mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Face Masks in the New COVID-19 Normal: Materials, Testing, and Perspectives

The increasing prevalence of infectious diseases in recent decades has posed a serious threat to public health. Routes of transmission differ, but the respiratory droplet or airborne route has the greatest potential to disrupt social intercourse, while being amenable to prevention by the humble facemask. Different types of masks give different levels of protection to the user. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has even resulted in a global shortage of face masks and the raw materials that go into them, driving individuals to self-produce masks from household items. At the same time, research has been accelerated towards improving the quality and performance of face masks, e.g., by introducing properties such as antimicrobial activity and superhydrophobicity. This review will cover mask-wearing from the public health perspective, the technical details of commercial and home-made masks, and recent advances in mask engineering, disinfection, and materials and discuss the sustainability of mask-wearing and mask production into the future.
Polarization-Dependent Optical Properties and Optoelectronic Devices of 2D Materials

The development of optoelectronic devices requires breakthroughs in new material systems and novel device mechanisms, and the demand recently changes from the detection of signal intensity and responsivity to the exploration of sensitivity of polarized state information. Two-dimensional (2D) materials are a rich family exhibiting diverse physical and electronic properties for polarization device applications, including anisotropic materials, valleytronic materials, and other hybrid heterostructures. In this review, we first review the polarized-light-dependent physical mechanism in 2D materials, then present detailed descriptions in optical and optoelectronic properties, involving Raman shift, optical absorption, and light emission and functional optoelectronic devices. Finally, a comment is made on future developments and challenges. The plethora of 2D materials and their heterostructures offers the promise of polarization-dependent scientific discovery and optoelectronic device application.
Intrinsically Stretchable Organic-Tribotronic-Transistor for Tactile Sensing

Stretchable electronics are of great significance for the development of the next-generation smart interactive systems. Here, we propose an intrinsically stretchable organic tribotronic transistor (SOTT) without a top gate electrode, which is composed of a stretchable substrate, silver nanowire electrodes, semiconductor blends, and a nonpolar elastomer dielectric. The drain-source current of the SOTT can be modulated by external contact electrification with the dielectric layer. Under 0-50% stretching both parallel and perpendicular to the channel directions, the SOTT retains great output performance. After being stretched to 50% for thousands of cycles, the SOTT can survive with excellent stability. Moreover, the SOTT can be conformably attached to the human hand, which can be used for tactile signal perception in human-machine interaction and for controlling smart home devices and robots. This work has realized a stretchable tribotronic transistor as the tactile sensor for smart interaction, which has extended the application of tribotronics in the human-machine interface, wearable electronics, and robotics.
Deep reinforcement learning: a survey

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has become one of the most popular topics in artificial intelligence research. It has been widely used in various fields, such as end-to-end control, robotic control, recommendation systems, and natural language dialogue systems. In this survey, we systematically categorize the deep RL algorithms and applications, and provide a detailed review over existing deep RL algorithms by dividing them into model- based methods, model-free methods, and advanced RL methods. We thoroughly analyze the advances including exploration, inverse RL, and transfer RL. Finally, we outline the current representative applications, and analyze four open problems for future research.
Comparison of Heavy Rainfall Events Originated from Different Directions of Beijing City

Strong rainfall events originated from the northeast (NE) and southwest (SW) directions of the plain area of Beijing City (BJP) over 8 recent warm seasons (May–September of 2009–2016) were analyzed by using hourly merged rainfall,satellite brightness temperature,and the fifth-generation ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) data.Such heavy regional rainfall events (RREs) with different origins present quite different features in both the precipitation itself and its corresponding circulations.The heavy RREs originated from the SW occur more frequently in the flood season of North China (July and August),and the peak time of rainfall occurrences is in the early morning.They are linked with stronger large-scale circulation forcing,compared with the NE-originated events.Meanwhile,the ratio of heavy rainfall to the total rainfall in SW-originated events,the mean spatial coverage of rainfall,and associated convective index,are also larger,for the SW events.The heavy RREs from the NE occur more frequently in June and July (before the traditional flood season),with a more apparent afternoon peak.They exhibit stronger convective features,with higher maximum convective index values,but the large-scale forcing is weaker at the hour of onset.These features of the RREs from different directions of Beijing City and associated precursor circulation signals help better forecast RREs over the BJP.
Effect of the distributor plugging ways on fluidization quality and particle stratification in air dense medium fluidized bed

Gas-solid fluidized bed separation is a highly efficient and clean technique for coal separation,and can effectively remove ash and sulfur contained gangue minerals from coal.However,the fine coal plugging distributor often leads to uneven fluidization and affects the separation effect.In this paper,different plugging ways were designed to study their effects on the fluidization characteristics and particle mixing. It was found that when the plugging phenomenon occurs,the minimum fluidization velocity of the fluidized bed gradually decreases as the plugging area enlarges.The difference between the top and the bottom of the bed minimum fluidization velocity increases accordingly,and a "stagnation phenomenon" occurs in the bed.The standard deviation of pressure fluctuations at the top of the bed is smaller than that at the bottom of the bed,which is the opposite of normal conditions.As the area of the plugging increases,the dead zone on the side wall of the fluidized bed significantly increases.The size of the dead zone is rapid reducing at the initial stage.It was noticed that the stratification of the low-density products is particularly affected by plugging,whereas the stratification of high-density products is not obviously influenced by certain conditions.
Experimental and theoretical investigation on mechanisms performance of the rock-coal-bolt(RCB)composite system

For coal mines,rock,coal,and rock bolt are the critical constituent materials for surrounding rock in the underground engineering.The stability of the "rock-coal-bolt"(RCB)composite system is affected by the structure and fracture of the coal-rock mass.More rock bolts installed on the rock,more complex condition of the engineering stress environment will be(tensile-shear composite stress is principal). In this paper,experimental analysis and theoretical verification were performed on the RCB composite system with different angles.The results revealed that the failure of the rock-coal(RC)composite specimen was caused by tensile and shear cracks.After anchoring,the reinforcement body formed inside the composite system limits the area where the crack could occur in the specimen. Specifically,shearing damage occurred only around the bolt,and the stress-strain curve presented a better post-peak mechanical property.The mechanical mechanism of the bolt under the combined action of tension and shear stress was analyzed.Additionally,a rock-coal-bolt tensile-shear mechanical(RCBTSM)model was established.The relationship(similar to the exponential function)between the bolt tensile-shear stress and the angle was obtained.Moreover,the influences of the dilatancy angle and bolt diameter of the RCB composite system were also considered and analyzed.Most of the bolts are subjected to the tensile-shearing action in the post-peak stage.The implications of these results for engineering practice indicated that the bolts of the RCB composite system should be prevented from entering the limit shearing state early.
Characterization and optimization of AlGaN/GaN metal-insulator semiconductor heterostructure field effect transistors using supercritical CO_2/H_2O technology

The impact of supercritical CO_2/H_2O technology on the threshold-voltage instability of AlGaN/GaN metal-insulator semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MIS-HEMTs) is investigated. The MIS-HEMTs were placed in a supercritical fluid system chamber at 150 ℃ for 3 h. The chamber was injected with CO_2 and H_2O at pressure of 3000 psi (1 psi≈6.895 kPa). Supercritical H_2O fluid has the characteristics of liquid H_2O and gaseous H_2O at the same time, that is, high penetration and high solubility. In addition, OH- produced by ionization of H_2O can fill the nitrogen vacancy near the Si_3N_4/GaN/AlGaN interface caused by high temperature process. After supercritical CO_2/H_2O treatment, the threshold voltage shift is reduced from 1 V to 0.3 V. The result shows that the threshold voltage shift of MIS-HEMTs could be suppressed by supercritical CO_2/H_2O treatment.
DNMT3A inhibits E2F1-induced arterial marker expression and impairs angiogenesis in human umbilical artery endothelial cells

Arterial marker genes EphrinB2 and HEY2 are essential for cardiovascular development and postnatal neovascularization. Our previous study confirmed that E2F1 could activate the transcription of EphrinB2 and HEY2 in human mesenchymal stem cells; however, the detailed mechanism has not been resolved yet. In this study, we focused on the interaction between E2F1 and DNMT3A, a de novo DNA methyltransferase, on regulating the expression of EphrinB2 and HEY2, and explored the potential mechanisms. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments implicated the positive effect of E2F1 on the expression of EphrinB2 and HEY2 and tube formation in human umbilical artery endothelial cells. Accumulation of DNMT3A decreased the levels of EphrinB2 and HEY2, and impaired tube formation induced by E2F1, while inhibiting DNMT3A by RNA interference augmented their expression and angiogenesis in E2F1-trasfected cells. We then asked whether the low expressions of EphrinB2 and HEY2 induced by DNMT3A are related to the methylation status of their promoters. Surprisingly, the methylation status of the CpG islands in the promoter region was not significantly affected by overexpression of exogenous DNMT3A. Furthermore, the interaction between E2F1 and DNMT3A was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. DNMT3A could inhibit the transcription of EphrinB2 and HEY2 promoters by affecting the binding of E2F1 to its recognition sequences as revealed by luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation. These results identified a novel mechanism underlying the cooperation of DNMT3A with E2F1 on regulating target gene expression, and revealed their roles in the angiogenic process.
耳廓角化棘皮瘤1例

耳廓肿瘤的发病率较低,良性较恶性多见,前者以乳头状瘤常见,后者以鳞状细胞癌(Squamous Cell Carcinoma,SCC)常见。角化棘皮瘤(keratoacanthoma,KA)是一种少见且特殊的肿瘤,常出现在浅色皮肤的老年人暴露在阳光下的区域,如颌面部、手背及前臂伸侧,发生于耳廓者罕见,KA的两个显著特征是其快速生长后有自发消退的临床行为和其组织病理上十分类似SCC,这种不准确性对临床医生和研究人员来说都具有挑战性。惠州市中心人民医院近期收治了一例耳廓角化棘皮瘤的患者,报告如下,并结合相关文献进行复习,提高耳鼻喉科医生对该疾病的认识。
Spatial Sound—History, Principle, Progress and Challenge

The aim of spatial sound or spatial audio is to reproduce the spatial information of sound, so as to recreate the desired spatial auditory events or perceptions. Recently, spatial sound becomes a hot topic in the fields of acoustics, signal processing, and communication. A series of spatial sound techniques have been developed and applied to a wide area of scientific research, engineering, and amusement. The history, principle, progress and applications of spatial sound technique are comprehensively reviewed in this article. Especially, spatial sound techniques based on different principles are united within the framework of spatial sampling and reconstruction theorem of sound field. The challenges and prospects of spatial sound are also addressed.
炎性小体在神经病理性疼痛中的研究进展

神经病理性疼痛是指由影响躯体感觉系统的病变或疾病引起的疼痛,是最难治疗的神经系统疾病之一,同时也是全世界主要的公共卫生问题。近年来的研究表明,炎性小体作为一种先天免疫复合物,通过开启炎症反应过程参与神经病理性疼痛的发生及发展过程。本文通过查阅经典以及最新的相关文献,总结了炎性小体结构特点及在多种神经病理性疼痛相关疾病中的作用和相关机制,以及靶向炎性小体活性在神经病理性疼痛中的治疗,为神经病理性疼痛的发生机制及治疗前景提供新的思路。
肺间质病变与进行性加重的呼吸困难

该患者以肺间质病变起病,最终确诊为肺小血管疾病。通过本病例我们有两点体会:(1)临床中遇到弥漫肺实质疾病时,以下情况应警惕可能存在肺小血管疾病:与肺实质病变不匹配的严重呼吸困难和低氧,合并肺动脉高压;存在胸膜下分布的楔形影,提示肺梗死。(2)临床遇到肺小血管灌注缺失、肺梗死,且抗凝治疗无效时,需高度警惕肺肿瘤栓塞,及时全面筛查潜在的恶性肿瘤。
Effects of the porous medium and water-silver biological nanofluid on the performance of a newly designed heat sink by using first and second laws of thermodynamics

The aim of this numerical investigation is to evaluate the laminar forced convection of biologically synthesized water-silver nanofluid through a heat sink (HS)filledwith porous foam(PHS)using first and second laws of thermodynamics. The impacts of inlet velocity (V=0.5-3m·s~(-1))and volumefraction of nanofluid (φ=0-1%)on the performance metrics of HS are assessed and the outcomes are comparedwith those of the non-porous HS (NHS). The outcomes revealed that for both the PHS and NHS, the increase of V causes an intensification in convection coefficient, pumping power, and entropy generation due to fluid friction, while the maximum CPU temperature, thermal resistance, and entropy generation due to the heat transfer reduces by boosting V. Also, itwas found that the augmentation of V results in intensification in convection coefficient, pumping power, overall hydrothermal performance, and frictional entropy generation, while the opposite is true for maximum CPU temperature, thermal resistance, and thermal entropy generation. Furthermore, it was reported that, except for φ = 0.5%, the overall hydrothermal performance of NHS is better than that of PHS, while PHS has better second-law performance than NHS in all the studied cases. Also, it can be concluded that the best hydrothermal performance for PHS belongs to φ=1% and V = 0.5 m·s~(-1), while for NHS, these values are 1% and 2 m·s~(-1).
真实世界研究方法在中医证候研究中的应用现状与思考

自20世纪末提出真实世界研究(real-world study,RWS)的概念至今,这一基于临床实际的研究方法近年来愈发受到关注。美国食品和药物管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)在2016—2019年颁布的一系列文件,肯定了真实世界证据(real world evidence,RWE)在医药和生物制品审批和监管中的作用,推动RWS成为临床研究的热点。RWS目前尚无明确的定义,张俊华等认为:RWS并非是一种特定的研究方法,而是强调数据来源的日常化、常态化。其出现与互联网、大数据等信息技术的发展、科研人员节省研究成本的需求相关,同时使研究更符合伦理和受试者的临床需求。中医药几千年来的实践积累了大量真实世界数据,其三因制宜、注重实际疗效的理念也与RWS的特点相契合,因此成为了我国最早引入并开展RWS实践的领域。
健康预期寿命的测量指标与测算方法的应用及比较

健康预期寿命(health expectancy,HE)是一项结合预期寿命与健康状态以反映人群生命质量的综合性指标。面对快速老龄化、疾病模式的转变等带来的一系列负担与挑战,2016年10月25日,国务院公布的 《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》提出“到2030年预期寿命达到79.0岁,健康预期寿命显著提高”。美国和欧盟等国家早已将HE作为政策目标,可见提高人类HE已成为国际关注的焦点。然而,由于HE测量指标与测算方法的复杂性与多样性,《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》并没有明确具体的健康预期寿命政策目标值。虽然国内有学者已对HE的概念、理论框架、测算方法等作了较为详细的论述,但对HE测量指标和测算方法在实际应用中的适用性仍缺乏明确、详细的指导与说明。因此,本文从适用性角度对HE的测量指标和测算方法进行综述,旨在为HE的测量指标和测算方法在实际应用中的恰当选择提供参考。
A 3D Geological Model Constrained by Gravity and Magnetic Inversion and its Exploration Implications for the World-class Zhuxi Tungsten Deposit, South China

The Zhuxi tungsten deposit in Jiangxi Province, South China, contains a total W reserve of about 2.86 Mt at an average grade of 0.54 wt% WO_3, representing the largest W deposit in the world. Numerous studies on the metallogeny of the deposit have included its timing, the ore-controlling structures and sedimentary host rocks and their implications for mineral exploration. However, the deep nappe structural style of Taqian-Fuchun metallogenic belt that hosts the W deposit, and the spatial shape and scale of deeply concealed intrusions and their sedimentary host rocks are still poorly defined, which seriously restricts the discovery of new deposits at depth and in surrounding areas of the W deposit. Modern 3D geological modeling is an important tool for the exploration of concealed orebodies, especially in brownfield environments. There are obvious density contrast and weak magnetic contrast in the ore-controlling strata and granite at the periphery of the deposit, which lays a physical foundation for solving the 3D spatial problems of the ore-controlling geological body in the deep part of the study area through gravity and magnetic modeling. Gravity data (1:50000)and aeromagnetic data (1:50000)from the latest geophysical surveys of 2016-2018 have been used, firstly, to carry out a potential field separation to obtain residual anomalies for gravity and magnetic interactive inversion. Then, on the basis of the analysis of the relationship between physical properties and lithology, under the constraints of surface geology and borehole data, human-computer interactive gravity and magnetic inversion for 18 cross-sections were completed. Finally, the 3D geological model of the Zhuxi tungsten deposit and its periphery have been established through these 18 sections, and the spatial shape of the intrusions and strata with a depth of 5 km underground were obtained, initially realizing ―transparency‖ for ore-controlling bodies. According the analysis of the geophysical, geochemical, and geological characteristics of the Zhuxi tungsten deposit, we discern three principles for prospecting and prediction in the research area, and propose five new exploration targets in its periphery.
脑干听觉诱发电位联合闪光视觉诱发电位对高危儿发育性协调障碍的诊断价值

目的比较脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)单项检查与联合应用闪光视觉诱发电位(F-VEP)对高危儿发育性协调障碍(DCD)的诊断价值。方法选取脑瘫高危儿89例,根据Vojita姿势反射的异常将89例脑瘫高危儿分为DCD组和非DCD组,另选取健康婴儿33例作为健康对照组。对3组受试婴儿进行BAEP和F-VEP检查。计算BAEP、F-VEP单独应用和联合应用诊断DCD的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确度以及Kappa值(κ值)。以Vojta7种姿势反射测试为标准,评价BAEP、F-VEP单独和联合应用诊断DCD的可靠性。结果DCD组(包括≤3个月和>3个月~6个月2个年龄段)BAEP的Ⅲ、V、I ~ Ⅲ潜伏期均明显延长,与非DCD组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DCD组(包括≤3个月和>3个月~6个月2个年龄段)F-VEP中P1和N_2潜伏期均显著延长,且DCD组中>3个月~6个月受试婴儿的N1潜伏期亦明显延长,与非DCD组同年龄段比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。BAEP+F-VEP联合应用的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为64.29%,87.88%,73.03%,与Vojta姿势反射测试呈中度一致(κ值为0.47);BAEP单独应用的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为60.71%,87.88%,70.79%,与Vojta姿势反射测试呈中度一致(κ值为0.44);F-VEP单独应用的敏感度和准确度较低,特异度很高,与Vojta姿势反射测试的一致性较差。56例DCD患儿中,BAEP单独应用诊断的阳性率为60.7%,F-VEP单独应用诊断的阳性率为44.6%,BAEP+F-VEP联合应用诊断的阳性率为64.3%,BAEP+F-VEP联合应用与BAEP单独应用比较,差异无统计学意义(P = 0.500),与F-VEP单独应用比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.001),且BAEP单独应用与F-VEP单独应用比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.022)。结论BAEP、F-VEP的异常可提示存在DCD,两者联合应用对DCD的早期筛查具有重大意义。
膝关节控制训练对急性期脑梗死患者膝本体感觉及下肢运动功能的影响

脑梗死常引起下肢偏瘫,严重影响患者生活质量。偏瘫后患者主要期望之一是尽快恢复步行能力,其中膝关节稳定性是患者站立及步行的基础,而膝关节本体感觉是膝稳定性的重要影响因素之一。基于此,本研究对25例急性期脑梗死患者进行膝关节控制训练,并观察该训练对患者膝本体感觉及下肢运动功能的影响,现报道如下。
全身运动评估对试管婴儿脑性瘫痪发育结局的预测价值分析

目的探讨不安运动阶段全身运动(GMs)评估对试管婴儿运动发育结局的预测效度。方法选取2015年5月至2018年12月期间在厦门市儿童医院康复医学科接受GMs评估的试管婴儿81例,定期随访到1 ~1.5周岁。采用Peabody-2运动发育量表评定入选试管婴儿在1 ~1.5周岁时运动发育能力并进行神经学检查,确定其运动发育结局,分析不安运动阶段GMs评估对入选试管婴儿运动发育结局的预测效度。结果本研究81例试管婴儿经不安运动阶段GMs评估,发现有75例为正常不安运动(NF),6例为不安运动缺乏(F-)。上述试管婴儿随访到1 ~ 1.5周岁时其运动发育结局为脑性瘫痪(简称脑瘫)5例,非脑瘫76例(其中正常73例,运动发育迟缓3例)。通过计算得出不安运动阶段GMs评估预测试管婴儿脑瘫发育结局的敏感度为100%,特异度为98.7%阳性预测值为83.3%,阴性预测值为100%。结论GMs评估对于试管婴儿后期是否发展为脑瘫具有较好预测价值,故在试管婴儿运动发育随访中可采用不安运动阶段GMs评估作为早期预测指标,从而指导试管婴儿早期康复干预。
Adie瞳孔伴双眼悬韧带松弛一例

一般而言,Adie瞳孔属少见的良性瞳孔疾病,本例患者就诊时有调节力降低的表现,但是否该疾病本身会合并悬韧带节段性松弛鲜见报道,具体的病理机制仍需进一步研究。根据本例患者的治疗经验,如在疾病早期发现有病毒感染的暴露因素,积极进行抗病毒及营养神经治疗可能有益于瞳孔生理功能的恢复。
胭动脉外膜囊肿外科治疗11例

总结本中心2010年9月至2019年9月10年期间收治的11例胭动脉外膜囊肿患者的治疗情况。11例患者中,单发囊肿8例,多发囊肿3例。单纯囊肿切除+动脉外膜开放5例,单纯囊肿切除+动脉外膜切除3例,囊肿及动脉血管壁切除+补片血管成形术1例,囊肿及动脉病变段切除+大隐静脉血管重建术2例。术后随访6 ~18个月,症状无复发。我们认为适当的病变切除和血管重建是治疗胭动脉外膜囊肿的有效手段。
Challenges for beyond 5G:ultra-densification of radio access network

Ultra-densification of radio access network(RAN)is a key to efficiently support the exponentially growing mobile data traffic in 5G era.Furthermore,extremely high frequency band like mmWave band was utilized to solve the bandwidth shortage problem.However,untra-dense reusing the same radio resource produced severe interference.And the mmWave link was very harsh due to frequent blockage by obstacles.Therefore a new RAN architecture needed to be introduced to realize ultra-reliable communications in such a severe radio propagation environment.An architecture of distributed MIMO based RAN was presented.Then,enhanced interference coordination(eIC)was described.Finally,the effectiveness of distributed MIMO based RAN with eIC by computer simulation was showed.
Similar mycorrhizal fungal communities associated with epiphytic and lithophytic orchids of Coelogyne corymbosa

Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the growth and development of both epiphytic (growing on trees) and lithophytic (growing on rocks) orchids. Previous studies indicate that in lowland tropical areas, orchid mycorrhizal fungal compositions are correlated with the life form (i.e., epiphytic, lithophytic, or terrestrial) of their host plants. We therefore tested if a similar correlation exists in an orchid distributed at higher elevations. Coelogyne corymbosa is an endangered ornamental orchid species that can be found as a lithophyte and epiphyte in subtropical to subalpine areas. Based on high-throughput sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2)-rDNA region of mycorrhizae of C. corymbosa, we detected 73 putative mycorrhizal fungal Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). The OTUs of two dominant lineages (Cantharellales and Sebacinales) detected from C. corymbosa are phylogenetically different from those of other species within the genus Coelogyne, indicating that different orchid species prefer specific mycorrhizal fungi. We also found that the Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plots of orchid mycorrhizal fungi were not clustered with life form, the variations among orchid mycorrhizal fungal communities of different life forms were not significant, and most of the OTUs detected from epiphytic individuals were shared by the lithophytic plants, suggesting that orchid mycorrhizal associations of C. corymbosa were not affected by life form. These findings provide novel insights into mycorrhizal associations with endangered ornamental orchids.
IP10, KC and M-CSF Are Remarkably Increased in the Brains from the Various Strains of Experimental Mice Infected with Different Scrapie Agents

Activation of inflammatory cells and upregulations of a number of cytokines in the central nervous system(CNS)of patients with prion diseases are frequently observed.To evaluate the potential changes of some brain cytokines that were rarely addressed during prion infection, the levels of 17 different cytokines in the brain homogenates of mice infected with different scrapie mouse-adapted agents were firstly screened with Luminex assay.Significant upregulations of interferon gamma-induced protein 10(IP10), keratinocyte chemoattractant(KC)and macrophage colony stimulating factor(M-CSF)were frequently detected in the brain lysates of many strains of scrapie infected mice.The upregulations of those three cytokines in the brains of scrapie infected mice were further validated by the individual specific ELISA and immunohistochemical assay.Increased specific mRNAs of IP10, M-CSF and KC in the brains of scrapie infected mice were also detected by the individual specific qRT-PCRs and IP10-specific digital PCR.Dynamic analyses of the brain samples collected at different time points post infection revealed the time-dependent increases of those three cytokines, particularly IP10 during the incubation period of scrapie infection.In addition, we also found that the levels of IP10 in cerebral spinal fluid(CSF)of 45 sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease(sCJD)patients were slightly but significantly higher than those of the cases who were excluded the diagnosis of prion diseases.These data give us a better understanding of inflammatory reaction during prion infection and progression of prion disease.