mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation based on corrected TRMM data around the Hexi Corridor, China

Accurate rainfall distribution is difficult to acquire based on limited meteorological stations, especially in remote areas like high mountains and deserts. The Hexi Corridor and its adjacent regions (including the Qilian Mountains and the Alxa Plateau) are typical districts where there are only 30 available rain gauges. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data provide a possible solution. After precision analysis of monthly 0.25 degree resolution TRMM 3B43 data from 1998 to 2012, we find that the correlations between TRMM 3B43 estimates and rain gauge precipitation are significant overall and in each station around the Hexi Corridor;however, the biases of annual precipitation differ in different stations and are seriously overestimated in most of the sites. Thus, Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation method was used to rectify TRMM data based on the difference between TRMM 3B43 estimates and rain gauge observations. The results show that rectified TRMM data present more details than rain gauges in remote areas where there are few stations, although they show high coherence of distribution. Precipitation decreases from southeast to northwest on an annual and seasonal scale. There are three rainfall centers (>500 mm) including Menyuan, Qilian and Toson Lake, and two low rainfall centers (<50 mm) including Dunhuang and Ejin Banner. Meanwhile, precipitation in most of the study area presents an increasing trend;especially in northern Qilian Mountains (>5 mm/a), Badain Jaran Desert (>2 mm/a), Toson Lake (>20 mm/a) and Qingtu Lake (>20 mm/a) which shows a significant increasing trend, while precipitation in Hala Lake (<-2 mm/a) and Tengger Desert (<-3 mm/a) demonstrates a decreasing trend.
Perceptions of climate change in China:The research and policy connection

Global climate change has evolved from a scientific problem into an economic and political problem of worldwide interest. National perspectives play a crucial role in addressing climate change. Mutual understanding of perspectives is necessary to result in rational policies and a consensus among stakeholders with divergent interests. Conceptual frameworks for understanding the problem of climate change in China, the largest developing country and the largest greenhouse gas emitter, are of great significance to national and international efforts to address the problems of climate change. Chinese perceptions of climate change as a sustainable development problem have recently been in tension with an emerging Western perspective that frames climate change as a security issue. This paper explores Chinese perceptions of climate change as expressed in recent governmental policy statements, public opinion surveys, and academic scholarship with a focus on publications in Chinese-language journals, often unfamiliar in the West. It looks at the relationship between Chinese research and policy and finds that the Chinese policy frame of climate change as a sustainable development problem draws from the body of domestic research and is reflective of the perspectives and multidisciplinary approach of Chinese researchers in areas of climate change.
The potential of endogenous neurogenesis for brain repair and regeneration following traumatic brain injur y

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability of persons under 45 years old in the United States, affecting over 1.5 million individuals each year. It had been th ought that recovery from such injuries is severely limited due to the inability of the adult bra in to replace damaged neurons. However, recent studies indicate that the mature mammalian central nervous system (CNS) has the potential to replenish damaged neurons by proliferation and neuronal differentiation of adult neural stem/progenitor cells residing in the neurogenic regions in the brain. Furthermore, increasing evidence indicates that these endogenous stem/progenitor cells may play regenerative and reparative roles in response to CNS injuries or diseases. In support of this notion, heightened levels of cell proliferation and neurogenesis have been ob-served in response to brain trauma or insults suggesting that the brain has the inherent potential to restore populations of damaged or destroyed neurons. This review will discuss the potential functions of adult neurogenesis and recent development of strategies aiming at harnessing this neurogenic capacity in order to repopulate and repair the injured brain.
Neuronal cell death and regeneration in diseases associated with advanced glycation end-products accumulation

Recent studies have shown that the glycation-associated damage is not limited to patients with diabetes. Because of their association with oxidative stress, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have also been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer disease (Yan et al., 1996; Ma and Nicholson, 2004). As in other age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases of the brain, oxidative stress-associated age-dependent pathogenic processes are not unexpected in glaucoma because this disease is also more common in the elderly (Tezel et al. 2007).
中西医治疗表皮生长因子受体拮抗剂相关皮疹的研究进展及探赜

目的总结中西医对表皮生长因子受体拮抗剂(EGFRIs)相关皮疹病机的认识、EGFRIs相关皮疹治疗现状及探索其治疗方向。方法应用Medline、PubMed及CNKI期刊全文数据库探索系统以“靶向药物、皮疹、治疗及中医”等为关键词,检索2002~2012年的相关文献,共检索到文献202条。结果靶向药物相关皮疹的治疗进展缓慢,而中医药在治疗靶向药物相关皮疹方面,其疗效尚可,值得进一步深入研究。结论对大多数晚期肿瘤患者采取靶向药物联合中医药实施个体化治疗,对防止靶向药物相关皮疹出现或减轻皮疹损伤的程度有一定的疗效,但需大型多中心随机临床试验来验证。
解毒化瘀方对轻微型肝性脑病患者智力测验及神经电生理学改变的临床观察

目的观察解毒化瘀方治疗轻微型肝性脑病的临床疗效。方法对60例经数字连接试验(NCT)、P300检查、脑电图、简易智能精神状态量表检查异常的患者随机分配入对照组、中药组、乳果糖组,每组20例。所有患者均予复合维生素B治疗,中药组同时予中药汤剂口服,乳果糖组同时予乳果糖口服液。结果治疗前后各治疗组在NCT、P300检测、脑电图、简易智能精神状态量表检测的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);中药组在NCT、P300检测、脑电图、简易智能精神状态量表检测中疗效优于对照组和乳果糖组(P<0.05)。结论解毒化瘀方可改善轻微性肝性脑病患者NCT、P300检测、脑电图、简易智能精神状态量表的测试结果,且经济简便,副作用小,值得推广。
中医药治疗前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)异常研究概述

血清PSA 检测是前列腺癌早期诊断的重要方法之一。近10年来,中医药干预PSA异常表达、控制前列腺癌发生显现出一定的优势。故对中医药治疗PSA 异常研究现状进行综述,以期为发挥中医药的优势作用,有效干预PSA 异常表达,控制前列腺癌发病提供新思路。
郭淑云胃肠病常用对药举隅

郭淑云教授系河南中医学院博士研究生导师,医学硕士,全国第五批老中医专家学术经验继承工作指导老师,河南省名中医,郑州市医学会首席专家。从事中医内科临床、教学与科研工作30余载,尤擅长治疗胃肠疾病,临床上喜用对药,或二药相伍,或三四成组,拟方遣药,游刃有余,方简而效宏,精妙实效。
中医疼痛的病机以及辨证论治

目的:辨析中医疼痛的病机,探讨疼痛的治疗方法,为中医治疗疼痛提供参考。方法: 通过查阅中医学方面的典籍如《内经》等,结合中医临床治疗疼痛的方法进行总结分析。结果: 疼痛的病理机制包括有“不通则痛”和“不荣则痛”,经络气血病变和心神状态都会对机体疼痛产生影响。中医治疗疼痛,主要以“实者祛其有余、虚者补其不足”为原则。结论: 疼痛产生的病机较为复杂,治疗时应该根据患者症状辨证分析疼痛产生的原因,对症施治。
胃肝样腺癌临床病理、免疫表型及预后分析

目的探讨胃肝样腺癌(hepatoid adenocarcinoma of stomach,HAS)的临床病理、免疫表型及预后特征。方法采用免疫组化SP 法对5例HAS 进行染色,观察Glypican-3、 AFP、Hepatocyte、CEA 等表达及患者的临床资料、病理组织形态学,并复习相关文献。结果5例HAS 患者平均年龄62岁,其中男性4例(4 /5),3例治疗前血清AFP 均升高(3 /3) 。肿瘤由肝样分化区伴或不伴普通腺癌区组成,肝样分化区似典型肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的组织学特点。免疫表型: 肝样分化区Glypican-3、AFP、Hepatocyte 呈不同程度阳性,而CEA 一般为阴性。5例HAS 中伴胃周淋巴结转移者3例、肝转移者2例、卵巢转移者1例。随访6 ~21个月,其中4例死亡,死亡患者平均生存期12个月。结论 HAS 是一种少见的特殊类型胃癌,组织学形态及免疫表型与HCC 相似,常有血清AFP 升高,易转移,预后及临床疗效较普通型胃腺癌差,应予以重视。
冠心病患者T波峰—末间期的临床意义

探讨冠心病患者T波峰—末间期(Tpe)及校正心率后T波峰—末间期(Tpe RR~(1/2))与恶性室性心律失常和心源性猝死等心血管事件的关系及Tpe、TpeRR~(1/2)与冠状动脉病变的相关性。冠心病组Tpe、TpeRR~(1/2)显著高于对照组,心血管事件组 Tpe、TpeRR~(1/2)显著高于非心血管事件组,Tpe、TpeRR~(1/2)与心源性猝死、室性心律失常、NYHA分级相关,三支病变组Tpe、 TpeRR~(1/2)显著高于双支病变组和单支病变组,Tpe、TpeRR~(1/2)与冠状动脉病变支数呈正相关,重度狭窄者PCI术后2 h、24 h、1周Tpe、TpeRR~(1/2)与术前比较显著降低。Tpe可成为预测冠心病患者心血管事件、冠状动脉病变和缺血程度的新指标。
A Comparative Analysis of China ICT Regulation Effectiveness Based on an IEP Framework

In order to conduct a comparative analysis on China's Telecommunications/ ICT regulation effectiveness to make up the omission of international researches, and to find out the difference between China and other countries and try to improve China's ICT regulation effectiveness, this paper developed an extended, integrated ICT regulation effectiveness assessment framework, with a name of IEP framework that consists of three assessment directions, namely regulation institution, regulation enforcement and industry performance. Based on this framework and by using Entropy Method, the paper then selected 10 sample countries, including China, six developed countries, and other three developing countries, and made a comprehensive comparison evaluation for those countries. Finally, by focusing on China's results of ranking 10 in institution, 6 in enforcement, 5 in performance and 8 in total ranking, the paper gave the explanation and presented improvement suggestions for the future ICT regulation in China.
A Novel Floodless Service Discovery Mechanism Designed for Software-Defined Networking

The low-cost, self-configuration capability and "plug-and-play" feature of Ethernet establishes its dominant position in the local area networks (LAN). However, it is hard to extend to large scale because of the legacy broadcast-based service discovery mechanism. Therefore, to solve this problem, a new split network architecture named Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is introduced in this paper, and a novel floodless service discovery mechanism (FSDM) for SDN is designed. For the FSDM, the widespread broadcast messages for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) are considered especially, respectively. Then the DHCP relay and ARP proxy are proposed to handle DHCP broadcast messages and ARP broadcast messages, respectively. The proposed FSDM in this paper can eliminate flooding completely, reserve the auto-configuration characteristics. Particularly, there is no need to change the existing hardware, software and protocols of hosts for the proposed scheme. Finally, the simulation results are demonstrated to show that our proposed model allows redundant links existed in network and has the property of scalability, which can significantly reduce network traffic in data plane and control traffic in control plane, and decrease the overhead of control plane.
胶质瘤的标志基因研究进展

神经胶质瘤是最常见的中枢神经系统原发肿瘤,根据2007年WHO神经系统肿瘤分级分为I~Ⅳ级。目前,治疗高级别胶质瘤(HGG)的方式为手术切除辅以放化疗的综合治疗措施,但大多数患者的预后仍然不佳。国外的流行病学研究发现,低级别胶质瘤(LGG)中位生存期为6~8年,而WHO Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级的HGG中位生存期分别只有3年和1年。在使用传统的临床病理诊断对术后患者分类和预后评估的过程中,研究人员发现,即便是同级别同病理类型的病例,预后也存在很大差别。因此,从分子病理学角度根据基因差异对肿瘤进行分类、分级,或许能更好的评估预后和指导治疗。大量的研究已经发现一些基因同胶质瘤的病理类型、级别和预后密切相关(表1)。本文将具有代表性的胶质瘤标志基因的研究进展综述如下。
肯尼迪病一家系二例患者的分子遗传学和皮肤病理学特点

本例患者皮肤组织中发现了Poly-Q颗粒和透明细胞,这可能是由于AR突变蛋白在细胞核和胞质内过度积聚,影响了泛素化-蛋白酶体系统、转录因子、信息传导因子的正常功能,使细胞内出现角质蛋白所致。尸检发现肯尼迪病的脊髓前角、面神经核和舌下神经核、脊髓背根神经节神经元数目明显减少,在残存的神经组织细胞的核内包涵体较非神经组织多,而睾丸皮肤较肢体皮肤的核内包涵体多。但是由于肢体皮肤标本易取,安全有效,仍有望成为核内包涵体疾病的辅助诊断工具。
肺炎支原体相关黏膜炎一例

MPAM的治疗主要是针对肺炎支原体使用大环内酯类抗生素,但约有1/3的患者需要加用糖皮质激素抗炎治疗。对于重症患者,静脉免疫球蛋白可能会获得较好的疗效。本例为学龄期男孩,有下呼吸道感染,血清肺炎支原体IgM达到1: 10 240,肺炎支原体感染明确,同时伴有严重的黏膜炎,缺乏皮肤受累的表现,在给予阿奇霉素与激素治疗后症状很快缓解,其流行病学特点和临床过程完全符合MPAM。由于MPAM相对罕见,在临床中不易被识别,因此对于不明原因发热、黏膜炎而缺少皮肤表现的患者,应考虑到本病的可能,以利于早期开始针对性的检查和治疗。
输血对肝硬化上消化道大出血药物止血治疗效果的影响

目的:探讨输血对肝硬化合并上消化道出血患者继续出血的影响。方法:以肝硬化合并上消化道出血患者未进行输血者为Ⅰ组,以肝硬化合并上消化道出血患者输悬浮红细胞者为Ⅱ组,以肝硬化合并上消化道出血患者同时输悬浮红细胞及血浆者为Ⅲ组。比较3组间再出血情况?血小板及凝血酶原时间的变化,并比较输悬浮红细胞量与再出血量的关系。结果:Ⅰ组继续出血率23.33%(7/30)?Ⅱ组继续出血率76.67%(23/30)?Ⅲ组继续出血率33.33%(10/30),Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组?Ⅲ组间有明显统计学差异(χ2=19.53,P<0.05)。Ⅱ组?Ⅲ组的患者予治疗后血小板水平稍有下降,但无明显统计学差异(t值分别为1.06?1.55,P均>0.1),Ⅱ组治疗后凝血酶原时间明显延长,有明显统计学差异(t=2.88,P<0.05),Ⅲ组治疗后凝血酶原时间变化不明显,无明显统计学差异(t=0.06,P>0.25)。输悬浮红细胞2U比1U继续出血量明显增多(P<0.05),悬浮红细胞3U又比2U继续出血量明显增多(P<0.05)。结论:在失代偿期肝硬化合并上消化道出血的患者在出血早期单纯补充悬浮红细胞引起继续出血的几率很高,且输悬浮红细胞的量越多,继续出血量越多,而同时输血浆可以补充凝血因子,可使继续出血几率明显下降。
ICU医院感染目标性监测与分析

目的:通过目标性监测,分析重症监护病房(ICU)发病危险因素和病原菌特点,探讨医院感染预防控制措施。方法:对2011年1~12月入住ICU的患者进行医院感染目标性监测,所有数据录入电脑,采用明科软件统计分析。结果:共监测679例,经平均病情严重程度(ASIS)调整床日感染率为6.66‰。呼吸机相关性肺炎80例次,千日感染率为23.34‰;导尿管相关性泌尿道感染37例次,千日感染率为5.96‰;导管相关性血流感染18例,千日感染率为2.91‰。共检出病原菌197株,排名前5位病原菌依次为鲍曼不动杆菌?肺炎克雷伯菌?铜绿假单胞菌?耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)?白色念珠菌。结论:ICU是医院感染的高危科室,开展目标性监测,对危险因素进行监控,尽早实施切实有效的预防措施,对减少医院感染的发生有重要意义。
维生素E对离心运动后大鼠骨骼肌波形蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨补充维生素E(VE)对离心运动后骨骼肌波形蛋白(Vimentin)表达的影响及对骨骼肌运动性损伤的保护作用。方法成年雄性SD大鼠16只,随机分为安静对照组(con)、运动后24 h组(24 h)、VE对照组(VEcon)和VE运动后24 h组(VE 24 h)。采用一次性下坡跑训练建立运动损伤模型,取大鼠肱三头肌做Vimentin免疫组化切片,并通过图像分析软件分析视野中目标总面积占图像视场的百分比和灰度总和。结果与VEcon和24 h组相比,VE 24 h组目标面积百分比和灰度总和明显增加,虽略低于con组,但无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论补充VE可减轻离心运动对骨骼肌肌纤维的损伤形态学改变。
吡格列酮联合二甲双胍对2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗及脂肪细胞因子水平的影响

目的观察吡格列酮联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病(T2DM)的疗效,探讨治疗对患者胰岛素抵抗及脂肪细胞因子水平的影响。方法将我院收治的T2DM患者72例随机分为观察组和对照组,每组36例。对照组给予口服二甲双胍治疗,观察组给予二甲双胍联合盐酸吡格列酮治疗。观察两组患者治疗前后空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹胰岛素(F-INS)和胰岛素抵抗指数(Homa IR)。并应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检验两组治疗前后血浆瘦素和脂联素水平。结果治疗后两组患者FPG、2 h PBG、HbA1c和Homa IR均显著降低(均P<0.05);治疗后研究组2 h PBG、HbA1c和Homa IR显著低于对照组(均P<0.05);治疗前两组瘦素和脂联素比较无统计学差异(均P>0.05),治疗结束后两组患者血清瘦素均显著降低,血清脂联素显著升高(均P<0.05),研究组血清瘦素显著低于对照组,血清脂联素显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论吡格列酮联合二甲双胍治疗可以有效调节T2DM患者瘦素和脂联素水平,进一步改善患者胰岛素抵抗。
低辐射低对比剂剂量在冠脉CTA检查中的应用

目的探讨低辐射剂量和低对比剂剂量在冠脉CTA检查中的应用。方法运用128排CT筛查成人疑似冠心病患者,随机分成两组,各33例,分别采用常规和低千伏低造影剂用量方式行冠状动脉CTA检查。结果两组图像在不同辐射剂量和注药速率、造影剂用量时有较大差异,均能满足临床诊断。结论实验组显著减少了患者受辐射的剂量和对比剂的用量,减少患者的潜在危害。
Intelligent test case generation based on branch and bound

Path-oriented test case generation is in essence a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) solved by search strategies, among which backtracking algorithms are widely used. In this article, the backtracking algorithm branch and bound (BB) is introduced to generate path-oriented test cases automatically. A model based on state space search is proposed to construct the search tree dynamically. The BB is optimized from two perspectives. Variable permutation with a heuristic rule to break ties is adopted for the branching operation, and interval computation with analysis on the monotony of branching conditions is utilized for the bounding operation. Empirical experiments show that the proposed method performs well with linear complexity, and reaches 100% coverage on some benchmark programs with an advantage over some static and dynamic algorithms.
Evolution model for scientific collaboration network with local-world information

In order to reveal the intrinsic properties of scientific collaboration networks, a new local-world evolution model on a scientific collaboration network is proposed by analysing the network growth mechanism. The act degree as the measurement of preferential attachment is taken, and the local-world information of nodes is taken into account. Analysis and simulation show that the node degree and the node strength obey the power-law distribution. Low average path length and high clustering coefficient are approved. Experiment indicates that the model can depict efficiently the topological structure and statistical characteristics of real-life scientific collaboration networks.
轻微外力致妊娠中期子宫破裂死亡1例

子宫体或下段破裂称为子宫破裂,多发生于阻塞性分娩、不适当难产手术或原有子宫切口,个别发生于妊娠后期。子宫破裂是产科严重并发症之一,危及母婴生命。子宫破裂根据破裂原因可分为自发性破裂和损伤性破裂,自发性破裂导致死亡多发生于非法行医案件中,如缩宫素使用不当等;而外伤所致的损伤性破裂,则多见于交通事故和意外事故,一般由于身体受到巨大暴力作用所致,而且常伴有其他内部器官的严重损伤。然而本案例经过对死者腹部皮肤检验,并未检见明显的表皮剥脱、皮下出血等机械性损伤,可见死者生前腹部所受钝性外力作用相当轻微。因而妊娠中期仅受轻微外力作用致子宫破裂而死亡的案例,实属罕见。
甘肃东乡族人群15个STR基因座遗传多态性

采用AmpF?STR~? Sinofiler PCR扩增试剂盒,对164例甘肃省临夏市东乡族无关个体进行15个STR基因座的遗传多态性调査,获取了相关的群体遗传学信息,为该地区东乡族人群法医学个体识别和亲权鉴定提供基础数据。
《人体损伤程度鉴定标准》理解与适用--头皮与颅骨损伤

(1)颅底骨折伴面神经损伤,遗留面瘫(不论面瘫和范围和程度)即符合本条规定,应鉴定为重伤二级;(2)颅底骨折伴听神经损伤,遗留听力减退(不论听力减退程度)即符合本条规定,应鉴定为重伤二级。听力障碍检查应符合《听力障碍的法医学评定》(GA/T 914— 2010)。
P物质减轻高氧诱导新生大鼠肺损伤

抢救早产儿呼吸衰竭最常用的措施是氧气疗法,持续高氧治疗可导致新生儿尤其是早产儿支气管肺发育不良,是一种肺氧化应激性损伤的疾病。神经肽P物质(substance P, SP)是速激肽家族最早发现的神经肽,其在肺损伤修复中的作用还无研究,本研究将从整体动物水平研究神经肽SP对高氧暴露肺损伤的影响。
黑灵芝多糖对S-180荷瘤小鼠的免疫调节作用

灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)是我国最具有研究价值的著名药用真菌之一,同时也是一种新资源食品。灵芝多糖被认为是灵芝中最有效的生物活性成分之一,研究证实具有很强的生物活性。大量研究表明,灵芝的滋补强身、扶正固本之功效与灵芝多糖的免疫增强活性密切相关。
TRANSVERSE VIBRATIONOFAHANGING NONUNIFORMNANOSCALE TUBE BASED ON NONLOCAL ELASTICITYTHEORYWITHSURFACE EFFECTS

The aim of this paper is to study the free transverse vibration of a hanging nonuniform nanoscale tube. The analysis procedure is based on nonlocal elasticity theory with surface effects. The nonlocal elasticity theory states that the stress at a point is a function of strains at all points in the continuum. This theory becomes significant for small-length scale objects such as micro- and nanostructures. The effects of nonlocality, surface energy and axial force on the natural frequencies of the nanotube are investigated. In this study, analytical solutions are formulated for a clamped-free Euler-Bernoulli beam to study the free vibration of nanoscale tubes.
芬兰塔维瓦拉巨型黑色片岩型镍-铜-锌矿床地质特征及成因

塔维瓦拉镍-铜-锌-钴矿床位于芬兰奥卢(Oulu)省凯努(Kainuu)区内,西北距奥卢170 km,地理坐标为N28°04'37″,E63°58'25″,是目前世界上最大的以黑色片岩为容矿围岩的镍、铜和锌矿床。迄今为止探明的矿石量为2053 Mt,镍、铜、锌和钴的平均品位分别为0. 22%、0. 13%、0. 49%、0. 02%(塔维瓦拉矿业公司,2012,网上公布)。尽管矿区及外围的地质调查和找矿工作已有百余年历史,但是直到20世纪末,部分矿化地段才进行了系统勘探和采选冶研究。 2004年,塔维瓦拉矿业公司对其进行了集中钻探和资源量评估工作; 2008年,该矿床正式进入露天开采阶段,目前镍的年产量维持在1.5~ 1.8万吨。
Stochastic Resonance in a Simple Threshold Sensor System with Alpha Stable Noise

We investigate the effect of alpha stable noise on stochastic resonance in a single-threshold sensor system by analytic deduction and stochastic simulation. It is shown that stochastic resonance occurs in the threshold system in alpha stable noise environment, but the resonant effect becomes weakened as the alpha stable index decreases or the skewness parameter of alpha stable distribution increases. In particular, for Cauchy noise a nonlinear relation among the optimal noise deviation parameter, the signal amplitude and the threshold is analytically obtained and illustrated by using the extreme value condition for the output signal-to-noise ratio. The results presented in this communication should have application in signal detection and image restoration in the non-Gaussian noisy environment.
CTE Solvability, Nonlocal Symmetries and Exact Solutions of Dispersive Water Wave System

A consistent tanh expansion (CTE) method is developed for the dispersion water wave (DWW) system. For the CTE solvable DWWsystem, there are two branches related to tanh expansion, the main branch is consistent while the auxiliary branch is not consistent. From the consistent branch, we can obtain infinitely many exact significant solutions including the soliton-resonant solutions and soliton-periodic wave interactions. From the inconsistent branch, only one special solution can be found. The CTE related nonlocal symmetries are also proposed. The nonlocal symmetries can be localized to find finite Baacklund transformations by prolonging the model to an enlarged one.
Soliton Solutions, Baacklund Transformations and Lax Pair for a (3 + 1)-Dimensional Variable-Coefficient Kadomtsev-Petviashvili Equation in Fluids

Under investigation in this paper is a (3 + 1)-dimensional variable-coefficient Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation, which describes the propagation of surface and internal water waves. By virtue of the binary Bell polynomials, symbolic computation and auxiliary independent variable, the bilinear forms, soliton solutions, Baacklund transformations and Lax pair are obtained. Variable coefficients of the equation can affect the solitonic structure, when they are specially chosen, while curved and linear solitons are illustrated. Elastic collisions between/among two and three solitons are discussed, through which the solitons keep their original shapes invariant except for some phase shifts.
Long noncoding RNA-mediated activation of androgen receptor in prostate cancer

Remarkable progress has been made in molecular characterization of prostate cancer (PCa) with continued innovations in high throughput technologies evaluating human cancer. Since the completion of the Human Genome Project it has been estimated that only about 1.5%-2% of our genome codes for proteins. Various genome-wide approaches, e.g. the ENCODE project, revealed that a much larger percent of the genome is transcribed as non-protein coding (nc) RNA, including long noncoding (lnc) RNA (over 200 bps long). Although the biological roles of IncRNA (the ‘dark matter of the genome,)are not nearly as well-understood as the protein coding mRNAs, it is increasingly clear that they play important roles in almost every aspects of biology, including cancer biology. This is exemplified by recent genome-wide association studies revealing that over 80% of cancer-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are in noncoding regions of the genome.
Anatomical Study on the Multi-Ovule Development and Abortion of Hanfu Apple

The terminal flower buds of 6-yr-old Hanfu apple were used to study the ovule development, ovular characteristics, cell death of abortive ovules, and dynamic change of starch grain quantity in the embryo sac with paraffin slices and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated fluorescein deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) system. Four anatropous ovules in each ventricle could be observed before flowering. With the developing of floral organ, the bulk of normal ovules enlarged in each ventricle, the mature embryo sac differentiated into nucellus, and the egg cell developed into zygote by double fertilization. A large number of starch grains were observed during pollen tube growth and double fertilization, which guaranteed basic nutrient supply in the normal development of ovules. Moreover, abortion phenomenon of runtish ovules emerged at the stages of mature embryo sac, double fertilization and zygote development. The abortion characteristics included deformity of ovule development, degradation of nucellus tissue, separation between funiculus and ovule, abnormality of four-nucleate embryo sac, as well as development interruption of mature embryo sac. TUNEL analysis proved that ovule abortion was programmed cell death.
Parallel patterns and trends in functional structures in extinct island mammals

Endemic mammalian species on islands are generally known to have followed a different evolutionary pathway than their mainland relatives. General patterns, such as body size trends, have been described regularly. However, most island mammal species are unique and each of them is adapted to a specific local niche as part of an equally specific ecological assemblage. Therefore, comparing island species across taxa, islands and time is inherently dangerous without understanding the adaptational value of the studied feature in the compared taxa and without taking the ecological setting of the taxa into account. In this contribution, general and recurring patterns are described per taxon. Some features, like body mass change and sturdy limbs, are relatively general, whereas most features, like bone fusions and change of orbital axis, occur only in a very few taxa. Some features are even contradictory, such as brain size and degree of hypsodonty, with each taxon having its own particular design. In conclusion, general patterns are more often than not just trends and need to be applied with caution.
Unravelling the nature of Waiparaconus, a pennatulacean (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) from the Late Mesozoic–Early Cainozoic of the Southern Hemisphere

Enigmatic calcareous conical fossils have been known from marine Paleocene–Eocene sequences of New Zealand since the early 1870s. More recently, similar fossils have been recorded from both Late Cretaceous marine sequences of Western Australia, New Caledonia and Antarctica, and possibly from the Eocene of South America. The present paper extends the record to the late Cretaceous of New Caledonia. These remains are unlike any living taxa, and have been variously interpreted as molluscs (rudistid bivalves), cirripedes (stalked barnacles), annelids and inorganic structures. Assignation to the Cirripedia has been refuted by Buckeridge (1983, 1993), who proposed that the material would be better placed within the Cnidaria. We investigate this hypothesis in light of the New Caledonian material and by comparison with living gorgonians and pennatulaceans, and demonstrate that Waiparaconus is best placed within the Pennatulacea. Waiparaconus zelandicus varies in form somewhat, with 3 morphotypes defined and reinforced by geography. Comment is provided on the imperative to fit organic remains into known groups, with reflection on what may happen if taxa are left in insertae sedis.