zeolites for practical applications. Compared to conventional bulk silicalite-l, the nanosized hierarchical zeolites with MFI structure show enhanced removal capabilities for methylene blue owing to their hierarchical porosity.
两系杂交水稻新组合D两优311高产栽培技术

D两优311是湖南省贺家山原种场与湖南湘穗种业有限责任公司合作育成的两系杂交水稻新组合。经湖南各地示范种植,表现出丰产、稳产、抗倒、熟期适宜的特点。介绍了该组合的特征特性、产量表现及高产栽培技术。
Ding w-Flat Modules and Dimensions

The introduction of w-operation in the class of flat modules has been successful. Let R be a ring. An R-module M is called a w-flat module if Tor_R~1(M, N) is GV-torsion for all R-modules N. In this paper, we introduce the w-operation in Gorenstein homological algebra. An R-module M is called Ding w-flat if there exists an exact sequence of projective R-modules ··· → P_1 → P_0 → P~0 → P~1 → ··· such that M ≅ Im(P_0 → P~0) and such that the functor Hom_R(-, F) leaves the sequence exact whenever F is w-flat. Several well-known classes of rings are characterized in terms of Ding w-flat modules. Some examples are given to show that Ding w-flat modules lie strictly between projective modules and Gorenstein projective modules. The Ding w-flat dimension (of modules and rings) and the existence of Ding w-flat precovers are also studied.
利妥昔单抗治疗膜增生性肾小球肾炎1例

膜增生性肾小球肾炎(membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis,MPGN)也称系膜毛细血管性肾小球肾炎,是一种免疫病理诊断,典型的病理改变为“双轨征”或肾小球毛细血管襻呈分叶状改变。根据其发病机制目前被分为免疫复合物介导型和补体介导型(包括致密物沉积病及C3肾小球肾炎)。该病预后较差,目前尚无确切的治疗方法。近年来,国外有学者开始对MPGN患者应用利妥昔单抗(Rituximab,RTX)治疗,并取得了一定的疗效,而国内尚无此类报道。我科对1例免疫复合物介导型MPGN患者进行了利妥昔单抗治疗,现报道如下。
以心功能不全为首发症状的遗传性血色素病一例

讨论遗传性血色病(hereditary hemochromatosis,HH)是常染色体隐性遗传病,是铁代谢相关基因突变,致铁过量吸收并在器官内逐步沉积,产生肝硬化、糖尿病、心肌病、心律失常、关节炎、皮肤色素沉着等临床表现.目前诊断HH主要依据2001年美国肝病学会(AASLD)推荐的诊治指南:排除继发性血色病(溶血性贫血、多次大量输血、慢性肝病等);存在HH的症状或体征,和/或铁生化指标异常;肝穿病理学和/或腹部MR证实脏器铁的沉积;结合遗传病学谱系调查.一般血清铁蛋白浓度>300 ng/ml,转铁蛋白饱和度> 45%即可考虑诊断,但肝活检组织铁染色发现肝脏铁颗粒沉积是诊断金标准.HH患者铁质沉积主要在肝脏,其次为心脏和胰腺.
氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶缺乏症I型一例

讨论CPS1缺乏症是罕见的常染色体隐性遗传性疾病,表现为危及生命的高氨血症.通常出生时很好,随着食物的摄人会出现呕吐、嗜睡、低血压、低体温、癫痫发作、昏迷和呼吸暂停等症状.幸存的患儿常常会出现高氨血症的周期性发作.随着年龄的增长,他们会出现不同程度的神经认知发育障碍.
EPANET在安哥拉供水项目设计中的应用

介绍了EPANET软件在管网平差、实时水力模拟、水质模拟等方面的功能及相应的计算原理,并结合安哥拉某供水管网项目设计实例,系统描述了使用EPANET软件进行管网水力计算的具体步骤、使用要点及技巧。
隐丹参酮体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞分化的研究

骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)被广泛应用于骨退行性疾病、神经退行行疾病、血管病性疾病的治疗中。隐丹参酮不仅具有显著的抗肿瘤及免疫系统调节活性,而且还能够诱导BMSCs向神经细胞分化,本研究旨在探讨隐丹参酮对BMSCs向神经细胞分化的作用及相关机制。
Cryo-EM structure of human mTOR complex 2

Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 2 (mTORC2) plays an essential role in regulating cell proliferation through phosphorylating AGC protein kinase family members, including AKT, PKC and SGK1. The functional core complex consists of mTOR, mLST8, and two mTORC2-specific components, Rictor and mSinl. Here we investigated the intermolecular interactions within mTORC2 complex and determined its cryo-electron microscopy structure at 4.9 A resolution. The structure reveals a hollow rhombohedral fold with a 2-fold symmetry. The dimerized mTOR serves as a scaffold for the complex assembly. The N-terminal half of Rictor is composed of helical repeat clusters and binds to mTOR through multiple contacts. mSinl is located close to the FRB domain and catalytic cavity of mTOR. Rictor and mSinl together generate steric hindrance to inhibit binding of FKBP12-rapamycin to mTOR, revealing the mechanism for rapamycin insensitivity of mTORC2. The mTOR dimer in mTORC2 shows more compact conformation than that of mTORC1 (rapamycin sensitive), which might result from the interaction between mTOR and Rictor-mSinl. Structural comparison shows that binding of Rictor and Raptor (mTORC1-specific component) to mTOR is mutually exclusive. Our study provides a basis for understanding the assembly of mTORC2 and a framework to further characterize the regulatory mechanism of mTORC2 pathway.
2012—2014年吉林市丰满区居民健康素养水平及其影响因素

目的了解2012—2014年吉林市丰满区居民健康素养水平及变化特点,为制定健康素养促进策略与措施提供科学依据。方法采用分阶段简单随机抽样方法,对丰满区839名15 ~ 69岁常住居民进行问卷调查,问卷使用全国统一的《全国居民健康素养监测调查问卷》。结果2012—2014年吉林市丰满区居民健康素养水平分别为12.7%、12.6%、13.7%;具备三大类健康素养水平由高到低:2012年分别为基本知识和理念21.7%,基本技能18.3%,健康生活方式与行为15.3%;2013年分别为基本技能22.7%,基本知识和理念19.3%,健康生活方式与行为15.6%;2014年分别为基本技能28.5%,基本知识和理念21.9%,健康生活方式和行为15.9%。 2012—2014年6类健康问题中安全与急救素养水平均最高;文化程度越高的居民健康素养水平也越高(P<0.05) 。结论吉林市丰满区居民健康素养水平处于较低水平,应大力开展健康素养促进行动,提高居民健康素养水平。
基于CiteSpace的水足迹文献计量分析

以WEB OF SCIENCE数据库和中国知网学术期刊网络出版总库中1993—2016年期刊论文作为数据源,以“water footprint (水足迹)” OR(或)“virtual water虚拟水)”为关键词进行文献检索,利用CiteSpace可视化文献分析工具,对检索出的文献分别进行关键词、作者、发文机构和载文期刊分析,并绘制出相关知识图谱,以此来探讨水足迹研究领域的发展现状以及未来的相关研究热点。结果表明:①水足迹领域相关研究文献数量不断增长,水足迹越来越受到中外学者的关注;②国外水足迹研究主要围绕虚拟水和水足迹展开,且对于水权问题的关注度较高,国内水足迹研究主要着眼于虚拟水贸易和虚拟水消费,应用型研究成为水足迹研究的热点,未来水足迹研究热点可能会围绕“水-粮食-能源”三者的耦合展开,对于水足迹与社会经济问题相结合的研究力度会逐渐增大;③水足迹领域中外文文献的发文作者都集中于少数研究人员,主要发文作者的研究奠定了水足迹研究的基础;④主要的发文机构有Univ Twente、中国科学院等,主要的载文期刊有ECOL ECON、HYDROL EARTH SYST SC、 WATER RESOUR MANAG以及《资源科学》《中国人口 .资源与环境》《生态学报》等。根据水足迹研究现状,给出了关于水足迹领域未来发展的建议。
四例皮肤非结核分枝杆菌感染临床分析

非结核分枝杆菌(NTM)是除结核分枝杆菌复合群及麻风分枝杆菌以外的其他分枝杆菌,广泛分布于土壤、水、灰尘等自然环境,也可在水管、填充材料及医疗器械设备中定植。作为环境来源的机会致病菌,越来越多的研究认为,NTM是人类疾病的病原体。由于皮肤NTM感染的自觉症状轻,皮损多形以及NTM种类繁多,病原体培养困难,因此,临床上常误诊或漏诊。本文通过回顾分析4例NTM患者,分析其临床特点及诊疗方案,为临床诊治提供参考。
miR-22在心肌重构中的作用

miRNAs (microRNAs)是一组由20~25个核苷酸组成的非编码RNA,首次发现于秀丽隐杆线虫,后经证实在动植物体内也普遍存在.通过与靶基因3'端的非编码序列特异性结合,miRNAs可引导沉默复合体(RNA-induced silencing complex, RISC)促进靶基因降解或抑制翻译过程最终抑制靶基因表达.通常,miRNA由发夹结构的70~90个碱基大小的单链RNA前体(pre-miRNA)经过Dicer酶加工后生成.miRNAs在进化中十分保守,只有在动物,植物及真菌等多细胞真核生物的特定组织和发育阶段才会表达.多个研究报道,miRNAs参与并调控了心肌重构的发生发展过程. miRNA的异常表达,可能会直接或间接影响心脏的结构,代谢和功能.例如miR-lOla可以通过抑制TGFβ受体I(TGFpR I)及其下游分子来抑制心脏成纤维细胞的增殖、分化、迁移及胶原生成.而在心梗后,心肌组织中上调的miR-34a可以通过靶向激活Smad4来诱发心肌纤维化的发生.miR-22作为心脏的一种富集miRNA,其在心肌重构中对肥厚反应、胶原生成、自噬及能量代谢相关基因和蛋白表达的调节功能也逐渐被揭示.本文将针对近年来miR-22在心肌重构中的作用及未来研究方向做一论述.
Diagnostic Performance of Intestinal Fusobacterium nucleatum in Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

Background: Increasing evidence has supported the link of intestinal Fusobacterium nucleatum infection to colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the value of F. nucleatum as a biomarker in CRC detection has not been fully defined. In order to reduce the random error and bias of individual research,this meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of intestinal F. nucleatum in CRC patients and provide evidence-based data to clinical practice. Methods: An article search was performed from PubMed, Embase,Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases up to December 2017, using the following key words: "Fusobacterium nucleatum","Fusobacterium spp.”,“Fn”,“colorectal cancer(s)",“colorectal carcinoma(s)”,“colorectal neoplasm(s)”,and “colorectal tumor(s)”. Articles on relationships between F. nucleatum and CRC were selected according to the preestablished inclusion and exclusion criteria. This meta-analysis was performed using STATA 12.0 software, which included mapping of forest plots, heterogeneity tests, meta-regression, subgroup analysis,sensitivity analysis,and publication bias. The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR),negative LR,diagnostic odds ratio (DOR),and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) of each eligible study were summarized. Results: Finally, data for 1198 participants (629 CRC and 569 healthy controls) in 10 controlled studies from seven articles were included. The summary receiver operator characteristic curve was mapped. The diagnostic performance of intestinal F. nucleatum infection on CRC was as follows: the area under the curve: 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83-0.89), the pooled sensitivity: 0.81 (95% CI: 0.64-0.91), specificity: 0.77 (95% CI: 0.59-0.89),and DOR: 14.00 (95% CI: 9.00-22.00). Conclusion: Intestinal F. nucleatum is a valuable marker for CRC diagnosis.
Risk Factors for Recurrence of Ovarian Endometriosis in Chinese Patients Aged 45 and Over

Background: When considering the issue of recurrence,perimenopausal women may have more dilemma during management comparing with young women, for example, whether to retain the uterus and ovary during surgery, whether it is necessary to add adjuvant medicine treatment after operation, and there is no evidence for reference about using of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. This study aimed to study the risk factors for the recurrence of ovarian endometriosis (EM) in patients aged 45 and over. Methods: This is a retrospective nested case-control study. We reviewed the medical records of patients aged over 45 years who underwent surgical treatments for ovarian EM from 1994 to 2014, in Peking Union Medical College Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. By following up to January 2016,45 patients were found to have relapses and regarded as the recurrence group. The patients with no recurrence during the same follow-up period were randomly selected by the ratio of 1:4 as the nonrecurrence group (180 patients in total). Stratified Cox regression was used to analyze the risk factors of the recurrence. Results: Univariate analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the postoperative treatment (the percentage of patients who received postoperative treatment in non-recurrence group and recurrence group, 23.9% vs. 40.0%,x~2 = 4.729,P = 0.030) and ovarian preservation (the percentage of patients who received surgery of ovarian preservation in non-recurrence group and recurrence group, 25.0 % vs. 44.4%,x~2 = 19.462, P < 0.001) between the nonrecurrence group and the recurrence group. There was no correlation between recurrence and the following factors including patient's age, menarche age,gravidity, parity, CA125 level, ovarian lesions, menopausal status, combined benign gynecological conditions (such as myoma and adenomyoma) and endometrial abnormalities, and surgical approach or surgical staging (all P> 0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that whether to retain the ovary was the only independent risk factor of recurrence for patients aged 45 years and over with ovarian EM (odds ratio: 5.594, 95% confidence interval: 1.919-16.310, P = 0.002). Conclusion: Ovarian preservation might be the only independent risk factor of recurrence for patients aged 45 years and over with ovarian EM.
人工智能的道德维度

无限拓展的人工智能领域,不但是新兴科技发展的前沿阵地,亦是道德与危机评估的新疆界.在颂扬人工智能对社会高效运转与财富积累的积极作用的同时,我们也不应忘记其无法真正做出道德决策且高度依赖人的伦理判断这一事实.自2018年3月起,关于“脸书-剑桥分析数据泄露及滥用丑闻”的报道层出不穷,各界媒体将其表述为人工智能威胁到民主制度的典型案例.随着英国数据分析公司 “剑桥分析”盗用社交媒体“脸书"数千万用户的个人数据以操纵政治选举结果的事实浮出水面,人工智能的道德维度这一议题逐渐进入公众视野,对人工智能应用进行监管的必要性也被屡屡强调.在这一背景下,本期的两个项目对那些在人工智能塑造建成环境时所扮演角色的讨论中通常被忽略的重要议题提出了见解.
Single-cell transcriptomics reveals gene signatures and alterations associated with aging in distinct neural stem/progenitor cell subpopulations

Aging associated cognitive decline has been linked to dampened neural stem/progenitor cells (NSC/NPCs) activities manifested by decreased proliferation, reduced propensity to produce neurons, and increased differentiation into astrocytes. While gene transcription changes objectively reveal molecular alterations of cells undergoing various biological processes, the search for molecular mechanisms underlying aging of NSC/NPCs has been confronted by the enormous heterogeneity in cellular compositions of the brain and the complex cellular microenvironment where NSC/NPCs reside. Moreover, brain NSC/NPCs themselves are not a homogenous population, making it even more difficult to uncover NSC/NPC sub-type specific aging mechanisms. Here, using both population-based and single cell transcriptome analyses of young and aged mouse forebrain ependymal and subependymal regions and comprehensive “big-data” processing, we report that NSC/NPCs reside in a rather inflammatory environment in aged brain, which likely contributes to the differentiation bias towards astrocytes versus neurons. Moreover, single cell transcriptome analyses revealed that different aged NSC/NPC subpopulations, while all have reduced cell proliferation, use different gene transcription programs to regulate age-dependent decline in cell cycle. Interestingly, changes in cell proliferation capacity are not influenced by inflammatory cytokines, but likely result from cell intrinsic mechanisms. The Erk/Mapk pathway appears to be critically involved in regulating age-dependent changes in the capacity for NSC/NPCs to undergo clonal expansion. Together this study is the first example of using population and single cell based transcriptome analyses to unveil the molecular interplay between different NSC/NPCs and their microenvironment in the context of the aging brain.
Seismic Low-Frequency Shadow beneath Gas Hydrate in the Shenhu Area Based on the Stereoscopic Observation System

Spectral analysis shows a low-frequency shadow under the BSR interface. Traditional low-frequency shadow analysis is based on stacked data. In order to understand the BSR low-frequency shadow more clearly, a frequency division analysis on stereoscopic observation seismic data based on the adaptive optimal-kernel(AOK) frequency analysis method is presented. It includes ocean-bottom seismometer(OBS) data(common receiver point data including vertical and horizontal components), vertical cable data(common receiver point data) and horizontal cable data(stacked section of different offsets). The OBS data frequency analysis gets a conclusion that vertical component has a significant effect on the low-frequency shadow, but the horizontal component did not. The vertical cable data shows that the low frequency band of vertical cable is wider than OBS. And then the horizontal cable data frequency analysis points out that the bigger the angle of incidence is, the more obvious the low-frequency shadow will be. The low-frequency shadow feature is shown in the stereoscopic observation field and the visual effect on common reception point data is better. The lateral reservoir distribution characteristics are predicted from low-frequency shadow feature analysis of the hydrate BSR based on stereoscopic observation.
Carbon-Isotope Excursions Recorded in the Cambrian System, South China: Implications for Mass Extinctions and Sea-Level Fluctuations

Cambrian carbonates with abundant fossils of agnostoid trilobites deposited on the southern slope(Jiangnan slope belt) of the Yangtze Platform and in the Jiangnan deepwater basin are well exposed in the Wangcun Section of western Hunan, South China, and in the Duibian A Section of western Zhejiang, southeastern China, respectively. To better understand the response of carbonisotope excursions to depositional environment changes, mass extinctions and eustatic events, we collected 530 carbonate samples in fresh roadcut exposures of the two measured sections for analysis of carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions. Data of δ_(13)C from the Wangcun Section, western Hunan, South China, demonstrate that the Cambrian carbon-isotope profile includes three remarkable positive excursions CPE_(wc)-1, 2, 3 in the Upper Series 2, in the Lower and in the Middle Furongian Series. Three distinctive negative excursions CNE_(wc)-1, 2, 3 were separately tested in the Lower Terreneuvian Series, Lower Series 3 and in the Upper Furongian Series. Similarly, in the corresponding horizons in the Duibian A Section, Zhejiang Province, southeastern China, three positive excursions CPE_(db)-1, 2, 3 and three negative excursions CNE_(db)-1, 2, 3 also have been discovered. We interpret these significant carbon-isotope excursions as being associated with enhanced biogenic productivity, mass extinctions and eustatic events.
Zircon U-Pb Ages and Sr-Nd-Hf Isotopic Characteristics of the Huichizi Granitic Complex in the North Qinling Orogenic Belt and Their Geological Significance

The Huichizi granite complex is the largest Paleozoic I-type intrusion located in the North Qinling orogenic belt(NQB). In this study, we present systematic geochemical element data, zircon U-Pb ages, Lu-Hf isotopic data, and Sr-Nd isotopic data for the Huichizi granites. In terms of mineral and chemical compositions, these granites are biotite monzonitic and alkali-feldspar granites, both of which are characterized by high SiO_2 and total alkali contents and low MgO, TiO_2, and TFeO contents. These granites are weakly peraluminous(A/CNK values are 1–1.06 for biotite monzonitic granites and 1.04–1.09 for alkali-feldspar granites) and possess the geochemical characteristics of adakitic rocks, e.g., high Sr contents(319 ppm–633 ppm), Sr/Y ratios(18.5–174), and(La/Yb)N ratios(17.6–57) and low MgO(0.04 wt.%–0.83 wt.%), Y(3.0 ppm–17.2 ppm), and heavy rare-earth element(HREE) contents. This indicates that these rocks were most likely derived from the partial melting of a thickened lower crust. In situ zircon U-Pb dating of these granites yields Early Caledonian ages(437 Ma for biotite monzonitic granites and 424 Ma for alkali-feldspar granites), indicating that the Huichizi granitic complex is the product of multi-periodic magmatism. The positive but varying zircon εHf(t) values(+0.6 to +8.5) suggest that this thickened lower crust was mainly juvenile, i.e., accreted from depleted mantle during the Neo-Mesoproterozoic Period, but involved the ancient recycled crust. Biotite monzonitic granites formed during crust thickening at the extrusion stage, whereas the alkali granites formed during crust thickening at the extension stage(post extrusion). The Huichizi granite complex witnessed the process of extrusion to extension because of the collision between the NCB and the Qinling microcontinent in the Caledonian.
Optimal Investment and Premium Control in a Nonlinear Diffusion Model

This paper considers the optimal investment and premium control problem in a diffusion approximation to a non-homogeneous compound Poisson process. In the nonlinear diffusion model, it is assumed that there is an unspecified monotone function describing the relationship between the safety loading of premium and the time-varying claim arrival rate. Hence, in addition to the investment control, the premium rate can be served as a control variable in the optimization problem. Specifically, the problem is investigated in two cases: (i) maximizing the expected utility of terminal wealth, and (ii) minimizing the probability of ruin respectively. In both cases, some properties of the value functions are derived, and closed-form expressions for the optimal policies and the value functions are obtained. The results show that the optimal investment policy and the optimal premium control policy are dependent on each other. Most interestingly, as an example, we show that the nonlinear diffusion model reduces to a diffusion model with a quadratic drift coefficient when the function associated with the premium rate and the claim arrival rate takes a special form. This example shows that the model of study represents a class of nonlinear stochastic control risk model.
Adaptive Sliding-Mode Control of an Automotive Electronic Throttle in the Presence of Input Saturation Constraint

In modern vehicles, electronic throttle (ET) has been widely utilized to control the airflow into gasoline engine. To solve the control difficulties with an ET, such as strong nonlinearity, unknown model parameters and input saturation constraints, an adaptive sliding-mode tracking control strategy for an ET is presented. Compared with the existing control strategies for an ET, input saturation constraints and parameter uncertainties are adequately considered in the proposed control strategy. At first, the nonlinear dynamic model for control of an ET is described. According to the dynamical model, the nonlinear adaptive sliding-mode tracking control method is presented, where parameter adaptive laws and auxiliary design system are employed. Parameter adaptive law is given to estimate the unknown parameter with an ET. An auxiliary system is designed, and its state is utilized in the tracking control method to handle the input saturation. Stability proof and analysis of the adaptive sliding-mode control method is performed by using Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, the reliability and feasibility of the proposed control strategy are evaluated by computer simulation. Simulation research shows that the proposed sliding-mode control strategy can provide good control performance for an ET.
Minor-effect QTL for heading date detected in crosses between indica rice cultivar Teqing and near isogenic lines of IR24

Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) having small effects on heading date (HD) is important for fine-tuning flowering timein rice (Oryza sativa L.).In this study,minor-effect QTL for HD were identified using five segregating rice populations,including a recombinant inbred line population derived from crosses between indica cultivar Teqing and near isogenic lines of IR24,and four populations derived from residual heterozygotes identified in the original population.HDdata fromthese populations were obtained in multiple years or at two locationswith different photoperiods.Atotal of 11QTL were detected;they had small additive effects ranging from 0.21 to 1.63 days.The QTL were all detected in different populations,locations and/or years,having consistent allelic effects across experiments and a stable magnitude across years at the same location.These QTL,and other minor-effect QTL that have been cloned or fine-mapped,generally do not have strong photoperiod sensitivity,and thus can be used in a wide range of ecogeographical conditions.Seven of the 11 QTL were different from those that have been cloned or fine-mapped,providing new candidates for gene cloning and marker-assisted breeding.Allelic effects ofQTL corresponding to those that had been cloned or fine-mapped,weremuchsmaller in this study than previously reported.The results supported the assumption that qualitative and quantitative genes may be different alleles at the same loci,suggesting that it may be promising to identify minor-effect QTL frommajor heading date genes/QTL that have been cloned.