# Amended FRW Metric and Rényi Dark Energy Model

Authors: Sarfraz Ali; Sabir Iqbal; Khuram Ali Khan; Hamid Reza Moradi
Journal: Advances in High Energy Physics
 (2021)

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## Abstract

This article is devoted to exploring the Rényi holographic dark energy model in the theory of Chern-Simons modified gravity. We studied the deceleration parameter, equation of state, and cosmological plane considering the Amended FRW modal. Modified field equations of -gravity theory gave two independent solutions. In the first case, this model provided the transitional change from deceleration to acceleration compatible with collected observational data. However, it supported a decelerating phase of expansion only in the second case. It was noted that the Equation of State advocated the dominance era under the influence of dark energy in the first case and the second predicted the influence ofΛCDM. In both cases, ω<0,ω′<0 voted that the universe is in a freezing region and its cosmic expansion is more rapidly accelerated in the background of Chern-Simons modified gravity.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Among the biggest challenges faced by cosmological communities, one is the authentic solution to the current accelerated expansion of the universe. The collected observational data [1–3] prodded the quest for hypothetical models to clarify the expansion issues. These models that drive this acceleration is an intriguing, nonglowing, negative pressure medium, and it contributes roughly two-thirds of the energy contents of the present universe. This is called dark energy (DE) [4, 5], and it is considered one of the existing theoretical possibilities, including modifications of gravity theories [6].One of the reknown and most fascinating extensions of the Einstein gravity theory is four-dimensional Chern-Simons modified gravity (CSMG) [7] permitting the actualization of the CPT and Lorentz symmetry breaking within the gravity theory. Another fundamental component of this modification comprises the way that it normally includes higher-order derivatives of the metric change. In a dynamical variant, this theory has a (genuine) scalar field, with an axionic-type coupling with the Pontryagin density [8]. The CS-modified gravity was first studied in the nondynamic composition, which does not have a kinetic expression of the scalar field during the operation and assumes a predetermined space-time function. Chern-Simons, in a couple of decades, much attention has been paid to the dynamical CSMG [9], a more sophisticated form in which the scalar field is assumed as a dynamical.In recent studies [10–13], the HDE model has been studied broadly and analyzed as ρ∝Λ4 using the connections between IR, UV cut-off, and the entropy such that Λ3L3≤S3/4. Working on the same lines, the relation of IR cut-offs and entropy gives rise to the energy density of the HDE model, which is related to the Bekenstein-Hawking term S=A/4G. The vacuum energy density is related to UV cut-off Ricci scalar, Hubble horizon, event horizon, etc., i.e., large-scale structures of the universe are related with the infrared (IR) cut-off. The HDE model perseveres through the choice of IR cut-off model. Enough literature is available on the investigations of a huge number of IR cut-offs in [14–20].In ongoing investigations to comprehend the nature of the universe, a huge number of DE models have been built on holographic principle and known as holographic dark energy (HDE) models [18, 21, 22]. Adabi et al. [23] reconstructed the potential and dynamics for the Chaplygin scalar field model according to the evolutionary behavior of ghost DE in the context of Einstein’s theory phantom accelerated expansion of the universe. The evolution equation and EoS parameters for the nonflat FRW universe are elaborated using the HDE model with Granda-Oliveros cut-off in [24]. Pasqua et al. [25] investigated HDE and modified the Ricci HDE model in the context of CSMG theory. Ali and Amir [26] discussed the Ricci DE model using the Amended FRW metric in the framework of CSMG theory. Further, [27] also investigated the cosmological analysis of the MHRDE model and reconstructed different models such as dilation, K-essence, quintessence, and tachyon modal in the context of CSMG theory.The study of entropies like Tsallis [28], Rényi [29], and Sharma-Mittal [30] HDE models have been carried out for the cosmological and gravitational incidences. The holographic entanglement entropy has been developed by Chen [16] and varying from regular HDE models with Bekenstein entropy, such models have evolved late-time acceleration of the universe. It is tracked down that the Rényi model displayed stable behavior if there is an occurrence of noninteracting universe [29]. Some models like Tsallis, Rényi, and Sharma-Mittal entropies have been investigated by Younus et al. [31], and they concluded the quintessence-like nature of the universe. On these inspirations, we worked on the Rényi HDE utilizing the Amended FRW metric in the context of CSMG theory.This article is coordinated as follows: in Section2, the formalism of CSMG theory and its modified field equation for FRW metric is introduced. In Section 3, we examined Rényi HDE model considering the red-shift parameter. Universe evolution is examined in Section 4. Results and conclusions are discussed at the end.


## 2. Formalism of Chern-Simons Modified Gravity

A very promising modification of General Relativity is CSMG theory which is developed based on leading-order gravitational parity violation. The terminologies of this theory are very standardized to those of peculiarity cancellation widely used in particle physics and string theory. The Einstein Hilbert action is modified as(1)S=SEH+SCS+SΘ+Smat,The Einstein Hilbert termSEH, CS term SCS, the scalar field SΘ, and an additional undefined matter contributions Smat are Mathematically represented as κ∫vd4x−gŖ, α1/4∫vd4x−gΘ∗RR, β1/2∫vd4x−ggab∇χΘ∇ψΘ+2VΘ, and ∫vd4x−g£mat, respectively. It is mentioned here that the Pontryagin density ∗ŖŖ is expressed as ∗ŖŖ=ŖŖ~=∗ŖbacdŖacdb, and other parameters κ=1/16πG, the determinant of metric is g, ∇χ represent covariant derivative of Θ, Ŗ is a Ricci scalar, and integrals denoted the volume executed anywhere on the manifold ν and £mat stands for some matter Lagrangian density executed on ν.Taking variation of action of Eq. (1) w.r.t to gχψ along with scalar field Θ, a system of field equations for CSMG theory arose in the following form
(2)Gχψ+αCχψ=−12κTχψm+Tχψθ,(3)gχψ∇χ∇ψΘ=−κα4Ŗ∗Ŗ,where Gχψ is Einstein tensor, α coupling constant, and Cχψ is Cotton tensor defined as
(4)Cχψ=−12−gυζεζμυη∇υRην+12υζλεζνυηRυηλμ,where υζ=∇ζΘ and υζλ=∇ζ∇λΘ. The tensor Tχψ consists on matter and scalar field, mathematically described as
(5)Tχψm=ρ+pUχUψ−pgχψ,(6)TχψΘ=η∂χΘ∂ψΘ−η2gχψ∂αΘ∂αΘ.


## 3. Amended FRW Model in CS Modified Gravity

FRW model is used to calculate the homogeneous, isotropic, and expanding universe. Cosmologists are agreed that the FRW model is the best choice for the approximation of homogeneous, isotropic, and expanding universe. There are some equivalent formalism of FRW metric also found in literature to refer the spacetimes that are useful in the following manner:(7)ds2=dt2−a2tf2rdr2+r2dΦ2≡a2tdt2−f2rdr2+r2dΦ2≡dt2−a2tf2rdr2+r2dΦ2≡a2tdt2−f2rdr2−r2dΦ2≡dt2−a2tdr2+f2rdΦ2≡a2tdt2−dr2−f2rdΦ2.These equivalent forms are among the most popular models in the context of cosmological studies. Here, we use one of them which is named the Amended FRW metric [32].
(8)ds2=−a2tdt2+a2tdr21−kr2+r2dθ2+sin2θdϕ2.Dimensionless parameterat is a key tool to analyze the accelerated expansion of the current universe called the scale factor. It is found that the Cotton tensor vanishes identically for the AFRW metric such that C00=0. The energy-momentum tensor T00Θ is calculated using Eq. (6)
(9)T00Θ=Θ.22.It is worth mentioning here that for a metric to be a solution of EFEs, the Pontryagin term∗ŖŖ must be zero as a necessary condition, and the same has been evaluated for the Amended FRW metric identically. So, Eq. (3) reduces to
(10)gχψ∇χ∇ψΘ=gχψ∂χ∂ψΘ−Γχψρ∂ρΘ=0.It is noted that the external field is a function of space-time coordinates, and for the sake of simplicity, we optΘ a function of temporal coordinate only which reduced Eq. (10) as given below.
(11)Θ¨+2a.aΘ.=0.Applying the separation method of variables from differential equations, Eq. (11) gives
(12)Θ.=Ia−2,The parameterI is integration constant. Substituting Eq. (12) in Eq. (9), one arrives at
(13)ρΘ=T00Θ=I2a−42.


## 4. Rényi HDE Model

The mysterious nature and dynamics of DE is a crucial issue in cosmological studies. A considerable number of models are presented to resolve, HDE model is one of them. According to this modelρHDE=3d2Mp2L−2, the event horizon L=A/4π1/2=H−1, d stand for numerical factor, and Mp is reduced Planck’s mass. TheRényi HDE model is given by [33].
(14)ρR=3K2H28π1+πδ/H2.Since the conservation law of energy density is expressed as(15)ρ.d+3Hρd+Pd=0.Taking into account the dust case, it turned out to be(16)ρd=ρ0a−3.In the context of flat AFRW metric, CSMG equations are evaluated as(17)H2=8πG3ρM+ρR+ρΘ,(18)H2+23H.=−8πG3Pd.WhereG is gravitational constant considered G=1. Now, we use the values of ρM,ρR, and ρΘ in Eq. (17) and get
(19)H2=8π3ρ0a−3+K2H21+πδ/H2+4π3ρΘa−4.Let us considerHz=ΞzH0 and using redshift parameter a=1/z+1 in Eq. (19) which yields
(20)Ξ2z=z+13ρ03H02/8π+K2Ξ2z1+πδ/Ξ2zH02+ρΘ3H02/4πz+14.Making it convenient to find analytic solution, we considerρ0/3H02/8π=ΩM and ρΘ/3H02/4π=ΩΘ; therefore, Eq. (25) gets the form
(21)Ξ2z=ΩMz+13+K2Ξ2z1+πδ/Ξ2zH02+ΩΘz+14.Obviously, it is fourth-order equation inΞz which can be reduced in quadratic form by substituting 3.16δ/H02=Yz, Ξ2z=Fz, and βz=ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14in Eq. (27)
(22)F2z1−K2+FzYz−Xz−YzXz=0.This is a quadratic equation inFz and two solutions arise here such that
(23)Fz=Xz−Yz±Yz+Xz1−4YzXzK2/Yz+Xz221−K2.Using binomial theorem on1−4YzXzK2/Yz+Xz2 and neglecting the higher-order terms, one arrives at
(24)Ξ2z=Xz−Yz±Yz+Xz1−2YzXzK2/Yz+Xz221−K2.Now, we will discuss these two solutions that arise in Eq. (30), separately.


### 4.1. Case 1

Let us consider the positive root as the first case such that(25)Ξ2z=Xz1−K2Yz+Xz−YzK2Yz+Xz.On backward substitution, Eq. (25) can be evaluated as
(26)Ξz=ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+141−K2.3.16δ/H021−K2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+1412.Further, taking first-order derivative of Eq. (27) and simplifying, one arrives at
(27)ddzΞz=3.16δ/H23ΩMz+12+4ΩΘz+131−K223.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143/2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143ΩMz+12+4ΩΘz+133.16δ/H021−K23.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143/2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+1421−K23.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143/2.Using Eqs. (27) and (28), we explored two important cosmological parameters deceleration parameter (DP) q and equation of state (EoS) to study the nature of universe.


#### 4.1.1. Deceleration Parameter

DP is a dimensionless quantity which explains the expansions of the universe which slows down due to self-gravity. In terms of FRW metric, the expansion of the universe given byq=−a¨a/a.2 where a.2 represent the derivative w.r.t. to temporal coordinate t. An expression for DP, also found in term of derivative of Hubble parameter, can be mathematically written as
(28)q=−1−H.H2.SubstitutingHz=ΞzH0andH.=H0d/dzΞz in Eq. (29), it reduces to
(29)q=−1+z+1Ξz.ddzΞz.Using Eqs. (27) and (28) in Eq. (30), one explores
(30)q=123ΩM+4ΩΘz+1ΩM+ΩΘz+1+12K23.16δ/H03ΩM+4ΩΘz+1z+133.16δ/H02+ΩM+ΩΘz+12×13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14.To investigateq using Rényi HDE in CSMG theory, we plotted a graph shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
q versus Redshift z.We opted the restrictions on parametersΩM0=0.23,ΩΘ0=0.23,0.25,0.27, C=2, and H0=71Km/s/Mpc. The graph illustrated decelerated phase q<0 at low redshift and transit to accelerated phase q>0 at high redshift. It is observed that the behavior of DP is very similar in all three cases and our graphical representation advocated the transition from deceleration to acceleration which is also predicted in [31, 34, 35, 36].


#### 4.1.2. Equation of State

The EoS for perfect fluid is denoted by dimensionless parameterω, is a ratio between pressure and energy density of the fluid, mathematically represented as
(31)ω=Pρ.In terms of different energy components, it is expressed as(32)ω=Pdρd+ρM+ρΘ.The EOS can be represented in term of DP such that(33)ω=23q−12.Substituting the value of DPq from Eq. (31) in Eq. (34), one arrives at
(34)ω=133ΩM+4ΩΘz+1ΩM+ΩΘz+1+1+z2K23.16δ/H03ΩMz+12+4ΩΘz+133.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+142.Eq. (35) represents that EoS ω is a function of z along-with dependence on some cosmological parameters. To investigate the cosmological evaluation of the universe, we plotted a graph given in Figure 2.Figure 2
The evaluation of EoSω versus Redshift z.The particular restrictions are imposed on the parameters such asΩM0=0.23, ΩΘ0=0.2,0.3,0.4, C=3, H0=71Km/s/Mpc. Actually, different values of EoS illustrates the dominance era of the universe by different components. For instance, ω=0,ω=1/3, and ω=1 indicate that the universe is influenced by dust, radiation, and stiff fluid, respectively. On the other hand, (ω=−1/3, ω=−1, and ω<−1) are conditions of quintessence DE, ΛCDM, and Phantom eras, respectively. The graphical behavior showed that the universe is under the influence of DE as the EoS predicted accelerated expansion phase.


#### 4.1.3.ω−ω′ Plane

Caldwell and Linder [37] introduced ω−ω′ plane to explore the cosmic evolution of the quintessence DE model. They found a result which support the assumption that any region occupied by a DE model is subdivided into freezing (ω<0,ω′<0) and thawing (ω<0,ω′>0) regions, respectively. It is also found that the cosmic expansion is more accelerating in the freezing region as compared to thawing.Taking first order derivative of Eq. (39), we obtained(35)ω′=2z+14ΩM2z−8+3ΩMΩΘz+12−8z+1−14ΩΘ2z+12ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+142.Derivative of (EOS) representing thatω′ is a function of redshift z.
(36)ω−ω′=1+z33ΩMz+12+4z+13ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14+1+z2K23.16δ/H03ΩMz+12+4z+133.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14×13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−2z+14ΩM2z−8+3ΩMΩΘz+12−8z+1−14ΩΘ2z+12ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+142−z+153.16δ/H02K2ΩM2+16ΩΘ2z+12+8ΩMΩΘz+13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143.16δ/H021−K2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14+2z+13.16δ/H02K2ΩM+2ΩΘz+13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143.16δ/H021−K2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−z+1533.16δ/H02K29ΩM2+16ΩΘ2z+12+24z+13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143.16δ/H021−K2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14+z+1433ΩM+4z+1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14+z+1433.16δ/H02K23ΩM+4ΩΘz+13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143.16δ/H021−K2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14.For the particular values of parametersΩM0=0.23,ΩΘ0=0.25, K2=3, H0=71Km/s/Mpc, and three different values of δ, a graph of ω′ is plotted in Figure 3.Figure 3
ω
′ versus Redshift z.The graphical representationω<0,ω′<0 advocated that the Rényi HDE model is in freezing region and cosmic expansion is more accelerating in the context of CSMG theory.


### 4.2. Case 2

Taking into account the other root of the equation, we worked on same lines to explore the relations for DP and EOS in the context of CSMG theory.(37)Ξ2z=Xz−Yz−Yz+Xz−2YzXzK2/Yz+Xz21−K2.Putting values ofYz and Xz in Eq. (42) and simplifying we obtained the value of Ξz in terms of redshift z.(38)Ξz=3.16δ/H021−K2K2ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14+3.16δ/H0212.Substituting Eq. (43) in Eq. (35) is evaluated as
(39)q=−−2c43.16δ/H0z+13ΩM2+z+1ΩΘ−23.16δ/H0+z+13ΩM+2z+1ΩΘ2c23.16δ/H0ΩM+z+1ΩΘ3.16δ/H0+z+131−c2ΩM+z+14ΩΘ+c2ΩM−3.16δ/H02−z+14ΩΘ+3.16δ/H0z+132ΩM+3z+1ΩΘ2c23.16δ/H0ΩM+z+1ΩΘ3.16δ/H0+z+131−c2ΩM+z+14ΩΘ.To investigateq using Rényi HDE in CSMG theory, we plotted a graph shown in Figure 4. We opted the restrictions on parameters ΩM0=0.23,ΩΘ0=0.23,0.25,0.27, C=3, and H0=67Km/s/Mpc.Figure 4
The evaluation of DPq versus Redshift z.It is noted thatq is negative for an accelerating universe and positive for a decelerating universe. Figure 4 represented a flip of sign for q from negative to positive which gives the best match with the observational data collected by Riess et al. [1], Perlmutter et al. [2], and [20, 26, 38]. It is concluded that Rényi HDE model predicts a deceleration to acceleration transition compatible with observational data.Furthermore, in Eq. (39), it is obvious that the EoSω is a function of z along with dependence on some cosmological parameters.
(40)ω=23−−2c43.16δ/H0z+13ΩM2+z+1ΩΘ−23.16δ/H0+z+14ΩM+2z+1ΩΘ2c23.16δ/H0ΩM+z+1ΩΘ3.16δ/H0+z+131−c2ΩM+z+14ΩΘ+c2ΩM−3.16δ/H02−z+14ΩΘ+3.16δ/H0z+132ΩM+3z+1ΩΘ2c23.16δ/H0ΩM+z+1ΩΘ3.16δ/H0+z+131−c2ΩM+z+14ΩΘ−12.To understand about the cosmological evaluation of the universe, we plotted a graph given in Figure5.Figure 5
ω vs. z.Particular restrictions are imposed on the parameters such asΩM0=0.23, ΩΘ0=0.2,0.3,0.4, C=3, and H0=71Km/s/Mpc. The graphical representation shown that the universe is under the influence of DE as the EoS predicted accelerated expansion phase.
(41)ω′=2z+16ΩM+12ΩΘz+14+3ΩMz+12+4ΩΘz+133K2−1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02−2K2−1z+133ΩM+4ΩΘz+1223K2−1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H022ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02−2z+153ΩM+4ΩΘz+1323K2−1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H022ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02.ω−ω′=−1+2z+133ΩM+4ΩΘz+1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14+3.16δ/H02×13K2−1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02−2z+16ΩM+12ΩΘz+14+3ΩMz+12+4ΩΘz+133K2−1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02−2K2−1z+133ΩM+4ΩΘz+1223K2−1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H022ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02−2z+153ΩM+4ΩΘz+1323K2−1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H022ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02.The graph of Eq. (41) is plotted under the restrictions on parametersΩM0=0.23,ΩΘ0=0.25,K2=20, H0=71Km/s/Mpc, and δ shown in Figure 6. In this case, ω<0,ω′<0 indicated that the Rényi HDE model is also in freezing region and cosmic expansion will be more accelerating in the context of CSMG theory.Figure 6
ω
′ versus Redshift z.


## 4.1. Case 1

Let us consider the positive root as the first case such that(25)Ξ2z=Xz1−K2Yz+Xz−YzK2Yz+Xz.On backward substitution, Eq. (25) can be evaluated as
(26)Ξz=ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+141−K2.3.16δ/H021−K2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+1412.Further, taking first-order derivative of Eq. (27) and simplifying, one arrives at
(27)ddzΞz=3.16δ/H23ΩMz+12+4ΩΘz+131−K223.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143/2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143ΩMz+12+4ΩΘz+133.16δ/H021−K23.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143/2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+1421−K23.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143/2.Using Eqs. (27) and (28), we explored two important cosmological parameters deceleration parameter (DP) q and equation of state (EoS) to study the nature of universe.


### 4.1.1. Deceleration Parameter

DP is a dimensionless quantity which explains the expansions of the universe which slows down due to self-gravity. In terms of FRW metric, the expansion of the universe given byq=−a¨a/a.2 where a.2 represent the derivative w.r.t. to temporal coordinate t. An expression for DP, also found in term of derivative of Hubble parameter, can be mathematically written as
(28)q=−1−H.H2.SubstitutingHz=ΞzH0andH.=H0d/dzΞz in Eq. (29), it reduces to
(29)q=−1+z+1Ξz.ddzΞz.Using Eqs. (27) and (28) in Eq. (30), one explores
(30)q=123ΩM+4ΩΘz+1ΩM+ΩΘz+1+12K23.16δ/H03ΩM+4ΩΘz+1z+133.16δ/H02+ΩM+ΩΘz+12×13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14.To investigateq using Rényi HDE in CSMG theory, we plotted a graph shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
q versus Redshift z.We opted the restrictions on parametersΩM0=0.23,ΩΘ0=0.23,0.25,0.27, C=2, and H0=71Km/s/Mpc. The graph illustrated decelerated phase q<0 at low redshift and transit to accelerated phase q>0 at high redshift. It is observed that the behavior of DP is very similar in all three cases and our graphical representation advocated the transition from deceleration to acceleration which is also predicted in [31, 34, 35, 36].


### 4.1.2. Equation of State

The EoS for perfect fluid is denoted by dimensionless parameterω, is a ratio between pressure and energy density of the fluid, mathematically represented as
(31)ω=Pρ.In terms of different energy components, it is expressed as(32)ω=Pdρd+ρM+ρΘ.The EOS can be represented in term of DP such that(33)ω=23q−12.Substituting the value of DPq from Eq. (31) in Eq. (34), one arrives at
(34)ω=133ΩM+4ΩΘz+1ΩM+ΩΘz+1+1+z2K23.16δ/H03ΩMz+12+4ΩΘz+133.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+142.Eq. (35) represents that EoS ω is a function of z along-with dependence on some cosmological parameters. To investigate the cosmological evaluation of the universe, we plotted a graph given in Figure 2.Figure 2
The evaluation of EoSω versus Redshift z.The particular restrictions are imposed on the parameters such asΩM0=0.23, ΩΘ0=0.2,0.3,0.4, C=3, H0=71Km/s/Mpc. Actually, different values of EoS illustrates the dominance era of the universe by different components. For instance, ω=0,ω=1/3, and ω=1 indicate that the universe is influenced by dust, radiation, and stiff fluid, respectively. On the other hand, (ω=−1/3, ω=−1, and ω<−1) are conditions of quintessence DE, ΛCDM, and Phantom eras, respectively. The graphical behavior showed that the universe is under the influence of DE as the EoS predicted accelerated expansion phase.


### 4.1.3.ω−ω′ Plane

Caldwell and Linder [37] introduced ω−ω′ plane to explore the cosmic evolution of the quintessence DE model. They found a result which support the assumption that any region occupied by a DE model is subdivided into freezing (ω<0,ω′<0) and thawing (ω<0,ω′>0) regions, respectively. It is also found that the cosmic expansion is more accelerating in the freezing region as compared to thawing.Taking first order derivative of Eq. (39), we obtained(35)ω′=2z+14ΩM2z−8+3ΩMΩΘz+12−8z+1−14ΩΘ2z+12ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+142.Derivative of (EOS) representing thatω′ is a function of redshift z.
(36)ω−ω′=1+z33ΩMz+12+4z+13ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14+1+z2K23.16δ/H03ΩMz+12+4z+133.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14×13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−2z+14ΩM2z−8+3ΩMΩΘz+12−8z+1−14ΩΘ2z+12ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+142−z+153.16δ/H02K2ΩM2+16ΩΘ2z+12+8ΩMΩΘz+13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143.16δ/H021−K2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14+2z+13.16δ/H02K2ΩM+2ΩΘz+13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143.16δ/H021−K2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−z+1533.16δ/H02K29ΩM2+16ΩΘ2z+12+24z+13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143.16δ/H021−K2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14+z+1433ΩM+4z+1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14+z+1433.16δ/H02K23ΩM+4ΩΘz+13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143.16δ/H021−K2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14.For the particular values of parametersΩM0=0.23,ΩΘ0=0.25, K2=3, H0=71Km/s/Mpc, and three different values of δ, a graph of ω′ is plotted in Figure 3.Figure 3
ω
′ versus Redshift z.The graphical representationω<0,ω′<0 advocated that the Rényi HDE model is in freezing region and cosmic expansion is more accelerating in the context of CSMG theory.


## 4.1.1. Deceleration Parameter

DP is a dimensionless quantity which explains the expansions of the universe which slows down due to self-gravity. In terms of FRW metric, the expansion of the universe given byq=−a¨a/a.2 where a.2 represent the derivative w.r.t. to temporal coordinate t. An expression for DP, also found in term of derivative of Hubble parameter, can be mathematically written as
(28)q=−1−H.H2.SubstitutingHz=ΞzH0andH.=H0d/dzΞz in Eq. (29), it reduces to
(29)q=−1+z+1Ξz.ddzΞz.Using Eqs. (27) and (28) in Eq. (30), one explores
(30)q=123ΩM+4ΩΘz+1ΩM+ΩΘz+1+12K23.16δ/H03ΩM+4ΩΘz+1z+133.16δ/H02+ΩM+ΩΘz+12×13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14.To investigateq using Rényi HDE in CSMG theory, we plotted a graph shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
q versus Redshift z.We opted the restrictions on parametersΩM0=0.23,ΩΘ0=0.23,0.25,0.27, C=2, and H0=71Km/s/Mpc. The graph illustrated decelerated phase q<0 at low redshift and transit to accelerated phase q>0 at high redshift. It is observed that the behavior of DP is very similar in all three cases and our graphical representation advocated the transition from deceleration to acceleration which is also predicted in [31, 34, 35, 36].


## 4.1.2. Equation of State

The EoS for perfect fluid is denoted by dimensionless parameterω, is a ratio between pressure and energy density of the fluid, mathematically represented as
(31)ω=Pρ.In terms of different energy components, it is expressed as(32)ω=Pdρd+ρM+ρΘ.The EOS can be represented in term of DP such that(33)ω=23q−12.Substituting the value of DPq from Eq. (31) in Eq. (34), one arrives at
(34)ω=133ΩM+4ΩΘz+1ΩM+ΩΘz+1+1+z2K23.16δ/H03ΩMz+12+4ΩΘz+133.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+142.Eq. (35) represents that EoS ω is a function of z along-with dependence on some cosmological parameters. To investigate the cosmological evaluation of the universe, we plotted a graph given in Figure 2.Figure 2
The evaluation of EoSω versus Redshift z.The particular restrictions are imposed on the parameters such asΩM0=0.23, ΩΘ0=0.2,0.3,0.4, C=3, H0=71Km/s/Mpc. Actually, different values of EoS illustrates the dominance era of the universe by different components. For instance, ω=0,ω=1/3, and ω=1 indicate that the universe is influenced by dust, radiation, and stiff fluid, respectively. On the other hand, (ω=−1/3, ω=−1, and ω<−1) are conditions of quintessence DE, ΛCDM, and Phantom eras, respectively. The graphical behavior showed that the universe is under the influence of DE as the EoS predicted accelerated expansion phase.


## 4.1.3.ω−ω′ Plane

Caldwell and Linder [37] introduced ω−ω′ plane to explore the cosmic evolution of the quintessence DE model. They found a result which support the assumption that any region occupied by a DE model is subdivided into freezing (ω<0,ω′<0) and thawing (ω<0,ω′>0) regions, respectively. It is also found that the cosmic expansion is more accelerating in the freezing region as compared to thawing.Taking first order derivative of Eq. (39), we obtained(35)ω′=2z+14ΩM2z−8+3ΩMΩΘz+12−8z+1−14ΩΘ2z+12ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+142.Derivative of (EOS) representing thatω′ is a function of redshift z.
(36)ω−ω′=1+z33ΩMz+12+4z+13ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14+1+z2K23.16δ/H03ΩMz+12+4z+133.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14×13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−2z+14ΩM2z−8+3ΩMΩΘz+12−8z+1−14ΩΘ2z+12ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+142−z+153.16δ/H02K2ΩM2+16ΩΘ2z+12+8ΩMΩΘz+13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143.16δ/H021−K2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14+2z+13.16δ/H02K2ΩM+2ΩΘz+13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143.16δ/H021−K2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−z+1533.16δ/H02K29ΩM2+16ΩΘ2z+12+24z+13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143.16δ/H021−K2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14+z+1433ΩM+4z+1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14+z+1433.16δ/H02K23ΩM+4ΩΘz+13.16δ/H02+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+143.16δ/H021−K2+ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14.For the particular values of parametersΩM0=0.23,ΩΘ0=0.25, K2=3, H0=71Km/s/Mpc, and three different values of δ, a graph of ω′ is plotted in Figure 3.Figure 3
ω
′ versus Redshift z.The graphical representationω<0,ω′<0 advocated that the Rényi HDE model is in freezing region and cosmic expansion is more accelerating in the context of CSMG theory.


## 4.2. Case 2

Taking into account the other root of the equation, we worked on same lines to explore the relations for DP and EOS in the context of CSMG theory.(37)Ξ2z=Xz−Yz−Yz+Xz−2YzXzK2/Yz+Xz21−K2.Putting values ofYz and Xz in Eq. (42) and simplifying we obtained the value of Ξz in terms of redshift z.(38)Ξz=3.16δ/H021−K2K2ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14+3.16δ/H0212.Substituting Eq. (43) in Eq. (35) is evaluated as
(39)q=−−2c43.16δ/H0z+13ΩM2+z+1ΩΘ−23.16δ/H0+z+13ΩM+2z+1ΩΘ2c23.16δ/H0ΩM+z+1ΩΘ3.16δ/H0+z+131−c2ΩM+z+14ΩΘ+c2ΩM−3.16δ/H02−z+14ΩΘ+3.16δ/H0z+132ΩM+3z+1ΩΘ2c23.16δ/H0ΩM+z+1ΩΘ3.16δ/H0+z+131−c2ΩM+z+14ΩΘ.To investigateq using Rényi HDE in CSMG theory, we plotted a graph shown in Figure 4. We opted the restrictions on parameters ΩM0=0.23,ΩΘ0=0.23,0.25,0.27, C=3, and H0=67Km/s/Mpc.Figure 4
The evaluation of DPq versus Redshift z.It is noted thatq is negative for an accelerating universe and positive for a decelerating universe. Figure 4 represented a flip of sign for q from negative to positive which gives the best match with the observational data collected by Riess et al. [1], Perlmutter et al. [2], and [20, 26, 38]. It is concluded that Rényi HDE model predicts a deceleration to acceleration transition compatible with observational data.Furthermore, in Eq. (39), it is obvious that the EoSω is a function of z along with dependence on some cosmological parameters.
(40)ω=23−−2c43.16δ/H0z+13ΩM2+z+1ΩΘ−23.16δ/H0+z+14ΩM+2z+1ΩΘ2c23.16δ/H0ΩM+z+1ΩΘ3.16δ/H0+z+131−c2ΩM+z+14ΩΘ+c2ΩM−3.16δ/H02−z+14ΩΘ+3.16δ/H0z+132ΩM+3z+1ΩΘ2c23.16δ/H0ΩM+z+1ΩΘ3.16δ/H0+z+131−c2ΩM+z+14ΩΘ−12.To understand about the cosmological evaluation of the universe, we plotted a graph given in Figure5.Figure 5
ω vs. z.Particular restrictions are imposed on the parameters such asΩM0=0.23, ΩΘ0=0.2,0.3,0.4, C=3, and H0=71Km/s/Mpc. The graphical representation shown that the universe is under the influence of DE as the EoS predicted accelerated expansion phase.
(41)ω′=2z+16ΩM+12ΩΘz+14+3ΩMz+12+4ΩΘz+133K2−1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02−2K2−1z+133ΩM+4ΩΘz+1223K2−1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H022ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02−2z+153ΩM+4ΩΘz+1323K2−1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H022ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02.ω−ω′=−1+2z+133ΩM+4ΩΘz+1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14+3.16δ/H02×13K2−1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02−2z+16ΩM+12ΩΘz+14+3ΩMz+12+4ΩΘz+133K2−1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02−2K2−1z+133ΩM+4ΩΘz+1223K2−1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H022ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02−2z+153ΩM+4ΩΘz+1323K2−1ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H022ΩMz+13+ΩΘz+14−3.16δ/H02.The graph of Eq. (41) is plotted under the restrictions on parametersΩM0=0.23,ΩΘ0=0.25,K2=20, H0=71Km/s/Mpc, and δ shown in Figure 6. In this case, ω<0,ω′<0 indicated that the Rényi HDE model is also in freezing region and cosmic expansion will be more accelerating in the context of CSMG theory.Figure 6
ω
′ versus Redshift z.


## 5. Conclusions

This article is devoted to studying the Rényi HDE model considering the Amended FRW model in the background of CSMG theory. We explored the EoS, DP, and cosmological plane in interacting scenarios. There were two different solutions evaluated and discussed separately. In the first case, Figure1 illustrated the decelerated phase q>0 at low redshift and transit to accelerated phase q<0 at high redshift. Also, it is observed that the behavior of DP is very similar for all values of δ of Rényi HDE model and our graphical representation advocated the transition from deceleration to acceleration phase of the universe which is fully consistent with the observational data [34, 35] [31]. In fact, EoS illustrates the era of dominance of the universe by different components. For example, ω=0,ω=1/3, and ω=1 indicate that the universe is influenced by dust, radiation, and stiff fluid, respectively. On the other hand, (ω=−1/3, ω=−1, and ω<−1) stand for quintessence DE, ΛCDM, and Phantom eras, respectively. The graphical behavior showed that the universe is under the influence of DE as the EoS predicted accelerated expansion phase Figure 2. The graphical behavior of Figure 3ω<0,ω′<0 indicated that the Rényi HDE model is in freezing region, and cosmic expansion is more accelerating in the context of CSMG theory. In the second case, Figure 4 represents that the universe is in a decelerated phase of expansion as q<0 for each value of the redshift parameter z. Further, EoS predicted that the universe is under the influence of ΛCDM. Finally, ω−ω′ plane indicated that the Rényi HDE model is also in the freezing region and cosmic expansion will be more accelerating in the context of CSMG theory. At the end, it is concluded that the Rényi HDE model is supported by the results of general relativity in the framework of CSMG theory.



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