mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Process and proposal for comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography

The comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography is based on the rules governing regional differentiation of Chinese physical geographic factors. Based on regional differences and similarities in human factors, this study divides the whole country into two levels of relatively independent, complete and organically linked human geographic units. As a fundamental, comprehensive, cutting-edge, practical and important task, the comprehensive regionalization of human geography highlights the characteristics, regional and sub-regional features, complexity and variety of spatial differences between factors of Chinese human geography. It is capable of promoting the development of human geography based on local conditions, providing basic scientific support to national and local development strategies, such as the Belt and Road Strategy, new urbanization and environmental awareness, and creating a sound geopolitical environment in key areas. Using results from existing physical and human geographic zoning studies, and in accordance with the principles of synthesis, dominant factors, the relative consistency of the natural environment, the relative consistency of social and economic development, the consistency of the regional cultural landscape, the continuity of spatial distribution and the integrity of county-level administrative divisions, and taking as its basis the division of human geography into 10 major factors (nature, economy, population, culture, ethnicity, agriculture, transportation, urbanization, the settlement landscape and administrative divisions), this paper constructs an index system for the comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography through a combination of top-down and bottom-up zoning and spatial clustering analysis. In this study, Chinese human geography is divided into eight regions and 66 sub-regions. The eight human geography regions are (I) Northeast China, (II) North China, (III) East China, (IV) Central China, (V) South China, (VI) Northwest China, (VII) Southwest China, and (VIII) Qinghai and Tibet. This zoning proposal fills gaps in studies involving the non-comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography. Each human geography region and sub-region has different topographical, climatic, ecological, population, urbanization, economic development, settlement landscape, regional cultural and ethno-religious attributes. This proposal on the comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography dovetails closely with previous studies on comprehensive regionalization in Chinese physical geography, Chinese economic zoning, and Chinese agricultural zoning. It shows that, under the dual roles of nature and humans, there are certain rules of regional differentiation that govern the comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography.
Fracture morphologies of a hot stamped steel and comparisons with several sheet metals

Hot stamping has been widely used in car industry to produce safety components. Most existing researches focused on the stamping and quenching process, but less on the mechanical properties of stamped parts. The fracture behaviors of hot stamped boron steel B1500HS have been studied, and other four commonly used sheet metals with different strengths, including Q235, TRIP780, QP980 and MS1300, were also introduced for comparison. Both uniaxial tests and mechanical trimming tests were performed, and the fracture surfaces under different stress states were observed and discussed. The SEM observations showed that the fracture models are closely related to the stress states, i.e., the tensile surfaces have ductile rupture characters while the trimming surfaces have brittle rupture characters. Compared with other steels, the quenched boron steel has smaller dimple size accompanied by shear planes in the tensile surface, and has smaller burnish zone in the trimming surface, and its cutting surface with ‘S’ like shape is also very different with others. Furthermore, two fitted empirical models were derived to describe the quantitative correlations between the average dimple diameter and the steel strength and between the percentage of burnish zone and the steel strength.
Evolution of MnS inclusions in Ti-bearing X80 pipeline steel

Studies show that manganese sulfide (MnS) inclusions in pipeline steel affect the lateral performance of steel in its rolling deformation, as well as the hydrogen-induced cracking and sulfide stress corrosion cracking resistance performance. To inhibit the precipitation of MnS and its effect on pipeline steel, a quenching experiment and a diffusion couple experiment, which investigated the evolution of MnS inclusions in Ti-bearing X80 pipeline steel, were conducted. The experimental results show that the transformation of the MnS inclusions during solidification is as follows: MnS→titanium sulfide (TiS)→Ti_4C_2S_2. The transition temperatures of MnS to TiS and TiS to Ti_4C_2S_2 are 1673 and 1273 K, respectively, and the overall size of the sulfide decreased as well. Thermodynamic calculation results confirm that the transition temperatures of MnS to TiS and TiS to Ti_4C_2S_2 are 1623 and 1203 K, respectively. When the sulfur content in the X80 pipeline steel is 0.0015%, all the sulfur in the steel can be converted into Ti_4C_2S_2 with a titanium content of more than 0.02%.
High Performance Supercapacitors from Hierarchical Porous Carbon Aerogels Based on Sliced Bread

Supercapacitor electrodes with porous structure based on renewable, eco-friendly and cost-effective materials have caused extensive concern in energy storage fields. Sliced bread, the common food ingredient, mainly containing glucose polymers, can be a promising candidate to fabricate porous supercapacitor electrodes. Highly porous carbon aerogels by using sliced bread as the raw material were synthesized through a carefully controlled aerogel carbonization-activation process. Interestingly, the specific surface area and the pore size distribution of the porous carbon were controlled by the activation temperature, which result in the varied performance of the carbon aerogel as a supercapacitor. Electrochemical investigation measurements revealed that the hierarchical porous carbon aerogel shows an excellent capacitor behavior for construction of a symmetric supercapacitor, which demonstrated a high specific capacitance of 229 F·g~(-1) at discharge current of 0.2 A·g~(-1). In addition, the fabricated supercapacitor displayed excellent capacitance retention of 95.5% over 5000 cycles.
Ignition and combustion of pyrotechnics at low pressures and at temperature extremes

Rapid and effective ignition of pyrotechnic countermeasure decoy flares is vitally important to the safety of expensive military platforms such as aircraft. QinetiQ is conducting experimental and theoretical research into pyrotechnic countermeasure decoy flares. A key part of this work is the development and application of improved models to increase the understanding of the ignition processes occurring for these flares. These models have been implemented in a two-dimensional computational model and details are described in this paper. Previous work has conducted experiments and validated the computational model at ambient temperature and pressure. More recently the computational model has been validated at pressures down to that equivalent to 40,000 feet but at ambient temperature (-290 K). This paper describes further experimental work in which the ignition delays of the priming material in inert countermeasure decoy flares were determined for pressures down to 40,000 feet and at temperature extremes of -40°C and 100 °C. Also included in this paper is a comparison of the measured and predicted ignition delays at low pressures and temperature extremes. The agreement between the predicted and measured ignition delays is acceptable.
Genes for the high life: New genetic variants point to positive selection for high altitude hypoxia in Tibetans

People living on the high plateaus of the world have long fascinated biological anthropologists and geneticists because they live in “thin air” and epitomize an extreme of human biological adaptation. Far from posing obstacles to human habitation, the hypoxic conditions of the Tibetan Plateau, the Andean highlands, and the Amhara Plateau of Ethiopia have served as the contexts for natural experiments in human adaptability (Beall, 2014). To the studies of the high-altitude human phenotype of the latter half of the twentieth century have been added studies of the complementary high-altitude genotype in the first decades of the twenty first century. Studies of genetic adaptation in Tibetans have commanded great interest because humans there live at altitudes around 4 000 m above sea level, breathe air that has an oxygen concentration about 40% lower and experience ultraviolet radiation about 30% higher than at sea level. An extreme habitat indeed.
Analysis of the Structure of Different Tibetan Plateau Vortex Types

Knowledge of the structure of the Tibetan Plateau vortex (TPV) is of considerable importance for understanding the generation and development mechanisms of this mesoscale system. However, our understanding of vortex structures and our ability to classify them on a physical basis is limited due to insufficient observations. The highresolution new-generation NCEP-CFSR (Climate Forecast System Reanalysis) dataset is used in the present paper to investigate the general structural features of various types of mature TPV through classification and composite structure analysis. Results indicate that the dynamic and thermodynamic structures show regional and seasonal dependency, as well as being influenced by attributes of translation, associated precipitation, and the South Asian high (SAH). The common precipitating TPV (type I), frequently occurring in the west–east-oriented zonal region between 33° and 36°N, is a notably low-level baroclinic and asymmetric system. It resides within a large-scale confluent zone and preferentially travels eastward, potentially moving out of the plateau. The heavy rain vortex (type II) corresponds to a deep vortex circulation occurring in midsummer. The low-level baroclinic sub-category (type IIa) is associated with a low-level jet and mainly originates in the area 32°–35°N, 86°–94°E, preferentially moving east of 90°E and even away from the plateau; meanwhile, the nearly upright sub-category (type IIb), which has a cold center at low levels and a warm center at mid–upper levels, is a quasi-stationary and quasi-symmetric system favorably occurring west of 92°E. A western-pattern SAH exists in the upper troposphere for these two sub-categories. The springtime dry vortex in the western plateau (type III) is warm and shallow (approximately 100 hPa deep), and zonal circulation dominates the large-scale environmental flows in the middle and upper troposphere. The precipitating vortex in the southern plateau occurring during July–August (type IV) is not affected by northerly flow at low levels. It is vertically aligned and controlled by a banded SAH.
Using the Inverse of Expected Error Variance to Determine Weights of Individual Ensemble Members: Application to Temperature Prediction

The inverse of expected error variance is utilized to determine weights of individual ensemble members based on the THORPEX (The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment) Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) forecast datasets. The weights of all ensemble members are thus calculated for summer 2012, with the NCEP final operational global analysis (FNL) data as the truth. Based on the weights of all ensemble members, the variable weighted ensemble mean (VWEM) of temperature of summer 2013 is derived and compared with that from the simple equally weighted ensemble mean. The results show that VWEM has lower root-mean-square error (RMSE) as well as absolute error, and has improved the temperature prediction accuracy. The improvements are quite notable over the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas; specifically, a relative improvement rate of RMSE of more than 24% in 2-m temperature is demonstrated. Moreover, the improvement rates vary slightly with the prediction lead-time (24–96 h). It is suggested that the VWEM approach be employed in operational ensemble prediction to provide guidance for weather forecasting and climate prediction.
Universal switching of plasmonic signals using optical resonator modes

We propose and investigate, both experimentally and theoretically, a novel mechanism for switching and modulating plasmonic signals based on a Fano interference process, which arises from the coupling between a narrow-band optical Fabry–Perot cavity and a surface plasmon polariton (SPP) source. The SPP wave emitted from the cavity is actively modulated in the vicinity of the cavity resonances by altering the cavity Q-factor and/or resonant frequencies. We experimentally demonstrate dynamic SPP modulation both by mechanical control of the cavity length and all-optically by harnessing the ultrafast nonlinearity of the Au mirrors that form the cavity. An electro-optical modulation scheme is also proposed and numerically illustrated. Dynamic operation of the switch via mechanical means yields a modulation in the SPP coupling efficiency of ~ 80%, while the all-optical control provides an ultrafast modulation with an efficiency of 30% at a rate of ~ 0.6 THz. The experimental observations are supported by both analytical and numerical calculations of the mechanical, all-optical and electro-optical modulation methods.
Efficient light harvesting from flexible perovskite solar cells under indoor white light-emitting diode illumination

This is the first report of an investigation on flexible perovskite solar cells for artificial light harvesting by using a white light-emitting diode (LED) lamp as a light source at 200 and 400 lx, values typically found in indoor environments. Flexible cells were developed using either low-temperature sol-gel or atomic-layer-deposited compact layers over conducting polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates, together with ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated nanoparticle TiO_2 scaffolds, a CH_3NH_3Pbl_(3-x)Cl_x perovskite semiconductor, and a spiro-MeOTAD hole transport layer. By guaranteeing high-quality carrier blocking (via the 10-40 nm-thick compact layer) and injection (via the nanocrystalline scaffold and perovskite layers) behavior, maximum power conversion efficiencies (PCE) and power densities of 10.8% and 7.2 μW·cm~(-2), respectively, at 200 lx. and 12.1% and 16.0 μW·cm~(-2), respectively, at 400 lx were achieved. These values are the state-of-the-art, comparable to and even exceeding those of flexible dye-sensitized solar cells under LED lighting, and significantly greater than those for flexible amorphous silicon, which are currently the main flexible photovoltaic technologies commercially considered for indoor applications. Furthermore, there are significant margins of improvement for reaching the best levels of efficiency for rigid glass-based counterparts, which we found was a high of PCE ~24% at 400 lx. With respect to rigid devices, flexibility brings the advantages of being low cost, lightweight, very thin, and conformal, which is especially important for seamless integration in indoor environments.
Hot-nanoparticle-mediated fusion of selected cells

Complete fusion of two selected cells allows for the creation of novel hybrid cells with inherited genetic properties from both original cells. Alternatively, via fusion of a selected cell with a selected vesicle, chemicals or genes can be directly delivered into the cell of interest, to control cellular reactions or gene expression. Here, we demonstrate how to perform an optically controlled fusion of two selected cells or of one cell and one vesicle. Fusion is mediated by laser irradiating plasmonic gold nanoparticles optically trapped between two cells (or a vesicle and a cell) of interest. This hot-particle-mediated fusion causes total mixing of the two cytoplasms and the two cell membranes resulting in formation of a new hybrid cell with an intact cell membrane and enzymatic activity following fusion. Similarly, fusion between a vesicle and a cell results in delivery of the vesicle cargo to the cytoplasm, and after fusion, the cell shows signs of viability. The method is an implementation of targeted drug delivery at the single-cell level and has a great potential for cellular control and design.
Ordered SnO nanoparticles in MWCNT as a functional host material for high-rate lithium-sulfur battery cathode

Lithium-sulfur battery has become one of the most promising candidates for next generation batteries, and it is still restricted due to the low sulfur conductivity, large volume expansion and severe polysulfide shuttling. Herein, we present a novel hybrid electrode with a ternary nanomaterial based on sulfur-impregnated multiwalled carbon nanotubes filled with ordered tin-monoxide nanoparticles (MWCNT-SnO/S). Using a dry plasma reduction method, a mechanically robust material is prepared as a cathode host material for lithium-sulfur batteries. The MWCNT-SnO/S electrode exhibits high conductivity, good ability to capture polysulfides, and small volume change during a repeated charge-discharge process. In situ transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet-visible absorption results indicate that the MWCNT-SnO host efficiently suppresses volume expansion during lithiatIon and reduces polysulfide dissolution into the electrolyte. Furthermore, the ordered SnO nanoparticles in the MWCNTs facilitate fast ion/electron transfer during the redox reactions by acting as connective links between the walls of the MWCNTs. The MWCNT-SnO/S cathode with a high sulfur content of 70 wt.% exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 1,682.4 mAh·g~(-1) at 167.5 mA·g~(-1) (0.1 C rate) and retains a capacity of 530.1 mAh·g~(-1) at 0.5 C after 1,000 cycles with nearly 100% Coulombic efficiency. Furthermore, the electrode exhibits the high capacity even at a high current rate of 20 C.
Silica shell-assisted synthetic route for mono-disperse persistent nanophosphors with enhanced in vivo recharged near-infrared persistent luminescence

Near-infrared (NIR) persistent-luminescence nanoparticles have emerged as a new class of background-free contrast agents that are promising for in vivo imaging. The next key roadblock is to establish a robust and controllable method for synthesizing monodisperse nanoparticles with high luminescence brightness and long persistent duration. Herein, we report a synthesis strategy involving the coating/etching of the SiO_2 shell to obtain a new class of small NIR highly persistent luminescent ZnGa_2O_4:Cr~(3+)Sn~(4+) (ZGOCS) nanoparticles. The optimized ZGOCS nanoparticles have an excellent size distribution of -15 nm without any agglomeration and an NIR persistent luminescence that is enhanced by a factor of 13.5, owing to the key role of the SiO_2 shell in preventing nanoparticle agglomeration after annealing. The ZGOCS nanoparticles have a signal-to-noise ratio ~3 times higher than that of previously reported ZnGa_2O_4:Cr~(3+) (ZGC-1) nanoparticles as an NIR persistent-luminescence probe for in vivo bioimaging. Moreover, the persistent-luminescence signal from the ZGOCS nanoparticles can be repeatedly re-charged in situ with external excitation by a white lightemitting diode; thus, the nanoparticles are suitable for long-term in vivo imaging applications. Our study suggests an improved strategy for fabricating novel high-performance optical nanoparticles with good biocompatibility.
Realization of vertical and lateral van der Waals heterojunctions using two-dimensional layered organic semiconductors

Van der Waals (vdW) heterojunctions based on two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystals have been extensively studied in recent years. Herein, we show that both vertical and lateral vdW heterojunctions can be realized with layered molecular crystals using a two-step physical vapor transport (PVT) process. Both types of heterojunctions show clean and sharp interfaces without phase mixing under atomic force microscopy (AFM). They also exhibit a strong interfacial built-in electric field similar to that of their inorganic counterparts. These heterojunctions have greater potential for device applications than individual materials. The lateral heterojunction (LHJ) devices show rectifying characteristics due to the asymmetric energy barrier for holes at the interface, while the vertical heterojunction (VHJ) devices behave like metal-insulator-semiconductor tunnel junctions, with pronounced negative differential conductance (NDC). Our work extends the concept of vdW heterojunctions to molecular materials, which can be generalized to other layered organic semiconductors (OSCs) to obtain new device functionalities.
Surface modification of nanozymes

Nanoparticles and proteins are similar in a number of aspects, and using nanoparticles to mimic the catalytic function of enzymes is an interesting yet challenging task. Impressive developments have been made over the past two decades on this front. The term nanozyme was coined to refer to nanoparticle-based enzyme mimics. To date, many different types of nanozymes have been reported to catalyze a broad range of reactions for chemical, analytical, and biomedical applications. Since chemical reactions happen mainly on the surface of nanozymes, an interesting aspect for investigation is surface modification. In this review, we summarize three types of nanozyme materials catalyzing various reactions with a focus on their surface chemistry. For metal oxides, cerium oxide and iron oxide are discussed as they are the most extensively studied. Then, gold nanoparticles and graphene oxide are reviewed to represent metallic and carbon nanomaterials, respectively. Types of modifications include ions, small molecules, and polymers mainly by physisorption, while in a few cases, covalent modifications were also employed. The functional aspect of such modification is to improve catalytic activity, substrate specificity, and stability. Future perspectives of this field are speculated at the end of this review.
Specific distribution of orientated C70-fullerene triggered by solvent-tuned macrocycle adlayer

The precise localization of organic molecules in controllable positions is an important step towards constructing functional nanostructures via the bottom-up strategy. Herein, supramolecularly organized C70-fullerene assemblies on macrocycle-modified surfaces were investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in combination with theoretical calculations. The results revealed that an up-assembly of C70-fullerene adlayers was successfully formed on top of the bottom macrocycle arrays. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that the macrocycle networks along with the co-adsorbed solvent 1-phenyloctane served as a selective template for trapping C70-fullerene molecules in the spectral sites and acted as a support for the C70-fullerene molecules. The periodical distribution of the C70-fullerene molecules should facilitate understanding of the strong dependence of the arrangement of C70-fullerene upon the specific interactions (apart from spatial recognition) derived from modification of the sub-monolayers.