mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Effects of Ti-bearing inclusions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of MAG multilayer weld metal

The metal active gas (MAG) multilayer weld metal consists of the columnar grain zone (CGZ) and the fine grain zone (FGZ). Mechanical properties and microstructure of the CGZ and FGZ have been analyzed and evaluated. The inclusion with a size of 0.2-1.0 μm is typical log-normal distribution. The morphology of inclusions has been analyzed using transmission electron microscope (TEM). With the microalloying element Ti addition, much MnTiO_3 phase precipitates on the Mn-silicates matrix, which is beneficial for the nucleation of acicular ferrite (AF). The probable mechanism for the nucleation of AF has been discussed.
经方中胶饴应用辨析

应用经方治疗疾病往往可取得如风吹云、立竿见影之效。然而,医圣张仲景在经方的论述过程中可谓字字珠玑,对其中诸如药物的选择、炮制、剂量、配伍比例、煎法、服法、药后反应等每一个细节都做了明确的交代。医者在经方的应用过程中要真正地做到如理、如法,才能取得经方之神效。笔者在多年的临床过程中对此体会深刻,经方中药物选择偏差、药物配伍比例不如法、煎服方法不恰当都可能带来天壤之别的临床效果。为此,笔者就胶饴在临床上的应用体会来探讨经方的正确应用。
糖尿病性白内障发病机制、流行病学与治疗的新进展

1型和2型糖尿病常见的并发症是糖尿病性视网膜病变,是我国导致失明的最常见原因之一,糖尿病性白内障已成为糖尿病并发症中仅次于视网膜病变的第二大眼病。在糖尿病病程超过20年的患者中,糖尿病视网膜病变的发病率:1型糖尿病患者为95%,2型糖尿病患者为60%。1型糖尿病患者中有加重型的增生性糖尿病视网膜病变。严密的血糖、血脂监测和血压控制已被证明对防止糖尿病性白内障的发展有益。
失血性休克进程中红细胞流变特性的变化

失血性休克是临床常见危重症,基本病理过程为组织灌流减少导致的严重微循环障碍。失血性休克过程中血液流变性改变是微循环障碍的主要原因之一,表现为血黏度增加、红细胞和白细胞变形能力下降,损害细胞通过微循环的能力,进而恶化组织供氧和内环境紊乱。已经有大量基础和临床研究关注于白细胞在失血性休克过程中的作用,而作为血液中含量最多的有形成分———红细胞,最近才逐渐引起人们的注意;红细胞的功能状态不但直接改变血液流变性,影响失血性休克的转归,而且可以作为组织氧含量的感受器和血管口径的调节剂影响微循环状态。Machiedo等研究发现创伤/失血性休克(T/HS)后红细胞功能发生显著变化,静脉回输T/HS红细胞导致正常动物器官血流量降低,研究结果证明失血性休克所致红细胞变形性的变化直接引起了器官的低灌注,且失血性休克诱导的红细胞损伤加速了该过程。因此,失血性休克所诱导的红细胞功能的变化是引起多器官功能障碍与衰竭的重要因素。本文针对红细胞流变性的影响因素,回顾失血性休克过程中红细胞流变性的改变,并追溯其可能的发生机制,为休克的血液流变性的干预提供理论参考。
丹参对大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤PI3K-AKT信号传导通路的影响

目的研究丹参注射液预处理对大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤(HIRI)中PI3K-AKT信号传导通路的影响。方法健康雄性SD大鼠80只,随机分为4组,即假手术组、缺血再灌注组(IR组)、丹参组(SI组)、丹参+阻断剂组(LY组),每组分别按再灌注时间(1、3、6、24 h)分为4个时相,每组各个时相均为5只。制作70%肝缺血再灌注模型,测血清ALT、AST及LDH水平;免疫印迹法测肝组织中PI3K、Akt及p-Akt(Ser308)蛋白的表达情况;TUNEL法观察各组的肝细胞凋亡;以及光镜下观察大鼠肝脏形态学变化。结果ALT、AST、LDH含量:IR、SI、LY组的值明显高于假手术组(P<0.05);SI组、LY组各个时相的值较IR组均下降(P<0.05);与LY组比较,SI组各个时相的值均下降(P<0.05)。免疫印迹检测:各组PI3K、AKT的表达无显著差异(P>0.05);而在p-Akt的表达中,假手术、IR、LY组组间无显著差异(P>0.05),SI组各时相的表达都高于其余各组,且均有显著差异(P<0.05)。凋亡检测:IR组肝细胞有典型的凋亡特征,SI、LY及假手术组均优于IR组(P<0.05);其中SI组又优于LY组(P<0.05);假手术组正常,优于其余各组。在光镜下观察肝形态学变化,可见IR组损伤最为明显,SI组和LY组较IR组轻,其中SI组更轻,而假手术组肝组织形态正常。结论肝脏缺血再灌注造成了肝细胞显著损伤,丹参注射液预处理通过PI3K-Akt信号传导通路的调控发挥了对肝脏的保护作用。
血清糖皮质激素调节蛋白激酶3过表达对乳腺癌细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨血清糖皮质激素调节蛋白激酶3(SGK3)基因过表达对乳腺癌细胞凋亡的影响。方法构建pEGFP-N1-SGK3重组质粒,用载体质粒pEGFP-N1和重组质粒pEGFP-N1-SGK3转染乳腺癌MCF7细胞;MTT法观察转染细胞的增殖情况,流式细胞术分析细胞凋亡情况,RT-PCR检测凋亡相关基因表达。结果利用pEGFP-N1-SGK3质粒转染乳腺癌MCF7细胞,建立表达SGK3蛋白的细胞系;通过细胞增殖实验发现,SGK3的过表达可促进MCF7细胞增殖;流式细胞术分析显示,外源性SGK3可抑制MCF7细胞凋亡的发生,并影响凋亡相关基因bad、bcl-xl的表达。结论SGK3的过表达可抑制乳腺癌MCF7细胞凋亡。
2型糖尿病患者γ-谷氨酰转肽酶与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的探讨γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)与2型糖尿病(T2DM)以及胰岛素抵抗(IR)的相关性。方法选择104例T2DM患者和74例正常人,检测身高、体重、血压、GGT及其他生化指标,比较两组间所测指标的差异性,并分析IR与各因素的相关性。结果经Pearson相关分析,体重指数(BMI)、SBP、DBP、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹C肽、尿酸(UA)、GGT、甘油三酯(TG)与胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)呈正相关,其中GGT与IRI显著相关(r=0.369,P<0.01),有显著的统计学意义。多元逐步线性回归分析显示血压、BMI、GGT与IR密切相关。结论在排除其他肝病的影响因素后,GGT可以作为IR的独立预测指标,GGT有可能成为T2DM发生危险因素的预测指标。
Connexin43在糖尿病肾病领域的研究进展

间隙连接(gap junction,GJ)是由相邻两个细胞膜上的GJ蛋白(connexin,Cx)构成的一种细胞间连接方式。GJ直接连接相邻细胞的胞浆,建立细胞间隙连接通讯(gap junctional inter-cellular communication,GJIC),介导细胞间信息、能量及物质的交换,对细胞的新陈代谢、内环境稳定、生长、增殖和分化等生理过程起着重要的调控作用。研究发现Cx43表达及功能的改变与糖尿病肾病的发生、发展有着密切的关系。本文就Cx43以及GJIC在糖尿病肾病病理生理过程中所发挥作用的研究进展做一综述。
点阵激光治疗皮肤老化的研究进展

皮肤老化包括外源性老化和内源性老化。内源性老化又称自然老化，为内源性的由个体遗传背景决定的程序过程，随时间流逝逐渐形成。外源性老化主要与紫外线辐射等外界因素产生的累积性损害有关，并加速自然老化过程。然而，不论内源性还是外源性，其皮肤老化都集中表现为：皱纹、松弛、弹性丧失、粗糙、色素沉着或异常、皮肤萎缩、毛细血管扩张，防御及修复能力下降，发生各种不同类型的良恶性肿瘤，不仅影响美观，甚至影响健康和生活质量。研究和解决中老年人群皮肤问题已成为广大美容医师的又一项热点研究领域。
清眩颗粒对伴及不伴睡眠呼吸暂停高血压患者内皮功能的影响

目的研究清眩颗粒对伴及不伴睡眠呼吸暂停(obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)高血压患者内皮功能的影响。方法采用分层随机双盲安慰剂对照方法。纳入阴虚阳亢型轻中度高血压患者90例,行便携式睡眠仪监测;用肱动脉超声技术评价内皮依赖性血管舒张功能(flow-media-ted dilation,FMD)。根据患者OSA诊断结果,分为伴OSA高血压和不伴OSA高血压两个亚组,每个亚组再随机分为试验组和对照组。在氨氯地平常规治疗的基础上,试验组加予清眩颗粒,对照组加予安慰剂,共干预2个月。用广义线性模型协方差分析高血压患者的内皮和OSA各相关指标治疗前后的差值,比较清眩颗粒的疗效,并分析OSA对治疗结果的影响。结果总体患者ET、AngⅡ的下降幅度试验组大于对照组〔P(a)<0.05〕,FMD、NO/ET比值升高幅度试验组大于对照组〔P(a)<0.05〕。OSA可以减少PRA、AngⅡ、ALD的下降幅度〔P(b)<0.05〕,从而减弱药物的疗效。FMD、NO、NO/ET比值并且减少的升高幅度〔P(b)<0.05〕。同时,清眩颗粒没有加重OSA患者的病情(P>0.05),还可以减少HI(P<0.05),改善OSA患者低通气情况。结论清眩颗粒可以改善高血压患者的内皮功能,平衡内皮舒缩因子比例,抑制AngⅡ过度升高;同时对OSA的低通气指数还有一定的改善作用,可在临床上进一步研究加以验证。
老年宫颈病变与人乳头瘤病毒感染的相关性

目的探讨老年宫颈病变与人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染的相关性。方法选择我院2008年10月至2011年6月，在我院妇科门诊就诊的891例老年妇女作为研究对象。按照病理组织检查结果分为炎症或者正常组、低度鳞状上皮细胞内瘤变组及宫颈癌或高度鳞状上皮细胞内瘤变组。比较三组就诊者的HPV感染情况，探讨HPV感染和老年宫颈病变之间的相关性。结果891例老年妇女中HPV感染者共计412例（46.24%）；经液基细胞学检测及阴道镜检测宫颈病变患者368例，病变率为41.3%。炎症或正常组为579例，其中HPV感染者145例（25.04%），宫颈癌或高度鳞状上皮细胞内瘤变组127例，感染110例（86.61%）；低度鳞状上皮细胞内瘤变组185例，感染140例，感染率为75.67%；三组比较，两组宫颈病变患者的总感染率明显高于正常或炎症组，组间比较差异显著（P<0.05）。宫颈鳞癌及高度鳞状上皮内瘤变组感染HPV-H率为92.3%，宫颈鳞癌及高度鳞状上皮内瘤变组、低度宫颈上皮内瘤样病变组、炎症或者正常组的HPV双重与多重感染率分别为：45.40%、28.34%和12.26%，正常或炎症组明显低于另外两组（均P<0.05）。结论老年宫颈病变与HPV感染密切相关，且随着宫颈病变程度的加重，HPV二重或多重感染的概率亦增加。
外科手术切口感染危险因素分析

手术切口感染不仅延长了住院时间,还增加了患者的痛苦及经济支出,给社会带来负效应。降低外科手术后切口感染率是控制医院感染研究的重要课题。本研究对我院2009-2010年35例外科手术后切口感染患者的相关因素进行了回顾性分析,现报道如下。
低分子肝素钙联合肾炎康复片治疗原发性肾病综合征

目的观察在常规治疗基础上加用低分子肝素钙联合肾炎康复片治疗原发性肾病综合征伴高凝状态的疗效。方法原发性肾病综合征伴高凝状态患者60例随机分为两组,对照组30例采用常规治疗;治疗组30例在常规治疗基础上加用低分子肝素钙4 100 U,皮下注射,2次/d,治疗2周,肾炎康复片,每次5片,3次/d,口服,治疗4周。观察治疗前后两组患者的疗效和血液生化指标的变化。结果治疗组总有效率达86.7%,显著高于对照组的50.0%(P<0.05),且治疗组胆固醇、甘油三酯、血浆黏度、24 h尿蛋白定量等均有显著下降(P<0.05),并且无出血等并发症发生。结论低分子肝素钙联合肾炎康复片可显著提高原发性肾病综合征伴高凝状态患者缓解率,且安全性好,无明显副作用。
超声斑点追踪技术评价左心室局部功能的进展

超声斑点追踪是近年来发展起来的一项新技术，其原理为超声成像过程中入射超声波与心肌组织之间发生散射、反射等作用而在图像上形成"斑点"回声，心肌组织中含有众多均匀分布的斑点回声，也称为自然声学标志，每个斑点的大小约为20~40像素，其位置随着心肌的运动而发生改变，通过追踪这些与心肌组织同步运动的自然声学标志可以获得心动周期中心肌组织的运动信息。在二维超声图像上勾画出感兴趣区心肌节段后，室壁运动追踪软件可以逐帧追踪心动周期中声学斑点的运动轨迹，通过定量分析获取心肌的运动信息。由于心肌运动的三维性，目前人们正在应用三维超声斑点追踪技术研究心脏各节段的运动，以更准确全面地反映心脏的运动状况。
盆腔脾种植经阴道超声表现1例

讨论脾种植指由于外伤或脾切除术所引起的脾组织通过各种不同方式在其他部位的再生。其发生机制可能为脾组织碎屑随血流蔓延，种植于盆腹腔，脾未分化的网状细胞与纤维组织形成支架后，进一步分化形成内皮窦、毛细血管和淋巴细胞，最终形成脾组织样组织~([1])。种植脾可以部分代偿脾功能，降低爆发性感染的发生率，有利于自体免疫力。对于有脾外伤史者，盆腹腔发现无法明确来源的多发肿块时应考虑"种植脾"的可能。超声特点为：盆腔多发实性团块，孤立结节及部分结节连成片状，边界清晰，形态欠规则，内实质回声均质，仔细观察呈类脾样回声，血流信号较丰富。在术中对肿块进行快速病理检查是非常必要的，根据病理提示选择合适的手术方式。经阴道超声检查，盆腔脏器图像清晰，但扫查范围有限，应结合憋尿腹部探查增大扫查范围。
心包内上皮样血管内皮细胞瘤超声心动图表现1例

患者女，40岁，右侧乳腺癌术后7个月，气短1周。查体：体温362℃，心率122次/分，呼吸25次/分，血压97 mmHg/66 mmHg；强迫坐位，面色苍白，呼吸急促，颈静脉略怒张；两侧锁骨上下未触及肿大淋巴结，双肺呼吸音粗；心相对浊音界向两侧增大，心音稍弱；奇脉；中腹部压痛，双下肢略浮肿。经胸超声心动图：心包腔内左心室前侧方约61 cm×40 cm×29 cm中等强度附加回声，形态不规则，基底宽，附着于壁层心包膜表面，与室壁无粘连；心包腔内大量液性暗区，脏层心包膜表面及液性暗区内可见纤维条索回声，心脏整体在心包腔内摆动（图1）。胸部CT：左肺上叶贴近心包见45 cm×52 cm类圆形占位，内见环形、点片状钙化，增强后轻度强化，左肺下部胸腔内亦见含大量钙化密度结节影（图2）。行心包、胸膜、肺肿物切除术，术后病理：心包内上皮样血管内皮细胞瘤（图3）；免疫组化：CK局灶（+），Vim（+），CR（-），S100（-），CD34（+），Bcl2（±），Ki67 2%，SMA（+），CD99（-），F8（-），CD31（+）。
原发性脑膜黑色素细胞瘤1例报告并文献复习

脑膜黑色素细胞瘤是发病率仅为0.9/1×10~7的一种中枢神经系统良性肿瘤~([1])。文献最早可追溯到1940年,Ray和Foot发现2例富含黑色素颗粒,起源于软脑膜的肿瘤,其生物学行为具有良性特征,并命名为"黑色素性脑膜瘤"~([2,3])。直到1972年,Limas和Tio通过超微结构研究发现肿瘤细胞起源于软脑膜中黑色素细胞,并非脑膜上皮细胞,并将该类肿瘤更名为脑脊膜黑色素细胞瘤~([3,4])(meningeal melanocytoma),并被广泛接受。查近40余年文献,国内外共报道不足百例。
迷走神经-孤束核通路对心血管生理的调控功能

近年来,以迷走神经作为靶点治疗难治性癫痫、抑郁、失眠等精神系统疾病及其内在机制已经成为研究关注的热点,而随着迷走神经刺激器的成功开发和迷走神经刺激(VNS)治疗上述疾病在欧美国家被批准应用,科学家又开始将目光投向心脏疾病的治疗。尤其是2010年VNS在充血性心力衰竭的治疗方面得到开展并取得疗效,但其内在研究机制还不甚明了。由于迷走神经和交感神经组成的自主神经系统在心电稳定性的维系中起到至关重要的作用,且自主神经系统功能失衡将会产生两个截然相反的结局:要么诱发心律失常,要么发挥抗心律失常的功效,这完全取决于交感与副交感神经在对窦房结的控制中孰占上风。因此我们推测VNS治疗心力衰竭的策略是调整自主神经系统的平衡使之朝着增加心电稳定性的方向调整。另一方面,迷走神经-孤束核也被认为是参与心血管反射调节的重要通路,且迷走神经内脏纤维绝大部分将通过孤束核(NTS)中继并借此与脑内多个结构发生纤维联,因此我们推测迷走神经-孤束核与脑内其他核团联系可能在VNS治疗心力衰竭的过程中发挥作用。由此可见,弄清楚迷走神经、NTS在中枢神经系统内的通路联系显得极为重要。本文综述了迷走神经-孤束核通路在心血管调节方面的解剖与生理研究进展,以期为探寻VNS临床治疗的机制提供路线图。
血清胱抑素C、糖化血红蛋白及血液流变学与2型糖尿病肾病的关系

目的探讨血清胱抑素C(CysC)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)及血液流变学与2型糖尿病肾病病程的关系。方法根据尿白蛋白排泄率将104例2型糖尿病患者分为糖尿病非肾病组(48例)和糖尿病肾病组(56例),并选择健康者30例作为对照组,进行血清CysC、HbA1C及血液流变学各项指标检测。结果糖尿病肾病组HbA1C、CysC、血液流变学各项指标显著高于糖尿病非肾病组及对照组(P<0.01)。糖尿病肾病组病程明显长于糖尿病非肾病组(P<0.01)。Pearson相关分析显示,HbA1C与CysC、血肌酐、血清β2微球蛋白(β_2-MG)、病程均呈正相关(P<0.01),CysC与血β_2-MG、病程呈正相关(P<0.05),CysC、HbA1C与血液流变指标中的红细胞聚集指数、全血黏度(低切)、全血黏度(中切)、全血黏度(高切)、全血还原黏度(低切)、全血还原黏度(中切)、全血还原黏度(高切)均呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论糖尿病肾病与病程、持续高血糖、血液流变血异常有关,长期控制血糖、改善血液流变性,对预防和治疗糖尿病肾病变有非常重要的意义。
IFN-γ-IL-32-IL-1β反馈环对判断慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期病情轻重及预后的意义

目的探讨IFN-γ-IL-32-IL-1β反馈环对判断慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者病情轻重及预后的意义。方法应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测50例AECOPD存活组3、0例AECOPD死亡患者(死亡组)在治疗前后血清干扰素γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素32(IL-32)的浓度。结果(1)存活组治疗后IFN-γI、L-1β和IL-32的浓度较治疗前均显著下降(P<0.01);死亡组终末期IL-1β的浓度较治疗前显著升高(P<0.05),IFN-γ和IL-32的浓度较治疗前均升高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)IL-1β的浓度与AECOPD患者的死亡呈正相关(P<0.05)I,FN-γI、L-32浓度与AECOPD患者的死亡无相关性(P>0.05)。结论IFN-γ-IL-32-IL-1β反馈环的偏移可能与AECOPD患者的病情轻重有关I,L-1β的浓度升高可作为AECOPD患者的死亡危险因素之一。
Screening tumor-targeting bacteriophage particles by pre-clearing phage display

Phage display technique provides a powerful approach for the discovery of new tumor-specific peptides.However,the peptides isolated through this technique usually did not possess high tumor-specific property.A pre-clearing step was introduced to increase the efficiency of biopanning by removal of particles that could interact with ubiquitously expressed cellular receptors in the non-target organs.The randomized Ph.D-CX_7C phage library (Phage III) was first pre-cleared in normal mice to reduce vasculatureor organ-targeting phages to get the pre-cleared phage library,and then the tumor-targeting bacteriophage particles (Phage I) were screened from pre-clearing phage library in S180 tumor-bearing mice.The biodistribution results of ~(99m)Tc-labeled phages in mice bearing S180 tumor show that the uptake of ~(99m)Tc-labeled Phage I in tumor is high but low in normal organs,and the tumor-to-liver and tumor-to-spleen ratios of ~(99m)Tc-labeled Phage I are higher than those of 99mTc-labeled Phage II (tumor-specific phages screened from the original CX7C library) and Phage III (unscreened phages from the original CX7C library).It indicates that the yield of tumor-targeting bacteriophage particles could be improved and the non-specific binding in organs becomes weak.Consequently,the pre-clearing phage display method could improve the yield of positive hits by reducing the non-target organ accumulation of bacteriophage particles.
兔肝脏局部注射无水乙醇后8-OHdG的表达及意义

目的通过观察DNA氧化损伤标记物8-OHdG在经局部注射无水乙醇后兔肝细胞中的表达,探讨局部无水乙醇注射是否通过肝脏DNA水平引起肝损伤,损伤是否具有时间性和空间性,以对局部无水乙醇注射的安全性进行实验分析。方法家兔20只,随机分为3组:注射无水乙醇1 ml组(A组,8只);注射无水乙醇2 ml组(B组,8只);不做任何处理的空白对照组(C组,4只)。B超引导下在兔肝脏内单点单次注射规定剂量无水乙醇,在局部无水乙醇注射后1、3、7、14天分别处死A、B组动物各2只,C组1只,观察肝脏大体病理,取坏死灶边缘(0 cm)、距坏死灶1 cm处(1 cm)及非注射肝叶(X cm)肝组织,固定。采用HE染色和免疫组化法观察肝组织病理变化及肝细胞中8-OhdG的表达。结果A、B组兔局部无水乙醇注射前后8-OHdG阳性率差异具有显著性(P<0.05);8-OHdG阳性率随时间推移而降低;1 cm处8-OHdG阳性率较X cm处明显减低(P=0.018)。结论局部无水乙醇注射可对兔肝细胞造成损伤;其损伤程度与乙醇注入量有关,剂量越大对兔肝脏损伤越大;其损伤具有时间性和一定空间性。
电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定电石中铁、硅、铝、钛

电石是有机合成化学工业的基本原料,利用电石可以合成一系列的有机化合物,为工业、农业、医药等行业提供所需原料。工业电石的主要成分是碳化钙,其余为游离氧化钙、碳以及硅、镁、铁、铝的化合物和少量的磷化物和硫化物等。工业用电石纯度约为70%~80%,杂质氧化钙约占24%,碳、硅、铁、磷化钙和硫化钙等约占6%,钢铁生产中常用作脱硫剂。在电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法分析中,一般优先选用酸溶或微波消解,因为碱熔会引入大量盐类,不利于测定,但碱熔仍然是不可或缺的样品前处理手段之一。电石的化学性质虽然很活泼,但酸溶和微波消解后仍会有少量残渣,影响硅、铝、钛的测定结果,因此在过滤后,需将滤纸和残渣进行烘干、灰化及灼烧处理后碱熔,操作繁琐。直接碱熔法由于电石在高温下会损伤铂坩埚,只能选用镍坩埚熔样,会引入一定量镍的背景。本工作采用在铂坩埚中以碳酸钠-碳酸钾-硼酸(4+5+6)混合熔剂熔融,盐酸(1+1)溶液浸取,以高纯碳酸钙进行基体匹配配制工作曲线,用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定电石中铁、硅、铝和钛的含量。
中国战略环境评价中低碳评价指标体系拓展探讨

低碳发展是应对全球气候变化而催生的新兴发展理念,已经成为中国社会经济发展转型的必然选择,将低碳理念融入战略环境评价(SEA)的目的就是要把抽象的、宏观的战略落实到可操作的具体项目中。从温室气体的污染特性、碳排放的区域差异性以及当前中国SEA指标体系存在的问题等方面,探讨了构建中国SEA中低碳评价指标体系的技术基础。在此基础上,提出将SEA中的低碳评价指标分为评价型指标和建议型指标,以全面体现SEA的功能定位。评价型指标的作用是综合评价拟议规划对低碳理念的融合程度;建议型指标则是提出低碳发展的评估体系和衡量标准。最后指出,当前中国大部分战略规划都尚未融入明确的低碳发展指标,因此建议型指标的构建是未来一段时间内SEA指标体系需要考虑的重点和难点。
发达国家污染场地修复技术评估实践及其对中国的启示

近年来,中国工业化进程造成的场地污染问题逐渐凸显,各地发现的污染场地数目众多,引发了巨大的环境风险与安全隐患。在介绍发达国家污染场地管理历程的基础上,分析了发达国家开展绿色和可持续污染场地修复评估研究和实践的主要方法,重点阐述了修复技术筛选矩阵、多目标决策支持技术、费用效益分析、生命周期评估和场地生态环境价值评估与恢复等方法的应用。最后建议加强对中国污染场地修复产业现状调研和趋势预测,为研究和制定适合绿色和可持续修复技术研发和应用的政策体系提出政策建议和研究方向。
抗血小板药物研究进展

目的综述抗血小板药物的应用现状和研究进展。方法在总结国内外文献的基础上,对临床上现有的抗血小板药物以及正在研究中的新的抗血小板药物及其新靶标进行总结和分析。结果与结论抗血小板药物开发是一个热门的研究领域,当前对血小板生物学以及对血小板黏附、活化和聚集相关的机制以及药物作用的潜在靶点有了越来越多的了解,笔者主要从影响血小板黏附、活化扩增,抑制血小板聚集及抗血小板作用新靶点等方面进行综述,并对未来开发出具有临床作用的新靶点的抗血小板药物,为血栓栓塞性疾病提供安全、有效的药物治疗进行展望。
透明质酸在骨科中的应用

目的阐述透明质酸(HA)在骨科中的应用。方法通过整理国内外相关文献,对近年来HA及其衍生物在骨关节炎和骨肉瘤的治疗、骨和软骨组织工程、椎间盘的再生等方面的应用进行回顾、总结,为骨科领域HA产品的研究和开发提供参考和辅助。结果与结论HA及交联HA在骨关节炎中的应用已被广泛接受。HA支架材料在软骨和骨组织工程中显示出良好的应用潜能。HA寡糖具有开发为抗恶性骨肿瘤药物的潜能。
阿魏酸钠对老年大鼠学习记忆能力改善作用及机制

阿尔采末病(AD)是一种慢性原发、进行性脑变性病,病因复杂,发病机制尚不清楚,但有研究表明,AD患者认知功能下降与突触素(SYP)的丢失存在相关性。另有研究表明,神经生长因子(NGF)可促进海马内突触的重建来提高SYP的表达从而改善AD大鼠的学习记忆能力。NGF必须与其特异性高亲和力受体酪氨酸激酶受体A(TrkA)结合才能发挥作用，当TrkA受体的膜外部位点与NGF结合后形成TrkA二聚体，自身膜内部酪氨酸残基磷酸化，通过PI3K-Akt途径，最终启动即早基因和延迟反应基因的转录。
心电图服钾试验诱发高血钾1例

长期以来服钾试验一直被认为是一项安全的临床试验，对其潜在的危险性一直被临床忽视。既往多数学者仅建议有器质性心脏病者禁用服钾试验，而本例患者体检时并无心脏病的阳性体征发现，但在服钾试验后仍然出现严重的并发症。此外，服钾试验在心电图的鉴别诊断上并无特异性，临床意义极为有限。近年来对无症状人群出现的孤立性ST-T改变也有了新的认识，流行病学研究表明，该类改变是心血管事件和冠状动脉事件的独立危险因素。鉴于此，建议临床上不宜再使用服钾试验作为心电图鉴别诊断的方法。
Biological sulfate removal from acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater using a two-stage UASB reactor

A two-stage UASB reactor was employed to remove sulfate from acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater.Mesophilic operation(35±0.5℃) was performed with hydraulic retention time(HRT) varied between 28 and 40 hr.Mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS) in the reactor was maintained about 8000 mg/L.The results indicated that sulfate removal was enhanced with increasing the ratio of COD/SO_4~(2-).At low COD/SO_4~(2-),the growth of the sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB) was carbon-limited.The optimal sulfate removal efficiencies were 75% when the HRT was no less than 38 hr.Sulfidogenesis mainly happened in the sulfate-reducing stage,while methanogenesis in the methane-producing stage.Microbes in sulfate-reducing stage performed granulation better than that in methaneproducing stage.Higher extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) content in sulfate-reducing stage helped to adhere and connect the flocculent sludge particles together.SRB accounted for about 31% both in sulfate-reducing stage and methane-producing stage at COD/SO_4~(2-)ratio of 0.5,while it dropped dramatically from 34% in sulfate-reducing stage to 10% in methane-producing stage corresponding to the COD/SO_4~(2-)ratio of 4.7.SRB and MPA were predominant in sulfate-reducing stage and methane-producing stage respectively.
Smog chamber study on the evolution of fume from residential coal combustion

Domestic coal stoves are widely used in countryside and greenbelt residents in China for heating and cooking,and emit considerable pollutants to the atmosphere because of no treatment of their exhaust,which can result in deteriorating local air quality.In this study,a dynamic smog chamber was used to investigate the real-time emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants during the combustion process and a static smog chamber was used to investigate the fume evolution under simulate light irradiation.The real-time emissions revealed that the total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO increased sharply after ignition,and then quickly decreased,indicating volatilization of hydrocarbons with low molecular weight and incomplete combustion at the beginning stage of combustion made great contribution to these pollutants.There was evident shoulder peak around 10min combustion for both THC and CO,revealing the emissions from vitrinite combustion.Additionally,another broad emission peak of CO after 30min was also observed,which was ascribed to the incomplete combustion of the inertinite.Compared with THC and CO,there was only one emission peak for NOx,SO_2 and particular matters at the beginning stage of combustion.The fume evolution with static chamber simulation indicated that evident consumption of SO_2 and NOx as well as new particle formation were observed.The consumption rates for SO_2 and NOx were about 3.44% hr~(-1) and 3.68% hr~(-1),the new particle formation of nuclei particles grew at a rate of 16.03 nm/hr during the first reaction hour,and the increase of the diameter of accumulation mode particles was evident.The addition of isoprene to the diluted mixture of the fume could promote O_3 and secondary particle formation.
Ammonia volatilization and availability of Cu,Zn induced by applications of urea with and without coating in soils

Ammonia volatilization and the distribution of Cu and Zn were investigated in two types of soil treated with coated and uncoated urea.The rate of ammonia volatilization in two weeks after fertilizing with coated urea was 8% in soil 1 (soil derived from river alluvial deposits in Dongting Lake Plain) and 5.15% in soil 2 (red soil derived from quaternary red clay),about half the rates observed when fertilizing with common urea,implying that the hydrolysis speed of the coated urea was lower than for common urea,and that the coated urea can increase nitrogen use efficacy.As for the availability of Cu and Zn,their concentrations decreased in the first week after fertilization,and then increased,which was contrary to the effect of treatment on soil pH.For example,when the pH was 7.99,there was 0.79mg/kg exchangeable Cu and 0.85mg/kg exchangeable Zn in the soil derived from river alluvial deposits in Dongting Lake Plain.However,the concentrations of exchangeable Cu and Zn were generally lower for the common urea treatments than those with the coated urea because the peak pH for the common urea treatment was greater.The concentrations of these elements correlated well with pH in the range 4-8 in second order polynomial fits.
Rush-hour aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons in selected subway stations of Shanghai,China

Air samples were collected simultaneously at platform,mezzanine and outdoor in five typical stations of subway system in Shanghai,China using stainless steel canisters and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detector (GC-MSD) after cryogenic pre-concentration.Benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) at the platforms and mezzanines inside the stations averaged (10.3±2.1),(38.7±9.0),(19.4±10.1) and (30.0±11.1) μg/m~3,respectively;while trichloroethylene (TrCE),tetrachloroethylene (TeCE) and para-dichlorobenzene (pDCB),vinyl chloride and carbon tetrachloride were the most abundant chlorinated hydrocarbons inside the stations with average levels of (3.6±1.3),(1.3±0.5),(4.1±1.1),(2.2±1.1) and (1.2±0.3) μg/m~3,respectively.Mean levels of major aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons were higher indoor (platforms and mezzanines) than outdoor with average indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios of 1.1-9.5,whereas no significant indoor/outdoor differences were found except for benzene and TrCE.The highly significant mutual correlations (p<0.01) for BTEX between indoor and outdoor and their significant correlation (p<0.05) with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE),a marker of traffic-related emission without other indoor and outdoor sources,indicated that BTEX were introduced into the subway stations from indoor/outdoor air exchange and traffic emission should be their dominant source.TrCE and pDCB were mainly from indoor emission and TeCE might have both indoor emission sources and contribution from outdoor air,especially in the mezzanines.
Size distributions and sources of elements in particulate matter at curbside,urban and rural sites in Beijing

Size distributions of 29 elements in aerosols collected at urban,rural and curbside sites in Beijing were studied.High levels of Mn,Ni,As,Cd and Pb indicate the pollution of toxic heavy metals cannot be neglected in Beijing.Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates 4 sources of combustion emission,crust related sources,traffic related sources and volatile species from coal combustion.The elements can be roughly divided into 3 groups by size distribution and enrichment factors method (EFs).Group 1 elements are crust related and mainly found within coarse mode including Al,Mg,Ca,Sc,Ti,Fe,Sr,Zr and Ba;Group 2 elements are fossil fuel related and mostly concentrated in accumulation mode including S,As,Se,Ag,Cd,Tl and Pb;Group 3 elements are multi-source related and show multi-mode distribution including Be,Na,K,Cr,Mn,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Ga,Mo,Sn and Sb.The EFs of Be,S,Cr,Co,Ni,Cu,Ga,Se,Mo,Ag,Cd,Sb,Tl and Pb show higher values in winter than in summer indicating sources of coal combustion for heating in winter.The abundance of Cu and Sb in coarse mode is about 2-6 times higher at curbside site than at urban site indicating their traffic sources.Coal burning may be the major source of Pb in Beijing since the phase out of leaded gasoline,as the EFs of Pb are comparable at both urban and curbside sites,and about two times higher in winter than that in summer.
Characteristics and recent trends of sulfur dioxide at urban,rural,and background sites in North China:Effectiveness of control measures

SO_2 measurements made in recent years at sites in Beijing and its surrounding areas are performed to study the variations and trends of surface SO_2 at different types of sites in Northern China.The overall average concentrations of SO_2 are (16.8±13.1) ppb,(14.8±9.4) ppb,and (7.5±4.0) ppb at China Meteorological Administration (CMA,Beijing urban area),Gucheng (GCH,relatively polluted rural area,110 km to the southwest of Beijing urban area),and Shangdianzi (SDZ,clean background area,100 km to the northeast of Beijing urban area),respectively.The SO_2 levels in winter (heating season) are 4-6 folds higher than those in summer.There are highly significant correlations among the daily means of SO_2 at different sites,indicating regional characteristics of SO_2 pollution.Diurnal patterns of surface SO_2 at all sites have a common feature with a daytime peak,which is probably caused by the downward mixing and/or the advection transport of SO_2 -richer air over the North China Plain.The concentrations of SO_2 at CMA and GCH show highly significant downward trends (-4.4 ppb/yr for CMA and -2.4 ppb/yr for GCH),while a less significant trend (-0.3 ppb/yr) is identified in the data from SDZ,reflecting the character of SDZ as a regional atmospheric background site in North China.The SO_2 concentrations of all three sites show a significant decrease from period before to after the control measures for the 2008 Olympic Games,suggesting that the SO_2 pollution control has long-term effectiveness and benefits.In the post-Olympics period,the mean concentrations of SO_2 at CMA,GCH,and SDZ are (14.3±11.0) ppb,(12.1±7.7) ppb,and (7.5±4.0) ppb,respectively,with reductions of 26%,36%,and 13%,respectively,compared to the levels before.Detailed analysis shows that the differences of temperature,relative humidity,wind speed,and wind direction were not the dominant factors for the significant differences of SO_2 between the pre-Olympics and post-Olympics periods.By extracting the data being more representative of local or regional characteristics,a reduction of up to 40% for SO_2 in polluted areas and a reduction of 20% for regional SO_2 are obtained for the effect of control measures implemented for the Olympic Games.
Particle number size distribution and new particle formation:New characteristics during the special pollution control period in Beijing

New particle formation is a key process in shaping the size distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere.We present here the measurement results of number and size distribution of aerosol particles (10-10000 nm in diameter) obtained in the summer of 2008,at a suburban site in Beijing,China.We firstly reported the pollution level,particle number size distribution,diurnal variation of the particle number size distribution and then introduced the characteristics of the particle formation processes.The results showed that the number concentration of ultrafine particles was much lower than the values measured in other urban or suburban areas in previous studies.Sharp increases of ultrafine particle count were frequently observed at noon.An examination of the diurnal pattern suggested that the burst of ultrafine particles was mainly due to new particle formation promoted by photochemical processes.In addition,high relative humidity was a key factor driving the growth of the particles in the afternoon.During the 2-month observations,new particle formation from homogeneous nucleation was observed for 42.7% of the study period.The average growth rate of newly formed particles was 3.2 nm/hr,and varied from 1.2 to 8.0 nm/hr.The required concentration of condensable vapor was 4.4×10~7 cm~(-3),and its source rate was 1.2×10~6 cm~(-3) sec~(-1).Further calculation on the source rate of sulphuric acid vapor indicated that the average participation of sulphuric acid to particle growth rates was 28.7%.