mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Utilizing a new soil effective temperature scheme and archived satellite microwave brightness temperature data to estimate surface soil moisture in the Nagqu region, Tibetan Plateau of China

Since the early 2000s, many satellite passive microwave brightness temperature (BT) archives, such as the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) BTs, have become the useful resources for assessing the changes in the surface and deep soil moistures over both arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we used a new soil effective temperature (T_(eff)) scheme and the archived AMSR-E BTs to estimate surface soil moisture (SM) over the Nagqu region in the central Tibetan Plateau, China. The surface and deep soil temperatures required for the calculation of regional-scale T_(eff) were obtained from outputs of the Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5). In situ SM measurements at the CEOP-CAMP/Tibet (Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period Asia-Australia Monsoon Project on the Tibetan Plateau) experimental sites were used to validate the AMSR-E-based SM estimations at regional and single-site scales. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of monthly mean surface SM over the Nagqu region was obtained from 16 daytime AMSR-E BT observations in July 2004 over the Nagqu region. Results revealed that the AMSR-E-based surface SM estimations agreed well with the in situ-based surface SM measurements, with the root mean square error (RMSE) ranging from 0.042 to 0.066 m~3/m~3 and the coefficient of determination (R~2) ranging from 0.71 to 0.92 during the nighttime and daytime. The regional surface soil water state map showed a clear spatial pattern related to the terrain. It indicated that the lower surface SM values occurred in the mountainous areas of the northern, mid-western and southeastern parts of Nagqu region, while the higher surface SM values appeared in the low elevation areas such as the Tongtian River Basin, Namco Lake and bog meadows in the central part of Nagqu region. Our analysis also showed that the new T_(eff) scheme does not require special fitting parameters or additional assumptions, which simplifies the data requirements for regional-scale applications. This scheme combined with the archived satellite passive microwave BT observations can be used to estimate the historical surface SM for hydrological process studies over the Tibetan Plateau regions.
Spatio-temporal variations of soil water content and salinity around individual Tamarix ramosissima in a semi-arid saline region of the upper Yellow River, Northwest China

Ecological restoration by Tamarix plants on semi-arid saline lands affects the accumulation, distribution patterns and related mechanisms of soil water content and salinity. In this study, spatio-temporal variations of soil water content and salinity around natural individual Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. were invetigated in a semi-arid saline region of the upper Yellow River, Northwest China. Specifically, soil water content, electrical conductivity (ECe), sodium adsorption ratio (SARe), and salt ions (including Na~+, K~+, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+) and SO_4~(2-)) were measured at different soil depths and at different distances from the trunk of T. ramosissima in May, July, and September 2016. The soil water content at the 20-80 cm depth was significantly lower in July and September than in May, indicating that T. ramosissima plants absorb a large amount of water through the roots during the growing period, leading to the decreasing of soil water content in the deep soil layer. At the 0-20 cm depth, there was a salt island effect around individual T. ramosissima, and the ECe differed significantly inside and outside the canopy of T. ramosissima in May and July. Salt bioaccumulation and stemflow were two major contributing factors to this difference. The SARe at the 0-20 cm depth was significantly different inside and outside the canopy of T. ramosissima in the three sampling months. The values of SARe at the 60-80 cm depth in May and July were significantly higher than those at the 0-60 cm depth and higher than that at the corresponding depth in September. The distribution of Na~+ in the soil was similar to that of the SARe, while the concentrations of K~+, Ca~(2+), and Mg~(2+) showed significant differences among the sampling months and soil depths. Both season and soil depth had highly significant effects on soil water content, ECe and SARe, whereas distance from the trunk of T. ramosissima only significantly affected ECe. Based on these results, we recommend co-planting of shallow-rooted salt-tolerant species near the Tamarix plants and avoiding planting herbaceous plants inside the canopy of T. ramosissima for afforestation in this semi-arid saline region. The results of this study may provide a reference for appropriate restoration in the semi-arid saline regions of the upper Yellow River.
A statistical study towards high-mass BGPS clumps with the MALT90 survey

In this work, we perform a statistical investigation towards 50 high-mass clumps using data from the Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS) and Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team 90-GHz survey (MALT90). Eleven dense molecular lines (N_2H~+(1–0), HNC(1–0), HCO~+(1–0), HCN(1–0), HN~(13)C(1–0), H~(13)CO~+(1–0), C_2H(1–0), HC_3N(10–9), SiO(2–1), ~(13)CS(2–1)and HNCO(4_(4,0) – 3_(0,3))) are detected. N_2H~+ and HNC are shown to be good tracers for clumps in various evolutionary stages since they are detected in all the fields. The detection rates of N-bearing molecules decrease as the clumps evolve, but those of O-bearing species increase with evolution. Furthermore, the abundance ratios [N_2H~+]/[HCO~+] and log([HC_3N]/[HCO~+]) decline with log([HCO~+]) as two linear functions, respectively. This suggests that N_2H~+ and HC_3N transform to HCO~+ as the clumps evolve. We also find that C2H is the most abundant molecule with an order of magnitude 10–8. In addition, three new infall candidates, G010.214–00.324,G011.121–00.128 and G012.215–00.118(a), are discovered to have large-scale infall motions and infall rates with an order of magnitude 10~(–3)M_⊙ yr~(–1).
Nonlinear Prediction with Deep Recurrent Neural Networks for Non-Blind Audio Bandwidth Extension

Non-blind audio bandwidth extension is a standard technique within contemporary audio codecs to efficiently code audio signals at low bitrates. In existing methods, in most cases high frequencies signal is usually generated by a duplication of the corresponding low frequencies and some parameters of high frequencies. However, the perception quality of coding will significantly degrade if the correlation between high frequencies and low frequencies becomes weak. In this paper, we quantitatively analyse the correlation via computing mutual information value. The analysis results show the correlation also exists in low frequency signal of the context dependent frames besides the current frame. In order to improve the perception quality of coding, we propose a novel method of high frequency coarse spectrum generation to improve the conventional replication method. In the proposed method, the coarse high frequency spectrums are generated by a nonlinear mapping model using deep recurrent neural network. The experiments confirm that the proposed method shows better performance than the reference methods.
隐球菌检验方法的应用

隐球菌是广泛存在于自然界中的一种真菌,其中包括新生隐球菌、格特隐球菌等变种。新生隐球菌可引起条件致病性感染,其感染主要发生在免疫力低下的人群,如AIDS患者、器官移植后患者或长期使用糖皮质激素的患者等。新生隐球菌是一种类酵母样真菌,广泛存在于鸽子的粪便、灰尘中等,可经呼吸道、消化道等途径进入人体引起隐球菌病。新生隐球菌菌体周围有一圈宽厚的荚膜,是其重要的致病物质,有抑制人体内免疫细胞吞噬、促使和诱导动物免疫无应答、降低人体对病原菌抵抗力的作用,而菌体外无荚膜的隐球菌则一般不引起隐球菌病。近年来,隐球菌属的实验室检查方法不断改进完善,除了传统的检查方法包括印度墨汁染色、真菌培养、血培养以及荚膜多糖抗原抗体免疫反应,还开展了特定基因的检测,利用特定基因片段的基因序列可用于鉴定、分型和种群遗传学研究。特定的基因组区域,通过PCR进行扩增测序,对非常见的隐球菌引起的隐球菌病的诊断分型尤其重要。
60年奋斗成绩辉煌18载相伴共同成长

1958年全国大炼钢铁,烧伤事故频发,严重烧伤患者明显增多,不少医院相继成立了烧伤科,至今整整一甲子.回眸过去60年,在广大同仁们的共同努力下,我国烧伤专业发展迅速、成绩辉煌,在烧伤休克、感染、脏器并发症的防治,创面处理,营养代谢,康复和护理等方面形成了具有我国特色、较完整的一套烧伤救治措施,且已跻身世界烧伤医学的先进行列.
基于设计情境的制造知识主动推荐方法

产品设计是知识密集型活动,需要大量知识支持。目前,设计人员主要通过查询或询问等方式获取知识,存在查询效率低,查询结果冗余度高的问题。情境感知技术利用多种类型的传感设备实时感知情境信息,支持基于情境的主动式信息推荐。为此,基于情境感知技术,提出一种基于设计情境的制造知识主动推荐方法。在识别设计情境要素及属性的基础上,构建设计情境要素交互模型,以便获取设计情境信息。根据设计情境信息,确定设计人员当前所从事的设计活动类别,及对应的制造知识类别和制造知识项,缩小所需要的制造知识范围。进而通过当前情境模型、历史情境模型、陈述熟悉度模型、协同过滤模型等多个模型综合判定设计人员当前需要的制造知识并实现推送。最后,将方法应用于某型号飞机垂尾翼助减轻孔设计,说明该方法的可行性。
基于虚拟样机技术的行星齿轮传动系统仿真分析

针对典型行星齿轮传动系统,建立其虚拟样机模型,并基于虚拟样机对传动机构进行运动学和动力学仿真分析。基于ADAMS建立了行星齿轮传动系统的虚拟样机模型,对于单排行星齿轮传动机构分为六种工作情况,对于每一种工况进行仿真分析,给定输入可以得到太阳轮与行星轮之间的啮合力和系统输出。在单排行星齿轮传动的基础上,建立三排行星齿轮传动机构的虚拟样机,并进行了仿真分析。通过对行星齿轮传动机构的仿真分析,可以为行星齿轮系统传动的稳定性和可靠性提供参考和依据。
基于LabVIEW的自动焊接机焊接脚检测方法

随着工业自动化的发展,自动焊接机的应用越来越广泛,然而在自动焊接机的使用中,不可避免地会出现焊接机焊接角对碰不上的情况。针对目前自动焊接机焊接脚检测普遍以工人检测为主、人眼易出现视觉疲劳导致检测效率底下、错误率高等问题,提出一种基于LabVIEW的自动焊接机焊接脚检测方法。主要研究内容如下:1)研究了基于图像采集的图像预处理方法。2)研究了基于模板匹配的定位方法。3)研究了基于中值滤波的二值化和腐蚀运算处理方法。根据以上检测方法,编写了检测软件,对采集的样本进行测试,对自动焊接机焊接脚的识别率达到100%,表明该方法具有准确率高,速度快的优点。
铭记初心与您同行

鸡去长空辞旧岁,狗来大地迎新春!在刚刚过去的2017,全国的肝病工作者在各自的岗位上兢兢业业,无私奉献.从基础到临床,从理论到实践,不管是在国内临床工作第一线,还是在国际的学术大舞台,大家都是丰收满怀,荣耀满载.值此新年伊始,我谨代表《中华肝脏病杂志》编辑委员会,向全国支持《中华肝脏病杂志》的各位专家同道、作者、读者致以诚挚的感谢与衷心的祝福!
桥小脑角区胚胎型横纹肌肉瘤一例

横纹肌肉瘤(rhabdomyosarcoma,RMS)是最常见的儿童软组织肉瘤,占儿童恶性肿瘤的4.5%,也是最常见的头颈部肉瘤。根据2016 WHO中枢神经系统肿瘤分类,RMS属于间叶细胞、非脑膜上皮肿瘤一类,分为ERMS、腺泡状RMS和多形性RMS 3种亚型。其中ERMS最常见,多见于12岁以下儿童,好发于头颈部、腹膜后、泌尿生殖道。但原发于桥小脑角区的ERMS罕见。病理上,RMS表达结蛋白和肌动蛋白。临床表现与肿瘤位置密切相关,本例出现面神经麻痹、眼球外展受限等症状可能与颅神经受压有关。
同济大学康复治疗学专业课程设置及国际化办学特色

加强康复治疗学专业建设逐渐受到各地高校的高度关注.由于我国康复医学教育起步较晚,因此如何与国际标准接轨、使我国康复治疗学专业得到国际认可不仅是当前康复治疗领域的热点问题,更是我国康复治疗学走向国际、跟上国际发展步伐的关键点.
泌尿系结石继发气肿性尿路感染一例报告

讨论气肿性尿路感染是一种特殊的泌尿系感染,可分为气肿性膀胱炎、气肿性肾盂肾炎.气肿性膀胱炎主要表现为膀胱腔内、壁内积气;最常见于老年糖尿病患者,亦常见于尿路梗阻、尿路感染、膀胱损伤、先天尿路畸形等.该病发病机制尚未达成共识.较主流的观点认为,糖尿病患者的血液、尿液中的高糖有利于致病菌滋生,致病菌沿血液、淋巴管或膀胱上皮进入膀胱壁,酵解葡萄糖产生二氧化碳,膀胱壁内的气体可进入膀胱腔内甚至膀胱外.对于非糖尿病患者,通常认为是致病菌分解尿蛋白、乳糖等产气.气肿性膀胱炎常见的致病菌依次为大肠埃希菌、克雷伯杆菌、产气肠杆菌等.本例患者即为大肠埃希菌感染.本病临床表现缺乏特异性,常表现为下腹部胀痛、排尿困难、气尿、血尿等.随着膀胱内积气增多、压力增加,尿液反流可继发更严重的气肿性肾盂肾炎.单纯的气肿性肾盂肾炎较单纯的气肿性膀胱炎致死率更高,两者合并发生则病情更为凶险.气肿性肾盂肾炎是表现为肾实质及肾筋膜内积气的感染性疾病,常伴有肾实质弥漫性坏死.发病诱因包括糖尿病、泌尿系梗阻、泌尿系感染等.本例同时具有上述3个诱因.X线片上气肿性膀胱炎表现为膀胱内气液平面和气抱球样改变,气肿性肾盂肾炎可表现为肾区气体影,但均与肠道内气体不易鉴别.CT检查可观察膀胱壁、腔内以及膀胱周围的情况,显示肾内、肾周脓气腔的大小、范围及是否存在泌尿系梗阻,以及梗阻的位置,是确诊的金标准.治疗方面,对于较局限的肾周气肿,行经皮肾穿刺气肿引流术;对于肾实质坏死较少而合并输尿管梗阻的肾内积脓、积气者,行双J管引流术或经皮肾造瘘术;对于引流不畅的肾周脓气肿较多者行肾周切开引流术的同时切除坏死组织;对于对侧肾功能可以代偿的肾坏死者,行患肾切除术.
SLC2A2基因变异致Fanconi-Bickel综合征一例

Fanconi-Bickel综合征是一种由SLC2A2基因突变引起的常染色体隐性遗传病,至今全球共报道不足200例,而国内报道仅5例。本例表现为泡沫尿、糖尿,体检发现身材矮小,化验发现低磷血症、高血脂及近端肾小管功能障碍(大量糖尿、少量蛋白尿、高钙尿),但空腹及餐后血糖正常,不支持糖尿病;血白蛋白、传染病四项、补体、抗核抗体、抗ds-DNA、ENA抗体等正常,不支持原发性及继发性肾病;血乳酸、血氨、血尿酸、肝功能、血凝试验正常,无肝脾大,不支持遗传代谢病及糖原累积症,临床诊断为Fanconi综合征。结合肾脏病理示肾小球轻微病变伴部分肾小管上皮细胞空泡变性,不支持先天性肾病及Alprot综合征等;虽无家族史及近亲婚配史,综合考虑遗传性肾病可能。基因检测证实SLC2A2基因复合变异:exon9上c.1134_1137del及exon1上c.2T>C(这是新突变,目前尚未有报道;有文献曾报道SLC2A2基因外显子9或外显子1位置突变),明确诊断为Fanconi-Bickel综合征。
A Study of ρ-ω Mixing in Resonance Chiral Theory

The strong and electromagnetic corrections to ρ-ω mixing are calculated using an SU(2) version of resonance chiral theory up to next-to-leading orders in 1/Nc expansion, respectively. Up to our accuracy, the effect of the momentum dependence of ρ-ω mixing is incorporated due to the inclusion of loop contributions. We analyze the impact of ρ-ω mixing on the pion vector form factor by performing numerical fit to the data extracted from e~+e~- π~+π~- and τ → v_τ2π,while the decay width of ω→ π~+π~- is taken into account as a constraint. It is found that the momentum dependence is significant in a good description of the experimental data. In addition, based on the fitted values of the involved parameters, we analyze the decay width of ω → π~+π~-,which turns out to be highly dominated by the ρ-ω mixing effect.
Density-Dependent Conformable Space-time Fractional Diffusion-Reaction Equation and Its Exact Solutions

In this article, a special type of fractional differential equations (FDEs) named the density-dependent conformable fractional diffusion-reaction (DDCFDR) equation is studied. Aforementioned equation has a significant role in the modelling of some phenomena arising in the applied science. The well-organized methods, including the exp(—φ(ε))-expansion and modified Kudryashov methods are exerted to generate the exact solutions of this equation such that some of the solutions are new and have been reported for the first time. Results illustrate that both methods have a great performance in handling the DDCFDR equation.
HPV感染及子宫颈病变与妊娠的相关问题

HPV感染及HPV感染所致的子宫颈鳞状上皮内病变(squamous intraepithelial lesion,SIL)是常见的下生殖道感染性疾病,目前尚无有效方法去除HPV,而部分育龄期妇女计划妊娠时发现HPV阳性,此时能否妊娠,成为困扰患者及医师的常见问题;此外,妊娠期子宫颈癌的筛查是否与非妊娠期相同,妊娠合并子宫颈病变的特点、如何处理;随着国家“二孩政策”的实行,有子宫颈病变治疗史的人群增加,子宫颈病变治疗后对再次妊娠有无影响。这些都是当今医患双方共同面临的热点与难点问题,亟待解决,本文就此进行阐述。
Angiogenesis in a 3D model containing adipose tissue stem cells and endothelial cells is mediated by canonical Wnt signaling

Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) have gained great attention in regenerative medicine. Progress in our understanding of adult neovascularization further suggests the potential of ASCs in promoting vascular regeneration, although the specific cues that stimulate their angiogenic behavior remain controversial. In this study, we established a three-dimensional (3D) angiogenesis model by co-culturing ASCs and endothelial cells (ECs) in collagen gel and found that ASC-EC-instructed angiogenesis was regulated by the canonical Wnt pathway. Furthermore, the angiogenesis that occurred in implants collected after injections of our collagen gelbased 3D angiogenesis model into nude mice was confirmed to be functional and also regulated by the canonical Wnt pathway. Wnt regulation of angiogenesis involving changes in vessel length, vessel density, vessel sprout, and connection numbers occurred in our system. Wnt signaling was then shown to regulate ASCmediated paracrine signaling during angiogenesis through the nuclear translocation of β-catenin after its cytoplasmic accumulation in both ASCs and ECs. This translocation enhanced the expression of nuclear cofactor Lef-1 and cyclin D1 and activated the angiogenic transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). The angiogenesis process in the 3D collagen model appeared to follow canonical Wnt signaling, and this model can help us understand the importance of the canonical Wnt pathway in the use of ASCs in vascular regeneration.
Calcium phosphate cements for bone engineering and their biological properties

Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are frequently used to repair bone defects. Since their discovery in the 1980s, extensive research has been conducted to improve their properties, and emerging evidence supports their increased application in bone tissue engineering. Much effort has been made to enhance the biological performance of CPCs, including their biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, biodegradability, bioactivity, and interactions with cells. This review article focuses on the major recent developments in CPCs, including 3D printing, injectability, stem cell delivery, growth factor and drug delivery, and prevascularization of CPC scaffolds via co-culture and tri-culture techniques to enhance angiogenesis and osteogenesis.
Ternary organic solar cells offer 14% power conversion efficiency

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have advantages like light-weight,flexibility,colorfulness and solution processability. The active layer of OSCs generally contains two organic semiconductors: an electron donor and an electron acceptor. The donor and acceptor make nanoscale phase separation to allow efficient exciton dissociation and also form a three-dimensional (3D) passage to rapidly transfer free charge carriers to respective electrodes. However,such binary system usually shows insufficient coverage of solar irradiation spectrum due to the narrow optical absorption of organic compounds. Recently,ternary OSCs containing three absorption-complementary materials (e.g.,two donors and one acceptor,or one donor and two acceptors) have attracted great attention. Ternary solar cells harvest more sunlight and demonstrate better performance than binary solar cells in some cases.
Enabling novel device functions with black phosphorus/MoS_2 van der Waals heterostructures

Van der Waals heterostructure,which consists of various twodimensional (2D) layered materials stacked along the direction perpendicular to their 2D plane,has emerged as a promising material system for device applications in recent years. Due to the weak van der Waals interlayer force,2D layered materials with very different lattice constants can be stacked without being constrained by the traditional ‘‘lattice-match” condition to form high quality heterostructures. Moreover,the wide range of available 2D layered materials including insulators,semiconductors,metals and superconductors,allow for the construction of heterostructures combining 2D layers with very different physical properties. Up to now,several functional electronic and optoelectronic devices based on van der Waals heterostructures have been demonstrated,including tunneling field-effect transistors (FETs),vertical FETs,and light emitting diodes.
Recent progress in solid-state electrolytes for alkali-ion batteries

Solid-state electrolytes have a lot of advantages, including the inhibition of alkali metal dendrite growth, the elimination of liquid electrolyte leakage, the improvement of safety, the enhancement of energy density and power density, and the potential application in flexible electronics. Therefore, solid-state electrolytes have become one of the hottest topics in energy-storage research area. An up-to-date review on solid-state electrolytes is of not only scientific significance but also technological imperative. Here, recent progress in solid-state electrolytes for alkali ion batteries is summarized. Through this comprehensive review and the comparison of different solid-state electrolytes, we hope it can give a clear figure of the state-of-art status and the development trend of the future solid-state electrolytes.
A review of concentrated photovoltaic-thermal (CPVT) hybrid solar systems with waste heat recovery (WHR)

In conventional photovoltaic (PV) systems, a large portion of solar energy is dissipated as waste heat since the generating efficiency is usually less than 30%. As the dissipated heat can be recovered for various applications, the wasted heat recovery concentrator PV/thermal (WHR CPVT) hybrid systems have been developed. They can provide both electricity and usable heat by combining thermal systems with concentrator PV (CPV) module, which dramatically improves the overall conversion efficiency of solar energy. This paper systematically and comprehensively reviews the research and development of WHR CPVT systems. WHR CPVT systems with innovative design configurations, different theoretical evaluation models and experimental test processes for several implementations are presented in an integrated manner. We aim to provide a global point of view on the research trends, market potential, technical obstacles, and the future work which is required in the development of WHR CPVT technology. Possibly, it will offer a generic guide to the investigators who are interested in the study of WHR CPVT systems.
A PVTC system integrating photon-enhanced thermionic emission and methane reforming for efficient solar power generation

A new photovoltaic-thermochemical (PVTC) conceptual system integrating photon-enhanced thermionic emission (PETE) and methane steam reforming is proposed. Major novelty of the system lies in its potential adaptivity to primary fuels (e.g. methane) and high efficiencies of photovoltaic and thermochemical power generation, both of which result from its operation at much elevated temperatures (700–1000 ℃) compared with conventional photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) systems. Analysis shows that an overall power generation efficiency of 45.3% and a net solar-to-electric efficiency of 39.1% could be reached at an operating temperature of 750 ℃, after considering major losses during solar energy capture and conversion processes. The system is also featured by high solar share (37%) in the total power output, as well as high energy storage capability and very low CO_2 emissions, both enabled by the integration of methane reforming with photovoltaic generation at high temperatures.
Testing the mantle plume hypothesis: an IODP effort to drill into the Kamchatka-Okhotsk Sea basement

The great mantle plume debate (GPD) has been going on for ~15 years (Foulger and Natland, 2003; Anderson, 2004; Niu, 2005; Davies, 2005; Foulger, 2005; Campbell, 2005; Campbell and Davies, 2006), centered on whether mantle plumes exist as a result of Earth's cooling or whether their existence is purely required for convenience in explaining certain Earth phenomena (Niu, 2005). Despite the mounting evidence that many of the so-called plumes may be localized melting anomalies, the debate is likely to continue. We recognize that the slow progress of the debate results from communication difficulties. Many debaters may not truly appreciate (1) what the mantle plume hypothesis actually is, and (2) none of the petrological, geochemical and geophysical methods widely used can actually provide smoking-gun evidence for or against mantle plume hypothesis. In this short paper, we clarify these issues, and elaborate a geologically effective approach to test the hypothesis. According to the mantle plume hypothesis, a thermal mantle plume must originate from the thermal boundary layer at the core-mantle boundary (CMB), and a large mantle plume head is required to carry the material from the deep mantle to the surface. The plume head product in ocean basins is the oceanic plateau, which is a lithospheric terrane that is large (1000's km across), thick (>200 km), shallow (2–4 km high above the surrounding seafloors), buoyant (~1% less dense than the surrounding lithosphere), and thus must be preserved in the surface geology (Niu et al., 2003). The Hawaiian volcanism has been considered as the surface expression of a type mantle plume, but it does not seem to have a (known) plume head product. If this is true, the Hawaiian mantle plume in particular and the mantle plume hypothesis in general must be questioned. Therefore, whether there is an oceanic plateau-like product for the Hawaiian volcanism is key to testing the mantle plume hypothesis, and the Kamchatka-Okhotsk Sea basement is the best candidate to find out if it is indeed the Hawaiian mantle plume head product or not (Niu et al., 2003; Niu, 2004).
Semi-Idealized Modeling of Lightning Initiation Related to Vertical Air Motion and Cloud Microphysics

A three-dimensional charge–discharge numerical model is used, in a semi-idealized mode, to simulate a thunderstorm cell. Characteristics of the graupel microphysics and vertical air motion associated with the lightning initiation are revealed, which could be useful in retrieving charge strength during lightning when no charge–discharge model is available. The results show that the vertical air motion at the lightning initiation sites(W_(ini)) has a cubic polynomial correlation with the maximum updraft of the storm cell(W_(cell-max)), with the adjusted regression coefficient R~2 of approximately 0.97. Meanwhile, the graupel mixing ratio at the lightning initiation sites(q_(g-ini)) has a linear correlation with the maximum graupel mixing ratio of the storm cell(q_(g-cell-max)) and the initiation height(z_(ini)), with the coefficients being 0.86 and 0.85, respectively. These linear correlations are more significant during the middle and late stages of lightning activity. A zero-charge zone, namely, the area with very low net charge density between the main positive and negative charge layers, appears above the area of q_(g-cell-max) and below the upper edge of the graupel region, and is found to be an important area for lightning initiation. Inside the zero-charge zone, large electric intensity forms, and the ratio of q_(ice)(ice crystal mixing ratio) to q_g(graupel mixing ratio) illustrates an exponential relationship to q_(g-ini). These relationships provide valuable clues to more accurately locating the high-risk area of lightning initiation in thunderstorms when only dual-polarization radar data or outputs from numerical models without charging/ discharging schemes are available. The results can also help understand the environmental conditions at lightning initiation sites.