mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Fate and removal of typical pharmaceutical and personal care products in a wastewater treatment plant from Beijing: a mass balance study

The fate and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has received great attention during the last decade. Numerous data concerning concentrations in the water phase can be found in the literature, however corresponding data from sludge as well as associated mass balance calculations are very limited. In the present study, the adsorbed and dissolved concentrations of 9 PPCPs were investigated in each unit of a WWTP in Beijing, China. Based on the calculation of mass balance, the relative mass distribution and removal efficiency of each target compound was obtained at each process. The amount of PPCPs entering into the WWTP ranged from 12 g·d~(-1) to 3848 g·d~(-1). Five target compounds (caffeine, chloramphenicol, bezafibrate, clofibric acid, and N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) were effectively removed, with rates of 57%-100%. Negative removal efficiencies were obtained for sulpiride, metoprolol, nalidixic acid, and carbamazepine, ranging from -19% to -79%. PPCPs mainly existed in dissolved form (≥92%) in both the raw influent and the final effluent. The sludge cake carried a much lower amount of PPCPs (17 g·d~(-1)) compared with the discharged effluent (402 g·d~(-1)). In A~2/O treatment tanks, the anaerobic and anoxic tanks showed good performance for PPCPs removal, and the amount of adsorbed PPCPs was increased. The results reveal that both the dissolved and the adsorbed phases should be considered when assessing the removal capacity of each A~2/O tank.
Estimation of distribution algorithm enhanced particle swarm optimization for water distribution network optimization

The optimization of a water distribution network (WDN) is a highly nonlinear, multi-modal, and constrained combinatorial problem. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been shown to be a fast converging algorithm for WDN optimization. An improved estimation of distribution algorithm (EDA) using historic best positions to construct a sample space is hybridized with PSO both in sequential and in parallel to improve population diversity control and avoid premature convergence. Two water distribution network benchmark examples from the literature are adopted to evaluate the performance of the proposed hybrid algorithms. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithms achieved the literature record minimum (6.081 M$) for the small size Hanoi network. For the large size Balerma network, the parallel hybrid achieved a slightly lower minimum (1.921M€) than the current literature reported best minimum (1.923M€). The average number of evaluations needed to achieve the minimum is one order smaller than most existing algorithms. With a fixed, small number of evaluations, the sequential hybrid outperforms the parallel hybrid showing its capability for fast convergence. The fitness and diversity of the populations were tracked for the proposed algorithms. The track record suggests that constructing an EDA sample space with historic best positions can improve diversity control significantly. Parallel hybridization also helps to improve diversity control yet its effect is relatively less significant.
Leaching toxicity characteristics of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash

The continuously increasing production of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) has promoted its utilization as construction material and raised environmental concern. The physico-chemical properties and leaching behavior of MSWIBA were studied, and ecotoxicological testing using a luminescent bacterium bioassay was performed to assess the ecological pollution risks associated with its leached constituents. The MSWIBA was leached by two types of leachants, H_2SO_4/HNO_3 and HAc solution, at different liquid to solid ratios and contact times. The concentrations of heavy metals and anions in the leachates were analyzed. Multivariate statistical analyses, including principle component analysis, Pearson's correlation analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, were used to evaluate the contributions of the constituents to the toxicity (EC_(50)) of the MSWIBA leachate. The statistical analyses of the ecotoxicological results showed that the Ba, Cr, Cu, Pb, F~- and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations were closely correlated with the EC_(50) value, and these substances were the main contributors to the ecotoxicity of the MSWIBA leachate. In addition, the cluster of these variables indicated similar leaching behaviors. Overall, the research demonstrated that the ecotoxicological risks resulting from MSWIBA leaching could be assessed before its utilization, which provides crucial information for the adaptation of MSWIBA as alternative materials.
Measurement of strong phases, D-D mixing, and CP violation using quantum correlation at charm threshold

We review the measurements of the D decay strong-phase parameters based on quantum-correlated D~0 D~0pairs produced in the e~+e~- →Ψ(3770) → D~0 D~0 process, and we discuss their role in the measurements of Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa angle γ and D-D mixing. In addition, we present estimates of the size of quantum-correlated datasets necessary to support the γ and charm mixing measurements conducted at the LHCb and Belle II experiments. Finally, we review the methods for measuring the D-D mixing and CP violation parameters at a high-luminosity charm factory, giving sensitivity estimates.
Age-dependent peculiarities modulation of activity of aldehyde scavenger enzymes in mitochondria of rat thigh muscle during stress

The purpose of this study was a comparative investigation of activity of aldehyde scavenger enzymes in mitochondrial fraction of a thigh muscle in intact and immobilized rats of different ages. It has been shown that 12-month-old (adult) rats have high basal levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase, aldehyde reductase and glutathione transferase activity in mitochondrial fraction of thigh muscle. Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity increases during immobilization stress in adult rats. This change promote to enhance the effectiveness of utilization of carbonyl products of free radical oxidation in mitochondria of skeletal muscle of 12-month-oId rats during stress. Immobilization of old and pubertal rats is accompanied by metabolic preconditions leading to accumulation of endogenous aldehydes in mitochondria, and, as a result, to the injury of muscular fibers and intensification of sarcopenia manifestations.
Identification of an ideal adjuvant for receptor-binding domain-based subunit vaccines against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), an emerging infectious disease caused by MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV), has garnered worldwide attention as a consequence of its continuous spread and pandemic potential, making the development of effective vaccines a high priority. We previously demonstrated that residues 377-588 of MERS-CoV spike (S) protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) is a very promising MERS subunit vaccine candidate, capable of inducing potent neutralization antibody responses. In this study, we sought to identify an adjuvant that optimally enhanced the immunogenicity of S377-588 protein fused with Fc of human IgG (S377-588-Fc). Specifically, we compared several commercially available adjuvants, including Freund's adjuvant, aluminum, Monophosphoryl lipid A, Montanide ISA51 and MF59 with regard to their capacity to enhance the immunogenicity of this subunit vaccine. In the absence of adjuvant, S377-588-Fc alone induced readily detectable neutralizing antibody and T-cell responses in immunized mice. However, incorporating an adjuvant improved its immunogenicity. Particularly, among the aforementioned adjuvants evaluated, MF59 is the most potent as judged by its superior ability to induce the highest titers of IgG, IgGl and IgG2a subtypes, and neutralizing antibodies. The addition of MF59 significantly augmented the immunogenicity of S377-588-Fc to induce strong IgG and neutralizing antibody responses as well as protection against MERS-CoV infection in mice, suggesting that MF59 is an optimal adjuvant for MERS-CoV RBD-based subunit vaccines.
Valsalva视网膜病变

患者男性,28岁。因屏气蹦跳致右眼前暗影、视力下降1 d,就诊于新疆独山子人民医院眼科。既往体健,否认高血压、糖尿病、血液性疾病、眼外伤、近视眼和其他眼病史。全身体检:血压正常。眼部检查:视力右眼为30cm手动,无法矫正,左眼为1.2;双眼前节未见异常;散大瞳孔检查右眼玻璃体点絮状混浊出血,未见玻璃体后脱离,眼底情况见精粹图片1;左眼玻璃体和眼底未见异常。三面镜检查:双眼周边视网膜未见血管白鞘、小点状出血及闭锁小血管等异常。4 d后行FFA检查:14.4 s视网膜动脉显影,17.5 s视网膜静脉层流,出血区均可见遮蔽荧光,上方及颞侧视网膜前出血区上方隐约见荧光充盈血管形态,未见荧光渗漏。实验室检查:血常规、尿常规正常;血液生物化学检查、血凝系列检查、炎症风湿等检查、胸片和心电图检查均未见异常。临床诊断:右眼Valsalva视网膜病变。给予卧床、包扎双眼治疗,使用止血药物和促进吸收药物无效果,右眼玻璃体积血加重,仅鼻侧视网膜可窥清。45 d后自行在外院行玻璃体切除手术。术后1个月复诊:右眼视力1.0,玻璃体无混浊,眼底情况见精粹图片2。FFA检查:原出血区边界轮廓依稀可见间断的弧形遮挡荧光,未见荧光渗漏。随访10年未见异常。
APP基因突变与阿尔茨海默病

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD)是最常见的老年神经变性疾病,主要表现为进行性全面认知功能障碍;病理主要表现为细胞内神经原纤维缠结(neuro fibrillary tangles,NFTs)和细胞外淀粉样老年斑(senile plaques, SP)形成。从遗传学角度可将AD分为家族性AD(familial AD, FAD)以及散发性AD (sporadic AD, SAD)。FAD呈家族性遗传性,发病年龄较小并常伴有各种非认知神经症状和体征;而SAD没有明显的遗传倾向,散发性发病,临床主要表现为进行性认知功能下降及记忆力减退。研究认为FAD相关的突变基因主要有:淀粉样前体蛋白基因(amyloidprecursor protein, APP)、早老素1基因(presenilinl, PSEN1)和早老素2基因(presenilin2,PSEN2)。这些基因参与或影响淀粉样蛋白Aβ生成过程:增加总Ap、Ap40、Ap42产量或改变Aβ342/Aβ40生成比值。然而,近年来研究也发现APP基因某些位点突变后可使得Aβ42等明显减少甚至抑制Aβ生成;基于淀粉样蛋白瀑布假说,这些APP基因位点突变可能具有神经保护作用,然而其具体机制尚未明了。本文将对APP基因突变的致病性及其可能的保护机制做综述。
骶管注射联合核心稳定性训练治疗腰推手术失败综合征的疗效观察

目的观察骶管注射联合核心稳定性训练(CSE)治疗腰椎手术失败综合征的疗效。方法共选取腰椎手术失败综合征患者120例,采用随机数字表法将其分为骶管组、CSE组及观察组,每组40例。所有患者均给予神经营养药物口服及中频电疗,骶管组同时辅以骶管注射脉络宁复合液,CSE组同时辅以核心稳定性训练,观察组则同时辅以骶管注射脉络宁复合液及核心稳定性训练。于治疗前、治疗2周、12周及治疗结束6个月时分别采用目测类比评分法(VAS)评定各组患者疼痛程度,采用日本矫形外科学会(JOA)腰痛疾患疗效标准评定各组患者腰椎功能情况,,结果经2周治疗后,发现3组患者疼痛VAS评分皆较治疗前显著好转(P<0.05);并且观察组患者疼痛VAS评分[(3.59±1.57)分]亦显著优于CSE组(P<0.05);观察组患者疼痛VAS评分与骶管组比较,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。经12周治疗及治疗结束6个月时,发现3组患者疼痛VAS评分均较治疗前明显好转(P<0.05),并且观察组患者疼痛VAS评分[分别为(2.60±1.08)分、(2.03±0.45)分]亦显著优于骶管组及CSE组(P<0.05)。经2周治疗后,发现3组患者JOA评分均较治疗前显著好转(P<0.05),且组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);经12周治疗及治疗结束6个月时,发现3组患者JOA评分均较治疗前明显好转(P<0.05),并且观察组患者JOA评分[分别为(18.32±3.95)分、(22.75±2.68)分]亦显著优于骶管组及CSE组(P<0.05)。结论硬膜外腔注射脉络宁复合液可迅速缓解腰椎手术失败综合征患者疼痛,增强其治疗信心,如辅以CSE训练可持续改善腰椎功能,降低二次手术率,提高生活质量,该联合疗法值得临床推广、应用。
Changes in culm surface temperature with maturity of the bamboo species Guadua angustifolia

We used thermal images of bamboo culms of Guadua angustifolia Kunth to analyze the relationship between culm surface temperature and maturity, driven by the hypothesis that young culms may exhibit lower surface temperatures than old ones. The culm surface temperature shows small but constant differences between three age classes of 1, 2, and 3 years. Our findings indicate that surface temperature may be applied as an additional indicator to support the determination of maturity of guadua culms besides the visual assessment of the culms.
喉癌前病变及喉癌中Livin表达的意义及其与Caspase-3表达的关系

喉癌是呼吸道上皮常见肿瘤,正常上皮由增生开始发展为恶性肿瘤,一般要经过一个量变到质变的过程,即由正常上皮→不典型增生→原位癌,其中包括一个癌前病变阶段,进年来癌前病变的研究已渐成为癌症研究的重点。喉癌前病变包括:喉白斑病、喉厚皮病、成人喉乳头状瘤、慢性肥厚性喉炎。Livin基因是一种人类凋亡抑制蛋白(inhibitor of apoptosis protein family,IAP),其主要通过抑制Caspase途径阻断细胞凋亡,而Caspase-3是凋亡的重要执行者之一,与肿瘤的发生、发展与肿瘤细胞的凋亡速度密切相关。本实验通过RT-PCR方法检测livin mRNA与Caspase-3 mRNA在喉癌组织和喉癌前病变组织中的表达情况,从来探讨喉癌前病变发展至喉癌的发病机制。
早孕期胎儿严重畸形的产前超声诊断

近十年随着超声诊断仪分辨率的不断提高,早孕期超声筛查胎儿畸形诊断技术得到了快速发展,已成为产科超声研究和发展的主要方向。这项技术的进步与应用使产科临床医师和孕妇均受益。对临床产科医师而言,早孕期超声对胎儿解剖结构深入细致的观察并提前诊断,则有更多时间对胎儿进行严密追踪观察和提前处理;对孕妇而言,提前得知胎儿严重畸形,能缩短孕妇忧虑的时间,减少孕妇大月份选择终止妊娠对身体的伤害。本文就早孕期产前超声诊断胎儿中枢神经系统、心脏、骨骼肢体异常、双胎异常等严重畸形进行重点阐述。
不同类型咽部憩室超声特征分析

咽部憩室是咽与食管移行处管壁向外突出而形成的囊袋状结构,又称Zenker憩室,为成人咽部常见的良性病变,发病早期憩室较小,多数患者无明显临床症状或仅有轻微咽部不适。由于临床触诊较难区分咽部憩室、甲状腺或颈部肿块,以往多采用CT或消化道钡餐造影诊断咽部憩室。近年超声影像检查较多应用于咽部憩室的诊断,但目前不同类型咽部憩室超声图像分析的研究报道尚少[1-2]。本研究对术前超声及手术病理证实为咽部憩室患者的临床超声图像特征和病理表现进行总结,为临床采取相应的治疗措施提供依据。
经会阴超声评价女性产后肛提肌损伤的研究进展

肛提肌是盆底肌肉的主要组成部分,由妊娠和分娩导致的肛提肌损伤被认为是女性盆底功能障碍性疾病(female pelvic floor dysfunction,FPFD)的主要病因。随着妇科泌尿学及经会阴三维超声诊断技术的发展,产后肛提肌损伤逐渐得到重视。本文就经会阴超声评估肛提肌损伤的国内外研究现状进行综述。
Evaluation of water resources conserved by forests in the Hani rice terraces system of Honghe County, Yunnan, China: an application of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model

The Hani Rice Terraces System, based on gravity-flow irrigation, is one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) pilot sites selected by FAO in 2010. The water resource plays an important role in the sustainable development of this system. The value of water conserved by the forest is influenced by natural, economic and social factors. In this paper, the water quality, per capita water resources, per capita GDP and population density are chosen as indices to construct an index system for a comprehensive evaluation of water resources value. The weights of these indices are 0.443, 0.31, 0.141 and 0.106 respectively, which are determined by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. The water resources value has been assessed by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. The results show that the water resources value in the Hani Rice Terraces System is 4.25 RMB/m~3. Evaluating the value of water resources in the Hani Rice Terraces System can provide a reference for ecological compensation, for raising public awareness of the importance of protecting the system, and ultimately achieving its sustainable development.
Glacier changes in the eastern Nyainqentanglha Range of Tibetan Plateau from 1975 to 2013

Maritime-type glaciers in the eastern Nyainqentanglha Range, located in the southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, are an important water source for downstream residents and ecological systems. To better understand the variability of glaciers in this region, we used the band ratio threshold (TM3/TM5 for the Landsat TM /ETM+ and TM4/TM6 for Landsat OLI) to extract glacier outlines in ~1999 and ~2013. After that, we also generated a series of glacier boundaries and monitored glacier variations in the past 40 years with the help of the Chinese Glacier Inventory data (1975) and Landsat TM, ETM+ and OLI data. The total glacier area decreased by 37.69 ± 2.84% from 1975 to 2013. The annual percentage area change (APAC) was ~1.32% a~(-1) and ~1.29% a~(-1) in the periods 1975-1999 and 1999-2013, respectively. According to the lag theory, the reaction time is probably about 10 years and we discuss the variations of temperature and precipitation between 1965 and 2011. Temperature and precipitation increased between 1965 and 2011 at a rate of 0.34°C /10a and 15.4 mm/10a, respectively. Extensive meteorological data show that the glacier shrinkage rate over the period may be mainly due to increasing air temperature, while the increasing precipitation partly made up for the mass loss of glacier ice resulting from increasing temperature may also lead to the low APAC between 1999 and 2013. The lag theory suggests that glacier shrinkage may accelerate in the next 10 years. Small glaciers were more sensitive to climate change, and there was a normal distribution between glacier area and elevation. Glaciers shrank in all aspects, and south aspects diminished faster than others.
Vortices formation induced by femtosecond laser filamentation in a cloud chamber filled with air and helium

We report on the experimental observation of the airflow motion induced by an 800 nm, 1 kHz femtosecond filament in a cloud chamber filled with air and helium. It is found that vortex pairs with opposite rotation directions always form both below and above the filaments. We do not observe that the vortices clearly formed above the filament in air just because of the formation of smaller particles with weaker Mie scattering. Simulations of the airflow motion in helium are conducted by using the laser filament as a heat source, and the simulated pattern of vortices and airflow velocity agree well with the experimental results.
Assessment of silver(I) complexes of salicylaldehyde derivatives—histidine Schiff base as novel α-glucosidase inhibitors

In this study, a novel class of histidine Schiff base silver(I) complexes derived from salicylaldehyde, 1a– 9a, was found to be an effective inhibitor of α-glucosidase. The results of this study showed that the newly synthesized complexes inhibited α-glucosidase through noncompetitive mechanisms; the IC_(50) values were ranging from 0.00431 μmol L~(-1) to 0.492 μmol L~(-1). The structure–activity relationship was established as well. These results demonstrated that compound 7a, 5-nitro salicylaldehyde Schiff base silver complex, is the most promising α-glucosidase inhibitor with the lowest IC_(50) value, which could be exploited as a drug candidate to alleviate postprandial hyperglycemia in the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. This research provided a catalyst-free, simple, and environmentally benign reaction to synthesize compounds using mechanochemistry.
2009—2014年绍兴市蔬菜中有机磷农药残留

目的了解绍兴市蔬菜中有机磷农药残留水平。方法2009—2014年,在主要农贸市场和超市采集蔬菜样品,按照GB /T 5009.20—2003《食品中有机磷农药残留量的测定》和GB /T 5009.145—2003《植物性食品中有机磷和农药多种残留测定》的气相色谱法测定有机磷农药残留量。结果共采集蔬菜样品541份,有机磷残留的检出率和超标率分别为16.5% 和6.7%; 共有15种有机磷检出,平均浓度0.0050 ~ 0.047 mg /kg; 毒死蜱的检出率和超标率分别是12.6%、4.3%; 叶菜类、茎类和鳞茎三类蔬菜的检出率分别达到22.3%、27.5% 和26.2%,超标率分别是9.0%、 17.4%和11.2%。结论有机磷农药在绍兴市蔬菜中有普遍使用。
大强度间歇运动与低强度持续运动对高脂喂养大鼠体成分、血脂、血糖及QUICKI指数的影响

目的对比研究大强度间歇运动与低强度持续运动对高脂喂养大鼠体成分和血清学指标的影响,分析不同运动方式对高脂诱导肥胖症的预防效果。方法37只雄性SD大鼠分为对照饮食安静组(CS) 、高脂饮食安静组(HS) 、高脂饮食低强度持续运动组(HE)和高脂饮食大强度间歇运动组(HI),喂养10周,运动组分别进行低强度持续运动和大强度间歇运动干预。监测摄食量和体重; 造模后测量体脂和血清学指标。结果(1) Hs组终末体重、Lee's指数、体脂含量显著高于Cs组(P < 0.01); Hs组终末体重较Cs组高出15.9%。HI组终末体重和Lee's指数明显低于Hs组(P < 0.01) 。HE组(P < 0.05)和HI组(P < 0.01)体脂含量均低于Hs组。 (2)血清学分析结果显示,Hs组血脂(TG,P < 0.05; TC,P < 0.01; LDL-C,P < 0.05) 、血糖(P < 0.01)含量明显高于Cs组; QUICKI指数明显低于Cs组(P < 0.01) 。HI组TG和GLU明显低于Hs组(P < 0.01),而QUICKI指数明显高于Cs组(P < 0.01) 。 (3)相关分析结果显示,QUICKI指数与血糖(r = - 0.925,P < 0.01) 、脂肪含量(r = - 0.623,P < 0.01)呈显著负相关。结论大强度间歇运动可有效地预防高脂饮食诱导的肥胖症,其干预效果明显优于低强度持续运动方式。
Ensemble Simulation of Land Evapotranspiration in China Based on a Multi-Forcing and Multi-Model Approach

In order to reduce the uncertainty of offline land surface model (LSM) simulations of land evapotranspiration (ET), we used ensemble simulations based on three meteorological forcing datasets [Princeton, ITPCAS (Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Qian] and four LSMs (BATS, VIC, CLM3.0 and CLM3.5), to explore the trends and spatiotemporal characteristics of ET, as well as the spatiotemporal pattern of ET in response to climate factors over mainland China during 1982-2007. The results showed that various simulations of each member and their arithmetic mean (Ens Mean) could capture the spatial distribution and seasonal pattern of ET sufficiently well, where they exhibited more significant spatial and seasonal variation in the ET compared with observation-based ET estimates (Obs MTE). For the mean annual ET, we found that the BATS forced by Princeton forcing overestimated the annual mean ET compared with Obs MTE for most of the basins in China, whereas the VIC forced by Princeton forcing showed underestimations. By contrast, the Ens Mean was closer to Obs MTE, although the results were underestimated over Southeast China. Furthermore, both the Obs MTE and Ens Mean exhibited a significant increasing trend during 1982-98; whereas after 1998, when the last big EI Nino event occurred, the Ens Mean tended to decrease significantly between 1999 and 2007, although the change was not significant for Obs MTE. Changes in air temperature and shortwave radiation played key roles in the long-term variation in ET over the humid area of China, but precipitation mainly controlled the long-term variation in ET in arid and semi-arid areas of China.
Size-dependent effect on biaxial and shear nonlinear buckling analysis of nonlocal isotropic and orthotropic micro-plate based on surface stress and modified couple stress theories using differential quadrature method?

The size-dependent effect on the biaxial and shear nonlinear buckling analysis of an isotropic and orthotropic micro-plate based on the surface stress, the modified couple stress theory(MCST), and the nonlocal elasticity theories using the differential quadrature method(DQM) is presented. Main advantages of the MCST over the classical theory(CT) are the inclusion of the asymmetric couple stress tensor and the consideration of only one material length scale parameter. Based on the nonlinear von Karman assumption, the governing equations of equilibrium for the micro-classical plate considering midplane displacements are derived based on the minimum principle of potential energy. Using the DQM, the biaxial and shear critical buckling loads of the micro-plate for various boundary conditions are obtained. Accuracy of the obtained results is validated by comparing the solutions with those reported in the literature. A parametric study is conducted to show the effects of the aspect ratio, the side-to-thickness ratio, Eringen’s nonlocal parameter, the material length scale parameter, Young’s modulus of the surface layer, the surface residual stress, the polymer matrix coefficients, and various boundary conditions on the dimensionless uniaxial, biaxial, and shear critical buckling loads. The results indicate that the critical buckling loads are strongly sensitive to Eringen’s nonlocal parameter, the material length scale parameter, and the surface residual stress effects, while the effect of Young’s modulus of the surface layer on the critical buckling load is negligible. Also, considering the size dependent effect causes the increase in the stiffness of the orthotropic micro-plate. The results show that the critical biaxial buckling load increases with an increase in G_(12)/E_2 and vice versa for E_1/E_2. It is shown that the nonlinear biaxial buckling ratio decreases as the aspect ratio increases and vice versa for the buckling amplitude. Because of the most lightweight micro-composite materials with high strength/weight and stiffness/weight ratios, it is anticipated that the results of the present work are useful in experimental characterization of the mechanical properties of micro-composite plates in the aircraft industry and other engineering applications.
Comparison of surface water chemistry and weathering effects of two lake basins in the Changtang Nature Reserve, China

The geochemistry of natural waters in the Changtang Nature Reserve, northern Tibet, can help us understand the geology of catchments, and provide additional insight in surface processes that influence water chemistry such as rock weathering on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. However, severe natural conditions are responsible for a lack of scientific data for this area. This study represents the first investigation of the chemical composition of surface waters and weathering effects in two lake basins in the reserve (Lake Dogaicoring Qiangco and Lake Longwei Co). The results indicate that total dissolved solids (TDS) in the two lakes are significantly higher than in other gauged lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, reaching 20–40 g/L, and that TDS of the tectonic lake (Lake Dogaicoring Qiangco) is significantly higher than that of the barrier lake (Lake Longwei Co). Na~+ and Cl~– are the dominant ions in the lake waters as well as in the glacier-fed lake inflows, with chemical compositions mainly affected by halite weathering. In contrast, ion contents of inflowing rivers fed by nearby runoff are lower and concentrations of dominant ions are not significant. Evaporite, silicate, and carbonate weathering has relatively equal effects on these rivers. Due to their limited scope, small streams near the lakes are less affected by carbonate than by silicate weathering.