mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Case study of an Equatorial Plasma Bubble Event investigated by multiple ground-based instruments at low latitudes over China

Observational evidence is insufficient to understand how equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) form over low latitudes. The mechanism of plasma-density enhancement (formation of “plasma blobs”) at low latitudes is in dispute. In this paper, we use data from multiple ground-based instruments (one all-sky airglow imager, five digisondes, and one Fabry–Perot interferometer) to investigate the evolution of an EPB event that occurred at low latitudes over China on the night of 06 December 2015 (06-Dec-2015). We provide observational evidence that an enhanced equatorward wind most likely induced by a substorm could have initiated the Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) that destabilized several EPB depletions in an upwelling region of a large-scale wave-like structure (LSWS) in the bottomside ionosphere. Those EPB depletions were forced to surge poleward, from nearly 10° to 19° magnetic latitude, two hours before midnight. Smaller-scale bifurcations evolved rapidly from tips of airglow depletions by a secondary E×B instability when the aforementioned substorm-induced southwestward wind blew through. During the growth phase of the EPB depletions, a westward polarization electric field inside the LSWS is likely to have compressed plasma downward, inducing the two airglow-type blobs observed in the bottomside ionosphere, by a mechanism of LSWS-blob connection that we propose. We also provide observational evidence of brightness airglow depletions. We find that an enhanced poleward wind associated with a passing-by brightness wave (BW) is likely to have transported plasma to fill the airglow depletions, which finally evolved into brightness airglow structures. This study investigates the physical processes accompanied by the EPB event and those two-airglow blobs observed at low-latitudes over China.
Analysis and Design of Four-Plate Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer System for Undersea Applications

This paper presents a four-plate undersea capacitive wireless power transfer (CPT) system for underwater applications such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Generally, a CPT system transfers the power based on electric fields. The complex resonant compensation networks are used to make the CPT system work in the resonant condition. The resonant voltage is always very high. It will be a big challenge to the human safety. In this paper, a virtual electrons periodic reciprocating flow theory is proposed for the CPT system. In one switching cycle, the electrons firstly flow in the forward direction through the forward path and then flow in the inverse direction through the inverse path. The CPT system has been deeply studied with the vacuum dielectric or the air dielectric. However, for the CPT system, there are few papers to show the underwater application. In this paper, an undersea four-plate CPT system is designed and studied in the underwater condition. The two coupling capacitors and other elements of the CPT system could build a closed-loop path. A small value inductor is adapted as a resonant compensation network for the four-plate CPT system. The DC voltage is inverted to the AC voltage in the primary side with the single-phase full-bridge inverter. The resonant voltage is rectified to the DC voltage in the secondary side with the single-phase full-bridge diode rectifier. A 100 W power level CPT system is constructed to verify the theory analysis and the calculation. The theory analysis is verified by the simulated and experimental results. The stable output voltage and load power are achieved in this paper.
Finite Control Set Model Predictive Torque Control Using Sliding Model Control for Induction Motors

Finite control set model predictive torque control (FCS-MPTC) has become increasingly prevalent for induction motors (IM) owing to its simple concept, easy incorporation of constraints and strong flexibility. In traditional FCS-MPTC speed controller design, a classical proportional integral (PI) controller is typically chosen to generate the torque reference. However, the PI controller is dependent on system parameters and sensitive to the load torque variation, which seriously affects control performance. In this paper, a model predictive torque control using sliding mode control (MPTC + SMC) for IM is proposed to enhance the robust performance of the drive system. First, the influence of the parameter mismatches for FCS-MPTC is analyzed. Second, the shortcomings of traditional PI controller are derived. Then, the proposed MPTC + SMC method is designed, and the MPTC + PI and MPTC + SMC are compared theoretically. Finally, experimental results demonstrate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed MPTC + SMC. In comparison with MPTC + PI, MPTC + SMC has the better dynamic performance and stronger robust performance against parameter variations and load disturbance.
Toward More Electric Powertrains in Aircraft: Technical Challenges and Advancements

The main purpose of this article is to provide an instructive review of the technological challenges hindering the road toward more electric powertrains in aircraft. Hybrid, all-electric, and turboelectric powertrain architectures are discussed as possible fuel consumption and weight reduction solutions. Among these architectures, the short-term implementation of hybrid and all-electric architectures is limited, particularly for large-capacity aircraft due to the low energy/power density levels achievable by state-of-the-art electrical energy storage systems. Conversely, turboelectric architectures with advanced distributed propulsion and boundary layer ingestion are set to lead the efforts toward more electric powertrains. At the center of this transition, power converters and high-power density electric machines, i.e., electric motors and generators, and their corresponding thermal management systems are analyzed as the key devices enabling the more electric powertrain. Moreover, to further increase the fuel efficiency and power density of the aircraft, the benefits and challenges of implementing higher voltage powertrains are described. Lastly, based on the findings collected in this article, the projected roadmap toward more electric aircraft powertrains is presented. Herein, the individual targets for each technology, i.e., batteries, electric machines, and power converters, and how they translate to future aircraft prototypes are illustrated.
Pollination adaptations of group-by-group stamen movement in a meadow plant with temporal floral closure

Floral sexual organ(stamen and pistil) movements are selective adaptations that have different functions in male-female reproduction and the evolution of flowering plants.However,the significance of stamen movements in the spatialetemporal function and separation of male and female organs has not been experimentally determined in species exhibiting floral temporal closure.The current study investigated the role of slow stamen(group-by-group) movement in male-female sexual function,and the effect of stamen movement on pollen removal,male-male and male-female interference,and mating patterns of Geranium pratense,a plant with temporal floral closure.This species uses stamen group-by-group movement and therefore anther-stigma spatialetemporal separation.Spatial separation(two whorls of stamen and pistil length) was shown to be stronger than temporal separation.We found that stamen movements to the center of the flower increase pollen removal,and the most common pollinators visited more frequently and for longer durations during the male floral stage than during the female floral stage.Petal movements increased both self-pollen deposition rate and sexual interference in G.pratense.The fruit and seed set of naturally and outcrossed pollinated flowers were more prolific than those of selfpollinated flowers.Group-by-group stamen movement,dehiscence of stamens,pistil movement,and male-female spatialetemporal functional separation of G.pratense before floral temporal closure may prevent male-female and stamen-stamen interference and pollen discounting,and may increase pollen removal and cross-pollination.
First mapping of China surface movement using supercomputing interferometric SAR technique

The Earth surface is constantly moving and changing under the influence of internal and external dynamic geological processes and human activities. On a time scale, such changes may occur within a few seconds, such as earthquakes and landslides, or last for several years or even longer, such as fault creep and frozen soil degradation. On a spatial scale, such changes may manifest as local surface collapses or regional surface subsidence. In addition, the mechanisms may be crustal movement, Earth system interactions and human activities. Therefore, carrying out nationwide surface deformation monitoring is of great social significance for disaster mitigation at the national scale to realize sustainable development goals and of great scientific significance for understanding solid earth dynamics.
Toward functional units constructing Mn-based oxide cathodes for rechargeable batteries

To satisfy the current global energy demand, the development and practical applications of designing and constructing highenergy cathodes for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are necessitated [1]. In particular, layered oxide cathode materials, especially lithiummanganese- based layered oxides (LMLOs), with excellent electrochemical properties offer promising prospects. However, the introduction of a large content of Mn into the LMLO matrix remains a challenge [2]. Functional units, which are intermediate structural units with specific functions introduced between the atomic/molecular and macroscopic scales, exhibiting specific architectures in rechargeable-battery materials can effectively boost electrochemical features. To date, numerous scientists have mobilized all the potential of the functional units and microstructure architectures, and Mn has emerged as one of the most competitive components for energy storage systems. However, diverse obstacles are currently being encountered, involving the determination of obscure solutions to introduce functional units as well as insufficient techniques to distinguish them. Crystalline domain battery materials (CDBMs) with hierarchical structure adjustments are engineered by combining primary functional units at the short-range ordering scale, followed by the secondary integration of these crystal domains under certain configurations into grains, and finally by optimizing the nanoengineered grains; CDBMs can stimulate new approaches for achieving optimized electrochemical performance, thereby highlighting great potentials and opportunities for the next generation of energy storage materials [3,4].
The Tibetan Plateau as the engine for Asian environmental change: the, Tibetan Plateau Earth system research into a new era

The Tibetan Plateau (TP), as the world’s highest plateau, has almost all the key elements of the entire Earth system, including interconnected lithosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, biosphere and anthroposphere [1–3]. This completeness makes the TP an ideal natural laboratory for studying multispheric interactions within the Earth system, and for cultivating key breakthroughs in geoscience of the 21st century [2,3]. As one of the most important geological events in the Cenozoic era [4,5], the tectonic uplift of TP dramatically changed the topography of South Asia and reshaped regional and global atmospheric circulations and climate [6], and led to cascading effects on the diversification and evolution of organisms and early human settlement [7]. With current fast climate change unfolding on the TP [3], its land surface multi-spheres are profoundly changing, providing significant feedbacks to the climate system and impacting the living environment in Asia even over the globe [8,9]. Furthermore, known as the Asian Water Towers (AWTs) [10], the TP provides important ecosystem and cultural services to China and other Asian countries. Research of the TP has therefore attracted worldwide attention, with many scientists from both China and aboard involved in this exciting field over the past several decades.
Vertically-interlaced NiFeP/MXene electrocatalyst with tunable electronic structure for high-efficiency oxygen evolution reaction

Layered double hydroxides(LDHs) with decent oxygen evolution reaction(OER) activity have been extensively studied in the fields of energy storage and conversion.However,their poor conductivity,ease of agglomeration,and low intrinsic activity limit their practical application.To date,improvement of the intrinsic activity and stability of NiFe-LDHs through the introduction of heteroatoms or its combination with other conductive substrates to enhance their water-splitting performance has drawn increasing attention.In this study,vertically interlaced ternary phosphatised nickel/iron hybrids grown on the surface of titanium carbide flakes(NiFeP/MXene) were successfully synthesised through a hydrothermal reaction and phosphating calcination process.The optimised NiFeP/MXene exhibited a low overpotential of 286 mV at 10 mA cm~(-2) and a Tafel slope of 35 mV dec~(-1) for the OER,which exceeded the performance of several existing NiFe-based catalysts.NiFeP/MXene was further used as a water-splitting anode in an alkaline electrolyte,exhibiting a cell voltage of only 1.61 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm~(-2).Density functional theory(DFT) calculations revealed that the combination of MXene acting as a conductive substrate and the phosphating process can effectively tune the electronic structure and density of the electrocatalyst surface to promote the energy level of the d-band centre,resulting in an enhanced OER performance.This study provides a valuable guideline for designing high-performance MXenesupported NiFe-based OER catalysts.
Use of petrological and organic geochemical data in determining hydrocarbon generation potential of coals: miocene coals of Malatya Basin (Eastern Anatolia-Turkey)

With this study, the hydrocarbon generation potential of Miocene aged coals around Arguvan-Parcikan in the northern district of Malatya province was evaluated with the aid of petrological and organic geochemical data. According to organic petrography, coal quality data, and low thermal maturity, the Arguvan-Parcikan coals are of high-ash, highsulfur subbituminous B/C rank. The organic fraction of the coals is mostly comprised of humic group macerals, with small percentages derived from the inertinite and liptinite groups. The mineral matter of the coals is comprised mainly of calcite and clay minerals. The total organic carbon (TOC, wt%) values of the shale and coal samples are between 2.61 wt% and 43.02 wt%, and the hydrogen index values are between 73 and 229 mg HC/g TOC. Pyrolysis (T_(max), PI), huminite/vitrinite reflectance (Ro, %), and biomarker ratios (CPI, Pr/Ph ratio, Ts/(Ts + Tm) ratio, C_(32) homohopane ratio (22S/22S + 22R) and C_(29) ββ/(ββ + aa sterane ratio) indicate that the organic matter of the studied coals is thermally immature. When all these data are taken together, Miocene aged coals around Arguvan are suitable for hydrocarbon generation, especially gas, in terms of organic matter type (Type III and Type II/III mixed), organic matter amount (>10 wt% TOC), however, low liptinitic macerals (<15%–20%), low hydrogen index (<200 mg HC/g TOC) and low thermal maturity values inhibit the hyrocarbon generation.
Electrochemical efficacies of coal derived nanocarbons

Carbon based nanomaterials are acknowledged for their admirable optical, electrical, mechanical characteristics and broad class of applications. Choice of precursor and simple synthesis techniques have decisive roles in viable production and commercialization of carbon produce. The intense demand to develop high purity carbon nanomaterials through inexpensive techniques has promoted usage of fossil derivatives as feasible source of carbon. Coal serves as a naturally available, abundant and cheap feedstock for carbon materials. From the crystalline clusters of aromatic hydrocarbons in a cross-linked network, carbon nanostructures can easily be extracted through green synthesis routes. It promotes a potent alternative for the cost effective and scaled up production of nanocarbon. The well-developed pores distribution, presence of numerous active sites and appropriate migration channels for ions enhance the electrochemical parameters necessary for the fabrication of supercapacitors, batteries and electrochemical sensors. The metallic impurities contained in coal contribute towards faradic redox reactions required for an efficient electrode modification. In this review, the potential uses of coal based carbon nanomaterials in energy storage and environmental sectors are discussed in detail.
Light People: Professor James C. Wyant

Editorial He is the founding dean of the University of Arizona’s College of Optical Sciences. He was elected president of the OSA and the SPIE, two of the most respected international academic organizations in the world of optics. He is the founder or cofounder of multiple hi-tech companies. He is Prof. James C. Wyant. Professor Wyant is many things: master of optics, entrepreneur, and philanthropist, but above all, he is one of those rare lucky people who see their childhood dreams come true. He is the hardworking scientist who pushes optical science to the limit. He is the successful entrepreneur whose Midas touch turns research achievements into lucrative commercial projects. He is the generous philanthropist who has given a large fortune to help promote the development of optical science. He is the avid athlete who enjoys the outdoors and takes pleasure in hiking and running. From tender memories to cutting-edge research and hard-nosed business advice, Prof. Wyant will share with us how he became fascinated with optics and what he thinks about academic life and organizations.
Nonlinear control of photonic higher-order topological bound states in the continuum

Higher-order topological insulators (HOTIs) are recently discovered topological phases, possessing symmetryprotected corner states with fractional charges. An unexpected connection between these states and the seemingly unrelated phenomenon of bound states in the continuum (BICs) was recently unveiled. When nonlinearity is added to the HOTI system, a number of fundamentally important questions arise. For example, how does nonlinearity couple higher-order topological BICs with the rest of the system, including continuum states? In fact, thus far BICs in nonlinear HOTIs have remained unexplored. Here we unveil the interplay of nonlinearity, higher-order topology, and BICs in a photonic platform. We observe topological corner states that are also BICs in a laser-written second-order topological lattice and further demonstrate their nonlinear coupling with edge (but not bulk) modes under the proper action of both self-focusing and defocusing nonlinearities. Theoretically, we calculate the eigenvalue spectrum and analog of the Zak phase in the nonlinear regime, illustrating that a topological BIC can be actively tuned by nonlinearity in such a photonic HOTI. Our studies are applicable to other nonlinear HOTI systems, with promising applications in emerging topology-driven devices.
Cell-like-carbon-micro-spheres for robust potassium anode

Large-scale low-cost synthesismethods for potassium ion battery(PIB) anodes with long cycle life and high capacity have remained challenging.Here,inspired by the structure of a biological cell,biomimetic carbon cells(BCCs) were synthesized and used as PIB anodes.The protruding carbon nanotubes across the BCC wall mimicked the ion-transporting channels present in the cell membrane,and enhanced the rate performance of PIBs.In addition,the robust carbon shell of the BCC could protect its overall structure,and the open space inside the BCC could accommodate the volume changes caused by K~+ insertion,which greatly improved the stability of PIBs.For the first time,a stable solid electrolyte interphase layer is formed on the surface of amorphous carbon.Collectively,the unique structural characteristics of the BCCs resulted in PIBs that showed a high reversible capacity(302 mAh g~(-1) at 100 mAg~(-1) and 248 mAh g~(-1) at 500 mAg~(-1)),excellent cycle stability(reversible capacity of 226 mAh g~(-1) after 2100 cycles and a continuous running time of more than 15 months at a current density of 100 mAg~(-1)),and an excellent rate performance(160 mAh g~(-1) at 1 A g~(-1)).This study represents a new strategy for boosting battery performance,and could pave the way for the next generation of battery-powered applications.
1000 Wh L~(-1) lithium-ion batteries enabled by crosslink-shrunk tough carbon encapsulated silicon microparticle anodes

Microparticulate silicon(Si),normally shelled with carbons,features higher tap density and less interfacial side reactions compared to its nanosized counterpart,showing great potential to be applied as high-energy lithium-ion battery anodes.However,localized high stress generated during fabrication and particularly,under operating,could induce cracking of carbon shells and release pulverized nanoparticles,significantly deteriorating its electrochemical performance.Here we design a strong yet ductile carbon cage from an easily processing capillary shrinkage of graphene hydrogel followed by precise tailoring of inner voids.Such a structure,analog to the stable structure of plant cells,presents 'imperfection-tolerance' to volume variation of irregular Simicroparticles,maintaining the electrode integrity over 1000 cycles with Coulombic efficiency over 99.5%.This design enables the use of a dense and thick(3 mAh cm~(-2)) microparticulate Si anode with an ultra-high volumetric energy density of 1048 Wh L~(-1) achieved at pouch full-cell level coupled with a LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_2 cathode.
Bi-layer carbon design for microparticulate silicon anodes

Thesilicon (3560 mAh/g) anode delivers a 10-times-higher specific capacity than that of the graphite counterpart (372 mAh/g). However, the large volume change of Si during lithiation and delithiation processes always result in poor cycling stability.Lots of studies have been focused on the nanoengineering of Si [1], but the high cost, complex fabrication, poor initial coulombic efficiency (iCE) and calendar life limit its commercialization. Microparticulate Si (SiMP)provides a low-cost choice, and its lower surface area enables a higher iCE in principle due to its lower reaction with electrolyte [2]. However, the unavoidable particle pulverization of SiMP cracks the organic-inorganic solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed in commercial carbonate electrolytes due to the strong bonding between organic-inorganic SEI and Si, resulting in the formation of a new SEI between pulverized Si particles. The cracking/reforming of SEI isolates the pulverized Si particles and consumes electrolytes and Li stored in the cathode, resulting in a quick capacity decay.
Graphdiyne-based metal atomic catalysts for synthesizing ammonia

Development of novel catalysts for nitrogen reduction at ambient pressures and temperatures with ultrahigh ammonia(NH_3) yield and selectivity is challenging.In this work,an atomic catalyst with separated Pd atoms on graphdiyne(Pd-GDY) was synthesized,which shows fascinating electrocatalytic properties for nitrogen reduction.The catalyst has the highest average NH_3 yield of 4.45±0.30 mgNH_3 mgPd~(-1) h~(-1),almost tens of orders larger than for previously reported catalysts,and 100% reaction selectivity in neutral media.Pd-GDY exhibits almost no decreases in NH_3 yield and Faradaic efficiency.Density functional theory calculations show that the reaction pathway prefers to perform at the(Pd,C1,C2) active area because of the strongly coupled(Pd,C1,C2),which elevates the selectivity via enhanced electron transfer.By adjusting the p-d coupling accurately,reduction of self-activated nitrogen is promoted by anchoring atom selection,and side effects are minimized.