# A Class of Sextic Trigonometric Bézier Curve with Two Shape Parameters

Authors: Salma Naseer; Muhammad Abbas; Homan Emadifar; Samia Bi Bi; Tahir Nazir; Zaheer Hussain Shah
Journal: Journal of Mathematics
 (2021)

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## Abstract

In this paper, we present a new class of sextic trigonometric Bernstein (ST-Bernstein, for short) basis functions with two shape parameters along with their geometric properties which are similar to the classical Bernstein basis functions. A sextic trigonometric Bézier (ST-Bézier, for short) curve with two shape parameters and their geometric characteristics is also constructed. The continuity constraints for the connection of two adjacent ST-Bézier curves segments are discussed. Shape control parameters can provide an opportunity to modify the shape of curve as designer desired. Some open and closed curves are also part of this study.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

A Bézier curve is a parametric curve that is used to draw the shapes in the fields of computer graphics and computer-aided geometric design. The Bézier curve is usually followed by the defining polygon. The tangent vectors direction at the end is the same as the vector defined by the first and last segment of the Bézier curves. It is useful in many industrial and engineering fields with various applications. Since Bézier curve always mimics the shape of its control polygon, designers can easily attain the required shape for designing purposes.The trigonometric Bézier curves got a lot of attention in the fields of computer graphics and computer-aided geometric design due to their construction of conic section. Bézier curve with two parameters and control point was introduced by Kun [1], but the behavior of curve was not symmetric. The generalized Bézier-like curve with all of its geometric characteristics and continuity conditions is described by Yan and Liang [2]. They also applied the generalized Bézier-like curve for the tensor product surfaces to gain access for triangular surfaces as well. The modeling of innovative surfaces based on stream curves was described by Liu et al. [3]. By extending the concept of Bézier curve, Li [4] defined alpha-Bézier-like curves of degree n with shape control parameters. The properties and applications of alpha-Bézier-like curves are also given. Han et al. [5–7] introduced some cubic and quartic trigonometric Bézier curves. They created an ellipse by using a cubic trigonometric Bézier curve and some designing and geometric modeling also made by continuity conditions. The behavior of shape control parameters also examined on these Bézier curves. Xiujuan et al. [8] investigated special revolution surfaces and their dramatic improvement. Bashir et al. [9] derived a class of quasi-quantic trigonometric Bézier curves with two shape parameters and proved their geometric features. The properties of the basis functions and curves are established, and the effect of the shape control parameters is also discussed. Practical applications of Bézier curves in geometric modeling and engineering are limited due to their shortcomings, and much work has been done to resolve these shortcomings [10–16].BiBi et al. [17, 18] suggested a new method for solving the problem of constructing symmetric curves and surfaces by using GHT-Bézier curves with four different shape parameters. The shape of curves can easily be modified by using different values of shape parameters. They generated some free-form complex curves with parametric continuity conditions by using GHT-Bézier curves to demonstrate the efficiency of modeling. Yan and Liang [2] used the recursive technique to create the rectangular Bézier curve and surface based on a new class of polynomial basis functions with one shape parameter. Hu et al. [19] presented a novel scheme to generate free-form complex figures using shape-adjustable generalized (SG) Bézier curves with some geometric continuities conditions. They constructed the necessary and sufficient constraints for G1 and G2 continuity for connection of two adjacent SG-Bézier curves to overcome the difficulty that most of the composite curves in engineering cannot often be constructed by using only a single curve. Majeed and Qayyum [20] presented the cubic and rational cubic trigonometric B-spline curves using new trigonometric functions with shape parameter. The proposed curves inherit the basic properties of classical B-spline and have been proved. Misro et al. [21] developed the general technique to construct S- and C-shaped transition curves using cubic trigonometric Bézier Curve with two shape parameters which satisfy G2 Hermite condition. Misro et al. [22] constructed a new quintic trigonometric Bézier curve that has the potential to estimate the maximum driving speed allowed for safe driving on roads. The shape parameters used in this trigonometric Bézier function provided more flexibility for users in designing highways. The trigonometric Bézier curve of fifth degree with two shape parameters has been presented by Misro et al. [23]. Shape parameters provided more control on the shape of the curve compared to the classical Bézier curve. Juhász and Róth [24] presented a scheme for interpolating the given set of data points with Cn continuous trigonometric spline curves of order n+1 which are produced by blending elliptical arcs with global parameter α∈0,π. Zhu and Han [25] constructed four new trigonometric Bernstein-like basis functions with two exponential shape parameters, based on which a class of trigonometric Bézier-like curves, similar to the cubic Bézier curves, have also been developed. The trigonometric Bézier-like curves corner cutting algorithm was also constructed. Yan and Liang [26] presented a new kind of algebraic-trigonometric blended spline curve, called xyB curves. The proposed curves not only inherit most properties of classical cubic B-spline curves in polynomial space but also enjoy some other advantageous properties for modeling.In this article, the research begins with the development of new ST-Bernstein basis functions with two shape control parameters. This study also provides a guarantee to construct a new ST-Bézier curve with two shape parameters. The newly constructed curves share all geometric properties of classical Bézier curves except the shape modification property, which is superior to the classical Bézier curve. TheC2 and G2 continuity constraints are constructed to connect the two adjacent ST-Bézier curves segments. Moreover, in contrast with classical Bézier curves, our proposed scheme gives more shape adjustability in curve designing. Several examples are presented to show that the proposed method has high applied values in geometric modeling in terms of some closed and open curves.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section2, the new ST-Bernstein basis functions with two parameters are presented, which possess all geometric properties. In Section 3, the graphical representation of ST-Bézier curve with all geometric properties is given. The parametric and geometric continuity conditions with shape control parameters are given in Section 5. Shape control on ST-Bézier curve via shape parameters is given in Section 4. In Section 6, some application to construction of some closed and open curves is given with multiple shape control parameters. Finally, concluding remarks of this work are given in Section 7.


## 2. Sextic Trigonometric Bernstein Basis Functions

In this section, the ST-Bernstein basis function with two shape parametersμ,ω and their geometric properties is discussed.Definition 1.
Forη∈0,π/2, the ST-Bernstein basis function with two shape parameters μ,ω∈−4,1 is defined by(1)Φ0η=1−sinη41−μsinη,Φ1η=sinη1−sinη34+μ1−sinη,Φ2η=sin2η1−sinη26+μ1−sinη,Φ3η=1−Φ0η−Φ1η−Φ2η−Φ4η−Φ5η−Φ6η,Φ4η=cos2η1−cosη26+ω1−cosη,Φ5η=cosη1−cosη34+ω1−cosη,Φ6η=1−cosη41−ωcosη.
The graphical representation of ST-Bernstein basis functions is given in Figure1. By changing the values of shape control parameters, the variation in graphs of ST-Bernstein basis function is obvious. In Figure 1(a), the ST-Bernstein basis functions are drawn as μ=ω=1 (thick red), μ=ω=0.5 (dotted, blue), μ=ω=0 (dot dashed, green), μ=ω=−1 (dashed, pink), μ=ω=−2 (thick, purple), μ=ω=3 (thick, black), and μ=ω=−4 (thick, yellow). In Figure 1(b), the ST-Bernstein basis functions are drawn as μ=ω=1 (thick, red), μ=1,ω=0.5 (dotted, blue), μ=1,ω=0 (dot dashed, green), μ=1,ω=−1 (dashed, pink), μ=1,ω=−2 (thick, purple), μ=1,ω=−3 (thick, black), and μ=1,ω=−4 (thick, yellow). In Figure 1(c), the ST-Bernstein basis functions are drawn as μ=ω=1 (thick, red), μ=0.5,ω=1 (dotted, blue), μ=0,ω=1 (dot dashed, green), μ=−1,ω=1 (dashed, pink), μ=−2,ω=1 (thick, purple), μ=−3,ω=1 (thick, black), and μ=−4,ω=1 (thick, gray).Figure 1
ST-Bernstein basis functions with shape parameters.
(a)(b)(c)Theorem 1.
The ST-Bernstein basis functions in equation (1) have the following geometric characteristics:(1)
Nonnegativity:Φiη≥0i=0,1,…,6(2)
Partition of unity:∑i=06Φiη=1(3)
Symmetry:Φiη;μ,ω=Φ6−iπ/2−η;μ,ωi=0,1,…,6(4)
Monotonicity: for the given value of the shape parameterμ,ω, Φ0η is monotonically decreasing and Φ6η is monotonically increasing(5)
Terminal property:Φ00=1,Φi0=0,Φiπ/2=0,Φ6π/2=1,i=0,1,2,…,5Proof.
(1)
Forη∈0,π/2 and −4≤μ,ω≤1, since 1±sinη≥0,1−μsinη≥0,1±cosη≥0 and 1−ωcosη≥0,sinη≥0,cosη≥0,sin2η≥0,cos2η≥0, this shows that Φiη≥0,i=0,1,2,…,6.(2)
It is obvious by Definition1.(3)
Fori=0,(2)Φ0η=1−sinη41−μsinη=1−cosπ2−η41−ωcosπ2−η=Φ6η.Fori=1,(3)Φ1η=sinη1−sinη34+ω1−sinη=cosπ2−η1−cosπ2−η34+ω1−cosπ2−η=Φ5η.Fori=2,(4)Φ2η=sin2η1−sinη26+μ1−sinη=cos2π2−η1−cosπ2−η26+ω1−cosπ2−η=Φ4η.(4)
For anyη0,η1∈0,π/2 such that if η0≤η1 then Φ0η0≥Φ0η1, this means that Φ0η is monotonically decreasing similarly when η0≤η1 and Φ6η0≥Φ6η1, which shows that Φ6η is monotonically increasing. Let f1η=Φ0′η=−μcosη1−sinη4−4cosη1−sinη31−μsinη and f2η=Φ6′η=ω1−cosη4sinη+41−cosη31−ωcosηsinη, where η∈0,π/2. From the figures of the functions f1η and f2η, we can see f1η≤0 and f2η≥0 when η∈0,π/2. Therefore, Φ0η and Φ6η are monotonically decreasing and increasing about η, respectively. This can also be shown graphically in Figure 1.(5)
When we putη=0 and η=π/2 in Definition 1, we get Φ00=1,Φi0=0i=1,2,…,6,Φiπ/2=0i=0,1,2,…,,Φ6π/2=1 and the first derivatives of these basis functions at their end points are given as follows:(5)Φi′0=−4−μ,i=0,4+μ,i=1,0,i=2,…,6,Φi′π2=4+ω,i=6,−4−ω,i=5,0,i=0,…,4.
Similarly, the second derivatives of these basis functions at their end points are given as follows (see Figure2):(6)Φi″0=12+8μ,i=0,−12−8μ,i=1,26+μ,i=2,−2μ,i=3,0,i=4,5,6,Φi′π2=12+8ω,i=6,−12−8ω,i=5,26+ω,i=4,−2ω,i=3,0,i=0,1,2.Figure 2
Functionsf1η and f2η on η∈0,π/2.


## 3. Sextic Trigonometric Bézier Curves with Two Shape Parameters

In this section, the ST-Bézier curves with two shape parametersμ,ω and their geometric properties are discussed.Definition 2.
For the given control pointsSii=0,1,2,…,6, the curve(7)αη=∑i=06SiΦiη,η∈0,π2,μ,ω∈−4,1,is called ST-Bézier curve, where Φiηi=0,1,2,…,6 are called ST-Bernstein basis functions and μ,ω are the shape parameters.
Some graphical results of ST-Bézier curve are discussed as follows: when shape parameters vary equally, Figure3 is generated, while, by keeping one parameter fixed to 1, Figure 4 is generated. In Figure 4(a), when μ=1 and ω varies, then influence of shape parameters can be seen on the left side of the figure. Meanwhile when we consider ω=1 and parameter μ varies, the influence of these parameters can be observed on the right side of Figure 4(b).Figure 3
ST-Bézier curves with some shape parameters whenμ=ω=1,0.5,0,−1,−2,−3,−4.Figure 4
ST-Bézier curves with different shape parameters. (a)μ=1,ω=1,0.5,0,−1,−2,−3,−4. (b) ω=1,μ=1,0.5,0,−1,−2,−3,−4.
(a)(b)Theorem 2.
The ST-Bézier curves in equation (7) have the following geometric properties:(1)
End point properties:(8)α0=S0,απ2=S6,α′0=4+μS1−S0,α′π2=4+ωS6−S5,α″0=223+2μS0−23+2μS1+6+μS2−μS3,α″π2=223+2ωS6−23+2ωS5+6+ωS4−ωS3.(2)
Symmetry: the control pointsSi define the same ST-Bézier curve having symmetric influence in different parameterizations, such as(9)αη;μ,ω;S0,…,S6=απ2−η;μ,ω;S6,…,S0.(3)
Geometric invariance: the shape of ST-Bézier curve is independent from the coordinate axis, which means that the curve defined in equation (7) satisfies the two following equations:(10)αη;μ,ω;S0+ϑ,…,S6+ϑ=αη;μ,ω;S0,…,S6+ϑ,αη;μ,ω;S0×ρ,…,S6×ρ=αη;μ,ω;S0,…,S6×ρ.(4)
Shape control property: the shape of classical Bézier curve cannot be modified due to absence of shape control parameters, while the ST-Bézier curve possesses two shape parameters by which we can modify the curve easily.(5)
Convex hull property: the ST-Bézier curve must be confined inside the convex polygon spanned by its control points.(6)
Linearly independent: for anybi∈Ri=0,1,…,6, consider a linear combination as follows:(11)∑i=06biΦiη=0,η∈0,π2.Taking1st, 2nd, 3rd ,…, 6th derivatives of the above equation with respect to η on each side yields the following equations:(12)∑i=06biΦi′η=0,∑i=06biΦi″η=0,∑i=06biΦi′″η=0,∑i=06biΦiivη=0,∑i=06biΦivη=0,∑i=06biΦiviη=0.Whenη=0, we have(13)∑i=06biΦi′0=0,∑i=06biΦi″0=0,∑i=06biΦi′″0=0,∑i=06biΦiiv0=0,∑i=06biΦiv0=0,∑i=06biΦivi0=0.By using the values of the1st, 2nd, 3rd,…, 6th-order derivatives of ST-Bernstein basis functions at η=0, we get bi=0i=0,1,…,6; this fact shows that Φiηi=0,1,…,6 are linearly independent.


## 4. Shape Control of the ST-Bézier Curve

As we know, the shape parameters help us to modify the shape of the curve within which lies inside the control polygon. So, by using these shape control parameters, the ST-Bézier curves can be modified wherever the shape does not change at all. The shape parametersμ,ω cause local change in the curve; see Figure 5. In Figure 5(a), the effect on shape of the curve is observed when μ=ω={1 (dot dashed, green), 0.5 (thick, red), 0 (thick, purple), −1 (thick, blue), −2 (thick, black), −3 (thick, orange), and −4 (dashed, yellow)}. In Figure 5(b), the influence of ST-Bézier curve can be seen on the left-hand side when ω=1 is fixed and μ varies in the interval [−4,1] as μ=1 (thick, pink), μ  = 0.5 (thick, red), μ  = 0 (thick, green), μ=−1 (thick, black), μ=−3 (thick, orange), and μ=−4 (dashed, yellow). Similarly, Figure 5(c) is determined with influence on the right-hand side of the figure when μ = 1 is fixed and ω varies as ω = 1(thick, pink), ω = 0.5 (thick, red), ω = 0 (thick, green), ω=−1 (thick, black), ω=−3 (thick, orange), and ω=−4 (dashed, yellow).Figure 5
Effect on shape of the curve by changing the shape parameters. (a)ω=μ=1,0.5,0,−1,−2,−3,−4. (b) μ=1andω=1,0.5,0,−1,−2,−3,−4. (c) ω=1andμ=1,0.5,0,−1,−2,−3,−4.
(a)(b)(c)


## 5. Continuity Conditions for ST-Bézier Curve Segments

In this section, the continuity conditions are derived for smooth joining of two ST-Bézier curves segments.Lemma 1 (see [15]).
The necessary and sufficient conditions for smooth joining of two ST-Bézier curve segmentsαη=∑i=06SiΦiη with control points S0,…,S6 and shape parameters μ,ω and α1η=∑i=06TiΦiη with control points T0,…,T6 and shape parameters μ1,ω1 via parametric continuity are as follows:(1)
S6=T0, for C0 continuity(2)
S6=T0,α′π/2=α1′0, for C1 continuity(3)
S6=T0,α′π/2=α1′0,α″π/2=α1″0, for C2 continuityLemma 2 (see [15]).
The necessary and sufficient conditions for smooth joining of two ST-Bézier curve segmentsαη=∑i=06SiΦiη with control points S0,…,S6 and shape parameters μ,ω and αη=∑i=06TiΦiη with control points T0,…,T6 and shape parameters μ1,ω1 via geometric continuity are as follows:(1)
S6=T0, for G0 continuity(2)
S6=T0,α′=λα1′π/2,λ>0, for G1 continuity(3)
S6=T0,α′π/2=λα1′0,λ>0 and the curvature κπ/2=α′π/2×α″π/2/α′π/23=α1′0×α1″0/α1′03=κ10, for G2 continuityTheorem 3.
Suppose that any two adjacent segments of ST-Bézier curvesαη=∑i=06SiΦiη and αη=∑i=06TiΦiη with control points S0,…,S6 and T0,…,T6 reach Ck,k=0,1,2 smooth continuities at joint point if they match the following necessary and sufficient conditions:(1)
S6=T0 for C0 continuity.(2)
ForC1 continuity,(14)S6=T0,T1=−4S5−ωS5+8S6+μ1S6+ωS64+μ1.(3)
ForC2 continuity,(15)S6=T0,T1=−4S5−ωS5+8S6+μ1S6+ωS64+μ1,T2=64+μ1S3−424+7ω+μ17+2ωS5−S6+μ14+μ1T34+μ16+μ1.Proof.
(1)
Usingαπ/2=α10, we get S6=T0. C0 continuity is achieved.(2)
ForC1 continuity, we must have C0 continuity first to get S6=T0, and α′π/2 = α1′0 can be used to get T1=−4S5−ωS5+8S6+μ1S6+ωS6/4+μ1.(3)
ForC2 continuity, we must have C0 continuity and C1 continuity conditions; additionally the condition α″π/2=α10 is used to get(16)S6=T0,T1=−4S5−ωS5+8S6+μ1S6+ωS64+μ1,T2=64+μ1S3−424+7ω+μ17+2ωS5−S6+μ14+μ1T34+μ16+μ1.


### 5.1.C0 Continuity of ST-Bézier Curve

ForC0 parametric continuity, we consider any two ST-Bézier curve segments having the same joint point. In this case, the last control point of initial curve and the first control point of second curve are the same. By changing the values of control parameters, we can see the variation in figures. The values of different shape control parameters are used to modify the shape of values; see Figure 6.Figure 6
C0 continuity of ST-Bézier curve segments with various shape parameters.
(a)(b)(c)


### 5.2.C1 Continuity of ST-Bézier Curve

For parametric continuity of degree 1, consider two adjacent ST-Bézier curve segments with shape control parameters. In this case, we should have common tangents of the two curve segments at joint point. The first two control points of second curve can be achieved as given in Theorem3. Figures 7(a)–7(c) can be obtained by varying the shape control parameters via C1 continuity constraints.Figure 7
C1 continuity of ST-Bézier curve segments with various shape parameters. (a) μ=ω=μ1=ω1,0,0.5,1,−0.5,−1,−1.5. (b) μ=ω=0,0.5,1,0.5,−1,−1.5,μ1=ω1=0. (c) μ1=ω1=0,0.5,1,−0.5,−1,−1.5,μ1=ω1=0.
(a)(b)(c)


### 5.3.C2 Continuity of ST-Bézier Curve

TheC2 continuity can be achieved by connecting two adjacent ST-Bézier curve segments if they fulfill the C0 and C1 continuity conditions. The second derivative of these segments at joint point must be the same as that of C2 continuity. The control points of the first curve can be chosen according to the designer’s requirement, while the control points for the second curve can be obtained from Theorem 3. Different values of shape control parameters can be used to obtain different curves as given in Figure 8.Figure 8
C2 continuity of ST-Bézier curve segments with various shape parameters. (a) μ=ω=μ1=ω1=0,0.5,0.2,−0.5. (b) μ=ω=0,0.2,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,μ1=ω1=1. (c) μ=ω=0,μ1=ω1=0,0.5,1,−1,−1.5,−2.
(a)(b)(c)


## 5.1.C0 Continuity of ST-Bézier Curve

ForC0 parametric continuity, we consider any two ST-Bézier curve segments having the same joint point. In this case, the last control point of initial curve and the first control point of second curve are the same. By changing the values of control parameters, we can see the variation in figures. The values of different shape control parameters are used to modify the shape of values; see Figure 6.Figure 6
C0 continuity of ST-Bézier curve segments with various shape parameters.
(a)(b)(c)


## 5.2.C1 Continuity of ST-Bézier Curve

For parametric continuity of degree 1, consider two adjacent ST-Bézier curve segments with shape control parameters. In this case, we should have common tangents of the two curve segments at joint point. The first two control points of second curve can be achieved as given in Theorem3. Figures 7(a)–7(c) can be obtained by varying the shape control parameters via C1 continuity constraints.Figure 7
C1 continuity of ST-Bézier curve segments with various shape parameters. (a) μ=ω=μ1=ω1,0,0.5,1,−0.5,−1,−1.5. (b) μ=ω=0,0.5,1,0.5,−1,−1.5,μ1=ω1=0. (c) μ1=ω1=0,0.5,1,−0.5,−1,−1.5,μ1=ω1=0.
(a)(b)(c)


## 5.3.C2 Continuity of ST-Bézier Curve

TheC2 continuity can be achieved by connecting two adjacent ST-Bézier curve segments if they fulfill the C0 and C1 continuity conditions. The second derivative of these segments at joint point must be the same as that of C2 continuity. The control points of the first curve can be chosen according to the designer’s requirement, while the control points for the second curve can be obtained from Theorem 3. Different values of shape control parameters can be used to obtain different curves as given in Figure 8.Figure 8
C2 continuity of ST-Bézier curve segments with various shape parameters. (a) μ=ω=μ1=ω1=0,0.5,0.2,−0.5. (b) μ=ω=0,0.2,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,μ1=ω1=1. (c) μ=ω=0,μ1=ω1=0,0.5,1,−1,−1.5,−2.
(a)(b)(c)


## 6. Geometric Continuity of ST-Bézier Curve

To get more smoothness between any two adjacent ST-Bézier curves, geometric continuity conditions have been derived. In geometric continuity conditions, one extra parameter is involved, which is used for the modification of the curve.Theorem 4.
Suppose that two adjacent segments of ST-Bézier curveαη=∑i=06SiΦiη and αη=∑i=06TiΦiη with control points S0,…,S6 and T0,…,T6, respectively, can be connected via Gk,k=0,1,2 smooth continuities at joint point if they match the following necessary and sufficient conditions:(1)
S6=T0, for G0 continuity.(2)
S6=T0,T1=−4S5−ωS5+4S6+ωS6+4λS6+μ1λS6/4+μ1λ, for G1 continuity.(3)
S6=T0,T1=−4S5−ωS5+4S6+ωS6+4λS6+μ1λS6/4+μ1λ,(17)T2=124+μ16+μ1λ3124+μ1λS3+4+μ14+ωβ−84+μ13+ωλ−83+μ14+ωλ2S5+−4+μ14+ωβ+4λ4+μ13+2ω+23+μ14+ωλ+34+μ1λ2S6+2μ14+μ1λ3T3,forG2 continuity.Proof.
1.
ForG0 continuity, απ/2=α10 yields S6=T0.(2)
ForG1 continuity, the expressions απ/2=α10 and απ/2=λα′0,λ>0, yield S6=T0,T1=−4S5−ωS5+4S6+ωS6+4λS6+μ1λS6/4+μ1λ.(3)
ForG2 continuity, as we know that απ/2=S6=T0=α10,α′π/2=λα1′0,λ>0, and the reverse normal vector D=α′π/2×α″π/2 of αη and vice normal vector D1=α1′0×α1″0 of α1η in η=π/2 have the same direction, the four vectors α′π/2,α′0,α″π/2,α″0 are coplanar. So, we consider α″π/2=μα1″0+βα1′0, where μ,β>0 are arbitrarily constants. Since the curvatures at the final point of the first curve and at the initial point of the second curve are the same,(18)κπ2=α′π/2×α″π/2α′π/23=λμα1′0×α1″0λ3α1′03=α1′0×α1″0α1′03=κ10,whereμ=λ2, to meet the G2 continuity conditions.


### 6.1.G1 Continuity of ST-Bézier Curve

C0 and G0 both have the same significance. For G1 continuity, the tangents of the first curve and the second curve at joint point are the same. The parameter λ is any positive scale factor which is used for modification of curves. In Figure 9, by having different values of shape control parameters, the variation in figures can be seen.Figure 9
G1 continuity of ST-Bézier curve segments with various shape parameters. (a) μ=ω=μ1=ω1=0,0.5,1,−1,−1.5,−2,λ=1.2. (b) μ=ω=0,0.5,1,−0.5,−1,−1.5,μ1=ω1=0,λ=1.2. (c) μ1=ω1=0,0.5,1,−0.5,−1,1.5,μ=ω=0,λ=1.2. (d) μ1=ω1=μ=ω=0,λ=1.2,1.4,1.6,1.8,2.2,2.4,2.8.
(a)(b)(c)(d)


### 6.2.G2 Continuity of ST-Bézier Curve

The geometric continuity of degree 2 between any two adjacent ST-Bézier curves is given here. Different figures display the behavior of various shape parameters and scale factors. In Figures9(a)–9(c), the shape parameters for both curves vary, while the scale factors remain fixed. In Figures 10(a)–10(d), the shape parameters for both curves remain the same, while by changing the scale factors of the second curve the variation in the figures is obvious.Figure 10
G2 continuity of ST-Bézier curve segments with various shape parameters. (a) μ=ω=μ1=ω1=0,0.2,0.5,0.6,0.8,λ=1.8,β=1.1. (b) μ1=ω1=0,λ=1.8,β=1.1,μ=ω=0,0.2,0.5,0.6,0.8. (c) μ=ω=μ1=ω1=0,β=1.1,λ=1.2,1.4,1.6,1.8,2.2,2.4. (d) μ=ω=μ1=ω1=0,β=1.1,1.5,2.1,2.7,3.2,3.8,λ=1.2.
(a)(b)(c)(d)


## 6.1.G1 Continuity of ST-Bézier Curve

C0 and G0 both have the same significance. For G1 continuity, the tangents of the first curve and the second curve at joint point are the same. The parameter λ is any positive scale factor which is used for modification of curves. In Figure 9, by having different values of shape control parameters, the variation in figures can be seen.Figure 9
G1 continuity of ST-Bézier curve segments with various shape parameters. (a) μ=ω=μ1=ω1=0,0.5,1,−1,−1.5,−2,λ=1.2. (b) μ=ω=0,0.5,1,−0.5,−1,−1.5,μ1=ω1=0,λ=1.2. (c) μ1=ω1=0,0.5,1,−0.5,−1,1.5,μ=ω=0,λ=1.2. (d) μ1=ω1=μ=ω=0,λ=1.2,1.4,1.6,1.8,2.2,2.4,2.8.
(a)(b)(c)(d)


## 6.2.G2 Continuity of ST-Bézier Curve

The geometric continuity of degree 2 between any two adjacent ST-Bézier curves is given here. Different figures display the behavior of various shape parameters and scale factors. In Figures9(a)–9(c), the shape parameters for both curves vary, while the scale factors remain fixed. In Figures 10(a)–10(d), the shape parameters for both curves remain the same, while by changing the scale factors of the second curve the variation in the figures is obvious.Figure 10
G2 continuity of ST-Bézier curve segments with various shape parameters. (a) μ=ω=μ1=ω1=0,0.2,0.5,0.6,0.8,λ=1.8,β=1.1. (b) μ1=ω1=0,λ=1.8,β=1.1,μ=ω=0,0.2,0.5,0.6,0.8. (c) μ=ω=μ1=ω1=0,β=1.1,λ=1.2,1.4,1.6,1.8,2.2,2.4. (d) μ=ω=μ1=ω1=0,β=1.1,1.5,2.1,2.7,3.2,3.8,λ=1.2.
(a)(b)(c)(d)


## 7. Construction of Some Closed and Open Curves

Modeling and shape designing play a very important role in CAGD/CAD. ST-Bézier curves are also very useful for modeling and construction. So, by using ST-Bézier curves with various shape control parameters, we can construct some closed curves as shown in Figure11. In Figure 11(a), closed curves are generated by using ST-Bézier curve when μ=ω=1 (dot dashed, green), 0.5 (thick, red), 0 (thick, purple), −1 (thick, blue), −2 (thick, black), −3 (thick, orange), and −4 (dashed, yellow). Similarly, in Figures 11(b) and 11(c), some closed curves are obtained by continuity conditions when μ=ω=1 (dot dashed, green), ω=1, μ=0.5 (thick, red), ω=1, μ=0 (thick, purple), ω=1,μ=1 (thick, blue), ω=1, μ=−2 (thick, black), ω=1, μ=−3 (thick, orange), and ω=1,μ=−4 (dashed, yellow). By having different values of shape parameters, the influence can be seen as in Figures 11(a)–11(c). By using ST-Bézier curves with various shape control parameters, we can construct some open curves as shown in Figure 12. In Figure 12(a), the open curve is generated by using ST-Bézier curve when μ=ω=1 (dot dashed, green), 0.5 (thick, red), 0 (thick, purple), −1 (thick, blue), −2 (thick, black), −3 (thick, orange), and −4 (dashed, yellow). Similarly, in Figures 12(b) and 12(c), some open curves are obtained by continuity conditions when μ=ω=1 (dot dashed, green), ω=1, μ=0.5 (thick, red), ω=1, μ=0 (thick, purple), ω=1,μ= 1 (thick, blue), ω=1, μ=−2 (thick, black), ω=1, μ=−3 (thick, orange), and ω=1,μ=−4 (dashed, yellow). By having different values of shape parameters, the influence can be seen as in Figures 12(a)–12(c).Figure 11
Construction of some closed curves by different values of shape parameters. (a)μ=ω=1,0.5,0,−1,−2,−3,−4. (b) ω=1,0.5,0,−1,−2,−3,−4,μ=1. (c) μ=1,0.5,0,−1,−2,−3,−4,ω=1.
(a)(b)(c)Figure 12
Construction of some open curves by different values of shape parameters. (a)μ=ω=1,0.5,0,−1,−2,−3,−4. (b) μ=1,0.5,0,−1,−2,−3,−4,ω=1. (c) ω=1,0.5,0,−1,−2,−3,−4,μ=1.
(a)(b)(c)


## 8. Conclusions

In this research, a newly constructed ST-Bernstein basis and Bézier curve with two shape parameters has been proposed. It can be concluded that its geometric properties are similar to those of the classical Bézier curve. The shape of the curve can be regulated by changing the values of shape parameters. The suggested curve can be used to create open and closed curves with different values of shape parameter. The parametric and geometric continuities for two adjacent ST-Bézier curves are also presented, which demonstrate the efficiency of adjoining the ST-Bézier curves.



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*Source: 9989810-2021-06-28.xml*