# Temperature Characteristics of Acupoints in Sports Training Adapted to Wireless Communication Thermal Image

Authors: Kongmei Dong; Xiang Xu
Journal: Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
 (2022)

---

## Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to study the temperature characteristics of acupoints in sports training adapted to wireless communication thermal imaging. As the development of sports tends to be mature, the amount of training for athletes has also increased, and it is for this reason that the physical load of athletes is getting heavier and heavier. Traditional Chinese medicine pays attention to the theory of acupoints, which is the inheritance of China’s historical experience. The method is to study the temperature characteristics of acupuncture points and the effect of sports on acupoints from the perspective of the symmetry of the temperature and the amount of exercise on the acupuncture points. Through the exploration of infrared thermal imaging technology, experimental simulations are performed on rabbits. The results showed that the average temperature at the acupoints of Neiguan and Xinshu was higher, and the average temperature at the acupuncture points was lower. The results of the experimental part show that the body temperature of the experimental subject after exercise is not significantly different from the body temperature before exercise. There are temperature changes in some acupuncture points, but the temperature difference does not change much.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

In today’s society, the daily training volume of athletes is also increasing, and the training equipment is becoming more and more complex. Based on the rapid development of science and technology, people are also gradually putting scientific and technological equipment into sports training. The instrument detects the status of athletes and introduces targeted programs to improve exercise efficiency.With the rapid development and application of modern science and technology, the development of sports is also closely followed [1]. During exercise, analyzing sports techniques, mastering the whole body’s ability, and preparing for the game psychology, the use of new technologies throughout the process will be more efficient [2]. Infrared thermal imaging technology [3–5] can identify the hot and cold nature of the disease to a certain extent. There is a corresponding relationship between regional thermal status and syndromes [6]. It provides a theoretical basis for the research of TCM syndrome differentiation [7], using infrared imaging technology [8], to achieve a new way of objectification, visualization, and standardization of syndromes, and the theoretical research and clinical application of TCM [9] syndromes of infrared imaging technology [10] conduct analysis and outlook. The objective is to analyze the significance of the temperature difference between bilateral chest points [11] in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease by infrared thermal imaging [12]. In methods, 120 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) [13] were selected as the observation group, and 120 healthy people were selected as the control group. Infrared thermal images of the front torso [14] of all subjects were collected, and the temperature of the chest acupoints on both sides (walking corridor, Shenyin, Lingxu, breast, breast, Yingchuang) was detected, and the temperature difference between the two sides was obtained. The data is a statistical analysis. In results, the average temperature difference between the chest points of the control group [15] was (0.25±0.06) °C, and the average temperature difference of the observation group was (2.53±0.29) °C. There was a significant difference in body temperature between the two groups [16] (significant difference (P<0.05)), and as the severity of coronary artery disease [17] increases, the difference in body temperature gradually increases [18–20].The human body has a self-regulation mechanism. When the temperature of the external environment changes, the human body temperature regulation system will adapt to external changes by using its own heat generation or heat dissipation, so as to maintain its body temperature in a relatively stable state [21, 22]. When the external environment is lower than its own temperature, the human body will increase heat production and reduce heat dissipation through skeletal muscle activity and vibration; when the external environment is higher than its own temperature, the human body will change the blood flow to increase heat dissipation and reduce heat production, so that the body temperature keeps it relatively constant.


## 2. Sports Training Adapts to Infrared Thermal Image Point Temperature Characteristics

### 2.1. Infrared Thermal Imaging

Medical infrared thermal imaging technology is a new type of imaging technology that integrates infrared imaging technology, computer technology, and medical technology, and is different from CT, MRI, X-ray, and other structural imaging technologies [23, 24]. It includes an image device that scans and receives the thermal energy distribution of the human body through infrared imaging technology, and converts the information received through energy analysis and computer conversion into false colors to display the temperature distribution of the human body [25]. As a natural organism, the human body continuously radiates heat and infrared heat to the outside [26]. When the human body exchanges heat with the outside world [27], a relatively stable temperature distribution is formed on the medium skin contacted by the outside world [28].As a natural organism, the human body continuously radiates heat and infrared heat carried to the outside world [29, 30]. When the human body exchanges heat with the outside world, a relatively stable temperature distribution is formed on the medium skin contacted by the outside world [31, 32]. The data shows that the normal body temperature of the human body is the highest when the ambient temperature is 28 degrees Celsius [33]. The farther away from the body, the lower the temperature of the skin and the higher the temperature of the skin on the face [34]. Compared with the temperature of the infrared thermography on the left and right sides, the difference is roughly below 0.1 degree Celsius, and the maximum value does not exceed 0.2 degree Celsius, indicating that the temperature on the surface of normal adults is roughly symmetrically distributed. The work flow of the infrared thermal image target tracking system is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Flow chart of infrared thermal imaging moving target tracking system.Infrared thermal imaging target tracking system first quantizes the detected infrared radiation energy difference into an infrared image by an infrared sensor; preprocessing the image is generally to suppress the noise in the image, increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the image, and reduce the time to extract the target template interference; industrial control systems are generally used to confirm the initial frame target and refind the target to be tracked after the target is lost; the target template adaptive selection module generally tracks the industrial control instructions to determine the location of the tracking target and uses this as the center to extract the target; the tracking module keeps the target at the center of the tracking gate through the target tracking algorithm; the display module displays the tracking process and tracking-related information on the display.The infrared thermal imaging target tracking system first analyzes the difference in infrared energy detected by the infrared sensor in the infrared image. The preprocessing of the image is generally to suppress the noise in the image, improve the signal-to-noise ratio, and reduce interference. The basic steps of image preprocessing are grayscale transformation, image filtering, threshold segmentation, edge detection, and binarization which is included in threshold segmentation. The target template selection module is usually controlled according to the operation. Command to determine the target position and then use the segmentation algorithm to extract the target; the target tracking module keeps the target at the middle point of the tracking gate through the target tracking algorithm, and the display module displays the tracking process and tracking information on the display. According to the different methods of calculating the coordinates of the target center point, the wave gate tracking method can be divided into centroid tracking and centroid tracking. The wave gate tracking process is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Flow chart of Bomen tracking.Denoise the image in the tracking gate and then segment the image to get the target area. The horizontal and vertical coordinates of the centroid of the target area are the average horizontal and vertical coordinates of all pixels in the area, whereN represents the target area and i represents a certain noise point, namely,
(1)x¯=∑i=1NxiN,(2)y¯=∑i=1NyiN.Denoise the image in the tracking gate and then segment the image to get the target area. The horizontal and vertical coordinates of the center of mass of the target area are the average of the horizontal and vertical coordinates of all pixels in the area multiplied by grayscale, namely,(3)x¯=∑x=1N∑y=1Nfx,y×y∑x=1N∑y=1Nfx,y,(4)y¯=∑x=1N∑y=1Nfx,y×y∑x=1N∑y=1Nfx,y.


### 2.2. Acupoint Temperature

In ancient medical texts, the points where the body’s internal organs, meridians, qi, and blood enter and exit are acupuncture points. If the acupuncture point is regarded as a point whose area is close to zero, its resistance will be close to infinity, which has no research significance. However, if the acupuncture points are regarded as the circular area with the acupoints as the center and a radius of 0.2-0.5 cm, it is abbreviated as acupoints. Less sensitive acupuncture points are generally about one centimeter in diameter. For more sensitive acupoints, the effective range is larger, sometimes close to two centimeters. Its 3D is similar to a cylinder, which points to the inner skin perpendicular to the skin. When the body organs are abnormal, the physiological functions of the meridians and acupuncture points are destroyed, causing changes in the resistance of the acupoints. Common acupuncture points in the human body are shown in Figure3:Figure 3
Common acupoints in the human body (some pictures are fromhttp://alturl.com/cxdhw).The charge and discharge performance of human body acupuncture points and capacitors are similar, not only have inertial characteristics but also nonlinear characteristics. Capacitance and resistance are the properties of the electrical components of the network through the forearm of the heart. Its topology is a parallel structure in the circuit, which is then connected in series with the resistor. Analyze the inertial area of acupoints of different physiological and pathological states. The low inertia characteristics of acupoints are obvious, and there are differences due to changes in physiological and pathological states. Compared with the comparison point, there is no significant statistical difference in the voltammetry observation area of most acupoints, but the difference in the inertial area of most acupoints is obvious. The equivalent resistance of acupuncture points is mapped by the volt-ampere area of the acupuncture points. The low-resistance characteristics of acupuncture points are not universal and are different from the low-inertia characteristics of acupoints.


### 2.3. Sports Training

The sports coach develops the physical training of the players through education and guidance, in order to strengthen the athlete’s ability in a certain aspect, and to strengthen the athletic ability of specific events is to pursue the extreme training state. Competitive sports are developed under the premise of the development of sports training. Sports coaches provide athletes with rules, scientific training plans, and goal setting to increase the athletes’ special abilities. Exercise helps improve physical fitness and physical and mental health. Through sports training, cultivate good ideology, time management, and regularity of life, let the trainer build a sound body and spirit, and develop the trainer’s body and mind in an all-round way. As shown in Figure4, it can be seen that exercise stimulates the muscles of different parts.Figure 4
The stimulation of exercise on muscle clusters in different parts.Any physical fitness can be achieved through certain muscle activities. Muscle strength is the foundation of all human activities. Strength quality determines the improvement of speed quality, endurance quality, flexibility, and the performance of sensitive qualities. Sports training is the process of granting the human body and skills. The trainer must train on the basis of clarifying his training purpose. Therefore, the results of physical training depend to some extent on the consciousness of the trainer. Exercise load is too small, and training frequency is too low. The exercise load is too small, the player’s function response is very small, it is difficult to cause the expected fatigue, and it is difficult to cause the structure and function of the body to rebuild. Therefore, there is no overtime compensation, or the degree of overtime compensation is low, which means that no obvious sports effect can be obtained. The stimulation of exercise load should not be too large, but there will be no response without stimulation, and exercise capacity will not be improved. If the training frequency is too low, each training session can get the ideal exercise effect, but the training session frequency is too low, and it has been canceled until the timeout recovery is obtained in the last training session, and the next training session is started. It is difficult to increase athletic ability accordingly. Therefore, before and after exercise training, the trainer has practical significance for monitoring temperature changes in the body area.


### 2.4. Wireless Communication Technology

Since the 1990s, with people’s requirements for high-speed data communication and the development of wireless technology, a wireless communication technology with convenient maintenance and flexible deployment has attracted a lot of attention from insiders and outsiders. Because of its safety and confidentiality and large information capacity, it has a wide range of applications and quickly entered the civilian field from the military and aerospace fields. The application of wireless technology in the civil field includes the application of wireless transmission in the financial field, the application of wireless transmission in large-scale activity space, the application of urban management system, and the application of smart home. Wireless communication uses communication signals as the carrier to transmit signals in the atmosphere. Common wireless communication structure is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Common wireless communication structure.The sparse representation of a signal refers to how to find a certain orthogonal basis for a certain signal to make it sparse. Sparsity is the premise of compressed sensing theory. Only when a certain sparsity is satisfied can the signal be accurately restored. Since the frequency nonzero value of the original signal still retains a larger value in the frequency domain after random sampling, the larger two can be detected by setting a threshold value. Then, assuming that only these two nonzero values are present in the signal, the interference caused by these two nonzero values can be calculated. Only the nonzero value of blue and the interference value caused by it can be obtained, and then, the threshold value can be set to detect it, and the final restoration frequency domain can be obtained. For a discrete signalx of length N, suppose there is
(5)x=∑i=1NSiψi.The core problem of compressed sensing theory is how to design the observation matrix, whereM<<N. The successful realization of compressed sensing depends on whether M observation values can be obtained by sampling through a suitable observation matrix, and the information of the signal is guaranteed not to be destroyed, so that the original N-dimensional signal can be reconstructed.
(6)y=Φx=Φψs=Θs.Research shows that to completely reconstruct the signal, it is necessary to ensure that the matrix composed of everyM column vectors extracted from the observation matrix is not singular; that is to say, the observation matrix will not map two different K-dimensional sparse signals to the same sampling set.That is, forK sparse signal c, if there is
(7)1−δKc22≤ΘTc22≤1+δKc22,∀c∈RT.For aK sparse signal x, the sufficient condition of x can be reconstructed from y, namely,
(8)1−δ3Kc22≤ΘTC22≤1+δ3Kc22,∀c∈RT.The signal reconstruction problem can be solved by solving the minimum norm problem.(9)x¯=argminxo,StΦx=y.At present, many algorithms for seeking suboptimal solutions have been proposed. The optimization algorithms include gradient descent method, Newton method and quasi-Newton method, conjugate gradient method, and heuristic optimization method. Generally speaking, they can be divided into convex relaxation methods and greedy pursuit algorithms. Each algorithm has its inherent shortcomings. The convex relaxation method requires fewer observations, but the amount of calculation is large, while the greedy tracking algorithm is less robust to signals with low signal-to-noise ratio.


### 2.5. Convex Relaxation Algorithm

The convex relaxation algorithm finds the approximation of the signal by transforming the nonconvex problem into the convex problem, including base pursuit algorithm, interior point method, iterative threshold method, and gradient projection method.The BP algorithmM refers to the relaxation of the norm and the solution through linear programming. The realization principle of BP algorithm is to perform initialization, forward calculation, and backward calculation and then update the weights and thresholds. Research has proved that after the norm is replaced, an equivalent problem is obtained:
(10)x∧=argminx1s.t.Φx=y.Considering the reconstruction error, s.t. is the problem description in the minimum norm solution; this problem can be converted to a minimum norm problem:(11)xΛ=Δargminx1,Φx−y≤2ε.For a givenK, assume that the 2-foot constraint equidistant constant of the measurement matrix satisfies the following conditions:
(12)δ2K<2−1.If the remainingM-K elements are 0, then the reconstruction error of the BP algorithm is as follows:
(13)x^−x2≤C1ε+C2x−xK1K.The signal and measurement combination is as follows:(14)X=x1x2⋮xJX∈RY∈RΦ∈R,15Y=y1y2⋮yJX∈RY∈RΦ∈R,(16)ΦΦ10⋯00Φ2⋯0⋮⋮⋱⋮00⋯ΦJ.The above formula shows that when the sparse vector coefficients are grouped according to the signal, each independent measurement matrix has a block diagonal structure. The signal can be expressed as follows:(17)X=z+zi,i∈1,2,⋯,N.All signals are composed of a common basis vector, but have different coefficients, as follows:(18)xi=ψθi,i∈1,2,⋯,N.For the joint sparse signal, it can be expressed as follows:(19)X≔xx1x2,Φ≔Φ1Φ10Φ20Φ2.We can use the combination coefficient matrixZ to construct the measurement matrix Y:
(20)Z^=argminγz1+γ1z11+γ2z21s.t.y=ΦZ.Here,z is the common information of each signal. In generalized distributed compressed sensing, the common information is defined as the common information of the subsignals. Then, X can be expressed as follows:
(21)x1=z+z1.2+z1.3+z1,(22)x2=z+z2.1+z2.3+z2,(23)x3=z+z3.2+z3.1+z3.The model can be extended to any number of subsignals. It is known that an arbitrary sparse signal can be expressed as follows:(24)x=Pθ.Solve the following minimum norm problem to getZ:
(25)Z^=argminWiZi1s.t.Y=ΦZ1.In the convex relaxation algorithm, the direct-view link contains most of the system characteristics such as signal power, so it is very important to study the characteristics of the direct-view link. DC gain is an important characteristic parameter that characterizes the channel characteristics. It is the ratio of the received power at the receiving end to the transmit power at the transmitting end. The direct-view link channel model is shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Direct-view link channel model.The light source conforms to the Lambertian radiation model, and the emitting end is a symmetrical axial radiation pattern. The Lambertian radiation model is shown in Figure7.Figure 7
Lambertian radiation model.


#### 2.5.1. Anonymous Communication Technology

Anonymity can also be understood from another perspective, that is, a state of a communicating entity that is hidden from anonymity and cannot be recognized by other entities. Anonymous communication refers to a communication method that hides the relationship between the communicating parties, so that the attacker cannot use monitoring or traffic analysis methods to obtain the identity of the communicating parties. A typical anonymous communication system is shown in Figure8Figure 8
Typical anonymous communication system.


### 2.6. Thermal Infrared Characteristics of the Surface

The emissivity of the ground surface is not only related to the composition of the ground features but also related to the structure and physical state of the ground features, such as the roughness of the ground surface, the soil moisture content, and the growth status of vegetation. According to Kirchhoff’s law, the specific emissivity of a ground object is equal to the absorptance. Kirchhoff’s law is the embodiment of the single value of the potential when the electric field is a potential field on the lumped parameter circuit, and its physical background is energy conservation. So, specific emissivity is equal to absorptivity. Generally speaking, the absorption rate of the earth’s surface for long-wave radiation is close to constant. The absorption rate of various types of ground is between 0.85 and 0.99, and the absorption rate of long-wave radiation on the surface is shown in Table1.Table 1
Absorption rate of long-wave radiation on the surface.
TypeAbsorption rateTypeAbsorption rateSoil0.95-0.97Dirt road0.966Sandy soil0.91-0.95Vegetation0.95-0.98Rock0.82-0.93Seawater0.96It can be seen from the above table that the ground absorption rate is generally above 0.95, sand and rock are low, while pure water and snow are very close to 1, and sometimes it can be used as a black body source surface. In addition, the specific emissivity of the earth’s surface is also related to the terrain, the viewing angle, and wavelength of the sensor. Table2 shows the spectral range under different wavelength bands. Figure 9 shows a person’s thermal map changes before and after exercise.Table 2
Spectral range parameter table under different bands.
BandSpectral rangeBandSpectral rangeCH10.48-0.72CH33.417-3.897CH20.6892-1.146CH410.28-11.39Figure 9
Changes in the heat map before and after exercise.It can be seen from the above table and the thermal image that before exercise, it is recognized that the physical signs dissipate less heat. After exercise, the real body begins to dissipate a lot of heat to maintain the body surface temperature.


## 2.1. Infrared Thermal Imaging

Medical infrared thermal imaging technology is a new type of imaging technology that integrates infrared imaging technology, computer technology, and medical technology, and is different from CT, MRI, X-ray, and other structural imaging technologies [23, 24]. It includes an image device that scans and receives the thermal energy distribution of the human body through infrared imaging technology, and converts the information received through energy analysis and computer conversion into false colors to display the temperature distribution of the human body [25]. As a natural organism, the human body continuously radiates heat and infrared heat to the outside [26]. When the human body exchanges heat with the outside world [27], a relatively stable temperature distribution is formed on the medium skin contacted by the outside world [28].As a natural organism, the human body continuously radiates heat and infrared heat carried to the outside world [29, 30]. When the human body exchanges heat with the outside world, a relatively stable temperature distribution is formed on the medium skin contacted by the outside world [31, 32]. The data shows that the normal body temperature of the human body is the highest when the ambient temperature is 28 degrees Celsius [33]. The farther away from the body, the lower the temperature of the skin and the higher the temperature of the skin on the face [34]. Compared with the temperature of the infrared thermography on the left and right sides, the difference is roughly below 0.1 degree Celsius, and the maximum value does not exceed 0.2 degree Celsius, indicating that the temperature on the surface of normal adults is roughly symmetrically distributed. The work flow of the infrared thermal image target tracking system is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Flow chart of infrared thermal imaging moving target tracking system.Infrared thermal imaging target tracking system first quantizes the detected infrared radiation energy difference into an infrared image by an infrared sensor; preprocessing the image is generally to suppress the noise in the image, increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the image, and reduce the time to extract the target template interference; industrial control systems are generally used to confirm the initial frame target and refind the target to be tracked after the target is lost; the target template adaptive selection module generally tracks the industrial control instructions to determine the location of the tracking target and uses this as the center to extract the target; the tracking module keeps the target at the center of the tracking gate through the target tracking algorithm; the display module displays the tracking process and tracking-related information on the display.The infrared thermal imaging target tracking system first analyzes the difference in infrared energy detected by the infrared sensor in the infrared image. The preprocessing of the image is generally to suppress the noise in the image, improve the signal-to-noise ratio, and reduce interference. The basic steps of image preprocessing are grayscale transformation, image filtering, threshold segmentation, edge detection, and binarization which is included in threshold segmentation. The target template selection module is usually controlled according to the operation. Command to determine the target position and then use the segmentation algorithm to extract the target; the target tracking module keeps the target at the middle point of the tracking gate through the target tracking algorithm, and the display module displays the tracking process and tracking information on the display. According to the different methods of calculating the coordinates of the target center point, the wave gate tracking method can be divided into centroid tracking and centroid tracking. The wave gate tracking process is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Flow chart of Bomen tracking.Denoise the image in the tracking gate and then segment the image to get the target area. The horizontal and vertical coordinates of the centroid of the target area are the average horizontal and vertical coordinates of all pixels in the area, whereN represents the target area and i represents a certain noise point, namely,
(1)x¯=∑i=1NxiN,(2)y¯=∑i=1NyiN.Denoise the image in the tracking gate and then segment the image to get the target area. The horizontal and vertical coordinates of the center of mass of the target area are the average of the horizontal and vertical coordinates of all pixels in the area multiplied by grayscale, namely,(3)x¯=∑x=1N∑y=1Nfx,y×y∑x=1N∑y=1Nfx,y,(4)y¯=∑x=1N∑y=1Nfx,y×y∑x=1N∑y=1Nfx,y.


## 2.2. Acupoint Temperature

In ancient medical texts, the points where the body’s internal organs, meridians, qi, and blood enter and exit are acupuncture points. If the acupuncture point is regarded as a point whose area is close to zero, its resistance will be close to infinity, which has no research significance. However, if the acupuncture points are regarded as the circular area with the acupoints as the center and a radius of 0.2-0.5 cm, it is abbreviated as acupoints. Less sensitive acupuncture points are generally about one centimeter in diameter. For more sensitive acupoints, the effective range is larger, sometimes close to two centimeters. Its 3D is similar to a cylinder, which points to the inner skin perpendicular to the skin. When the body organs are abnormal, the physiological functions of the meridians and acupuncture points are destroyed, causing changes in the resistance of the acupoints. Common acupuncture points in the human body are shown in Figure3:Figure 3
Common acupoints in the human body (some pictures are fromhttp://alturl.com/cxdhw).The charge and discharge performance of human body acupuncture points and capacitors are similar, not only have inertial characteristics but also nonlinear characteristics. Capacitance and resistance are the properties of the electrical components of the network through the forearm of the heart. Its topology is a parallel structure in the circuit, which is then connected in series with the resistor. Analyze the inertial area of acupoints of different physiological and pathological states. The low inertia characteristics of acupoints are obvious, and there are differences due to changes in physiological and pathological states. Compared with the comparison point, there is no significant statistical difference in the voltammetry observation area of most acupoints, but the difference in the inertial area of most acupoints is obvious. The equivalent resistance of acupuncture points is mapped by the volt-ampere area of the acupuncture points. The low-resistance characteristics of acupuncture points are not universal and are different from the low-inertia characteristics of acupoints.


## 2.3. Sports Training

The sports coach develops the physical training of the players through education and guidance, in order to strengthen the athlete’s ability in a certain aspect, and to strengthen the athletic ability of specific events is to pursue the extreme training state. Competitive sports are developed under the premise of the development of sports training. Sports coaches provide athletes with rules, scientific training plans, and goal setting to increase the athletes’ special abilities. Exercise helps improve physical fitness and physical and mental health. Through sports training, cultivate good ideology, time management, and regularity of life, let the trainer build a sound body and spirit, and develop the trainer’s body and mind in an all-round way. As shown in Figure4, it can be seen that exercise stimulates the muscles of different parts.Figure 4
The stimulation of exercise on muscle clusters in different parts.Any physical fitness can be achieved through certain muscle activities. Muscle strength is the foundation of all human activities. Strength quality determines the improvement of speed quality, endurance quality, flexibility, and the performance of sensitive qualities. Sports training is the process of granting the human body and skills. The trainer must train on the basis of clarifying his training purpose. Therefore, the results of physical training depend to some extent on the consciousness of the trainer. Exercise load is too small, and training frequency is too low. The exercise load is too small, the player’s function response is very small, it is difficult to cause the expected fatigue, and it is difficult to cause the structure and function of the body to rebuild. Therefore, there is no overtime compensation, or the degree of overtime compensation is low, which means that no obvious sports effect can be obtained. The stimulation of exercise load should not be too large, but there will be no response without stimulation, and exercise capacity will not be improved. If the training frequency is too low, each training session can get the ideal exercise effect, but the training session frequency is too low, and it has been canceled until the timeout recovery is obtained in the last training session, and the next training session is started. It is difficult to increase athletic ability accordingly. Therefore, before and after exercise training, the trainer has practical significance for monitoring temperature changes in the body area.


## 2.4. Wireless Communication Technology

Since the 1990s, with people’s requirements for high-speed data communication and the development of wireless technology, a wireless communication technology with convenient maintenance and flexible deployment has attracted a lot of attention from insiders and outsiders. Because of its safety and confidentiality and large information capacity, it has a wide range of applications and quickly entered the civilian field from the military and aerospace fields. The application of wireless technology in the civil field includes the application of wireless transmission in the financial field, the application of wireless transmission in large-scale activity space, the application of urban management system, and the application of smart home. Wireless communication uses communication signals as the carrier to transmit signals in the atmosphere. Common wireless communication structure is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Common wireless communication structure.The sparse representation of a signal refers to how to find a certain orthogonal basis for a certain signal to make it sparse. Sparsity is the premise of compressed sensing theory. Only when a certain sparsity is satisfied can the signal be accurately restored. Since the frequency nonzero value of the original signal still retains a larger value in the frequency domain after random sampling, the larger two can be detected by setting a threshold value. Then, assuming that only these two nonzero values are present in the signal, the interference caused by these two nonzero values can be calculated. Only the nonzero value of blue and the interference value caused by it can be obtained, and then, the threshold value can be set to detect it, and the final restoration frequency domain can be obtained. For a discrete signalx of length N, suppose there is
(5)x=∑i=1NSiψi.The core problem of compressed sensing theory is how to design the observation matrix, whereM<<N. The successful realization of compressed sensing depends on whether M observation values can be obtained by sampling through a suitable observation matrix, and the information of the signal is guaranteed not to be destroyed, so that the original N-dimensional signal can be reconstructed.
(6)y=Φx=Φψs=Θs.Research shows that to completely reconstruct the signal, it is necessary to ensure that the matrix composed of everyM column vectors extracted from the observation matrix is not singular; that is to say, the observation matrix will not map two different K-dimensional sparse signals to the same sampling set.That is, forK sparse signal c, if there is
(7)1−δKc22≤ΘTc22≤1+δKc22,∀c∈RT.For aK sparse signal x, the sufficient condition of x can be reconstructed from y, namely,
(8)1−δ3Kc22≤ΘTC22≤1+δ3Kc22,∀c∈RT.The signal reconstruction problem can be solved by solving the minimum norm problem.(9)x¯=argminxo,StΦx=y.At present, many algorithms for seeking suboptimal solutions have been proposed. The optimization algorithms include gradient descent method, Newton method and quasi-Newton method, conjugate gradient method, and heuristic optimization method. Generally speaking, they can be divided into convex relaxation methods and greedy pursuit algorithms. Each algorithm has its inherent shortcomings. The convex relaxation method requires fewer observations, but the amount of calculation is large, while the greedy tracking algorithm is less robust to signals with low signal-to-noise ratio.


## 2.5. Convex Relaxation Algorithm

The convex relaxation algorithm finds the approximation of the signal by transforming the nonconvex problem into the convex problem, including base pursuit algorithm, interior point method, iterative threshold method, and gradient projection method.The BP algorithmM refers to the relaxation of the norm and the solution through linear programming. The realization principle of BP algorithm is to perform initialization, forward calculation, and backward calculation and then update the weights and thresholds. Research has proved that after the norm is replaced, an equivalent problem is obtained:
(10)x∧=argminx1s.t.Φx=y.Considering the reconstruction error, s.t. is the problem description in the minimum norm solution; this problem can be converted to a minimum norm problem:(11)xΛ=Δargminx1,Φx−y≤2ε.For a givenK, assume that the 2-foot constraint equidistant constant of the measurement matrix satisfies the following conditions:
(12)δ2K<2−1.If the remainingM-K elements are 0, then the reconstruction error of the BP algorithm is as follows:
(13)x^−x2≤C1ε+C2x−xK1K.The signal and measurement combination is as follows:(14)X=x1x2⋮xJX∈RY∈RΦ∈R,15Y=y1y2⋮yJX∈RY∈RΦ∈R,(16)ΦΦ10⋯00Φ2⋯0⋮⋮⋱⋮00⋯ΦJ.The above formula shows that when the sparse vector coefficients are grouped according to the signal, each independent measurement matrix has a block diagonal structure. The signal can be expressed as follows:(17)X=z+zi,i∈1,2,⋯,N.All signals are composed of a common basis vector, but have different coefficients, as follows:(18)xi=ψθi,i∈1,2,⋯,N.For the joint sparse signal, it can be expressed as follows:(19)X≔xx1x2,Φ≔Φ1Φ10Φ20Φ2.We can use the combination coefficient matrixZ to construct the measurement matrix Y:
(20)Z^=argminγz1+γ1z11+γ2z21s.t.y=ΦZ.Here,z is the common information of each signal. In generalized distributed compressed sensing, the common information is defined as the common information of the subsignals. Then, X can be expressed as follows:
(21)x1=z+z1.2+z1.3+z1,(22)x2=z+z2.1+z2.3+z2,(23)x3=z+z3.2+z3.1+z3.The model can be extended to any number of subsignals. It is known that an arbitrary sparse signal can be expressed as follows:(24)x=Pθ.Solve the following minimum norm problem to getZ:
(25)Z^=argminWiZi1s.t.Y=ΦZ1.In the convex relaxation algorithm, the direct-view link contains most of the system characteristics such as signal power, so it is very important to study the characteristics of the direct-view link. DC gain is an important characteristic parameter that characterizes the channel characteristics. It is the ratio of the received power at the receiving end to the transmit power at the transmitting end. The direct-view link channel model is shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Direct-view link channel model.The light source conforms to the Lambertian radiation model, and the emitting end is a symmetrical axial radiation pattern. The Lambertian radiation model is shown in Figure7.Figure 7
Lambertian radiation model.


### 2.5.1. Anonymous Communication Technology

Anonymity can also be understood from another perspective, that is, a state of a communicating entity that is hidden from anonymity and cannot be recognized by other entities. Anonymous communication refers to a communication method that hides the relationship between the communicating parties, so that the attacker cannot use monitoring or traffic analysis methods to obtain the identity of the communicating parties. A typical anonymous communication system is shown in Figure8Figure 8
Typical anonymous communication system.


## 2.5.1. Anonymous Communication Technology

Anonymity can also be understood from another perspective, that is, a state of a communicating entity that is hidden from anonymity and cannot be recognized by other entities. Anonymous communication refers to a communication method that hides the relationship between the communicating parties, so that the attacker cannot use monitoring or traffic analysis methods to obtain the identity of the communicating parties. A typical anonymous communication system is shown in Figure8Figure 8
Typical anonymous communication system.


## 2.6. Thermal Infrared Characteristics of the Surface

The emissivity of the ground surface is not only related to the composition of the ground features but also related to the structure and physical state of the ground features, such as the roughness of the ground surface, the soil moisture content, and the growth status of vegetation. According to Kirchhoff’s law, the specific emissivity of a ground object is equal to the absorptance. Kirchhoff’s law is the embodiment of the single value of the potential when the electric field is a potential field on the lumped parameter circuit, and its physical background is energy conservation. So, specific emissivity is equal to absorptivity. Generally speaking, the absorption rate of the earth’s surface for long-wave radiation is close to constant. The absorption rate of various types of ground is between 0.85 and 0.99, and the absorption rate of long-wave radiation on the surface is shown in Table1.Table 1
Absorption rate of long-wave radiation on the surface.
TypeAbsorption rateTypeAbsorption rateSoil0.95-0.97Dirt road0.966Sandy soil0.91-0.95Vegetation0.95-0.98Rock0.82-0.93Seawater0.96It can be seen from the above table that the ground absorption rate is generally above 0.95, sand and rock are low, while pure water and snow are very close to 1, and sometimes it can be used as a black body source surface. In addition, the specific emissivity of the earth’s surface is also related to the terrain, the viewing angle, and wavelength of the sensor. Table2 shows the spectral range under different wavelength bands. Figure 9 shows a person’s thermal map changes before and after exercise.Table 2
Spectral range parameter table under different bands.
BandSpectral rangeBandSpectral rangeCH10.48-0.72CH33.417-3.897CH20.6892-1.146CH410.28-11.39Figure 9
Changes in the heat map before and after exercise.It can be seen from the above table and the thermal image that before exercise, it is recognized that the physical signs dissipate less heat. After exercise, the real body begins to dissipate a lot of heat to maintain the body surface temperature.


## 3. Research Objects, Models, and Steps

### 3.1. Test Object

The Animal Experiment Center of the Ministry of Medicine provided 45 healthy adult white rabbits which are 8 weeks old and weighing 210 grams to 230 grams. Light and nature change together, and animals did not move before the experiment. After 7 days of regular adaptation and feeding, the rabbits adapted to jogging for a total of 2 days at a speed of 10 meters per second within a jogging distance of less than 100 meters. After 2 days, run at a speed of 10 meters per minute for 3 minutes and at a speed of 15 meters per minute for 3 minutes, and then rest for 2-3 days. Rabbits that are not properly adjusted during this period will be screened out. Randomly divide into 5 groups; each group has 8 animals. There is no need to distinguish male and female rabbits in this experiment. There is no significant difference in the body weight of the animals in each group. Table3 shows the weight changes of healthy white rabbits during jogging.Table 3
Weight changes of healthy white rabbits during jogging.
Experiment12345Before the experiment211 kg217 kg224 kg216 kg229 kgAfter the experiment208 kg215 kg220 kg214 kg227 kg


### 3.2. Experimental Models and Procedures

In this experiment, the subjects performed continuous high-level exercise runs, and the amount of oxygen intake was used to determine the intensity of exercise required to improve the related insights. In rainy days, we use foreign objects to stimulate the test subjects to perform high-intensity running; once to ensure the progress of the experiment, the measuring equipment we use is the infrared thermal imaging camera used by the medical equipment to collect relevant experimental data. Connect the equipment to the computer, make the training group and the control group 5 meters apart from the ZR-2010 medical infrared camera lens, make the indoor relative air still, and avoid direct sunlight, and at direct sunlight, the indoor temperature is about 216°C; moreover, test the animals separately. During the test and standby period, you should stabilize your feelings and do not touch the surface of your body. Table4 shows the average temperature of the body surface before and after exercise of 40 healthy white rabbits of the experimental subjects divided into five groups, measured by thermal imaging technology.Table 4
Comparison of body surface temperature before and after exercise.
GroupBefore the experimentAfter the experimentOne36.437.1Two36.337.2Three36.237.0Four36.437.3Five36.137.0The comparison of the body surface temperature of healthy white rabbits before and after exercise measured by thermal imaging technology shows that the temperature of the white rabbits before and after exercise does not change much, and the overall temperature remains stable.


## 3.1. Test Object

The Animal Experiment Center of the Ministry of Medicine provided 45 healthy adult white rabbits which are 8 weeks old and weighing 210 grams to 230 grams. Light and nature change together, and animals did not move before the experiment. After 7 days of regular adaptation and feeding, the rabbits adapted to jogging for a total of 2 days at a speed of 10 meters per second within a jogging distance of less than 100 meters. After 2 days, run at a speed of 10 meters per minute for 3 minutes and at a speed of 15 meters per minute for 3 minutes, and then rest for 2-3 days. Rabbits that are not properly adjusted during this period will be screened out. Randomly divide into 5 groups; each group has 8 animals. There is no need to distinguish male and female rabbits in this experiment. There is no significant difference in the body weight of the animals in each group. Table3 shows the weight changes of healthy white rabbits during jogging.Table 3
Weight changes of healthy white rabbits during jogging.
Experiment12345Before the experiment211 kg217 kg224 kg216 kg229 kgAfter the experiment208 kg215 kg220 kg214 kg227 kg


## 3.2. Experimental Models and Procedures

In this experiment, the subjects performed continuous high-level exercise runs, and the amount of oxygen intake was used to determine the intensity of exercise required to improve the related insights. In rainy days, we use foreign objects to stimulate the test subjects to perform high-intensity running; once to ensure the progress of the experiment, the measuring equipment we use is the infrared thermal imaging camera used by the medical equipment to collect relevant experimental data. Connect the equipment to the computer, make the training group and the control group 5 meters apart from the ZR-2010 medical infrared camera lens, make the indoor relative air still, and avoid direct sunlight, and at direct sunlight, the indoor temperature is about 216°C; moreover, test the animals separately. During the test and standby period, you should stabilize your feelings and do not touch the surface of your body. Table4 shows the average temperature of the body surface before and after exercise of 40 healthy white rabbits of the experimental subjects divided into five groups, measured by thermal imaging technology.Table 4
Comparison of body surface temperature before and after exercise.
GroupBefore the experimentAfter the experimentOne36.437.1Two36.337.2Three36.237.0Four36.437.3Five36.137.0The comparison of the body surface temperature of healthy white rabbits before and after exercise measured by thermal imaging technology shows that the temperature of the white rabbits before and after exercise does not change much, and the overall temperature remains stable.


## 4. Analysis of Acupoint Temperature Characteristics

### 4.1. Comparison of Subjects’ Weight and Exercise Status during the Experiment

The weight changes of the subjects in the experiment are shown in Table5.Table 5
Changes in rat body weight.
WeekABCDEBefore the experiment218.29±31.85223.58±31.23229.33±24.56210.35±14.89226.51±12.051230.73±29.15226.24±31.45221.33±21.74201.13±15.24219.35±13.242247.34±30.13237.46±24.56219.41±24.52210.55±13.41225.42±11.453251.66±20.37249.95±23.71231.56±22.46220.73±14.06240.55±14.514268.91±24.23262.45±23.73237.32±21.93228.61±11.83252.45±13.72During the experiment, first record the weight of the subject. After 4 weeks of eating, compare the moving subjects and nonexercising subjects. There is no obvious difference. Figure10 shows the impact of the subject’s fatigue on the machine.Figure 10
The effect of the rabbit running on the treadmill until it is exhausted.From Figure10, we can see that there is no significant difference in fatigue between the exercise group and the control group. Properly extend the fatigue time of the exercise group and the rest group.


### 4.2. Results and Analysis of a Single Large-Scale Tracking Experiment

At present, the most used target tracking algorithm is used to evaluate the target and measure the performance index, which is evaluated by multiple quantified indexes. This experiment evaluates the performance of the tracking algorithm by using two indicators: tracking accuracy and center error. The tracking results of targets with different coordinates are shown in Figure11:Figure 11
Target tracking results with different coordinates.Because the error problem in the experiment process is easy to cause the experiment to be affected by randomness, the tracking measurement of the experimental object changes relatively greatly, which will cause the error to become larger, but the tracking algorithm we use is always in the target, wandering in the center. The accuracy is relatively high, and the tracking result is more accurate, so the error will be smaller.


### 4.3. Comparative Analysis of Average Temperature between Acupoints and Nonacupoints

Regarding 45 rabbits, Table6 shows the comparison of the temperature values of the various hole areas on the opening side and the control points.Table 6
Comparison of temperature values between different cave areas and side opening control points (the table is from “https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-79200-8_81”).
GroupAcupoint areaCaveside areaRight Neiguan36.43±0.6435.18±0.71Left Neiguan36.47±0.5535.31±0.73Right heart36.23±0.4235.43±0.35Comparison results of temperature values between different cave areas and side opening control points are shown in Figure12. The average temperature on the right is 36.42 degrees after measurement, the nearby temperature is 35.18 degrees, the average temperature on the left is 36.47 degrees after measurement, and the nearby temperature is 35.31 degrees. Although there are differences, the temperature difference is relatively small. Figure 12 shows the temperature comparison between the control points in different areas.Figure 12
Comparison results of temperature values between different cave areas and side opening control points.From the above picture, it is not difficult to see that when the internal and external temperature and environmental conditions are similar, the temperature of the skin is mainly determined by the subcutaneous tissue and structure, and blood vessels affect the temperature of the skin. As one of the main factors, blood circulation is the most important factor. It is important and affects the metabolism. As shown in Figure13, it shows the temperature changes of different acupoints.Figure 13
The temperature changes of different acupoints.As can be seen from the above image, the temperature of most of the acupuncture points of the body will change before and after exercise, but the temperature changes little.


### 4.4. Comparison of Infrared Temperature Difference of Acupoints before and after Exercise in a Group

Figure14 shows the comparison of the infrared temperature difference of the acupoints before and after the exercise of the contrast group.Figure 14
Comparison of infrared temperature difference between acupoints before and after exercise in the control group.In the exercise group and the contrast group, the infrared thermal image of the rabbit group before exercise usually shows that the temperature of the acupuncture point is low, the temperature near the acupuncture point is high, and the temperature difference is large. After exercise, the temperature difference of most rabbits’ acupoints will drop to different degrees, even the temperature of the acupoints will be higher than the temperature near the acupuncture points. Through special imaging technology and tomographic imaging technology from the surface to the interior, the human heat source is normal.


### 4.5. Temperature Measurement and Analysis during the Experiment

In the process of experimental measurement, through the measurement of the experimental object, the change of the body surface temperature of the experimental object before and after exercise is compared for comparison. During the temperature measurement process, considering the accuracy of the experiment, 5 groups of experimental objects are deliberately arranged. A total of 40 healthy rabbits were used to conduct simulation experiments and used thermal imaging technology to measure the temperature of the acupuncture points and gradually applied to the display. The infrared thermal imaging technology that can be seen in real life is shown in Figure15.Figure 15
The application of thermal imaging technology in daily life.As can be seen from the above figure, thermal imaging technology is used more and more frequently in our daily life, and it occupies an increasingly important position for various application fields, and it is also becoming more and more proficient in the use of related technologies.


## 4.1. Comparison of Subjects’ Weight and Exercise Status during the Experiment

The weight changes of the subjects in the experiment are shown in Table5.Table 5
Changes in rat body weight.
WeekABCDEBefore the experiment218.29±31.85223.58±31.23229.33±24.56210.35±14.89226.51±12.051230.73±29.15226.24±31.45221.33±21.74201.13±15.24219.35±13.242247.34±30.13237.46±24.56219.41±24.52210.55±13.41225.42±11.453251.66±20.37249.95±23.71231.56±22.46220.73±14.06240.55±14.514268.91±24.23262.45±23.73237.32±21.93228.61±11.83252.45±13.72During the experiment, first record the weight of the subject. After 4 weeks of eating, compare the moving subjects and nonexercising subjects. There is no obvious difference. Figure10 shows the impact of the subject’s fatigue on the machine.Figure 10
The effect of the rabbit running on the treadmill until it is exhausted.From Figure10, we can see that there is no significant difference in fatigue between the exercise group and the control group. Properly extend the fatigue time of the exercise group and the rest group.


## 4.2. Results and Analysis of a Single Large-Scale Tracking Experiment

At present, the most used target tracking algorithm is used to evaluate the target and measure the performance index, which is evaluated by multiple quantified indexes. This experiment evaluates the performance of the tracking algorithm by using two indicators: tracking accuracy and center error. The tracking results of targets with different coordinates are shown in Figure11:Figure 11
Target tracking results with different coordinates.Because the error problem in the experiment process is easy to cause the experiment to be affected by randomness, the tracking measurement of the experimental object changes relatively greatly, which will cause the error to become larger, but the tracking algorithm we use is always in the target, wandering in the center. The accuracy is relatively high, and the tracking result is more accurate, so the error will be smaller.


## 4.3. Comparative Analysis of Average Temperature between Acupoints and Nonacupoints

Regarding 45 rabbits, Table6 shows the comparison of the temperature values of the various hole areas on the opening side and the control points.Table 6
Comparison of temperature values between different cave areas and side opening control points (the table is from “https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-79200-8_81”).
GroupAcupoint areaCaveside areaRight Neiguan36.43±0.6435.18±0.71Left Neiguan36.47±0.5535.31±0.73Right heart36.23±0.4235.43±0.35Comparison results of temperature values between different cave areas and side opening control points are shown in Figure12. The average temperature on the right is 36.42 degrees after measurement, the nearby temperature is 35.18 degrees, the average temperature on the left is 36.47 degrees after measurement, and the nearby temperature is 35.31 degrees. Although there are differences, the temperature difference is relatively small. Figure 12 shows the temperature comparison between the control points in different areas.Figure 12
Comparison results of temperature values between different cave areas and side opening control points.From the above picture, it is not difficult to see that when the internal and external temperature and environmental conditions are similar, the temperature of the skin is mainly determined by the subcutaneous tissue and structure, and blood vessels affect the temperature of the skin. As one of the main factors, blood circulation is the most important factor. It is important and affects the metabolism. As shown in Figure13, it shows the temperature changes of different acupoints.Figure 13
The temperature changes of different acupoints.As can be seen from the above image, the temperature of most of the acupuncture points of the body will change before and after exercise, but the temperature changes little.


## 4.4. Comparison of Infrared Temperature Difference of Acupoints before and after Exercise in a Group

Figure14 shows the comparison of the infrared temperature difference of the acupoints before and after the exercise of the contrast group.Figure 14
Comparison of infrared temperature difference between acupoints before and after exercise in the control group.In the exercise group and the contrast group, the infrared thermal image of the rabbit group before exercise usually shows that the temperature of the acupuncture point is low, the temperature near the acupuncture point is high, and the temperature difference is large. After exercise, the temperature difference of most rabbits’ acupoints will drop to different degrees, even the temperature of the acupoints will be higher than the temperature near the acupuncture points. Through special imaging technology and tomographic imaging technology from the surface to the interior, the human heat source is normal.


## 4.5. Temperature Measurement and Analysis during the Experiment

In the process of experimental measurement, through the measurement of the experimental object, the change of the body surface temperature of the experimental object before and after exercise is compared for comparison. During the temperature measurement process, considering the accuracy of the experiment, 5 groups of experimental objects are deliberately arranged. A total of 40 healthy rabbits were used to conduct simulation experiments and used thermal imaging technology to measure the temperature of the acupuncture points and gradually applied to the display. The infrared thermal imaging technology that can be seen in real life is shown in Figure15.Figure 15
The application of thermal imaging technology in daily life.As can be seen from the above figure, thermal imaging technology is used more and more frequently in our daily life, and it occupies an increasingly important position for various application fields, and it is also becoming more and more proficient in the use of related technologies.


## 5. Conclusions

Compared with CT, MRI, X-ray, and other structural imaging technologies, medical infrared thermal imaging technology has its unique advantages. First of all, medical infrared thermal imaging technology can provide early warning, and changes in local body functions and heat should be earlier than changes in real structures. When the structural imaging technology finds no abnormality, the medical infrared thermal imaging image will change accordingly. Secondly, the operation is simple, the cost is low, there is no damage to the human body, the infrared thermal imaging technology has no radiation, and the subject population is not limited. Pregnant women and children can also be examined by infrared thermal imaging, which has low cost and can be widely used in clinical.The consumer temperature on the surface shows autonomic nervous function, tissue conductivity (low fat conductivity), and body thermal conditions. Therefore, if any of the above factors is abnormal, it will first appear on the surface temperature or skin. Because infrared is used to observe body temperature, any of the above factors is used. The body temperature difference statistical method is used, so there is no difference in subject due to body temperature difference.There are several shortcomings in this article. Due to the influence of the environment, the management temperature of the laboratory environment is very important. The laboratory is affected by factors such as flow, air, and direct sunlight. The experiment is also affected by differences in the human body, temperature, and humidity in the environment. The tester must confirm the existence of the tester when performing the test. The tester stops training for a certain period of time before performing the test. The daily training intensity may also be related to a rich physical condition.



---

*Source: 9588959-2022-03-29.xml*