# Analysis of Pipe-Roof in Tunnel Exiting Portal by the Foundation Elastic Model

Authors: Yanbin Luo; Jianxun Chen; Bao Liu; Lijun Chen; Jiangtao Xie
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2017)

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## Abstract

The Pasternak double-parameter elastic foundation model of pipe-roof during the construction of tunnel exits is first established. Based on the portal project of Hanjiashan highway tunnel, an inclinometer is adopted to measure the settlement deformation of a pipe-roof and demonstrates the deformation law in tunnel exiting portals. The formulas for calculating the deflection and internal forces are derived to analyze the deformation of the pipe-roof in each excavation stage, and the results are compared with field monitoring data. Finally, the influences of excavation height, excavation footage, and stiffness of the pipe-roof on the support effect are investigated. Analysis indicates that the longitudinal settlement curve shows a groove distribution, which can be divided into five stages: micro, rapid, continuous, resilience, and stable deformation. Moreover, the subsidence rate reaches its maximum at the tunnel face. The influence of tunnel excavation on the deformation mainly has a range of 1.5 times the excavation height. To control the deflection of the pipe-roof, excavation height should be controlled in the range of 3.5 m, excavation footage should be controlled in the range of 1–1.4 m, and the diameter and thickness of the selected pipe-roof should be in the ranges of 89–159 mm and 5–8 mm, respectively.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The rock mass of a tunnel portal is often broken, loose, and weathering and has generally poor geological conditions. Portal excavation can destroy the original balance of a mountain, thus easily generating bedding slipping, collapse, and so on [1–3]. Adopting pipe-roofs is an effective measure extensively applied to overcome the poor stability and slope sliding of heading [4–7]. Many scholars have conducted extensive research on the support mechanism of pipe-roofs, including analytical studies [8–11], field tests [8, 12–14], numerical simulations [15–18], and model tests [19–22]. Existing work is mainly aimed at studying the mechanical behaviors of pipe-roofs in tunnel entry portals. Pipe-roofs are adopted not only in tunnel entry portals, but also in tunnel exiting portals, which have unsatisfactory conditions of eluvium covering and landsides and are adjacent to bridges. The difference in boundary conditions between tunnel entrances and exits leads to differences in the mechanical behaviors of pipe-roofs. Therefore, it is necessary to take further research on the effects and mechanical behaviors of pipe-roofs during the construction of tunnel exits.In this paper, the Pasternak double-parameter elastic foundation model of pipe-roof during the construction of tunnel exits is first established, and then, with the Hanjiashan Tunnel of Tongxun Highway as basis, the inclinometer is first adopted to measure the deformation of the pipe-roof in the tunnel exiting portal and the deformation law of the pipe-roof is obtained. Deformation of the pipe-roof in each excavation stage is analyzed and compared with field monitoring data. The accuracy of the calculated model and the theoretical derivation is verified. Finally, the support effect of the pipe-roof in different tunnel excavation heights, excavation footages, and pipe stiffness is investigated. The results can provide a basis for selecting reasonable parameters of pipe-roofs in tunnel exiting portals.


## 2. Mechanical Analysis of the Pipe-Roof Deformation

### 2.1. Building the Analytical Model

The self-bearing capacity of the rock mass is poor when the tunnel construction is in shallow buried strata. The force of the pipe-roof is definite, and the action between the upper soil and the pipe-roof is not considered. It assumes that the pipe-roof is the straight beam acting on the Pasternak elastic foundation, and the uniform loadq(x) of the covering soil acts on the pipe-roof in the excavation section [23]. Owing to the deformation of the rock mass, which begins with the range in front of the tunnel face, the maximum relaxation range of the rock mass is within the range of the fracture plane in front of the tunnel face.According to the theory of rock mass pressure, the acting range of the longitudinal load of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face ish·(tan⁡45°-φ/2). Considering the state of the pipe-roof and the rock mass during excavation, the pipe-roof can be divided into four segments in the excavation cycle as shown in Figure 1. (1) The support section (OA): this section can be assumed as an elastic fixed end with an initial displacement y0 and an initial angle θ0. The initial displacement y0 of the pipe-roof can be valued as the measured settlement of the crown. (2) The section (AB) without support: the pipe-roof completely bears the pressure q(x) of the upper rock mass. (3) The section (BC) in the disturbance: the pipe-roof is affected not only by the rock mass pressure of q(x) but also by the subgrade reaction p(x). (4) Undisturbed section (CD): this section only bears the subgrade reaction p(x) between the pipe-roof and the rock mass.Figure 1
Force of pipe-roof in the process of tunnel construction at the exit portal section.The subgrade reaction can be calculated using the double-parameter Pasternak model. Based on elastic foundation beam theory, the subgrade reaction and the deflection differential equation of the pipe-roof can be deduced as follows:(1a)px=ky-Gpd2ydx2,(1b)EIdy4xdx4-Gpb∗dy2xdx2+kb∗yx=bqx.In the equation,E is the elastic modulus, Gp is the shear modulus of the foundation, I is the inertia moment of the pipe-roof, b∗ is the equivalent width of the beam considering the foundation continuity b∗=b[1+(Gp/k)1/2/b], b is the width of the elastic foundation beam (which is equal to the diagram of the pipe-roof), k is the coefficient of the subgrade reaction, and y(x) is the deflection of the pipe-roof.The elastic foundation beam model of the pipe-roof is divided into two types [24] based on the position of the tunnel face and the pipe-roof. (1) When the tunnel face is far away from the front end of the pipe-roof, the affected area of tunnel excavation does not reach the front end of the pipe-roof, which is considered an infinite elastic foundation beam, as shown in Figure 2(a). (2) When the tunnel face is close to the front end of the pipe-roof, the affected area of tunnel excavation reaches the front end of the pipe-roof, which is considered a finite elastic foundation beam, as shown in Figure 2(b).Figure 2
Mechanical model of pipe-roof in the process of tunnel construction at the exit portal section.
(a)
Model A
(b)
Model BIn contrast to tunnel exit, guiding wall is installed in the same tunnel entrance and pipe-roof is guided through the reserved hole in the guiding wall, but the excavation direction is converse. The pipe-roofs in tunnel exit and entrance have the same effort in protecting the safety of the tunnel portal construction, but the displayed mechanic effort of them is different. At tunnel exit, the tunnel face starts from inside to outside of the tunnel, the far end of pipe-roof is restrained by the guiding wall, and the corresponding constrained condition at the far end of pipe-roof can be idealized as a fixed support as shown at the pointC in Figure 2(b). At tunnel entrance, the tunnel face starts from outside to inside of the tunnel, and the constrained condition at the point C is usually idealized as a hinged support [23].In addition, it is worth mentioning that the above compared analysis of tunnel exit and entrance have the same precondition, of which the guiding wall is made first and the pipe-roof is constructed from the outside to inside in the tunnel portal. In some instances, the pipe-roof is constructed from the inside to outside and the guiding wall does not need to be set. In this situation, the tunnel exit will be more dangerous than the tunnel entrance. However, this situation is only suitable for the good geological conditions in tunnel portal and is very dangerous for the poor geological conditions. In practice the pipe-roof is usually constructed after finishing the guiding wall in the tunnel portal with weak rock mass and is guided by the reserved hole in the guiding wall. This situation exists in theory and will not be considered in this paper.


### 2.2. Solution of Deflection Differential Equation

According to the mechanical calculation model of the pipe-roof, the deflection differential equation in the sections of the pipe-roof and the corresponding solutions can be calculated depending on elastic foundation beam theory.


#### 2.2.1. Model A

The deflection differential equations in the sections of the pipe-roof are as follows.(1) Section
A
B. The deflection differential equation in the section of AB is (2)EId4yxdx4=bq0.The corresponding solution can be expressed as(3)y1x=C1x3+C2x2+C3x+C4+y1∗,(4)y1∗x=q024EIx4.C
1, C2, C3, and C4 are the undetermined coefficients.(
2) Section
B
C
. The deflection differential equation in the section of BC is(5)EId4yxdx4-Gpb∗d2yxdx2+kyxb∗=bq0.The corresponding solution can be expressed as(6)y2x=eαxC5cos⁡βx+C6sin⁡βx+e-αxC7cos⁡βx+C8sin⁡βx+y2∗,(7)y2∗x=qkb∗1-cosh⁡βx-d1-d2cos⁡βx-d1-d2.C
5, C6, C7, and C8 are the undetermined coefficients: λ4=kb/(4EI); α=λ1+Gpλ2/k; β=λ1-Gpλ2/k.(
3) Section
C
D. The deflection differential equation in the section of BC is(8)EId4yxdx4-Gpb∗d2yxdx2+kyxb∗=0.The corresponding solution can be expressed as(9)y3x=eαxC5cos⁡βx+C6sin⁡βx+e-αxC7cos⁡βx+C8sin⁡βx.Accordingly, the boundary conditions of model A are as follows:(10)y1x=0=y0,θ1x=0=y11x=0=θ0,y1x=d1=y2x=d1,y12x=d1=y22x=d1,y11x=d1=y21x=d1,y13x=d1=y23x=d1,y3x→∞=0,θ3x→∞=0.The calculation result isC5=C6=0. When formulas (3), (6), (7), and (9) and the boundary conditions are used, the following coefficient matrix can be obtained:(11)000100001000d13d12d11P35P363d122d110P45P466d1200P55P566000P65P66C1C2C3C4C7C8=y0θ0ψ3ψ4ψ5ψ6.In this matrix,(12)P35=-e-αd1cos⁡βd,P36=-e-αd1sin⁡βd,P45=e-αd1αcos⁡βd+βsin⁡βd,P46=e-αd1αsin⁡βd-βcos⁡βd,P55=e-αd1-2αβsin⁡βd-α2-β2cos⁡βd,P56=e-αd12αβcos⁡βd-α2-β2sin⁡βd,P65=e-αd1-β3-3α2βsin⁡βd+α3-3αβ2cos⁡βd,P66=e-αd1β3-3α2βcos⁡βd+α3-3αβ2sin⁡βd,ψ3=-qd1424EI+qkb∗1-cos⁡βd2cosh⁡βd2,ψ4=-qd136EI+βqkb∗cos⁡βd2sinh⁡βd2-cosh⁡βd2sin⁡βd2,ψ5=-qd122EI+2β2qkb∗sin⁡βd2sinh⁡βd2,ψ6=-qd1EI-2β3qkb∗cosh⁡βd2sin⁡βd2+cos⁡βd2sinh⁡βd2.After the preceding process to calculate the undetermined coefficientsC1–C8 of the deflection equation, the result is introduced in formulas (3), (6), and (9), and the deflection expression of the pipe-roof sections in model A is determined. The moment, shear force, and rotation angle of the pipe-roof can be obtained based on Bernoulli-Euler theory. The equation is as follows:(13)Mx=-EI∂2y∂x2,Nx=dMdx=-EI∂3y∂x3,θx=dydx.


#### 2.2.2. Model B

The deflection differential equation of sectionsAB and CD in model B is similar to the one in model A. Therefore, the solution of the differential equation consists of formulas (3) and (6).The boundary conditions of model B are as follows:(14)y1x=0=y0,θ1x=0=y11x=0=θ0,y1x=d1=y2x=d1,y11x=d1=y21x=d1,y12x=d1=y22x=d1,y13x=d1=y23x=d1,y2x=d1+d2=0,y21x=d1+d2=θ2x=d1+d2=0.With formulas (3) and (6) and the boundary conditions, the following coefficient matrix can be obtained:(15)0001000000100000d13d12d11P35P36P37P383d122d110P45P46P47P486d1200P55P56P57P586000P65P66P67P680000P75P76P77P780000P85P86P87P88C1C2C3C4C5C6C7C8=y0θ0ψ3ψ4ψ5ψ600.In this matrix,(16)P35=-eαd1cos⁡βd1,P36=-eαd1sin⁡βd1,P37=-e-αd1cos⁡βd1,P38=-e-αd1sin⁡βd1,P45=eαd1βsin⁡βd1-αcos⁡βd1,P46=-eαd1αsin⁡βd1+βcos⁡βd1,P47=e-αd1αcos⁡βd1+βsin⁡βd1,P48=e-αd1αsin⁡βd1-βcos⁡βd1,P55=eαd12αβsin⁡βd1+β2-α2cos⁡βd1,P56=eαd1β2-α2sin⁡βd1-2αβcos⁡βd1,P57=e-αd1-2αβsin⁡βd1+β2-α2cos⁡βd1,P58=e-αd1β2-α2sin⁡βd1+2αβcos⁡βd1,P65=eαd1-β3+3α2βsin⁡βd1+3αβ2-α3cos⁡βd1,P66=eαd1β3-3α2βcos⁡βd1+3αβ2-α3sin⁡βd1,P67=e-αd1-β3+3α2βsin⁡βd1+α3-3αβ2cos⁡βd1,P68=e-αd1β3-3α2βcos⁡βd1+α3-3αβ2sin⁡βd1,P75=eαd1+d2cos⁡βd1+d2,P76=eαd1+d2sin⁡βd1+d2,P77=e-αd1+d2cos⁡βd1+d2,P78=e-αd1+d2sin⁡βd1+d2,P85=eαd1+d2αcos⁡βd1+d2-βsin⁡βd1+d2,P86=eαd1+d2αsin⁡ββd1+d2+βcos⁡βd1+d2,P87=e-αd1+d2-αcos⁡βd1+d2-βsin⁡βd1+d2,P88=e-αd1+d2-αsin⁡βd1+d2+βcos⁡ββd1+d2,ψ3=-qd1424EI+qkb∗1-cos⁡βd2cosh⁡βd2,ψ4=-qd136EI+βqkb∗sinh⁡βd2cos⁡βd2-cosh⁡βd2sin⁡βd2,ψ5=-qd122EI+2β2qkb∗sinh⁡βd2sin⁡βd2,ψ6=-qd1EI-2β3qkb∗cosh⁡βd2sin⁡βd2+sinh⁡βd2cos⁡βd2.After the preceding process to calculate the undetermined coefficientsC1–C8 of the deflection equation, the result is introduced in formulas (3) and (6), and the deflection expression of the pipe-roof sections in model B is determined. Then the moment, shear force, and rotation angle of the pipe-roof can be obtained.


## 2.1. Building the Analytical Model

The self-bearing capacity of the rock mass is poor when the tunnel construction is in shallow buried strata. The force of the pipe-roof is definite, and the action between the upper soil and the pipe-roof is not considered. It assumes that the pipe-roof is the straight beam acting on the Pasternak elastic foundation, and the uniform loadq(x) of the covering soil acts on the pipe-roof in the excavation section [23]. Owing to the deformation of the rock mass, which begins with the range in front of the tunnel face, the maximum relaxation range of the rock mass is within the range of the fracture plane in front of the tunnel face.According to the theory of rock mass pressure, the acting range of the longitudinal load of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face ish·(tan⁡45°-φ/2). Considering the state of the pipe-roof and the rock mass during excavation, the pipe-roof can be divided into four segments in the excavation cycle as shown in Figure 1. (1) The support section (OA): this section can be assumed as an elastic fixed end with an initial displacement y0 and an initial angle θ0. The initial displacement y0 of the pipe-roof can be valued as the measured settlement of the crown. (2) The section (AB) without support: the pipe-roof completely bears the pressure q(x) of the upper rock mass. (3) The section (BC) in the disturbance: the pipe-roof is affected not only by the rock mass pressure of q(x) but also by the subgrade reaction p(x). (4) Undisturbed section (CD): this section only bears the subgrade reaction p(x) between the pipe-roof and the rock mass.Figure 1
Force of pipe-roof in the process of tunnel construction at the exit portal section.The subgrade reaction can be calculated using the double-parameter Pasternak model. Based on elastic foundation beam theory, the subgrade reaction and the deflection differential equation of the pipe-roof can be deduced as follows:(1a)px=ky-Gpd2ydx2,(1b)EIdy4xdx4-Gpb∗dy2xdx2+kb∗yx=bqx.In the equation,E is the elastic modulus, Gp is the shear modulus of the foundation, I is the inertia moment of the pipe-roof, b∗ is the equivalent width of the beam considering the foundation continuity b∗=b[1+(Gp/k)1/2/b], b is the width of the elastic foundation beam (which is equal to the diagram of the pipe-roof), k is the coefficient of the subgrade reaction, and y(x) is the deflection of the pipe-roof.The elastic foundation beam model of the pipe-roof is divided into two types [24] based on the position of the tunnel face and the pipe-roof. (1) When the tunnel face is far away from the front end of the pipe-roof, the affected area of tunnel excavation does not reach the front end of the pipe-roof, which is considered an infinite elastic foundation beam, as shown in Figure 2(a). (2) When the tunnel face is close to the front end of the pipe-roof, the affected area of tunnel excavation reaches the front end of the pipe-roof, which is considered a finite elastic foundation beam, as shown in Figure 2(b).Figure 2
Mechanical model of pipe-roof in the process of tunnel construction at the exit portal section.
(a)
Model A
(b)
Model BIn contrast to tunnel exit, guiding wall is installed in the same tunnel entrance and pipe-roof is guided through the reserved hole in the guiding wall, but the excavation direction is converse. The pipe-roofs in tunnel exit and entrance have the same effort in protecting the safety of the tunnel portal construction, but the displayed mechanic effort of them is different. At tunnel exit, the tunnel face starts from inside to outside of the tunnel, the far end of pipe-roof is restrained by the guiding wall, and the corresponding constrained condition at the far end of pipe-roof can be idealized as a fixed support as shown at the pointC in Figure 2(b). At tunnel entrance, the tunnel face starts from outside to inside of the tunnel, and the constrained condition at the point C is usually idealized as a hinged support [23].In addition, it is worth mentioning that the above compared analysis of tunnel exit and entrance have the same precondition, of which the guiding wall is made first and the pipe-roof is constructed from the outside to inside in the tunnel portal. In some instances, the pipe-roof is constructed from the inside to outside and the guiding wall does not need to be set. In this situation, the tunnel exit will be more dangerous than the tunnel entrance. However, this situation is only suitable for the good geological conditions in tunnel portal and is very dangerous for the poor geological conditions. In practice the pipe-roof is usually constructed after finishing the guiding wall in the tunnel portal with weak rock mass and is guided by the reserved hole in the guiding wall. This situation exists in theory and will not be considered in this paper.


## 2.2. Solution of Deflection Differential Equation

According to the mechanical calculation model of the pipe-roof, the deflection differential equation in the sections of the pipe-roof and the corresponding solutions can be calculated depending on elastic foundation beam theory.


### 2.2.1. Model A

The deflection differential equations in the sections of the pipe-roof are as follows.(1) Section
A
B. The deflection differential equation in the section of AB is (2)EId4yxdx4=bq0.The corresponding solution can be expressed as(3)y1x=C1x3+C2x2+C3x+C4+y1∗,(4)y1∗x=q024EIx4.C
1, C2, C3, and C4 are the undetermined coefficients.(
2) Section
B
C
. The deflection differential equation in the section of BC is(5)EId4yxdx4-Gpb∗d2yxdx2+kyxb∗=bq0.The corresponding solution can be expressed as(6)y2x=eαxC5cos⁡βx+C6sin⁡βx+e-αxC7cos⁡βx+C8sin⁡βx+y2∗,(7)y2∗x=qkb∗1-cosh⁡βx-d1-d2cos⁡βx-d1-d2.C
5, C6, C7, and C8 are the undetermined coefficients: λ4=kb/(4EI); α=λ1+Gpλ2/k; β=λ1-Gpλ2/k.(
3) Section
C
D. The deflection differential equation in the section of BC is(8)EId4yxdx4-Gpb∗d2yxdx2+kyxb∗=0.The corresponding solution can be expressed as(9)y3x=eαxC5cos⁡βx+C6sin⁡βx+e-αxC7cos⁡βx+C8sin⁡βx.Accordingly, the boundary conditions of model A are as follows:(10)y1x=0=y0,θ1x=0=y11x=0=θ0,y1x=d1=y2x=d1,y12x=d1=y22x=d1,y11x=d1=y21x=d1,y13x=d1=y23x=d1,y3x→∞=0,θ3x→∞=0.The calculation result isC5=C6=0. When formulas (3), (6), (7), and (9) and the boundary conditions are used, the following coefficient matrix can be obtained:(11)000100001000d13d12d11P35P363d122d110P45P466d1200P55P566000P65P66C1C2C3C4C7C8=y0θ0ψ3ψ4ψ5ψ6.In this matrix,(12)P35=-e-αd1cos⁡βd,P36=-e-αd1sin⁡βd,P45=e-αd1αcos⁡βd+βsin⁡βd,P46=e-αd1αsin⁡βd-βcos⁡βd,P55=e-αd1-2αβsin⁡βd-α2-β2cos⁡βd,P56=e-αd12αβcos⁡βd-α2-β2sin⁡βd,P65=e-αd1-β3-3α2βsin⁡βd+α3-3αβ2cos⁡βd,P66=e-αd1β3-3α2βcos⁡βd+α3-3αβ2sin⁡βd,ψ3=-qd1424EI+qkb∗1-cos⁡βd2cosh⁡βd2,ψ4=-qd136EI+βqkb∗cos⁡βd2sinh⁡βd2-cosh⁡βd2sin⁡βd2,ψ5=-qd122EI+2β2qkb∗sin⁡βd2sinh⁡βd2,ψ6=-qd1EI-2β3qkb∗cosh⁡βd2sin⁡βd2+cos⁡βd2sinh⁡βd2.After the preceding process to calculate the undetermined coefficientsC1–C8 of the deflection equation, the result is introduced in formulas (3), (6), and (9), and the deflection expression of the pipe-roof sections in model A is determined. The moment, shear force, and rotation angle of the pipe-roof can be obtained based on Bernoulli-Euler theory. The equation is as follows:(13)Mx=-EI∂2y∂x2,Nx=dMdx=-EI∂3y∂x3,θx=dydx.


### 2.2.2. Model B

The deflection differential equation of sectionsAB and CD in model B is similar to the one in model A. Therefore, the solution of the differential equation consists of formulas (3) and (6).The boundary conditions of model B are as follows:(14)y1x=0=y0,θ1x=0=y11x=0=θ0,y1x=d1=y2x=d1,y11x=d1=y21x=d1,y12x=d1=y22x=d1,y13x=d1=y23x=d1,y2x=d1+d2=0,y21x=d1+d2=θ2x=d1+d2=0.With formulas (3) and (6) and the boundary conditions, the following coefficient matrix can be obtained:(15)0001000000100000d13d12d11P35P36P37P383d122d110P45P46P47P486d1200P55P56P57P586000P65P66P67P680000P75P76P77P780000P85P86P87P88C1C2C3C4C5C6C7C8=y0θ0ψ3ψ4ψ5ψ600.In this matrix,(16)P35=-eαd1cos⁡βd1,P36=-eαd1sin⁡βd1,P37=-e-αd1cos⁡βd1,P38=-e-αd1sin⁡βd1,P45=eαd1βsin⁡βd1-αcos⁡βd1,P46=-eαd1αsin⁡βd1+βcos⁡βd1,P47=e-αd1αcos⁡βd1+βsin⁡βd1,P48=e-αd1αsin⁡βd1-βcos⁡βd1,P55=eαd12αβsin⁡βd1+β2-α2cos⁡βd1,P56=eαd1β2-α2sin⁡βd1-2αβcos⁡βd1,P57=e-αd1-2αβsin⁡βd1+β2-α2cos⁡βd1,P58=e-αd1β2-α2sin⁡βd1+2αβcos⁡βd1,P65=eαd1-β3+3α2βsin⁡βd1+3αβ2-α3cos⁡βd1,P66=eαd1β3-3α2βcos⁡βd1+3αβ2-α3sin⁡βd1,P67=e-αd1-β3+3α2βsin⁡βd1+α3-3αβ2cos⁡βd1,P68=e-αd1β3-3α2βcos⁡βd1+α3-3αβ2sin⁡βd1,P75=eαd1+d2cos⁡βd1+d2,P76=eαd1+d2sin⁡βd1+d2,P77=e-αd1+d2cos⁡βd1+d2,P78=e-αd1+d2sin⁡βd1+d2,P85=eαd1+d2αcos⁡βd1+d2-βsin⁡βd1+d2,P86=eαd1+d2αsin⁡ββd1+d2+βcos⁡βd1+d2,P87=e-αd1+d2-αcos⁡βd1+d2-βsin⁡βd1+d2,P88=e-αd1+d2-αsin⁡βd1+d2+βcos⁡ββd1+d2,ψ3=-qd1424EI+qkb∗1-cos⁡βd2cosh⁡βd2,ψ4=-qd136EI+βqkb∗sinh⁡βd2cos⁡βd2-cosh⁡βd2sin⁡βd2,ψ5=-qd122EI+2β2qkb∗sinh⁡βd2sin⁡βd2,ψ6=-qd1EI-2β3qkb∗cosh⁡βd2sin⁡βd2+sinh⁡βd2cos⁡βd2.After the preceding process to calculate the undetermined coefficientsC1–C8 of the deflection equation, the result is introduced in formulas (3) and (6), and the deflection expression of the pipe-roof sections in model B is determined. Then the moment, shear force, and rotation angle of the pipe-roof can be obtained.


## 2.2.1. Model A

The deflection differential equations in the sections of the pipe-roof are as follows.(1) Section
A
B. The deflection differential equation in the section of AB is (2)EId4yxdx4=bq0.The corresponding solution can be expressed as(3)y1x=C1x3+C2x2+C3x+C4+y1∗,(4)y1∗x=q024EIx4.C
1, C2, C3, and C4 are the undetermined coefficients.(
2) Section
B
C
. The deflection differential equation in the section of BC is(5)EId4yxdx4-Gpb∗d2yxdx2+kyxb∗=bq0.The corresponding solution can be expressed as(6)y2x=eαxC5cos⁡βx+C6sin⁡βx+e-αxC7cos⁡βx+C8sin⁡βx+y2∗,(7)y2∗x=qkb∗1-cosh⁡βx-d1-d2cos⁡βx-d1-d2.C
5, C6, C7, and C8 are the undetermined coefficients: λ4=kb/(4EI); α=λ1+Gpλ2/k; β=λ1-Gpλ2/k.(
3) Section
C
D. The deflection differential equation in the section of BC is(8)EId4yxdx4-Gpb∗d2yxdx2+kyxb∗=0.The corresponding solution can be expressed as(9)y3x=eαxC5cos⁡βx+C6sin⁡βx+e-αxC7cos⁡βx+C8sin⁡βx.Accordingly, the boundary conditions of model A are as follows:(10)y1x=0=y0,θ1x=0=y11x=0=θ0,y1x=d1=y2x=d1,y12x=d1=y22x=d1,y11x=d1=y21x=d1,y13x=d1=y23x=d1,y3x→∞=0,θ3x→∞=0.The calculation result isC5=C6=0. When formulas (3), (6), (7), and (9) and the boundary conditions are used, the following coefficient matrix can be obtained:(11)000100001000d13d12d11P35P363d122d110P45P466d1200P55P566000P65P66C1C2C3C4C7C8=y0θ0ψ3ψ4ψ5ψ6.In this matrix,(12)P35=-e-αd1cos⁡βd,P36=-e-αd1sin⁡βd,P45=e-αd1αcos⁡βd+βsin⁡βd,P46=e-αd1αsin⁡βd-βcos⁡βd,P55=e-αd1-2αβsin⁡βd-α2-β2cos⁡βd,P56=e-αd12αβcos⁡βd-α2-β2sin⁡βd,P65=e-αd1-β3-3α2βsin⁡βd+α3-3αβ2cos⁡βd,P66=e-αd1β3-3α2βcos⁡βd+α3-3αβ2sin⁡βd,ψ3=-qd1424EI+qkb∗1-cos⁡βd2cosh⁡βd2,ψ4=-qd136EI+βqkb∗cos⁡βd2sinh⁡βd2-cosh⁡βd2sin⁡βd2,ψ5=-qd122EI+2β2qkb∗sin⁡βd2sinh⁡βd2,ψ6=-qd1EI-2β3qkb∗cosh⁡βd2sin⁡βd2+cos⁡βd2sinh⁡βd2.After the preceding process to calculate the undetermined coefficientsC1–C8 of the deflection equation, the result is introduced in formulas (3), (6), and (9), and the deflection expression of the pipe-roof sections in model A is determined. The moment, shear force, and rotation angle of the pipe-roof can be obtained based on Bernoulli-Euler theory. The equation is as follows:(13)Mx=-EI∂2y∂x2,Nx=dMdx=-EI∂3y∂x3,θx=dydx.


## 2.2.2. Model B

The deflection differential equation of sectionsAB and CD in model B is similar to the one in model A. Therefore, the solution of the differential equation consists of formulas (3) and (6).The boundary conditions of model B are as follows:(14)y1x=0=y0,θ1x=0=y11x=0=θ0,y1x=d1=y2x=d1,y11x=d1=y21x=d1,y12x=d1=y22x=d1,y13x=d1=y23x=d1,y2x=d1+d2=0,y21x=d1+d2=θ2x=d1+d2=0.With formulas (3) and (6) and the boundary conditions, the following coefficient matrix can be obtained:(15)0001000000100000d13d12d11P35P36P37P383d122d110P45P46P47P486d1200P55P56P57P586000P65P66P67P680000P75P76P77P780000P85P86P87P88C1C2C3C4C5C6C7C8=y0θ0ψ3ψ4ψ5ψ600.In this matrix,(16)P35=-eαd1cos⁡βd1,P36=-eαd1sin⁡βd1,P37=-e-αd1cos⁡βd1,P38=-e-αd1sin⁡βd1,P45=eαd1βsin⁡βd1-αcos⁡βd1,P46=-eαd1αsin⁡βd1+βcos⁡βd1,P47=e-αd1αcos⁡βd1+βsin⁡βd1,P48=e-αd1αsin⁡βd1-βcos⁡βd1,P55=eαd12αβsin⁡βd1+β2-α2cos⁡βd1,P56=eαd1β2-α2sin⁡βd1-2αβcos⁡βd1,P57=e-αd1-2αβsin⁡βd1+β2-α2cos⁡βd1,P58=e-αd1β2-α2sin⁡βd1+2αβcos⁡βd1,P65=eαd1-β3+3α2βsin⁡βd1+3αβ2-α3cos⁡βd1,P66=eαd1β3-3α2βcos⁡βd1+3αβ2-α3sin⁡βd1,P67=e-αd1-β3+3α2βsin⁡βd1+α3-3αβ2cos⁡βd1,P68=e-αd1β3-3α2βcos⁡βd1+α3-3αβ2sin⁡βd1,P75=eαd1+d2cos⁡βd1+d2,P76=eαd1+d2sin⁡βd1+d2,P77=e-αd1+d2cos⁡βd1+d2,P78=e-αd1+d2sin⁡βd1+d2,P85=eαd1+d2αcos⁡βd1+d2-βsin⁡βd1+d2,P86=eαd1+d2αsin⁡ββd1+d2+βcos⁡βd1+d2,P87=e-αd1+d2-αcos⁡βd1+d2-βsin⁡βd1+d2,P88=e-αd1+d2-αsin⁡βd1+d2+βcos⁡ββd1+d2,ψ3=-qd1424EI+qkb∗1-cos⁡βd2cosh⁡βd2,ψ4=-qd136EI+βqkb∗sinh⁡βd2cos⁡βd2-cosh⁡βd2sin⁡βd2,ψ5=-qd122EI+2β2qkb∗sinh⁡βd2sin⁡βd2,ψ6=-qd1EI-2β3qkb∗cosh⁡βd2sin⁡βd2+sinh⁡βd2cos⁡βd2.After the preceding process to calculate the undetermined coefficientsC1–C8 of the deflection equation, the result is introduced in formulas (3) and (6), and the deflection expression of the pipe-roof sections in model B is determined. Then the moment, shear force, and rotation angle of the pipe-roof can be obtained.


## 3. Engineering Case Analysis

### 3.1. General Situation of Construction

Hanjiashan tunnel of the Tongchuan–Xunyi expressway is located in the northwest of Tuqiao Yaoshang village in Xunyi county, extending from the northeast to the southeast. The tunnel has a design speed of 80 km/h and is bidirectional in four lanes. The left line is 885 m with a maximum buried depth of 123 m, and the right line is 865 m with a maximum buried depth of 142 m. The entrance and exit of the tunnel are located in the slope zone; the exit in particular lies on a steep terrain. The slope of the left exit reaches 25°–40° and mainly comprises residual silty clay, fully weathered sandstone, conglomerate, and mudstone. The entrance and exit of the tunnel easily collapse with the occurrence of strong rainfall or construction disturbance.Road construction was difficult because of the geological and topographic conditions of the tunnel exit. In addition, the tunnel exit is adjacent to the bridge, making it inconvenient to adopt big machines and equipment. Therefore, a one-way construction plan was adopted, wherein the tunnel was excavated to transfixion from a substantial pile number to a small one. The advanced pipe-roof was to be constructed starting from the inside to outside. In this way, the topography obstacle of the tunnel exit was overcome while avoiding destruction of the ecological environment caused by the road construction in a steep slope. However, compared with the entrance project, the pipe-roof method employed in the tunnel exiting portal was more conducive for maintaining a safe and steady slope. The original design was also optimized to ensure construction progress and safety. The specific support parameters are shown in Figure3. In order to ensure construction safety during the tunnel exit, the three benches and seven steps excavation method was adopted. The excavation span is 12.78 m and the excavation height is 9.28 m. The excavation footage is 0.5 m which is in accord with the longitudinal space of steel frame.Figure 3
Design of tunnel exiting portal.
(a)
Transversal lining design
(b)
Transversal pipe-roof design


### 3.2. Field Measurement of the Pipe-Roof

#### 3.2.1. Measurement Arrangement

The tunnel exit was chosen as the test section for measuring the deformation of the pipe-roof in the tunnel exiting portal because of its poor topographic conditions. A CX-4C inclinometer was used to measure the deformation of the pipe-roof in the tunnel exiting portal. This inclinometer has high precision, good stability, high repeatability, and small drift. It is also convenient to operate and its monitoring data are reliable.An inclinometer was buried in the crown of the number 16 and number 6 holes of the pipe-roof. The effective measurement range of each inclinometer is 20 m. The settlement datum was set in each orifice of the inclinometer, measuring one point per 0.5 m. The longitudinal and lateral arrangements of the inclinometer tube are shown in Figures4 and 5.Figure 4
The longitudinal arrangement of inclinometer tube.Figure 5
The lateral arrangement of inclinometer tube.The inclinometer was buried after pipe-roof installation and before grouting. The burying steps were as follows. (1) The pole was cleaned to put the inclinometer in the pipes. (2) The inclinometer was placed in the pipes by using a plumb to control the direction and vertically adjusting a set of guide. The grouting tube and the inclinometer were put together to successfully put the grouting tube in the pipes. While connecting the inclinometers, muck should be avoided from blocking the guide. The pipes were fixed using screws and gluing them down to prevent the slurry from blocking the inclinometer and the guide. (3) The orifice was temporarily sealed and the pipe ends were warped using wet geotextile to avoid burning the inclinometer while welding. The guide tube was extended to ensure the precise position of the inclinometer orifice and for easy sealing. (4) The pipe-roof was grouted. (5) The guide tube was cut off after the initial setting while ensuring that the inclinometer was not damaged. The inclinometer end was smoothened.The initial value should usually be measured twice or three times, with the steady one chosen as the reference value. The coordinate of the inclinometer orifice is taken as the datum. When every measurement was carried out, the instrument probe was put in the inclinometer with a PVC tube measuring one point per 0.5 m to the bottom of the hole. The difference of the measured value subtracted from the initial one was the measured displacementΔY=Ym-Yi.


#### 3.2.2. Analysis of Measured Results

The measurement lasted from January 2015 to March 2015. Two holes were arranged to measure the deformation of the pipe-roof on the basis of the plan. As the number 6 hole was damaged, only the measuring data of the number 16 hole was analyzed for regular change. The specific measured results and analyses are as in Figures6–8.Figure 6
Cumulative curve of pipe-roof settlement.Figure 7
The settlement time curve of pipe-roof measuring point at the depth of 7 m.Figure 8
The settlement space curves of pipe-roof measuring point at the different depth.
(a)
At 4 m depth
(b)
At 6 m depthFigure6 shows that the settlement of the pipe-roof increases along with the excavation. First, the deformation dramatically increases and then gradually stabilizes with the construction of the initial support. The vertical displacement of the umbrella arch in the range of 1-2 m of the tunnel is positive. The pipe-roof appears to trace upward in this range. This result shows that the umbrella plays an important role as an end constraint in the tunnel exiting portal. Therefore, the umbrella arch is vital for setting up the pipe-roof advanced support system because it stabilizes the slope and controls the entire settlement of the pipe-roof. The cumulative curve of the pipe-roof settlement is concave, where both ends are small and the middle part is large. This outcome is attributed to the tunnel face moving toward the portal and the settlement of the pipe-roof accumulating in space and time. The main reason is that, on one hand, one end of the pipe-roof is constrained by the umbrella arch, the other end is put on the stable support, and the force model of the pipe-roof is approximated as the restrained beam with two ends. The measurement result shows the deformation of the tunnel initial support. Meanwhile, when monitoring of the deformation of the pipe-roof began, the vault settlement of the pipe-roof end put on the initial support was stable. On the other hand, the tunnel was excavated in the pile number of the 14 m measured point when monitoring began. This resulted in the partial displacement of the measured point at 14–20 m depth, leading to the loss of measured displacement and causing the settlement of the measured point at 10–20 m depth to be less than the one at 0–10 m depth.Figure7 shows that the settlement time curve of the pipe-roof settlement can be divided into five stages:(1) Micro Deformation. When the tunnel face is near the measured point, the settlement of the pipe-roof is small.(2) Rapid Deformation. When the upper bench is excavated, the settlement of the pipe-roof rapidly increases, the tunnel face is near the section of the measured point, and the settlement rate reaches a maximum.(3) Continuous Deformation. When the middle bench is excavated, the settlement of the pipe-roof continually increases and then slows with the initial support of the tunnel and the pipe-roof bearing the rock mass pressure together.(4) Resilience Deformation. When the invert is backfilled, the tunnel face passes through a length of a section of the measured point and the deformation of the pipe-roof rebound emerges with micro resilience. This effect is attributed to the support structure, which is in a state of elasticity with the protection of the pipe-roof. Furthermore, this phenomenon shows the well-advanced support action of the pipe-roof.(5) Stable Deformation. When the initial support encloses for a while, the settlement of the pipe-roof tends to stabilized. At this time, the stability of the rock mass is a result of the combined work of the pipe-roof and the initial support. The advanced support action of the pipe-roof is basically completed.Figure8 shows that the ratio of the accumulated settlement accounting for the total settlement gradually decreases with the increase of depth of the inclinometer measured point, which is farther from the portal. When the tunnel face is close to the shallow measured point near the portal, the pipe-roof appears to trace upward. This is attributed to the measured points which are close to the umbrella arch, in which the umbrella arch plays an important role as an end constraint. The settlement of the pipe-roof in the tunnel face is large; therefore, elastic deformation appears in the pipe-roof. The excavation range that influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face is 1.5 times that of the excavation height (2 m). With the increase in measured depth, the end constraint effect of the pipe-roof gradually weakens. Meanwhile, the increase in buried depth enlarges the range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face. However, the influence range is still 3 m in front of the tunnel face, which is 1.5 times that of the excavation height.


### 3.3. Model Validation

According to the engineering characteristics of the Hanjiashan Tunnel, the parameters of the rock mass are as follows: coefficient of the subgrade reactionk=40000 kN/m3, shear modulus of the foundation Gp=10000 kN/m, bulk density = 20 kN/m3, internal friction angle φ=22°, single pipe combined modulus Ep=47.26 GPa, single pipe combined inertial moment Ip=12.77×106 mm4, and tunnel excavation height h=2 m. Two steel frames are supported in each cycle, with a 50 cm spacing between frames. Therefore, the excavation footage d1 is 1.2 m.


#### 3.3.1. Model A

When the pile of the tunnel excavation is 9 m away from the orifice, the vertical rock mass pressure of the pipe-roof isq=140 kPa. The initial vertical displacement of the pipe-roof and the initial support connecting end y0=10 mm. The initial angle of the pipe-roof is θ0=1.5° because the pipe-roof is far away from the umbrella arch. The deflection curves of the pipe-roof are calculated by MATLAB and compared with the measured values, as shown in Figure 9.Figure 9
Comparison of calculated values and measured one of pipe-roof deflection in model A.The comparison between the calculated results and the measured data shows the following.(1) The deflection curve of the pipe-roof is in good agreement with the measured one, which shows the correctness of the theoretical calculation. The differences between the theoretical calculations and the measured results are mainly attributed to the hypothesis that the soil is a uniformly continuous elastomer in theoretical calculation. Moreover, the soil is anisotropic and heterogeneous in construction.(2) The range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face is 3 m, which is 1.5 times that of the height of the tunnel excavation and is in good agreement with the measured results.(3) The maximum deflection of the pipe-roof is 25.6 mm, which occurred near the tunnel face. The reason is that the area was excavated without support, and thus the pipe-roof bears all the rock mass pressure and the deformation reaches the maximum. This area is also the most critical in tunnel excavation resulting from the largest deformation.


#### 3.3.2. Model B

The distance between the tunnel face and the fracture plane is almostd2=h·tan⁡(45°-φ/2)=1.35 m, in which model B is adopted when the distance between the tunnel face and the umbrella arch is less than 1.35 m. When the tunnel face is 1.35 m away from the umbrella arch, the vertical uniform rock mass pressure of the pipe-roof is q=50 kPa. The initial vertical displacement of the pipe-roof and the initial support connecting end is y0=10 mm. The initial angle of the pipe-roof is θ0=1° because the pipe-roof is close to the umbrella arch. The deflection curves of the pipe-roof are calculated by MATLAB and compared with the measured values, as shown in Figure 10.Figure 10
Comparison of calculated values and measured one of pipe-roof deflection in model B.The comparison between the calculated results and the measured data shows the following:(1) The deflection curve of the pipe-roof is in good agreement with the measured one, which shows the accuracy of the theoretical calculation.(2) The range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face is 3 m.(3) The maximum deflection of the pipe-roof is 21.5 mm, which occurred near the tunnel face.From the preceding analysis, the deformation of the pipe-roof relates to the mechanical parameters of the rock mass and the pipe-roof, as well as the excavation position, the footage, and the excavation height.


### 3.4. Parameters Analysis

#### 3.4.1. Excavation Height

The excavation height values areh=2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, and 4.5 m. The deflection curves of different excavation heights in model A are shown in Figure 11(a). The variation curve of the maximum deflection of different excavation heights is shown in Figure 11(b).Figure 11
Variation curve of pipe-roof deflection with tunnel excavation height.
(a)
Deflection with different excavation height
(b)
The maximum deflection with excavation heightFigure11 shows the following:(1) The deflection of the pipe-roof increases with the increase in excavation height of the tunnel face. When h is between 2 and 3.5 m, the excavation height has a slight effect on the deformation of the pipe-roof; when h is larger than 3.5 m, the deformation of the pipe-roof sharply increases with the increase in excavation height. Therefore, the excavation height should be controlled in the range of 3.5 m.(2) The maximum deflection of the pipe-roof appears near the tunnel face.(3) The range in which excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face increases with the increase in excavation height, and the range is 1.5 times that of the excavation height.


#### 3.4.2. Excavation Footage

The excavation footage values ared1 = 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m. The deflection curves of different excavation footages in model A are shown in Figure 12(a). The variation curve of the maximum deflection of different excavation footages is shown in Figure 12(b).Figure 12
Variation curve of pipe-roof deflection with tunnel excavation footage.
(a)
Deflection with different excavation
(b)
The maximum deflection with excavationFigure12 shows the following:(1) The deflection of the pipe-roof increases with the increase in excavation footage of the tunnel face. The increase rate also rises. Therefore, the excavation footage should be controlled in the range of 1–1.4 m.(2) The maximum deflection of the pipe-roof appears near the tunnel face.(3) The range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face increases with the increase in excavation footage, and the range is 1.5 times that of the excavation height.


#### 3.4.3. Pipe Diameter

According to the common size of the pipe-roof (as shown in Table1), the deflection curves of the different pipe diameters in model A are shown in Figure 13(a). The variation curve of the maximum deflection of the different pipe diameters is shown in Figure 13(b).Table 1
Common sizes of steel pipe for pipe-roof.
Pipe-roof diameter (mm)
Thickness (mm)
Single pipe combined stiffness (N/m2)
70
4.5
7.8 × 104
76
5
1.1 × 105
89
5
1.9 × 105
108
6
4.0 × 105
127
7
7.7 × 105
159
8
1.8 × 106
180
8
2.7 × 106
219
10
5.7 × 106
245
10
9.0 × 106
273
10
1.3 × 107Figure 13
Variation curve of pipe-roof deflection with the diameters.
(a)
Pipe-roof deflection with diameters
(b)
The maximum deflection with diametersFigure13 shows the following:(1) When the pipe diameter is less than 108 mm, the deflection of the pipe-roof significantly increases with the decreasing pipe diameter; when the pipe diameter is more than 108 mm, the pipe diameter of the pipe-roof has a slight effect on deflection, which may explain why the φ108 × 6 mm pipe is extensively used in engineering. This finding also shows that the diameter range of 89–159 mm and thickness range of 5–8 mm for the steel pipes usually selected are reasonable.(2) The maximum deflection of the pipe-roof appears near the tunnel face.(3) The influencing area of the tunnel excavation on the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face first decreases and then increases with the increase in pipe diameter. When the pipe diameter is less than 245 mm, the range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face is less than two times that of the excavation height. When the pipe diameter is more than 245 mm, the range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face is more than two times that of the excavation height.


## 3.1. General Situation of Construction

Hanjiashan tunnel of the Tongchuan–Xunyi expressway is located in the northwest of Tuqiao Yaoshang village in Xunyi county, extending from the northeast to the southeast. The tunnel has a design speed of 80 km/h and is bidirectional in four lanes. The left line is 885 m with a maximum buried depth of 123 m, and the right line is 865 m with a maximum buried depth of 142 m. The entrance and exit of the tunnel are located in the slope zone; the exit in particular lies on a steep terrain. The slope of the left exit reaches 25°–40° and mainly comprises residual silty clay, fully weathered sandstone, conglomerate, and mudstone. The entrance and exit of the tunnel easily collapse with the occurrence of strong rainfall or construction disturbance.Road construction was difficult because of the geological and topographic conditions of the tunnel exit. In addition, the tunnel exit is adjacent to the bridge, making it inconvenient to adopt big machines and equipment. Therefore, a one-way construction plan was adopted, wherein the tunnel was excavated to transfixion from a substantial pile number to a small one. The advanced pipe-roof was to be constructed starting from the inside to outside. In this way, the topography obstacle of the tunnel exit was overcome while avoiding destruction of the ecological environment caused by the road construction in a steep slope. However, compared with the entrance project, the pipe-roof method employed in the tunnel exiting portal was more conducive for maintaining a safe and steady slope. The original design was also optimized to ensure construction progress and safety. The specific support parameters are shown in Figure3. In order to ensure construction safety during the tunnel exit, the three benches and seven steps excavation method was adopted. The excavation span is 12.78 m and the excavation height is 9.28 m. The excavation footage is 0.5 m which is in accord with the longitudinal space of steel frame.Figure 3
Design of tunnel exiting portal.
(a)
Transversal lining design
(b)
Transversal pipe-roof design


## 3.2. Field Measurement of the Pipe-Roof

### 3.2.1. Measurement Arrangement

The tunnel exit was chosen as the test section for measuring the deformation of the pipe-roof in the tunnel exiting portal because of its poor topographic conditions. A CX-4C inclinometer was used to measure the deformation of the pipe-roof in the tunnel exiting portal. This inclinometer has high precision, good stability, high repeatability, and small drift. It is also convenient to operate and its monitoring data are reliable.An inclinometer was buried in the crown of the number 16 and number 6 holes of the pipe-roof. The effective measurement range of each inclinometer is 20 m. The settlement datum was set in each orifice of the inclinometer, measuring one point per 0.5 m. The longitudinal and lateral arrangements of the inclinometer tube are shown in Figures4 and 5.Figure 4
The longitudinal arrangement of inclinometer tube.Figure 5
The lateral arrangement of inclinometer tube.The inclinometer was buried after pipe-roof installation and before grouting. The burying steps were as follows. (1) The pole was cleaned to put the inclinometer in the pipes. (2) The inclinometer was placed in the pipes by using a plumb to control the direction and vertically adjusting a set of guide. The grouting tube and the inclinometer were put together to successfully put the grouting tube in the pipes. While connecting the inclinometers, muck should be avoided from blocking the guide. The pipes were fixed using screws and gluing them down to prevent the slurry from blocking the inclinometer and the guide. (3) The orifice was temporarily sealed and the pipe ends were warped using wet geotextile to avoid burning the inclinometer while welding. The guide tube was extended to ensure the precise position of the inclinometer orifice and for easy sealing. (4) The pipe-roof was grouted. (5) The guide tube was cut off after the initial setting while ensuring that the inclinometer was not damaged. The inclinometer end was smoothened.The initial value should usually be measured twice or three times, with the steady one chosen as the reference value. The coordinate of the inclinometer orifice is taken as the datum. When every measurement was carried out, the instrument probe was put in the inclinometer with a PVC tube measuring one point per 0.5 m to the bottom of the hole. The difference of the measured value subtracted from the initial one was the measured displacementΔY=Ym-Yi.


### 3.2.2. Analysis of Measured Results

The measurement lasted from January 2015 to March 2015. Two holes were arranged to measure the deformation of the pipe-roof on the basis of the plan. As the number 6 hole was damaged, only the measuring data of the number 16 hole was analyzed for regular change. The specific measured results and analyses are as in Figures6–8.Figure 6
Cumulative curve of pipe-roof settlement.Figure 7
The settlement time curve of pipe-roof measuring point at the depth of 7 m.Figure 8
The settlement space curves of pipe-roof measuring point at the different depth.
(a)
At 4 m depth
(b)
At 6 m depthFigure6 shows that the settlement of the pipe-roof increases along with the excavation. First, the deformation dramatically increases and then gradually stabilizes with the construction of the initial support. The vertical displacement of the umbrella arch in the range of 1-2 m of the tunnel is positive. The pipe-roof appears to trace upward in this range. This result shows that the umbrella plays an important role as an end constraint in the tunnel exiting portal. Therefore, the umbrella arch is vital for setting up the pipe-roof advanced support system because it stabilizes the slope and controls the entire settlement of the pipe-roof. The cumulative curve of the pipe-roof settlement is concave, where both ends are small and the middle part is large. This outcome is attributed to the tunnel face moving toward the portal and the settlement of the pipe-roof accumulating in space and time. The main reason is that, on one hand, one end of the pipe-roof is constrained by the umbrella arch, the other end is put on the stable support, and the force model of the pipe-roof is approximated as the restrained beam with two ends. The measurement result shows the deformation of the tunnel initial support. Meanwhile, when monitoring of the deformation of the pipe-roof began, the vault settlement of the pipe-roof end put on the initial support was stable. On the other hand, the tunnel was excavated in the pile number of the 14 m measured point when monitoring began. This resulted in the partial displacement of the measured point at 14–20 m depth, leading to the loss of measured displacement and causing the settlement of the measured point at 10–20 m depth to be less than the one at 0–10 m depth.Figure7 shows that the settlement time curve of the pipe-roof settlement can be divided into five stages:(1) Micro Deformation. When the tunnel face is near the measured point, the settlement of the pipe-roof is small.(2) Rapid Deformation. When the upper bench is excavated, the settlement of the pipe-roof rapidly increases, the tunnel face is near the section of the measured point, and the settlement rate reaches a maximum.(3) Continuous Deformation. When the middle bench is excavated, the settlement of the pipe-roof continually increases and then slows with the initial support of the tunnel and the pipe-roof bearing the rock mass pressure together.(4) Resilience Deformation. When the invert is backfilled, the tunnel face passes through a length of a section of the measured point and the deformation of the pipe-roof rebound emerges with micro resilience. This effect is attributed to the support structure, which is in a state of elasticity with the protection of the pipe-roof. Furthermore, this phenomenon shows the well-advanced support action of the pipe-roof.(5) Stable Deformation. When the initial support encloses for a while, the settlement of the pipe-roof tends to stabilized. At this time, the stability of the rock mass is a result of the combined work of the pipe-roof and the initial support. The advanced support action of the pipe-roof is basically completed.Figure8 shows that the ratio of the accumulated settlement accounting for the total settlement gradually decreases with the increase of depth of the inclinometer measured point, which is farther from the portal. When the tunnel face is close to the shallow measured point near the portal, the pipe-roof appears to trace upward. This is attributed to the measured points which are close to the umbrella arch, in which the umbrella arch plays an important role as an end constraint. The settlement of the pipe-roof in the tunnel face is large; therefore, elastic deformation appears in the pipe-roof. The excavation range that influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face is 1.5 times that of the excavation height (2 m). With the increase in measured depth, the end constraint effect of the pipe-roof gradually weakens. Meanwhile, the increase in buried depth enlarges the range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face. However, the influence range is still 3 m in front of the tunnel face, which is 1.5 times that of the excavation height.


## 3.2.1. Measurement Arrangement

The tunnel exit was chosen as the test section for measuring the deformation of the pipe-roof in the tunnel exiting portal because of its poor topographic conditions. A CX-4C inclinometer was used to measure the deformation of the pipe-roof in the tunnel exiting portal. This inclinometer has high precision, good stability, high repeatability, and small drift. It is also convenient to operate and its monitoring data are reliable.An inclinometer was buried in the crown of the number 16 and number 6 holes of the pipe-roof. The effective measurement range of each inclinometer is 20 m. The settlement datum was set in each orifice of the inclinometer, measuring one point per 0.5 m. The longitudinal and lateral arrangements of the inclinometer tube are shown in Figures4 and 5.Figure 4
The longitudinal arrangement of inclinometer tube.Figure 5
The lateral arrangement of inclinometer tube.The inclinometer was buried after pipe-roof installation and before grouting. The burying steps were as follows. (1) The pole was cleaned to put the inclinometer in the pipes. (2) The inclinometer was placed in the pipes by using a plumb to control the direction and vertically adjusting a set of guide. The grouting tube and the inclinometer were put together to successfully put the grouting tube in the pipes. While connecting the inclinometers, muck should be avoided from blocking the guide. The pipes were fixed using screws and gluing them down to prevent the slurry from blocking the inclinometer and the guide. (3) The orifice was temporarily sealed and the pipe ends were warped using wet geotextile to avoid burning the inclinometer while welding. The guide tube was extended to ensure the precise position of the inclinometer orifice and for easy sealing. (4) The pipe-roof was grouted. (5) The guide tube was cut off after the initial setting while ensuring that the inclinometer was not damaged. The inclinometer end was smoothened.The initial value should usually be measured twice or three times, with the steady one chosen as the reference value. The coordinate of the inclinometer orifice is taken as the datum. When every measurement was carried out, the instrument probe was put in the inclinometer with a PVC tube measuring one point per 0.5 m to the bottom of the hole. The difference of the measured value subtracted from the initial one was the measured displacementΔY=Ym-Yi.


## 3.2.2. Analysis of Measured Results

The measurement lasted from January 2015 to March 2015. Two holes were arranged to measure the deformation of the pipe-roof on the basis of the plan. As the number 6 hole was damaged, only the measuring data of the number 16 hole was analyzed for regular change. The specific measured results and analyses are as in Figures6–8.Figure 6
Cumulative curve of pipe-roof settlement.Figure 7
The settlement time curve of pipe-roof measuring point at the depth of 7 m.Figure 8
The settlement space curves of pipe-roof measuring point at the different depth.
(a)
At 4 m depth
(b)
At 6 m depthFigure6 shows that the settlement of the pipe-roof increases along with the excavation. First, the deformation dramatically increases and then gradually stabilizes with the construction of the initial support. The vertical displacement of the umbrella arch in the range of 1-2 m of the tunnel is positive. The pipe-roof appears to trace upward in this range. This result shows that the umbrella plays an important role as an end constraint in the tunnel exiting portal. Therefore, the umbrella arch is vital for setting up the pipe-roof advanced support system because it stabilizes the slope and controls the entire settlement of the pipe-roof. The cumulative curve of the pipe-roof settlement is concave, where both ends are small and the middle part is large. This outcome is attributed to the tunnel face moving toward the portal and the settlement of the pipe-roof accumulating in space and time. The main reason is that, on one hand, one end of the pipe-roof is constrained by the umbrella arch, the other end is put on the stable support, and the force model of the pipe-roof is approximated as the restrained beam with two ends. The measurement result shows the deformation of the tunnel initial support. Meanwhile, when monitoring of the deformation of the pipe-roof began, the vault settlement of the pipe-roof end put on the initial support was stable. On the other hand, the tunnel was excavated in the pile number of the 14 m measured point when monitoring began. This resulted in the partial displacement of the measured point at 14–20 m depth, leading to the loss of measured displacement and causing the settlement of the measured point at 10–20 m depth to be less than the one at 0–10 m depth.Figure7 shows that the settlement time curve of the pipe-roof settlement can be divided into five stages:(1) Micro Deformation. When the tunnel face is near the measured point, the settlement of the pipe-roof is small.(2) Rapid Deformation. When the upper bench is excavated, the settlement of the pipe-roof rapidly increases, the tunnel face is near the section of the measured point, and the settlement rate reaches a maximum.(3) Continuous Deformation. When the middle bench is excavated, the settlement of the pipe-roof continually increases and then slows with the initial support of the tunnel and the pipe-roof bearing the rock mass pressure together.(4) Resilience Deformation. When the invert is backfilled, the tunnel face passes through a length of a section of the measured point and the deformation of the pipe-roof rebound emerges with micro resilience. This effect is attributed to the support structure, which is in a state of elasticity with the protection of the pipe-roof. Furthermore, this phenomenon shows the well-advanced support action of the pipe-roof.(5) Stable Deformation. When the initial support encloses for a while, the settlement of the pipe-roof tends to stabilized. At this time, the stability of the rock mass is a result of the combined work of the pipe-roof and the initial support. The advanced support action of the pipe-roof is basically completed.Figure8 shows that the ratio of the accumulated settlement accounting for the total settlement gradually decreases with the increase of depth of the inclinometer measured point, which is farther from the portal. When the tunnel face is close to the shallow measured point near the portal, the pipe-roof appears to trace upward. This is attributed to the measured points which are close to the umbrella arch, in which the umbrella arch plays an important role as an end constraint. The settlement of the pipe-roof in the tunnel face is large; therefore, elastic deformation appears in the pipe-roof. The excavation range that influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face is 1.5 times that of the excavation height (2 m). With the increase in measured depth, the end constraint effect of the pipe-roof gradually weakens. Meanwhile, the increase in buried depth enlarges the range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face. However, the influence range is still 3 m in front of the tunnel face, which is 1.5 times that of the excavation height.


## 3.3. Model Validation

According to the engineering characteristics of the Hanjiashan Tunnel, the parameters of the rock mass are as follows: coefficient of the subgrade reactionk=40000 kN/m3, shear modulus of the foundation Gp=10000 kN/m, bulk density = 20 kN/m3, internal friction angle φ=22°, single pipe combined modulus Ep=47.26 GPa, single pipe combined inertial moment Ip=12.77×106 mm4, and tunnel excavation height h=2 m. Two steel frames are supported in each cycle, with a 50 cm spacing between frames. Therefore, the excavation footage d1 is 1.2 m.


### 3.3.1. Model A

When the pile of the tunnel excavation is 9 m away from the orifice, the vertical rock mass pressure of the pipe-roof isq=140 kPa. The initial vertical displacement of the pipe-roof and the initial support connecting end y0=10 mm. The initial angle of the pipe-roof is θ0=1.5° because the pipe-roof is far away from the umbrella arch. The deflection curves of the pipe-roof are calculated by MATLAB and compared with the measured values, as shown in Figure 9.Figure 9
Comparison of calculated values and measured one of pipe-roof deflection in model A.The comparison between the calculated results and the measured data shows the following.(1) The deflection curve of the pipe-roof is in good agreement with the measured one, which shows the correctness of the theoretical calculation. The differences between the theoretical calculations and the measured results are mainly attributed to the hypothesis that the soil is a uniformly continuous elastomer in theoretical calculation. Moreover, the soil is anisotropic and heterogeneous in construction.(2) The range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face is 3 m, which is 1.5 times that of the height of the tunnel excavation and is in good agreement with the measured results.(3) The maximum deflection of the pipe-roof is 25.6 mm, which occurred near the tunnel face. The reason is that the area was excavated without support, and thus the pipe-roof bears all the rock mass pressure and the deformation reaches the maximum. This area is also the most critical in tunnel excavation resulting from the largest deformation.


### 3.3.2. Model B

The distance between the tunnel face and the fracture plane is almostd2=h·tan⁡(45°-φ/2)=1.35 m, in which model B is adopted when the distance between the tunnel face and the umbrella arch is less than 1.35 m. When the tunnel face is 1.35 m away from the umbrella arch, the vertical uniform rock mass pressure of the pipe-roof is q=50 kPa. The initial vertical displacement of the pipe-roof and the initial support connecting end is y0=10 mm. The initial angle of the pipe-roof is θ0=1° because the pipe-roof is close to the umbrella arch. The deflection curves of the pipe-roof are calculated by MATLAB and compared with the measured values, as shown in Figure 10.Figure 10
Comparison of calculated values and measured one of pipe-roof deflection in model B.The comparison between the calculated results and the measured data shows the following:(1) The deflection curve of the pipe-roof is in good agreement with the measured one, which shows the accuracy of the theoretical calculation.(2) The range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face is 3 m.(3) The maximum deflection of the pipe-roof is 21.5 mm, which occurred near the tunnel face.From the preceding analysis, the deformation of the pipe-roof relates to the mechanical parameters of the rock mass and the pipe-roof, as well as the excavation position, the footage, and the excavation height.


## 3.3.1. Model A

When the pile of the tunnel excavation is 9 m away from the orifice, the vertical rock mass pressure of the pipe-roof isq=140 kPa. The initial vertical displacement of the pipe-roof and the initial support connecting end y0=10 mm. The initial angle of the pipe-roof is θ0=1.5° because the pipe-roof is far away from the umbrella arch. The deflection curves of the pipe-roof are calculated by MATLAB and compared with the measured values, as shown in Figure 9.Figure 9
Comparison of calculated values and measured one of pipe-roof deflection in model A.The comparison between the calculated results and the measured data shows the following.(1) The deflection curve of the pipe-roof is in good agreement with the measured one, which shows the correctness of the theoretical calculation. The differences between the theoretical calculations and the measured results are mainly attributed to the hypothesis that the soil is a uniformly continuous elastomer in theoretical calculation. Moreover, the soil is anisotropic and heterogeneous in construction.(2) The range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face is 3 m, which is 1.5 times that of the height of the tunnel excavation and is in good agreement with the measured results.(3) The maximum deflection of the pipe-roof is 25.6 mm, which occurred near the tunnel face. The reason is that the area was excavated without support, and thus the pipe-roof bears all the rock mass pressure and the deformation reaches the maximum. This area is also the most critical in tunnel excavation resulting from the largest deformation.


## 3.3.2. Model B

The distance between the tunnel face and the fracture plane is almostd2=h·tan⁡(45°-φ/2)=1.35 m, in which model B is adopted when the distance between the tunnel face and the umbrella arch is less than 1.35 m. When the tunnel face is 1.35 m away from the umbrella arch, the vertical uniform rock mass pressure of the pipe-roof is q=50 kPa. The initial vertical displacement of the pipe-roof and the initial support connecting end is y0=10 mm. The initial angle of the pipe-roof is θ0=1° because the pipe-roof is close to the umbrella arch. The deflection curves of the pipe-roof are calculated by MATLAB and compared with the measured values, as shown in Figure 10.Figure 10
Comparison of calculated values and measured one of pipe-roof deflection in model B.The comparison between the calculated results and the measured data shows the following:(1) The deflection curve of the pipe-roof is in good agreement with the measured one, which shows the accuracy of the theoretical calculation.(2) The range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face is 3 m.(3) The maximum deflection of the pipe-roof is 21.5 mm, which occurred near the tunnel face.From the preceding analysis, the deformation of the pipe-roof relates to the mechanical parameters of the rock mass and the pipe-roof, as well as the excavation position, the footage, and the excavation height.


## 3.4. Parameters Analysis

### 3.4.1. Excavation Height

The excavation height values areh=2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, and 4.5 m. The deflection curves of different excavation heights in model A are shown in Figure 11(a). The variation curve of the maximum deflection of different excavation heights is shown in Figure 11(b).Figure 11
Variation curve of pipe-roof deflection with tunnel excavation height.
(a)
Deflection with different excavation height
(b)
The maximum deflection with excavation heightFigure11 shows the following:(1) The deflection of the pipe-roof increases with the increase in excavation height of the tunnel face. When h is between 2 and 3.5 m, the excavation height has a slight effect on the deformation of the pipe-roof; when h is larger than 3.5 m, the deformation of the pipe-roof sharply increases with the increase in excavation height. Therefore, the excavation height should be controlled in the range of 3.5 m.(2) The maximum deflection of the pipe-roof appears near the tunnel face.(3) The range in which excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face increases with the increase in excavation height, and the range is 1.5 times that of the excavation height.


### 3.4.2. Excavation Footage

The excavation footage values ared1 = 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m. The deflection curves of different excavation footages in model A are shown in Figure 12(a). The variation curve of the maximum deflection of different excavation footages is shown in Figure 12(b).Figure 12
Variation curve of pipe-roof deflection with tunnel excavation footage.
(a)
Deflection with different excavation
(b)
The maximum deflection with excavationFigure12 shows the following:(1) The deflection of the pipe-roof increases with the increase in excavation footage of the tunnel face. The increase rate also rises. Therefore, the excavation footage should be controlled in the range of 1–1.4 m.(2) The maximum deflection of the pipe-roof appears near the tunnel face.(3) The range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face increases with the increase in excavation footage, and the range is 1.5 times that of the excavation height.


### 3.4.3. Pipe Diameter

According to the common size of the pipe-roof (as shown in Table1), the deflection curves of the different pipe diameters in model A are shown in Figure 13(a). The variation curve of the maximum deflection of the different pipe diameters is shown in Figure 13(b).Table 1
Common sizes of steel pipe for pipe-roof.
Pipe-roof diameter (mm)
Thickness (mm)
Single pipe combined stiffness (N/m2)
70
4.5
7.8 × 104
76
5
1.1 × 105
89
5
1.9 × 105
108
6
4.0 × 105
127
7
7.7 × 105
159
8
1.8 × 106
180
8
2.7 × 106
219
10
5.7 × 106
245
10
9.0 × 106
273
10
1.3 × 107Figure 13
Variation curve of pipe-roof deflection with the diameters.
(a)
Pipe-roof deflection with diameters
(b)
The maximum deflection with diametersFigure13 shows the following:(1) When the pipe diameter is less than 108 mm, the deflection of the pipe-roof significantly increases with the decreasing pipe diameter; when the pipe diameter is more than 108 mm, the pipe diameter of the pipe-roof has a slight effect on deflection, which may explain why the φ108 × 6 mm pipe is extensively used in engineering. This finding also shows that the diameter range of 89–159 mm and thickness range of 5–8 mm for the steel pipes usually selected are reasonable.(2) The maximum deflection of the pipe-roof appears near the tunnel face.(3) The influencing area of the tunnel excavation on the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face first decreases and then increases with the increase in pipe diameter. When the pipe diameter is less than 245 mm, the range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face is less than two times that of the excavation height. When the pipe diameter is more than 245 mm, the range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face is more than two times that of the excavation height.


## 3.4.1. Excavation Height

The excavation height values areh=2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, and 4.5 m. The deflection curves of different excavation heights in model A are shown in Figure 11(a). The variation curve of the maximum deflection of different excavation heights is shown in Figure 11(b).Figure 11
Variation curve of pipe-roof deflection with tunnel excavation height.
(a)
Deflection with different excavation height
(b)
The maximum deflection with excavation heightFigure11 shows the following:(1) The deflection of the pipe-roof increases with the increase in excavation height of the tunnel face. When h is between 2 and 3.5 m, the excavation height has a slight effect on the deformation of the pipe-roof; when h is larger than 3.5 m, the deformation of the pipe-roof sharply increases with the increase in excavation height. Therefore, the excavation height should be controlled in the range of 3.5 m.(2) The maximum deflection of the pipe-roof appears near the tunnel face.(3) The range in which excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face increases with the increase in excavation height, and the range is 1.5 times that of the excavation height.


## 3.4.2. Excavation Footage

The excavation footage values ared1 = 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m. The deflection curves of different excavation footages in model A are shown in Figure 12(a). The variation curve of the maximum deflection of different excavation footages is shown in Figure 12(b).Figure 12
Variation curve of pipe-roof deflection with tunnel excavation footage.
(a)
Deflection with different excavation
(b)
The maximum deflection with excavationFigure12 shows the following:(1) The deflection of the pipe-roof increases with the increase in excavation footage of the tunnel face. The increase rate also rises. Therefore, the excavation footage should be controlled in the range of 1–1.4 m.(2) The maximum deflection of the pipe-roof appears near the tunnel face.(3) The range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face increases with the increase in excavation footage, and the range is 1.5 times that of the excavation height.


## 3.4.3. Pipe Diameter

According to the common size of the pipe-roof (as shown in Table1), the deflection curves of the different pipe diameters in model A are shown in Figure 13(a). The variation curve of the maximum deflection of the different pipe diameters is shown in Figure 13(b).Table 1
Common sizes of steel pipe for pipe-roof.
Pipe-roof diameter (mm)
Thickness (mm)
Single pipe combined stiffness (N/m2)
70
4.5
7.8 × 104
76
5
1.1 × 105
89
5
1.9 × 105
108
6
4.0 × 105
127
7
7.7 × 105
159
8
1.8 × 106
180
8
2.7 × 106
219
10
5.7 × 106
245
10
9.0 × 106
273
10
1.3 × 107Figure 13
Variation curve of pipe-roof deflection with the diameters.
(a)
Pipe-roof deflection with diameters
(b)
The maximum deflection with diametersFigure13 shows the following:(1) When the pipe diameter is less than 108 mm, the deflection of the pipe-roof significantly increases with the decreasing pipe diameter; when the pipe diameter is more than 108 mm, the pipe diameter of the pipe-roof has a slight effect on deflection, which may explain why the φ108 × 6 mm pipe is extensively used in engineering. This finding also shows that the diameter range of 89–159 mm and thickness range of 5–8 mm for the steel pipes usually selected are reasonable.(2) The maximum deflection of the pipe-roof appears near the tunnel face.(3) The influencing area of the tunnel excavation on the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face first decreases and then increases with the increase in pipe diameter. When the pipe diameter is less than 245 mm, the range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face is less than two times that of the excavation height. When the pipe diameter is more than 245 mm, the range in which the excavation influences the deformation of the pipe-roof in front of the tunnel face is more than two times that of the excavation height.


## 4. Conclusion

Through the theoretical analysis of the pipe-roof deformation and the field test in the tunnel exiting portal, the following conclusions can be drawn.(1) The measurement result shows that adopting an inclinometer to measure the deformation of the pipe-roof is feasible. The longitudinal settlement curve of the pipe-roof shows a groove distribution. The ratio of the accumulated settlement accounting for the total settlement gradually decreases with the increase in depth of the measured point. The time curve of the settlement can be divided into five stages: micro deformation, rapid deformation, continuous deformation, resilience deformation, and stable deformation. The subsidence rate of the pipe-roof reaches the maximum near the tunnel face. The influence of tunnel excavation on the deformation of the pipe-roof mainly focuses on the range of 1.5 times that of the tunnel excavation height.(2) The comparison of the theoretical analysis and the file test data shows that adopting the double-parameter Pasternak elastic foundation beam model to calculate the deformation of the pipe-roof in the tunnel exiting portal is feasible. The maximum settlement of the pipe-roof appears near the tunnel face and in different positions with the variation of excavation height, footage, and stiffness of the pipes. The deflection of the pipe-roof increases with the increase in excavation height; therefore, the tunnel excavation height should be controlled in the range of 3.5 m. The deflection of the pipe-roof increases with the increase in excavation footage; hence, the footage should be controlled in the range of 1–1.4 m. The enlargement effect on the stiffness of the pipes to reduce deflection is limited; therefore, diameter and thickness of the selected pipes should be in the range of 89–159 mm and 5–8 mm, respectively.



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*Source: 9387628-2017-10-18.xml*