# Characterizing the Digital Culture of Prospective Primary School Teachers

Authors: Youssef Ou-sekou; Fatiha kaddari; Abdelkarim Zaid
Journal: Education Research International
 (2021)

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## Abstract

This article aims at characterizing the digital culture of prospective Moroccan primary school teachers during their training. The study was conducted as a survey on a sample of prospective primary school teachers from Morocco. A descriptive frequency analysis was performed using SPSS. The results show that this digital culture is rooted more considerably in their personal use of different technological tools or resources. The article analyzes the resources of digital culture through the objectives of digital practices of prospective teachers and the motivations underlying their choice of a specific digital tool and practice. The digital practices of prospective teachers are marked by frequent use of social networks and a low tendency to make use of institutional platforms and their trainers’ blogs. The analysis highlights the nature of the environments, services, and digital resources manipulated by prospective teachers during their training. It also sheds light on the role of this digital culture in the content preparation activities of these potential teachers, as well as the resources produced by them and by their trainers. The preparation of pedagogical content often makes use of social network tools, while educational tools are in average use. Finally, the results show that these exchanges are dominated by WhatsApp, Google Drive, and e-mail; however, the use of the WhatsApp application is more prevalent when interacting with trainers.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Digital technologies have radically changed society and the economy. Society has become more modern and the economy is moving toward complete digitalization. All these factors have led education specialists and researchers to conduct research on the need to modernize education to cope with changes in society and the economy. According to Prensky [1], modern society is characterized by two generations: the “digital natives” and “digital immigrants”. For Prensky [1], the natives are a generation born in the digital age, who do not lack the knowledge and technical skills to manipulate all kinds of tools in different contexts, while the immigrants are those who were not born in the digital age, but they are fascinated by technologies; they strive to take advantage of this digital world. For Prensky, teachers/trainers (digital immigrants) have difficulty teaching/training young people (digital natives) who speak an entirely digital language.A gap has, therefore, been noticed between the digital practices of young people and those offered to them at school. Indeed, the digital uses and practices of young people alternate between their personal spheres and school forms according to their needs [2]. Other research [3] affirms that if young people show frequent use of digital tools in personal contexts, this does not necessarily imply that they master them in professional or academic contexts. Young people often use these digital tools for leisure and social digital practices [4, 5]. Poyet [6], Benett and Maton [7], and Barron et al. [8] invite us to approach this divide not from a generational point of view (i.e., between “immigrants” which could include teachers and trainers) and “natives” (students, young teachers) but rather from the point of view of the tension generated between the two spheres: the personal digital sphere and the school sphere. Other research [9] emphasizes various possible developments focusing on teachers’ and young people’s practices, taking into consideration the differences between “ideal” or expected school practices and actual personal practices and also the differences between the objectives of each act of learning and the learner’s satisfaction.In Morocco, the initial training of teachers is a major challenge and constitutes an essential lever for the modernization of the education system [10] (the Strategic Vision of the 2015–2030 reform in Morocco1). The integration and use of educational technologies in teacher training centers are, thus, a major concern for educational managers. This is evidenced by the insistence of official texts, particularly those defining the Strategic Vision of the 2015–2030 reform in Morocco, on “the shift from the logic of linear transmission of knowledge and memorization to a logic of learning, developing a sense of criticism, constructing a personal project, acquiring languages, knowledge, skills, values, digital technologies“ and, more specifically, on the implementation of “Educational technologies by developing a national strategy which will put them at the educational service quality at the level of curricula, programs, and training from the first school years throughout the various digital media, interactive programs, and networks.”The initial question that prompted this study is rooted in a Moroccan context that is marked by a gap between the expectations of official instructions regarding the use of technologies by prospective teachers during training and their actual digital practices. The research question is formulated as follows: what are the dominant uses in the digital practices of prospective teachers and why? This question will be further broken down into subquestions after the theoretical framework has been developed.


## 2. Theoretical Framework

The notion of culture is polysemous. Its definitions can generally be either materialist or “idealist” [11]. According to this author, the classical materialist interpretation of culture focuses on behavior and covers the sum of all models or observable behaviors of customs and ways of life of a particular social group, whereas the most popular idealist definition of culture is the cognitive definition which includes ideas, beliefs, and knowledge that characterize a particular group of people. Both types of definitions are useful for exploring how groups of people think and behave in their environment. The first appearance of the concept of “digital literacy” was in the 2000s at the conference (O'Reilly Emerging Technologies 2004) that was held under the theme “To shape the future, you have to be there.” A first definition of the concept of digital culture was adopted during this conference; this definition includes all the tools of Web 2.0 and all the interactive technologies. The other definitions given to the concept of “digital culture” in other research are divided into two categories. The first one characterizes it as a purely technological phenomenon, while the other one considers it as a phenomenon of humanitarian dimension besides technological.According to Bayeva [12], digital culture is considered a purely technological phenomenon, as all the components of this culture are digital tools, be it hardware or software. In this sense, the concept “digital culture” refers to the appropriation of techniques to the development of its uses and to the representations, the values, the beliefs, and the products that result from it [6]. Fluckiger [13] builds his definition on the set of values, knowledge, and practices involving the use of technologies; these generate consumption practices of media, culture, communication, and self-expression among young people. The definition given by Greenhow and Lewin [14] addresses digital literacy in its participatory dimension during activities using platforms and social networks.The researchers Chernykh and Parshikov [15] have stated that digital culture influences the individual in a humanitarian way beyond the technological influence, and therefore, it brings about changes to the person’s environment and subsequently the person themselves.In other studies, we have found that the concept of digital culture can be used as electronic culture. In this direction, the researcher Krivosheev [16] defines the concept of “electronic culture” as follows: “An essential characteristic of modern society; it permeates all the content of social life and modifies it. Electronic culture, as an exceptionally multifaceted reality, requires not only a certain understanding or a consideration among several others, but also a thorough interdisciplinary study because it is not just a component of something more complex, but a system that itself determines all facets of the functioning of modern society”.From these different perspectives, we have identified three common features of digital culture: its references characterized by the dominant digital uses and practices among young people and in our case prospective teachers, the products that result from these practices and uses, in terms of content, resources produced, etc., and the communication or exchanges through the digital tools used [17].Our contribution will investigate the digital culture of prospective teachers by characterizing the resources, i.e., their dominant digital practices, tools, and materials; the traces of personal culture of prospective teachers during training in terms of tools used to prepare the contents and also the productions of prospective teachers; and the tools frequently used during exchanges between prospective teachers and their trainers. Thus, the research question will be broken down into three subquestions:(1)
What resources do prospective teachers use (professional or rather personal or playful digital practices)?(2)
How do prospective teachers deploy digital tools during training activities?(3)
What tools do prospective teachers frequently use during exchanges with their trainers?The experimental part of the study involved 56 prospective teachers from the Center of Education and Training (CRMEF), Meknes, Morocco. The questionnaire aims to categorize the digital practices of the prospective teachers, as well as the content produced during training, and finally to determine the digital tools that dominate their exchanges with their trainers. All these results will allow us to characterize the digital culture of these prospective teachers.


## 3. Methodology

### 3.1. Design

The research was a case study that was conducted among the prospective teachers at the Regional Center for Education and Training (CRMEF), Meknes, Morocco. Approval to conduct the study was granted by the Center for Education and Training (CRMEF), Meknes. The study process was completely anonymous, and no personal identifiers were used in the study.


### 3.2. Participants

The participants of this work were 56 students in primary education training at the Regional Center for Education and Training (CRMEF), Meknes, Morocco. These students hold at least a Bachelor’s degree from various disciplines, such as sciences (Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, etc.), human sciences (French literature, English studies, Arabic literature, History, and civilization, etc.) in addition to economic and social sciences. The descriptive analysis of the results shows that among the 56 prospective teachers of the CRMEF MEKNES center who participated in the research, 41 were women (73.2%) and 15 were men (26.8%). The dominant age group is that between 26 years and 30 years old (42.9%); the minority group is that between 31 years and 35 years old (12.5%). Graduates dominate (83.9%); while 8 prospective teachers have obtained their master’s degrees (14.3%), only one prospective teacher reported having a national doctorate. The science and technology specialty fields represent 41.1%; the humanities, 30.4%; and the economic and legal sciences, 28.6%.


### 3.3. Instrument

A paper version of the questionnaire was distributed. The questionnaire was designed to document the three dimensions of the digital culture of prospective teachers: the resources (9 multiple choice questions) and the tools used during the preparation of the content and the exchanges with the trainers (8 multiple choice questions). Organized in two parts, the questionnaire also included questions investigating demographic data (sex, age, field of training, and educational level, whether or not the prospective teacher has received training in educational technology). The structure of the two parts of the questionnaire is shown in Tables1 and 2.Table 1
Structure of the first part of the questionnaire.
Item 1
Digital practices covering social networks, Office, games, blogs….
Item 2
Motivations: self-expression
Item 3
Nature of the applications/services used
Item 4
Nature of the resources used
Item 5
Nature of digital environments used: academic, personal, mixed
Item 6
Objectives of digital practices: leisure, learning ...
Item 7
Number of institutional web portals visited?
Item 8
Number of personal blogs of prospective teachers
Item 9
Number of visits to trainers’ personal blogsTable 2
Structure of the second part of the questionnaire.
Item 1
The tools used for individual preparation of teaching content: Facebook, WhatsApp ...
Item 2
The tools used for group preparation of teaching content: Facebook, WhatsApp ...
Item 3
Reasons for using tools for preparation: easy to use, assistance services ...
Item 4
Services/resources considered essential: communication, access to courses ...
Item 5
The equipment used: cell phone, tablet ...
Item 6
The productions of prospective teachers: digital texts, video ...
Item 7
The outputs of the trainers: digital texts, video ...
Item 8
The exchanges with the trainers by means of Facebook, WhatsApp…


### 3.4. Data Collection Procedure

A paper version of the questionnaire was distributed. The use of the questionnaire was face-to-face, to answer all the questions and remove any ambiguity about the items proposed. After collection of all questionnaires. The data were entered into SPSS version 23.0.


### 3.5. Data Analysis

The data collected was processed and analyzed by SPSS. Multiple choice questions were used in parts 1 and 2 of the questionnaire, offering a predefined list of choices, and end with the choice “other” allowing each participant to enter his or her answer. To analyze the results with SPSS for multiple choice questions, the answer to each question was coded under a single variable. Descriptive statistics were used to present the results in text, tables, and figures. Means and standard deviations were calculated for numerical data, while frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical data.Cronbach’s alpha is less than 0.70, and after the elimination of the item questioning the teaching experience, this coefficient is of the order of 0.736 (Table3), which indicates a good internal consistency of the scales [18].Table 3
Reliability statistics.
Cronbach’s alpha
Number of elements
.736
117Multiple choice questions were used in parts 1 and 2 of the questionnaire, offering a predefined list of choices, and end with the choice “other” allowing each participant to enter his or her answer. To analyze the results with SPSS for multiple choice questions, the answer to each question was coded under a single variable. A descriptive frequency analysis for each variable obtained was performed using SPSS.


## 3.1. Design

The research was a case study that was conducted among the prospective teachers at the Regional Center for Education and Training (CRMEF), Meknes, Morocco. Approval to conduct the study was granted by the Center for Education and Training (CRMEF), Meknes. The study process was completely anonymous, and no personal identifiers were used in the study.


## 3.2. Participants

The participants of this work were 56 students in primary education training at the Regional Center for Education and Training (CRMEF), Meknes, Morocco. These students hold at least a Bachelor’s degree from various disciplines, such as sciences (Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, etc.), human sciences (French literature, English studies, Arabic literature, History, and civilization, etc.) in addition to economic and social sciences. The descriptive analysis of the results shows that among the 56 prospective teachers of the CRMEF MEKNES center who participated in the research, 41 were women (73.2%) and 15 were men (26.8%). The dominant age group is that between 26 years and 30 years old (42.9%); the minority group is that between 31 years and 35 years old (12.5%). Graduates dominate (83.9%); while 8 prospective teachers have obtained their master’s degrees (14.3%), only one prospective teacher reported having a national doctorate. The science and technology specialty fields represent 41.1%; the humanities, 30.4%; and the economic and legal sciences, 28.6%.


## 3.3. Instrument

A paper version of the questionnaire was distributed. The questionnaire was designed to document the three dimensions of the digital culture of prospective teachers: the resources (9 multiple choice questions) and the tools used during the preparation of the content and the exchanges with the trainers (8 multiple choice questions). Organized in two parts, the questionnaire also included questions investigating demographic data (sex, age, field of training, and educational level, whether or not the prospective teacher has received training in educational technology). The structure of the two parts of the questionnaire is shown in Tables1 and 2.Table 1
Structure of the first part of the questionnaire.
Item 1
Digital practices covering social networks, Office, games, blogs….
Item 2
Motivations: self-expression
Item 3
Nature of the applications/services used
Item 4
Nature of the resources used
Item 5
Nature of digital environments used: academic, personal, mixed
Item 6
Objectives of digital practices: leisure, learning ...
Item 7
Number of institutional web portals visited?
Item 8
Number of personal blogs of prospective teachers
Item 9
Number of visits to trainers’ personal blogsTable 2
Structure of the second part of the questionnaire.
Item 1
The tools used for individual preparation of teaching content: Facebook, WhatsApp ...
Item 2
The tools used for group preparation of teaching content: Facebook, WhatsApp ...
Item 3
Reasons for using tools for preparation: easy to use, assistance services ...
Item 4
Services/resources considered essential: communication, access to courses ...
Item 5
The equipment used: cell phone, tablet ...
Item 6
The productions of prospective teachers: digital texts, video ...
Item 7
The outputs of the trainers: digital texts, video ...
Item 8
The exchanges with the trainers by means of Facebook, WhatsApp…


## 3.4. Data Collection Procedure

A paper version of the questionnaire was distributed. The use of the questionnaire was face-to-face, to answer all the questions and remove any ambiguity about the items proposed. After collection of all questionnaires. The data were entered into SPSS version 23.0.


## 3.5. Data Analysis

The data collected was processed and analyzed by SPSS. Multiple choice questions were used in parts 1 and 2 of the questionnaire, offering a predefined list of choices, and end with the choice “other” allowing each participant to enter his or her answer. To analyze the results with SPSS for multiple choice questions, the answer to each question was coded under a single variable. Descriptive statistics were used to present the results in text, tables, and figures. Means and standard deviations were calculated for numerical data, while frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical data.Cronbach’s alpha is less than 0.70, and after the elimination of the item questioning the teaching experience, this coefficient is of the order of 0.736 (Table3), which indicates a good internal consistency of the scales [18].Table 3
Reliability statistics.
Cronbach’s alpha
Number of elements
.736
117Multiple choice questions were used in parts 1 and 2 of the questionnaire, offering a predefined list of choices, and end with the choice “other” allowing each participant to enter his or her answer. To analyze the results with SPSS for multiple choice questions, the answer to each question was coded under a single variable. A descriptive frequency analysis for each variable obtained was performed using SPSS.


## 4. Results

### 4.1. Characterization of Digital Practices of Prospective Teachers

The descriptive analysis of the results shows that among the 56 prospective teachers of the CRMEF MEKNES center who participated in the research, 41 were women (73.2%) and 15 were men (26.8%). The dominant age group is that between 26 years and 30 years old (42.9%); the minority group is that between 31 years and 35 years old (12.5%). Graduates dominate (83.9%); while 8 prospective teachers have obtained their master’s degrees (14.3%), only one prospective teacher reported having a national doctorate. The science and technology specialty field represent 41.1%; the humanities, 30.4%; and the economic and legal sciences, 28.6%.The multiple choice responses to the question concerning personal digital practices were coded as a single variable. Table4 summarizes the results.Table 4
Dominant digital practices among prospective teachers.
Dominant digital practices
Number of prospective teachers
Percentage of observations
Social networks
49
87.5
Office software
45
80.4
Games
19
33.9
IT security
1
1.8
Personal blog
7
12.5The results show that 87.5% of the respondents often use social networks; the use of office tools is considerably important as 80.4% of these prospective teachers reported using these tools. The minority practices are those concerning digital games (33.9%), personal blogs (12.5%), and finally computer security (1.8%).


### 4.2. What Motivates Prospective Teachers to Choose a Digital Practice?

In order to choose between these digital practices revealed in the first question, the motivations prompting the choices of prospective teachers during the first question were investigated. Indeed, this motivation among prospective teachers is of paramount value as a factor that influences academic success [19–21]; other researchers consider it to be a key factor for a successful achievement of learning outcomes [20].The results show that digital environments that meet the personal needs of prospective teachers are dominant (74.1%) while (64.8%) prefer easy-to-use digital tools. More than half of these prospective teachers (53.7%) are motivated by the freedom of self-expression via the digital tool manipulated, while 42.6% are motivated by the fact that they are free of charge, others (37%) are motivated by “unlimited” communication, and finally, only 7.4% are motivated by “respect for private life” which ranks last among all the motivations. Table5 illustrates the results obtained.Table 5
The different motivations for choosing between digital tools.
Motivations justifying the choice of digital practices
Number of prospective teachers
Percentage of observations
Self-expression
29
53.7
Free
23
42.6
Respect for private life
4
7.4
Unlimited exchange
20
37.0
Environment adapted to your personal needs
40
74.1
Easy to use
35
64.8


### 4.3. What Are the Objectives for the Digital Practices of Prospective Teachers?

In order to characterize the objectives of the digital practices of prospective teachers during training, each prospective teacher must choose between several types of practice: leisure (entertainment, games, etc.), learning, and interaction with peers or with trainers.Multiple choice responses to the question regarding the purpose of digital practices were coded as a single variable. The digital practices whose goal is learning are the most dominant: 92.7% asserted that the goal of their digital practices is learning, followed by communication practices with peers (76.4%). Leisure occupies an important part of the practices of prospective teachers (63.6%). More than half (56.4%) of prospective teachers stated that they aim for interactions with their trainers during their digital practices (Table6).Table 6
The objectives of the digital practices of prospective teachers.
The objectives of digital practices
Number of prospective teachers
Percentage of observations
Leisure
35
63.6
Learning
51
92.7
Interaction with peers
42
76.4
Interaction with trainers
31
56.4
Other goals for personal digital practices
1
1.8The digital tools that prospective teachers choose offer environments that differ from one tool to another. An investigation of the types of environment that these digital tools offer was carried out. The environments are classified into three categories: academic environments (for example, an institutional web portal, an official website), personal environments (for example, a personal blog of an experienced teacher or trainer, a personal page on one of the social networks), and mixed environments, offering both academic and personal aspects in their environment.


### 4.4. The Nature of the Environments Offered by the Digital Tools Used

A significant trend among prospective teachers is the use of mixed environments. 69.1% of prospective teachers reported working in mixed environments, followed by 30.9% in personal environments and finally 29.1% in academic environments. Each digital environment provides a range of different services and resources during manipulation. These services and resources are either completely free of charge (may contain disruptive ads) or paid ones. Table7 summarizes these results.Table 7
The nature of digital environments handled by prospective teachers.
The nature of the environment
Number of prospective teachers
Percentage of observations
Academic environment (institutional portal, official website)
16
29.1
Personal environment (personal blog, personal page on one of the social networks)
17
30.9
Mixed environment
38
69.1


### 4.5. The Nature of the Resources Handled

Multiple choice responses to the question regarding the nature of services and resources used were coded as a single variable: one for services and another for resources. The results affirm that the majority of prospective teachers tend to use either free or pirated services and apps (74.5%), while 25.5% use trial versions and 21.8% claim to have used paid digital services and applications (Table8).Table 8
The nature of the services that dominate the digital practices of prospective teachers.
The nature of the services and applications
Number of prospective teachers
Percentage of observations
Free service
41
74.5
Paid service
12
21.8
Trial version service
14
25.5
Hacked service
41
74.5
Other services
2
3.6As for the resources, it is obvious that free resources are the most dominant (83.9% reported using free resources). Half of the participants claim that they use pirated resources, while a minority (8.9%) pay fees to have access to resources through the tools they use (Table9).Table 9
The nature of the resource that dominates the digital practices of prospective teachers.
The nature of resources
Number of prospective teachers
Percentage of observations
Free resources
47
83.9
Paid resources
5
8.9
Hacked resources
28
50.0


### 4.6. Preparation of Content and Nature of Productions

After the description of the dominant digital practices among prospective teachers, the digital environments used, the nature of the services and resources manipulated, and the objectives of these digital practices, we attempt in this section to analyze how these prospective teachers deploy their digital culture to prepare content during training. We will discuss their individual and group preparations as well.The choice of digital tools when preparing pedagogical content involves the use of specific hardware. The results show that the majority of prospective teachers use their mobile phones when preparing content (98.2% said they use smartphones). 76.8% use laptops, while just a minority use tablets (7.1%) and desktop computers (8.9%) as material resources.


#### 4.6.1. Individual Preparation of Content

Among the social media tools, there are two preeminent social media platforms that dominate the individual preparation of the content of prospective teachers, YouTube (82%) and WhatsApp (78%), while 38% of prospective teachers said they use Facebook during their individual preparations. Instagram ranks last, as only 3 prospective teachers reported using it in their preparations. Among the cloud-based tools, Google Drive dominates the individual preparations (98.1%), with 11 prospective teachers reporting equal use of the two tools from Microsoft OneDrive (20.8%) and Dropbox (20.8%). Microsoft’s office tools dominate the individual preparations of prospective teachers. 100% of prospective teachers reported using these tools in their individual preparations while only one prospective teacher indicated that he uses Open Office. Concerning the tools classified as pedagogical devices, the e-portfolios dominate the tools prospective teachers use during their individual preparation (60%), followed by the training center platform (53.3%). As for personal blogs, 12 prospective teachers (26.7%) stated that they use them during their individual preparations (Figure1).Figure 1
The different digital tools used during the individual preparation of content.


#### 4.6.2. Group Preparation of Content

Concerning group preparations, WhatsApp dominates the tools used, with 52 prospective teachers out of 56 (96.3%) declaring the use of this application when preparing group content. (31.5%) of prospective teachers said they use YouTube during group preparations, while just 14 prospective teachers use Facebook. As far as cloud-based tools are concerned, Google Drive is the most dominant, with 89.6% of prospective teachers using this tool during their group preparations. For other cloud-based computing tools, we find that 27.1% of prospective teachers use One Drive, and 16.7% use Dropbox, while a minority (3 prospective teachers) use Cloud Drive. Microsoft's office tools also dominate the group preparations for prospective teachers. 98.1% of prospective teachers say they use these tools during their group preparations, while just two prospective teachers reported having used Open Office. E-mail exchanges are among the prominent tools used for pedagogical purposes by the majority of prospective teachers (59.1%), while the training center platform and the e-portfolio are used equally (43.2% for each) (see Figure2).Figure 2
The various digital tools used during group preparation of content.


### 4.7. What Motivates Prospective Teachers to Choose Specific Tools during Their Preparation?

In the first part, we investigated the motivations that influence prospective teachers to choose between digital tools among all the digital arsenal at their disposal. These motivations concern the digital practices in general of prospective teachers, whereas, in this second part, the survey tackles the motivations of prospective teachers behind choosing digital tools during their preparation.The responses of 45 prospective teachers (81.8%) place the simplicity of the tool at the top of the list as a motivating factor for choosing a tool. Peer exchanges rank second (69.1%) and those with trainers rank third (54.5%). Online help services rank last among the suggested motivations (47.3%). Table10 summarizes the results obtained.Table 10
Motivations for choosing the tools during group preparation.
Motivation when using tools for preparation
Number of prospective teachers
Percentage of observations
Easy to handle
45
81.8
Online help services
26
47.3
Peer exchanges
38
69.1
Exchanges with trainers
30
54.5
Other motivations
1
1.8


### 4.8. What Services/Resources Do You Consider Indispensable for the Digital Tool in Use?

The digital tools used during preparation offer services and resources prospective teachers benefit from during their preparation of content. We questioned prospective teachers about the services and resources that they consider essential for the tools used.79.6% of prospective teachers affirmed that exchanges by instant messaging or by e-mail are the most indispensable dimension in the tools they often use. 48.1% of them consider access to content (courses, for example) to be the most important service offered by the tool used, while just 29.6% insist on online help services (see Table11).Table 11
Essential services/resources for the tool used during content preparation.
Essential services/resources on the tool used during content preparation
Number of prospective teachers
Percentage of observations
Instant messaging, e-mail exchange
43
79.6
Access to the course
26
48.1
Online help
16
29.6


### 4.9. What Do Prospective Teachers and Trainers Produce during Training?

Throughout the training, prospective teachers and their trainers create different types of documents. Trainers use their productions to train prospective teachers, whereas the latter produce content during individual or group preparations in order to pass the training modules and complete their internships.The results show that 75% of prospective teachers produce digital content. Video-based content is significant (66.1%), as well as images (62.5%), while a minority of prospective teachers (25%) claim to produce digital simulations. Paper-based materials are also an important part of the content produced by prospective teachers, with 71.4% of them stating that they produced paper-based content during the training. Concerning trainers, the results show that the content they produce is in the forms of print media and digital presentations. 82% of prospective teachers state that the majority of the trainers’ content is paper-based and computer-assisted presentations (e.g., PowerPoint presentations). 64.3% say that video dominates their training content, while 12.5% indicate the integration of digital simulations by the trainers during training (see Figure3).Figure 3
The types of trainer’s outputs and prospective teachers during training. T: trainers, FT: prospective teachers.


### 4.10. Exchanges between Prospective Teachers and Their Trainers

We have classified exchanges with trainers under three categories: exchanges through social networks, exchanges through the digital tools of the cloud, and finally exchanges through digital pedagogical tools. Exchanges between prospective teachers and their trainers also cover written and voice modes of communication. As far as social networking tools are concerned, WhatsApp is the most dominant, as 97.6% claim to use WhatsApp when interacting with their trainers. 14.6% say they have used Facebook to interact with their trainers. A minority of 7.3% reported using YouTube for exchanges with trainers. Through the trainers’ YouTube channels, students can leave comments to which trainers can respond. For cloud tools, exchanges through Google Drive are dominant, as 96.7% of prospective teachers confirm that they use Google Drive for exchanges with their trainers. Dropbox ranked second (16.6% of prospective teachers), while Microsoft's One Drive is used by 13.3% of prospective teachers. 2 prospective teachers (6.7%) stated that they use Apple's tool (Cloud Drive) when interacting with trainers. For pedagogical and professional tools, most exchanges are done through e-mail (78.3% of prospective teachers say they use it for their exchanges with trainers). Exchanges through the institute's platform and the e-portfolio are affirmed by 34.8% of prospective teachers each. Finally, 15.2% of prospective teachers say they use their trainers’ personal blogs as a tool for discussion (Figure4). We also note that among the 56 prospective teachers, 8 prospective teachers stated that they had never received any feedback from their trainers and 6 declared that they had not had any type of exchange with the trainers.Figure 4
The digital tools used by prospective teachers during discussions with trainers.


## 4.1. Characterization of Digital Practices of Prospective Teachers

The descriptive analysis of the results shows that among the 56 prospective teachers of the CRMEF MEKNES center who participated in the research, 41 were women (73.2%) and 15 were men (26.8%). The dominant age group is that between 26 years and 30 years old (42.9%); the minority group is that between 31 years and 35 years old (12.5%). Graduates dominate (83.9%); while 8 prospective teachers have obtained their master’s degrees (14.3%), only one prospective teacher reported having a national doctorate. The science and technology specialty field represent 41.1%; the humanities, 30.4%; and the economic and legal sciences, 28.6%.The multiple choice responses to the question concerning personal digital practices were coded as a single variable. Table4 summarizes the results.Table 4
Dominant digital practices among prospective teachers.
Dominant digital practices
Number of prospective teachers
Percentage of observations
Social networks
49
87.5
Office software
45
80.4
Games
19
33.9
IT security
1
1.8
Personal blog
7
12.5The results show that 87.5% of the respondents often use social networks; the use of office tools is considerably important as 80.4% of these prospective teachers reported using these tools. The minority practices are those concerning digital games (33.9%), personal blogs (12.5%), and finally computer security (1.8%).


## 4.2. What Motivates Prospective Teachers to Choose a Digital Practice?

In order to choose between these digital practices revealed in the first question, the motivations prompting the choices of prospective teachers during the first question were investigated. Indeed, this motivation among prospective teachers is of paramount value as a factor that influences academic success [19–21]; other researchers consider it to be a key factor for a successful achievement of learning outcomes [20].The results show that digital environments that meet the personal needs of prospective teachers are dominant (74.1%) while (64.8%) prefer easy-to-use digital tools. More than half of these prospective teachers (53.7%) are motivated by the freedom of self-expression via the digital tool manipulated, while 42.6% are motivated by the fact that they are free of charge, others (37%) are motivated by “unlimited” communication, and finally, only 7.4% are motivated by “respect for private life” which ranks last among all the motivations. Table5 illustrates the results obtained.Table 5
The different motivations for choosing between digital tools.
Motivations justifying the choice of digital practices
Number of prospective teachers
Percentage of observations
Self-expression
29
53.7
Free
23
42.6
Respect for private life
4
7.4
Unlimited exchange
20
37.0
Environment adapted to your personal needs
40
74.1
Easy to use
35
64.8


## 4.3. What Are the Objectives for the Digital Practices of Prospective Teachers?

In order to characterize the objectives of the digital practices of prospective teachers during training, each prospective teacher must choose between several types of practice: leisure (entertainment, games, etc.), learning, and interaction with peers or with trainers.Multiple choice responses to the question regarding the purpose of digital practices were coded as a single variable. The digital practices whose goal is learning are the most dominant: 92.7% asserted that the goal of their digital practices is learning, followed by communication practices with peers (76.4%). Leisure occupies an important part of the practices of prospective teachers (63.6%). More than half (56.4%) of prospective teachers stated that they aim for interactions with their trainers during their digital practices (Table6).Table 6
The objectives of the digital practices of prospective teachers.
The objectives of digital practices
Number of prospective teachers
Percentage of observations
Leisure
35
63.6
Learning
51
92.7
Interaction with peers
42
76.4
Interaction with trainers
31
56.4
Other goals for personal digital practices
1
1.8The digital tools that prospective teachers choose offer environments that differ from one tool to another. An investigation of the types of environment that these digital tools offer was carried out. The environments are classified into three categories: academic environments (for example, an institutional web portal, an official website), personal environments (for example, a personal blog of an experienced teacher or trainer, a personal page on one of the social networks), and mixed environments, offering both academic and personal aspects in their environment.


## 4.4. The Nature of the Environments Offered by the Digital Tools Used

A significant trend among prospective teachers is the use of mixed environments. 69.1% of prospective teachers reported working in mixed environments, followed by 30.9% in personal environments and finally 29.1% in academic environments. Each digital environment provides a range of different services and resources during manipulation. These services and resources are either completely free of charge (may contain disruptive ads) or paid ones. Table7 summarizes these results.Table 7
The nature of digital environments handled by prospective teachers.
The nature of the environment
Number of prospective teachers
Percentage of observations
Academic environment (institutional portal, official website)
16
29.1
Personal environment (personal blog, personal page on one of the social networks)
17
30.9
Mixed environment
38
69.1


## 4.5. The Nature of the Resources Handled

Multiple choice responses to the question regarding the nature of services and resources used were coded as a single variable: one for services and another for resources. The results affirm that the majority of prospective teachers tend to use either free or pirated services and apps (74.5%), while 25.5% use trial versions and 21.8% claim to have used paid digital services and applications (Table8).Table 8
The nature of the services that dominate the digital practices of prospective teachers.
The nature of the services and applications
Number of prospective teachers
Percentage of observations
Free service
41
74.5
Paid service
12
21.8
Trial version service
14
25.5
Hacked service
41
74.5
Other services
2
3.6As for the resources, it is obvious that free resources are the most dominant (83.9% reported using free resources). Half of the participants claim that they use pirated resources, while a minority (8.9%) pay fees to have access to resources through the tools they use (Table9).Table 9
The nature of the resource that dominates the digital practices of prospective teachers.
The nature of resources
Number of prospective teachers
Percentage of observations
Free resources
47
83.9
Paid resources
5
8.9
Hacked resources
28
50.0


## 4.6. Preparation of Content and Nature of Productions

After the description of the dominant digital practices among prospective teachers, the digital environments used, the nature of the services and resources manipulated, and the objectives of these digital practices, we attempt in this section to analyze how these prospective teachers deploy their digital culture to prepare content during training. We will discuss their individual and group preparations as well.The choice of digital tools when preparing pedagogical content involves the use of specific hardware. The results show that the majority of prospective teachers use their mobile phones when preparing content (98.2% said they use smartphones). 76.8% use laptops, while just a minority use tablets (7.1%) and desktop computers (8.9%) as material resources.


### 4.6.1. Individual Preparation of Content

Among the social media tools, there are two preeminent social media platforms that dominate the individual preparation of the content of prospective teachers, YouTube (82%) and WhatsApp (78%), while 38% of prospective teachers said they use Facebook during their individual preparations. Instagram ranks last, as only 3 prospective teachers reported using it in their preparations. Among the cloud-based tools, Google Drive dominates the individual preparations (98.1%), with 11 prospective teachers reporting equal use of the two tools from Microsoft OneDrive (20.8%) and Dropbox (20.8%). Microsoft’s office tools dominate the individual preparations of prospective teachers. 100% of prospective teachers reported using these tools in their individual preparations while only one prospective teacher indicated that he uses Open Office. Concerning the tools classified as pedagogical devices, the e-portfolios dominate the tools prospective teachers use during their individual preparation (60%), followed by the training center platform (53.3%). As for personal blogs, 12 prospective teachers (26.7%) stated that they use them during their individual preparations (Figure1).Figure 1
The different digital tools used during the individual preparation of content.


### 4.6.2. Group Preparation of Content

Concerning group preparations, WhatsApp dominates the tools used, with 52 prospective teachers out of 56 (96.3%) declaring the use of this application when preparing group content. (31.5%) of prospective teachers said they use YouTube during group preparations, while just 14 prospective teachers use Facebook. As far as cloud-based tools are concerned, Google Drive is the most dominant, with 89.6% of prospective teachers using this tool during their group preparations. For other cloud-based computing tools, we find that 27.1% of prospective teachers use One Drive, and 16.7% use Dropbox, while a minority (3 prospective teachers) use Cloud Drive. Microsoft's office tools also dominate the group preparations for prospective teachers. 98.1% of prospective teachers say they use these tools during their group preparations, while just two prospective teachers reported having used Open Office. E-mail exchanges are among the prominent tools used for pedagogical purposes by the majority of prospective teachers (59.1%), while the training center platform and the e-portfolio are used equally (43.2% for each) (see Figure2).Figure 2
The various digital tools used during group preparation of content.


## 4.6.1. Individual Preparation of Content

Among the social media tools, there are two preeminent social media platforms that dominate the individual preparation of the content of prospective teachers, YouTube (82%) and WhatsApp (78%), while 38% of prospective teachers said they use Facebook during their individual preparations. Instagram ranks last, as only 3 prospective teachers reported using it in their preparations. Among the cloud-based tools, Google Drive dominates the individual preparations (98.1%), with 11 prospective teachers reporting equal use of the two tools from Microsoft OneDrive (20.8%) and Dropbox (20.8%). Microsoft’s office tools dominate the individual preparations of prospective teachers. 100% of prospective teachers reported using these tools in their individual preparations while only one prospective teacher indicated that he uses Open Office. Concerning the tools classified as pedagogical devices, the e-portfolios dominate the tools prospective teachers use during their individual preparation (60%), followed by the training center platform (53.3%). As for personal blogs, 12 prospective teachers (26.7%) stated that they use them during their individual preparations (Figure1).Figure 1
The different digital tools used during the individual preparation of content.


## 4.6.2. Group Preparation of Content

Concerning group preparations, WhatsApp dominates the tools used, with 52 prospective teachers out of 56 (96.3%) declaring the use of this application when preparing group content. (31.5%) of prospective teachers said they use YouTube during group preparations, while just 14 prospective teachers use Facebook. As far as cloud-based tools are concerned, Google Drive is the most dominant, with 89.6% of prospective teachers using this tool during their group preparations. For other cloud-based computing tools, we find that 27.1% of prospective teachers use One Drive, and 16.7% use Dropbox, while a minority (3 prospective teachers) use Cloud Drive. Microsoft's office tools also dominate the group preparations for prospective teachers. 98.1% of prospective teachers say they use these tools during their group preparations, while just two prospective teachers reported having used Open Office. E-mail exchanges are among the prominent tools used for pedagogical purposes by the majority of prospective teachers (59.1%), while the training center platform and the e-portfolio are used equally (43.2% for each) (see Figure2).Figure 2
The various digital tools used during group preparation of content.


## 4.7. What Motivates Prospective Teachers to Choose Specific Tools during Their Preparation?

In the first part, we investigated the motivations that influence prospective teachers to choose between digital tools among all the digital arsenal at their disposal. These motivations concern the digital practices in general of prospective teachers, whereas, in this second part, the survey tackles the motivations of prospective teachers behind choosing digital tools during their preparation.The responses of 45 prospective teachers (81.8%) place the simplicity of the tool at the top of the list as a motivating factor for choosing a tool. Peer exchanges rank second (69.1%) and those with trainers rank third (54.5%). Online help services rank last among the suggested motivations (47.3%). Table10 summarizes the results obtained.Table 10
Motivations for choosing the tools during group preparation.
Motivation when using tools for preparation
Number of prospective teachers
Percentage of observations
Easy to handle
45
81.8
Online help services
26
47.3
Peer exchanges
38
69.1
Exchanges with trainers
30
54.5
Other motivations
1
1.8


## 4.8. What Services/Resources Do You Consider Indispensable for the Digital Tool in Use?

The digital tools used during preparation offer services and resources prospective teachers benefit from during their preparation of content. We questioned prospective teachers about the services and resources that they consider essential for the tools used.79.6% of prospective teachers affirmed that exchanges by instant messaging or by e-mail are the most indispensable dimension in the tools they often use. 48.1% of them consider access to content (courses, for example) to be the most important service offered by the tool used, while just 29.6% insist on online help services (see Table11).Table 11
Essential services/resources for the tool used during content preparation.
Essential services/resources on the tool used during content preparation
Number of prospective teachers
Percentage of observations
Instant messaging, e-mail exchange
43
79.6
Access to the course
26
48.1
Online help
16
29.6


## 4.9. What Do Prospective Teachers and Trainers Produce during Training?

Throughout the training, prospective teachers and their trainers create different types of documents. Trainers use their productions to train prospective teachers, whereas the latter produce content during individual or group preparations in order to pass the training modules and complete their internships.The results show that 75% of prospective teachers produce digital content. Video-based content is significant (66.1%), as well as images (62.5%), while a minority of prospective teachers (25%) claim to produce digital simulations. Paper-based materials are also an important part of the content produced by prospective teachers, with 71.4% of them stating that they produced paper-based content during the training. Concerning trainers, the results show that the content they produce is in the forms of print media and digital presentations. 82% of prospective teachers state that the majority of the trainers’ content is paper-based and computer-assisted presentations (e.g., PowerPoint presentations). 64.3% say that video dominates their training content, while 12.5% indicate the integration of digital simulations by the trainers during training (see Figure3).Figure 3
The types of trainer’s outputs and prospective teachers during training. T: trainers, FT: prospective teachers.


## 4.10. Exchanges between Prospective Teachers and Their Trainers

We have classified exchanges with trainers under three categories: exchanges through social networks, exchanges through the digital tools of the cloud, and finally exchanges through digital pedagogical tools. Exchanges between prospective teachers and their trainers also cover written and voice modes of communication. As far as social networking tools are concerned, WhatsApp is the most dominant, as 97.6% claim to use WhatsApp when interacting with their trainers. 14.6% say they have used Facebook to interact with their trainers. A minority of 7.3% reported using YouTube for exchanges with trainers. Through the trainers’ YouTube channels, students can leave comments to which trainers can respond. For cloud tools, exchanges through Google Drive are dominant, as 96.7% of prospective teachers confirm that they use Google Drive for exchanges with their trainers. Dropbox ranked second (16.6% of prospective teachers), while Microsoft's One Drive is used by 13.3% of prospective teachers. 2 prospective teachers (6.7%) stated that they use Apple's tool (Cloud Drive) when interacting with trainers. For pedagogical and professional tools, most exchanges are done through e-mail (78.3% of prospective teachers say they use it for their exchanges with trainers). Exchanges through the institute's platform and the e-portfolio are affirmed by 34.8% of prospective teachers each. Finally, 15.2% of prospective teachers say they use their trainers’ personal blogs as a tool for discussion (Figure4). We also note that among the 56 prospective teachers, 8 prospective teachers stated that they had never received any feedback from their trainers and 6 declared that they had not had any type of exchange with the trainers.Figure 4
The digital tools used by prospective teachers during discussions with trainers.


## 5. Discussion

The objective of this article is to characterize the digital culture of prospective teachers, in terms of resources, digital tools used during content preparation, and also in terms of digital tools dominating their exchanges with trainers. The results obtained allow us to characterize the digital culture of prospective teachers and also understand the manifestations of this culture during training, content preparation, and also the exchanges with the trainers.


### 5.1. The Digital Culture of Prospective Teachers Tends toward Personalization

Personalization is understood in the sense of the use of tools or the harnessing of practices for personal/recreational needs that are not among the pedagogical and professional expectations of the training. This aspect of personalization appears in the objectives revealed by prospective teachers, including leisure and communication with peers. Personalization also influences the motivations of prospective teachers to choose a specific digital practice. Prospective teachers are attracted to digital environments that meet their personal needs and also those that will allow them to express themselves freely. We accept that the dominant digital practices revealed are an immediate result of two factors: the teachers’ objectives and motivations. The results of this study show the domination of social networks over the digital practices of prospective teachers, which confirms the personal nature of this digital culture (Figure5).Figure 5
Predominant digital practices among prospective teachers, seen as a result of their goals and motivations.Prospective teachers demonstrated frequent use of social networks in their digital practices; these social networks offer them opportunities, in terms of interactions with peers outside the walls of the school, shaping knowledge construction in unexpected or rather informal ways [14]. The findings of this study confirm the results noted in the studies [22–26], which emphasizes that prospective teachers use ICT on a personal level especially for communication, and also, they demonstrate a remarkable mastery of tools marking Web 2.0 (social networks, blogs, Google documents, etc.).Despite the important role blogging plays as a digital space that allows prospective teachers to access an online tutor when needed [27–29], the results show a low tendency of prospective teachers to use personal blogs, with just 12.5% of them confirming the use of this tool. Several research studies have shown that the use of blogs has a positive impact and contributes to the professional development of prospective teachers [30, 31].The results of this study highlight the nature of the services and resources manipulated by prospective teachers during their dominant digital practices. A cross-tabulation of the variable representing the digital practices $ PratNum with each of the variables representing the nature of the $ Natservice services and the nature of the $ NatRess resources allows us to characterize the nature of the services and resources for each category of practices. On social networks, we notice the domination of pirated and free services/resources, which indicates a trend among prospective teachers toward resources and services that meet their personal needs (such as sharing a paid book for free, sharing Netflix subscriptions, etc.). Free and pirated services/resources remain dominant over other categories of digital practices while paid services and resources remain in the minority (Figure6).Figure 6
The crossing of the variable $ PratNum with the two variables: (a) $ Natservice and (b) $ NatRess.
(a)
(b)


### 5.2. The Importance of Digital Culture in the Preparation of Content throughout Training

The description of the digital tools that dominate content preparation activities by prospective teachers reveals the dominance of specific tools in each category (Figure7).Figure 7
Comparison of the tools dominating the preparation of prospective teachers.


#### 5.2.1. The Use of Social Networks

The results reveal that WhatsApp dominates in prospective teachers’ preparation activities (individual and in groups). These results are in line with the studies [22–24, 26] which confirmed that prospective teachers use ICT in their personal spheres to produce documents and also to communicate with their friends. They are also consistent with those of research on the analysis of professional competence in integrating ICT among prospective teachers in Quebec [32], where prospective teachers mark an effective use of digital technology for doing research, communicating information and problem-solving, building networks for exchanges, and continuing education in connection with their own teaching field. YouTube also marks the individual preparations of prospective teachers compared to those in groups; a difference is well noticed (82% declared that they use YouTube to prepare their content individually, while just 31% for group preparations). This significant use of YouTube highlights the importance of video as a resource and reference among prospective teachers. These results confirm the prominent position given to video in teacher training in the studies [33–36], where trainers used video to resolve misunderstandings and misinterpretations among novice teachers. With regard to WhatsApp and YouTube, we notice among prospective teachers a poor use of Facebook when preparing content. These results confirm Madge et al.’s [37] findings, who point out that students often use Facebook for social reasons and not necessarily for formal learning. The results of more recent studies [38–41] highlight that students value the use of Facebook as an educational artifact for acquiring new knowledge and also improving their skills.


#### 5.2.2. The Use of Pedagogical Tools

We surveyed prospective teachers about the use of four digital educational tools (e-mail, e-portfolio, institutional platform, and trainers' blogs). The results reveal that the majority of prospective teachers (60%) use digital e-portfolios during individual preparation of training content, compared to 43.2% during group preparations. The important role of the e-portfolio is confirmed by the results of the studies [42–45], highlighting that the use of the e-Portfolio reinforces the training experiences among prospective teachers, and allows trainers and trainees to identify professional skills they need to develop.Regarding e-mail, 59.1% of prospective teachers declared using it during their group preparations. This result is in agreement with what studies [32, 46, 47] pointed out, where prospective teachers prefer using electronic mail for any participation in exchange networks.Prospective teachers show an important use of institutional platforms, which is confirmed by Villeneuve et al. [32] who reported that 45.2% of prospective teachers declared the use of educational and official websites to create networks for exchanges and lifelong training.As for the personal blogs of trainers, they are hardly used during content preparation in the sense that 26.7% of prospective teachers stated that they use the trainers’ blogs to prepare their individual content, while fewer of them (13.6%) emphasized using these personal blogs for their group preparations. This underuse of the blog is also shown by Villeneuve et al. [32] who reported that only 3.3% of the prospective teachers use forums and blogs to participate in exchange networks for self-development and personal growth.With regard to office automation tools, Microsoft Office tools are very much used in the individual preparations of prospective teachers. These results confirm those of Lefebvre and Fournier [26] who emphasized that prospective teachers tend to use Microsoft office tools to produce documents related to their studies. They also confirm those highlighted by Poyet [6], by emphasizing that the majority of prospective teachers use a word processor, mainly Microsoft Word, to produce professional-looking writing and also personal correspondence.


#### 5.2.3. The Use of Cloud Storage Tools (Cloud Computing)

With the massification of digital tools offering cloud storage services, we asked prospective teachers about the use of the four best-known digital tools (Google Drive, Microsoft Drive, Dropbox, and iCloud Drive). The results show a major tendency of prospective teachers toward the Google Drive tool (98.1% of prospective teachers declared using it during their individual preparations and 89.6% during group preparation). The use of Microsoft Drive and Dropbox is said to be identical for individual preparations, while a slight difference is noted for group preparations. Apple's iCloud Drive is reported as the least used tool by prospective teachers. These results abound on those revealed by [32, 48–50] noting that prospective teachers make use of Web 2.0 tools (Google tools, Dropbox, etc.) for various tasks during their preparations. The results obtained are in opposition to those of Wang et al. [51] describing the use of Web 2.0 tools and cloud computing tools by prospective teachers outside of school as poor.The personal aspect of the digital culture of prospective teachers has given way to digital social media tools over other professional-looking tools, especially during individual preparations. We noticed strong domination of the two tools YouTube and WhatsApp on the individual preparations of prospective teachers compared to other tools such as e-portfolio, the digital platform of the training institute, and also e-mail. During group preparations, two tools show a considerable increase, WhatsApp for social networking tools and e-mail for professional tools. We also noted a significant difference in terms of usage between the two tools WhatsApp and e-mail (96.3% of prospective teachers say they use WhatsApp during group preparations, while 59.1% use e-mail).


### 5.3. The Nature of the Resources Produced

The results show that nondigitized content (paper-based) still retains an important place among the productions of prospective teachers and trainers. The use of video was equitable among prospective teachers and trainers. The digital textual productions and images among prospective teachers are important. These results are consistent with those of Poyet [6] which reveal that 90% of prospective teachers produce digital texts for their personal and professional work, while 83% of them produced images for personal use and 39% for professional objectives. Digital simulations are poorly used, with 25% of prospective teachers indicating that they produce digital simulations during preparations, and 12.5% of them indicated that their trainers use digital simulations as a pedagogical resource during training.


### 5.4. Exchanges with Trainers

The issue of exchanges between prospective teachers and trainers is characterized by the diversity of the tools used. The results show that prospective teachers prefer a specific digital tool for each category of tools. The majority of social networking tools offer flexible communication services (instant messaging) and also exchange services. WhatsApp is reported by prospective teachers as the most used tool. This result is consistent with the results of [52–55]; the latter study states that the trainer/prospective teacher relationship has changed due to the fact that trainers can still be reached by mobile phones at all times instead of waiting for a meeting at the office. Facebook is poorly used during exchanges, which does not concur with the results of [39], where the students state that using Facebook when carrying out their miniproject made it easier for them to communicate. For cloud tools, we notice a significant use of the Google Drive tool. This result does not agree with that of Wang et al. [51] who concluded that teachers do not use cloud-based tools much inside and outside of school. The use of other tools remains low compared to Google Drive. The digital tools that we have classified as pedagogical and professional are dominated by the use of emails when interacting with trainers. This result is confirmed by [32, 46]; the researchers concluded that prospective teachers prefer e-mail during personal and professional exchanges. The use of e-portfolios and institutional platforms and blogs remains low when interacting with trainers.Three tools dominate the exchanges of prospective teachers with their trainers. We note the significant place that WhatsApp occupies compared to the other two digital tools. This result reveals the importance of personal tools in discussions with trainers and thus reinforces the personal aspect of the digital culture of prospective teachers.


## 5.1. The Digital Culture of Prospective Teachers Tends toward Personalization

Personalization is understood in the sense of the use of tools or the harnessing of practices for personal/recreational needs that are not among the pedagogical and professional expectations of the training. This aspect of personalization appears in the objectives revealed by prospective teachers, including leisure and communication with peers. Personalization also influences the motivations of prospective teachers to choose a specific digital practice. Prospective teachers are attracted to digital environments that meet their personal needs and also those that will allow them to express themselves freely. We accept that the dominant digital practices revealed are an immediate result of two factors: the teachers’ objectives and motivations. The results of this study show the domination of social networks over the digital practices of prospective teachers, which confirms the personal nature of this digital culture (Figure5).Figure 5
Predominant digital practices among prospective teachers, seen as a result of their goals and motivations.Prospective teachers demonstrated frequent use of social networks in their digital practices; these social networks offer them opportunities, in terms of interactions with peers outside the walls of the school, shaping knowledge construction in unexpected or rather informal ways [14]. The findings of this study confirm the results noted in the studies [22–26], which emphasizes that prospective teachers use ICT on a personal level especially for communication, and also, they demonstrate a remarkable mastery of tools marking Web 2.0 (social networks, blogs, Google documents, etc.).Despite the important role blogging plays as a digital space that allows prospective teachers to access an online tutor when needed [27–29], the results show a low tendency of prospective teachers to use personal blogs, with just 12.5% of them confirming the use of this tool. Several research studies have shown that the use of blogs has a positive impact and contributes to the professional development of prospective teachers [30, 31].The results of this study highlight the nature of the services and resources manipulated by prospective teachers during their dominant digital practices. A cross-tabulation of the variable representing the digital practices $ PratNum with each of the variables representing the nature of the $ Natservice services and the nature of the $ NatRess resources allows us to characterize the nature of the services and resources for each category of practices. On social networks, we notice the domination of pirated and free services/resources, which indicates a trend among prospective teachers toward resources and services that meet their personal needs (such as sharing a paid book for free, sharing Netflix subscriptions, etc.). Free and pirated services/resources remain dominant over other categories of digital practices while paid services and resources remain in the minority (Figure6).Figure 6
The crossing of the variable $ PratNum with the two variables: (a) $ Natservice and (b) $ NatRess.
(a)
(b)


## 5.2. The Importance of Digital Culture in the Preparation of Content throughout Training

The description of the digital tools that dominate content preparation activities by prospective teachers reveals the dominance of specific tools in each category (Figure7).Figure 7
Comparison of the tools dominating the preparation of prospective teachers.


### 5.2.1. The Use of Social Networks

The results reveal that WhatsApp dominates in prospective teachers’ preparation activities (individual and in groups). These results are in line with the studies [22–24, 26] which confirmed that prospective teachers use ICT in their personal spheres to produce documents and also to communicate with their friends. They are also consistent with those of research on the analysis of professional competence in integrating ICT among prospective teachers in Quebec [32], where prospective teachers mark an effective use of digital technology for doing research, communicating information and problem-solving, building networks for exchanges, and continuing education in connection with their own teaching field. YouTube also marks the individual preparations of prospective teachers compared to those in groups; a difference is well noticed (82% declared that they use YouTube to prepare their content individually, while just 31% for group preparations). This significant use of YouTube highlights the importance of video as a resource and reference among prospective teachers. These results confirm the prominent position given to video in teacher training in the studies [33–36], where trainers used video to resolve misunderstandings and misinterpretations among novice teachers. With regard to WhatsApp and YouTube, we notice among prospective teachers a poor use of Facebook when preparing content. These results confirm Madge et al.’s [37] findings, who point out that students often use Facebook for social reasons and not necessarily for formal learning. The results of more recent studies [38–41] highlight that students value the use of Facebook as an educational artifact for acquiring new knowledge and also improving their skills.


### 5.2.2. The Use of Pedagogical Tools

We surveyed prospective teachers about the use of four digital educational tools (e-mail, e-portfolio, institutional platform, and trainers' blogs). The results reveal that the majority of prospective teachers (60%) use digital e-portfolios during individual preparation of training content, compared to 43.2% during group preparations. The important role of the e-portfolio is confirmed by the results of the studies [42–45], highlighting that the use of the e-Portfolio reinforces the training experiences among prospective teachers, and allows trainers and trainees to identify professional skills they need to develop.Regarding e-mail, 59.1% of prospective teachers declared using it during their group preparations. This result is in agreement with what studies [32, 46, 47] pointed out, where prospective teachers prefer using electronic mail for any participation in exchange networks.Prospective teachers show an important use of institutional platforms, which is confirmed by Villeneuve et al. [32] who reported that 45.2% of prospective teachers declared the use of educational and official websites to create networks for exchanges and lifelong training.As for the personal blogs of trainers, they are hardly used during content preparation in the sense that 26.7% of prospective teachers stated that they use the trainers’ blogs to prepare their individual content, while fewer of them (13.6%) emphasized using these personal blogs for their group preparations. This underuse of the blog is also shown by Villeneuve et al. [32] who reported that only 3.3% of the prospective teachers use forums and blogs to participate in exchange networks for self-development and personal growth.With regard to office automation tools, Microsoft Office tools are very much used in the individual preparations of prospective teachers. These results confirm those of Lefebvre and Fournier [26] who emphasized that prospective teachers tend to use Microsoft office tools to produce documents related to their studies. They also confirm those highlighted by Poyet [6], by emphasizing that the majority of prospective teachers use a word processor, mainly Microsoft Word, to produce professional-looking writing and also personal correspondence.


### 5.2.3. The Use of Cloud Storage Tools (Cloud Computing)

With the massification of digital tools offering cloud storage services, we asked prospective teachers about the use of the four best-known digital tools (Google Drive, Microsoft Drive, Dropbox, and iCloud Drive). The results show a major tendency of prospective teachers toward the Google Drive tool (98.1% of prospective teachers declared using it during their individual preparations and 89.6% during group preparation). The use of Microsoft Drive and Dropbox is said to be identical for individual preparations, while a slight difference is noted for group preparations. Apple's iCloud Drive is reported as the least used tool by prospective teachers. These results abound on those revealed by [32, 48–50] noting that prospective teachers make use of Web 2.0 tools (Google tools, Dropbox, etc.) for various tasks during their preparations. The results obtained are in opposition to those of Wang et al. [51] describing the use of Web 2.0 tools and cloud computing tools by prospective teachers outside of school as poor.The personal aspect of the digital culture of prospective teachers has given way to digital social media tools over other professional-looking tools, especially during individual preparations. We noticed strong domination of the two tools YouTube and WhatsApp on the individual preparations of prospective teachers compared to other tools such as e-portfolio, the digital platform of the training institute, and also e-mail. During group preparations, two tools show a considerable increase, WhatsApp for social networking tools and e-mail for professional tools. We also noted a significant difference in terms of usage between the two tools WhatsApp and e-mail (96.3% of prospective teachers say they use WhatsApp during group preparations, while 59.1% use e-mail).


## 5.2.1. The Use of Social Networks

The results reveal that WhatsApp dominates in prospective teachers’ preparation activities (individual and in groups). These results are in line with the studies [22–24, 26] which confirmed that prospective teachers use ICT in their personal spheres to produce documents and also to communicate with their friends. They are also consistent with those of research on the analysis of professional competence in integrating ICT among prospective teachers in Quebec [32], where prospective teachers mark an effective use of digital technology for doing research, communicating information and problem-solving, building networks for exchanges, and continuing education in connection with their own teaching field. YouTube also marks the individual preparations of prospective teachers compared to those in groups; a difference is well noticed (82% declared that they use YouTube to prepare their content individually, while just 31% for group preparations). This significant use of YouTube highlights the importance of video as a resource and reference among prospective teachers. These results confirm the prominent position given to video in teacher training in the studies [33–36], where trainers used video to resolve misunderstandings and misinterpretations among novice teachers. With regard to WhatsApp and YouTube, we notice among prospective teachers a poor use of Facebook when preparing content. These results confirm Madge et al.’s [37] findings, who point out that students often use Facebook for social reasons and not necessarily for formal learning. The results of more recent studies [38–41] highlight that students value the use of Facebook as an educational artifact for acquiring new knowledge and also improving their skills.


## 5.2.2. The Use of Pedagogical Tools

We surveyed prospective teachers about the use of four digital educational tools (e-mail, e-portfolio, institutional platform, and trainers' blogs). The results reveal that the majority of prospective teachers (60%) use digital e-portfolios during individual preparation of training content, compared to 43.2% during group preparations. The important role of the e-portfolio is confirmed by the results of the studies [42–45], highlighting that the use of the e-Portfolio reinforces the training experiences among prospective teachers, and allows trainers and trainees to identify professional skills they need to develop.Regarding e-mail, 59.1% of prospective teachers declared using it during their group preparations. This result is in agreement with what studies [32, 46, 47] pointed out, where prospective teachers prefer using electronic mail for any participation in exchange networks.Prospective teachers show an important use of institutional platforms, which is confirmed by Villeneuve et al. [32] who reported that 45.2% of prospective teachers declared the use of educational and official websites to create networks for exchanges and lifelong training.As for the personal blogs of trainers, they are hardly used during content preparation in the sense that 26.7% of prospective teachers stated that they use the trainers’ blogs to prepare their individual content, while fewer of them (13.6%) emphasized using these personal blogs for their group preparations. This underuse of the blog is also shown by Villeneuve et al. [32] who reported that only 3.3% of the prospective teachers use forums and blogs to participate in exchange networks for self-development and personal growth.With regard to office automation tools, Microsoft Office tools are very much used in the individual preparations of prospective teachers. These results confirm those of Lefebvre and Fournier [26] who emphasized that prospective teachers tend to use Microsoft office tools to produce documents related to their studies. They also confirm those highlighted by Poyet [6], by emphasizing that the majority of prospective teachers use a word processor, mainly Microsoft Word, to produce professional-looking writing and also personal correspondence.


## 5.2.3. The Use of Cloud Storage Tools (Cloud Computing)

With the massification of digital tools offering cloud storage services, we asked prospective teachers about the use of the four best-known digital tools (Google Drive, Microsoft Drive, Dropbox, and iCloud Drive). The results show a major tendency of prospective teachers toward the Google Drive tool (98.1% of prospective teachers declared using it during their individual preparations and 89.6% during group preparation). The use of Microsoft Drive and Dropbox is said to be identical for individual preparations, while a slight difference is noted for group preparations. Apple's iCloud Drive is reported as the least used tool by prospective teachers. These results abound on those revealed by [32, 48–50] noting that prospective teachers make use of Web 2.0 tools (Google tools, Dropbox, etc.) for various tasks during their preparations. The results obtained are in opposition to those of Wang et al. [51] describing the use of Web 2.0 tools and cloud computing tools by prospective teachers outside of school as poor.The personal aspect of the digital culture of prospective teachers has given way to digital social media tools over other professional-looking tools, especially during individual preparations. We noticed strong domination of the two tools YouTube and WhatsApp on the individual preparations of prospective teachers compared to other tools such as e-portfolio, the digital platform of the training institute, and also e-mail. During group preparations, two tools show a considerable increase, WhatsApp for social networking tools and e-mail for professional tools. We also noted a significant difference in terms of usage between the two tools WhatsApp and e-mail (96.3% of prospective teachers say they use WhatsApp during group preparations, while 59.1% use e-mail).


## 5.3. The Nature of the Resources Produced

The results show that nondigitized content (paper-based) still retains an important place among the productions of prospective teachers and trainers. The use of video was equitable among prospective teachers and trainers. The digital textual productions and images among prospective teachers are important. These results are consistent with those of Poyet [6] which reveal that 90% of prospective teachers produce digital texts for their personal and professional work, while 83% of them produced images for personal use and 39% for professional objectives. Digital simulations are poorly used, with 25% of prospective teachers indicating that they produce digital simulations during preparations, and 12.5% of them indicated that their trainers use digital simulations as a pedagogical resource during training.


## 5.4. Exchanges with Trainers

The issue of exchanges between prospective teachers and trainers is characterized by the diversity of the tools used. The results show that prospective teachers prefer a specific digital tool for each category of tools. The majority of social networking tools offer flexible communication services (instant messaging) and also exchange services. WhatsApp is reported by prospective teachers as the most used tool. This result is consistent with the results of [52–55]; the latter study states that the trainer/prospective teacher relationship has changed due to the fact that trainers can still be reached by mobile phones at all times instead of waiting for a meeting at the office. Facebook is poorly used during exchanges, which does not concur with the results of [39], where the students state that using Facebook when carrying out their miniproject made it easier for them to communicate. For cloud tools, we notice a significant use of the Google Drive tool. This result does not agree with that of Wang et al. [51] who concluded that teachers do not use cloud-based tools much inside and outside of school. The use of other tools remains low compared to Google Drive. The digital tools that we have classified as pedagogical and professional are dominated by the use of emails when interacting with trainers. This result is confirmed by [32, 46]; the researchers concluded that prospective teachers prefer e-mail during personal and professional exchanges. The use of e-portfolios and institutional platforms and blogs remains low when interacting with trainers.Three tools dominate the exchanges of prospective teachers with their trainers. We note the significant place that WhatsApp occupies compared to the other two digital tools. This result reveals the importance of personal tools in discussions with trainers and thus reinforces the personal aspect of the digital culture of prospective teachers.


## 6. Conclusion and Perspectives

The results presented in this article show that the digital culture of prospective teachers is rooted in their personal use of various tools and resources. The digital practices of prospective teachers are characterized by frequent use of social networks and a low tendency to use institutional platforms and their trainers’ blogs. The personal nature of this culture influences content preparation activities and exchanges with trainers. Content preparation (individually or in groups) often involves social networking tools (WhatsApp, YouTube). Pedagogical tools, such as the e-portfolio and institutional platforms, are of average use during preparations, while the use of electronic mail is important during group preparations. The use of “cloud” tools, such as Google Drive, is notable among these prospective teachers during their preparations. Interactions with trainers are dominated by WhatsApp, Google Drive, and e-mail; WhatsApp is more used when interacting with trainers.The discussion highlights that these results are supported by those of several previous research studies and calls for further in-depth investigations on:(i)
The self-coaching practices carried out by prospective teachers to make choices in the abundant supply of digital tools and resources available(ii)
The manifestations of the digital culture of trainers during their interactions with prospective teachers during their training course(iii)
The characteristics of the digital culture of prospective teachers in other educational cycles (the secondary cycle in the case of Morocco)Regarding the possibilities of reinvesting our results in terms of intervention, it seems necessary to take into account the digital skills of prospective teachers developed outside the boundaries of school and the training institute. We adopt the point of view of Greenhow and Lewin [14], who suggested that education stakeholders need to rethink their judgment that labels young people's leisure time and digital practices on social networks as time-wasting or limiting to becoming educated and trained citizens. They invite all education stakeholders to understand the digital practices of young people on social networks in their professional and personal spheres. At the same time, taking into account that the digital culture of prospective teachers does not mean that they should think of it as an available resource that they can draw on for training purposes without guidance.This study has limitations since it only targeted a random sample of prospective primary teachers, and therefore, the results cannot be generalized to all prospective teachers in Morocco. The future primary teachers come from different specialties, and the majority of them are not proficient in foreign languages, which made it necessary to conduct the survey in person and in their native language so as to avoid any linguistic ambiguities and break down communication barriers. This resulted in a loss of time and limited the possibility of expanding the sample size.



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*Source: 9968216-2021-07-01.xml*