mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Y6 and its derivatives:molecular design and physical mechanism

Non-fullerene-acceptor (NFA) materials in the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) play an important role in high-performance organic solar cells (OSCs). Recently, Y-series acceptors with an A-DA'D-A structure have been a research hotspot and advanced device efficiency to 15%- 18%. This perspective will focus on the discovery of Y6 and its derivatives as well as the intrinsic physical mechanism of Y-series-based devices, which provides a guideline for future molecular design.
Molecular design revitalizes the low-cost PTV-polymer for highly efficient organic solar cells

Developing photovoltaic materials with simple chemical structures and easy synthesis still remains a major challenge in the industrialization process of organic solar cells(OSCs).Herein,an ester substituted poly(thiophene vinylene) derivative,PTVT-T,was designed and synthesized in very few steps by adopting commercially available raw materials.The ester groups on the thiophene units enable PTVT-T to have a planar and stable conformation.Moreover,PTVT-T presents a wide absorption band and strong aggregation effect in solution,which are the key characteristics needed to realize high performance in non-fullerene-acceptor(NFA)-based OSCs.We then prepared OSCs by blending PTVT-T with three representative fullerene- and NF-based acceptors,PC_(71)BM,IT-4F and BTP-eC9.It was found that PTVT-T can work well with all the acceptors,showing great potential to match new emerging NFAs.Particularly,a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 16.20% is achieved in a PTVT-T:BTP-eC9-based device,which is the highest value among the counterparts based on PTV derivatives.This work demonstrates that PTVT-T shows great potential for the future commercialization of OSCs.
SNX14 deficiency-induced defective axonal mitochondrial transport in Purkinje cells underlies cerebellar ataxia and can be reversed by valproate

Loss-of-function mutations in sorting nexin 14(SNX14) cause autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia 20,which is a form of early-onset cerebellar ataxia that lacks molecular mechanisms and mouse models.We generated Snx14-deficient mouse models and observed severe motor deficits and cell-autonomous Purkinje cell degeneration.SNX14 deficiency disrupted microtubule organization and mitochondrial transport in axons by destabilizing the microtubule-severing enzyme spastin,which is implicated in dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia with cerebellar ataxia,and compromised axonal integrity and mitochondrial function.Axonal transport disruption and mitochondrial dysfunction further led to degeneration of highenergy- demanding Purkinje cells,which resulted in the pathogenesis of cerebellar ataxia.The antiepileptic drug valproate ameliorated motor deficits and cerebellar degeneration in Snx14-deficient mice via the restoration of mitochondrial transport and function in Purkinje cells.Our study revealed an unprecedented role for SNX14-dependent axonal transport in cerebellar ataxia,demonstrated the convergence of SNX14 and spastin in mitochondrial dysfunction,and suggested valproate as a potential therapeutic agent.
Confined growth of ZIF-8 in dendritic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles as bioregulators for enhanced mRNA delivery in vivo

Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8) and its composites have diverse applications.However,ZIF-8-based nanocomposites are mainly used as carriers in biomolecular delivery,with the functions of metal ions and ligands rarely used to modulate the biofunctions.In this work,dendritic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles(DMONs) with tetrasulfide bond were used to confine ZIF-8 growth partially inside mesopores as a novel nanocomposite for mRNA delivery.Each component in the resultant DMONs-ZIF-8 contributed to mRNA delivery applications,including high loading benefitting from positively charged ZIF-8 and large mesopores of DMONs,endosomal escape promoted by the imidazole ring of ZIF-8,and long-term glutathione depletion mediated by both zinc ions and tetrasulfide bond.Combined together,DMONs-ZIF-8 demonstrated enhanced mRNA translation and better transfection efficiency than commercial products and toxic polymer-modified DMONs in vitro and in vivo.
Ecological civilization:a revived perspective on the relationship between humanity and nature

This is a prodigious year for introspection by humanity about our relationship with nature.The year 2021 is marked with four important global meetings: the 44th session of the World Heritage Committee of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) scheduled in July, China;theIUCNWorld Conservation Congress in September, France;the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP 15) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in October, China;and the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in November, UK. All four meetings are germane to biodiversity conservation, and allwill contribute to setting the future global agenda for conservation and sustainable development. In particular, CBD COP 15 will take the leading role in this regard, to review and adopt the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) and associated implementation mechanisms for the 2030 mission and for the 2050 vision.
Towards understanding the microstructure and temperature rule in large strain extrusion machining

Large strain extrusion machining (LSEM) is a typical process for preparing ultrafine or nanocrystalline strips. It is based on large plastic deformation. The processing parameters of LSEM in this study were optimized by experiments and simulations. Using the orthogonal array, signal-to-noise ratio, and analysis of variance, the influence and contribution of processing parameters on response variables were analyzed. Because of the difference in processing parameters between optimizing the average grain size and the maximum temperature, the response variables analyzed must be correctly selected. Furthermore, the optimal processing parameters for obtaining the minimum average grain size and the lowest maximum temperature are analyzed. The results show that the tool rake angle is the most important factor. However, the level of this factor required to achieve the minimum average grain size is different from that required to obtain the lowest maximum temperature. The validity of the method is verified through experiments and simulations.
Interactive mobile equipment safety task-training in surface mining

Improving the quality of equipment training for the Heavy Equipment Operators (HEO) is a critical task in improving safety and eliminating equipment-related injuries in mining. One of major responsibilities for the HEOs is proper machine inspection. Traditional miner safety training includes the use of hardcopy documents and video instructions. However, modern mobile and computer technology offers tremendous potential to improve the training process. In this study, we apply a 360-degree camera, opensource platform WordPressTM, and the software Unity3D in order to create materials and tools for the HEOs safety training to help trainees better understand the pre-shift safety machine inspection. The computer-based safety task training developed in this research is tested and implemented at a surface mine in the southern United States.
Energy-limiting factor for coal and gas outburst occurrence in intact coal seam

This research reviewed the mechanics and gas desorption properties of intact coal, and tested the crushing work ratios of different intact coals, and then, studied the stress conditions for the failure or crushing of intact coal and the gas demand for the pulverization of intact coal particles. When a real-life outburst case is examined, the required minimum stress for intact coal outburst is estimated. The study concludes that the crushing work ratios of three intact coal samples vary from 294.3732 to 945.8048 J/m~2. For the real-life case, more than 2300 MJ of transport work is needed, and 10062.09, 7046.57 and 5895.47 m~3 of gas is required when the gas pressure is 1, 2 and 3 MPa, respectively. The crushing work exceeds the transport work and even reaches 13.96 times of the transport work. How to provide such an enormous crushing work is an energy-limiting factor for the outburst in intact coal. The strain energy is needed for the crushing work, and the required minimum stress is over 54.35 MPa, even reaching 300.44 MPa. These minimum stresses far exceed the in-situ vertical and horizontal stresses that can be provided at the 300–700 m mining depth range.
Application of gas wettability alteration to improve methane drainage performance: A case study

Hydraulic fracturing technique is widely used for methane drainage and has achieved good effects in numerous coal mines, but negative effects may occur as the fracturing fluids are absorbed into the coal seam. Gas wettability alteration (GWA) technology can be used as it can enhance the gas and water mobility during dewatering process as a result of capillary pressure change. However, there have been few reported field tests in coal mines using GWA technology. This paper describes a pilot-scale field test in Xinjing coal mine, Yangquan, China. The fluorocarbon surfactants perfluorooctyl methacrylate monomer-containing polymethacrylate (PMP) was used to alter the wettability of coal seam to strong gas-wetness during the hydraulic fracturing process. The study focuses on the comparison of two boreholes (Boreholes #9 and #10) and one other borehole (Borehole #8) with and without using GWA approach. A well-defined monitoring program was established by measuring the dewatering volume of the fracturing fluid and the drainage volume of methane as well as the concentration. The field test results showed that the average methane drainage rates of Boreholes #9 (39.28 m~3/d) and #10 (51.04 m~3/d) with GWA treatment exceeded that of Borehole #8 (21.09 m~3/d) without GWA treatment, with an increase of 86.3% and 142.1%, respectively. The average methane concentrations of Boreholes #9 (4.05%) and #10 (6.18%) were 64.6% and 151.2% higher than that of Borehole #8 (2.46%), respectively. On the other hand, the dewatering ratio of Boreholes #9 (4.36%) and #10 (3.11%) was almost 19 times and 13 times greater than that of Borehole #8 (0.22%). These field test results were in agreement with the experimental data. The significant increase in both methane concentration and dewatering ratio demonstrated that GWA technology could be applied for enhanced methane drainage in coal mines. Important lessons learned at Xinjing coal mine might be applied to other coal mines in China and elsewhere.
Drillability prediction in some metamorphic rocks using composite penetration rate index (CPRI) – An approach

Assessment of drillability of rocks is vital in the selection, operation, and performance evaluation of cutting tools used in various excavation machinery deployed in mining and tunneling. The commonly used rock drillability prediction methods, namely, drilling rate index (DRI) and Cerchar hardness index (CHI) have limitations in predicting the penetration rate due to differential wear of the cutting tool in rocks with varied hardness and abrasivity. Since cutting tools get blunt differently in different rocks, the stress beneath the tip of the bit decreases until it reaches a threshold value beyond which the penetration rate becomes constant. In this research, a new composite penetration rate index (CPRI) is suggested based on the investigations on four metamorphic rocks viz. quartzite, gneiss, schist and phyllite with varied hardness-abrasivity values. The penetration-time behavior was classified into active, moderate, passive, and dormant phases based on the reduction in penetration rate at different stages of drilling. A comparison of predicted penetration rate values using DRI and CPRI with actual penetration rate values clearly establishes the supremacy of CPRI. Micro-structure and hardness-based index was also developed and correlated with CPRI. The new indices can help predict cutting tool penetration and its consumption more accurately.
Spatial correlation-based characterization of acoustic emission signal-cloud in a granite sample by a cube clustering approach

To extract more in-depth information of acoustic emission (AE) signal-cloud in rock failure under triaxial compression, the spatial correlation of scattering AE events in a granite sample is effectively described by the cube-cluster model. First, the complete connection of the fracture network is regarded as a critical state. Then, according to the Hoshen-Kopelman (HK) algorithm, the real-time estimation of fracture connection is effectively made and a dichotomy between cube size and pore fraction is suggested to solve such a challenge of the one-to-one match between complete connection and cluster size. After, the 3D cube clusters are decomposed into orthogonal layer clusters, which are then transformed into the ellipsoid models. Correspondingly, the anisotropy evolution of fracture network could be visualized by three orthogonal ellipsoids and quantitatively described by aspect ratio. Besides, the other three quantities of centroid axis length, porosity, and fracture angle are analyzed to evaluate the evolution of cube cluster. The result shows the sample dilatancy is strongly correlated to four quantities of aspect ratio, centroid axis length, and porosity as well as fracture angle. Besides, the cube cluster model shows a potential possibility to predict the evolution of fracture angle. So, the cube cluster model provides an in-depth view of spatial correlation to describe the AE signal-cloud.
A new criterion of coal burst proneness based on the residual elastic energy index

To evaluate the coal burst proneness more precisely, a new energy criterion namely the residual elastic energy index was proposed. This study begins by performing the single-cyclic loading-unloading uniaxial compression tests with five pre-peak unloading stress levels to explore the energy storage characteristics of coal. Five types of coals from different mines were tested, and the instantaneous destruction process of the coal specimens under compression loading was recorded using a high speed camera. The results showed a linear relationship between the elastic strain energy density and input energy density, which confirms the linear energy storage law of coal. Based on this linear energy storage law, the peak elastic strain energy density of each coal specimen was obtained precisely. Subsequently, a new energy criterion of coal burst proneness was established, which was called the residual elastic energy index (defined as the difference between the peak elastic strain energy density and post peak failure energy density). Considering the destruction process and actual failure characteristics of coal specimens, the accuracy of evaluating coal burst proneness based on the residual elastic energy index was examined. The results indicated that the residual elastic energy index enables reliable and precise evaluations of the coal burst proneness.
Comparative study of model tests on automatically formed roadway and gob-side entry driving in deep coal mines

Automatically formed roadway (AFR) by roof cutting with bolt grouting (RCBG) is a new deep coal mining technology. By using this technology, the broken roadway roof is strengthened, and roof cutting is applied to cut off stress transfer between the roadway and gob to ensure the collapse of the overlying strata. The roadway is automatically formed owing to the broken expansion characteristics of the collapsed strata and mining pressure. Taking the Suncun Coal Mine as the engineering background, the control effect of this new technology on roadways was studied. To compare the law of stress evolution and the surrounding rock control mechanisms between AFR and traditional gob-side entry driving, a comparative study of geomechanical model tests on the above methods was carried out. The results showed that the new technology of AFR by RCBG effectively reduced the stress concentration of the roadway compared with gob-side entry driving. The side abutment pressure peak of the solid coal side was reduced by 24.3%, which showed an obvious pressure-releasing effect. Moreover, the position of the side abutment pressure peak was far from the solid coal side, making it more beneficial for roadway stability. The deformation of AFR surrounding rock was also smaller than the deformation of the gob-side entry driving by the overload test. The former was more beneficial for roadway stability than the latter under higher stress conditions. Field application tests showed that the new technology can effectively control roadway deformation. Moreover, the technology reduced roadway excavation and avoided resource waste caused by reserved coal pillars.
Experimental study of the effect of slotted blades on the Savonius wind turbine performance

This study investigates the effect of Reynolds number on the performance of Savonius wind turbine with slotted blades. The turbine performance investigation was based on the torque coefficient (Ct), power coefficient (Cp), and tip speed ratio (TSR). The experiment used two number of blade configuration, blade overlap ratio of 10%, 12.5% and 20%, slotted position of 15%, 20%, 25% and 35%, and also slotted gap width of 3 mm, 5 mm, 7 mm, and 9 mm. The wind speed carried out in this experiment are 5.94 m/s, 6.46 m/s, 6.99 m/s, and 7.27 m/s, which are generated from the fan blowers as a wind source. The Savonius turbine with 10% overlap ratio shows the best performance. The highest Cp obtained is 0.138 by the variation of a 3 mm gap with Re of 1.44 × 10~4 and 0.526 TSR.
Local measurements of tunneling magneto-conductance oscillations in monolayer, Bernal-stacked bilayer, and ABC-stacked trilayer graphene

Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations are the most well-known magneto-oscillations in transport measurements. They are caused by Landau quantization of two-dimensional (2D) electron systems in the presence of a magnetic field. Here we demonstrate that a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) can locally measure similar magneto-oscillations in 2D systems. In Landau level spectroscopy measurements with fine magnetic-field increments, we observed fixed-energy magnetic-field-dependent oscillations of the local density of states. From the measured tunneling magneto-conductance oscillations acquired by STM, energymomentum dispersions and Berry phases of a monolayer, Bernal-stacked bilayer, and ABC-stacked trilayer graphene were obtained. The reported method is applicable to a wide range of materials because it can obtain the magneto-oscillations of 2D systems larger than the magnetic length; importantly, it also requires no gate electrode.
Quantum anomalous energy effects on the nucleon mass

Apart from the quark and gluon kinetic and potential energies, the nucleon mass includes a novel energy of pure quantum origin resulting from anomalous breaking of scale symmetry. We demonstrate the effects of this quantum anomalous energy (QAE) in QED, as well as in a toy 1+1 dimensional non-linear sigma model where it contributes non-perturbatively, in a way resembling the Higgs mechanism for the masses of matter particles in electro-weak theory. The QAE contribution to the nucleon mass can be explained using a similar mechanism, in terms of a dynamical response of the gluonic scalar field through Higgs-like couplings between the nucleon and scalar resonances. In addition, the QAE sets the scale for other energies in the nucleon through a relativistic virial theorem, and contributes a negative pressure to confine the colored quarks.
Superconductivity in ThMo_2 Si_2 C with Mo_2 C square net

We report the superconductivity of a new quaternary compound ThMo_2 Si_2 C, synthesized with the arc-melting technique. The compound crystallizes in a tetragonal CeCr_2 Si_2 C-type structure with cell parameters of a = 4.2296 A and c = 5.3571 A. An interlayer Si-Si covalent bonding is suggested by the atomic distance. The electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate a Pauli-paramagnetic metal with dominant electron-electron scattering in the normal-state. Bulk superconductivity at 2.2 K is demonstrated with a dimensionless specific-heat jump of ∆ C /γ_n T = 0.98. The superconducting parameters of the critical magnetic fields, coherence length, penetration depth, and superconducting energy gap are given.
Probing the launching position of the electron wave packet in molecule strong-field tunneling ionization

Strong-field tunneling ionization is the first step for a broad class of phenomena in intense laser-atom / molecule interactions. Accurate information about the electron wave packet from strong-field tunneling ionization of atoms and molecules is of essential importance for understanding various tunneling ionization triggered processes. Here, we survey the property of the electron wave packet in tunneling ionization of molecules with a method based on strong-field photoelectron holography. By solving the time-dependent Schrodinger equation, it is shown that the holographic interference in the photoelectron momentum distribution exhibits the asymmetric behavior with respect to the laser polarization direction, when the molecule is aligned with a nonzero angle to the linearly polarized laser field. We demonstrate that this asymmetry is due to the nonzero initial transverse displacement of the electron wave packet at tunneling. By analyzing the holographic interference, this transverse displacement for the launching of electron wave packet tunneling from the molecules is accurately retrieved. This displacement is directly related to the electron density distribution in molecules, and thus our work developed a novel concept for probing electronic structure in molecules.
Room-temperature sputtered-SnO_2 modified anode toward efficient TiO_2-based planar perovskite solar cells

It is of the utmost importance to promote the charge transport and retard the heterojunction barrier in the functional layers and at their adjacent interfaces to pursuit excellent photovoltaic characteristics of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, roomtemperature sputtered-SnO_2 films are introduced to modify FTO anode for improving carrier extraction and aligning energy band in the TiO_2-based planar PSCs. For the SnO_2-modified substrate with suitable sputtering duration, the following TiO_2 film exhibits smoother surface roughness, less surface defects, and lower the trap-assisted interfacial recombination than that directly on the FTO, further facilitating the growth of perovskite grain size and promoting the extraction efficiency of charge carriers. On the basis of the optimized SnO_2(6 nm)/TiO_2 stack layer as electron transport layer (ETL), the PSC exhibits an outstanding power conversion efficiency of 21.45%, which is much better than that of the single TiO_2-based device (19.68%). More importantly, the cell with the bilayer ETL shows a long-term stability against air, maintaining over 76% of its initial efficiency after 40 d. These achievements suggest that this study provides a feasible path to design energy level alignment and low temperature ETL for highly efficient and stable PSCs.