# Health Care Seeking Behavior among Caregivers of Sick Children Who Had Cerebral Malaria in Northwestern Nigeria

Authors: Edwin E. Eseigbe; Jane O. Anyiam; Gboye O. Ogunrinde; Robinson D. Wammanda; Hassan A. Zoaka
Journal: Malaria Research and Treatment
 (2012)

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## Abstract

Cerebral malaria is a significant cause of childhood morbidity in our region. The challenges of effective management include time and quality of treatment. The study appraised the health care seeking behavior of caregivers of sick children who developed cerebral malaria, in Zaria, northwestern Nigeria. Caregivers indentified were parents 29 (87.9%) and grandparents 4 (12.1%). Most of them were in the upper social classes. Health care options utilized before presentation at our facility were formal health facility 24 (72.7%), patent medicine seller 12 (36.4%), home treatment 10 (30.3%), and herbal concoction 6 (18.2%) with majority 24 (72.7%) using more than one option. Antimalarial therapy was instituted in 25 (75.6%) of the cases. Mortality was significantly associated with the use of herbal concoction, treatment at a formal health facility and patent medicine seller, multiple convulsions, age less than 5 years, and noninstitution of antimalarial therapy before presentation. The study showed use of inappropriate health care options by caregivers and highlighted the need to pursue an awareness drive among caregivers on the use of health care options.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Cerebral malaria, a severe form of malaria caused byPlasmodium falciparum, is a significant cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa [1–3]. It accounts for 1% to 27% of paediatric admissions with case fatality rates ranging from 15% to 50% in our region [3]. Outcome of the disease is influenced by age of child, severity of symptoms, time of intervention and, quality of treatment received [2, 3]. Naturally caregivers of children play a pivotal role in the provision of care for childhood diseases. Since most children cannot fend for themselves, time of intervention and quality of care received depend on the actions of the caregiver. Understanding the concept and consequences of disease, knowledge of treatment modalities, and the capacity to provide or access care are some of the factors that could influence the health care seeking behavior of caregivers.Thus, appraising caregiver health care seeking behavior is necessary for effective prevention and control of grave childhood diseases such as cerebral malaria.This study was undertaken to examine the health care seeking behavior of caregivers of sick children who presented with cerebral malaria at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria and the impact, if any, on the outcome of the disease.


## 2. Materials and Methods

The study was carried out, with approval of the ABUTH ethical and research committee, in the Department of Paediatrics, ABUTH, Zaria, situated in northwestern Nigeria. All received standard treatment for cerebral malaria in accordance with WHO recommendations [3]. It involved a review of thirty three cases of cerebral malaria managed between January 2000 and December 2009. Parameters reviewed were the children’s clinical features, the caregiver’s social class distribution using Oyedeji’s [4] social class classification and health care options utilized by them, duration of symptoms before presentation at ABUTH, and outcome of the disease. Terms used in the study were defined thus as the following.


### 2.1. Inclusion Criteria

Presence of asexual forms ofPlasmodium falciparum, coma with or without seizures, and absence of other identifiable cause of fever or coma. Those with severe parasitaemia (>250,000 parasites/uL of blood), coma, and whose cerebrospinal fluid culture yielded no bacterial isolates were also included. The Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) was used in assessing coma.


### 2.2. Caregiver

An individual whose responsibility, at a given time, is the care of a child.


### 2.3. Home Treatment

Administration of drugs at home without prescription.


### 2.4. Herbal Concoction

Use of herbal mixtures topically or orally.


### 2.5. Patient Medicine Seller (PMS) [5]

Individual licensed to sell and dispense limited number of drugs such as over the counter drugs.


### 2.6. Formal Health Facility

Primary health care centre, private or government hospital offering health care at a lower level than ABUTH.


### 2.7. Social Class

The classification by Oyedeji was further grouped as Upper Social Class (I–III) and Lower Social Class (IV and V).


### 2.8. The Unit

Department of Paediatrics, ABUTH, Zaria.


### 2.9. Sample Size

Determination of sample size was dependent on the case definition which can be tenuous in cerebral malaria particularly with regards to the challenge of excluding all other possible causes of coma in a resource poor setting like ours. The last study carried out in Zaria reviewed 50 cases over a period of seven years [2]. Only 33 cases were reviewed in this study despite including all those who had severe parasitaemia and coma. In addition the increase in the number of tertiary health care institutions in the region over the years could have resulted in a reduction of those presenting to the unit.


### 2.10. Data Analysis

The variables were analyzed using frequencies, statistical averages, and standard deviation for variability. Test for significance was carried out using Chi-square with Fisher’s exact test, andPvalues<0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.


## 2.1. Inclusion Criteria

Presence of asexual forms ofPlasmodium falciparum, coma with or without seizures, and absence of other identifiable cause of fever or coma. Those with severe parasitaemia (>250,000 parasites/uL of blood), coma, and whose cerebrospinal fluid culture yielded no bacterial isolates were also included. The Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) was used in assessing coma.


## 2.2. Caregiver

An individual whose responsibility, at a given time, is the care of a child.


## 2.3. Home Treatment

Administration of drugs at home without prescription.


## 2.4. Herbal Concoction

Use of herbal mixtures topically or orally.


## 2.5. Patient Medicine Seller (PMS) [5]

Individual licensed to sell and dispense limited number of drugs such as over the counter drugs.


## 2.6. Formal Health Facility

Primary health care centre, private or government hospital offering health care at a lower level than ABUTH.


## 2.7. Social Class

The classification by Oyedeji was further grouped as Upper Social Class (I–III) and Lower Social Class (IV and V).


## 2.8. The Unit

Department of Paediatrics, ABUTH, Zaria.


## 2.9. Sample Size

Determination of sample size was dependent on the case definition which can be tenuous in cerebral malaria particularly with regards to the challenge of excluding all other possible causes of coma in a resource poor setting like ours. The last study carried out in Zaria reviewed 50 cases over a period of seven years [2]. Only 33 cases were reviewed in this study despite including all those who had severe parasitaemia and coma. In addition the increase in the number of tertiary health care institutions in the region over the years could have resulted in a reduction of those presenting to the unit.


## 2.10. Data Analysis

The variables were analyzed using frequencies, statistical averages, and standard deviation for variability. Test for significance was carried out using Chi-square with Fisher’s exact test, andPvalues<0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.


## 3. Results

### 3.1. Clinical Features of the Patients

A total of 33 cases were reviewed, 24 were males and 9 females (M : F, 2.7 : 1). The age range was 0.75 to 11 years (mean 3.0 ± 1.1 years), and 12 (36.4%) were under fives. The presenting features are as shown in Table1 with fever and coma occurring in all the patients.Table 1
Presenting features in 33 children with cerebral malaria.
Presenting featuresNo. of childrenPercent of totalFever33100Coma33100Convulsion2987.9Headache1957.6Abdominal pain1030.3


### 3.2. Characteristics of Caregivers

Parents and grandparents were primarily responsible for care in 29 (87.9%) and 4 (12.1%) of the cases, respectively.The Social class distribution of the caregivers was: I 2 (6.1%), II 3 (9.1%), III 15 (45.4%), IV 11 (33.3%), and V 2 (6.1%). Thus, 20 (60.6%) were in the upper social class, while 13 (39.4%) made up the lower social class. There were 4 cases of mortality associated with the lower class and 1 in the upper class. However, this association was not significant (P=0.07).


### 3.3. Health Care Options

Of the 33 cases, 24 (72.7%) utilized more than one option before eventual presentation at the unit (Table2). There was administration of antimalarial therapy in 25 (75.8%) of the cases. (a)
PMS: This was the commonest 12 (36.4%) health care option used as first choice (Table2). All received an oral antimalarial (chloroquine, quinine, or artesunate) and either oral acetaminophen or ibuprofen. 7 (58.3%) received an oral antibiotic (chloramphenicol or metronidazole) for presumed typhoid fever. This option was associated with a case of mortality.(b)
Home Treatment: All received oral acetaminophen for fever, while 4 (40%) were given an oral antimalarial drug (chloroquine or a sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine combination). No mortality was associated with this option.(c)
Health Facility: Similarly, all who used this option received either an oral or a parenteral antimalarial drug. In addition, 22 (91.7%) received antibiotics. A case of mortality was associated with this health care option.(d)
Herbal Concoction: 6 (18.2%) of the cases used this option. Its use was associated with 3 cases of mortality.Table 2
Distribution of health care option utilization among caregivers of 33 children with cerebral malaria.
Health care optionNo. per choice of health care optionTotal no. per health care optionPercent of total1st2nd3rd4thHealth facility913202472.7PMS120001236.4Home treatment100001030.3Herbal concoction2400618.2The unit0922233100.04 cases of mortality occurred among the 8 cases that did not receive any antimalarial therapy before presentation at the unit, while only one was associated with the 25 who had. The occurrence of mortality among those who did not receive any antimalarial drug was significant (P=0.008).


### 3.4. Time of Presentation at the Unit

Day of presentation at the unit in relation to onset of symptoms was: 3, 5, 11, 6, and 8 cases on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Most 25 (75.8%) presented at the unit more than 2 days after onset of symptoms. None utilized the unit as first choice health care option, while 9 (27%), 22 (67%), and 2 (6%) utilized the facility as second, third, and fourth option, respectively. The least distance of the abode of any of the caregivers from the unit was about 3 kilometers.


### 3.5. Outcome at the Unit

There were 5 (15.2%) cases of mortality (Tables3 and 4) which were significantly associated with the use of herbal concoction, treatment at a formal health facility, prolonged coma, severe anemia, multiple convulsions, and age less than 5 years. All the deaths occurred among those who presented at the unit 2 days after onset of symptoms. All survivors recovered without any sequelae.Table 3
Presenting features associated with mortality in 33 children with cerebral malaria.
Presenting featuresTotalSurvivedDiedP ValueAll patients33285Age < 5 years12840.047Multiple convulsions171250.044Prolonged coma8350.002Severe anemia8350.002Low GCS (<5)141221.00Table 4
Health care option utilization and outcome in 33 children with cerebral malaria.
Health care option utilizedTotalSurvivedDiedP ValueHealth facility242310.01PMS121110.63Home treatment101000.29Herbal concoction6330.03


## 3.1. Clinical Features of the Patients

A total of 33 cases were reviewed, 24 were males and 9 females (M : F, 2.7 : 1). The age range was 0.75 to 11 years (mean 3.0 ± 1.1 years), and 12 (36.4%) were under fives. The presenting features are as shown in Table1 with fever and coma occurring in all the patients.Table 1
Presenting features in 33 children with cerebral malaria.
Presenting featuresNo. of childrenPercent of totalFever33100Coma33100Convulsion2987.9Headache1957.6Abdominal pain1030.3


## 3.2. Characteristics of Caregivers

Parents and grandparents were primarily responsible for care in 29 (87.9%) and 4 (12.1%) of the cases, respectively.The Social class distribution of the caregivers was: I 2 (6.1%), II 3 (9.1%), III 15 (45.4%), IV 11 (33.3%), and V 2 (6.1%). Thus, 20 (60.6%) were in the upper social class, while 13 (39.4%) made up the lower social class. There were 4 cases of mortality associated with the lower class and 1 in the upper class. However, this association was not significant (P=0.07).


## 3.3. Health Care Options

Of the 33 cases, 24 (72.7%) utilized more than one option before eventual presentation at the unit (Table2). There was administration of antimalarial therapy in 25 (75.8%) of the cases. (a)
PMS: This was the commonest 12 (36.4%) health care option used as first choice (Table2). All received an oral antimalarial (chloroquine, quinine, or artesunate) and either oral acetaminophen or ibuprofen. 7 (58.3%) received an oral antibiotic (chloramphenicol or metronidazole) for presumed typhoid fever. This option was associated with a case of mortality.(b)
Home Treatment: All received oral acetaminophen for fever, while 4 (40%) were given an oral antimalarial drug (chloroquine or a sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine combination). No mortality was associated with this option.(c)
Health Facility: Similarly, all who used this option received either an oral or a parenteral antimalarial drug. In addition, 22 (91.7%) received antibiotics. A case of mortality was associated with this health care option.(d)
Herbal Concoction: 6 (18.2%) of the cases used this option. Its use was associated with 3 cases of mortality.Table 2
Distribution of health care option utilization among caregivers of 33 children with cerebral malaria.
Health care optionNo. per choice of health care optionTotal no. per health care optionPercent of total1st2nd3rd4thHealth facility913202472.7PMS120001236.4Home treatment100001030.3Herbal concoction2400618.2The unit0922233100.04 cases of mortality occurred among the 8 cases that did not receive any antimalarial therapy before presentation at the unit, while only one was associated with the 25 who had. The occurrence of mortality among those who did not receive any antimalarial drug was significant (P=0.008).


## 3.4. Time of Presentation at the Unit

Day of presentation at the unit in relation to onset of symptoms was: 3, 5, 11, 6, and 8 cases on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Most 25 (75.8%) presented at the unit more than 2 days after onset of symptoms. None utilized the unit as first choice health care option, while 9 (27%), 22 (67%), and 2 (6%) utilized the facility as second, third, and fourth option, respectively. The least distance of the abode of any of the caregivers from the unit was about 3 kilometers.


## 3.5. Outcome at the Unit

There were 5 (15.2%) cases of mortality (Tables3 and 4) which were significantly associated with the use of herbal concoction, treatment at a formal health facility, prolonged coma, severe anemia, multiple convulsions, and age less than 5 years. All the deaths occurred among those who presented at the unit 2 days after onset of symptoms. All survivors recovered without any sequelae.Table 3
Presenting features associated with mortality in 33 children with cerebral malaria.
Presenting featuresTotalSurvivedDiedP ValueAll patients33285Age < 5 years12840.047Multiple convulsions171250.044Prolonged coma8350.002Severe anemia8350.002Low GCS (<5)141221.00Table 4
Health care option utilization and outcome in 33 children with cerebral malaria.
Health care option utilizedTotalSurvivedDiedP ValueHealth facility242310.01PMS121110.63Home treatment101000.29Herbal concoction6330.03


## 4. Discussion

This study showed the use of health care options by caregivers of sick children who developed cerebral malaria. Generally, their initial options were inappropriate, and there was delay in presentation at the unit.Majority (60.6%) of the caregivers were in the upper social class. This could be a reflection of the ability of those in this group to afford the cost of accessing care at higher levels of health care delivery. However, there was no significant difference in the outcome of the cases, between the two main social classes. The marginal difference could have been higher with a larger sample size.Out of the health care options employed by the caregivers, the PMSs was the commonest first choice. The PMS belong to the informal health care sector and have been found to be routinely patronized by caregivers of sick children in the region of study and are often found selling, prescribing, and administering drugs for a variety of disease conditions [5]. They offer their services at an affordable cost making their use quite attractive. Since they have no formal pharmacological or medical training, their services could lead to grave consequences for patients.Home treatment was another treatment option used by the caregivers. It was the second most preferred first choice health care option. The practice of home treatment of disease is equally common in the region. In studies conducted about the management of fever, acute lower respiratory tract infections, and diarrhea in the region, home treatment was used in 67.2%, 60.5%, and 53.5% of the patients, respectively [6–8]. The allure for home treatment includes its apparent time saving feature and cheaper cost. However, it is often inadequate, and like in the case of the PMS could worsen morbidity and lead to delay in accessing appropriate health care. It is important to note that home management for malaria (HMM) has been identified as a useful tool in the reduction of morbidity and mortality resulting from malaria [5]. This initiative requires training of prospective operators, and this was lacking in the cases studied.The use of herbal concoction in 6 (18.2%) cases reflect to some degree the practice of the use of traditional medicine in tropical Africa where 70–80% of the populations patronize traditional healers [9]. The use of herbal mixtures is founded in the belief that herbs are efficacious in the management of diseases. In the south eastern Nigeria for example, Iloeje [10] observed that 28.3% of parents believe that the best treatment for febrile convulsion is traditional medicine. Furthermore, the ingredients are readily available and affordable, but unhygienic preparations and potentially harmful combinations coupled with unconventional prescriptions make the use of herbal concoctions hazardous. However, proper processing and application of herbal extracts seen with artemisinin from Artemisia annua and Quinine from cinchona alkaloids have been quite efficacious in the management of malaria [9]. It underscores the need for orthodox and nonorthodox health institutions to collaborate in the fight against endemic and potentially grave diseases.Over 60% of the cases in this study made use of formal health facility as an initial choice of health care. However, its preference in this study was as second or third choice of health care signifying that though desirable, there were limitations to its use as a first choice health care option. Perception of disease, severity, cost of management, accessibility to care, and attitude of health workers are some of the factors that influence utilization of services of formal health facilities. Optimizing these factors would contribute to preventing delay in accessing definitive management.


## 5. Conclusion

Overall, most caregivers in the study utilized health care options, in a similar manner to that observed with other febrile illnesses [6, 7], which invariably exposed their respective wards to inappropriate and inadequate treatment. Consequently, effort should be focused on educating child caregivers particularly parents, on early recognition, and use of appropriate health care options for common illnesses. Furthermore, the role of other informal health services such as traditional medicine and PMS in child health care delivery should be appraised with a view to augmenting formal health services. These actions will equally foster achievement of the Millennium Development Goal of combating common childhood illnesses [11].



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