mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Impact of Up draft on Neutralized Charge Rate by Lightning in Thunderstorms: A Simulation Case Study

The rate of neutralized charge by lightning (RNCL) is an important parameter indicating the intensity of lightning activity. The total charging rate (CR), the CR of one kind of polarity (e.g., negative) charge (CROP), and the outflow rate of charge on precipitation (ORCP) are proposed as key factors impacting RNCL, based on the principle of conservation of one kind of polarity charge in a thunderstorm. In this paper, the impacts of updraft on CR and CROP are analyzed by using a 3D cloud resolution model for a strong storm that occurred in Beijing on 6 september 2008. The results show that updraft both promotes and inhibits RNCL at the same time. (1) Updraft always has a positive influence on CR. The correlation coefficient between the updraft volume and CR can reach 0.96. Strengthening of the updraft facilitates strengthening of RNCL through this positive influence. (2) Strengthening of the updraft also promotes reinforcement of CROP. The correlation coefficient between the updraft volume and CROP is high (about 0.9), but this promotion restrains the strengthening of RNCL because the strengthening of CROP will, most of the time, inhibit the increasing of RNCL. (3) Additionally, increasing of ORCP depresses the strengthening of RNCL. In terms of magnitude, the peak of ORCP is equal to the peak of CR. Because precipitation mainly appears after the lightning activity finishes, the depression effect of ORCP on RNCL can be ignored during the active lightning period.
Optimization of friction stir welding parameters for improved corrosion resistance of AA2219 aluminum alloy joints

The aluminium alloy AA2219 (Al—Cu—Mg alloy) is widely used in the fabrication of lightweight structures with high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. Welding is main fabrication method of AA2219 alloy for manufacturing various engineering components. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a recently developed solid state welding process to overcome the problems encountered in fusion welding. This process uses a non-consumable tool to generate frictional heat on the abutting surfaces. The welding parameters, such as tool pin profile, rotational speed, welding speed and axial force, play major role in determining the microstructure and corrosion resistance of welded joint. The main objective of this work is to develop a mathematical model to predict the corrosion resistance of friction stir welded AA2219 aluminium alloy by incorporating FSW process parameters. In this work a central composite design with four factors and five levels has been used to minimize the experimental conditions. Dynamic polarization testing was carried out to determine critical pitting potential in millivolt, which is a criteria for measuring corrosion resistance and the data was used in model. Further the response surface method (RSM) was used to develop the model. The developed mathematical model was optimized using the simulated annealing algorithm optimizing technique to maximize the corrosion resistance of the friction stir welded AA2219 aluminium alloy joints.
Uncertainty in the 2°C Warming Threshold Related to Climate Sensitivity and Climate Feedback

Climate sensitivity is an important index that measures the relationship between the increase in greenhouse gases and the magnitude of global warming. Uncertainties in climate change projection and climate modeling are mostly related to the climate sensitivity. The climate sensitivities of coupled climate models determine the magnitudes of the projected global warming. In this paper, the authors thoroughly review the literature on climate sensitivity, and discuss issues related to climate feedback processes and the methods used in estimating the equilibrium climate sensitivity and transient climate response (TCR), including the TCR to cumulative CO_2 emissions. After presenting a summary of the sources that affect the uncertainty of climate sensitivity, the impact of climate sensitivity on climate change projection is discussed by addressing the uncertainties in 2°C warming. Challenges that call for further investigation in the research community, in particular the Chinese community, are discussed.
Forest biomass is strongly shaped by forest height across boreal to tropical forests in China

Aims Forest height is a major factor shaping geographic biomass patterns, and there is a growing dependence on forest height derived from satellite light detecting and ranging (LiDAR) to monitor large-scale biomass patterns. However, how the relationship between forest biomass and height is modulated by climate and biotic factors has seldom been quantified at broad scales and across various forest biomes, which may be crucial for improving broad-scale biomass estimations based on satellite LiDAR. Methods We used 1263 plots, from boreal to tropical forest biomes across China, to examine the effects of climatic (energy and water availability) and biotic factors (forest biome, leaf form and leaf phenology) on biomass-height relationship, and to develop the models to estimate biomass from forest height in China. Important Findings (i) Forest height alone explained 62% of variation in forest biomass across China and was far more powerful than climate and other biotic factors. (ii) However, the relationship between biomass and forest height were significantly affected by climate, forest biome, leaf phenology (evergreen vs. deciduous) and leaf form (needleleaf vs. broadleaf). Among which, the effect of climate was stronger than other factors. The intercept of biomass-height relationship was more affected by precipitation while the slope more affected by energy availability. (iii) When the effects of climate and biotic factors were considered in the models, geographic biomass patterns could be well predicted from forest height with an r~2 between 0.63 and 0.78 (for each forest biome and for all biomes together). For most biomes, forest biomass could be well predicted with simple models including only forest height and climate. (iv) We provided the first broadscale models to estimate biomass from forest height across China, which can be utilized by future LiDAR studies. (v) Our results suggest that the effect of climate and biotic factors should be carefully considered in models estimating broad-scale forest biomass patterns with satellite LiDAR.
Community and hospital acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus efficiently retain the Van A determinant

Dissemination of vancomycin resistance from hospital to community strains is a serious threat to publlic health. Our study aimed to provide evidence for transmission of Van A type resistance from the hospital to the community. Wild-type community and hospital associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains were studied in vitro and in a model that mimicked a natural environment to ascertain their ability to acquire and maintain the vancomycin resistance determinant (Van A gene) from vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Fitness was assessed and the cost of Van A acquisition and retention was estimated. In vitro mating experiments were carried out using a filter mating technique and a model of a natural water body environment. Transfer of resistance was carried out in two different conditions: restricted and favorable. Transconjugants were confirmed by E test and PCR using specific primer sets. Growth kinetics and fitness measurements were done by spectrometric analysis. Using the in vitro filter mating technique, high transfer frequencies that ranged from 0.7 x 10~(-3)(0.0006) to 3.1 x 10~(-4)(0.00011) were recorded, with the highest transfer frequencies for CA MRSA (thermosensitively homogenous) (0.7 x 10~(-3)), and 1.2 x 10~(-4) to 2.4 x 10~(-6) in the model. HA MRSA (homogenous) showed a greater capacity (3.6 x 10~(-4)) to receive the Van A gene, while CA MRSA showed a reduced ability to maintain the gene after serial subcultures. CA and HA thermosensitively heterogeneous MRSA transconjugants exhibited higher growth rates. The present study provides evidence for the enhanced ability of CA and HA MRSA clones to acquire and maintain Van A type resistance.
简易老年人认知筛查问卷的编制和信效度

目的编制一个用于筛查老年人认知功能的简易问卷,检验问卷的难度、区分度以及信效度。 方法在老年人痴呆问卷基础上编制一个以记忆障碍为核心,同时包含时空定向、做事效能、精神病理等4个功能领域的简易老年人认知筛查问卷(BECSI),共13个条目。在500名社区样本中检验该问卷的难度、区分度,150名重测样本和75名效度样本中检验问卷的重测信度、实证效度。结果问卷各条目的难度0.043~0.390,各条目与总分的相关系数(区分度)0.320~0.831;条目鉴别指数0.083~0.530,不同等级平均应答率依次为43.8%、41.4%、13.3%、1.5%。问卷总分的重测相关和α系数分别为0.998和0.908,分半信度为0.918。BECSI总分与年龄和教育的相关系数分别为0.449和-0.371,与MMSE、CCAS和DSI-E的相关分别为0.885、0.920和0.941。组间比较问卷总分和领域分存在显著差异(NC
长寿之乡--江苏省如皋市长寿现象的空间集聚效应

目的探索如皋市长寿人口的地理分布规律。方法在获取长寿老人分布数据的基础上,通过空间信息技术和空间数据分析方法,研究长寿人口分布的聚集效应和空间规律。结果最邻近比率为0.996;19.2 km以内在各个尺度上如皋市长寿人口分布都存在空间聚集性,而当尺度扩展到19.4 km后逐渐转变为离散的态势;以各长寿人口分布点为中心,以4.2 km为半径的范围内长寿人口的密度最大,聚集效应最高。结论如皋市长寿人口的分布存在明显的聚集效应,聚集发生在较短的空间范围内,长寿人口主要集中分布在东南部地区。
老年脑白质疏松对患者认知功能障碍的影响

目的探讨老年脑白质疏松(LA)认知功能的影响因素。方法选取2013年6月至2015年5月该院神经内科门诊就诊或病房收治的98例老年LA患者,根据其蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评分分为认知功能减退组(<26分)和认知功能正常组(≥26分),比较两组的基线资料,采用多因素Logistic回归探讨患者发生认知功能减退的影响因素,采用Aharon-pettetz标准进行LA分级。结果全部患者的MoCA总分为(22.95±3.73)分;其中视空间与执行功能、抽象、延迟回忆等方面损害严重,而命名和定向等功能无显著降低。98例老年LA患者中MoCA总分<26分者62例,认知功能损害发生率为79.5%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明年龄、高血压危险分层、社会支持评分及LA分级是患者发生认知功能损害的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。结论老年LA患者的认知功能损害发生率很高,尤其是≥75岁、高血压危险分层为高危/极高危、社会支持水平较低、LA分级为3级或4级的患者。
黄芪多糖对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨黄芪多糖对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法SD雄性大鼠50只,随机分为五组(n=10):假手术组、模型组、尼莫地平组(2 mg/kg)和黄芪多糖低、高剂量组(10,30 mg/kg)。采用Pulsinelli四动脉阻断法造成全脑缺血再灌注损伤模型(CIR)。黄芪多糖组每日腹腔注射黄芪多糖,连续7 d。测定脑组织中一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)以及丙二醛(MDA)的变化。结果黄芪多糖可使大鼠脑缺血再灌注脑组织中NO含量降低、NOS活力降低、LDH活性显著降低以及MDA含量明显减少(P<0.01),SOD活性显著增强(P<0.01)。结论黄芪多糖对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤有明显保护作用。
氯化琥珀胆碱飞镖致死1例

细致的尸体检验是非正常死亡案件分析的必要条件,切勿遗漏应该检查的部位,避免导致错误的鉴定方向,造成对案件性质的错误判断。本案中死者体表裂口较小,似针眼状,检验中如不仔细容易漏检。若现场遗留弓弩、飞镖等物品,且尸表检查发现1 mm左右针眼样伤口,可考虑毒弩、毒镖所伤,但需与抢救治疗造成的针眼相鉴别。
左下肢皮肤裂伤后气性坏疽致死医疗损害1例

就本案而言,医院虽及时予行清创处理,但过早闭合创口而给厌氧菌提供了有利的条件。在陶某多次出现镇静止痛处理不能缓解患肢胀痛后亦未引起足够重视,在特征性气性坏疽临床表现出现时亦未能予以足够的青霉素抗感染治疗,同时亦未及时采取切开引流或截肢等处理和高压氧治疗。即经治医院对气性坏疽的发生发展认识不足、重视不够、处理不及时不到位而未能及时有效地阻止病情的进展恶化,与陶某气性坏疽进展恶化有一定因果关系。创伤后是否发生气性坏疽,不仅决定于伤口内细菌的数量和毒力,亦决定于人体自身的抵抗力和受伤部位的情况。气性坏疽的发生一般认为与以下几方面因素有关:梭状芽孢杆菌污染的创口;创口内有失活的或有血液循环障碍的组织,特别是肌肉组织;有利于厌氧菌生长的缺氧环境;创伤严重,失血较多,全身抵抗力下降。本案中,陶某本身较严重的开放性外伤伴创口污染系气性坏疽发生的损伤基础,外伤后应激反应致全身抵抗力、免疫力下降也是体内条件致病菌致病的自身因素,本病具有发展急剧、预后严重的特点。另一方面经治医院对陶某及早闭合创口、观察不仔细、处理不及时是其气性坏疽发生并最终并发全身多器官感染、功能障碍的另一原因。故建议医疗过错参与程度为50%(理论参考范围为40%~60%)。
主动脉粥样硬化溃疡破裂误诊为急性胰腺炎医疗损害1例

笔者认为,医方在鉴别诊断中思路欠全面,未尽到与其水平相应的注意义务;医方的不足使患者错过了治疗的窗口期,丧失了一定的生存机会;考虑到该病属于临床难病、重病之一,误诊率高且手术难度大,所以患者死亡的根本原因是自身疾病发生、发展的结果,医院在对郭某的诊疗过程中存在一定过失,该过失与患者郭某的死亡之间存在间接因果关系,应负轻微责任。
Constitutive Modeling for Flow Behaviors of Superaustenitic Stainless Steel S32654 during Hot Deformation

Hot deformation behavior of superaustenitic stainless steel S32654 was investigated with hot compression tests at temperatures of 950-1250 ℃ and strain rates of 0.001-10 s~(-1). Above 1150 ℃, with strain rate lower than 0.1 s~(-1), the flow curves exhibit nearly steady-state behavior, while at higher strain rate, continuous flow softening occurs. To provide a precise prediction of flow behavior for the alloy, the constitutive modeling considering effect of strain was derived on the basis of the obtained experimental data and constitutive relationship which incorporated Arrhenius term and hyperbolic-sine type equation. The material constants α, n, Q and lnA are found to be functions of the strain and can be fitted employing eighth-order polynomial. The developed constitutive model can be employed to describe the deformation behavior of superaustenitic stainless steel S32654.
Template-assisted synthesis of hierarchically porous Co_3O_4 with enhanced oxygen evolution activity

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is one of the most important reactions in the energy storage devices such as metal–air batteries and unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs). However, the kinetically sluggishness of OER and the high prices as well as the scarcity of the most active precious metal electrocatalysts are the major bottleneck in these devices. Developing low-cost non-precious metal catalysts with high activity and stability for OER is highly desirable. A facile, in situ template method combining the dodecyl benzene sulfuric acid sodium (SDBS) assisted hydrothermal process with subsequent high-temperature treatment was developed to prepare porous Co_3O_4 with improved surface area and hierarchical porous structure as precious catalysts alternative for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Due to the unique structure, the as-prepared catalyst shows higher electrocatalytic activity than Co_3O_4 prepared by traditional thermal-decomposition method (noted as Co_3O_4-T) and commercial IrO-2 catalyst for OER in 0.1 M KOH aqueous solution. Moreover, it displays improved stability than Co_3O_4-T. The results demonstrate a highly efficient, scalable, and low cost method for developing highly active and stable OER electrocatalysts in alkaline solutions.
Electrochemical performance of all-solid lithium ion batteries with a polyaniline film cathode

We have prepared a high-density polyaniline (PANI) paste (50 mg/mL), with similar physical properties to those of paints or pigments. The synthesis of PANI is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The morphologies of PANI, doped PANI, and doped PANI paste are confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Particles of doped PANI paste are approximately 40–50 nm in diameter, with a uniform and cubic shape. The electrochemical performances of doped PANI paste using both liquid and solid polymer electrolytes have been measured by galvanostatic charge and discharge process. The cell fabricated with doped PANI paste and the solid polymer electrolyte exhibits a discharge capacity of ～87 μAh/cm~2 (64.0 mAh/g) at the second cycle and ～67 μAh/cm~2 (50.1 mAh/g) at the 100th cycle.
Low-cost, green synthesis of highly porous carbons derived from lotus root shell as superior performance electrode materials in supercapacitor

Facile production of high quality activated carbons from biomass materials has greatly triggered much attention presently. In this paper, a series of interconnected porous carbon materials from lotus root shells biomass are prepared via simple pyrolysis and followed by a KOH activation process. The prepared carbons exhibit high specific surface areas of up to 2961 m~2/g and large pore volume ～1.47 cm~3/g. In addition, the resultant porous carbons served as electrode materials in supercapacitor exhibit high specific capacitance and outstanding recycling stability and high energy density. In particular, their specific capacitance retention was almost 100% after 10500 cycles at a current density of 2 A/g. Remarkabely, the impact of the tailored specific surface areas of various carbon samples on their capacitive performances is systematically investigated. Generally, it was believed that the highly-developed porosity features (including surface areas and pore volume and pore size-distributions), together with the good conductivity of activated carbon species, play a key role in effectively improving the storage energy performances of the porous carbon electrode materials in supercapacitor.
Influence of TiO_2 on the electrochemical performance of pasted type β-nickel hydroxide electrode in alkaline electrolyte

Nickel hydroxide was used as the positive electrode material in rechargeable alkaline batteries, which plays a significant role in the field of electric energy storage devices. β-nickel hydroxide (β-Ni(OH)_2) was prepared from nickel sulphate solution using potassium hydroxide as a precipitating agent. Pure β-phase of nickel hydroxide was confirmed from XRD and FT-IR studies. The effects of TiO_2 additive on the β-Ni(OH)_2 electrode performance are examined. The structure and property of the TiO_2 added β-Ni(OH)_2 were characterized by XRD, TG-DTA and SEM analysis. A pasted–type electrode is prepared using nickel hydroxide powder as the main active material on a nickel sheet as a current collector. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies were performed to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the β-Ni(OH)_2 and TiO_2 added β-Ni(OH)_2 electrodes in 6 M KOH electrolyte. Anodic (Epa) and cathodic (Epc) peak potentials are found to decrease after the addition of TiO_2 into β-Ni(OH)_2 electrode material. Further, addition of TiO_2 is found to enhance the reversibility of the electrode reaction and also increase the separation of the oxidation current peak of the active material from the oxygen evolution current. Compared with pure β-Ni(OH)_2 electrode, TiO_2 added β-Ni(OH)_2 electrode is found to exhibit higher proton diffusion coefficient (D) and lower charge transfer resistance. These findings suggest that the TiO_2 added β-Ni(OH)_2 electrode possess improved electrochemical properties and thus can be recognized as a promising candidate for the battery electrode applications.
南天山欧西达坂岩体热演化历史与隆升过程分析—来自Ar-Ar和(U-Th)/He热年代学的证据

天山造山带晚古生代以来的隆升剥露过程与带内矿床形成后的保存潜力密切相关. 本文报道了新的角闪石/斜长石Ar-Ar年龄和锆石/磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄, 为重建南天山中段地区欧西达坂岩体完整的构造-热演化历史提供年代学基础, 结合前人研究成果分析了冷却速率及剥蚀速率变化特征, 对南天山中段晚古生代以来的热演化历史及隆升剥蚀历史进行了探讨. 同位素定年结果显示, 角闪石Ar-Ar坪年龄为(382.6±3.6)Ma, 斜长石Ar-Ar加权平均年龄为(265.8±4.9)Ma, 锆石与磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄分别为(185.8±4.3)和(31.1±2.9)Ma. 热演化历史及模拟结果表明, 南天山中段地区晚古生代至今的构造-热演化历史可以大致分为5个阶段: (1)志留纪末至晚泥盆世岩体平均冷却速率约7.84℃/Myr; (2)晚泥盆世至中二叠世末期, 岩体的平均冷却速率约2.07℃/Myr;(3)中二叠世末到始新世中期岩体平均冷却速率降至0.68℃/Myr, 此期间总体地质运动较为平缓; (4)新生代始新世期间(约46~35Ma)南天山中段地区发生了一期快速隆升剥蚀事件, 岩体冷却速率突升至5.00℃/Myr, 剥蚀量达到1.83km, 平均剥蚀速率0.17mm/a; (5)始新世中期(约35Ma)至今, 平均冷却速率约为1.14℃/Myr, 隆升速度仍然较快, 剥蚀量约为1.33km, 平均剥蚀速率约0.04mm/a. 新生代以来天山的剧烈隆起抬升受控于印亚碰撞的远程效应, 远程作用在天山的响应具有一定的滞后效应.
A brief review on one-dimensional topological insulators and superconductors

Recently one-dimensional topological phases are gaining increasing attentions. Like two- and three-dimensional ones, Onedimensional systems are important in a complete understanding of the topological properties. One-dimensional topological phases have been realized using current experimental setups. Specially the signatures of Majorana fermions have been observed in onedimensional topological superconductors engineered with Rashiba nanowires. From the many studies, the paper reviews typical theoretical models of one-dimensional topological insulators and superconductors. For one-dimensional topological insulators, we introduce the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger, superlattices and Creutz models, while for topological superconductors the Kitaev model and Rashiba nanowire are introduced. These models not only provide an overview of one-dimensional topological phases, but also are the starting points for further studies.
Optimization of dispersed carbon nanoparticles synthesis for rapid desulfurization of liquid fuel

Stringent regulations and environmental concerns make the production of clean fuels with low sulfur content compulsory for the petroleum refining industry. Because of ease of operation without high energy consumption, the adsorption of sulfur compounds seems the most promising process. Central composite design was used to optimize parameters influencing the synthesis of dispersed carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), a new class of sorbents, in order to obtain an excellent adsorbent for desulfurization of liquid fuel. The optimized dispersed CNPs, which are immiscible in liquid fuel, can effectively adsorb different benzothiophenic compounds. Equilibrium adsorption was achieved within 2 min for benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene with removal efficiency values of 75 %, 83 %, and 52 %, respectively. The rate of desulfurization by the prepared CNPs in the present work is seven times higher than the previously reported CNPs. Optimized CNPs were characterized by different techniques. Finally, the effect of the mass of CNPs on the removal efficiency was studied as well.
Numerical simulation of the impact of polymer rheology on polymer injectivity using a multilevel local grid refinement method

Polymer injectivity is an important factor for evaluating the project economics of chemical flood, which is highly related to the polymer viscosity. Because the flow rate varies rapidly near injectors and significantly changes the polymer viscosity due to the non-Newtonian rheological behavior, the polymer viscosity near the wellbore is difficult to estimate accurately with the practical gridblock size in reservoir simulation. To reduce the impact of polymer rheology upon chemical EOR simulations, we used an efficient multilevel local grid refinement (LGR) method that provides a higher resolution of the flows in the near-wellbore region. An efficient numerical scheme was proposed to accurately solve the pressure equation and concentration equations on the multilevel grid for both homogeneous and heterogeneous reservoir cases. The block list and connections of the multilevel grid are generated via an efficient and extensible algorithm. Field case simulation results indicate that the proposed LGR is consistent with the analytical injectivity model and achieves the closest results to the full grid refinement, which considerably improves the accuracy of solutions compared with the original grid. In addition, the method was validated by comparing it with the LGR module of CMG_STARS. Besides polymer injectivity calculations, the LGR method is applicable for other problems in need of near-wellbore treatment, such as fractures near wells.
Pore-scale investigation of residual oil displacement in surfactant– polymer flooding using nuclear magnetic resonance experiments

Research on the Gangxi III area in the Dagang Oilfield shows that there was still a significant amount of oil remaining in oil reservoirs after many years of polymer flooding. This is a potential target for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Surfactant–polymer (SP) flooding is an effective chemical EOR method for mobilizing residual oil and improving displacement efficiency macroscopically, but the microscopic oil displacement efficiency in pores of different sizes is unclear. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an efficient method for quantifying oil saturation in the rock matrix and analyzing pore structures. In this paper, the threshold values of different pore sizes were established from the relationship between mercury injection curves and NMR T2 spectrums. The distribution and migration of residual oil in different flooding processes was evaluated by quantitatively analyzing the change of the relaxation time. The oil displaced from pores of different sizes after the water flood, polymer flood, and the SP flood was calculated, respectively. Experimental results indicate that (1) the residual oil in medium pores contributed the most to the incremental oil recovery for the SP flood, ranging from 40 % to 49 %, and small pores usually contributed\ 30 %; (2) the residual oil after the SP flood was mainly distributed in small and medium pores; the residual oil in medium pores accounted for 47.3 %–54.7 %, while that trapped in small pores was 25.7 %–42.5 %. The residual oil in small and medium pores was the main target for EOR after the SP flood in oilfields.