mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Perturbation effect of rock rheology under uniaxial compression

Soft and medium-hard rocks are subjected to high rheology under high stress, and they are prone to a relatively large-degree of deformation when perturbed by external impacting loads. The phenomenon where rock deformation is developed due to external impacting perturbation in the rheological state is defined as the rock rheological perturbation effect. This work presents a new experimental system for investigating the rock rheological perturbation effect with experiments on medium-hard red sandstone. Results from our analysis show that red sandstone changes under two mechanical mechanisms: deformation-hardening effects at low stress states, and damage-fracture effects at high stress states when impacted by certain external impacting loads. Red sandstone tested in our experiments has a strain threshold of about 90% of the ultimate strain under the perturbation effect; the red sandstone is sensitive to a perturbed load when its actual strain exceeds the threshold. The perturbed deformation process of the rock can be divided into three phases: decline, approximately constant speed and acceleration. The rock will be rapidly destroyed when the perturbed deformation accumulates to a certain degree. The perturbation effect of rock deformation under uniaxial compression is more obvious than that under axial compression. Based on our experiment, a constitutive relation of the rock rheological perturbation effect is developed.
Evaluation of mobility impact on urban work zones using statistical models

This work correlated the detailed work zone location and time data from the WisLCS system with the five-min inductive loop detector data. One-sample percentile value test and two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test were applied to compare the speed and flow characteristics between work zone and non-work zone conditions. Furthermore, we analyzed the mobility characteristics of freeway work zones within the urban area of Milwaukee, WI, USA. More than 50% of investigated work zones have experienced speed reduction and 15%–30% is necessary reduced volumes. Speed reduction was more significant within and at the downstream of work zones than at the upstream.
Unified analytical solution for deep circular tunnel with consideration of seepage pressure, grouting and lining

A new unified analytical solution is presented for predicting the range of plastic zone and stress distributions around a deep circular tunnel in a homogeneous isotropic continuous medium. The rock mass, grouting zone and lining are assumed as elastic-perfectly plastic and governed by the unified strength theory (UST). This new solution has made it possible to consider the interaction between seepage pressure, lining, grouting and rock mass, and the intermediate principal stress effect together. Moreover, parametric analysis is carried out to identify the influence of the related parameters on the plastic zone radius. Under the given conditions, the results show that the plastic zone radius decreases with an increasing cohesion, internal friction angle and hydraulic conductivity of lining and unified failure criterion parameter, respectively; whereas the plastic zone radius increases with the growth of elasticity modulus of lining. Comparison of results from the new solution and the other published one shows well agreement and provides confidence in the new solution proposed.
WO_3 nanofibers on ACF by electrospun for photo-degradation of phenol solution

Electrospun WO_3 nanofibers were fabricated by coaxial electrospinning and directly annealing WCl_6/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofibers on activated carbon fibres (ACF), and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The most suitable condition for electrospinning is the mass ratio of WCl_6 to PVP 0.6, appropriate amount DMF and ethanol, a voltage of 28 kV, the reception distance of 15 cm, the humidity range within 10% and 20% and the moving rate of the pump 0.001 mm/s. The photocatalytic activities of WO_3 nanofibers were evaluated by the photo-degradation of phenol solution under the irradiation of 500 W xenon lamp. The results showed that, the sizes of the fibers are about 100 nm, and after being photodegraded for 210 min, the concentration of phenol decreased from 20.05 mg/L to 8.60 mg/L. Thus, the photo-degradation rate of WO_3 nanofibers for phenol solution is 2.87 mg/(L·h).
Length optimization of straight line connecting turnout on main line in high-speed railway station yard

Taking the development of high-speed railway in China as background, and referring to the dynamic theory and wheel–rail contact mode, dynamic analysis model was established, considering the setting position of straight lines and running conditions of train in high-speed railway station yard. Using the established model, and choosing vehicle lateral acceleration and wheel suspension as the evaluation indexes, dynamic characteristic of vehicle traveling in turnout and adjacent area on main line was analyzed, and effects on travelling safety and stability of train aroused by length variation of straight lines were calculated based on analyzing the damping rules of vibration. The results show that, a certain length of straight lines can alleviate the vibration aroused in turnout and curve (turnout), length of straight lines connecting turnouts in different sections on main line was proposed to meet the demand of traveling stability, and shortening or cancelation of straight line for the scale limitation of station yard has less influence on operation safety of train.
Kineto-elastodynamic analysis of hose cutting mechanism of an aluminum electrolytic capacitor casing machine

The kineto-elastodynamic (KED) model of a hose cutting mechanism used in the aluminum electrolytic capacitor (AEC) casing machine is developed to investigate the dynamic characteristics. According to the composition characteristics, the cutting mechanism is divided into cam-roller and linkage two substructures. And the dynamic models of the two substructures are established using the lumped parameter method and finite element method (FEM), respectively. In the model, the compliances of the camshaft and the links are taken into consideration. The elastic displacement of the links, angular error of the cutter and the dynamic stress of the links are analyzed based on the KED model. The results provide important information for structure optimization and vibration control of the mechanism.
Comparison and assessment of time integration algorithms for nonlinear vibration systems

A corrected explicit method of double time steps (CEMDTS) was introduced to accurately simulate nonlinear vibration problems in engineering. The CEMDTS, the leapfrog central difference method, the Newmark method, the generalized-a method and the precise integration method were implemented in typical nonlinear examples for the purpose of comparison. Both conservative and non-conservative systems were examined. The results show that it isn’t unconditionally stable for the precise integration method, the Newmark method and the generalized-a method in nonlinear systems. The stable interval of the three methods is less than that of the CEMDTS. When a small time step (Δt≤T_(min)/20) is employed, the precise integration method is endowed with the highest accuracy while the CEMDTS possesses the smallest computation effort. However, the CEMDTS becomes the most accurate one when the time step is large (Δt≥0.3T_(min)) or the system is strongly nonlinear. Therefore, the CEMDTS is more applicable to the nonlinear vibration systems.
Grouting diffusion of chemical fluid flow in soil with fractal characteristics

The chemical fluid property and the capillary structure of soil are important factors that affect grouting diffusion. Ignoring either factor will produce large errors in understanding the inherent laws of the diffusion process. Based on fractal geometry and the constitutive equation of Herschel-Bulkley fluid, an analytical model for Herschel-Bulkley fluid flowing in a porous geo-material with fractal characteristics is derived. The proposed model provides a theoretical basis for grouting design and helps to understand the chemical fluid flow in soil in real environments. The results indicate that the predictions from the proposed model show good consistency with the literature data and application results. Grouting pressure decreases with increasing diffusion distance. Under the condition that the chemical fluid flows the same distance, the grouting pressure undergoes almost no change at first and then decreases nonlinearly with increasing tortuosity dimension. With increasing rheological index, the pressure difference first decreases linearly, then presents a trend of nonlinear decrease, and then decreases linearly again. The pressure difference gradually increases with increasing viscosity and yield stress of the chemical fluid. The decreasing trend of the grouting pressure difference is non-linear and rapid for porosity ϕ >0.4, while there is a linear and slow decrease in pressure difference for high porosity.
Parameters studies for rail wear in high-speed railway turnouts by unreplicated saturated factorial design

Rail wear is one of the main reasons for reducing the service life of high-speed railway turnouts in China. The rail wear characteristics of high-speed railway turnouts are influenced by a large number of input parameters of the complex train-turnout system. To reproduce the actual operation conditions of railway turnouts, random distributions of these inputs need to be considered in rail wear simulation. For a given nominal layout of the high-speed railway turnout, 19 input parameters for rail wear simulation in high-speed railway turnouts are investigated based on orthogonal design of experiment. Three dynamic responses (wheel–rail friction work, normal contact force and size of contact patch) are defined as observed values and the significant factors (direction of passage, axle load, running speed, friction coefficient, and wheel and rail profiles) are determined by two unreplicated saturated factorial design methods, including the half-normal probability plot method and Dong93 method. As part of the associated rail wear simulation, the influence of the wear models and the local elastic deformation on the rail wear was separately investigated. The calculation results for the wear models are quite different, especially for large creep mode. The local elastic deformation has a large effect on the sliding speed and rail wear and needs to be considered in the rail wear simulation.
LiPF_6 and lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate/ethylene carbonate+dimethyl carbonate +ethyl(methyl)carbonate electrolyte for LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4 cathode

LiODFB electrolyte’s compatibility with LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4 high-voltage cathode material was studied by cyclic voltammetry, charge–discharge test and AC impedance. The results show that at 25 and 60 °C, the LiODFB-based electrolyte has better electrochemical stability than LiPF_6. AC impedance plots show that the LiODFB battery has a lower charge-transfer resistance than LiPF_6 battery at 60 °C, which indicates that LiODFB battery has excellent cycling performance at high temperature. At 25 and 60 °C, the LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4/Li half cells with LiODFB or LiPF_6 as electrolyte all have simple redox peak, showing that each of them has an excellent reversibility. LiODFB battery has better cycle performance than LiPF_6 battery at 25 °C and 60 °C. At 25 °C, their 0.5C initial discharge specific capacities are 126.3 and 131.6 mA·h/g, and their capacity retention ratios of the 100th cycle are 97.1% and 94.7%, respectively. At 60 °C, their 0.5C initial discharge specific capacities are 132.6 and 129.1 mA·h/g, and their capacity retention ratios of the 100th cycle are 94.1% and 81.7%, respectively.
Dynamic behavior of new cutting subgrade structure of expensive soil under train loads coupling with service environment

Expansive soil is sensitive to dry and wet environment change. And the volume deformation and inflation pressure of expansive soil may induce to cause the deformation failure of roadbed or many other adverse effects. Aimed at a high-speed railway engineering practice in the newly built Yun–Gui high-speed railway expansive soil section in China, indoor vibration test on a full-scaled new cutting subgrade model is carried out. Based on the established track-subgrade-foundation of expansive soil system dynamic model test platform, dynamic behavior of new cutting subgrade structure under train loads coupling with extreme service environment (dry, raining, and groundwater level rising) is analyzed comparatively. The results show that the subgrade dynamic response is significantly influenced by service conditions and the dynamic response of subgrade gradually becomes stable with the increasing vibration times under various service environment conditions. The vertical dynamic soil stress is related with the depth in an approximate exponential function, and the curves of vertical dynamic soil stress present a “Z” shape distribution along transverse distance. The peak value of dynamic soil stress appears below the rail, and it increases more obviously near the roadbed surface. However, the peak value of dynamic soil stress is little affected outside 5.0 m of center line. The vibration velocity and acceleration are in a quadratic curve with an increase in depth, and the raining and groundwater level rising increase both the vibration velocity and the acceleration. The vertical deformations at different depths are differently affected by service environment in roadbed. The deformation of roadbed increases sharply when the water gets in the foundation of expansive soil, and more than 60% of the total deformation of roadbed occurs in expansive soil foundation. The laid waterproofing and drainage structure layer, which weakens the dynamic stress and improves the track regularity, presents a positive effect on the control deformation of roadbed surface. An improved empirical formula is then proposed to predict the dynamic stress of ballasted tracks subgrade of expansive soil.
Optimal setting and placement of FACTS devices using strength Pareto multi-objective evolutionary algorithm

This work proposes a novel approach for multi-type optimal placement of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices so as to optimize multi-objective voltage stability problem. The current study discusses a way for locating and setting of thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) and static var compensator (SVC) using the multi-objective optimization approach named strength pareto multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (SPMOEA). Maximization of the static voltage stability margin (SVSM) and minimizations of real power losses (RPL) and load voltage deviation (LVD) are taken as the goals or three objective functions, when optimally locating multi-type FACTS devices. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed approach has been validated by the simulation results of the IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems. The proposed approach is compared with non-dominated sorting particle swarm optimization (NSPSO) algorithm. This comparison confirms the usefulness of the multi-objective proposed technique that makes it promising for determination of combinatorial problems of FACTS devices location and setting in large scale power systems.
An adaptive stable observer for on board auxiliary inverters with online current identification strategy

An adaptive stable observer with output current online identification strategy for the auxiliary inverters applied in advanced electric trains, such as high speed railway, urban rail, subway and maglev trains, is proposed. The designed observer is used to estimate the state variables, i.e. controllable duty ratio and current components in d-q-o rotary reference frame. The convergence of the observer estimation error is analyzed with consideration of uncertain level variation of input voltage at direct current (DC) side and sufficient conditions are given to prove its practical stability. Experimental results are shown to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed observer.
推拿治疗婴幼儿急性上呼吸道感染的临床研究

目的:运用小儿推拿疗法治疗急性上呼吸道感染(证属风热外感证)并观察其临床疗效。方法:将门诊符合纳入标准的100例患儿按随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组采用小儿推拿疗法,对照组采用四季抗病毒合剂口服,治疗3 d后通过症状积分变化观察其临床效果,结果显示治疗组在退热效果、临床症状改善和总有效率方面均高于对照组。结论:小儿推拿疗法治疗婴幼儿急性上呼吸道感染(风热外感证)疗效显著,具有社会推广价值。
荨麻疹乃阴证

荨麻疹是一种由于皮肤、黏膜小血管扩张渗出引起的暂时性、局限性皮肤、黏膜水肿,以皮肤出现红色或苍白色风团且时隐时现为特征,伴有瘙痒,其发病机制以Ⅰ型变态反应为主,中医称为“瘾疹”等。古今中医对荨麻疹的证候认识中,惟有“阴证”(里虚寒证)极少谈及。但从乙酰胆碱和cAMP/cGMP在荨麻疹发病机制中的作用、其他过敏性疾病与荨麻疹的伴发性和辨证、荨麻疹的发作时间等看,荨麻疹的病理本质是阴证:乙酰胆碱递质增多和cAMP/cGMP比值降低在荨麻疹发病中起关键作用,而证候实质研究结果表明这两者均是阳虚证的生物学特征;其他过敏性疾病多与荨麻疹伴发,辨证以虚寒为根本;荨麻疹的发作以夜间多见,夜间阴盛阳衰。结论:从乙酰胆碱和cAMP/cGMP在荨麻疹发病机制中的作用、其他过敏性疾病与荨麻疹的伴发性和辨证、发作时间等看,不论是急性还是慢性、皮疹红色还是白色及什么西医亚型,荨麻疹的病理本质是阴证。
AN OUTLINE OF THE VARIETIES OF THE SECOND-ORDER SYSTEMS SCIENCES

The systems sciences are based on a universal language of systems which can be used within most academic disciplines in their endeavors for exploring the world. Currently, systems sciences cover a wide variety of different approaches like complex adaptive systems, resilient systems or systems engineering. One of the future extensions of the systems sciences comes through the applications of second-order systems science as a new field of reflexive studies on first-order systems science. This article provides a general background on the relations of first-order science and second-order science in general and then goes on to sketch a basic outline for the second-order systems sciences and their potentials for quality control and for innovations for the first-order systems sciences.
电力信息物理系统的攻击行为与安全防护

电力信息物理系统(cyber-physical system,CPS)中,电网调度控制和生产管理高度依赖信息与通信系统,信息系统的异常及网络攻击都可能威胁电力系统的安全稳定运行。近期发生的Wanncry等勒索病毒事件表明网络安全领域真实存在能力远超一般个体的"国家队"。作为现代社会的关键性基础设施,电力系统是国家级网络对抗的重点目标。因CPS与普通信息系统在攻击模式、途径和破坏后果上存在显著差异,需要结合这些差异性特征分析潜在的入侵攻击模式,才能有针对性地设计出适合电力CPS的安全防护方法。在网络攻击"国家队"面前,并不存在绝对的网络安全,有必要从风险管理角度出发,以既有安全防护措施失效为前提,研究潜在的攻击途径,多视角剖析最大化破坏效果的攻击模式,再以保障不造成大停电等恶性事故为底线,查漏补缺,针对性地部署防卫措施,实现电力CPS网络安全风险的有效管控。
Temporality-enhanced knowledge memory network for factoid question answering

Question answering is an important problem that aims to deliver specific answers to questions posed by humans in natural language. How to efficiently identify the exact answer with respect to a given question has become an active line of research. Previous approaches in factoid question answering tasks typically focus on modeling the semantic relevance or syntactic relationship between a given question and its corresponding answer. Most of these models suffer when a question contains very little content that is indicative of the answer. In this paper, we devise an architecture named the temporality-enhanced knowledge memory network(TE-KMN) and apply the model to a factoid question answering dataset from a trivia competition called quiz bowl. Unlike most of the existing approaches, our model encodes not only the content of questions and answers, but also the temporal cues in a sequence of ordered sentences which gradually remark the answer. Moreover, our model collaboratively uses external knowledge for a better understanding of a given question. The experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves better performance than several state-of-the-art methods.
Investigation of gas content of organic-rich shale: A case study from Lower Permian shale in southern North China Basin, central China

Measuring gas content is an essential step in estimating the commerciality of gas reserves. In this study, eight shale core samples from the Mouye-1 well were measured using a homemade patented gas desorption apparatus to determine their gas contents. Due to the air contamination that is introduced into the desorption canister, a mathematical method was devised to correct the gas quantity and quality. Compared to the chemical compositions of desorbed gas, the chemical compositions of residual gas are somewhat different. In residual gas, carbon dioxide and nitrogen record a slight increase, and propane is first observed. This phenomenon may be related to the exposure time during the transportation of shale samples from the drilling site to the laboratory, as well as the differences in the mass, size and adsorptivity of different gas molecules. In addition to a series of conventional methods, including the USBM direct method and the Amoco Curve Fit (ACF) method, which were used here for lost gas content estimation, a Modified Curve Fit (MCF) method, based on the ‘bidisperse' diffusion model, was established to estimate lost gas content. By fitting the ACF and MCF models to gas desorption data, we determined that the MCF method could reasonably describe the gas desorption data over the entire time period, whereas the ACF method failed. The failure of the ACF method to describe the gas desorption process may be related to its restrictive assumption of a single pore size within shale samples. In comparison to the indirect method, this study demonstrates that none of the three methods studied in this investigation (USBM, ACF and MCF) could individually estimate the lost gas contents of all shale samples and that the proportion of free gas relative to total gas has a significant effect on the estimation accuracy of the selected method. When the ratio of free gas to total gas is lower than 45%, the USBM method is the best for estimating the lost gas content, whereas when the ratio ranges from 45% to 75% or is more than 75%, the ACF and MCF methods, are the best options respectively.
Pennsylvanian glacimarine sedimentation in the Cushamen Formation, western North Patagonian Massif

The metasedimentary sequence of the Cushamen Formation in the western North Patagonian Massif is 540 m thick and comprises six sedimentary lithofacies associations related to a glacimarine environment. Four of these lithofacies represent distal glacimarine environments, whereas another one was deposited in proximal glacimarine environments, and the last includes subglacial environments. The organization and configuration of these lithofacies associations represent the advance and retreat of the glacier masses. The maximum glacial advance is correlatable with the G2 glacial interval of the Pennsylvanian Pampa de Tepuel, Las Salinas and Valley Chico, formations of the Extraandean Chubut, and the southern part of Neuquen Cordillera. Contemporaneously, in southern Chile there are marine and glacimarine sediments. The chronostratigraphic relationships between the Silurian to Permian units allow five paleogeographic stages to be distinguished. The middle Silurian—late Devonian igneous rocks represent the first magmatic stage. The second stage, which is transitional to the first, is represented by a marine basin that includes the late Devonian-early Carboniferous Esquel and Rio Pescado formations and the Llanquihue Complex. The third stage (early-late Carboniferous) includes granitoids of the second magmatic event that partially overlapped the first magmatic igneous belt. The fourth stage belongs to the late Carboniferous sedimentation of the Cushamen and equivalent formations. The extended early Permian magmatism was the last Paleozoic event in the studied area.