mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Lipase-catalyzed Synthesis of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester in Ionic Liquids:Effect of Specific Ions and Reaction Parameters

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a rare, naturally occurring phenolic food additive. This work systematically reported fundamental data on conversion of caffeic acid (CA), yield of CAPE, and reactive selectivity during the lipase-catalyzed esterification process of CA and phenylethanol (PE) in ionic liquids (ILs). Sixteen ILs were selected as the reaction media, and the relative lipase-catalyzed synthesis properties of CAPE were measured in an effort to enhance the yield of CAPE with high selectivity. The results indicated that ILs containing weakly coordinating anions and cations with adequate alkyl chain length improved the synthesis of CAPE. [Emim][Tf_2N] was selected as the optimal reaction media. The optimal parameters were as follows by response surface methodology (RSM): reaction temperature, 84.0 °C; mass ratio of Novozym 435 to CA, 14︰1; and molar ratio of PE to CA, 16︰1. The highest reactive selectivity of CAPE catalyzed by Novozym 435 in [Emim][Tf_2N] reached 64.55% (CA conversion 98.76% and CAPE yield 63.75%, respectively). Thus, lipase-catalyzed esterification in ILs is a promising method suitable for CAPE production.
6号环状染色体一例

患者男,12岁,因生长缓慢数年(年生长速率<4 cm),智力低下来我院就诊.患儿系异卵双胎之弟,足月剖宫产,出生时体重2.0 kg,新生儿Apgar评分10分.查体:身材矮小,四肢匀称,身高134 cm,低于同龄同性别儿童正常均值2个标准差,体重34 kg,小头,眼裂小,无内眦赘皮,鼻不塌,耳位不低,小下颌,无通贯掌.患儿父母身体健康,非近亲婚配,否认家族病史,其双胞胎哥哥身高157 cm,智力及体格发育正常.
良性阵发性位置性眩晕一家系五例

先证者(Ⅱ_2)女,66岁,反复发作性眩晕2年,再发1月.2年前劳累后突发头晕,有视物旋转表现,在卧起或头位转动时出现,闭目安静休息症状缓解,一般持续约数十秒,伴有心慌、出汗,无意识丧失,无发热、恶心、呕吐、头痛,无肢体麻木乏力,不伴耳鸣及听力下降,无畏光怕声.就诊当地医院门诊,考虑良性阵发性位置性眩晕,予以"敏使朗"治疗近1年,症状好转后自行停药.1月前患者再次出现头晕,自觉程度较前有加重,对改变体位及向左侧侧卧感到恐惧,症状一般持续数十秒至数分钟可自行缓解,为求进一步诊治入院.起病以来,睡眠欠佳,入睡困难,多梦.发作间期饮食正常,二便正常,体重无明显下降.神经系统查体:神清语利,高级神经活动正常,双眼见水平眼震,Weber试验居中,Rinner试验A>B,口角不歪,伸舌居中,颈阻阴性,四肢肌力肌张力正常,指鼻及跟膝胫试验阴性,深浅感觉正常,腱反射对称存在,病理征未引出,脑膜刺激征阴性,闭目难立征阴性.入院后磁共振检查示桥脑、右额叶白质内散在小缺血或腔梗灶。颅内大埃及MRA未见异常。纯音测听正常,Dix-Hallpike试验提示右后半规管结石可能,颈部血管彩超未见异常;胆固醇5.74mmol/L,甘油三脂3.15 mmol/L,甲状腺功能、肝肾功能、肿瘤标志物、免疫系列、血沉均提示正常;耳鼻喉科会诊排除中耳病变。予以Epley手法复位及敏使朗治疗,患者症状好转出院。
输尿管结石合并自发性肾破裂1例

讨论自发性肾破裂又称Wunderlich综合征，指在无创伤情况下发生的肾实质、肾盂或肾血管破裂，属闭合性肾损伤,常见病因有肿瘤、炎症、结石、肌肉强烈收缩等。肾结石长期压迫肾盂壁可致局部组织缺血坏死甚至破溃；结石落入输尿管形成嵌顿致使肾盂内压力急剧升高。超声能准确判断Wunderlich综合征的病变部位、疾病严重程度等，并对病因学做出相应分析，可作为首选检查方法。
不同浸种液处理对黄豆种子发芽率、发病率和产出率的影响

通过瓶培试验测定不同浸种液处理对黄豆种子发芽率、发病率和产出率的影响。结果表明,钾肥作种肥可提高黄豆种子的发芽率、产出率,降低黄豆种子的发病率,尤其是煤灰浸种液处理的黄豆,其发芽率和产出率均较高,发病率最低;氮肥不适宜作种肥;黄豆种子普遍带病菌。
棉花杂交种新组合比较试验研究初报

通过对参加鄱阳湖生态试验站比较试验的棉花新组合的农艺、经济等性状的分析,初步筛选出棉花新组合参加当地预备试验,并通过对试验的分析,提出一些完善试验的建议。
Experimental investigations on the power extraction of a turbine driven by a pulse detonation combustor

In order to grasp the interaction mechanism between the pulse detonation combustor (PDC) and the turbine, the experimental work in this paper investigates the key factors on the power extraction of a turbocharger turbine driven by a PDC. A PDC consisting of an unvalved tube is integrated with a turbocharger turbine which has a nominal mass flow rate of 0.6 kg/s and 50000 r/min. The PDC-turbine hybrid engine is operated on gasoline-air mixtures and runs for 6+min to achieve a thermal steady state, and then the engine performance is evaluated under dif-ferent operating conditions. Results show that the momentum difference per unit area between the turbine inlet and outlet plays an important role in the power extraction, while the pressure peak of the detonation has little effect. The equivalence ratio of fuel and air mixture and the transition structure between PDC and turbine are also important to the power extraction of the turbine. The present work is promising as it suggests that the performance benefit of a PDC-turbine hybrid engine can be realized by increasing the momentum difference per unit area through the optimal design of transition section between the PDC and turbine.
An intelligent control method for a large multi-parameter environmental simulation cabin

The structure and characteristics of a large multi-parameter environmental simulation cabin are introduced. Due to the difficulties of control methods and the easily damaged character-istics, control systems for the large multi-parameter environmental simulation cabin are difficult to be controlled quickly and accurately with a classical PID algorithm. Considering the dynamic state characteristics of the environmental simulation test chamber, a lumped parameter model of the control system is established to accurately control the multiple parameters of the environmental chamber and a fuzzy control algorithm combined with expert-PID decision is introduced into the temperature, pressure, and rotation speed control systems. Both simulations and experimental results have shown that compared with classical PID control, this fuzzy-expert control method can decrease overshoot as well as enhance the capacity of anti-dynamic disturbance with robustness. It can also resolve the contradiction between rapidity and small overshoot, and is suitable for application in a large multi-parameter environmental simulation cabin control system.
EVALUATIONOFDUCTILE FRACTURECRITERIAIN AGENERAL THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRESS STATE CONSIDERINGTHE STRESS TRIAXIALITY AND THE LODE PARAMETER

This paper is concerned with evaluation of various ductile fracture criteria in a general three-dimensional stress state of stress triaxiality, the Lode parameter and the equivalent plastic strain to fracture. Evaluation is carried out by comparing fracture loci constructed by fracture criteria to experimental results of Al2024-T351. Comparison demonstrates that the Modified Mohr-Coulomb criterion and a newly proposed criterion provide sufficient predictability of fracture strain. Moreover, evaluation is emphasized on the predicted cut-off value for stress triaxiality. The evaluation demonstrates that the Cockcroft-Latham, Brozzo, Oh, Ko-Huh and the new criteria coupled a reasonable cut-off value for ductile materials.
急性乙型肝炎病毒感染的免疫应答

乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染机体后主要有两种结局:急性自限性和慢性持续性。机体能否清除病毒,取决于感染者的年龄和免疫状态。免疫功能健全的成年人感染后大多呈现为自限性。儿童、免疫力缺陷的成年人或者母婴传播多表现为持续性感染。机体产生有效的免疫应答是清除HBV的关键因素,并且与肝脏的炎症和疾病的进展有关。目前人们对HBV感染的发病机制和免疫应答还不完全清楚。本文就急性HBV感染过程中机体的免疫应答的相关进展以及争议作一综述。
宁夏社区回族与汉族人群脑卒中危险因素的对比研究

目的通过对宁夏五市社区回族与汉族人群脑卒中危险因素的调查研究,以对比和分析回族和汉族脑卒中危险因素的构成状况和特点,为本地区脑卒中及其危险因素的防治提供依据。方法研究通过设计调查问卷、分层随机抽样方法,按社区所在市进行分层,按照人口总体构成比,以社区为单位进行随机抽样调查。于2009年10月至2011年6月对宁夏地区五市10个社区常住≥35岁的4200名常住、回族和汉族居民进行调查研究;统计和分析调查资料,对回族和汉族人群社区脑卒中现患率和危险因素进行描述性分析。结果回族居民脑卒中现患率较汉族显箸降低;回族居民高血压病、高脂血症、高尿酸、吸烟、饮酒率均较汉族明显减低(P <0.05);回族居民糖尿病的现患率较汉族增高(P <0.05)。结论高血压病和糖尿病可能分别是汉族和回族居民脑卒中主要的危险因素;提倡回族居民的饮食和生活方式对降低脑卒中发病具有重要意义;但回族居民需要控制多糖饮食,以减少糖尿病的发生,进而预防脑卒中。
Three-dimensional Simulation of Reverberation Chamber Using Finite-element Time-domain Method

Three-dimensional (3D) finite-element time-domain (FETD) method is used for the first time to simulate the low frequency response of a reverberation chamber (RC). The application of FETD algorithm for RC modeling is described. A dipole antenna, a vertical stirrer, and a horizontal stirrer are located in the RC, where the FETD method with its flexibility in geometrical modeling, helps to model the stirrers of the RC explicitly. The rotation angles of the stirrers are set arbitrarily, and each stirrer is independently rotated step-by-step five times. This gives 25 stirrer positions. Applying modulated Gaussian pulse with the bandwidth of 30 ?80 MHz in the modeled RC, eight observations of low frequency response are made in the simulations. The standard deviations from 30 MHz to 40 MHz are above 4 while having some oscillation, and from 40 MHz to 80 MHz they vary smoothly between 2 and 8. These standard deviation agree with the theoretical analyses described by IEC 61000-4-21-2011 standard within the given frequency range, which varifies the accuacy and efficacy of the proposed 3D FETD method simulations of RC. Therefore, this method could be utilized for further designing and optimizing RCs.
佛山市城区道路环境大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子分析

目前,国内关于道路环境大气颗粒物污染的研究主要集中在排放因子、扩散模型、排放机理、颗粒物浓度分布等方面,有关不同道路环境大气颗粒物中化学组分的污染特征研究比较少.本文选取佛山市城区主干道、次干道、支路3种典型道路类型的代表,同时采集PM_(10)和PM_(2.5),并对其中的水溶性无机离子进行分析检测,旨在探明不同道路环境大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的浓度水平和组成特征,对于正确认识佛山市城区道路环境颗粒物的污染特征,进而有效控制颗粒物污染具有重要意义.
乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的超声表现及病理对照研究

本研究回顾性分析了59例乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的的声像图特征,将超声图片与病理图片进行对照分析,以期提高乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的超声诊断准确性。
谈医学生涯中部分难忘的病例(二十八)

海绵状心肌又称为心肌致密化不全,由于胚胎时期疏松的心肌组织致密化过程障碍,是肌小梁化的心肌持续存在的先天性畸形,多见于左心室从基底部到心尖部,不同程度地累及心室壁内2/3,靠心室外侧有一薄层致密化心肌,也可同时累及右心室,病因尚不清楚,有家族聚集倾向,男性多见,成人多为常染色体显性遗传。临床表现为进行性心力衰竭,晚期药物无法控制时可作心脏移植。有恶性心律失常,则植入自动除颤器。心室壁网性结构有低速血流与心腔相通,故需长期抗凝治疗,预防血栓栓塞。
Studies on the Molecular Chain Conformation Stability of Aminated Konjac Glucomannan

Konjac glucomannan (KGM) was aminated by 2-chloroethyl-amine (CEA) as reagent so as to study the influence of concentration of CEA (based on the amount of KGM), concentration of NaOH,reaction time and temperature on the extent of amination. And the molecular simulation technology was adopted to analyze the conformation stability of aminate (AKGM). The results indicate that when the amount of CEA is higher, the extent of amination is higher. The optimum concentration of NaOH,reaction time and temperature are 10% NaOH, 70 ℃and 45 min, respectively. IR shows KGM is successfully aminated. The conformation of AKGM is in a random clew-like shape.
GPS控制网在矿业权核查中的应用分析

结合矿业权核查任务,阐述D级GPS基础控制网布设的主要准备工作、外业施测、内业处理及成果分析,最后得出网平差处理后的各点坐标和点位精度分析,以期对矿业权的实地核查工作提供技术支持。
园林绿化资源管理一体化体系建设的技术研究

园林绿化资源管理是对资源数量、结构、质量及其生态状况的监测,是强化资源经营管理的基础和中心工作。园林绿化资源管理一体化体系是对资源的监测体系、调查方法、组织管理,以及森林及绿地经营及规划设计、造林绿化规划设计、城市绿地施工规划设计、森林及绿地监测管理、数据更新维护等业务提供一体化管理服务和支撑。
物业管理区域图测绘及实景三维建模——以武汉市为例

构建社区现代物业管理综合服务平台,创新社会管理服务模式已成为当前社会管理的重要内容。物业管理区域是社区物业的一个最基本单元,物业管理区域图测绘是一项系统工程,它涉及不动产的诸多物权法法律问题,标准化、规范化的物业管理区域图测绘有利于为房产行政管理部门履行职能,服务社会提供强有力的技术支撑。本文根据武汉市物业管理有关规定,探索性地推出物业管理区域图测绘及实景三维建模,并就有关技术问题进行探讨。
基于Skyline的森林防火辅助决策系统的研建

森林防火是森林资源保护中的重要工作,利用三维GIS技术辅助决策是提高森林防火工作效率的一个有效手段。本文整合莆田市多年积累的森林防火专题数据,集成各种高分辨率航拍影像、数字高程模型、林班数据、基础数据等,基于Skyline三维软件平台,实现了森林防火资源管理、快速查询定位、作战指挥部署、火情态势模拟、灾后损失评估等功能,为莆田市林业部门建立了一个直观、可视化的三维森林防火辅助决策平台。
GNSS点位误差转换方法研究

鉴于GNSS点位误差在大地坐标系和空间直角坐标系之间的转换公式复杂和参数单位不统一,借助子午圈曲率半径和平行圈半径将大地坐标系下经纬度的角度量误差转换为长度量误差,并推导形式简单且为正交矩阵的误差转换矩阵。理论和算例证明,该误差转换公式可代替现有的空间直角坐标系与高斯平面直角坐标系之间复杂的误差转换公式。
Variation Characteristics of Hydrothermal Resources Effectiveness Under the Background of Climate Change in Southern Rice Production Area of China

The spatiotemporal characteristics of hydrothermal resources in southern rice production area of China have changed under the background of climate change, and this change would affect the effectiveness of hydrothermal resources during local rice growing period. According to the cropping system subdivision in southern rice production area of China during 1980s, this study used climate data from 254 meteorological stations and phonological data from 168 agricultural observation stations in the south of China, and adopted 6 international evaluation indices about the effectiveness of hydrothermal resources to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of hydrothermal resources during the growing period of single cropping rice system and double cropping rice system for 16 planting zones in the whole study area. The results showed that: in southern rice production area of China, the effectiveness of thermal resources of single cropping rice area (SCRA) was less than that of double cropping rice area (DCRA), whereas the effectiveness of thermal resources of both SARA and DCRA showed a decreasing trend. The index value of effective precipitation satisfaction of SCRA was higher than that of DCRA, nevertheless the index value of effective precipitation satisfaction of both SCRA and DCRA showed a decreasing trend. There was a signiifcant linear relationship between effective thermal resource and water demand, likely water demand increased by 18 mm with every 100°C d increase of effective heat. Effective precipitation satisfaction index (EPSI) showed a negative correlation with effective heat, yet showed a positive correlation with effective precipitation. EPSI reduced by 1% when effective heat resource increased by 125°C d. This study could provide insights for policy makers, land managers or farmers to improve water and heat resource uses and rationally arrange rice production activities under global climate change condition.
Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Sensitivity Coefifcients to Climate Factors in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China

Climate change will have important implications in water shore regions, such as Huang-Huai-Hai (3H) plain, where expected warmer and drier conditions might augment crop water demand. Sensitivity analysis is important in understanding the relative importance of climatic variables to the variation in reference evapotranspiration (ET_0). In this study, the 51-yr ET_0 during winter wheat and summer maize growing season were calculated from a data set of daily climate variables in 40 meteorological stations. Sensitivity maps for key climate variables were estimated according to Kriging method and the spatial pattern of sensitivity coefifcients for these key variables was plotted. In addition, the slopes of the linear regression lines for sensitivity coefifcients were obtained. Results showed that ET_0 during winter wheat growing season accounted for the largest proportion of annual ET_0, due to its long phenological days, while ET_0 was detected to decrease signiifcantly with the magnitude of 0.5 mm yr~(-1) in summer maize growing season. Solar radiation is considered to be the most sensitive and primarily controlling variable for negative trend in ET_0 for summer maize season, and higher sensitive coefifcient value of ET_0 to solar radiation and temperature were detected in east part and southwest part of 3H plain respectively. Relative humidity was demonstrated as the most sensitive factor for ET_0 in winter wheat growing season and declining relativity humidity also primarily controlled a negative trend in ET_0, furthermore the sensitivity coefifcient to relative humidity increased from west to southeast. The eight sensitivity centrals were all found located in Shandong Province. These ET_0 along with its sensitivity maps under winter wheat-summer maize rotation system can be applied to predict the agricultural water demand and will assist water resources planning and management for this region.
Effect of Swim-Up and Percoll Treatment on Sperm Quality andIn vitro Embryo Development in Yak

This study was designed to determine the effect of different sperm preparation treatments on yak sperm quality andin vitro embryo development. Frozen-thawed semen samples were treated using swim-up or percoll gradient centrifugation methods. Sperm concentration, progressive motility, recovery of motile sperm, membrane integrity, acrosome and chromatin integrity were scored and compared in recovered samples and controls. In addition, the effects of two sperm separation treatments on embryos capable of cleavage andin vitro development to the blastocyst stage were evaluated. Swim-up separated sperm showed a higher motility, while the concentration of spermatozoa recovered and percent recovery of motile sperm were higher with percoll gradient centrifugation separation. According to the optical and electron microscopies, swim-up produced higher percentage of sperm with intact plasma membrane and acrosome than percoll gradient centrifugation separation. However, there was no difference in the percentage of sperm with intact chromatin between two treatment groups. Cell numbers in the blastocysts of two groups were not different. The blastocyst rate was similar in both groups, whereas cleavage rate was higher when swim-up was used.
Dam foundation excavation techniques in China:A review

A protective layer (PL) is commonly reserved above foundation surface to protect the underlying rock mass during dam foundation excavation. In China, the PL of dam foundation is conventionally subdivided into two or three thin layers and excavated with the shallow-hole blasting method, even by pneumatic pick method in case of soft rock mass. The aforementioned layered excavation of the PL delays the con-struction of the whole project. After nearly 30-year practices, several safe and efficient methods for the PL excavation of dam foundation are gradually developed. They include shallow-hole bench blasting with cushion material (SBC) at the bottom of the hole, and horizontal smooth blasting (HSB). The PL is even can-celled on the condition that horizontal pre-split technique is employed during dam foundation excavation. This paper introduces the aforementioned two PL excavation methods (shallow-hole blasting and bench blasting) and horizontal pre-split technique of dam foundation without protective layer (HPP). The basic principles of blasting method, blasting geometry, charge structure, drill-and-blast parameters of typical projects are examined. Meanwhile, the merits and limitations of each method are compared. Engineering practices in China show that HSB is basically the optimal method for dam foundation PL excavation in terms of foundation damage control and rapid construction. Some new problems for dam foundation PL excavation arising, such as strong unloading and relaxation phenomenon that encountered in the gorge region of southwest China, are needed to be addressed; and the corresponding countermeasures are discussed as well.
Numerical evaluation of strength and deformability of fractured rocks

Knowledge of the strength and deformability of fractured rocks is important for design, construction and stability evaluation of slopes, foundations and underground excavations in civil and mining engineering. However, laboratory tests of intact rock samples cannot provide information about the strength and deformation behaviors of fractured rock masses that include many fractures of varying sizes, orientations and locations. On the other hand, large-scale in situ tests of fractured rock masses are economically costly and often not practical in reality at present. Therefore, numerical modeling becomes necessary. Numerical predicting using discrete element methods (DEM) is a suitable approach for such modeling because of their advantages of explicit representations of both fractures system geometry and their constitutive behaviors of fractures, besides that of intact rock matrix. In this study, to generically determine the compressive strength of fractured rock masses, a series of numerical experiments were performed on two-dimensional discrete fracture network models based on the realistic geometrical and mechanical data of fracture systems from field mapping. We used the UDEC code and a numerical servo-controlled program for controlling the progressive compressive loading process to avoid sudden violent failure of the models. The two loading conditions applied are similar to the standard laboratory testing for intact rock samples in order to check possible differences caused by such loading conditions. Numerical results show that the strength of fractured rocks increases with the increasing confining pressure, and that deformation behavior of fractured rocks follows elasto-plastic model with a trend of strain hardening. The stresses and strains obtained from these numerical experiments were used to fit the well-known Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) and Hoek-Brown (H-B) failure criteria, represented by equivalent material properties defining these two criteria. The results show that both criteria can provide fair estimates of the compressive strengths for all tested numerical models. Parameters of the elastic deformability of fractured models during elastic deformation stages were also evaluated, and represented as equivalent Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio as functions of lateral confining pressure. It is the first time that such systematic numerical predicting for strength of fractured rocks was performed considering different loading conditions, with important findings for different behaviors of fractured rock masses, compared with testing intact rock samples under similar loading conditions.
Invasive Carassius Carp in Georgia: Current state of knowledge and future perspectives

In Georgia, crucian carp Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) was known from only one locality after Kesslers record (1877–1878) with no new findings until 1985. Since then C. carassius rapidly and simultaneously invaded almost all water bodies of Georgia. In 2004, it was for the first time noted that this invasive Carassius sp. could not be a C. Carassius, but was a form of Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1792). However no further data is available about this invasive species in Georgia. The aim of the present study was to investigate taxonomic status of Carassius sp. in Georgia using mtDNA phylogenetic analyses and morphometric study of truss network system. Genetic analysis revealed that invasive Carassius sp. is closely related to the C. gibelio from Turkey and other countries. In contrast, morphometrically Carassius sp. from Georgia can be easily differentiated from those of Turkey indicating high intraspecific variability. This is the first time discussion on the current knowledge of the present distribution of invasive carp in Georgia with identifying current problems and future research directions needed.
Natural Variation in OsPRR37 Regulates Heading Date and Contributes to Rice Cultivation at a Wide Range of Latitudes

Heading date and photoperiod sensitivity are fundamental traits that determine rice adaptation to a wide range of geographic environments. By quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and candidate gene analysis using whole-genome re-sequencing, we found that Oryza sativa Pseudo-Response Regulator37 (OsPRR37; hereafter PRR37) is responsible for the Early heading7-2 (EH7-2)/Heading date2 (Hd2) QTL which was identified from a cross of late-heading rice ‘Milyang23 (M23)’ and early-heading rice ‘H143’. H143 contains a missense mutation of an invariantly conserved amino acid in the CCT (CONSTANS, CO-like, and TOC1) domain of PRR37 protein. In the world rice collection, different types of nonfunctional PRR37 alleles were found in many European and Asian rice cultivars. Notably, the japonica varieties harboring nonfunctional alleles of both Ghd7/Hd4 and PRR37/Hd2 flower extremely early under natural long-day conditions, and are adapted to the northernmost regions of rice cultivation, up to 53° N latitude. Genetic analysis revealed that the effects of PRR37 and Ghd7 alleles on heading date are additive, and PRR37 down-regulates Hd3a expression to suppress flowering under long-day conditions. Our results demonstrate that natural variations in PRR37/Hd2 and Ghd7/Hd4 have contributed to the expansion of rice cultivation to temperate and cooler regions.