mlsa-iai-msu-lab/ru_sci_bench_zho_cite_reranking huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Soil Fertility Under Different Cupressus chengiana Forests Using Multivariate Approach

The distribution and growing conditions of Cupressus chengiana forests along with the physical and chemical properties of soils in Northwest Sichuan were studied in 2002 to investigate the conditions and characteristics of soil fertility of C.chengiana and to compare and investigate differences of soil fertility for six C. chengiana populations and their relationships with vegetation, climate and disturbance. The results of the study at 0-20 cm soil depth showed that 1) significant differences (P＜0.05) existed among populations for soil bulk density, soil total porosity, capillary porosity, maximum water-holding capacity, capillary water-holding capacity and topsoil natural water content; 2) chemical characteristics of soil organic matter, total N, total P, alkali-hydrolyzable N, available P, available K and cation exchange capacity were significantly different among the populations; and 3) based on the significant effect of soil fertility factors on forest growth,soil physical and chemical characteristics could be selected as an integrated fertility index (IFI) for evaluation of different C. chengiana populations. Principal component and cluster analyses showed significant differences probably due to the difference of vegetation conditions, management measurements, human-induced disturbances and environmental factors.In order to protect the soil ecological functions in fragile ecological regions, C. chengiana could be used in programs enclosing the hill for natural afforestation, natural forest protection programs, and programs replacing agriculture with afforestation measures.
Zn Accumulation and Subcellular Distribution in the Zn Hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance

Zn accumulation and subcellular distribution in leaves of the hyperaccumulating ecotype (HE) and non-hyperaccumulating ecotype (NHE) of Sedum alfredii Hance were studied using radiotracer and gradient centrifugation techniques. Leaf Zn accumulation in the HE of S. alfredii was 18.5-26.7 times greater than that in the NHE when the plants were grown at 1-500μmol Zn L-1. Leaf section uptake of 65Zn was highly dependent on external Zn levels. Greater 65Zn uptake in HE was noted only at external Zn levels ≥ 100μmol L-1. Zinc subcellular distribution in the leaves of the two ecotypes of S. alfredii was: cell wall ＞ soluble fraction ＞ cell organelle. However, more Zn was distributed to the leaf cell wall and soluble fractions for HE than for NHE. In the leaf of HE, 91%-94% of the Zn was found in the cell walls and the soluble fraction and only 6%-9% Zn was distributed in the cell organelle fraction. For NHE, about 20%-26% Zn was recovered in the cell organelle fraction. In stems, Zn distribution to the cell wall fraction was approximately two fold greater in the HE than that in the NHE. For the hyperaccumulating ecotype of S. alfredii, the cell wall and the vacuole played a very important role in Zn tolerance and hyperaccumulation.
Potential Effect of Conservation Tillage on Sustainable Land Use: A Review of Global Long-Term Studies

Although understood differently in different parts of the world, conservation tillage usually includes leaving crop residues on the soil surface to reduce tillage. Through a global review of long-term conservation tillage research, this paper discusses the long-term effect of conservation tillage on sustainable land use, nutrient availability and crop yield response. Research has shown several potential benefits associated with conservation tillage, such as potential carbon sequestration, nutrient availability, and yield response. This research would provide a better perspective of the role of soil conservation tillage and hold promise in promoting application of practical technologies for dryland farming systems in China.
Catalysis of Dissolved and Adsorbed Iron in Soil Suspension for Chromium(Ⅵ) Reduction by Sulfide

The kinetics of Cr(Ⅵ) reduction by sulfide in soil suspensions with various pHs, soil compositions, and Fe(Ⅱ) concentrations was examined using batch anaerobic experimental systems at constant temperature. The results showed that the reaction rate of Cr(Ⅵ) reduction was in the order of red soil ＜ yellow-brown soil ＜ chernozem and was proportional to the concentration of HCl-extractable iron in the soils. Dissolved and adsorbed iron in soil suspensions played an important role in accelerating Cr(Ⅵ) reduction. The reaction involved in the Cr(Ⅵ) reduction by Fe(Ⅱ) to produce Fe(Ⅲ), which was reduced to Fe(Ⅱ) again by sulfide, could represent the catalytic pathway until about 70% of the initially present Cr(Ⅵ)was reduced. The catalysis occurred because the one-step reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) by sulfide was slower than the two-step process consisting of rapid Cr(Ⅵ) reduction by Fe(Ⅱ) followed by Fe(Ⅲ) reduction by sulfide. In essence, Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ)species shuttle electrons from sulfide to Cr(Ⅵ), facilitating the reaction. The effect of iron, however, could be completely blocked by adding a strong Fe(Ⅱ)-complexing ligand, 1,10-phenanthroline, to the soil suspensions. In all the experiments,initial sulfide concentration was much higher than initial Cr(Ⅵ) concentration. The plots of ln c[Cr(Ⅵ)] versus reaction time were linear up to approximately 70% of Cr(Ⅵ) reduction, suggesting a first-order reaction kinetics with respect to Cr(Ⅵ). Elemental sulfur, the product of sulfide oxidation, was found to accelerate Cr(Ⅵ) reduction at a later stage of the reaction, resulting in deviation from linearity for the ln c[Cr(Ⅵ)] versus time plots.
Spatial Prediction of Heavy Metal Pollution for Soils in Peri-Urban Beijing, China Based on Fuzzy Set Theory

Fuzzy classification combined with spatial prediction was used to assess the state of soil pollution in the peri-urban Beijing area. Total concentrations of As, Cr, Cd, Hg, and Pb were determined in 220 topsoil samples (0-20 cm) collected using a grid design in a study area of 2 600 km2. Heavy metal concentrations were grouped into three classes according to the optimum number of classes and fuzziness exponent using the fuzzy c-mean (FCM) algorithm. Membership values were interpolated using ordinary kriging. The polluted soils of the study area induced by the measured heavy metals were concentrated in the northwest corner and eastern part, especially the southeastern part close to the urban zone, whereas the soils free of pollution were mainly distributed in the southwestern part. The soils with potential risk of heavy metal pollution were located in isolated spots mainly in the northern part and southeastern corner of the study region. The FCM algorithm combined with geostatistical techniques, as compared to conventional single geostatistical kriging methods,could produce a prediction with a quantitative uncertainty evaluation and higher reliability. Successful prediction of soil pollution achieved with FCM algorithm in this study indicated that fuzzy set theory had great potential for use in other areas of soil science.
FTIR spectroscopic study of electrochemical flotation of jamesonite-diethyldithiocarbamate system

The flotation behavior of jamesonite was investigated with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate(DDTC) as a collector. The results show that jamesonite has good floatability from pH 2 to pH 13. The flotation of jamesonite is also dependent on the pulp potential. The potential-pH range for jamesonite flotation is established. The FTIR spectroscopy analysis shows that the major adsorption product of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate on jamesonite is lead diethyldithiocarbamate. The intensity of the FTIR signals of metal diethyldithiocarbamate adsorption on jamesonite and the flotation response of jamesonite are correlated with the pulp potential.
Mechanism of influence of ferric ion on electrogenerative leaching of sulfide minerals with FeCl3

A dual cell system was used to study the influence of ferric ion on the electrogenerative leaching of sulfide minerals.Reaction mechanisms for the ferric chloride electrogenerative leaching of a series of sulfide minerals were proposed based on the data collected from the dual cell experiments. The influences of ferric ion on the electrogenerative leaching of sulfide minerals are similar. Ferric ion plays an important role on limiting the electrogenerative leaching rate at a relatively low concentration of FeCl3(about less than 0.15 mol/L). The mathematical models based on the Butler-Volmer relation were delineated, and kinetic equations with respect to ferric ions for each sulfide mineral were obtained. The kinetic equations show that when the concentration of ferric ion is relatively low, the electrogenerative leaching rates are predicted to be proportional to 6/7, 4/5, 2/3 and 2/3 order of ferric ion for nickel concentrate, chalcopyrite concentrate, sphalerite and galena respectively. As the concentration of ferric ion increase, the correlative dependence between electrogenerative leaching rate and concentration of ferric ion becomes weak. The above conclusions are in agreement with the experimental results.
Preparation and property of spinel LiMn2O4 material by co-doping anti-electricity ions

LiMn2-xMxO4-yFy(x=0.05; y=0.05; M=Al, Co, Cr and Mg, separately), as the cathode material, was synthesized by the method of high temperature solid-state reaction in laboratory. The results of charge-discharge test show that the properties of LiMn1.95M0.05O3.95F0.05(M= Al, Mg) are obviously superior to those of LiMn2O4. Through the condition experiments on sintering temperature, it is found that the materials present the integrate crystal structure and favorable cycle performance at 800 ℃. The research on the effects of different Mg2+ sources on the properties of LiMn2-xMgxO4-y Fy shows that, with Mg(OH)2 and LiF as the reagents respectively offering Mg2+ and F-, LiMn1.95Mg0.05O3.95F0.05 synthesized has integrate crystal structure and its capacity hardly fades. The results of cyclic voltammetry indicate that the shape of two couples of redox peaks of the material synthesized by co-doping anti-electricity ions is more integrate and symmetrical than that of pure spinel LiMn2O4, which reveals that the co-doping material possesses preferable electrochemical reversibility.
Preparation and properties of superfine Mg(OH)2 flame retardant

Preparation of superfine magnesium hydroxide with the bittern and ammonia was studied. The properties of the products were analyzed by laser granularity, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, the limiting oxygen index and the wetting angle measurements. The results show that the mean particle size of the magnesium hydroxide is about 230 nm with a platelet shape and the specific surface area is about 48 m2/g when the temperature is 55 ℃, and the ammonia and bittern are instilled simultaneously during the reaction process. After the modification, the limiting oxygen index and physical chemistry performance of the magnesium hydroxide were examined. The results show that the contact angle of magnesium hydroxide is 132.5° and the limiting oxygen index is 31.5 %, indicating that the modified magnesium hydroxide is an effective flame retardant and can be applied as flame retardant additives of the macromolecule compounds such as plastic, synthetic rubber and synthetic fibre.
Interfacial structure and joint strengthening in arc brazed galvanized steels with copper based filler

Galvanized steel sheets were joined by tungsten inert gas(TIG) and metal inert gas(MIG) brazing process using copper based filler. The results show that the joint zone hardness is higher than that of the base material or copper filler from the microhardness tests of TIG brazing specimens, and the fracture spot is at the base materials zone from the tensile tests of MIG brazing specimens. Examination using energy dispersive X-ray analysis reveals the presence of intermetallic compound Fe5Si3(Cu) in the joint. The dispersal of fine Fe5Si3(Cu) particles is the main strengthening factor for the joint. The Fe5Si3(Cu) particles are determined to arise from three sources, namely, spot micro-melt, whisker-like fragmentation and dissolve-separation actions.
Elastic-plastic solution to stamping thin strip on elastic foundation

An analytical method was proposed to solve the mechanical problems of stamping a thin strip on an elastic foundation.The thin strip was divided into four parts according to its deformation and contact with the punch and the elastic foundation,especially an elastic-plastic part was considered in the deflection of the thin strip. Analytical solutions were derived individually for each part and two models were established with the help of elastic and plastic large deflection 'theories. Compatibility conditions between the neighboring parts of the thin strip constructed the non-linear equation group. Solutions were carried out by programming with a software. The deformation shape, the membrane force, and the moment and shear force of the deformed thin strip were obtained. The results of the two models were compared. The study shows that the method is effective.
Effects of magnesium content on phase constituents of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloys

By means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectrum(EDS), X-ray diffractometry(XRD) and metallographic analysis, the effects of variation of magnesium content on phase constituents of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloys were investigated. The results indicate that the constituents formed during casting alloys are main Al1.9CuMg4.1Si3.3, Al4(MnFe)3Si2 and Mg2Si, while pure Si is only present in the alloy containing lower magnesium content. Increasing Mg content leads to increasing the amount of Mg2Si, but decreasing the amount of Al1.9CuMg4.1Si3.3 and Al4(MnFe)3Si2. During the following homogenization process,Al1.9CuMg4.1Si3.3 is completely dissolved, Al4(MnFe)3Si2 and pure Si remain unchanged. After rolling and final heat treatment, the constituents in the alloys change no longer.
Evolution of grain structure in AA2195 Al-Li alloy plate during recrystallization

The evolution of the grain structures in AA2195 Al-Li alloy plate warm-rolled by 80% reduction during recrystallization annealing at 500 ℃ was investigated by electron backscatter diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It is found that the elongated grain structures are caused by the lamellar distribution of recrystallization nucleation sites,being lack of large second phase particles (＞ 1 μm), and dispersive coherent particles (such as δ'andβ) concentrated in planar bands.The recrystallization process may be separated into three stages: firstly, recrystallization nucleation occurs heterogeneously, and the nuclei are concentrated in some planar zones parallel to rolling plane. Secondly, the grain boundaries interacted with small particles concentrate in planar bands, which is able to result in the elongated grain structures. The rate of the grain growth is controlled by the dissolution of these small particles. Thirdly, after most of small particles are dissolved, their hindrance to migration of the grain boundaries fades away, and the unrecrystallized zones are consumed by adjacent recrystallized grains. The migration of high angle grain boundaries along normal direction leads a gradual transformation from the elongated grains to the nearly equiaxed, which is driven by the tension of the grain boundaries.
Coupled mechanical and thermal simulation of warm compaction

Warm compaction process of pure iron powder was investigated. Due to the existence of elastic, plastic and thermal strains,a coupled mechanical and thermal model was applied. The elasto-plastic constitutive equations for powder material were developed based on ellipsoidal yield criterion and continuum theory. The constitutive equations were integrated into the constitutive integral arithmetic and solved employing incremental iterative solution strategy. The yield strength of iron powder was obtained according to the tensile experiments. When the compaction temperature was raised to 130 ℃, the yield strength of iron powder metal drops to 85% of room temperature value. Modified coulomb friction law is applied and the simulation results show that friction was an important factor resulting in the inhomogeneous relative density and reverse-density distribution phenomena in the regions near the die wall and the symmetrical axis.
Microstructure and property of sub-micro WC-10%Co particulate reinforced Cu matrix composites prepared by selective laser sintering

The WC-10%Co particulate reinforced Cu matrix composite material with a WC-Co:Cu mass ratio of 20:80 was successfully fabricated by selective laser sintering(SLS) process. The following optimal processing parameters were used: laser power of 700 W, scan speed of 0.06 m/s, scan line spacing of 0.15 mm, and powder layer thickness of 0.3 mm. The microstructure,composition, and phase of the laser processed material were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) spectroscopy. The results show that the bonding mechanism of this process is liquid phase sintering. The Cu and Co act as the binder phase, while the WC acts as the reinforcing phase. The non-equilibrium effects induced by laser melting, such as high degrees of undercooling and high solidification rate, result in the formation of a metastable phase CoC0.25. The WC reinforcing particulates typically have three kinds of morphology. They are agglomerated and undissolved, incompletely separated and partially dissolved, separated and dissolved, which indicates that particle rearrangement acts as the dominant sintering mechanism for the larger WC, while dissolution-precipitation prevails for the smaller WC particles.Microhardness tester was used to determine the Vickers hardness across the cross-section of the laser sintered sample, with the average value being HV0.1268.5. However, the hardness varied considerably, which might be attributed to the WC segregation and the high solidification rate experienced by the molten pool.
Steady polarization process modelling of noble metal-electrolyte cermet  composite electrode

Cermet composites containing mixture of noble metal phase and electrolyte phase are the state-of-the-art electrode materials used for electrochemical sensor and solid oxide fuel cell（SOFC）. A steady polarization model was developed. The model was based on electronic and ionic transfer process together with the electrochemical reaction regardless of mass transport in the electrode. The modelling results can help to understand the electrochemistry of cermet composite electrode.
Characteristics and electrochemical performance of cathode material Co-coated LiNiO2 for Li-ion batteries

Spherical Ni（OH）2 powder coated with Co（OH）2 as raw material was mixed with LiOH to synthesize cathode material for lithium ion battery by using solid-state reaction. After sintered at temperature above 600℃, a solid solution with layer structure was formed. The result of XPS shows that it is a concentration gradient material with higher cobalt content at the surface, and the gradient decreases with increasing sintering temperature from 650 to 750 ℃. This new gradient material, called as Co-coated LiNiO2, exhibits excellent electrochemical performances for the cathode of Li-ion batteries in comparison with LiNiO2 and Co-doping LiNiO2. The discharge capacity of Co-coated LiNiO2 is over 180 mA · h/g and capacity decay per cycle is less than 0.07% when Co-coated LiNiO2 consisting of 92% nickel and 8% cobalt was sintered at the temperatures between 650--670 ℃. Though initial discharge capacity could be increased with higher sintering temperature, the cycle life would be reduced.
Electrochemical behavior and morphology of LiB compound anode materials

Electrochemical behavior of LiB compound in LiPF6-DMC/EMC/EC was studied. And morphology of the compound was investigated by SEM. The results show that there are three discharge potential plateaus for the LiB compound, corresponding to 0.46, 0.69 and 0.8 V （vs Li^＋/Li） respectively, its total discharge specific capacity is up to 660 mA· h/g, only first two potential plateau can be charged, its specific capacity is 274 mA· h/g. After discharging, the morphology of the Li compound is still fibrous shape.
Influence of interfacial reaction between molten SnAgCu solder droplet and  Au/Ni/Cu pad on IMC evolution

Intermetallic compounds（IMC） formed at Sn-Ag-Cu solder droplet/pad interface during wetting reaction were investigated. Comparative studies of the IMC evolution during reflow and aging were also conducted. The results show that the wetting reaction between molten solder droplet and pad leads to the formation of Au-Sn compound at interface, but Au element is not fully consumed during wetting reaction. After reflow, all Au layer disappears from the interface, Au element is dissolved into solder and Au-Sn intermetallic compounds are precipitated in the bulk. Reaction between Ni layer and Sn-Ag-Cu solder leads to the formation of （CuxNi1-x）6Sn5 layer at interface during reflow. According to the thermodynamic-kinetic of interfacial reaction, the wetting reaction at solder droplet/pad interface influences the phase selectivity of IMC evolution during reflow and aging process.
Results from 100 h electrolysis testing of NiFe2O4 based cermet as inert anode in aluminum reduction

A 100 mm diameter cup-shaped inert anode for aluminum electrolysis consisting of cermet 17Ni/83(10NiO-90NiFe2O4) was prepared and the operating performance was evaluated in a laboratory cell with the electrolyte CR2.3 and Al2O3 concentration 7.43% (mass fraction). The results indicate that no major operational difficulties are encountered during the testing which lasts for 101.5 h and the inert anode exhibits good general performances. The steady-state average concentration of impurity Ni in the bath is close to the solubility, however, the Fe concentration is lower than its solubility. The contents of the main contaminants for aluminum produced are Ni 0.128 8%, Fe 1.007 4%. The corrosion rate of inert anode under electrolysis conditions based on the content of impurity Ni in metal aluminum is approximately 8.51 mm/a.
Effects of mineral loading methods on carbon solution reaction of coal-derived carbon material

11 oxides (MgO, CaO, BaO, TiO2, V2O5, MnO2, Fe2O3, CuO, ZnO, PbO2 and B2O3), often found in coal-derived carbon materials, were loaded into the coal-derived carbon material by two methods such as adsorbing oxides through solution onto the surface of coke and adding oxides into the coal before carbonization. The effects of oxides on carbon solution reaction of carbon material were investigated and compared. The results show that the effect trends are similar but the effect of oxides by adsorbing is remarkably greater than that of the oxides by adding oxides as BaO, MgO, Fe2O3, CuO, ZnO, MnO2, PbO2 and B2O3. And the effect trends are similar. BaO, CaO and Fe2O3 are the greatest affecting oxides. The saturation point of addition content is 3% and that of adsorption is 1%.
Phenomena in late period of seeded precipitation of sodium aluminate solution

Aiming at seeded precipitation of aluminate solution with high caustic ratio(αk＞2.4), corresponding to the late period of seeded precipitation, the influence of different types of seed on precipitation ratio was explained with respect to solution structure in the interface of seed and the evolution of Al(OH)3 growth units in this layer. The effects of solid content and seed size on agglomeration were determined by calculating the particle number of product. The results imply that the solution structure in the interface of seed imposes a notable significance on the process in the late period of seeded precipitation. Agglomeration still exists in this period. However, the agglomeration bodies break in the case of prolonging precipitation due to the mechanical effect, which results in the increase of particle number.