mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Adolescent stress increases depression-like behaviors and alters the excitatory-inhibitory balance in aged mice

Background: Depression affects approximately 5% of elderly people and its etiology might be related to chronic stress exposure during neurodevelopmental periods. In this study, we examined the effects of adolescent chronic social stress in aged mice on depressive behaviors and the excitatory-inhibitory(E/I) balance in stress-sensitive regions of the brain. Methods: Sixty-four adolescent, male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to either the 7-week(from post-natal days 29 to 77) social instability stress(stress group, n = 32) or normal housing conditions(control group, n = 32). At 15 months of age, 16 mice were randomly selected from each group for a series of behavioral tests, including two depression-related tasks(the sucrose preference test and the tail suspension test). Three days following the last behavioral test, eight mice were randomly selected from each group for immunohistochemical analyses to measure the cell density of parvalbumin(PV~+)- and calretinin(CR~+)-positive gamma-aminobutyric-acid(GABA)ergic inhibitory inter-neurons, and the expression levels of vesicular transporters of glutamate-1(VGluT1) and vesicular GABA transporter(VGAT) in three stress-sensitive regions of the brain(the medial pre-frontal cortex [mPFC], hippocampus, and amygdala). Results: Behaviorally, compared with the control group, adolescent chronic stress increased depression-like behaviors as shown in decreased sucrose preference(54.96 ± 1.97% vs. 43.11 ± 2.85%, t_((22)) = 3.417, P = 0.003) and reduced latency to immobility in the tail suspension test(92.77 ± 25.08 s vs. 33.14 ± 5.95 s, t_((25)) = 2.394, P = 0.025), but did not affect anxiety-like behaviors and pre-pulse inhibition. At the neurobiologic level, adolescent stress down-regulated PV~+, not CR~+, inter-neuron density in the mPFC(F_((1, 39)) = 19.30, P < 0.001), and hippocampus(F_((1, 42)) = 5.823, P = 0.020) and altered the CR~+, not PV~+, inter-neuron density in the amygdala(F_((1, 28)) = 23.16, P < 0.001). The VGluT1/VGAT ratio was decreased in all three regions(all F > 10.09, all P < 0.004), which suggests stress-induced hypoexcitability in these regions. Conclusions: Chronic stress during adolescence increased depression-like behaviors in aged mice, which may be associated with the E/I imbalance in stress-sensitive brain regions.
NBO/NMR Analysis of Interaction between Picene and Boron Nitrid Nano Ring

In order to investigate the non-bonded interaction between picene and B_(12)N_(12) nano ring (BNNR) in different orientations and distances, we focused on a single-wall boronnitride B_(12)N_(12) nano-ring. The geometry of molecules was optimized using the B3LYP method with 6-31g* basis set. The reactivity and stability of picene as an aromatic compound alone and upon exposure to BNNR were checked. Then NBO, FREQ, NICS and adsorption energy of picene alone and in the presence of BNNR Field were derived to estimate the picene structural stability. The results of any order were found to reduce the reactivity and increase the stability for picene in the presence BNNR field.
中国精神卫生学科发展的回顾与展望

近年来,我国精神卫生事业取得了快速发展,然而精神卫生学科的发展仍面临诸多困境。随着美国、欧洲等多个国家的“脑计划”相继推出及我国“中国脑计划”的即将启动,必将为精神障碍的预防、早诊和优治带来发展契机。本文将简要回望精神卫生事业发展历程,总结精神障碍的诊疗现状和最新研究进展,并在现有研究的基础上展望精神卫生学科未来的发展方向。
Grazing by wild giant pandas does not affect the regeneration of Arundinaria spanostachya

Arundinaria spanostachya is the main bamboo species on which giant pandas forage.Information on its regeneration capacity to meet the foraging demands of pandas is important to ensure the long-term survival of pandas.In 2014,2 plot types (grazed versus control) were selected in the winter habitat used by one wild giant panda.Various morphological and regeneration characteristics of the bamboo were assessed in the respective plots during 2014 and 2015.The panda avoided feeding on bamboo with a basal diameter of<6 mm,preferentially feeding on intermediate-sized bamboo.The density of new shoots and the recruitment rate of shoots were significantly higher in the grazed plots compared to the control plots.The annual recruitment rate of shoots was markedly higher than the annual mortality rate in the same plot type.After grazing,the basal diameter and height of new bamboo were similar between the 2 plots.In the grazed plots,the basal diameter of new bamboo was similar to that of the stumps.Innutrition and foraging by insects were the main factors influencing the survival of new shoots.Our results showed that grazing by giant pandas helped the clonal regeneration of A.spanostachya populations,with the basal diameter of new bamboo shoots meeting the foraging demand of pandas.However,information on the carrying capacity of A.spanostachya is necessary to ensure sufficient forage matter is available for reintroduced giant pandas.Furthermore,fertilization and insect control measures should be implemented during the shooting period to optimize A.spanostachya resources.
Pollen morphology and trichome types of Betula spp.in the Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran

Pollen and trichome morphology of the genus Betula were evaluated from three main habitats in Iran using light and electron microscopy.Pollen types were identical and tri-porate;however,in terms of quantitative data,some differences were observed in exine (outside) wall thickness,length of polar axis and length of equatorial axis,possibly due to the environment.Pollen alone is insufficient to separate species of Iranian birch.Investigation of the trichome trait (small hairs or other outgrowths) revealed that birch species in Iran belong to:(1) Betula litwinowii Doluch.according to the low density of trichomes on the adaxial surface of the leaves and the lack of trichomes on the abaxial surface and many trichomes on the petioles;(2) Betula pendula Roth.due to the absence of trichomes on the adaxial surface and the low density of trichomes on the abaxial surface;and,(3) in the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaves and petioles,the trichomes had different types of pilose (long,soft hairs),and this strengthens the possibility of a different species or more likely a hybrid of B.pendula.
Proximate and mineral components of Viscum album var.coloratum grown on eight different host tree species

Mistletoes are parasite plants growing on various tree species,taking nutrients from the host.Beneficial compounds of mistletoe were used in medicine and these mistletoes were commonly collected from oak species that were not well identified.We analyzed the nutritional value by measuring proximate and mineral components of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var.coloratum) from various host trees.Carbohydrate was the most proximate component in both leaves and twigs followed crude protein,crude fiber,crude ash and crude fat.While the contents of the proximate components and minerals varied among hosts and between plant parts,leaves contained higher crude protein and ash,and more minerals except for magnesium than twigs,although no significant difference was found in mistletoe grown on Prunus mandshurica.There were significant differences of proximate and mineral contents depending on the host species.Mistletoe grown on Chaenomeles sinensis contained higher levels of carbohydrates,crude fat,crude ash,magnesium,calcium,sodium,iron,and zinc than mistletoe grown on other species.Mistletoe grown on P.mandshurica contained high mineral levels of potassium,copper and phosphorous.The nutritional value of mistletoes were greatly influenced by the host species but among the hosts,specific nutrients accumulated in leaves more than in twigs,and vice versa.Based on the analysis,Korean mistletoe contains relatively good quality of nutrients and has high potential for dietary supplements as well as for medicinal compounds.
Molecular cloning and expression under abiotic stresses and hormones of the ethylene response factor VII gene FmRAP2.12 from Fraxinus mandshurica

RELATED TO AP2.12 (RAP2.12) is one of the Ethylene Response Factors (ERF) transcription factor and plays a key role in controlling plant root bending and responding to multiple abiotic stresses including hypoxia stress.In this study,FmRAP2.12 gene was isolated and characterized from Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.The open reading frame (ORF) of FmRAP2.12 was 1170 bp and encoded a protein of 389 amino acids.The conserved domains,three-dimensional phylogenetic relationship of FmRAP2.12 was also investigated.Quantitative real-time (qRT-PCR) analyzed the expression of FmRAP2.12 in different tissues.The expression level of FmRAP2.12 was highest in roots followed by leaves,and lowest in male flowers.Abiotic stress and hormone signal-induced expression was established using qRT-PCR.Salt stress induced FmRAP2.12 to a double peak pattern:the first peak value was at 6 h and the second at 72 h.Drought stress also induced FmRAP2.12 to a double peak pattern:the first at 6 h and the second at 48 h.FmRAP2.12 was up-regulated after initiation of gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment,with a one peak pattern at 24 h.FmRAP2.12 may not respond to cold stress and Abscisic acid (ABA) treatment.The transient overexpression of FmRAP2.12 caused the up-expression of downstream key genes of abiotic stress response and gibberellin pathway.Our research reveals the molecular characteristic and expression patterns under abiotic stress and hormone condition of FmRAP2.12,providing support for the genetic improvement of F.mandshurica at a molecular level.
Targeting the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in MTAP-deficient renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has emerged as a metabolic disease characterized by dysregulated expression of metabolic enzymes. Patients with metastatic RCC have an unusually poor prognosis and near-universal resistance to all current therapies. To improve RCC treatment and the survival rate of patients with RCC, there is an urgent need to reveal the mechanisms by which metabolic reprogramming regulates aberrant signaling and oncogenic progression. Through an integrated analysis of RCC metabolic pathways, we showed that methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) and its substrate methylthioadenosine (MTA) are dysregulated in aggressive RCC. A decrease in MTAP expression was observed in RCC tissues and correlated with higher tumor grade and shorter overall survival. Genetic manipulation of MTAP demonstrated that MTAP expression inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and migration of RCC cells. Interestingly, we found a decrease in the protein methylation level with a concomitant increase in tyrosine phosphorylation after MTAP knockout. A phospho-kinase array screen identified the type 1 insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) as the candidate with the highest upregulation in tyrosine phosphorylation in response to MTAP loss. We further demonstrated that IGF1R phosphorylation acts upstream of Src and STAT3 signaling in MTAP-knockout RCC cells. IGF1R suppression by a selective inhibitor of IGF1R, linsitinib, impaired the cell migration and invasion capability of MTAPdeleted cells. Surprisingly, an increase in linsitinib-mediated cytotoxicity occurred in RCC cells with MTAP deficiency. Our data suggest that IGF1R signaling is a driver pathway that contributes to the aggressive nature of MTAP-deleted RCC.
Epigenetic drug library screening identified an LSD1 inhibitor to target UTX-deficient cells for differentiation therapy

UTX (also known as KDM6A), a histone 3 lysine 27 demethylase, is among the most frequently mutated epigenetic regulators in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recent studies have suggested that UTX mutations promote MDS and AML by blocking the differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Here, we performed an epigenetic drug library screening for small molecules able to release the differentiation block on HSPCs induced by UTX deficiency. We found that SP2509, a selective inhibitor of LSD1, specifically promoted the differentiation of Utx-null HSPCs while sparing wild-type HSPCs. Transcriptome profiling showed that Utx loss reduced the expression of differentiation-related and tumor suppressor genes, correlating with their potential roles in HSPC self-renewal and leukemogenesis. In contrast, SP2509 treatment reversed these changes in gene expression in Utx-null HSPCs. Accordingly, Utx loss decreased H3K4 methylation level probably through the COMPASS-like complex, while LSD1 inhibition by SP2509 partially reversed the reduction of H3K4 methylation in Utx-deficient HSPCs. Further, SP2509 promoted the differentiation of Utx-null AML cells in vitro and in vivo and, therefore, extended the survival of these leukemic mice. Thus, our study identified a novel strategy to specifically target both premalignant and malignant cells with Utx deficiency for differentiation therapy and provided insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of Utx in regulating HSPCs and related diseases.
器官移植术后结核病临床诊疗技术规范(2019版)

结核病是实体器官移植后一种较为少见但后果严重的感染性疾病。随着器官移植受者以及结核病患病人数的增加,需要建立规范的诊疗程序和治疗指导原则,以便合理制定化学治疗和免疫抑制方案。为了进一步规范实体器官移植术后结核病的临床诊疗,中华医学会器官移植学分会组织器官移植学专家和结核病学专家,从实体器官移植术后结核病的流行病学特点、诊断、预防和治疗等方面,在《中国器官移植术后结核病临床诊疗指南(2016版)》的基础上制定本规范。
第53届美国胰腺俱乐部年会研究进展解析

由美国胰腺俱乐部(American Pancreas Club)主办的第53届美国胰腺俱乐部年会,于当地时间2019年5月17日至18日在美国加利福尼亚州圣迭戈召开.美国胰腺俱乐部历史悠久,首届年会于1966年在芝加哥埃文斯顿举办,起初是胰腺专业内外科医师的小型聚会,后来逐渐发展壮大,目前已成为世界范围内颇具影响力的胰腺专业会议.本次会议吸引了美国本土知名的大学和医疗中心,以及意大利、荷兰、日本、韩国、中国等广大学者参会.会议内容精彩纷呈,共有65项大会发言,200余份壁报展示.会议共设置4项奖学金以及20 000美元的科研种子基金用于奖励研究内容新颖、丰富且大会汇报优异的青年学者.笔者团队苗毅教授受邀出席此次会议并担任大会主持.现将本次会议的亮点内容与国内同道分享,以期为胰腺疾病的诊断与治疗、基础与临床研究提供新思路和启迪.
Bacteriophages Isolated in China for the Control of Pectobacterium carotovorum Causing Potato Soft Rot in Kenya

Soft rot is an economically significant disease in potato and one of the major threats to sustainable potato production. This study aimed at isolating lytic bacteriophages and evaluating methods for and the efficacy of applying phages to control potato soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum. Eleven bacteriophages isolated from soil and water samples collected in Wuhan, China, were used to infect P. carotovorum host strains isolated from potato tubers showing soft rot symptoms in Nakuru county, Kenya. The efficacy of the phages in controlling soft rot disease was evaluated by applying individual phage strains or a phage cocktail on potato slices and tubers at different time points before or after inoculation with a P. carotovorum strain. The phages could lyse 20 strains of P. carotovorum, but not Pseudomonas fluorescens control strains. Among the 11 phages, Pectobacterium phage Wc5r, interestingly showed cross-activity against Pectobacterium atrosepticum and two phage-resistant P. carotovorum strains. Potato slice assays showed that the phage concentration and timing of application are crucial factors for effective soft rot control. Phage cocktail applied at a concentration of 1 × 10~9 plaque-forming units per milliliter before or within an hour after bacterial inoculation on potato slices, resulted in ≥ 90% reduction of soft rot symptoms. This study provides a basis for the development and application of phages to reduce the impact of potato soft rot disease.
The Susceptibility of Primary Dermis Fibroblasts from the Chinese Tree Shrew to Human Cytomegalovirus Infection

As a universal pathogen leading to neonatal defects and transplant failure, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has strict species specificity and this has prevented the development of a suitable animal model for the pathogenesis study. The mechanism of cross-species barrier remains elusive and there are so far no non-human cell culture models that support HCMV replication. The Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) is a small laboratory animal and evolutionary closely related with primates. We investigated the susceptibility of primary tree shrew dermis fibroblasts (TSDF) to HCMV infection. Infection with a GFP-expressing HCMV virus resulted in green fluorescence in infected cells with the expression of IE1, UL44 and pp28. The titers of cell-free viruses reached 10~3 PFU/mL at 96 hpi, compared to titers of 10~4 PFU/mL observed in primary human foreskin fibroblasts. Our results suggested that TSDF was semi-permissive for HCMV infection. The TSDF model could be further used to investigate key factors influencing cross-species multiplication of HCMV.
Commentary for Sequential Therapy Based on Evolvement of Patterns:A New Model for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

It has been accepted for many years that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia in most if not all parts of the world.It is a very complex disorder and its underlying pathological mechanisms are still poorly understood.There are a number of risk factors.These include increasing age,apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype,a number of different autosomal dominant genetic mutations that especially affect younger people,and a host of medical risk factors such as hypertension,diabetes mellitus,hypercholesterolaemia,lack of exercise and obesity to name but a few.Modestly effective symptom treating drugs such as the cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine,and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist,have been available for many years but despite fifteen to twenty years of research endeavour we still do not have any AD targeted disease modifying drug treatments that delay or prevent the pathology.All of the trials of the latter have failed so far despite many different underlying strategies.This could be the result of all the trials being of a monotherapy,or targeting the wrong pathological process,or trying to develop a single "magic bullet" approach that would benefit all patients with AD,or a combination of these factors acting alone or together with intrinsic risks factors such as those mentioned above.
阿替普酶动脉溶栓联合高压氧治疗老年缺血性脑卒中的疗效观察

缺血性脑卒中是由于脑动脉闭塞或狭窄导致的脑部疾病,大多发生于老年人,多导致患者出现运动、视力、认知、言语等功能障碍。在患者出现症状后的4~5 h内给予静脉注射阿替普酶被认为是具有疗效的再灌注治疗,然而,这种疗法具有一定的局限性和禁忌证。高压氧治疗可改善大脑功能的恢复,提高大脑局部的代谢。本研究将阿替普酶动脉溶栓与高压氧联合治疗老年缺血性脑卒中患者,观察其临床治疗效果。
内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗胃窦后壁黏膜固有肌层起源的胃重复囊肿一例

消化道重复畸形是指一种罕见的管状或囊状的空腔组织,与紧贴的消化道组织相似.本文报道了1例胃窦后壁黏膜固有肌层起源的胃重复囊肿患者,经内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗,疗效满意.结合本例患者实际以及相关文献资料,对该病的诊治经验进行了报道.
瑞博西林联合氟维司群用于激素受体阳性、人表皮生长因子受体2阴性晚期乳腺癌的 Ⅲ期研究——MONALEESA3研究解读

本期分享的是2018年6月3日在线发表在J Clin Oncol的MONALEESA-3研究。这是一项针对激素受体(hormone receptor,HR)(+)/人表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth fator receptor 2,HER2)(-)晚期乳腺癌患者的Ⅲ期临床研究,探索细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4/6(cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6,CDK4/6)抑制剂瑞博西林(ribociclib)联合氟维司群相比氟维司群单药的疗效和安全性。
一例3q29微缺失导致宫内发育迟缓胎儿的产前诊断

3q29微缺失综合征具有发育滞后、自闭、面部畸形、精神障碍等表型,且部分症状具有进行性和迟发性,产前B超无法检出,临床诊断往往十分困难。aCGH可一次性对全基因组进行检测,具有高分辨率、高敏感性和高准确性等优点,对于发现染色体微小缺失、重复等不平衡性重排具有独特的优势,已经成为遗传病检测的重要手段。
异卵双胎钴胺素代谢缺陷症C型一例

MMACHC蛋白第122~156位的氨基酸序列为钴胺素结合区,而第185~282位氨基酸序列为非连续的β-折叠以及12个残基形成的α-螺旋,与大肠埃希菌的TonB蛋白结构相似,后者与钴胺素摄取过程中的能量传递相关.c. 364dupC (p. H122PfsX17)位于钴胺素结合区的起始位置,且在突变位点后第17个密码子出现了终止密码子,产生截短型的蛋白,比正常蛋白少143个氨基酸,可能影响钴胺素的结合及转运所需的质子泵能量转化.c. 609G>A(p. W203X)是已被证实的致病性突变.家系分析提示,上述突变分别来源于患儿的父母,而其异卵双生的姐姐并未携带上述突变,符合遗传规律,因此判断c. 364dupC和c. 609G>A复合杂合突变是本例患儿发病的原因.
从中西医结合的角度探讨结肠透析治疗慢性肾脏病

慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)已经成为全球性公共健康问题,对患者的致残率及死亡率具有重要影响。研究显示,中国大陆成年人CKD的患病率为10.8%,且死亡率逐年增加,积极防治CKD已成为目前肾脏病的研究热点。
近端肾小管能量代谢障碍导致范可尼综合征的机制

范可尼综合征(Fanconi syndrome)是由近端肾小管功能受损导致的多种中小分子物质重吸收障碍。近端肾小管重吸收需要消耗大量ATP,近端肾小管能量代谢障碍,会直接影响相关物质转运。Fanconi综合征的常见病因除近端小管上皮细胞内吞功能障碍外,还有线粒体DNA修复或合成受损、线粒体蛋白的功能受损、合成ATP原料缺乏、直接抑制Na-K-ATP酶活性导致的能量代谢障碍。此外,糖酵解对能量代谢的影响日益受到重视,目前糖尿病肾病等多种疾病中已阐述了其重要作用。因此,进一步研究能量代谢,尤其是疾病状态下肾脏的能量代谢,可为治疗Fanconi综合征提供新的靶点。
特布他林雾化导致低钾血症一例

特布他林为呼吸科常见的支气管舒张剂,常常联合其他药物雾化治疗,现将本院收治的1例应用特布他林雾化导致低钾血症报道如下,以提高临床医师对特布他林引起血钾降低的重视程度.
Scalable and Adaptive Joins for Trajectory Data in Distributed Stream System

As a fundamental operation in LBS (location-based services), the trajectory similarity of moving objects has been extensively studied in recent years. However, due to the increasing volume of moving object trajectories and the demand of interactive query performance, the trajectory similarity queries are now required to be processed on massive datasets in a real-time manner. Existing work has proposed distributed or parallel solutions to enable large-scale trajectory similarity processing. However, those techniques cannot be directly adapted to the real-time scenario as it is likely to generate poor balancing performance when workload variance occurs on the incoming trajectory stream. In this paper, we propose a new workload partitioning framework, ART (Adaptive Framework for Real-Time Trajectory Similarity), which introduces practical algorithms to support dynamic workload assignment for RTTS (real-time trajectory similarity). Our proposal includes a processing model tailored for the RTTS scenario, a load balancing framework to maximize throughput, and an adaptive data partition manner designed to cut off unnecessary network cost. Based on this, our model can handle the large-scale trajectory similarity in an on-line scenario, which achieves scalability, effectiveness, and efficiency by a single shot. Empirical studies on synthetic data and real-world stream applications validate the usefulness of our proposal and prove the huge advantage of our approach over state-of-the-art solutions in the literature.
2019年春季气象条件对农业生产的影响

2019年春季(3-5月),全国平均气温较常年同期偏高;平均降水量接近常年同期略偏少,各地降水距平差异明显;平均日照时数接近常年同期,仅江南西部和华南较常年同期偏少。北方冬麦区大部降水及时,利于冬小麦生长发育和产量形成;北方春播区气温回升较快,降水较及时,春播作物播种出苗顺利;南方大部时段水热条件较好,利于夏收粮油作物产量形成和早稻播种育秧。但是,南方部分地区强降水过程多,出现短时低温天气,不利春播作业、早稻幼苗生长、油菜产量形成和收晒;东北地区西部和内蒙古东部5月中旬前降水持续偏少,部分地区旱情严重,春播受阻;四川南部、云南中南部等地春季无有效降水,部分地区土壤持续缺墒,影响一季稻和烟草等作物生长发育。
青海湖国家自然保护区管理中亟待解决的紧迫问题及理顺体制的建议

青海湖国家自然保护区是国家生态安全屏障的重要组成部分和“亚洲水塔”建设的重要支撑。中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所李广东、方创琳和杜云艳等在开展中国科学院战略先导科技专项“泛第三极环境变化与绿色丝绸之路建设”项目和青藏高原第二次科学考察项目的深度实地调研后发现,青海湖国家自然保护区存在着管理职责不清、体制不顺、竞相开发、利益分配不公等严重问题,急需从国家生态安全战略高度理顺青海湖国家自然保护区管理体制,协调好生态保护与旅游开发的关系,确保自然保护区永续发展。
Intranasal Immunization Using CTA1-DD as a Mucosal Adjuvant for an Inactivated Influenza Vaccine

Objective To evaluate the effect of intranasal immunization with CTA1-DD as mucosal adjuvant combined with H3N2 split vaccine.Methods Mice were immunized intranasally with PBS (negative control),or H3N2 split vaccine (3 μg/mouse) alone,or CTA1-DD (5 μg/mouse) alone,or H3N2 split vaccine (3 μg/mouse) plus CTA1-DD (5 μg/mouse).Positive control mice were immunized intramuscularly with H3N2 split vaccine (3 μg/mouse) and alum adjuvant.All the mice were immunized twice,two weeks apart.Then sera and mucosal lavages were collected.The specific HI titers,IgM,IgG,IgA,and IgG subtypes were examined by ELISA.IFN-γ and IL-4 were test by ELISpot.In addition,two weeks after the last immunization,surivival after H3N2 virus lethal challenge was measured.Results H3N2 split vaccine formulated with CTA1-DD could elicit higher IgM,IgG and hemagglutination inhibition titers in sera.Furthermore,using CTA1-DD as adjuvant significantly improved mucosal secretory IgA titers in bronchoalveolar lavages and vaginal lavages.Meanwhile this mucosal adjuvant could enhance Th-1-type responses and induce protective hemagglutination inhibition titers.Notably,the addition of CTA1-DD to split vaccine provided 100% protection against lethal infection by the H3N2 virus.Conclusion CTA1-DD could promote mucosal,humoral and cell-mediated immune responses,which supports the further development of CTA1-DD as a mucosal adjuvant for mucosal vaccines.