mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Applying Improved Electrical Breakdown Model to Study Insulating Property of c-C_4F_8/N_2 Gas Mixture

Perfluorocyclobutane(c-C_4F_8)has been recently considered as a potential alternative to SF6, because of its high electro-negativity and extremely low environmental effect.However,due to its high boiling point,c-C_4F_8 should mixed with buffer gases such as N_2 or CO_2 in order to avoid the liquefaction at low temperature.This paper investigates insulating properties of c-C_4F_8/N_2 gas mixtures from two aspects including electrical strength,and Global Warming Potential(GWP).Moreover,improved electrical breakdown model of gas mixtures is founded.Breakdown temperature and breakdown electrical field in gas mixtures can be obtained from rigorous Townsend criterion expression according to gas mixtures ratio and cross section data of gas mixtures in this model.Under the condition of different gas pressure(0.1~0.4 MPa),gas mixtures ratio(0～30%),and electrode gap(2~10 mm),breakdown voltages of gas mixtures are calculated by using of this model.Insulation strength of SF_6/N_2 mixed gas is compared with c-C_4F_8/N_2 mixed gas in the same conditions.Research results show that theoretical computation corresponds with experiment.If the content of c-C4F8 or SF6 in mixtures is less than 30%,insulation strength between c-C_4F_8/N_2 and SF_6/N_2 is very close.Considering two indexes(breakdown voltage,GWP),it is suitable for c-C_4F_8 content being 15%～20%in c-C_4F_8/N_2 gas mixtures
Multivariate analysis of surface water quality in the Three Gorges area of China and implications for water management

Multivariate statistical techniques,cluster analysis,non-parametric tests,and factor analysis were applied to analyze a water quality dataset including 13 parameters at 37 sites of the Three Gorges area,China,from 2003-2008 to investigate spatio-temporal variations and identify potential pollution sources.Using cluster analysis,the twelve months of the year were classified into three periods of lowflow(LF),normal-flow(NF),and high-flow(HF);and the 37 monitoring sites were divided into low pollution(LP),moderate pollution (MP),and high pollution(HP).Dissolved oxygen(DO),potassium permanganate index(COD_(Mn)),and ammonia-nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) were identified as significant variables affecting temporal and spatial variations by non-parametric tests.Factor analysis identified that the major pollutants in the HP region were organic matters and nutrients during NF,heavy metals during LF,and petroleum during HF. In the MP region,the identified pollutants primarily included organic matter and heavy metals year-around,while in the LP region, organic pollution was significant during both NF and HF,and nutrient and heavy metal levels were high during both LF and HF.The main sources of pollution came from domestic wastewater and agricultural activities and runo?;however,they contributed differently to each region in regards to pollution levels.For the HP region,inputs from wastewater treatment plants were significant;but for MP and LP regions,water pollution was more likely from the combined effects of agriculture,domestic wastewater,and chemical industry. These results provide fundamental information for developing better water pollution control strategies for the Three Gorges area.
常用抗生素／天然产物体外联合抗菌活性研究进展

目的:为临床抗感染治疗提供参考。方法:根据文献,综述常用抗生素之间以及天然产物与抗生素的体外联合抗菌活性的研究进展。结果:抗生素之间的联合用药以β-内酰胺类抗生素与氨基糖苷类抗生素、大环内酯类抗生素、喹诺酮类抗茵药的联合应用以及磷霉素、克林霉素与其他抗生素的联合应用为主;天然产物与抗生素的联合用药以天然产物与β-内酰胺类抗生素、喹诺酮类抗菌药、氨基糖苷类抗生素、大环内酯类抗生素的联合应用为主,其体外联合抗菌活性研究表明具有协同或相加作用。结论:联合用药是治疗严重感染的有效方法,天然产物与抗生素的体外联合抗菌效果显著,现已成为研究热点。
Improved Relief Grinding Method of Gear Hob with Equal Relief Angle

The regrinding error is the main factor affecting the eligible length of hob tooth, how to decrease the regrinding error is a hot issue in the research area of hob grinding. At present, researches focus on changing the trajectory of relief moving, because of no unified relief grinding path planning method, the research result is restricted in the practical application. For solving the problem, the calculation model of the hob relief angle is established with the Archimedes relieving motion to analyze the interaction between the increasing relief angle of the hob and the accelerating tooth profile errors. Based on it, the improved relief grinding method of gear hob is proposed with equal relief angle (ERA). Furthermore, the relief grinding method with ERA is developed with the following two steps. Firstly, the convergence numerical solution algorithm of the tooth top curve is designed to form the wheel motion path which is compared with that of traditional grinding. The second step is to establish the solution model of ERA grinding wheel. In order to verify the effect of the method, hob grinding simulation system of 3D solid was built under the AutoCAD environment. The regrinding errors is analyzed by intercepting the hob axial profiles of the various regrinding angles with Boolean operations and further converting it to basic rack tooth, then the simulation example of zero rake straight flute hob is used to compare the regrinding errors between ERA grinding and traditional grinding. Finally, the experiments were implemented on the five-axis CNC relief grinder with the relief motion of ERA grinding driven by cam. The results of experiments show that the method can effectively reduce the regrinding errors of hob and grind expediently gear hob of AA rank and over. This research provide an effective model of relief moving path plan reducing regrinding error, and have practicable value in CNC relief grinder.
Personalized News Recommendation:A Review and an Experimental Investigation

Online news articles,as a new format of press releases,have sprung up on the Internet.With its convenience and recency,more and more people prefer to read news online instead of reading the paper-format press releases.However, a gigantic amount of news events might be released at a rate of hundreds,even thousands per hour.A challenging problem is how to effciently select specific news articles from a large corpus of newly-published press releases to recommend to individual readers,where the selected news items should match the reader’s reading preference as much as possible.This issue refers to personalized news recommendation.Recently,personalized news recommendation has become a promising research direction as the Internet provides fast access to real-time information from multiple sources around the world. Existing personalized news recommendation systems strive to adapt their services to individual users by virtue of both user and news content information.A variety of techniques have been proposed to tackle personalized news recommendation, including content-based,collaborative filtering systems and hybrid versions of these two.In this paper,we provide a comprehensive investigation of existing personalized news recommenders.We discuss several essential issues underlying the problem of personalized news recommendation,and explore possible solutions for performance improvement.Further,we provide an empirical study on a collection of news articles obtained from various news websites,and evaluate the effect of different factors for personalized news recommendation.We hope our discussion and exploration would provide insights for researchers who are interested in personalized news recommendation.
中国地质科学院地质研究所“十一五”期间自然科学基金申报、资助情况分析及今后努力方向

中国地质科学院地质研究所(以下简称地质所)成立于1956年,是国家社会公益类科研机构,隶属于国土资源部中国地质调查局,主要从事基础性、公益性、战略性和前沿性的基础地质调查和基础地质研究工作,同时承担地质学、地球物理学和地球化学等专业研究人才的教育和培养。“十一五”期间,地质所在职职工人数从2006年的174人增加到2010年的203人,其中包括中国科学院院士5人、正高级职称63人、副高级职称43人,有博士学位的101人,硕士学位的20人。期间,在国家自然科学基金等基金的资助下,地质所发表论文连续4年在全国地学研究机构中位居前10位,是国土资源系统惟一进入前10的研究所,有多人在国际著名的刊物论文引用率位居前3名。[取自正文]
DiversiLab系统单增李斯特氏菌分子分型评估

目的用DiversiLab系统(DVL)对单增李斯特菌进行分子分型,评估其分型能力。方法用DVL对食品中分离的24株单增李斯特菌进行分子分型,并与脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)结果进行比较,探讨DVL的分群能力和分辨率。结果DVL将24株单增李斯特菌分成9个群,菌株之间的相似度46.7%～99.7%,DVL的相似度明显高于PFGE;DVL将PFGE型别相同的单增李斯特菌分在同一个的群中,也将不同PFGE型别的单增李斯特菌分在不同的群,但同一群中的单增李斯特菌有不同的PFGE型。结论DVL操作简便、快速,重复性好,但分辨率低于PFGE;对大量单增李斯特菌分型时,先用DVL筛选再用PFGE对分布在同一群中的单增李斯特菌进行分型,能快速明确单增李斯特菌之间的关系。
土壤和底泥中五氯酚及其钠盐检测方法研究

目的建立快速、灵敏的土壤和底泥中五氯酚及其钠盐测定方法。方法对提取方法和衍生条件进行改进和优化,采用HP-5毛细管色谱柱的气相色谱检测,并对实际样品进行分析。结果方法在0.5～ 100μg/L范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),其检出限为0.07μg/L。空白土壤加标测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于10%,回收率为85.8%～92.4%,且质控样测定结果准确。结论该方法快速、灵敏、准确,适用于土壤和底泥样品中五氯酚及其钠盐的分析。
训练性心理治疗结合音乐疗法预防高原病的效果

高原环境是一种特殊的地理气候环境,进入高原后极易使机体处于生理和心理应激状态,这种应激状态过低或过度都可引起高原病~([1])。为预防高原病,我院于2008 - 2010年借鉴蒋丽雅~([2])的干预方法,对由平原初次进入西藏的旅客在火车上进行了心理干预。[取自正文]
神经纤维瘤1型伴恶性嗜铬细胞瘤一例报道

神经纤维瘤病是一种少见的常染色体显性遗传性疾病，由畸变显性基因引起的神经外胚叶异常，其皮肤病变特征为色素斑和多发性神经纤维瘤[3]。该病可分为两种临床和遗传不同的疾病，即约占临床90％的NFl(又称周围型神经纤维瘤病)和神经纤维瘤病2型(NF2，又称中枢型神经纤维瘤病)。NFl患者年龄分布较广泛，新生儿到老年均可发病，临床表现为咖啡色小斑、不同类型的纤维瘤和多种复杂的并发疾病[4]。如嗜铬细胞瘤、垂体功能减退、生长激素缺乏症及由于骨膜周围或骨髓腔内神经纤维瘤的存在而出现外在性的压迫或骨髓腔内的“囊状”变化引起脊柱后侧凸等。[取自正文]
脑型疟疾一例

脑型疟疾在恶性疟中的发生率约为2%,发病机制不清。该患者起病3d后出现抽搐、昏迷,黑尿热,血小板降低,重度贫血,肝功能损害,继而表现为急性肾功能衰竭、肺部感染、败血症,多脏器受累等,为典型凶险型恶性疟。诊断明确后积极予以青蒿琥酯抗疟治疗,激素抑制免疫反应、减轻脑水肿及炎性渗出,CRRT改善肾脏功能,抗感染、保肝等治疗,患者颅脑症状很快得到缓解,血小板迅速升高,肝肾功能逐渐恢复,体温正常。该患者高热起病．缺乏典型的寒热表现,但起病时出现口唇疱疹,迅速出现昏迷等中枢神经系统症状,伴有酱油尿的血管内溶血症状,结合其流行病史首先考虑脑型疟疾,快速准确的诊断、及时的抗疟治疗是该病例救治成功的关键,为疟疾的诊治积累了临床经验。[取自正文]
原发性孤立肠系膜上动脉夹层M SCT血管造影特点及其与腹痛的关系

目的 分析原发性孤立肠系膜上动脉夹层(spontaneous isolated superiormesenteric artery dissection, SISMAD)的形态学特点及其与腹痛程度的关系。方法 回顾性分析10例SISMAD患者临床诊疗记录和MSCT血管造影影像资料。分析SISMAD形态特征,即夹层的开口位置和终止点、夹层的长度以及病变区域血管腔的狭窄程度,并根据Yun的标准进行分型。采用视觉模拟疼痛评分系统对患者腹痛状况进行评分。Spearman法分析患者腹痛严重程度与肠系膜上动脉夹层影像类型及夹层长度之间的相关性。结果 本组SISMAD患者夹层开口位置在距肠系膜上动脉起始部1. 7~2. 8 cm。 MSCT血管成像显示SISMADⅠ型4例(40%),Ⅱ型5例(50%),Ⅲ型1例(10%)。夹层长度为22~117(64±34)mm。疼痛的严重程度与病变范围呈正相关(r=0.50,P=0.03),但与分型无相关性(r=0.16,P=0.08)。结论 MSCT血管成像技术能够明确诊断SISMAD并准确分型,其MSCT特征与临床表现有一定的相关性。
辐照杀菌对紫薯全粉主要营养成分的影响

紫薯全粉是一种新型脱水紫甘薯制品它以新鲜紫甘薯为原料,经清洗、去皮、挑选、切片护色、干燥、粉碎而得到细颗粒状产品[1]。由于加工过程中最大限度地减少了紫甘薯细胞的破坏,因此紫甘薯全粉游离淀粉含量较低,复水后能还原成黏度较低的薯泥,并具有紫甘薯特有的风味及营养。紫薯全粉含有丰富的对人类健康有利的花色苷、可溶性蛋白质、氨基酸、膳食纤维等成分。近年来紫薯全粉在日本、美国、东南亚等国家和地区广受欢迎,出口量大幅增加。由于紫薯全粉营养丰富,容易霉变,不利于长途运输和贮存,严重影响紫薯全粉及相关产品的出口。传统的物理灭菌容易破坏其有效成分,化学方法则会造成有毒物质残留。采用辐照方法进行类似农产品的灭菌已有一些报道 [2-3],但采用0Co-γ射线进行紫薯全粉辐照杀菌研究尚未见报道。[取自正文]
红树林湿地沉积物中脂类生物标志物的应用研究进展

红树林(mangrove)是生长在热带、亚热带潮间带，受周期性潮水浸淹，以红树植物为主体的常绿灌木或乔木组成的潮滩湿地木本生物群落。红树林生态系统处于海洋与陆地的动态交界面，作为独特的海陆边缘生态系统在自然生态平衡中起着独特的作用。红树林有着高生产力且能有效地吸附水体中的悬浮颗粒，其沉积速率显著高于一般的潮滩湿地且有着非常活跃的碳循环，因此尽管红树林湿地面积仅占总海域的一小部分，但其在全球碳循环中发挥着重要的作用。[取自正文]
海藻在卷烟添加剂中的应用研究进展

自从世界卫生组织开展控烟运动以来,世界控烟运动取得了卓有成效的成果。据估计,世界目前吸烟人口控制到大约9亿,中国吸烟人数约为3亿[1]。随着国内外该行业的不断竞争,以及人们健康意识的逐渐增强,我国烟草行业面临着国内外的多重压力,为了在新一轮的国际烟草市场竞争中保持优势地位,我国烟草业亟待提高卷烟产品的品质,研制“高香气、低焦油、低危害”的中式卷烟已成为中国烟草业发展的必由之路[2]。[取自正文]
浅谈应急抢险任务中的安全管理工作

应急抢险救援就是指对突发事件造成或者可能造成的重大人员伤亡、财产损失、生态环境破坏和严重社会危害的紧急应对和救助支援行动，属于处置自然灾害、事故灾难、公共卫生事件和社会安全事件的行动范畴，具有应对时间的突然性、事发地点的广域性、任务形态的多样性、力量运用的合成性和处置手段的专业性等特征。其根本目的是保护人民生命财产安全，维护国家安全、公共安全、环境安全和社会秩序。[取自正文]
舟曲“8.7”泥石流应急疏通施工技术

总之，此次舟曲抢险白龙江应急疏通是一次成功的科学抢险，充分应用水力特性，利用水利科学，使自然力量与人工力量完美结合，符合科学、安全、快速的抢险标准，达到了让灾民早日重建家园的目的，解决了水利史上的又一泥石流抢险施工难题。[取自正文]
国际地理学联合会农村系统可持续性专业委员会第19届年会述评

国际地理学联合会农村系统可持续性专业委员会(CSRS)第19届年会于2011年8月1~7日在爱尔兰高威大学(NUI Galway)地理学与考古学院召开,该学院的Mary CAWLEY博士担任该年会组委会主席,来自全球18个国家和地区的70余位专家学者参加了此次年会。本次年会的主题是“农村系统的可持续性———地方和全球的机遇与挑战”,涉及6个议题: (1)土地利用、农业与食物; (2)遗产、旅游与环境; (3)经济社会变化背景下的农村社会、人口与居民点; (4)农村发展与管理; (5)农村和区域就业机会创造的新方法; (6)农村社会和可持续能源。[取自正文]
Molecular Characteristics and Phylogenetic Analysis of N Gene of Human Derived Rabies Virus

Objective To investigate the relationship between the molecular characteristics and phylogenetic evolution of rabies N gene. Methods Saliva samples were collected from rabies cases, and RT-PCR was used to amplify the N gene of rabies virus with the specific primers. The amplifying product of RT-PCR was cloned to pUCm-T vector and transformed into E.coli XL1-Blue and then the blue-white selection, PCR screening and gene sequencing were carried out to identify the positive clones. Finally, ExPASy and other bioinformatics softwares were used to analyze and predict the structure and biological characteristics of the N genome. Results The amplification product of RT-PCR was 1 353 bp, the recombinant plasmid pUCm-T/N was constructed, the whole length of the N gene open reading frame was composed of 1 353 nucleotide residues to code 450 amino acids (20 kinds), the accession number submitted to the Genbank was HM756692, its sequence homology of nucleotides and amino acids compared with the vaccine strain CTN-1-V was 90% and 99% respectively. The evolutionary analysis showed that the isolated strain belonged to genotype I with certain geographic regionality. Conclusion The characteristics investigation and bioinformatics analysis of Hunan0806 N gene will provide fundament data to reveal the significance of the N gene characteristics for rabies epidemiology and its prevention & control.
Identification of Estrogen-associated Intrinsic Aging Genes in Chinese Han Female Skin by cDNA Microarray Technology

Objective Estrogens play an important role in intrinsic skin aging. The associated changes in global gene expression are poorly understood. Methods We used the Illumina microarray platform to obtain comprehensive gene expression profiles in female Chinese Han skin, and confirmed the data by quantitative real-time PCR (Q-RT-PCR). Results We found 244 genes significantly related to estrogen-associated intrinsic skin aging, and some of these genes were confirmed by Q-RT-PCR. We also performed functional analysis by both Gene Ontology annotation and enrichment of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways database. The functional analysis revealed 11 biological pathways (including the KEGG pathways, the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and metabolic pathways), that were associated with multiple cellular functions which may be involved in intrinsic skin aging. Conclusion This study suggests that estrogen-associated intrinsic skin aging is a complicated biological process involving many genes and pathways.
重症医学科内镇痛和镇静治疗的安全性

保证机械通气的有效性、提高重症患者在接受重症医疗过程中的舒适性是ICU镇痛、镇静治疗的重要目标，也是提高机械通气患者安全性的必要措施之一。在ICU，镇痛、镇静治疗最核心的问题是医生需要根据不同重症患者的机体功能状态，制定恰当的镇痛、镇静计划(个体化的镇痛、镇静计划)，并且通过实时监测患者的镇痛、镇静深度调节药物用量，使镇痛、镇静计划完美的实施，维持患者处于理想的镇痛、镇静状态[1]。[取自正文]
Auto-versus allo-transplantation of the liver for end-stage alveolar echinococcosis

We dreamt of it; they did it!" Reading the paper by WEN et al in this issue of the Chinese Medical Journal,1 we can not help but remember when our colleague Prof. Jean-Philippe Miguet, a hepatologist who was the first at the beginning of the 1970s to review the clinical cases of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) observed in our region of Eastern France and to renew our interest in that disease, used to tell Prof. Michel Gillet, his colleague hepatic surgeon who was the first in 1986 to succeed in transplanting a liver in a patient with AE:2 "You should rather resect the parasitic lesions from the diseased liver of the patient after removing it from the patient's body and re-transplant it!" We were at the beginning of the 1980s; it sounded like a joke, and for the first time, 30 years later, it has become true[取自正文].
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells protect rats from endotoxin-induced acute lung injury

Background Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious and common condition for which there are currently no specific strategies for treatment. Recent studies have suggested that bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may have therapeutic applications in multiple clinical disorders. We explored the biological effects of MSCs during endotoxin-induced ALI and the mechanisms involved. Methods MSCs were isolated from male rat bone marrow and the ALI model was induced by intravenous endotoxin injection. Female rats were sacrificed at 6 hours, 24 hours, 4 days, 1 week and 3 weeks post-injection of MSCs or saline and the lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and serum were harvested for analysis. We further evaluated the survival of the rats and examined the effects of endotoxin-induced injury on the interaction between alveolar macrophages (AMs) and MSCs in ex vivo. Results There was a significant decrease in numbers of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (P <0.05), and myeloperoxidase activity in the lung (P<0.01), and of TNF-a and IL-1β in serum (P<0.05) in the MSC treated rats at 4 days. Furthermore, MSC treated rats exhibited improved survival, lower lung injury score, higher concentration of IL-10 in the serum and a reduced hydroxyproline content, but these differences were not statistically significant. Moreover, co-cultures of MSCs and AMs had significantly reduced levels of TNF-a, IL-1β and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-la and significantly increased levels of IL-10 (P<0.05) in the culture supernatants. Conclusions Treatment with intravenous injection of bone marrow-derived MSCs have beneficial effects on endotoxin-induced ALI in rats. The beneficial effect might be achieved through the engraftment of differentiated MSCs in the lungs and appears derive more from their capacity to secrete soluble factors that modulate immune responses.
Myocardial injury resulting from radiofrequency catheter ablation: comparison of circumferential pulmonary vein isolation and complex fractionated atrial electrograms ablation

Background Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) necessarily produces an area of myocardial necrosis. However, the difference of the extent of myocardial injury between circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (CPVI) and complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAE) ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been investigated before. Methods Twenty-nine consecutive male patients (n=29) with either paroxysmal or persistent AF were selected for CPVI or CFAE ablation. The CPVI or CFAE ablation was performed with a three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping system (CARTO). Serum cardiac biomarkers, for example, cardiac troponin T (cTnT), aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and creatine kinase myocardial bound (CKMB) were determined by the Elecsys STATE immunoassay. Cardiac structure and function were measured with echocardiography. Results Echocardiography showed that there was no significant difference of atrioventricular structure or function parameters between the CPVI group and the CFAE ablation group. Serum cTnT showed a significant increase in the CFAE ablation group over the CPVI group at 12 and 24 hours after the procedure (P<0.05, respectively), and then it was reduced to a normal level after 48 hours. Serum AST showed a significant increase in the CFAE ablation group over the CPVI group at post-procedure, 4 and 12 hours after the procedure (P <0.05, respectively), and then it reached to a normal level after 24 hours. There was no significant difference in LDH, CK, or CKMB levels between the CFAE ablation group and the CPVI group at any time point (P>0.05). Conclusions cTnT and AST other than LDH, total CK or CKMB activity significantly increased more in the CFAE ablation group than the CPVI group. However, the difference of the serum levels of cTnT, AST between two groups was temporary.
A Modeling Study of Surface Rainfall Processes Associated with a Torrential Rainfall Event over Hubei, China, during July 2007

The surface rainfall processes associated with the torrential rainfall event over Hubei, China, during July 2007 were investigated using a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model. The model integrated the large-scale vertical velocity and zonal wind data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) for 5 days. The time and model domain mean surface rain rate was used to identify the onset, mature, and decay periods of rainfall. During the onset period, the descending motion data imposed in the lower troposphere led to a large contribution of stratiform rainfall to the model domain mean surface rainfall. The local atmospheric drying and transport of rain from convective regions mainly contributes to the stratiform rainfall. During the mature periods, the ascending motion data integrated into the model was so strong that water vapor convergence was the dominant process for both convective and stratiform rainfall. Both convective and stratiform rainfalls made important contributions to the model domain mean surface rainfall. During the decay period, descending motion data input into the model prevailed, making stratiform rainfall dominant. Stratiform rainfall was mainly caused by the water vapor convergence over raining stratiform regions.
Taiwan Yushan Snowfall Activity and Its Association with Atmospheric Circulation from 1979 to 2009

Yushan is the most famous location for snow in Taiwan, while snowfall in the subtropical zone is rare. When it is snowing in Yushan, people are experiencing unusually cold and wet weather elsewhere in Taiwan. In this study, Yushan snowfall activity from 1979 to 2009 and the related atmosphere circulation were examined with the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau's Yushan weather station observations and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy (NCEP/DOE) reanalysis atmospheric data. To provide a quantitative measure of snowfall events, a snowfall activity index (SAI) was defined in this study. The time series of yearly SAIs shows that Yushan snowfall activity for an active year, such as 1983 (SAI =39 153) was ~118 times larger than for an inactive year, such as 1999 (SAI=331). Our analyses show that snowfall activity is closely related to the position of the East Asian Trough (EAT) and the strength of the West Pacific High (WPH). In active years, when the EAT shifted eastward and the strength of WPH increased, an anomalous anticyclone occurred in the West Pacific. This anticyclone introduced anomalous southwesterly flows along the southeastern cost of mainland China and over Taiwan, resulting in a wetter-than-normal atmosphere that favored snowfall. Alternatively, in inactive years, a drierthan-normal atmosphere resulted in sluggish snowfall seasons.
Seasonal Variation of Columnar Aerosol Optical Properties in Yangtze River Delta in China

In order to understand the seasonal variation of aerosol optical properties in the Yangtze River Delta, 5 years of measurements were conducted during September 2005 to December 2009 at Taihu, China. The monthly averages of aerosol optical depth were commonly >0.6; the maximum seasonal average (0.93) occurred in summer. The magnitude of the Angstrom exponent was found to be high throughout the year; the highest values occurred in autumn (1.33) and were the lowest in spring (1.08). The fine modes of volume size distribution showed the maxima (peaks) at a radius of ~0.15 μm in spring, autumn, and winter; at a radius of ~0.22 μm in summer. The coarse modes showed the maxima (peaks) at a radius of 2.9 μm in spring, summer, and autumn and at a radius of 3.8 μm in winter. The averages of single-scattering albedo were 0.92 (spring), 0.92 (summer), 0.91 (autumn), and 0.88 (winter). The averages of asymmetry factor were found to be larger in summer than during other seasons; they were taken as 0.66 at 440-1020 nm over Taihu. The real part of the refractive index showed a weak seasonal variation, with averages of 1.48 (spring), 1.43 (summer), 1.45 (autumn), and 1.48 (winter). The imaginary parts of the refractive index were higher in winter (0.013) than in spring (0.0076), summer (0.0092), and autumn (0.0091), indicating that the atmosphere in the winter had higher absorbtivity.