mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Discussion on the relationship between the Yanshanian Movement and cratonic destruction in North China

The relationship between the Yanshanian Movement, destruction of the North China Craton(NCC), and subduction of the western Pacific plate is crucial to reconstructing the middle-late Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the eastern Asian continent and margin. The Yanshanian Movement was a globally important change in crustal tectonics during the Middle-Late Jurassic. Previous research has systematically studied the formation and evolution of the Yanshanian Movement, focusing on the timing and location of tectonic movements, and the sedimentary and volcanic strata. However, the question of whether the tectonic activity occurred globally, and the characteristics of the Yanshanian Movement remain debated. The main argument is that if a tectonic movement can only be characterized by a regional or local disconformity, and if the tectonic movement occurred in an intracontinental setting, with extensive deformation but with no disconformity despite volcanic eruptions and magmatic intrusions, accompanied by changes in crustal structure and composition, should it be defined as a tectonic event or process? This question requires further analysis. The main aim of this study is to distinguish whether the Yanshanian Movement is a local feature of the eastern Asian continent, or a global tectonic event related to subduction of the Pacific Plate. In this paper, based on previous research, we discuss the spatial and temporal evolution of the Yanshanian Movement, the controlling tectonic mechanisms, and its relationship to the reactivation and destruction of the NCC and the subduction of the western Paleo-Pacific slab. We emphasize that the Yanshanian Movement in the Middle-Late Jurassic is distinct from the lithospheric thinning responsible for Early Cretaceous extension and magmatism related to the destruction of the NCC. The various tectonic stages were constrained by different dynamics and tectonic settings, or by different tectonic events and processes. Therefore, it is possible that the deformation and reactivation of the NCC contributed to its destruction, in addition to lithospheric thinning. Finally, we discuss whether the Yanshanian Movement was associated with the destruction of the NCC.
8.0% Efficient all-polymer solar cells based on novel starburst polymer acceptors

The polymer N2200, with its π-conjugated backbone composed of alternating naphthalene diimide (NDI) and bithiophene (DT) units, has been widely used as an acceptor for all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) owing to its high electron mobility and suitable ionization potential and electron affinity. Here, we developed two naphthalene diimide derivatives by modifying the molecular geometry of N2200 through the incorporation of a truxene unit as the core and NDI-DT as the branches. These starburst polymers exhibited absorption spectra and molecular orbital energy levels that were comparable to N2200. These copolymers were paired with the wide-bandgap polymer donor PTzBI-O to fabricate all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs), which displayed impressive power conversion efficiencies up to 8.00%. The improved photovoltaic performances of all-PSCs based on these newly developed starburst acceptors can be ascribed to the combination of increased charge carrier mobilities, reduced bimolecular recombination, and formation of more favorable film morphology. These findings demonstrate that the construction of starburst polymer acceptors is a feasible strategy for the fabrication of high-performance all-PSCs.
High-performance polymer solar cells with >13% efficiency

In the last three years, polymer solar cells (PSCs) based on ntype organic semiconductor (n-OS) acceptor have become the focus of attention and made great progress. In 2017, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) have been boosted to ~13% for PSCs with single-junction and ~14% for PSCs with double-junctions. However, the optimized active layer thickness and device area of the high efficiency PSCs are usually limited to ~100 nm and ~0.2 cm~2 respectively, which makes the large area fabrication of PSCs very difficult.
White-light emission and tunable room temperature phosphorescence of dibenzothiophene

Molecular materials exhibiting room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) have received much attention during last few years. It has been known that different stacking fashions (e.g., formation of polymorph) and aggregation/crystal states could largely influence the RTP efficiency. However, whether the crystal morphology or shape could play a key role in modulation of the RTP has not been detected yet. In this work, we report that the dibenzothiophene (DBT) with the same molecular stacking fashion but different crystal morphologies can present alternated RTP performances. By modulation of the fluorescence and phosphorescence dual emission, a direct warm-white color light-emitting has also been successfully achieved. Moreover, the RTP emission can be further tuned through hybridization with β-cyclodextrin in different ratios, with the longest lifetime of 0.43 s.
基于对流尺度集合预报特性的局地增长模培育算法

结合对流尺度集合预报的强局地性特征,提出了一种局地增长模培育法,并根据理想试验结果从扰动形态、离散度和预报均方根误差三个方面对局地增长模培育法进行了初步评估.局地增长模培育法在增长模培育法的基础上,引入影响半径.在培育过程中,通过计算每个格点的局地预报均方根误差与初始时刻全场预报均方根误差之比,对扰动进行缩放调整.试验结果表明,经过局地增长模培育法调整后的扰动,具有更多的局地化特征.对于扰动物理量与一些近地面气象要素而言,局地增长模培育法能够提高集合的离散度并降低预报均方根误差,提高集合预报系统性能.局地增长模培育法是一种不同于现有基于全局正交思路的初始扰动方法,充分考虑了对流尺度天气系统的局地性,有助于提高对流尺度集合预报的预报效果.
超强台风Soudelor(2015)登陆前后局地强降水的动力过程分析

基于中尺度站点观测、雷达图像、卫星红外云图和NCEP全球业务分析数据资料,详细分析了2015年13号台风Soudelor在华东地区尤其在浙江省沿海产生局地灾害性强降水的分布、强度、触发因子及相应的动力过程.这次台风降水过程可分为4个阶段:第一阶段由台风北侧外围环流偏东风分量与浙江沿海地形相互作用而产生;第二阶段的降水强度最强,累积降水最大,是台风内区主体环流与局地地形相互作用的结果;第三阶段是由于台风内区减弱,主要降水云带在台风东北侧发展而形成;第四阶段由于台风环流与中纬度系统相互作用,使得降水云带“北跳”至江苏省中东部,引起浙江省内的降水迅速减弱.定量计算表明,“地形效应”对局地台风降水增幅起确定性作用,其在台风总体降水中占比达50%左右.台风登陆后结构变化引起水汽输送发生变化,进而引起台风局地降水云带发展的非对称分布,是造成台风强降水空间非对称分布的主要因子.对此个例分析表明,影响中国沿海灾害性强降水不仅与台风强度、结构及外围云带紧密相关,其降水强度会因为台风与沿海地形的复杂相互作用而增加,而其影响时间会因为由大尺度环流引导的弧线路径而延长.此次台风强降水过程的物理及动力分析可以用于指导对未来台风降水灾害的理解、预报及预防,尤其有益于由登陆台风与沿海地形相互作用引起的闪雨、山洪、泥石流及洪涝灾害的预报预警.
黄土宽梁缓坡丘陵区次降雨对土壤水分补给效率与阈值研究

降水是干旱、半干旱地区的主要水分来源,其对土壤水分的补给直接影响到植被生长和生态系统服务的维持,但由于降雨特征和植被结构影响,有限的降水资源并未得到有效利用.研究次降雨事件对不同植被类型下土壤水分的补给效率和阈值,对于指导植被恢复、提高降水资源利用效率具有重要意义.本研究以半干旱黄土丘陵区天然荒草、小麦、红豆草、沙棘和油松5种典型植被为例,通过不同水文年降雨和土壤水分动态监测,以土层20cm土壤水分动态作为衡量降雨是否得到有效补给的判断依据,研究了次降雨事件对不同植被类型土壤水分的补给效率与阈值.结果表明:(1)降雨补给的延滞时间、补给速率和补给效率与植被类型密切相关,不同植被之间存在较大差异.(2)天然荒草土层20cm处降雨补给的延滞时间为26.4h,其次为小麦27.8h、沙棘41.8h、红豆草50.0h和油松81.8h;降雨补给速率依次为:小麦0.40mm h~(-1)、天然荒草0.30mm h~(-1)、沙棘0.17mm h~(-1)、红豆草0.14mm h~(-1)、油松0.09mm h~(-1);降雨对土壤水分补给的效率依次为:天然荒草35.1%、小麦29.2%、沙棘16.8%、红豆草11.5%、油松4.2%.(3)通过线性拟合得到不同植被具有土壤水分补给作用的降雨有效补给阈值为:小麦6.8mm、天然荒草10.5mm、沙棘20.5mm、红豆草22.6mm、油松26.4mm,由此可知天然荒草地土壤水分对降雨响应较为敏感,油松林地土壤水分则难以得到降水有效补充.
中国陆地生态系统服务净价值评估

生态环境保护是维护生态系统健康、改善生态系统服务功能、增加人类社会福祉的有效途径.然而,生态系统服务价值(VES)的获得必然会产生成本投入,传统的生态系统服务价值评估方法忽略了相关成本分析,给土地规划造成了混乱,不利于环境保护和社会经济的可持续发展.为了认知生态系统服务价值和净价值(NES)的差异,改进生态系统服务评价方法,该研究在生态系统服务价值研究的基础上,评估了1952年以来中国大陆主要生态系统(包括农田、草地、林地和湿地)服务净价值及其变化.结果表明,中国陆地生态系统年均服务净价值为10.0×10~3元/公顷,为服务价值的35.1%,草地生态系统服务净价值最低,为–0.7×10~3元/公顷;中国大陆农田、草地、林地和湿地2014年实现生态系统服务净价值7.2×10~(12)元,是全国国民净收益(居民可支配收入与政府收入的总和)25.6×10~(12)元的27.0%.1952年以来,由于人口增加的持续压力和环境政策的原因,中国陆地生态系统服务价值和净价值持续减少;1998年以后,中国政府陆续实施了一系列森林保护政策,中国陆地生态系统服务价值和净价值止跌回稳.但相关政策忽略了林地以外其他生态系统的保护,导致农田、湿地和草地等生态系统严重退化.由于社会经济条件、资源禀赋差异,不同地区之间的生态服务价值和净价值差异显著.为了维护生态平衡,生态修复(尤其是人工生态修复)和社会经济发展都应该注重成本效益问题,通过不同措施的成本收益比较,最大限度地降低生态保护项目的成本,增加环境保护项目的收益,这是修复生态学需要面对的重要科学问题.
生物质谱研究方法与应用新进展

本期的生物质谱专辑结集出版了国内生物质谱领域关于研究方法与应用的14篇评述文章和研究论文. 7篇评述文章中两篇涉及O-GalNAc糖基化,一篇偏重于介绍糖基化位点、糖型鉴定和生理功能研究取得的一系列重大进展,一篇偏重于在分泌体系中的O-糖基化蛋白、O-糖链以及O-糖基化位点的富集与鉴定方法和最新进展.另一篇与修饰相关的评述是关于4-羟基壬烯醛(4-hydroxynonenal, HNE)修饰.该文介绍了目前富集HNE修饰蛋白质组的研究现状及其富集方法并总结了它们的优缺点,指出了该领域未来的研究方向.
南海北部陆架陆坡流系研究进展

受季节性反转的季风强迫、海峡水交换、地形等影响,南海北部陆架陆坡流系呈现复杂多变的形式.南海北部陆坡流、南海暖流、沿岸流及其与之相关的上升流(夏季)和下降流(冬季)系统等构成了南海北部典型的流系.本文回顾了自20世纪90年代以来南海北部陆架陆坡流系的研究进展,总结了黑潮入侵南海、季风、地形、冲淡水浮力热力效应等因素在南海北部陆架陆坡流系中的作用.指出南海北部内区海盆与陆架陆坡流的动力联系、南海暖流是否稳定存在、冬季下降流时空特征及其物质能量输运等方面还需要进一步加强研究.
Low specific on-resistance GaN-based vertical heterostructure field effect transistors with nonuniform doping superjunctions

A novel GaN-based vertical heterostructure field effect transistor (HFET) with nonuniform doping superjunctions (non-SJ HFET) is proposed and studied by Silvaco-ATLAS, for minimizing the specific on-resistance (R_(on)A) at no expense of breakdown voltage (BV). The feature of non-SJ HFET lies in the nonuniform doping concentration from top to bottom in the n- and p-pillars, which is different from that of the conventional GaN-based vertical HFET with uniform doping superjunctions (un-SJ HFET). A physically intrinsic mechanism for the nonuniform doping superjunction (non-SJ) to further reduce R_(on)A at no expense of BV is investigated and revealed in detail. The design, related to the structure parameters of non-SJ, is optimized to minimize the R_(on)A on the basis of the same BV as that of un-SJ HFET. Optimized simulation results show that the reduction in R_(on)A depends on the doping concentrations and thickness values of the light and heavy doping parts in non-SJ. The maximum reduction of more than 51 %in R_(on)A could be achieved with a BV of 1890 V. These results could demonstrate the superiority of non-SJ HFET in minimizing R_(on)A and provide a useful reference for further developing the GaN-based vertical HFETs.
原发性肝癌生物学标记物临床应用研究进展

原发性肝癌(primary liver cancer,简称肝癌)包括肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)、胆管细胞癌(cholangiocarcinoma)以及同时组成的混合型肝癌,其中HCC最常见,约占>90%,通常所称的肝癌一般是指HCC。世界卫生组织GLOBOCAN 2012的数据显示,肝癌发病率位居第五位,死亡率位居第二位,年新发病例约782 000例,死亡近746 000例。在过去的20年中,多项研究已经探讨了肝癌的临床治疗,其治疗效果已得到显著改善,某些药物组合的新疗法已相继出现。然而,肝癌的总体预后结果还远远不能令人满意。数据显示,行肝切除术后病人的3年复发率为50%~60%,5年复发率为60%~80%。
One-shot method for purification of multiple natural amelogenin isoforms

Amelogenin isoforms constitute the predominant component in the enamel matrix and each amelogenin isoform executes unique role in the enamel biomineralization process. Enamel matrix derivative enriching amelogenin isoforms have also bioactive property for tissue regeneration. Despite the development of recombinant protein technology that has greatly forwarded the understanding of amelogenin properties, substantial evidences have revealed biochemical and functional difference between natural amelogenins and their recombinant form. To facilitate the study of enamel formation mechanism, more facile methodology to purify multiple natural amelogenin isoforms is pursued. Herewedeveloped an effective one-shot method via reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) to purify various amelogenin isoforms from pig-derived amelogenin complex. A thorough process of chromatographic condition establishment including sample analysis on analytical scale and chromatographic condition design on preparative scale was described. Three representative amelogenin isoforms (TRAP, P148, P173) were isolated in one step and their purity was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and high resolution mass spectrometry.
Evaluating and Improving Wind Forecasts over South China: The Role of Orographic Parameterization in the GRAPES Model

Unresolved small-scale orographic (SSO) drags are parameterized in a regional model based on the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for the Tropical Mesoscale Model (GRAPES TMM). The SSO drags are represented by adding a sink term in the momentum equations. The maximum height of the mountain within the grid box is adopted in the SSO parameterization (SSOP) scheme as compensation for the drag. The effects of the unresolved topography are parameterized as the feedbacks to the momentum tendencies on the first model level in planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization. The SSOP scheme has been implemented and coupled with the PBL parameterization scheme within the model physics package. A monthly simulation is designed to examine the performance of the SSOP scheme over the complex terrain areas located in the southwest of Guangdong. The verification results show that the surface wind speed bias has been much alleviated by adopting the SSOP scheme, in addition to reduction of the wind bias in the lower troposphere. The target verification over Xinyi shows that the simulations with the SSOP scheme provide improved wind estimation over the complex regions in the southwest of Guangdong.
Impact of the Winter North Pacific Oscillation on the Surface Air Temperature over Eurasia and North America: Sensitivity to the Index Definition

This study analyzes the impact of the winter North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) on the surface air temperature (SAT) variations over Eurasia and North America based on six different NPO indices. Results show that the influences of the winter NPO on the SAT over Eurasia and North America are sensitive to the definition of the NPO index. The impact of the winter NPO on the SAT variations over Eurasia (North America) is significant (insignificant) when the anticyclonic anomaly associated with the NPO index over the North Pacific midlatitudes shifts westward and pronounced northerly wind anomalies appear around Lake Baikal. By contrast, the impact of the winter NPO on the SAT variations over Eurasia (North America) is insignificant (significant) when the anticyclonic anomaly over the North Pacific related to the NPO index shifts eastward and the associated northerly wind anomalies to its eastern flank extend to North America. The present study suggests that the NPO definition should be taken into account when analyzing the impact of the winter NPO on Eurasian and North American SAT variations.
First Global Carbon Dioxide Maps Produced from TanSat Measurements

Global warming is a major problem, for which carbon dioxide (CO_2) is the main greenhouse gas involved in heating the troposphere. However, the poor availability of global CO_2 measurements makes it difficult to estimate CO_2 emissions accurately. Satellite measurements would be very helpful for understanding the global CO_2 flux distribution if the CO_2 column-averaged dry-air mole fraction (XCO_2) could be measured with a precision of 1-2 ppm (Baker et al., 2010). The Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) (Yokota et al., 2009; Yoshida et al., 2013; Kuze et al., 2014) was launched in 2009, followed by the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) (Eldering et al., 2016; Crisp et al., 2017; Bosch et al., 2011) in 2014. Tansat, a Chinese Earth observation satellite dedicated to monitoring CO_2, was launched in December 2016 and is the third satellite capable of monitoring greenhouse gases by hyper-spectral nearinfrared/shortwave infrared (NIR/ SWIR) measurement.
Current-Voltage Characteristics of the Aziridine-Based Nano-Molecular Wires: a Light-Driven Molecular Switch

Using nonequilibrium Green's function formalism combined first-principles density functional theory, we analyze the transport properties of a 4,4-dimethyl-6-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-phenyl-3,5-diaza-bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene molecular optical switch. The title molecule can convert between closed and open forms by visible or ultraviolet irradiation. The I-V characteristics, differential conductance, on-off ratio, electronic transmission coefficients, spatial distribution of molecular projected self-consistent Hamiltonian orbitals, HOMO-LUMO gaps, effect of electrode materials Y (111) (Y =Au, Ag and Pt) on electronic transport and different molecular geometries corresponding to the closed and open forms through the molecular device are discussed in detail. Based on the results, as soon as possible the open form translates to the closed form, and there is a switch from the ON state to the OFF state (low resistance switches to high resistance). Theoretical results show that the donor/acceptor substituent plays an important role in the electronic transport of molecular devices. The switching performance can be improved to some extent through suitable donor and acceptor substituents.
Mode-Locked Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser Using Vanadium Oxide as Saturable Absorber

A mode-locked erbium doped fiber laser (EDFL) is demonstrated using the vanadium oxide (V_2O_5) material as a saturable absorber (SA). The V2O5 based SA is hosted into poly ethylene oxide film and attached on fiber ferule in the laser cavity. It shows 7% modulation depth with 71MW/cm~2 saturation intensity. By incorporating the SA inside the EDFL cavity with managed intra-cavity dispersion, ultrashort soliton pulses are successfully generated with a full width at half maximum of 3.14 ps. The laser operated at central wavelength of 1559.25nm and repetition frequency of 1 MHz.
香山科学会议点亮生物气溶胶研究

生物气溶胶呼吸暴露后能导致各种呼吸系统疾病包括传染性非典型肺炎(SARS)、H1N1、哮喘等.近年来,由于局部地区军事冲突风险增强,生物气溶胶形式包括可能基因编辑过的高致病病原体的生物战、生物恐怖的危险也剧增,对人类社会的和平与稳定构成了巨大威胁.美国在“911”炭疽恐怖袭击后,专门设立“生物盾牌计划”,耗资逾1000亿美金,在生物恐怖预警、疾病疫苗研发等取得了重大进展.而中国人口众多,公共场所密集,生物恐怖一旦发生,损伤面积大,社会代价沉重;在未来可能的军事冲突中,中国军队也可能面临生物战剂的危险.近年,生物气溶胶相关的大规模的突发性传染病也不断爆发,严重威胁着人类和平与稳定.然而,中国在该领域的基础应用研究投资相对薄弱,没有给予足够的重视.
Type I interferon receptor knockout mice as models for infection of highly pathogenic viruses with outbreak potential

Due to their inability to generate a complete immune response,mice knockout for type I interferon (IFN) receptors (Ifnar~(–/–)) are more susceptible to viral infections,and are thus commonly used for pathogenesis studies.This mouse model has been used to study many diseases caused by highly pathogenic viruses from many families,including the Flaviviridae,Filoviridae,Arenaviridae,Bunyaviridae,Henipaviridae,and Togaviridae.In this review,we summarize the findings from these animal studies,and discuss the pros and cons of using this model versus other known methods for studying pathogenesis in animals.
Planting density affected biomass and grain yield of maize for seed production in an arid region of Northwest China

Field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2015 in an arid region of Northwest China to investigate the effects of planting density on plant growth, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize for seed production. Five planting densities of 6.75, 8.25, 9.75, 11.25 and 12.75 plants/m~2 were conducted in 2012, and a planting density of 14.25 plants/m~2 was added from 2013 to 2015. Through comparison with the AquaCrop yield model, a modified model was developed to estimate the biomass accumulation and yield under different planting densities using adjustment coefficient for normalized biomass water productivity and harvest index. It was found that the modified yield model had a better performance and could generate results with higher determination coefficient and lower error. The results indicated that higher planting density increased the leaf area index and biomass accumulation, but decreased the biomass accumulation per plant. The total yield increased rapidly as planting density increased to 11.25 plants/m~2, but only a slight increase was observed when the density was greater than 11.25 plants/m~2. The WUE also reached the maximum when planting density was 11.25 plants/m~2, which was the recommended planting density of maize for seed production in Northwest China.
Forest recovery after clear-cutting in Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis) plantations of North China

In Hebei Province of North China, forest was recovered with natural recruitment in plantations with large area of clear-cutting Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis). This study was aimed to demonstrate the dynamic characteristics of recruits during the natural recruitment. Both plot survey and the spatial point-pattern analysis were performed. Five developmental stages of natural recruitment were selected and studied, including 1 year before and 2, 5, 8, and 11 years after clear-cutting. Different slope aspects were also included. Natural recruitment was always dominated by Chinese pine with a proportion of higher than 90%. For plots of 1 year before clear-cutting on east- and north-facing slopes, recruit densities were 7886 and 5036 stems/hm~2, the average heights were 0.78 (±0.85) and 1.06 (±1.15) m, and the average diameters at breast height (DBH) were 3.21 (±1.38) and 2.91 (±1.38) cm, respectively. After clear-cutting, recruit density was initially increased, then it was gradually declined with time; however, the variation of average DBH was contrary to that of recruit density. Both of them were no longer varied between 8 and 11 years after clear-cutting. The average height of recruits continued to increase after clear-cutting. For the plots of 11 years after clear-cutting on east- and north-facing slopes, average heights of recruits reached 2.00 (±1.14) and 2.24 (±1.20) m, respectively. The statuses of recruits on north-facing slopes were better than those on east-facing slopes after clear-cutting. Meanwhile, recruits on east-facing slopes were always aggregated at small scales, while spatial pattern of recruits varied with time on north-facing slopes. Moreover, forest was recovered more quickly by natural recruitment than by artificial afforestation after clear-cutting. The structural diversity was higher in naturally regenerated forests than in plantations of the same age. Our results demonstrated that clear-cutting of Chinese pine plantations recovered by natural recruitment has the potential to be an effective approach for establishing multifunctional forest.
First photometric study of ultrashort-period contact binary 1SWASP J140533.33+114639.1

In this paper, CCD photometric light curves for the short-period eclipsing binary 1SWASP J140533.33+114639.1 (hereafter J1405) in the BV R bands are presented and analyzed using the 2013 version of the Wilson-Devinney (W-D) code. It is discovered that J1405 is a W-subtype shallow contact binary with a contact degree of f = 7.9 ± 0.5% and a mass ratio of q = 1.55 ± 0.02. In order to explain the asymmetric light curves of the system, a cool starspot on the more massive component is employed. This shallow contact eclipsing binary may have been formed from a short-period detached system through orbital shrinkage due to angular momentum loss. Based on the (O - C) method, the variation of orbital period is studied using all the available times of minimum light. The (O - C) diagram reveals that the period is increasing continuously at a rate of dP/dt = +2.09 × 10~(- 7) d yr~(- 1), which can be explained by mass transfer from the less massive component to the more massive one.
A flow paradigm in heavy-ion collisions

The success of hydrodynamics in high energy heavy-ion collisions leads to a flow paradigm, to understand the observed features of harmonic flow in terms of the medium collective expansion with respect to initial state geometrical properties. In this review, we present some essential ingredients in the flow paradigm, including the hydrodynamic modeling, the characterization of initial state geometry and the medium response relations. The extension of the flow paradigm to small colliding systems is also discussed.