# Energy-Efficient Enhancement for the Prediction-Based Scheduling Algorithm for the Improvement of Network Lifetime in WSNs

Authors: Md. Khaja Mohiddin; Rashi Kohli; V. B. S. Srilatha Indira Dutt; Priyanka Dixit; Gregus Michal
Journal: Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
 (2021)

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## Abstract

In wireless sensor networks, due to the restricted battery capabilities of sensor nodes, the energy issue plays a critical role in network efficiency and lifespan. In our work, an upgraded long short-term memory is executed by the base station to frequently predict the forecast positions of the node with the help of load-adaptive beaconing scheduling algorithm. In recent years, new technologies for wireless charging have offered a feasible technique in overcoming the WSN energy dilemma. Researchers are deploying rechargeable wireless sensor networks that introduce high-capacity smartphone chargers for sensor nodes for charging. Nearly all R-WSN research has focused on charging static nodes with relativistic routes or mobile nodes. In this work, it is analysed how to charge nondeterministic mobility nodes in this work. In this scenario, a new mechanism is recommended, called predicting-based scheduling algorithm, to implement charging activities. In the suggested technique, it directs them to pursue the mobile charger and recharge the sensor, which is unique for the present work. The mobile charger will then choose a suitable node, utilizing a scheduling algorithm, as the charging object. A tracking algorithm based on the Kalman filter is preferred during energy transfer to determine the distance needed for charging between the destination node & mobile charger. Here, the collecting & processing of data are performed through the big data collection in WSNs. The R-WSN charging operations of nondeterministic mobility nodes will be accomplished using the proposed charging strategy.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

WSN is a well-organized environment consisting of a large number of microactive nodes spread dynamically across the monitoring area through wireless broadcasting. With its significant importance in the analysis of armed forces, heath support, inventory control, atmospheric tracking, horticulture & effective promotional fields, WSNs have been found out to be the most significant computer research & communication technology. Sensor nodes rely on the supply of battery power, their broadcast functionality, and very limited energy storage capacity, so the need to synchronize the energy usage of the network along with the improvement of network lifetime came into being to use the vitality of the nodes more precisely.The sensor framework comprises of multiple nodes, only a small number of which have various functions like detecting, transmission, and networking, which are spread around the nodes within or very close to the sensor. This is where each of the above-listed nodes gathers the data and routes it back to either a sink or base station (BS). At present, WSN is the most widely used current networking solutions to provide sensed retrieved information to the base station with insufficient power capacity. Care needs to be taken in order to check all potential climate conditions (including the abovementioned ones), as well as temperature, moisture, lightning scenario, pressure, soil composition, vehicular development, noise densities, target field imaging in military areas, emergency management, fire alarm sensors, criminal, and surveillance hunting are all important in WSN environments.The WSN consists of one or perhaps many BS’s & several sensor nodes that are positioned in a wide area for cooperative monitoring of a physical environment. The WSN has different application scenarios such as ecological surveying, smart city, and wildlife surveillance because of its characteristics of low cost & strong self-organization. The capacity of node batteries also limits the operating duration of nodes, affecting WSN lifespan and efficiency, which has become a critical issue limiting WSN’s growth [1–4].For data collecting, there is an increasing trend toward large-scale sensor networks. Despite the fact that they are a new generation of sensor networks, their application is constrained by a number of factors, including adaptability to conventional network scaling methods. To allow a network to effectively play its role, a number of significant difficulties must be overcome. It might cite the appropriate placement of sinks, as well as the reduction of sensor energy consumption and lifetime, as examples of these issues. Large-scale WSNs (LS-WSNs) may give valuable solutions for big data collecting in a big data setting, with a massive volume of high-speed, regularly changing, and changeable data [5].WSN has done a lot of research and analysis on how to overcome the energy dilemma in recent decades. Most of the previous study can be classified into three techniques: energy saving systems, energy harvesting techniques, and approaches to wireless charging. Only energy efficiency can be enhanced by energy saving systems, without making up for node energy consumption. Therefore, the energy saving systems in WSN can only mitigate the energy crisis in the sensor environment by considering various approaches and algorithms to minimize the utilization of the energy consumption [6–8].The performance of energy converters varies substantially according to environmental conditions. Wireless power transmission has been shown in investigations over the last two decades, allowing sensor nodes to be recharged wirelessly. Magnetic resonance coupling has gotten a lot of attention from researchers because of its high transmission power and lengthy transmission distance. Wireless power transfer is accomplished by developing a sophisticated network architecture in which sensor nodes are wirelessly charged utilizing chargers with large batteries, such as (R-WSN) [9].The majority of R-WSN investigators are interested in scheduling algorithms based on a mobile charger (MC), which configure the energizing sequence of stable sensors. Some latest researches have looked into the R-WSN using mobile sensor nodes. A tree-based method for charging mission-critical robots that decreases the MC’s path length without causing robot energy depletion is suggested [10]. The complexity of the location of the static loading pile has been studied so that mobile sensing nodes can come closer when energy is exhausted [11]. Sensor node projections are stochastic, so that node activities can be monitored, according to these investigations. Wildlife tracking is a well-known scenario, in which sensor nodes are connected to each tracked species [5]. As a consequence, nodal mobility is uncontrollable & nonstochastic, even though the network’s model of mobility is the goal.In this scenario, an appropriate strategy is to identify a few static spots in the domain region that are known as hubs that are routinely contacted by sensors and then position the mobile charger to stay and load sensors at these hubs using an RL-based process. Although hotspots are never changed once they have been selected, this technique is unable to adapt to changes in nodal movement patterns. Furthermore, in this method, the BS directs the MC to approach the hubs, implying that the MC must stay for a minimum duration in each hub, even though all of the sensors that may connect directly have been charged [12].Here, it investigates, how nonrandom mobility nodes can be energized. It also assists the MC in seeking the sensor immediately in any charging activity, rather than depending on sensors at fixed positions as in [12], so that it may respond to potential changes in nodal trajectories. It must first tackle the three concerns in order to have chargeable functionality in this case listed as follows:


### 1.1. Node Finding Issue (NFI)

The MC must first locate nodes before charging them. The MC does not know the present position of the individual sensor due to its nondeterministic mobility of sensors. Furthermore, due to R-WSN’s constrained resources, it is unable to use the framework for cellular networks throughout cloud environments in our study. If data packets are interacting and the MC interchanges to the indicated positions, sensor nodes can depart the sites, causing efficiency to deteriorate in a short span of time. The lack of knowledge on the positions of nodes is the most significant problem in our case. It needs to figure out how to find out where nodes will be in the future so that the MC can reach & charge them [13].


### 1.2. Node Election Issue (NEI)

Following the acquisition of sensor node positions, the MC must choose a suitable source to charge within the constraints of battery available power. The NEI problem is similar to the static WRSN scheduling problem. In this situation, however, the MC only charges each node at a row for NEI, but in static R-WSN, the BS directs the MC to connect a cluster of nodes at once. Once the present charge target is fulfilled, the MC initiates an unique charge task.


### 1.3. Node Protection Issue (NPI)

It is well known that two basic criteria for wireless power transmitting are that the MC and target node must be relatively close together and the transmission must be able to continue for a period of time. In order to fulfil these two conditions, the MC must accompany the target node while it’s being energetically stimulated. In spite of the nondeterministic mobility of the nodes and position, the positions of the nodes can be changed; however, it’s impossible to know from where the nodes are. To find a moving node, the MC must track it.With nondeterministic versatility, there exists a multitude of problems. In the method proposed by the NFI, it is suggested that a predictive method is used to forecast potential node positions. However, in the method prescribed by NEI, it evaluates charges depending on predicted results. During the energy transmission, the MC must also follow the destination node. For this reason, charging nondeterministic nodes must be done on an assumption that they will switch unpredictably.A wireless sensor network (WSN) is an ad hoc network made up of a series of sensor nodes that are arbitrarily fixed or scattered in a specific geographical area and communicate over a wireless link to gather, evaluate, and transfer data in their area to a special node called a sink. The region refers to the geographical area in which the sensor nodes function. Sensor nodes in a WSN can self-organize to gather data about the environment in which they are installed. Based on the nature of the installed application, the collected data might be transmitted on a regular basis or on an as-needed basis. The sink is a node with two or more network interfaces that connect the WSN to the end-network, user’s (for example, a local area network or the Internet). The user can use the sink to request access to other nodes in the network, such as specifying the type of data to be collected. The fundamental architecture of a WSN is shown in Figure1 for example purposes [5].Figure 1
Network model.Here, it suggests a charging scheme called predicting-based scheduling algorithm (PSA) based on the above study, which includes three algorithms to solve the current research challenges. This is the first time that a chase technique has been deployed to energize nodes with nonrandom mobility, to our knowledge. To be more precise, the following are the major factors that may affect our work:(1)
The issues of energizing nodes with nonrandom mobility have been resolved and are now coordinated(2)
It first offers a new LSTM methodology for evaluating the precise positions of sensor nodes, which uses the prior trajectory to forecast the forthcoming positions of each sensor node(3)
In order to maximize the network’s efficiency, it offers a node identification method for selecting the optimal node as the destination node based on the forecasting findings and the energy level of each node(4)
Ultimately, in order to fulfil the demands of wireless charging, it implements a Kalman filter-based tracking technique that directs the MC to monitor mobile target nodes during energy conversion


## 1.1. Node Finding Issue (NFI)

The MC must first locate nodes before charging them. The MC does not know the present position of the individual sensor due to its nondeterministic mobility of sensors. Furthermore, due to R-WSN’s constrained resources, it is unable to use the framework for cellular networks throughout cloud environments in our study. If data packets are interacting and the MC interchanges to the indicated positions, sensor nodes can depart the sites, causing efficiency to deteriorate in a short span of time. The lack of knowledge on the positions of nodes is the most significant problem in our case. It needs to figure out how to find out where nodes will be in the future so that the MC can reach & charge them [13].


## 1.2. Node Election Issue (NEI)

Following the acquisition of sensor node positions, the MC must choose a suitable source to charge within the constraints of battery available power. The NEI problem is similar to the static WRSN scheduling problem. In this situation, however, the MC only charges each node at a row for NEI, but in static R-WSN, the BS directs the MC to connect a cluster of nodes at once. Once the present charge target is fulfilled, the MC initiates an unique charge task.


## 1.3. Node Protection Issue (NPI)

It is well known that two basic criteria for wireless power transmitting are that the MC and target node must be relatively close together and the transmission must be able to continue for a period of time. In order to fulfil these two conditions, the MC must accompany the target node while it’s being energetically stimulated. In spite of the nondeterministic mobility of the nodes and position, the positions of the nodes can be changed; however, it’s impossible to know from where the nodes are. To find a moving node, the MC must track it.With nondeterministic versatility, there exists a multitude of problems. In the method proposed by the NFI, it is suggested that a predictive method is used to forecast potential node positions. However, in the method prescribed by NEI, it evaluates charges depending on predicted results. During the energy transmission, the MC must also follow the destination node. For this reason, charging nondeterministic nodes must be done on an assumption that they will switch unpredictably.A wireless sensor network (WSN) is an ad hoc network made up of a series of sensor nodes that are arbitrarily fixed or scattered in a specific geographical area and communicate over a wireless link to gather, evaluate, and transfer data in their area to a special node called a sink. The region refers to the geographical area in which the sensor nodes function. Sensor nodes in a WSN can self-organize to gather data about the environment in which they are installed. Based on the nature of the installed application, the collected data might be transmitted on a regular basis or on an as-needed basis. The sink is a node with two or more network interfaces that connect the WSN to the end-network, user’s (for example, a local area network or the Internet). The user can use the sink to request access to other nodes in the network, such as specifying the type of data to be collected. The fundamental architecture of a WSN is shown in Figure1 for example purposes [5].Figure 1
Network model.Here, it suggests a charging scheme called predicting-based scheduling algorithm (PSA) based on the above study, which includes three algorithms to solve the current research challenges. This is the first time that a chase technique has been deployed to energize nodes with nonrandom mobility, to our knowledge. To be more precise, the following are the major factors that may affect our work:(1)
The issues of energizing nodes with nonrandom mobility have been resolved and are now coordinated(2)
It first offers a new LSTM methodology for evaluating the precise positions of sensor nodes, which uses the prior trajectory to forecast the forthcoming positions of each sensor node(3)
In order to maximize the network’s efficiency, it offers a node identification method for selecting the optimal node as the destination node based on the forecasting findings and the energy level of each node(4)
Ultimately, in order to fulfil the demands of wireless charging, it implements a Kalman filter-based tracking technique that directs the MC to monitor mobile target nodes during energy conversion


## 2. Related Work

Current charging schemes can be divided into two groups based on sensor nodes’ motion states in R-WSN: static sensor nodes and mobile sensor nodes.During the last ten years, investigators have suggested a number of charging techniques for R-WSN stable sensor nodes to determine the best node sequence for recharging MCs. A periodic system was proposed, for example, in circumstances where sensor nodes are distributed evenly or nonevenly [14]. The MC determines the minimum round route that connects all of the sensor nodes, then regulates the routes & energizes the sensor node with the most energy. The charging problem was developed as a vehicle routing problem in [15], with the minimum Hamiltonian cycle as the solution, taking into account the placement and condition of sensor nodes. Another key study proposes a methodology of distributing many MCs to sustain performance levels of R-WSN of life-critical sensor nodes [16]. It is also proposed a novel idea called “shuttling,” as well as an optimal charging mechanism that used charger collaboration to reduce the number of chargers and increase the sensing range [17].In following work on the optimization of load features and reduction of the transmission range of MC [18], a mechanism was presented to load several sensor nodes sequentially entirely inside the same transmission range. This strategy enhances the charging effectiveness and device effectiveness of WRSNs compared to standard techniques. Research in this paper compares the chargeability of unique-frequency loaders with diverse-frequency loaders when determining the position of wireless chargers that simultaneously load a distinct WSN [19]. This paper provides a smooth logic-based approach that is suggested for on-demand charging in a dense R-WSN [20]. They have used a foggy logical method to develop an ideal on-demand charging package for a dense R-WSN, taking account of the available energy, range to the MC, and key node density. According to the previous study [20, 22], many MCs were established for on-demand WRSNs by load-balanced network dividing and dynamic recharge limitations were determined for sensor nodes.In this, most previous research concluded that sensor node trajectories are random. For illustration, a way for regulating the operating power of the stable charging stack for charging sensor nodes is identified [21, 22]. The researchers proposed a way of assigning the static recharge batteries to mobile nodes with essential power, while flexible nodes take over the recharge node duties effectively [11]. Research in this paper submits a tree-based operating robotic charge plan that places the MC on a path of depleted sensor nodes with zero reduction of robot energy to keep R-WSN operating properly [10. 24].This paper suggests a primary study to have an overview of the usage of an energy-restricted MC to charge nonrandom mobile sensors [12]. The objective of this survey was to identify certain fixed spots in which sensors are often located and then to deploy the MC to stay and load at these spots. Although, in order to find these positions, this method necessitates a significant amount of historical trajectory data and is unable to adjust to changes in the nodal mobility model.


## 3. Methodologies

So far, in order to energize nodes with a nondeterministic behaviour, three concerns have been explored and formulated. It proposes our accounting strategy in this chapter, which will be utilized to solve three problems at a time. Three algorithms are included in the proposed charge technique for addressing these problems: the trajectory prediction algorithm, the MC-based scheduling algorithm & target tracking algorithm (TTA). Each time, the BS performs TPA to estimate possible sensor placements and provides the forecasting results to the MC in the required manner. The BS information is buffered in the MC. Using the protected data to estimate the next loading destination or direct to the BS, MC conducts MSA during the departure or the completion of a charging task. The MC advances to the forecasting position of the destination node once the destination node is located. When the MC reaches the target node, the TTA is used for tracking it during energy transfer.Figures2–4 display the FSM concepts for the BS, MC, and sensor nodes, respectively, to better explain how the developed system operates. The FSM in Figure 2 depicts sensor node operations, whereas the FSMs in Figures 3 and 4 depict BS and MC operations, individually. The axes in the FSM specifications represent the conversions of the systems from one phase to the next. The event that activates the switch is indicated above the straight axis that denotes the transition, while the actions conducted during the event are indicated under the straight axis.Figure 2
FSM for sensor nodes.Figure 3
FSM for base station.Figure 4
FSM for mobile charger.


### 3.1. Trajectory Prediction Algorithm (TPA)

To deal with NDP, it is needed to develop a node trajectory time sequence forecasting approach. There are several time series prediction experiments available today, such as exponential smoothing (ES), moving average (MA) & autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA). Unfortunately, due to the difficulty of node mobility, these methods might not work well in our case. As a consequence, it turns to neural network techniques and the algorithm is shown in Algorithm1.


### 3.2. Hybrid LSTM Predicting Algorithm

The LSTM technique is used in TPA because of its integral gain in analyzing sequence data and predicting [24–26]. Calculating an integrated mobility prototype for the entire sensor nodes would be exceedingly time consuming because individual nodes have distinct movement patterns. It is currently attempting to determine the mobility prototype for each sensor node individually. Because all sensor nodes are part of the same sensor network, they must have some spatial and temporal consistency. The forecasting model’s convergence will be accelerated if this type of regularity is applied.The neural framework primarily consists of an LSTM block that extracts mobility patterns from short sections and a highly interconnected block that differs substantially regarding future moves from the furthermost identical segment [27–30]. The LSTM block is made up of an autoencoder layer & 4 LSTM layers, each with 32 LSTM cells, while the completely integrated block is made up of an autoencoder layer & four highly integrated layers, each with 32 neurons as shown in Figure 5. The performance from the LSTM and completely connected blocks is mixed in the correct ratio using a pooling layer. A decoder layer predicts the performance of the pooling layer.Algorithm 1: Trajectory prediction algorithm.
1stAlgorithm: -Choosing the most similar segmenti TY ← TX & Φt ←0ii Calculates the tiniest region RGNX which includes all the positions in TXiii for every node nY ∈ N – {nX} doiv for (t0 = 0; t0 < t – J +1, t0 = t0 + Δ t) dov if lY(t0) in RGNX thenvi Calculates the tiniest region which includes all the positions inTYt0 starting with lY(t0) of length Jvii if RGNX = RGNYt0 thenviii Estimate the Spearman’s CoefficientΦspearman of TX & TYt0ix ifΦspearman > Φt thenx TY ← TYt0 and Φt ← Φspearmanxi end ifxii end ifxiii end ifxiv end forxv end forxvi Result:TY and ΦtFigure 5
Model of the hybrid LSTM scheduling algorithm.


### 3.3. Mobile Charger-Based Scheduling Algorithm (MSA)

As the NEI is a top-down multiobjective recursive challenge with the first goal of reducing the percentage of dead nodes, MSA seeks to decrease the count of dead nodes initially and then the charging transit time. As a result, the node election method looks like this:First, MSA examines the RREQ messages it has issued, since REQX indicates that SX is experiencing an energy alert. In the buffered REQX, the MC selects the SX sensor with the least power [31]. This will then be monitored by the mobile charger. The SX sensor is loaded by the MC when the limit is reached. Otherwise, in buffered messages, the MC selects the RREQ node with minimum energy as shown in Algorithm 2.When no appropriate node is chosen based on RREQ information, MSA attempts to choose the destination node for the lowest requested journey distance. MC casts beacons to check for neighbouring sensor nodes and selects the basic station with minimum remaining energy between those who react on MC. A list is being used to record the sensors powered by the MC currently, in order to prevent charging the sensors around frequently. As a result, the messages from these awaiting sensor nodes will be ignored by the MC.Algorithm 2: Mobile charger-based scheduling algorithm.
2ndAlgorithm:-Choosing the destination sensor for chargingiwhile the Mobile Charger barrier for RREQ is not void doii Search the sensor SP‘s RREQ in the mobile charger barrier with minimum energy status & remove SP‘s RREQ,SJ ← SPiiiif SJ satisfies theniv Return SJvend ifviend whilevii The mobile charger beamsviii if send SJ reacts to the mobile charger & recent charged sensors aren’t on the list thenix SJ ← SYxelse:xi Search the sensor node SX with high energy necessity Egain(x)in its accessibilityxii SJ ← SXxiiiend ifxivif SJ satisfies thenSJ ← Base Stationxv Output: SJ


### 3.4. Target Tracking Algorithm (TTA)

The MC will interact with the destination node for current movement information until it is associated with the target node [32]. The MC must guide the target node throughout the entire energy transfer process in order to complete the mission. This goal is recommended to be accomplished using the target tracking algorithm.Since the prediction phase “Δ” is tiny, it typically considers the target node’s mobility to be a linear trace. The Gaussian noise can be approximated when it comes to GPS position error. To predict the position of the target node, the Kalman filter is used, which has excellent short-time prediction efficiency.


### 3.5. LAB Scheduling Algorithm (LABS)

This algorithm is important for mesh topology and preventing beacon collisions. There are two sections of this algorithm as shown in Figure6. Initially, the nodes will be connected with one another, after which the neighbouring nodes will be examined to determine the energy information required for proper scheduling. The retrieval stage follows, in which the time slot is mapped to a variety of routes between the source and sink nodes as shown in Figure 7.Figure 6
LAB scheduling algorithm.Figure 7
Superframe specification of LABS.


## 3.1. Trajectory Prediction Algorithm (TPA)

To deal with NDP, it is needed to develop a node trajectory time sequence forecasting approach. There are several time series prediction experiments available today, such as exponential smoothing (ES), moving average (MA) & autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA). Unfortunately, due to the difficulty of node mobility, these methods might not work well in our case. As a consequence, it turns to neural network techniques and the algorithm is shown in Algorithm1.


## 3.2. Hybrid LSTM Predicting Algorithm

The LSTM technique is used in TPA because of its integral gain in analyzing sequence data and predicting [24–26]. Calculating an integrated mobility prototype for the entire sensor nodes would be exceedingly time consuming because individual nodes have distinct movement patterns. It is currently attempting to determine the mobility prototype for each sensor node individually. Because all sensor nodes are part of the same sensor network, they must have some spatial and temporal consistency. The forecasting model’s convergence will be accelerated if this type of regularity is applied.The neural framework primarily consists of an LSTM block that extracts mobility patterns from short sections and a highly interconnected block that differs substantially regarding future moves from the furthermost identical segment [27–30]. The LSTM block is made up of an autoencoder layer & 4 LSTM layers, each with 32 LSTM cells, while the completely integrated block is made up of an autoencoder layer & four highly integrated layers, each with 32 neurons as shown in Figure 5. The performance from the LSTM and completely connected blocks is mixed in the correct ratio using a pooling layer. A decoder layer predicts the performance of the pooling layer.Algorithm 1: Trajectory prediction algorithm.
1stAlgorithm: -Choosing the most similar segmenti TY ← TX & Φt ←0ii Calculates the tiniest region RGNX which includes all the positions in TXiii for every node nY ∈ N – {nX} doiv for (t0 = 0; t0 < t – J +1, t0 = t0 + Δ t) dov if lY(t0) in RGNX thenvi Calculates the tiniest region which includes all the positions inTYt0 starting with lY(t0) of length Jvii if RGNX = RGNYt0 thenviii Estimate the Spearman’s CoefficientΦspearman of TX & TYt0ix ifΦspearman > Φt thenx TY ← TYt0 and Φt ← Φspearmanxi end ifxii end ifxiii end ifxiv end forxv end forxvi Result:TY and ΦtFigure 5
Model of the hybrid LSTM scheduling algorithm.


## 3.3. Mobile Charger-Based Scheduling Algorithm (MSA)

As the NEI is a top-down multiobjective recursive challenge with the first goal of reducing the percentage of dead nodes, MSA seeks to decrease the count of dead nodes initially and then the charging transit time. As a result, the node election method looks like this:First, MSA examines the RREQ messages it has issued, since REQX indicates that SX is experiencing an energy alert. In the buffered REQX, the MC selects the SX sensor with the least power [31]. This will then be monitored by the mobile charger. The SX sensor is loaded by the MC when the limit is reached. Otherwise, in buffered messages, the MC selects the RREQ node with minimum energy as shown in Algorithm 2.When no appropriate node is chosen based on RREQ information, MSA attempts to choose the destination node for the lowest requested journey distance. MC casts beacons to check for neighbouring sensor nodes and selects the basic station with minimum remaining energy between those who react on MC. A list is being used to record the sensors powered by the MC currently, in order to prevent charging the sensors around frequently. As a result, the messages from these awaiting sensor nodes will be ignored by the MC.Algorithm 2: Mobile charger-based scheduling algorithm.
2ndAlgorithm:-Choosing the destination sensor for chargingiwhile the Mobile Charger barrier for RREQ is not void doii Search the sensor SP‘s RREQ in the mobile charger barrier with minimum energy status & remove SP‘s RREQ,SJ ← SPiiiif SJ satisfies theniv Return SJvend ifviend whilevii The mobile charger beamsviii if send SJ reacts to the mobile charger & recent charged sensors aren’t on the list thenix SJ ← SYxelse:xi Search the sensor node SX with high energy necessity Egain(x)in its accessibilityxii SJ ← SXxiiiend ifxivif SJ satisfies thenSJ ← Base Stationxv Output: SJ


## 3.4. Target Tracking Algorithm (TTA)

The MC will interact with the destination node for current movement information until it is associated with the target node [32]. The MC must guide the target node throughout the entire energy transfer process in order to complete the mission. This goal is recommended to be accomplished using the target tracking algorithm.Since the prediction phase “Δ” is tiny, it typically considers the target node’s mobility to be a linear trace. The Gaussian noise can be approximated when it comes to GPS position error. To predict the position of the target node, the Kalman filter is used, which has excellent short-time prediction efficiency.


## 3.5. LAB Scheduling Algorithm (LABS)

This algorithm is important for mesh topology and preventing beacon collisions. There are two sections of this algorithm as shown in Figure6. Initially, the nodes will be connected with one another, after which the neighbouring nodes will be examined to determine the energy information required for proper scheduling. The retrieval stage follows, in which the time slot is mapped to a variety of routes between the source and sink nodes as shown in Figure 7.Figure 6
LAB scheduling algorithm.Figure 7
Superframe specification of LABS.


## 4. Results and Discussion

Table1 refers to the simulation scenario preferred for the result parameter calculation. Figure 8 represents the accuracy comparison between LABS and TPA, where the prediction-based scheduling algorithm corresponding to the LABS performs better. Figures 9 and 10 represent the impact of the speed of the mobile charger relevant to the number of dead nodes and average residual energy where MSA, TTA, LABS & TPA are compared. Figures 11 and 12 represent the impact of battery capacity relevant to the number of dead nodes as well as average residual energy in which prediction-based scheduling algorithm based on TPA provides good results. Finally, Figures 13 and 14 represent the impact of energy consumption of the speed of sensors based on the number of dead nodes and average residual energy which are compared and result in good performance of TPA.. It has been observed that TPA performs good when compared to the other scheduling techniques.Table 1
Simulation parameters.
Simulation parametersParameterValueLgrid30 mN20Esensor8000 JEmc300 kJΔt25 sΦ0.3Rcom250 mΔ3 sλ0.6Figure 8
Accuracy of the LABS & TPA.Figure 9
Impact of speed of MC—no. of dead nodes.Figure 10
Impact of speed of MC—average residual energy.Figure 11
Impact of battery capacity of MC—no. of dead nodes.Figure 12
Impact of battery capacity of MC—average residual energy.Figure 13
Impact of energy consumption speed of sensors—no. of dead nodes.Figure 14
Impact of energy consumption speed of sensors—average residual energy.


## 5. Conclusions

In this work, how the mobile charger of restricted energy charger can charge the nodes with undetermined mobility has been observed. Three major issues have also been discussed for supplying the charging service like node finding issue, node election issue, and node protection issue. A prediction-based scheduling algorithm has been suggested which consists of trajectory prediction algorithm, mobile charger-based scheduling algorithm, load-adaptive beaconing scheduling, and target tracking algorithm to address the abovementioned issues. Finally, the performance of the prediction-based scheduling algorithm has been evaluated with respect to the existing through simulations. The proposed scheme of the prediction-based scheduling algorithm in interfacing with the trajectory prediction algorithm outperforms good and monitors the rechargeable-wireless sensor network system in an efficient state. However, the trajectory prediction algorithm technique depends on a neural system approach and it takes a very long time to develop the mobility patterns in individual sensor nodes. Consequently, a network with large numbers of nodes in an environment cannot achieve the proposed technique at all. The trajectory prediction algorithm can therefore be preferred as a future work, together with several mobile chargers by processing the data collection through the big data in WSNs. Also, the proposed technique can be applied in the application health care monitoring in patients, earth/environmental sensing to detect natural disasters, industrial monitoring, threat detection for detecting ground-based nuclear devices, area monitoring to detect enemy intrusion, data transfer in power systems, etc.



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*Source: 9601078-2021-10-31.xml*