# Perturbation Solution for Radiating Viscoelastic Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer with Convective Boundary Condition in Nonuniform Channel with Hall Current and Chemical Reaction

Authors: B. J. Gireesha; B. Mahanthesh
Journal: ISRN Thermodynamics
 (2013)

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## Abstract

A mathematical analysis has been performed for heat and mass transfer
of a time-dependent MHD flow of an electrically conducting viscoelastic fluid in nonuniform
vertical channel with convective boundary condition. The fluid flow is considered between
a vertical long wavy wall and a parallel flat wall saturated with the porous medium. The
effects of thermal radiation, heat absorption, chemical reaction, and Hall current are taken
into account. The prevailing nonlinear partial differential equations are derived by considering
Boussinesq approximation, and the same equations are solved analytically using perturbation
technique. Further the expressions for skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number
are presented. The effects of various pertinent parameters on different flow fields are analyzed
graphically and tabularly. It is found that effects of Hall parameter and Biot number are
unfavorable on velocity profiles, but this trend is reverse for the effect of thermal and solutal
Grashof numbers. The expressions of different flow fields satisfy the imposed boundary
conditions, which is shown in all graphs; this implies accuracy of the solution.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The study of viscoelastic fluid has become important in the last few years. Qualitative analysis of these studies has significant bearing on several industrial applications such as polymer sheet extrusion from a dye and drawing of plastic firms. When manufacturing processes at high temperature need cooling, the flow may need viscoelastic fluid to produce a good effect or reduce the temperature. On the other hand, the flow and heat transfer of a viscoelastic fluid between parallel plates have significant role in many engineering fields such as petroleum production, chemical catalytic reactors, and solar power collectors. Boundary layer treatment for an idealized viscoelastic fluid was introduced by Beard and Walters [1]. There has been a continued interest in the investigation of natural convection heat transfer of non-Newtonian fluid, which exhibits the viscoelasticity. Recently, Rajagopal and Na [2] have studied the heat transfer analysis in the forced convection flow of a visco-elastic fluid by considering the Walters model. The problem of MHD flow and heat transfer has wide range of applications in emerging fields due to an electro-magnetic field are relevant to many practical applications in geophysical and astrophysical situations, the metallurgy industry, and cooling of continuous strips and filaments drawn through a quiescent fluid. Sarpkaya [3] was the first who had studied the MHD flows in non-Newtonian fluids. Thereafter, several authors [4–10] have shown their interest in MHD flows under different physical conditions.Convective flow with simultaneous heat and mass transfer under the influence of a magnetic field and chemical reaction has attracted considerable attention of many researchers because of its applications in various branches of science and technology. On the other hand, radiative heat transfer has many applications in nuclear power plants, in gas turbines, and in the various propulsion devices for space vehicles, missiles, and aircrafts. Motivated by these applications very recently, Pal and Talukdar [11] analyzed the heat and mass transfer in boundary layer slip flow past a vertical permeable plate with thermal radiation and chemical reaction. They reported analytical solution and found that the effect of thermal radiation and chemical reaction decreases the velocity and concentration profiles. Chamkha [12] obtained the numerical solution for the problem of heat and mass transfer by the steady flow of an electrically conducting fluid over a uniformly moving vertical surface in the presence of first-order chemical reaction. Later, the heat and mass transfer of a viscoelastic fluid in a fixed plane with radiation and chemical reaction effect was investigated by Uwanta and Omokhuale [13], and they found that temperature decreases with the increase in Prandtl number and concentration decreases with the increase in chemical reaction parameter. Other examples dealing with radiation and chemical reaction effects can be found in [14, 15].The study of fluid flow with subject to convective boundary condition plays an important role in several engineering and industrial processes like transpiration cooling process and material drying. Therefore several authors [16–19] have shown their interest in obtaining solutions subject to convective boundary condition. Interestingly, in all of the above investigations the Hall term has been ignored in applying Ohms law as it has no marked effect for small and moderate values of the magnetic field. However, the current trend for the application of magnetohydrodynamics is towards a strong magnetic field, so that the influence of electromagnetic force is noticeable [20]. Under these conditions, the Hall current is important and it has a marked effect on the magnitude and direction of the current density and magnetic force term. With this understanding, very recently, Hayat and Nawaz [21] have studied the effect of Hall current on the mixed convection flow of a second grade fluid in the presence of Soret and Dufour effects.Previous studies of the flow with heat and mass transfer have focused mainly on a flat wall or a regular channel. It is necessary to study the flow, heat and mass transfer in an irregular channel because such flows find applications in different areas such as transpiration cooling of reentry vehicles and rocket boosters, crosshatching on ablative surfaces, and film vaporization in combustion chambers. In view of these applications, Das [22] analyzed the viscous incompressible fluid confined between a long vertical wavy wall and a parallel flat wall. The effects of time-dependent pulsatile flow and heat transfer of a Newtonian fluid (blood) through a vertical annulus with mild constriction on the outer wall while the inner wall represents the catheter tube were studied by Abd elmaboud and Mekheimer [23]. Many authors like in [24–27] have analyzed the fluid flow in wavy-walled channels.Keeping all these facts in mind, in this work the effect of radiation on unsteady laminar flow with heat and mass transfer of an electrically conducting, chemically reactive viscoelastic fluid in irregular channel with subject to convective boundary condition has been investigated. The perturbation technique is employed to solve governing coupled nonlinear partial differential equations.


## 2. Walters B Liquid Model

The constitutive equations for the rheological equation of the state for the visco-elastic fluid (Walters liquid B) are(1)pik=-pgik+pik*,(2)pik*=2∫-∞t‍ψ(t-t*)eik(1)(t*)dt*,
where
(3)ψ(t-t*)=∫0∞‍N(τ)τe(-(t-t*)/τ)dτ.
In the above equations pik is the stress tensor, p is an arbitrary isotropic pressure, gik is the metric tensor of a fixed coordinate system xi, and eik(1) is the rate of strain tensor. N(τ) is the distribution function of relaxation time (τ). Equation (2) can be put in the following generalized form which is valid for all types of motion and stress; it was shown by Walters [28]:
(4)pik*(x,t)=2∫-∞t‍ψ(t-t*)∂xi∂xm*∂xk∂xr*emr(1)(x*t*)dt*,
where x*i=x*i(x,t,t*) is the position at the time t* of the element which is instantaneously at the position xi at the time t. The fluid with equations of state (1) and (4) has been designated as liquid “B.” In the case of liquids with short memories, that is, short relaxation times, the above equation of state can be written in the following simplified form:
(5)pik*(x,t)=2η0eik(1)-2k0∂eik(1)∂t,
where η0=∫0∞‍N(τ)dτ is the limiting viscosity at small rates of shear. k0=∫0∞‍τN(τ)dτ is the Walters-B viscoelasticity parameter, and ∂/∂t denotes the convected time derivative. This rheological model is very versatile and robust and provides a relatively simple mathematical formulation which is easily incorporated into boundary layer theory for engineering applications.


## 3. Mathematical Formulation and Solution

Consider an unsteady flow, heat and mass transfer of an electrically conducting, incompressible, chemically reacting viscoelastic fluid between a vertical long wavy wall under the influence of uniform transverse magnetic field of strengthB0 and exponentially decreasing pressure gradient. A parallel flat wall saturated with porous medium is placed in the plane y=0 of a coordinate system. The x-axis is taken in the direction along the channel which is set in motion, and the y-axis is taken perpendicular to it. The inclusion of the Hall currents give’s rise to the Lorentz force in z-direction, which induces a crossflow in that direction. The z-axis is assumed to be normal to the x-y plane which is as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
The geometry of the problem.The flow field is exposed to the influence of thermal and mass buoyancy effects, Hall effect, thermal radiation, heat absorption, and first order chemically reactive species. The magnetic Reynolds number is assumed to be small enough so that the induced magnetic field is negligible. The wavy wall(y=ɛv*cos(λ*x)) maintains a temperature Tw1 which represents the convective boundary condition -k(∂T/∂y)=hf(T1-T+(T2-T1)ɛe-nt) and concentration Cw1=C1+(C2-C1)ɛe-nt, respectively. It is assumed that the convective heat exchange with the wall temperature at the channel surface follows Newton’s law of cooling.The equations governing the flow are in vector form.Momentum Equation
(6)
∂
q
→
∂
t
+
(
q
→
·
∇
)
q
→
=
-
1
ρ
∇
P
+
ν
∇
2
q
→
+
∇
·
p
i
k
+
1
ρ
(
J
→
×
B
→
)
-
ν
k
(
t
)
q
→
+
g
β
T
(
T
-
T
1
)
+
g
β
C
(
C
-
C
1
)
.Continuity Equation
(7)
∇
·
q
→
=
0
.Energy Equation
(8)
∂
T
∂
t
+
(
q
→
·
∇
)
T
=
k
ρ
C
p
∇
2
T
-
1
ρ
C
p
∇
q
r
-
Q
T
ρ
C
p
(
T
-
T
1
)
.Mass Diffusion Equation
(9)
∂
C
∂
t
+
(
q
→
·
∇
)
C
=
D
∇
2
C
-
K
R
(
C
-
C
1
)
,
where ρ is the density of the fluid, ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid, ν1 is the kinematic viscoelasticity of the fluid, q→(u,v,w) is the velocity vector, u, v, and w are the velocity components along x, y, and z directions, respectively, B→(0,B0,0) is the magnetic induction, J→(Jx,Jy,Jz) is the current density vector, P is the pressure, pik is the stress tensor, g is the acceleration due to gravity, βT is the thermal expansion coefficient, βC is the concentration expansion coefficient, T is the temperature of the fluid, C is the concentration of the fluid, k is the thermal conductivity, Cp is the specific heat of the fluid at constant pressure, qr is the radiative heat flux, QT is the heat absorption coefficient, KR is the chemical reaction parameter, T1 and T2 are wall temperatures, C1 and C2 are wall concentrations, and t is the time. If the Hall term is retained, the current density J→ from the generalized Ohm’s law is given by
(10)J→+ωeτeB0(J→×B→)=σ(E→+q→×B→+∇Peeηe),
where ωe is the electron frequency, τe is the electron collision time, e is the electron charge, ηe is the number density of electron, Pe is the electron pressure, σ is the electric conductivity, and E is the electric field. In (10) ion slip, thermoelectric effect, and polarization effects are neglected. Solving (10) for J→, it gives
(11)J→×B→=σB02(1+m2)[-(mw+u)i^+(mu-w)k^],
where m=ωeτe is the Hall parameter. Under the above stated assumptions and usual Boussinesq approximation, the governing equations in their component form are reduced to:
(12)∂u∂t=-1ρ∂p∂x+ν∂2u∂y2-ν1∂3u∂y2∂t-σB02ρ(1+m2)(mw+u)-νk(t)u+gβT(T-T1)+gβC(C-C1),∂w∂t=ν∂2w∂y2-ν1∂3w∂y2∂t+σB02ρ(1+m2)(mu-w)-νk(t)w,ρCp∂T∂t=k∂2T∂y2-∂qr∂y-QT(T-T1),∂C∂t=D∂2C∂y2-KR(C-C1).The suitable initial and boundary conditions for the present problem are(13)t=0:u=0,w=0,T=T1,C=C1,fory∈(ɛvcos(λ*x),d),t>0:u=0,w=0,-k∂T∂y=hf(T1-T+ɛ(T2-T1)e-nt),C=C1+ɛ(C2-C1)e-ntaty=ɛvcos(λx),:u=0,w=0,-k∂T∂y=hf(T2-T+ɛ(T2-T1)e-nt),C=C2+ɛ(C2-C1)e-ntaty=d,
where n is the positive real constant, ɛv* is the amplitude parameter, hf is the heat transfer coefficient, d is the dimensional width of the channel, and ɛ is a small positive constant (ɛ≪1).Using the relation in [29], the radiative heat flux (qr) for the optically thin nongray gas near equilibrium is given by
(14)∂qr∂y=4I′(T-T1),I′=∫0∞‍Kλ1w∂ebλ1∂Tdλ1,
where qr is the radiative heat flux, Kλ1w is the radiation absorption coefficient at the wall, and ebλ1 is Plank’s constant.The permeability of the porous medium is assumed to be of the following form:(15)k(t)=k0+(1+ɛe-nt),
where k0 is the constant permeability of the medium.Now we introduce the following non dimensional quantities:(16)(x*,y*)=(x,y)d,u*=uu0,w*=wu0,t*=νtd2,n*=nd2νɛv*=ɛvd,p*=pdνu0,T*=T-T1T2-T1,C*=C-C1C2-C1.
Using (14), (15), and (16) and then introducing complex velocity ψ*=u*+iw* into (12) one can get (dropping the asterisk *)
(17)∂ψ∂t=-1ρ∂p∂x+∂2ψ∂y2-E∂3ψ∂y2∂t-M2(1-im)(1+m2)ψ-1k0(1+ɛe-nt)ψ+GrT+GcC,Pr∂T∂t=∂2T∂y2-RT-αTT,Sc∂C∂t=∂2C∂y2-KrScC,
where E=ν1/d2 is the viscoelastic parameter, M=B0dσe/νρ is the magnetic parameter, Gr=gβT(T2-T1)d2/νu0 is the thermal Grashof number, Gc=gβC(C2-C1)d2/νu0 is the solutal Grashof number, Pr=μCp/k is the Prandtl number, R=4I′d2/k is the radiation parameter, k0=k0+/d2 is the permeability parameter, αT=QTd2/k is the heat absorption parameter, Sc=ν/d is the Schmidt number, and Kr=h2KR/ν is the chemical reaction parameter.The corresponding initial and boundary conditions (16) in dimensionless form are(18)t=0:ψ=0,T=0,C=0,fory∈(h,1),t>0:ψ=0,∂T∂y=Bi(T-ɛe-nt),C=ɛe-ntaty=h,:ψ=0,∂T∂y=Bi(T-1-ɛe-nt),C=1+ɛe-ntaty=1,
where Bi=hfd/k is the Biot number, h=ɛvcos(λx), and λ=λ*d is the frequency parameter of the wavy wall.Equations (17) represent the set of partial differential equations that cannot be solved in the closed form. However, these equations can be solved analytically after being reduced to set of ordinary differential equations in dimensionless form. Thus, to this end we can represent the velocity (ψ), temperature (T), and concentration (C) in terms of power of ɛ (ɛ≪1) and as follows:
(19)ψ(y,t)=ψ0(y)+ɛψ1(y,t)e-nt+O(ɛ2),T(y,t)=T0(y)+ɛT1(y,t)e-nt+O(ɛ2),C(y,t)=C0(y)+ɛC1(y,t)e-nt+O(ɛ2).Let us assume the pressure gradient is of the form-(1/ρ)(∂p/∂x)=A+εBe-nt, where A and B are constants. Now by substituting (19) into (17), then equating harmonic and nonharmonic terms and neglecting the higher-order terms of ɛ, then we get the following set of equations:
(20)ψ0′′(y)-(M2(1-im)1+m2+1k0)ψ0(y)=-A-GrT0-GcC0,(1+nE)ψ1′′(y,t)-[M2(1-im)1+m2+1k0-n]ψ1(y,t)=-B-GrT1-GcC1,T0′′(y)-(R+αT)T0(y)=0,T1′′(y,t)-(R+αT-nPr)T1(y,t)=0,C0′′(y)-KrScC0(y)=0,C1′′(y,t)-Sc(Kr-n)C1(y,t)=0.
The corresponding boundary conditions will become
(21)ψ0=0,T0′=BiT0,C0=0,ψ1=0,T1′=Bi(T1-1),C1=1aty=h,ψ0=0,T0′=Bi(T0-1),C0=1,ψ1=0,T1′=Bi(T1-1),C1=1aty=+1,
where prime (′) denotes the differentiation with respect to y.The solutions of (20) subject to the boundary conditions (21) are(22)C(y,t)=A1eβ1y+A2eβ2y+ɛ(A3eβ3y+A4eβ4y)e-nt,(23)T(y,t)=A5eβ5y+A6eβ6y+ɛ(A7eβ7y+A8eβ8y)e-nt,(24)ψ(y,t)=A9eβ1y+A10eβ2y+A11eβ5y+A12eβ6y+A13+A14eβ9y+A15eβ10y+ɛ(A16eβ3y+A17eβ4y+A18eβ7y+A19eβ8y+A20+A21eβ11y+A22eβ12y)e-nt.
On separating real and imaginary parts in (24), we get the axial velocity (u) and transverse velocity (w) profiles.Skin Friction. The skin friction (τ=τ1+iτ2) expression for viscoelastic fluid at a wavy wall y=h is given by(25)τ=(∂ψ∂y)y=h=β1A9eβ1h+β2A10eβ2h+β5A11eβ5h+β6A12eβ6h+β9A14eβ9h+β10A15eβ10h+ɛ(β3A16eβ3h+β4A17eβ4h+β7A18eβ7h+β8A19eβ8+β11A21eβ11h+β12A22eβ12h)e-nt,
where τ1 and τ2 are the axial and transverse components of the skin friction, respectively.Nusselt Number. The Nusselt number (Nu) expression for visco-elastic fluid at a wavy wall y=h is given by
(26)Nu=(∂T∂y)y=h=β5A5eβ5h+β6A6eβ6h+ɛ(β7A7eβ7h+β8A8eβ8h)e-nt.Sherwood Number. The Sherwood number (Sh) expression for visco-elastic fluid at a wavy wall y=h is given by
(27)Sh=(∂C∂y)y=h=β1A1eβ1h+β2A2eβ2h+ɛ(β3A3eβ3h+β4A4eβ4h)e-nt,
where
(28)β1=-β2=KrSc,β3=-β4=Sc(Kr-n),β5=-β6=R+αT,β11=-β12=P=1(1+nE)[M2(1-im)1+m2+1k0-n],β9=-β10=N=(M2(1-im)1+m2+1k0),β7=-β8=R+αT-nPr,A1=eβ2heβ1eβ2h-eβ1heβ2,A2=eβ1heβ2eβ1h-eβ2heβ1,A3=eβ4h-eβ4eβ3eβ4h-eβ3heβ4,A4=eβ3h-eβ3eβ4eβ3h-eβ4heβ3,A5=Bieβ6h(β5-Bi)(eβ6eβ5h-eβ6heβ5),A6=Bieβ5h(β6-Bi)(eβ5eβ6h-eβ5heβ6),A7=Bi(eβ8h-eβ8)(β7-Bi)(eβ8eβ7h-eβ8heβ7),A8=Bi(eβ7h-eβ7)(β8-Bi)(eβ7eβ8h-eβ7heβ8),A9=GcA1N2-β12,A10=GcA2N2-β22,A11=GrA5N2-β52,A12=GrA6N2-β62,A13=AN2,A14*=A9(eβ1eβ10h-eβ1heβ10)+A10(eβ2eβ10h-eβ2heβ10)+A11(eβ5eβ10h-eβ5heβ10)+A12(eβ6eβ10h-eβ6heβ10)+A13(eβ10h-eβ10),A15*=A9(eβ1eβ9h-eβ1heβ9)+A10(eβ2eβ9h-eβ2heβ9)+A11(eβ5eβ9h-eβ5heβ9)+A12(eβ6eβ9h-eβ6heβ9)+A13(eβ9h-eβ9),A14=A14*eβ10eβ9h-eβ10heβ9,A15=A15*eβ10heβ9-eβ10eβ9h,A16=GcA3(P2-β32)(1+nE),A17=GcA4(P2-β42)(1+nE),A18=GrA7(P2-β72)(1+nE),A19=GrA8(P2-β82)(1+nE),A20=BP2(1+nE),A21*=A16(eβ12eβ3h-eβ12heβ3)+A17(eβ12eβ4h-eβ12heβ4)+A18(eβ12eβ7h-eβ12heβ7)+A19(eβ12eβ8h-eβ12heβ8)+A20(eβ12-eβ12h),A22*=A16(eβ11eβ3h-eβ11heβ3)+A17(eβ11eβ4h-eβ11heβ4)+A18(eβ11eβ7h-eβ11heβ7)+A19(eβ11eβ8h-eβ11heβ8)+A20(eβ11-eβ11h),A21=A21*eβ11eβ12h-eβ11heβ12,A22=A22*eβ11heβ12-eβ11eβ12h.


## 4. Results and Discussion

A hydromagnetic flow, heat and mass transfer of a chemically reacting viscoelastic fluid in an irregular channel with convective boundary condition are investigated in the presence of heat absorption, thermal radiation, and Hall effect. The governing partial differential equations are solved analytically using perturbation technique. In order to get a physical insight of the problem, we have written a MATLAB program to perform a parametric study on different flow fields versusy for the different values of flow parameters. The parametric study is carried out for both the cases corresponding to cooling (Gr>0) and heating (Gr<0) of the plate by free convection currents. The results of this parametric study are presented graphically and are shown in Figures 2–23. During the numerical computations of velocity and temperature fields, the value of Prandtl number is taken as 3 which physically corresponds to Freon. Freon represents several different chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are used in engineering and industrial applications.Figure 2
Variation of axial velocity profile for the different values ofM2.Figure 3
Variation of transverse velocity profile for the different values ofM2.Figure 4
Variation of axial velocity profile for the different values ofE.Figure 5
Variation of transverse velocity profile for the different values ofE.Figure 6
Variation of axial velocity profile for the different values ofGr.Figure 7
Variation of transverse velocity profile for the different values ofGr.Figure 8
Variation of axial velocity profile for the different values ofGc.Figure 9
Variation of transverse velocity profile for the different values ofGc.Figure 10
Variation of axial velocity profile for the different values ofm.Figure 11
Variation of transverse velocity profile for the different values ofm.Figure 12
Variation of axial velocity profile for the different values ofKr.Figure 13
Variation of transverse velocity profile for the different values ofKr.Figure 14
Variation of axial velocity profile for the different values ofBi.Figure 15
Variation of transverse velocity profile for the different values ofBi.Figure 16
Variation of temperature profile for the different values ofαT.Figure 17
Variation of temperature profile for the different values ofR.Figure 18
Variation of temperature profile for the different values ofBi.Figure 19
Variation of temperature profile for the different values ofPr.Figure 20
Variation of concentration profile for the different values ofKr.Figure 21
Variation of concentration profile for the different values ofSc.Figure 22
Variation of skin friction profile for the different values ofM2.Figure 23
Variation of skin friction profile for the different values ofm.Figures2 and 3 indicate the effect of magnetic parameter, in both Gr<0 and Gr>0 cases on axial velocity and transverse velocity profile, respectively. We can see that in Figure 2 with increasing magnetic parameter, the axial velocity profile decreases in both the cases (Gr<0 and Gr>0). Physically, it is justified because transverse magnetic field yields to create a drag-like force called Lorentz force to resist the flow so magnetic field parameter slows down the flow and causes the axial velocity to decrease. But this trend is opposite for transverse velocity profiles in both the cases (Gr<0 and Gr>0).In Figure4, it is shown that with the increase in visco-elastic parameter, the axial velocity profile descends in both the cases. Because viscoelasticity introduces tensile stress the fluid motion contracts transversely, and hence axial velocity retards. It is also observed that the velocity of Newtonian fluid (E=0) is higher than that of non-Newtonian fluid (E≠0) in both cases. The secondary velocity field is enhanced due to increase in visco-elastic parameter in both cases, which is depicted in Figure 5.Figures6 to 9 elucidate the inclusion of the buoyancy effects. The presence of the buoyancy effects complicates the problem, by coupling of the flow problem with thermal and mass problem. Figures 6 and 7 have been plotted to show the effect of the thermal Grashof number on primary and secondary velocity profiles, respectively. The values of Grashof number Gr=-8,-6,-4,-2,2,4,6,8 are chosen. Here the negative and positive values of Grashof number physically represent heating and cooling of the plate, respectively. Hence, it is observed from Figures 6 and 7 that an increase in the thermal Grashof number leads to increase in both the axial and transverse velocity profiles due to the enhancement of buoyancy forces. Actually, the thermal Grashof number signifies the relative importance of buoyancy force to the viscous hydrodynamic force. The increase in Grashof number indicates small viscous effects in momentum equation and consequently causes increase in the velocity profiles. With the increase in the solutal Grashof number, the axial and transverse velocity profiles increase in both cases (Gr<0 and Gr>0) as shown in Figures 8 and 9, respectively. The solutal Grashof number defines the ratio of species buoyancy force to the viscous hydrodynamic force, so as to expect the fluid velocity increases.One can see that in Figures10 and 11 with increasing Hall parameter, the axial and transverse velocity profiles decrease in both cases (Gr<0 and Gr>0). The effect of chemical reaction parameter is just like the effect of Hall parameter, which are depicted in Figures 12 and 13. Figure 14 elucidates that the axial velocity profile increases with the increase in the Biot number in the heating case (Gr<0), and this manner is opposite in cooling case (Gr>0). Further, the effect of Biot number on transverse velocity profile behaves in similar manner as we noticed in the effect of Biot number on axial velocity field, which is shown in Figure 15. Finally from Figures 2–15, it is interesting to note that both the axial and transverse velocity fields are higher in heating case than cooling case.Figures16–19 give the spatial variation of dimensionless temperature distributions for different values αT, R, Bi, and Pr, respectively. Figure 16 disclosed that the temperature profile decreases with increasing values of the heat absorption parameter αT with Bi=20 because the heat absorption parameter has propensity to drop off the thermal buoyancy effect, which decreases the heat transfer. Figure 17 reveals an interesting phenomenon that the temperature profile decreases with the increase in the value of radiation parameter with Bi=20. This result qualitatively agrees with expectations since the effect of radiation is to decrease the rate of energy transport to the fluid, thereby decreasing the temperature of the fluid. The effect of Biot number on temperature profiles is figured in Figure 18. The Biot number is the ratio of the internal thermal resistance of the channel to the boundary layer thermal resistance. When Bi=0 inside of the channel with hot fluid is totally insulated, the internal thermal resistance of the channel is extremely high and no convective heat transfer to the cold fluid on the outside of the channel takes place. Moreover, it is noted that the fluid temperature decreases for the increasing values of Biot number since as Bi increases, the thermal resistance of the channel decreases and convective heat transfer of the fluid increases. It is expected that as Biot number goes to infinity, the convective boundary conditions will become the prescribed wall temperature case [18].Figure19 has been plotted to depict the variation of temperature profiles against y for different values of Prandtl number by fixing other physical parameters (Bi=2). Four different values of Prandtl number, namely, Pr=0.71,1,3, and 7 corresponding to air, electrolyte, Freon, and water, respectively, are chosen. From this graph we have observed that temperature profile decreases with the increase in the Prandtl number. This is because fluids with large Pr have low thermal diffusivity which cause low heat penetration resulting in reducing the temperature distributions.The effect of the chemical reaction parameter on the species concentration profile is shown in Figure20. It is clearly observed that the concentration profile decreases for increasing values of chemical reaction parameter. This is due to the fact that destructive chemical reaction reduces the solutal boundary layer thickness and decreases the mass transfer. Figure 21 displays concentration profiles versus y for various gases like hydrogen (Sc=0.22), helium (Sc=0.30), water vapour (Sc=0.60), and ammonia (Sc=0.78). It is elucidated that an increase in Schmidt number increases the conduction, which decreases the mass transfer because the increase of Sc means a decrease of molecular diffusivity that results in decrease of concentration profile. Hence the concentration of species is higher for smaller value of Sc and vice versa.Figures22 and 23 are plotted to exemplify the effect of magnetic parameter and Hall parameter on skin friction components (τ1,τ2) at the wavy wall (y=h) in both cases (Gr<0 and Gr>0), respectively. Figure 22 illustrates that, the axial skin friction (τ1) coefficient remarkably decreases for increasing values of magnetic parameter in both cases, while this trend is opposite for transverse skin friction (τ2) coefficient in both cases. The axial skin friction (τ1) profile enhances increasing values of Hall parameter in both the cases, but this manner is reverse for transverse skin friction coefficient, which is depicted from Figure 23.Table1 illustrates the variation of skin friction components at the wavy wall (y=h) for different values of E, t, Bi, Kr, and Gc. Further Tables 2 and 3 illustrate the variation of the Nusselt number and Sherwood number at the wavy wall y=h, for different values of Pr, t, and R and Kr, t, and Sc, respectively. Throughout the computations the values of physical parameters Kr=2, t=0.1, E=1, k0=2, Pr=3, Gc=2, Sc=0.78, αT=1, Bi=0.1, R=4, M2=2, A=B=1, n=0.1, ϵ=0.02, m=0.1, and λ=2π are used, unless otherwise stated.Table 1
Effects ofE, t, Bi, Kr, and Gc on skin friction distributions at the wavy wall y=h for both cooling (Gr>0) and heating (Gr<0) cases.
E
t
Bi
Kr
Gc
τ
1
τ
2
τ
1
τ
2
Gr < 0
Gr < 0
Gr > 0
Gr > 0
2.0
0.1
0.1
2.0
2.0
0.5139
0.1411
0.4591
0.1244
4.0
0.4200
0.2202
0.3767
0.1941
6.0
0.3289
0.2437
0.2967
0.2153
1.0
0.0
0.1
2.0
2.0
0.5690
0.0780
0.4471
0.0596
2.0
0.5699
0.0787
0.4476
0.0601
4.0
0.5735
0.0818
0.4515
0.0631
1.0
0.1
0.1
2.0
2.0
0.5470
0.0784
0.4882
0.0694
0.3
0.6121
0.0885
0.4231
0.0593
0.5
0.6888
0.1007
0.3464
0.0472
1.0
0.1
0.1
1.0
2.0
0.5558
0.0776
0.4970
0.0687
5.0
0.5200
0.0766
0.4612
0.0676
9.0
0.5011
0.0697
0.4423
0.0607
1.0
0.1
0.1
2.0
1.0
0.5731
0.0815
0.4510
0.0628
2.0
0.6792
0.1038
0.5571
0.0851
3.0
0.7853
0.1262
0.6633
0.1075Table 2
Effects ofPr, t, and R on Nusselt number distributions at the wavy wall y=h.
Parameter
Values
Nu
Pr
0.0
2.6676
0.72
2.5993
3.0
2.5613
t
0.5
2.6033
1.5
2.5767
2.5
2.5647
R
0.0
1.1447
1.0
1.4854
2.0
2.5993Table 3
Effects of Kr,t, and Sc on Sherwood number distributions at the wavy wall y=h.
Parameter
Values
Sh
Kr
1.0
1.8162
3.0
1.4499
5.0
1.1138
t
0.0
0.6650
1.0
0.7933
2.0
0.8405
Sc
0.22
0.9990
0.30
0.9599
0.78
0.7409


## 5. Conclusions

The present investigation dealt with the combined effect of thermal radiation and Hall current on unsteady MHD visco-elastic fluid flow in an irregular channel subject to convective boundary condition. The study is also concerned with the free convective flow and mass transfer with heat absorption and chemical reaction effects. The perturbation method is used to solve the problem, and the results are evaluated numerically and displayed graphically using MATLAB package. In the light of the present investigation, the following conclusions can be summarized.(i)
The velocity profiles are parabolic in nature, and the velocity field is higher in heating (Gr<0) case than that in cooling (Gr>0) case.(ii)
The Hall effect plays an important role in controlling momentum of the fluid.(iii)
The strength of the applied magnetic field should be as low as possible to realize.(iv)
The temperature profile decreases for increasing values of heat absorption parameter.(v)
The effect of increasing values of Prandtl number decreases temperature distributions.(vi)
An increase in the dimensionless time enhances the skin friction profile at the wavy wall, and this manner is opposite for increasing values of chemical reaction parameter.(vii)
The rate of heat transfer decreases for increasing values of heat absorption parameter at the wavy wall.(viii)
Combined effect of chemical reaction parameter and Schmidt number reduces the rate of mass transfer at the wavy wall, but this trend is reverse for the increasing in dimensionless time.Thus the present study will serve as a good scientific tool for understanding more complex flow problems concerning the various physical parameters.



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*Source: 935481-2013-09-03.xml*