# Output Voltage Control of MMC-Based Microgrid Based on Voltage Fluctuation Compensation Sliding Mode Control

Authors: Sheng Xue; Xinggui Wang; Xiaoying Li
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2020)

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## Abstract

As a novel topology of microgrid, the output voltage control of MMC half bridge series microgrid (MMC-MG) is rarely studied. In this paper, on the basis of fully analyzing the mechanism of output voltage fluctuation of MMC-MG under the condition of islanded mode, a control strategy of a hybrid energy storage system is proposed to reduce the generating module (GM) DC-link voltage fluctuation caused by the randomness of renewable energy microsource output power. Moreover, in order to further improve the stabilization of the MMC-MG output voltage and meet the requirements of fast voltage recovery and antijamming, a sliding mode controller is designed. Then, a voltage fluctuation compensation controller is designed to suppress the DC component and fundamental frequency deviation of system output voltage caused by GM DC-link voltage fluctuation. The proposed control approach is validated against simulations using MMC-MG models with 4-GM per arm. The results show that the proposed hybrid energy storage control strategy can suppress the GM DC-link voltage fluctuation, the sliding mode controller can stabilize the system output voltage when the load drastic changes, and the fluctuation compensation strategy can suppress the DC component and the fundamental frequency deviation of system output voltage.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Microgrid (MG) is an autonomous system that can achieve self-control, protection, and management, which includes distributed generation (DG), load, energy storage devices, and monitoring and protection devices [1–3]. For the isolated ac MG, the system output voltage loses the power grid support, and effective control methods are needed to maintain the frequency and amplitude of the system output voltage within the standard range [4–6]. The P-Q control algorithm is adopted for renewable energy source (RES) inverters to improve the output power utilization, and the V-f control algorithm is adopted for nonrenewable energy source inverters to ensure the stabilization of system voltage and frequency [7, 8].A novel MG topology based on modular multilevel converter half-bridge series structure (MMC-MG) is proposed in [9], and the islanded system output characteristics is analyzed. Different from the multi-inverter parallel ac MG, the output voltage of MMC-MG is superposed by the output voltage of each generating module (GM). Affected by the randomness of the microsource (MS) output power, the DC-link voltage of GM fluctuates, which leads to the amplitude fluctuation of MMC-MG output voltage and the increase of harmonic. Therefore, in order to realize the output voltage stable control of MMC-MG, it is necessary to realize the GM DC-link voltage stable control and then realize the output voltage closed-loop control of the system inverter.The hybrid energy storage system (HESS) composed of the supercapacitor (SC) and battery can be used in MG. It plays an important role in stability control, power quality improvement, and uninterrupted power supply of MG [10]. A new chance constrained programming-based scheduling model is proposed in [11], which makes full use of ESS to provide spinning reserve services for isolated MG. A multiagent sliding mode control strategy for state of charge balancing between distributed DC-microgrid battery energy storage systems is proposed in [12]. A supervisory power management system for a hybrid MG is proposed in [13]; when MG in the islanded mode, the HESS can effectively suppress the frequency and voltage fluctuation of the system. For the photovoltaic (PV) MG, a control strategy of virtual synchronous generator (VSG) which combines energy storage and photovoltaic technology is proposed in [14] to stabilize the fluctuation of PV power and improve the frequency stability. Fang et al. [15] proposed a battery/SC HESS to implement VSGs, which is used to achieve frequency regulation for RES in islanded MG. A converter topology to interface a RES with a HESS in a MG is investigated in [16], and the proposed control strategy can improve the power quality and stability. However, the research works mentioned above are mainly concentrated on HESS control for the AC MG with multiple MS inverters connected in parallel, while the HESS for MMC-MG is seldom studied because of its series structure.For the problem of output voltage closed-loop control of the MS inverter, a robust virtual inertia control for islanded MG is proposed in [17], which enhancing the robust performance and stability of the MG during contingencies. A novel framework of coordinated voltage and frequency control strategy for islanded MG is studied in [18], the proposed control strategy improves the voltage and frequency regulation, transient response, and MG stability. A control scheme for distributed energy resource based on sliding mode control (SMC) is proposed in [19], which provides fast and stable control on the voltage and frequency of islanded MG. A higher order SMC strategy is studied for islanded MG to chattering alleviation and improve the system stability in [20]. However, the method studied in the above literature is only applicable to ordinary MG with parallel inverters, not to MMC-MG with microsource inverters in series.A control scheme of output and circulating current of MMC using sliding mode control (SMC) is proposed in [21], while suppressing second harmonics contents in circulating current. For the MMC system, the voltage of each submodule is supported by the system common DC bus. However, for MMC-MG, there is no common DC-bus voltage supported, and the voltage of each GM is generated by MS. Due to its series structure, the voltage deviation of each GM will cause the system output voltage contain DC component and fundamental deviation, which need to be suppressed.However, the previous research on SMC for MMC was aimed at the control of output current and circulating current, rather than the output voltage control of the island system. And its control algorithm cannot eliminate the influence of GM voltage deviation on the output voltage of MMC-MG.In this paper, in order to solve the problem of output voltage control of MMC-MG in the islanded mode, a HESS control strategy suitable for GM DC-link voltage control is proposed. To further stabilize the system output voltage, the feedback linearization is used to decouple the system precisely, and the SMC strategy based on voltage fluctuation compensation(VFC) is designed for the decoupled system. Simulation results of an MMC-MG system with 4-GM per arm is obtained to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. The main contributions of this paper are listed as follows:(1)
The MMC-MG studied in this paper is a new type of MG, which has the advantages of higher output voltage levels and less harmonics than the ordinary MG with multiple inverters in parallel(2)
A SMC strategy for MMC-MG output voltage control is proposed, which meets the requirements of islanding system for fast voltage recovery and anti-interference antijamming(3)
The controller of GM voltage fluctuation compensation is designed to reduce the influence of GM voltage fluctuation on MMC-MG output voltageThe rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section2 analyses the voltage fluctuation factors of MMC-MG output ac side and GM DC link. Section 3 focuses on the control strategy of HESS. Section 4 presents the modeling and decoupling of the system inverter, including topology models and mathematic models, and state feedback linearization decoupled. Section 5 presents design of the system output controller based on SMC. Simulation of the proposed architecture and control strategy is shown in Section 6. Conclusions are given in Section 7.


## 2. MMC-MG Output Voltage Analysis

The MMC-MG topology is shown in Figure1, where the GM is a power generation unit composed of MS, AC/DC or DC/DC converter, HESS, and half-bridge converter (HC).Figure 1
MMC-MG topology structure.The MS in GM can be categorized into renewable energy sources such as wind turbine and PV and nonrenewable energy sources such as diesel generator and microgas turbine generator. And the HESS is only equipped in GM with RES. With GM as the basic module, the three-phase inverter is constructed according to MMC structure, connected to the ac bus through the filter, then connected to the public power grid with a static transfer switch (STS), and the local load is connected to the ac bus. The system is composed of two armsz (z ∈ {p, n}) in each phase X (X ∈ {A, B, C}). Each arm is constituted by N series-connected GMs with a series inductor L.Compared with the parallel inverters ac MG, the MMC-MG series structure inverter makes the stable of frequency higher. The multilevel output voltage of the system is formed by the superposition of several GM output voltages, which reduces the pollution of harmonics to the power grid. At the same output voltage level, the operating voltage of the MS inverter is reduced, then save the investments of power electronic equipment. Increasing GM can improve the system output voltage level and provide a new grid structure for low and medium voltage MG.


### 2.1. Inverter Output Voltage Analysis

Ignoring the high harmonics, the output voltage uAB of the inverters in the islanded mode under the phase-shifted PWM (PSC-PWM) can be given by(1)uAB=uZAB+uSAB−3Nudc∗2Msinω0t+π6,where uZAB is the output DC component, which satisfies(2)uZAB=14ΔupA−ΔunA+ΔunB−ΔupB,where uSAB is the fundamental frequency deviation, which is formed by superimposing two sine waves with the same frequency and different amplitude of the line voltage fundamental component, which satisfies(3)uSAB=M4ΔunB+ΔupBsinω0t−2π3−ΔunA+ΔupAsinω0t,where M (0 ≤ M ≤ 1) denotes the modulation depth, ω0 is the angular frequency of the output voltage, udc∗ is the voltage reference value of GM DC-link, ΔupXi, ΔunXi (i = 1, 2, ..., N) are the deviation of GM DC-link voltage and udc∗ in each arm when MMC-MG operation, and ΔupX=∑i=1NΔupXi,ΔunX=∑i=1NΔunXi.According to (1)–(3), the voltage deviation of each GM DC link is superimposed on each other, resulting in the output voltage of the MMC-MG including DC component and fundamental frequency deviation.


### 2.2. GM DC-Link Voltage Fluctuation Analysis

As shown in Figure2, the ith GM internal currents of phase A positive arm are used for analysis. ig is the output current of MS, ic is the charge current of capacitor C, im is the input current of HC, ipA is the arm current, and upAi is the output voltage of HC. When GM is switched on, im = ipA and upAi = udc. When GM is switched off, im = 0 and upAi = 0.Figure 2
Schematic diagram of GM.MS output powerPM and GM output power PG can be modeled as follows:(4)PM=udcig,PG=upAiipA=udcim.The system is cascaded structure, GM is not directly connected to the load, soPG is called equivalent load power. Then, the GM internal power satisfies(5)PM−PG=udcCdudcdt=PC,where PC is capacitive C absorption power. Within t to t + Δt, the variation of GM DC-link voltage satisfies(6)Δudc=2C∫tt+ΔtPM−PGdt.To keep the GM DC-link voltage stable, Δudc must to be 0, that means MS output power should be follow the equivalent load power variation. While the output power of MS such as wind turbine and PV are random, it is difficult to maintain the stable of the GM DC-link voltage by means of control. So, it is necessary to add HESS in GM to dynamically adjust the output power and keep voltage stable.


## 2.1. Inverter Output Voltage Analysis

Ignoring the high harmonics, the output voltage uAB of the inverters in the islanded mode under the phase-shifted PWM (PSC-PWM) can be given by(1)uAB=uZAB+uSAB−3Nudc∗2Msinω0t+π6,where uZAB is the output DC component, which satisfies(2)uZAB=14ΔupA−ΔunA+ΔunB−ΔupB,where uSAB is the fundamental frequency deviation, which is formed by superimposing two sine waves with the same frequency and different amplitude of the line voltage fundamental component, which satisfies(3)uSAB=M4ΔunB+ΔupBsinω0t−2π3−ΔunA+ΔupAsinω0t,where M (0 ≤ M ≤ 1) denotes the modulation depth, ω0 is the angular frequency of the output voltage, udc∗ is the voltage reference value of GM DC-link, ΔupXi, ΔunXi (i = 1, 2, ..., N) are the deviation of GM DC-link voltage and udc∗ in each arm when MMC-MG operation, and ΔupX=∑i=1NΔupXi,ΔunX=∑i=1NΔunXi.According to (1)–(3), the voltage deviation of each GM DC link is superimposed on each other, resulting in the output voltage of the MMC-MG including DC component and fundamental frequency deviation.


## 2.2. GM DC-Link Voltage Fluctuation Analysis

As shown in Figure2, the ith GM internal currents of phase A positive arm are used for analysis. ig is the output current of MS, ic is the charge current of capacitor C, im is the input current of HC, ipA is the arm current, and upAi is the output voltage of HC. When GM is switched on, im = ipA and upAi = udc. When GM is switched off, im = 0 and upAi = 0.Figure 2
Schematic diagram of GM.MS output powerPM and GM output power PG can be modeled as follows:(4)PM=udcig,PG=upAiipA=udcim.The system is cascaded structure, GM is not directly connected to the load, soPG is called equivalent load power. Then, the GM internal power satisfies(5)PM−PG=udcCdudcdt=PC,where PC is capacitive C absorption power. Within t to t + Δt, the variation of GM DC-link voltage satisfies(6)Δudc=2C∫tt+ΔtPM−PGdt.To keep the GM DC-link voltage stable, Δudc must to be 0, that means MS output power should be follow the equivalent load power variation. While the output power of MS such as wind turbine and PV are random, it is difficult to maintain the stable of the GM DC-link voltage by means of control. So, it is necessary to add HESS in GM to dynamically adjust the output power and keep voltage stable.


## 3. GM DC-Link Voltage Control

Different from the full-bridge MS inverter used in ordinary AC MG, the GM uses a half-bridge converter. During the switching process,im is affected by the arm current, which contains high harmonic content and AC component.


### 3.1. GM Internal Power Analysis

The HESS is composed of batteries and SC and connected to GM DC link in parallel by bidirectional DC/DC converters. This topology can give full play to their advantages in energy storage. Battery has the advantages of high energy density, which is suitable for regulating low-frequency power fluctuation. SC has the advantages of high power density and fast charge-discharge response, which is suitable for regulating high-frequency power fluctuation [22]. The structure of HESS is shown in Figure 3, where usc and isc are the SC voltage and output current, ib is the battery output current, udc is GM DC-link voltage, and BC1 and BC2 are the bidirectional DC/DC converters.Figure 3
Structure diagram of HESS.When GM is switched on, the internal power is satisfied:(7)PM−PG−PF=PC,where PF is the absorption energy of HESS, which is used to suppress the GM DC-link voltage fluctuation caused by fluctuation of MS output power and arm current. When the DC-link voltage is stable, PC = 0, and (7) should be rewritten as follows:(8)PM−PG=PF.PF is caused by the MS output power fluctuation and the equivalent load change. When the HESS is used to smooth power fluctuation, PF is divided into a low-frequency fluctuation PL and a high-frequency fluctuation PH. The SC mainly absorb or release the PH, that can reducing the response frequency of the battery to the PH, then reducing the number of charges and discharges of battery, and improving HESS service life. PL and PH can be expressed as follows:(9)PL=PF1τ1s+1,PH=PF−PL,where s is the differential operator, 1/(τ1s + 1) is a low-pass filter (LPF), and τ1 is a time constant.


### 3.2. Hybrid Energy Storage System Control

The SC operating voltage is divided into the following five intervals [23]:(1)
High voltage over-limit zone (HOZ):usc > usc−max(2)
High voltage limit zone (HLZ):usc−h < usc < usc−max(3)
Normal working zone (NZ):usc−l < usc < usc−h(4)
Low voltage limit zone (LLZ):usc−min < usc < usc−l(5)
Low voltage over-limit zone (LOZ):usc < usc−minusc−max and usc−min are the maximum voltage and minimum voltage of SC and usc−h and usc−l are the upper-limit value and lower-limit value of the SC voltage controller. In order to prevent overcharge and discharge of the SC, it is necessary to correct the charge and discharge power according to the voltage. The power correction value ΔPsc in the five working intervals is shown in Table 1.Table 1
Power correction value ΔPsc.
IntervalsΔPsc (PH > 0)ΔPsc (PH < 0)HOZ0−PHHLZusc−usc−h/usc−max−usc−hPHusc−h−usc/usc−max−usc−hPHNZ00LLZusc−usc−l/usc−l−usc−minPHusc−l−usc/usc−l−usc−minPHLOZ−PH0The battery bidirectional DC/DC converter operates in a single-ended regulated mode to ensure that the GM DC-link voltage is stable, and the power correction value of battery is −ΔPsc. The control diagram of the HESS is shown in Figure 4, and PC is the power correction controller based on Table 1.Figure 4
Block diagram of energy storage converter control.
(a)(b)


## 3.1. GM Internal Power Analysis

The HESS is composed of batteries and SC and connected to GM DC link in parallel by bidirectional DC/DC converters. This topology can give full play to their advantages in energy storage. Battery has the advantages of high energy density, which is suitable for regulating low-frequency power fluctuation. SC has the advantages of high power density and fast charge-discharge response, which is suitable for regulating high-frequency power fluctuation [22]. The structure of HESS is shown in Figure 3, where usc and isc are the SC voltage and output current, ib is the battery output current, udc is GM DC-link voltage, and BC1 and BC2 are the bidirectional DC/DC converters.Figure 3
Structure diagram of HESS.When GM is switched on, the internal power is satisfied:(7)PM−PG−PF=PC,where PF is the absorption energy of HESS, which is used to suppress the GM DC-link voltage fluctuation caused by fluctuation of MS output power and arm current. When the DC-link voltage is stable, PC = 0, and (7) should be rewritten as follows:(8)PM−PG=PF.PF is caused by the MS output power fluctuation and the equivalent load change. When the HESS is used to smooth power fluctuation, PF is divided into a low-frequency fluctuation PL and a high-frequency fluctuation PH. The SC mainly absorb or release the PH, that can reducing the response frequency of the battery to the PH, then reducing the number of charges and discharges of battery, and improving HESS service life. PL and PH can be expressed as follows:(9)PL=PF1τ1s+1,PH=PF−PL,where s is the differential operator, 1/(τ1s + 1) is a low-pass filter (LPF), and τ1 is a time constant.


## 3.2. Hybrid Energy Storage System Control

The SC operating voltage is divided into the following five intervals [23]:(1)
High voltage over-limit zone (HOZ):usc > usc−max(2)
High voltage limit zone (HLZ):usc−h < usc < usc−max(3)
Normal working zone (NZ):usc−l < usc < usc−h(4)
Low voltage limit zone (LLZ):usc−min < usc < usc−l(5)
Low voltage over-limit zone (LOZ):usc < usc−minusc−max and usc−min are the maximum voltage and minimum voltage of SC and usc−h and usc−l are the upper-limit value and lower-limit value of the SC voltage controller. In order to prevent overcharge and discharge of the SC, it is necessary to correct the charge and discharge power according to the voltage. The power correction value ΔPsc in the five working intervals is shown in Table 1.Table 1
Power correction value ΔPsc.
IntervalsΔPsc (PH > 0)ΔPsc (PH < 0)HOZ0−PHHLZusc−usc−h/usc−max−usc−hPHusc−h−usc/usc−max−usc−hPHNZ00LLZusc−usc−l/usc−l−usc−minPHusc−l−usc/usc−l−usc−minPHLOZ−PH0The battery bidirectional DC/DC converter operates in a single-ended regulated mode to ensure that the GM DC-link voltage is stable, and the power correction value of battery is −ΔPsc. The control diagram of the HESS is shown in Figure 4, and PC is the power correction controller based on Table 1.Figure 4
Block diagram of energy storage converter control.
(a)(b)


## 4. Modeling and Decoupling of Inverter

### 4.1. Mathematical Model of System Inverter

As showN in Figure5, the equivalent circuit diagram of the MMC-MG inverter in the islanded mode is used for analysis.Figure 5
System equivalent circuit in the islanded mode.In Figure5, Lf is the filter inductor, Cf is the filter capacitor, Lam is the arm equivalent inductor and Lam = L/2, iX is the phase current, uX is the output voltage of phase X, uoX is the filter capacitor voltage, Rload is the load, and R is the arm equivalent resistance.According to KCL (Kirchhoff’s current law) and KVL (Kirchhoff’s voltage law), the voltage-to-current equation of the inverter in dq0 coordinate can be expressed as follows:(10)ud=R2id+Lmdiddt−ω0Lmiq+uod,id=Cfduoddt−ω0Cfuq+iod,uq=R2iq+Lmdiqdt+ω0Lmid+uoq,iq=Cfduoqdt+ω0Cfud+ioq,where ud and id are the active components of the phase voltage and current and uq and iq are the reactive components of the phase voltage and current. Similarly, uod, iod and uoq, ioq are the active and reactive components of the capacitor voltage and load current. Lm is the sum of the Lf and Lam, and ω0 is the voltage angular frequency.


### 4.2. State Feedback Linearization Decoupled

The voltage-to-current equations under dq0 coordinate of the inverter can rewritten as follows:(11)ddtidiq=−R2Lmω0−ω0−R2Lmidiq+ud−uodLmuq−uoqLm.In order to improve the decoupling accuracy, the state feedback linearization (SFL) method is used for system decoupling. Take state variables asx = [idiq]T, input variables as u = [uduq]T, and output variables as y = [h1(x) h2(x)]T, where h1(x) = id, h2(x) = iq. The state equation of affine 2-input 2-output nonlinear system is obtained as follows:(12)x˙=fx+g1xu1+g2xu2,y1=h1x,y2=h2x,where g1x=1/Lm0, g2x=01/Lm, and fx=−R/2Lmx1+ω0x2−uod/Lm−ω0x1−R/2Lmx2−uoq/Lm.The solvable condition of the system full-state feedback linearization problem is that the system has relative degreeρ1, ρ2 and satisfies ρ1 + ρ2 = n, where n is the dimension of the system variables. According to the relative degree definition, there is any point x0 of the state variable x satisfied:(13)Ax0=Lg1Lf0h1x0Lg2Lf0h1x0Lg1Lf0h2x0Lg2Lf0h2x0,where Lf0hx=hx, Lgjhix is the Lie derivative of h(x) for gx and Lgjhix=∂hix/∂xgjx,i,j=1,2.Then, matrixA is(14)Ax0=1/Lm001/Lm.Based on (14), the relative degree of system ρ1 = ρ2 = 1 and ρ1 + ρ2 = n = 2. The system satisfies the conditions of exact linearization. Exact linearization decoupling of the system, constructing a new system input variable v, there are matrix A(x), b(x), and the input variable v satisfies(15)v=bx+Axu,where bx=Lfh1xLfh2x=−R/2Lmx1+ω0x2−uoq/Lm−ω0x1−R/2Lmx2−uoq/Lm and Ax=Lg1h1xLg2h1xLg1h2xLg2h2x=1/Lm001/Lm.Then, the relationship between new input variables and output variables is satisfied:(16)v1v2=bx+Axu=y˙1y˙2.It can be seen from (16) that the system is decoupled into a first-order linear system. Then, the system becomes a typical tracking system, and the control target is to track the given values id∗ and iq∗ of the system output variables id and iq.


## 4.1. Mathematical Model of System Inverter

As showN in Figure5, the equivalent circuit diagram of the MMC-MG inverter in the islanded mode is used for analysis.Figure 5
System equivalent circuit in the islanded mode.In Figure5, Lf is the filter inductor, Cf is the filter capacitor, Lam is the arm equivalent inductor and Lam = L/2, iX is the phase current, uX is the output voltage of phase X, uoX is the filter capacitor voltage, Rload is the load, and R is the arm equivalent resistance.According to KCL (Kirchhoff’s current law) and KVL (Kirchhoff’s voltage law), the voltage-to-current equation of the inverter in dq0 coordinate can be expressed as follows:(10)ud=R2id+Lmdiddt−ω0Lmiq+uod,id=Cfduoddt−ω0Cfuq+iod,uq=R2iq+Lmdiqdt+ω0Lmid+uoq,iq=Cfduoqdt+ω0Cfud+ioq,where ud and id are the active components of the phase voltage and current and uq and iq are the reactive components of the phase voltage and current. Similarly, uod, iod and uoq, ioq are the active and reactive components of the capacitor voltage and load current. Lm is the sum of the Lf and Lam, and ω0 is the voltage angular frequency.


## 4.2. State Feedback Linearization Decoupled

The voltage-to-current equations under dq0 coordinate of the inverter can rewritten as follows:(11)ddtidiq=−R2Lmω0−ω0−R2Lmidiq+ud−uodLmuq−uoqLm.In order to improve the decoupling accuracy, the state feedback linearization (SFL) method is used for system decoupling. Take state variables asx = [idiq]T, input variables as u = [uduq]T, and output variables as y = [h1(x) h2(x)]T, where h1(x) = id, h2(x) = iq. The state equation of affine 2-input 2-output nonlinear system is obtained as follows:(12)x˙=fx+g1xu1+g2xu2,y1=h1x,y2=h2x,where g1x=1/Lm0, g2x=01/Lm, and fx=−R/2Lmx1+ω0x2−uod/Lm−ω0x1−R/2Lmx2−uoq/Lm.The solvable condition of the system full-state feedback linearization problem is that the system has relative degreeρ1, ρ2 and satisfies ρ1 + ρ2 = n, where n is the dimension of the system variables. According to the relative degree definition, there is any point x0 of the state variable x satisfied:(13)Ax0=Lg1Lf0h1x0Lg2Lf0h1x0Lg1Lf0h2x0Lg2Lf0h2x0,where Lf0hx=hx, Lgjhix is the Lie derivative of h(x) for gx and Lgjhix=∂hix/∂xgjx,i,j=1,2.Then, matrixA is(14)Ax0=1/Lm001/Lm.Based on (14), the relative degree of system ρ1 = ρ2 = 1 and ρ1 + ρ2 = n = 2. The system satisfies the conditions of exact linearization. Exact linearization decoupling of the system, constructing a new system input variable v, there are matrix A(x), b(x), and the input variable v satisfies(15)v=bx+Axu,where bx=Lfh1xLfh2x=−R/2Lmx1+ω0x2−uoq/Lm−ω0x1−R/2Lmx2−uoq/Lm and Ax=Lg1h1xLg2h1xLg1h2xLg2h2x=1/Lm001/Lm.Then, the relationship between new input variables and output variables is satisfied:(16)v1v2=bx+Axu=y˙1y˙2.It can be seen from (16) that the system is decoupled into a first-order linear system. Then, the system becomes a typical tracking system, and the control target is to track the given values id∗ and iq∗ of the system output variables id and iq.


## 5. Design of System Output Controller

In order to ensure the stable operation of MMC-MG in the islanded mode, the double-closed-loop control of voltage and current is adopted on the inverter to provide voltage and frequency support. The outer voltage loop determines the reference value of the instruction current and stabilizes the AC side voltage of the inverter. The inner current loop controls the current according to the instruction current to realize the fast tracking.


### 5.1. Sliding Mode Controller Design

Firstly, an outer voltage loop controller is designed to determineid∗ and iq∗. Then, the SMC is adopted in the current inner loop controller to resist the influence of parameter perturbation and external disturbance on the feedback linearization model and improve the robustness of the system. Define the system tracking error as follows:(17)e1e2=y1∗−y1y2∗−y2=id∗−idiq∗−iq.The control effect of the sliding mode controller is related to the selection of the sliding surface. The traditional nonlinear integral sliding surface is(18)si=ci1ei−ci2∫0teidτ.In order to improve the robustness of the system, the functionf(t) is introduced to form the global integral sliding surface so that the initial state of the system is on the sliding surface, eliminating the arrival process. The system global integral sliding surface is(19)si=ci1ei−ci2∫0teidτ−fit,where fi(t) = ei(0)ei−pt, p > 0, and ci1 and ci2 are the coefficient of SMC.According to the reaching law of the sliding mode, in order to reduce the system chattering, the reaching law is(20)s˙i=−kisi−εisatsi,where sat(s) is a saturation function, ki and εi are the reaching law coefficients, and ki > 0 and εi > 0. The existence of the boundary layer Δ makes sat(s) satisfy(21)sats=1s>Δkss≤Δ−1s>Δk=1Δ.Derivation of (19) is(22)s˙i=ci1e˙i−ci2ei+ei0pei−pt.Combining (17), (20), and (22), we obtain(23)vi=ci2ei−kisi−εisatsi−ei0pei−ptci1.In this system, the input variables can be written as follows:(24)v1=k1s1+ε1sats1+e10pe1−pt−c12e1c11,v2=k2s2+ε2sats2+e20pe2−pt−c22e2c21.Combining (24) and (16), the output control amount after system feedback linearization can be written as follows:(25)ud=uod+Lmv1+Rid/2−ω0Lmiq,uq=uoq+Lmv2+Riq/2+ω0Lmid.


### 5.2. Voltage Fluctuation Compensation Controller Design

Affected by the arm current, there is still a small deviation in the GM DC-link voltage under the control of HESS. The superposition of the deviations makes the output voltage of the system include DC and fundamental frequency deviation components. Firstly, the influence of the deviation under the closed-loop on the system control is analyzed. Let ΔupA = a and the rest be 0. Based on (2) and (3), the output voltage deviation caused by a is superimposed on the uod and uoq after dq0 transformation can be given by(26)uzd=123asinα+π3,uzq=123asinα−π6,usd=−3+324aMsin2α,usq=38aMsin2α+π3−316aM.It means that the DC and fundamental frequency deviation components are converted to fundamental frequency component and double-frequency component by dq0 transformation.Therefore, it is necessary to modify the SMC controller and suppress ΔupX and ΔunX influences on the output voltage by voltage fluctuation compensation (VFC) controller. The VFC controller is shown in Figure 6.Figure 6
Block diagram of voltage suppression control.Δud and Δuq are the corrections; then, the actual output of the controller is(27)ud−ref=ud+Δud,uq−ref=uq+Δuq.Combining (17), (25), and (27), we can obtain the system output voltage control block diagram, as shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
Block diagram of the system output voltage control.


## 5.1. Sliding Mode Controller Design

Firstly, an outer voltage loop controller is designed to determineid∗ and iq∗. Then, the SMC is adopted in the current inner loop controller to resist the influence of parameter perturbation and external disturbance on the feedback linearization model and improve the robustness of the system. Define the system tracking error as follows:(17)e1e2=y1∗−y1y2∗−y2=id∗−idiq∗−iq.The control effect of the sliding mode controller is related to the selection of the sliding surface. The traditional nonlinear integral sliding surface is(18)si=ci1ei−ci2∫0teidτ.In order to improve the robustness of the system, the functionf(t) is introduced to form the global integral sliding surface so that the initial state of the system is on the sliding surface, eliminating the arrival process. The system global integral sliding surface is(19)si=ci1ei−ci2∫0teidτ−fit,where fi(t) = ei(0)ei−pt, p > 0, and ci1 and ci2 are the coefficient of SMC.According to the reaching law of the sliding mode, in order to reduce the system chattering, the reaching law is(20)s˙i=−kisi−εisatsi,where sat(s) is a saturation function, ki and εi are the reaching law coefficients, and ki > 0 and εi > 0. The existence of the boundary layer Δ makes sat(s) satisfy(21)sats=1s>Δkss≤Δ−1s>Δk=1Δ.Derivation of (19) is(22)s˙i=ci1e˙i−ci2ei+ei0pei−pt.Combining (17), (20), and (22), we obtain(23)vi=ci2ei−kisi−εisatsi−ei0pei−ptci1.In this system, the input variables can be written as follows:(24)v1=k1s1+ε1sats1+e10pe1−pt−c12e1c11,v2=k2s2+ε2sats2+e20pe2−pt−c22e2c21.Combining (24) and (16), the output control amount after system feedback linearization can be written as follows:(25)ud=uod+Lmv1+Rid/2−ω0Lmiq,uq=uoq+Lmv2+Riq/2+ω0Lmid.


## 5.2. Voltage Fluctuation Compensation Controller Design

Affected by the arm current, there is still a small deviation in the GM DC-link voltage under the control of HESS. The superposition of the deviations makes the output voltage of the system include DC and fundamental frequency deviation components. Firstly, the influence of the deviation under the closed-loop on the system control is analyzed. Let ΔupA = a and the rest be 0. Based on (2) and (3), the output voltage deviation caused by a is superimposed on the uod and uoq after dq0 transformation can be given by(26)uzd=123asinα+π3,uzq=123asinα−π6,usd=−3+324aMsin2α,usq=38aMsin2α+π3−316aM.It means that the DC and fundamental frequency deviation components are converted to fundamental frequency component and double-frequency component by dq0 transformation.Therefore, it is necessary to modify the SMC controller and suppress ΔupX and ΔunX influences on the output voltage by voltage fluctuation compensation (VFC) controller. The VFC controller is shown in Figure 6.Figure 6
Block diagram of voltage suppression control.Δud and Δuq are the corrections; then, the actual output of the controller is(27)ud−ref=ud+Δud,uq−ref=uq+Δuq.Combining (17), (25), and (27), we can obtain the system output voltage control block diagram, as shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
Block diagram of the system output voltage control.


## 6. Results and Discussion

In order to validate the effectiveness of the HESS control strategy and MMC-MG output voltage control strategy, a simulation mode of MMC-MG was built in Matlab/Simulink. The MMC-MG configuration is given in Figure1. The HESS configuration is given in Figure 3. The NO. of GMs in each arm is N = 4, the arm inductor L = 1 mH, and the HC capacitor C = 4400 μF. GM DC-link voltage udc∗ = 160 V.


### 6.1. Simulation Verification of HESS

A PV battery is used as the RES of GM, and a SC and battery which are used to form a HESS. For comparative analysis, the simulation models of PV DC power generation, PV inverter, nine-level cascaded H-bridge PV inverter, and MMC-MG were established in turn. The PV simulation parameters are shown in Table2.Table 2
PV parameters.
ParameterValuePV maximum power point voltage (V)48PV maximum power point voltage (A)10.2PV open circuit voltage (V)56PV short circuit current (A)10.8Temperature (°C)25The simulation results of PV DC-link voltages with different topologies under different solar incident irradiances are shown in Figure8. a is the output voltage of PV DC power generation, b is the DC-link voltage of PV inverter, c is the DC-link voltage of cascaded H-bridge PV inverter, and d is the DC-link voltage of GM.Figure 8
PV DC-link voltages.It can be seen from the graph that when the solar radiation intensity changes at 1 s, 2 s, 3 s, and 4 s, the voltagea, b, and c have the same trend and the amplitude fluctuation are small, while voltage amplitude of d fluctuates greatly. This shows that, under the same solar radiation intensity conditions, due to the series structure of MMC-MG, the voltage fluctuation of GM is large.The HESS is connected to the GM DC link to suppress the DC voltage fluctuation caused by the change of solar radiation intensity. Then, design the energy storage converter controller according to Figure4. Under the HESS control, the GM DC-link voltages udc is shown in Figure 9. The amplitude fluctuation is small and the output voltage is stable when the solar radiation intensity changes. The control strategy can achieve good voltage stability control effect of GM DC-link.Figure 9
udc under HESS compensates.The battery output current and the powerPG-PPV are shown in Figure 10(a). The SC output current is shown in Figure 10(b). It can be seen that the trend of ib is similar to that of PG-PPV, and the trend of isc is similar to that of high-frequency component of PG-PPV, which further reflects the difference and complementarities of battery and SC in energy balance. Besides, the SC is in frequent charge discharge state switching, while the battery state is relatively stable.Figure 10
Battery output current, powerPG-PPV, and SC output current.
(a)(b)


### 6.2. Simulation Verification of SMC

The HESS is used to ensure that the GM DC-link voltage is stable at 160 V under varying solar incident irradiances. Design the system output voltage controller according to Figure7, design SMC according to (24), and design SFL according to (25). When MMC-MG is in the islanded mode, the output voltage and current of the system inverter is shown in Figures 11–15.Figure 11
Line voltage and phase current RMS under time-varying load.
(a)(b)Figure 12
Line voltage and phase current at the moment of load change.
(a)(b)Figure 13
Voltage frequency under time-varying load.Figure 14
DC component of line voltage under time-varying load.Figure 15
uod frequency analysis.
(a)(b)Figures11(a) and 11(b) show the root mean square (RMS) of the line voltage and phase current. The load increases at 1 s, 2 s, and 5 s and decreases at 3 s and 4 s. As can be seen from the graph, the line voltage is adjusted rapidly after a small fluctuation to maintain the voltage stability, and the output phase current changes with the change of the load.Figures12(a) and 12(b) show the voltage and current of system when the load changes from 14 Ω to 10 Ω at 2 s. When the load increases, the line voltage amplitude recovers after a slight fluctuation, and the phase current increases.Figure13 shows the output voltage frequency. In case of sudden load change, the output frequency deviation is always within ±0.2 Hz, which meets the frequency requirement of the power grid.Design the VFC controller according to Figure6. The DC component of line voltage is shown in Figure 14. When the VFC strategy is applied to the system at 0.5 s, the DC component is suppressed. At the moment of load switching from 1 s to 5 s, the DC component changes abruptly, but decreases rapidly under the control effect. This strategy can achieve good DC component suppression effect of output line voltage.Fundamental frequency deviationuSAB is the same as the frequency of fundamental frequency component of uAB, with different phase and smaller amplitude. In order to verify the suppression effect of VFC strategy on uSAB, uSBC, and uSCA more intuitively, the FFT analysis of uod after dq0 transformation of the line voltage before and after the VFC control is carried out.As shown in Figure15(a), without VFC control, the fundamental component uzd caused by the DC component of the line voltage is 0.98 V, and the second harmonic component usd caused by the fundamental frequency deviation component of the line voltage is 0.26 V. As shown in Figure 15(b), with VFC control, the amplitude of uzd and usd decreased to 0.2 V and 0.11 V. It shows that the VFC strategy can achieve good fundamental frequency deviation suppression effect of line voltage.Figure16 compares the response curves of the current inner loop using traditional PI control and SMC. It can be seen from the graph that under the condition of sudden load changes, both control strategies can maintain the system output voltage stability, but the overshoot and adjustment time of the SMC are better than the PI control. It can be seen from Figures 11 to 15 that, under the condition of GM DC-link voltage fluctuation and load mutation, the designed SMC controller has good anti-interference effect and can realize stable control of system output voltage.Figure 16
Control system response curve.


## 6.1. Simulation Verification of HESS

A PV battery is used as the RES of GM, and a SC and battery which are used to form a HESS. For comparative analysis, the simulation models of PV DC power generation, PV inverter, nine-level cascaded H-bridge PV inverter, and MMC-MG were established in turn. The PV simulation parameters are shown in Table2.Table 2
PV parameters.
ParameterValuePV maximum power point voltage (V)48PV maximum power point voltage (A)10.2PV open circuit voltage (V)56PV short circuit current (A)10.8Temperature (°C)25The simulation results of PV DC-link voltages with different topologies under different solar incident irradiances are shown in Figure8. a is the output voltage of PV DC power generation, b is the DC-link voltage of PV inverter, c is the DC-link voltage of cascaded H-bridge PV inverter, and d is the DC-link voltage of GM.Figure 8
PV DC-link voltages.It can be seen from the graph that when the solar radiation intensity changes at 1 s, 2 s, 3 s, and 4 s, the voltagea, b, and c have the same trend and the amplitude fluctuation are small, while voltage amplitude of d fluctuates greatly. This shows that, under the same solar radiation intensity conditions, due to the series structure of MMC-MG, the voltage fluctuation of GM is large.The HESS is connected to the GM DC link to suppress the DC voltage fluctuation caused by the change of solar radiation intensity. Then, design the energy storage converter controller according to Figure4. Under the HESS control, the GM DC-link voltages udc is shown in Figure 9. The amplitude fluctuation is small and the output voltage is stable when the solar radiation intensity changes. The control strategy can achieve good voltage stability control effect of GM DC-link.Figure 9
udc under HESS compensates.The battery output current and the powerPG-PPV are shown in Figure 10(a). The SC output current is shown in Figure 10(b). It can be seen that the trend of ib is similar to that of PG-PPV, and the trend of isc is similar to that of high-frequency component of PG-PPV, which further reflects the difference and complementarities of battery and SC in energy balance. Besides, the SC is in frequent charge discharge state switching, while the battery state is relatively stable.Figure 10
Battery output current, powerPG-PPV, and SC output current.
(a)(b)


## 6.2. Simulation Verification of SMC

The HESS is used to ensure that the GM DC-link voltage is stable at 160 V under varying solar incident irradiances. Design the system output voltage controller according to Figure7, design SMC according to (24), and design SFL according to (25). When MMC-MG is in the islanded mode, the output voltage and current of the system inverter is shown in Figures 11–15.Figure 11
Line voltage and phase current RMS under time-varying load.
(a)(b)Figure 12
Line voltage and phase current at the moment of load change.
(a)(b)Figure 13
Voltage frequency under time-varying load.Figure 14
DC component of line voltage under time-varying load.Figure 15
uod frequency analysis.
(a)(b)Figures11(a) and 11(b) show the root mean square (RMS) of the line voltage and phase current. The load increases at 1 s, 2 s, and 5 s and decreases at 3 s and 4 s. As can be seen from the graph, the line voltage is adjusted rapidly after a small fluctuation to maintain the voltage stability, and the output phase current changes with the change of the load.Figures12(a) and 12(b) show the voltage and current of system when the load changes from 14 Ω to 10 Ω at 2 s. When the load increases, the line voltage amplitude recovers after a slight fluctuation, and the phase current increases.Figure13 shows the output voltage frequency. In case of sudden load change, the output frequency deviation is always within ±0.2 Hz, which meets the frequency requirement of the power grid.Design the VFC controller according to Figure6. The DC component of line voltage is shown in Figure 14. When the VFC strategy is applied to the system at 0.5 s, the DC component is suppressed. At the moment of load switching from 1 s to 5 s, the DC component changes abruptly, but decreases rapidly under the control effect. This strategy can achieve good DC component suppression effect of output line voltage.Fundamental frequency deviationuSAB is the same as the frequency of fundamental frequency component of uAB, with different phase and smaller amplitude. In order to verify the suppression effect of VFC strategy on uSAB, uSBC, and uSCA more intuitively, the FFT analysis of uod after dq0 transformation of the line voltage before and after the VFC control is carried out.As shown in Figure15(a), without VFC control, the fundamental component uzd caused by the DC component of the line voltage is 0.98 V, and the second harmonic component usd caused by the fundamental frequency deviation component of the line voltage is 0.26 V. As shown in Figure 15(b), with VFC control, the amplitude of uzd and usd decreased to 0.2 V and 0.11 V. It shows that the VFC strategy can achieve good fundamental frequency deviation suppression effect of line voltage.Figure16 compares the response curves of the current inner loop using traditional PI control and SMC. It can be seen from the graph that under the condition of sudden load changes, both control strategies can maintain the system output voltage stability, but the overshoot and adjustment time of the SMC are better than the PI control. It can be seen from Figures 11 to 15 that, under the condition of GM DC-link voltage fluctuation and load mutation, the designed SMC controller has good anti-interference effect and can realize stable control of system output voltage.Figure 16
Control system response curve.


## 7. Conclusions

In this paper, the voltage fluctuation mechanism of GM DC-link caused by the randomness of RES output power is analyzed, and the GM DC-link voltage stability control is realized by HESS control. The sliding mode controller based on GM voltage fluctuation compensation is designed to realize the stable control of the system output voltage in the islanded mode.The simulation results show that the HESS control strategy can effectively suppress the GM DC-link voltage fluctuation caused by the RES output power variation. The sliding mode controller has fast response speed and strong antidisturbance capability than the PI controller. Under the condition of sudden load change, the system voltage regulation speed is fast, the amplitude change is small, and the frequency fluctuation is ±0.2 Hz. The VFC controller can effectively suppress DC components and fundamental deviation components of the system output voltage and improve the power quality. Hence, the proposed control strategy has a good adaptability to MMC-MG.



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*Source: 9404259-2020-08-20.xml*