# Corollary from the Exact Expression for Enthalpy of Vaporization

Authors: A. A. Sobko
Journal: Journal of Thermodynamics
 (2011)

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## Abstract

A problem on determining effective volumes for atoms and molecules becomes actual due to rapidly developing nanotechnologies. In the present study an exact expression for enthalpy of vaporization is obtained, from which an exact expression is derived for effective volumes of atoms and molecules, and under certain assumptions on the form of an atom (molecule) it is possible to find their linear dimensions. The accuracy is only determined by the accuracy of measurements of thermodynamic parameters at the critical point.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In the present study, the relationship is obtained that combines the enthalpy of vaporization with other thermodynamic evaporation parameters from the general expression for the heat of first-order phase transformations. A good agreement of the calculated enthalpy of vaporization with experimental data (within the accuracy of the order of several percent) proves the validity of the assumptions made. By using the obtained expression in the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, the relationship between thermodynamic parameters at the critical point is derived, which also well agrees with the experimental data. Also, the expression for determining atomic (ion, molecular) volumes from the thermodynamic parameters is obtained, which, by using geometrical models for atoms and molecules, may predict their linear dimensions.


## 2. Background

First- and second-order phase transitions are widely investigated, mainly in experiments. In the 1930s, L. D. Landau suggested the phenomenological theory of second-order phase transitions, from which the renormalization group approach andε′-decomposition later were derived. However, by comparing the chapters devoted to first-order phase transitions in the first edition of “Statistical physics,” 1938 [2] with the edition from 1976 [3], we may find them actually similar. we may come to the same conclusion if we compare [2] with recent monograph by Prigogine and Kondepudi “Modern Thermodynamics” [4]. The chapters devoted to first-order phase transitions in both monographs are identical. One may assert that for the last 60–70 years no noticeable progress is observed in the theory of first-order phase transitions. There is a progress in studying critical points which is, however, connected with the fact that at a critical point we have ΔV=0, ΔS=0, that is, it becomes the second-order transition, theory for which, as was mentioned, is well developed.The heat of a transition is an important characteristic for first-order phase transitions. In 1762, Black [5] was the first who discovered that water transformation to vapor consumes some heat that he called the latent evaporation heat. Then Black has conducted calorimetric investigations of melting ice.Despite of longer than 200-year existence of the concept of transition heat we have no analytical expressions (except for empirical) binding the transition heat with other phase transfer parameters. For example, in the fundamental encyclopedia [6] the articles devoted to enthalpy of evaporation, enthalpy of melting, and so on include no formulae but only tables with experimental data. Similar situation is observed with other monographs in which, no expressions are given except for the common definition of transition heat λ=TΔS. This is why obtaining expressions that combine the transition heat with other measurable parameters of a first-order phase transfer would be a substantial contribution into the first-order phase transformations. In monographs [1, 7] a number of expressions are suggested for calculating the enthalpy of evaporation, for example, the Douglas-Avakyan method: ΔHv=TΔVv(397∑nP/1512δT-7∑n3P/216δT); the Riedel method: ΔHvb=1.093RTc(Tbr(lnPc-1)/(0.930-Tbr)); the Chen method: ΔHvb=RTTbr((3.978Tbr-3.938+1.555lnPc)/(1.07-Tbr)).These methods help in the calculation of the enthalpy of evaporation for various complex organic substances with a high accuracy. As shown in [1, Table 6.3], the accuracy is several percent, and in particular, for inert gases the accuracy is 2.1–2.5%. In engineering calculations this is rather satisfactory. But, as P. Dirac noted “Physical law should have mathematical beauty,” which is not the case of the presented expressions. Presently the author is developing the model described below for calculating complex organic compounds.


## 3. Derivation of the Enthalpy of Evaporation and Comparison with Experimental Data

In [8], the general expression for the heat of first-order phase transitions was derived from the first law of thermodynamics(1)λ=T∫v1v2(∂S∂V)TdV+ΔA,orλ=TΔTS+ΔA,
where T is the transition temperature, ΔA is the work performed by the system, and ∫V1V2(∂S/∂V)TdV, ΔTS  is the entropy variation for the phase transition at constant temperature.Numerical calculations require thatS(V) is found. The entropy is calculated from the general definition [3]: S=klnVph/(2πℏ)s and ΔS=kln(Vph)n/(Vph)o, where k is the Boltzmann constant, Vph is the volume of phase space occupied by the system, s is the number of degrees of freedom, ΔS is the entropy change in the phase transition, (Vph)n is the phase volume of a new phase, and (Vph)o is the phase volume for the previous phase.Thus, the heat of first-order phase transition takes the form(2)λ=kTln⁡(Vph)n(Vph)o+ΔA.
The volumes of phase spaces and expressions for the work are specified for each particular phase transition. In the present paper all calculations are made per one mole of substance, hence, all extensive parameters refer to one mole.In [9], the approximation method is suggested for calculating the entropy from the general expression S=klnVph/(2πℏ)N, where Vph is the volume of the phase space for the system.For liquid and gas states the system energy has the form(3)px122m1+py122m1+p1z22m1+⋅⋅⋅+pzN22mN+U(r1,…,rn)=E,1≤n≤NA.Since we deal with one mole of single-component sample all the masses are equal andN=NA is the Avogadro constant so that the volume of the phase space is Vph=∬6N∏n=1NAd3pnd3rn.Equation (3) can be written in the form ∑inpin2=(2m(E-U(r1,…,rn))), which describes a 3N-dimension sphere in p-space. Hence, the 3N-dimensional integral over pulses p is equal to the volume of the sphere of radius (2m(E-U(r1,…,rn)))1/2, and the expression for the phase space volume takes the form(4)∬3Nπ3N/2(3N/2)!(2m(E-U(r1,…rn)))3N/2∏n=1NAd3r.The integration results in a reduction of the dimension from6N to 3N. Nevertheless, it is impossible to take the rest integral without additional assumptions. To approximately take the needed 3N-dimensional integral we will consider the behavior of the distribution function for the kinetic energy of particles near the point of phase transition. Not specifying the particular distribution function we may assert that it has a bell shape with the maximum that moves right with temperature. Near the phase transition point such evolution of the distribution function is impossible because the system temperature is constant and the heat still passes to the system. The only possible variation of the distribution function in this case is its narrowing and transformation to the delta function in the limit T→Tph. In this case the most probable and the mean values of the kinetic energy coincide. This is not a rigorous proof for narrowing the distribution function. However, we can make the basic assumption, which is confirmed by satisfactory agreement between experimental and calculation results: most of atoms (molecules, ions) near the first-order phase transition are in the state with a mean kinetic energy.Since(E-U(r1,…,rn)) is the system kinetic energy we, according to the theorem on equal distribution of kinetic energy over degrees of freedom [10], can substitute it with the mean value 3NAkT/2=3RT/2, where R=kNA is the absolute gas constant. Then,(5)Vph=∬3Nπ3N/2(3N/2)!(322mRT)3N/2∏n=1NAd3rn=π3N/2(3N/2)!(2mRT)3N/2VN.Hence, the volume of the phase space has the form:(6)VphL=(3πmRT)3N/2(3N/2)!VLN,(7)VphG=(3πmRT)3N/2(3N/2)!VGN,
where VL and VG are the volumes of liquid and gas, respectively. The expression for the evaporation heat at the saturation curve can be found from general expression (2). One can see from (6) and (7) that the expressions for the volumes of phase spaces coincide for liquid and gas. One can easily write the expression for the entropy variation in this case:(8)kln⁡((2πmRT)3N/2(3N/2)!VN),(∂S∂V)T=kNV=RV,T∫v1v2RVdV=RTln⁡VGVL=RTln⁡(1+ΔVVL),
where  ΔV is the volume change, VL is the volume of liquid, and VG is that of gas.Work on volume enlarging isA1=PΔV. In the liquid-gas transfer in addition to the work on volume enlarging the work is performed against surface tension force A2=σFN1, where σ is the surface tension coefficient, F is the surface of liquid, N1=Va/Fd is the number of single-molecular layers, Va is the volume occupied by atoms (molecules, ions), d is the width of single-molecular layer that in the present paper is, r is radius of atom (molecule, ion), and α=1.717 is the packing index.Hence,A2=σFN1=σFVa/Fd=σVa/αr.The expression for evaporation heat along the saturation curve has the form(9)λ=RTln⁡(1+ΔVVL)+PΔV+σVaαr.
It is not clear which volume of liquid phase VL should be used in the calculations, the geometrical volume or “free volume” VfL=VL-Va, where Va is the volume occupied by atoms (molecules, ions). This is why the calculations are performed for both the geometrical (experimental) volume and “free volume.” The experimental data on saturation curve were taken from [11], and atomic radii were used from [12]. For the radii of twoatomic molecules we took half the distance between the centers of nuclei [13] plus Van der Waals radii [12]. The results are presented in Table 1.Table 1
Calculation of evaporation heat.
SampleTPVLΔVraVaVfLσλexλT1δ1λT2δ2Ne250,511,633941,601,030,605,51790154913,517561,87Ne281,321,701641,601,030,674,451711144915,316652,67Ar840,712,829611,921,781,0411,56459537716,760755,95Ar901,342,905331,921,781,1210,56307518617,858976,49Kr1160,743,4212591,981,961,4616,19176755617,783738,75Kr1506,563,871641,981,961,9110,07886635019,572148,52Xe1701,344,5010132,182,611,8918,0124461027117,5114947,65Xe2169,195,101642,182,612,4910,010642848920,297498,39H2253,213,1048,821,440,752,351,138367777,18310,56H23211,04,257,881,440,753,500,1141936911,94043,65N2680,293,3119402,092,301,0111,05822487016,355414,83N2903,363,751822,092,301,456,165057396921,546717,64O2900,992,827242,002,020,8010,06800545619,863935,99O21002,552,923032,002,020,907,06490504922,260187,27F2952,782,652612,072,240,4110,76775503025,864884,24Cl21940,084,23193772,473,800,4334,0221611818517,9218631,34CH41000,343,6424042,303,070,5715,28518739513,28929−4,83CH415010,34,4495,42,303,071,375,06656525121,16675−0,28T (K) is the evaporation temperature; P*10−5 (Pa) is the pressure; VL*105 (m3/mole) is the molar volume of liquid; ΔV*105 (m3/mole) is the volume change in evaporation; r*1010 (m) is the radius of atom (molecule); σ*103 (J/m2) is the surface tension coefficient; λex (J/mole) is the experimental molar evaporation heat; λT1 (J/mole) is the molar evaporation heat calculated from the geometrical volume; VLf*105 (m3/mole) is “free volume” of liquid; λT2 (J/mole) is the molar evaporation heat calculated from “free volume”; δ1 and δ2 (%) are errors for λT1 and λT2, respectively.One can see that the evaporation heat calculated by using the “free volume” noticeably better agrees with the experimental data, hence, the expression for the evaporation heat can be finally written in the form(10)λ=RTln⁡(1+ΔVVfL)+PΔV+σVaαra.
Expression (10) includes the term with a surface tension coefficient. A contribution of the term into the enthalpy of evaporation is on the order of 10%. Unfortunately, the author has no data on the surface tension coefficient in the interval from the triple to boiling point for most of substances, and the results for only several values of the enthalpy of evaporation are given in the table. For hydrogen, the surface tension coefficient is known over the whole interval from the triple to boiling point, which gives a possibility to draw a temperature dependence for the enthalpy of evaporation. The result is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Temperature dependence of the experimental enthalpy of evaporationλexp=f1(T) and calculated enthalpy of evaporation λcal=f2(T) for hydrogen.As one can see, the experimental values of enthalpy of evaporation well agree with those calculated by formula (10). A distinction at low temperatures is explained by that at those temperatures the calculation of the phase space volume should take into account quantum corrections.Note that, in [14], the method used above gives a good agreement between calculated and experimental values for the enthalpy of fusion.


## 4. Conclusion and Test of the Relationship Binding Critical Parameters

The Clausius-Clapeyron equation(11)dPdT=ΔSΔV=λTΔV
is rigorously derived from thermodynamic relationships and experimentally verified. Expression (10) for the evaporation heat is also sufficiently rigorously obtained, and the calculation results agree with the experimental data. Hence, by substituting (10) into (11) and passing to the critical point limit ΔV→0 we obtain the relationship between the thermodynamic parameters at a critical point (12)dPdT=RTTΔVln⁡(1+ΔVVfL)+PΔVTΔV+σVaαraTΔV,.=RΔVln⁡(1+ΔVVfL)+PT+σVaαraTΔV,lim⁡ΔV→0dPdT=lim⁡ΔV→0RΔVln⁡(1+ΔVVfL)+lim⁡ΔV→0PTlim⁡ΔV→0dPdT+lim⁡ΔV→0σVaαraTΔV,lim⁡ΔV→0dPdT=(dPdT)c,lim⁡ΔV→0PT=PcTc,lim⁡ΔV→0RΔVln⁡(1+ΔVVfL)=lim⁡ΔV→0RΔVΔVVfL=lim⁡ΔV→0RVfL=RVflc,lim⁡ΔV→0σVaαraTΔV=0.The latter statement can be proved. As was shown [15] near the critical point we have σ~σ0(1-T/Tc)3/2 and (see [4]) ΔV~(1-(T/Tc))β, where the theoretical value is β=1/2 and experimental values are β=0.3-0.4. Thus, we have (13)lim⁡ΔV→0σVaαraTΔV=σ0Vaαralim⁡T→Tc(1-T/Tc)3/2T(1-T/Tc)β=0.
At the critical point the following relationship should hold:(14)(dPdT)c=RVfLc+PcTc.
Subscript c indicates that all the thermodynamic parameters are taken at the critical point.Formula (14) is rigorously obtained from the exact Clausius-Clapeyron equation and (10) that is confirmed by a good description for the evaporation heat. However, it is worth verifying for particular substances. We can calculate the derivative (dP/dT)c,T from experimental data [11–13] by using formula (14) and from expression (dP/dT)c,ex=(Pc-P1)/(Tc-T1), where P1, T1 are experimental pressure and temperature closest to the critical point on the equilibrium curve. A good agreement between the derivatives (dP/dT)c,T and (dP/dT)c,ex will be an argument for the validity of (14). The calculation results are presented in Table 2.Table 2
Experimental and calculated values for derivatives.
SampleTcPcVcraVcf(dP/dT)ex(dP/dT)TδNe44,4026,544,181,603,153,313,261,46Ar150,8648,987,461,925,711,851,783,73Kr209,3954,979,201,987,241,481,414,75Xe289,7458,2811,942,189,331,131,093,37H233,2313,166,391,445,641,871,87−0,06N2126,2533,968,952,096,651,561,522,64O2154,7750,877,342,005,321,921,891,58F2144,0052,207,102,074,882,252,078,01Cl2417,1777,0912,382,478,581,121,15−3,00CH4190,5546,419,882,306,811,621,469,68NH3405,60113,007,251,885,571,821,772,80CO132,9434,989,362,166,821,501,481,23Tc (K), Pc*10−5 (Pa), and Vc*105 (m3/mole) are the critical temperature, pressure, and volume, respectively; ra*1010 (m) is the atomic (molecular) radius; Vcf *105 (m3/mole) is the free critical volume; (dP/dT)ex*10−5 and (dP/dT)T*10−5 (Pa/K) are the experimental and calculated derivatives, respectively; δ (%) is the relative error.Small deviations in the values of derivatives (on the order of several percent) are explained by an insufficient measurement accuracy near the critical point and by approximate character for values of molecule radii. For example, the values of atomic radii given in [16] and calculated by eight various authors differ by several percent and even by 10 or more percent.


## 5. Definition of Volumes and the Linear Sizes of Atoms and Molecules

Formula (14) whose validity was rigorously proved and experimentally verified includes the “free” system critical volume Vfc=Vc-NAV0, where Vc is the experimental value for the critical volume, NA=6.02*1023 is the Avogadro constant, and V0 is the volume of atom (molecule, ion). Hence, one can obtain the following formula for determining the effective volumes of atoms (molecules, ions) via the thermodynamic parameters at a critical point:(15)V0=1NA{Vc-R(dP/dT)c-Pc/Tc}.
By using geometrical models for atoms (molecules) one can calculate their linear parameters.


### 5.1. Spherical Model

Spherical model is adequate to noble gases, alkali metal ions, CH4 and NH3 molecules due to smallness of hydrogen atoms. The corresponding atomic (molecular) radii can be found by using (15) from the relationship V0=(4/3)πr3 or r=3V0/4π3. The constant b=Vc/3 in Van der Waals equation is treated as the volume occupied by molecules, and the effective radii in the spherical Van der Waals model can be calculated by the formula rW=Vc/4πNA3. These results are presented in Table 3.Table 3
Volumes and radii of molecules in spherical model.
SampleTcPcVc(dP/dT)cV0rarTδ1rWδ2Ne44,40026,544,183,3118,471,601,642,511,7710,5Ar150,8648,987,451,8533,221,921,993,892,1411,7Kr209,3954,979,201,4839,611,982,116,822,3016,2Xe289,7458,2811,831,1348,232,182,263,602,5014,7NH3405,6113,07,251,8230,921,821,956,922,1216,6CH4190,5546,419,901,3438,872,002,105,082,3617,9Li3800968,36,941,6213,871,551,493,822,0935,1Tc is the critical temperature (K), Pc*10−5 is the critical pressure (Pa), Vc*105 is the critical (geometric) volume (m3/mole), (dP/dT)c*10−5 (Pa/K) is taken in a critical point, V0 is the effective molecule volume, ra*1010 (m) are the molecule radii taken from publications [1], rT*1010 (m) are the calculated molecule radii, rW*1010 (m) are the molecule radii obtained from Van der Waals equation, and δ1 and δ2  are the errors for rT and rW, respectively.One can see from Table3 that the results calculated by formula (15) well agree with the reference data; however, they are more reliable because most of methods for determining molecule dimensions are approximate whereas the method suggested is accurate and its accuracy is only determined by the measurement accuracy for the thermodynamic parameters at a critical point.


### 5.2. Ellipsoidal Model

For twoatomic molecules that are symmetric and for those combined from the atoms of close dimensions the ellipsoid of revolution can be suggested as the geometrical model:(16)x2a2+y2b2+z2b2=1.
The volume of the ellipsoid of revolution is V0=(4/3)πab2=(4/3)π(a2-c2)a, where 2c is the distance between the atomic centers taken from [13]. The volume V0 is calculated by formula (14). Thus, the equation for finding the major semiaxis takes the form(17)a3-c2a-3V04π=0.
As expected, the equation parameters are so that there is one real solution and two complex solutions. The equation assumes an analytical solution [17], namely, (18)sin⁡(ω)=-8πc393V0,tg(φ)=tg(ω2)3,a=-2c3sin⁡(2φ).
By using a one can find b=a2-c2. The calculation results are given in Table 4.Table 4
Volumes and linear dimensions for twoatomic molecules in ellipsoidal model.
SampleTcPcVc(dP/dT)c2cV0AbH233.2313.166.391.870.7412.491.471.43N2126.2533.968.951.561.1041.752.202.13O2154.7750.877.341.921.2135.182.092.01F2144.0052.206.622.251.4236.832.152.03Cl2417.1777.0912.381.121.9958.042.542.34CO132.9434.989.361.501.1343.882.242.17Tc is the critical temperatrue (K), Pc*10−5 is the critical pressure (Pa), Vc*105 is the critical (geometrical) volume (m3/mole), (dP/dT)c*10−5 (Pa/K) is taken at the critical point, V0*1030 (m3) is the calculated inaccessible molecule volume, 2c*1010 (m) is the distance between the atoms in the molecule, and a*1010 and b*1010 (m) are the major and minor semiaxes of ellipsoid.For the model of twoatomic molecules one can also suggest the body of revolution formed by the Cassinian oval:(19)(x2+y2)2-2c2(x2-y2)-(d4-c4)=0,
where d2 is the product of the distances from the centers to an arbitrary point on the curve, and 2c is the distance between the atomic centers. The obtained body of revolution, in contrast to an ellipsoid that has a convex surface, may have a dumbbell shape with a “waist” at c<d<2. At d<c it may transfer to two ovals, which can be interpreted as two atoms of the molecule separated by large distance. The results of calculations in the case of Cassinian oval do not noticeably differ from those in the case of ellipsoidal model.In Table5, the values of calculated evaporation heat are presented obtained by using the data on molecule volumes and linear dimensions given above.Table 5
Calculation results for evaporation heat.
SampleTPVLΔVraVaVfLσλexλT1δ1λT2δ2Ne250,511,633941,641,110,525,5179017571,8417960,36Ne281,321,701641,641,110,594,45171216652,7517030,52Ar840,712,829612,001,990,8311,5645960706,0262722,89Ar901,342,905332,001,990,9110,5630758956,5360893,46Kr1160,743,4212592,112,371,0516,1917683778,7188163,92Kr1506,563,871642,112,371,5010,0788672208,4475903,75Xe1701,344,5010132,282,911,5918,012446114917,67118304,95Xe2169,195,101642,282,912,1910,01064297408,48100275,78H2253,213,1048,821,450,772,331,138368310,608330,34H23211,04,257,881,450,773,480,114194043,584053,44N2680,293,3119402,232,540,7711,0582255334,9657421,38N2903,603,751822,232,541,216,16505746687,6948324,46O2900,992,827242,162,170,6510,0680064005,8865833,19O21002,552,923032,162,170,787,0649059927,6761635,04F2952,782,652612,222,300,3510,7677564914,1966362,04Cl21940,084,23193772,443,660,5734,022161219251,06213463,68CH415010,34,4495,42,482,332,115,0665666740,2760878,55T (K) is the evaporation temperature, P *10−5 (Pa) is the pressure, VL*105 (m3/mole) is the volume of liquid, ΔV*105 (m3/mole) is the volume change in evaporation, ra*1010 is the radius of atom (molecule), Va*105 (m3/mole) is the volume occupied by atoms (molecules), VfL*105 (m3/mole) is the free volume of liquid, σ*103 (J/m2) is the surface tension coefficient, λex (J/mole) is the experimental value of evaporation heat, λT1 (J/mole) is the evaporation heat calculated from reference data on volume and size of atoms (molecules), λT2 (J/mole) is the evaporation heat calculated from data on volumes and dimensions of atoms (molecules) obtained in the present paper, and δ1 and δ2 (%) are relative errors.As one can see from Table5, employment of the results obtained in the present work gives, generally, better agreement between the calculated and experimental enthalpy of evaporation.


## 5.1. Spherical Model

Spherical model is adequate to noble gases, alkali metal ions, CH4 and NH3 molecules due to smallness of hydrogen atoms. The corresponding atomic (molecular) radii can be found by using (15) from the relationship V0=(4/3)πr3 or r=3V0/4π3. The constant b=Vc/3 in Van der Waals equation is treated as the volume occupied by molecules, and the effective radii in the spherical Van der Waals model can be calculated by the formula rW=Vc/4πNA3. These results are presented in Table 3.Table 3
Volumes and radii of molecules in spherical model.
SampleTcPcVc(dP/dT)cV0rarTδ1rWδ2Ne44,40026,544,183,3118,471,601,642,511,7710,5Ar150,8648,987,451,8533,221,921,993,892,1411,7Kr209,3954,979,201,4839,611,982,116,822,3016,2Xe289,7458,2811,831,1348,232,182,263,602,5014,7NH3405,6113,07,251,8230,921,821,956,922,1216,6CH4190,5546,419,901,3438,872,002,105,082,3617,9Li3800968,36,941,6213,871,551,493,822,0935,1Tc is the critical temperature (K), Pc*10−5 is the critical pressure (Pa), Vc*105 is the critical (geometric) volume (m3/mole), (dP/dT)c*10−5 (Pa/K) is taken in a critical point, V0 is the effective molecule volume, ra*1010 (m) are the molecule radii taken from publications [1], rT*1010 (m) are the calculated molecule radii, rW*1010 (m) are the molecule radii obtained from Van der Waals equation, and δ1 and δ2  are the errors for rT and rW, respectively.One can see from Table3 that the results calculated by formula (15) well agree with the reference data; however, they are more reliable because most of methods for determining molecule dimensions are approximate whereas the method suggested is accurate and its accuracy is only determined by the measurement accuracy for the thermodynamic parameters at a critical point.


## 5.2. Ellipsoidal Model

For twoatomic molecules that are symmetric and for those combined from the atoms of close dimensions the ellipsoid of revolution can be suggested as the geometrical model:(16)x2a2+y2b2+z2b2=1.
The volume of the ellipsoid of revolution is V0=(4/3)πab2=(4/3)π(a2-c2)a, where 2c is the distance between the atomic centers taken from [13]. The volume V0 is calculated by formula (14). Thus, the equation for finding the major semiaxis takes the form(17)a3-c2a-3V04π=0.
As expected, the equation parameters are so that there is one real solution and two complex solutions. The equation assumes an analytical solution [17], namely, (18)sin⁡(ω)=-8πc393V0,tg(φ)=tg(ω2)3,a=-2c3sin⁡(2φ).
By using a one can find b=a2-c2. The calculation results are given in Table 4.Table 4
Volumes and linear dimensions for twoatomic molecules in ellipsoidal model.
SampleTcPcVc(dP/dT)c2cV0AbH233.2313.166.391.870.7412.491.471.43N2126.2533.968.951.561.1041.752.202.13O2154.7750.877.341.921.2135.182.092.01F2144.0052.206.622.251.4236.832.152.03Cl2417.1777.0912.381.121.9958.042.542.34CO132.9434.989.361.501.1343.882.242.17Tc is the critical temperatrue (K), Pc*10−5 is the critical pressure (Pa), Vc*105 is the critical (geometrical) volume (m3/mole), (dP/dT)c*10−5 (Pa/K) is taken at the critical point, V0*1030 (m3) is the calculated inaccessible molecule volume, 2c*1010 (m) is the distance between the atoms in the molecule, and a*1010 and b*1010 (m) are the major and minor semiaxes of ellipsoid.For the model of twoatomic molecules one can also suggest the body of revolution formed by the Cassinian oval:(19)(x2+y2)2-2c2(x2-y2)-(d4-c4)=0,
where d2 is the product of the distances from the centers to an arbitrary point on the curve, and 2c is the distance between the atomic centers. The obtained body of revolution, in contrast to an ellipsoid that has a convex surface, may have a dumbbell shape with a “waist” at c<d<2. At d<c it may transfer to two ovals, which can be interpreted as two atoms of the molecule separated by large distance. The results of calculations in the case of Cassinian oval do not noticeably differ from those in the case of ellipsoidal model.In Table5, the values of calculated evaporation heat are presented obtained by using the data on molecule volumes and linear dimensions given above.Table 5
Calculation results for evaporation heat.
SampleTPVLΔVraVaVfLσλexλT1δ1λT2δ2Ne250,511,633941,641,110,525,5179017571,8417960,36Ne281,321,701641,641,110,594,45171216652,7517030,52Ar840,712,829612,001,990,8311,5645960706,0262722,89Ar901,342,905332,001,990,9110,5630758956,5360893,46Kr1160,743,4212592,112,371,0516,1917683778,7188163,92Kr1506,563,871642,112,371,5010,0788672208,4475903,75Xe1701,344,5010132,282,911,5918,012446114917,67118304,95Xe2169,195,101642,282,912,1910,01064297408,48100275,78H2253,213,1048,821,450,772,331,138368310,608330,34H23211,04,257,881,450,773,480,114194043,584053,44N2680,293,3119402,232,540,7711,0582255334,9657421,38N2903,603,751822,232,541,216,16505746687,6948324,46O2900,992,827242,162,170,6510,0680064005,8865833,19O21002,552,923032,162,170,787,0649059927,6761635,04F2952,782,652612,222,300,3510,7677564914,1966362,04Cl21940,084,23193772,443,660,5734,022161219251,06213463,68CH415010,34,4495,42,482,332,115,0665666740,2760878,55T (K) is the evaporation temperature, P *10−5 (Pa) is the pressure, VL*105 (m3/mole) is the volume of liquid, ΔV*105 (m3/mole) is the volume change in evaporation, ra*1010 is the radius of atom (molecule), Va*105 (m3/mole) is the volume occupied by atoms (molecules), VfL*105 (m3/mole) is the free volume of liquid, σ*103 (J/m2) is the surface tension coefficient, λex (J/mole) is the experimental value of evaporation heat, λT1 (J/mole) is the evaporation heat calculated from reference data on volume and size of atoms (molecules), λT2 (J/mole) is the evaporation heat calculated from data on volumes and dimensions of atoms (molecules) obtained in the present paper, and δ1 and δ2 (%) are relative errors.As one can see from Table5, employment of the results obtained in the present work gives, generally, better agreement between the calculated and experimental enthalpy of evaporation.


## 6. Conclusions

(1)
The evaporation heat is determined by expression (9):
(20)λ=RTln⁡(1+ΔVVfL)+PΔV+σVaαra.(2)
At a critical point the thermodynamic parameters should satisfy relationship (14)
(21)(dPdT)c=RVfLc+PcTc.(3)
The effective volumes of atoms (molecules, ions) are calculated from exact formula (15)
(22)V0=1NA(Vc-R(dP/dT)c-Pc/Tc).
The volume calculation accuracy is only determined by the measurement accuracy for the thermodynamic parameters at the critical point. By using geometrical models for atoms (molecules, ions) one can determine their linear parameters as well.(4)
Rapid development of nanotechnology necessitates accurate determination of geometrical parameters for atoms (molecules, ions), which can be made by means of the method suggested.



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*Source: 945047-2011-05-24.xml*