mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Molecular Design Strategies of Photovoltaic Materials for Polymer Solar Cells

Polymer solar cells (PSCs) are composed of a blend active layer of a p-type conjugated polymer (p-CP) as donor and an n-type organic semiconductor (n-OS) as acceptor, sandwiched between a transparent electrode and a metal electrode. The photovoltaic materials and devices of the PSCs have attracted great attention in recent years, due to their advantages of low-cost solution-processing, light weight, thin active layer, and capability to be fabricated into flexible and semitransparent devices.
A Near-Infrared Polymer Acceptor Enables over 15% Efficiency for All-Polymer Solar Cells

Finding effective molecular design strategies to enable efficient charge generation, high charge transport, and small energy loss is a longstanding challenge for developing high-performance all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs). Here, we designed and synthesized a fused-aromaticring-constructed near-infrared (NIR) polymer acceptor (PA) PYT-Tz with fused-ring benzotriazole (BTz)-based A'-DAD-A' structure as electrondeficient-core, n-nonane as alkyl-side-chain and thiophene as π-bridge, and achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.10% for the all-PSCs with PYT-Tz as acceptor and a wide-bandgap PBDB-T as donor. A control PA PYT reported by our lab recently was introduced for investigating the synergistic effect of the electron-deficient-core and alkyl-side-chain on the optoelectronic properties and photovoltaic performance of the n-type PAs. Compared with PYT, the designed PYT-Tz exhibits intense and red-shifted absorption, upshifted energy levels, high electron mobility and ordered molecular packing in the active layers, and, blended with PBDB-T, yields the efficient hole injection, ultrafast charge generation, and the decreased non-radiative recombination loss of 0.17 eV. Of note is that the PCE of 15.10% is one of the highest PCE values for an all-PSC reported to date. Our results indicate BTz-based fused-aromatic-ring-constructed PAs are promising NIR acceptors in the all-PSCs.
Subtle Alignment of Organic Semiconductors at the Donor/Acceptor Heterojunction Facilitates the Photoelectric Conversion Process

The aligned molecular packing structure is vital to the anisotropic charge transport in conjugated polymer and small molecule thin films. However, how this molecular packing motif influences the photoelectric conversion process at the donor/acceptor heterojunction is still mysterious. Herein, we employed a PM6/Y6 bilayer model to investigate the long-range alignment of molecular packing induced photoelectric conversion process. Both PM6 and Y6 layers were properly controlled to exhibit the uniaxially oriented molecular packing compared to their ascast counterparts, as revealed by the polarized absorption spectra and transmission electron microscopy. After analyzing the photovoltaic performance of bilayer devices, the smaller energy loss, lower energetic disorder, and longer charge carrier lifetime can be observed in the bilayer devices with aligned Y6 molecules, which contribute to a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) than the as-cast devices. While the molecular packing structure of PM6 layer exhibited negligible influence on the device performance, probably resulting from the intrinsic semicrystalline nature of PM6 molecules. Our results indicate that the alignment of small molecular acceptor at the donor/acceptor interfaces should be a powerful strategy to facilitate the photoelectric conversion process, which will definitely pave the way to highly efficient bulk heterojunction photovoltaic device.
Halogen-free Polymer Donors Based on 3,4-Dicyanothiophene for High-performance Polymer Solar Cells

Polymer solar cells (PSCs) consisting of a polymer donor and a small molecular acceptor is a promising photovoltaic technology, whose device performance is determined by both polymer donor and small molecular acceptor. Halogen atoms such as fluorine or chlorine atoms were usually introduced onto the polymer donors to downshift the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels and improve the open-circuit voltage (VOC) of the PSCs. However, the introduction of the halogen atoms especially fluorine atoms greatly complicates the polymer synthesis. Herein, we report the use of a structural simple and easily synthesized building block, 3,4-dicyanothiophene (DCT), to construct a set of halogen-free polymer donors PBCNTx (x=25, 50, 75) via ternary random copolymerization. The introduction of DCT units not only simplified the synthesis, but also downshifted the HOMO energy levels of the polymers and improved the VOC of PSCs effectively. Encouragingly, the PBCNT75 afforded a power conversion efficiency up to 15.7% with a VOC of 0.83 V, which are among the top values for halogen-free polymer donors. This work shows that the introduction of DCT units is a simple yet effective strategy to construct halogen-free and low-cost polymer donors for high-performance PSCs.
Online temperature estimation of Shell coal gasification process based on extended Kalman filter

Obtaining the temperature inside the gasifier of a Shell coal gasification process (SCGP) in real-time is very important for safe process operation. However, this temperature cannot be measured directly due to the harsh operating condition. Estimating this temperature using the extended Kalman filter (EKF) based on a simplified mechanistic model is proposed in this paper. The gasifier is partitioned into three zones. The quench pipe and the transfer duct are seen as two additional zones. A simplified mechanistic model is developed in each zone and formulated as a state-space representation. The temperature in each zone is estimated by the EKF in real-time. The proposed method is applied to an industrial SCGP and the effectiveness of the estimated temperatures is verified by a process variable both qualitatively and quantitatively. The prediction capability of the simplified mechanistic model is validated. The effectiveness of the proposed method is further verified by comparing it to a Kalman filter-based single-zone temperature estimation method.
N, P co-doped porous graphene with high electrochemical properties obtained via the laser induction of cellulose nanofibrils

Cellulose and its derivatives are natural materials with high carbon contents, but it is challenging to convert their carbon into high value-added carbonaceous materials (e.g., graphene). Here, an approach to convert the carbon in cellulose into N, P co-doped porous graphene (LIG) materials via laser induction is proposed. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), a cellulose derivative with high dispersion uniformity and abundant surface hydroxyl groups, were easily formed on a bulk substrate (thickness ≥5 mm) containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Then, a 10.6 lm CO_2 laser was used to scribe for 1-5 passes on the CNFs/APP substrate under an ambient environment to produce N, P co-doped porous LIG. Upon increasing the number of laser scribing passes, the IG/ID of LIG first increased and then decreased, reaching a maximum of 1.68 at 4 passes. The good pore structure and low resistance also showed that 4 laser passes were ideal. Besides, the N, P co-doped LIG also showed excellent electrochemical performance, with a specific capacitance of 221.4 F·g~(-1) and capacitance retention of 89.9%. This method exploits the advantages of nanocellulose and overcomes the difficulties associated with directly compounding cellulosic materials, providing a method for the further development of biomass nanomaterials.
Distribution characteristics of wave energy in the Zhe-Min coastal area

A 10-year (2003-2012) hindcast was conducted to study the wave field in the Zhe-Min coastal area (Key Area OEW2) located off Zhejiang and Fujian provinces of China. Forced by the wind field from a weather research and forecasting model (WRF), high-resolution wave modelling using the SWAN was carried out in the study area. The simulated wave fields show a good agreement with observations. Using the simulation results, we conducted statistical analysis of wave power density in terms of spatial distribution and temporal variation. The effective duration of wave energy in the sea area was discussed, and the stability of wave energy was evaluated using the coefficient of variation of wave power density. Results indicate that the wave energy resource in the study area was about 4.11×10~6 kW. The distribution of wave energy tends to increase from the north (off Zhejiang coast) to the south (off Fujian coast), and from near-shore area to the open sea. The sea areas with wave power density greater than 2 kW/m are mostly distributed seaward of the 10-m isobath, and the contours of the wave power density are almost parallel to the shoreline. The sea areas around the islands that are far from the mainland are rich in wave energy, usually more than 6 kW/m, and therefore are of obvious advantages in planning wave energy development and utilization. The effective duration of wave energy in the offshore area shows an increasing trend from north (off Zhejiang coast) to south (off Fujian coast), with values of ~3 500 h in the north and ~4 450 h in the south. The coefficient of variation of wave energy in this region is mostly in the range of 1.5-3.0, and gradually decreases from the north to the south, suggesting that the wave energy in the south is more stable than that in the north.
Spatio-temporal analysis of the melt onset dates over Arctic sea ice from 1979 to 2017

The melt onset dates (MOD) over Arctic sea ice plays an important role in the seasonal cycle of sea ice surface properties, which impacts Arctic surface solar radiation absorbed by the ice-ocean system. Monitoring interannual variations in MOD is valuable for understanding climate change. In this study, we investigated the spatio-temporal variability of MOD over Arctic sea ice and 14 Arctic sub-regions in the period of 1979 to 2017 from passive microwave satellite data. A set of mathematical and statistical methods, including the Sen's slope and Mann-Kendall mutation tests, were used to comprehensively assess the variation trend and abrupt points of MOD during the past 39 years for different Arctic sub-regions. Additionally, the correlation between Arctic Oscillation (AO) and MOD was analyzed. The results indicate that: (1) all Arctic sub-regions show a trend toward earlier MOD except the Bering Sea and St. Lawrence Gulf. The East Siberian Sea exhibits a significantly earlier trend, with the highest rate of–9.45 d/decade; (2) the temporal variability and statistical significance of MOD trend exhibit large interannual differences with different time windows for most regions in the Arctic; (3) during the past 39 years, the MOD changed abruptly in different years for different sub-regions; (4) the seasonal AO has more influence on MOD than monthly AO. The findings in this study can improve our knowledge of MOD changes and are beneficial for further Arctic climate change study.
A Comparative Study of Friction Self-Piercing Riveting and Self-Piercing Riveting of Aluminum Alloy AA5182-O

In this paper, self-piercing riveting (SPR) and friction self-piercing riveting (F-SPR) processes were employed to join aluminum alloy AA5182-O sheets. Parallel studies were carried out to compare the two processes in terms of joint macrogeometry, tooling force, microhardness, quasi-static mechanical performance, and fatigue behavior. The results indicate that the F-SPR process formed both rivet-sheet interlocking and sheet-sheet solid-state bonding, whereas the SPR process only contained rivet-sheet interlocking. For the same rivet flaring, the F-SPR process required 63% less tooling force than the SPR process because of the softening effect of frictional heat and the lower rivet hardness of F-SPR. The decrease in the switch depth of the F-SPR resulted in more hardening of the aluminum alloy surrounding the rivet. The higher hardness of aluminum and formation of solid-state bonding enhanced the F-SPR joint stiffness under lap-shear loading, which contributed to the higher quasi-static lap-shear strength and longer fatigue life compared to those of the SPR joints.
Texas Crisis Highlights Grid Vulnerabilities

In February 2021, during a massive blackout in Texas, USA, a man made the news for using his hybrid Ford F-150 pickup truck, a model equipped with a generator, to power his house for three days [1]. Other hybrid F-150 owners followed suit, and Ford requested that its Texas dealerships lend out the trucks on their lots so that more people could access these mini-power stations during the week-long disaster [2].
AI-Driven Robotic Laboratories Show Promise

Elaborate proof-of-principle experiments in several laboratories around the world have recently offered glimpses of a future in which high-throughput automatic laboratories guided by artificial intelligence (AI) might enhance the process for discovery of new materials, such as those for clean energy technologies. And in chemical engineering, using AI to aid in synthesis planning and performance offers the prospect of scientists needing little more than an idea and an internet connection to generate novel molecules in state-of-the-art, remote laboratories.
Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Newly Emerging Coronavirus HCoV-19 Spike Protein and Human ACE2 Reveals Camouflaging Glycans and Unique Post-Translational Modifications

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to worldwide efforts to understand the biological traits of the newly identified human coronavirus (HCoV-19) virus. In this mass spectrometry (MS)-based study, we reveal that out of 21 possible glycosites in the HCoV-19 spike protein (S protein), 20 are completely occupied by N-glycans, predominantly of the oligomannose type. All seven glycosylation sites in human angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) were found to be completely occupied, mainly by complex N-glycans. However, glycosylation did not directly contribute to the binding affinity between HCoV-19 S protein and hACE2. Additional post-translational modification (PTM) was identified, including multiple methylated sites in both proteins and multiple sites with hydroxylproline in hACE2. Refined structural models of HCoV-19 S protein and hACE2 were built by adding N-glycan and PTMs to recently published cryogenic electron microscopy structures. The PTM and glycan maps of HCoV-19 S protein and hACE2 provide additional structural details for studying the mechanisms underlying host attachment and the immune response of HCoV-19, as well as knowledge for developing desperately needed remedies and vaccines.
Addressing Frequency Control Challenges in Future Low-Inertia Power Systems: A Great Britain Perspective

The ambitious global targets on decarbonization present the need for massive integration of renewable generation in power systems, resulting in a significant decrease in the system inertia. In addition to the reduction in system inertia, the transmission system in Great Britain (GB) faces some unique challenges owing to its relatively small capacity, while being decoupled from other transmission systems and with the renewable resources largely non-uniformly distributed across the system. This paper presents opinions and insights on the challenges associated with frequency control in a low-inertia system and the potential solutions from a GB perspective. In this paper, we focus on three main techniques that act over different time scales: synchronous condensers, inertia emulation, and fast frequency response. We evaluate their relative advantages and limitations with learnings from recent research and development projects in GB, along with the opinions on their roles in addressing the frequency control challenges in future low-inertia systems.
Advances and Strategies for Controlling the Quality and Safety of Postharvest Fruit

Fresh fruits are highly valued by consumers worldwide, owing to their delicious flavors, abundant nutrients, and health-promoting characteristics, and as such, fruits make up an important component of a healthy diet. The postharvest quality and safety of fresh fruit involve complex interactions among the fruit, environmental factors, and postharvest pathogens. Efficient regulation of fruit senescence and pathogen resistance, as well as disease-causing abilities of postharvest pathogens, is critical to understanding the fundamental mechanisms that underlie fruit quality and safety. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances and currently available strategies for maintaining fruit quality and controlling major postharvest pathogens, mainly Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum, which may promote sustainable and environmental-friendly development of the fruit industry.
Automatic Visual Leakage Detection and Localization from Pipelines in Chemical Process Plants Using Machine Vision Techniques

Liquid leakage from pipelines is a critical issue in large-scale process plants. Damage in pipelines affects the normal operation of the plant and increases maintenance costs. Furthermore, it causes unsafe and hazardous situations for operators. Therefore, the detection and localization of leakages is a crucial task for maintenance and condition monitoring. Recently, the use of infrared (IR) cameras was found to be a promising approach for leakage detection in large-scale plants. IR cameras can capture leaking liquid if it has a higher (or lower) temperature than its surroundings. In this paper, a method based on IR video data and machine vision techniques is proposed to detect and localize liquid leakages in a chemical process plant. Since the proposed method is a vision-based method and does not consider the physical properties of the leaking liquid, it is applicable for any type of liquid leakage (i.e., water, oil, etc.). In this method, subsequent frames are subtracted and divided into blocks. Then, principle component analysis is performed in each block to extract features from the blocks. All subtracted frames within the blocks are individually transferred to feature vectors, which are used as a basis for classifying the blocks. The k-nearest neighbor algorithm is used to classify the blocks as normal (without leakage) or anomalous (with leakage). Finally, the positions of the leakages are determined in each anomalous block. In order to evaluate the approach, two datasets with two different formats, consisting of video footage of a laboratory demonstrator plant captured by an IR camera, are considered. The results show that the proposed method is a promising approach to detect and localize leakages from pipelines using IR videos. The proposed method has high accuracy and a reasonable detection time for leakage detection. The possibility of extending the proposed method to a real industrial plant and the limitations of this method are discussed at the end.
Comparison of Production-Triggering Strategies for Manufacturing Enterprises under Random Orders

Although new technologies have been deeply applied in manufacturing systems, manufacturing enterprises are still encountering difficulties in maintaining efficient and flexible production due to the random arrivals of diverse customer requirements. Fast order delivery and low inventory cost are fundamentally contradictory to each other. How to make a suitable production-triggering strategy is a critical issue for an enterprise to maintain a high level of competitiveness in a dynamic environment. In this paper, we focus on production-triggering strategies for manufacturing enterprises to satisfy randomly arriving orders and reduce inventory costs. Unified theoretical models and simulation models of different production strategies are proposed, including time-triggered strategies, event-triggered strategies, and hybrid-triggered strategies. In each model, both part-production-triggering strategies and product-assembly-triggering strategies are considered and implemented. The time-triggered models and hybrid-triggered models also consider the impact of the period on system performance. The results show that hybrid-triggered and time-triggered strategies yield faster order delivery and lower inventory costs than event-triggered strategies if the period is set appropriately.
Progress in Research and Development of Molten Chloride Salt Technology for Next Generation Concentrated Solar Power Plants

Concentrated solar power (CSP) plants with thermal energy storage (TES) system are emerging as one kind of the most promising power plants in the future renewable energy system, since they can supply dispatchable and low-cost electricity with abundant but intermittent solar energy. In order to significantly reduce the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of the present commercial CSP plants, the next generation CSP technology with higher process temperature and energy efficiency is being developed. The TES system in the next generation CSP plants works with new TES materials at higher temperatures (> 565 °C) compared to that with the commercial nitrate salt mixtures. This paper reviews recent progress in research and development of the next generation CSP and TES technology. Emphasis is given on the advanced TES technology based on molten chloride salt mixtures such as MgCl_2/NaCl/KCl which has similar thermo-physical properties as the commercial nitrate salt mixtures, higher thermal stability (> 800 °C), and lower costs (< 0.35 USD·kg·1). Recent progress in the selection/optimization of chloride salts, determination of molten chloride salt properties, and corrosion control of construction materials (e.g., alloys) in molten chlorides is reviewed.
Recent Advances in Electrode Design Based on One-Dimensional Nanostructure Arrays for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Applications

One-dimensional (1D) Pt-based electrocatalysts demonstrate outstanding catalytic activities and stability toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Advances in three-dimensional (3D) ordered electrodes based on 1D Pt-based nanostructure arrays have revealed great potential for developing highperformance proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), in particular for addressing the mass transfer and durability challenges of Pt/C nanoparticle electrodes. This paper reviews recent progress in the field, with a focus on the 3D ordered electrodes based on self-standing Pt nanowire arrays. Nanostructured thin-film (NSTF) catalysts are discussed along with electrodes made from Pt-based nanoparticles deposited on arrays of polymer nanowires, and carbon and TiO_2 nanotubes. Achievements on electrodes from Pt-based nanotube arrays are also reviewed. The importance of size, surface properties, and the distribution control of 1D catalyst nanostructures is indicated. Finally, challenges and future development opportunities are addressed regarding increasing electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and quantifying oxygen mass transport resistance for 1D nanostructure array electrodes.
糖尿病患者二甲双胍治疗和维生素B12水平的研究进展

二甲双胍基于既往的疗效、安全性和卫生经济学数据,已被国内外指南一致推荐为治疗2型糖尿病的首选药物。但在长期使用二甲双胍治疗的过程中,部分患者可能会出现维生素B12缺乏症,并可能导致巨幼红细胞性贫血、认知障碍、周围神经病变等并发症,严重影响患者健康。该文着重对糖尿病患者使用二甲双胍和维生素B12水平关系的研究进展进行详细阐述,旨在为早期评估使用二甲双胍患者的血清维生素B12状态,尽早发现由此带来的并发症,并及早进行干预提供参考。
空间站任务着陆场返回舱前航天员救治专家共识

2021年,我国载人航天工程进入空间站建造期,并将全面迈入空间站时代。未来十年,载人航天任务将更加密集,成为常规性任务。确保航天员的安全是一切工作的前提,而医疗救援是最为根本的保障。我国从“神舟五号"到“神舟十二号”载人航天飞行都取得了圆满成功,无严重意外事故发生;历次任务中,医疗救护队均进行了充分准备,组织了训练、演练和实战,保障了航天员的安全。但航天员意外伤害的风险永远不能轻视。在过去60余年国际载人飞行中,载人航天故障、事故和安全问题时有发生。并且,长期失重引起的心血管系统功能及结构变化、骨骼和肌肉系统废用性改变等均增加了返回时意外损伤的风险。在载人航天医疗救援任务中,着陆场的医学救援是最为重要内容和环节。着陆场的医学救援主要包括:返回舱前救治(以下简称舱前救治)、载体内救治、载体医疗后送、后方支持医院(以下简称后支医院)交接共4个阶段。舱前救治在危及生命伤情的抢救时极为重要,舱前阶段是提高救治成功率的关键时机。舱前环境多为沙漠戈壁,风沙大、冬天气温低、夏天气温高、夜间照明差,医疗条件较差,在携带有限医疗装备的条件下,如何开展舱前救治,目前尚无统一规范。在航天员救治过程中,一方面需要尽量减少舱前救治时间,将航天员尽快后送至条件相对好的医疗救护载体,另一方面又要抓住舱前阶段的抢救关键时机,救援队面临不少困惑:比如,哪些伤病情必须在舱前救治?哪些可以舱前暂不处理,需尽快送至后送载体内再行处理?舱前能够进行哪些医疗操作?等等。在此背景下,战略支援部队特色医学中心以神舟十二任务医疗队为主体组织国内相关专家成立了工作小组以及共识专家委员会,经过反复讨论修订,最后投票,形成了针对空间站任务神舟飞船返回舱舱前医学救援的首个专家共识。