mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Remote Sensing of Ecosystem Services:An Opportunity for Spatially Explicit Assessment

Ecosystem service is an emerging concept that grows to be a hot research area in ecology.Spatially explicit ecosystem service values are important for ecosystem service management.However,it is difficult to quantify ecosystem services.Remote sensing provides images covering Earth surface,which by nature are spatially explicit. Thus,remote sensing can be useful for quantitative assessment of ecosystem services.This paper reviews spatially explicit ecosystem service studies conducted in ecology and remote sensing in order to find out how remote sensing can be used for ecosystem service assessment.Several important areas considered include land cover,biodiversity, and carbon,water and soil related ecosystem services.We found that remote sensing can be used for ecosystem service assessment in three different ways:direct monitoring,indirect monitoring,and combined use with ecosystem models.Some plant and water related ecosystem services can be directly monitored by remote sensing.Most commonly,remote sensing can provide surrogate information on plant and soil characteristics in an ecosystem.For ecosystem process related ecosystem services,remote sensing can help measure spatially explicit parameters.We conclude that acquiring good in-situ measurements and selecting appropriate remote sensor data in terms of resolution are critical for accurate assessment of ecosystem services
Characteristics and Mechanism of Agricultural Transformation in Typical Rural Areas of Eastern China:A Case Study of Yucheng City,Shandong Province

Rural off-farm employment,rapid loss of agricultural land,and advanced technology popularization had led agricultural production in Chinese typical rural areas come at a critical transformation and upgrade stage.Based on sample survey data gathered from 401 households in Yucheng City,Shandong Province,this paper focuses on the characteristics and mechanism of agricultural transformation in typical rural areas of the eastern China.It was found that 74.3%of households surveyed kept at least one member engaging in off-farm employment,and 57.1%looked forward to expanding the operational scale of arable land,while just 13.7%had actually transferred their agricultural land.Since growing off-farm employment does not result in the collapse of traditional subsistence agriculture, therefore,agricultural production in Yucheng City is at an incomplete transformation phase from traditional small-holder farming to modern scale economy.It is caused by both macro environments and family characteristics, while urban-rural dual structure,imperfect rural development policy and agricultural technology popularization make peasant economy strengthen upon maintenance,and small-holder farming becomes peasant′s natural response owing to pluriactivity,local off-farm employment,reverse elimination,etc.In order to achieve smooth agricultural transformation of typical rural areas in the eastern China,it needs to promote professional differentiation among peasants,under clear policies adopted by central government.Providing comprehensive services for agricultural production and improving production skills and knowledge of farmers who are still living in the countryside will effectively stimulate the process of agricultural transformation
A new and convenient synthesis of phendiones oxidated by KBrO_3/H_2SO_4 at room temperature

A new method is described to synthesize phendione derivatives from 1,10-phenanthrolines using potassium bromate and 60% sulfuric acid as oxidant, which was easily applicable to scale-up. The reaction conditions are mild and the yields are excellent. The target compounds have been characterized by ~1H NMR, and IR
藏药十六味杜鹃花丸中烈香杜鹃的定性、定量分析方法研究

目的:建立十六味杜鹃花丸的定性、定量分析方法. 方法:采用薄层色谱法鉴别烈香杜鹃;采用气相色谱法测定十六味杜鹃花丸中苄基丙酮的含量. 结果:薄层色谱方法简便、专属性强, 苄基丙酮在0.011 484~0.057 42μg范围内呈良好的线性关系, 平均回收率为97.74%, RSD=2.23%. 结论:方法简便、稳定, 能有效地控制十六味杜鹃花丸的质量
制备型高效液相色谱法制备和厚朴酚与厚朴酚

目的:厚朴中酚类化合物进行分离制备与定性. 方法:厚朴提取物经硅胶柱层析得到淡黄色油状单体化合物, 以及和厚朴酚与厚朴酚混合物, 将混合物再进行HPLC制备色谱分离, 以甲醇-水-冰醋酸(80:20:0.10, V/V/V)为流动相, 收集相应馏分浓缩至干. 结果:该法所得产品用面积归一化法与外标法定量, 纯度大于98%, 核磁共振确定结构, 与文献数据基本一致. 结论:本法简便快捷, 可获得高纯度的和厚朴酚与厚朴酚
番泻总苷的纯化工艺研究

目的:研究确定番泻叶的最佳分离纯化工艺. 方法:用不同的树脂柱进行吸附, 用HPLC法测定番泻总苷A和B的含量对工艺进行评价. 结果:药材以水浸提后, 两次上DM-301树脂柱, 第1次以NaHCO_3水溶液洗脱, 第2次水洗后 50%乙醇洗脱, 洗脱液减压干燥后番泻总苷含量在50%以上. 结论:该方法稳定可行, 可实现大生产
干燥方式对中药提取物粉体学性质的影响

目的:考察不同干燥方式对中药提取物的粉体学性质的影响. 方法:选择真空干燥、微波真空干燥及喷雾干燥三种方法, 分别对延胡索及元胡止痛方提取物进行干燥, 考察了三种干燥方法的提取物粉体学性质的差异. 结果:喷雾干燥所得粉粒较细小、圆整, 且比表面积、孔容、压缩度、抗张强度、吸湿速率及平衡吸湿量均比真空干燥和微波真空干燥的大. 延胡索提取物微波真空干燥所得浸膏粉的比表面积、孔容均比真空干燥的大. 元胡止痛方提取物微波真空干燥所得浸膏粉的比表面积比真空干燥的小, 但孔容比真空干燥的大. 微波真空干燥所得两种提取物所得粉体压成药片的抗张强度均比真空干燥的大. 结论:干燥方式的不同导致了干燥产物粉体学性质的差异
延胡索总生物碱的提取纯化工艺研究

目的:确定延胡索总生物碱提取及纯化的最佳工艺条件和参数. 方法:以延胡索乙素和总生物碱的含量为指标, 以正交试验优选延胡索总生物碱的提取方法, 考察AB-8树脂纯化延胡索乙醇提取液的工艺条件及参数. 结果:乙醇回流提取延胡索的最佳工艺条件是6倍量50%乙醇, 加热回流提取3次, 每次2 h;AB-8树脂纯化延胡索乙醇提取液的最佳工艺条件是每克干树脂吸附8.286 g生药, 上柱后水洗6 BV, 80%乙醇洗脱10 BV. 终产品中总生物碱纯度为54.25%. 结论:采用此种提取及纯化方法, 可较好的提取纯化延胡索中总生物碱
超声法提取枸杞多糖工艺条件优选

目的:研究超声法在枸杞多糖提取的应用, 并筛选出提取的最佳条件. 方法:采用正交实验的方法, 对超声法提取枸杞多糖的加水量、提取时间及提取次数进行考察, 以枸杞多糖提取量作为评价指标, 找出最适提取条件. 结果:加水量为14倍, 提取时间为15 min, 提取次数为3次时枸杞多糖提取量最高;超声法提取与水煎法提取比较, 枸杞多糖提取量无显著性差异, 但耗能较少, 提取效率更高. 结论:超声法可作为枸杞多糖提取的一种有效方法
血必净注射液降低脓毒症死亡率有效性的研究

目的:系统评价血必净注射液治疗脓毒症的效果, 以期作出客观可信的评价, 进一步指导临床用药. 方法:通过 Medline数据库、Embase数据库、Science Direct数据库、Cochrane图书馆、Cinii数据库和中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)检索自各数据库至2009年11月期间有关血必净注射液治疗脓毒症的随机对照临床试验并将其纳入研究, 分析入选文献的方法学质量, 提取资料, 用RevMan 4.2软件进行统计和系统评价. 结果:5篇文献符合纳入标准, 包括306例脓毒症患者. 血必净注射液+常规治疗组与单纯常规治疗组比较, OR=0.35, 95%CI[0.20-0.61], 统计学显著性检验Z= 3.68, P=0.000 2, 有统计学意义, 可以认为血必净注射液对降低脓毒症死亡率有效. 结论:本研究进一步证实, 血必净注射液能有效地降低脓毒症患者死亡率, 值得临床中推广应用
Ecotoxicological effects of polycyclic musks and cadmium on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat(Triticum aestivum)

Single and joint toxic effects of polycyclic musks including 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2-benzopyran(HHCB)and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene(AHTN)and cadmium(Cd)on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat(Triticum aestivum)were investigated.The results showed that the toxicity sequence of HHCB toxic to wheat seed germination and seedling growth was similar to that of AHTN,that is,germination rate>shoot elongation >root elongation,while the toxicity of Cd was in the sequence of root elongation>shoot elongation>germination rate,according to the LC_(50) and EC_(50) values.It is suggested that polycyclic musks and Cd had different toxicological mechanisms.Root and shoot elongation of wheat might be good bioindicators for the contamination of polycyclic musks and Cd in soil.The mixture of polycyclic musks and Cd had synergistic effects on T.aestivum according to the equi-toxic mixture approach when root elongation was selected as the toxicological endpoint.Thus,the joint toxicity of HHCB and Cd was significantly higher than the single toxicity of HHCB or Cd, which was also confirmed by the EC_(50 mix) value of the mixture(EC_(50 mix)=0.530 TU_(mix)).The EC_(50 mix) value of the mixture of AHTN and Cd was 0.614 TU_(mix),which indicated that the mixture toxicity was strengthened when AHTN coexisted with Cd
Photodegradation of new herbicide HW-02 in organic solvents

HW-02 is a new organophosphates herbicide which is discovered and developed in China. The kinetics and mechanism of HW-02 photodegradation in the organic solvents were studied at 25℃ under the irradiation of ultraviolet light. The results showed that photochemical reaction of HW-02 in organic solvents such as n-hexane, methanol, dimethyl benzene and acetone under UV light could be well described by the first kinetic equation, and the photodegradation efficiency decreased with a order of n-hexane > methanol > xylene > acetone. The photodegradation efficiency constant of HW-02 in n-hexane, methanol, xylene and acetone were 4.951 x 10~(-2), 3.253 x 10~(-2), 2.377 x 10~(-2) and 1.628 x 10~(-2) min~(-1), and the corresponding half-lives were 13.99, 21.20, 29.15 and 42.56 min, respectively. By separation and identification of photoproducts using GC-MS, it could be concluded that HW-02 was photolyzed through ester cleavage, photo-dechlorination and photoisomerization of the molecule itself
Effect of molecular weight of dissolved organic matter on toxicity and bioavailability of copper to lettuce

To clarify the effects of molecular weight of dissolved organic matter(DOM)on the toxicity and bioavailability of copper(Cu)to plants,DOM extracted from chicken manure was ultra-filtered into four fractions according to their molecular weights by means of sequential-stage ultrafiltration technique.Lettuce seeds were germinated by being exposed to the solutions containing Cu~(2+)with or without different fractions of DOM.The concentration of copper in roots,leaves,sprouts and the length of roots were investigated.The results showed that not all fractions of DOM could improve copper availability or toxicity.The fraction of DOM with larger molecular weight more than 1 kDa had higher complexation stability with Cu~(2+)and caused lower concentration of free Cu~(2+)ion in the solution of copper plus the fraction,resulting in lower availability and toxicity of copper to lettuce,but the fraction with molecular weight less than 1 kDa had the opposite function.Therefore,the molecular weight of 1 kDa may be the division point to determine DOM to increase or decrease copper availability and toxicity
Characterization of personal exposure concentration of fine particles for adults and children exposed to high ambient concentrations in Beijing, China

In China, the health risk from overexposure to particles is becoming an important public health concern. To investigate daily exposure characteristics to PM2.5 with high ambient concentration in urban area, a personal exposure study was conducted for school children, and office workers in Beijing, China. For all participants (N = 114), the mean personal 24-hr exposure concentration was 102.5, 14.7, 0.093, 0.528, 0.934, 0.174 and 0.703 μg/m~3 for PM_(2.5), black carbon, Mn, Al, Ca, Pb, and Fe. Children's exposure concentrations of PM_(2.5) were 4-5 times higher than those in related studies. The ambient concentration of PM2.5 (128.5 μg/m3) was significantly higher than the personal exposure concentration (P < 0.05), and exceed the reference concentration (25 μg/m~3) of WHO air quality guideline. Good correlation relationships and significant differences were identified between ambient concentration and personal exposure concentration. The relationships indicate that the ambient concentration is the main factor influencing personal exposure concentration, but is not a good indicator of personal exposure concentration. Outdoor activities (commute mode, exposure to heating, workday or weekend travel) influenced personal exposure concentrations significantly, but the magnitude of the influence from indoor activities (exposure to cooking) was masked by the high ambient concentrations
Nutrient concentration variations during Oenanthejavanica growth and decay in the ecological floating bed system

The ecological floating bed system is a natural alternative to technical methods of wastewater treatment and involves complex processes induced by plants or microorganisms in the wastewater. This study aimed to identify nutrient concentration variations during Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC growth and decay in the ecological floating bed system. Results showed that the third-order polynomial equation was suitable to describe pollutant concentration changes, showing that the effect of 0. javanica ecological floating bed system on polluted water could be divided into the purification phase and decay phase. During the purification phase, nutrient concentrations rapidly decreased because 0. javanica influenced water microbial communities and water physical parameters (i.e., dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature), and had a direct uptake of nutrients. However, during the decay phase, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the plant tissues decreased, and these lost nutrients ultimately transferred to water and led to water quality deterioration. Results also showed that the uptake and storage of 0. javanica in nutrients were temporary and the plant served only as media of the nutrients removed from the water. Under these circumstances, harvesting was an appropriate intervention to improve the treatment efficiency of 0. javanica ecological floating bed system
Uncertainties in stormwater runoff data collection from a small urban catchment, Southeast China

Monitoring data are often used to identify stormwater runoff characteristics and in stormwater runoff modelling without consideration of their inherent uncertainties. Integrated with discrete sample analysis and error propagation analysis, this study attempted to quantify the uncertainties of discrete chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) concentration, stormwater flowrate, stormwater event volumes, COD event mean concentration (EMC), and COD event loads in terms of flow measurement, sample collection, storage and laboratory analysis. The results showed that the uncertainties due to sample collection, storage and laboratory analysis of COD from stormwater runoff are 13.99%, 19.48% and 12.28%. Meanwhile, flow measurement uncertainty was 12.82%, and the sample collection uncertainty of TSS from stormwater runoff was 31.63%. Based on the law of propagation of uncertainties, the uncertainties regarding event flow volume, COD EMC and COD event loads were quantified as 7.03%, 10.26% and 18.47%
Fish transplantation and stress-related biomarkers as useful tools for assessing water quality

The active biomonitoring (ABM) approach was investigated using species of indigenous (from a pristine site) and transplanted (to a polluted area) fish Carassius auratus as an indicator organism of water/sediment pollution in Taihu Lake, a highly urbanized and industrialized area. The biotransformation enzymes 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), reduced glutathione (GSH) content, catalase activities (CAT) and lipoperoxidation (as MDA) in liver were determined as stress-related biomarkers during the field exposure period. At the same time, the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and heavy metals in the surface sediments of biomonitoring sites were also determined. The results indicate that the in situ exposed organisms were stressed. The marked increases of EROD, GSH, CAT and MDA in transplanted animals, suggested their potential application as biomarkers in pollution monitoring. Integrated biomarker response (IBR) was used to evaluate an integrated impact of toxicants from different polluted sites
Response of runoff and soil loss to reforestation and rainfall type in red soil region of southern China

To evaluate the long-term effects of reforestation types on soil erosion on degraded land, vegetation and soil properties under conventional sloping farmland (CSF) and three different reforestation types including a Pinus massoniana secondary forest (PSF), an Eucommia ulmoides artificial economic forest (EEF) and a natural succession type forest (NST), were investigated at runoff plot scale over a six-year period in a red soil region of southern China. One hundred and thirty erosive rainfall events generating runoff in plots were grouped into four rainfall types by means of K-mean clustering method. Erosive rainfall type I is the dominant rainfall type. The amount of runoff and the soil loss under erosive rainfall type III were the most, followed by rain-fall type II, IV and I. Compared with CSF treatment, reforestation treatments decreased the average annual runoff depth and the soil loss by 25.5%-61.8% and 93.9%-96.2% during the study period respectively. Meanwhile, runoff depth at PSF and EEF treatments was significantly lower than that in NST treatment, but no significant difference existed in soil erosion modulus among the three reforestation treatments. This is mainly due to the improved vegetation properties (i.e., vegetation coverage, biomass of above- and below-ground and litter-fall mass) and soil properties (i.e., bulk density, total porosity, infiltration rate and organic carbon content) in the three reforestation treatments compared to CSF treatment. The PSF and EEF are recommended as the preferred reforestation types to control runoff and soil erosion in the red soil region of southern China, with the NST potentially being used as an important supplement
Heavy metals in rice and garden vegetables and their potential health risks to inhabitants in the vicinity of an industrial zone in Jiangsu, China

Contamination of soil and agricultural products by heavy metals resulting from rapid industrial development has caused major concern. In this study, we investigated heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Hg and Cd) concentrations in rice and garden vegetables, as well as in cultivated soils, in a rural-industrial developed region in southern Jiangsu, China, and estimated the potential health risks of metals to the inhabitants via consumption of locally produced rice and garden vegetables. A questionnaire-based survey on dietary consumption rates of foodstuffs showed that rice and vegetables accounted for 64% of total foodstuffs consumed, and over 60% of rice and vegetables were grown in the local region. Average concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb were 0.75, 2.64, 12.00, 0.014, 0.006 and 0.054 mg/kg dw (dry weight) in rice and were 0.67, 1.18, 4.34, 0.011, 0.002 and 0.058 mg/kg fw (fresh weight) in garden vegetables, respectively. These values were all below the maximum allowable concentration in food in China except for Cr in vegetables. Leafy vegetables had higher metal concentrations than solanaceae vegetables. Average daily intake of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb through the consumption of rice and garden vegetables were 5.66, 16.90, 74.21, 0.10, 0.04 and 0.43 μg/(kg·day), respectively. Although Hazard Quotient values of individual metals were all lower than 1, when all six metal intakes via self-planted rice and garden vegetables were combined, the Hazard Index value was close to 1. Potential health risks from exposure to heavy metals in self-planted rice and garden vegetables need more attention
Advanced treatment of dyeing wastewater towards reuse by the combined Fenton oxidation and membrane bioreactor process

The performance of combined Fenton oxidation and membrane bioreactor (MBR) process for the advanced treatment of an effluent from an integrated dyeing wastewater treatment plant was evaluated. The experimental results revealed that under the optimum Fenton oxidation conditions (initial pH 5, H202 dosage 17 mmol/L, and Fe~(2+) 1.7 mmol/L) the average total organic carbon (TOC) and color removal ratios were 39.3% and 69.5% after 35 min of reaction, respectively. Results from Zahn-Wallens Test also represented that Fenton process was effective to enhance the biodegradability of the test wastewater. As for the further purification of MBR process, TOC removal capacity was examined at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 18 and 25 hr. Under the optimum HRT of 18 hr, the average TOC concentration and color of the final MBR effluent were 16.8 mg/L and 2 dilution time, respectively. The sludge yield coefficient was 0.13 g MLSS/g TOC and TOC degradation rate was 0.078 kg TOC/(m~3·day). The final effluent of MBR can meet the reuse criteria of urban recycling water - water quality standard for miscellaneous water consumption GBT18920-2002
Characterization of dissolved organic matter in urban sewage using excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis

Wastewater dissolved organic matter (DOM) from different processing stages of a sewage treatment plant in Xiamen was characterized using fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy. Parallel factor analysis modeling of excitation-emission matrix spectra revealed five fluorescent components occurring in sewage DOM: one protein-like (C1), three humic-like (C2, C4 and C5) and one xenobiotic-like (C3) components. During the aerated grit chamber and primary sedimentation tank stage, there was only a slight decrease in fluorescence intensity and the absorption coefficient at 350 nm (a350). During the second aeration stage, high concentration of protein-like and short-wavelength-excited humic-like components were significantly degraded accompanied by significant loss of DOC (80%) and a350 (30%), indicating that C1 and C2 were the dominant constituents of sewage DOM. As a result, long-wavelengthexcited C4 and C5 became the dominant humic-like components and the DOM molecular size inferred from the variation of spectral slope S (300-650 nm) and specific absorption (a280/DOC) increased. Combination use of Fmax of C1 and the ratio of C1/C5, or a350 may provide a quantitative indication for the relative amount of raw or treated sewage in aquatic environment
High Temperature Strain Structures and Quartz C-Axis Fabrics from Mylonitic Rocks in the Ailaoshan-Red River Shear Zone, Yunnan, and Their Tectonic Implication

The Ailaoshan-Red River (ASRR) shear zone is one of the major Southeast Asian tectonic discontinuities that have figured the present tectonic framework of the eastern Tibet. Several metamorphic massifs are distributed linearly along the shear zone, e.g. Xuelongshan, Diancangshan, Ailaoshan and Day Nui Con Voi from north to south. They bear a lot of lines of evidence for the tectonic evolution of the eastern Tibetan at different crustal levels in different tectonic stages. Controversy still exists on the deformation structures, microstructures and their relationship with metamorphisms along the ASRR. In this paper detailed microstructural and EBSD (Electron Backscattered Diffraction) fabric analysis of some highly sheared granitic rocks from different massifs along the ASRR are conducted. High temperature structures and microstructures are preserved in unsheared gneisses, in weakly sheared xenoliths or in some parts of the highly sheared rocks (mylonites). Several types of high temperature quartz c-axis fabrics show symmetrical patterns or transitions from symmetrical to asymmetrical patterns. The former are attributed to coaxial deformation during regional shortening in an early stage of the Indian-Eurasian tectonic interaction and the latter are related to the transitions from coaxial compression to noncoaxial shearing during the post-collisional ASRR left lateral shearing
Outlines of New Global Geochemical Mapping Program

Since 1988, great efforts and enthusiasm had been paid by applied geochemists in the implementation of global geochemical mapping through the International Geological Correlation Program's Projects 259 and 360, and the Task Group on 'Global Geochemical Baselines' established by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), in collaboration with the International Association of GeoChemistry (IAGC). But how to use extremely low-density sampling to obtain a global picture of the distribution of most elements in the periodic table in a reasonably short time is still a great challenge faced by the applied geochemistry community. It will depend on the continuous development of new mapping concept, and the advisable and courageous innovation of methodology for searching other suitable sample media and sampling layout. Based on the encouragement results obtained from the representativeness study of delta sediments conducted at the mouth of Yangtze River, and at the mouths of its four major tributary, it is expected to broadly apply the geochemical fractal self-similarity nature to main rivers and their estuaries with catchments up to hundreds of thousands or over a million square kilometers in the world. With this new mapping concept, a new outlines of a Global Geochemical Mapping Program was advanced and the establishment of an International Research Center of Global Geochemical Mapping was also suggested to facilitate the programs implementations
对"岩石蠕变变形的混沌特性研究"的讨论

岩土力学2009年7期刊登了题为"岩石蠕变变形的混沌特性研究[1]"的文章, 以下称之为原文. 文献[1-2]率先研究岩体系统中发生的混沌问题, 笔者仔细拜读了原文. 因为涉及到科学的严肃性, 现就阅读中存在的几个问题, 提出与原文作者商榷