# Fourier Transform Infrared Spectral Analysis of Polyisoprene of a Different Microstructure

Authors: Dongmei Chen; Huafeng Shao; Wei Yao; Baochen Huang
Journal: International Journal of Polymer Science
 (2013)

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## Abstract

Some polyisoprene samples of different microstructure contents were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and1H Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). On the basis of detailed analysis of FTIR spectra of polyisoprene, the shift of absorption peaks caused by microstructure content’s variation was discussed. The contents of the polyisoprene samples’ microstructure which was determined by the 1H NMR was used as the standard. Through the choice, calculation, and comparison with the corresponding absorption peaks of FTIR, a method based on the results of the analysis has been developed for the determination of the microstructure contents of
polyisoprene by FTIR.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

As it is well known, polyisoprene (PIp) is one kind of important rubbers, and there are four kinds of microstructure in its molecular chain which arecis-1,4-, trans-1,4-, 1,2-, and 3,4-polyisoprene. The main ingredient of nature rubber is cis-1,4- or trans-1,4-polyisoprene. For example, Hevea brasiliensis (the Brazilian rubber tree) is polyisoprene with more than 5,000 cis-1,4-repeat units except for the transinitiator residue of repeat units ranging from 1 to 4, depending on the plant species. Gutta-percha, Balata, or Malaysian rubber is polyisoprene with trans-1,4-repeat units [1–4]. Since English chemist Michael Faraday found that the structure unit of nature rubber was C5H8, the research of synthetic polyisoprene keeps active [1–7].Except for the synthesis of high content ofcis-1,4- or trans-1,4-polyisoprene to imitate and replace nature rubber, the research on synthesis of polyisoprene with variable microstructure contents keeps attractive in order to obtain some materials of special properties. For example, with 3,4- unit content’s increasing, the curing rate and low temperature properties of polyisoprene decrease, but hardness and elasticity increase, as well as tensile properties, tension set, and tearing strength maintain are slightly changed. Particularly, the water resistance and hermeticity of polyisoprene with high 3,4-unit content can compare with butyl rubber [8–11]. The application of polyisoprene with high 3,4-unit content in tread can improve the skidding resistance, traction property, and cutting growing resistance and also can decrease the generation of heat by friction So it is the new varieties of rubber for a fuel-saving, environmental protection and safety tire.Most of the studies on microstructure of polymers are characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrophotometer and FTIR [12, 13]. The first extensive IR spectroscopic studies of synthetic polyisoprenes were undertaken by Binder, Cornell, and Koenig. In comparison with other polymers, much less work has been reported on polyisoprene [14]. In this paper, polyisoprenes of some different microstructure content are analyzed by FTIR in details. Through comparison the intensity of corresponding microstructure characterization peak in FTIR with in NMR, the experience relation equation is founded and the method of calculating the microstructure content of polyisoprene by FTIR is also established.


## 2. Experimental

### 2.1. Materials

All the polyisoprene samples with variable microstructure content were polymerized according to [15–18].


### 2.2. Characterization

#### 2.2.1. FTIR

Tensor 27 (Bruker, German) has been used in the analysis. The samples are tested by ATR-FTIR, with 4 cm−1 resolution, and scanned 32 times.


#### 2.2.2.1H NMR

AV500 (Bruker, German) has been used in the analysis.1H NMR spectra of the polyisoprene in CDCl3 were obtained at 500.13 Hz, and chemical shifts were referred to TMS.The1H NMR spectrum of polyisoprene which contains 1,4-, 1,2-, and 3,4-unit is shown in Figure 1. δ5.2~5.0, δ5.0~4.8, and δ4.8~4.6 peaks are ascribed to the olefinic hydrogen of 1,4-, 1,2-, and 3,4-unit, respectively. Determining the intensity of these spectral lines, then calculating 1,4-, 1,2-, and 3,4-unit content with formula (1), and the results are shown in Table 1:
(1)X1,4-PIp=∫δ5.2–5.0∫δ5.2–5.0+(∫δ5.0–4.8+∫δ4.8–4.6)/2×100%,X1,2-PIp=∫δ5.0–4.8/2∫δ5.2–5.0+(∫δ5.0–4.8+∫δ4.8–4.6)/2×100%,X3,4-PIp=∫δ4.8–4.6/2∫δ5.2–5.0+(∫δ5.0–4.8+∫δ4.8–4.6)/2×100%.Table 1
Microstructure contents of polyisoprene by1H NMR.
Sample
1,4-mol%
3,4-mol%
1,2-mol%
A
100 (cis-1,4)
0
0
B
99.6 (trans-1,4)
0.2
0.2
C
90
5
5
D
53
24
23
E
30
59
11
F
24
63
13
G
18
67
15Figure 1
1H NMR spectrum of polyisoprene.


## 2.1. Materials

All the polyisoprene samples with variable microstructure content were polymerized according to [15–18].


## 2.2. Characterization

### 2.2.1. FTIR

Tensor 27 (Bruker, German) has been used in the analysis. The samples are tested by ATR-FTIR, with 4 cm−1 resolution, and scanned 32 times.


### 2.2.2.1H NMR

AV500 (Bruker, German) has been used in the analysis.1H NMR spectra of the polyisoprene in CDCl3 were obtained at 500.13 Hz, and chemical shifts were referred to TMS.The1H NMR spectrum of polyisoprene which contains 1,4-, 1,2-, and 3,4-unit is shown in Figure 1. δ5.2~5.0, δ5.0~4.8, and δ4.8~4.6 peaks are ascribed to the olefinic hydrogen of 1,4-, 1,2-, and 3,4-unit, respectively. Determining the intensity of these spectral lines, then calculating 1,4-, 1,2-, and 3,4-unit content with formula (1), and the results are shown in Table 1:
(1)X1,4-PIp=∫δ5.2–5.0∫δ5.2–5.0+(∫δ5.0–4.8+∫δ4.8–4.6)/2×100%,X1,2-PIp=∫δ5.0–4.8/2∫δ5.2–5.0+(∫δ5.0–4.8+∫δ4.8–4.6)/2×100%,X3,4-PIp=∫δ4.8–4.6/2∫δ5.2–5.0+(∫δ5.0–4.8+∫δ4.8–4.6)/2×100%.Table 1
Microstructure contents of polyisoprene by1H NMR.
Sample
1,4-mol%
3,4-mol%
1,2-mol%
A
100 (cis-1,4)
0
0
B
99.6 (trans-1,4)
0.2
0.2
C
90
5
5
D
53
24
23
E
30
59
11
F
24
63
13
G
18
67
15Figure 1
1H NMR spectrum of polyisoprene.


## 2.2.1. FTIR

Tensor 27 (Bruker, German) has been used in the analysis. The samples are tested by ATR-FTIR, with 4 cm−1 resolution, and scanned 32 times.


## 2.2.2.1H NMR

AV500 (Bruker, German) has been used in the analysis.1H NMR spectra of the polyisoprene in CDCl3 were obtained at 500.13 Hz, and chemical shifts were referred to TMS.The1H NMR spectrum of polyisoprene which contains 1,4-, 1,2-, and 3,4-unit is shown in Figure 1. δ5.2~5.0, δ5.0~4.8, and δ4.8~4.6 peaks are ascribed to the olefinic hydrogen of 1,4-, 1,2-, and 3,4-unit, respectively. Determining the intensity of these spectral lines, then calculating 1,4-, 1,2-, and 3,4-unit content with formula (1), and the results are shown in Table 1:
(1)X1,4-PIp=∫δ5.2–5.0∫δ5.2–5.0+(∫δ5.0–4.8+∫δ4.8–4.6)/2×100%,X1,2-PIp=∫δ5.0–4.8/2∫δ5.2–5.0+(∫δ5.0–4.8+∫δ4.8–4.6)/2×100%,X3,4-PIp=∫δ4.8–4.6/2∫δ5.2–5.0+(∫δ5.0–4.8+∫δ4.8–4.6)/2×100%.Table 1
Microstructure contents of polyisoprene by1H NMR.
Sample
1,4-mol%
3,4-mol%
1,2-mol%
A
100 (cis-1,4)
0
0
B
99.6 (trans-1,4)
0.2
0.2
C
90
5
5
D
53
24
23
E
30
59
11
F
24
63
13
G
18
67
15Figure 1
1H NMR spectrum of polyisoprene.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1.  Analysis of FTIR Spectra of Polyisoprene

Polyisoprene has four kinds of microstructure which arecis-1, 4-, trans-1, 4-, 1, 2-, and 3, 4-polyisoprene, as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
The structural formula of polyisoprene.Figure3 shows seven FTIR spectra of polyisoprene with different microstructure content.Figure 3
FTIR spectra of polyisoprenes of variable microstructure content. (A)cis-1,4- = 100% 3,4- = 0% 1,2- = 0%; (B) trans-1,4- = 99.6% 3,4- = 0.2% 1,2- = 0.2%; (C) 1,4- = 90% 3,4- = 5% 1,2- = 5%; (D) 1,4- = 53% 3,4- = 24% 1,2- = 23%; (E) 1,4- = 30% 3,4- = 59% 1,2- = 11%; (F) 1,4- = 24% 3,4- = 63% 1,2- = 13%; (G) 1,4- =18% 3,4- = 67% 1,2- = 15%.The characterization and attribution peaks of FTIR spectra of polyisoprene are listed in Table2.Table 2
The explanation of absorption peaks of FTIR spectrum of polyisoprene.
Wavenumber/cm−1
Attribution
Wavenumber/cm−1
Attribution
3080
–C–H stretching vibration of carbon-carbon double bond in 1,2-unit
1150
Stretching vibration of CC main chain intrans-1,4-unit
3070
CH2 stretching vibration of –C=C– in 3,4-unit
1140
Stretching vibration of CC main chain incis-1,4-unit
3035
CH stretching vibration of –C=C– in 1,4- or 1,2-unit
1044
Stretching or wagging vibration of CH3C=C in trans-1,4-unit
2727
Sympathetic vibration
1036
Stretching or wagging vibration of CH3C=C in cis-1,4-unit
1663
C=C stretching vibration of 1,4-unit
1003
Stretching vibration of C–C in 3,4-unit
1644
C=C stretching vibration of 3,4- or 1,2-unit
910
Out-of-plane bending vibration of CH2 in the –CH=CH2 (1,2-unit)
1413
Bending vibration of C–H in the =CH2 group of 3,4- or 1,2-unit
888
Out-of-plane bending vibration of CH2 in the –C=CH2 (3,4-unit)
1383
Scissoring vibration of CH3 in trans-1,4-unit
843
Out-of-plane bending vibration of C–H in the –CH=CH– group oftrans-1,4-unit
1375
Scissoring vibration of CH3 in cis-1,4-, 3,4- and 1,2-units
837
Out-of-plane bending vibration of C–H in the –CH=CH– group ofcis-1,4-unit
1325
Scissoring vibration of CH3 or CH in trans-1,4-unit
600
Torsion or twisting vibration of CCC group intrans-1,4-unit
1311
Scissoring vibration of CH3 or CH in cis-1,4-unitIt can be seen from Figure3 and Table 2 that the difference of FTIR behavior of the polyisoprene microstructures is obvious. However, only 910, 888, and 840 cm−1 peaks can be used for quantitative calculation of microstructure content of polyisoprene. It is because that the peaks for quantitatively calculation must have moderate intensity, little interfering factors by other peaks or conditions, and so on. Except for those differences shown in Table 2, Table 3 shows some frequency excursion caused by microstructure content changing.Table 3
The change of peaks of FTIR spectra according to the microstructure contents of polyisoprene.
Explanation∖peak value
Spectrum A
Spectrum B
Spectrum C
Note
Microstructure content
3,4-unit%
5
24
67
3,4-unit% increase by progressively
1,2-unit%
5
23
15
1,2-unit% increase by degrees
1,4-unit%
90
53
18
1,4-unit% decrease by degrees
Dissymmetry stretching vibration of –CH3
2962.125
2964.053
2965.982
Blue shift of peak (the value is 2978 cm−1 in trans-1,4-unit)
C=C stretching vibration
1644.982
1644.018
1643.054
Red shift of peak
Scissoring vibration of CH3
1376.925
1374.997
1374.033
Red shift of peak (the value is 1383 cm−1 in trans-1,4-unit)
Out-of-plane bending vibration of CH2 in the –C=CH2 (3,4-unit)
889.023
888.059
887.095
Red shift of peak
Out-of-plane bending vibration of C–H in the –CH=CH– group of 1,4-unit
836.955
840.812
848.849(flat top)
blue shift of peak


### 3.2. Quantization Calculation of Microstructure Content of Polyisoprene by FTIR

According to the Beer-Lambert law, the integrated intensityA of a characteristic band can be expressed as follows:
(2)A=bc∫0+∞ε(ν)dν.Here,ε is the absorption coefficient, b is the thickness, c is the concentration, and ν is the wavenumber.Choosing a peak which has moderate intensity and is not affected by configuration, conformation or other structure factors as internal standard of thickness, then formula (2) can be changed to the following:
(3)[A]=A1A0=c1[∫0+∞ε(ϑ1)dϑc0∫0+∞ε(ϑ0)dϑ]=c1·k.Here, “1” means characteristic band and “0” means internal standard band. “K” is the correction factor and can be calculated by 1H NMR dates. As described above, 910, 888, and 840 cm−1 peaks can be used for quantitatively calculating microstructure content of polyisoprene. Table 2 shows that there is seldom peak which can meet the request of internal standard peak. In this paper, 2727 cm−1 is used as internal standard peak. The integrated intensity A are calculated by the software of FTIR, and the integration methods are shown in Figure 4.Samples of absorption values of peaks of polyisoprene.
(a)
(b)The samples shown in Table1 are calculated with this method, and the results are given in Figure 5.The absorption coefficient calculation of (a) 910 cm−1, (b) 888 cm−1, and (c) 840 cm−1 peaks of FTIR spectra of polyisoprene.
(a)
(b)
(c)After regression of measured points of testing points based on a least-squares method, the formula of microstructure content is shown as follows:(4)X1,2-PIp=2.21[A]910cm-1-6.10,X3,4-PIp=1.92[A]888cm-1-3.40,X1,4-PIp=6.55[A]840cm-1+2.29.Because of 910, 888, and 840 cm−1 peak overlaps partly, the errors of calculated values of integrated intensity A will increase when the peak’s intensity is too small. Therefore, the microstructure content shall be calculated with two higher peaks. In the 1,2- and 3,4-unit, the double bond is on the branched chain and belongs to asymmetry substitute, so their dipole moment’s shift is bigger than that of 1,4-unit. As a result, the integrated intensity of 910 and 888 cm−1 peak is far stronger than 840 cm−1 peak when the contents of their corresponding units are the same. Therefore, the calculation of microstructure content of polyisoprene shall choose the former two peaks.


## 3.1.  Analysis of FTIR Spectra of Polyisoprene

Polyisoprene has four kinds of microstructure which arecis-1, 4-, trans-1, 4-, 1, 2-, and 3, 4-polyisoprene, as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
The structural formula of polyisoprene.Figure3 shows seven FTIR spectra of polyisoprene with different microstructure content.Figure 3
FTIR spectra of polyisoprenes of variable microstructure content. (A)cis-1,4- = 100% 3,4- = 0% 1,2- = 0%; (B) trans-1,4- = 99.6% 3,4- = 0.2% 1,2- = 0.2%; (C) 1,4- = 90% 3,4- = 5% 1,2- = 5%; (D) 1,4- = 53% 3,4- = 24% 1,2- = 23%; (E) 1,4- = 30% 3,4- = 59% 1,2- = 11%; (F) 1,4- = 24% 3,4- = 63% 1,2- = 13%; (G) 1,4- =18% 3,4- = 67% 1,2- = 15%.The characterization and attribution peaks of FTIR spectra of polyisoprene are listed in Table2.Table 2
The explanation of absorption peaks of FTIR spectrum of polyisoprene.
Wavenumber/cm−1
Attribution
Wavenumber/cm−1
Attribution
3080
–C–H stretching vibration of carbon-carbon double bond in 1,2-unit
1150
Stretching vibration of CC main chain intrans-1,4-unit
3070
CH2 stretching vibration of –C=C– in 3,4-unit
1140
Stretching vibration of CC main chain incis-1,4-unit
3035
CH stretching vibration of –C=C– in 1,4- or 1,2-unit
1044
Stretching or wagging vibration of CH3C=C in trans-1,4-unit
2727
Sympathetic vibration
1036
Stretching or wagging vibration of CH3C=C in cis-1,4-unit
1663
C=C stretching vibration of 1,4-unit
1003
Stretching vibration of C–C in 3,4-unit
1644
C=C stretching vibration of 3,4- or 1,2-unit
910
Out-of-plane bending vibration of CH2 in the –CH=CH2 (1,2-unit)
1413
Bending vibration of C–H in the =CH2 group of 3,4- or 1,2-unit
888
Out-of-plane bending vibration of CH2 in the –C=CH2 (3,4-unit)
1383
Scissoring vibration of CH3 in trans-1,4-unit
843
Out-of-plane bending vibration of C–H in the –CH=CH– group oftrans-1,4-unit
1375
Scissoring vibration of CH3 in cis-1,4-, 3,4- and 1,2-units
837
Out-of-plane bending vibration of C–H in the –CH=CH– group ofcis-1,4-unit
1325
Scissoring vibration of CH3 or CH in trans-1,4-unit
600
Torsion or twisting vibration of CCC group intrans-1,4-unit
1311
Scissoring vibration of CH3 or CH in cis-1,4-unitIt can be seen from Figure3 and Table 2 that the difference of FTIR behavior of the polyisoprene microstructures is obvious. However, only 910, 888, and 840 cm−1 peaks can be used for quantitative calculation of microstructure content of polyisoprene. It is because that the peaks for quantitatively calculation must have moderate intensity, little interfering factors by other peaks or conditions, and so on. Except for those differences shown in Table 2, Table 3 shows some frequency excursion caused by microstructure content changing.Table 3
The change of peaks of FTIR spectra according to the microstructure contents of polyisoprene.
Explanation∖peak value
Spectrum A
Spectrum B
Spectrum C
Note
Microstructure content
3,4-unit%
5
24
67
3,4-unit% increase by progressively
1,2-unit%
5
23
15
1,2-unit% increase by degrees
1,4-unit%
90
53
18
1,4-unit% decrease by degrees
Dissymmetry stretching vibration of –CH3
2962.125
2964.053
2965.982
Blue shift of peak (the value is 2978 cm−1 in trans-1,4-unit)
C=C stretching vibration
1644.982
1644.018
1643.054
Red shift of peak
Scissoring vibration of CH3
1376.925
1374.997
1374.033
Red shift of peak (the value is 1383 cm−1 in trans-1,4-unit)
Out-of-plane bending vibration of CH2 in the –C=CH2 (3,4-unit)
889.023
888.059
887.095
Red shift of peak
Out-of-plane bending vibration of C–H in the –CH=CH– group of 1,4-unit
836.955
840.812
848.849(flat top)
blue shift of peak


## 3.2. Quantization Calculation of Microstructure Content of Polyisoprene by FTIR

According to the Beer-Lambert law, the integrated intensityA of a characteristic band can be expressed as follows:
(2)A=bc∫0+∞ε(ν)dν.Here,ε is the absorption coefficient, b is the thickness, c is the concentration, and ν is the wavenumber.Choosing a peak which has moderate intensity and is not affected by configuration, conformation or other structure factors as internal standard of thickness, then formula (2) can be changed to the following:
(3)[A]=A1A0=c1[∫0+∞ε(ϑ1)dϑc0∫0+∞ε(ϑ0)dϑ]=c1·k.Here, “1” means characteristic band and “0” means internal standard band. “K” is the correction factor and can be calculated by 1H NMR dates. As described above, 910, 888, and 840 cm−1 peaks can be used for quantitatively calculating microstructure content of polyisoprene. Table 2 shows that there is seldom peak which can meet the request of internal standard peak. In this paper, 2727 cm−1 is used as internal standard peak. The integrated intensity A are calculated by the software of FTIR, and the integration methods are shown in Figure 4.Samples of absorption values of peaks of polyisoprene.
(a)
(b)The samples shown in Table1 are calculated with this method, and the results are given in Figure 5.The absorption coefficient calculation of (a) 910 cm−1, (b) 888 cm−1, and (c) 840 cm−1 peaks of FTIR spectra of polyisoprene.
(a)
(b)
(c)After regression of measured points of testing points based on a least-squares method, the formula of microstructure content is shown as follows:(4)X1,2-PIp=2.21[A]910cm-1-6.10,X3,4-PIp=1.92[A]888cm-1-3.40,X1,4-PIp=6.55[A]840cm-1+2.29.Because of 910, 888, and 840 cm−1 peak overlaps partly, the errors of calculated values of integrated intensity A will increase when the peak’s intensity is too small. Therefore, the microstructure content shall be calculated with two higher peaks. In the 1,2- and 3,4-unit, the double bond is on the branched chain and belongs to asymmetry substitute, so their dipole moment’s shift is bigger than that of 1,4-unit. As a result, the integrated intensity of 910 and 888 cm−1 peak is far stronger than 840 cm−1 peak when the contents of their corresponding units are the same. Therefore, the calculation of microstructure content of polyisoprene shall choose the former two peaks.


## 4. Conclusion

The change of microstructure content of polyisoprene can cause a lot of differences in FTIR spectra. The described method by FTIR can be used to determine the microstructure content of polyisoprene. 910 and 888 cm−1 peaks of 1,2- or 3,4-unit have higher absorption ability than 840 cm−1 peaks of 1,4-unit; therefore 910 and 888 cm−1 peaks shall be used first for the quantitative analysis of microstructure content of polyisoprene. The quantitative calculation formulas were also obtained.



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