mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Treatment of anthraquinone dye wastewater by hydrolytic acidification-aerobic process

Experiment on microbial degradation with two kinds of biological process, hydrolytic acidification-aerobic process and aerobic process was conducted to treat the anthraquinone dye wastewater with CODCr concentration of 400 mg/L and chroma 800. The experimental result demonstrated that the hydrolytic-aerobic process could raise the biodegradability of anthraquinone dye wastewater effectively. The effluent CODCr can reach 120-170 mg/L and chroma 150 which is superior to that from simple aerobic process.
Binding of pyrene to dissolved organic matters: fractionation and characterization

Based on a modified Leenheer DOM fractionation scheme, fractionation of DOM from the paddy soil was conducted by using XAD-8 resin into hydrophobic bases(HOB), hydrophobic acids(HOA), acid-insoluble matter(AIM), hydrophobic neutrals(HON) and hydrophilic matter(HIM). In total carbon content of DOM, 35.32% were the HIM and only 0.73% the HOB. However, HOA and AIM altogether occupied 53.45%, while the HON fraction represented 10%. The sorption experiments were conducted to determine the sorption capcity of pyrene on unfractionated DOM and its fractions. Elemental analysis, 1H-NMR and FTIR spectra were carried out on unfractionated DOM and its fractions to examine the relationship between the structure of DOM and partition coefficients(Koc). The results showed that HON had a greater affinity for binding pyrene than other fractions. While HON was characterized by large long-chain alkylate (aliphatic structure). AIM exhibited relative higher Koc values than HOA and HIM, due to much aromatic structure in AIM, while the high content of carboxylic groups of HOA and HIM depressed their binding capacity. This study demonstrates HON is a key subcomponents of DOM in binding of pyrene, in other words, aliphalic structure in DOM play a important role in binding of pyrene.
Spin-Flip Behaviour Observed in (Pt/Co)5/Ru/(Co/Pt)5 Films

(Pt/Co)5/Ru/(Co/Pt)5 films with different Ru thicknesses were prepared by magnetron sputtering. Oscillatory behaviour of effective perpendicular anisotropy and remanence in the (Pt/Co)5/Ru/(Co/Pt)5 films as a function of the thickness of Ru has been first observed, from which we can obtain the conclusion that the synthetic spin in the (Pt/Co)5/Ru/(Co/Pt)5 films rotates from the vertical direction to the in-plane one periodically with the change of the thickness of the spacer layer of Ru. The oscillatory period is about two atomic layers of Ru and different from the long and short oscillatory periods of the interlayer antiferromagnetic coupling in Co/Ru/Co, Co/Cu/Co, and Fe/Cr/Fe, etc.
Serrated Plastic Flow in a Zr-based Bulk Metallic Glass During Nanoindentation

We investigate plastic deformation of Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 bulk metallic glass using depth sensing nanoindentation. Numerous serrations in the load–displacement curves during indentation, shear bands and pile-ups around the indent were observed. The results revealed that the serrated plastic flow behaviour in this alloy depends strongly on the indentation strain rate.
The Study of the Recognizability of Electromagnetic Leakage Information Arising from Computer

The electromagnetic radiation will result in information leakage when computers work. This paper presents the recognition technology of information leakage caused by video signal electromagnetic radiation. To get the intact and useful information of video signals conveniengtly, the pattern recognition method based on artificial neural networks is proposed. In the last part, the primary word image recovered from the electromagnetic leakage is recognized and reconstructed and the recognizability of the information leakage from computers is discussed.
用二步消化法提取指甲DNA

在日常检案工作中,对腐败尸体的指甲进行DNA检验,扩增效果有时不稳定,特别是埋于泥土、弃于粪坑、污水等环境中的指甲检材,常需多次反复处理才能得到满意DNA检测结果.究其原因,可能与没有得到有效的DNA模板有关.作者采用"二步消化法",可以去除表层降解DNA,减少PCR抑制物,从而可有效地提高了DNA模板质量,提高了指甲DNA的检验成功率.
自发性肾出血急诊超声1例

患者男，65岁，发热40余天，于2天前因原因不明的右侧中下腹突发疼痛伴面色苍白、出冷汗，急诊入我院。既往有肺结核病史，查体：腹部轻度膨隆，未见肠型及肠蠕动波，右侧腹及右下腹压痛明显，右下腹反跳痛阳性，右肾区叩击痛阳性。急诊超声检查声像图示.
硫酸毁尸1例

2003年9月上旬,在一出租屋内发现一男子自杀未遂.其身旁一不锈钢桶内发现可疑尸块,刑侦技术人员随即现场进行勘查.现场为一房一厅带卫生间的住所,房内充满浓酸的味道,洗手间内有一圆柱形不锈钢桶,直径70cm,高80cm,桶沿上见褐色焦痂,桶内为黑色粘稠油状液体,周围地面及墙角见大量黑色血污.从桶内捞出人体左、右股骨干,左、右膝关节以下肢体,牙及其碎块35颗,骨碎片19块,其中成形椎骨1块.经DNA检验,桶内具备检验条件的部分为同一人所有.从桶中捞出的人体残骸中,未发现头发、指(趾)甲.可见,硫酸对机体破坏程度.检查中发现,牙齿在经过硫酸作用后,牙根已被毁坏,牙冠虽然完整,但也极易纵行劈裂,劈裂后牙髓腔清晰可见.
加快林产工业改革步伐推进黑龙江森工产业结构升级

党的十六大已经确定,要"支持东北地区等老工业基地加快调整和改造,支持以资源开采为主的城市和地区发展持续产业".这是党中央审时度势、谋划全局,继实现南部开放,抓好西部开发之后的又一重大部署.东北地区资源非常丰富,生态环境好,工业基础雄厚,黑龙江省国有林区又是全国重要的木材及其制品生产基地,2003年6月25日中共中央下发了中发[2003]9号文件<中共中央国务院关于加快林业发展的决定>,为林业发展指明了前进的方向.因此我们黑龙江森工总局必须认清形势,把握住这一千载难逢的历史机遇和发展契机,明确方向,做好黑龙江省森工林产工业基地调整改造与建设,推进森工产业结构不断升级,实现林业的可持续发展。
Syntheses, characteristics, and fluorescence properties of complexes of europium with benzoic acid and its derivatives

The binary complexes of europium with benzoic acid and its derivatives (phthalic acid, m-phthalic acid,o-aminobenzoic acid, salicylic acid, and sulfosalicylic acid) were synthesized and their compositions were identified by elemental analyses. UV and IR of the complexes have been investigated. The UV spectra indicated that the complexes' ultraviolet absorption were mainly the ligands' absorption. The IR spectra showed that the IR spectra of complexes are different from those of free ligands. The fluorescence properties of them were investigated by using luminescence spectroscopy, the results showed that only three complexes appear as better luminescence, they were Eu-benzoic acid,Eu-m-phthalic acid and Eu-phthalic acid, while the others exhibited the ligands' wideband emission.
提高刨花板生产质量的关键环节

中国刨花板工业在经过多年的相对沉寂与停滞后,自2002年初起新一轮刨花板项目投资热开始兴起,刨花板工业较高的投资收益使大家看到了复苏的希望.从统计上看,截止2003年底,中国刨花板产量为547.41万m3,刨花板总产量占人造板总产量的比重不足15%.在欧洲,这一比重近年来虽然有所下降,仍高达67%.因此,中国刨花板有巨大的发展空间.
Characterization of rtSH3p13 gene encoding a development protein involved in vesicular traffic in spermiogenesis

A cDNA, designated as rtSH3p13, was isolated from a rat testis cDNA library. It consists of 1463 bp nuclear acids,which encodes a protein of 312 amino acids and was assigned the GenBank accession number AF227439. The deduced rtSH3p13 protein is a truncated isoform of SH3p13 as a result of mRNA alternative splicing. It is mainly expressed in the rat testis, detected in spermatids at the steps 8-19 of spermiogenesis, and found around the acrosome. During postnatal development, rtSH3p13 appears on day 18 and reaches maximum on day 60. Further experimental results suggested that rtSH3p13 forms a complex with activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and interacts with synaptojanin I. Surprisingly, similar to SH3 domain, the V region of rtSH3p13 also inhibits endocytosis in CHO cells.Our results reveal a link between an rtSH3p13-synaptojanin-clathrin complex-mediated formation of pits and the process of spermiogenesis.
安徽省淮河流域2003年7月汛期污染规律分析

通过对安徽省辖淮河流域7月份汛期的水质监测结果进行主要污染物浓度及流量之间的变化趋势初步分析,结果表明,汛期淮河流域整体水质状况有所改善;干流污染物浓度与流量存在相关.汛早期受面源污染影响较为明显,中、后期受点源污染为主;支流污染物浓度与流量之间相关不显著,主要受点源排污影响.
由地表水中溶解氧的含量确定氨氮取样体积

氨氮与溶解氧是水体营养盐及有机污染综合指标的两个特征指标,都一定程度上反映水体的受污染程度.溶解在水中的分子态氧称为溶解氧,地表水的溶解氧含量取决于水体与大气中氧的平衡,氨氮以游离氨或铵盐形式存在于水中,两者的组成比取决于水的pH值和水温.……
Catalytic Dechlorination and Kinetics of o-Dichlorobenzene by Pd/Fe

o-Dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) was dechlorinated by Pd/Fe powder in water through catalytic reduction.The dechlorination reaction is believed to take place on the surface site of the catalyst via a pseudo-first-order reaction. The final reduction product of o-DCB is benzene. The dechlorination rate increases with the increase of bulk loading of palladium due to the increase of both the surface loading of palladium and the total surface area.Dechlorination efficiency accounts for 90% at Pd/Fe mass ratio 0.02% and metal to solution ratio about 53.3 g.L-1in 120 minutes. Dechlorination is affected by the reaction temperature, pH, Pd/Fe ratio and the addition of Pd/Fe.Ea is found to be 102.5 kJ.mol-1 in the temperature range of 287-313 K.
Recent Research Progress of Chemical Reactions under Supercritical Conditions

Chemical reactions (such as hydrogenation, hydroformylation, alkylation, esterification, etc.) at supercritical conditions afford opportunities to manipulate the solubility of reactants and products, to eliminate interphase transport limitations in the reaction systems, and to be beneficial to the environment. This review concentrates on the most recent developments after 2001 with only a brief summary of pioneering research work before 2001.
Management of process performance at low water temperatures in respect of filamentous organisms

The management of sludge-settling properties in Nordic conditions is of importance during the low temperature (spring) season because of the peak settler load. A survey was made in 10 Finnish waste water treatment plants(WWTP' s) and the total extended filament length and DSVI in half of the plants exceeded the limits, which indicates sludge bulking( 15 km/g SS and 150 ml/g respectively). The dominant organism was Microthrix parvicella, the abundance of which was 59.22% of total extended filament length on average.Chemicals were tested to control the filaments, and it was found that special attention has to be paid to maintaining the nitrification at low temperature. A dosage of( H2 O2-based) oxidants controlled the growth of Microthrix parvicella effectively and rapidly, whereas with the use of aluminium hydroxidechioride a 2 to 5-week period was needed to decrease the filament length.
Using a zeolite medium biofilter to remove organic pollutant and ammonia simultaneously

A pilot scale zeolite medium biological aerated filter(ZBAF) was designed and used to treat municipal wastewater. It showed that ZBAF could simultaneously remove chemical oxygen demand(COD), ammonia-N and turbidity to satisfied degree at a hydraulic retention time(HRT) of 0.95 h. Their average removal efficiencies were 73.9%, 88.4% and 96.2% with the corresponding average effluent concentrations of 43.4 mg/L, 3.5 mg/L and 3.7 NTU, respectively. These effluent items met with the water quality standard of the treated water reused for cooling water. The COD removal volumetric loading rate increased proportionally with its applied volumetric loading rate removal efficiency in the future.
Surface microlayer enrichment of volatile organic compounds and semivolatile organic compounds in drinking water source

Enrichment of volatile organic compounds(VOC) and semi-volatility organic compounds(SVOC) in surface microlayer(SM) of three drinking water sources were studied. The enrichment factor(EFs) were 0.67 to 13.37 and 0. 16 to 136, respectively. The results showed some VOC and most SVOC could enrich in SM. Some EFs of SVOC was quite high. Suspension and temperature could affect EFs of SVOC, slim wind and water movement do not destroy enrichment of organic in SM.
Algebraic Hamiltonian for Vibrational Spectra of Stibine

An algebraic Hamiltonian, which in a limit can be reduced to an extended local mode model by Law and Duncan, is proposed to describe both stretching and bending vibrational energy levels of polyatomic molecules, where Fermi resonances between the stretches and the bends are considered. The Hamiltonian is used to study the vibrational spectra of stibine (SbH3). A comparison with the extended local mode model is made. Results of fitting the experimental data show that the algebraic Hamiltonian reproduces the observed values better than the extended local mode model.
Radarsat observations and forecasting of oil slick trajectory movements

RADARSAT data have a potential role for coastal pollution monitoring. This study presents a new approach to detect and forecast oil slick trajectory movements. The oil slick trajectory movements is based on the tidal current effects and Fay's algorithm for oil slick spreading mechanisms. The oil spill trajectory model contains the integration between Doppler frequency shift model and Lagrangian model. Doppler frequency shift model implemented to simulate tidal current pattern from RADARSAT data while the Lagrangian model used to predict oil spill spreading pattern. The classical Fay's algorithm was implemented with the two models to simulate the oil spill trajectory movements.The study shows that the slick lengths are effected by tidal current V component with maximum velocity of 1.4 m/s. This indicates thatoil slick trajectory path is moved towards the north direction. The oil slick parcels are accumulated along the coastline after 48 h. Theanalysis indicated that tidal current V components were the dominant forcing for oil slick spreading.
Problem-based learning in pharmacology: a survey of department heads in Taiwan, China

Problem-based learning (PBL) requires active student participation and the use of clinical cases as a trigger to learn within a given area. It has gained much attention as a pedagogic alternative in the course of reform in medical education due to information overload. From discipline-based consideration, it is interesting to understand the views of department heads of pharmacology about implementing PBL for their medical students. According to a general survey from the heads of the department of pharmacology across medical schools in Taiwan, we found that although serious reservation about the approach remains, many departments indeed look forward to including PBL component in their pharmacology curriculum.
Application of TLSER method in predicting the aqueous solubility and n-octanol/water partition coefficient of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs

The theoretical linear solvation energy relationship(TLSER) approach was adopted to predict the aqueous solubility and noctanol/water partition coefficient of three groups of environmentally important chemicals-polychlorinated biphenyls( PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans( PCDDs and PCDFs). For each compound, five quantum parameters were calculated using AMI semiempirical molecular orbital methods and used as structure descriptors: average molecular polarizability(α), energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbit( ELUMO ), energy of the highest occupied molecular orbit( EHOMO ), the most positive charge on a hydrogen atom ( q + ), and the most negative atomic partial charge( q_ ) in the solute molecule. Then standard independent variables in TLSER equation was extracted and two series of quantitative equations between these quantum parameters and aqueous solubility and n-octanol/water partition coefficient were obtained by stepwise multiple linear regression(MLR) method. The developed equations have both quite high accuracy and explicit meanings. And the cross-validation test illustrated the good predictive power and stability of the established models.The results showed that TLSER could be used as a promising approach in the estimation of partition and solubility properties ofmacromolecular chemicals, such as persistent organic pollutants.
高锰酸盐指数空白分析中出现的问题

在日常工作中,用酸性法分析水中高锰酸盐指数,如果水样高锰酸盐指数高于5mg/L时,就需要进行空白测定.但在空白实验时,我们偶尔会发现加入10ml 0.0100mol/L的草酸钠标准溶液后,锥形瓶中的溶液出现黄色浑浊(尤其是在0.01mol/L的高锰酸钾溶液新配时).
Induction of mucin secretion from human bronchial tissue and epithelial cells by rhinovirus and lipopolysaccharide

AIM: To examine the effects of rhinovirus and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on mucin secretion from bronchial tissue and epithelial cells in vitro. METHODS: Human small bronchial tissue fragments (HSBTF) and human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) were cultured with rhinovirus 16 and LPS, respectively and culture supernatants were collected for mucin measurement. To determine mucin levels in the culture supernatants, a MUC5AC enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and an enzyme linked lectin assay procedure with dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) were developed, and mucin release was expressed as percentage increased (or decreased) secretion over baseline level. RESULTS: A concentration-dependent release of DBA mucin and MUC5AC mucin were observed when HSBTF were infected with various concentrations of rhinovirus 16 at 37 oC. The maximum-induced DBA mucin and MUC5AC mucin release were approximately 258 % and 83 % over baseline. The response of HSBTF to rhinovirus was completely abolished by metabolic inhibitors. Rhinovirus was also able to induce a concentration-dependent release of DBA mucin and MUC5AC mucin from primarily cultured HBEC. LPS 100 mg/L was able to provoke up to approximately 19 % and 54 % increase in DBA and MUC5AC mucin release over baseline, respectively from HSBTF, and 3.1 % and 57 % increase from HBEC at 20 h. Soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) 30 mg/L was able to inhibit LPS-induced mucin release from HSBTF and HBEC. CONCLUSION: Rhinovirus is able to induce mucin secretion from human bronchial tissue and bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. LPS can induce MUC5AC mucin release from HSBTF and HBEC.
Effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor on delayed rectifier potassium current in catecholaminergic CATH.a cells

AIM: To study the modulatory effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) on the delayed rectifier potassium (Kv) current (IKv) and its underlying intracellular mechanism in the catecholaminergic system of rats. METHODS: AT1 and AT2 receptors of the differentiated and undifferentiated CATH.a cells were determined by radioligands binding assay. The IKv was recorded with the whole cell patch-clamp configuration in voltage clamp mode on CATH.a cells. RESULTS: The Ang II receptor proteins including AT1 and AT2 receptors were expressed in CATH.a cells, and the number of the former was significantly more than the latter (P<0.01). The IKv of CATH.a cells was reduced by superfusion with the Ang II (100 nmol/L) (P<0.05) in the presence of the AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319, but was not affected by only superfusion with PD123319. The effect of Ang II on IKv in CATH.a cells was completely inhibited by addition of AT1 receptor antagonist losartan. Superfusion with Ang II (100 nmol/L) plus U73122, an inhibitor of phospholipase C (PLC) in the presence of PD123319 had no effect on the IKv [(20.2±2.8) pA/pF]. Ang II-induced reduction of IKv was attenuated (P<0.05) but not abolished by PKC inhibitor calphostin C (Cal) and selective CaMK II inhibitor KN-93 (10 mmol/L) respectively. However, IKv reduction was completely abolished by superfusion with both Cal and KN-93. CONCLUSION: The inhibition of Kv currents in CATH.a cells by Ang II is mediated by AT1 receptor, and the PLC, PKC and CaMK II may be involved in signal transduction of AT1 receptor. The differentiated CATH.a cell is a useful cell model to study Ang II receptor-mediated functional modulation of catecholaminergic system.
Soliton Solution of SU(3) Gauge Fields

Starting from a simplified model involving the interactions between colour quark fields, colour-SU(3) gauge fields, and colour scalar fields, it is shown, to the lowest-order approximation in , that the vacuum expectation value of the gauge fields is equivalent, mathematically, to the vacuum expectation value of the scalar fields. Based on this relationship, a soliton solution of the gauge fields is given by solving the Euler equation of the scalar fields.
再接再厉,进一步提高环境监测整体水平

在我们即将迎来2004年的时刻,总站召开这次全国环境监测站长工作会议,部署2004年的全国环境监测工作;同时,总结近几年环境监测能力建设的经验,研究如何加强运行和管理,更好地发挥环境监测在环境保护工作中的作用问题:另外,这次会议还将按照全国环境保护规划工作会议的要求,部署"十五"后两年环境监测工作,研究环境监测"十一五"规划的总体思路.下面,我讲几点意见,供大家讨论。
An efficient algorithm for optimal allocation of wavelength converters in wavelength routing optical network

In a wavelength routing optical network (WRON), the optimal allocation of wavelength converters (WCs) is very important to minimize the number of WCs, enhance the fiber utilization, reduce the blocking probability, etc.. In this paper, a novel simplified network model with shared WCs has been proposed. An effective algorithm for optimal allocation of shared WCs has been presented by using a revised Dijkstra algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA). The effectiveness of the revised algorithm was verified through the simulation on Nature and Science Foundation (NSF) net of USA. This revised algorithm can achieve blocking probability 36% less than the algorithm in previous work, and the calculating time of the minimum blocking probability can be reduced dramatically.
Two-Quasiparticle Bands and Isomers in 98Sr

Rotational bands in neutron-rich 98Sr nucleus have been investigated by measuring high-fold prompt γ-ray coincidence events of the spontaneous fission of 252Cf with the Gammasphere detector array. A deformed K = 3 band built on the 1838 keV level has been confirmed and extended. Another deformed K = 6 band based on the 2535 keV level has been established. Both the bands originate most probably from the ν9/2[404]ν3/2[411] two-quasiparticle configuration with Ω = |Ω1-Ω2| and Ω = |Ω1+Ω2|, respectively. Based on the delay-coincidence measurements, the half-lives for the K = 3 and K = 6 band head levels have been obtained to be 13±3 ns and 4.5±1.0 ns, respectively.
Antitumor and anti-angiogenic activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide

AIM: To investigate the antitumor and anti-angiogenic activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide (GLPP). METHODS: Antitumor effect of GLPP was observed in tumor-bearing mice in vivo. At the same time, the effects of GLPP on proliferation of tumor cells and human umbilical cord vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC) were detected by MTT assay in vitro. Subsequently, spleen lymphocytes proliferation of nude mice was stimulated by LPS or ConA. To investigate the anti-angiogenic effect of GLPP, GLPP 80 μg per disc and GLPP-treated serum 10 μL per disc were added to the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) respectively in vivo. RESULTS: GLPP 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg inhibited growth of Sarcoma 180 in BALB/c mice markedly by 35.2 %, 45.2 %, and 61.9 %, respectively. GLPP which was directly added to the cultured medium did not inhibit PG cell proliferation in vitro; but GLPP-treated serum 50, 100, 200 mg/kg potently inhibited PG cell proliferation by 22.5 %, 26.8 %, and 30.3 %, respectively; and reduced the xenograft (human lung carcinoma cell PG) in BALB/c nude mice greatly in vivo by 55.5 %, 46.0 %, and 46.8 %, respectively. Lymphocytes proliferation of nude mice could be stimulated by LPS 5 mg/L but not by ConA 2.5 mg/L, indicating that GLPP could not promote the T lymphocyte proliferation and neutral red phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages of nude mice. The CAM assay showed that GLPP and GLPP-treated serum had anti-angiogenic effect. GLPP (1, 10, and 100 mg/L) inhibited HUVEC proliferation in vitro with the inhibitory rate of 9.4 %, 15.6 %, and 40.4 %, respectively. CONCLUSION: GLPP has antitumor and anti-angiogenic activity. The anti-angiogenesis of GLPP may be a new mechanism underlying its anti-tumor effects.
Analysis of Runaway Evaporation and Bose-Einstein Condensation by Time-of-Flight Absorption Imaging

The achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) in our experiment is reported. The process of BEC formation is observed by detecting the image after free expansion, in which the effectiveness of runaway evaporative cooling is shown by measuring the optical density of the atom cloud. About 2×105 87Rb atoms in the |F = 2,mF = 2 state are condensed into the condensate. The ratio of axial-to-radial size of the condensate released from the magnetic trap is investigated in theory and experiment.
Widely Tunable Femtosecond Soliton Pulse Generation by Using Soliton-Frequency Shift in a Photonic Crystal Fibre

Femtosecond Raman soliton generation, tunable from 800 to 1044 nm, has been theoretically investigated for a photonic crystal fibre pumped by a 200-fs pulse. A highly nonlinear photonic crystal fibre with a length of only 57.7 cm and a nonlinear coefficient of 0.075 (Wm)-1 is used to achieved such a broadband. It is found that the spectral bandwidth increases with the input peak power. In particular, it is also found that the output wavelengths of the resulting sub-40 fs Raman solitons can also be tuned effectively by varying the initial pulse chirp. There exists an optimal positive chirp which maximizes the bandwidth, corresponding to the formation of only one long-wavelength Raman soliton.