mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Tectonic Landform of Quaternary Lakes and Its Implications for Deformation in the Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Hohxil region in the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is occupied by numerous plateau lakes, which have long been inferred as being tectonic products. However, so far little evidence has been found to support this tentative inference. Field survey and morphotectonic analysis of TM satellite images in the eastern segment of the Hohxil region revealed that Kusai Lake and Yelusu Lake are S-shaped pull-apart basins, which were dominated by left strike-slip master faults trending WNW-ESE. The pull-apart distances of the two lakes are analyzed to be <15-20 km and 15 km respectively. Based on studies of the faulting rate, the initiation ages of the pull-apart basins are suggested to be approximately in the Early Pleistocene. The pull-apart basin tectonics is further regarded as a common mechanism for the widely distributed large lake basins in the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Regional distribution of these pull-apart basins and their substantial intra-block slip suggest that a sinistral shear stress, which is independent of the distinguished strike-slip faults, has been imposed on across the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Thus, the intra-block slip may be an important expression of the eastward extrusion of the Plateau crustal material in accommodating the ongoing continent-continent convergence between India and Eurasia. The revelation of pull-apart tectonics within the Plateau hinterland provides field evidence and a possible style of deformation for the newly proposed continuous deformation by the global positioning system (GPS) measurement across the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A model, with respect to systematic tectonic landform development, for pull-apart basins is finally proposed.
猫神经节细胞高尔基体的固定与染色法

目的 介绍动物高尔基复合体(Golgi complex)切片制作的改进技术.方法 选用猫颈椎脊神经节,以氯化镉为固定剂,适量增加染色剂的用量,减少还原剂的用量,按常规方法 制成永久装片.结果 光镜下可清楚地观察到弯曲的线状、点状棕褐色的高尔基体.结论 采用本方法 制作高尔基体切片,取材容易,时间短,无污染、不需复染,在光镜下能清楚地观察各种形态的高尔基体.
Phase Equilibria of Hornblende-Bearing Eclogite in the Western Dabie Mountain, Central China

The high-pressure (HP) eclogite in the western Dabie Mountain encloses numerous hornblendes, mostly barroisite. Opinions on the peak metamorphic P-T condition, PT path and mineral paragenesis of it are still in dispute. Generally, HP eclogite involves garnet, omphacite, hornblendes and quartz, with or without glaucophane, zoisite and phengite. The garnet has compositional zoning with X_(Mg) increase, X_(Ca) and X_(Mn) decrease from core to rim, which indicates a progressive metamorphism. The phase equilibria of the HP eclogite modeled by the P-T pseudosection method developed recently showed the following: (1) the growth zonation of garnet records a progressive metamorphic PT path from pre-peak condition of 1.9-2.1 Gpa at 508℃-514℃ to a peak one of 2.3-2.5 Gpa at 528℃-531℃ for the HP eclogite; (2) the peak mineral assemblage is garnet+omphacite+glaucophane+quartz±phengite, likely paragenetic with lawsonite; (3) the extensive hornblendes derive mainly from glaucophane, partial omphacite and even a little garnet due to the decompression with some heating during the post-peak stage, mostly representing the conditions of about 1.4-1.6 Gpa and 580℃-640℃, and their growth is favored by the dehydration of lawsonite into zoisite or epidote, but most of the garnet, omphacite or phengite in the HP eclogite still preserve their compositions at peak condition, and they are not obviously equilibrious with the hornblendes.
限制广东500 kV电网短路电流运行方案

500 kV主网短路电流超标问题已成为广东电网近年来运行最突出的问题之一.对于开关设备不能及时更换的超标站点,只能暂时通过分层分区供电、分母运行、断开或跳通线路等措施,从系统运行方式安排上进行限制,将短路电流水平降低至安全合理的水平.以2009年广东500 kV电网以及其中的鹏城站为研究对象,从短路电流降低效果、实施的可行性、潮流分布、N-1、系统可靠性等方面,对降低短路电流的各种运行措施进行了计算和研究,提出了相对较优的限制短路电流运行方案.
The pH value and electrical conductivity of atmospheric environment from ice cores in the Tianshan Mountains

Electrical Conductivity Measurement (ECM) from ice core is a representative index for atmospheric environmental change. The pH value and ECM from three shallow ice cores (each 3.85 m, 231 ice samples total) on Glacier No.1 at the headwater of Urumqi River, Glacier No.48 in Kuitun area, and Miaoergou Glacier in Hami area in the eastern Tianshan Mountains, western China, were measured and analyzed for atmospheric environment records research. Ice core record shows that the changing trend of pH and ECM in three sites in recent years is different: ECM in Kuitun increases with the ice depth change, but ECM in Hami and Urumqi Glacier No.1 ice cores show a decreasing trend. Average ECM value in Hami is much larger than other two sites, just as the dust concentration and ions concentration are also very high in this site. ECM records in all three sites are mainly affected by aerosol mineral dust of Central Asia, and correlative coefficients of ECM and mineral ions such as Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), Na~+ are all significantly high. The pH value and ECM are also significantly high correlative coefficients in the eastern Tianshan Mountains. Comparison between the eastern Tianshan Mountains and other sites in western China, and Polar Regions, shows that the difference of ECM can very well reflect the spatial difference of worldwide atmospheric environment.
Natural environment suitability for human settlements in China based on GIS

With the degeneration of environment and acceleration of urbanization, human environment has attracted great attention worldwide. This paper sets up the Human Settlements Environment Index (HEI) model and evaluates the natural environment suitability for Human Settlements in China based on GIS technology. The results show that the HEI of China decreases from southeast to northwest in general, HEI is significantly correlated with population density at grid size and the correlation coefficient (r) between them reaches 0.93, which indicates that natural environment suitability for Human Settlements has a significant influence on population distribution. Most people in China mainly concentrate in areas with high natural environment suitability. The total suitable area is 430.47×10~4km~2, which accounts for nearly 45% of the total land area in China, while the proportion of people living in the area reaches 96.56%. With a population density of 18 people per square kilometer, the critical area is the transitional region for people to live in China. The critical area covers 225.11×10~4km~2 with a population of 41.12 million. The non-suitable area covers 304.42×10~4km~2 with a population of only 2.49 million.
12%Cr超超临界转子的热加工过程物理模拟及研制

采用Thermo-Calc软件对12%Cr超超临界转子钢的伪二元平衡相图及碳氮化物溶度积进行了理论计算,得到了实验转子钢的伪二元平衡相图,其室温平衡组织为α相、M(C,N)和M_(23)C_6型碳化物.采用膨胀法测得了实验转子钢的临界点及CCT曲线,得到的Ac1、Ac3及Ms点与相图计算结果吻合较好.采用物理模拟方法研究了实验转子钢的热变形行为,洲得该钢的热变形激活能为439kJ/mol,确定了其热变形方程及变形抗力与峰值应变和Z参数之间的关系式;给出了不同应变量、变形温度及应变速率条件下试验用钢的应变速率敏感性指数及能量消耗效率,建立了该钢的热加工图,确定了其热加工塑性与温度的定量关系式;给出了实验转子钢奥氏体发生完全动态再结晶的条件及临界Z值(变形条件900℃,0.01s~(-1)),建立了实验转子钢奥氏体动态再结晶的体积分数与应变量之间的定量关系;研究了试验用钢的静态再结晶行为,得到了其静态再结晶激活能及静态再结晶动力学方程.基于上述结果,提出了12%Cr超超临界转子的热加工工艺制度,制造出了国内首支满足技术条件要求的百万千瓦超超临界机组用转子锻件.
Improvement of Hydrophilicity and Blood Compatibility on Polyethersulfone Membrane by Blending Sulfonated Polyethersulfone

Polyethersulfone (PES)is widely used as biomaterials due to its thermal stability, mechanical strength, and chemical inertness. Nevertheless, their blood compatibility is still not adequate for hemodialysis and blood purification. In this study, the sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES) was synthesized through an electrophilic substitution reaction, and PES/SPES blending membranes were prepared. The characterization of the SPES was studied by FTIR. The water adsorption and water contact angle experiments show that the hydrophilicity of PES/SPES blend membrane was improved as for the sulfonate group existing in the SPES. Moreover, PES/SPES blend membrane could effectively reduce bovine serum albumin adsorption and prolong the blood coagulation time compared with the PES membrane, thereby improving blood compatibility.
Removal of H_2S during Anaerobic Bioconversion of Dairy Manure

The main aim of this research was the experimental study at lab scale to check the absorption technology for the in situ removal of H_2S from biogas during anaerobic digestion process. The reagent FeCl_3 was used to check the removal efficiency of H_2S produced from dairy manure during anaerobic bioconversion process. The experiments were conducted under mesophilic conditions. The composition of biogas was analyzed by gas chromatography analyzer equipped with flame photometer and thermal conductivity detectors. Experimental results under the same conditions demonstrate that high concentration of H_2S in the form of FeS can be removed totally from the biogas using FeCl_3 dosing with in anaerobic batch digester.
An Immune Self-adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm with Application to Estimate Kinetic Parameters for Homogeneous Mercury Oxidation

A new version of differential evolution (DE) algorithm, in which immune concepts and methods are applied to determine the parameter setting, named immune self-adaptive differential evolution(ISDE), is proposed to improve the performance of the DE algorithm. During the actual operation, ISDE seeks the optimal parameters arising from the evolutionary process, which enable ISDE to alter the algorithm for different optimization problems and improve the performance of ISDE by the control parameters' self-adaptation. The performance of the proposed method is studied with the use of nine benchmark problems and compared with original DE algorithm and other well-known self-adaptive DE algorithms. The experiments conducted show that the ISDE clearly outperforms the other DE algorithms in all benchmark functions. Furthermore. ISDE is applied to develop the kinetic model for homogeneous mercury (Hg) oxidation in flue gas, and satisfactory results are obtained.
腹膜原发性砂粒体癌1例临床病理观察

腹膜原发性砂粒体癌临床罕见,国内仅见2例报道[1-2],国外报道5例[3-6].为提高对本病的认识,现将笔者外检工作中遇到的1例腹膜原发性砂粒体癌,结合文献复习,对其临床病理学特点进行观察分析.
PET/CT显像CT对比剂应用对胃肠道病变的诊断价值

目的:探讨PET/CT显像CT对比剂的应用对胃肠道病变的诊断、鉴别诊断和肿瘤分期中的应用价值.方法:40例PET/CT早期全身显像疑有胃肠道肿瘤的患者,口服阴性或阳性对比剂对胃肠道感兴趣区行延迟显像.其中19例患者在检查前或后3天内行静脉注射含碘对比剂的CT多期增强扫描.结果:与内窥镜及手术病理结果对照,PET显示了所有病变,误诊6例,漏诊1例胃印戒细胞癌区域内淋巴结转移,1例胃类癌肝转移.CT诊断了所有病变,2例未定性,漏诊5例淋巴结转移及4枚肝内直径≤1 cm转移灶.结论:诊断性CT对胃肠道病变的定位、定性优于PET,PET对胃肠道肿瘤的分期优于CT,诊断性CT与PET联合应用,减少了胃肠道肿瘤假阳性和假阴性的诊断,提高了胃肠道病变诊断与分期的准确性.
Experimental study of vortex-induced vibrations of a cylinder near a rigid plane boundary in steady flow

In this study, the vortex-induced vibrations of a cylinder near a rigid plane boundary in a steady flow are studied experimentally. The phenomenon of vortex-induced vibrations of the cylinder near the rigid plane boundary is reproduced in the flume. The vortex shedding frequency and mode are also measured by the methods of hot film velocimeter and hydrogen bubbles. A parametric study is carried out to investigate the influences of reduced velocity, gap-to-diameter ratio, stability parameter and mass ratio on the amplitude and frequency responses of the cylinder. Experimental results indicate: (1) the Strouhal number (St) is around 0.2 for the stationary cylinder near a plane boundary in the sub-critical flow regime; (2) with increasing gap-to-diameter ratio (e_0/D), the amplitude ratio (A/D) gets larger but frequency ratio (f/f_n) has a slight variation for the case of larger values of e_0/D(e_0/D ＞ 0.66 in this study); (3) there is a clear difference of amplitude and frequency responses of the cylinder between the larger gap-to-diameter ratios (e_0/D ＞ 0.66) and the smaller ones (e_0/D ＜ 0.3); (4) the vibration of the cylinder is easier to occur and the range of vibration in terms of V_r number becomes more extensive with decrease of the stability parameter, but the frequency response is affected slightly by the stability parameter; (5) with decreasing mass ratio, the width of the lock-in ranges in terms of V_r and the frequency ratio (f/f_n) become larger.
新型二氧化钛基建筑材料研究与应用

二氧化钛具有良好的光学性质,20世纪初开始应用于颜料和遮光剂.1972年,研究者发现了二氧化钛的光催化性质,其应用领域拓展至空气净化及灭菌领域.此后,研究者将二氧化钛与建材结合,开发出新型的功能建材,包括功能陶瓷、玻璃、水泥等.该二氧化钛基建材广泛应用于空气净化、灭菌、自洁净、防雾、装饰以及建筑降温等领域.二氧化钛基建材可兼具建筑及其他功能,有广阔的应用前景.综述了二氧化钛基建材研究及应用的进展,提出了今后研究应以提高其稳定性、光活性等方面为主.
横纹肌溶解综合征一例

患者,女,36岁,因纳差、乏力3月余,恶心、呕吐、周身酸痛近1周入院,4个月前曾服"9块9"减肥药半个月,继后纳差、乏力,时感恶心,未诊治,1个月前曾于我院门诊查电解质、心电图正常,给予补液支持治疗(具体不详),症情无明显的改善,近1周来纳差、乏力明显加重,周身酸痛,时有恶心、呕吐,尿色深黄.
改良式Mollard治疗高位肛门直肠畸形

目的 探讨改良式Mollard治疗高位肛门直肠畸形的临床价值及疗效评价.方法 采用改良Mollard术式即前矢状入路,手术时保留直肠盲袋,剥离盲袋黏膜,切断的近端结肠经直肠盲端肌鞘和耻骨直肠肌,并直视下在会阴前矢状切口将拖下的结肠与肛门外括约肌组成横纹肌复合体行肛门直肠重建.结果 术后30例获得随访,随访6个月～3年.临床评分和钡剂灌肠评分优、良率分别足86.67%和83.33%(P＞0.05).结论 改良Mollard术式能恢复耻骨直肠肌与肛门外括约肌的解剖关系.将直肠末端从横纹肌复合体中心拖下,随访疗效满意,是治疗高位肛门直肠畸形的一种可选择方法.
空间条件对不同水稻品种的诱变效应

利用返回式卫星搭载植物种子,在微重力、重粒子强辐射、高真空和地磁场等地面无法模拟的空间条件的综合诱变作用下,后代出现多样性的性状分离,且多数变异性状能在后代重现,表明空间条件对植物的遗传性具有诱变效应,故可把空间诱变作为一种新的诱变育种方法~([1～4]).
妊娠期不同营养水平对经产母猪繁殖成本的影响

采用单因子试验设计,研究妊娠期不同营养水平对经产母猪繁殖成本的影响.试验结果表明,妊娠期不同营养水平对经产母猪仔猪生产成本有影响.对于经产梅山猪来说,中水平是繁殖性能、经济效益最好的饲养水平.
江苏省鲜食大豆主要数量性状与产量的灰色关联度分析

以2005年江苏省鲜食夏大豆区试汇总结果为材料,应用灰色关联度分析了8个主要农艺性状对产量的影响,结果表明:鲜食大豆产量与各性状的关联度大小顺序依次为单株荚重>鲜籽百粒重>单株荚数>分枝数>每千克标准荚数>全生育期>株高>主茎节数;在育种和栽培过程中,较高的单株荚重容易获得高产.
芍药花瓣代谢活动的初步研究

以芍药"大富贵"为材料,对芍药花瓣干鲜比、花青素含量、SOD和CAT活力、可溶性蛋白和MDA含量、相对电导率进行了测定.结果表明,除相对电导率外,其他生理指标均呈单峰曲线,但峰值不在同一天.
群体改良法新育成高粱雄性不育系的配合力分析

选用6个高粱不育系、6个高梁恢复系,按不完全双列杂交法组配36个杂交组合,对小区产量、株高、穗长、穗粒重、穗粒数、千粒重、穗柄长和生育期等8个性状采用DPS数据处理系统进行统计分析.结果表明,不育系373A综合性状表现好,一般配合力高,是一个较理想的不育系;394A和363A表现也较突出,是有应用潜力的不育系.恢复系0-01表现较好.从产量性状分析,373A/0-01、394A/0-01是较理想的组合模式.
江苏丘陵地区麦秸机械还田轻简稻作技术规范与效果

对江苏丘陵稻麦两熟地区麦秸机械还田轻简稻作的埋草技术措施、水浆管理和肥料运筹技术规范进行了阐述,总结了该技术应用效果,分析了江苏丘陵稻麦地区麦秸还田技术推广的限制因素及解决途径.
客观面对直播稻的迅速发展 研究掌握直播稻的稳产技术

在对我国水稻种植方式演变历史回顾的基础上,就当前江苏省直播稻不推自广的主要原因进行分析和对策探讨.我国水稻育苗移栽始见于东汉,普及于唐宋以后;育苗移栽取代水稻直播,不仅有效地控制了杂草为害,而且增加了复种,缓解了稻麦两熟季节紧的矛盾,并一直成为主流的植稻方式;但是直播稻并没有完全消失,尤其是在人少地多或劳力缺乏的情况下,直播仍是首选方式.近年来江苏省直播稻迅速扩大,这与农村劳动力不足、水稻条纹叶枯病流行以及种稻效益低下有着密切的联系;当然也有除草剂应用突破和直播稻栽培技术的进步等促进作用.麦后直播水稻(简化了育秧程序,播种期推迟)安全生长期缩短,因此对江苏省里下河麦稻两熟热量资源偏紧地区则必须对水稻品种类型的调整和适宜直播稻品种的选用以及最迟播期等都须进行深入研究和严格界定;对淮北地区一定要引导农民服从自然规律并迅速从盲目扩种直播稻的误区中走出来,若该类地区劳力资源不足且机插条件又不许可,则可适度推行抛秧稻栽培技术.
引进日本优质水稻品种农艺性状综合评价

引进日本优质水稻品种125份,在四川雅安生态条件下进行种植观察,初步评价其主要农艺性状表现,从中筛选出株型、产量构成因素、生育期等综合农艺性状较为理想的W132、W155等24份优良品种资源,为更好地利用这些稻种资源提供依据.
开拓辣木饲料产业的可行性和必要性分析

测定了辣木的营养成分,结果显示辣木是一种富营养植物,辣木叶中钙的含量是牛奶的26倍、铁是菠菜的4倍、钾是香蕉的10倍,锌的质量分数为6.99%、蛋白质为27%、总氨酸为19.8%、总糖为33.6%;辣木种子中蛋白质的质量分数为38%、粗纤维为73%,可以满足动物对各种营养素的需要.介绍了国内外辣木饲料的应用研究情况,在奶牛的食粮中添加辣木,可提高奶牛的摄食量、增加体重和提高产奶量,而且不会改变牛奶的质量.分析了饲料安全、粮食安全对人类健康和生活的影响.在此基础上,讨论了发展辣木饲料产业的可行性、必要性以及由此产生的经济和社会效益.
Terrestrial flux in sediments from the Okinawa Trough estimated using geochemical compositional data and its response to climate changes over the past 35 000 a

Terrestrial supply to marginal seas is a function of interaction between land and ocean in response to climate changes. Terrestrial flux in sediments, therefore, is potential not only to reflect the paleoceanographic evolution of sedimentary basin, hut also to reveal the paleoclimatic changes in source regions. Sediments from the Okina-wa Trough were quantitatively partitioned into terrestrial, volcanic and biogenitie end members using constrained least-squares technique for geochemical compositional data. Combined with the density of bulk sediments and sedimentation rate, the terrestrial flux in sediments from the Okinawa Trough since the last 35 000 a was esti-mated. Based on surface seawater temperature (SST) and sea level changes over the past 35 000 a, the re-sponse of terrestrial flux to the climate changes was discussed. It is demonstrated that the terrestrial supply to the Okinawa Trough mainly derived from Chinese landmass via the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and controlled by sea level changes. During the post-glaciation, the terrestrial flux was the lowest in response to the highest sea level stand. During the last glacial maximum (LGM), the terrestrial flux was not so high as previously expec-ted, indicating the arid climatic condition in source region was responsible for lowering the Changjiang River's runoff during that time. During the deglaciation, the terrestrial flux increased in response to a quick rising of the sea level, probably implicating occurrence of down-slope transport. The four events characterized by slight in-crease in terrestrial flux exactly correspond to the LGM, Heinrich events (H1, H2, H3), respectively.
塔里木盆地东北缘兴地塔格群中发现石炭纪放射虫化石

采样点位于314国道旁,库尔勒市北东缘,距市中心仅约10 km(图1).样品采集于兴地塔格群中所夹的一个硅岩块,硅岩块出露面积约10 m~2,上直接覆以更新-全新世砾岩.该硅岩块发生了一定的重结晶作用,放射虫化石的保存很差,给放射虫化石的分离和鉴定造成了很大的困难.我们先后3次到该岩块采集共计32块硅岩样品,多次反复分析,终于发现了16颗放射虫化石个体,包括:Albaillella paradoxa Deflandre,Albaillella cf.paradoxa Deflandre和Albaillella sp..这是一个早石炭世早期的放射虫化石组合.
Shoot-Specific Down-Regulation of Protein Farnesyltransferase (α-Subunit) for Yield Protection against Drought in Canola

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops in the world and its seed yield and quality are significantly affected by drought stress. As an innate and adaptive response to water deficit, land plants avoid potential damage by rapid biosynthesis of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), which triggers stomatal closure to reduce transpirational water loss. The ABA-mediated stomatal response is a dosage-dependent process; thus, one genetic engineering approach for achieving drought avoidance could be to sensitize the guard cell's responsiveness to this hormone.Recent genetic studies have pinpointed protein farnesyltransferase as a key negative regulator controlling ABA sensitivity in the guard cells. We have previously shown that down-regulation of the gene encoding Arabidopsis β-subunit of farnesyltransferase (ERA1) enhances the plant's sensitivity to ABA and drought tolerance. Although the α-subunit of famesyltransferase (AtFTA) is also implicated in ABA sensing, the effectiveness of using such a gene target for improving drought tolerance in a crop plant has not been validated. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the promoter of Arabidopsis hydroxypyruvate reductase (AtHPR1), which expresses specifically in the shoot and not in non-photosynthetic tissues such as root. The promoter region of AtHPR1 contains the core motif of the well characterized dehydration-responsive cis-acting element and we have confirmed that AtHPR1 expression is inducible by drought stress. Conditional and specific down-regulation of FTA in canola using the AtHPR1 promoter driving an RNAi construct resulted in yield protection against drought stress in the field. Using this molecular strategy, we have made significant progress in engineering drought tolerance in this important crop species.
Diverse Transcriptional Programs Associated with Environmental Stress and Hormones in the Arabidopsis Receptor-Like Kinase Gene Family

The genome of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes more than 600 receptor-like kinase (RLK) genes, by far the dominant class of receptors found in land plants. Although similar to the mammalian receptor tyrosine kinases, plant RLKs are serine/threonine kinases that represent a novel signaling innovation unique to plants and, consequently, an excellent opportunity to understand how extracellular signaling evolved and functions in plants as opposed to animals. RLKs are predicted to be major components of the signaling pathways that allow plants to respond to environmental and developmental conditions. However, breakthroughs in identifying these processes have been limited to only a handful of individual RLKs. Here, we used a Syngenta custom Arabidopsis GeneChip array to compile a detailed profile of the transcriptional activity of 604 receptor-like kinase genes after exposure to a cross-section of known signaling factors in plants,including abiotic stresses, biotic stresses, and hormones. In the 68 experiments comprising the study, we found that 582 of the 604 RLK genes displayed a two-fold or greater change in expression to at least one of 12 types of treatments, thereby providing a large body of experimental evidence for targeted functional screens of individual RLK genes. We investigated whether particular subfamilies of RLK genes are responsive to specific types of signals and found that each subfamily displayed broad ranges of expression, as opposed to being targeted towards particular signal classes. Finally, by analyzing the divergence of sequence and gene expression among the RLK subfamilies, we present evidence as to the functional basis for the expansion of the RLKs and how this expansion may have affected conservation and divergences in their function. Taken as a whole, our study represents a preliminary, working model of processes and interactions in which the members of the RLK gene family may be involved, where such information has remained elusive for so many of its members.
Immunoelectron Microscopy for Locating Calvin Cycle Enzymes in the Thylakoids of Synechocystis 6803

Unicellular cyanobacteria Synechocystis 6803 were fixed using high-pressure freezing (HPF) and freeze substitution without any chemical cross-linkers. Immunoelectron microscopy of these cells showed that five sequential enzymes of the Calvin cycle (phosphoriboisomerase, phosphoribulokinase, ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), 3-phosphoglyceratekinase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and the catalytic portion of the chloroplast H~+-ATP synthase (CF1) are located adjacent to the thylakoid membranes. Cell-free extracts of Synechocystis were processed by ultracentrifugation to isolate thylakoid fractions sedimenting at 40 000, 90 000, and 150 000 g.Among these, the 150 000-g fraction showed the highest linked activity of the above five sequential Calvin cycle enzymes and also the highest coordinated activity of light and dark reactions as assessed by ribose-5-phosphate (R-5-P) +ADP dependent CO_2 fixation. Immunogold labeling of this membrane fraction confirmed the presence of the above five enzymes as well as the catalytic portion of the CF_1 ATP synthase. Notably, the protein A-gold labeling of the thylakoids was observed without use of chemical cross-linkers and in spite of the normal washing steps used during standard immunolabeling. The results showed that soluble Calvin cycle enzymes might be organized along the thylakoid membranes.
An Autophosphorylation Site of the Protein Kinase SOS2 Is Important for Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis

The protein kinase SOS2 (Salt Overly Sensitive 2) is essential for salt-stress signaling and tolerance in Arabidopsis. SOS2 is known to be activated by calcium-SOS3 and by phosphorylation at its activation loop. SOS2 is autophosphorylated in vitro, but the autophosphorylation site and its role in salt tolerance are not known. In this study, we identified an autophosphorylation site in SOS2 and analyzed its role in the responses of Arabidopsis to salt stress. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that Ser 228 of SOS2 is autophosphorylated. When this site was mutated to Ala, the autophosphorylation rate of SOS2 decreased. The substrate phosphorylation by the mutated SOS2 was also less than that by the wild-type SOS2. In contrast, changing Ser228 to Asp to mimic the autophosphorylation enhanced substrate phosphorylation by SOS2. Complementation tests in a sos2 mutant showed that the S228A but not the S228D mutation partially disrupted the function of SOS2 in salt tolerance. We also show that activation loop phosphorylation at Thr168 and autophosphorylation at Ser228 cannot substitute for each other, suggesting that both are required for salt tolerance. Our results indicate that Ser 228 of SOS2 is autophosphorylated and that this autophosphorylation is important for SOS2 function under salt stress.