mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
On the efficiency of quantization-based integration methods for building simulation

Models describing energy consumption, heating, and cooling of buildings usually impose difficulties to the numerical integration algorithms used to simulate them. Stiffness and the presence of frequent discontinuities are among the main causes of those difficulties, that become critical when the models grow in size. Quantized State Systems (QSS) methods are a family of numerical integration algorithms that can efficiently handle discontinuities and stiffness in large models. For this reason, they are promising candidates for overcoming the mentioned problems. Based on this observation, this article studies the performance of QSS methods in some systems that are relevant to the field of building simulation. The study includes a performance comparison of different QSS algorithms against state-of-the-art classic numerical solvers, showing that the former can be more than one order of magnitude faster.
A Bayesian Network model for predicting cooling load of commercial buildings

Cooling load prediction is indispensable to many building energy saving strategies. In this paper, we proposed a new method for predicting the cooling load of commercial buildings. The proposed approach employs a Bayesian Network model to relate the cooling load to outdoor weather conditions and internal building activities. The proposed method is computationally efficient and implementable for use in real buildings, as it does not involve sophisticated mathematical theories. In this paper, we described the proposed method and demonstrated its use via a case study. In this case study, we considered three candidate models for cooling load prediction and they are the proposed Bayesian Network model, a Support Vector Machine model, and an Artificial Neural Network model. We trained the three models with fourteen different training data datasets, each of which had varying amounts and quality of data that were sampled on-site. The prediction results for a testing week shows that the Bayesian Network model achieves similar accuracy as the Support Vector Machine model but better accuracy than the Artificial Neural Network model. Notable in this comparison is that the training process of the Bayesian Network model is fifty-eight times faster than that of the Artificial Neural Network model. The results also suggest that all three models will have much larger prediction deviations if the testing data points are not covered by the training dataset for the studied case (The maximum absolute deviation of the predictions that are not covered by the training dataset can be up to seven times larger than that of the predictions covered by the training dataset). In addition, we also found the uncertainties in the weather forecast significantly affected the accuracy of the cooling load prediction for the studied case and the Support Vector Machine model was more sensitive to those uncertainties than the other two models.
Loss of canonical Wnt signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the older population,however,the precise cause of the disease is unknown.The neuropathology is characterized by the presence of aggregates formed by amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and phosphorylated tau;which is accompanied by progressive impairment of memory.Diverse signaling pathways are linked to AD,and among these the Wnt signaling pathway is becoming increasingly relevant,since it plays essential roles in the adult brain.Initially,Wnt signaling activation was proposed as a neuroprotective mechanism against Aβ toxicity.Later,it was reported that it participates in tau phosphorylation and processes of learning and memory.Interestingly,in the last years we demonstrated that Wnt signaling is fundamental in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and that Wnt dysfunction results in Aβ production and aggregation in vitro.Recent in vivo studies reported that loss of canonical Wnt signaling exacerbates amyloid deposition in a transgenic (Tg) mouse model of AD.Finally,we showed that inhibition of Wnt signaling in a Tg mouse previously at the appearance of AD signs,resulted in memory loss,tau phosphorylation and Aβ formation and aggregation;indicating that Wnt dysfunction accelerated the onset of AD.More importantly,Wnt signaling loss promoted cognitive impairment,tau phosphorylation and Aβ_(1-42) production in the hippocampus of wild-type (WT) mice,contributing to the development of an Alzheimer's-like neurophatology.Therefore,in this review we highlight the importance of Wnt/β-catenin signaling dysfunction in the onset of AD and propose that the loss of canonical Wnt signaling is a triggering factor of AD.
改进的瞬时无功功率双向电能算法的研究

随着光伏发电为用户提供所需电能以及多余电能并网的需求,研究与实现双向电能计量已成为迫切需求.提出利用改进的瞬时无功功率双向电能计量原理,将单相电流进行虚拟正交化,产生的正交信号进行PARK变换,计算出有功功功率和无功功率,通过过零比较来判断所测量的功率的正反方向,对所计算出的功率与时间积分进行独立的双向电能测量与显示.在PSIM仿真软件下进行仿真,利用PSIM中DSP28335模块进行电能数据处理,仿真结果显示出的数据精确度为0.01%之内,该方法能够实现对电能的双向测量.
影响螺旋滚筒装煤性能的因素分析

为研究多因素影响下螺旋滚筒的装煤性能,通过对煤炭颗粒的运动进行分析,建立了螺旋滚筒装煤的数学模型;基于煤样测试结果结合莫尔-库伦强度理论,对煤壁离散元模型中相关粘结参数进行设置,建立螺旋滚筒装煤的离散元模型.通过数值模拟得到装煤过程中煤炭颗粒的运动分布,对不同统计区域内煤炭颗粒质量统计得到了螺旋滚筒截割过程中的装煤率变化规律.对具有不同结构和运动参数的螺旋滚筒装煤过程进行了四因素四水平正交试验,分析了不同因素对滚筒装煤性能的影响权重,其中螺旋升角的大小对其装煤效率的影响最大,牵引速度和截割深度次之,滚筒转速对装煤率的影响最不显著.研究结果为螺旋滚筒的结构设计及其装煤性能提高提供了一种新的方法.
数控铣床主轴部件综合性能检测技术研究

数控铣床主轴部件是铣床的核心功能部件之一,为了得到主轴的综合性能,提出了一种针对数控铣床主轴综合性能多参数集成化测量的检测方法,该方法结合本课题组设计的主轴检测平台,对主轴部件的振动、温度、噪音、回转精度、刚度、拉刀力、液压泄漏、空载功率等性能参数进行检测和综合分析,突出了对这些参数集成化的测量和综合分析过程.通过对数控铣床主轴部件进行综合评价,建立全面、系统、综合的主轴性能评价体系.最后结合某型号电主轴进行了试验应用,验证了该综合检测评价方法能有效地获得高精度的主轴综合性能参数.
歼击机飞行员甲状腺疾病调查

甲状腺疾病常常包括甲状腺功能性疾病(如甲状腺功能亢进或甲状腺功能减退以及结节性病变诸如结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺癌等)和炎症性病变(包括亚急性甲状腺炎、慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎亦即桥本甲状腺炎等)。甲状腺患病因素研究较多,已经证实摄碘过多或缺碘都会导致甲状腺疾病发病率改变;工作方式、生活方式改变也有可能增加甲状腺疾病的危险。对于歼击机飞行员来讲,高工作压力以及不同飞行强度是否会增加患甲状腺疾病的风险,值得航卫医疗人员研究。本研究主要目的是了解歼击机飞行员甲状腺疾病患病情况,以期为航卫保障提供参考。
Adsorption of Basic Dyes Using Walnut Shell-based Biochar Produced by Hydrothermal Carbonization

Hydrothermal carbon(HC) was prepared from walnut shells, which are abundant in Northeastern China. The prepared HC was used as a precursor to produce nitric acid modified carbon(MC). The hydrothermal carbonization included dehydration and decarboxylation processes wherein the hemicellulose was completely decomposed and the cellulose was partly decomposed, with some oxygen-containing functional groups being produced. The aromaticity, specific surface area and pore content of the HC increased, but its polarity decreased. With 6 mol/L nitric acid and a modification time of 15 min, the specific surface area and pore content decreased, but the proportion of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface increased significantly, thereby improving the dye adsorption performance. The adsorption of methylene blue and malachite green was best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. The adsorption capacity of MC was determined to be much larger than that of HC.
播期对超高产杂交水稻超优千号生育期和产量性状的影响

为明确播期对超高产杂交水稻新组合超优千号生育期、产量和经济性状的影响,以超级稻甬优12为对照,开展了7期播期试验.结果表明,随着播期推迟,超优千号叶龄、播齐历期变化较小,但齐穗至成熟期变长,而甬优12叶龄、播齐历期随着播期推迟变少、变短;超优千号和甬优12产量均随着播期推迟基本上呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,两品种分别以5月25日、5月15日播种的产量最高,在6月24日播种的产量最低,超优千号产量下降幅度较大;超优千号的产量与每穗实粒数、结实率呈显著、极显著正相关,甬优12与每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数呈显著正相关,与千粒重呈显著负相关.
两系杂交稻晶两优华占特征特性及高产稳产栽培技术

阐述了杂交水稻新组合晶两优华占的特征特性,总结了其高产稳产栽培技术,为晶两优华占在桃源生态区域推广种植提供技术支撑,指导粮农选择合适的种植方式,取得更高的产量和更好的经济效益.
勐腊县小黑江回龙山水电站建设的生态环境问题

笔者以西双版纳热带雨林为主要对象进行生物多样性保护、资源可持续利用和民族森林文化等科学研究已近一甲子,十分关注生态环境问题。近时,笔者了解到在西双版纳傣族自治州勐腊县象明乡的苏底村正在建设一座水电站。虽然该项目已在2011年5月作过环评,但该环评并没有很好地阐明水电站的建设对该地区的生态环境、民族文化和经济社会发展将带来的严重影响。所以,有必要在此提出个人的看法。
Mechanism of improved electromigration reliability using Fe-Ni UBM in wafer level package

Fe-Ni films with compositions of 73 wt% of Ni and 45 wt% of Ni were used as under bump metallization (UBM) in wafer level chip scale package, and their reliability was evaluated through electromigration (EM) test compared with commercial Cu UBM. For Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu(SAC)/Cu solder joints, voids had initiated at Cu cathode after 300 h and typical failures of depletion of Cu cathode and cracks were detected after 1000 h EM. While the SAC/Fe-Ni solder joints kept at a perfect condition without any failures after 1000 h EM. Moreover, the characteristic lifetime calculated by Weibull analysis for Fe-73Ni UBM (2121 h), Fe-45Ni UBM (2340 h) were both over three folds to Cu UBM's (698 h). The failure modes for Fe-Ni solder joints varied with the different growth behavior of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), which can all be classified as the crack at the cathodic interface between solder and outer IMC layer. The atomic fluxes concerned cathode dissolution and crack initiation were analyzed. When Fe-Ni UBM was added, cathode dissolution was suppressed due to the low diffusivity of IMCs and opposite transferring direction to electron flow of Fe atoms. The smaller EM flux within solder material led a smaller vacancy flux in Fe-Ni solder joints, which can explain the delay of solder voids and cracks as well as the much longer lifetime under EM.
Formation process of akaganeite in the simulated wet-dry cycles atmospheric environment

In order to clarify the formation mechanism and conditions for akaganeite in long-term exposure, the influence of the former corrosion results on akaganeite formation was investigated by simulated experiments in laboratory. The combination of XRD, FTIR, SEM and EPMA enabled the identification of the rust layer formed on the surface. Accordingly, the nature of the rust layer and the amount of the corrosive species in the rust layer varied with the extension of the exposure. Among them, comparing with the corrosion condition in initial stage, the structure of rust layer after repeated wet-dry cycles was disadvantage for akaganeite formation. Element Cl aggregated at the interface between rust and substrate in the thick part can participate in the formation of akaganeite after the rust layer covered removed. The accumulation effect of salt deposited contributed to akaganeite formation under the condition that salt deposition rate was relatively low.
2013 ~ 2017年间我国进口人血白蛋白概况

2004年6月4日,中国国家食品药品监督管理局审议通过颁布了《生物制品批签发管理办法》;2007年11月15日,中国国家食品药品监督管理局为切实保障生物制品质量安全,根据“管理办法”的有关规定,进一步加强生物制品批签发管理工作。目前我国市场上销售的血液制品主要为人血白蛋白、人免疫球蛋白(肌注)、静注人免疫球蛋白(pH 4)、破伤风人免疫球蛋白、狂犬病人免疫球蛋白、乙型肝炎人免疫球蛋白、人纤维蛋白原、人凝血酶原复合物、人凝血因子 Ⅷ等9种血液制品(包括其冻干剂型),但鉴于1983年首次发现大陆中国公民受到HIV感染,1984年9月由卫生部、经贸部和海关总署联合下发《关于限制进口血液制品防止AIDS病传入我国的联合通知》,除此之外还有《卫生部关于禁止进口Ⅷ因子制剂等血液制品的通告》、《卫生部关于禁止Ⅷ因子制剂等血液制品的补充通知》,由于这些政策法规的限制,我国的血液制品进口仅限于人血白蛋白。人血白蛋白常用于失血、创伤及烧伤、肝硬化后引起的休克、脑水肿、腹水及防治低蛋白血症的治疗。近年来,随着临床用量的增加,血液原料短缺,导致人血白蛋白供不应求,因此需大量进口。2014年后,进口人血白蛋白的总量已超过了国产同类产品的总量,因此有必要对进口产品进行全面充分的了解。
Selection of the Relevant Turbulence Model in a CFD Simulation of a Flow Disturbed by Hydraulic Elbow — Comparative Analysis of the Simulation with Measurements Results Obtained by the Ultrasonic Flowmeter

The article is an attempt to compile the results of CFD liquid flow simulation through pipeline section containing hydraulic elbow with the results of ultrasonic flow measurements. To carry out the measurements behind the flow disturbing element (hydraulic elbow), an ultrasonic flowmeter with applied head set in accordance with the Z-type system was used. For comparative purposes, a flow simulation for 3 different turbulence models (k-epsilon, SST and SSG) was performed. It was found that with a proper ultrasonic flowmeter heads configurations, it is possible to measure the flow rate disturbed by the hydraulic elbow at any distance from the source of the disturbance. It has to use appropriate correction factor that can be determined by knowing the flow velocity profile equation. Based on comparison of CFD simulation results with experimental data, the accuracy/ purposefulness of using individual turbulence models in the case of discussed hydraulic installation was evaluated.
Thermal Activation of the Combustion Chamber of a Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine

The dominant feature of the work of many specialists on the design of the internal combustion engine is to achieve the possible lowest fuel consumption, which is the most convenient measure of the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle. From the very beginning of this heat machine, there are many of solutions that are better or worse fit to the global development trend. In this paper, the authors suggest the possibility closer to the optimal solution by introducing structural active zones, where the task is instantaneous (during one cycle) heat transfer to the skin layer on elements of the combustion chamber and to transfer part of the recovered heat to the next cycle, reaching a growth effect of the useful efficiency by 10% to 20%. The solution is different from the ones used by the fact that it is only partially insulating barrier, and the main goal is focused on supporting the next thermal cycle by which it is possible to affect as mentioned above. This paper describes the idea of the functioning of the active combustion chamber and pointed out the technical capabilities of its creation.
火电企业对外供汽项目水处理改造方案的选择探讨

为积极主动适应电改,响应国家号召,提高企业效益,山东某电厂计划向临近化工集团供应工业用汽。由于电厂现有锅炉补给水系统不能满足供汽用量,需要对水处理系统进行扩容改造。通过对拟使用的水源水质、工业供汽量、现有水处理系统设施和工艺等情况,讨论了建设方案和技术方案的选择,并进行了投资估算和经济评价等。
啶酰菌胺原药安全性评价

啶酰菌胺为吡啶酰胺类化合物,因其杀菌谱广,几乎对所有类型的真菌病害都有活性,且作用机理独特、不易产生交互抗性、对作物安全而被广泛应用于用于油菜、葡萄、果树、蔬菜和大田作物等病害的防治。目前国内外有关啶酰菌胺毒理学安全性评价的报道甚少。本研究为该农药安全使用提供可靠的实验依据。
健固片的毒理学安全性评价

健固片是以氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐、硫酸软骨素、葛根提取物、柠檬酸苹果酸钙和维生素D3为原辅料制成的具有增加骨密度功能的保健食品。氨基葡萄糖是一种氨基单糖,主要存在于机体的关节软骨中,是关节软骨基质合成蛋白聚糖必需的重要物质。硫酸软骨素是一种蛋白多糖分子,是软骨的主要成分。氨基葡萄糖和硫酸软骨素对人类的骨质疏松症治疗具有协同效应。葛根提取物来自豆科植物野葛Pueraria lobata ( Willd. ) Ohwi的干燥根,有研究表明可减少大鼠的骨吸收,促进骨形成,增加骨密度。柠檬酸苹果酸钙是钙、柠檬酸和苹果酸按一定比例反应生产,具有高溶解性、高吸收利用性和安全无毒等特点。维生素D在机体骨骼组织矿化过程中起十分重要的作用,不仅促进钙与磷在肠道的吸收,而且也作用于骨质组织,促进钙磷最终沉淀于骨和牙齿。本研究探讨了健固片的毒理学安全性。
Facile synthesis and highly efficient selective adsorption properties of Y_2Mo_4O_(15) for methylene blue: Kinetics, thermodynamics and mechanical analyses

Y_2Mo_4O_(15) particles were prepared using a simple solution method (SSM) and used as a highly efficient selective adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solutions. The maximum adsorption capacity of the samples was determined based on the adsorption isotherms with different adsorbent doses at 298, 318 and 338 K. The fittings of the temperature-dependent isotherms yield ∆_r_m~θ = -34.1 kJ/mol, ∆_H_m~θ = -36.9 kJ/mol and ∆_S_m~θ = -9.67 J/mol·K. The as-prepared Y_2Mo_4O_(15) has a very large maximum adsorption capacity (i.e., 198 mg/g) for MB at room temperature, and this value is only less than that of amorphous hardwood powder. Notably, 80 mg of adsorbent is able to completely decolorize 250 mL of 30 mg/L MB aqueous solution. The kinetic parameters of the adsorption process were obtained from the temperature-dependent adsorption isotherm (i.e., E_1 = 26.9 kJ/mol and E_(-1) = 63.8 kJ/mol). The results of adsorption kinetics show that it is a pseudo-second-order reaction. The mechanism of the high selectivity and the large adsorption capacity is discussed based on competitive ion (CI) experiments and coordination theory.
Improved corrosion resistance and thermal stability of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets with holmium substitution

The effects of Ho substitution for Nd on the microstructure, corrosion resistance and thermal stability of the Nd-Fe-B magnets were investigated. The (Nd,Ho)-O phase was formed with increasing Ho substitution. The results of potentiodynamic polarization and highly accelerated stress test show improved corrosion resistance with increasing Ho substitution. The optimum mass loss 0.29 mg/cm~2 is achieved. Moreover, the average temperature coefficients for remanence and coercivity in the range of 25-150 ℃ are both closer to zero, indicating improved thermal stability. The mechanisms for the improved corrosion resistance and thermal stability are discussed in relation to the microstructure featuring the (Nd,Ho)-O phase.
Surface modification of Ti-45Al-8.5 Nb alloys by microarc oxidation to improve high-temperature oxidation resistance

Microarc oxidation (MAO)electrolysis plasma deposition was used to prepare Al_2O_3 coatings on Ti-45Al-8.5 Nb alloys to improve high temperature oxidation resistance.The surface and cross-section morphologies before and after high-temperature oxidation,the chemical composition,and the phase identification of the coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),electron probe microanalyses (EPMA),and X-ray diffraction (XRD).The results show that Al_2O_3 coatings with a thickness of approximately 8 μm can be obtained on the Ti-45Al-8.5 Nb alloys by MAO for 600 s.The samples with the Al_2O_3 coatings exhibited better high-temperature oxidation resistance.A minimal weight gain of only 0.396 g/m~2 after 100 h oxidation at 900 °C was observed for the coatings formed with a deposition voltage of 400 V and using a duty cycle of 3%.The deposition mechanism of the Al_2O_3 coatings and the effect of the MAO parameters are also described.
Investigation of functional,physical,mechanical and thermal properties of TiO_2 embedded polyester hybrid composites:A design of experiment (DoE) study

This paper presents a study on the Design of Experiments (DoE) approach to optimize the fabrication parameters of titania (TiO_2) embedded glass fiber reinforced polyester hybrid composites (HCs).HCs of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) were fabricated using methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) as the curing agent by hand lay-up process (HLUP) and compression molding technique (CMT).The fabrication parameters were optimized by Taguchi DoE (an orthogonal array of L_(25)) using 3 control factors (concentration of TiO_2,concentration of MEKP and curing temperature) having 5 levels each.Statistical tools were employed to identify significant factors affecting tensile strengths and its reproducibility during HLUP.It was found that the concentration of TiO_2 in HCs significantly influenced the tensile strength (TS) followed by MEKP concentration and curing temperature.The highest value of TS was obtained at 3 wt% TiO_2,2 wt% MEKP and 80 °C.Nevertheless,the sensitivity of TiO_2 concentration was basis for fabrication of polyester titania glass fiber hybrids (PTGFHs),which were further investigated for density and void fractions,linear shrinkage,flexural strength,impact strength,hardness and thermal behaviors.Moreover,cross-linking and hydrogen-bonding between polymeric chains,styrene,silica content of glass fiber and TiO_2 particles in PTGFHs were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
基于GAMP5的计算机化系统验证的实际应用

2010版药品生产质量管理规范(GMP)附录《计算机化系统》的颁布,为我国制药行业计算机化系统的管理提出了要求。而其中计算机化系统验证的水平是国内药品生产企业的短板。基于《良好自动化生产实践指南(5版)》(GAMP5)这一国际通用的计算机化系统验证指南,本文以4类软件中最为复杂的SAP(即system applications and products)软件验证为例,具体说明如何实施计算机化系统验证。
榄香烯原料药及制剂国家标准提高工作分析

为更好地控制药品质量,对榄香烯原料药及其制剂开展了标准提高工作。本文重点解析了榄香烯原料药及榄香烯乳状注射液标准中有关物质检查及含量测定方法的修订和提高过程,阐明了榄香烯原料药及制剂标准提高工作的思路和过程。试验结果表明,提高后的国家标准可以提高产品的质量可控性和安全性,也为制定植物提取来源的药品标准提供参考。
麻风足底溃疡导致癌变行截肢术1例

建议此类患者术后,应安排居住在有较好医疗和生活条件的麻风院治疗康复。其饮食、起居均由医护人员进行安排管理,可效缩短住院时间,提高康复效果,避免新创伤发生。现阶段,麻风医务人员应加强畸残指导与健康教育,特别是复杂溃疡者,及时处理,避免恶化,以免造成更大的损伤。
脑卒中患者上肢活动状态与平衡及步行关系的研究进展

对脑卒中患者平衡及步行影响因素的研究,一般会涉及躯干功能、下肢运动功能、本体感觉与认知功能等方面,却极少关注脑卒中后上肢与平衡、步行的交互作用。近年来,陆续有文献发表了相关的研究结果,现对其主要内容进行综述。
Nonlinear bending analysis of a 3D braided composite cylindrical panel subjected to transverse loads in thermal environments

The aim of this study is to investigate nonlinear bending for a 3-Dimensional (3D) braided composite cylindrical panel which has transverse loads on its finite length. By refining a micro-macro-mechanical model, the 3D braided composite can be treated as a representative average cell system. The geometric structural properties of its components deeply depend on their positions in the section of the cylindrical panel. The embedded elastic medium of the panel can be described by a Pasternak elastic foundation. Via using the shell theory of the von Karma n- Donnell type of kinematic nonlinearity, governing equations can be established to get higherorder shear deformation. The mixed Galerkin-perturbation method is applied to get the nonlinear bending behavior of the 3D braided cylindrical panel with a simply supported boundary condition. Based on the analysis of the braided composite cylindrical panel with variable initial stress, geometric parameter, fiber volume fraction, and elastic foundation, serial numerical illustrations are archived to represent the appropriate nonlinear bending responses.
Second to Fourth Digit Ratio (2D:4D) as a Predictor of Adult Circulating Sex Hormones and Overweight/Obesity in Ado-Ekiti Nigeria

The ratio of the second-to-fourth digit length (2D:4D) has been shown to be sexually dimorphic, with males having lower mean than females[1] and the ratio relates to masculinity and femininity in adults. 2D:4D is influenced by digit growth pattern which is related to the ratio of prenatal androgen to estrogen levels in the later part of the first trimester[2]. Hormonal modulation during puberty and postnatal sex hormone exposure have minimal effect on 2D:4D because it is slightly affected by puberty and there is a little increase during childhood once it is determined prenatally. This trait is likely to be a viable biological marker of early developmental processes[1]. In particular, 2D:4D can be described as an indicator of prenatal hormonal levels in which ratio/balance of androgen (testosterone) to estrogen is inversely related to 2D:4D.
Application of particle splitting method for both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic cases in SPH

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method with numerical diffusive terms shows satisfactory stability and accuracy in some violent fluid–solid interaction problems. However, in most simulations, uniform particle distributions are used and the multi-resolution, which can obviously improve the local accuracy and the overall computational efficiency, has seldom been applied. In this paper, a dynamic particle splitting method is applied and it allows for the simulation of both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic problems. The splitting algorithm is that, when a coarse (mother) particle enters the splitting region, it will be split into four daughter particles, which inherit the physical parameters of the mother particle. In the particle splitting process, conservations of mass, momentum and energy are ensured. Based on the error analysis, the splitting technique is designed to allow the optimal accuracy at the interface between the coarse and refined particles and this is particularly important in the simulation of hydrostatic cases. Finally, the scheme is validated by five basic cases, which demonstrate that the present SPH model with a particle splitting technique is of high accuracy and efficiency and is capable for the simulation of a wide range of hydrodynamic problems.