mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Wetting patterns and bacterial distributions in different soils from a surface point source applying effluents with varying Escherichia coli concentrations

Understanding bacterial transportation in unsaturated soil is helpful for reducing and avoiding pathogenic contamination that may be induced by irrigation with reclaimed waste water and for developing better irrigation management practices. Experiments were conducted to study the transport of a typical bacterium, Escherichia coli(E. coli), in a sandy and a sandy loam soil under different application rates and input concentrations. A 30° wedge-shaped plexiglass container was used to represent one twelfth of the complete cylinder in the experiments. The apparent cylindrical application rate varied from 1.05 to 5.76 L h~(-1) and the input concentration of E. coli from magnitude of 102 to 107 colony-forming unit(CFU) mL~(-1). For a given volume of water applied, an increase in application rate resulted in an increase in the wetted radius and a decrease in the wetted depth. In the sandy loam soil, the water spread out in a circular-arc shaped saturated zone on the surface, and the ultimate saturated entry radius increased with the application rate. An increasing application rate of water suspended bacteria allowed a more rapid transport of bacteria, thus accelerating E. coli transport rate and resulting in a larger distributed volume of E. coli for both soil types. For the sandy soil, more than 70% of the E. coli that was detected within the entire wetted volume concentrated in the range of 10 cm from the point source, and the concentration of E. coli decreased greatly as the distance from the point source increased. More than 98% of the E. coli was detected in a range of 5 cm around the saturated wetted zone for the sandy loam soil. For both soil types tested, an extremely high concentration of E. coli was observed in the proximity of the point source, and the peak value increased with an increased input concentration. In principle, using an emitter with relative lower application rate would be effective to restrict E. coli transport. To reduce bacterial concentration in the sewage effluent during wastewater treatment is important to decrease the risk of soil contamination caused by irrigation with sewage effluent.
Effects of Tinospora tuberculata leaf methanol extract on seedling growth of rice and associated weed species in hydroponic culture

The study was conducted to evaluate the responses of rice and rice weed seedlings(barnyardgrass and weedy rice) at the three-leaf stage to Tinospora tuberculata leaf methanol extract(3.12, 6.25 and 12.5 g L~(-1)) under hydroponic culture. It shows that the leaf methanol extract had various degrees effects depending on target plant species and each tested index(biomass, root length, shoot length, transpiration volume, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents). The effective concentration of the leaf extract capable of reducing 50% of rice growth was higher than those of target weed species. Moreover, the root length was more tolerant to leaf methanol extract in comparison to the other plant parameters measured. A greater reduction was observed in chlorophyll a content compared to chlorophyll b and carotenoid. The results revealed that the reduction of transpiration volume closely coincided with the magnitude of growth inhibition of tested plants. Ultra-fast liquid chromatography analysis revealed 11 of 32 peaks in chemical profile, including benzoic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, isoorientin, isovitexin, orientin, p-anisic acid, syringic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and vitexin have the same retention time with those peaks of the extract. The amount of compounds was present in the range of between 4 817 and 115.5 mg kg~(-1) dry weight(DW). The concentration-response bioassay of all 11 individual compounds and their equimolar mixture against the seeds of barnyardgrass revealed their contribution in the allelopahic activity of T. tuberculata leaf extract. The examined compounds and their combination exhibited various degrees of growth inhibitory effects on the early growth of barnyardgrass. Therefore, the specific number, concentration, combination and inhibitory activity of bioactive compounds leads to allelopathy activity of T. tuberculata leaves which could be employable directly as a natural herbicide and its growth inhibitor compounds can be used as a template for producing new herbicides.
A new PMSM speed modulation system with sliding mode based on active-disturbance-rejection control

A sliding mode and active disturbance rejection control (SM-ADRC) was employed to regulate the speed of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM).The major advantages of the proposed control scheme are that it can maintain the original features of ADRC and make the parameters of ADRC transition smoothly. The proposed control scheme also ensures speed control accuracy and improves the robustness and anti-load disturbance ability of the system. Moreover, through the analysis of a d-axis current output equation, a novel current-loop SM-ADRC is presented to improve the system's dynamic performance and inner ability of anti-load disturbance. Results of a simulation and experiments show that the improved sliding-mode ADRC system has the advantages of fast response, small overshoot, small steady-state error, wide speed range and high control accuracy. It shows that the system has strong anti-interference ability to reduce the influence of variations in rotational inertia, load and internal parameters.
Assessing ability of a wet swale to manage road runoff: A case study in Hefei, China

The ability of a wet swale, constructed in an area of poor soil permeability, to manage runoff from a roadway was monitored through 27 storm events over a period of 8 months. During the monitoring period, the wet swale reduced the total runoff volume by 50.4% through exfiltration and evapotranspiration. The wet swale significantly decreased the influent pollutant concentrations, and the effluent mean concentrations of total suspended solids, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, ammonium, oxidized nitrogen, and total nitrogen in the effluent were 31 mg/L, 0.10 mg/L, 29 mg/L, 0.52 mg/L, 0.35 mg/L and 1.28 mg/L, respectively. Pollutant loads were also substantially reduced from 70% to 85%. Plant uptake played an important role in nutrient removal in the wet swale. Approximately half of the nitrogen (53.8%) and phosphorus (51.5%) that entered the wet swale was incorporated in above-ground plants. It is shown that wet swales are useful for managing runoff from roads in areas of poor soil permeability.
Flotation behavior and adsorption mechanism of fine wolframite with octyl hydroxamic acid

Flotation behavior and adsorption mechanism of octyl hydroxamic acid (OHA) on wolframite were investigated through flotation experiments, adsorption tests, zeta-potential measurements, infrared spectroscopy and solution chemistry calculations. Results of flotation and adsorption experiments show that the maximum values of flotation recovery and adsorption capacity occur around pH 9. In term of the solution chemistry calculations, the concentration of metal hydroxamate is greater than that of metal tungstate and metal hydroxyl, and metal hydroxamate compounds are identified to be the main species on wolframite surface at pH region of 8–10, contributing to the increase of OHA adsorption and flotation performance. Results of zeta-potential and IR spectra demonstrate that OHA adsorbs onto wolframite surface by chemisorptions. Hydroxamate ions can bond with Mn~(2+)/Fe~(2+) cations of wolframite surface, forming metal hydroxamate compounds, which is a key factor in inducing the hydrophobicity of wolframite under the conditions of maximum flotation.
The Central Extension of an Elementary Abelian p-Group by a Miniaml Non-Abelian p-Group

Assume that N, F and G are groups. If there exsits N , a normal subgroup of G such that N≈G and G= N≈F, then G is called a central extension of N by F. In this paper, the central extension of N by a minimal non-abelian p-group is determined, where N is an elementary abelian p-group of order p~3. Together with our previous work, all central extensions of N by a minimal non-abelian p-group is determined, where N is an elementary abelian p-group.
Spanning Trees with Few Leaves in Almost Claw-Free Graphs

A spanning tree with no more than 3 leaves is called a spanning 3-ended tree. In this paper, we prove that if G is a k-connected (k ≥ 2) almost claw-free graph of order n and σ_(k+3)(G) ≥ n + k + 2, then G contains a spanning 3-ended tree, where σ_k(G) = min{Σ_(v∈S) deg(v) : S is an independent set of G with |S| = k}.
Experimental and numerical study on loading rate effects of rock-like material specimens containing two unparallel fissures

A series of laboratory experiments and PFC numerical simulations for rock-like material specimens containing two unparallel fissures were carried out. On the basis of experimental and numerical results, the stress–strain curves, mechanical properties, AE events, cracking behavior and energy characteristics were analyzed to reveal the macro-mechanical behavior and meso-mechanism of pre-fissured specimens under different loading rates. Investigated results show that: 1) When the loading rate is relatively low, the stress–strain curves show a brittle response. When the loading rate is relatively high, the curve shows a more ductile response. Both of the peak strength and elastic mudulus increase with the increase of loading rate, which can be expressed as power functions. 2) Four crack types are identified, i.e., tensile crack, shear crack, far-field crack and surface spalling. Moreover, the tensile crack, far-field crack and surface spalling are under tensile mechanism, while the shear crack is under shear mechanism. 3) The drops of the stress–strain curves all correspond to the crack initiation or coalescence, which is also linked to a sudden increasing in the accumulated micro-crack curve. 4) Both of the maximum bond force and energy have the similar trend with the increase of loading rate to peak strength, which indicates that the trend of peak strength can be explained by the meso-mechanics and energy.
Grain size distribution at four developmental stages of crescent dunes in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert, China

Although scientists have performed many studies on crescent (barchan) dunes in the Taklimakan Desert, few studies reported the changes in grain size at different development stages of crescent dunes. In order to evaluate the changing trends of surface sediment grain size with dune development, we investigated the grain size characteristics at four developmental stages (oval sand pile, shield dune, incipient crescent dune and mature crescent dune) of crescent dunes by measuring the morphology of sand dune and observing the near-surface wind regime. The dunes have developed in a wide inter-dune corridor between high compound longitudinal ridges in China's Taklimakan Desert. The surface sediments at four developmental stages of the crescent dunes were primarily composed of fine sands, followed by very fine and medium sands. Mean grain sizes ranged from 2.8 to 3.1 φ, with a unimodal distribution. The sands were moderately well-sorted, their distribution varied from platykurtic to very platykurtic, and symmetrical or skewed towards the fine particles. From oval sand piles through shield and incipient crescent dunes to mature crescent dunes, incipient grain size gradually increased, particles became finer, sorting became better, kurtosis and skewness increased. Grain sizes on the surface layer became coarser upwards from the toe of the windward slope and then became finer towards the bottom of the leeward slope. We found that the coarsest particles at different positions at the four developmental stages were different. The coarsest particles were distributed at the top of the oval sand piles and shield dunes, versus at the middle of the windward slope of the incipient and mature crescent dunes. Correlations between the mean grain size and other grain size parameters showed that as mean grain size became finer, sorting became better and kurtosis became wider, but skewness changed only slightly. In addition, grain size variation in the surface sediments correlated with the movement speed of the dunes in the study area. In the open ground among tall-complex longitudinal ridges in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert where aeolian environment is characterized by comparatively strong wind and unsaturated sand flow, faster dune movement corresponded to coarser grain size.
Geochemical weathering of aeolian sand and its palaeoclimatic implications in the Mu Us Desert, northern China, since the Late Holocene

In the semi-arid and arid regions of northern China, geochemical behavior of the aeolian deposit is closely related to climatic and environmental changes, which was used to reconstruct the past history of environmental evolution and possibly forcing mechanisms. However, the related result was still scarce due to the lack of detailed geochemical analysis results in the desert sediments. In the present study, we systematically analyzed the geochemical components and parameters of the paleo-aeolian sand dune and modern mobile sand deposits in the Mu Us Desert and discuss the climatic variation inferred from the paleo-aeolian sand dune during the past 4.2 ka BP. The results indicated that (1) geochemical composition of the sandy deposits were dominated by SiO_2, Al_2O_3 and Na_2O and the deposits probably originated from the widespread upper continental crust (UCC) and were formed by long-term weathering, transport and re-deposition; (2) these sandy deposits were subjected to weaker weathering or uneven weathering under cold and dry conditions, and had highly similar material sources and degrees of weathering and leaching in general; and (3) the direct OSL (Optically Stimulated Luminescence) dating ages and geochemical parameters from the palaeosol-aeolian sand dune indicated that the regional climate change experienced several typically cold and warm intervals. These intervals are 4.2, 2.8 ka BP and Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period, which probably attributed to periodic variations of the Asian summer monsoonal strength and cold events of the northern Atlantic Ocean in low and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Our results suggest that the development of the sand dune in the Mu Us Desert provided a suitable archive for understanding the past local climatic change, which is linked to the global climatic change.
Structural stability at high pressure, electronic, and magnetic properties of BaFZnAs: A new candidate of host material of diluted magnetic semiconductors

The layered semiconductor BaFZnAs with the tetragonal ZrCuSiAs-type structure has been successfully synthesized. Both the in-situ high-pressure synchrotron x-ray diffraction and the high-pressure Raman scattering measurements demonstrate that the structure of BaFZnAs is stable under pressure up to 17.5 GPa at room temperature. The resistivity and the magnetic susceptibility data show that BaFZnAs is a non-magnetic semiconductor. BaFZnAs is recommended as a candidate of the host material of diluted magnetic semiconductor.
Iterative Noncoherent Block Detection of Coded MPSK for Cooperative Relay Systems

Maximum likelihood(ML) noncoherent block detection techniques are investigated for block-coded MPSK modulation in cooperative decode-and-forward relay systems over slow fading channels. A decision-directed iterative Viterbi algorithm(IVA) is derived for a suboptimal ML noncoherent detection. Simulation results show that the IVA can approach the error performances of the exhaustive detection method but at a lower complexity.
Multiway Dynamic Trust Chain Model on Virtual Machine for Cloud Computing

This paper sums up four security factors after analyzing co-residency threats caused by the special multitenant environment in the cloud. To secure the factors, a multiway dynamic trust chain transfer model was proposed on the basis of a measurement interactive virtual machine and current behavior to protect the integrity of the system. A trust chain construction module is designed in a virtual machine monitor. Through dynamic monitoring, it achieves the purpose of transferring integrity between virtual machine. A cloud system with a trust authentication function is implemented on the basis of the model, and its practicability is shown.
Dynamic process simulation with a Savage-Hutter type model for the intrusion of landslide into river

Natural damming of rivers by mass movements is a very common and potentially dangerous phenomena which has been documented all over the world. In this paper, a two-layer model of Savage-Hutter type is presented to simulate the dynamic procedure for the intrusion of landslide into rivers. The two-layer shallow water system is derived by depth averaging the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with the hydrostatic assumption. A high order accuracy scheme based on the finite volume method is proposed to solve the presented model equations. Several numerical tests are performed to verify the realiability and feasibility of the proposed model. The numerical results indicate that the proposed method can be competent for simulating the dynamic process of landslide intrusion into the river. The interaction effect between both layers has a significant impact on the landslide movement, water fluctuation and wave propagation.
Leaf stable carbon isotope composition in Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica in relation to leaf physiological and morphological characteristics along an altitudinal gradient

To understand the effects of leaf physiological and morphological characteristics on δ~(13)C of alpine trees, we examined leaf δ~(13)C value, LA, SD, LNC, LPC, LKC, Chla+b, LDMC, LMA and Narea in one-year-old needles of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica at ten points along an altitudinal gradient from 1420 m to 2300 m a.s.l. on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains in northwest China. Our results indicated that all the leaf traits differed significantly among sampling sites along the altitudinal gradient (P<0.001). LA, SD, LPC, LKC increased linearly with increasing elevation, whereas leaf δ~(13)C, LNC, Chla+b, LDMC, LMA and Narea varied non-linearly with changes in altitude. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that four controlled physiological and morphological characteristics influenced the variation of δ~(13)C.Among these four controlled factors, LKC was the most profound physiological factor that affected δ~(13)C values, LA was the secondary morphological factor, SD was the third morphological factor, LNC was the last physiological factor. This suggested that leaf δ~(13)C was directly controlled by physiological and morphological adjustments with changing environmental conditions due to the elevation.
A size-gradient hypothesis for alpine treeline ecotones

Research on the stress gradient hypothesis recognizes that positive (i.e. facilitative) and negative (i.e. competitive) plant interactions change in intensity and effect relative to abiotic stress experienced on a gradient. Motivated by observations of alpine treeline ecotones, we suggest that this switch in interaction could operate along a gradient of relative size of individual plants. We propose that as neighbors increase in size relative to a focal plant they improve the environment for that plant up to a critical point. After this critical point is surpassed, however, increasing relative size of neighbors will degrade the environment such that the net interaction intensity becomes negative. We developed a conceptual (not site or species specific) individual based model to simulate a single species with recruitment, growth, and mortality dependent on the environment mediated by the relative size of neighbors.  Growth and size form a feedback. Simulation results show that the size gradient model produces metrics similar to that of a stress gradient model. Visualizations reveal that the size gradient model produces spatial patterns that are similar to the complex ones observed at alpine treelines. Size-mediated interaction could be a mechanism of the stress gradient hypothesis or it could operate independent of abiotic stress.
Optically stimulated luminescence dating of young glacial sediments from the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Poor bleaching is a significant problem for Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating of glacial sediments. Five young glacial samples (including two modern analogues) from different depositional settings were collected beyond the Yingpu Glacier in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. De was determined using different OSL methods. The luminescence characteristics and dating results showed that the large aliquot quartz Blue Stimulated Luminescence (BSL) is more applicable than polymineral infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) method. Small aliquot quartz BSL results showed poor luminescence properties due to low luminescence sensitivity of quartz in this area. The dating results also indicated that glaciofluvial samples deposited close to ice margin (~40 m and ~700 m) and supraglacial debris dominated lateral moraine samples are relatively well-bleached, whereas samples from ground moraine and low terminal moraine were poorly bleached, probably due to containing subglacial and englacial debris. The residual doses of glaciofluvial and lateral moraine crest samples were below a few Gy and age overestimations were below a few hundred years. The ground moraine and low terminal moraine samples had residual doses as high as ~110 Gy, and ages were overestimated by ~15-17 ka.
Spatial and temporal variation of drought index in a typical steep alpine terrain in Hengduan Mountains

This study describes the spatial and temporal variation of a drought index and makes inferences regarding the environmental factors that influence this variability in the Hengduan Mountains. A drought index is typically used to determine the moisture conditions and the magnitude of water deficiency in a given area. Based on data from 26 meteorological stations over the period 1960-2012, the spatial and temporal variations of the drought index were analyzed using a thin plate smoothing splines method that considered elevation as a covariate. The drought index was estimated based on the potential evapotranspiration (E_0) as defined by the Penman Monteith model modified by FAO (1998). The results of the reported analysis showed that the drought index in the Hengduan Mountains has been decreasing since 1960 at a rate of -0.008/a. This represented a progressive shift from the "sub-humid" class, which typified the wider area in the Hengduan Mountains, toward the "humid" class, which appeared in the Hengduan Mountains areas. The drought index was relatively high in the north and low in the south and the variation of the drought index varied with seasons. The drought index showed increasing trends in summer and autumn and it is greater in autumn than in summer, while it showed a decreasing trend in spring and winter. Drought index is inversely proportional to the soil relative humidity and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).