# Iterative Algorithm andΔ-Convergence Theorems for Total Asymptotically Nonexpansive Mappings in CAT(0) Spaces

Authors: J. F. Tang; S. S. Chang; H. W. Joseph Lee; C. K. Chan
Journal: Abstract and Applied Analysis
 (2012)

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## Abstract

The main purpose of this paper is first to introduce the concept of total asymptotically
nonexpansive mappings and to prove aΔ-convergence theorem for finding a common fixed point of the total asymptotically nonexpansive mappings and the asymptotically
nonexpansive mappings. The demiclosed principle for this kind of mappings in CAT(0) space is also proved in the paper. Our results extend and improve many results in the literature.


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## Body

## 1.  Introduction

A metric spaceX is a CAT(0) space if it is geodesically connected and if every geodesic triangle in X is at least as “thin” as its comparison triangle in the Euclidean plane. Fixed point theory in a CAT(0) space was first studied by Kirk [1, 2]. He showed that every nonexpansive mapping defined on a bounded closed convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space always has a fixed point. Since then the fixed point theory for various mappings in CAT(0) space has been developed rapidly and many papers have appeared [3–10]. On the other hand, Browder [11] introduced the demiclosed principle which states that if X is a uniformly convex Banach space, C is a nonempty closed convex subset of X, and if T:C→C is nonexpansive mapping, then I-T is demiclosed at each y∈X, that is, for any sequence {xn} in C conditions xn→x weakly and (I-T)xn→y strongly imply that (I-T)x=y (where I is the identity mapping of X). Xu [12] proved the demiclosed principle for asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in the setting of a uniformly convex Banach space. Nanjaras and Panyanak [13] proved the demiclosed principle for asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in CAT(0) space and obtained a Δ-convergence theorem for the Krasnosel’skii-Mann iteration.Motivated and inspired by the researches going on in this direction, especially inspired by Nanjaras and Panyanak, and so forth [13], the purpose of this paper is to introduce a general mapping, namely, total asymptotically nonexpansive mapping and to prove its demiclosed principle in CAT(0) space. As a consequence, we construct a hierarchical iterative algorithm to study the fixed point of the total asymptotically nonexpansive mappings and obtain a Δ-convergence theorem.


## 2. Preliminaries and Lemmas

Let(X,d) be a metric space and x,y∈X with d(x,y)=l. A geodesic path from x to y is a isometry c:[0,l]→X such that c(0)=x, c(l)=y. The image of a geodesic path is called geodesic segment. A space (X,d) is a (uniquely) geodesic space if every two points of X are joined by only one geodesic segment. A geodesic triangle Δ(x1,x2,x3) in a geodesic metric space (X,d) consists of three points x1,x2,x3 in X (the vertices of Δ) and a geodesic segment between each pair of vertices (the edges of Δ). A comparison triangle for the geodesic triangle Δ(x1,x2,x3) in (X,d) is a triangle Δ¯(x1,x2,x3):=Δ(x¯1,x¯2,x¯3) in the Euclidean space ℛ2 such that dℛ2(x¯i,x¯j)=d(xi,xj) for i,j∈{1,2,3}.A geodesic space is said to be a CAT(0) space if for each geodesic triangleΔ(x1,x2,x3) in X and its comparison triangle Δ¯:=Δ(x¯1,x¯2,x¯3) in ℛ2, the CAT(0) inequality
(2.1)d(x,y)≤d𝔼2(x¯,y¯).
is satisfied for all x,y∈Δ and x¯,y¯∈Δ¯.In this paper, we write(1-t)x⊕ty for the unique point z in the geodesic segment joining from x to y such that
(2.2)d(x,z)=td(x,y),d(y,z)=(1-t)d(x,y).
We also denote by [x,y] the geodesic segment joining from x to y, that is, [x,y]={(1-t)x⊕ty:t∈[0,1]}.A subsetC of a CAT(0) space X is said to be convex if [x,y]⊂C for all x,y∈C.Lemma 2.1 (see [14]).
A geodesic spaceX is a CAT(0) space, if and only if the following inequality
(2.3)d((1-t)x⊕ty,z)2≤(1-t)d(x,z)2+td(y,z)2-t(1-t)d(x,y)2
is satisfied for all x,y,z∈X and t∈[0,1]. In particular, if x,y,z are points in a CAT(0) space and t∈[0,1], then
(2.4)d((1-t)x⊕ty,z)≤(1-t)d(x,z)+td(y,z).Let{xn} be a bounded sequence in a CAT(0) space X. For x∈X, one sets
(2.5)r(x,{xn})=limsupn→∞d(x,xn).
The asymptotic radiusr({xn}) of {xn} is given by
(2.6)r({xn})=infx∈X{r(x,{xn})},
the asymptotic radiusrC({xn}) of {xn} with respect to C⊂X is given by
(2.7)rC({xn})=infx∈C{r(x,{xn})},
the asymptotic centerA({xn}) of {xn} is the set
(2.8)A({xn})={x∈X:r(x,{xn})=r({xn})},
the asymptotic centerAC({xn}) of {xn} with respect to C⊂X is the set
(2.9)AC({xn})={x∈C:r(x,{xn})=rC({xn})}.Recall that a bounded sequence{xn} in X is said to be regular if r({xn})=r({un}) for every subsequence {un} of {xn}.Proposition 2.2 (see [15]).
If{xn} is a bounded sequence in a complete CAT(0) space X and C is a closed convex subset of X, then(1)
there exists a unique pointu∈C such that
(2.10)r(u,{xn})=infx∈Cr(x,{xn});(2)
A({xn}) and AC({xn}) are both singleton.Lemma 2.32.3 (see [16]).
IfC is a closed convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space X and if {xn} is a bounded sequence in C, then the asymptotic center of {xn} is in C.Definition 2.4 (see [17]).
A sequence{xn} in a CAT(0) space X is said to Δ-converge to x∈X if x is the unique asymptotic center of {un} for every subsequence {un} of {xn}. In this case one writes Δ-limn→∞xn=x and call x the Δ-limit of {xn}.Lemma 2.5 (see [17]).
Every bounded sequence in a complete CAT(0) space always has aΔ-convergent subsequence.Let{xn} be a bounded sequence in a CAT(0) space X and let C be a closed convex subset of X which contains {xn}. We denote the notation
(2.11){xn}⇀wiffΦ(w)=infx∈CΦ(x),
where Φ(x):=limsupn→∞d(xn,x).Now one gives a connection between the “⇀” convergence and Δ-convergence.Proposition 2.62.6 (see [13]).
Let{xn} be a bounded sequence in a CAT(0) space X and let C be a closed convex subset of X which contains {xn}. Then(1)
Δ-limn→∞xn=x implies that {xn}⇀x;(2)
{xn}⇀x and {xn} is regular imply that Δ-limn→∞xn=x;LetC be a closed subset of a metric space (X,d). Recall that a mapping T:C→C is said to be nonexpansive if
(2.12)d(Tx,Ty)≤d(x,y),∀x,y∈X.T is said to be asymptotically nonexpansive if there is a sequence {kn}⊂[1,+∞) with limn→∞kn=1 such that
(2.13)d(Tnx,Tny)≤knd(x,y),∀n≥1,x,y∈X.T is said to be closed if, for any sequence {xn}⊂C with d(xn,x)→0 and d(Txn,y)→0, then Tx=y.T is called L-uniformly Lipschitzian, if there exists a constant L>0 such that
(2.14)d(Tnx,Tny)≤Ld(x,y),∀x,y∈C,n≥1.Definition 2.7.
Let(X,d) be a metric space and let C be a closed subset of X. A mapping T:C→C is said to be ({vn},{μn},ζ)-total asymptotically nonexpansive if there exist nonnegative real sequences {vn},{μn} with vn→0, μn→0(n→∞) and a strictly increasing continuous function ζ:[0,+∞)→[0,+∞) with ζ(0)=0 such that
(2.15)d(Tnx,Tny)≤d(x,y)+vnζ(d(x,y))+μn,∀n≥1,x,y∈C.Remark 2.8.
(1) It is obvious that IfT is uniformly Lipschitzian, then T is closed.
(2) From the definitions, it is to know that, each nonexpansive mapping is a asymptotically nonexpansive mapping with sequence{kn=1}, and each asymptotically nonexpansive mapping is a total asymptotically nonexpansive mapping with vn=kn-1, μn=0, for all n≥1, and ζ(t)=t, t≥0.Lemma 2.9 (demiclosed principle for total asymptotically nonexpansive mappings).
LetC be a closed and convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space X and let T:C→C be a L-uniformly Lipschitzian and ({vn},{μn},ζ)-total asymptotically nonexpansive mapping. Let {xn} be a bounded sequence in C such that limn→∞d(xn,Txn)=0 and xn⇀w. Then Tw=w.Proof.
By the definition,xn⇀w if and only if AC({xn})={w}. By Lemma 2.3, we have A({xn})={w}.
Sincelimn→∞d(xn,Txn)=0, by induction we can prove that
(2.16)limn→∞d(xn,Tmxn)=0,∀m≥1.
In fact, it is obvious that, the conclusion is true form=1. Suppose the conclusion holds for m≥1, now we prove that the conclusion is also true for m+1. In fact, since T is a L-uniformly Lipschitzian mapping, we have
(2.17)d(xn,Tm+1xn)≤d(xn,Txnxn,Tm+1xn)+d(Txn,TTmxnxn,Tm+1xn)≤d(xn,Txnxn,Tm+1xn)+Ld(xn,Tmxnxn,Tm+1xn)→0(asn→∞).
Equation (2.16) is proved. Hence for each x∈C and m≥1 from (2.16) we have
(2.18)Φ(x):=limsupn→∞d(xn,x)=limsupn→∞d(Tmxn,x).
In (2.18) taking x=Tmw,m≥1, we have
(2.19)Φ(Tmw)=limsupn→∞d(Tmxn,Tmw)≤limsupn→∞(d(xn,w)+vmζ(d(xn,w))+μm).
Let m→∞ and taking superior limit on the both sides, it gets that
(2.20)limsupm→∞Φ(Tmw)≤Φ(w).
Furthermore, for any n,m≥1 it follows from inequality (2.3) with t=1/2 that
(2.21)d2(xn,w⊕Tmw2)≤12d2(xn,w)+12d2(xn,Tmw)-14d2(w,Tmw).
Let n→∞ and taking superior limit on the both sides of the above inequality, for any m≥1 we get
(2.22)Φ(w⊕Tmw2)2≤12Φ(w)2+12Φ(Tmw)2-14d(w,Tmw)2.
Since A({xn})={w}, we have
(2.23)Φ(w)2≤Φ(w⊕Tmw2)2≤12Φ(w)2+12Φ(Tmw)2-14d(w,Tmw)2,∀m≥1,
which implies that
(2.24)d2(w,Tmw)≤2Φ(Tmw)2-2Φ(w)2.
By (2.20) and (2.24), we have limm→∞d(w,Tmw)=0. This implies that limm→∞d(w,Tm+1w)=0. Since T is uniformly Lipschitzian, T is uniformly continuous. Hence we have Tw=w.  This completes the proof of Lemma 2.9.The following proposition can be obtained from Lemma2.9 immediately which is a generalization of Kirk and Panyanak [17] and Nanjaras and Panyanak [13].Proposition 2.10.
LetC be a closed and convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space X and let T:C→C be an asymptotically nonexpansive mapping. Let {xn} be a bounded sequence in C such that limn→∞d(xn,Txn)=0 and Δ-limn→∞xn=w. Then T(w)=w.Definition 2.11 (see [18]).
LetX be a CAT(0) space then X is uniformly convex, that is, for any given r>0,ϵ∈(0,2] and λ∈[0,1], there exists a η(r,ϵ)=ϵ2/8 such that, for all x,y,z∈X,
(2.25)d(x,z)≤rd(y,z)≤rd(x,y)≥ϵr}⇒d((1-λ)x⊕λy,z)≤(1-2λ(1-λ)ϵ28)r,
where the function η:(0,∞)×(0,2]→(0,1] is called the modulus of uniform convexity of CAT(0).Lemma 2.12 (see [14]).
If{xn} is a bounded sequence in a complete CAT(0) space with A({xn})={x}, {un} is a subsequence of {xn} with A({un})={u}, and the sequence {d(xn,u)} converges, then x=u.Lemma 2.13.
Let{an},{bn}, and {δn} be sequences of nonnegative real numbers satisfying the inequality
(2.26)an+1≤(1+δn)an+bn.
If Σn=1∞δn<∞ and Σn=1∞bn<∞, then {an} is bounded and limn→∞an exists.Lemma 2.14 (see [13]).
LetX be a CAT(0) space, x∈X be a given point and {tn} be a sequence in [b,c] with b,c∈(0,1) and 0<b(1-c)≤1/2. Let {xn} and {yn} be any sequences in X such that
(2.27)limsupn→∞d(xn,x)≤r,limsupn→∞d(yn,x)≤r,limn→∞d((1-tn)xn⊕tnyn,x)=r,
for some r≥0. Then
(2.28)limn→∞d(xn,yn)=0.


## 3. Main Results

In this section, we will prove our main theorem.Theorem 3.1.
LetC be a nonempty bounded closed and convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space X. Let S:C→C be a asymptotically nonexpansive mapping with sequence {kn}⊂[1,∞), kn→1 and T:C→C be a uniformly L-Lipschitzian and ({vn},{μn},ζ)-total asymptotically nonexpansive mapping such that ℱ=F(S)∩F(T)≠∅. From arbitrary x1∈C, defined the sequence {xn} as follows:
(3.1)yn=αnSnxn⊕(1-αn)xn,xn+1=βnTnyn⊕(1-βn)xn
for all n≥1, where {βn} is a sequence in (0, 1). If the following conditions are satisfied:(i)
Σn=1∞vn<∞;Σn=1∞μn<∞;Σn=1∞(kn-1)<∞;(ii)
there exists a constantM*>0 such that ζ(r)≤M*r, r≥0;(iii)
there exist constantsb,c∈(0,1) with 0<b(1-c)≤1/2 such that {αn}⊂[b,c];(iv)
Σn=1∞sup{d(z,Snz):z∈B}<∞ for each bounded subset B of C.Then the sequence {xn}Δ-converges to a fixed point of ℱ.Proof.
We divide the proof of Theorem3.1 into four steps.
(I) First we prove that for eachp∈ℱ the following limit exists
(3.2)limn→∞d(xn,p).In fact, for each p∈ℱ, we have
(3.3)d(yn,p)=d(αnSnxn⊕(1-αn)xn,p)≤αnd(Snxn,p)+(1-αn)d(xn,p)=αnd(Snxn,Snp)+(1-αn)d(xn,p)≤αnknd(xn,p)+(1-αn)d(xn,p)=(1+αn(kn-1))d(xn,p),d(xn+1,p)=d(βnTnyn⊕(1-βn)xn,p)≤βnd(Tnyn,p)+(1-βn)d(xn,p)=βnd(Tnyn,Tnp)+(1-βn)d(xn,p)≤βn(d(yn,p)+vnζ(d(yn,p))+μn)+(1-βn)d(xn,p)≤βn(d(yn,p)+vnM*d(yn,p)+μn)+(1-βn)d(xn,p)≤d(xn,p)+βnαn(kn-1)d(xn,p)+βnvnM*(1+αn(kn-1))d(xn,p)+μn≤[1+(kn-1)+vnM*(1+αn(kn-1))]d(xn,p)+μn.
It follows from Lemma 2.13 that {d(xn,p)} is bounded and limn→∞d(xn,p) exists. Without loss of generality, we can assume limn→∞d(xn,p)=c≥0.
(II) Next we prove that(3.4)limn→∞d(xn,Txn)=0. In fact, since
(3.5)d(Tnyn,p)=d(Tnyn,Tnp)≤d(yn,p)+vnζ(d(yn,p))+μn≤(1+vnM*)d(yn,p)+μn≤(1+vnM*)(1+αn(kn-1))d(xn,p)+μn
for all n∈ℕ and p∈ℱ, we have
(3.6)limsupn→∞d(Tnyn,p)≤c.
On the other hand, since
(3.7)limn→∞d(βnTnyn⊕(1-βn)xn,p)=limn→∞d(xn+1,p)=c,
by Lemma 2.14, we have
(3.8)limn→∞d(Tnyn,xn)=0.
From condition (iv), we have(3.9)d(xn,yn)=d(xn,(1-αn)xn⊕αnSnxn)≤αnd(xn,Snxn)→0(n→∞).
Hence from (3.8) and (3.9) we have that
(3.10)d(xn,Tnxn)≤d(xn,Tnyn)+d(Tnyn,Tnxn)≤d(xn,Tnyn)+Ld(yn,xn)→0(n→∞).
By (3.9) and (3.10) it gets that
(3.11)d(xn+1,Tnxn)=d((1-βn)xn⊕βnTnyn,Tnxn)≤(1-βn)d(xn,Tnxn)+βnd(Tnyn,Tnxn)≤(1-βn)d(xn,Tnxn)+βnLd(yn,xn)→0(n→∞).
Hence from (3.10) and (3.11) we have that
(3.12)d(xn,xn+1)→0(n→∞).
Again since T is uniformly L-Lipschitzian, from (3.10) and (3.12) we have that
(3.13)d(xn,Txn)≤d(xn,xn+1)+d(xn+1,Tn+1xn+1)+d(Tn+1xn+1,Tn+1xn)+d(Tn+1xn,Txn)≤(L+1)d(xn,xn+1)+d(xn+1,Tn+1xn+1)+Ld(Tnxn,xn)→0(n→∞).
Equation (3.4) is proved.
(III) Now we prove that(3.14)wω(xn):=⋃{un}⊂{xn}‍A({un})⊂ℱand wω(xn) consists exactly of one point.
In fact, letu∈wω(xn), then there exists a subsequence {un} of {xn} such that A({un})={u}. By Lemmas 2.5 and 2.3, there exists a subsequence {νn} of {un} such that Δ-limn→∞νn=ν∈C. By Lemma 2.9, we have ν∈F(T)⊂ℱ. By Lemma 2.12, u=ν. This shows that wω(xn)⊂ℱ.
Let{un} be a subsequence of {xn} with A({un})={u} and let A({xn})={x}. Since u∈wω(xn)⊂ℱ and {d(xn,u)} converges, by Lemma 2.12, we have x=u. This shows that wω(xn) consists of exactly one point.
(IV) Finally we prove{xn}Δ-converges to a point of ℱ.
In fact, it follows from (3.2) that {d(xn,p)} is convergent for each p∈ℱ. By (3.4) limn→∞d(xn,Txn)=0. By (3.14) wω(xn)⊂ℱ and wω(xn) consists of exactly one point. This shows that {xn}Δ-converges to a point of ℱ.
This completes the proof of Theorem3.1.



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*Source: 965751-2012-09-04.xml*