mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Heavy metal stress induced hyperglycemia in blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus

The study was to find out the effect of cadmium and mercury on levels of hemolymph glucose, crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) and hepatopancreas glycogen in the blue swimmer crab Portunus pelagicus. The experiments were performed in both intact and eyestalk ablated crabs. Quantification of CHH was done by the indirect ELISA with the aid of primary anti-Carcinus maenas-CHH antibody. Higher glucose concentration was observed on exposure to 8×10~(–6) of cadmium ((825.6±5.42) μg/mL) and 6×10~(–6) of mercury ((90.5±6.25) μg/mL) after 48 h and 24 h respectively. Higher level of hemolymph glucose was observed in eyestalk intact crabs on exposure to cadmium and mercury than eyestalk ablated crabs. Decrease in the levels of CHH was observed in both eyestalk intact and ablated crabs on heavy metal exposure. Decline of the hepatopancreas glycogen level was also witnessed with the exposure to heavy metal, which validated its utilization in the production of glucose. Thus this study brings to light, the variations in hemolymph glucose, CHH and hepatopancreas glycogen on heavy metal stress. These carbohydrate metabolites can be used as biomarkers in assessing heavy metal contamination in water bodies.
An improved wall shear stress measurement technique using sandwiched hot-film sensors

In this letter we present a novel wall shear stress measurement technique for a turbulent boundary layer using sandwiched hot-film sensors.Under certain conditions,satisfactory results can be obtained using only the heat generated by one of the hot-film and a calibration of the sensors is not required.Two thin Nickel films with the same size were used in this study,separated by an electrical insulating layer.The upper film served as a sensor and the bottom one served as a guard heater.The two Nickel films were operated at a same temperature,so that the Joule heat flux generated by the sensor film transferred to the air with a minimum loss or gain depending on the uncertainties in the film temperature measurements.Analytical solution of the shear stress based on the aforementioned heat flux was obtained.The preliminary results were promising and the estimated wall shear stresses agreed reasonably well with the directly measured values (with errors less than 20%) in a fully developed turbulent pipe flow.The proposed technique can be improved to further increase precisions.
An improved model for predicting effective Young's modulus of the twisted structure under cyclic loading:taking into account the untwisting effect

Twist structures have diverse applications,ranging from dragline,electrical cable,and intelligent structure.Among these applications,tension deformation can't be avoided during the fabrication and working processes,which often leads to the twist structure rotation (called untwisting effect) and twist pitch increasing.As a consequence,this untwisting behavior has a large effect on the effective Young's modulus.In this paper,we present an improved model based on the classical Costello's theory to predict the effective Young's modulus of the basic structure,twisted by three same copper strands under cyclic loading.Series of experiments were carried out to verify the present model taking into account the untwisting effect.The experimental results have better agreements with the presented model than the common Costello's model.
Local buckling of thin plate on tensionless elastic foundations under interactive uniaxial compression and shear

This paper uses a mathematical method to develop an analytical solution to the local buckling behaviour of long rectangular plates resting on tensionless elastic Winkler foundations and under combined uniform longitudinal uniaxial compressive and uniform in-plane shear loads.Fitted formulas are derived for plates with clamped edges and simplified supported edges.Two examples are given to demonstrate the application of the current method:one is a plate on tensionless spring foundations and the other is the contact between the steel sheet and elastic solid foundation.Finite element (FE) analysis is also conducted to validate the analytical results.Good agreement is obtained between the current method and FE analysis.
Vernier But Not Grating Acuity Contributes to an Early Stage of Visual Word Processing

The process of reading words depends heavily on efficient visual skills, including analyzing and decomposing basic visual features. Surprisingly, previous reading- related studies have almost exclusively focused on gross aspects of visual skills, while only very few have investigated the role of finer skills. The present study filled this gap and examined the relations of two finer visual skills measured by grating acuity (the ability to resolve periodic luminance variations across space) and Vernier acuity (the ability to detect/discriminate relative locations of features) to Chinese character-processing as measured by character form-matching and lexical decision tasks in skilled adult readers. The results showed that Vernier acuity was significantly correlated with performance in character form-matching but not visual symbol formmatching, while no correlation was found between grating acuity and character processing. Interestingly, we found no correlation of the two visual skills with lexical decision performance. These findings provide for the first time empirical evidence that the finer visual skills, particularly as reflected in Vernier acuity, may directly contribute to an early stage of hierarchical word processing.
Novel function of the chemorepellent draxin as a regulator for hippocampal neurogenesis

Hippocampal neurogenesis as a therapeutic target for neurological disorders: Mature granule cells are continuously differentiated from neural stem and progenitor cells and integrated into the preexisting neural system in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus throughout life. Accumulating evidence indicates that these newborn granule cells are essential for the physiological functions of the hippocampus, such as memory formation, learning, regulation of emotions, and stress response. Alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis are observed in patients with cognitive and psychological diseases, such as epilepsy, ischemia, and traumatic brain injury (Yu et al., 2016). This suggests that hippocampal neurogenesis is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of neurological disorders. To date, various secretory molecules have been identified as regulators of neurogenic processes, including neuronal proliferation, differentiation, and survival, such as morphogens, neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, transcription factors, and epigenetic modulators Canonical Wnts, which are a type of morphogen, are well-studied regulators of hippocampal neurogenesis. Canonical Wnt signals are transduced via the LRP (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein) 5/6 and Frizzled receptor complex, followed by the intracellular mediator, β-catenin (MacDonald et al., 2009). Alterations in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling leads to impairments in hippocampal development, and the dysregulation of neuronal proliferation and differentiation of dentate granule cell precursors.
The role of undifferentiated adipose-derived stem cells in peripheral nerve repair

Peripheral nerve injuries impose significant health and economic consequences, yet no surgical repair can deliver a complete recovery of sensory or motor function. Traditional methods of repair are less than ideal: direct coaptation can only be performed when tension-free repair is possible, and transplantation of nerve autograft can cause donor-site morbidity and neuroma formation. Cell-based therapy delivered via nerve conduits has thus been explored as an alternative method of nerve repair in recent years. Stem cells are promising sources of the regenerative core material in a nerve conduit because stem cells are multipotent in function, abundant in supply, and more accessible than the myelinating Schwann cells. Among different types of stem cells, undifferentiated adipose-derived stem cell (uASC), which can be processed from adipose tissue in less than two hours, is a promising yet underexplored cell type. Studies of uASC have emerged in the past decade and have shown that autologous uASCs are non-immunogenic, easy to access, abundant in supply, and efficacious at promoting nerve regeneration. Two theories have been proposed as the primary regenerative mechanisms of uASC: in situ trans-differentiation towards Schwann cells, and secretion of trophic and anti-inflammatory factors. Future studies need to fully elucidate the mechanisms, side effects, and efficacy of uASC-based nerve regeneration so that uASCs can be utilized in clinical settings.
Landslide inventory and susceptibility modelling using geospatial tools, in Hunza-Nagar valley, northern Pakistan

A comprehensive landslide inventory and susceptibility maps are prerequisite for developing and implementing landslide mitigation strategies. Landslide susceptibility maps for the landslides prone regions in northern Pakistan are rarely available. The Hunza-Nagar valley in northern Pakistan is known for its frequent and devastating landslides. In this paper, we have developed a landslide inventory map for Hunza-Nagar valley by using the visual interpretation of the SPOT-5 satellite imagery and mapped a total of 172 landslides. The landslide inventory was subsequently divided into modelling and validation data sets. For the development of landslide susceptibility map seven discrete landslide causative factors were correlated with the landslide inventory map using weight of evidence and frequency ratio statistical models. Four different models of conditional independence were used for the selection of landslide causative factors. The produced landslides susceptibility maps were validated by the success rate and area under curves criteria. The prediction power of the models was also validated with the prediction rate curve. The validation results shows that the success rate curves of the weight of evidence and the frequency models are 82% and 79%, respectively. The prediction accuracy results obtained from this study are 84% for weight of evidence model and 80% for the frequency ratio model. Finally, the landslide susceptibility index maps were classified into five different varying susceptibility zones. The validation and prediction result indicates that the weight of evidence and frequency ratio model are reliable to produce an accurate landslide susceptibility map, which may be helpful for landslides management strategies.
Integrated risk management:a Petrobras application in offshore well construction safety to minimize critical emergency disconnections

In order to avoid mistakes and to save a great deal of time in analysis,an innovative methodology was developed that can analyze the well operations and rig characteristics involved to define the best emergency disconnect sequence (EDS) available.A solution was developed based on the characteristics of the rigs and blowout preventers (BOPs),and six variables were considered that directly affect the choice of EDS.All possible combinations of 64 scenarios were analyzed,and the priority of choice of the EDS was defined empirically.This paper presents an approach to EDS risk management and examples of exposure time (time without riser safety margin and shear capability) for the same well,which can be lowered from 13% to 0.1%.The impact of this reduction is related to the ability of the BOP to cut some of the heavy casings,in addition to improved availability of EDS modes.This implementation opened up many possibilities for the performance of risk exposure analysis,enabling comparison of several BOP configurations of contracted rigs and selection of the best options.This innovative approach allowed a better management of the rig schedules,prioritizing safety aspects and making it possible to allocate the fleet in a systematic way.
Wild melon:a novel non-edible feedstock for bioenergy

In the present research work,a non-edible oil source Cucumis melo var.agrestis (wild melon) was systematically identified and studied for biodiesel production and its characterization.The extracted oil was 29.1% of total dry seed weight.The free fatty acid value of the oil was found to be 0.64%,and the single-step alkaline transesterification method was used for conversion of fatty acids into their respective methyl esters.The maximum conversion efficiency of fatty acids was obtained at 0.4 wt% NaOH (used as catalyst),30% (methanol to oil,v/v) methanol amount,60 ℃ reaction temperature,600-rpm agitation rate and 60-min reaction time.Under these optimal conditions,the conversion efficiency of fatty acid was 92%.However,in the case of KOH as catalyst,the highest conversion (85%) of fatty acids was obtained at 40% methanol to oil ratio,1.28 wt% KOH,60 ℃ reaction temperature,600-rpm agitation rate and 45 min of reaction time.Qualitatively,biodiesel was characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).FTIR results demonstrated a strong peak at 1742 cm~(-1),showing carbonyl groups (C=O) of methyl esters.However,GC-MS results showed the presence of twelve methyl esters comprised of lauric acid,myristic acid,palmitic acid,non-decanoic acid,hexadecanoic acid,octadecadienoic acid and octadecynoic acid.The fuel properties were found to fall within the range recommended by the international biodiesel standard,i.e.,American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM):flash point of 91 ℃,density of 0.873 kg/L,viscosity of 5.35 cSt,pour point of -13 ℃,cloud point of -10 ℃,total acid number of 0.242 mg KOH/g and sulfur content of 0.0043 wt%.The present work concluded the potential of wild melon seed oil as excellent non-edible source of bioenergy.
Investigation of performance and emission characteristics of waste cooking oil as biodiesel in a diesel engine

Biodiesel is one of the most popular prospective alternative fuels and can be obtained from a variety of sources.Waste frying oil is one such source along with the various raw vegetable oils.However,some specific technical treatments are required to improve certain fuel properties such as viscosity and calorific value of the biodiesel being obtained from waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME).Various treatments are applied depending on the source and therefore the composition of the cooking oil.This research investigated the performance of WCOME as an alternative biofuel in a four-stroke direct injection diesel engine.An 8-mode test was undertaken with diesel fuel and five WCOME blends.The best compromise blend in terms of performance and emissions was identified.Results showed that energy utilization factors of the blends were similar within the range of the operational parameters (speed,load and WCOME content).Increasing biodiesel content produced slightly more smoke and NOx for a great majority of test points,while the CO and THC emissions were lower.
The assembly of a composite based on nano-sheet graphene oxide and montmorillonite

Graphene oxide (GO) nano-sheets were synthesized using a modified Hummers' method from graphite powder.The Raman spectrum of GO displayed a D-band at 1359 cm~(-1) and a G-band at 1594 cm~(-1).The I_D/I_G value of GO was calculated to be 0.97,suggesting the formation of new sp~2 clusters upon reduction.A method was designed to investigate the assembly of the GO/montmorillonite (MMT) composite.After the addition of GO,the typical peaks of montmorillonite in FT-IR spectra shifted,indicating the assembly between GO and MMT.The D-band and G-band reduced sharply in the GO/MMT composite.More importantly,the D-band (1344 cm~(-1)) and G-band (1574 cm~(-1)) shifted significantly and the I_D/I_G value of the GO/MMT composite was calculated to be 1.13,showing a change in the GO structure.In the addition of 0.04 wt% GO to MMT,the value of interlayer space (d) was up to 13.0 A ° measured by XRD due to the insertion of GO into MMT.The evident increases in contents of carbon atoms (26.59%) and nitrogen atoms (3.44%) indicate that GO was successfully combined with MMT.The nano-pores and clay sheets were not observed in the SEM image of GO/clay,but obvious wrinkles,while flexible sheets were observed in the typical scanning electron microscopy images of GO.This further proves that GO was combining with clay.The TEM image shows that the GO nano-sheets were tiled on the surface of MMT sheets.This observation suggests that a stable assembly structure was formed between GO sheets and MMT sheets.The change in particle size of MMT with the addition of GO shows that interaction occurred between GO sheets and MMT sheets,which was further confirmed by the results of zeta potential.Adsorption and insertion were the main mechanisms to assemble GO and MMT.
The performance of stochastic designs in wellbore drilling operations

Wellbore drilling operations frequently entail the combination of a wide range of variables.This is underpinned by the numerous factors that must be considered in order to ensure safety and productivity.The heterogeneity and sometimes unpredictable behaviour of underground systems increases the sensitivity of drilling activities.Quite often the operating parameters are set to certify effective and efficient working processes.However,failings in the management of drilling and operating conditions sometimes result in catastrophes such as well collapse or fluid loss.This study investigates the hypothesis that optimising drilling parameters,for instance mud pressure,is crucial if the margin of safe operating conditions is to be properly defined.This was conducted via two main stages:first a deterministic analysis—where the operating conditions are predicted by conventional modelling procedures—and then a probabilistic analysis via stochastic simulations—where a window of optimised operation conditions can be obtained.The outcome of additional stochastic analyses can be used to improve results derived from deterministic models.The incorporation of stochastic techniques in the evaluation of wellbore instability indicates that margins of the safe mud weight window are adjustable and can be extended considerably beyond the limits of deterministic predictions.The safe mud window is influenced and hence can also be amended based on the degree of uncertainty and the permissible level of confidence.The refinement of results from deterministic analyses by additional stochastic simulations is vital if a more accurate and reliable representation of safe in situ and operating conditions is to be obtained during wellbore operations.
Composition and distribution of NSO compounds in two different shales at the early maturity stage characterized by negative ion electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) can only analyze volatile molecular compounds,and it has limitations when applied to determine the complex components of crude oils and hydrocarbon source rocks.Based on Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) and GC/MS analyses,the molecular compositions of NSO compounds in extracts from the Permian Dalong Formation,Sichuan Basin and the Permian Lucaogou Formation,Junggar Basin in China were compared.Analyses of types of heteroatoms present (S_1,S_2,S_3,OS,OS_2,O_2S,NS,and NOS compounds) suggest that marine shales from the Dalong Formation are mainly composed of carboxylic acids (O_2 compounds) with a high abundance of fatty acids,indicating a marine phytoplankton organic source.However,lacustrine shales from the Lucaogou Formation are dominated by pyrrolic compounds (N1 compounds) with abundant dibenzocarbazole.It suggests that the organic source materials may be derived from lower aquatic organisms and lacustrine algae.Overall,FT-ICR-MS has potential for applications in analyses and determination of depositional environments and organic sources in petroleum geology.
A method for evaluating paleo hydrocarbon pools and predicting secondary reservoirs:a case study of the Sangonghe Formation in the Mosuowan area,Junggar Basin

Taking the Jurassic Sangonghe Formation in the Mosuowan-Mobei area of the Junggar Basin as an example,this paper provides a method that evaluates paleo hydrocarbon pools and predicts secondary reservoirs.Through Quantitative Grain Fluorescence (QGF) experiments,well-tie seismic correlation,and paleo structure analysis,the scale and distribution of paleo hydrocarbon pools in the study area are outlined.Combining current structural features and fault characteristics,the re-migration pathways of paleo oil and gas are depicted.Based on barrier conditions on the oil re-migration pathways and current reservoir distribution,we recognize three types of secondary reservoirs.By analyzing structural evolution and sand body-fault distribution,the major control factors of secondary reservoirs are specified and,consequently,favorable zones for secondary reservoirs are predicted.The results are mainly as follows.(1) In the primary accumulation period in the Cretaceous,paleo hydrocarbon pools were formed in the Sangonghe Formation of the Mosuowan uplift and their size and distribution were extensive and the exploration potential for secondary reservoirs should not be ignored.Besides,paleo reservoirs were also formed in the Mobei uplift,but just small scale.(2) In the adjustment period in the Neogene,traps were reshaped or destroyed and so were the paleo reservoirs,resulting in oil release.The released oil migrated linearly northward along the structural highs of the Mobei uplift and the Qianshao low-relief uplift and then formed secondary reservoirs when it met new traps.In this process,a structural ridge cooperated with sand bodies and faults,applying unobstructed pathways for oil and gas re-migration.(3) The secondary hydrocarbon pools are classified into three types:low-relief anticlinal type,lithologic pinch-out type and fault block type.The distribution of the first type is controlled by a residual low uplift in the north flank of the paleo-anticline.The second type is distributed in the lithologic pinch-out zones on the periphery of the inherited paleo uplift.The third type is controlled by fault zones of which the strikes are perpendicular to the hydrocarbon re-migration pathways.(4) Four favorable zones for secondary reservoirs are predicted:the low-relief structural zone of the north flank of the Mosuowan paleo-anticline,the fault barrier zone on the western flank of the Mobei uplift,the Qianshao low-relief uplift and the north area of the Mobei uplift that parallels the fault zone.The study above effectively supports the exploration of the Qianshao low-relief uplift,with commercial oil discovered in the Qianshao1 well.Besides,the research process in this paper can also be applied to other basins to explore for secondary reservoirs.