# Numerical Investigation of Relationship between Bursting Proneness and Mechanical Parameters of Coal

Authors: Hongwei Wang; Jiaqi Song; Zeliang Wang; Yue Zhang; Shaozhen Zhang; Yaodong Jiang
Journal: Shock and Vibration
 (2021)

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## Abstract

As one of the most catastrophic dynamic hazards in underground coal mines, coal bursts have been a major safety concern around the world for many years. Although the coal bursts can occur in all cases of hard to soft coal if the right stress environment is created, the occurrence of coal bursts is closely related to the intrinsic mechanical properties of coal, such as the bursting proneness. In this study, a total of 27 coal specimens are selected in the open literature studies to obtain a group of fundament data, such as the mechanical parameters, four bursting proneness indices, stress-strain curves, and their geological conditions where the specimens were taken. The relationship between bursting proneness indices and the cohesion of the coal specimens is established by numerically fitting the stress-strain curves and theoretically deduction. By taking into account the coal heterogeneity, eight probability distribution functions are employed to assignment nonuniform cohesion to the numerical model and to study the influence of heterogeneity on bursting proneness. The results reveal that the coal cohesion, which combines the common advantages of the four proneness indices, can be used as bursting proneness index. In the research of heterogeneity, the coal bursting proneness will decrease with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree. The larger the cohesion scatter degree increase is, the lower the bursting proneness will be. The failure of coal specimen is more and more severe with the decrease of cohesion scatter degree. In addition, this paper provides two methods for assigning heterogeneous parameters to the numerical model. The contours of shear strain rate and plastic state between homogeneous and heterogeneous coal specimens are compared to study the failure types of coal specimens and to reveal the mechanism of violent failure in coal bursts.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

As one of the most catastrophic dynamic hazards in an underground coal mine, coal bursts have been a major safety concern around the world for many years [1–8]. The sudden and violent failure of coal and rock masses accompanied by loud noise and ground vibration frequently occurs during the coal bursts. For example, on October 20, 2018, a severe coal burst accident occurred in the Longyun coal mine, Shandong Province, China, and resulted in heavy casualties and serious disruption to the mine operations [9]. In addition, in 2010 and 2011, two serious coal burst accidents occurred successively in Yima mining area in China caused casualties, equipment damage, and economic losses [10]. Between 1983 and 2017, 283 coal burst accidents were reported to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) in the United States [10]. In 2014, two miners were killed and the mining machine was severely damaged in a coal burst accident in the Austar coal mine in New South Wales, Australia [11, 12].There are a large number of factors associated with the occurrence of coal bursts. However, although the coal bursts can occur in all cases of hard to soft coal if the right stress environment is created, the occurrence of coal bursts is closely related to the intrinsic mechanical properties of coal, such as the bursting proneness [13–16]. Generally, the bursting proneness is determined by a group of indices including uniaxial compressive strength (Rc), elastic strain energy (WET), bursting energy (KE), and dynamic fracturing duration (Dt) [17–21]. Kidybiński used these four indices to study the ability of coal seam to store and release elastic strain energy and evaluate and classify the coal burst risk [18]. By tracing the progressive fracture process of rock material and studying the stress-strain curve in the uniaxial compressive tests, Lippmann reviewed the advantage and limitation of these four bursting proneness indices [19]. Haramy and McDonnell pointed out that coal had the capacity to store strain energy and highly recommended the use of the elastic strain energy index (WET) to evaluate the ability of coal to burst [20]. Singh conducted a series of tests to search a parameter which can be used to measure the burst proneness of coal and suggested that the burst energy index (KE) be used as the main index in assessing the burst prone [21]. Lee et al. used elastic strain energy (WET) to evaluate high-potential rockburst in a tunnel with overburden depth greater than 400 m [22]. Su et al. employed these indices to evaluate the bursting proneness of coal seam in the Chengjiao coal mine in China and studied the correlation among these indices [23]. Wang et al. investigated the intrinsic properties of coal by these indices and studied the relationship between the intrinsic and external factors contributing to the occurrence of coal bursts [3].As Kidybinski stated, the bursting proneness was the natural ability of coal to store and release elastic strain energy. Therefore, the bursting proneness of coal is an issue of distribution between energy storage and release. To gain in-depth understanding of the relationship between the bursting proneness and coal bursts, apart from these four indices, numerous studies have been carried out to obtain novel bursting proneness indices based on the investigation of energy storage and release, e.g., surplus energy [24–26], modified brittleness [27], and energy dissipation indices [24, 28], burst energy speed [29], and energy release speed [30]. Zhang et al. put forward an index of residual energy emission speed to evaluate the released energy per second [25]. Qi et al. pointed out that the brittleness index and moisture content of coal material can also be used to study the coal burst proneness [31]. Based on studying the relation between busting strain energy and wave velocity, Cai et al. introduced a bursting strain energy index to quantitatively map the coal burst risk contour in a coal mine in China and they developed a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method by considering the results of microseismic monitoring [32]. Faradonbeh and Taheri intended to assess the coal burst risk by three novel indices including genetic algorithm-based emotional neural network (GA-ENN) and gene expression programming (GEP) [33]. By considering a current available database, Afraei et al. presented aggregative predictor variables combining the overburden thickness, tensile strength, and brittleness ratio of rock strata [34]. Gale pointed out that coal burst was related to the energy available and rib side resistance and comprehensively used indices of burst velocity, strain energy resistance, seismic energy, and gas energy to evaluate the coal burst risk [35]. Gong et al. proposed a residual elastic energy index to quantitatively study the relationship between stored elastic energy density, dissipated energy density, and total input energy density [26].In fact, the bursting proneness of coal is closely related to the internal composition and microstructure of coal [6, 36–38]. Zhang et al. revealed that the burst proneness was related to the heterogeneous degree of rock material [36]. Similarly, Feng and Zhao pointed out that the intrinsic properties of coal with bursting proneness depended on the microscopic homogeneity of rock or coal [39]. Pan et al. revealed that the joint density is closely related to the ability of the rock mass to store high strain energy. The higher the joint density is, the weaker the ability to accumulate the elastic strain energy of rock mass is and the lower the rockburst proneness is [40]. Pan et al. revealed that the composition and structure inside the rock played an important role on the bursting proneness of rock and found that the strength and Young’s modulus of rock masses would increase with the increase of the noncrystalline quartz content and decrease with the increase of the montmorillonite and kaolinite [5, 41]. Su et al. conducted a series of uniaxial compressive tests and found that crack propagation in coal specimen with high bursting proneness was extremely violent [42]. Wang et al. indicated that the coal sample with high bursting proneness contained large amounts of noncrystalline quartz [6]. Song et al. studied the strength, components, and microstructures of coal specimen by the methods of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and found that the failure characteristics of burst coal was regarded as brittle failure because of the heterogeneous composition and microstructure [43].According to the review of literature studies about the bursting proneness indices and relationship between bursting proneness and microstructure of material, it can be seen that the current studies of bursting proneness are mainly focused on the proneness index definition and application. However, there is limited information available in the open literature about the relationship between the indicesRc, WET, KE, and Dt. In fact, there is a common mechanical parameter among the four indices, which is of great significance to assessing the bursting proneness. In addition, although the effectiveness of material composition and microstructure on the bursting proneness has been investigated for many years, there is little information about the numerical method for simulating the distribution of heterogeneous parameters, failure types of heterogeneous coal specimens, and its influence on the mechanism of violent failure in coal bursts. In this study, a total of 27 coal specimens are selected in the open literature studies to obtain a group of fundament data, such as the mechanical parameters, four bursting proneness indices, stress-strain curves, and their geological conditions where the specimens were taken. The relationship between bursting proneness indices and the cohesion of the coal specimens is established by numerically simulation and theoretically deduction. The reason that cohesion can be used as an index to assess the bursting proneness is analyzed based on the in-depth understanding on the common advantages of the four proneness indices. By taking into account the coal heterogeneity, the nonuniform distribution of cohesion in coal specimens is mapped by eight commonly used probability distribution functions to study the influence of heterogeneity on bursting proneness. In addition, the internal and external factors contributing to coal bursts are analyzed to reveal the mechanism of occurrence of coal bursts.


## 2. Overview of Coal Specimens with Bursting Proneness Selected from Open Literature Studies

### 2.1. Standard Indices and Classification of Bursting Proneness

Bursting proneness is an inherent property of coal. It is used to evaluate the risk of coal bumps by assessing the energy accumulation capability of coal. According to the current standard in China, bursting proneness is classified into three levels: high, low, and none [17]. The standard proneness indices include the elastic strain energy index (WET), the bursting energy index (KE), the duration of dynamic fracture (Dt), and uniaxial compressive strength (Rc) [18, 21, 33].As shown in Figure1, these four indices are determined by conducting the uniaxial compressive tests. The uniaxial compressive strength (Rc) is the peak stress of stress and strain curve (Figure 1(a)). The elastic strain energy index (WET) (Figure 1(b)) is the ratio of the elastic energy accumulated, and the dissipated plastic energy before 80–90% of the peak strength of the coal is achieved. The bursting energy index (KE) (Figure 1(c)) is defined as the ratio of the strain energy accumulated before peak strength and the strain energy released after peak strength. The larger the elastic strain energy index and bursting energy index are, the higher the bursting proneness of the coal will be. The duration of dynamic fracture (Dt) (Figure 1(d)) refers to the time span from peak strength to complete failure of coal specimen and is expressed in milliseconds. Since the index Dt represents the speed of accumulated energy release, the smaller the value of Dt is, the higher the bursting proneness of coal will be. Table 1 presents the classification of the bursting proneness of coal with the indices of Rc, WET, KE, and Dt.Figure 1
Four indices obtained from the uniaxial compressive test and employed to classify the bursting proneness of coal: (a) uniaxial compressive strength (Rc); (b) elastic strain energy index (WET); (c) bursting energy index (KE); (d) duration of dynamic fracture (Dt).
(a)(b)(c)(d)Table 1
Classification of the bursting proneness of coal and indices according to current standard in China [17].
IndicesNo bursting pronenessLow bursting pronenessHigh bursting pronenessElastic energy index (WET)WET < 22 ≤WET < 5WET ≥ 5Bursting energy index (KE)KE < 1.51.5 ≤KE < 5KE ≥ 5Dynamic rupture period (Dt) (ms)Dt > 50050 <Dt ≤ 500Dt ≤ 50Uniaxial compressive strength (Rc)Rc < 77≤Rc < 14Rc ≥ 14


### 2.2. Coal Specimens with Bursting Proneness

A total of 27 coal specimens are taken from the open literature to establish a group of fundament data of the stress-strain curves and bursting proneness indices of specimens [23, 42, 44–49]. As the uniaxial compressive tests in these references are conducted under the same testing standard, the data from these tests are collected and sequenced in order of the values of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), as listed in Table 2. In this study, the USC is actually the bursting proneness index Rc. The elastic strain energy index (WET), the bursting energy index (KE), and the duration of dynamic fracture (Dt) of these coal specimens are also listed. The comprehensive results of bursting proneness are determined according to the current standard in Table 1. Among the 27 specimens, 17 specimens are of high bursting proneness, 6 are of low bursting proneness, and 4 coal specimens are of none bursting proneness. Table 2 also lists the geological conditions of the coal mines in which these specimens were taken. For example, the geological conditions of the Qianqiu coal mine in Yima mining area, Henan Province, China, are characterized with the occurrence of large synclines, reverse fault structures, and extreme thick roof strata [38, 44, 50].Table 2
Coal specimens and values of bursting proneness indices accompanied by geological conditions of the sites from which the specimens were taken.
SpecimensBursting pronenessCoal mineLocationGeological conditionsReferenceRcWETKEDtResultsNo. 127.269.3612.0212.11HighZhaoguHenan, ChinaLarge amounts of faults and subsidiary fold structuresSu et al. [42]No. 225.138.127.4923.75HighTangshanHebei, ChinaExistence of primary folds and large amounts of island longwall mining facePan et al. [44]No. 324.587.527.7931.56HighTangshanHebei, ChinaExistence of primary folds and large amounts of island longwall mining facePan et al. [44]No. 422.707.709.8245.78HighMentougouBeijing, ChinaExistence of thrust faults and overturned rock strata. Fold structures such as syncline and anticline existed alternatelyOkubo et al. [47]No. 521.247.845.9829.51HighTangshanHebei, ChinaExistence of primary folds and large amounts of island longwall mining facePan et al. [44]No. 621.087.2513.4422.70HighMentougouBeijing, ChinaExistence of thrust faults and overturned rock strata. Fold structures such as syncline and anticline existed alternatelyOkubo et al. [47]No. 720.687.516.9156.27HighSanjiaoheShanxi, ChinaA series of developed folds and subsidiary faults existenceLi et al. [46]No. 820.396.1213.2651.68HighPingdingshanHenan, ChinaA series of faults and folds existenceSu et al. [48]No. 920.337.024.9329.87HighMentougouBeijing, ChinaExistence of thrust faults and overturned rock strata. Fold structures such as syncline and anticline existed alternatelyOkubo et al. [47]No. 1020.246.975.8028.78HighPingdingshanHenan, ChinaLarge amounts of faults and subsidiary fold structuresSu et al. [48]No. 1119.537.535.1949.79HighZhaoguHenan, ChinaLarge amounts of faults and subsidiary fold structuresSu et al. [42]No. 1218.656.914.2645.41HighZhangcunShanxi, ChinaCoal seams existed in a monocline fold structureSu et al. [49]No. 1316.716.343.3538.88HighQianqiuHenan, ChinaLarge synclines, reverse fault structures, and extreme thick roof strataPan et al. [44]No. 1416.656.295.1242.32HighChengjiaoHenan, ChinaWide and gentle slope fold structures accompanied by a number of faultsSu et al. [23]No. 1516.095.853.5925.32HighQianqiuHenan, ChinaLarge synclines, reverse fault structures, and extreme thick roof strataPan et al. [44]No. 1615.825.452.8750.88HighQianqiuHenan, ChinaLarge synclines, reverse fault structures, and extreme thick roof strataPan et al. [44]No. 1714.885.834.6258.19HighZhangcunShanxi, ChinaCoal seams existed in a monocline fold structureSu et al. [49]No. 1812.404.602.40167.23LowPingdingshanHenan, ChinaA series of faults and folds existenceSu et al. [48]No. 1911.464.783.5926.45LowChengjiaoHenan, ChinaWide and gentle slope fold structures accompanied by a number of faultsSu et al. [23]No. 2011.034.033.98187.85LowJixiHeilongjiang, ChinaLarge amounts of fault structuresZhang et al. [45]No. 2110.412.732.01267.32LowPingdingshanHenan, ChinaA series of faults and folds existenceSu et al. [48]No. 229.083.512.26368.00LowChengjiaoHenan, ChinaWide and gentle slope fold structures accompanied by a number of faultsSu et al. [23]No. 238.672.972.62110.45LowPingdingshanHenan, ChinaA series of faults and folds existenceSu et al. [48]No. 246.872.480.64548.20NonePingdingshanHenan, ChinaA series of faults and folds existenceSu et al. [48]No. 256.641.991.88517.06NoneChengjiaoHenan, ChinaWide and gentle slope fold structures accompanied by a number of faultsSu et al. [23]No. 266.070.891.29514.40NoneChengjiaoHenan, ChinaWide and gentle slope fold structures accompanied by a number of faultsSu et al. [23]No. 274.981.021.23426.13NoneChengjiaoHenan, ChinaWide and gentle slope fold structures accompanied by a number of faultsSu et al. [23]The stress-strain curves of these 27 coal specimens in the uniaxial compressive tests were also obtained, as shown in Figure2. These curves are grouped and shown into nine subfigures based on coal mines at which specimens were taken. It should be noted that the bursting proneness results obtained from the stress-stain curves merely represent the mechanical characteristics of these 27 specimens rather than the coal seam in these nine coal mines.Figure 2
The stress-strain curves of 27 coal specimens grouped based on coal mines where they are taken: (a) Zhaogu coal mine; (b) Tangshan coal mine; (c) Mentougou coal mine; (d) Sanjiaohe coal mine; (e) Pingdingshan coal mine; (f) Zhangcun coal mine; (g) Qianqiu coal mine; (h) Chengjiao coal mine; (i) Jixi coal mine.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)Although the stress-strain curves and bursting proneness are gained in the uniaxial compressive tests, it is impossible to obtain other important parameters of the specimens such as Young’s modulus, cohesion, friction angle, and tensile strength through the same tests. In this study, the 27 stress-strain curves will be numerically fitted to obtain these parameters.


## 2.1. Standard Indices and Classification of Bursting Proneness

Bursting proneness is an inherent property of coal. It is used to evaluate the risk of coal bumps by assessing the energy accumulation capability of coal. According to the current standard in China, bursting proneness is classified into three levels: high, low, and none [17]. The standard proneness indices include the elastic strain energy index (WET), the bursting energy index (KE), the duration of dynamic fracture (Dt), and uniaxial compressive strength (Rc) [18, 21, 33].As shown in Figure1, these four indices are determined by conducting the uniaxial compressive tests. The uniaxial compressive strength (Rc) is the peak stress of stress and strain curve (Figure 1(a)). The elastic strain energy index (WET) (Figure 1(b)) is the ratio of the elastic energy accumulated, and the dissipated plastic energy before 80–90% of the peak strength of the coal is achieved. The bursting energy index (KE) (Figure 1(c)) is defined as the ratio of the strain energy accumulated before peak strength and the strain energy released after peak strength. The larger the elastic strain energy index and bursting energy index are, the higher the bursting proneness of the coal will be. The duration of dynamic fracture (Dt) (Figure 1(d)) refers to the time span from peak strength to complete failure of coal specimen and is expressed in milliseconds. Since the index Dt represents the speed of accumulated energy release, the smaller the value of Dt is, the higher the bursting proneness of coal will be. Table 1 presents the classification of the bursting proneness of coal with the indices of Rc, WET, KE, and Dt.Figure 1
Four indices obtained from the uniaxial compressive test and employed to classify the bursting proneness of coal: (a) uniaxial compressive strength (Rc); (b) elastic strain energy index (WET); (c) bursting energy index (KE); (d) duration of dynamic fracture (Dt).
(a)(b)(c)(d)Table 1
Classification of the bursting proneness of coal and indices according to current standard in China [17].
IndicesNo bursting pronenessLow bursting pronenessHigh bursting pronenessElastic energy index (WET)WET < 22 ≤WET < 5WET ≥ 5Bursting energy index (KE)KE < 1.51.5 ≤KE < 5KE ≥ 5Dynamic rupture period (Dt) (ms)Dt > 50050 <Dt ≤ 500Dt ≤ 50Uniaxial compressive strength (Rc)Rc < 77≤Rc < 14Rc ≥ 14


## 2.2. Coal Specimens with Bursting Proneness

A total of 27 coal specimens are taken from the open literature to establish a group of fundament data of the stress-strain curves and bursting proneness indices of specimens [23, 42, 44–49]. As the uniaxial compressive tests in these references are conducted under the same testing standard, the data from these tests are collected and sequenced in order of the values of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), as listed in Table 2. In this study, the USC is actually the bursting proneness index Rc. The elastic strain energy index (WET), the bursting energy index (KE), and the duration of dynamic fracture (Dt) of these coal specimens are also listed. The comprehensive results of bursting proneness are determined according to the current standard in Table 1. Among the 27 specimens, 17 specimens are of high bursting proneness, 6 are of low bursting proneness, and 4 coal specimens are of none bursting proneness. Table 2 also lists the geological conditions of the coal mines in which these specimens were taken. For example, the geological conditions of the Qianqiu coal mine in Yima mining area, Henan Province, China, are characterized with the occurrence of large synclines, reverse fault structures, and extreme thick roof strata [38, 44, 50].Table 2
Coal specimens and values of bursting proneness indices accompanied by geological conditions of the sites from which the specimens were taken.
SpecimensBursting pronenessCoal mineLocationGeological conditionsReferenceRcWETKEDtResultsNo. 127.269.3612.0212.11HighZhaoguHenan, ChinaLarge amounts of faults and subsidiary fold structuresSu et al. [42]No. 225.138.127.4923.75HighTangshanHebei, ChinaExistence of primary folds and large amounts of island longwall mining facePan et al. [44]No. 324.587.527.7931.56HighTangshanHebei, ChinaExistence of primary folds and large amounts of island longwall mining facePan et al. [44]No. 422.707.709.8245.78HighMentougouBeijing, ChinaExistence of thrust faults and overturned rock strata. Fold structures such as syncline and anticline existed alternatelyOkubo et al. [47]No. 521.247.845.9829.51HighTangshanHebei, ChinaExistence of primary folds and large amounts of island longwall mining facePan et al. [44]No. 621.087.2513.4422.70HighMentougouBeijing, ChinaExistence of thrust faults and overturned rock strata. Fold structures such as syncline and anticline existed alternatelyOkubo et al. [47]No. 720.687.516.9156.27HighSanjiaoheShanxi, ChinaA series of developed folds and subsidiary faults existenceLi et al. [46]No. 820.396.1213.2651.68HighPingdingshanHenan, ChinaA series of faults and folds existenceSu et al. [48]No. 920.337.024.9329.87HighMentougouBeijing, ChinaExistence of thrust faults and overturned rock strata. Fold structures such as syncline and anticline existed alternatelyOkubo et al. [47]No. 1020.246.975.8028.78HighPingdingshanHenan, ChinaLarge amounts of faults and subsidiary fold structuresSu et al. [48]No. 1119.537.535.1949.79HighZhaoguHenan, ChinaLarge amounts of faults and subsidiary fold structuresSu et al. [42]No. 1218.656.914.2645.41HighZhangcunShanxi, ChinaCoal seams existed in a monocline fold structureSu et al. [49]No. 1316.716.343.3538.88HighQianqiuHenan, ChinaLarge synclines, reverse fault structures, and extreme thick roof strataPan et al. [44]No. 1416.656.295.1242.32HighChengjiaoHenan, ChinaWide and gentle slope fold structures accompanied by a number of faultsSu et al. [23]No. 1516.095.853.5925.32HighQianqiuHenan, ChinaLarge synclines, reverse fault structures, and extreme thick roof strataPan et al. [44]No. 1615.825.452.8750.88HighQianqiuHenan, ChinaLarge synclines, reverse fault structures, and extreme thick roof strataPan et al. [44]No. 1714.885.834.6258.19HighZhangcunShanxi, ChinaCoal seams existed in a monocline fold structureSu et al. [49]No. 1812.404.602.40167.23LowPingdingshanHenan, ChinaA series of faults and folds existenceSu et al. [48]No. 1911.464.783.5926.45LowChengjiaoHenan, ChinaWide and gentle slope fold structures accompanied by a number of faultsSu et al. [23]No. 2011.034.033.98187.85LowJixiHeilongjiang, ChinaLarge amounts of fault structuresZhang et al. [45]No. 2110.412.732.01267.32LowPingdingshanHenan, ChinaA series of faults and folds existenceSu et al. [48]No. 229.083.512.26368.00LowChengjiaoHenan, ChinaWide and gentle slope fold structures accompanied by a number of faultsSu et al. [23]No. 238.672.972.62110.45LowPingdingshanHenan, ChinaA series of faults and folds existenceSu et al. [48]No. 246.872.480.64548.20NonePingdingshanHenan, ChinaA series of faults and folds existenceSu et al. [48]No. 256.641.991.88517.06NoneChengjiaoHenan, ChinaWide and gentle slope fold structures accompanied by a number of faultsSu et al. [23]No. 266.070.891.29514.40NoneChengjiaoHenan, ChinaWide and gentle slope fold structures accompanied by a number of faultsSu et al. [23]No. 274.981.021.23426.13NoneChengjiaoHenan, ChinaWide and gentle slope fold structures accompanied by a number of faultsSu et al. [23]The stress-strain curves of these 27 coal specimens in the uniaxial compressive tests were also obtained, as shown in Figure2. These curves are grouped and shown into nine subfigures based on coal mines at which specimens were taken. It should be noted that the bursting proneness results obtained from the stress-stain curves merely represent the mechanical characteristics of these 27 specimens rather than the coal seam in these nine coal mines.Figure 2
The stress-strain curves of 27 coal specimens grouped based on coal mines where they are taken: (a) Zhaogu coal mine; (b) Tangshan coal mine; (c) Mentougou coal mine; (d) Sanjiaohe coal mine; (e) Pingdingshan coal mine; (f) Zhangcun coal mine; (g) Qianqiu coal mine; (h) Chengjiao coal mine; (i) Jixi coal mine.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)Although the stress-strain curves and bursting proneness are gained in the uniaxial compressive tests, it is impossible to obtain other important parameters of the specimens such as Young’s modulus, cohesion, friction angle, and tensile strength through the same tests. In this study, the 27 stress-strain curves will be numerically fitted to obtain these parameters.


## 3. Correlation between Bursting Proneness and Mechanical Parameters of Coal

### 3.1. Numerical Model and Simulation Scheme

According to the ISRM-suggested methods for rock mechanics, a cylinder with diameter of 50 mm and height of 100 mm is built in ANSYS (Analysis Systems). This ANSYS model is then transferred into FLAC3D (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3-Dimensions) code as the numerical model for simulation, as shown in Figure 3. In this numerical model, FLAC3D mesh elements with size of 2.2 mm × 1.4 mm × 2.5 mm are presented.Figure 3
Numerical model of coal specimen and the uniaxial compressive boundary condition.The failure criterion is the strain-softening model which is based on the Mohr–Coulomb model with nonassociated shear and associated tension flow rules. In this model, the cohesion, friction, and tensile strength may soften after the onset of plastic yield by a user-defined piecewise linear function. Since Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, cohesion, friction angle, and tensile strength of the 27 coal specimens were not given in the cited literature studies, the initial mechanical parameters are empirically determined according to the UCS, as listed in Table3 [51]. Based on the stress-strain curve in Figure 2, the numerical curves will be fitted by adjusting the initial parameter until curves are well fitted with a set of appropriate parameters which are then taken as the parameters of the specimens.Table 3
Empirical parameters initially used in the numerical simulation [51].
UCS (MPa)Young’s modulus (GPa)Poisson’s ratioCohesion (MPa)Friction angle (°)Tensile strength (MPa)4.90–10.00.29–2.450.1–0.300.98–9.8119–400.24–5.799.81–15.72.45–6.370.1–0.301.96–3.9228–351.47–2.4519.6–49.08.83–22.600.1–0.353.92–5.8835–451.96–9.81A coordinate system is selected with thex- and y-axes located in the base of the cylinder and the z-axis pointing along the cylinder axis. On the basis of applying fixed displacement boundary conditions at the bottom of model, a constant velocity of 5 × 10−5 mm/step is applied in the z-direction at top of the cylinder to induce compression of the specimen, as shown in Figure 3.In this study, the numerical simulation is performed according to the following procedure:Step 1: numerical fitting of the stress-strain curves of the 27 coal specimens with uniform distribution of mechanical parameters.Step 2: to obtain the mechanical parameters of the 27 coal specimens, e.g., Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, cohesion, friction angle, tensile strength, and uniaxial compressive strength.Step 3: study on heterogeneity by probability distribution.Step 4: nonuniform parameter assignment to the numerical model.Step 5: study of the influence of nonuniform distribution of mechanical parameters on UCS of coal specimen.Step 6: study of coal bursting proneness and failure.


### 3.2. Numerical Fitting of Stress-Strain Curve and Relevant Parameters

Figure4 presents the numerical fitted stress-strain curves of the 27 specimens. In order to ensure the accuracy of the fitting results, the fitting degree between the numerical fitting curve and the experimental curve is calculated. The fitting degree refers to the fitting degree of the regression line to the observed value. The statistical measure of the goodness of fit is the determinable coefficient (also known as the determination coefficient) R2, and the distribution interval is (0, 1). The larger the R2 is, the better the fitting degree is:(1)R2=SSRSST=1−SSESST,where SSR is the sum of squares of regression, SSE is the sum of squares of residuals, and SST is the sum of squares of total deviations. The calculation formula of R2 is further derived, and the results are as follows:(2)R2=1−∑i=1ny^i−y¯2∑i=1nyi−y¯2,where yi is the real observation value, the stress value of the test curve is substituted in the calculation, y¯ is the average value of the real observation, the average value of the stress value of the selected test curve is substituted in the calculation, y^ is the fitting value, and the stress value of the curve obtained by numerical fitting is substituted in the calculation.Figure 4
Numerical fitted stress-strain and unload curves of the 27 coal specimens by the uniaxial compressive test: (a) No .1 to No. 9 coal specimens. (b) No. 10 to No. 18 coal specimens. (c) No. 19 to No. 27 coal specimens.
(a)(b)(c)It is revealed that numerical fitted stress-strain curves can be used to study the mechanical parameters of coal specimens as most of fitting coefficientsR2 between test and numerical results are greater than 98%. To calculate the dissipated plastic energy before 80–90% of the coal peak strength, Figure 4 presents the unload stress-strain curve. Table 4 lists the numerical parameters determined by numerically fitting the 27 stress-strain curves in the uniaxial compressive test. In the process of fitting, we find that the elastic modulus affects the time of the peak value appears. The larger the elastic modulus is, the earlier the peak value of the curve appears, the cohesion affects the peak value of the curve, the higher the cohesion, the greater the peak strength of the curve, and the friction angle affects the peak strength and the postpeak section of the curve. The larger the friction angle, the greater the peak value of the curve and the greater the brittleness of the postpeak segment is. Tensile strength and Poisson’s ratio have little influence on the curve. According to the data in Table 4, when the uniaxial compressive strength changes from 27.26 MPa to 4.98 MPa, the cohesion changes from 6.82 MPa to 1.19 MPa, and the change amplitude is the most obvious among all the parameters. Therefore, the remaining parameters are regarded as constants, ignoring the influence of these parameters on bursting proneness. It should be pointed out that in this paper, No. 7 and No. 8 coal are determined as high bursting proneness according to RC, WET, and KE indexes, and low bursting proneness according to Dt indexes; No. 16 and No. 17 coal are determined as bursting proneness according to RC and WET indexes, and low impact tendency according to KE and Dt indexes. There are still similar problems in the data in the table, which are not listed here one by one. Therefore, the existing identification index has the problem of inconsistent identification results.Table 4
The mechanical parameters determined by numerically fitting the stress-strain curve in the uniaxial compressive test.
SpecimensYoung’s modulus (GPa)Poisson’s ratioUCS (MPa)CohesionFriction angleTensile strengthOriginal value (MPa)Softening rate (%)Residual value (MPa)Original value (°)Softening rate (%)Residual value (°)Original value (MPa)Softening rate (%)Residual value (MPa)No. 13.690.2227.266.820.201.00370.20352.870.200No. 23.500.2225.136.205.200.30375.20352.895.200No. 33.650.2224.586.072.800.50372.80352.432.800No. 43.580.2222.705.581.801.50371.80352.431.800No. 53.930.2221.245.254.150.30374.15332.164.150No. 63.570.2221.084.732.100.51412.10392.182.100No. 73.820.2320.685.107.000.50377.00352.217.000No. 83.150.2220.395.054.700.50374.70352.204.700No. 93.810.2220.335.022.150.50372.15352.102.150No. 103.080.2220.244.984.051.50374.05352.034.050No. 113.220.2219.534.811.200.50381.20352.071.200No. 123.270.2518.654.825.000.30355.00311.915.000No. 133.020.2216.714.023.500.50373.50351.783.500No. 142.860.2216.654.104.200.10374.20352.024.200No. 152.470.2216.093.974.320.50374.32351.774.320No. 162.900.2215.823.895.800.28375.80351.535.800No. 173.240.2514.883.852.400.30352.40311.542.400No. 182.560.2312.403.033.500.50353.50321.243.500No. 192.330.2811.463.635.700.10255.70221.185.700No. 201.870.2411.033.105.000.60315.00271.145.000No. 211.830.2410.412.797.500.15337.50291.017.500No. 221.780.279.082.201.900.80351.90310.931.900No. 231.340.258.672.394.500.30324.50280.894.500No. 242.020.226.871.662.500.20372.50350.752.500No. 251.780.226.641.473.200.01413.20390.703.200No. 261.770.226.071.464.000.01374.00350.674.000No. 271.160.224.981.193.550.10373.55350.553.550As shown in Figure1, the bursting proneness indices are calculated by the area under the stress-strain curves. It can be seen from Figure 4 that the prepeak strength curves, postpeak strength curves, and the unload curves are approximately regarded as linear lines. To list these three linear equations for 27 specimens, the No. 12 coal specimen is taken as an example to approximately present, as shown in Figure 5.Figure 5
The functional equations of stress-strain curve before peak strength, the unload curve before 80–90% of peak strength, and the curve after peak strength for No. 12 coal specimen.In this study, the functional equations of these three curves can be assumed as(3)y=E1x,y=E2x−b2,y=−E3x+b3,respectively, and the parameters of E1, E2, E3, b2, and b3 are the slope and intercept of these three linear curves. By calculating the fitted stress-strain curves, the values of slope and intercept for the 27 coal specimens are listed in Table 5. In this table, the UCS of coal specimens is listed as well.Table 5
Parameters ofE1, E2, and E3 of stress-strain curve before peak strength, unload curve before 80–90% of peak strength, and curve after peak strength of the 27 coal specimens.
SpecimensE1E2E3UCS (MPa)No. 13.694.8079.0227.26No. 23.504.2473.1225.13No. 33.654.4370.3524.58No. 43.586.6755.3322.70No. 53.934.4350.1321.24No. 63.574.3235.1621.08No. 73.824.5330.6520.68No. 83.153.6635.9320.39No. 93.814.5828.3320.33No. 103.083.7327.6320.24No. 113.223.8622.3719.53No. 123.273.7421.6618.65No. 133.023.7320.9816.71No. 142.863.7314.9916.65No. 152.472.8920.2716.09No. 162.903.4318.1715.82No. 173.243.7915.0914.88No. 182.563.5114.2012.40No. 192.333.0013.7211.46No. 201.872.3410.5211.03No. 211.832.505.0210.41No. 221.782.463.379.08No. 231.342.325.538.67No. 242.022.981.566.87No. 251.782.841.806.64No. 261.772.622.496.07No. 271.162.461.974.98Figure6 shows the relation between the parameters of E1, E2, E3, and the UCS. It is revealed that the E1 and E2 approximately increase linearly with the increase of the UCS while an exponential relation between E3 and UCS can be assumed. Therefore, the relational equation between the parameters of E1, E2, E3, and UCS can be assumed as(4)E1=k1Rc+e1,(5)E2=k2Rc+e2,(6)E3=k3Rce3,where k1, k2, k3, e1, e2, and e3 are constant coefficients of these three equations; Rc is the UCS of coal specimens.Figure 6
The variation ofE1, E2, and E3 versus the UCS of 27 coal specimens.According to the coefficients of curves in Figure5, the intercepts of unload and postpeak strength curves are, respectively,(7)b2=E2E1−1nRc,(8)b3=1+E3E1Rc,where the parameter n is a ratio between 80% and 90% of the peak strength of coal.According to the numerical parameters of these coal specimens in Table4 and corresponding bursting proneness indices in Table 2, Figure 7 is drawn to study the relationship between the bursting proneness indices and cohesion and to reveal the effectiveness of coal properties on the bursting proneness of coal. In addition, the theoretical relation between bursting proneness indices and cohesion is deduced for comparison with the numerical results, as shown in Figure 7. The two dash lines in these figures are drawn to represent the minimum boundary of high bursting proneness (red lines) and minimum boundary of low bursting proneness (orange lines).Figure 7
The relationship between bursting proneness indices and cohesion: (a) IndexRc (UCS). (b) Index WET. (c) Index KE (d) Index Dt and postpeak strain.
(a)(b)(c)(d)


### 3.3. Relation between IndexRc and Cohesion

Figure7(a) presents the relation between bursting proneness index Rc and cohesion. It is revealed that the index Rc linearly increases with the increase of cohesion. According to the theory of Mohr–Coulomb criterion, the UCS or index Rc is related to cohesion and friction angle by(9)Rc=2Ccosφ1−sinφ,where C is cohesion and φ is friction angle of coal specimens.According to equation (9), if the friction angle φ is constant, the theoretical linear relation between cohesion and index Rc can be obtained. Theoretical and numerical results are in good agreement, as shown in Figure 7(a). In addition, it also can be seen that coal is of high bursting proneness when its cohesion is approximately greater than 3.5 MPa and it is of low bursting proneness when the cohesion is approximately greater than 2.0 MPa.


### 3.4. Relation between IndexWET and Cohesion

Figure7(b) presents the relation between bursting proneness index WET and cohesion. It can be seen from the numerical results that the index WET approximately linearly increases with the increase of cohesion.According to the current standard in China, the indexWET is calculated as a ratio of the elastic energy accumulated and the dissipated plastic energy before 80–90% of the coal peak strength [17]. As shown in Figures 1 and 5, elastic energy accumulated (Se) and the dissipated plastic energy (Sp) before 80–90% of the peak strength are calculated as(10)Se=∫b2/E2nRc/E1E2x−b2dx=12nRcE1−b2E2nRc,(11)Sp=∫0nRc/E1E1xdx−∫b2/E2nRc/E1E2x−b2dx=12b2E2nRc.Substituting equations (4), (5), and (7) into equations (10) and (11), then the index WET is calculated as(12)WET=SeSp=E2E1b2nRc−1=E1E2−E1=k1Rc+e1k2−k1Rc+e2−e1.Substitution of equation (9) into equation (12) gives the relation between index WET and cohesion as(13)WET=2Ck1cosφ+e11−sinφ2Ck2−k1cosφ+e2−e11−sinφ.Therefore, if the friction angleφ is constant, an approximate linear relation between index WET and cohesion holds. This theoretical relation is identical with the numerical results, as shown in Figure 7(b). It also can be revealed that a specimen is of the high bursting proneness when its cohesion is greater than 3.5 MPa and the low bursting proneness is regarded when the cohesion is approximately greater than 1.5 MPa.


### 3.5. Relation between IndexKE and Cohesion

Figure7(c) presents the relation between bursting proneness index KE and cohesion. It can be seen that the index KE increases with the increase of cohesion. The index KE gradually increases as the cohesion increases from 1.5 to 3.5 MPa, and then it sharply increases when the cohesion is greater than 3.5–4.0 MPa.According to the current standard in China, the bursting energy index (KE) (Figure 1(b)) is a ratio of the strain energy accumulated before peak strength and the strain energy released after peak strength [17]. As shown in Figures 1 and 5, strain energy accumulated before peak strength (Spre) and strain energy released after peak strength (Spost) are, respectively, calculated with equations (14) and (15) as(14)Spre=∫0Rc/E1E1xdx=Rc22E1,(15)Spost=∫Rc/E1b3/E3−E3x+b3dx=12b3E3−RcE1Rc.Substituting equations (4), (6), and (8) into equations (14) and (15), then the index KE is calculated as(16)KE=SpreSpost=Rc/E1b3/E3−Rc/E1=E3E1=k3Rce3k1Rc+e1.Substitution of equation (9) into equation (16) gives the relation between index KE and cohesion as(17)KE=k32Ccosφe32k1Ccosφ1−sinφe3−1+e11−sinφe3.If the friction angleφ is constant, a power functional relation between index KE and cohesion is obtained. This theoretical relation is consistent with the numerical results, as shown in Figure 7(c). It also can be seen that the high bursting proneness is warranted when the cohesion is approximately greater than 4.0 MPa and the low bursting proneness is assumed when the cohesion is approximately greater than 1.5 MPa.


### 3.6. Relation between IndexDt and Cohesion

Figure7(d) presents the relation between bursting proneness index Dt and cohesion. It can be seen that the index Dt decreases with the increase of cohesion. The index Dt sharply decreases when the cohesion increases from 1.5 to 3.5 MPa while it gradually decreases when the cohesion is over 3.5–4.0 MPa.According to Figure1, the postpeak strain and dynamic fracturing duration (Dt) are equivalent to illustrate the span from peak strength to complete failure of coal specimen. Therefore, the dynamic fracturing duration (Dt) can be replaced by the postpeak strain in this part to study the relation between index Dt and cohesion. The postpeak strain can be calculated as(18)εpost=RcE3=1k3Rce3−1.Substitution of equation (9) into equation (18) gives the relation between postpeak strain and cohesion as(19)εpost=RcE3=1−sinφe3−1k32Ccosφe3−1.If the friction angleφ is constant, a power functional relation between the postpeak strain and cohesion can be obtained, which is found to be in good agreement with the numerical results, as shown in Figure 7(d). It also can be seen that the specimen is of high bursting proneness when the cohesion is approximately greater than 4.0 MPa and the low bursting proneness is reached when the cohesion is greater than 1.5 MPa.


## 3.1. Numerical Model and Simulation Scheme

According to the ISRM-suggested methods for rock mechanics, a cylinder with diameter of 50 mm and height of 100 mm is built in ANSYS (Analysis Systems). This ANSYS model is then transferred into FLAC3D (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3-Dimensions) code as the numerical model for simulation, as shown in Figure 3. In this numerical model, FLAC3D mesh elements with size of 2.2 mm × 1.4 mm × 2.5 mm are presented.Figure 3
Numerical model of coal specimen and the uniaxial compressive boundary condition.The failure criterion is the strain-softening model which is based on the Mohr–Coulomb model with nonassociated shear and associated tension flow rules. In this model, the cohesion, friction, and tensile strength may soften after the onset of plastic yield by a user-defined piecewise linear function. Since Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, cohesion, friction angle, and tensile strength of the 27 coal specimens were not given in the cited literature studies, the initial mechanical parameters are empirically determined according to the UCS, as listed in Table3 [51]. Based on the stress-strain curve in Figure 2, the numerical curves will be fitted by adjusting the initial parameter until curves are well fitted with a set of appropriate parameters which are then taken as the parameters of the specimens.Table 3
Empirical parameters initially used in the numerical simulation [51].
UCS (MPa)Young’s modulus (GPa)Poisson’s ratioCohesion (MPa)Friction angle (°)Tensile strength (MPa)4.90–10.00.29–2.450.1–0.300.98–9.8119–400.24–5.799.81–15.72.45–6.370.1–0.301.96–3.9228–351.47–2.4519.6–49.08.83–22.600.1–0.353.92–5.8835–451.96–9.81A coordinate system is selected with thex- and y-axes located in the base of the cylinder and the z-axis pointing along the cylinder axis. On the basis of applying fixed displacement boundary conditions at the bottom of model, a constant velocity of 5 × 10−5 mm/step is applied in the z-direction at top of the cylinder to induce compression of the specimen, as shown in Figure 3.In this study, the numerical simulation is performed according to the following procedure:Step 1: numerical fitting of the stress-strain curves of the 27 coal specimens with uniform distribution of mechanical parameters.Step 2: to obtain the mechanical parameters of the 27 coal specimens, e.g., Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, cohesion, friction angle, tensile strength, and uniaxial compressive strength.Step 3: study on heterogeneity by probability distribution.Step 4: nonuniform parameter assignment to the numerical model.Step 5: study of the influence of nonuniform distribution of mechanical parameters on UCS of coal specimen.Step 6: study of coal bursting proneness and failure.


## 3.2. Numerical Fitting of Stress-Strain Curve and Relevant Parameters

Figure4 presents the numerical fitted stress-strain curves of the 27 specimens. In order to ensure the accuracy of the fitting results, the fitting degree between the numerical fitting curve and the experimental curve is calculated. The fitting degree refers to the fitting degree of the regression line to the observed value. The statistical measure of the goodness of fit is the determinable coefficient (also known as the determination coefficient) R2, and the distribution interval is (0, 1). The larger the R2 is, the better the fitting degree is:(1)R2=SSRSST=1−SSESST,where SSR is the sum of squares of regression, SSE is the sum of squares of residuals, and SST is the sum of squares of total deviations. The calculation formula of R2 is further derived, and the results are as follows:(2)R2=1−∑i=1ny^i−y¯2∑i=1nyi−y¯2,where yi is the real observation value, the stress value of the test curve is substituted in the calculation, y¯ is the average value of the real observation, the average value of the stress value of the selected test curve is substituted in the calculation, y^ is the fitting value, and the stress value of the curve obtained by numerical fitting is substituted in the calculation.Figure 4
Numerical fitted stress-strain and unload curves of the 27 coal specimens by the uniaxial compressive test: (a) No .1 to No. 9 coal specimens. (b) No. 10 to No. 18 coal specimens. (c) No. 19 to No. 27 coal specimens.
(a)(b)(c)It is revealed that numerical fitted stress-strain curves can be used to study the mechanical parameters of coal specimens as most of fitting coefficientsR2 between test and numerical results are greater than 98%. To calculate the dissipated plastic energy before 80–90% of the coal peak strength, Figure 4 presents the unload stress-strain curve. Table 4 lists the numerical parameters determined by numerically fitting the 27 stress-strain curves in the uniaxial compressive test. In the process of fitting, we find that the elastic modulus affects the time of the peak value appears. The larger the elastic modulus is, the earlier the peak value of the curve appears, the cohesion affects the peak value of the curve, the higher the cohesion, the greater the peak strength of the curve, and the friction angle affects the peak strength and the postpeak section of the curve. The larger the friction angle, the greater the peak value of the curve and the greater the brittleness of the postpeak segment is. Tensile strength and Poisson’s ratio have little influence on the curve. According to the data in Table 4, when the uniaxial compressive strength changes from 27.26 MPa to 4.98 MPa, the cohesion changes from 6.82 MPa to 1.19 MPa, and the change amplitude is the most obvious among all the parameters. Therefore, the remaining parameters are regarded as constants, ignoring the influence of these parameters on bursting proneness. It should be pointed out that in this paper, No. 7 and No. 8 coal are determined as high bursting proneness according to RC, WET, and KE indexes, and low bursting proneness according to Dt indexes; No. 16 and No. 17 coal are determined as bursting proneness according to RC and WET indexes, and low impact tendency according to KE and Dt indexes. There are still similar problems in the data in the table, which are not listed here one by one. Therefore, the existing identification index has the problem of inconsistent identification results.Table 4
The mechanical parameters determined by numerically fitting the stress-strain curve in the uniaxial compressive test.
SpecimensYoung’s modulus (GPa)Poisson’s ratioUCS (MPa)CohesionFriction angleTensile strengthOriginal value (MPa)Softening rate (%)Residual value (MPa)Original value (°)Softening rate (%)Residual value (°)Original value (MPa)Softening rate (%)Residual value (MPa)No. 13.690.2227.266.820.201.00370.20352.870.200No. 23.500.2225.136.205.200.30375.20352.895.200No. 33.650.2224.586.072.800.50372.80352.432.800No. 43.580.2222.705.581.801.50371.80352.431.800No. 53.930.2221.245.254.150.30374.15332.164.150No. 63.570.2221.084.732.100.51412.10392.182.100No. 73.820.2320.685.107.000.50377.00352.217.000No. 83.150.2220.395.054.700.50374.70352.204.700No. 93.810.2220.335.022.150.50372.15352.102.150No. 103.080.2220.244.984.051.50374.05352.034.050No. 113.220.2219.534.811.200.50381.20352.071.200No. 123.270.2518.654.825.000.30355.00311.915.000No. 133.020.2216.714.023.500.50373.50351.783.500No. 142.860.2216.654.104.200.10374.20352.024.200No. 152.470.2216.093.974.320.50374.32351.774.320No. 162.900.2215.823.895.800.28375.80351.535.800No. 173.240.2514.883.852.400.30352.40311.542.400No. 182.560.2312.403.033.500.50353.50321.243.500No. 192.330.2811.463.635.700.10255.70221.185.700No. 201.870.2411.033.105.000.60315.00271.145.000No. 211.830.2410.412.797.500.15337.50291.017.500No. 221.780.279.082.201.900.80351.90310.931.900No. 231.340.258.672.394.500.30324.50280.894.500No. 242.020.226.871.662.500.20372.50350.752.500No. 251.780.226.641.473.200.01413.20390.703.200No. 261.770.226.071.464.000.01374.00350.674.000No. 271.160.224.981.193.550.10373.55350.553.550As shown in Figure1, the bursting proneness indices are calculated by the area under the stress-strain curves. It can be seen from Figure 4 that the prepeak strength curves, postpeak strength curves, and the unload curves are approximately regarded as linear lines. To list these three linear equations for 27 specimens, the No. 12 coal specimen is taken as an example to approximately present, as shown in Figure 5.Figure 5
The functional equations of stress-strain curve before peak strength, the unload curve before 80–90% of peak strength, and the curve after peak strength for No. 12 coal specimen.In this study, the functional equations of these three curves can be assumed as(3)y=E1x,y=E2x−b2,y=−E3x+b3,respectively, and the parameters of E1, E2, E3, b2, and b3 are the slope and intercept of these three linear curves. By calculating the fitted stress-strain curves, the values of slope and intercept for the 27 coal specimens are listed in Table 5. In this table, the UCS of coal specimens is listed as well.Table 5
Parameters ofE1, E2, and E3 of stress-strain curve before peak strength, unload curve before 80–90% of peak strength, and curve after peak strength of the 27 coal specimens.
SpecimensE1E2E3UCS (MPa)No. 13.694.8079.0227.26No. 23.504.2473.1225.13No. 33.654.4370.3524.58No. 43.586.6755.3322.70No. 53.934.4350.1321.24No. 63.574.3235.1621.08No. 73.824.5330.6520.68No. 83.153.6635.9320.39No. 93.814.5828.3320.33No. 103.083.7327.6320.24No. 113.223.8622.3719.53No. 123.273.7421.6618.65No. 133.023.7320.9816.71No. 142.863.7314.9916.65No. 152.472.8920.2716.09No. 162.903.4318.1715.82No. 173.243.7915.0914.88No. 182.563.5114.2012.40No. 192.333.0013.7211.46No. 201.872.3410.5211.03No. 211.832.505.0210.41No. 221.782.463.379.08No. 231.342.325.538.67No. 242.022.981.566.87No. 251.782.841.806.64No. 261.772.622.496.07No. 271.162.461.974.98Figure6 shows the relation between the parameters of E1, E2, E3, and the UCS. It is revealed that the E1 and E2 approximately increase linearly with the increase of the UCS while an exponential relation between E3 and UCS can be assumed. Therefore, the relational equation between the parameters of E1, E2, E3, and UCS can be assumed as(4)E1=k1Rc+e1,(5)E2=k2Rc+e2,(6)E3=k3Rce3,where k1, k2, k3, e1, e2, and e3 are constant coefficients of these three equations; Rc is the UCS of coal specimens.Figure 6
The variation ofE1, E2, and E3 versus the UCS of 27 coal specimens.According to the coefficients of curves in Figure5, the intercepts of unload and postpeak strength curves are, respectively,(7)b2=E2E1−1nRc,(8)b3=1+E3E1Rc,where the parameter n is a ratio between 80% and 90% of the peak strength of coal.According to the numerical parameters of these coal specimens in Table4 and corresponding bursting proneness indices in Table 2, Figure 7 is drawn to study the relationship between the bursting proneness indices and cohesion and to reveal the effectiveness of coal properties on the bursting proneness of coal. In addition, the theoretical relation between bursting proneness indices and cohesion is deduced for comparison with the numerical results, as shown in Figure 7. The two dash lines in these figures are drawn to represent the minimum boundary of high bursting proneness (red lines) and minimum boundary of low bursting proneness (orange lines).Figure 7
The relationship between bursting proneness indices and cohesion: (a) IndexRc (UCS). (b) Index WET. (c) Index KE (d) Index Dt and postpeak strain.
(a)(b)(c)(d)


## 3.3. Relation between IndexRc and Cohesion

Figure7(a) presents the relation between bursting proneness index Rc and cohesion. It is revealed that the index Rc linearly increases with the increase of cohesion. According to the theory of Mohr–Coulomb criterion, the UCS or index Rc is related to cohesion and friction angle by(9)Rc=2Ccosφ1−sinφ,where C is cohesion and φ is friction angle of coal specimens.According to equation (9), if the friction angle φ is constant, the theoretical linear relation between cohesion and index Rc can be obtained. Theoretical and numerical results are in good agreement, as shown in Figure 7(a). In addition, it also can be seen that coal is of high bursting proneness when its cohesion is approximately greater than 3.5 MPa and it is of low bursting proneness when the cohesion is approximately greater than 2.0 MPa.


## 3.4. Relation between IndexWET and Cohesion

Figure7(b) presents the relation between bursting proneness index WET and cohesion. It can be seen from the numerical results that the index WET approximately linearly increases with the increase of cohesion.According to the current standard in China, the indexWET is calculated as a ratio of the elastic energy accumulated and the dissipated plastic energy before 80–90% of the coal peak strength [17]. As shown in Figures 1 and 5, elastic energy accumulated (Se) and the dissipated plastic energy (Sp) before 80–90% of the peak strength are calculated as(10)Se=∫b2/E2nRc/E1E2x−b2dx=12nRcE1−b2E2nRc,(11)Sp=∫0nRc/E1E1xdx−∫b2/E2nRc/E1E2x−b2dx=12b2E2nRc.Substituting equations (4), (5), and (7) into equations (10) and (11), then the index WET is calculated as(12)WET=SeSp=E2E1b2nRc−1=E1E2−E1=k1Rc+e1k2−k1Rc+e2−e1.Substitution of equation (9) into equation (12) gives the relation between index WET and cohesion as(13)WET=2Ck1cosφ+e11−sinφ2Ck2−k1cosφ+e2−e11−sinφ.Therefore, if the friction angleφ is constant, an approximate linear relation between index WET and cohesion holds. This theoretical relation is identical with the numerical results, as shown in Figure 7(b). It also can be revealed that a specimen is of the high bursting proneness when its cohesion is greater than 3.5 MPa and the low bursting proneness is regarded when the cohesion is approximately greater than 1.5 MPa.


## 3.5. Relation between IndexKE and Cohesion

Figure7(c) presents the relation between bursting proneness index KE and cohesion. It can be seen that the index KE increases with the increase of cohesion. The index KE gradually increases as the cohesion increases from 1.5 to 3.5 MPa, and then it sharply increases when the cohesion is greater than 3.5–4.0 MPa.According to the current standard in China, the bursting energy index (KE) (Figure 1(b)) is a ratio of the strain energy accumulated before peak strength and the strain energy released after peak strength [17]. As shown in Figures 1 and 5, strain energy accumulated before peak strength (Spre) and strain energy released after peak strength (Spost) are, respectively, calculated with equations (14) and (15) as(14)Spre=∫0Rc/E1E1xdx=Rc22E1,(15)Spost=∫Rc/E1b3/E3−E3x+b3dx=12b3E3−RcE1Rc.Substituting equations (4), (6), and (8) into equations (14) and (15), then the index KE is calculated as(16)KE=SpreSpost=Rc/E1b3/E3−Rc/E1=E3E1=k3Rce3k1Rc+e1.Substitution of equation (9) into equation (16) gives the relation between index KE and cohesion as(17)KE=k32Ccosφe32k1Ccosφ1−sinφe3−1+e11−sinφe3.If the friction angleφ is constant, a power functional relation between index KE and cohesion is obtained. This theoretical relation is consistent with the numerical results, as shown in Figure 7(c). It also can be seen that the high bursting proneness is warranted when the cohesion is approximately greater than 4.0 MPa and the low bursting proneness is assumed when the cohesion is approximately greater than 1.5 MPa.


## 3.6. Relation between IndexDt and Cohesion

Figure7(d) presents the relation between bursting proneness index Dt and cohesion. It can be seen that the index Dt decreases with the increase of cohesion. The index Dt sharply decreases when the cohesion increases from 1.5 to 3.5 MPa while it gradually decreases when the cohesion is over 3.5–4.0 MPa.According to Figure1, the postpeak strain and dynamic fracturing duration (Dt) are equivalent to illustrate the span from peak strength to complete failure of coal specimen. Therefore, the dynamic fracturing duration (Dt) can be replaced by the postpeak strain in this part to study the relation between index Dt and cohesion. The postpeak strain can be calculated as(18)εpost=RcE3=1k3Rce3−1.Substitution of equation (9) into equation (18) gives the relation between postpeak strain and cohesion as(19)εpost=RcE3=1−sinφe3−1k32Ccosφe3−1.If the friction angleφ is constant, a power functional relation between the postpeak strain and cohesion can be obtained, which is found to be in good agreement with the numerical results, as shown in Figure 7(d). It also can be seen that the specimen is of high bursting proneness when the cohesion is approximately greater than 4.0 MPa and the low bursting proneness is reached when the cohesion is greater than 1.5 MPa.


## 4. Numerical Simulation of Coal Heterogeneity

### 4.1. Numerically Assignment of Nonuniform Distribution of Coal Parameter

Coal heterogeneity is a major factor to influence its mechanical behaviors, such as the UCS, shear strength, failure behavior, crack evolution, and bursting proneness [39, 52–56]. Probability distribution is a widely used method to statistically describe the distribution in mechanical properties of materials and analyze the characteristics of rock and coal heterogeneity.In this study, the influence of nonuniform distribution of cohesion on the coal strength (UCS) is mainly analyzed. Eight types of probability distribution functions are employed to assignment cohesion to the numerical model. Table6 lists these eight probability density functions and their relative parameters such as mathematical expectation, variance, and standard deviation. The mathematical expectation can be approximately regarded as the average value, and standard deviation is a parameter to represent the scatter degree of cohesion in the numerical model. The greater the standard deviation is, the larger the scatter degree of cohesion in the numerical model will be.Table 6
Eight probability density functions employed to simulate the heterogeneous distribution of cohesions in the numerical model.
DistributionProbability density function (x > 0)Mathematical expectationVarianceStandard deviationWeibullfx=m/x0x/x0m−1e−x/x0mx0Γ1/m+1x02Γ2/m+1−Γ1/m+12x0Γ2/m+1−Γ1/m+12Normalfx=1/2πσe−x−μ2/2σ2μσ2σRayleighfx=x/σ2e−x2/2σ2π/2σ4−π/2σ24−π/2σChi-squarefx=12n/2Γn/2xn/2−1e−x/2n2n2nStudent’sfx=Γn+1/2/nπΓn/21+x2/n−n+1/20n/n−2,n>2n/n−2,n>2Exponentfx=1/λe−x/λλλ2λCauchyfx=1/πλ/λ2+x−a2———Fisherfx=Γn1+n2/2n1/n2n1/n2xn1/2−1/Γn1/2Γn2/21+n1/n2xn1+n2/2n2/n2−2,n2>22n22n1+n2−2/n1n2−22n2−4,n2>4n2/n2−22n1+n2−2/n1n2−4,n2>4The No. 12 coal specimen is taken again as an example in this part. The cohesion of this specimen is 4.82 MPa under homogeneous conditions, as listed in Table4. The cohesion of 4.82 MPa could be set as the average value and can be regarded as the mathematical expectation. Then, eight intervals of cohesion with decreasing scatter degree are selected, including 0.82–8.82 MPa, 1.32–8.32 MPa, 1.82–7.82 MPa, 2.32–7.32 MPa, 2.82–6.82 MPa, 3.32–6.32 MPa, 3.82–5.82 MPa, and 4.32–5.32 MPa. Table 7 lists the standard deviation of the probability distributions for these eight intervals.Table 7
Values of standard deviation of the eight probability distributions under eight cohesion scatter intervals.
DistributionCohesion intervals (MPa)0.82–8.821.32–8.321.82–7.822.32–7.322.82–6.823.32–6.323.82–5.824.32–5.32Weibull2.782.392.021.661.310.980.640.32Normal2.792.412.051.691.340.990.660.33Rayleigh2.572.241.911.581.260.940.620.31Chi-square2.642.322.001.661.330.990.660.33Student’s2.772.412.061.701.351.000.660.33Exponent2.272.021.751.471.190.890.600.30Cauchy2.562.332.031.701.351.010.670.33Fisher2.382.181.911.621.310.990.660.33Since the coal specimen is an axisymmetric cylinder which is obtained by laboratory drilling, the strength of the specimen center is generally greater than that of the specimen edge. Therefore, nonuniform cohesion will be assigned to the numerical model from the center to edge of cross section according to the above eight distribution functions. Figure8 shows the nonuniform cohesion assignment results in coal specimen under the eight cohesion scatter intervals. In these figures, the curves reflect the cohesion variation in the model cross section from center to edge while the contours present the distribution of cohesion in the cross section.Figure 8
Nonuniform cohesion assignment results in coal specimen under eight cohesion scatter intervals: (a) cohesion interval of 0.82–8.82 MPa, (b) cohesion interval of 1.32–8.32 MPa, (c) cohesion interval of 1.82–7.82 MPa, (d) cohesion interval of 2.32–7.32 MPa, (e) cohesion interval of 2.82–6.82 MPa, (f) cohesion interval of 3.32–6.32 MPa, (g) cohesion interval of 3.82–5.82 MPa, and (h) cohesion interval of 4.32–5.32 MPa.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)


### 4.2. Influence of Scatter Degree of Cohesion on the UCS

Since the UCS is one of the indices to evaluate the bursting proneness of coal, it is selected to study the bursting proneness in this part. Figure9 presents the stress-strain curves of No. 12 coal specimen under nonuniform cohesion distribution in the model. In these figures, the stress-strain curve under the uniform assignment of cohesion is also drawn to analyze the differences between the homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanical characteristics. It can be seen that the UCS decreases with the increasing of scatter degree. All of the stress-strain curves suggest that the UCS of coal specimen with nonuniform cohesion is lower than that of homogeneous coal. With the decreasing of cohesion scatter degree, the stress-strain curve of coal specimen is more and more close to the stress-strain curve under homogeneous condition. In addition, the stress-strain curves of coal specimen are getting closer and closer to each other with the decreasing of cohesion scatter degree. However, the relationship between the UCS and cohesion scatter degree is not linear. To in-depth study their relationships, Figure 10 presents the numerical results of UCS under the different standard deviations for eight probability distributions. In this figure, it is revealed that the UCS nonlinearly decreases with the increasing standard deviation. The greater the standard deviation is, the larger the scatter degree of cohesion in the numerical model will be. Therefore, the UCS of coal specimen will nonlinearly decrease with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree. In other words, UCS of coal specimen will decrease rapidly with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree. Since USC is a bursting proneness index, the coal bursting proneness will decrease with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree. The larger the cohesion scatter degree increase is, the lower the bursting proneness will be.Figure 9
Stress-strain curves of No. 12 coal specimen under nonuniform cohesion distribution in the model with eight different scatter intervals: (a) cohesion interval of 0.82–8.82 MPa, (b) cohesion interval of 1.32–8.32 MPa, (c) cohesion interval of 1.82–7.82 MPa, (d) cohesion interval of 2.32–7.32 MPa, (e) cohesion interval of 2.82–6.82 MPa, (f) cohesion interval of 3.32–6.32 MPa, (g) cohesion interval of 3.82–5.82 MPa, and (h) cohesion interval of 4.32–5.32 MPa.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)Figure 10
Variation of UCS of coal specimen versus the standard deviation.In addition, as shown in Figure10, different probability distributions describe different effects of nonuniform cohesion on the UCS of coal specimen. In these eight probability distributions, with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree, the UCS decrement of coal specimen assigned by Weibull and Normal distributions was smaller than that by the other six distributions. The UCS of coal specimen assigned by Fisher distribution decreases fastest among these eight distributions with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree. It is important to note that these eight probability functions employed in this study are the most commonly used distributions to describe the heterogeneous coal. The purpose of Figure 10 is to provide a number of widely used probability distributions to study the heterogeneity based on their characteristics rather than list all of the existing distributions.


### 4.3. The Failure Characteristics of Coal Specimen with the Nonuniform Cohesion

In this study, shear strain rate (SSR) is employed to study the failure characteristics of coal specimens [57–59]. The SSR means square root of the second invariant of the deviatoric strain in FLAC3D [60]. It is a FLAC3D element variable in which the maximum SSR will return at each calculation step. The contours of SSR represent the most likely failure zone in which both the tensile and shear failure may occur. Figure 11 presents eight groups of stress-strain curves of coal specimen with nonuniform cohesion assignment by Weibull probability distribution. In these figures, the contours of SSR at different stages of the stress-strain curves are presented. The curve of the specimen with uniform cohesion is also presented as a comparison. It can be seen that the contours of SSR gradually distribute across the coal specimens when it reaches the postpeak strength. In addition, with the decrease of cohesion scatter degree, the change of one shear zone to two zones can be observed. It shows that the failure of coal specimen is more and more severe with the decrease of cohesion scatter degree. In other words, nonuniform cohesion reduces the coal strength and also reduces its failure intensity. Attention should be paid to the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous specimens in terms of failure characteristics. It is suggested that the SSR is more regularly distributed in homogeneous specimens than that in heterogeneous specimens. The difference of these two kinds of specimens is that the heterogeneous specimen experiences more complex failure process than homogeneous specimen. It should be noted that the numerical simulation of failure characteristics of heterogeneous specimens is good agreement with the test results, as shown in Figure 12.Figure 11
Eight groups of stress-strain curves of coal specimen with nonuniform cohesion assignment by Weibull probability distribution.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)Figure 12
Comparison between the tests images and numerical results in terms of failure characteristics of coal specimens with bursting proneness: (a) high bursting proneness; (b) low bursting proneness.
(a)(b)


## 4.1. Numerically Assignment of Nonuniform Distribution of Coal Parameter

Coal heterogeneity is a major factor to influence its mechanical behaviors, such as the UCS, shear strength, failure behavior, crack evolution, and bursting proneness [39, 52–56]. Probability distribution is a widely used method to statistically describe the distribution in mechanical properties of materials and analyze the characteristics of rock and coal heterogeneity.In this study, the influence of nonuniform distribution of cohesion on the coal strength (UCS) is mainly analyzed. Eight types of probability distribution functions are employed to assignment cohesion to the numerical model. Table6 lists these eight probability density functions and their relative parameters such as mathematical expectation, variance, and standard deviation. The mathematical expectation can be approximately regarded as the average value, and standard deviation is a parameter to represent the scatter degree of cohesion in the numerical model. The greater the standard deviation is, the larger the scatter degree of cohesion in the numerical model will be.Table 6
Eight probability density functions employed to simulate the heterogeneous distribution of cohesions in the numerical model.
DistributionProbability density function (x > 0)Mathematical expectationVarianceStandard deviationWeibullfx=m/x0x/x0m−1e−x/x0mx0Γ1/m+1x02Γ2/m+1−Γ1/m+12x0Γ2/m+1−Γ1/m+12Normalfx=1/2πσe−x−μ2/2σ2μσ2σRayleighfx=x/σ2e−x2/2σ2π/2σ4−π/2σ24−π/2σChi-squarefx=12n/2Γn/2xn/2−1e−x/2n2n2nStudent’sfx=Γn+1/2/nπΓn/21+x2/n−n+1/20n/n−2,n>2n/n−2,n>2Exponentfx=1/λe−x/λλλ2λCauchyfx=1/πλ/λ2+x−a2———Fisherfx=Γn1+n2/2n1/n2n1/n2xn1/2−1/Γn1/2Γn2/21+n1/n2xn1+n2/2n2/n2−2,n2>22n22n1+n2−2/n1n2−22n2−4,n2>4n2/n2−22n1+n2−2/n1n2−4,n2>4The No. 12 coal specimen is taken again as an example in this part. The cohesion of this specimen is 4.82 MPa under homogeneous conditions, as listed in Table4. The cohesion of 4.82 MPa could be set as the average value and can be regarded as the mathematical expectation. Then, eight intervals of cohesion with decreasing scatter degree are selected, including 0.82–8.82 MPa, 1.32–8.32 MPa, 1.82–7.82 MPa, 2.32–7.32 MPa, 2.82–6.82 MPa, 3.32–6.32 MPa, 3.82–5.82 MPa, and 4.32–5.32 MPa. Table 7 lists the standard deviation of the probability distributions for these eight intervals.Table 7
Values of standard deviation of the eight probability distributions under eight cohesion scatter intervals.
DistributionCohesion intervals (MPa)0.82–8.821.32–8.321.82–7.822.32–7.322.82–6.823.32–6.323.82–5.824.32–5.32Weibull2.782.392.021.661.310.980.640.32Normal2.792.412.051.691.340.990.660.33Rayleigh2.572.241.911.581.260.940.620.31Chi-square2.642.322.001.661.330.990.660.33Student’s2.772.412.061.701.351.000.660.33Exponent2.272.021.751.471.190.890.600.30Cauchy2.562.332.031.701.351.010.670.33Fisher2.382.181.911.621.310.990.660.33Since the coal specimen is an axisymmetric cylinder which is obtained by laboratory drilling, the strength of the specimen center is generally greater than that of the specimen edge. Therefore, nonuniform cohesion will be assigned to the numerical model from the center to edge of cross section according to the above eight distribution functions. Figure8 shows the nonuniform cohesion assignment results in coal specimen under the eight cohesion scatter intervals. In these figures, the curves reflect the cohesion variation in the model cross section from center to edge while the contours present the distribution of cohesion in the cross section.Figure 8
Nonuniform cohesion assignment results in coal specimen under eight cohesion scatter intervals: (a) cohesion interval of 0.82–8.82 MPa, (b) cohesion interval of 1.32–8.32 MPa, (c) cohesion interval of 1.82–7.82 MPa, (d) cohesion interval of 2.32–7.32 MPa, (e) cohesion interval of 2.82–6.82 MPa, (f) cohesion interval of 3.32–6.32 MPa, (g) cohesion interval of 3.82–5.82 MPa, and (h) cohesion interval of 4.32–5.32 MPa.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)


## 4.2. Influence of Scatter Degree of Cohesion on the UCS

Since the UCS is one of the indices to evaluate the bursting proneness of coal, it is selected to study the bursting proneness in this part. Figure9 presents the stress-strain curves of No. 12 coal specimen under nonuniform cohesion distribution in the model. In these figures, the stress-strain curve under the uniform assignment of cohesion is also drawn to analyze the differences between the homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanical characteristics. It can be seen that the UCS decreases with the increasing of scatter degree. All of the stress-strain curves suggest that the UCS of coal specimen with nonuniform cohesion is lower than that of homogeneous coal. With the decreasing of cohesion scatter degree, the stress-strain curve of coal specimen is more and more close to the stress-strain curve under homogeneous condition. In addition, the stress-strain curves of coal specimen are getting closer and closer to each other with the decreasing of cohesion scatter degree. However, the relationship between the UCS and cohesion scatter degree is not linear. To in-depth study their relationships, Figure 10 presents the numerical results of UCS under the different standard deviations for eight probability distributions. In this figure, it is revealed that the UCS nonlinearly decreases with the increasing standard deviation. The greater the standard deviation is, the larger the scatter degree of cohesion in the numerical model will be. Therefore, the UCS of coal specimen will nonlinearly decrease with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree. In other words, UCS of coal specimen will decrease rapidly with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree. Since USC is a bursting proneness index, the coal bursting proneness will decrease with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree. The larger the cohesion scatter degree increase is, the lower the bursting proneness will be.Figure 9
Stress-strain curves of No. 12 coal specimen under nonuniform cohesion distribution in the model with eight different scatter intervals: (a) cohesion interval of 0.82–8.82 MPa, (b) cohesion interval of 1.32–8.32 MPa, (c) cohesion interval of 1.82–7.82 MPa, (d) cohesion interval of 2.32–7.32 MPa, (e) cohesion interval of 2.82–6.82 MPa, (f) cohesion interval of 3.32–6.32 MPa, (g) cohesion interval of 3.82–5.82 MPa, and (h) cohesion interval of 4.32–5.32 MPa.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)Figure 10
Variation of UCS of coal specimen versus the standard deviation.In addition, as shown in Figure10, different probability distributions describe different effects of nonuniform cohesion on the UCS of coal specimen. In these eight probability distributions, with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree, the UCS decrement of coal specimen assigned by Weibull and Normal distributions was smaller than that by the other six distributions. The UCS of coal specimen assigned by Fisher distribution decreases fastest among these eight distributions with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree. It is important to note that these eight probability functions employed in this study are the most commonly used distributions to describe the heterogeneous coal. The purpose of Figure 10 is to provide a number of widely used probability distributions to study the heterogeneity based on their characteristics rather than list all of the existing distributions.


## 4.3. The Failure Characteristics of Coal Specimen with the Nonuniform Cohesion

In this study, shear strain rate (SSR) is employed to study the failure characteristics of coal specimens [57–59]. The SSR means square root of the second invariant of the deviatoric strain in FLAC3D [60]. It is a FLAC3D element variable in which the maximum SSR will return at each calculation step. The contours of SSR represent the most likely failure zone in which both the tensile and shear failure may occur. Figure 11 presents eight groups of stress-strain curves of coal specimen with nonuniform cohesion assignment by Weibull probability distribution. In these figures, the contours of SSR at different stages of the stress-strain curves are presented. The curve of the specimen with uniform cohesion is also presented as a comparison. It can be seen that the contours of SSR gradually distribute across the coal specimens when it reaches the postpeak strength. In addition, with the decrease of cohesion scatter degree, the change of one shear zone to two zones can be observed. It shows that the failure of coal specimen is more and more severe with the decrease of cohesion scatter degree. In other words, nonuniform cohesion reduces the coal strength and also reduces its failure intensity. Attention should be paid to the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous specimens in terms of failure characteristics. It is suggested that the SSR is more regularly distributed in homogeneous specimens than that in heterogeneous specimens. The difference of these two kinds of specimens is that the heterogeneous specimen experiences more complex failure process than homogeneous specimen. It should be noted that the numerical simulation of failure characteristics of heterogeneous specimens is good agreement with the test results, as shown in Figure 12.Figure 11
Eight groups of stress-strain curves of coal specimen with nonuniform cohesion assignment by Weibull probability distribution.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)Figure 12
Comparison between the tests images and numerical results in terms of failure characteristics of coal specimens with bursting proneness: (a) high bursting proneness; (b) low bursting proneness.
(a)(b)


## 5. Discussion

### 5.1. A Suggested Coal Bursting Proneness Index

It can be revealed that the current indices used to identify bursting proneness have their own advantages and limitations. The indexRc can be directly used to determine bursting proneness. However, the released strain energy and the accumulated strain energy in the compressive test are not considered in this index. Although both KE and WET are used to assess the bursting proneness with respect to the strain energy, WET focuses on the capacity of coal to absorb external inputs of energy before it achieves peak strength, while KE considers not only the accumulated elastic energy before peak strength but also the energy released after the peak strength. The index Dt can reflect the speed of energy release, but it is not easy to be captured in the compressive test.Su studied the influence of crystal size of material on the bursting proneness and concluded that the shear deformation associated with cohesion will influence the bursting proneness [61]. Zhang et al. simulated the yielding surface by changing the cohesion in the strain-softening model to study the coal burst risk in the coal pillar [62]. Hoek and Brown stated that the establishment of nonlinear failure criterion for intact rock should take account of the effect cohesion and friction [63]. Le et al. found that the whole process from initial yielding to final failure can be captured by considering the cohesive-frictional effect of the jointed rock [64]. Therefore, the cohesion and cohesive effect plays significant roles in the failure characteristics and process regardless of intact or jointed rocks.According to the numerical and theoretical results in Figure7, the functional equations can be established between all of the bursting proneness indices and cohesion. The high bursting proneness coal has relatively greater cohesion, and low bursting proneness coal has relatively lower cohesion. In addition, according to the linear functional relation between the indices of Rc and WET and the cohesion (see Figures 7(a) and 7(b)), it can be seen that the coal cohesion can be directly used to reflect the elastic strain energy accumulation before coal peak strength. Since the release of strain energy after peak strength is a nonlinear process, the indices of KE and Dt have gradual and sharp variation stages with the variation of strain. The power functional equation between these two indices and cohesion can reflect this nonlinear characteristic (see Figures 7(c) and 7(d)).Due to the inconsistency of identification results in the existing bursting proneness indexes, each identification index has certain limitations. Therefore, a new identification index is needed. According to the data given in Tables2 and 4, the change of cohesion is most obvious in the change process of bursting proneness from high to none. Other scholars have also proved that there is an obvious corresponding relationship between bursting proneness and cohesion [61–63]. We also proved that there is a good correspondence between cohesive and bursting proneness through theoretical derivation. Therefore, cohesion can be used as an index to identify the bursting proneness, as listed in Table 8.Table 8
Cohesion used to identify the bursting proneness of coal.
IndicesNo bursting pronenessLow bursting pronenessHigh bursting pronenessCohesion (C) (MPa)C < 1.51.5 ≤C < 4.0C ≥ 4.0Figure13 shows the contours of SSR after the peak strength calculated by FLAC3D when the cohesion is uniformly distributed in coal specimens. The contours of SSR gradually transform from two zones to one zone when the cohesion changes from high to low. The shear strain zones distribute across the coal specimens when reaching the postpeak strength. In addition, the SSR of high bursting proneness coal is greater than that for the low or none bursting proneness coals. Since the bursting proneness can be identified by cohesion, the subfigures in Figure 13 are sequenced in order of cohesion. For example, as shown in Figure 13(a), specimens with cohesion of 6.07 MPa and 5.25 MPa are high bursting proneness coal and the specimens with 3.89 MPa, 3.03 MPa, and 2.79 MPa cohesion are low bursting proneness coal while 1.46 MPa specimen is the no bursting proneness coal.Figure 13
Contours of SSR and plastic zones calculated by FLAC3D for coal specimens with different cohesion: (a) contours of SSR; (b) plastic zones.
(a)(b)The appearance of contours of SSR does not necessarily mean that the shear failure will occur along the zones. The contours of plastic state after the peak strength are calculated to further study the failure characteristics. As shown in Figure13(b), in the legend, shear-n and tension-n are abbreviations of shear-now and tension-now, indicating the position where shear plastic strain and tensile plastic strain are occurring; shear-p and tension-p are abbreviations of shear-past and tension-past, indicating the position where shear plastic strain and tensile plastic strain have occurred. The results show that there are more tensile failure zones in the coal specimens with high or low bursting proneness and there are more shear failure zones in the coal specimens with no bursting proneness. Therefore, the failure of high bursting proneness coal is more violent than that for the low or no bursting proneness coal. The failure characteristics are gradual variation from tensile failure to shear failure when the bursting proneness changes from high to none.


### 5.2. Assignment Method of Nonuniform Coal Cohesion to the Numerical Model

As shown in Figure8, nonuniform cohesion is assigned to the numerical model from t center to edge of cross section according to the distribution functions. However, since the cohesion is quite randomly distributed in coal, it is necessary to study the influence of the random distribution of cohesion on the coal UCS or bursting proneness. Taking the No. 12 coal specimen as an example, the cohesion will be randomly distributed in the numerical model by Weibull function. The parameter m is set from 2 to 10, and the x0 is set as 4.82 MPa for the cohesion of this specimen. Figure 14 presents cohesion assignment in the numerical model with the different parameter m. It can be seen that the distribution of cohesion tends to be more uniform in the numerical model with the increasing of parameter m. Therefore, the implication of Figure 14 is that the scatter degree of coal properties can be adjusted by the parameters m when using the Weibull function. The smaller the parameter m is, the greater the scatter degree of coal properties will be.Figure 14
Random assignment of cohesion in the numerical model by Weibull function with different parameterm.Figure15 shows the stress-strain curves of No. 12 coal specimen under the random assignment of cohesion by Weibull function. The curve of the specimen with uniform cohesion is also presented as a comparison. In this figure, the modeling results suggest that, since the scatter degree of cohesion in the numerical model will increase with the increasing of m value, the UCS of coal specimen increases with the increasing of parameter m. However, there is not much difference in the UCS of coal specimen for each parameter m under the method of random assignment of cohesion to the numerical model. Figure 16 shows the plastic strain contour of the specimen under different m parameters. It can be seen from the figure that when m is small, the plastic strain will occur at all positions of the specimen due to the large scatter degree of cohesion. When m is large, the failure mode of the specimen is similar to the homogeneous model due to the small dispersion of cohesion, and the plastic strain is concentrated in one or two strips. Therefore, it can be considered that when m is small, the ultimate failure mode of the specimen is fragmentation failure, while when m is large, the ultimate failure mode of the specimen is splitting failure caused by one or two main cracks.Figure 15
Stress-strain curves of No. 12 coal specimen under random assignment of cohesion by Weibull function.Figure 16
Plastic strain contour of No. 12 coal specimen under random assignment of cohesion by Weibull function.By comparing the stress-strain curves of Figures9 and 15, it can be seen that the large variation of UCS can be observed by the assignment method from the model center to edge. The assignment method from the model center to edge is to place a group of smaller cohesion at the edge of the numerical model and a group of larger cohesion at the center of the model. The method of random assignment does not determine the position of cohesion in the numerical model in advance. Therefore, the numerical model may be failed gradually from edge to center under the assignment method from the model center to edge. The failure of numerical model does not necessarily follow this pattern under the method of random assignment of cohesion, as shown in Figure 17.Figure 17
Comparison of model failure pattern between the method of parameter assignment from center to edge and random assignment: (a) assignment from center to edge; (b) random assignment.
(a)(b)Figure17(a) shows the SSR contour from the center to the edge with the interval of 1.32 MPa–8.32 MPa, and Figure 17(b) shows the random assignment SSR contour with m = 2. It can be seen from Figure 17(a) that, by employing the method of assignment from center to edge, the edges of the model begin to fail under the axial compressive pressure and the failure zones gradually develop from edge to center until the model is completely destroyed. However, Figure 17(b) shows that the failure zones appear first at the center of the numerical model which is assigned the parameters randomly. It is important to point out that, since the numerical parameters are randomly assigned to model, the failure zones may be different from the Figure 17(b) if the next assignment is conducted. In addition, it should be noted that the purpose of this comparison is to provide two methods of numerical parameters assignment to model rather than evaluating the advantages or disadvantages of these two methods.


### 5.3. Analyses of Factors Contributing to Coal Bursts

As discussed previously in this paper, coal bursts are closely related to the intrinsic bursting proneness of coal [4, 5, 7, 12–18]. In addition, the failure characteristics of coal specimens show that the high bursting proneness coal includes tension, shear, and mixed tension-shear failures. However, Mark and Gauna pointed out that the occurrence of coal bursts is combined results of highly stressed environments [1]. Wang et al. found that no coal burst has been observed in some coal seams identified as high bursting proneness [15]. Afraei et al. stated that overburden thickness, stress state, and rock properties are the available factors to influence the prediction of coal bursts [34]. As shown in Table 2, the statistics of geological conditions of coal specimens suggests that large amounts of faults, primary folds, subsidiary fold structures, overturned rock strata, extreme thick roof strata, and island longwall mining face can be detected in most of the coal mines. These geological conditions are significant external factors contributing to the occurrence of coal bursts. On November 3, 2011, a severe coal burst accident occurred in the Qianqiu coal mine of Yima mining area, Henan Province, China, and it is believed that the frequent large reverse fault reactivation and slip contribute to these coal bursts [6, 32, 65–69].In conclusion, a coal burst is the interactional results of bursting proneness, unstable geological structure, extreme thick roof strata, and island longwall mining face. In addition, due to the greater cohesion between the particles in coal specimens, coal with high bursting proneness provides an ideal internal environment for energy accumulation. To weaken this environment, the technologies including coal seam softening by water injection, borehole drilling in front of mining face, and advanced blasting in coal seam are wildly applied in coal mines to eliminate the bursting proneness [70–73].


## 5.1. A Suggested Coal Bursting Proneness Index

It can be revealed that the current indices used to identify bursting proneness have their own advantages and limitations. The indexRc can be directly used to determine bursting proneness. However, the released strain energy and the accumulated strain energy in the compressive test are not considered in this index. Although both KE and WET are used to assess the bursting proneness with respect to the strain energy, WET focuses on the capacity of coal to absorb external inputs of energy before it achieves peak strength, while KE considers not only the accumulated elastic energy before peak strength but also the energy released after the peak strength. The index Dt can reflect the speed of energy release, but it is not easy to be captured in the compressive test.Su studied the influence of crystal size of material on the bursting proneness and concluded that the shear deformation associated with cohesion will influence the bursting proneness [61]. Zhang et al. simulated the yielding surface by changing the cohesion in the strain-softening model to study the coal burst risk in the coal pillar [62]. Hoek and Brown stated that the establishment of nonlinear failure criterion for intact rock should take account of the effect cohesion and friction [63]. Le et al. found that the whole process from initial yielding to final failure can be captured by considering the cohesive-frictional effect of the jointed rock [64]. Therefore, the cohesion and cohesive effect plays significant roles in the failure characteristics and process regardless of intact or jointed rocks.According to the numerical and theoretical results in Figure7, the functional equations can be established between all of the bursting proneness indices and cohesion. The high bursting proneness coal has relatively greater cohesion, and low bursting proneness coal has relatively lower cohesion. In addition, according to the linear functional relation between the indices of Rc and WET and the cohesion (see Figures 7(a) and 7(b)), it can be seen that the coal cohesion can be directly used to reflect the elastic strain energy accumulation before coal peak strength. Since the release of strain energy after peak strength is a nonlinear process, the indices of KE and Dt have gradual and sharp variation stages with the variation of strain. The power functional equation between these two indices and cohesion can reflect this nonlinear characteristic (see Figures 7(c) and 7(d)).Due to the inconsistency of identification results in the existing bursting proneness indexes, each identification index has certain limitations. Therefore, a new identification index is needed. According to the data given in Tables2 and 4, the change of cohesion is most obvious in the change process of bursting proneness from high to none. Other scholars have also proved that there is an obvious corresponding relationship between bursting proneness and cohesion [61–63]. We also proved that there is a good correspondence between cohesive and bursting proneness through theoretical derivation. Therefore, cohesion can be used as an index to identify the bursting proneness, as listed in Table 8.Table 8
Cohesion used to identify the bursting proneness of coal.
IndicesNo bursting pronenessLow bursting pronenessHigh bursting pronenessCohesion (C) (MPa)C < 1.51.5 ≤C < 4.0C ≥ 4.0Figure13 shows the contours of SSR after the peak strength calculated by FLAC3D when the cohesion is uniformly distributed in coal specimens. The contours of SSR gradually transform from two zones to one zone when the cohesion changes from high to low. The shear strain zones distribute across the coal specimens when reaching the postpeak strength. In addition, the SSR of high bursting proneness coal is greater than that for the low or none bursting proneness coals. Since the bursting proneness can be identified by cohesion, the subfigures in Figure 13 are sequenced in order of cohesion. For example, as shown in Figure 13(a), specimens with cohesion of 6.07 MPa and 5.25 MPa are high bursting proneness coal and the specimens with 3.89 MPa, 3.03 MPa, and 2.79 MPa cohesion are low bursting proneness coal while 1.46 MPa specimen is the no bursting proneness coal.Figure 13
Contours of SSR and plastic zones calculated by FLAC3D for coal specimens with different cohesion: (a) contours of SSR; (b) plastic zones.
(a)(b)The appearance of contours of SSR does not necessarily mean that the shear failure will occur along the zones. The contours of plastic state after the peak strength are calculated to further study the failure characteristics. As shown in Figure13(b), in the legend, shear-n and tension-n are abbreviations of shear-now and tension-now, indicating the position where shear plastic strain and tensile plastic strain are occurring; shear-p and tension-p are abbreviations of shear-past and tension-past, indicating the position where shear plastic strain and tensile plastic strain have occurred. The results show that there are more tensile failure zones in the coal specimens with high or low bursting proneness and there are more shear failure zones in the coal specimens with no bursting proneness. Therefore, the failure of high bursting proneness coal is more violent than that for the low or no bursting proneness coal. The failure characteristics are gradual variation from tensile failure to shear failure when the bursting proneness changes from high to none.


## 5.2. Assignment Method of Nonuniform Coal Cohesion to the Numerical Model

As shown in Figure8, nonuniform cohesion is assigned to the numerical model from t center to edge of cross section according to the distribution functions. However, since the cohesion is quite randomly distributed in coal, it is necessary to study the influence of the random distribution of cohesion on the coal UCS or bursting proneness. Taking the No. 12 coal specimen as an example, the cohesion will be randomly distributed in the numerical model by Weibull function. The parameter m is set from 2 to 10, and the x0 is set as 4.82 MPa for the cohesion of this specimen. Figure 14 presents cohesion assignment in the numerical model with the different parameter m. It can be seen that the distribution of cohesion tends to be more uniform in the numerical model with the increasing of parameter m. Therefore, the implication of Figure 14 is that the scatter degree of coal properties can be adjusted by the parameters m when using the Weibull function. The smaller the parameter m is, the greater the scatter degree of coal properties will be.Figure 14
Random assignment of cohesion in the numerical model by Weibull function with different parameterm.Figure15 shows the stress-strain curves of No. 12 coal specimen under the random assignment of cohesion by Weibull function. The curve of the specimen with uniform cohesion is also presented as a comparison. In this figure, the modeling results suggest that, since the scatter degree of cohesion in the numerical model will increase with the increasing of m value, the UCS of coal specimen increases with the increasing of parameter m. However, there is not much difference in the UCS of coal specimen for each parameter m under the method of random assignment of cohesion to the numerical model. Figure 16 shows the plastic strain contour of the specimen under different m parameters. It can be seen from the figure that when m is small, the plastic strain will occur at all positions of the specimen due to the large scatter degree of cohesion. When m is large, the failure mode of the specimen is similar to the homogeneous model due to the small dispersion of cohesion, and the plastic strain is concentrated in one or two strips. Therefore, it can be considered that when m is small, the ultimate failure mode of the specimen is fragmentation failure, while when m is large, the ultimate failure mode of the specimen is splitting failure caused by one or two main cracks.Figure 15
Stress-strain curves of No. 12 coal specimen under random assignment of cohesion by Weibull function.Figure 16
Plastic strain contour of No. 12 coal specimen under random assignment of cohesion by Weibull function.By comparing the stress-strain curves of Figures9 and 15, it can be seen that the large variation of UCS can be observed by the assignment method from the model center to edge. The assignment method from the model center to edge is to place a group of smaller cohesion at the edge of the numerical model and a group of larger cohesion at the center of the model. The method of random assignment does not determine the position of cohesion in the numerical model in advance. Therefore, the numerical model may be failed gradually from edge to center under the assignment method from the model center to edge. The failure of numerical model does not necessarily follow this pattern under the method of random assignment of cohesion, as shown in Figure 17.Figure 17
Comparison of model failure pattern between the method of parameter assignment from center to edge and random assignment: (a) assignment from center to edge; (b) random assignment.
(a)(b)Figure17(a) shows the SSR contour from the center to the edge with the interval of 1.32 MPa–8.32 MPa, and Figure 17(b) shows the random assignment SSR contour with m = 2. It can be seen from Figure 17(a) that, by employing the method of assignment from center to edge, the edges of the model begin to fail under the axial compressive pressure and the failure zones gradually develop from edge to center until the model is completely destroyed. However, Figure 17(b) shows that the failure zones appear first at the center of the numerical model which is assigned the parameters randomly. It is important to point out that, since the numerical parameters are randomly assigned to model, the failure zones may be different from the Figure 17(b) if the next assignment is conducted. In addition, it should be noted that the purpose of this comparison is to provide two methods of numerical parameters assignment to model rather than evaluating the advantages or disadvantages of these two methods.


## 5.3. Analyses of Factors Contributing to Coal Bursts

As discussed previously in this paper, coal bursts are closely related to the intrinsic bursting proneness of coal [4, 5, 7, 12–18]. In addition, the failure characteristics of coal specimens show that the high bursting proneness coal includes tension, shear, and mixed tension-shear failures. However, Mark and Gauna pointed out that the occurrence of coal bursts is combined results of highly stressed environments [1]. Wang et al. found that no coal burst has been observed in some coal seams identified as high bursting proneness [15]. Afraei et al. stated that overburden thickness, stress state, and rock properties are the available factors to influence the prediction of coal bursts [34]. As shown in Table 2, the statistics of geological conditions of coal specimens suggests that large amounts of faults, primary folds, subsidiary fold structures, overturned rock strata, extreme thick roof strata, and island longwall mining face can be detected in most of the coal mines. These geological conditions are significant external factors contributing to the occurrence of coal bursts. On November 3, 2011, a severe coal burst accident occurred in the Qianqiu coal mine of Yima mining area, Henan Province, China, and it is believed that the frequent large reverse fault reactivation and slip contribute to these coal bursts [6, 32, 65–69].In conclusion, a coal burst is the interactional results of bursting proneness, unstable geological structure, extreme thick roof strata, and island longwall mining face. In addition, due to the greater cohesion between the particles in coal specimens, coal with high bursting proneness provides an ideal internal environment for energy accumulation. To weaken this environment, the technologies including coal seam softening by water injection, borehole drilling in front of mining face, and advanced blasting in coal seam are wildly applied in coal mines to eliminate the bursting proneness [70–73].


## 6. Conclusions

Relationship between the coal bursting proneness and coal homogeneity and heterogeneity are studied in this paper. The main conclusions are summarized as follows:(1)
By numerically fitting the stress-strain curves of 27 coal specimens, the relationship between bursting proneness indices and cohesion of coal is statically established and the functional equations between them are theoretically obtained. It is suggested that the proneness indicesRc and WET linearly increase with the increase of cohesion while the index KE and cohesion have a positive power function relation. However, the negative power function between the index Dt and cohesion is established.(2)
The linear functional relation between the indices ofRc and WET and the cohesion suggests that the cohesion of coal can be directly used to reflect the elastic strain energy accumulation before coal peak strength. In addition, because of the power functional equation between cohesion and KE and Dt, the coal cohesion could also be used to illustrate the nonlinear process of strain energy release after peak strength. Therefore, coal cohesion combines the common advantages of the four indices and it can be used as an index to identify the bursting proneness. It is suggested that coal is of high bursting proneness when the cohesion is greater than 4.0 MPa and the low bursting proneness is warranted when the cohesion is greater than 1.5 MPa.(3)
By taking into account the coal heterogeneity, eight probability distribution functions are employed to assign the cohesion to the numerical model and to study the influence of heterogeneity on the bursting proneness. With the increasing of cohesion scatter degree, the UCS decrement of heterogeneous coal specimen assigned by Weibull and Normal distributions was smaller than that by the other six distributions. The UCS of heterogeneous coal specimen with Fisher distribution decreases fastest among the other distributions with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree. The coal bursting proneness will decrease with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree. The larger the cohesion scatter degree increase is, the lower the bursting proneness will be. The failure of coal specimen is more and more severe with the decrease of cohesion scatter degree.(4)
There are many methods to assign heterogeneous parameters to the numerical models. This study provides two methods including the assignment from center to edge and random assignment. The selection of different method determines the different failure characteristics of the numerical model. By employing the method of assignment from center to edge, the edges of the model begin to fail and the failure zones gradually develop from edge to center until the model is completely destroyed. The selection of random assignment may simulate the characteristics in which failure zones appear first at the center of the numerical model.(5)
The underground coal seam with high bursting proneness provides an ideal internal environment for energy accumulation. The high bursting proneness may be just an internal factor inducing coal burst accidents while the geological conditions are the significant external factors contributing to the occurrence of coal bursts. Therefore, the coal bursts are the interactional results of high bursting proneness, unstable geological structure including thrust faults and overturned folds, extreme thick roof strata, and island longwall panel mining.



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