# Nonlinear Stability Analysis of a Composite Girder Cable-Stayed Bridge with Three Pylons during Construction

Authors: Xiaoguang Deng; Muyu Liu
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2015)

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## Abstract

Based on the nonlinear stability analysis method, the 3D nonlinear finite element model of a composite girder cable-stayed bridge with three pylons is established to research the effect of factors including geometric nonlinearity, material nonlinearity, static wind load, and unbalanced construction load on the structural stability during construction. Besides, the structural nonlinear stability in different construction schemes and the determination of temporary pier position are also studied. The nonlinear stability safety factors are calculated to demonstrate the rationality and safety of construction schemes. The results show that the nonlinear stability safety factors of this bridge during construction meet the design requirement and the minimum value occurs in the maximum double cantilever stage. Besides, the nonlinear stability of the structure in the side of edge-pylon meets the design requirement in the two construction schemes. Furthermore, the temporary pier can improve the structure stability, effectively, and the actual position is reasonable. In addition, the local buckling of steel girder occurs earlier than overall instability under load in some cable tension stages. Finally, static wind load and the unbalanced construction load should be considered in the stability analysis for the adverse impact.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Due to advanced manufacturing technology and efficient utilization of structural materials, cable-stayed bridge has been demonstrated as an economical solution for long-span bridges and widely applied in recent decades [1]. Since cables instead of interval piers support cable-stayed bridges, they are much more flexible than conventional continuous bridges [2]. The axial forces arising from cable tension make the pylons and girders to be compression-flexure members [3]. When the span length increases, the structural stability problem of cable-stayed bridge is more prominent.Studies on the stability of cable-stayed bridges have been carried out by many researchers. Shu and Wang investigated the stability characteristics of box-girder cable-stayed bridges by three-dimensional finite element methods taking into account geometric nonlinearity and many design parameters, such as the main span length, the cable arrangement, and the type of pylons [4]. Yoo et al. proposed a modified eigenvalue analysis by introducing the concept of a fictitious axial force to obtain buckling lengths of steel girder members in cable-stayed bridges, which could avoid the problem of generating excessively large buckling lengths in some girder members having small axial forces [5]. Thai and Kim proposed a fiber hinge beam-column model to predict ultimate load-carrying capacity and ultimate behavior of cable-stayed bridges, which included both geometric and material nonlinearities [6]. Xi et al. adopted an energy method of analysis for the in-plane ultimate load capacity of cable-stayed bridges with different deck and pylon connection patterns [7]. Although a number of researchers have investigated this issue from different perspectives and some important findings are generalized, almost all of them focus on the stability problem of cable-stayed bridge in completion stage. Actually, the structure of cable-stayed bridge should undergo several system conversions and sustain changing construction loads during the cantilever construction stage. With the increase of the cantilever length, geometric nonlinearity and material nonlinearity will cause secondary internal force and reduce structure stiffness, which make the structural deformation and internal force increase. As a result, the structural stability problem of cable-stayed bridge during construction is more important and more complex.This paper takes Wuhan Erqi Yangtze River Bridge as background, which adopts the structural style of double cable plane composite girder cable-stayed bridge with three pylons. Cantilever splicing construction method is used to erect composite girder, and the maximum cantilever length reaches 308 m, the largest span in the same type of bridges in the world. By using corotational formulation incremental method, to analyze beam-column effect and large displacement effect, ideal elastic-plastic model, and broken-line model, to analyze the material nonlinearity of steel and concrete, respectively, the structural nonlinear stability of this bridge during construction has been researched based on the nonlinear stability analysis method.


## 2. Nonlinear Stability Analysis Method

### 2.1. Geometric Nonlinearity Analysis Method

Geometric nonlinearity of cable-stayed bridge includes sag effect of stay cable, beam-column effect, and large displacement effect [8].The cables are assumed to be perfectly flexible and to resist the tensile force only. Under the action of its own dead load and axial tensile force, the deformation of a stay cable consists of two parts, namely, the sag and elastic deformation. The tension stiffness of the table, which varies depending on the sag, is modeled by using an equivalent straight truss element with an equivalent modulus of elasticity. This concept was first proposed by Ernst [9]. The equivalent cable modulus of elasticity can be given as(1)
E
e
p
=
E
e
1
+
A
q
l
c
o
s
α
2
/
12
T
3
E
e
,where E
e
p is the equivalent modulus of cable, E
e is the Young’s modulus of cable, l
c
o
s
α is the horizontal projected length of the cable, q is the cable weight per unite length of cable, A is the cross-sectional area of cable, and T is the cable tension.Corotational formulation which developed in recent years can separate the rigid motion of the unit from the deformation under load by building corotational coordinate system which can move with the deformation of the structure and then the rigid motion can be deducted exactly in the incremental formulation, which makes the internal force calculation more accurate [10]. Thus, it can be used to analyze the beam-column effect and large displacement effect accurately.In Figure1, X-Y is the main coordinate system, where node coordinate, node displacement, and corner increment are built; X
′-Y
′ is a corotational coordinate system, where the element displacement δ can be denoted as 0
0
θ
i
′
u
i
′
0
θ
j
′
T.Figure 1
Corotational coordinate system.Int
2 moment, the included angle between corotational coordinate system and X-axis in main coordinate system is as follows:(2)
α
=
a
r
c
t
a
n
v
i
-
v
j
+
L
0
s
i
n
α
0
u
i
-
u
j
+
L
0
c
o
s
α
0
.The rigid motion of the unitβ is as follows:(3)
β
=
α
-
α
0
.So the degrees of freedom of plane beam element decrease to 3, and the relationship with main coordinate system is as follows:(4)
θ
i
′
=
θ
i
-
β
,
θ
j
′
=
θ
j
-
β
,
u
j
′
=
S
-
S
0
,
S
≈
v
i
-
v
j
+
L
0
s
i
n
α
0
2
+
u
i
-
u
j
+
L
0
c
o
s
α
0
2
,where S
0 and S are arc length of element before and after deformation, respectively.


### 2.2. Material Nonlinearity Analysis Method

The relationship between stress and strain of concrete and steel is nonlinear. As shown in Figures2 and 3, the material nonlinearity of steel and concrete are analyzed by ideal elastic-plastic model and broken-line model, respectively.Figure 2
Stress-strain curve of concrete.Figure 3
Stress-strain curve of steel.For Wuhan Erqi Yangtze River Bridge, in the stress-strain curve of deck lab concrete,σ
0 is 38.5 MPa and σ
c = 14.4 MPa, E
c = 36 GPa, ε
u = 0.0033, ε
0 = 0.002, ε
c = 0.0004, and E
0 = 15.0625 GPa. In the stress-strain curve of pylons, σ
0 = 32.4 MPa, σ
c = 13.8 MPa, E
c = 34.5 GPa, ε
u = 0.0033, ε
0 = 0.002, ε
c = 0.0004, and E
0 = 11.625 GPa. In the stress-strain curve of steel girder, σ
s = 370 MPa and E
g = 210 GPa.


### 2.3. Stability Analysis Method

The essence of Second-order stability of point type is to obtain the structural ultimate load by solving the load-displacement curve based on nonlinear theory.Considering geometric nonlinearity and material nonlinearity, the basic equation of nonlinear stability is given as(5)
K
0
+
K
σ
+
K
l
δ
=
P
,where K
0 is the small displacement elastoplastic stiffness matrix, K
σ is geometric stiffness matrix, and K
l is large displacement elastoplastic stiffness matrix.When the structure integral rigidity matrixK
t
(
K
t
=
K
0
+
K
σ
+
K
l
) is not positive definite, the cable-stayed bridge reaches the instability ultimate state.The stability safety factorλ during construction process is defined as(6)
λ
=
P
c
r
P
t
,where P
t is load base during construction process, which includes dead load, construction load, and so forth. P
c
r is the ultimate bearing capacity, which can be obtained by increasing the load until the structure integral rigidity matrix K
t = 0.


## 2.1. Geometric Nonlinearity Analysis Method

Geometric nonlinearity of cable-stayed bridge includes sag effect of stay cable, beam-column effect, and large displacement effect [8].The cables are assumed to be perfectly flexible and to resist the tensile force only. Under the action of its own dead load and axial tensile force, the deformation of a stay cable consists of two parts, namely, the sag and elastic deformation. The tension stiffness of the table, which varies depending on the sag, is modeled by using an equivalent straight truss element with an equivalent modulus of elasticity. This concept was first proposed by Ernst [9]. The equivalent cable modulus of elasticity can be given as(1)
E
e
p
=
E
e
1
+
A
q
l
c
o
s
α
2
/
12
T
3
E
e
,where E
e
p is the equivalent modulus of cable, E
e is the Young’s modulus of cable, l
c
o
s
α is the horizontal projected length of the cable, q is the cable weight per unite length of cable, A is the cross-sectional area of cable, and T is the cable tension.Corotational formulation which developed in recent years can separate the rigid motion of the unit from the deformation under load by building corotational coordinate system which can move with the deformation of the structure and then the rigid motion can be deducted exactly in the incremental formulation, which makes the internal force calculation more accurate [10]. Thus, it can be used to analyze the beam-column effect and large displacement effect accurately.In Figure1, X-Y is the main coordinate system, where node coordinate, node displacement, and corner increment are built; X
′-Y
′ is a corotational coordinate system, where the element displacement δ can be denoted as 0
0
θ
i
′
u
i
′
0
θ
j
′
T.Figure 1
Corotational coordinate system.Int
2 moment, the included angle between corotational coordinate system and X-axis in main coordinate system is as follows:(2)
α
=
a
r
c
t
a
n
v
i
-
v
j
+
L
0
s
i
n
α
0
u
i
-
u
j
+
L
0
c
o
s
α
0
.The rigid motion of the unitβ is as follows:(3)
β
=
α
-
α
0
.So the degrees of freedom of plane beam element decrease to 3, and the relationship with main coordinate system is as follows:(4)
θ
i
′
=
θ
i
-
β
,
θ
j
′
=
θ
j
-
β
,
u
j
′
=
S
-
S
0
,
S
≈
v
i
-
v
j
+
L
0
s
i
n
α
0
2
+
u
i
-
u
j
+
L
0
c
o
s
α
0
2
,where S
0 and S are arc length of element before and after deformation, respectively.


## 2.2. Material Nonlinearity Analysis Method

The relationship between stress and strain of concrete and steel is nonlinear. As shown in Figures2 and 3, the material nonlinearity of steel and concrete are analyzed by ideal elastic-plastic model and broken-line model, respectively.Figure 2
Stress-strain curve of concrete.Figure 3
Stress-strain curve of steel.For Wuhan Erqi Yangtze River Bridge, in the stress-strain curve of deck lab concrete,σ
0 is 38.5 MPa and σ
c = 14.4 MPa, E
c = 36 GPa, ε
u = 0.0033, ε
0 = 0.002, ε
c = 0.0004, and E
0 = 15.0625 GPa. In the stress-strain curve of pylons, σ
0 = 32.4 MPa, σ
c = 13.8 MPa, E
c = 34.5 GPa, ε
u = 0.0033, ε
0 = 0.002, ε
c = 0.0004, and E
0 = 11.625 GPa. In the stress-strain curve of steel girder, σ
s = 370 MPa and E
g = 210 GPa.


## 2.3. Stability Analysis Method

The essence of Second-order stability of point type is to obtain the structural ultimate load by solving the load-displacement curve based on nonlinear theory.Considering geometric nonlinearity and material nonlinearity, the basic equation of nonlinear stability is given as(5)
K
0
+
K
σ
+
K
l
δ
=
P
,where K
0 is the small displacement elastoplastic stiffness matrix, K
σ is geometric stiffness matrix, and K
l is large displacement elastoplastic stiffness matrix.When the structure integral rigidity matrixK
t
(
K
t
=
K
0
+
K
σ
+
K
l
) is not positive definite, the cable-stayed bridge reaches the instability ultimate state.The stability safety factorλ during construction process is defined as(6)
λ
=
P
c
r
P
t
,where P
t is load base during construction process, which includes dead load, construction load, and so forth. P
c
r is the ultimate bearing capacity, which can be obtained by increasing the load until the structure integral rigidity matrix K
t = 0.


## 3. Calculation FEM Model

### 3.1. Engineering Situation

Wuhan Erqi Yangtze River Bridge, whose layout is shown in Figure4, adopts the structural style of double cable plane composite girder cable-stayed bridge with three pylons. The span consists of 90 + 160 + 616 + 616 + 160 + 90 m, and the main span is 616 m, which is the largest span bridge of the same type in the world. The I cross-section of steel girder has two longitudinal stiffeners arranged at the lateral part of web and the thickness of the concrete bridge deck is 26 cm. Shear studs are used to connect them and the standard cross-section of composite girder is shown in Figure 5.Figure 4
Bridge layout of Wuhan Erqi Yangtze River Bridge.Figure 5
Standard cross-section of composite girder.There are two construction schemes applied on the structure in the side of edge-pylon. Scheme ①: steel-pipe support method is adopted on the construction of 160 m composite girder; then, the crane is used to erect the 308 m composite girder in single cantilever until midspan closure, as shown in Figure6(a). Scheme ②: the cranes are used to erect the composite girder in double cantilever at the beginning, when the 160 m composite girder is erected and the side-span closure is done and the crane is used only in one direction until midspan closure, as shown in Figure 6(b).Figure 6
Construction schemes applied on the structure in the side of edge-pylon.
(a)
Construction scheme①
(b)
Construction scheme②The cranes are used to erect the composite girder in double cantilever during the construction of the structure in the side of midpylon and a temporary pier is set 204 m away from the 4# bridge piers, which will be dismantled after closure, as shown in Figure7.Figure 7
Construction scheme applied on the structure in the side of midpylon.
(a)
Double cantilever construction scheme
(b)
The set of location of temporary pier


### 3.2. Finite Element Model

The 3D nonlinear finite element model of this bridge during construction is established by MIDAS program, with 3366 elements (3102 beam elements and 264 cable elements). The material parameters in this model are presented in Table1, and the finite element model is presented in Figure 8.Table 1
Each material parameter of structure in model.
Structure
Material
Modulus of elasticity (MPa)
Density  (kN/m3)
Steel girder
Q370qD
2
.
06
×
10
5
76.98
Pylon
C50
3.45
×
10
4
26
Bridge deck, PC beam
C60
3.6
×
10
4
26
Stay cable
PE galvanized steels trend
1.95
×
10
5
78.5Figure 8
Global finite element model.


### 3.3. Construction Process Stimulation

On the basis of the actual construction process, 127 construction stages are built, containing the construction of the pylons, cyclic splicing of the girder, side-span closure, midspan closure, system transformation, and secondary dead load. Forward-analysis is carried out by activation and passivation function. Typical construction stage is displayed in Figure9.Figure 9
Typical construction stage.
(a)
Hoist steel girder
(b)
First tension of cable


## 3.1. Engineering Situation

Wuhan Erqi Yangtze River Bridge, whose layout is shown in Figure4, adopts the structural style of double cable plane composite girder cable-stayed bridge with three pylons. The span consists of 90 + 160 + 616 + 616 + 160 + 90 m, and the main span is 616 m, which is the largest span bridge of the same type in the world. The I cross-section of steel girder has two longitudinal stiffeners arranged at the lateral part of web and the thickness of the concrete bridge deck is 26 cm. Shear studs are used to connect them and the standard cross-section of composite girder is shown in Figure 5.Figure 4
Bridge layout of Wuhan Erqi Yangtze River Bridge.Figure 5
Standard cross-section of composite girder.There are two construction schemes applied on the structure in the side of edge-pylon. Scheme ①: steel-pipe support method is adopted on the construction of 160 m composite girder; then, the crane is used to erect the 308 m composite girder in single cantilever until midspan closure, as shown in Figure6(a). Scheme ②: the cranes are used to erect the composite girder in double cantilever at the beginning, when the 160 m composite girder is erected and the side-span closure is done and the crane is used only in one direction until midspan closure, as shown in Figure 6(b).Figure 6
Construction schemes applied on the structure in the side of edge-pylon.
(a)
Construction scheme①
(b)
Construction scheme②The cranes are used to erect the composite girder in double cantilever during the construction of the structure in the side of midpylon and a temporary pier is set 204 m away from the 4# bridge piers, which will be dismantled after closure, as shown in Figure7.Figure 7
Construction scheme applied on the structure in the side of midpylon.
(a)
Double cantilever construction scheme
(b)
The set of location of temporary pier


## 3.2. Finite Element Model

The 3D nonlinear finite element model of this bridge during construction is established by MIDAS program, with 3366 elements (3102 beam elements and 264 cable elements). The material parameters in this model are presented in Table1, and the finite element model is presented in Figure 8.Table 1
Each material parameter of structure in model.
Structure
Material
Modulus of elasticity (MPa)
Density  (kN/m3)
Steel girder
Q370qD
2
.
06
×
10
5
76.98
Pylon
C50
3.45
×
10
4
26
Bridge deck, PC beam
C60
3.6
×
10
4
26
Stay cable
PE galvanized steels trend
1.95
×
10
5
78.5Figure 8
Global finite element model.


## 3.3. Construction Process Stimulation

On the basis of the actual construction process, 127 construction stages are built, containing the construction of the pylons, cyclic splicing of the girder, side-span closure, midspan closure, system transformation, and secondary dead load. Forward-analysis is carried out by activation and passivation function. Typical construction stage is displayed in Figure9.Figure 9
Typical construction stage.
(a)
Hoist steel girder
(b)
First tension of cable


## 4. Results and Analysis

### 4.1. Influence of Geometrical Nonlinearity on Structural Stability

By adopting equivalent modulus method to analyze stay cable sag effect and corotational formulation incremental method to analyze beam-column effect and large displacement effect, the geometrical nonlinear stability of this bridge during construction is researched. Comparisons are presented between results from linear and nonlinear analysis.Computational vertical load includes dead load and crane load. Moreover, it increases by the same proportion at the same location in calculation.As shown in Figures10 and 11, the change between the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factor of structure and the linear elastic stability safety factor is similar, but the former observably reduces the stability safety factor of structure. When considering geometrical nonlinearity, the stability safety factor of the structure in the side of midpylon in the max double cantilever stage drops from 13.88 to 7.48 by 46.1%. And that of the structure in the side of edge-pylon in the max single cantilever stage drops from 13.48 to 8.16 by 39.5%.Figure 10
Stability safety factors of the structure in the side of midpylon.Figure 11
Stability safety factors of the structure in the side of edge-pylon in Scheme①.As can be seen in Figures12 and 13, for the structure in the side of edge-pylon and middle-pylon, along with the construction process, the buckling mode turns from the longitudinal instability of pylon to combined instability of pylon and main girder.Figure 12
Buckling mode of structure in the side of edge-pylon in Scheme①.
(a)
(b)Figure 13
Buckling mode of structure in the side of middle-pylon.
(a)
(b)


### 4.2. Influence of the Different Construction Schemes on Structural Stability

The geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure in the side of edge-pylon in the two schemes are given in Figure14.Figure 14
Geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure in the two schemes.Scheme ①. Because the closure construction of side span has occurred, cable-stayed tensioning enhances the elastic support of the main pylon. However, the flexibility of the main girder structure increases rapidly along with the cantilever construction, and when it comes to a certain degree, vertical instability of the main girder happens, so the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factor of structure in the side of edge-pylon increases firstly and then decreases. The lowest geometrical nonlinear stability safety factor happens in the maximum double cantilever stage of 8.16, which meets the design requirement for being over 4.Scheme ②. In the beginning of symmetrical cantilever splicing construction, the longitudinal instability of pylon happens firstly, and the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factor of structure in the side of edge-pylon changes smoothly until the closure construction of side span, which provides an elastic support for the main pylon equally and increases the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factor of structure from 7.36 to 14.46. After the closure construction of side span, the change is the same as Scheme ①. So the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factor of structure in the side of edge-pylon changes smoothly at first and then increased suddenly, followed by a decrease. The structural stability in both the construction schemes meets the stability requirement.


### 4.3. Influence of Temporary Pier on Structural Stability

The structure in the side of midpylon adopts symmetric cantilever construction technology, and the unilateral maximum cantilever length reaches 304.5 m. Between the 3# bridge pier and 4# bridge pier, there is a temporary pier 204 m away from the 4# bridge piers. Geometrical nonlinear stability analysis of the structure with the presence or absence of a temporary pier is researched, respectively, to get the influence of a temporary pier on the structural stability.Computational vertical load includes dead load and crane load. Moreover, it increases by the same proportion at the same location in calculation. The geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure in both situations are shown in Figure15.Figure 15
Geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure in the side of middle-pylon.It can be indicated from the stability safety factor curve without temporary pier that the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure begin to decrease further when the construction goes to ZL56 segment (almost 200 m away from the 4# bridge piers). However, the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure increase from 20.04 to 26.15 when a temporary bridge pier is set at this place to provide the vertical and lateral constraints to the main girder, enhance the structure stiffness, and reduce the cantilever end deformation of the main girder. Therefore, it is reasonable to set temporary pier at the location which is 204 m away from 4# bridge piers when considering the stability.


### 4.4. Influence of Construction Load on Structural Stability

The main construction load is 22 ton crane load. The structure in the side of midpylon adopts symmetric cantilever construction technology and that of edge-pylon adopts single cantilever construction technology, which makes construction load unbalanced.For researching the influence of construction load on the structural stability, the calculation is divided into two situations: considering dead load only; considering both dead load and crane load. Load increases by the same proportion at the same location in calculation.As shown in Table2, crane load makes the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure in the side of midpylon decrease from 8.38 to 7.48 by 10.7% and that of structure in the side of edge-pylon decrease from 8.86 to 8.16 by 7.9%.Table 2
Influence of construction load on the structural stability.
Structure
Dead load only
Both dead load and crane load
Diff
Structure in the side of midpylon
8.38
7.48
10.7%
Structure in the side of edge-pylon
8.86
8.16
7.9%


### 4.5. Influence of Wind Load on Structural Stability

This bridge is easily affected by wind load because it stretches across Yangtze River. So it is important to research the influence of wind load on the structural stability during construction. The three direction component forces of wind load in the max double cantilever stage are obtained by wind tunnel testing [11].The three direction component forces of wind load, which act on unit length of main girder, are shown in Table4, where ρ is sir density with the value of 1.25 kg/m3; in this paper, V
g is static gust speed with the value of 38.7 m/s, H is projection height of main girder with the value of 4.5 m, and B is projection width of main girder with the value of 31.5 m. C
H, C
V, and C
M are drag factor, lift factor, and lifting moment factor, whose values can be obtained from Table 3.Table 3
Three direction component forces of wind load in the max double cantilever stage.
Wind attack angle
Drag factorC
H
Lift factorC
V
Lifting moment factorC
M
−3°
1.3910
−0.2680
0.0177
0°
1.2680
−0.0640
0.0430
3°
1.5420
0.3160
0.0512Table 4
Computational formula of the three direction component forces of wind load.
Three direction component forces
Lateral wind load
Vertical wind load
Twisting moment
Computational formula
F
H
=
1
2
ρ
V
g
2
C
H
H
F
V
=
1
2
ρ
V
g
2
C
v
B
M
=
1
2
ρ
V
g
2
C
M
B
2As shown in Table5, the influence is greatest when the wind attack angle is −3°. The geometrical nonlinear stability safety factor of structure in the side of midpylon drops from 8.38 to 7.73 by 7.8% and that of structure in the side of edge-pylon drops from 8.86 to 8.23 by 7.1%. Actually, when the wind attack angle is −3°, the wind load provides lateral wind load and vertical wind load, which intensifies the vertical instability of main girder for the same direction with dead load.Table 5
Influence of wind load on geometrical nonlinear stability safety factor.
Structure
Dead load only
Wind attack angle
−3°
0°
3°
Structure in the side of midpylon
8.38
7.73
8.16
8.60
Structure in the side of edge-pylon
8.86
8.23
8.47
8.93


### 4.6. Influence of Local Buckling on Structural Stability

Computational vertical load includes dead load and crane load. Moreover, it increases by the same proportion at the same location in calculation.In some stages of cable tension, the local buckling of steel girder occurs earlier than overall instability, as shown in Figure16.Figure 16
Geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure in view of local buckling.For example, in the stage of the 13th cable tension, the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure in view of local buckling is 15.52, while the value is 20.56 for overall instability. Actually, when the cable is tensioned, steel girder in both sides should undertake a large lateral bending moment, but the lateral bending rigidity of I-steel is small. In addition, the bridge deck is not concreted, which can provide lateral restraint; in consequence, the local buckling of steel girder occurs earlier than overall instability under load.


### 4.7. Influence of Material Nonlinearity on Structural Stability

The mode of this bridge in max cantilever stage is built by ANSYS program, where the nonlinear parameters of stress-strain curve of bridge deck C60, pylon C50, and steel girder Q370qD are imported into it.For researching the influence of construction load on the stability, the calculation is divided into two situations; all the above-mentioned factors are considered with or without material nonlinearity. The stability safety factors of structure are obtained by analyzing the load-displacement curve of pylon and main girder.As shown in Table6, material nonlinearity has a great influence on structural stability. When the stress of main girder researches to a certain degree, the elasticity modulus will be 0. The nonlinear stability safety factor of structure in the side of midpylon in consideration of material nonlinearity is 2.18, larger than 1.75, which meets the design requirement.Table 6
The stability safety factors of structure with or without material nonlinearity.
Construction stage
Without material nonlinearity
With material nonlinearity
Diff
Max double cantilever stage
6.82
2.18
68.0%
Max single cantilever stage
7.59
2.21
70.1%


## 4.1. Influence of Geometrical Nonlinearity on Structural Stability

By adopting equivalent modulus method to analyze stay cable sag effect and corotational formulation incremental method to analyze beam-column effect and large displacement effect, the geometrical nonlinear stability of this bridge during construction is researched. Comparisons are presented between results from linear and nonlinear analysis.Computational vertical load includes dead load and crane load. Moreover, it increases by the same proportion at the same location in calculation.As shown in Figures10 and 11, the change between the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factor of structure and the linear elastic stability safety factor is similar, but the former observably reduces the stability safety factor of structure. When considering geometrical nonlinearity, the stability safety factor of the structure in the side of midpylon in the max double cantilever stage drops from 13.88 to 7.48 by 46.1%. And that of the structure in the side of edge-pylon in the max single cantilever stage drops from 13.48 to 8.16 by 39.5%.Figure 10
Stability safety factors of the structure in the side of midpylon.Figure 11
Stability safety factors of the structure in the side of edge-pylon in Scheme①.As can be seen in Figures12 and 13, for the structure in the side of edge-pylon and middle-pylon, along with the construction process, the buckling mode turns from the longitudinal instability of pylon to combined instability of pylon and main girder.Figure 12
Buckling mode of structure in the side of edge-pylon in Scheme①.
(a)
(b)Figure 13
Buckling mode of structure in the side of middle-pylon.
(a)
(b)


## 4.2. Influence of the Different Construction Schemes on Structural Stability

The geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure in the side of edge-pylon in the two schemes are given in Figure14.Figure 14
Geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure in the two schemes.Scheme ①. Because the closure construction of side span has occurred, cable-stayed tensioning enhances the elastic support of the main pylon. However, the flexibility of the main girder structure increases rapidly along with the cantilever construction, and when it comes to a certain degree, vertical instability of the main girder happens, so the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factor of structure in the side of edge-pylon increases firstly and then decreases. The lowest geometrical nonlinear stability safety factor happens in the maximum double cantilever stage of 8.16, which meets the design requirement for being over 4.Scheme ②. In the beginning of symmetrical cantilever splicing construction, the longitudinal instability of pylon happens firstly, and the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factor of structure in the side of edge-pylon changes smoothly until the closure construction of side span, which provides an elastic support for the main pylon equally and increases the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factor of structure from 7.36 to 14.46. After the closure construction of side span, the change is the same as Scheme ①. So the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factor of structure in the side of edge-pylon changes smoothly at first and then increased suddenly, followed by a decrease. The structural stability in both the construction schemes meets the stability requirement.


## 4.3. Influence of Temporary Pier on Structural Stability

The structure in the side of midpylon adopts symmetric cantilever construction technology, and the unilateral maximum cantilever length reaches 304.5 m. Between the 3# bridge pier and 4# bridge pier, there is a temporary pier 204 m away from the 4# bridge piers. Geometrical nonlinear stability analysis of the structure with the presence or absence of a temporary pier is researched, respectively, to get the influence of a temporary pier on the structural stability.Computational vertical load includes dead load and crane load. Moreover, it increases by the same proportion at the same location in calculation. The geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure in both situations are shown in Figure15.Figure 15
Geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure in the side of middle-pylon.It can be indicated from the stability safety factor curve without temporary pier that the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure begin to decrease further when the construction goes to ZL56 segment (almost 200 m away from the 4# bridge piers). However, the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure increase from 20.04 to 26.15 when a temporary bridge pier is set at this place to provide the vertical and lateral constraints to the main girder, enhance the structure stiffness, and reduce the cantilever end deformation of the main girder. Therefore, it is reasonable to set temporary pier at the location which is 204 m away from 4# bridge piers when considering the stability.


## 4.4. Influence of Construction Load on Structural Stability

The main construction load is 22 ton crane load. The structure in the side of midpylon adopts symmetric cantilever construction technology and that of edge-pylon adopts single cantilever construction technology, which makes construction load unbalanced.For researching the influence of construction load on the structural stability, the calculation is divided into two situations: considering dead load only; considering both dead load and crane load. Load increases by the same proportion at the same location in calculation.As shown in Table2, crane load makes the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure in the side of midpylon decrease from 8.38 to 7.48 by 10.7% and that of structure in the side of edge-pylon decrease from 8.86 to 8.16 by 7.9%.Table 2
Influence of construction load on the structural stability.
Structure
Dead load only
Both dead load and crane load
Diff
Structure in the side of midpylon
8.38
7.48
10.7%
Structure in the side of edge-pylon
8.86
8.16
7.9%


## 4.5. Influence of Wind Load on Structural Stability

This bridge is easily affected by wind load because it stretches across Yangtze River. So it is important to research the influence of wind load on the structural stability during construction. The three direction component forces of wind load in the max double cantilever stage are obtained by wind tunnel testing [11].The three direction component forces of wind load, which act on unit length of main girder, are shown in Table4, where ρ is sir density with the value of 1.25 kg/m3; in this paper, V
g is static gust speed with the value of 38.7 m/s, H is projection height of main girder with the value of 4.5 m, and B is projection width of main girder with the value of 31.5 m. C
H, C
V, and C
M are drag factor, lift factor, and lifting moment factor, whose values can be obtained from Table 3.Table 3
Three direction component forces of wind load in the max double cantilever stage.
Wind attack angle
Drag factorC
H
Lift factorC
V
Lifting moment factorC
M
−3°
1.3910
−0.2680
0.0177
0°
1.2680
−0.0640
0.0430
3°
1.5420
0.3160
0.0512Table 4
Computational formula of the three direction component forces of wind load.
Three direction component forces
Lateral wind load
Vertical wind load
Twisting moment
Computational formula
F
H
=
1
2
ρ
V
g
2
C
H
H
F
V
=
1
2
ρ
V
g
2
C
v
B
M
=
1
2
ρ
V
g
2
C
M
B
2As shown in Table5, the influence is greatest when the wind attack angle is −3°. The geometrical nonlinear stability safety factor of structure in the side of midpylon drops from 8.38 to 7.73 by 7.8% and that of structure in the side of edge-pylon drops from 8.86 to 8.23 by 7.1%. Actually, when the wind attack angle is −3°, the wind load provides lateral wind load and vertical wind load, which intensifies the vertical instability of main girder for the same direction with dead load.Table 5
Influence of wind load on geometrical nonlinear stability safety factor.
Structure
Dead load only
Wind attack angle
−3°
0°
3°
Structure in the side of midpylon
8.38
7.73
8.16
8.60
Structure in the side of edge-pylon
8.86
8.23
8.47
8.93


## 4.6. Influence of Local Buckling on Structural Stability

Computational vertical load includes dead load and crane load. Moreover, it increases by the same proportion at the same location in calculation.In some stages of cable tension, the local buckling of steel girder occurs earlier than overall instability, as shown in Figure16.Figure 16
Geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure in view of local buckling.For example, in the stage of the 13th cable tension, the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure in view of local buckling is 15.52, while the value is 20.56 for overall instability. Actually, when the cable is tensioned, steel girder in both sides should undertake a large lateral bending moment, but the lateral bending rigidity of I-steel is small. In addition, the bridge deck is not concreted, which can provide lateral restraint; in consequence, the local buckling of steel girder occurs earlier than overall instability under load.


## 4.7. Influence of Material Nonlinearity on Structural Stability

The mode of this bridge in max cantilever stage is built by ANSYS program, where the nonlinear parameters of stress-strain curve of bridge deck C60, pylon C50, and steel girder Q370qD are imported into it.For researching the influence of construction load on the stability, the calculation is divided into two situations; all the above-mentioned factors are considered with or without material nonlinearity. The stability safety factors of structure are obtained by analyzing the load-displacement curve of pylon and main girder.As shown in Table6, material nonlinearity has a great influence on structural stability. When the stress of main girder researches to a certain degree, the elasticity modulus will be 0. The nonlinear stability safety factor of structure in the side of midpylon in consideration of material nonlinearity is 2.18, larger than 1.75, which meets the design requirement.Table 6
The stability safety factors of structure with or without material nonlinearity.
Construction stage
Without material nonlinearity
With material nonlinearity
Diff
Max double cantilever stage
6.82
2.18
68.0%
Max single cantilever stage
7.59
2.21
70.1%


## 5. Conclusions

Nonlinear structural stability analysis of Wuhan Erqi Yangtze River Bridge during construction has been carried out in this paper, and the conclusions are organized as follows.(1)
The lowest nonlinear structural stability safety factor of structure occurs in the max double cantilever stage with the value of 2.18, larger than 1.75, which meets the design requirement. Along with the construction, the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure in the side of midpylon drops from 29.07 to 7.38 and that of structure in the side of edge-pylon increases from 8.41 to 22.95 and then drops to 8.16. The diminishing rate becomes large when the cantilever length increases.
(2)
Both the two construction schemes meet the stability requirement, and the location of temporary pier is 204maway from 4# bridge piers, which is reasonable for increasing the geometrical nonlinear stability safety factors of structure from 20.04 to 26.15.
(3)
The local buckling of steel girder occurs earlier than overall instability under load in the cable tension stage due to the smaller lateral bending rigidity of I-steel, and the lack of lateral restraint provided by bridge deck.
(4)
Static wind load and the unbalanced construction load should be considered in the stability analysis for the adverse impact.
(5)
The main girder construction period of Wuhan Erqi Yangtze River Bridge was from January, 2011, to September, 2011. The actual structure state matched well with theory state during the whole construction. The structural stability can be guaranteed in each construction stage for the construction scheme is reasonable.



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*Source: 978514-2015-05-21.xml*