mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Water-soluble ions in hailstones in northern and southwestern China

Natural hailstones were collected and analyzed in the laboratory not only for their physical properties (e.g., structure, density, shape, and air bubbles), but also for their chemical properties (e.g., organic particles, biological particles, and water-soluble ions), which can help a clear understanding on microphysics and development of hailstorms [1–4]. Aerosol particles were carried up from the atmospheric boundary layer to the free atmosphere into the cloud base by updrafts, and could be scavenged into cloud water droplets and ice particles to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nuclei (IN) [5], further affecting hailstones formation. Interactions between aerosols and hailstones have been studied usually by models [6], because it is difficult to study the processes involved in this interaction in deep convective storms using instruments in the laboratory [7]. Water-soluble particles, which can initiate the liquid phase much more effectively than insoluble particles can, have been less well studied in hailstones [4]. This is particularly true in comparison with the number of studies undertaken to determine the levels of surface pollution. Understanding the role of these water-soluble matters in hailstorm is of great significance but remains a lack of evidence that what kind of particles could be scavenged by hailstone, including nucleation scavenging and impaction scavenging [4,5,7].
Solvent-salt synergy offers a safe pathway towards next generation high voltage Li-ion batteries

Driven by expanding applications in mobile electronics, grid storage, and electric vehicles, the global lithium-ion battery market is projected to reach >45 billion dollars by 2022 [1]. While each of these applications has a distinct set of energy storage requirements (lifetime, safety, cost, volume, weight), a significant market share would directly benefit from the availability of high voltage (>4.5 V) lithium ion batteries (LIBs) with enhanced power and energy density. Cathode chemistries of 5 V class which offer these improved theoretical metrics are readily available, as exemplified by the 4.6 V lithium nickelmanganese oxide (LNMO) and 4.8 V lithium cobalt phosphate (LCP); however, their commercial application is limited by the lack of a compatible electrolyte.
Global leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry and their scaling exponent

Leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations constrain photosynthetic and metabolic processes, growth and the productivity of plants. Their stoichiometry and scaling relationships regulate the allocation of N and P from subcellular to organism, and even ecosystem levels, and are crucial to the modelling of plant growth and nutrient cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. Prior work has revealed a general biogeographic pattern of leaf N and P stoichiometric relationships and shown that leaf N scales roughly as two-thirds the power of P. However, determining whether and how leaf N and P stoichiometries, especially their scaling exponents, change with functional groups and environmental conditions requires further verification. In this study, we compiled a global data set and documented the global leaf N and P concentrations and the N:P ratios by functional group, climate zone and continent. The global overall mean leaf N and P concentrations were 18.9 mg g~(–1) and 1.2 mg g~(–1), respectively, with significantly higher concentrations in herbaceous than woody plants (21.72 mg g~(–1) vs. 18.22 mg g~(–1) for N; and 1.64 mg g~(–1) vs. 1.10mg g~(–1) for P). Both leaf N and P showed higher concentrations at high latitudes than low latitudes. Among six continents, Europe had the highest N and P concentrations (20.79 and 1.54 mg g~(–1)) and Oceania had the smallest values (10.01 and 0.46 mg g~(–1)). These numerical values may be used as a basis for the comparison of other individual studies. Further, we found that the scaling exponent varied significantly across different functional groups, latitudinal zones, ecoregions and sites. The exponents of herbaceous and woody plants were 0.659 and 0.705, respectively, with significant latitudinal patterns decreasing from tropical to temperate to boreal zones. At sites with a sample size ≥10, the values fluctuated from 0.366 to 1.928, with an average of 0.841. Several factors including the intrinsic attributes of different life forms, P-related growth rates and relative nutrient availability of soils likely account for the inconstant exponents of leaf N vs. P scaling relationships.
All boron-based 2D material as anode material in Li-ion batteries

To design the high-energy-density Li-ion batteries, the anode materials with high specific capacity have attracted much attention. In this work, we adopt the first principles calculations to investigate the possibility of a new two dimensional boron material, named B_G, as anode material for Li-ion batteries. The calculated results show that the maximum theoretical specific capacity of B_G is 1653 mAh g~(-1) (LiB_(1.5)). Additionally, the energy barriers of Li ion and Li vacancy diffusion are 330 meV and 110 meV, respectively, which imply fast charge and discharge ability for B_G as an anode material. The theoretical findings reported in this work suggest that B_G is a potential candidate as anode material of high-energy-density Li-ion batteries.
Electronic effect of doped oxygen atoms in Bi2201 superconductors determined by scanning tunneling microscopy

Oxygen dopants are essential for tuning the electronic properties of the cuprate superconductors Bi_2Sr_2Can-1CunO_(2n+4+δ).Here,we study an optimally doped Bi_2Sr_(2-x)La_xCuO_(6+δ) and an overdoped Bi_(2-y)PbySr_2CuO_(6+δ) by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy(STM/STS).Based on the characteristic features of local STS,three forms of oxygen dopants are identified:interstitial oxygen atoms on the SrO layers,oxygen vacancies on the SrO layers,and interstitial oxygen atoms on the BiO layers.In both samples,the first form dominates the number of oxygen dopants.From the extracted spatial distribution of the oxygen dopants,we calculate the dopant concentrations and estimate the average hole carrier density.The magnitudes of the electronic pseudogap state in both samples are inhomogeneously distributed in space.The statistical analysis on the spatial distributions of the oxygen dopants and the pseudogap magnitude demonstrates that the doped oxygen atoms on the SrO layers tend to suppress the nearby pseudogap magnitude.
Structural phase transition,antiferromagnetism and two superconducting domes in LaFeAsO_(1-x)F_x(0 <x ≤ 0.75)

We report ~(75)As nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)/nuclear quadrupole resonance(NQR)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)studies on LaFeAsO_(1-x)F_x.There are two superconducting domes in this material.The first one appears at 0.03 ≤ x ≤ 0.2 with T_c~(max)= 27 K,and the second one at 0.25 ≤ x ≤ 0.75 with T_c~(max)= 30 K.By NMR and TEM,we demonstrate that a C4-to-C2 structural phase transition(SPT)takes place above both domes,with the transition temperature T_s varying strongly with x.In the first dome,the SPT is followed by an antiferromagnetic(AF)transition,but neither AF order nor low-energy spin fluctuations are found in the second dome.By ~(75)As nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate(1/T_1)measurements,we find that AF order and superconductivity coexist microscopically in LaFeAsO_(0.97)F_(0.03).In the coexisting region,1/T_1 decreases at T_c but becomes proportional to T below 0.6Tc,indicating gapless excitations.Therefore,in contrast to the early reports,the obtained phase diagram for x ≤ 0.2 is quite similar to the doped BaFe_2As_2 system.The electrical resistivity ρ in the second dome can be fitted by ρ = ρ_0 + AT~n with n = 1 and a maximal coefficient A at around x_(opt)= 0.5-0.55 at which Ts extrapolates to zero and T_c is the maximal,which suggests the importance of quantum critical fluctuations associated with the SPT.We have constructed a complete phase diagram of LaFeAsO_(1-x)F_x,which provides insight into the relationship between SPT,antiferromagnetism and superconductivity.
Evaluating the accuracy of Chinese pasture data in global historical land use datasets

Global historical land use datasets are widely used in global environmental change studies; however, uncertainties in the included pasture data have not been evaluated. In this study, using trend, relative difference ratio (RDR), and spatial comparisons, we evaluated the accuracy of China pasture data in the HYDE (versions 3.1 and 3.2), SAGE, and PJ datasets using historical document-based reconstructions, including the land use datasets for China covering 1935-1997 (hereafter Ge-dataset) and Northeast China covering the 1700s-2000 (hereafter Ye-dataset), and the satellite-based China's Land-Use/cover Datasets (CLUDs) for 1980-2015. Four important results were obtained. (1) China pasture area in the HYDE, SAGE, and PJ datasets and grassland area in the Ge-dataset, Ye-dataset, and CLUDs show both disparate trends and large differences in absolute values. (2) Spatially, 50.9%, 52.8%, and 63.0% pasture/grassland grids in 2000 had RDRs greater than 60% between HYDE3.1, HYDE3.2, and SAGE datasets, and CLUDs, respectively. The percentage of grids with RDRs less than 20% were 24.9%, 26.7%, and 16.0%, respectively. (3) Based on HYDE3.2, the spatial distribution of pasture in Northeast China over the last 300 year has expanded, which is in contrast to the results from the Ye-dataset, which shows the spatial distribution of grassland shrinking because of human reclamation activities. (4) The large contrasts between the global datasets and Chinese native datasets are due to differences in pasture/grassland definitions, land use practices, and spatial reconstruction methods.
Air temperature feedback and its contribution to global warming

Air temperature feedback results from the thermal-radiative coupling between the atmosphere and the surface and plays an important role in surface energy balance. This paper reveals the contribution of air temperature feedback to the global warming from 1980 to 2000. The air temperature feedback kernel, evaluated using the ERA-Interim reanalysis data, is used to discuss the physical mechanism for air temperature feedback, the dependency of the strength of air temperature feedback on the climatological spatial distributions of air temperature, water vapor and cloud content, and the contributions of air temperature feedback to rapid global warming. The coupling between temperature feedback and each of the external forcings and individual feedback processes will amplify the anomaly of direct energy flux convergence at the surface induced by the external forcings and individual processes. The air temperature feedback amplifies the initial surface warming due to the increase in CO_2 concentration, ice and snow melting, increase in water vapor, and change in ocean heat storage. It also amplifies the surface warming due to the longwave radiaitve forcing associated with the increase in cloud cover, which acts to suppress the cooling of the shortwave effect of cloud forcing. Overall, temperature feedback plays an important role in the global warming from 1980 to 2000, as the net positive contribution to the perturbation of global mean energy flux at the surface from the air temperature feedback is larger than the net negative contribution from external forcing and all non-temperature feedbacks.
Factors to consider in the verification of urinary biomarkers

Because urine is not under homeostatic control, changes occur earlier in urine than in blood; therefore, urine is a better source of early and sensitive biomarkers. The composition of urine is affected by a variety of factors, and urine is susceptible to complex changes. To exclude the impact of multiple factors, an appropriate animal model can be used in which control over all experimental factors is possible and each factor can be separately observed. Additionally, some common confounding factors should be considered when choosing disease candidate biomarkers for clinical verification.
Integrating NIR light photocage enables in vivo dual-channel tracking of drug release

On-demand drug release at the right place and time becomes a central challenge in disease diagnosis and therapy. Light is a uniquely powerful tool to manipulate a biological process in space or time. Light-triggered drug delivery systems (DDSs) have proven to be an effective strategy for improving therapeutics. These caged prodrugs are functional lightsensitive probes that make the drug in an inactive form by covalent conjugation. Light irradiation liberates the caged drugs, permitting facile control intact and activate prodrugs in space and time. It is limited, however, because most of existing photocleavage platforms (or even photodynamic therapeutic drugs) require UV or visible light irradiation, which results in inefficient penetration within tissue, and hence, reduced delivery capacity and activation [1]. This is clearly a serious drawback for in vivo applications, as the high-energy UV or visible light cannot penetrate deeply into most tissues compared to near-infrared (NIR) light (above 650 nm). Which means that activation of the therapeutic agent is not feasible for many types of cancers. It is still sustainable challenges to fulfill the demands for site-specific release by light manipulation for biomedical applications. One way of achieving this is in the use of two-photon excitation, however, this often results in poor excited state properties. Consequently, the use of direct excitation within the IR regions is a promising and feasible alternative. Lighttriggered DDSs have become slowly a mainstream cancer therapy because of the difficult balance between the dosimetry of drug with light dose and a lack of in vivo models validating their clinical benefits. Recently, Chen et al. [2] has taken a big step toward noninvasive optical control brain activity. The photocaged strategy that is sensitive to long wavelengths or NIR light appears to be promising future toward biomedical applications.
Enhance the performance of polymer solar cells via extension of the flanking end groups of fused ring acceptors

Two new fused ring electron acceptors (FREAs) IDT-IC-T and IDT-IC-B with thienyl or phenyl substituents at the terminal INCN unit are synthesized. Theoretical calculations indicate that the two acceptors dominantly favor an intermolecular π-π stacking between the flanking terminal groups. The twist angle between the aryl substituent and INCN unit has a significant influence on the π-π stacking distance of terminal unit. IDT-IC-T with a smaller twist angle has a shorter π-π stacking distance than that of IDT-IC-B with a larger twist angle. In addition, extending the conjugation also affects the blend film morphology. IDT-IC-T and IDT-IC-B based photoactive films show appropriate nanoscale phase separations; whereas, blend films based on the parent compound IDT-IC show large-size acceptor domains. As expected, PBDB-T:IDT-IC-T blend films show higher and more balanced electron and hole mobilities. Moreover, these two acceptors present a good charge-transport connectivity arising from the extended conjugation and the increased intermolecular overlapping. Ultimately, IDT-IC-T demonstrates the highest electron mobility (1.47×10~(–4) cm~2 V~(–1) s~(–1)) and the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.43%. As for IDT-IC, which only shows an electron mobility of 7.33×10~(–5) cm~2 V~(–1) s~(–1) and a PCE of 5.82%. These findings provide a facile and effective way to improve the photovoltaic performance.
Interfacial design of new generation of dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells for water oxidation

Artificial photosynthesis involves the conversion of solar energy, water, and CO_2 into chemical fuels and oxygen. One of the most challenging steps is the production of oxygen from water oxidation, as it involves multi-electron and proton transfer processes. Recently, dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) have been widely investigated as the devices to attain the goal of water oxidation. Generally, these devices are comprised of a wide band gap semiconductor, typically TiO_2 or SnO_2, a molecular chromophore as a sensitizer, and a water oxidation catalyst (WOC). The molecular sensitizers capture visible light, which generates an excited state (S*), and inject the excited electrons into the conduction band of the semiconductor. The oxidized sensitizers (S+) then extract electrons from the WOC to regenerate the sensitizers. After multiple electron transfers, oxygen is generated via the catalytic turnovers.
Self-supported metal sulphide nanocrystals-assembled nanosheets on carbon paper as efficient counter electrodes for quantum-dotsensitized solar cells

Developing efficient counter electrodes (CEs) and quantum dots made of earth-abundant and non-toxic elements is essential but still challenging for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). Here, we report a facile strategy to prepare self-supported and robust CoS_2 and NiS nanocrystals-assembled nanosheets directly grown on carbon paper (MS_x NS@CP) as efficient counter electrodes for QDSSCs. Such CEs integrate the merits of fast electron transfer from interconnected conductive scaffold, efficient mass transfer from hierarchically vertical nanosheet on 3D open substrate, as well as abundant highly active catalytic sites from metal sulphide nanocrystal units. As a result, QDDSCs based on such CoS_2 NS@CP and NiS NS@CP CEs achieve a PCE of 8.88% and 7.53%, respectively. The detailed analyses suggest that CoS_2 NS@CP has the highest catalytic activity and shows the lowest charger transfer resistance, leading to the highest PCE. These findings may inspire the design and exploration of other self-supported efficient CEs by integrating highly active catalysts onto 3D conductive networks for efficient QDSSCs.
Supersaturation controlled growth of MAFAPbI_3 perovskite film for high efficiency solar cells

Controlling the nucleation and growth of organic-inorganic hybrids perovskite is of key importance to improve the morphology and crystallinity of perovskite films. However, the growth mechanism of perovskite films based on classical crystallization theory is not fully understood. Here, we develop a supersaturation controlled strategy (SCS) to balance the nucleation and crystal growth speeds. By this strategy, we are able to find an ideal supersaturation region to realize a balance of nucleation and crystal growth, which yields highly crystallized perovskite films with micrometer-scale grains. Besides, we provide a thoughtful analysis of nucleation and growth based on the fabrication of the perovskite films. As a result, the highest photovoltaic power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 19.70% and 20.31% are obtained for the planar and the meso-superstructured devices, respectively. This strategy sheds some light for understanding the film growth mechanism of high quality perovskite film, and it provides a facile strategy to fabricate high efficiency perovskite solar cells.
土壤环境质量基准与水/大气环境质量基准的转换研究

土壤环境质量基准与水/大气环境质量基准之间的转换关系研究,是全面开展土壤环境质量基准研究的需要,也是系统动态和整体观看待问题的需求.土壤环境质量基准作为土壤环境质量标准制/修订的数据基础和科学依据,此项研究对于推动土壤环境质量标准修订进程具有一定的实践意义和理论价值.文章首先基于土-水关系理论基础和相关模型,以及土-气关系理论基础和相关模型两大方面,阐述了多介质质量基准转换的理论基础和相关模型,并在此基础上,初步构建了一套土-水/气环境质量基准转换的概念模型;其次,基于标准种类、污染物项目、分级分类介绍了当前国内外土壤、水以及大气环境质量基准/标准的概况,并总体分析了不同国家质量基准/标准的差异性原因;然后,基于土-水、土-气的相关研究进展,多角度探讨了土壤环境质量基准与水质基准,以及土壤环境质量基准与空气质量基准转换的关键点;最后,对此项研究进行了总结和展望.
中国海及邻近区域碳库与通量综合分析

中国海总面积约470万平方公里,纵跨热带、亚热带、温带、北温带等多个气候带.其中,南海北依“世界第三极”青藏高原、南邻“全球气候引擎”西太平洋暖池,东海拥有全球最宽的陆架之一,跨陆架物质运输显著,黄海是冷暖流交汇区域,渤海则是受人类活动高度影响的内湾浅海.中国海内有长江、黄河、珠江等大河输入,外邻全球两大西边界流之一的黑潮.这些鲜明的特色赋予了中国海碳储库和通量研究的典型代表意义.文章从不同海区(渤海、黄海、东海、南海)、不同界面(陆-海、海-气、水柱-沉积物、边缘海-大洋等),以及不同生态系统(红树林、盐沼湿地、海草床、海藻养殖、珊瑚礁、水柱生态系统等)多层面对海洋碳库与通量进行了较系统地综合分析,初步估算了各个碳库的储量与不同碳库间的通量.就海气通量而言,渤海向大气中释放CO_2约0.22Tg C a~(–1), 黄海吸收CO_2约1.15Tg C a~(–1), 东海吸收CO_2约6.92~23.30Tg C a~(–1), 南海释放CO_2约13.86~33.60Tg C a~(–1).如果仅考虑海-气界面的CO_2交换,中国海总体上是大气CO_2的“源”,净释放量约6.01~9.33Tg C a~(–1).这主要是由于河流输入以及邻近大洋输入所致.河流输入渤黄海、东海、南海的溶解无机碳(DIC)分别为5.04、14.60和40.14Tg C a~(–1),而邻近大洋输入DIC更是高达144.81Tg C a~(–1),远超中国海向大气释放的碳量.渤海、黄海、东海、南海的沉积有机碳通量分别为2.00、3.60、7.40、7.49Tg C a~(–1).东海和南海向邻近大洋输送有机碳通量分别为15.25~36.70和43.39Tg C a~(–1).就生态系统而言,中国沿海红树林、盐沼湿地、海草床有机碳埋藏通量为0.36Tg C a~(–1),海草床溶解有机碳(DOC)输出通量为0.59Tg C a~(–1);中国近海海藻养殖移出碳通量0.68Tg C a~(–1), 沉积和DOC释放通量分别为0.14和0.82Tg C a~(–1).总计,中国海有机碳年输出通量为8 1. 7 2 ~ 1 0 3. 1 7 T g C a~(–1).中国海的有机碳输出以D O C形式为主,东海向邻近大洋输出的D O C通量约15.00~35.00Tg C a~(–1),南海输出约31.39Tg C a~(–1).综上,尽管从海-气通量看中国海是大气CO_2的“源”,但考虑了河流、大洋输入、沉积输出以及微型生物碳泵(DOC转化输出)作用后,中国海是重要的储碳区.需要指出的是,文章数据是基于中国海各海区碳循环研究报道,鉴于不同研究方法上的差异,所得数据难免有一定的误差范围,亟待将来统一方法标准下的更多深入研究和分析.
Effects of combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage on water and salt transport of saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China

Developing effective irrigation and drainage strategies to improve the quality of saline-alkali soil is vital for enhancing agricultural production and increasing economic returns. In this study, we explored how irrigation and drainage modes (flood irrigation, drip irrigation, and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation) improve the saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China. We aimed to study the transport characteristics of soil water and salt under different irrigation and drainage modes, and analyze the effects of the combination of irrigation and drainage on soil salt leaching, as well as its impacts on the growth of oil sunflower. Our results show that sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation significantly reduced the soil salt content and soil water content at the 0–200 cm soil depth. Under sub-surface pipe drainage combined with drip irrigation, the mean soil salt content was reduced to below 10 g/kg after the second irrigation, and the soil salt content decreased as sub-surface pipe distance decreased. The mean soil salt content of flood irrigation exceeded 25 g/kg, and the mean soil desalination efficiency was 3.28%, which was lower than that of drip irrigation. The mean soil desalination rate under drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation was 19.30% and 58.12%, respectively. After sub-surface drainage regulation under drip irrigation, the germination percentage of oil sunflower seedlings was increased to more than 50%, which further confirmed that combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage is very effective in improving the quality of saline-alkali soil and increasing the productivity of agricultural crops.