mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Do zinc dendrites exist in neutral zinc batteries?

Neutral aqueous zinc batteries (ZBs) using mild aqueous electrolytes such as ZnSO_4 solution exhibit intrinsic security, non-toxicity, low cost, simplified assembling process, and high energy density, which sweep out consumer's concerns about safety. These advantages promote this field to develop rapidly at multiple aspects ranging from the advanced cathode design to the functional/smart device assembly. However, the controversial standpoint whether Zn dendrites exist during the charging/discharging processes in neutral/mild electrolytes is still under debate. Some researchers demonstrated commercial Zn plates without further treatment were capable of driving highly reversable Zn plating/stripping courses in a non-dendrite manner whereas others, by virtue of radiography and optical microscopy, clearly visualized the appearance of Zn dendrites that caused internal short circuit and severe battery lifespan deterioration. In the latter case, a series of protective measures such as interface design and electrolyte modification have been brought into operation for the sake of preventing the generation of Zn dendrites (Fig. 1a). Regrettably, all these measures are at a loss what to do with the already-formed Zn dendrites and thereby those ZBs suffering from protection failure would be still abandoned. To address these issues, it is of great importance to unravel the detailed experimental conditions for the formation of Zn dendrites and to develop effective strategies to eliminate their negative effects.
Internal failure of anode materials for lithium batteries - A critical review

Prevention of mechanical and finally electrochemical failures of lithium batteries is a critical aspect to be considered during their design and performance, especially for those with high specific capacities. Internal failure is observed as one of the most serious factors, including loss of electrode materials, structure deformation and dendrite growth. It usually incubates from atomic/molecular level and progressively aggravates along with lithiation. Understanding the internal failure is of great importance for developing solutions of failure prevention and advanced anode materials. In this research, different internal failure processes of anode materials for lithium batteries are discussed. The progress on observation technologies of the anode failure is further summarized in order to understand their mechanisms of internal failure. On top of them, this review aims to summarize innovative methods to investigate the anode failure mechanisms and to gain new insights to develop advanced and stable anodes for lithium batteries.
Sustained energy harvesting from ambient humidity

Recent years,due to the problems of energy crisis and environment pollution,new technologies for harvesting clean energy from environment have attracted more and more attentions such as solar cells,thermoelectric devices,mechanical generators.However,all these devices have to work in a specific environment,which greatly limits the sustained energy harvesting.Because ambient humidity exits anytime and anywhere in the atmosphere,developing humidity-based technology could provide a potential solution for the sustained energy harvesting.In one strategy,the moisture gradient near the water source can drive microfluidic or nanofluidic water transport in thin films to induce charge transport for electrical output.This approach is difficult to realize and restricted to environment with water source.In another method,the carbon material with a heterogeneous vertical hydroxyl can generate ionized mobile charge with a vertical gradient by environment humidity.Due to the lack of continuous conversion mechanism,the power output is intermittent and transient.It can only maintain a current of less than 0.9 µA cm~(-2)for 50 s before voltage collapse.
Batch reverse osmosis:a new research direction in water desalination

Water scarcity is one of the grand challenges across the world.Spiral wound reverse osmosis(RO)desalination is the most popular industrial technology to produce portable water from saline water resources.In terms of flow pattern,it falls into the category of cross-flow filtration where feed flows tangentially along the membrane surface while filtrate permeates across the membrane.One advantage of the cross-flow filtration over the deadend filtration is that the filter cake does not build up substantially during operation,thus enabling continuous operation.The spiral wound configuration also maintains a good balance among packing density,ease of cleaning,water flux,and fabrication cost.
Fused-ring bislactone building blocks for polymer donors

The past 5 years have witnessed the rapid development of organic solar cells based on nonfullerene acceptors(NFAs).The state-of-the-art NFA-based single-junction and tandem solar cells afforded 18.22%(certified 17.6%)and 17.36%(certified 17.29%)power conversion efficiencies(PCEs),respectively.Wide-bandgap(WBG)polymer donors are ideal partners for NFAs.They present complementary absorption with that of low-bandgap NFAs and deep the highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO)levels.Therefore,solar cells based on a WBG polymer and a NFA can generate high short-circuit current density(J_(sc))and open-circuit voltage(V_(oc)).Meanwhile,some WBG polymers show high crystallinity and mobility,gifting the solar cells high fill factors(FF).Recently,our group first reported efficient WBG D-A copolymer donors based on fused-ring aromatic lactone(FRAL)acceptor units.Thanks to the strong electron-withdrawing capability and extended molecular plane of FRAL units,these polymers show deep HOMO levels,high crystallinity and good hole mobility,delivering high PCEs in nonfullerene solar cells.For example,a WBG polymer L1 based on a tricyclic lactone unit,5H-dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]pyran-5-one(DTP),gave 14.36% and 14.63% PCEs in inverted and conventional solar cells,respectively,when blending with a low-bandgap acceptor Y6.Continuing our effort,here we report the development of two polymer donors P1 and P2 based on two novel pentacyclic bislactone building blocks,BL1 and BL2(Fig.1a).Compared with DTP,the bislactone moiety in BL1 and BL2 makes them more electron deficient,thus offering the polymers deeper HOMO levels and enhancing V_(oc)for solar cells.Meanwhile,the large molecular plane of BL1 and BL2 favors polymer π-π stacking and enhances charge transport.
Identifying the functional groups effect on passivating perovskite solar cells

Many organic molecules with various functional groups have been used to passivate the perovskite surface for improving the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cell(PSCs).However,the intrinsic attributes of the passivation effect based on different chemical bonds are rarely studied.Here,we comparatively investigate the passivation effect among 12 types of functional groups on para-tertbutylbenzene for PSCs and find that the open circuit voltage(V_(OC))tends to increase with the chemical bonding strength between perovskite and these passivation additive molecules.Particularly,the paratert-butylbenzoic acid(tB-COOH),with the extra intermolecular hydrogen bonding,can stabilize the surface passivation of perovskite films exceptionally well through formation of a crystalline interlayer with water-insoluble property and high melting point.As a result,the tB-COOH device achieves a champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 21.46%.More importantly,such devices,which were stored in ambient air with a relative humidity of ≃45%,can retain 88% of their initial performance after a testing period of more than 1 year(10,080 h).This work provides a case study to understand chemical bonding effects on passivation of perovskite.
Preliminary evidence from a multicenter prospective observational study of the safety and efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19

Effective therapies are urgently needed for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Chloroquine has been proved to have antiviral effect against coronavirus in vitro. In this study, we aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of chloroquine with different doses in COVID-19. In this multicenter prospective observational study, we enrolled patients older than 18 years old with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection excluding critical cases from 12 hospitals in Guangdong and Hubei Provinces. Eligible patients received chloroquine phosphate 500 mg, orally, once(half dose) or twice(full dose) daily. Patients treated with non-chloroquine therapy were included as historical controls. The primary endpoint is the time to undetectable viral RNA Secondary outcomes include the proportion of patients with undetectable viral RNA by day 10 and 14, hospitalization time, duration of fever, and adverse events. A total of 197 patients completed chloroquine treatment, and 176 patients were included as historical controls. The median time to achieve an undetectable viral RNA was shorter in chloroquine than in non-chloroquine(absolute difference in medians -6.0 days;95% CI -6.0 to -4.0). The duration of fever is shorter in chloroquine(geometric mean ratio 0.6;95% CI 0.5 to 0.8). No serious adverse events were observed in the chloroquine group. Patients treated with half dose experienced lower rate of adverse events than with full dose. Although randomized trials are needed for further evaluation, this study provides evidence for safety and efficacy of chloroquine in COVID-19 and suggests that chloroquine can be a cost-effective therapy for combating the COVID-19 pandemic.
Lavender and dodder combined herbal syrup versus citalopram in major depressive disorder with anxious distress:A double-blind randomized trial

Background:Major depressive disorder(MDD)accompanied by anxious distress is a chronic and disabling disorder.Its conventional drug therapies often have low patient compliance due to drug-related side effects.In Persian medicine, lavender-dodder syrup is one formula often recommended for such disorders.Objective:This study compares the effects of lavender-dodder syrup to the standard drug, citalopram, for treating MDD with anxious distress.Design, setting, participants and intervention:This six-week, double-blind, randomized, clinical trial was carried out in a psychiatric outpatient clinic.During the six-week intervention period, patients in citalopram group received citalopram tablets 20 mg/d plus 5 mL placebo syrup every 12 h;patients in group B received placebo tablets once daily plus 5 mL of lavender-dodder herbal syrup every 12 h.Main outcome measures:Primary outcome measures, depression and anxiety, were evaluated using the Hamilton Depression/Anxiety Rating Scales, and were scored at the beginning of the study and at weeks three and six.Secondary outcome measures including response to treatment and remission rates were also compared between the two groups.Results:Fifty-six participants with MDD and anxious distress were randomly assigned to two groups.Mean depression scores significantly decreased in citalopram and herbal groups at weeks three and six(time effect:P <0.001), although the observed changes were not significantly different between the groups(intervention effect:P = 0.61).Mean anxiety scores were not significantly different between the two groups at week three(P = 0.75).However, at the end of week six, the observed decrease was significantly higher in the herbal syrup group than the citalopram group(intervention effect:P = 0.007).Conclusion:The herbal syrup is an effective and tolerable supplement for treating MDD with anxious distress.Trial registration number:IRCT2016102430459N1 on Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials.
Alleviative effects of Cannabis flower on migraine and headache

Objective:Few studies to date have measured the real-time effects of consumption of common and commercially available Cannabis products for the treatment of headache and migraine under naturalistic conditions.This study examines, for the first time, the effectiveness of using dried Cannabis flower, the most widely used type of Cannabis product in the United States, in actual time for treatment of headache-and migraine-related pain and the associations between different product characteristics and changes in symptom intensity following Cannabis use.Methods:Between 06/10/2016 and 02/12/2019, 699 people used the Releaf Application to record realtime details of their Cannabis use, including product characteristics and symptom intensity levels prior to and following self-administration;data included 1910 session-level attempts to treat headache-(1328 sessions)or migraine-related pain(582 sessions).Changes in headache-or migraine-related pain intensity were measured on a 0-10 scale prior to, and immediately, following Cannabis consumption.Results:Ninety-four percent of users experienced symptom relief within a two-hour observation window.The average symptom intensity reduction was 3.3 points on a 0-10 scale(standard deviation = 2.28, Cohen's d = 1.58), with males experiencing greater relief than females(P <0.001)and a trend that younger users(<35 years)experience greater relief than older users(P = 0.08).Mixed effects regression models showed that, among the known(i.e., labeled)product characteristics, tetrahydrocannabinol levels 10% and higher are the strongest independent predictors of symptom relief, and this effect is particularly prominent in headache rather than migraine sufferers(P <0.05), females(P <0.05)and younger users(P <0.001).Females and younger users also appear to gain greater symptom relief from flower labeled as "C.indica" rather than "C.sativa" or other hybrid strains.Conclusion:These results suggest that whole dried Cannabis flower may be an effective medication for treatment of migraine-and headache-related pain, but the effectiveness differs according to characteristics of the Cannabis plant, the combustion methods, and the age and gender of the patient.
Suppressive effect of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma on glutamic acid-induced autophagy of interstitial cells of Cajal

Objective:To investigate the effects of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus(Zhishi, ZS)and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma(Baizhu, BZ)-containing serum on glutamate-induced autophagy in rat colonic interstitial cells of Cajal(ICCs)and to analyze the underlying mechanism.Methods:Rat colonic ICCs cultured in vitro were identified by fluorescence and then stimulated with glutamic acid(5 mmol/L)for 24 h to establish a cell model of autophagy.The cells were then treated with different concentrations of ZSBZ-containing serum or rat serum.The viability of the ICCs was detected with cell counting kit-8 assays, and cell apoptosis rates were examined with flow cytometry.The ultrastructure and autophagosomes in the ICCs were observed using transmission electron microscopy.The effects of ZSBZ-containing serum on apoptosis-associated mediators were assessed by Western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.In addition, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3(LC3), p-phosphoinositide 3-kinase(p-PI3K), p-Akt and p-mammalian target of rapamycin(pmTOR)expression was detected via Western blotting analysis.Results:Compared to those in the model group, ICC viability and apoptosis rates were significantly increased by ZSBZ-containing serum(P <0.05).In addition, the expression levels of Beclin-1, LC3, p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR were significantly lower(P <0.05)and Bcl-2 expression was higher in the ZSBZ-containing serum treatment groups than in the model group(P <0.05).Conclusion:Our findings demonstrated that ZSBZ protects glutamic acid-stimulated ICCs, and this beneficial effect may be mediated by a reduction in autophagy via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
Endogenous phytohormones and the expression of flowering genes synergistically induce flowering in loquat

Flowering is an important process for the reproduction of higher plants. Up to this point, the studies on flowering have mostly focused on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and the flowering mechanism of fruit trees remains mostly unknown. The diversity of the flowering time of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) makes it an ideal material to study the regulation of flowering. In this study, we first observed the inflorescence bud differentiation in two varieties of loquat that had different blooming times (cv. Dawuxing (E. japonica), that blooms in the fall and cv. Chunhua (E. japonica×Eriobotrya bengalensis Hook. f.) that blooms in the spring) and found that the starting time of inflorescence bud differentiation and the speed of inflorescence development were responsible for the difference in blooming times. The determination of endogenous phytohormones by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated that abscisic acid (ABA), zeatin (ZT), and gibberellin (GA3) promoted flowering in loquat, while indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was mainly involved in inflorescence bud differentiation in Chunhua. A transcription level analysis illustrated that multiple flowering-related genes could respond to different signals, integrate to the TFL1, AP1 and FT genes, and then synergistically regulate flowering in loquat. Thus, this study provides a new insight into flowering regulation mechanisms in loquat.
Facile construction of honeycomb-shaped porous carbon electrode materials using recyclable sodium chloride template for efficient lithium storage

Carbon materials are the preferred anode materials for Li-ion batteries. Here, we propose an easy and sustainable strategy to prepare honeycomb-shaped porous carbon (HPC) electrode materials through a process involving simple calcination and subsequent water washing by using polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP) as carbon source and NaCl as pore-forming agent. A controllable cavity size and distribution of the carbon materials can be readily obtained solely by adjusting the NaCl amount. Results showed that the optimized HPC sample had a relatively uniform cavity distribution and a highly porous structure. Moreover, the special honeycomb-shaped structure was conducive to the electronic conductivity of the electrode materials, provided a short path for Li-ion transport and a wide interface with the electrolyte, and buffered the volume change of active materials. The special honeycomb-shaped structure was also maintained well after long cycles, which improved electrode stability. When used as anode materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), the sample demonstrated excellent cycling stability and rate performance, with a high specific capacity of 230 mA h g~(–1) and a reversible capacity of 197 mA h g~(–1), after 1200 cycles at 2 C. Overall, we introduced a simple strategy for the potential mass production of porous carbon materials for LIBs.
The mass of our MilkyWay

We perform an extensive review of the numerous studies and methods used to determine the total mass of the Milky Way. We group the various studies into seven broad classes according to their modeling approaches. The classes include: i) estimating Galactic escape velocity using high velocity objects; ii) measuring the rotation curve through terminal and circular velocities; iii) modeling halo stars, globular clusters and satellite galaxies with the spherical Jeans equation and iv) with phase-space distribution functions; v) simulating and modeling the dynamics of stellar streams and their progenitors; vi) modeling the motion of the Milky Way, M31 and other distant satellites under the framework of Local Group timing argument; and vii) measurements made by linking the brightest Galactic satellites to their counterparts in simulations. For each class of methods, we introduce their theoretical and observational background, the method itself, the sample of available tracer objects, model assumptions, uncertainties, limits and the corresponding measurements that have been achieved in the past. Both the measured total masses within the radial range probed by tracer objects and the extrapolated virial masses are discussed and quoted. We also discuss the role of modern numerical simulations in terms of helping to validate model assumptions, understanding systematic uncertainties and calibrating the measurements. While measurements in the last two decades show a factor of two scatters, recent measurements using Gaia DR2 data are approaching a higher precision. We end with a detailed discussion of future developments in the field, especially as the size and quality of the observational data will increase tremendously with current and future surveys. In such cases, the systematic uncertainties will be dominant and thus will necessitate a much more rigorous testing and characterization of the various mass determination methods.
Surface deflection-based reliability analysis of asphalt pavement design

The surface deflection of asphalt pavement reflects the strength and stiffness of the entire structure, which can be used to evaluate the rutting life of asphalt pavements. However, it is influenced by various stochastic variables including traffic loads, material properties and structural thickness of each pavement course. The uncertainty of above stochastic variables is of significance for accurately predicting the rutting life of asphalt pavement. In this study, the statistical characteristics of stochastic variables of asphalt pavement were assessed based on the field data collected from asphalt pavement projects. A unique formula with a fairly good accuracy was found using multiple linear regression based on numerical simulation results to ease the calculation of pavement deflection during the reliability analysis. It is shown that the stochastic variables of asphalt pavement can be well characterized by normal distribution or logarithmic normal distribution. The regressed formula to calculate the surface deflection of pavement has a fairly good accuracy with an error of less than 6.0% compared to the numerical method. The proposed surface deflection-based reliability analysis can be used easily to evaluate the influence of input parameters on the rutting life and to guide the structure design of asphalt pavement with required reliability.
Experimental study of a novel heat sink for distribution level static synchronous compensator cooling

In this paper, a novel heat sink which coupling natural convection and phase transition was designed to meet the cooling requirements of distribution level static synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM). The two inclined evaporation substrates can meet the requirements for the parallel operation of DSTATCOM and the working medium R245fa was driven by gravity and buoyancy in the heat sink. The influence of filling ratio and heating power on the thermal performance of the heat sink was investigated experimentally and theoretically. The experimental results showed that the filling ratio and heating power had a significant influence on the thermal performance of the heat sink. At the ambient temperature of 25℃, the heat sink could start up successfully at different heating power and filling ratio. Meanwhile, the heat sink achieved good heat dissipation performance as the maximum temperature of two evaporation substrates were 60.14℃ and 67.85℃ while the heating power was 3000 W and the filling ratio was 80%. The heat transfer resistance between two evaporation substrates and condensation substrates were 6.6×10~(–3)℃/W and 1.2×10~(–2)℃/W at the same working condition. Additionally, the experimental results showed a good agreement with the calculated results.