mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Design and Optimization of Dual-Winding Fault-Tolerant Permanent Magnet Motor

To improve the performance of the traditional fault-tolerant permanent magnet (PM) motor, the design and optimal schemes of dual-winding fault-tolerant permanent magnet motor (DWFT-PMM) are proposed and investigated. In order to obtain small cogging torque ripple and inhibiting the short-circuit current, the air gap surface shape of the PM and the anti short-circuits reactance parameters are designed and optimized. According to the actual design requirements of an aircraft electrical actuation system, the parameters, finite element analysis and experimental verification of the DWFT-PMM after optimal design are presented. The research results show that the optimized DWFT-PMM owns the merits of strong magnetic isolation, physics isolation, inhibiting the short circuit current, small cogging torque ripple and high fault tolerance.
Feasibility of a New Ironless-stator Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machine for Aircraft Electric Propulsion Application

With the development of aviation electrification, higher demands for electrical machines are put forward in aircraft electric propulsion systems. The aircraft electric propulsion requirements and propulsion motor features are analyzed in this paper. Comparing with conventional PM machines, ironless stator axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine topologies with Litz wire windings allow designs with higher compactness, lightness and efficiency, which are suitable for high-frequency and high-power density applications. Based on the motor requirements and constraints of aircraft electric propulsion systems, this paper investigates a high-power 1 MW multi-stack ironless stator AFPM machine, which is composed of four 250kW modular motors by stacking in axial. The design guidelines and special attentions are presented, in term of electromagnetic, thermal, and mechanical performance for the high-frequency coils and Halbach-array PM rotor. Finally, an ironless stator AFPM motor is manufactured, tested and evaluated with the consideration of cost and processing cycle. The results show that the output power is up to 53.8kW with 95% efficiency at 9000r/min at this stage. The proposed ironless stator AFPM machine with oil immersed forced cooling proves to be a favorable candidate for application in electric aircraft as propulsion motors.
De-scattering and edge-enhancement algorithms for underwater image restoration

Image restoration is a critical procedure for underwater images, which suffer from serious color deviation and edge blurring. Restoration can be divided into two stages: de-scattering and edge enhancement. First, we introduce a multi-scale iterative framework for underwater image de-scattering, where a convolutional neural network is used to estimate the transmission map and is followed by an adaptive bilateral filter to refine the estimated results. Since there is no available dataset to train the network, a dataset which includes 2000 underwater images is collected to obtain the synthetic data. Second, a strategy based on white balance is proposed to remove color casts of underwater images. Finally, images are converted to a special transform domain for denoising and enhancing the edge using the non-subsampled contourlet transform. Experimental results show that the proposed method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Taylor expansionMUSIC method for jointDODandDOA estimation in a bistaticMIMOarray

We propose a Taylor expansion multiple signal classification (TE MUSIC) method for joint direction of departure (DOD) and direction of arrival (DOA) estimation in a bistatic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array. First, using a Taylor expansion of the steering vector, a two-dimensional (2D) search in the conventional MUSIC method for MIMO arrays is reduced to a two-step one-dimensional (1D) search in the proposed TE MUSIC method. Second, DOAs of the targets can be achieved via Lagrange multiplier by a 1D search. Finally, substituting the DOA estimates into the 2D MUSIC spectrum function, DODs of the targets are obtained by another 1D search. Thus, the DOD and DOA estimates can be automatically paired. The performance of the proposed method is better than that of the MIMO ESPRIT method, and is similar to that of the 2D MUSIC method. Furthermore, due to the 1D search, the TE MUSIC method avoids the high computational complexity of the 2D MUSIC method. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
BING: Binarized normed gradients for objectness estimation at 300fps

Training a generic objectness measure to produce object proposals has recently become of significant interest. We observe that generic objects with well-defined closed boundaries can be detected by looking at the norm of gradients, with a suitable resizing of their corresponding image windows to a small fixed size. Based on this observation and computational reasons, we propose to resize the window to 8 × 8 and use the norm of the gradients as a simple 64D feature to describe it, for explicitly training a generic objectness measure. We further show how the binarized version of this feature, namely binarized normed gradients (BING), can be used for efficient objectness estimation, which requires only a few atomic operations (e.g., add, bitwise shift, etc.). To improve localization quality of the proposals while maintaining efficiency, we propose a novel fast segmentation method and demonstrate its effectiveness for improving BING's localization performance, when used in multithresholding straddling expansion (MTSE) postprocessing. On the challenging PASCAL VOC2007 dataset, using 1000 proposals per image and intersectionover- union threshold of 0.5, our proposal method achieves a 95.6% object detection rate and 78.6% mean average best overlap in less than 0.005 second per image.
Springtime Convective Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation and Interannual Variation of Its Intensity over the South China Sea and Western North Pacific

This study investigates characteristics of the convective quasi-biweekly oscillation (QBWO) over the South China Sea (SCS) and western North Pacific (WNP) in spring, and the interannual variation of its intensity. Convective QBWO over the WNP and SCS shows both similarities and differences. Convective QBWO over the WNP originates mainly from southeast of the Philippine Sea and propagates northwestward. In contrast, convective QBWO over the SCS can be traced mainly to east of the Philippines and features a westward propagation. Such a westward or northwestward propagation is probably related to n =1 equatorial Rossby waves. During the evolution of convective QBWO over the WNP and SCS, the vertical motion and specific humidity exhibit a barotropic structure and the vertical relative vorticity shows a baroclinic structure in the troposphere. The dominant mode of interannual variation of convective QBWO intensity over the SCS–WNP region in spring is homogeneous. Its positive phase indicates enhanced convective QBWO intensity accompanied by local enhanced QBWO intensity of vertical motion throughout the troposphere as well as local enhanced (weakened) QBWO intensity of kinetic energy, vertical relative vorticity, and wind in the lower (upper) troposphere. The positive phase usually results from local increases of the background moisture and anomalous vertical shear of easterlies. The latter contributes to the relationship between the dominant mode and QBWO intensities of kinetic energy, vertical relative vorticity, and wind. Finally, a connection between the dominant mode and the sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean is demonstrated.
Coupling the Common Land Model to ECHAM5 Atmospheric General Circulation Model

The ECHAM5 model is coupled with the widely used Common Land Model (CoLM). ECHAM5 is a state-of-theart atmospheric general circulation model incorporated into the integrated weather and climate model of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS-CSM). Land surface schemes in ECHAM5 are simple and do not provide an adequate representation of the vegetation canopy and snow/frozen soil processes. Two AMIP (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project)-type experiments using ECHAM5 and ECHAM5-CoLM are run over 30 yr and the results are compared with reanalysis and observational data. It is found that the pattern of land surface temperature simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM is significantly improved relative to ECHAM5. Specifically, the cold bias over Eurasia is removed and the root-mean-square error is reduced in most regions. The seasonal variation in the zonal mean land surface temperature and the in situ soil temperature at 20- and 80-cm depths are both better simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM. ECHAM5-CoLM produces a more reasonable spatial pattern in the soil moisture content, whereas ECHAM5 predicts much drier soils. The seasonal cycle of soil moisture content from ECHAM5-CoLM is a better match to the observational data in six specific regions. ECHAM5-CoLM reproduces the observed spatial patterns of both sensible and latent heat fluxes. The strong positive bias in precipitation over land is reduced in ECHAM5- CoLM, especially over the southern Tibetan Plateau and middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the summer monsoon rainy season.
Growth mechanisms and environmental implications of carbonate concretions from the ~ 1.4 Ga Xiamaling Formation,North China

Carbonate concretions provide unique records of ancient biogeochemical processes in marine sediments,and have the potential to reflect seawater chemistry indirectly.In fine-siliciclastic settings,they preferentially form in organicrich mudstones,owing to a significant fraction of the bicarbonate required for carbonate precipitation resulted from the decomposition of organic matter in sediments.In the Member IV of the Xiamaling Formation (ca.1.40-1.35 Ga),North China,however,carbonate concretions occur in organic-poor green silty shales (avg.TOC=~ 0.1 wt%).In order to elucidate the mechanism of the concretion formation and their environmental implications,a thorough study on the petrographic and geochemical compositions of the concretions and their host rocks was conducted.Macro-to microscopic fabrics,including deformed shale laminae surrounding the concretions,“cardhouse” structures of clay minerals and calcite geodes in the concretions,indicate that these concretions are of early diagenetic origin prior to the significant compaction of clay minerals.The carbon isotope compositions of the concretions (– 1.7‰ to+1.5‰) are stable and close to or slightly lower than that of the contemporaneous seawater,indicating that the bicarbonates required for the concretion formation were mainly sourced from seawater by diffusion rather than produced by methanogenesis or anoxic oxidation of methane (AOM);the rare occurrence of authigenic pyrite grains in the concretions likely indicates that bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) did not play a significant role in their formation either.Almost all the calcite in the concretions has low Mn-Fe in nuclei but high Mn-Fe in rims with average Mn/Fe ratio close to 3.3.The calcite shows positive Ce anomalies (avg.1.43) and low Y/Ho ratios (avg.31).This evidence suggests that Mn reduction is the dominant process responsible for the formation of calcite rims while nitrate reduction probably triggered the precipitation of calcite nuclei.Prominence of Mn reduction in the porewater likely indicates that there was sufficient oxygen to support active Mn-redox cycling in the overlying seawater.
Estimating total leaf nitrogen concentration in winter wheat by canopy hyperspectral data and nitrogen vertical distribution

The use of remote sensing to monitor nitrogen (N) in crops is important for obtaining both economic benefit and ecological value because it helps to improve the efficiency of fertilization and reduces the ecological and environmental burden. In this study, we model the total leaf N concentration (TLNC) in winter wheat constructed from hyperspectral data by considering the vertical N distribution (VND). The field hyperspectral data of winter wheat acquired during the 2013–2014 growing season were used to construct and validate the model. The results show that: (1) the vertical distribution law of LNC was distinct, presenting a quadratic polynomial tendency from the top layer to the bottom layer. (2) The effective layer for remote sensing detection varied at different growth stages. The entire canopy, the three upper layers, the three upper layers, and the top layer are the effective layers at the jointing stage, flag leaf stage, flowering stages, and filling stage, respectively. (3) The TLNC model considering the VND has high predicting accuracy and stability. For models based on the greenness index (GI), mND705 (modified normalized difference 705), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the values for the determining coefficient (R2), and normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) are 0.61 and 8.84%, 0.59 and 8.89%, and 0.53 and 9.37%, respectively. Therefore, the LNC model with VND provides an accurate and non-destructive method to monitor N levels in the field.
Effect of mechanical threshing on damage and vigor of maize seed threshed at different moisture contents

Mechanical threshing used when preparing maize seeds for planting subjects seed to damage and reduces seed quality. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of mechanical threshing on the quality of maize seed threshed at different moisture contents (MCs). Seeds of dent maize JK968 and flint maize DD2 were threshed at 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24% MC. The damage degree was determined by iodine staining, and seed vigor was assessed by standard germination (SG), cold test germination (CTG), accelerated aging germination (AAG), seedling emergence rate, and seedling root and shoot length. The results showed that the damage percentage increased, and the seed vigor parameters decreased with increasing seed MC during threshing in both cultivars. For obtaining high seed quality, indicated by at least 90, 85, and 80% of SG, AAG, and CTG, respectively, JK 968 and DD2 should be threshed at MC lower than 15 and 18%, respectively. Furthermore, the damage mainly occurred in the apical part of seeds, irrespective of the threshing MC in both cultivars. When the embryo was damaged, seedling emergence rates were significantly reduced with great influence on shoot length. Damage to the endosperm resulted in little effect on seedling performance. Flint maize DD2 was more tolerant to mechanical threshing than dent maize JK968. These results provided technical reference for the production and processing of high vigor maize seeds.
Steam explosion of crop straws improves the characteristics of biochar as a soil amendment

Five crop straws (wheat, rice, maize, oil-rape, and cotton) were first steam-exploded for 2 min at 210°C, 2.5 MPa and then pyrolyzed at 500°C for 2 h. Steam explosion (SE) induced 47–95% and 5–16% reduction of hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively, in the crop straws. The biochars derived from SE-treated feedstocks had a lower specific surface area (SSA) and pore volume, compared to those from pristine feedstocks, with one exception that SE enhanced SSA of oil-rape straw biochar by approximately 16 times. After SE, biochars had significant higher anion exchange capacity (AEC) (6.88–11.44 cmol kg–1) and point of zero net charges (PZNC) (pH 3.61–5.32) values. It can thus be speculated that these biochars may have higher potential for anions adsorption. In addition, oil-rape straw might be suitable to SE pretreatment for preparing biochar as a soil amendment and sorbent as well. Further work is required for testing its application in soil.
Third Hankel Determinant for Ma-Minda Bi-univalent Functions

In this paper, we investigate the third Hankel determinant ${H_3}\left( 1 \right)$ for the class $H_\sigma ^\mu \left( {\lambda,\varphi } \right)\left( {\lambda \ge 1,\mu \ge 1} \right)$ of Ma-Minda bi-univalent functions in the open unit disk $\mathbb{D} = \left\{ {z:\left| z \right| < 1} \right\}$ and obtain the upper bound of the above determinant ${H_3}\left( 1 \right)$.
Effects of the courtyard’s geometry in dig pit underground dwellings on the room’s daylighting performance

Courtyard vernacular underground dwellings most commonly called “dig pit houses”, have been for centuries a shelter for the human kind. Despite their noticeable energy saving properties and security enhancing design features, they present several disadvantages related to indoor environment quality such as poor indoor natural daylighting. The dig pit in these typologies is the main design feature that allows natural light into the rooms. In this paper the effect of changing the courtyard’s geometry on the daylighting performance inside the rooms is investigated by the mean of computer simulations using Ecotect-RADIANCE software pack. The findings of this study show that dimensions corresponding to a WI (Well Index) =0.5 result in better daylighting performance inside the rooms. Moreover, it shows that increasing the number of wall surfaces on the courtyard surface tend to engender a noticeable improvement of the room’s daylighting.
Nest box selection and reproduction of European Rollers in Central Italy: a 7-year study

Background: Changes and increased mechanisation of agricultural practices have influenced the biodiversity com-position of farmland habitats and caused a decline of bird communities in many European countries. The removal of shrubs and large trees rich in natural cavities, has also led to a drastic decrease in nest site availability for cavity-nesting bird species. Nest-boxes are a common conservation tool used to improve nest-site availability, and have helped to reverse declines in many endangered bird populations. Nonetheless to maximize the results of such interventions it is crucial to know where nest-boxes should be sited. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the nest-box program for the European Roller (Coracias garrulus) population of Lazio region (Central Italy). More specifically, we focused on what landscape features were preferred (or avoided) in the process of nest box selection and how they influenced population's breeding parameters. Particular attention was paid to identifying potential limitations and to provide management recommendations for future interventions. Methods: Using data from 70 nest boxes sited on power lines monitored over a 7-year period (representing 140 breeding attempts), we developed probability functions to evaluate if nest box location, in terms of distance from habitat resources and habitat composition and structure, had an effect on nest box occupancy and on the main reproductive parameters. Results: Nest boxes were more likely to be occupied if they were located near arable fields and in areas characterized by a higher amount of incoming solar radiation. Higher fledging success was associated with fallow fields and with a moderate/low habitat structural complexity. Higher breeding success was associated with solar radiation and with greater distance from urban areas. Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of specific habitat variables in influencing nest occupancy, and show which drivers primarily affect species' reproduction and persistence over time. Siting nest boxes in habitats where occupancy rate and fledging success is higher, such as in arable and fallow fields and on south-facing slopes where solar radiation is maximised, may help to extend the suitable habitat for rollers and facilitate its local expansion.
A numerical investigation on the mixing factor and particle deposition velocity for enclosed spaces under natural ventilation

The multi-zone model is widely used to predict airflow and contaminant transport in large buildings under natural or mechanical ventilation. Selecting appropriate mixing factors and particle deposition velocities for the multi-zone model can compensate for the errors resulting from the model’s well-mixing assumption. However, different room types, air change rates and ventilation modes can result in different mixing factors and particle deposition velocities. This study selected three typical room types: Z-type, L-type, and rectangle type (R-type). For each room type, the mixing factors and particle deposition velocities were investigated by the CFD model under different natural ventilation rates (0.5 h~(–1), 1 h~(–1), 3 h~(–1), 6 h~(–1), 12 h~(–1) and 20 h~(–1)) and modes (door-inlet, window-inlet). The results showed that the mixing factor of the Z-type room was the highest, and the mixing factors of these rooms were 1.32, 1.28 and 1.13, respectively. In addition, the mixing factors presented a V-shaped distribution as a function of the air exchange rate under the window-inlet mode. The particle deposition velocity increased as the air change rate increased, and also demonstrated that the V-shaped curves as a function of particle size (0.05 μm, 0.1 μm, 0.5 μm, 1 μm, 2.5 μm, 5 μm) varied under different air change rates and room types. The results of mixing factors and particle deposition velocities for different room types, air change rates and ventilation modes can be used to improve the accuracy of the multi-zone model.
Terahertz atmospheric windows for high angular resolution terahertz astronomy from Dome A

Atmospheric transmission from Dome A, Antarctica, presents new possibilities in the field of terahertz astronomy, where space telescopes have been the only observational tools until now. Using atmospheric transmission measurements from Dome A with a Fourier transform spectrometer, transmission spectra and long-term stabilities have been analyzed at 1.461 THz, 3.393 THz, 5.786 THz and 7.1 THz, which show that important atmospheric windows for terahertz astronomy open for a reasonable length of time in the winter season. With large aperture terahertz telescopes and interferometers at Dome A, high angular resolution terahertz observations are foreseen of atomic fine-structure lines from ionized gas and a water ice feature from protoplanetary disks.