mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Glue from the Sea:Biomedical Adhesives Inspired by Algal Polymers

Introduction Tissue repair following surgery or trauma has been dominated by sutures,staples and wiring.Although these techniques are well established and widely used,their application often involves pain,unaesthetic results,or bleeding. These limitations emphasize the need for adhesive products to be available to surgeons.2 ResultsA challenging aspect of developing new tissue adhesive is to create a material that can glue wet surfaces.The success of synthetic glues under such an environment is very limited.On the contrary,many marine sessile organisms produce adhesives that effectively stick to almost any wet surface.We have studied adhesive materials formulated from phenolic polymers extracted from the brown alga Fucus Serratus.Shear-lap tests demonstrated that the polyphenol forms contact point with the surface,however hardening with alginate and/or calcium is essential for high cohesive strength.Further insight into the mechanism of glue formation was obtained from scattering and electron microscopy experiments.These have shown that the phenolic polymer self-assembles and forms flexible chain-like objects.This structure does not change upon enzymatic cross-linking or addition of alginate.However,once the alginate is cross-liked with calcium ions,a rigid network is formed.Presumably,this network is responsible for the cohesive strength of the glue.
A Convenient Method for the Oxidation of Alcohols with KMnO_4 to Their Corresponding Carbonyl Compounds in Ionic Liquid Media

Results Carbonyl compounds constitute an important group of molecules in organic chemistry,which appears in pharmaceuticals,dyes and industrially important chemicals[1-2].The oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl groups is a fundamental transformation in organic chemistry and industrially important[3].There is considerable interest in the use of room temperature ionic liquids as promising substitutes for volatile organic solvents.The ambient-temperature ionic liquids,especially those based on 1,3-dialkylimidazolium cations,have been emerged as promising green solvents in recent decades[4].Some of the advantages of using ionic liquids in catalytic reactions are connected with the lack of a measurable vapor pressure.Products can be easily distilled out of the reaction mixture and the impact on the environment and operating personnel is dramatically reduced.In addition,due to the great choice of different ionic liquids,the solvent properties may be tuned to suit a particular application.In order to investigate such oxidation reactions in ionic liquids; the selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes was selected as a model reaction.
Highly Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis Usomg Organocatalyst Derived From(S)-proline

Results Much effort has been focused on organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis in these several years. We have already documented highly efficient organocatalytic asymmetric acylation of a wide variety of racemic alcohols and meso-diols catalyzed bya chiral 1,2-diamine derived from (S)-proline[1]. (S)-Homoproline seems to be a potentially interesting organocatalyst, but no examples using (S)-homoproline itself in asymmetric synthesis has been reported. We have accomplished an efficient and practical synthesis of (S)-homoproline, which is a one-carbon homologated proline, starting from (S)-proline in 7 steps. And then we have developed a novel asymmetric Michael additionreaction of ketones to β-nitrostyrene and its derivatives using (S)-homoproline as a chiral organocatalyst. The reaction was performed in a highly diastereoselective and enantioselective manner over 90% ee[2].
削平手术并冷冻术治疗瘢痕疙瘩的远期疗效观察

瘢痕疙瘩是皮肤科常见疾病之一，治疗方法繁多，疗效不一。我们自1998年至2006年采用削平手术并冷冻术治疗瘢痕疙瘩患者共5 7例，并对其远期疗效及相关因素进行了分析，现报道如下。
胃肠道间质瘤合并其他原发癌四例

本组4例胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）患者中男3例，女1例；中位年龄68岁（62～76岁），详细资料见表1。讨论本组4例中仅1例通过影像学（B超、CT、MRI）检查考虑为输尿管肿瘤合并肠道GIST，其他3例经内镜检查仅发现胃肠道癌，在术中探查时才发现另外的肿瘤病灶。另外，本组仅1例两个肿瘤发生在同一个器官，其他3例均发生在不同的器官上，在一定程度上造成了检查的遗漏。而内镜结合B超、CT或MRI则可弥补这一局限性.
基底静脉血流动力学在颅内高压治疗中的意义

2005年-2007年共收集颅脑损伤患者80例，男54例，女26例，年龄18～50岁，排除复合伤，均经头部CT证实脑挫裂伤或脑内血肿形成。既往患者有脑血管疾病者均不入选。应用导管法外接加强型传感器，监护仪显示颅内压。应用德国DWL2．0MHZ探头，经颅多普勒检测仪对80例患者（伤后、3d、7d、2周）检测出基底静脉的血流速度（VBVR）。采用SPsS15．0（Statistics Package for Social seicnce15．0）统计软件进行相关分析。
微血管减压术治疗原发性三叉神经痛手术体会

1．临床资料：男7例，女17例；年龄36～58（43±3）岁。其中左侧疼痛11例，右侧疼痛13例；疼痛分布于第1支2例，第Ⅱ支8例，第Ⅲ支3例，第Ⅰ、Ⅱ支2例，第Ⅱ、Ⅲ支8例，第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ支1例。所有病例均经苯妥英钠、卡马西平等药物治疗，或者经射频、封闭等手术治疗，疗效不佳，仍有剧烈疼痛。所有患者术前经常规MRI检查可见神经血管异常征象，表现为神经的变形、移位及压迹。并排除颅内占位性病变引起的继发性疼痛。
腹腔镜小网膜囊肿切除一例

网膜囊肿为少见病、良性病。很少引起明显的监床症状，以致多数囊肿发展较大，压迫胃壁，或者囊肿因蒂的扭转而出现绞窄性疼痛。腹腔镜小网膜囊肿完敕切除病例小见报道。
疑难病例析评：第141例 颈部肿块—体重下降—桥本氏甲状腺炎—双侧甲状腺巨大软组织影

病历摘要患者女，60岁，因发现颈部肿块进行增大近2年，声嘶，呼吸、吞咽困难10d于2007年3月13日入院。患者于2005年5月无意中发现左侧颈部肿块，鸡蛋大小，无红、热、痛，无多汗及心悸气促等，自觉体重下降2～3kg，未予重视。后肿块进行性增大，于2006年3月和6月至当地医院就诊，多次行B超示左侧甲状腺肿大，血流丰富.
Frozen Landweber Iteration for Nonlinear Ill-Posed Problems

In this paper we propose a modification of the Landweber iteration termed frozen Landweber iteration for nonlinear ill-posed problems. A convergence analysis for this iteration is presented. The numerical performance of this frozen Landweber iteration for a nonlinear Hammerstein integral equation is compared with that of the Landweber iteration. We obtain a shorter running time of the frozen Landweber iteration based on the same convergence accuracy.
A Shrinkage Estimator for Combination of Bioassays

A shrinkage estimator and a maximum likelihood estimator are proposed in this paper for combination of bioassays. The shrinkage estimator is obtained in closed form which incorporates prior information just on the common log relative potency after the homogeneity test for combination of bioassays is accepted. It is a practical improvement over other estimators which require iterative procedure to obtain the estimator for the relative potency. A real data is also used to show the superiorities for the newly-proposed procedures. Keywords 2000 MR Subject Classification.
Profile of Blow-up Solution to Hyperbolic System with Nonlocal Term

This paper is concerned with a nonlocal hyperbolic system as follows: where 1 ≤ N ≤ 3, p ≥ 1, q ≥ 1 and pq > 1. Here the initial values are compactly supported and Ω ? ? N is a bounded open region. The blow-up curve, blow-up rate and profile of the solution are discussed.
Fibonacci Lengths of Certain Nilpotent 2–Groups

In this paper, we study two classes of 2–generated 2–groups of nilpotency class 2 classified by Kluempen in 2002 and also a class of finite 2–groups of high nilpotency class for their Fibonacci lengths. Their involvement in certain interesting sequences of Tribonacci numbers gives us some explicit formulas for the Fibonacci lengths and this adds to the small class of finite groups for which the Fibonacci length are known.
On the Block Independence in G–Inverse and Reflexive Inner Inverse of A Partitioned Matrix

By applying the multiple quotient singular value decomposition QQQQQ–SVD, we study the block independence in g–inverse and reflexive inner inverse of 2×2 partitioned matrices, and prove a conjecture in [YijuWang, SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl., 19(2), 407–415(1998)].
Global Poincaré Inequalities on the Heisenberg Group and Applications

Let f be in the localized nonisotropic Sobolev space  on the n-dimensional Heisenberg group ? n = ? n × ?, where 1 = p < Q and Q = 2n + 2 is the homogeneous dimension of ?n. Suppose that the subelliptic gradient is gloablly L p integrable, i.e.,  is finite. We prove a Poincaré inequality for f on the entire space ? n . Using this inequality we prove that the function f subtracting a certain constant is in the nonisotropic Sobolev space formed by the completion of  under the norm of We will also prove that the best constants and extremals for such Poincaré inequalities on ? n are the same as those for Sobolev inequalities on ? n . Using the results of Jerison and Lee on the sharp constant and extremals for L 2 to  Sobolev inequality on the Heisenberg group, we thus arrive at the explicit best constant for the aforementioned Poincaré inequality on ? n when p = 2. We also derive the lower bound of the best constants for local Poincaré inequalities over metric balls on the Heisenberg group ? n.
On the Relationship Between the Baum–Katz–Spitzer Complete Convergence Theorem and the Law of the Iterated Logarithm

For a sequence of i.i.d. Banach space-valued random variables {X n ; n ≥ 1} and a sequence of positive constants {a n ; n ≥ 1}, the relationship between the Baum–Katz–Spitzer complete convergence theorem and the law of the iterated logarithm is investigated. Sets of conditions are provided under which (i)  and are equivalent; (ii) For all constants λ ∈ [0,∞), and are equivalent. In general, no geometric conditions are imposed on the underlying Banach space. Corollaries are presented and new results are obtained even in the case of real-valued random variables.
The Invariance Principle for p-θ

There are two parts in this paper. In the first part we construct the Markov chain in random environment (MCRE), the skew product Markov chain and p–θ chain from a random transition matrix and a two–dimensional probability distribution, and in the second part we prove that the invariance principle for p–θ chain, a more complex non–homogeneous Markov chain, is true under some reasonable conditions. This result is more powerful.
Output Variable Structure Control for Time-Invariant Linear Time-Delay Singular System

Synthesis and design of output variable structure controller for time-invariant linear time-delay singular system are studied. In the case that the system is regular and the system index is one, switching function with integral compensator and variable structure controller are designed, which guarantee that the sliding mode is asymptotically stable and the solution trajectory of the system arrives at the switching manifold in limited time. The design method is applicable to the systems which can be regularized. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate effectiveness and simplicity of the design method.
Agent Model Analysis to Explore Effects of Interaction and Environment on Individual Performance

This paper tries to find interaction rules between members and self-reform rules of members in some scientific research laboratories at a graduate school. The candidate of rules are extracted from the personality description sentences about factors: extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness in the big five theory of personality psychology. In this paper, interaction and self-reform rules are not described by personalities themselves; instead, they are described by corresponding phenomena: activity, empathy, persistence, autonomy, and analytical ability which appear in the behavior side. Each member’s initial value is determined from the main 5-factor personality investigation to the member, and the target value is given by the member’s self-declaration. The rule selection is carried out by the genetic algorithm, where a sigmoid function is introduced in the renewal algorithm of the value, whereby a difficulty of setting the renewal parameters is avoided. An analysis is added about the obtained rules, and the validity of this approach and the subjects for future study are discussed. Finally, consideration is extended to the effect of environment on the behavior of members to reinforce the set of rules.
启发式极性决策算法解SAT问题

提出了一种启发式极性决策的可满足性问题(SAT)新算法. 该算法继承了当前SAT解决器的许多策略: 快速BCP、子句记录、重启动搜索等. 同时, 该算法通过预先根据Karnaugh图的覆盖分布计算变量极性, 将其加入到DPLL的决策过程中, 大大降低了搜索过程中的冲突次数. 实验表明采用该算法的解决器--DiffSat, 能够解决许多目前最有效的解决器Zchaff和MiniSat所不能解决的实例. 尤其是对于Bart基准系列中的每个实例, DiffSat都能够在0.03 s内解决, 而Zchaff和MiniSat在给定的900 s内不能够解决大部分实例. 而且, DiffSat解决器在某些实例上的特性远远优于具有代表性的基于不完全随机算法的解决器DLM.
我国糖尿病足研究的现状与思考

近10年来,我国糖尿病足的临床防治和研究工作取得了明显的进步.越来越多的医务人员开始重视糖尿病足的防治和研究工作,近12年来全国发表有关糖尿病足的文章逐年上升:1996年6篇,1997年14篇,1998年70篇,2000年88篇,2001年103篇,2002年121篇,2003年176篇,2004年215篇,2005篇306篇,2006年322篇.这些变化,确实反映出糖尿病足越来越受到医务人员的关注.
Preparation of liposome-coated oligonucleotide labeled with 99mTc and its uptake in vascular smooth muscle cells

To explore the preparation method of liposome-coated ~(99m)Tc-labeled antisense oligonucleotide (ASON),targeteing the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and to explore the biological characteristics and the uptake kinetics of a radiolabeled probe in vascular smooth muscle cells, an 18-base single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide targeting PCNA mRNA and the complementary strand (sense oligonucleotide, SON) were synthesized. The ASON (SON) was labeled with ~(99m)Tc, by conjugating the bifunctional chelator (hydrazino nicotinamide, HYNIC), and purified through a gel filtration column of Sephadex G-25. The product was then encapsulated in cationic liposome (oligofectamineTM). The radiolabeling efficiency, radiochemical purity, stability of the liposome-coated ~(99m)Tc-HYNIC-ASON in a phosphate buffered solution (PBS), and fresh human serum and its uptake rate were studied. There was no significant difference between the ~(99m)Tc radiolabeling efficiencies of HYNIC-ASON and HYNIC-SON, which were 60.04% ± 1.92% and 59.60% ± 2.53%, respectively (P ＞ 0.05, n = 5). The radiochemical purity of the liposome-coated ~(99m)Tc-HYNIC-ASON was 94.70% ± 1.90% (n = 5). And after incubation with PBS and fresh human seAt 90 min after transfection, the uptake rate of the liposome-coated~( 99m)Tc-HYNIC-ASON reached its peak of 83.8% ±5.92% in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and was much higher than that of the nonliposome-coated ~(99m)Tc-HYNIC-ASON, which was 11.16% ± 0.54% (P ＜ 0.01, n = 4). The labeling method of PCNA ASON (SON) conjugated by HYNIC has been proved successful. The liposome was able to enhance the ASON (SON) uptake in VSMCs,and could be widely used as a safe, convenient, effective gene transfer carrier.
WEB-BASED VIRTUAL CNC MACHINE MODELING AND OPERATION

A CNC simulation system based on intemet for operation training of manufacturing facility and manufacturing process simulation is proposed.Firstly,the system framework and a rapid modeling method of CNC machine tool are studied under the virtual environment based on PolyTrans and CAD software.Then,a new method is proposed to enhance and expand the interactive ability of virtual reality modeling language(VRML) by attaining communication among VRML,JavaApplet, JavaScript and Html so as to realize the virtual operation for CNC machine tool.Moreover,the algorithm of material removed simulation based on VRML Z-map is presented.The advantages of this algorithm include less memory requirement and much higher computation.Lastly,the C'NC milling machine is taken as an illustrative example for the prototype development in order to validate the feasibility of the proposed approach.
OPTIMIZATION METHOD ON IMPELLER MERIDIONAL CONTOUR AND 3D BLADE

An optimization method for 3D blade and meridional contour of centrifugal or mixed-flow impeller based on the 3D viscous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is proposed.The blade is indirectly parameterized using the angular momentum and calculated by inverse design method.The design variables arc separated into two categories:the meridional contour design vari- ables and the blade design variables.Firstly,only the blade is optimized using genetic algorithm with the meridional contour remained constant.The artificial neural network (ANN) techniques with the training sample data schemed according to design of experiment theory are adopted to construct the response relation between the blade design variables and the impeller performance.Then,based on the ANN approximated relation between the meridional contour design variables and impeller per- formance,the meridional contour is optimized.Fewer design variables and less calculation effort is required in this method that may be widely used in the optimization of three-dimension impellers.An optimized impeller in a mixed-flow pump,where the head and the efficiency are enhanced by 12.9% and 4.5% respectively,confirms the validity of this newly proposed method.
睾丸横过异位二例报告

本组2例,年龄分别为17及15个月,均以右侧腹股沟斜疝,左侧隐睾收入院.体检左侧阴囊发育不良,左侧腹股沟及阴囊均未触及睾丸,右侧腹股沟斜疝,右侧阴囊可触及正常大小睾丸B超示左侧腹股沟及阴囊未探及睾丸,右侧睾丸示见异常.
转移性肾细胞癌分子靶向治疗的进展

肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma,RCC)约20%-30%发现时即有转移,此类患者预后很差,5年生存<10%.近年来随着对RCC分子机制研究的进展,新型分子靶向药物在临床实践中取得了显著疗效,现对转移性肾癌靶向治疗进展综述如下.
超声心动图诊断肺动脉吊带1例

患儿 男,5~＋月。因持续性喘呜而就诊。超声心动图多切面探查，心脏大小、形态均未见异常。房、室间隔连续完整,无动脉导管未闭。二、三尖瓣未见反流。主动脉大小、形态、走行、内径未见异常。丰肺动脉内径、血流方向、血流流速未见异常，于胸骨旁短轴切面探及左肺动脉自打肺动脉分出，内径约0．53cm。彩色多普勒显像显示左肺动脉血流自有肺动脉而来，流速未见异常（图1）.
外周动脉病经皮介入治疗现状与进展

广义的外周动脉病（PAD）定义为冠状动脉以外的血管，它实际上分布在整个人体，其范围远远超过了冠状动脉。狭义的外周动脉病仅指下肢动脉病，本文仅指后者。随着人口老龄化的加剧，外周动脉病的患病率也如冠心病一样不断上升，甚至已经超过了冠心病的患病率。在我国年龄大于60岁的人群中PAD的估测患病率超过10％，这可能系保守的估计，因为还有一些患者可能没有症状或不知道症状系动脉阻塞所致，这类患者的PAD症状要么被忽视,要么误认为其他病因.
混合动力车用锂离子蓄电池的研究进展

环境污染和能源危机是现在和未来一段时期内人类面临的两大课题,而汽车的大量普及又是造成环境和能源问题的主要原因之一.混合动力车(HEV)的出现可部分解决上述问题,因而受到政府、汽车制造商和科技工作者的高度重视.
不动杆菌属菌种主动外排系统的研究进展

不动杆菌属是一种非发酵糖的革兰阴性球杆菌，广泛分布于自然界及健康人的皮肤表面，耐受干燥及普通消毒剂，是院内感染的重要病原菌，主要引起医院获得性肺炎、败血症、尿道感染，以及免疫缺陷患者、术后患者感染。近年来，对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药的不动杆菌已成为国际社会讨论的热点话题之一，因为一旦亚胺培南耐药，就意味着对现有多种抗菌药物耐药，如今已出现越来越多的泛耐药不动杆菌造成院内感染暴发流行的报道，值得我们关注。
X-连锁肾上腺脑白质营养不良的分子诊断方法研究

x-连锁肾上腺脑白质营养不良（X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy，X-ALD）是过氧化物酶体病的一种，由ABCD1基因突变所致，该疾病基因定位于Xq28，其成熟mRNA长约3700bp，编码1个含745个氨基酸残基的蛋白质，称为ABCD1蛋白。自ALD的致病基因被定位克隆以来，至今国际上已报告了900余种ABCD1基因突变（www．X-aid．n1），其中错义突变占60％。笔者于2006年7月至11月分别对6个X-ALD家系进行基因突变分析，现报告如下。
SIMULATION OF EFFECTS OF REACTIVE IMPURITIES ON PROPYLENE POLYMERIZATION IN LOOP REACTORS THROUGH GENERATION FUNCTION TECHNIQUE

The estimation of the amount of reactive impurities in a loop reactor is of strategic importance to the propylene polymerization industry. It is essential to investigate the level of impurities in order to develop reliable monitoring and control strategies. This paper described one approach based on generation function technique with the following two steps. First, a new mechanism for propylene polymerization was proposed by considering the effects of the reactive impurities in the material on the propylene polymerization. Second, a series of equations of population balance for the propylene polymerization in loop reactors were established based on the proposed mechanism. Accordingly, the equations were transformed into the mathematic matrix through the generation function technique to investigate the effects of the reactive impurities on the propylene polymerization. Significant effects of the reactive impurities were analyzed through computational simulation. The results show that the concentration of active centre on catalysts and the polymerization conversion both decrease with the increase of the initial concentration of any reactive impurity; hydrogen concentration decreases with the increase of the initial concentration of ethylene or butylenes, whereas, it increases with the increase of the initial concentration of propadiene; the simulated weight average molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution index of polymer resins both increase with the increase of the initial concentration of ethylene or butylenes. They decrease with the increase of the initial concentration of propadiene.
Cell polarity protein Par3 complexes with DNA-PK via Ku70 and regulates DNA double-strand break repair

The author affiliations were mixed up in the previous published version. The third fund number of National Natural Science Foundation of China in the Acknowledgments was wrong, it should be "30270335". The Shanghai Municipal Council for Science and Technology (No.06DZ22032) was missed in the Acknowledgments. There are some labeling and production errors in Figure 2A, Figure 3B and 3C, Figure 5C, Figure 6B and 6E, Figure 7B and 7D. In Figure 2A, left panel "A431" should be "Par3". In Figure 3B and 3C, "anti-Par3CT" should be "anti-Par3LCT", "GST-Par3CT" should be "GST-Par3LCT". In Figure 5C, the second arrow indicating "Lamin B" should be "-tubulin". In Figure 6B right panel, the molecular weight for -actin should be "43" instead of "200". In Figure 6E, "Par3" should be "Par3i". The molecular weight for the DNA-PKcs panel should be the same as the p-DNA-PKcs. In Figure 7B, the time point "240" in the left panel should be "120"; in the right panel of Figure 7B, the title for the y axis should be "DNA released (%)". In Figure 7D, the title for the y axis should be "Survival (%)", and the scale for the y axis should be "100, 10 and 1".
Involvement of sphingoid bases in mediating reactive oxygen intermediate production and programmed cell death in Arabidopsis

Sphingolipids have been suggested to act as second messengers for an array of cellular signaling activities in plant cells, including stress responses and programmed cell death (PCD). However, the mechanisms underpinning these processes are not well understood. Here, we report that an Arabidopsis mutant, fumonisin B1 resistant11-1 (fbr11-1), which fails to generate reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs), is incapable of initiating PCD when the mutant is challenged by fumonisin B_1 (FB_1), a specific inhibitor of ceramide synthase. Molecular analysis indicated that FBR11 encodes a long-chain base1 (LCB1) subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), which catalyzes the first rate-limiting step of de novo sphingolipid synthesis. Mass spectrometric analysis of the sphingolipid concentrations revealed that whereas the fbr11-1 mutation did not affect basal levels of sphingoid bases, the mutant showed attenuated formation of sphingoid bases in response to FB_1. By a direct feeding experiment, we show that the free sphingoid bases dihydrosphingosine, phytosphingosine and sphingosine efficiently induce ROI generation followed by cell death. Conversely, ROI generation and cell death induced by dihydrosphingosine were specifically blocked by its phosphorylated form dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that the maintenance of homeostasis between a free sphingoid base and its phosphorylated derivative is critical to determining the cell fate. Because alterations of the sphingolipid level occur prior to the ROI production, we propose that the free sphingoid bases are involved in the control of PCD in Arabidopsis, presumably through the regulation of the ROI level upon receiving different developmental or environmental cues.
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata:Effect of the Solvent Flow Rate,Pressure,and Temperature

Andrographis paniculata Nees has been extensively used for traditional medicine and help against fever, dysentery, diarrhoea, inflammation, and sore throat. In this study, andrographolide, the main component of this plant was extracted from the leaves of A. paniculata using supercritical carbon dioxide. The operating pressures were varied from 7.50 to 20MPa, the temperatures were varied from 30℃ to 60℃, and the flow rates were varied from 0.5 to 4ml·min~(-1). The best extraction condition occurred at 10MPa, 40℃, and a flow rate of 2ml·min~(-1) for a 3g sample of A. paniculata ground-dried leaves. The measured extraction rate was found to be about 0.0174g of andrographolide per gram of andrographolide present in the leaves per hour of operation. The future studies must focus on the interaction between the various operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate of supercritical carbon dioxide.
Ultrasonically Assisted Extraction of Isoflavones from Stem of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi and Its Mathematical Model

Ultrasonically assisted extraction of isoflavones from the stem of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi has been carried out with an ultrasonic extracting apparatus (20kHz, electrical power input to the transducer in 0— 650W). The influence of the electrical power input and extraction time on the extraction yield is investigated in wa- ter, n-butanol, and 95% (by volume) and 50% (by volume) ethanol aqueous solution. The experimental results indi- cate that the yields of total isoflavones are higher in ultrasonically assisted extraction than those obtained from conventional extraction. Moreover, a mathematical model is proposed, by introducing the electrical power input to index the ultrasound intensity, to describe the behavior of ultrasonically assisted extraction. It is found that the model calculations are in good agreement with the experimental data.