# A Rectangular Planar Spiral Antenna for GIS Partial Discharge Detection

Authors: Xiaoxing Zhang; Yefei Han; Wei Li; Xuetao Duan
Journal: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
 (2014)

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## Abstract

A rectangular planar spiral antenna sensor was designed for detecting the partial discharge in gas insulation substations (GIS). It can expediently receive electromagnetic waves leaked from basin-type insulators and can effectively suppress low frequency electromagnetic interference from the surrounding environment. Certain effective techniques such as rectangular spiral structure, bow-tie loading, and back cavity structure optimization during the antenna design process can miniaturize antenna size and optimize voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) characteristics. Model calculation and experimental data measured in the laboratory show that the antenna possesses a good radiating performance and a multiband property when working in the ultrahigh frequency (UHF) band. A comparative study between characteristics of the designed antenna and the existing quasi-TEM horn antenna was made. Based on the GIS defect simulation equipment in the laboratory, partial discharge signals were detected by the designed antenna, the available quasi-TEM horn antenna, and the microstrip patch antenna, and the measurement results were compared.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Partial discharge signal has been widely studied as an important indicator for characterizing the merits of GIS insulation performance [1]. Electrical monitoring methods include the pulse current method and the UHF method. The UHF method detects high frequency electromagnetic signals (300 MHz–3 GHz) excited by partial discharge in the airspace. Numerous interfering signals can be effectively avoided. The UHF method is suitable for online monitoring for its high frequency, wide bandwidth, and high sensitivity. Through UHF signals, not only can the presence of defects in GIS be detected, but the occurrence and severity of the insulation fault can also be determined [2].Currently, the antenna sensor of GIS partial discharge monitoring is mainly divided into two types, namely, the built-in sensor and the external sensor [3]. The built-in sensor is placed internally in the GIS and it must be considered during the design of GIS equipment to reduce its additional effect on the internal electric field. Its advantages are high sensitivity, very good detection results, and strong anti-interference ability [4, 5]. The external sensor is mainly used in GIS equipment that has been put into operation and has no built-in sensors. It is installed on the basin insulator and is able to test the insulation condition of GIS through collecting leakage electromagnetic waves from partial discharge. The advantage is easy installation and maintenance and the electric field inside the device remains unaffected [6–8]. To carry out the UHF detection method smoothly, the designed antenna should meet the development trend of miniaturization and broadband, taking into account the bandwidth and gain of the sensor. Thus, the antenna will receive more partial discharge signals. A new type of planar helical antenna sensor for detecting the UHF of GIS partial discharge was developed in our lab. The designed antenna has a small volume and wide frequency band. Through simulation and experimental analysis for its parameter, the designed antenna can effectively detect UHF signal and satisfy the requirement of GIS online monitoring.


## 2. The Basic Form of the Helical Antenna

The helical antenna is made of metal with good electrical conductivity and has a spiral shape [9]. It has the advantage of circular polarization and broad beam width; thus, it is widely used in satellite communications and personal mobile communications [10, 11]. Helical antennas can be divided into three-dimensional helical antennas and plane helical antennas according to their structure. The basic form of the planar helical antenna consists of an Archimedes helical antenna and an equiangular helical antenna. The radius of the Archimedean helical antenna increases as the angle increases. Its curve equation is
(1)
r
=
r
0
+
a
ϕ
,
where r
0 is the initial radius, a is the spiral growth, and φ is the angle in radians.A double-arm Archimedean helical antenna [12, 13] is shown in Figure 1(a). The antenna generally uses the balance feed at the center of the spiral surface, and the main radiation area is focused on the average circumference of a wavelength band, also known as the effective radiative zone. When the frequency changes, the effective radiative zone changes as well, but the radiation pattern basically remains unchanged. Moreover, when the effective radiative zone for the antenna is at the outermost region, its frequency is at the lowest operating frequency of the antenna. For the circular spiral surface, the perimeter is C
=
π
×
D
=
λ
max
⁡, such that the outer diameter of the antennas is the following:
(2)
D
=
λ
max
⁡
π
.Planar spiral antenna.
(a)
(b)Since the planar Archimedean helical antenna was proposed in the 1950s, due to its features such as broadband, circular polarization, and low profile, it has received an increasing amount of attention and application.The equation of the planar equiangular helical antenna is as follows:(3)
r
=
r
0
e
a
(
ϕ
-
ϕ
0
)
,
where φ
0 is the initial radius, a is the spiral growth, and r
0 is the radius vector corresponding to φ
0. A planar equiangular helical antenna [14] is shown in Figure 1(b).


## 3. Characteristics of the Rectangular Plan Spiral Antenna

### 3.1. Antenna Structure

(a) Design of Rectangular Spiral. The rectangular spiral structure is a variation of the Archimedes spiral structure. It has the same advantages as the Archimedes spiral structure. Furthermore, it has a more simple structure and higher space utilization. Therefore, the designed helical antenna in this paper uses a planar rectangular spiral structure. A rectangular spiral structure effectively reduces antenna size and weight. It also facilitates manufacturing.(b) Reflecting Cavity and Shielding. Planar spiral antennas have the characteristics of wide bandwidth, small volume, wide main lobe circular polarization, and normal two-way radiation. However, antennas require unidirectional radiation. Therefore, the overall structure of the antenna designed in this paper is the semienclosed planar spiral antenna. The antenna surface, except for the receiving surface, is shielded by a metal shield cavity. A reflecting cavity is also added. Furthermore, the antenna should be filled with wave absorption material to ensure wide bandwidth.(c) Bow-Tie Vibrator Loading. To increase the bandwidth, the terminal of the spiral selects the bow-tie vibrator loading (Figure 2) to reduce the transmission loss of the spiral periphery. The bow-tie antenna is a low-profile structure planar antenna. It has the advantages of being lightweight and easy to install [15]. The performance of the antenna is determined by two main factors: opening angle θ
0 and arm length l (Figure 3). The larger the opening angle is, the wider the frequency band of operation is. However, the lateral dimension of the antenna will increase if the opening angle is too large. Miniaturization of the antenna cannot be guaranteed. The arm length of the antenna metal vibrator is an important parameter for determining the low-end frequencies of the input impedance bandwidth of the antenna. The longer the arm l, the better the low-frequency covering performance of the antenna. The work of the antenna signal is a Gaussian pulse radiation for their fidelity waveform. Thus, the radiation waveform fidelity will be higher for antennas whose working signal is a Gaussian pulse. According to the empirical formula, bow-tie antenna arm length and the corresponding wavelength under low frequency satisfy the following relationship:
(4)
l
=
λ
4
(
1
-
97.82
Z
c
)
,
where λ is the corresponding wavelength under the low-end frequency of the antenna input impedance bandwidth and Z
c is the characteristic impedance of the antenna, which is given as follows:
(5)
Z
c
=
120
ln
⁡
(
ctg
(
θ
0
4
)
)
.Figure 2
The structure of the planar spiral antenna.Figure 3
The structure of the bow-tie antenna.The bow-tie antenna and the equiangular spiral antenna are both wideband antennas. Wideband antenna can achieve broadband impedance matching and reduce transmission loss after taking loading mode, thereby improving the radiation characteristics of the antenna.Figure4 shows a physical map of the rectangular spiral antenna designed in this paper. The size of the antenna is 132
×
85
×
50 mm and its weight is 278 g.Figure 4
Physical map of the designed antenna.


### 3.2. Antenna VSWR

VSWR is the reciprocal of the traveling wave coefficients. Its value is from 1 to infinity. VSWR is widely used in engineering to indicate the degree of impedance mismatch between antenna impedance and transmission line impedance. The VSWR ratio simulation results of the designed antenna are shown in Figure5. The figure shows that VSWR is less than 2 within 1.6 GHz–2.1 GHz and 2.3 GHz–3.0 GHz, with a wide frequency range.Figure 5
VSWR with a frequency between 300 MHz and 3 GHz.In many cases, the antenna impedance is unknown but the VSWR can be measured. Thus, the mold of the reflection coefficient can be calculated using VSWR. The measured VSWR is shown in Figure6. Figure 6 shows that the VSWR is better within 1.15 GHz–1.55 GHz, 1.9 GHz–2.7 GHz, and 2.85 GHz–3 GHz, whereas the VSWR is poor below 1 GHz. The simulation results of VSWR are basically consistent with the measurements.Figure 6
Measured VSWR of the designed antenna.


### 3.3. Gain of the Antenna

The measured results of the antenna gain are shown in Table1. As the frequency increases, the antenna gain increases. The antenna gain achieves 11.7 dB when the frequency is 3000 MHz.Table 1
Measured gain of the designed antenna.
Frequency (MHz)
300
500
800
1000
1500
2000
3000
Gain (dB)
−36
−23
−9
2.5
4.5
5.5
11.7


### 3.4. Antenna Patterns

The helical antenna has characteristics of axial rotational symmetry. Thus, only the circularly polarized antenna pattern on the horizontal direction from 500 MHz to 3 GHz was tested. The designed antenna patterns under several specific frequencies are shown in Figure7. The corresponding parameters are shown in Table 2. The main lobe width is the angle between two radius vectors in the main lobe when the antenna radiation power is half of maximum value. It is used to indicate the concentration degree of antenna power radiation. The smaller the main lobe width and the sharper the antenna pattern, the more concentrated the antenna radiation. Figure 9 and Table 2 show that the gain of the antenna exhibits a rising trend as the frequency increases. Furthermore, the antenna achieves a good directional radiation characteristic in the full-band.Table 2
The value of the designed antenna pattern.
Frequency (MHz)
Main lobe width (dB)
Beamwidth 3 dB (deg)
Side-lobe level (dB)
500
−24.5
1000
2.9
105.8
−4.5
1500
4.6
101.7
−9.0
2000
6.7
89.9
−8.2
2500
7.7
78.1
−14.6
3000
8.5
74.1
−17.9The designed antenna pattern.
(a)
f = 500 MHz
(b)
f = 1000 MHz
(c)
f = 1500 MHz
(d)
f = 2000 MHz
(e)
f = 2500 MHz
(f)
f = 3000 MHz


## 3.1. Antenna Structure

(a) Design of Rectangular Spiral. The rectangular spiral structure is a variation of the Archimedes spiral structure. It has the same advantages as the Archimedes spiral structure. Furthermore, it has a more simple structure and higher space utilization. Therefore, the designed helical antenna in this paper uses a planar rectangular spiral structure. A rectangular spiral structure effectively reduces antenna size and weight. It also facilitates manufacturing.(b) Reflecting Cavity and Shielding. Planar spiral antennas have the characteristics of wide bandwidth, small volume, wide main lobe circular polarization, and normal two-way radiation. However, antennas require unidirectional radiation. Therefore, the overall structure of the antenna designed in this paper is the semienclosed planar spiral antenna. The antenna surface, except for the receiving surface, is shielded by a metal shield cavity. A reflecting cavity is also added. Furthermore, the antenna should be filled with wave absorption material to ensure wide bandwidth.(c) Bow-Tie Vibrator Loading. To increase the bandwidth, the terminal of the spiral selects the bow-tie vibrator loading (Figure 2) to reduce the transmission loss of the spiral periphery. The bow-tie antenna is a low-profile structure planar antenna. It has the advantages of being lightweight and easy to install [15]. The performance of the antenna is determined by two main factors: opening angle θ
0 and arm length l (Figure 3). The larger the opening angle is, the wider the frequency band of operation is. However, the lateral dimension of the antenna will increase if the opening angle is too large. Miniaturization of the antenna cannot be guaranteed. The arm length of the antenna metal vibrator is an important parameter for determining the low-end frequencies of the input impedance bandwidth of the antenna. The longer the arm l, the better the low-frequency covering performance of the antenna. The work of the antenna signal is a Gaussian pulse radiation for their fidelity waveform. Thus, the radiation waveform fidelity will be higher for antennas whose working signal is a Gaussian pulse. According to the empirical formula, bow-tie antenna arm length and the corresponding wavelength under low frequency satisfy the following relationship:
(4)
l
=
λ
4
(
1
-
97.82
Z
c
)
,
where λ is the corresponding wavelength under the low-end frequency of the antenna input impedance bandwidth and Z
c is the characteristic impedance of the antenna, which is given as follows:
(5)
Z
c
=
120
ln
⁡
(
ctg
(
θ
0
4
)
)
.Figure 2
The structure of the planar spiral antenna.Figure 3
The structure of the bow-tie antenna.The bow-tie antenna and the equiangular spiral antenna are both wideband antennas. Wideband antenna can achieve broadband impedance matching and reduce transmission loss after taking loading mode, thereby improving the radiation characteristics of the antenna.Figure4 shows a physical map of the rectangular spiral antenna designed in this paper. The size of the antenna is 132
×
85
×
50 mm and its weight is 278 g.Figure 4
Physical map of the designed antenna.


## 3.2. Antenna VSWR

VSWR is the reciprocal of the traveling wave coefficients. Its value is from 1 to infinity. VSWR is widely used in engineering to indicate the degree of impedance mismatch between antenna impedance and transmission line impedance. The VSWR ratio simulation results of the designed antenna are shown in Figure5. The figure shows that VSWR is less than 2 within 1.6 GHz–2.1 GHz and 2.3 GHz–3.0 GHz, with a wide frequency range.Figure 5
VSWR with a frequency between 300 MHz and 3 GHz.In many cases, the antenna impedance is unknown but the VSWR can be measured. Thus, the mold of the reflection coefficient can be calculated using VSWR. The measured VSWR is shown in Figure6. Figure 6 shows that the VSWR is better within 1.15 GHz–1.55 GHz, 1.9 GHz–2.7 GHz, and 2.85 GHz–3 GHz, whereas the VSWR is poor below 1 GHz. The simulation results of VSWR are basically consistent with the measurements.Figure 6
Measured VSWR of the designed antenna.


## 3.3. Gain of the Antenna

The measured results of the antenna gain are shown in Table1. As the frequency increases, the antenna gain increases. The antenna gain achieves 11.7 dB when the frequency is 3000 MHz.Table 1
Measured gain of the designed antenna.
Frequency (MHz)
300
500
800
1000
1500
2000
3000
Gain (dB)
−36
−23
−9
2.5
4.5
5.5
11.7


## 3.4. Antenna Patterns

The helical antenna has characteristics of axial rotational symmetry. Thus, only the circularly polarized antenna pattern on the horizontal direction from 500 MHz to 3 GHz was tested. The designed antenna patterns under several specific frequencies are shown in Figure7. The corresponding parameters are shown in Table 2. The main lobe width is the angle between two radius vectors in the main lobe when the antenna radiation power is half of maximum value. It is used to indicate the concentration degree of antenna power radiation. The smaller the main lobe width and the sharper the antenna pattern, the more concentrated the antenna radiation. Figure 9 and Table 2 show that the gain of the antenna exhibits a rising trend as the frequency increases. Furthermore, the antenna achieves a good directional radiation characteristic in the full-band.Table 2
The value of the designed antenna pattern.
Frequency (MHz)
Main lobe width (dB)
Beamwidth 3 dB (deg)
Side-lobe level (dB)
500
−24.5
1000
2.9
105.8
−4.5
1500
4.6
101.7
−9.0
2000
6.7
89.9
−8.2
2500
7.7
78.1
−14.6
3000
8.5
74.1
−17.9The designed antenna pattern.
(a)
f = 500 MHz
(b)
f = 1000 MHz
(c)
f = 1500 MHz
(d)
f = 2000 MHz
(e)
f = 2500 MHz
(f)
f = 3000 MHz


## 4. Comparative Study of Rectangular Plane Spiral Antenna

### 4.1. Comparative Study of Antenna Characteristics

External sensors which have been used to detect GIS partial discharge in our laboratory have two types: the quasi-TEM horn antenna [16] and the microstrip patch antenna [17].Structure of the quasihorn antenna is shown in Figure 8; its size is 129 mm × 90 mm × 60 mm and its weight is 920 g. The size of the rectangular spiral antenna is about 4/5 of the quasi-TEM horn antenna and 1/3 of its weight. The physical map of the microstrip patch antenna is shown in Figure 9; its size is 261 × 142 × 112 mm and its weight is 1040 g. The rectangular spiral antenna size is much smaller than the microstrip patch antenna. Its size is only 1/7 of the microstrip patch antenna and its weight is only 1/4 of that. In brief, the rectangular spiral antenna is much smaller and lighter, thus facilitating the installation.Figure 8
Structure of the quasi-TEM horn antenna.Figure 9
Physical map of the microstrip patch antenna.The rectangular spiral antenna has almost the same size as the quasi-TEM horn antenna, so the paper mainly makes a comparative analysis for some characteristics of these two antennas. The measured VSWR of a quasihorn antenna is shown in Figure10. Figure 10 shows that the quasihorn antenna has an ideal VSWR within 820 MHz–930 MHz, 1.25 GHz–1.65 GHz, 2.15 GHz–2.3 GHz, and 2.85 GHz–3 GHz. It is obvious that the rectangular spiral antenna has a wider frequency band compared to the quasi-TEM horn antenna. Table 3 shows the measured gain of the quasi-TEM horn antenna. Compared to Table 3 and Table 1, gain of the rectangular spiral antenna is overall better than the quasi-TEM horn antenna above 1 GHz, whereas the gain is worse below 800 MHz. The microstrip patch antenna band is 340 MHz–440 MHz and the measured maximum gain is 5.38 dB. Its frequency band range and maximum gain values ​​are all inferior to the rectangular spiral antenna.Table 3
Measured gain of the quasi-TEM horn antenna.
Frequency (MHz)
500
800
1000
1500
2000
3000
Gain (dB)
−12.6
−1.4
1.3
3.2
5.1
3.8Figure 10
Measured VSWR of the quasi-TEM horn antenna.


### 4.2. Comparative Study of Partial Discharge Measurements

To verify the measurement results of the designed antenna, a needle-plate electrode was used to simulate metal protrusion defects of GIS and partial discharge tests were carried out. Figures8 and 11 show the experimental circuit of partial discharge in the lab. The designed antenna was used to collect partial discharge signals. Then the measured results are compared with the signals collected using a quasi-TEM horn antenna and a microstrip patch antenna. A high-speed digital oscilloscope (Tektronix Oscilloscope 7104: bandwidth is 1 GHz, the maximum sampling rate is 20 GS/s, and memory depth is 48 M) was used to record waveforms.Figure 11
Experimental circuit of partial discharge.When the needle-plate electrode is added to 9 kV, the partial discharge signals are received from the rectangular spiral antenna and the quasi-TEM horn antenna simultaneously, as Figure12 shows. The red waveform was measured using the rectangular spiral antenna with a maximum amplitude of 10.2 mV. The green waveform was measured using a quasi-TEM horn antenna with a maximum amplitude of 10.6 mV. Figure 13 shows the partial discharge signals received from the rectangular spiral antenna and the microstrip patch antenna simultaneously. The yellow waveform was measured using the rectangular spiral antenna with a maximum amplitude of 10 mV. The red waveform was measured using a microstrip patch antenna with a maximum amplitude of 19 mV.Figure 12
UHF signals measured by the rectangular spiral antenna and a quasi-TEM horn antenna.Figure 13
UHF signals measured by the rectangular spiral antenna and a microstrip patch antenna.The rectangular spiral antenna is capable of receiving more UHF band energy for its wider band. Thus, it has less catadioptric electromagnetic energy. In this case, the measured signal decreases rapidly and the signal amplitude should also be larger. However, the gain of the designed antenna below 1 GHz is worse than the quasi-TEM horn antenna and the microstrip antenna due to its smaller volume. As a result, the received UHF signal amplitude is relatively low. But it can satisfy the UHF signal detection requirements completely. Moreover, the designed antenna has a wider range frequency band and a bigger gain above 1 GHz. If the oscilloscope does not have a bandwidth limit of 1 GHz and can collect signals above 1 GHz, the designed antenna will collect a higher signal amplitude compared to the quasi-TEM horn and the microstrip patch antenna.


## 4.1. Comparative Study of Antenna Characteristics

External sensors which have been used to detect GIS partial discharge in our laboratory have two types: the quasi-TEM horn antenna [16] and the microstrip patch antenna [17].Structure of the quasihorn antenna is shown in Figure 8; its size is 129 mm × 90 mm × 60 mm and its weight is 920 g. The size of the rectangular spiral antenna is about 4/5 of the quasi-TEM horn antenna and 1/3 of its weight. The physical map of the microstrip patch antenna is shown in Figure 9; its size is 261 × 142 × 112 mm and its weight is 1040 g. The rectangular spiral antenna size is much smaller than the microstrip patch antenna. Its size is only 1/7 of the microstrip patch antenna and its weight is only 1/4 of that. In brief, the rectangular spiral antenna is much smaller and lighter, thus facilitating the installation.Figure 8
Structure of the quasi-TEM horn antenna.Figure 9
Physical map of the microstrip patch antenna.The rectangular spiral antenna has almost the same size as the quasi-TEM horn antenna, so the paper mainly makes a comparative analysis for some characteristics of these two antennas. The measured VSWR of a quasihorn antenna is shown in Figure10. Figure 10 shows that the quasihorn antenna has an ideal VSWR within 820 MHz–930 MHz, 1.25 GHz–1.65 GHz, 2.15 GHz–2.3 GHz, and 2.85 GHz–3 GHz. It is obvious that the rectangular spiral antenna has a wider frequency band compared to the quasi-TEM horn antenna. Table 3 shows the measured gain of the quasi-TEM horn antenna. Compared to Table 3 and Table 1, gain of the rectangular spiral antenna is overall better than the quasi-TEM horn antenna above 1 GHz, whereas the gain is worse below 800 MHz. The microstrip patch antenna band is 340 MHz–440 MHz and the measured maximum gain is 5.38 dB. Its frequency band range and maximum gain values ​​are all inferior to the rectangular spiral antenna.Table 3
Measured gain of the quasi-TEM horn antenna.
Frequency (MHz)
500
800
1000
1500
2000
3000
Gain (dB)
−12.6
−1.4
1.3
3.2
5.1
3.8Figure 10
Measured VSWR of the quasi-TEM horn antenna.


## 4.2. Comparative Study of Partial Discharge Measurements

To verify the measurement results of the designed antenna, a needle-plate electrode was used to simulate metal protrusion defects of GIS and partial discharge tests were carried out. Figures8 and 11 show the experimental circuit of partial discharge in the lab. The designed antenna was used to collect partial discharge signals. Then the measured results are compared with the signals collected using a quasi-TEM horn antenna and a microstrip patch antenna. A high-speed digital oscilloscope (Tektronix Oscilloscope 7104: bandwidth is 1 GHz, the maximum sampling rate is 20 GS/s, and memory depth is 48 M) was used to record waveforms.Figure 11
Experimental circuit of partial discharge.When the needle-plate electrode is added to 9 kV, the partial discharge signals are received from the rectangular spiral antenna and the quasi-TEM horn antenna simultaneously, as Figure12 shows. The red waveform was measured using the rectangular spiral antenna with a maximum amplitude of 10.2 mV. The green waveform was measured using a quasi-TEM horn antenna with a maximum amplitude of 10.6 mV. Figure 13 shows the partial discharge signals received from the rectangular spiral antenna and the microstrip patch antenna simultaneously. The yellow waveform was measured using the rectangular spiral antenna with a maximum amplitude of 10 mV. The red waveform was measured using a microstrip patch antenna with a maximum amplitude of 19 mV.Figure 12
UHF signals measured by the rectangular spiral antenna and a quasi-TEM horn antenna.Figure 13
UHF signals measured by the rectangular spiral antenna and a microstrip patch antenna.The rectangular spiral antenna is capable of receiving more UHF band energy for its wider band. Thus, it has less catadioptric electromagnetic energy. In this case, the measured signal decreases rapidly and the signal amplitude should also be larger. However, the gain of the designed antenna below 1 GHz is worse than the quasi-TEM horn antenna and the microstrip antenna due to its smaller volume. As a result, the received UHF signal amplitude is relatively low. But it can satisfy the UHF signal detection requirements completely. Moreover, the designed antenna has a wider range frequency band and a bigger gain above 1 GHz. If the oscilloscope does not have a bandwidth limit of 1 GHz and can collect signals above 1 GHz, the designed antenna will collect a higher signal amplitude compared to the quasi-TEM horn and the microstrip patch antenna.


## 5. Conclusions

The radiation characteristics of the rectangular spiral antenna through simulation and experimental analysis were tested. Furthermore, it was compared with the quasi-TEM horn antenna and the microstrip patch antenna in the laboratory. The following conclusions were obtained.(a)
The rectangular spiral antenna is smaller and lighter, which facilities installation and fulfills the miniaturization trends of antennas.
(b)
The gain of the designed antenna exhibits a rising trend as the frequency increases in the UHF band. The designed antenna can receive a wider band range of partial discharge signals above 1 GHz. The measured bandwidth is 1.15 GHz–1.55 GHz, 1.9 GHz–2.7 GHz, and 2.85 GHz–3 GHz. Furthermore, the designed antenna achieves a good oriented reception performance.
(c)
The data show that the gain of the designed antenna is slightly inferior to the quasi-TEM horn antenna and the microstrip patch antenna under 1 GHz. However, the designed antenna has better broadband. It has a wider frequency band range and a bigger gain above 1 GHz and is capable of detecting the UHF signal generated by partial discharge better.



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*Source: 985697-2014-06-05.xml*