# Research and Application of Computer Collaborative Spectrum Sensing Guided by Radio Technology

Authors: Shaohua Mu
Journal: Journal of Sensors
 (2022)

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## Abstract

Currently, due to the proliferation of smart appliances and the rapid development of wireless communication technologies, there is a huge shortage of spectrum resources. Cognitive radio utilizes technologies that dramatically increase the utilization of free frequency bands, detecting the environment in real time and maximizing the reallocation of spectrum resources by sensing and reallocating the licensed free frequency bands. The frequency and accuracy required to determine the free bands is an important basis for determining the spectrum awareness in all aspects of a sensing radio system. Therefore, for the more complex network environment in reality and the intrusion of malicious users, this paper uses Fast K-medoids and Mean-shift methods for information fusion and an iterative approach to overcome malicious use to fuse data and finally obtain realistic feature statistics. The results show that the collaborative identification strategy proposed in this paper has good results.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The current phenomenon of growing demand for spectrum resources and increasing requirements for data transmission rates has created a crisis in spectrum resources, mainly due to the growth of global radio communications [1] and rapidly expanding consumers of wireless services. Currently, countries or regions are allocated a certain amount of spectrum resources, which means that once a particular band has been allocated, it cannot be used for any other purpose. This non-scientific allocation has constrained the development of the communications industry, leaving fewer and fewer spectrum resources available, which has led to an increasing scarcity of spectrum resources for wireless communications.In the United States, in 2003, the FCC conducted a detailed survey on local spectrum usage resources and concluded that, based on the study, between 15% and 85% of the bands in use were used for other bands, with approximately 30% of the bandwidth being 3 G or less.[2]A similar survey was conducted by China Mobile, who found that only 5% of China’s primary frequencies were available. From the results of the survey, it appears that the scarcity of spectrum resources is not the root cause of their shortage; the main reason lies in the inherent principles of spectrum distribution.A survey in the United States showed that in the 0-6 GHz spectrum resources, the low and medium bands are highly utilized, while in the bands, the high frequencies are not so much utilized.[3] The FCC defines the range of bands in this context by means of “spectrum gaps,“which are defined as those times when the allowed users do not occupy the current judgment.In general terms, the FCC considers that bands that are normally underutilized can be used as bands for cognitive users, when, due to the low utilization of said resources and the fixed transmission characteristics of the communication, the authorized user is allowed to be free from interference and the cognitive user must leave as soon as the authorized user enters the spectrum.[4] As a result, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Technology (IEEE) has formed a working group (IEEE802.22) to understand the issues related to access to the band by unlicensed users.The need to consider interference issues related to users with preferential access to the spectrum when using band issue lines has generated a great deal of research by national and international experts and institutions, including the 802.22 standards committee.[5] Cognitive radio technology, as a new means of communication, is able to make effective use of the available frequency band resources and is of great importance to the efficient use of the available spectrum resources. Cognitive radio technology has emerged to address these issues, and its core concept is well understood: if an authorized user has legitimate control over his or her band, then the sensing user can use the band and freely communicate between users in the free band through the user’s sensing radio device, according to a specific access method [6, 7]. This technology can be discovered and used by users without band access rights.Perceptual radio technology entails measuring, sensing, learning, and understanding the relevant radio channel characteristics in order to achieve efficient use of the frequency band. The authorized user has maximum access to this section of spectrum and if the authorized user wants to use this spectrum, then other users have to give way to it, which means that in order to prevent the authorized user from any interference when using it, it has to know its state before accessing it; therefore, spectrum identification technology is key to the whole communication system.Based on the existing spectrum identification technology, this paper presents a new idea of collaborative spectrum identification. This paper also studies the cooperation modes of two different types of wireless sensing networks. The results show that the use of cooperative wireless networks can greatly shorten the detection speed of authorized users. The cooperative identification strategy proposed in this paper has better effects.


## 2. Introduction to the Principle of Spectrum Sensing Technology

### 2.1. Spectrum Sensing Technology

Spectrum awareness is a key technology in the field of cognitive radio and it is a critical aspect of cognitive radio. Spectrum awareness must satisfy the need not to interfere with the normal use and control of the user, and requires the user to be able to sense in real time the frequency on which the authorized user is located, thus finding the “spectrum cave” and immediately giving up the broadband to the authorized user as soon as the authorized user appears.[8] Spectrum awareness is therefore a new technology that requires a combination of the physical layer, which detects the frequency band, and the link layer, which controls the entire spectrum awareness technology (including sensing time, sensing period, and sensing channel). Typically, spectrum sensing techniques consist of three main categories: transmitter sensing, interference sensing, and cooperative sensing.


### 2.2. Energy Detection

The energy calculation method of the signal is very simple. The FFT method is used to perform the modulo operation on the signal, and then the power of the signal is obtained. The energy detection schematic is shown in Figure1.Figure 1
Energy detection schematic.In this method, a target waveform is obtained after the received data is processed by a pre-set band-pass filter. Next, the analog-to-digital conversion circuit samples the data, thereby generating a sampled signal. A quadratic operation is then performed, adding the integral over the time intervalT to the integral to obtain the energy of the signal. Compare it with a pre-set threshold[9] gamma and output it. Noise in a signal has more energy than noise. It can be divided into 0 and 1 by comparing with the pre-set decision threshold. It is easy to implement since no prior knowledge of the signal is required. Second, only the power detection device needs to be compared with the set threshold, thereby reducing the complexity of the system. However, due to the existence of a large amount of unknown noise, the method of energy detection can only measure the energy, and cannot distinguish whether it is caused by noise. Therefore, in the case of low signal-to-noise ratio, in the presence of noise, it is not suitable to use the energy detection method. Sensing the cooperative relationship between users can well overcome the effect of shadow decay and improve the performance of authorized user detectors.[10] Its main idea is: the information received by each node is then sent to the base or access point for data integration to determine whether there is a licensed user. In the aspect of perceiving the user’s channel quality, the use of the cooperative mechanism can effectively improve the robustness of the system, reduce the detection speed, and improve the sensitivity of the system.


### 2.3. Cognitive Radio Technology

The fierce competition for energy allocation and band utilization has led to changes in the business model of wireless networks, whose communication quality and number of users have been affected.[11] The development of cognitive radio technology determines the development of a new generation of wireless network technology, which relies on the rational use of reliable and sensitive in the presence of inadequate resources.The main objective of cognitive radio is to make full use of available free spectrum resources in space and time in order to effectively solve the problem of insufficient network bandwidth. In other words, it allows the user’s terminal to find the “spectrum hole” and make rational use of it. Its main test techniques include spectrum identification, power control, and dynamic spectrum distribution. Spectrum awareness is the key foundation technology, which is directly related to the implementation of the subsequent technology and determines whether it can be used in practice. Spectrum awareness is the use of a sensing technique to detect “spectrum holes” in the external wireless communication environment.


## 2.1. Spectrum Sensing Technology

Spectrum awareness is a key technology in the field of cognitive radio and it is a critical aspect of cognitive radio. Spectrum awareness must satisfy the need not to interfere with the normal use and control of the user, and requires the user to be able to sense in real time the frequency on which the authorized user is located, thus finding the “spectrum cave” and immediately giving up the broadband to the authorized user as soon as the authorized user appears.[8] Spectrum awareness is therefore a new technology that requires a combination of the physical layer, which detects the frequency band, and the link layer, which controls the entire spectrum awareness technology (including sensing time, sensing period, and sensing channel). Typically, spectrum sensing techniques consist of three main categories: transmitter sensing, interference sensing, and cooperative sensing.


## 2.2. Energy Detection

The energy calculation method of the signal is very simple. The FFT method is used to perform the modulo operation on the signal, and then the power of the signal is obtained. The energy detection schematic is shown in Figure1.Figure 1
Energy detection schematic.In this method, a target waveform is obtained after the received data is processed by a pre-set band-pass filter. Next, the analog-to-digital conversion circuit samples the data, thereby generating a sampled signal. A quadratic operation is then performed, adding the integral over the time intervalT to the integral to obtain the energy of the signal. Compare it with a pre-set threshold[9] gamma and output it. Noise in a signal has more energy than noise. It can be divided into 0 and 1 by comparing with the pre-set decision threshold. It is easy to implement since no prior knowledge of the signal is required. Second, only the power detection device needs to be compared with the set threshold, thereby reducing the complexity of the system. However, due to the existence of a large amount of unknown noise, the method of energy detection can only measure the energy, and cannot distinguish whether it is caused by noise. Therefore, in the case of low signal-to-noise ratio, in the presence of noise, it is not suitable to use the energy detection method. Sensing the cooperative relationship between users can well overcome the effect of shadow decay and improve the performance of authorized user detectors.[10] Its main idea is: the information received by each node is then sent to the base or access point for data integration to determine whether there is a licensed user. In the aspect of perceiving the user’s channel quality, the use of the cooperative mechanism can effectively improve the robustness of the system, reduce the detection speed, and improve the sensitivity of the system.


## 2.3. Cognitive Radio Technology

The fierce competition for energy allocation and band utilization has led to changes in the business model of wireless networks, whose communication quality and number of users have been affected.[11] The development of cognitive radio technology determines the development of a new generation of wireless network technology, which relies on the rational use of reliable and sensitive in the presence of inadequate resources.The main objective of cognitive radio is to make full use of available free spectrum resources in space and time in order to effectively solve the problem of insufficient network bandwidth. In other words, it allows the user’s terminal to find the “spectrum hole” and make rational use of it. Its main test techniques include spectrum identification, power control, and dynamic spectrum distribution. Spectrum awareness is the key foundation technology, which is directly related to the implementation of the subsequent technology and determines whether it can be used in practice. Spectrum awareness is the use of a sensing technique to detect “spectrum holes” in the external wireless communication environment.


## 3. Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Network Model

### 3.1. Workflow

Because a single user’s perception of the primary user is easily affected by factors such as shadowing, channel attenuation, and terminal concealment, the method of multiuser cooperation can increase the degree of dispersion of secondary users and reduce the interference of the external environment. So the collaborative cognitive network has developed into a general spectrum cognitive network.The working process of the centralized collaborative spectrum sensing network is as follows: each user uses the sensing channel to sense a master together. When the sensing is over, the secondary user will transmit all sensing information to the fusion station, and finally the fusion station makes a decision and judges whether the frequency is occupied.Establish a centralized coordinated spectrum identification system including primary users, M secondary users, and an integration center. Each assist user will report their feelings to the fusion center. In practical situations, due to the influence of environmental factors, the method also provides corresponding solutions: some secondary users’ perception and reporting channels are occluded by shadows, resulting in hidden terminals. Its collaborative spectrum-aware network model is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Cooperative spectrum sensing network model.


### 3.2. Signal Model

The single-use main use is easily affected by factors such as shadowing, channel attenuation, and terminal concealment, and the multiple-use quadratic division, environmental interference, and the combined knowledge form a kind of spectrum knowledge network. The primary user’s transmit signal is indicated bysn, where win represents a mean of 0 and a variance of δ2. The perceptual signal of the i=1,2,⋯,mthi=1,2,⋯,mth sub-user sampling the nthi=1,2,⋯,mth sample is denoted by xin, and its value is sent by the primary user. The signal is multiplied by the channel gain factor and then summed with the noise signal, described by the following formula [12]:
(1)xin=hisn+win.Assuming that the sampling point isN, at the sampling point, a sampling signal of M×N dimension, that is, X [13], can be obtained.
(2)X=x11x12⋯x1Nx21x22⋯x2N⋯..xM1xM2⋯MN.


### 3.3. Classification Model

In a nutshell, it is to judge whether the user exists or not by monitoring the status of the channel by the secondary user. Spectral perception is essentially a secondary taxonomy for which binary assumptions can be made. That is to say,H0 and H1 are of two types; when H0 is established, there is only a noise signal wn and no main user signal sn, then the channel may be used by two occupied by the user; when H1 is established, there is noise and the main user in the channel, then the channel cannot be used. The binary formula is the following [14]:
(3)H0:xin=win,H1:xin=hisn+win.S represents the result of ranking the usage status of the channel. S=0 refers to the situation of H0, indicating that there is no primary user, and the channel is valid; S=1 means that when H1 is established, there is a primary user, and the channel cannot be used. The result of the category of the sensation is explained by the following mathematical formula [15]:
(4)S=S=0,H0S=1,H1.


### 3.4. Collaboration Perception of Multiple Primary Users

In a realistic network, there will be multiple primary users and multiple sub-users. Assuming we are looking at a centralized network with a sub-user base station,[16] collaboration between sub-users is arranged by the sub-user base station and the results of the sub-user’s own detections are transmitted to the sub-user base for data fusion.The whole process of spectrum sensing: firstly, the sub-user base station acquires the cooperative policy and the secondary users schedule the cooperative sensing; secondly, the sub-users perform independent detection and send the detection results to the sub-user base station; finally, the final verdict is derived by the sub-user base station. The focus of this paper is on how to perform secondary user assignment under the condition of havingMp primary users so that the Qm−Qf performance curve of the whole network is better than the random distribution.


## 3.1. Workflow

Because a single user’s perception of the primary user is easily affected by factors such as shadowing, channel attenuation, and terminal concealment, the method of multiuser cooperation can increase the degree of dispersion of secondary users and reduce the interference of the external environment. So the collaborative cognitive network has developed into a general spectrum cognitive network.The working process of the centralized collaborative spectrum sensing network is as follows: each user uses the sensing channel to sense a master together. When the sensing is over, the secondary user will transmit all sensing information to the fusion station, and finally the fusion station makes a decision and judges whether the frequency is occupied.Establish a centralized coordinated spectrum identification system including primary users, M secondary users, and an integration center. Each assist user will report their feelings to the fusion center. In practical situations, due to the influence of environmental factors, the method also provides corresponding solutions: some secondary users’ perception and reporting channels are occluded by shadows, resulting in hidden terminals. Its collaborative spectrum-aware network model is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Cooperative spectrum sensing network model.


## 3.2. Signal Model

The single-use main use is easily affected by factors such as shadowing, channel attenuation, and terminal concealment, and the multiple-use quadratic division, environmental interference, and the combined knowledge form a kind of spectrum knowledge network. The primary user’s transmit signal is indicated bysn, where win represents a mean of 0 and a variance of δ2. The perceptual signal of the i=1,2,⋯,mthi=1,2,⋯,mth sub-user sampling the nthi=1,2,⋯,mth sample is denoted by xin, and its value is sent by the primary user. The signal is multiplied by the channel gain factor and then summed with the noise signal, described by the following formula [12]:
(1)xin=hisn+win.Assuming that the sampling point isN, at the sampling point, a sampling signal of M×N dimension, that is, X [13], can be obtained.
(2)X=x11x12⋯x1Nx21x22⋯x2N⋯..xM1xM2⋯MN.


## 3.3. Classification Model

In a nutshell, it is to judge whether the user exists or not by monitoring the status of the channel by the secondary user. Spectral perception is essentially a secondary taxonomy for which binary assumptions can be made. That is to say,H0 and H1 are of two types; when H0 is established, there is only a noise signal wn and no main user signal sn, then the channel may be used by two occupied by the user; when H1 is established, there is noise and the main user in the channel, then the channel cannot be used. The binary formula is the following [14]:
(3)H0:xin=win,H1:xin=hisn+win.S represents the result of ranking the usage status of the channel. S=0 refers to the situation of H0, indicating that there is no primary user, and the channel is valid; S=1 means that when H1 is established, there is a primary user, and the channel cannot be used. The result of the category of the sensation is explained by the following mathematical formula [15]:
(4)S=S=0,H0S=1,H1.


## 3.4. Collaboration Perception of Multiple Primary Users

In a realistic network, there will be multiple primary users and multiple sub-users. Assuming we are looking at a centralized network with a sub-user base station,[16] collaboration between sub-users is arranged by the sub-user base station and the results of the sub-user’s own detections are transmitted to the sub-user base for data fusion.The whole process of spectrum sensing: firstly, the sub-user base station acquires the cooperative policy and the secondary users schedule the cooperative sensing; secondly, the sub-users perform independent detection and send the detection results to the sub-user base station; finally, the final verdict is derived by the sub-user base station. The focus of this paper is on how to perform secondary user assignment under the condition of havingMp primary users so that the Qm−Qf performance curve of the whole network is better than the random distribution.


## 4. Simulation Results and Data Analysis

On the basis of simulation experiments, the proposed spectrum perception scheme is simulated and studied by using correlation and clustering algorithms. In the test, the analog signal is mainly AM signal.[17] On this basis, 2000 feature vectors are selected, 1000 samples are used for training samples, and the remaining samples are N=1000 to ensure the test accuracy.In the following simulation experiments, we investigated the different effects of different numbers of cooperative sub-users on different perception effects and different uncertainties from different perspectives, and compared with other methods, and came to the conclusion: this paper proposes method that has better perceptual effect.


### 4.1. Influence of the Number of Users on the Perception Results

Using -14 dB of static signal noise and 1000 sampling points, the algorithm compares the two cases to obtain the effect of different numbers of sub-users on the perception mode in both cases. In the case of different number of users, the correlation factor and cluster are used to identify, and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.In Figures3 and 4, (a) is the distribution of the two-dimensional characteristic vector based on the correlation, and (b) shows the classification effect of the characteristic points after clustering. In this table, the horizontal and vertical coordinates are the number of features obtained from the corners of the matrix X and Z, and the number of features obtained from X0. The clustering method is used to divide each feature point into two groups, which are divided by red and blue circles. These two small groups refer to those that are not available and are represented by black diamonds and black rings in the middle.[18] With the increase of the number of cooperative secondary users, the distance between types and the division of feature points are more clear, thereby improving the classification efficiency.Figure 3
Feature point distribution and renderings.
(a)
Feature point distribution(b)
Clustering effectFigure 4
Feature point distribution and effect diagram.
(a)
Feature point distribution(b)
Clustering effect


### 4.2. Influence of Noise Uncertainty on Perception Results

In this paper, the ROC characteristics of three methods based on correlation coefficient, DMM, and ED are compared, and the remaining data are compared in the case of signal-to-noise ratio -12 dB, -14 dB, and -16 dB:In Figure5, the graphs of red, blue, and black are, respectively, the ROC curves of DAR+ CC+ K means (DAR+ DMM+ K means) and ED+ K (K- means), which are in the form of solid line, dotted line, and dashed line to represent -12 dB, -14 dB, and -16 dB. From the observation in Figure 5, a data statistics table can be drawn: The statistics when Pe=0.1 are as follows:Figure 5
ROC curves under different signal-to-noise ratios.From Table1, there is a positive relationship between the signal noise and the detection probability Pa, and the decrease of the signal-to-noise ratio will reduce the detection probability. However, after comparison, it is found that the detection probability of the DMM method is higher than that of the ED method. The CC method has a higher detection probability than the other two methods regardless of the ground signal noise and high signal noise. This shows the CC method. In the case of small signal-to-noise ratio and small cooperative use, it has a better recognition effect.Table 1
Detection probability.
Signal-to-noise ratio (dB)-12 dB-12 dB-16 dBED0.530.350.23DMM0.770.360.23CC0.980.820.47


## 4.1. Influence of the Number of Users on the Perception Results

Using -14 dB of static signal noise and 1000 sampling points, the algorithm compares the two cases to obtain the effect of different numbers of sub-users on the perception mode in both cases. In the case of different number of users, the correlation factor and cluster are used to identify, and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.In Figures3 and 4, (a) is the distribution of the two-dimensional characteristic vector based on the correlation, and (b) shows the classification effect of the characteristic points after clustering. In this table, the horizontal and vertical coordinates are the number of features obtained from the corners of the matrix X and Z, and the number of features obtained from X0. The clustering method is used to divide each feature point into two groups, which are divided by red and blue circles. These two small groups refer to those that are not available and are represented by black diamonds and black rings in the middle.[18] With the increase of the number of cooperative secondary users, the distance between types and the division of feature points are more clear, thereby improving the classification efficiency.Figure 3
Feature point distribution and renderings.
(a)
Feature point distribution(b)
Clustering effectFigure 4
Feature point distribution and effect diagram.
(a)
Feature point distribution(b)
Clustering effect


## 4.2. Influence of Noise Uncertainty on Perception Results

In this paper, the ROC characteristics of three methods based on correlation coefficient, DMM, and ED are compared, and the remaining data are compared in the case of signal-to-noise ratio -12 dB, -14 dB, and -16 dB:In Figure5, the graphs of red, blue, and black are, respectively, the ROC curves of DAR+ CC+ K means (DAR+ DMM+ K means) and ED+ K (K- means), which are in the form of solid line, dotted line, and dashed line to represent -12 dB, -14 dB, and -16 dB. From the observation in Figure 5, a data statistics table can be drawn: The statistics when Pe=0.1 are as follows:Figure 5
ROC curves under different signal-to-noise ratios.From Table1, there is a positive relationship between the signal noise and the detection probability Pa, and the decrease of the signal-to-noise ratio will reduce the detection probability. However, after comparison, it is found that the detection probability of the DMM method is higher than that of the ED method. The CC method has a higher detection probability than the other two methods regardless of the ground signal noise and high signal noise. This shows the CC method. In the case of small signal-to-noise ratio and small cooperative use, it has a better recognition effect.Table 1
Detection probability.
Signal-to-noise ratio (dB)-12 dB-12 dB-16 dBED0.530.350.23DMM0.770.360.23CC0.980.820.47


## 5. Robust Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Based on Clustering Algorithm

Aiming at SSDF attacks in real perception, this paper designs a new cooperative recognition strategy. [19]The method utilizes Fast K-medoids and Mean-shift clustering methods to classify different types of perceptual data. In terms of simulation, this paper compares and contrasts the two methods and illustrates the classification results of the two methods and further verifies the anti-interference ability of CSS designed in this paper to SSDF.


### 5.1. Multi-Antenna Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Network Model

A wireless sensor network architecture is depicted in Figure6, in which the architecture typically includes a sensor node, a sink node, a gateway node, and a management base station. The data monitored by each sensor node is carried out through the wireless channel.[20] During this period, the monitoring data will be carried out by multiple nodes, and then returned to the aggregation node through multiple hops, and then the data will be sent to the network node by the rendezvous node. Then, it is transmitted to the management base station, the remote machine, or the user terminal through the network through the gateway.Figure 6
Wireless sensor network node.In this paper, the cooperative identification of multiple antennas is realized by using the multiple antenna co-spectral sensing (CSS) mode based on the above sensor mode. Compared to a single antenna, multiple antennas can get more information better, thereby improving the perception of the system. The CSS network consists of three main bodies: PUs, co-users, and fusion center. A PU is an authorized user with legal rights to a particular frequency; a CU is not licensed to monitor frequencies, find holes, and control idle bandwidth. Firstly, CU conducts local detection and transmits local information to the FC by calculating the perceived energy; on this basis, the data reported by each center is combined to adopt a unified determination method. Such CSS patterns minimize the perceived uncertainty of a single sub-consumer. So, in a harsh visual environment, using css systems is a good approach. Assume that the co-sensing network contains MUs, the remaining HUs and Hs; in addition, each SU contains L independent antennas. If the number of malicious users is much smaller than the entire co-owner, m < C, then the system becomes worthless. The diagram of its collaborative frequency perception network is shown in Figure7.Figure 7
Cooperative frequency pervasive sensing network.


### 5.2. SSDF Attack Model

Correctly judging the attack mode of the target will help the perception system to take correct protective measures. MUs attack CSS for two purposes: one is to interfere with CSS, and the other is to gain its own benefits. MUs conduct two attacks on CSS: one is dynamic attack, and the other is static attack. According to different SSDF attack targets and methods, SSDF attacks are divided into three different attack forms.Category 0: Continuously emitting small amounts of energy, this is a static attack. After H is established, no malicious user will launch an attack; but if the H condition is correct, it will lead to errors in the cognitive data of malicious users, which will lead to the deviation of FC decision-making. Aggressive communication devices will send wrong sensing data,[21] resulting in a wrong judgment, and the result is that the channel is idle, so that the secondary user can access the busy licensed channel. Such an attack will cause great interference to the communication of the host, resulting in very bad consequences.Category 1: Continuously emitting higher energy to the malicious user, this is a static attack. That is to say, in the case of H, the behavior of the malicious user is very common; but under the condition of H, the inductive ability of the malicious user greatly exceeds the normal range, so the FC is judged to be a busy state. Its goal is to conceal the free frequency band it has, so it is also known as a “selfish” attack.Dynamic attack: also known as disorderly attack, sometimes it will send out wrong perception information, it will also send out wrong information, and it will suddenly launch an attack. This kind of attack is very latent and hard to prevent.In this paper, the HUs transmit the original local EVs to the FC. The MUs also transmit fake EVs to the FC. For example, MUs will find that PUs are idle among PUs, and MUs will fake a set of erroneous EVs to FC more than actual EVs.[22] If the FC cannot correctly determine the status of the PU, the licensed frequency band will be used by the MUs without authorization. When the PU is active, the MUs will find the PU according to its local decision and then copy the EVs to the FC. If the FC mistakenly thinks that the licensed bandwidth is in an idle state and allows unlicensed users to access, it will affect the normal communication of licensed users.


### 5.3. Simulation Results and Performance Analysis

This section uses computer simulation results as an example to verify the robust CSS algorithm. In this paper, the AM signal is selected as the PU signal. The classification effect of robust CSS is studied and its performance is studied.


#### 5.3.1. Classification Effect of Clustering Algorithm

Figure8 shows the unclassified sample points, and it is difficult to distinguish the performance of these two clustering algorithms in Figures 9 and 10. In Figure 11, the lossy function is shown. Through the comparative analysis of Fast K-medoids and Mean-shift clustering methods, the results show that after several rounds of repeated iterations, the loss of the method is smaller than that of Fast K-medoids, indicating that the calculation results of the Monument-shift method are better. Therefore, this chapter selects the clustering method of Mean-shift for spectrum identification.Figure 8
Unclassified sample points.Figure 9
Uses the Mean-shift algorithm to classify sample points.Figure 10
Using Fast-medoids algorithm to classify sample points.Figure 11
Loss values of two algorithms.


### 5.4. Performance Analysis of Robust CSS

In Figure12, when the probability of false alarm reaches a certain condition, the probability of detection decreases. We find that in a robust CSS combining DFMS-medoids with DF-medoids technology, MUs induce FC to make a misjudgment by emitting higher EVs, thus keeping the existing licensed band judgment in a busy state. In this way, MUs can avoid competition from other HUs by directly accessing the licensed frequencies. Under this condition, there is a certain probability of missed detection, and the probability of false alarm increases. Compared with the Means algorithm, the robust CSS performance of DFMS-medoids and DF-medoids is significantly better than the Means algorithm. In addition, the DFMS-medoids algorithm is the best performing one of all the algorithms.Figure 12
ROC curves of different algorithms.


## 5.1. Multi-Antenna Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Network Model

A wireless sensor network architecture is depicted in Figure6, in which the architecture typically includes a sensor node, a sink node, a gateway node, and a management base station. The data monitored by each sensor node is carried out through the wireless channel.[20] During this period, the monitoring data will be carried out by multiple nodes, and then returned to the aggregation node through multiple hops, and then the data will be sent to the network node by the rendezvous node. Then, it is transmitted to the management base station, the remote machine, or the user terminal through the network through the gateway.Figure 6
Wireless sensor network node.In this paper, the cooperative identification of multiple antennas is realized by using the multiple antenna co-spectral sensing (CSS) mode based on the above sensor mode. Compared to a single antenna, multiple antennas can get more information better, thereby improving the perception of the system. The CSS network consists of three main bodies: PUs, co-users, and fusion center. A PU is an authorized user with legal rights to a particular frequency; a CU is not licensed to monitor frequencies, find holes, and control idle bandwidth. Firstly, CU conducts local detection and transmits local information to the FC by calculating the perceived energy; on this basis, the data reported by each center is combined to adopt a unified determination method. Such CSS patterns minimize the perceived uncertainty of a single sub-consumer. So, in a harsh visual environment, using css systems is a good approach. Assume that the co-sensing network contains MUs, the remaining HUs and Hs; in addition, each SU contains L independent antennas. If the number of malicious users is much smaller than the entire co-owner, m < C, then the system becomes worthless. The diagram of its collaborative frequency perception network is shown in Figure7.Figure 7
Cooperative frequency pervasive sensing network.


## 5.2. SSDF Attack Model

Correctly judging the attack mode of the target will help the perception system to take correct protective measures. MUs attack CSS for two purposes: one is to interfere with CSS, and the other is to gain its own benefits. MUs conduct two attacks on CSS: one is dynamic attack, and the other is static attack. According to different SSDF attack targets and methods, SSDF attacks are divided into three different attack forms.Category 0: Continuously emitting small amounts of energy, this is a static attack. After H is established, no malicious user will launch an attack; but if the H condition is correct, it will lead to errors in the cognitive data of malicious users, which will lead to the deviation of FC decision-making. Aggressive communication devices will send wrong sensing data,[21] resulting in a wrong judgment, and the result is that the channel is idle, so that the secondary user can access the busy licensed channel. Such an attack will cause great interference to the communication of the host, resulting in very bad consequences.Category 1: Continuously emitting higher energy to the malicious user, this is a static attack. That is to say, in the case of H, the behavior of the malicious user is very common; but under the condition of H, the inductive ability of the malicious user greatly exceeds the normal range, so the FC is judged to be a busy state. Its goal is to conceal the free frequency band it has, so it is also known as a “selfish” attack.Dynamic attack: also known as disorderly attack, sometimes it will send out wrong perception information, it will also send out wrong information, and it will suddenly launch an attack. This kind of attack is very latent and hard to prevent.In this paper, the HUs transmit the original local EVs to the FC. The MUs also transmit fake EVs to the FC. For example, MUs will find that PUs are idle among PUs, and MUs will fake a set of erroneous EVs to FC more than actual EVs.[22] If the FC cannot correctly determine the status of the PU, the licensed frequency band will be used by the MUs without authorization. When the PU is active, the MUs will find the PU according to its local decision and then copy the EVs to the FC. If the FC mistakenly thinks that the licensed bandwidth is in an idle state and allows unlicensed users to access, it will affect the normal communication of licensed users.


## 5.3. Simulation Results and Performance Analysis

This section uses computer simulation results as an example to verify the robust CSS algorithm. In this paper, the AM signal is selected as the PU signal. The classification effect of robust CSS is studied and its performance is studied.


### 5.3.1. Classification Effect of Clustering Algorithm

Figure8 shows the unclassified sample points, and it is difficult to distinguish the performance of these two clustering algorithms in Figures 9 and 10. In Figure 11, the lossy function is shown. Through the comparative analysis of Fast K-medoids and Mean-shift clustering methods, the results show that after several rounds of repeated iterations, the loss of the method is smaller than that of Fast K-medoids, indicating that the calculation results of the Monument-shift method are better. Therefore, this chapter selects the clustering method of Mean-shift for spectrum identification.Figure 8
Unclassified sample points.Figure 9
Uses the Mean-shift algorithm to classify sample points.Figure 10
Using Fast-medoids algorithm to classify sample points.Figure 11
Loss values of two algorithms.


## 5.3.1. Classification Effect of Clustering Algorithm

Figure8 shows the unclassified sample points, and it is difficult to distinguish the performance of these two clustering algorithms in Figures 9 and 10. In Figure 11, the lossy function is shown. Through the comparative analysis of Fast K-medoids and Mean-shift clustering methods, the results show that after several rounds of repeated iterations, the loss of the method is smaller than that of Fast K-medoids, indicating that the calculation results of the Monument-shift method are better. Therefore, this chapter selects the clustering method of Mean-shift for spectrum identification.Figure 8
Unclassified sample points.Figure 9
Uses the Mean-shift algorithm to classify sample points.Figure 10
Using Fast-medoids algorithm to classify sample points.Figure 11
Loss values of two algorithms.


## 5.4. Performance Analysis of Robust CSS

In Figure12, when the probability of false alarm reaches a certain condition, the probability of detection decreases. We find that in a robust CSS combining DFMS-medoids with DF-medoids technology, MUs induce FC to make a misjudgment by emitting higher EVs, thus keeping the existing licensed band judgment in a busy state. In this way, MUs can avoid competition from other HUs by directly accessing the licensed frequencies. Under this condition, there is a certain probability of missed detection, and the probability of false alarm increases. Compared with the Means algorithm, the robust CSS performance of DFMS-medoids and DF-medoids is significantly better than the Means algorithm. In addition, the DFMS-medoids algorithm is the best performing one of all the algorithms.Figure 12
ROC curves of different algorithms.


## 6. Conclusion

Cognitive radio technology can significantly improve spectrum utilization, and in the current situation where spectrum resources are scarce, cognitive radio is an important technology for the current spectrum resource shortage. And spectrum awareness is a prerequisite for the realization of cognitive radio, so how to effectively perform spectrum identification is an important topic to be solved in the current wireless communication field.Starting from a simple user network model, this paper expounds the role of cooperative spectrum sensing in wireless sensing systems. Experiments show that cooperative sensing can effectively improve the network detection success rate of sensing users and effectively improve the overall performance of the system. The cooperative spectrum identification technology can use the cooperative perception among sub-users to obtain and enhance the score set, thereby effectively solving the problems of deep attenuation and channel shadow and improving the overall efficiency of the perception system. Through the research on the existing cooperative spectrum cognition technology, the paper conducts an in-depth discussion on the aspects of data feature extraction, data fusion methods, and perception types.(1)
The history and significance of the development of cognitive wireless spectrum identification technology are expounded, and the current research status at home and abroad is summarized(2)
Several typical spectrum sensing methods are introduced and analyzed. Then, the basic principle of clustering is described in detail, and some commonly used clustering methods are summarized and summarized. And the effectiveness of collaborative spectrum is proved theoretically and practically(3)
Overcoming the traditional identification method of combining the determination threshold and the correlation factor, and using the classification method to carry out effective collaborative identification under the condition of low signal-to-noise ratio. K means-based clustering method, through automatic classification and threshold-free determination of the collected signals. The algorithm overcomes the shortcomings of the conventional judgment threshold operation, such as cumbersome operation and low accuracy(4)
When malicious users are found in the SSDF network, we design a new collaborative identification method. Due to the improved robustness of the two modules, the entire architecture has strong stability. The first part is the fusion of perceptual information. On this basis, two different methods are used for the fusion of perceptual information. The value of Medoids is used as the initial value, and an iterative method is used to find the best statistical feature quantity, thereby avoiding incorrect information in malicious reports. The second part is the perceptual classifier, which proposes two classifiers, namely, Fast K-medoids and Mean-shift. On this basis, the fusion points are classified into two types without monitoring by using the clustering method, so as to achieve the identification of the spectrum



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*Source: 9697819-2022-09-05.xml*