mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
基于种子质量的川白芷产区划分合理性研究

目的对来自主、副产区及不同花枝的川白芷种子质量展开研究,验证传统川白芷产区划分的合理性,优化川白芷传统留种方式。方法测定26批川白芷种子发芽率、发芽势、千粒重、电导率、饱满率、净度、含水量等指标参数,采用相关性分析及主成分分析(PCA)筛选质量评价指标,依托筛选出的质量评价指标对不同产地、不同花枝的川白芷种子进行质量评价,并依据偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA)验证质量评价结果。结果发芽率与发芽势、电导率之间的关联性系数分别为0.848、0.725,发芽势与电导率之间的关联系数为0.694,千粒重与其他指标关联性较弱;主成分分析结果显示发芽率贡献系数最大,其次为电导率、发芽势。主产区所产种子各项质量评价指标均显著高于副产区所产种子,且主产区所产种子发芽率、电导率的相对标准偏差较副产区所产种子小;顶花所结种子各项质量指标平均值显著高于其余花枝所结种子,不同花枝所结种子萌发率、千粒重、电导率的相对标准偏差分别为10.03 %、10.80 %、18.74 %。结论发芽率、电导率、千粒重可作为川白芷种子质量评价的重要指标,依据其展开的质量评价结果科学、可行。从质量评价结果可知,主产区所产川白芷种子较副产区质量更好,可控性更强,证明川白芷传统道地产区划分科学、合理;顶花所结种子质量优于其余花枝所结种子,而主边花与次边花所结种子质量差异不明显,故三者均可作为种源留种。该研究可为川白芷种子质量控制提供理论依据,为各产区引种栽培川白芷提供参考,为川白芷药材道地性研究奠定基础。
冬虫夏草入膏方治疗亚临床期POI的增效研究

目的观察冬虫夏草入膏方对亚临床期POI患者的增效作用。方法65例肾虚肝郁证亚临床期POI患者按随机数字表法分为虫草膏方高剂量组(试验Ⅰ组)17例,虫草膏方低剂量组(试验Ⅱ组)18例与对照组30例。试验Ⅰ组给予益经助孕膏60g/d(内含虫草2g/d),试验Ⅱ组给予益经助孕膏60g/d(内含虫草0.4g/d);对照组给予益经助孕膏60g/d。疗程为3月。观察三组月经周期、基础内分泌激素(AMH、bFSH、bE2)、窦卵泡数(AFC)。结果组内比较,经治疗试验I组、试验Ⅱ组、对照组月经周期正常(21 ~ 35天)例数分别由0增至6、12、9例;bE2分别由(31.24 ± 13.88)、(29.17 ± 15.84)、(29.13 ±15.64)升至(52.00 ±17.60)、(65.11 ±18.42)、(40.67 ±16.93)ng·L~(-1)(P <0.05);AFC分别由(4.25 ±2.11)、(4.39 ±1.72)、(4.60 ±1.61)增至(6.04 ±1.99)、(6.33 ±1.08)、(6.53 ±1.76)个(P <0.05)。试验I组、Ⅱ组bFSH分别由(18.49 ± 2.74)、(18.29 ± 2.38)降至(11.47 ± 3.09)、(11.42 ± 1.96) mIU·mL~(-1)(P < 0.05)。试验Ⅱ组AMH由(0.95 ±0.27)升至(1.42 ±0.30)ng·mL~(-1)(P < 0.05)。试验I组、对照组AMH上升,对照组bFSH下降无统计学意义(P >0.05)。治疗后组间比较,试验Ⅱ组月经周期正常比例高于Ⅰ组及对照组(P < 0.05);各组年龄< 35岁患者月经周期恢复正常数均多于年龄≥35岁患者。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组bFSH无明显差异(P > 0.05)但均低于对照组(P < 0.05)。试验Ⅱ组AMH、bE2均高于I组及对照组(P <0.05);试验I组bE2高于对照组(P < 0.05)而AMH与对照组无明显差异(P >0.05)。三组AFC无明显差异(P >0.05)。结论虫草入膏方或单用膏方均可有效延缓亚临床期POI患者卵巢功能减退。无论应用高或低剂量虫草均可在下调FSH方面发挥增效作用,应用低剂量虫草在恢复正常月经周期及升高AMH、E2方面增效最佳。
机插双季晚稻产量构成特点研究

为了探明机插双季晚稻高产的关键产量构成因子,2017-2018年,以10个双季晚稻品种(隆优4945、泰优390、五优华占、万象优双占、荣优390、湘优100、盛泰优018、H37优207、湘晚籼12号、湘晚籼13号)为材料,在衡阳开展大田试验,对各品种机插栽培的产量和产量构成因子进行比较分析。结果表明,隆优4945、盛泰优018、荣优390、五优华占4个品种的产量较高,2017年分别为8.69、8.56、8.35、8.34t/hm~2,2018年分别为8.31、8.32、8.30、8.29t/hm~2;机插双季晚稻产量与单位面积颖花数呈极显著正相关关系,单位面积颖花数与每穗粒数呈极显著正相关关系。由此可见,选择穗粒数多、群体颖花量大的晚稻品种,有助于实现机插双季晚稻高产。
《桂林古本伤寒杂病论》用药规律研究

目的研究《桂林古本伤寒杂病论》用药规律。方法将《桂林古本伤寒杂病论》方剂上传至中医传承计算平台3.0软件,采用统计分析、关联规则、聚类分析等方法分别对全部方剂、独有方剂进行数据挖掘。结果方剂药性以温性为主,药味主要为甘味,归经以入脾经者最多,功效以补虚类最常见。用药模式及关联规则架构主要源于桂枝汤,并大多含甘草配伍。聚类分析得到5个核心药物组合。全部方剂用量配比以桂枝汤原方配比为核心,而独有方剂以甘草二两+白芍三两运用最多。单药剂量除石膏、地黄较重,波动较大外,其余药物剂量较轻,相对稳定。结论《桂林古本伤寒杂病论》用药以顾护脾胃、扶助正气为核心理念,法度上体现对于复杂病机的补泻兼顾、寒热并用特色,苦寒清热药物的配伍应用常见,而范式上强调证-量相合、证-比相符。其成书时间可能在温病学说兴起之后,结构上采用伤寒杂病合论,体现了寒温一统之学术特色。
生乳汤回流提取工艺优化

目的优化生乳汤回流提取工艺。方法在单因素试验基础上,以乙醇体积分数、料液比、提取时间为影响因素,阿魏酸、芍药苷含量及浸膏得率为评价指标,Box-Behnken响应面法优化回流提取工艺。结果最佳条件为乙醇体积分数58%,料液比1 ∶ 14,提取次数2次,每次90 min,阿魏酸、芍药苷含量及浸膏得率分别为22.31 mg、 291.69 mg、30.54%。结论该方法稳定可行,可用于醇提生乳汤。
解毒散结方联合中药静脉制剂对晚期非小细胞肺癌患者的临床疗效

目的考察解毒散结方联合中药静脉制剂对晚期非小细胞肺癌患者的临床疗效。方法208例患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组104例,对照组给予单药化疗方案联合中药静脉制剂,观察组给予解毒散结方联合中药静脉制剂。检测近期疗效、KPS评分、中位生存期、生存率、细胞免疫指标(CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8) 、体液免疫指标(IgG、IgA、IgM) 、Tregs、MDSCs、安全性指标(血常规、肝肾功能)变化。结果观察组客观缓解率、疾病控制率低于对照组(P<0.05) 。治疗后,观察组KPS评分高于对照组(P<0.05),Tregs、MDSCs更低(P<0.05) 。2组中位生存期、生存率、细胞免疫指标、体液免疫指标、安全性指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05) 。结论解毒散结方联合中药静脉制剂可安全有效地抑制晚期非小细胞肺癌患者Tregs、MDSCs水平,可能与对负性免疫细胞的调节作用有关。
我国生态问题鉴定与国土空间生态保护修复方向

研究目的:聚焦生态问题研究热点区域,鉴定不同生态区生态问题,提出不同生态区生态保护修复方向,以期为国家有针对性、有目的性、有方向性的开展生态保护与修复工作提供有效基础支撑。研究方法:研究热度评价模型、比较分析法和归纳总结法。研究结果:(1)20世纪80年代以来,我国生态问题研究热度总体呈增长态势,1998年以后生态问题的研究热度进入加速期,且在2012年掀起了新一轮的生态文明研究热潮。(2)我国各类生态问题研究热度存在明显的内部差异和空间差异,研究热度较高的生态问题主要是水土流失和生物多样性丧失,超过85%的城市均发表过关于这两个生态问题的学术论文,且研究热点区域集中在我国西部省份。(3)水土流失、荒漠化、生物多样性、林草湿地生态系统退化是各生态区重点关注的生态问题,超过半数的生态区重点关注森林生态系统退化;而石漠化、盐碱化、矿区生态退化等生态问题集中分布在几个脆弱生态区。超过80%生态区的主要生态问题都在3个及以上,这体现出我国多数生态区生态问题的紧迫性和复杂性。(4)各生态区生态保护修复方向存在差异,生态本底好且人类活动少的生态区以保育保护和自然恢复为主,此类生态区的保护修复重点应放在建立保护区、濒危生物的育种、繁殖、加强生物多样性监测等方面;生态本底一般的农业生态区或东部热带、亚热带生态林区以自然恢复和辅助再生为主,保护修复重点放在自然封育、人工造林种草、农林间作等方面。生境脆弱且人类活动频繁的生态区以辅助再生和生态重建为主,保护修复重点应放在各项工程类和物理、化学、生物类措施。研究结论:我国生态问题存在明显的差异,掌握不同区域生态问题的类型、严重程度和发生机制是开展国土空间生态保护修复工作的基础。
基于物联网的智慧综合能源站技术与运营

近年来,国家相关部门不断强调需加快能源转型,构建清洁低碳、安全高效的能源体系。进入21世纪以来,物联网、云计算、大数据等技术得到了快速发展,将这些技术与能源资源的发展相融合,建立综合能源服务体系,可实现低碳排放,为社会创造更多的经济效益和环境效益。对于电力企业而言,打通电能汇聚、传输、转换、利用等环节的壁垒,建立智慧综合能源站,能够扩大售电市场,为用户提供更优质、全面的服务。
Effects of nitrogen addition on plant-soil-microbe stoichio-metry characteristics of different functional group species in Bothriochloa ischemum community

Nitrogen (N) deposition, the source of N input into terrestrial ecosystems, is exhibiting an increasingly serious impact on the biogeochemical cycle and functional stability of ecosystems. Grasslands are an important component of terrestrial ecosystems and play a key role in maintaining terrestrial ecosystem balance. Therefore, it is critical to understand the effects of nitrogen addition on grassland ecosystems. We conducted gradient N addition experiments (0,3,6, and 9g Nm-2y_1) for three years in grassland communities with similar site conditions. We utilized four typical herbaceous plants, including the dominant species Bothriochloa ischemum (B. ischemum) and companion species Stipa bungeana (S. bungeana), Artemisia gmelinii (A. gmelinii), and Cleistogenes squarrosa (C. squarrosa), to explore how different plant-soil-microbe systems respond to N addition. Stoichiometric homeostasis analysis demonstrated that both plants and microbes were strictly homeostatic. However, the companion species were found to be more susceptible to P dominant species. Furthermore, aggravated overlap in stoichiometric niches between plant species were observed at the N6 and N9 levels. Vector analysis indicated that the vector angle was >45° regardless of plant species and N levels, suggesting that there was a strong P limitation in the rhizosphere microbial community. Variation partitioning analysis revealed that the Composite roots exhibited a greater effect (explaining 34.7% of the variation) on the rhizosphere microbes than on the Gramineae, indicating that there may be more intense nutrient competition in its rhizosphere. In general, the effects of N addition on species were different across functional groups, with a significant positive effect on the Gramineae (B. ischemum, S. bungeana, and C. squarrosa) and a significant negative effect on the Compositae (A. gmelinii), which should be fully considered in the future ecological management and restoration.
Stochastic loss reserving using individual information model with over-dispersed Poisson

For stochastic loss reserving, we propose an individual information model (IIM) which accommodates not only individual/micro data consisting of incurring times, reporting developments, settlement developments as well as payments of individual claims but also heterogeneity among policies. We give over-dispersed Poisson assumption about the moments of reporting developments and payments of every individual claims. Model estimation is conducted under quasi-likelihood theory. Analytic expressions are derived for the expectation and variance of outstanding liabilities, given historical observations. We utilise conditional mean square error of prediction (MSEP) to measure the accuracy of loss reserving and also theoretically prove that when risk portfolio size is large enough, IIM shows a higher prediction accuracy than individual/ micro data model (IDM) in predicting the outstanding liabilities, if the heterogeneity indeed influences claims developments and otherwise IIM is asymptotically equivalent to IDM. Some simulations are conducted to investigate the conditional MSEPs for IIM and IDM. A real data analysis is performed basing on real observations in health insurance.
Scalable and highly efficient approach for an on-chip single-photon source

Integrated photonic circuits with quantum dots provide a promising route for scalable quantum chips with highly efficient photonic sources. However, unpolarized emission photons in general sacrifice half efficiency when coupling to the waveguide fundamental mode by a cross polarization technique for suppressing the excitation laser,while suspended waveguide photonics sources without polarization filters have poor scalability due to their mechanical fragility. Here, we propose a strategy for overcoming the challenge by coupling an elliptical Bragg resonator with waveguides on a solid-state base, featuring near-unity polarization efficiency and enabling on-chip pulsed resonant excitation without any polarization filters. We theoretically demonstrate that the proposed devices have outstanding performance of a single-photon source with 80% coupling efficiency into on-chip planar waveguides and an ultra-small extinction ratio of 10~(-11), as well as robustness against quantum dot position deviation. Our design provides a promising method for scalable quantum chips with a filter-free high-efficiency single-photon source.
Observation of parity-time symmetry in timedivision multiplexing pulsed optoelectronic oscillators within a single resonator

In recent years, parity-time(PT) symmetry in optoelectronic systems has been widely studied, due to its potential applications in lasers, sensors, topological networks, and other fields. In this paper, a time-division multiplexed pulsed optoelectronic oscillator(OEO) is proposed to study the dynamics of a PT symmetry system. Two microwave pulses are used to realize the PT symmetry in a single spatial resonator based on the temporal degrees of freedom. The gain and loss of the microwave pulses and the coupling coefficient between them can then be controlled. We first demonstrate the phase diagram from PT broken to PT symmetry in the OEO system. We theoretically prove that the perturbation of a coupling-induced phase shift larger than(2π) × 10~(-2) causes the disappearance of the PT symmetry. In this experiment, the perturbation is less than(2π) × 0.5 × 10~(-2); thus, the phase transition of PT symmetry is observed. In addition, multipairs of PT-symmetry pulses indicate that pulsed OEO could be used to implement complex non-Hermitian Hamilton systems. Therefore, it is confirmed that pulsed OEO is an excellent platform to explore the dynamics of PT symmetry and other non-Hermitian Hamiltonian systems.
A Novel Flux-weakening Control Method with Quadrature Voltage Constrain for Electrolytic Capacitorless PMSM Drives

In electrolytic capacitorless permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives, the DC-link voltage will fluctuate in a wide range due to the use of slim film capacitor. When the flux-weakening current is lower than-ψf/Ld during the high speed operation, the flux-weakening control loop will transform to a positive feedback mode, which means the reduction of flux-weakening current will lead to the acceleration of the voltage saturation, thus the whole system will be unstable. In order to solve this issue, this paper proposes a novel flux-weakening method for electrolytic capacitorless motor drives to maintain a negative feedback characteristic of the control loop during high speed operation. Based on the analysis of the instability mechanism in flux-weakening region, a quadrature voltage constrain mechanism is constructed to stabilize the system. Meanwhile, the parameters of the controller are theoretically designed for easier industrial application. The proposed algorithm is implemented on a 1.5kW electrolytic capacitorless PMSM drive to verify the effectiveness of the flux-weakening performance.
Covalent organic frameworks: a new platform for next-generation batteries of Na-, K- and Zn-ions

With the rapid development of globalization and growing energy consumption, there is a huge demand for smart grids, electric vehicles, and large-scale energy storage. Hundreds of electrochemical energy storage devices with high efficiency have been developed and explored. In recent years, lithium-based batteries have been widely developed and achieved groundbreaking progress in practical applications, which are accepted as an effective way to realize high-energy-density electronic devices [1]. However,it is undeniable that lithium-based batteries have entered a bottleneck period, and many technical problems need to be solved urgently. The energy density can hardly be improved, as the traditional lithium batteries with Li-C anodes are close to the maximum theoretical capacity(370 mA g~(-1)) [2]. Although lithium-sulfur(Li- S) batteries have been developed as an alternative to achieve higher theoretical capacity, pure lithium anodes are required to realize high energy density, and the safety issues, such as thermal runaway caused by lithium metal, cannot be ignored and are intractable. In addition, the ''shuttle effect" caused by polysulfides results into relatively poor stability [2]. On the other hand, the sustainability and the limited availability of lithium reserves result in higher cost of lithium-based batteries, and the huge challenges in fast charging and adapting to temperature ranges hinder the larger- scale deployment applications(electric vehicles, energy storage) [3]. Therefore, researchers have been looking for a new secondary battery technology to make up for the insufficiency of lithium batteries. In this case, enormous efforts have been made on alternative energy storage technologies such as sodium(Na),zinc(Zn), and potassium(K) battery systems, owing to the relatively lower cost, higher earth abundance and characteristics similar to Li-based batteries.
Green ammonia as a fuel

Energy use is a long-term challenge for human society. In the past 200 years, fossil fuels have been the dominant source of energy and facilitated the industrial revolution and advanced the quality of human life in many aspects. However, the large-scale use of fossil fuels has led to the current environmental and climate crisis. The greenhouse effect caused by massive carbon emissions significantly alters the global climate and severely threatens the sustainability of human beings. Thus, carbon emissions in the energy sector must be controlled to mitigate these problems. The use of renewable energy and carbon-neutral fuels has become crucial for achieving sustainable human development.
In-sensor convolution processing with a bipolar p-n heterojunction

Image sensing is a critical component of modern machine vision technology development. The traditional silicon-based photodiodes possess inflexible responsivity and energy band structures that are hard to manipulate by an external field, limiting the system's ability to process picture data [1]. Additionally, existing memristor arrays can do some computation in hardware but cannot directly respond to optical signals, so it is necessary to use additional image sensors to convert optical signals into electrical signals before implementing further signal processing. As a result of their separate data processing units and image sensors, conventional image sensing systems face problems such as slow operation and excessive power consumption that can result in transmitting and processing huge amounts of duplicate information [2,3].
Visual recognition of cardiac pathology based on 3D parametric model reconstruction

Visual recognition of cardiac images is important for cardiac pathology diagnosis and treatment. Due to the limited availability of annotated datasets, traditional methods usually extract features directly from twodimensional slices of three-dimensional (3D) heart images, followed by pathological classification. This process may not ensure the overall anatomical consistency in 3D heart. A new method for classification of cardiac pathology is therefore proposed based on 3D parametric model reconstruction. First, 3D heart models are reconstructed based on multiple 3D volumes of cardiac imaging data at the end-systole (ES) and end-diastole (ED) phases. Next, based on these reconstructed 3D hearts, 3D parametric models are constructed through the statistical shape model (SSM), and then the heart data are augmented via the variation in shape parameters of one 3D parametric model with visual knowledge constraints. Finally, shape and motion features of 3D heart models across two phases are extracted to classify cardiac pathology. Comprehensive experiments on the automated cardiac diagnosis challenge (ACDC) dataset of the Statistical Atlases and Computational Modelling of the Heart (STACOM) workshop confirm the superior performance and efficiency of this proposed approach.
Direct and green repairing of degraded LiCoO_2 for reuse in lithium-ion batteries

Traditional recycling processes of LiCoO_2 rely on destructive decomposition, requiring high-temperature roasting or acid leaching to extract valuable Li and Co, which have significant environmental and economic concerns. Herein, a direct repairing method for degraded LiCoO_2 using a LiCl-CH_4N_2O deep eutectic solvent(DES) was established. The DES is not used to dissolve LiCoO_2 but directly serves as a carrier for the selective replenishment of lithium and cobalt. Replenishment of lithium restores LiCoO_2 at different states of charge to a capacity of 130 mAh/g(at 0.1 C rate), while replenishing the cobalt increases the capacity retention rate of 90% after 100 cycles, which is comparable to pristine LiCoO_2.The DES is collected and reused multiple times with a high repair efficiency. This process reduces energy consumption by 37.1% and greenhouse gas emissions by 34.8% compared with the current production process of LiCoO_2, demonstrating excellent environmental and economic viability.
The pathway toward practical application of lithium-metal anodes for non-aqueous secondary batteries

The revolution of automotive vehicles(from petrol vehicles to electric vehicles) has set high demands for the performance of batteries. Lithium-metal batteries(LMBs) show great potential owing to their high energy density but encounter poor cycle life and safety issues. It is of great significance to reveal LMB failure mechanisms and understand their relationship with battery performance. This review presents an overview of the state-of-the-art Li-metal anodes, with an emphasis on two typical failure modes: capacity degradation and dendritic growth of Li metal.Thecritical correlations between the composition, structure and failure are explained point by point. The chemical and electrochemical stabilities of the lithium anode are discussed. Particularly, for the first time, five types of lithium-metal anodes are classified to develop a comprehensive understanding of LMBs. Furthermore, strategies are suggested to improve the practical performance of LMBs, including material innovation, electrolyte modification and advanced characterization.
(K, Na)NbO_3-based lead-free piezoceramics: one more step to boost applications

Piezoelectric materials, as a conversion medium between mechanical and electrical energies, are widely used in actuators, sensors and sonar systems. Lead-based materials represented by lead zirconate titanate(PZT) have dominated the market for decades due to their exceptional performance. Over the past 20 years or so, the ever-increasing awareness of the need for environmental protection has driven the research and development of environmentally friendly lead-free piezoceramics [1,2]. Among lead-free piezoelectric systems,(K, Na)NbO_3(KNN) has been revealed as the most promising candidate for lead-free piezoelectric applications.
The mechanism and heterogeneity of environmental regulations' impact on the technological progress of dairy farming

The study analyses the theoretical mechanism through which environmental regulation affects the dairy industry's technological progress,with a particular focus on how the effect is conditional on farm size.Using the input-output data of dairy farms of different sizes from 2009 to 2019 in 10 Chinese provinces/autonomous regions in China and the quantitative measurement index of environmental regulation,the study estimates environmental regulation's heterogeneous influences on the dairy industry's technological progress by dynamic panel data models.The empirical results suggest that,first,environmental regulation has a U-type influence on the technological progress of dairy farming.The U-type influence means moving from pollution control's high cost and low technology progress to the high profit and high innovation input generated by optimizing the breeding structure.Second,the promotion of dairy farming technology depends on farm size.The effect of environmental regulation on technological progress in moderately large-farms showed a U-type relationship.In contrast,the effect in free-range and large-size dairy farms showed a linear and positive relationship.The government should further strengthen environmental regulation based on advancing moderately large-farms in compliance with market mechanisms in the long run.Particular attention should be paid to the forms of environmental regulation so that dairy cattle breeding technology can break through the inflection point of the "U" curve as soon as possible and ensure the significance of the rising stage.Along the way,technical support should be provided for realizing environmental protection and economic growth.
Expression profiling of transgenes (Cry1Ac and Cry2A) in cotton genotypes under different genetic backgrounds

Transgenic cotton carrying the Cry1Ac gene has revolutionized insect pest control since its adoption,although the development of resistance in insect pests has reduced its efficacy.After 10 years of cultivating Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton with a single Cry1Ac gene,growers are on the verge of adopting Bt cotton that carries the double gene (Cry1Ac+Cry2A) due to its better effectiveness against insect pests.Thus,the current study was designed to evaluate the role of each gene in the effectiveness of Bt cotton carrying the double gene.The expression levels of the Cry1Ac and Cry2A genes were evaluated in the leaves of 10 genotypes (2 parents and 8 F1 hybrids) at 30 days after sowing (DAS),while samples of leaves,bolls and flowers were taken from the upper and lower canopies at 70 and 110 DAS.The F1 hybrids were developed through reciprocal crosses between two Bt (CKC-1,CKC-2) and two non-Bt (MNH-786,FH-942) parents.The differential expression of transgenes was evaluated through Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA).The results showed that the MNH786×CKC-1 hybrid had the highest concentrations of Cry1Ac gene at 30 DAS (3.08 μg g~(-1)) and 110 DAS (1.01 μg g~(-1)) in leaves.In contrast,the CKC-2×MNH-786 hybrid showed the lowest concentrations of Cry1Ac gene at 30 DAS (2.30 μg g~(-1)) and 110 DAS (0.86 μg g~(-1)).The F1 hybrid FH-942×CKC-2 showed the highest concentrations of Cry2A gene at 30 DAS (8.39 μg g~(-1)) and 110 DAS (7.74 μg g~(-1)) in leaves,while the CKC-1×MNH-786 hybrid expressed the lowest concentrations of Cry2A gene at 30 DAS (7.10 μg g~(-1)) and 110 DAS (8.31 μg g~(-1)).A comparison between the two stages of plant growth showed that leaves had the highest concentrations at 30 DAS,whereas the lowest concentrations were observed at 110 DAS for both genes in leaves.When the expression pattern was compared between various plant parts in genotype CKC-2,it was found that leaves had higher concentrations of Cry1Ac (3.12 μg g~(-1)) and Cry2A (8.31 μg g~(-1)) at 70 DAS,followed by bolls (Cry1Ac (1.66 μg g~(-1)) and Cry2A (8.15 μg g~(-1))) and flowers (Cry1Ac (1.07 μg g~(-1)) and Cry2A (7.99 μg g~(-1))).The genotype CKC-2 had higher concentrations of Cry1Ac (3.12 μg g~(-1)) and Cry2A (8.31 μg g~(-1)) in the upper canopy but less accumulation (2.66 μg g~(-1) of Cry1Ac,8.09 μg g~(-1) of Cry2A) in the lower canopy at 70 DAS.Similarly,at 110 DAS,the expression levels of Cry1Ac and Cry2A in upper and lower canopy leaves were 1.52 and 7.92 μg g~(-1),and 0.99 and 7.54 μg g~(-1),respectively.Hence,the current study demonstrates that different genotypes showed variable expression for both of the Cry1Ac and Cry2A genes during plant growth due to different genetic backgrounds.The Cry2A gene had three-fold higher expression than Cry1Ac with significant differences in expression in different plant parts.The findings of this study will be helpful for breeding insect-resistant double-gene genotypes with better gene expression levels of Cry1Ac and Cry2A for sustainable cotton production worldwide.