mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
水氮梯度对饲用甜高粱生长和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】探究不同灌溉量和施氮水平对饲用甜高粱生长特性、单株耗水规律以及水分利用效率的影响,为确定饲用甜高粱适宜种植密度、优化水氮管理措施以及提高栽培生产潜力提供理论支撑。【方法】在温室条件下进行二因素三水平随机区组试验,供试饲用甜高粱品种为‘大力士'。设置了3个灌溉量,分别为达到田间持水量的30%~50% (I1)、50%~70% (I2)、70%~90% (I3);设置了3个施氮水平,分别为0 kg/hm~2 (N0)、200 kg/hm~2 (N1)、400 kg/hm~2 (N2)。在饲用甜高粱拔节期取样,测定甜高粱株高、茎粗、鲜重与干重。同时,采用自动称重式蒸渗仪测定单株耗水动态,计算了干物质水分利用效率。【结果】1)增加灌溉量显著增加了饲用甜高粱株高和茎粗,与I1相比,I2、I3灌溉量下甜高粱株高分别提高了20.0%和34.5%,茎粗分别增加了18.0%和36.6%。施氮对株高和茎粗无显著影响。2)增加灌溉量显著提高甜高粱植株茎、叶及地上部鲜重和干重,施氮水平仅显著影响叶的鲜重和茎的干重。与I1相比,I2、I3灌溉量下地上部整株鲜重分别提高158.1%、290.1%,干重分别提高84.8%、139.3%。与N0相比,N1、N2施氮量下叶的鲜重分别提高7.6%、4.6%,茎的干重分别降低8.5%、10.4%。I1灌溉量下茎叶比<1,I2和I3灌溉量下茎叶比>1,随着灌溉量增加,饲用甜高粱茎叶比显著增加。在I1、I3灌溉量下,茎叶比随着施氮量的增加而降低。3)随着灌溉量的增加,甜高粱单株耗水量显著增加,而水分利用效率则显著下降。与I1相比,I2、I3灌溉量下累积耗水量分别提高了101.3%、178.9%,水分利用效率分别降低了8.0%、13.9%。施氮对甜高粱单株累积耗水量及水分利用效率均无显著影响。【结论】灌溉量显著影响着甜高粱的生长、干物质量的积累以及干物质向茎秆的分配,过高的灌水量会增加饲用甜高粱的耗水量,降低水分利用效率。氮素对甜高粱的生长未显现出促进作用,高施氮量还会增加干物质在叶片中的分配。因此,适度灌溉并施用少量氮肥可能更适合甜高粱的饲用品质和高水分利用效率。
生物措施显著提高农牧交错区盐渍土的暗管排盐效果

【目的】研究工程与生物改良措施对内蒙古河套灌区下游农牧交错区盐渍土理化性质的协同改善效果,以提高盐渍土的改良效益。【方法】田间试验于2020和2021年展开,试验地暗管埋深0.8 m,间距20 m。生物措施处理为种植甜高粱、苏丹草和苜蓿3种耐盐牧草,以无植物裸地为对照(CK)。植物收获后,测定了植物地上部和地下部生物量,分析了0-20、20-40、40-60 cm土层土壤容重、全盐量、各盐分离子含量,并明晰了土壤盐离子运移特征及植物脱盐效果。【结果】与2020年播前相比,结合暗管排水,苜蓿、甜高粱、苏丹草处理收获后0-20 cm土层容重较试验前分别降低了16.77%、13.57%、14.73%,土壤容重降幅从表层到深层依次减小,3个土层的平均降幅是CK的6.37~7.88倍;苜蓿、苏丹草、甜高粱和CK处理0-20 cm土层脱盐率分别为61.42%、56.69%、39.96%和23.43%,3个工程-生物双重措施处理较暗管单一措施对照的脱盐率高16.53%~37.99%,20-40、40-60 cm土层的脱盐率依次降低。土壤主导盐分离子SO_4~(2-)、Na~++K~+、Cl~-脱盐率较高,平均为41.91%~57.47%、33.4%~55.39%、31.05%~53.49%,同一处理各主导盐分离子的脱盐率较为接近。苜蓿地上部分Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-含量显著高于甜高粱和苏丹草。2021年苜蓿、甜高粱、苏丹草处理分别较2020年增产51.81%、28.51%、24.35%。2年刈割苜蓿、甜高粱、苏丹草携出的盐分量分别为30.00、66.92、68.05 g/m~2,分别占土壤总脱盐量的1.59%、5.13%、3.32%。【结论】植物措施可显著提升工程措施降低土壤容重和全盐量的效果,尤其在0-20 cm土层。植物通过刈割带走的盐分含量相较淋洗盐分含量微不足道,植物通过根系改善了土壤结构从而促进盐分淋洗出耕层,因此主要根据植物促进土壤盐分淋洗作用的强弱来筛选适宜的耐盐植物。种植苜蓿降低土壤容重和全盐量的效果最优,因此在河套灌区下游农牧交错区,采用暗管排水配合种植苜蓿是改良盐渍土的有效措施。
国家尺度自然保护地生态系统联网监测指标体系构建与应用研究

自然保护地是维护国家生态安全,提升生物多样性保护成效的重要载体,对保护地生态系统进行实时、高频、多尺度的监测是认知其动态变化的有效手段,也是实现自然保护地生态系统健康管理的基石。由于目前我国没有形成自然保护地生态系统监测网络,缺少统一的联网监测指标体系,导致多数自然保护地生态系统组成家底不清、动态不明,应对生物多样性保护新问题的能力不足,并且在国家尺度上的自然保护地生态系统健康状况及保护成效评估缺乏联网监测数据支撑。因此,亟需构建国家尺度的自然保护地生态系统组成和动态监测网络,以及一套科学、系统、规范的自然保护地生态系统联网监测指标体系。该文针对自然保护地生物多样性和生态系统监测的目标和内容,参考国内外现有的生态系统监测网络的指标体系,确定了自然保护地生态系统联网监测指标体系建立和选取的基本原则,建立了一套适用于国家尺度的自然保护地生态系统联网监测指标体系,并在6个国家级自然保护区进行示范。构建的指标体系针对构成生态系统的6类关键要素(生境要素、生物要素、气象要素、土壤要素、大气和水环境要素、景观要素)制定了30个监测指标,有效应用于森林、草地、荒漠、湿地等生态系统类型的自然保护地,能够实现对不同类型自然保护地生态系统组分和结构的现状和演变特征进行长期、动态化监测,并可为自然保护地保护成效评估和健康管理提供规范化、标准化的基础数据。
沿海养殖池塘对红树林生态系统影响的时空变化监测与分析

随着沿海人类活动的日益加剧,其对红树林生态系统健康和可持续发展的影响也逐渐凸显,实现红树林周边典型人类活动时空动态变化监测对红树林生态系统的保护与修复意义重大。该研究基于Landsat多时相遥感数据和Google Earth Engine平台,通过面向对象的机器学习方法,融入水体季节波动信息作为分类特征,获取了1990、2000、2010和2020年4个不同时期中国沿海红树林分布省区(包括广东、福建、浙江、台湾、广西及海南) 30 m分辨率的养殖池塘空间格局及其变化特征,并进一步解析养殖池塘对红树林生态系统的影响。研究结果表明:(1)研究区域内4个时间节点的沿海养殖池塘面积总量分别为2 963、5 200、5 377及4 805 km~2,呈先增加后减少的趋势,于2010-2020年间达到峰值。沿海养殖池塘面积变化趋势和达峰时间存在明显区域差异性,其主要原因是红树林保护政策、养殖池塘规范管理和阶段性经济目标的区域差异化。(2)我国沿海养殖池塘集中分布在21°-24° N区域(广东和广西),与红树林沿纬度的分布格局呈错峰分布。其中,红树林与沿海养殖池塘集中分布区(21°-22° N)存在大量养殖池塘堤边生长红树林的特色格局,此区域内两者交互作用最为紧密,是探究人类活动对红树林生态系统影响的典型热点地区。(3)养殖池塘侵占红树林是造成红树林损失的最直接原因,并导致红树林空间分布格局呈现局部破碎化或聚集化的极端发展趋势。该研究通过解析沿海养殖池塘的空间格局,为精准评估红树林周边典型人类活动变化提供数据支撑,为进一步监测红树林空间格局动态变化趋势和红树林优先修复区识别提供参考依据。
离子推力器栅极材料的发展现状

离子推力器是一种应用广泛的电推力器。栅极在离子推力器中用于将离子引出并加速产生推力,是决定离子推力器的性能以及可靠性的关键组件。近年来,用于制备栅极的材料由钼等金属材料过渡到碳基材料,尤其是C/C复合材料具有更优的热稳定性与耐离子溅射性能,是大承载、长寿命、高稳定性离子推力器理想的栅极候选材料。一些国家已开展C/C复合材料栅极研制并实现星际飞行,而我国栅极材料仍采用金属钼,C/C复合材料栅极工程应用仍处于空白。本文主要总结栅极材料的发展现状,分析各种栅极材料的优缺点,并探讨各国C/C复合材料栅极的制造技术。
酸雨对混凝土表层结构的侵蚀机理

混凝土表层结构是影响酸雨环境下材料耐久性能和钢筋保护层作用的重要环节,然而,目前关于酸雨对混凝土表层结构的侵蚀机理方面的研究还较为缺乏。通过测试模拟酸雨侵蚀条件下混凝土的累积酸消耗、中性化深度、质量、强度等性能的变化规律,结合XRD、SEM等微观测试手段和理论分析,研究了混凝土表层结构受酸雨作用的腐蚀机理。结果表明,混凝土表层结构的孔隙率较大且硬化水泥浆体含量较高,使得酸雨在其中的侵蚀速度较快,导致水泥石中的Ca(OH)_2一部分发生溶解,一部分反应生成CaSO_4·2H_2O;水化硅酸钙、水化铝酸钙和钙矾石分解成CaSO_4·2H_2O、Al_2O_3·nH_2O和CaSO_4·2H_2O,其中Al_2O_3·nH_2O进一步与H+反应而溶解。砂率的增加和聚丙烯纤维的掺入改善了混凝土表层结构,显著提高了混凝土的耐酸雨侵蚀性能。
磁性壳聚糖吸附剂的季铵盐改性及磷吸附性能

为提升吸附剂的固-液分离效率及磷吸附选择性,以粉煤灰磁珠(CMS)为磁核,以甲基丙烯酰丙基三甲基氯化铵(MAPTAC)改性的壳聚糖(CS)为壳层材料,制备了磁性CMS/CS/MAPTAC吸附剂。利用热重分析、X射线衍射、振动样品磁强计、扫描电镜、红外光谱仪和X射线光电子能谱对CMS/CS/MAPTAC进行了系统表征。研究表明,CMS颗粒均匀分布于CS基体中,MAPTAC以化学键形式与CS结合。所得CMS/CS/MAPTAC具有16.8 emu/g的强磁性,因而可利用磁场实现高效固-液分离。磷吸附试验表明,CMS/CS经MAPTAC修饰后,磷吸附性能大幅提升。在pH = 4.0,25 ℃条件下,其最大磷吸附容量可达50.7 mg/g。溶液pH、时间、浓度、温度和共存阴离子等因素对磷吸附性能具有显著影响。吸附动力学和等温线模拟表明,CMS/CS/MAPTAC的磷吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型,以单分子层化学吸附为主。经过五次循环利用后,CMS/CS/MAPTAC仍保留60%以上的磷吸附性能。
淀粉复合膜的制备、性能及应用研究进展

生物经济正在加速改变食品、环境、医疗和能源等行业,这引起了工商业、学术界和政府的高度关注,因此对天然高分子等生物资源的研究、开发和利用意义重大。天然淀粉因具有来源广泛、价格低廉、无毒、无免疫原、可生物降解和再生、黏附性和生物相容性良好等优点而倍受青睐,但单淀粉膜却有耐水性差、强度低等缺陷,通过化学键和分子间作用力与其它材料复合可改善其性能。本文综述了用纤维素、壳聚糖、蛋白质、脂肪族聚酯、聚乙烯醇、聚烯烃塑料、纳米氧化物、黏土、磷(膦)酸锆和纤维等改性淀粉,通过溶剂浇铸、压塑、挤出吹塑和注塑成型等制备复合膜,总结了这些复合膜的耐水性、力学性能、生物降解性、水蒸气透过性、热稳定性、相容性和抗菌性及其在食品包装、环境和生物医药等领域的应用。最后,展望了超临界流体、超声活化等技术处理改性后的淀粉有利于膜性能的改善;生物相容性良好的新型插层材料是未来的研究方向。
石墨烯/硅肖特基结界面优化研究进展

在各种商业太阳能电池中,传统硅基太阳能电池由于其原材料丰富、制作工艺成熟等优势,在全球光伏市场中占据着主导地位。但是传统硅基太阳能电池在生产过程中需要高温扩散或者离子注入形成p-n结等原因使其成本高于常规能源,并且这个过程能耗高同时对环境造成污染,与清洁能源的目标相矛盾。因此,进一步降低光伏发电成本,一直是人们所追求的目标。近年来,石墨烯/硅(Gr/Si)肖特基结太阳能电池因其工艺简单且有望实现低成本器件制备而备受关注。石墨烯具有透光率高、导电性好等特点,可作为此类太阳能电池中光生载流子分离的活性层和透明电极。同时石墨烯的导电性可通过化学掺杂或增加石墨烯薄膜层数得以提高。当前,界面工程、化学掺杂、减反薄膜等技术的引入使石墨烯/硅(Gr/Si)肖特基结太阳能电池的光电转换效率在短短几年就从1.65%提高到16.61%(接近传统硅基太阳能电池的水平),说明石墨烯/硅(Gr/Si)肖特基结太阳能电池具有巨大的发展潜力。但是硅表面存在大量的悬挂键和缺陷,这些表面态可以充当电子的俘获和复合中心,极大地增加了硅表面载流子复合速率,造成费米能级钉扎、肖特基势垒降低,不利于器件性能的提升。通过Gr/Si界面优化,降低界面复合,提高电池开路电压(VOC)从而优化电池性能的思路成为当前的研究热点之一。本文归纳了绝缘层钝化、硅表面化学基团钝化和空穴传输层插入等主流的Gr/Si界面优化机理和研究进展,为制备高效率和高稳定性的石墨烯/硅肖特基太阳能电池提供一定的参考和指导。
考虑信息平台优化的医疗服务系统决策研究

微信、支付宝等手机应用上预约挂号和智能分诊的实现,实质上是信息平台优化。而信息平台优化投入对患者就医偏好的影响具有不确定性。通过分析信息平台优化投入对患者就诊选择影响,本文构建了考虑信息平台优化的医疗服务系统。与以往研究不同的是,系统中的期望等待时间为更精确的等待队列等待时间。另外,服务提供者的最优化决策变量创新地由医疗服务能力转为信息平台优化的投入,同时资金提供者的决策目标为最小化社会医疗成本。本文研究了医疗服务系统的均衡策略与均衡状态的性质。其次,对不同医疗服务规模的医疗服务系统的均衡状态进行了对比。研究发现,对于公共医疗系统,信息平台优化的最优投入与患者自付率无关,而这有助于实现基本医疗服务均等化。本文从数理上证明了,在均衡状态下,当患者的医疗需要增加时,划拨到公立医院的预算会减少。患者自付率与医疗服务的复杂度无关,即患者负担的医疗费用与医疗服务的复杂度无关。
不确定需求下二级供应链中的鲁棒定价问题

对由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的单一产品二级供应链,在市场潜在需求和价格敏感系数不确定的情况下,分析制造商和零售商的鲁棒定价决策。首先考虑了零售商掌握完全信息而制造商仅已知各参数区间的不对称信息情形,建立Stackelberg鲁棒博弈模型并对模型的均衡解进行探讨,进一步通过对解的分析和对比讨论了不对称信息下零售商的决策优势。然后研究了制造商和零售商都仅已知各参数区间的不完全信息情形,给出Stackelberg鲁棒博弈模型,求得其均衡解并与完全信息下的情形以及不对称信息下的情形进行比较,分别得到制造商和零售商在不完全信息下所获得的利润比在完全信息下所获得利润高的条件,并证明了制造商在不完全信息下所获得的利润比在不对称信息下获得的利润高,而零售商则刚好相反。最后给出算例分析,对所得到的解和结论做一些补充。
中空多层级FeS_2@FeS_2@N,S-C纳米立方体的制备及锂存储性能

通过一系列溶剂热、聚多巴胺原位聚合和高温硫化过程成功构筑了中空多层级FeS_2@FeS_2@N,S-C纳米立方体.采用X射线衍射仪和X射线光电子能谱表征了样品的组成成分及元素价态;采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜以及N2吸/脱附测试表征了样品的形貌和微观结构.在锂离子电池中该材料不仅能有效保持结构稳定,还具有不断提高的电极反应动力学.研究结果表明, FeS_2@FeS_2@N,S-C在0.2、0.5和2 A/g时的放电容量分别为505.6、 472.2和360 mAh/g,在1 A/g下循环500次后仍保持492.1 mAh/g的可逆容量.该材料优异的电化学性能可归因于其杂原子掺杂碳层包覆的中空纳米花形结构及多组分的协同作用.
仿鲹科张拉整体式机器鱼的结构设计与动力学分析

为实现仿生机器鱼的柔性化设计,基于一种新型的二维张拉整体结构,根据鲹科鱼类的游动方式,建立了仿鲹科机器鱼的张拉整体式尾部关节.参照鱼类的外形特征,利用三维实体建模软件构造了机器鱼的三维模型,建立了尾部关节在给定驱动力下的动力学模型并进行了数值求解,结果符合鱼类巡游时的运动曲线,并进一步通过虚拟样机仿真验证了模型的准确性.最后,采用动力学模型探究了系统参数对机器鱼动力学响应的影响规律,为后续的优化设计提供依据.本文所提出的仿鲹科张拉整体式机器鱼,为柔性机器鱼设计提供了一定的理论基础和应用参考,有望应用于复杂水下环境探测.
基于组学的污染物高通量毒理学筛查与风险评估

从大量的环境污染物中筛查出具有高毒性、高风险的化学污染物是环境风险防控的前提和基础.有毒化学污染物经环境暴露进入生命体系后,可通过不同的分子靶标和生物学通路诱导有害健康结局.现有的高通量毒性筛查方法主要依赖少数且孤立的分子靶点,难以捕获致毒的关键生物学过程,无法确定化学污染物与疾病之间的直接关系.毒理基因组学利用组学技术所具有的全基因组覆盖、通量高、支持大数据分析等优势,实现了化学污染物高通量筛查和风险评估方法的革新.本文通过具体研究案例分析,从4个方面综述了毒理基因组学在化学污染物高通量毒理学筛查与风险评估方法学研究上的技术优势和最新进展.在分子事件上,毒理组学测试覆盖的分子靶点数目多,且靶点之间的关系可由通路连接.在生物学通路方面,单一组学、多组学联合以及有害结局路径从多生物学水平上为化学污染物筛查与健康风险评估提供机制信息.在人群疾病方面,功能基因组学为探究有毒化学污染物暴露下个体疾病风险和易感性的机制提供了新的手段.最后,针对复合污染,将组学技术与化学分析结合有助于精准地识别环境介质中构成生态与健康风险的关键化学物质.综上,未来基于组学的污染物高通量毒理学筛查技术的发展可有力支持传统和新污染物的精准环境风险评估.
富钴斑岩型金铜矿床地质特征及存在问题: 以黑龙江金厂矿床为例

钴是我国战略性关键金属,对外依存度达95%.我国众多斑岩-矽卡岩型系统中伴生钴,且是我国钴资源的一个重要来源.目前认为,斑岩-矽卡岩型系统成矿物质和成矿流体均主要来自深部岩浆房,指示斑岩型矿床可能同样存在富钴的潜力.然而,目前国内外尚无典型斑岩型富钴矿床的明确报道,严重制约了我们对岩浆热液型富钴矿床,尤其是斑岩型矿床中的钴富集机理研究.黑龙江金厂大型金铜矿床,矿石类型分为角砾岩型、裂控型和细脉浸染型,为斑岩型金铜矿床.多种年代学方法揭示,金铜矿化发生于早白垩世,形成于(古)太平洋板块俯冲背景.初步研究发现,金厂矿床角砾岩筒中存在明显的钴富集,大量矿石样品中钴含量达到了0.06%以上,达到并超过了钴矿工业品位,发育钴的独立矿物(如硫镍钴矿和辉砷钴矿),同时黄铁矿也含有较高的钴含量(0.04%~0.2%),因而金厂是典型富钴斑岩型金铜矿床,证实俯冲期斑岩型矿床中存在钴矿化和富集的潜力.后续研究应尽快厘清金厂斑岩型富钴矿床中钴的赋存状态和分布特征,明确幔源岩浆对矿床中金铜钴等金属元素的富集具有贡献,揭示钴在中高温岩浆热液流体中的迁移行为,探讨钴沉淀的主控因素.据此提出,应重视我国斑岩型矿床中钴的富集程度,其中斑岩型金铜矿床是最有可能形成钴富集和矿化的斑岩型矿床.
Eco-engineering approaches for ocean negative carbon emission

The goal of achieving carbon neutrality in the next 30±40 years is approaching worldwide consensus and requires coordinated efforts to combat the increasing threat of climate change.Two main sets of actions have been proposed to address this grand goal.One is to reduce anthropogenic CO_2 emissions to the atmosphere,and the other is to increase carbon sinks or negative emissions,i.e.,removing CO_2 from the atmosphere.Here we advocate eco-engineering approaches for ocean negative carbon emission (ONCE),aiming to enhance carbon sinks in the marine environment.An international program is being established to promote coordinated efforts in developing ONCE-relevant strategies and methodologies,taking into consideration ecological/biogeochemical processes and mechanisms related to different forms of carbon (inorganic/organic,biotic/abiotic,particulate/dissolved) for sequestration.We focus on marine ecosystem-based approaches and pay special attention to mechanisms that require transformative research,including those elucidating interactions between the biological pump (BP),the microbial carbon pump (MCP),and microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP).Eutrophic estuaries,hypoxic and anoxic waters,coral reef ecosystems,as well as aquaculture areas are particularly considered in the context of efforts to increase their capacity as carbon sinks.ONCE approaches are thus expected to be beneficial for both carbon sequestration and alleviation of environmental stresses.
Soluble porous organic cages as homogenizers and electron-acceptors for homogenization of heterogeneous alloy nanoparticle catalysts with enhanced catalytic activity

The creation of ultrafine alloy nanoparticles (<5 nm) that can maintain surface activity and avoid aggregation for heterogeneous catalysis has received much attention and is extremely challenging. Here, ultrafine PtRh alloy nanoparticles imprisoned by the cavities of reduced chiral covalent imine cage (PtRh@RCC3) are prepared successfully by an organic molecular cage (OMC) confinement strategy, while the soluble RCC3 can act as a homogenizer to homogenize the heterogeneous PtRh alloy in solution. Moreover, the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) results show that the RCC3 can act as an electron-acceptor to withdraw electrons from Pt, leading to the formation of higher valence Pt atoms, which is beneficial to improving the catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Attributed to the synergistic effect of Pt/Rh atoms and the unique function of the RCC3, the reaction rate constants of Pt1Rh16@RCC3 are 49.6, 8.2, and 5.5 times than those of the Pt1Rh16 bulk, Pt@RCC3 and Rh@RCC3, respectively. This work provides a feasible strategy to homogenize heterogeneous alloy nanoparticle catalysts in solution, showing huge potential for advanced catalytic application.
Metal-air batteries: progress and perspective

The metal-air batteries with the largest theoretical energy densities have been paid much more attention. However, metal-air batteries including Li-air/O_2, Li-CO_2, Na-air/O_2, and Zn-air/O_2 batteries, are complex systems that have their respective scientific problems, such as metal dendrite forming/deforming, the kinetics of redox mediators for oxygen reduction/evolution reactions, high overpotentials, desolution of CO_2, H_2O, etc. from the air and related side reactions on both anode and cathode. It should be the main direction to address these shortages to improve performance. Here, we summarized recently research progress in these metal-air/O_2 batteries. Some perspectives are also provided for these research fields.
Maximizing the ion accessibility and high mechanical strength in nanoscale ion channel MXene electrodes for high-capacity zinc-ion energy storage

Two-dimensional transition-metal carbides (MXenes) have superhydrophilic surfaces and superior metal conductivity, making them competitive in the field of electrochemical energy storage. However, MXenes with layered structures are easily stackable, which reduces the ion accessibility and transport paths, thus limiting their electrochemical performance. To fully exploit the advantages of MXenes in electrochemical energy storage, this study reports the etching of large-sized MXene into nanosheets with nanoscale ion channels via a chemical oxidation method. While the resulting ion-channel MXene electrodes retain the excellent mechanical strength and electrical conductivity of large-sized MXene nanosheets, they can effectively shorten the ion transport distance and improve the overall electrochemical activity. The fabricated self-healing MXene-based zinc-ion microcapacitor exhibits a high areal specific capacitance (532.8 mF cm~(-2)) at the current density of 2 mA cm~(-2), a low self-discharge rate (4.4 mV h~(-1)), and high energy density of 145.1 μWh cm~(-2) at the power density of 2800 μW cm~(-2). The proposed nanoscale ion channel structure provides an alternative strategy for constructing high-performance electrochemical energy storage electrodes, and has great application prospects in the fields of electrochemical energy storage and flexible electronics.
Defective 1T'-ReSe_2 nanosheets vertically grown on elastic MXene for fast and stable potassium ion storage

The sluggish reaction kinetics and poor structure stability of transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs)- based anodes in potassium-ion batteries(KIBs)usually cause limited rate performance and rapid capacity decay, which seriously impede their application. Herein, we report a vacancy engineering strategy for preparing a class of Te-doped 1T'-ReSe_2 anchored onto MXene(Te-ReSe_2/MXene)as an advanced anode for KIBs with high performance. By taking advantage of the synergistic effects of the defective Te-ReSe_2 arrays with expanded interlayers and the elastic MXene nanosheets with self-autoadjustable function, the Te-ReSe_2/ MXene superstructure exhibits boosted K~+ ion storage performance, in terms of high reversible capacity(361.1 mA h g~(-1) at 0.1 A g~(-1) over 200 cycles), excellent rate capability(179.3 mA h g~(-1) at 20 A g~(-1)), ultra-long cycle life(202.8 mA h g~(-1) at 5 A g~(-1) over 2000 cycles), and steady operation in flexible full battery, presenting one of the best performances among the TMDs-based anodes reported thus far. The kinetics analysis and theoretical calculations further indicate that satisfactory pseudocapacitive property, high electronic conductivity and outstanding K~+ ion adsorption/ diffusion capability corroborate the accelerated reaction kinetics. Especially, structural characterizations clearly elaborate that the Te-ReSe_2/MXene undergoes reversible evolutions of an initial insertion process followed by a conversion reaction.
Synergistic high efficiency and low energy loss of all-small-molecule organic solar cells based on benzotriazole-based π-bridge unit

Reducing energy loss(Vloss)is one of the most crucial challenges in organic photovoltaic cells. The Vloss, determined by the differences between the optical band gap(Eg)of the active layer material and the open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))of the device, is generally alleviated by lowering the energy difference between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)and highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO)level of the donor(D)and acceptor(A). In this work, we synthesized two A-π-D-π-A-type small-molecule donors(SMDs)SM-benzotriazole(BTz)-1 and SM-BTz-2 by introducing a BTz π-bridge unit and terminal regulation. The BTz π-bridge unit significantly lowers the HOMO energy level of SMDs, resulting in high V_(oc) and high mobility, achieving a balance of low energy loss(<0.5 eV)and high efficiency. Ultimately, the organic solar cells based on SM-BTz-2 as the donor and Y6 as the acceptor obtain a high V_(oc) of 0.91 V, J_(sc) of 22.8 mA cm~(-2), fill factor of 68%, and power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 14.12%, which is one of the highest efficiencies based on the SMDs with triazole π-bridges to date. What's more, the BTz π-bridge unit is a potential unit that can improve mobility and reduce energy loss.
Anionic surfactant anchoring enables 23.4% efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

Nonradiative recombination losses at defects in metal halide perovskite films are responsible for hindering the improvement of the photovoltaic performance and stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs). Here, we report a feasible multifunctional additive strategy that uses cesium stearate to passivate defects in perovskite films and simultaneously enhances the tolerance to light and moisture stress. Nonradiative recombination losses are effectively suppressed in target films that exhibit improved crystallinity, low trap-state density, and enhanced carrier separation and transportation. The present strategy hence boosts the power conversion efficiency of the pi-n structured PSC to 23.41%. Our device also shows good stability in ambient air without encapsulation, maintaining 91.6% of the initial efficiency after 720 h.
Emerging dual-atomic-site catalysts for electrocatalytic CO_2 reduction

The electrochemical CO_2 reduction reaction(CO_2RR)to yield high-value added fuels and chemicals provides a promising approach towards global carbon neutrality. Constant endeavors have been devoted to the exploration of high-efficiency catalyst with rapid reaction kinetics, low energy input, and high selectivity. In addition to the maximum metal atomic utilization and unique catalytic performance of single-atom catalyst(SAC), dual-atomic-site catalysts(DASCs)offer more sophisticated and tunable atomic structure through the modulations of another adjacent metal atom, which can bring new opportunities for CO_2RR as a deeper extension of SACs and have recently aroused surging interest. In this review, we highlight the recent advances on DASCs for enhancing CO_2RR. First, the classification, synthesis, and identification of DASCs are provided according to the geometric structure and electronic configuration of dual-atomic active sites. Then, the catalytic applications of DASCs in CO_2RR are categorized based on marriage-type, hetero-nuclear, and homo-nuclear dual-atomic sites. Particularly, the structure-activity relationship of DASCs in CO_2RR is elaborately summarized through systematically analyzing the reaction pathways and the atom structures. Finally, the opportunities and challenges are proposed for inspiring the design of future DASCs with high structural accuracy and high CO_2RR activity and selectivity.
Internally inflated core-buffer-shell structural Si/EG/C composites as high-performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries

A watermelon-like internally inflated corebuffer- shell structural Si/electrochemically exfoliated graphene/ C(Si/EG/C)composite is designed and prepared by the industrially established ball milling and spray drying method. Owing to numerous folds and voids in the EG filled between nano silicon and carbon shell, the volume fluctuations of silicon inside the Si/EG/C particles are buffered and lithium ions also could transport fast through the channels. With these advantages, the core-buffer-shell structural Si/EG/C composite demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance. The Si/EG/C anodes in half cells exhibit no degradation of the initial capacity(834 mA h g~(-1))after 100 cycles. Moreover, the Si/EG/C//LiCoO_2 full cells retain almost 100% of the initial discharge capacity after 500 cycles. These results highlight the potential applications of Si/EG/C in the next generation of Liion batteries.
Electronic modulation and structure engineered MoSe_2 with multichannel paths as an advanced anode for sodium-ion half/full batteries

Owing to the abundance and low price of sodium, researches on sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)as a lithiumion battery(LIB)alternative are emerging as a consensus. It is crucial to develop electrode materials suitable for sodium storage. In recent years, two-dimensional(2D)layered transition metal disulfide compounds(TMDs)have trigered interest in the realm of energy and environmental fields. In particular, MoSe_2 is thought to be a suitable material for SIBs due to its wide original layer spacing and high conductivity. Herein, N-doped dual carbon-coated MoSe_2 with multichannel paths(MoSe_2/multichannel carbon nanofibers(MCFs)@NC)is fabricated via electrospinning, followed by a selenation and carbonization process. The existence of a 3D conductive network, abundant void spaces, and sufficient electron transportation pathways are conducive to rapid and fast charge transfer kinetics under volume expansion stress. When applied in SIBs, the MoSe_2/MCFs@NC shows a high capability(319 mA h g~(-1) at 10 A g~(-1)), as well as good cycling stability(303 mA h g~(-1) after 1100 cycles at 10 A g~(-1)). Furthermore, coupled with the Na_3V_2(PO_4)_2O_2F cathode, the full cell also exhibits excellent performance. The theoretical calculation of the MoSe_2/MCFs@NC confirms that the superiority of its SIB performance is owing to the strong interaction between the double-doped carbon and MoSe_2. This scheme provides a wide space for preparing high-performance electrode materials for SIBs.
Fuzzy-second order sliding mode control optimized by genetic algorithm applied in direct torque control of dual star induction motor

The direct torque control of the dual star induction motor (DTC-DSIM) using conventional PI controllers is characterized by unsatisfactory performance, such as high ripples of torque and flux, and sensitivity to parametric variations. Among the most evoked control strategies adopted in this field to overcome these drawbacks presented in classical drive, it is worth mentioning the use of the second order sliding mode control (SOSMC) based on the super twisting algorithm (STA) combined with the fuzzy logic control (FSOSMC). In order to realize the optimal control performance, the FSOSMC parameters are adjusted using an optimization algorithm based on the genetic algorithm (GA). The performances of the envisaged control scheme, called G-FSOSMC, are investigated against G-SOSMC, G-PI and BBO-FSOSMC algorithms. The proposed controller scheme is efficient in reducing the torque and flux ripples, and successfully suppresses chattering. The effects of parametric uncertainties do not affect system performance.
SINS/BDS紧组合系统中自适应两阶段扩展卡尔曼滤波

在实际应用中,以伪距/伪距率为观测量的SINS/BDS紧组合导航系统,存在量测噪声的统计特性与实际不相符的情况,传统扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)方法无法有效解决这一问题,从而引起滤波误差增大。提出了一种SINS/BDS紧组合导航系统的GDOP估算及在线估计量测噪声的自适应两阶段EKF(ATEKF)方法,该方法使用经过紧组合修正后的SINS输出的位置,并结合星历数据中提供的卫星位置求解GDOP。在此基础上,利用GDOP值以及新息,实现了紧组合导航系统的量测噪声方差阵(Rk)的在线实时估计,从而达到自适应滤波的效果,改善导航精度。
储能电池系统提供AGC调频的机会成本建模与市场策略

在“双碳”背景下,可再生能源发电在电网中的比重越来越高,电力系统的AGC调频、备用等辅助服务需求也显著增加。储能电池系统作为一种新型灵活资源,在提供辅助服务方面潜力巨大。同时,储能电池系统也面临着参与电能量市场与辅助服务市场的收益权衡问题。为此,本文以锂电池储能电池系统为例,基于机会成本概念,提出了储能电池系统提供AGC调频的机会成本分析与建模方法;进而提出了储能电池系统参与电能量市场与AGC调频市场运行策略。算例分析表明,储能电池系统提供AGC调频的边际机会成本随申报容量的增加而增加,因此,当AGC调频容量的边际机会成本与AGC调节成本之和等于AGC调频补偿价格时,储能电池系统的总收益达到最大。
N/P设计对高镍NCM/Gr电芯性能的影响

本研究以三元NCM811为正极材料、人造石墨为负极材料制作了软包锂离子电池,并通过固定正极容量、变化负极容量的方式设计了三种不同N/P比,并对其初始容量、首效、初始内阻、倍率放电、高低温放电、高温存储、循环寿命等进行了研究。结果表明N/P比设计对电芯容量发挥、首效、初始内阻、高低温放电、高温存储、循环寿命均具有一定影响,对倍率放电无明显影响。提高N/P比将有利于正极材料的容量发挥,提高电芯的初始容量;但过高的N/P比会使正极电极电位偏高,电解液易在正极侧发生副反应,而低的N/P比可以使正极具有较低的电极电位,降低电池在高温存储、循环过程中过渡金属溶出和副反应发生,提高电芯的高温存储和循环性能。但N/P比过低时,Li+易在负极表面还原,造成活性锂损失,影响电芯循环性能。综合考察各项电性能,本研究最优N/P比设计为1.10。
考虑时间相关性的电动汽车全生命周期碳排放量预测

电动汽车碳排放影响因素较多,导致其精确预测难度较大。为此,本工作提出考虑时间相关性的电动汽车全生命周期碳排放量预测方法。从全生命周期理论出发,计量边际发电量、线损率、煤炭生产环节产生的碳排放量、电煤运输环节产生的碳排放量与发电环节的碳排放量,并将时间相关性应用到电动汽车行驶特征分析,计算直接碳排放量,以此完成考虑时间相关性的电动汽车全生命周期碳排放量预测。实验结果表明:在车辆上坡、下坡、拥堵与正常行驶情况下的碳排放量预测准确度较高,满足电动汽车碳排放量预测需求。
全钒液流电池在充电结束搁置阶段的开路电压变化

本工作通过对全钒液流电池的充电-搁置实验,对电池搁置阶段的开路电压变化进行探索。实验发现,全钒液流电池的开路电压变化与非液流储能电池有所不同,主要由跃降、缓慢下降、缓慢上升和趋于稳定四个过程组成。本工作首先对全钒液流电池开路电压的四个过程逐步进行分析,然后重点针对开路电压出现缓慢上升的原因及影响因素进行探索。实验结果表明全钒液流电池开路电压缓慢上升的过程与电池内电解液体积占比和流量有关,是全钒液流电池在充电结束搁置阶段的重要特征。电池内电解液体积占比越小,开路电压缓慢上升过程越长,上升幅度越小。电解液流量越大,开路电压缓慢上升过程越短,上升幅度越小。
基于权重自适应鲸鱼优化算法的多能系统储能电站最优配置

本文考虑风-光-火-储多能系统的运行特性和约束条件,将火电厂的输出功率波动最小作为目标函数,得到非线性规划方程。利用非线性自适应权重协调寻优算法的全局搜索及局部搜索能力这一特点,在包围猎物、气泡攻击及搜索猎物过程中引入非线性自适应权重系数S1和S2,对鲸鱼优化算法进行改进。改进后的算法用来求解多能系统储能电站的优化配置问题。利用IEEE33节点系统作为风-光-火-储系统的仿真模型,根据权重自适应鲸鱼优化算法的计算结果,储能选址在13节点,储能的配置容量为40.2 MWh,储能系统的年运行成本为1329万元。结果表明,本文提出的储能配置策略有效抑制了多能系统中火电厂的功率波动,加入储能后火电厂功率的峰谷差下降了90.79%,有效实现了辅助调峰。对于大规模新能源并网对电力系统造成的冲击,本文提出的优化配置策略有助于储能电站的规划与建设,将为实现“双碳”目标和推动能源革命提供重要支撑。