# Evaluation of Quality of Life and Care Needs of Turkish Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Authors: Neslisah Yasar; Semiha Akin
Journal: Nursing Research and Practice
 (2016)

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## Abstract

This descriptive study explored the quality of life and care needs of Turkish patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The study sample consisted of 100 hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Their quality of life was assessed using Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bone Marrow Transplant Scale. The mean patient age was 44.99 ± 13.92 years. Changes in sexual functions, loss of hair, loss of taste, loss of appetite, and sleep disturbances were the most common symptoms. The quality of life of transplant patients was moderately affected; the functional well-being and social/family well-being subscales were the most adversely and least negatively affected (12.13 ± 6.88) dimensions, respectively. Being female, being between 50 and 59 years of age, being single, having a chronic disease, and having a history of hospitalization were associated with lower quality of life scores. Interventions to improve functional status, physical well-being, and emotional status of patients during the transplantation process may help patients cope with treatment-related impairments more effectively. Frequent screening and management of patient symptoms in order to help patients adapt to life following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are crucial for meeting care needs and developing strategies to improve their quality of life.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is frequently used for treatment of many malign and benign diseases, particularly aplastic anaemia and thalassemia. Although it yields positive results in the treatment of many diseases, hematopoietic cell transplantation also leads to significant mortality and morbidity [1]. Because of its positive effects on life expectancy and quality of life, the number of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation centers and patients who benefit from this treatment is rapidly increasing. A total of 1,678 autologous, 702 related allogeneic hematopoietic, 129 unrelated allogeneic hematopoietic, 122 haploidentical, and 953 allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations were performed in Turkey in 2015 [2].After hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, quality of life may be adversely affected because of autoimmune and hematologic complications, pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, ocular complications, musculoskeletal problems, oral mucosa and dental problems, genitourinary system problems, gastrointestinal and hepatic complications, metabolic problems, nervous system disorders, secondary malignancies, and psychosocial problems [3–5]. Prevention of infection and late complications are the primary treatment and care priorities after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Treatment and care requirements during and after transplantation vary depending on patient performance status, age, disease stage, conditioning regimen, transplantation type (autologous or allogeneic), treatment, and transplantation-associated complications [1, 6]. Studies have demonstrated that the quality of life among patients who undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is affected negatively on many levels and that they require support for symptom control [7–14].Patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation require assistance with symptom control and for dealing with side effects in order to avoid negative effects of their physical condition, social/family status, emotional status, functional status, and additional detrimental effects on their quality of life. For successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and prevention of complications, the information and support needs of the patient and their family should be determined before the patient is discharged. Studies on the difficulties and problems faced by patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation will help to improve patient quality of life and better meet their needs in the early stages of the postdischarge period. Therefore, this descriptive study evaluated patient care needs and quality of life after discharge following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in order to identify the variables associated with quality of life.


## 2. Methods

### 2.1. Setting

The study was conducted in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant service of a university hospital.


### 2.2. Study Questions

This study assessed the following three questions.(1)
Does hematopoietic stem cell transplantation affect patient quality of life?(2)
What are the support needs and the symptoms experienced by patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation?(3)
What are the sociodemographic, health-related, and disease-related characteristics of the disease of patients who are undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation?


### 2.3. Dependent and Independent Variables

(i)
Dependent variables are quality of life, symptoms, and care needs. (ii)
Independent variables are gender, age, educational status, history of chronic disease, type of transplant, period of transplantation, and hospitalization history.


### 2.4. Study Population and Sample

The study population included adult patients undergoing allogeneic and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at a university hospital. The study aimed to reach the entire target population.Between March and October 2015 a total of 104 patients were assessed. Patients included in the study were those who (1) underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allogeneic or autologous); (2) were ≥18 years of age; (3) could understand, read, and write Turkish; (4) whose general condition made them eligible for participation in the study; and (5) agreed to participate in the study. Three patients were excluded because they were in the terminal stage of disease, and one was excluded because he did not understand Turkish. Thus, 100 patients met the inclusion criteria. This study used convenience sampling, one of the nonprobability sampling methods.


### 2.5. Ethical Issues

Ethical Committee (Ethical Committee Decision number 13.01.2015/27-192) and institutional approval were received to perform the study. Data were collected between March and October 2015 from the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation services center. Permission was granted to use patient’s quality of life scores from the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bone Marrow Transplant (FACT-BMT, 4th Version) questionnaire.


### 2.6. Data Collection

Data were collected by face-to-face interview, as described below. Interviews were held in the patients’ rooms. Information about disease and treatment was collected from patient medical reports. Patient interviews were completed within 20–25 minutes.


### 2.7. Data Collection Tools

Patients provided written informed consent. Features related to sociodemographic and disease characteristics were collected using the patient information form. The symptom checklist asked the patients to provide information about the frequency of their symptoms. In the FACT-BMT, individuals were asked to answer the questions regarding their status in the last 7 days.(1)
Patient information form contained questions to determine the personal, disease, and treatment-related characteristics.(2)
Symptom checklist was developed by the investigators to determine the frequency of symptoms experienced during the treatment process. Symptoms which could be related to the treatment (hair loss, weight loss, constipation, diarrhea, loss of taste, headache, dizziness, itching, leg-muscle-bone pain, sleep disorders, difficulty concentrating, decrease in sexual function, lack of appetite, and nausea-vomiting) were included in this form. Each symptom was rated from 1 to 5 points (“always”→ 5 points, “often” → 4 points, “sometimes” → 3 points, “rarely” → 2 points, and “never” → 1 point).(3)
FACT-BMT scale, multidimensional, health-related quality of life scale, is used to evaluate the quality of life of patients who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The scale consists of five dimensions and 47 items in total. The subdimensions of the fourth version include (1) physical well-being, (2) social/family well-being, (3) emotional well-being, (4) functional well-being, and (5) additional concerns. The fifth subdimension of the scale, “Additional Concerns,” consists of 23 questions to determine side effects in Bone Marrow Transplant Subscale (BMTS) patients who might experience physical and psychological problems and treatment side effects [15]. The minimum and maximum FACT-BMT scores are 0 and 148, respectively. Higher scores indicate better quality of life. The validity and reliability of the FACT-BMT Scale were reported by McQuellon et al. in 1997. The overall reliability coefficient (Cronbach’s alpha) of the Turkish version of the scale in this study was 0.90.


### 2.8. Statistical Analysis and Evaluation of Data

Data were evaluated using SPSS 16.0. Descriptive statistics such as arithmetic averages, standard deviations, and percentages were used to analyze the data frequency. Parametric or nonparametric tests were used depending on the data characteristics and distribution in order to compare total average scores and variables. Spearman’s correlation analysis and Pearson correlation tests were used for correlation analysis.p values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The normality of the data was tested using the one-sample Kolmogorov Smirnov test; since significance levels were less than 0.05, nonparametric tests were used for further analyses. Among these, Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used for comparison of two and more than two independent variables, respectively.


## 2.1. Setting

The study was conducted in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant service of a university hospital.


## 2.2. Study Questions

This study assessed the following three questions.(1)
Does hematopoietic stem cell transplantation affect patient quality of life?(2)
What are the support needs and the symptoms experienced by patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation?(3)
What are the sociodemographic, health-related, and disease-related characteristics of the disease of patients who are undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation?


## 2.3. Dependent and Independent Variables

(i)
Dependent variables are quality of life, symptoms, and care needs. (ii)
Independent variables are gender, age, educational status, history of chronic disease, type of transplant, period of transplantation, and hospitalization history.


## 2.4. Study Population and Sample

The study population included adult patients undergoing allogeneic and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at a university hospital. The study aimed to reach the entire target population.Between March and October 2015 a total of 104 patients were assessed. Patients included in the study were those who (1) underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allogeneic or autologous); (2) were ≥18 years of age; (3) could understand, read, and write Turkish; (4) whose general condition made them eligible for participation in the study; and (5) agreed to participate in the study. Three patients were excluded because they were in the terminal stage of disease, and one was excluded because he did not understand Turkish. Thus, 100 patients met the inclusion criteria. This study used convenience sampling, one of the nonprobability sampling methods.


## 2.5. Ethical Issues

Ethical Committee (Ethical Committee Decision number 13.01.2015/27-192) and institutional approval were received to perform the study. Data were collected between March and October 2015 from the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation services center. Permission was granted to use patient’s quality of life scores from the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bone Marrow Transplant (FACT-BMT, 4th Version) questionnaire.


## 2.6. Data Collection

Data were collected by face-to-face interview, as described below. Interviews were held in the patients’ rooms. Information about disease and treatment was collected from patient medical reports. Patient interviews were completed within 20–25 minutes.


## 2.7. Data Collection Tools

Patients provided written informed consent. Features related to sociodemographic and disease characteristics were collected using the patient information form. The symptom checklist asked the patients to provide information about the frequency of their symptoms. In the FACT-BMT, individuals were asked to answer the questions regarding their status in the last 7 days.(1)
Patient information form contained questions to determine the personal, disease, and treatment-related characteristics.(2)
Symptom checklist was developed by the investigators to determine the frequency of symptoms experienced during the treatment process. Symptoms which could be related to the treatment (hair loss, weight loss, constipation, diarrhea, loss of taste, headache, dizziness, itching, leg-muscle-bone pain, sleep disorders, difficulty concentrating, decrease in sexual function, lack of appetite, and nausea-vomiting) were included in this form. Each symptom was rated from 1 to 5 points (“always”→ 5 points, “often” → 4 points, “sometimes” → 3 points, “rarely” → 2 points, and “never” → 1 point).(3)
FACT-BMT scale, multidimensional, health-related quality of life scale, is used to evaluate the quality of life of patients who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The scale consists of five dimensions and 47 items in total. The subdimensions of the fourth version include (1) physical well-being, (2) social/family well-being, (3) emotional well-being, (4) functional well-being, and (5) additional concerns. The fifth subdimension of the scale, “Additional Concerns,” consists of 23 questions to determine side effects in Bone Marrow Transplant Subscale (BMTS) patients who might experience physical and psychological problems and treatment side effects [15]. The minimum and maximum FACT-BMT scores are 0 and 148, respectively. Higher scores indicate better quality of life. The validity and reliability of the FACT-BMT Scale were reported by McQuellon et al. in 1997. The overall reliability coefficient (Cronbach’s alpha) of the Turkish version of the scale in this study was 0.90.


## 2.8. Statistical Analysis and Evaluation of Data

Data were evaluated using SPSS 16.0. Descriptive statistics such as arithmetic averages, standard deviations, and percentages were used to analyze the data frequency. Parametric or nonparametric tests were used depending on the data characteristics and distribution in order to compare total average scores and variables. Spearman’s correlation analysis and Pearson correlation tests were used for correlation analysis.p values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The normality of the data was tested using the one-sample Kolmogorov Smirnov test; since significance levels were less than 0.05, nonparametric tests were used for further analyses. Among these, Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used for comparison of two and more than two independent variables, respectively.


## 3. Results

### 3.1. Personal and Treatment-Related Characteristics

The average age of the subjects in this study was 44.99 ± 13.92 years, and 54% were married men. Among the subjects included in the study, 27% had graduated from high school and 22% had bachelor’s degrees. Twenty percent of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were undergoing treatment for chronic disease. Most of them (59%) continued acute-phase treatment following transplantation. Most of the patients (71%,n=71) underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and 29 (29%) patients underwent autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The average time elapsed since transplantation was 3.99 ± 5.27 months (range: 1–34 months). Hospitalization following discharge occurred in 38% of patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Table 1).Table 1
Demographic and treatment-related characteristics of patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (n=100).
Variables n % Age ⁢Mean±sd 44.99 ±13.93 (range: 20–69)  Gender Male 54 54 Female 46 46 Age group 20–29 16 16 30–39 21 21 40–49 19 19 50–59 28 28 60–69 16 16 Marital status Married 70 70 Single 30 30 Profession Not working currently 24 24 Housewife 23 23 Clerk 14 14 Self-employed 14 14 Retired 14 14 Worker 11 11 Types of family Elementary family 73 73 Traditional, large family 18 18 Broken family 9 9 History of chronic disease No 80 80 Yes (diabetes, etc.) 20 20 Perceived health status “Bad” (0–3 score) 42 42 “Moderate” (4–6 score) 46 46 “Good” (7–10 score) 12 12 Frequency of medical checkups In case of presence of any symptom or problems 29 29 According to physician’s recommendations 24 24 No regular medical checkups 18 18 Once in six months 15 15 Once in three months 10 10 Once in a year 4 4 Type of transplantation Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 71 71 Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 29 29 Indications for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Acute myeloid leukemia 26 26 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia 22 22 Hodgkin’s disease 11 11 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 11 11 Chronic myeloid leukemia 6 6 Dysmyelopoietic syndrome 5 5 Severe immunodeficiencies 5 5 Autoimmune cytopenias 4 4 Multiple myeloma 1 1 Light chain deposition disease 1 1 Other disorders (bone marrow aplasia, etc.) 8 8 Current treatment Acute-phase treatment following transplantation 59 59 Outpatient follow-up 29 29 Treatment of transplantation-related complications 12 12 History of hospitalization after transplantation No 62 62 Yes (infection,chronic graft-versus-host disease, etc.) 38 38


### 3.2. Symptoms and Support Needs

The most common complaints of patients following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were decreased sexual function (n=59), hair loss (n=43), and loss of taste (n=37). Most of the patients reported not experiencing dizziness (n=47), itching (n=44), and bone pain (n=36) (Table 2).Table 2
Symptoms experienced during treatment of patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (n=100).
Symptoms experienced during treatment Always Mostly Sometimes Rarely Never % % % % % Hair loss 43 23 15 12 7 Weight loss 29 15 21 22 13 Constipation 7 9 29 23 32 Diarrhea 12 9 32 21 26 Loss of taste 37 20 17 15 11 Headache 13 8 22 26 31 Dizziness 8 4 15 26 47 Itching 10 2 21 23 44 Leg pain 26 10 14 26 24 Myalgia 19 5 22 23 31 Bone pain 23 9 16 16 36 Sleep disorder 27 23 18 10 22 Difficulty in concentrating 28 12 14 13 33 Decrease in sexual functions 59 11 10 7 13 Loss of appetite/anorexia 33 22 15 15 15 Nausea, vomiting 17 20 26 19 18Patients reported difficulty in attending social activities (33%) and fulfilling of social roles and responsibilities (31%). Nearly one-quarter of the patients (23%) reported that they felt alone; they also had concerns about dealing with treatment side effects (19%) and using medicine after discharge (13%). The patients had received training on protection against infection (60%), activities of daily living after discharge (55%), nutrition (46%), catheter care (40%), medication side effects (30%), and graft-versus-host disease (27%).


### 3.3. Quality of Life Scores

The total FACT-BMT scale score (81.38 ± 21.91) suggests a moderate effect on patient quality of life, with the physical well-being most affected (12.13 ± 6.88). Furthermore, the emotional and functional well-being of transplant patients was moderately affected (12.70 ± 6.41 and 13.95 ± 4.61, resp.). The BMTS subdimension score was 21.79 ± 6.61 (Table3).Table 3
Means of FACT-BMT Scale following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(n=100).
Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bone Marrow Transplant (FACT-BMT) Mean ± SD Physical well-being I have a lack of energy 2.43 ± 1.26 I have nausea 1.50 ± 1.42 Because of my physical condition, I have trouble meeting the needs of my family 2.85 ± 1.47 I have pain 2.08 ± 1.54 I am bothered by side effects of treatment 2.50 ± 1.37 I feel ill 2.15 ± 1.43 I am forced to spend time in bed 2.36 ± 1.53 Physical well-being subscale 12.13 ± 6.88  Social/family well-being I feel close to my friends 2.66 ± 1.13 I get emotional support from my family 3.53 ± 0.90 I get support from my friends 3.17 ± 1.07 My family has accepted my illness 3.45 ± 0.87 I am satisfied with family communication about my illness 3.22 ± 0.87 I feel close to my partner (or the person who is my main support) 3.07 ± 1.37 I am satisfied with my sex life 0.94 ± 1.21 Social/family well-being subscale 20.81 ± 4.26  Emotional well-being I feel sad 2.03 ± 1.42 I am satisfied with how I am coping with my illness 2.36 ± 1.30 I am losing hope in the fight against my illness 1.41 ± 1.48 I feel nervous 2.45 ± 1.39 I worry about dying 1.73 ± 1.66 I worry that my condition will get worse 2.04 ± 1.60 Emotional well-being subscale 12.70 ± 6.41  Functional well-being I am able to work (including work at home) 1.08 ± 1.24 My work (including work at home) is fulfilling 1.07 ± 1.21 I am able to enjoy life 2.02 ± 1.19 I have accepted my illness 3.51 ± 0.89 I am sleeping well 2.23 ± 1.38 I am enjoying the things I usually do for fun 2.10 ± 1.17 I am content with the quality of my life right now 1.94 ± 1.08 Functional well-being subscale 13.95 ± 4.61  FACT-G total score 59.59 ± 16.46  Bone Marrow Transplant Subscale (BMTS) I am concerned about keeping my job (including work at home) 1.87 ± 1.33 I feel distant from other people 1.79 ± 1.38 I worry that the transplant will not work 1.50 ± 1.43 The side effects of treatment are worse than I had imagined 1.47 ± 1.44 I have a good appetite 1.73 ± 1.38 I like the appearance of my body 1.96 ± 1.15 I am able to get around by myself 2.42 ± 1.44 I get tired easily 2.59 ± 1.35 I am interested in sex 1.28 ± 1.39 I have concerns about my ability to have children 0.99 ± 1.46 I have confidence in my nurse(s) 3.62 ± 0.63 I regret having the bone marrow transplant 0.52 ± 0.87 I can remember things 2.79 ± 1.27 I am able to concentrate 2.50 ± 1.27 I have frequent colds/infections 1.35 ± 1.44 My eyesight is blurry 1.43 ± 1.53 I am bothered by a change in the way food tastes 2.44 ± 1.42 I have tremors 1.33 ± 1.44 I have been short of breath 0.65 ± 1.22 I am bothered by skin problems (e.g., rash, itching) 1.49 ± 1.51 I have trouble with my bowels 1.36 ± 1.44 My illness is a personal hardship for my close family members 2.47 ± 1.42 The cost of my treatment is a burden on me or my family 2.63 ± 1.44 Bone Marrow Transplant Subscale (BMTS) 21.79 ± 6.61 TOI subscale 47.87 ± 15.49 FACT-BMT total score 81.38 ± 21.91 PWB: physical well-being, SWB: social/family well-being, EWB: emotional well-being, FWB: functional well-being, BMTS: Bone Marrow Transplant Subscale, and TOI: FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index. Each item is measured from 0 to 4. Possible range score for PWB is 0–28, for SWB is 0–28, for EWB is 0–24, for FWB is 0–28, for BMTS is 0–40, for FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index (TOI) is 0–96, for FACT-G total score is 0–108, and for FACT-BMT total score is 0–148.The highest and lowest scores were given to the items “I have confidence in my nurse(s)” and “I regret having the bone marrow transplant,” respectively (Table3).


### 3.4. Comparison of Quality of Life Average Scale Scores Based on Personal Characteristics

FACT-BMT scale scores were compared based on the gender of patients who had undergone stem cell transplantation. Statistically significant differences were found only between scores of the emotional well-being subdimension (p < 0.05). The emotional well-being subdimension scores were significantly higher in male patients than in females patients (Zmwu = −3.262, p=0.001) (Table 4).Table 4
Comparison of FACT-BMT Scale means with patients’ gender, family type, perceived health status, treatment, and history of rehospitalization following transplantation(n=100).
(a) Gender n Mean ± SD Z m w u p PWB Female 46 11.26 ± 7.19 −1.229 0.22 Male 54 12.87 ± 6.57 SWB Female 46 21.01 ± 4.86 −0.953 0.34 Male 54 20.64 ± 3.71 EWB Female 46 10.39 ± 6.33 −3.262 0.001∗∗ Male 54 14.67 ± 5.84 FWB Female 46 13.78 ± 4.63 −0.392 0.70 Male 54 14.09 ± 4.64 FACT-G Female 46 56.45 ± 17.58 −1.768 0.08 Male 54 62.27 ± 15.09 BMTS Female 46 20.70 ± 6.15 −1.431 0.15 Male 54 22.72 ± 6.89 TOI Female 46 45.74 ± 15.24 −1.215 0.225 Male 54 49.69 ± 15.61 FACT-BMT total score Female 46 77.14 ± 22.66 −1.757 0.08 Male 54 84.99 ± 20.79  (b) Type of patient family n Mean ± SD χ 2 k w p PWB Elementary family 73 12.56 ± 7.02 1.245 0.54 Traditional, large family 18 10.89 ± 6.95 Broken family 9 11.11 ± 5.67 SWB Elementary family(1) 73 20.33 ± 4.02 12.024 0.002∗ Traditional, large family(2) 18 23.66 ±3.35(1,3) Broken family(3) 9 19.00 ± 5.59 EWB Elementary family 73 12.22 ± 6.43 1.583 0.45 Traditional, large family 18 14.28 ± 5.03 Broken family 9 13.44 ± 8.63 FWB Elementary family 73 13.73 ± 4.86 3.141 0.21 Traditional, large family 18 15.39 ± 3.76 Broken family 9 12.89 ± 3.79 FACT-G Elementary family 73 58.84 ± 16.34 1.478 0.48 Traditional, large family 18 64.21 ± 13.30 Broken family 9 56.44 ± 22.59 BMTS Elementary family 73 21.51 ± 6.93 2.455 0.29 Traditional, large family 18 23.61 ± 6.16 Broken family 9 20.44 ± 4.16 TOI Elementary family 73 47.79 ± 16.09 0.818 0.66 Traditional, large family 18 49.89 ± 14.84 Broken family 9 44.44 ± 12.15 FACT-BMT total score Elementary family 73 80.35 ± 22.14 1.392 0.50 Traditional, large family 18 87.82 ± 18.56 Broken family 9 76.89 ± 25.96  (c) Perceived health status n Mean ± SD χ 2 k w p PWB “Bad”(1) 42 9.48 ± 6.21 11.39 0.003∗∗ “Moderate”(2) 46 13.85 ± 6.88(1) “Good”(3) 12 14.83 ± 6.38(1)  SWB “Bad” 42 20.54 ± 4.26 0.926 0.63 “Moderate” 46 20.95 ± 4.09 “Good” 12 21.24 ± 5.14 EWB “Bad” 42 11.40 ± 5.91 3.357 0.19 “Moderate” 46 13.78 ± 6.98 “Good” 12 13.08 ± 5.30 FWB “Bad”1 42 12.31 ± 3.84 10.992 0.004∗∗ “Moderate”2 46 14.65 ± 4.631 “Good”3 12 17.00 ± 5.101 FACT-G “Bad”1 42 53.73 ± 13.81 11.053 0.004∗∗ “Moderate”2 46 63.24 ± 16.68(1) “Good”3 12 66.15 ± 18.81(1) BMTS “Bad” 42 20.98 ± 6.22 2.788 0.25 “Moderate” 46 21.85 ± 6.83 “Good” 12 24.42 ± 6.91 TOI “Bad”1 42 42.76 ± 13.23 10.230 0.006∗∗ “Moderate”2 46 50.35 ± 15.851 “Good”3 12 56.25 ± 16.631 FACT-BMT total score “Bad”1 42 74.70 ± 18.67 9.005 0.011∗ “Moderate”2 46 85.08 ± 22.671 “Good”3 12 90.57 ± 24.491  (d) Current treatment n Mean ± SD χ 2 k w p PWB Acute-phase treatment following transplantation1 59 10.22 ± 6.61 11.634 0.003∗∗ Outpatient follow-up2 29 15.21 ± 5.931 Treatment of complications3 12 14.08 ± 7.53 SWB Acute-phase treatment following transplantation 59 21.08 ± 4.28 1.63 0.44 Outpatient follow-up 29 20.86 ± 4.27 Treatment of complications 12 19.35 ± 4.17 EWB Acute-phase treatment following transplantation 59 11.59 ± 6.63 5.095 0.08 Outpatient follow-up 29 14.97 ± 5.74 Treatment of complications 12 12.67 ± 5.82 FWB Acute-phase treatment following transplantation 59 13.25 ± 4.81 4.218 0.12 Outpatient follow-up 29 15.48 ± 4.01 Treatment of complications 12 13.67 ± 4.42 FACT-G Acute-phase treatment following transplantation(1) 59 56.15 ± 16.43 7.073 0.029∗ Outpatient follow-up(2) 29 66.52 ± 14.57(1) Treatment of complications(3) 12 59.76 ± 16.89 BMTS Acute-phase treatment following transplantation 59 20.36 ± 6.61 5.71 0.06 Outpatient follow-up 29 24.34 ± 6.06 Treatment of complications 12 22.67 ± 6.32 TOI Acute-phase treatment following transplantation(1) 59 43.83 ± 15.40 10.640 0.005∗∗ Outpatient follow-up(2) 29 55.03 ± 12.98(1) Treatment of complications(3) 12 50.42 ± 15.79  FACT-BMT total score Acute-phase treatment following transplantation(1) 59 76.51 ± 21.92 8.286 0.016∗ Outpatient follow-up(2) 29 90.86 ± 18.96(1) Treatment of complications(3) 12 82.43 ± 22.50  (e) History of hospitalization after transplantation n Mean ± SD Z m w u p PWB No 62 12.68 ± 7.01 −0.956 0.34 Yes 38 11.24 ± 6.65 SWB No 62 21.55 ± 4.06 −2.110 0.035∗ Yes 38 19.61 ± 4.35 EWB No 62 13.45 ± 6.13 −1.362 0.17 Yes 38 11.47 ± 6.74 FWB No 62 14.68 ± 4.62 −2.013 0.044∗ Yes 38 12.76 ± 4.40 FACT-G No 62 62.35 ± 15.01 −2.003 0.045∗ Yes 38 55.08 ± 17.88 BMTS No 62 22.74 ± 6.61 −1.921 0.06 Yes 38 20.24 ± 6.39 TOI No 62 50.10 ± 15.45 −1.851 0.06 Yes 38 44.24 ± 15.05 FACT-BMT total score No 62 85.10 ± 20.33 −2.014 0.044∗ Yes 38 75.32 ± 23.29 χ 2 k w: Kruskal Wallis test; Zmwu: Mann–Whitney U test; p∗<0.05 and p∗∗<0.01. PWB: Physical well-being; SWB: social/family well-being; EWB: emotional well-being; FWB: functional well-being; BMTS: Bone Marrow Transplant Subscale; TOI: FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index; FACT-G total score. Each number refers to the order of the group of each variable. 1: first group: “elementary family group,” “bad perceived health status group,” and “acute-phase treatment following transplantation group”; 2: second group: “traditional, large family group,” “moderate perceived health status group,” and “outpatient follow-up group”; 3: third group: “broken family group,” “good perceived health status group,” and “treatment of complications group.”Statistically significant differences based on age were found only between social life and family well-being subdimensions (p<0.05). The social life and family well-being subdimension scores (22.82 ± 5.43) among patients 60–69 years of age were higher than those of patients 50–59 years of age (19.70 ± 4.27) (χ2kw = 10.305, p=0.036). A very low, statistically significant negative correlation was found between FACT-BMT scores for physical well-being subscale and age (rs = −0.22, p<0.05).Statistically significant differences in BMTS were observed for marital status (p<0.05). The subscale score of married patients (22.59 ± 6.81) is significantly higher than that of single patients (19.93 ± 5.80) (Zmwu = −2.013, p=0.044).Only the social life and family well-being subscale differed significantly for patient family types (p<0.05). The subscale scores were higher (23.66 ± 3.35) in patients with traditional, large families than the scores of patients with “elementary” or “broken families" (20.33 ± 4.02 and 19.00 ± 5.59, resp.) (χ2kw = 12.024, p=0.002) (Table 4).Based on chronic disease history, statistically significant differences were also observed for emotional well-being subscale (p<0.05). Scores were higher in patients without chronic disease (13.44 ± 6.25) than in patients with chronic disease (9.75 ± 6.31) (Zmwu = −2.270, p=0.023).There were also significant differences in physical well-being, functional well-being, FACT-G dimensions, and FACT-BMT scale scores based on the health perception of patients in the last year. The physical well-being, functional well-being, FACT-G, TOI (Trial Outcome Index) scores, and FACT-BMT scale scores were higher among patients who reported their state of health as “good” or “moderate” compared to patients who reported their state of health as “bad” (Table4).Statistically significant differences in physical well-being and FACT-G and FACT-BMT subscale scores (p<0.05) were observed for treatment/follow-up location. Scores were higher in outpatients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation than patients who had acute treatment in the hospital (p<0.05) (Table 4).There were statistically significant differences between social life and family well-being, functional well-being, and FACT-G and FACT-BMT scores (p<0.05) based on rehospitalization history. Scores of the patients who were not rehospitalized after discharge were higher than those of the patients who reported rehospitalization.


## 3.1. Personal and Treatment-Related Characteristics

The average age of the subjects in this study was 44.99 ± 13.92 years, and 54% were married men. Among the subjects included in the study, 27% had graduated from high school and 22% had bachelor’s degrees. Twenty percent of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were undergoing treatment for chronic disease. Most of them (59%) continued acute-phase treatment following transplantation. Most of the patients (71%,n=71) underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and 29 (29%) patients underwent autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The average time elapsed since transplantation was 3.99 ± 5.27 months (range: 1–34 months). Hospitalization following discharge occurred in 38% of patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Table 1).Table 1
Demographic and treatment-related characteristics of patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (n=100).
Variables n % Age ⁢Mean±sd 44.99 ±13.93 (range: 20–69)  Gender Male 54 54 Female 46 46 Age group 20–29 16 16 30–39 21 21 40–49 19 19 50–59 28 28 60–69 16 16 Marital status Married 70 70 Single 30 30 Profession Not working currently 24 24 Housewife 23 23 Clerk 14 14 Self-employed 14 14 Retired 14 14 Worker 11 11 Types of family Elementary family 73 73 Traditional, large family 18 18 Broken family 9 9 History of chronic disease No 80 80 Yes (diabetes, etc.) 20 20 Perceived health status “Bad” (0–3 score) 42 42 “Moderate” (4–6 score) 46 46 “Good” (7–10 score) 12 12 Frequency of medical checkups In case of presence of any symptom or problems 29 29 According to physician’s recommendations 24 24 No regular medical checkups 18 18 Once in six months 15 15 Once in three months 10 10 Once in a year 4 4 Type of transplantation Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 71 71 Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 29 29 Indications for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Acute myeloid leukemia 26 26 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia 22 22 Hodgkin’s disease 11 11 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 11 11 Chronic myeloid leukemia 6 6 Dysmyelopoietic syndrome 5 5 Severe immunodeficiencies 5 5 Autoimmune cytopenias 4 4 Multiple myeloma 1 1 Light chain deposition disease 1 1 Other disorders (bone marrow aplasia, etc.) 8 8 Current treatment Acute-phase treatment following transplantation 59 59 Outpatient follow-up 29 29 Treatment of transplantation-related complications 12 12 History of hospitalization after transplantation No 62 62 Yes (infection,chronic graft-versus-host disease, etc.) 38 38


## 3.2. Symptoms and Support Needs

The most common complaints of patients following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were decreased sexual function (n=59), hair loss (n=43), and loss of taste (n=37). Most of the patients reported not experiencing dizziness (n=47), itching (n=44), and bone pain (n=36) (Table 2).Table 2
Symptoms experienced during treatment of patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (n=100).
Symptoms experienced during treatment Always Mostly Sometimes Rarely Never % % % % % Hair loss 43 23 15 12 7 Weight loss 29 15 21 22 13 Constipation 7 9 29 23 32 Diarrhea 12 9 32 21 26 Loss of taste 37 20 17 15 11 Headache 13 8 22 26 31 Dizziness 8 4 15 26 47 Itching 10 2 21 23 44 Leg pain 26 10 14 26 24 Myalgia 19 5 22 23 31 Bone pain 23 9 16 16 36 Sleep disorder 27 23 18 10 22 Difficulty in concentrating 28 12 14 13 33 Decrease in sexual functions 59 11 10 7 13 Loss of appetite/anorexia 33 22 15 15 15 Nausea, vomiting 17 20 26 19 18Patients reported difficulty in attending social activities (33%) and fulfilling of social roles and responsibilities (31%). Nearly one-quarter of the patients (23%) reported that they felt alone; they also had concerns about dealing with treatment side effects (19%) and using medicine after discharge (13%). The patients had received training on protection against infection (60%), activities of daily living after discharge (55%), nutrition (46%), catheter care (40%), medication side effects (30%), and graft-versus-host disease (27%).


## 3.3. Quality of Life Scores

The total FACT-BMT scale score (81.38 ± 21.91) suggests a moderate effect on patient quality of life, with the physical well-being most affected (12.13 ± 6.88). Furthermore, the emotional and functional well-being of transplant patients was moderately affected (12.70 ± 6.41 and 13.95 ± 4.61, resp.). The BMTS subdimension score was 21.79 ± 6.61 (Table3).Table 3
Means of FACT-BMT Scale following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(n=100).
Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bone Marrow Transplant (FACT-BMT) Mean ± SD Physical well-being I have a lack of energy 2.43 ± 1.26 I have nausea 1.50 ± 1.42 Because of my physical condition, I have trouble meeting the needs of my family 2.85 ± 1.47 I have pain 2.08 ± 1.54 I am bothered by side effects of treatment 2.50 ± 1.37 I feel ill 2.15 ± 1.43 I am forced to spend time in bed 2.36 ± 1.53 Physical well-being subscale 12.13 ± 6.88  Social/family well-being I feel close to my friends 2.66 ± 1.13 I get emotional support from my family 3.53 ± 0.90 I get support from my friends 3.17 ± 1.07 My family has accepted my illness 3.45 ± 0.87 I am satisfied with family communication about my illness 3.22 ± 0.87 I feel close to my partner (or the person who is my main support) 3.07 ± 1.37 I am satisfied with my sex life 0.94 ± 1.21 Social/family well-being subscale 20.81 ± 4.26  Emotional well-being I feel sad 2.03 ± 1.42 I am satisfied with how I am coping with my illness 2.36 ± 1.30 I am losing hope in the fight against my illness 1.41 ± 1.48 I feel nervous 2.45 ± 1.39 I worry about dying 1.73 ± 1.66 I worry that my condition will get worse 2.04 ± 1.60 Emotional well-being subscale 12.70 ± 6.41  Functional well-being I am able to work (including work at home) 1.08 ± 1.24 My work (including work at home) is fulfilling 1.07 ± 1.21 I am able to enjoy life 2.02 ± 1.19 I have accepted my illness 3.51 ± 0.89 I am sleeping well 2.23 ± 1.38 I am enjoying the things I usually do for fun 2.10 ± 1.17 I am content with the quality of my life right now 1.94 ± 1.08 Functional well-being subscale 13.95 ± 4.61  FACT-G total score 59.59 ± 16.46  Bone Marrow Transplant Subscale (BMTS) I am concerned about keeping my job (including work at home) 1.87 ± 1.33 I feel distant from other people 1.79 ± 1.38 I worry that the transplant will not work 1.50 ± 1.43 The side effects of treatment are worse than I had imagined 1.47 ± 1.44 I have a good appetite 1.73 ± 1.38 I like the appearance of my body 1.96 ± 1.15 I am able to get around by myself 2.42 ± 1.44 I get tired easily 2.59 ± 1.35 I am interested in sex 1.28 ± 1.39 I have concerns about my ability to have children 0.99 ± 1.46 I have confidence in my nurse(s) 3.62 ± 0.63 I regret having the bone marrow transplant 0.52 ± 0.87 I can remember things 2.79 ± 1.27 I am able to concentrate 2.50 ± 1.27 I have frequent colds/infections 1.35 ± 1.44 My eyesight is blurry 1.43 ± 1.53 I am bothered by a change in the way food tastes 2.44 ± 1.42 I have tremors 1.33 ± 1.44 I have been short of breath 0.65 ± 1.22 I am bothered by skin problems (e.g., rash, itching) 1.49 ± 1.51 I have trouble with my bowels 1.36 ± 1.44 My illness is a personal hardship for my close family members 2.47 ± 1.42 The cost of my treatment is a burden on me or my family 2.63 ± 1.44 Bone Marrow Transplant Subscale (BMTS) 21.79 ± 6.61 TOI subscale 47.87 ± 15.49 FACT-BMT total score 81.38 ± 21.91 PWB: physical well-being, SWB: social/family well-being, EWB: emotional well-being, FWB: functional well-being, BMTS: Bone Marrow Transplant Subscale, and TOI: FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index. Each item is measured from 0 to 4. Possible range score for PWB is 0–28, for SWB is 0–28, for EWB is 0–24, for FWB is 0–28, for BMTS is 0–40, for FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index (TOI) is 0–96, for FACT-G total score is 0–108, and for FACT-BMT total score is 0–148.The highest and lowest scores were given to the items “I have confidence in my nurse(s)” and “I regret having the bone marrow transplant,” respectively (Table3).


## 3.4. Comparison of Quality of Life Average Scale Scores Based on Personal Characteristics

FACT-BMT scale scores were compared based on the gender of patients who had undergone stem cell transplantation. Statistically significant differences were found only between scores of the emotional well-being subdimension (p < 0.05). The emotional well-being subdimension scores were significantly higher in male patients than in females patients (Zmwu = −3.262, p=0.001) (Table 4).Table 4
Comparison of FACT-BMT Scale means with patients’ gender, family type, perceived health status, treatment, and history of rehospitalization following transplantation(n=100).
(a) Gender n Mean ± SD Z m w u p PWB Female 46 11.26 ± 7.19 −1.229 0.22 Male 54 12.87 ± 6.57 SWB Female 46 21.01 ± 4.86 −0.953 0.34 Male 54 20.64 ± 3.71 EWB Female 46 10.39 ± 6.33 −3.262 0.001∗∗ Male 54 14.67 ± 5.84 FWB Female 46 13.78 ± 4.63 −0.392 0.70 Male 54 14.09 ± 4.64 FACT-G Female 46 56.45 ± 17.58 −1.768 0.08 Male 54 62.27 ± 15.09 BMTS Female 46 20.70 ± 6.15 −1.431 0.15 Male 54 22.72 ± 6.89 TOI Female 46 45.74 ± 15.24 −1.215 0.225 Male 54 49.69 ± 15.61 FACT-BMT total score Female 46 77.14 ± 22.66 −1.757 0.08 Male 54 84.99 ± 20.79  (b) Type of patient family n Mean ± SD χ 2 k w p PWB Elementary family 73 12.56 ± 7.02 1.245 0.54 Traditional, large family 18 10.89 ± 6.95 Broken family 9 11.11 ± 5.67 SWB Elementary family(1) 73 20.33 ± 4.02 12.024 0.002∗ Traditional, large family(2) 18 23.66 ±3.35(1,3) Broken family(3) 9 19.00 ± 5.59 EWB Elementary family 73 12.22 ± 6.43 1.583 0.45 Traditional, large family 18 14.28 ± 5.03 Broken family 9 13.44 ± 8.63 FWB Elementary family 73 13.73 ± 4.86 3.141 0.21 Traditional, large family 18 15.39 ± 3.76 Broken family 9 12.89 ± 3.79 FACT-G Elementary family 73 58.84 ± 16.34 1.478 0.48 Traditional, large family 18 64.21 ± 13.30 Broken family 9 56.44 ± 22.59 BMTS Elementary family 73 21.51 ± 6.93 2.455 0.29 Traditional, large family 18 23.61 ± 6.16 Broken family 9 20.44 ± 4.16 TOI Elementary family 73 47.79 ± 16.09 0.818 0.66 Traditional, large family 18 49.89 ± 14.84 Broken family 9 44.44 ± 12.15 FACT-BMT total score Elementary family 73 80.35 ± 22.14 1.392 0.50 Traditional, large family 18 87.82 ± 18.56 Broken family 9 76.89 ± 25.96  (c) Perceived health status n Mean ± SD χ 2 k w p PWB “Bad”(1) 42 9.48 ± 6.21 11.39 0.003∗∗ “Moderate”(2) 46 13.85 ± 6.88(1) “Good”(3) 12 14.83 ± 6.38(1)  SWB “Bad” 42 20.54 ± 4.26 0.926 0.63 “Moderate” 46 20.95 ± 4.09 “Good” 12 21.24 ± 5.14 EWB “Bad” 42 11.40 ± 5.91 3.357 0.19 “Moderate” 46 13.78 ± 6.98 “Good” 12 13.08 ± 5.30 FWB “Bad”1 42 12.31 ± 3.84 10.992 0.004∗∗ “Moderate”2 46 14.65 ± 4.631 “Good”3 12 17.00 ± 5.101 FACT-G “Bad”1 42 53.73 ± 13.81 11.053 0.004∗∗ “Moderate”2 46 63.24 ± 16.68(1) “Good”3 12 66.15 ± 18.81(1) BMTS “Bad” 42 20.98 ± 6.22 2.788 0.25 “Moderate” 46 21.85 ± 6.83 “Good” 12 24.42 ± 6.91 TOI “Bad”1 42 42.76 ± 13.23 10.230 0.006∗∗ “Moderate”2 46 50.35 ± 15.851 “Good”3 12 56.25 ± 16.631 FACT-BMT total score “Bad”1 42 74.70 ± 18.67 9.005 0.011∗ “Moderate”2 46 85.08 ± 22.671 “Good”3 12 90.57 ± 24.491  (d) Current treatment n Mean ± SD χ 2 k w p PWB Acute-phase treatment following transplantation1 59 10.22 ± 6.61 11.634 0.003∗∗ Outpatient follow-up2 29 15.21 ± 5.931 Treatment of complications3 12 14.08 ± 7.53 SWB Acute-phase treatment following transplantation 59 21.08 ± 4.28 1.63 0.44 Outpatient follow-up 29 20.86 ± 4.27 Treatment of complications 12 19.35 ± 4.17 EWB Acute-phase treatment following transplantation 59 11.59 ± 6.63 5.095 0.08 Outpatient follow-up 29 14.97 ± 5.74 Treatment of complications 12 12.67 ± 5.82 FWB Acute-phase treatment following transplantation 59 13.25 ± 4.81 4.218 0.12 Outpatient follow-up 29 15.48 ± 4.01 Treatment of complications 12 13.67 ± 4.42 FACT-G Acute-phase treatment following transplantation(1) 59 56.15 ± 16.43 7.073 0.029∗ Outpatient follow-up(2) 29 66.52 ± 14.57(1) Treatment of complications(3) 12 59.76 ± 16.89 BMTS Acute-phase treatment following transplantation 59 20.36 ± 6.61 5.71 0.06 Outpatient follow-up 29 24.34 ± 6.06 Treatment of complications 12 22.67 ± 6.32 TOI Acute-phase treatment following transplantation(1) 59 43.83 ± 15.40 10.640 0.005∗∗ Outpatient follow-up(2) 29 55.03 ± 12.98(1) Treatment of complications(3) 12 50.42 ± 15.79  FACT-BMT total score Acute-phase treatment following transplantation(1) 59 76.51 ± 21.92 8.286 0.016∗ Outpatient follow-up(2) 29 90.86 ± 18.96(1) Treatment of complications(3) 12 82.43 ± 22.50  (e) History of hospitalization after transplantation n Mean ± SD Z m w u p PWB No 62 12.68 ± 7.01 −0.956 0.34 Yes 38 11.24 ± 6.65 SWB No 62 21.55 ± 4.06 −2.110 0.035∗ Yes 38 19.61 ± 4.35 EWB No 62 13.45 ± 6.13 −1.362 0.17 Yes 38 11.47 ± 6.74 FWB No 62 14.68 ± 4.62 −2.013 0.044∗ Yes 38 12.76 ± 4.40 FACT-G No 62 62.35 ± 15.01 −2.003 0.045∗ Yes 38 55.08 ± 17.88 BMTS No 62 22.74 ± 6.61 −1.921 0.06 Yes 38 20.24 ± 6.39 TOI No 62 50.10 ± 15.45 −1.851 0.06 Yes 38 44.24 ± 15.05 FACT-BMT total score No 62 85.10 ± 20.33 −2.014 0.044∗ Yes 38 75.32 ± 23.29 χ 2 k w: Kruskal Wallis test; Zmwu: Mann–Whitney U test; p∗<0.05 and p∗∗<0.01. PWB: Physical well-being; SWB: social/family well-being; EWB: emotional well-being; FWB: functional well-being; BMTS: Bone Marrow Transplant Subscale; TOI: FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index; FACT-G total score. Each number refers to the order of the group of each variable. 1: first group: “elementary family group,” “bad perceived health status group,” and “acute-phase treatment following transplantation group”; 2: second group: “traditional, large family group,” “moderate perceived health status group,” and “outpatient follow-up group”; 3: third group: “broken family group,” “good perceived health status group,” and “treatment of complications group.”Statistically significant differences based on age were found only between social life and family well-being subdimensions (p<0.05). The social life and family well-being subdimension scores (22.82 ± 5.43) among patients 60–69 years of age were higher than those of patients 50–59 years of age (19.70 ± 4.27) (χ2kw = 10.305, p=0.036). A very low, statistically significant negative correlation was found between FACT-BMT scores for physical well-being subscale and age (rs = −0.22, p<0.05).Statistically significant differences in BMTS were observed for marital status (p<0.05). The subscale score of married patients (22.59 ± 6.81) is significantly higher than that of single patients (19.93 ± 5.80) (Zmwu = −2.013, p=0.044).Only the social life and family well-being subscale differed significantly for patient family types (p<0.05). The subscale scores were higher (23.66 ± 3.35) in patients with traditional, large families than the scores of patients with “elementary” or “broken families" (20.33 ± 4.02 and 19.00 ± 5.59, resp.) (χ2kw = 12.024, p=0.002) (Table 4).Based on chronic disease history, statistically significant differences were also observed for emotional well-being subscale (p<0.05). Scores were higher in patients without chronic disease (13.44 ± 6.25) than in patients with chronic disease (9.75 ± 6.31) (Zmwu = −2.270, p=0.023).There were also significant differences in physical well-being, functional well-being, FACT-G dimensions, and FACT-BMT scale scores based on the health perception of patients in the last year. The physical well-being, functional well-being, FACT-G, TOI (Trial Outcome Index) scores, and FACT-BMT scale scores were higher among patients who reported their state of health as “good” or “moderate” compared to patients who reported their state of health as “bad” (Table4).Statistically significant differences in physical well-being and FACT-G and FACT-BMT subscale scores (p<0.05) were observed for treatment/follow-up location. Scores were higher in outpatients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation than patients who had acute treatment in the hospital (p<0.05) (Table 4).There were statistically significant differences between social life and family well-being, functional well-being, and FACT-G and FACT-BMT scores (p<0.05) based on rehospitalization history. Scores of the patients who were not rehospitalized after discharge were higher than those of the patients who reported rehospitalization.


## 4. Discussion

### 4.1. Patient Symptoms

The cytotoxic agents used for immunosuppression during the treatment period of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have side effects. These toxicities are temporary and include bone marrow depression, alopecia, mucositis, hemorrhagic cystitis, emesis, diarrhea, and negative effects on sexual life [16]. The most common symptoms, decrease in sexual function, hair loss, loss of taste, lack of appetite, and sleep disorders, are due to the posttransplantation treatment process and immunosuppressive treatment.Increased symptom severity in patients with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was associated with poor quality of life and physical impairments [7, 10]. Fatigue, financial difficulty, and loss of appetite were the main problems experienced by hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients [17]. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant survivors suffered mostly eye problems, dry mouth, cough, sexual problems, fatigue, anxiety, and changes in taste [18]. A study on a multiracial study population reported fatigue, pain, and insomnia to be the most common symptoms [17]. Another study reported that fatigue, sleep and sexual problems, emotional distress, and relationship difficulties were the main problems reported by patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [13]. A study conducted in a hospital outpatient clinic on hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients after hospital discharge found that patients experienced psychological problems [19]. Another study conducted on Turkish hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients after discharge reported that psychological symptoms were more common than physical symptoms and that problems with sexual interest or activity, difficulty sleeping, and diarrhea were the most distressing symptoms [11]. Similar to previous studies, this study observed that patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation commonly experienced the following symptoms: decreased sexual function, hair loss, loss of taste, lack of appetite, and sleep disorders. Collectively, these study results indicate that patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation require support to address their emotional problems, fatigue, pain, body changes associated with hair loss, sexual problems, lack of appetite, and sleep disorders.


### 4.2. Patient Quality of Life

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation affects different aspects of adult patients’ social life as well as physical, family, emotional, and functional well-being. The potential effects also include intestinal problems, skin problems, vision defects, and sexual dysfunction. In the study by Grulke et al. (2012) patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation had minimal quality of life during their treatment in the hospital. One year after transplantation, their quality of life had returned to normal levels; however, the patients reported continuing fatigue, dyspnea, and sleep disorders [20]. A study from Kisch et al. (2012) reported that all quality of life dimensions (except emotional well-being) deteriorated over 100 days following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [8]. Song and So (2015) found that the quality of life scores showed a decreasing tendency 100 days following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [14]. Worse quality of life was especially pronounced in female patients and patients with complications associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation such as infection and graft-versus-host disease [8]. One qualitative study reported that patients experienced various physical limitations and changes in social roles and family and sexual life associated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; concerns over bodily changes were also expressed by these patients [21]. Cohen et al. (2012) found that social interactions, sleep, and rest were the most negatively affected areas of well-being [7]. Another study found that the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation survivors with high levels of distress over physical symptom had worse quality of life scores [10]. In the current study, quality of life was moderately affected in patients who had hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, primarily the physical well-being subscale. The physical well-being subscale scores indicate that the patients also had mild pain. Thus, patients may require more support to cope with pain and discomfort associated with treatment, as well as decreased energy and nausea.It is noteworthy that social life and family well-being were the least affected aspects of quality of life in Turkish patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This finding indicates that Turkish patients had support during their treatment and adaptation to social life after transplantation. The family structure and cultural characteristics are likely the reason that the social life and family well-being subscale was the least affected area. Increasing social support for patients who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is recommended to improve adaptation to treatment and resumption of normal life activities.Based on the symptoms associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, patient work life, enjoyment of life, acceptance of disease, and evaluation of the satisfaction with quality of life are important. The findings of this study revealed that transplantation patients’ emotional well-being and functional well-being were moderately affected, which indicates that the patients did not receive sufficient support during their treatment and the process of transplantation to enable them to adapt to daily life activities and cope with emotional problems. These patients should be encouraged to have hobbies, enjoy their lives, and deal with their sleep disorders. Sufficient support will result in increased acceptance and adaptation to the treatment process. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients should be encouraged to express their feelings, emotions, and concerns and should be encouraged to consult a psychologist.The BMTS subscale scores in this study indicate that patients require support for the following issues: appetite, physical well-being and problems associated with treatment process, memory status, blurred vision, and taste changes, skin-intestines problems, and difficulties that affect close relatives. Patients’ ability to deal with these issues after discharge should be improved and training on managing symptoms should be provided to the patients and their families.Nurses who work in this area have significant roles and responsibilities, from patient diagnosis to their quality of life after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Patients reported feeling highly satisfied with the care and support received during the acute period following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. They stated that safety, empathy, and encouragement during the treatment and care provided by the medical and nursing staff were important. Although transplant patients stated that they believed hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to be an effective treatment modality, they had some concerns for the future [22]. Patients who had hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were satisfied with their bone marrow transplantation therapy and reported relying on their nurses. These findings underscore the importance of patient trust in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation treatment. These are very important indications that patients believed that they received sufficient support during the transplantation process, were satisfied with the nursing, and appreciated the treatment and care.


### 4.3. Comparison of Average of Quality of Life Scores Based on Personal Characteristics

Many physical, emotional, and social well-being characteristics of patients who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are affected by factors such as conditioning regimen, type of transplantation, and complications associated with transplantation. The results of the current study indicate that social life and family well-being of patients 50–59 years of age were more negatively affected than those of patients 60–69 years of age. This study also revealed that quality of life in the lower body was more negatively affected in younger patients. Study findings indicate that patients need increased social support with increasing age; these patients also require more support for physical problems associated with transplantation.Functional difficulties associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, changes associated with role performance, and emotional problems might occur depending on patient gender. Social functioning in male hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients was affected more negatively than that of female patients [17]. Other studies found that female patients had more psychological problems such as depression [19] and poorer quality of life scores [8]. Another study reported depression to be a common problem in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [9]. Similar to our study findings, emotional well-being is reportedly more affected in female patients. Based on these observations, female patients should be encouraged to express their feelings and receive emotional support.Karacan (2006) found that married patients who had peripheral blood stem cell transplantation experienced more anxiety during the early hospitalization period and were more likely to experience depression after 30 days [3]. Unlike the findings reported by Karacan, the BMTS subscale scores in the current study were more negatively affected in single patients than in married patients. This result indicates that single patients require more support during transplantation and for problems associated with transplantation.Song and So found that social addiction and loneliness negatively affect patient quality of life after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [14]. Similarly, the findings of the current study revealed that the social life and family well-being were more negatively affected in patients with elementary or broken families than in patients with large traditional families. These results suggest that family type affects quality of life and that wide social environment and sources of social support are important to successfully adapt. Thus, family structure and evaluation of social relationships are recommended in order to improve social support.Perception of health status is a multidimensional concept covering physical activity, daily life activities, perception of the patients’ health situation by the patients and the patients’ communities, psychological well-being, and social activities [23]. Determining the perception of patients who have undergone transplantation regarding their health will contribute to improved care and treatment success during the transplantation process. A study reported that although patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation experienced various impairments in their functional status, most of them defined their health as quite good or excellent [18]. Most patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation rated their quality of life as good or very good [17]. In this study, the quality of life of transplant patients who defined their health within the last year as “bad” were more adversely affected than those who defined their quality of life as “moderate” or “good.” Thus, assessing the perceptions of health among transplant patients is essential in order to determine and meet their health needs with a holistic approach.Patients with worse functional status and those who had complications associated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation had worse quality of life scores and more severe symptoms [7, 18, 24]. In this study, patients who returned to the hospital for treatment after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation had worse quality of life after discharge than those who had outpatient follow-up. This finding indicates that increased support is needed for physical complaints and functional and emotional well-being.Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients are at high risk of complications and recurrent hospitalizations. Frequent monitoring and treatment adjustment may help to decrease the incidence of late complications. In a study on patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplant, the majority of patients (83.3%) did not report rehospitalization history after discharge [11]. Similarly, the results of the current study indicated that history of hospitalization more negatively affected patient quality of life. Patient social life and family well-being, functional well-being subscale, and total quality of life scores following discharge were significantly lower than the scores of patients who did not have hospitalization history after discharge following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Therefore, efforts should be made to improve social support and functional performance in rehospitalized patients.There are many risk factors that influence the outcome after HSCT which were the type of disease, stage of the disease, the age of the patient, the time interval from diagnosis to transplant, and, for allo-HSCT, the donor/recipient histocompatibility [25]. If the autoimmune disease does not respond to approved therapy and progress cannot be stopped, clinicians should considered auto-HSCT [26, 27]. The report of European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (2015) suggests adult patients with the underlying autoimmune diseases be considered as indications for auto-HSCT [25]. Auto-HSCT should be considered for patients with aggressive disease with poor outcomes. Auto-HSCT has been used as a rescue strategy and treatment for the autoimmune diseases with poor response to the established therapies for more than two decades. Stem cell transplantation has been offered for patients with autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune cytopenia, and autoimmune cytopenias with either immune thrombocytopenia or autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Overall 5-year survival and a progression-free survival have been reported to be high in autologous HSCT patients according to each AD-specific condition [25–27].One-third of the sample (29%) in the current study underwent autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Some patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with the diagnosis of light chain deposition disease (n=1) and autoimmune cytopenias (n=4) and a few with severe immunodeficiencies (n=5). In the current study, the number of patients who underwent auto-HSCT with the diagnosis autoimmune cytopenias was only four. Because of that, it not possible to make a conclusion for the quality of life of patients undergoing autologous HSCT with the diagnosis of autoimmune hematologic diseases. The outcomes of HSCT differ in patients undergoing autologous HSCT for autoimmune hematologic diseases. Studies are required on more selected patients with undergoing allogenic HSCT or autologous HSCT for the treatment of hematological malignancies.


## 4.1. Patient Symptoms

The cytotoxic agents used for immunosuppression during the treatment period of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have side effects. These toxicities are temporary and include bone marrow depression, alopecia, mucositis, hemorrhagic cystitis, emesis, diarrhea, and negative effects on sexual life [16]. The most common symptoms, decrease in sexual function, hair loss, loss of taste, lack of appetite, and sleep disorders, are due to the posttransplantation treatment process and immunosuppressive treatment.Increased symptom severity in patients with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was associated with poor quality of life and physical impairments [7, 10]. Fatigue, financial difficulty, and loss of appetite were the main problems experienced by hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients [17]. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant survivors suffered mostly eye problems, dry mouth, cough, sexual problems, fatigue, anxiety, and changes in taste [18]. A study on a multiracial study population reported fatigue, pain, and insomnia to be the most common symptoms [17]. Another study reported that fatigue, sleep and sexual problems, emotional distress, and relationship difficulties were the main problems reported by patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [13]. A study conducted in a hospital outpatient clinic on hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients after hospital discharge found that patients experienced psychological problems [19]. Another study conducted on Turkish hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients after discharge reported that psychological symptoms were more common than physical symptoms and that problems with sexual interest or activity, difficulty sleeping, and diarrhea were the most distressing symptoms [11]. Similar to previous studies, this study observed that patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation commonly experienced the following symptoms: decreased sexual function, hair loss, loss of taste, lack of appetite, and sleep disorders. Collectively, these study results indicate that patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation require support to address their emotional problems, fatigue, pain, body changes associated with hair loss, sexual problems, lack of appetite, and sleep disorders.


## 4.2. Patient Quality of Life

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation affects different aspects of adult patients’ social life as well as physical, family, emotional, and functional well-being. The potential effects also include intestinal problems, skin problems, vision defects, and sexual dysfunction. In the study by Grulke et al. (2012) patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation had minimal quality of life during their treatment in the hospital. One year after transplantation, their quality of life had returned to normal levels; however, the patients reported continuing fatigue, dyspnea, and sleep disorders [20]. A study from Kisch et al. (2012) reported that all quality of life dimensions (except emotional well-being) deteriorated over 100 days following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [8]. Song and So (2015) found that the quality of life scores showed a decreasing tendency 100 days following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [14]. Worse quality of life was especially pronounced in female patients and patients with complications associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation such as infection and graft-versus-host disease [8]. One qualitative study reported that patients experienced various physical limitations and changes in social roles and family and sexual life associated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; concerns over bodily changes were also expressed by these patients [21]. Cohen et al. (2012) found that social interactions, sleep, and rest were the most negatively affected areas of well-being [7]. Another study found that the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation survivors with high levels of distress over physical symptom had worse quality of life scores [10]. In the current study, quality of life was moderately affected in patients who had hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, primarily the physical well-being subscale. The physical well-being subscale scores indicate that the patients also had mild pain. Thus, patients may require more support to cope with pain and discomfort associated with treatment, as well as decreased energy and nausea.It is noteworthy that social life and family well-being were the least affected aspects of quality of life in Turkish patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This finding indicates that Turkish patients had support during their treatment and adaptation to social life after transplantation. The family structure and cultural characteristics are likely the reason that the social life and family well-being subscale was the least affected area. Increasing social support for patients who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is recommended to improve adaptation to treatment and resumption of normal life activities.Based on the symptoms associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, patient work life, enjoyment of life, acceptance of disease, and evaluation of the satisfaction with quality of life are important. The findings of this study revealed that transplantation patients’ emotional well-being and functional well-being were moderately affected, which indicates that the patients did not receive sufficient support during their treatment and the process of transplantation to enable them to adapt to daily life activities and cope with emotional problems. These patients should be encouraged to have hobbies, enjoy their lives, and deal with their sleep disorders. Sufficient support will result in increased acceptance and adaptation to the treatment process. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients should be encouraged to express their feelings, emotions, and concerns and should be encouraged to consult a psychologist.The BMTS subscale scores in this study indicate that patients require support for the following issues: appetite, physical well-being and problems associated with treatment process, memory status, blurred vision, and taste changes, skin-intestines problems, and difficulties that affect close relatives. Patients’ ability to deal with these issues after discharge should be improved and training on managing symptoms should be provided to the patients and their families.Nurses who work in this area have significant roles and responsibilities, from patient diagnosis to their quality of life after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Patients reported feeling highly satisfied with the care and support received during the acute period following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. They stated that safety, empathy, and encouragement during the treatment and care provided by the medical and nursing staff were important. Although transplant patients stated that they believed hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to be an effective treatment modality, they had some concerns for the future [22]. Patients who had hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were satisfied with their bone marrow transplantation therapy and reported relying on their nurses. These findings underscore the importance of patient trust in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation treatment. These are very important indications that patients believed that they received sufficient support during the transplantation process, were satisfied with the nursing, and appreciated the treatment and care.


## 4.3. Comparison of Average of Quality of Life Scores Based on Personal Characteristics

Many physical, emotional, and social well-being characteristics of patients who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are affected by factors such as conditioning regimen, type of transplantation, and complications associated with transplantation. The results of the current study indicate that social life and family well-being of patients 50–59 years of age were more negatively affected than those of patients 60–69 years of age. This study also revealed that quality of life in the lower body was more negatively affected in younger patients. Study findings indicate that patients need increased social support with increasing age; these patients also require more support for physical problems associated with transplantation.Functional difficulties associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, changes associated with role performance, and emotional problems might occur depending on patient gender. Social functioning in male hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients was affected more negatively than that of female patients [17]. Other studies found that female patients had more psychological problems such as depression [19] and poorer quality of life scores [8]. Another study reported depression to be a common problem in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [9]. Similar to our study findings, emotional well-being is reportedly more affected in female patients. Based on these observations, female patients should be encouraged to express their feelings and receive emotional support.Karacan (2006) found that married patients who had peripheral blood stem cell transplantation experienced more anxiety during the early hospitalization period and were more likely to experience depression after 30 days [3]. Unlike the findings reported by Karacan, the BMTS subscale scores in the current study were more negatively affected in single patients than in married patients. This result indicates that single patients require more support during transplantation and for problems associated with transplantation.Song and So found that social addiction and loneliness negatively affect patient quality of life after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [14]. Similarly, the findings of the current study revealed that the social life and family well-being were more negatively affected in patients with elementary or broken families than in patients with large traditional families. These results suggest that family type affects quality of life and that wide social environment and sources of social support are important to successfully adapt. Thus, family structure and evaluation of social relationships are recommended in order to improve social support.Perception of health status is a multidimensional concept covering physical activity, daily life activities, perception of the patients’ health situation by the patients and the patients’ communities, psychological well-being, and social activities [23]. Determining the perception of patients who have undergone transplantation regarding their health will contribute to improved care and treatment success during the transplantation process. A study reported that although patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation experienced various impairments in their functional status, most of them defined their health as quite good or excellent [18]. Most patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation rated their quality of life as good or very good [17]. In this study, the quality of life of transplant patients who defined their health within the last year as “bad” were more adversely affected than those who defined their quality of life as “moderate” or “good.” Thus, assessing the perceptions of health among transplant patients is essential in order to determine and meet their health needs with a holistic approach.Patients with worse functional status and those who had complications associated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation had worse quality of life scores and more severe symptoms [7, 18, 24]. In this study, patients who returned to the hospital for treatment after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation had worse quality of life after discharge than those who had outpatient follow-up. This finding indicates that increased support is needed for physical complaints and functional and emotional well-being.Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients are at high risk of complications and recurrent hospitalizations. Frequent monitoring and treatment adjustment may help to decrease the incidence of late complications. In a study on patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplant, the majority of patients (83.3%) did not report rehospitalization history after discharge [11]. Similarly, the results of the current study indicated that history of hospitalization more negatively affected patient quality of life. Patient social life and family well-being, functional well-being subscale, and total quality of life scores following discharge were significantly lower than the scores of patients who did not have hospitalization history after discharge following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Therefore, efforts should be made to improve social support and functional performance in rehospitalized patients.There are many risk factors that influence the outcome after HSCT which were the type of disease, stage of the disease, the age of the patient, the time interval from diagnosis to transplant, and, for allo-HSCT, the donor/recipient histocompatibility [25]. If the autoimmune disease does not respond to approved therapy and progress cannot be stopped, clinicians should considered auto-HSCT [26, 27]. The report of European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (2015) suggests adult patients with the underlying autoimmune diseases be considered as indications for auto-HSCT [25]. Auto-HSCT should be considered for patients with aggressive disease with poor outcomes. Auto-HSCT has been used as a rescue strategy and treatment for the autoimmune diseases with poor response to the established therapies for more than two decades. Stem cell transplantation has been offered for patients with autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune cytopenia, and autoimmune cytopenias with either immune thrombocytopenia or autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Overall 5-year survival and a progression-free survival have been reported to be high in autologous HSCT patients according to each AD-specific condition [25–27].One-third of the sample (29%) in the current study underwent autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Some patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with the diagnosis of light chain deposition disease (n=1) and autoimmune cytopenias (n=4) and a few with severe immunodeficiencies (n=5). In the current study, the number of patients who underwent auto-HSCT with the diagnosis autoimmune cytopenias was only four. Because of that, it not possible to make a conclusion for the quality of life of patients undergoing autologous HSCT with the diagnosis of autoimmune hematologic diseases. The outcomes of HSCT differ in patients undergoing autologous HSCT for autoimmune hematologic diseases. Studies are required on more selected patients with undergoing allogenic HSCT or autologous HSCT for the treatment of hematological malignancies.


## 5. Conclusion

The results of this study highlight the need for implementation of strategies to improve mean total scores and, consequently, quality of life of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.



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