mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Hyperpycnal littoral deltas:A case of study from the Lower Cretaceous Agrio Formation in the Neuquen Basin,Argentina

Recent advances in the understanding of deltaic deposits provide new tools for the study and analysis of deltaic deposits in shallow epicontinental seas.After the introduction of sequence stratigraphic concepts,meter-scale coarsening and thickening upward successions have been considered as "para-sequences" originated by high-frequency sea-level changes.Nevertheless,recent studies enhanced the importance of wave-aided low-dense hyperpycnal flows in transporting fine-grained sediments in shallow shelfal areas.These poorly-known (and at the same time very common) types of delta,known as hyperpycnal littoral deltas (HLD),develop very low gradient progradational units,controlled by changes in the sediment supply instead of sea level changes.These small-scale progradational units are very common in shallow epicontinental seas like the Lower Cretaceous Agrio Formation in the Neuquen Basin.This study provides a first detailed analysis of hyperpycnal littoral deltas from the Agua de la Mula Member (upper Hauterivian-lower Barremian) of the Agrio Formation.This unit has been studied in three locations near Bajada del Agrio locality in the central part of the Neuquen Basin,Argentina.Six sandy facies,three heterolithic facies,three muddy facies and four calcareous facies were recognized.From facies analysis,three facies associations could be determined,corresponding to offshore/prodelta,distal ramp delta and proximal ramp delta.The three stratigraphic sections discussed in this study are internally composed of several small-scale sequences showing a coarsening and thickening upward pattern,transitionally going from muddy to sandy wave-dominated facies,and ending with calcareous bioclastics levels on top.These small-scale sequences are interpreted as delta front deposits of wave-influenced hyperpycnal littoral deltas,punctuated by calcareous intervals accumulated during periods of low sediment supply.It is interpreted that the development of hyperpycnal littoral deltas could have been facilitated by a decrease in sea water salinity related to an increasing runoff.
Le Corbusier's urbanism:An urban characterisation of his proposals for inner cities

Le Corbusier's urbanism is routinely met with a backlash of criticism,which often overlooks the complexity of his work.There is a tendency to focus on the characteristics of his proposal for Paris in 1925 or on the ideas of CIAM's Athens Charter.However,such affirmations ignore the conceptual and qualitative evolution of his urban proposals.In this sense,the research hypothesis is that Corbusian urban models go beyond the Plan Voisin,diffused by urban planning theories as the unique paradigm of his urban ideas.Through analysis and characterisation of the inner-city urban plans of Le Corbusier,this report seeks to demonstrate the existence of other models and compares them to those often showcased in the partial examination of Le Corbusier's urbanism.The following parameters will be analysed:(1) population densities and areas for (2) buildings,(3) vehicles,and (4) pedestrians.The results of this research indicate the need to parameterise and analyse Le Corbusier's cities beyond a single case to demonstrate the diversity and evolution of his urbanistic work.This process seeks to dissipate the common view that falsely extrapolates ideas of his urban planning,largely that of his first proposal,for Paris.
Gold nanoparticles/single-stranded DNA-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites based electrochemical biosensor for highly sensitive detection of cholesterol

High density and uniform distribution of the gold nanoparticles functionalized single-stranded DNA modified reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites were obtained by non-covalent interaction.The positive gold nanoparticles prepared by phase inversion method exhibited good dimensional homogeneity and dispersibility,which could readily combine with single-stranded DNA modified reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites by electrostatic interactions.The modification of singlestranded DNA endowed the reduced graphene oxide with favorable biocompatibility and provided the preferable surface with negative charge for further assembling of gold nanoparticles to obtain gold nanoparticles/single-stranded DNA modified reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites with better conductivity,larger specific surface area,biocompatibility and electrocatalytic characteristics.The as-prepared nanocomposites were applied as substrates for the construction of cholesterol oxidase modified electrode and well realized the direct electron transfer between the enzyme and electrode.The modified gold nanoparticles could further catalyze the products of cholesterol oxidation catalyzed by cholesterol oxidase,which was beneficial to the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.The as-fabricated bioelectrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance for the cholesterol with a linear range of 7.5-280.5 μmol·L~(-1),a low detection limit of 2.1 μmol·L~(-1),good stability and reproducibility.Moreover,the electrochemical biosensor showed good selectivity and acceptable accuracy for the detection of cholesterol in human serum samples.
The ghosts of parasitism past: lingering frontline anti-brood parasite defenses in a former host

Coevolutionary arms races between brood parasites and hosts provide tractable systems for understanding antagonistic coevolution in nature; however, little is known about the fate of frontline antiparasite defenses when the host “wins” the coevolutionary arms race. By recreating bygone species interactions, using artificial parasitism experiments, lingering defensive behaviors that evolved in the context of parasitism can be understood and may even be used to identify the unknown agent of parasitism past. Here we present the first study of this type by evaluating lingering “frontline” nest defenses that have evolved to prevent egg laying in a former brood parasite host. The Australian reed warbler Acrocephalus australis is currently not parasitized but is known to exhibit fine-tuned egg discrimination—a defensive behavior indicative of a past brood parasite–host arms race and common in closely related parasitized species. Here, using 3D-printed models of adult brood parasites, we examined whether the Australian reed warbler also exhibits frontline defenses to adult brood parasites, and whether we could use these defenses to identify the warbler’s “ghost of parasitism past.” Our findings provide evidence that the Australian reed warbler readily engages in frontline defenses that are considered adaptive specifically in the context of brood parasitism. However, individuals were unable to discriminate between adults of different brood parasite species at their nest. Overall, our results demonstrate that despite a relaxation in selection, defenses against brood parasitism can be maintained acrossmultiple stages of the host’s nesting cycle, and further suggest that, in accordance with previous findings, that learningmay be important for fine-tuning frontline defense.
Environmental temperature during early life affects the personality of mosquitofish in adulthood

Personality has been observed in a variety of animal taxa with important implications in ecology and evolution. Exploring the influence of environmental temperature during early life on personality could help to understand the ontogeny of this phenotypic trait in animals. In this study, we reared newborn mosquitofish Gambusia affinis at high (30°C) and low (25°C) water temperatures and measured their shyness and exploration upon sexual maturity. We tested the repeatability of each behavioral trait; the correlation between them; and the effects of rearing temperature, sex, and body length on the behaviors. When growing up at low temperatures, female fish exhibited repeatability in shyness and exploration, and males exhibited marginal repeatability in shyness. However, neither of the 2 behaviors were repeatable when the fish were reared at high temperatures. There was a negative correlation between shyness and exploration, indicating that the 2 behaviors comprise a behavioral syndrome in this species. Mosquitofish reared at high temperatures were more explorative than those reared at low temperatures, while there was no difference in shyness between the 2 treatments. Body length and sex had no significant effects on the average values of the 2 behaviors. The results indicate that environmental temperature during early life could shape the personality of mosquitofish and modify the average of the behavioral traits. These findings might provide insights to understand the ontogeny of animal personality and how changes in environmental temperature influence animal dispersal by shaping their personality.
Long-term overlap of social and genetic structure in free-ranging house mice reveals dynamic seasonal and group size effects

Associating with relatives in social groups can bring benefits such as reduced risk of aggression and increased likelihood of cooperation. Competition among relatives over limited resources, on the other hand, can induce individuals to alter their patterns of association. Population density might further affect the costs and benefits of associating with relatives by altering resource competition or by changing the structure of social groups;preventing easy association with relatives. Consequently, the overlap between genetic and social structure is expected to decrease with increasing population size, as well as during times of increased breeding activity. Here, we use multi-layer network techniques to quantify the similarity between long-term, high resolution genetic, and behavioral data from a large population of free-ranging house mice(Mus musculus domesticus), studied over 10 years. We infer how the benefit of associating with genetically similar individuals might fluctuate in relation to breeding behavior and environmental conditions. We found a clear seasonal effect, with decreased overlap between social and genetic structure during summer months, characterized by high temperatures and high breeding activity. Though the effect of overall population size was relatively weak, we found a clear decrease in the overlap between genetic similarity and social associations within larger groups. As well as longer-term within-group changes, these results reveal population-wide short-term shifts in how individuals associate with relatives. Our study suggests that resource competition modifies the trade-off between the costs and benefits of interacting with relatives.
Attitude and application: Judge a crop on its potential and not breeding technology

In comparison with technological advancements in other fields, applications of biotechnology in agriculture elicit strong, divisive opinions. The polarizing debate over genetically modified organisms (GMOs), or transgenic crops, has spanned decades. Opponents have focused heavily on a single trait: herbicide tolerance. Public concern regarding the impacts of herbicides on human health and the environment has overshadowed other applications of genetic engineering, such as pest resistance, biofortification, and non-browning fruit (Abdallah et al.,2015). We argue that newly developed crops should be judged based on their potential, rather than tainted based on association with unpopular applications.
Large eddy simulation on the flow characteristics of an argon thermal plasma jet

Large eddy simulations based on the CFD software OpenFOAM have been used to study the effect of Reynolds number and turbulence intensity on the flow and mixing characteristics of an argon thermal plasma jet. Detailed analysis was carried out with respect to four aspects: the average flow field, the instantaneous flow field, turbulence statistical characteristics and the selfsimilarity. It was shown that for the argon thermal plasma jet with low Reynolds number, increasing the turbulence intensity will increase the turbulent transport mechanism in the mixing layer rather than in the jet axis, leading to the faster development of turbulence. The effect of the turbulent transport mechanism increases with increasing Reynolds number. However, the characteristics of flow and mixing are not affected by turbulence intensity for high Reynolds number situations. It was also found that the mean axial velocity and mean temperature in the axis of the turbulent thermal plasma jet satisfy the self-similarity aspects downstream. In addition, decay constant K is 1.25, which is much smaller than that (5.7-6.1) of the turbulent cold gas jet and has nothing to do with the Reynolds number or turbulence intensity in the jet inlet.
Effectiveness of azithromycin mass drug administration on trachoma: a systematic review

Backgrounds: Azithromycin mass drug administration(MDA)is a key part of the strategy for controlling trachoma. This systematic review aimed to comprehensively summarize the present studies of azithromycin MDA on trachoma;provide an overview of the impact of azithromycin MDA on trachoma in different districts;and explore the possible methods to enhance the effectiveness of azithromycin MDA in hyperendemic districts. Methods: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched up to February 2021 with no language restriction. Studies reporting the effect of azithromycin MDA on trachoma were included. Mathematical modeling studies, animal studies, case reports, and reviews were excluded. The trachomatous inflammationfollicular(TF)<5.0% was used to judge the effect of azithromycin MDA on eliminating trachoma as a public health problem. Two researchers independently conducted the selection process and risk of bias assessment. Results: A total of 1543 studies were screened, of which 67 studies including 13 cluster-randomized controlled trials and 54 nonrandomized studies were included. The effect of azithromycin MDA on trachoma was closely related to the baseline prevalence in districts. For the districts with baseline prevalence between 5.0% and 9.9%, a single round of MDA achieved a TF <5.0%. For the districts with baseline between 10.0% and 29.9%, annual MDA for 3 to 5 years reduced TF <5.0%. However, for the districts with high level of baseline prevalence(TF >30.0%), especially with baseline TF >50.0%, annual MDA was unable to achieve the TF <5.0% even after 5 to 7 years of treatment. Quarterly MDA is more effective in controlling trachoma in these hyperendemic districts. Conclusions: Azithromycin MDA for controlling trachoma depends on the baseline prevalence. The recommendation by the World Health Organization that annual MDA for 3 to 5 years in the districts with TF baseline >10.0% is not appropriate for all eligible districts.
Low-level viremia in nucleoside analog-treated chronic hepatitis B patients

Low-level viremia (LLV) was defined as persistent or intermittent episodes of detectable hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA (<2000IU/mL, detection limit of 10 IU/mL) after 48 weeks of antiviral treatment. Effective antiviral thierapies for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, such as entecavir (ETV), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), have been shown to inhibit the replication of HBV DNA and prevent liver-related complications. However, even with long-term antiviral therapy, there are still a number of patients with persistent or intermittent LLV. At present, the research on LLV to address whether adversely affect the clinical outcome is limited, and the follow-up treatment for these patients is open to question. At the same time, the mechanism of LLV is not clear. In this review, we summarize the incidence of LLV, the association between LLV and long-term outcomes, possible mechanisms, and management strategies in these patient populations.
Covariant phase space with null boundaries

By imposing the boundary condition associated with the boundary structure of the null boundaries rather than the usual one, we find for Einsteinʼs gravity that the variational principle works only in its submanifold with the null boundaries given by the expansion-free and shearfree hypersurfaces rather than in the whole covariant phase space. This implies that the key requirement in Harlow–Wuʼs algorithm for the timelike boundaries is too restrictive for the null ones. To incorporate more generic situations into Harlow–Wuʼs algorithm, we relax such a requirement. As a result, we successfully reproduce the Hamiltonian obtained previously by Wald–Zoupas’ prescription for Einsteinʼs gravity.
Theoretical self-consistency in nonextensive statistical mechanics with parameter transformation

Self-consistency in nonextensive statistical mechanics is studied as a recourse to parameter transformation, where different nonextensive parameters are presented for various theoretical branches. The unification between the first and third choices of the average definition and that between the normal and escort distributions are both examined. The problem of parameter inversion in the generalized H theorem is also investigated. The inconsistency between the statistical ensemble pressure and molecular dynamics pressure can be eliminated. This work also verifies the equivalence of physical temperature and gravitational temperature in nonextensive statistical mechanics. In these parameter transformations, the Tsallis entropy form is observed to remain invariant.
Effects of meteorological factors on the defoliation dynamics of the larch caterpillar (Dendrolimus superans Butler) in the Great Xing'an boreal forests

Larch caterpillars are widely distributed in the Great Xing'an boreal forests;however,the relationship between caterpillar defoliation dynamics and climatic factors is poorly understood.The aims of this study are to investigate the primary weather conditions that might influence forest defoliation and to identify the most important life stage of the larch caterpillar at which forest defoliation might be mitigated by incorporating more inhibitory influences from climatic factors.The life cycle of the larch caterpillar was partitioned into four stages and multiple linear regression and mixed effect models were combined with a relative weight analysis approach to evaluate the importance and influence of meteorological variables on defoliation dynamics.The results show that warmer temperatures in growing seasons and overwintering periods can increase the defoliation area,while rainy and humid growing seasons decrease the defoliation area.Total precipitation during the early instar larval period had the greatest power to explain the variance in defoliation dynamics and had a very strong inhibitory effect,followed by the accumulative temperatures of the late instar larval period which had a positive impact,and precipitation during the middle instar larval period which had a negative impact.Weather conditions during the early instar larval period had the greatest influence on the area defoliated and accounted for 40% of the explained variance.This study demonstrates that climatic warming and drying will increase the risk of larch caterpillar outbreaks in the Great Xing'an Mountains.
Convergent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in human and animals

Recently, many SARS-CoV-2 variants including 501Y.V1, 501Y.V2 and 501Y.V3 were detected in different regions (Table S1) and drew great attention from all over the world. The 501Y.V1 was firstly isolated in the United Kingdom (UK) (Davies et al., 2020) and featured with 7 substitutions including N501Y as well as 3 deletions in S protein. This variant was identified to increase the viral transmissibility by 56% in comparison with the preexisting strains. Days after this report, another SARS-CoV-2 variant (501Y.V2) featured with N501Y, K417N and E484K substitutions in S protein was supposed to rapidly outcompete the preexisting strains (Tegally et al., 2020) in South Africa. Besides, the 501Y.V3 variant was initially detected in Brazil and has caused rapidly increased infections with SNPs N501Y, K417T and E484K. Of them, N501Y, K417N/T and E484K are of particular interest because the N501Y was shared in all three variants and the K417N/T and E484K were detected simultaneous appeared with N501Y in 501Y.V2 and 501Y.V3.
Fire-induced carbon emissions from tropical mixed broad-leaved forests of the Terai-Siwalik region,central Nepal

Forest fires are one of the major environmental issues globally.In Nepal,substantial amounts of forest biomass and carbon are lost due to fire.Nepal's high value lowland forests are particularly vulnerable to fire.However,there are limited studies on the estimation of biomass loss and carbon emissions due to fire.Thus,this research addresses the information gap in the tropical mixed broadleaved forests of Nawalparasi District.The forests were divided into three strata:Lower Tropical Sal Mixed Broadleaved Forest,Hill Sal Forest and Riverine Forest,and from these four community-managed forests were selected for estimating above ground biomass.Ninety-two sample plots were set out for above ground biomass estimation in burnt and non-burnt areas.Forest fire incidences from 2001 to 2017 were acquired from the MODIS fire data.Forest biomass and carbon emissions were estimated using standard allometric equations.The fuel fraction consumed during the fire was estimated through field surveys during the forest fire season.The results show that every year,over 3158 ha of forests are burnt,resulting in some 1108 tons of carbon emissions,equivalent to approximately 4066 t CO_2,2581 t CO and 1474 t CH_4.Among the forests,the Hill Sal Forest was more vulnerable to fire.Forest management strategies,therefore,should include construction of fire lines and conservation ponds along with capacity building and raising awareness among local communities and stakeholders.
Effects of ontogenetic stage and leaf age on leaf functional traits and the relationships between traits in Pinus koraiensis

Investigating the effects of ontogenetic stage and leaf age on leaf traits is important for understanding the utilization and distribution of resources in the process of plant growth.However,few studies have been conducted to show how traits and trait-trait relationships change across a range of ontogenetic stage and leaf age for evergreen coniferous species.We divided 67 Pinus koraiensis Sieb.et Zucc.of various sizes (0.3-100 cm diameter at breast height,DBH) into four ontogenetic stages,i.e.,young trees,middle-aged trees,mature trees and over-mature trees,and measured the leaf mass per area (LMA),leaf dry matter content (LDMC),and mass-based leaf nitrogen content (N) and phosphorus content (P) of each leaf age group for each sampled tree.One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to describe the variation in leaf traits by ontogenetic stage and leaf age.The standardized major axis method was used to explore the effects of ontogenetic stage and leaf age on trait-trait relationships.We found that LMA and LDMC increased significantly and N and P decreased significantly with increases in the ontogenetic stage and leaf age.Most trait-trait relationships were consistent with the leaf economic spectrum (LES) at a global scale.Among them,leaf N content and LDMC showed a significant negative correlation,leaf N and P contents showed a significant positive correlation,and the absolute value of the slopes of the traittrait relationships showed a gradually increasing trend with an increasing ontogenetic stage.LMA and LDMC showed a significant positive correlation,and the slopes of the traittrait relationships showed a gradually decreasing trend with leaf age.Additionally,there were no significant relationships between leaf N content and LMA in most groups,which is contrary to the expectation of the LES.Overall,in the early ontogenetic stages and leaf ages,the leaf traits tend to be related to a "low investment-quick returns" resource strategy.In contrast,in the late ontogenetic stages and leaf ages,they tend to be related to a "high investment-slow returns" resource strategy.Our results reflect the optimal allocation of resources in Pinus koraiensis according to its functional needs during tree and leaf ontogeny.