# Jamming Meets Antijamming: A Survey of GPS Communication Networks

Authors: Yifan Yang
Journal: Security and Communication Networks
 (2022)

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## Abstract

GPS signal is fragile. With the development of GPS interference and anti-jamming technology, this paper tends to briefly describe the current classification of related interference technology and antijamming technology, analyze and summarize the current status of classical interference technology and antijamming technology, compare and analyze all kinds of current interference and antijamming technology, and prospect the future development of interference and antijamming technology.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Global positioning system (GPS), which is a high-precision radio navigation system based on an artificial Earth satellite, provides real-time information such as three-dimensional position and three-dimensional velocity all over the world [1]. The GPS navigation system has been widely used in various disciplines, engineering practice, scientific research, and military fields, from engineering survey, and geodesy, to dynamics and other disciplines. As an important means of the modern positioning system, GPS has become an integral part of today’s society, but at the same time, while enjoying the convenience brought by GPS, people have expressed higher requirements in security management, antifraud, and anti-interference. As an important means of the modern positioning system, GPS has the disadvantage of getting weak of its signal in the process of transmission. Simultaneously, due to signal disclosure and other reasons, it cannot completely suppress external interference [2]. Therefore, the accuracy and security of navigation have been unprecedentedly challenged when faced with the series of problems mentioned above. It is very easy to be deceived and interfered by people with ulterior motives, which causes losses to production and life. With the development of the society, what merits caution is that the GPS technology has presented many issues on security, confidentiality, and anti-interference. Meanwhile, the society also puts forward higher requirements for GPS security management, antifraud and anti-interference technology.At present, GPS jamming technology is mainly divided into suppression jamming and spoofing jamming [3]. Suppression jamming refers to the generation of broadband or narrowband active noise signals in the tuning frequency band, the formation of a suppression jamming environment in space radiation [4], and the artificial transmission of noise to the receiver to increase the noise level at its input and reduce its signal-to-noise ratio, so as to interfere with the normal work, and thus the purpose of jamming is achieved [5]. Spoofing jamming is to make the target generate wrong positioning information by transmitting false signals with the same parameters as the original positioning signal and jamming the receiving end. In essence, it destroys the code synchronization circuit of the GPS receiver, making it to capture false signals. Compared with suppression jamming, spoofing jamming can realize the interference to the receiving end with less power, although it has higher technical requirements.According to the technical characteristics of GPS, anti-interference technology is mainly divided into three aspects: interference source, receiver adjustment, and technical adjustment. As to interference sources, now there are two methods to achieve anti-interference. One of them is to cut off the interference source to achieve the purpose of anti-interference [6], while the second method is to adjust the technology of emission control and improve the overall safety of the control system. As for the receiver, the purpose of anti-interference is usually achieved by improving the function of the receiver [7]. Currently, several technologies are applied, such as radio frequency interference technology [8], code ring and carrier tracking technology, narrowband interference technology, antenna enhancement technology, and antimultipath technology [9]. These technologies mainly utilized the characteristics of com-mon interference signals, such as amplitude, frequency [10], time, space, and polarization, to suppress and reduce interference [11].Over the past two years, research studies on GPS related interference and anti-interference technologies have been continuously carried out by research institutions at home and abroad, including the University of Texas, Seoul National University, Northwest Pacific National Laboratory, West Virginia University, Korea Advanced Institute of science and technology, Gdansk University of Science and technology, and other relevant foreign universities and enterprises. Domestic participants are Tsinghua University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, National University of Defense Electronic Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, and other relevant universities and enterprises. Relevant papers at academic conferences all around the world are also gradually increasing. This paper aims to introduce and analyze the current GPS interference and anti-interference related technologies.


## 2. GPS Related Jamming Technology at Present

### 2.1. Suppression Jamming

#### 2.1.1. Principle of Suppression Jamming

GPS signal adopts two kinds of pseudocode modulation, namely, coarse acquisition code (C/A code) and fine code (P (Y) code). C/A code is only modulated in L1 (1575.42 MHz) frequency band, while P (Y) code is modulated in L1 and L2 (1227.6 MHz) frequency bands at the same time [12]. Because the GPS signal is transmitted by the satellite 20,200 km away from the ground, the signal strength becomes very weak when it reaches the ground [7]. The power of C/A code in Ll band when it reaches the ground is 159.6 dBW, which enables the application of the suppression jamming.Suppression jamming blocks the GPS signal frequency band by transmitting high-power noise signals with the same frequency through the GPS jammer, so as to reduce or completely deprive the working ability of the enemy’s GPS receiver [7]. Suppression jamming contains many modes, including continuous wave jamming [13], noise band limited jamming, and correlation jamming. Different jamming modes lead to different jamming effects. According to the classification of signal spectrum width, suppressive interference can be divided into aiming interference and blocking interference [14]. The commonly used suppression jamming mainly includes the following types: aiming jamming [15], broadband noise jamming, broadband spectrum interference, and synchronous pseudocode spread spectrum interference.


#### 2.1.2. Aiming Jamming

Based on suppression jamming, aiming jamming is a technology mainly used in direct sequence spread spectrum communication system [16]. It is to accurately aim the jamming signal, which is concentrated within the GPS spectrum, to the GPS downlink signal [17].Specifically, as is demonstrated in Figure1, for aiming jamming, the data code data is transmitted through C/A code spread spectrum and BPSK modulation, and therefore becomes a GPS signal [18, 19]. GPS signals and jamming signals are received by the receiver at the same time, and the data code DATA is obtained through demodulation and dispreading. DATA of the receiving end contains both noise signals and data [20], by which the GPS receiving system is disturbed.Figure 1
Aiming jamming and GPS transceiver system.Generally speaking, there are two key technologies to realize aiming jamming: firstly, the jamming signal bandwidth should be consistent with the GPS signal bandwidth of 2 MHz; secondly, the jamming signal carrier frequency should be consistent with the GPS signal carrier frequency of 1575.42 MHz.


#### 2.1.3. Broadband Noise Interference

Broadband noise interference refers to the transfer of the Gaussian noise with limited bandwidth (the spread spectrum that is usually expected to be interfered has the same bandwidth [20], and the bandwidth of C/A code is 2 MHz) to the carrier frequency of the desired interference signal [21, 21], so as to increase the Gaussian noise input to the receiver, artificially increase the measurement error [22], and finally achieve the effect of interference by reducing the signal-to-noise power ratio of GPS receiver C/N0 below the threshold value.Due to the increasing benefits of the spread spectrum, the GPS receiver can expand the interference power while “amplifying” the signal power [23], which is actually equivalent to reducing the interference power. The spread spectrum gain of the GPS system is very large [24, 25], and it works with strong interference power. Compared with aiming jamming, broadband noise interference requires more power to achieve the same jamming effect because the carrier frequency information of the signal is not used.


#### 2.1.4. Broadband Spectrum Interference

Broad Band Spectrum Interference adopts the interference technology combining sawtooth wave wideband frequency modulation and noise narrowband frequency modulation to ensure that the blocking interference can produce a wideband uniform interference spectrum (comb and continuous), which presents an equal amplitude envelope in the time domain [26]. Therefore, broad band spectrum interference is the best technology to implement total blocking interference [27]. In this system, most of the interference signals can pass through the receiver narrowband filter without being filtered out, so it can produce an ideal interference effect.In practical application, the generation of the required broadband uniform spectrum signals needs to reasonably set the relevant signal bandwidth and power parameters. The adjustable parameters in the generation process of interference signal include: amplitude A of FM interference signal [28], FM mutual conductance Kf1 of sawtooth FM signal, period Ts of sawtooth wave, slope As of sawtooth wave, FM mutual conductance Kf2 of narrowband noise FM signal and mean square root of narrowband noise signal σN et al. [29, 30].


#### 2.1.5. Synchronous Pseudocode Spread Spectrum Interference

This interference means that the interference signal and the GPS signals entering the receiver have the exact same code type [31], synchronize completely on the chip interval, and have the same carrier frequency. Set the interference signal as follows:(1)jt2=mtptcosωt.Within,m(￡) modulates the baseband signal for interference. After the operation of dispreading, demodulating, and integrating, the processing gain of the dispreading system to the interference signal is invalid, so it is the best way to interfere. To synchronize pseudocode spread spectrum interference, it is necessary to know the carrier frequency and code type structure of GPS signal so as to synchronize the jamming pseudocode with its signal pseudocode as much as possible. As the synchronization difference increases, the interference effect decreases, and if it is out of sync, it degenerates to aiming interference.


### 2.2. Spoofing Jamming

#### 2.2.1. The Principle of Spoofing Jamming

Spoofing jamming means that the signal structure of a deceptive signal is the same as that of a real GPS signal [32], but the navigation message is different. Because of the strong similarity between a deceptive signal and a real GPS signal, the receiver cannot judge the authenticity of the received signal. This jamming is of great confusion, which makes the receiver mistake it for receiving the correct information and produces wrong positioning [33, 34].Spoofing jamming is mainly divided into Repeater Spoofing Jamming and Generating Spoofing Jamming [35]. The former one is to add a certain delay to the received GPS signal and retransmit it after power adjustment [36]. This method is simple to operate and does not need to know its code structure. The only thing needed is to calculate the delay, yet Repeater Spoofing Jamming is easily treated as a multipath signal by the receiver, which leads to the failure of deception, and it inevitably has some limitations. Generative Spoofing Jamming generates a wireless signal with the same structure as the real GPS signal. It is highly flexible and can adjust various parameters in accordance with its own needs [37].


#### 2.2.2. Repeater Spoofing Jamming

The Repeater Spoofing Jamming makes use of the natural delay of the signal, so it is relatively easy to realize the jamming on technology. For the receiver without special measures, it is easy to be deceived by this deception signal.As is demonstrated in Figure2, the repeater jammer receives the local GPS satellite carrier signal and then radiates it into the air through the antenna transmitted by the jammer after delay and power amplification, so that other GPS users in a certain area can receive the signal transmitted by the jammer. Repeater jamming needs to extract and amplify the signal from a very low signal-to-noise ratio to ensure that the signal is not or less distorted and improve the output signal-to-noise ratio. Since the jammer increases the propagation delay after forwarding [38], the pseudorange measured by the GPS receiver changes, resulting in its failure to work normally and navigation, so as to achieve the purpose of deception.Figure 2
Basic principle of repeater spoofing jamming.


#### 2.2.3. Generating Spoofing Jamming

The generating jamming is mainly realized by independently generating satellite navigation signals carrying false navigation information. According to whether the generated deception signal is synchronized with the real satellite signal, the generated deception jamming can be divided into asynchronous generation jamming and synchronous generation jamming.At present, the asynchronous generation deception jamming technology is relatively mature and can be realized by satellite navigation RF signal simulator, but it also has some limitations [39]. The asynchronous generation jamming generally needs to track the relevant real satellite signals with the help of the suppression jammer, and the effective deception jamming can be carried out only after ensuring that the target receiver enters the search and acquisition state.Synchronous deception jamming is to guide the target receiver when receiving the real satellite signal so that the attack object gradually deviates from the real signal and attacks the target receiver. Therefore, the same is more difficult to be found, and the synchronous deception jamming attack is more hidden [15].


## 2.1. Suppression Jamming

### 2.1.1. Principle of Suppression Jamming

GPS signal adopts two kinds of pseudocode modulation, namely, coarse acquisition code (C/A code) and fine code (P (Y) code). C/A code is only modulated in L1 (1575.42 MHz) frequency band, while P (Y) code is modulated in L1 and L2 (1227.6 MHz) frequency bands at the same time [12]. Because the GPS signal is transmitted by the satellite 20,200 km away from the ground, the signal strength becomes very weak when it reaches the ground [7]. The power of C/A code in Ll band when it reaches the ground is 159.6 dBW, which enables the application of the suppression jamming.Suppression jamming blocks the GPS signal frequency band by transmitting high-power noise signals with the same frequency through the GPS jammer, so as to reduce or completely deprive the working ability of the enemy’s GPS receiver [7]. Suppression jamming contains many modes, including continuous wave jamming [13], noise band limited jamming, and correlation jamming. Different jamming modes lead to different jamming effects. According to the classification of signal spectrum width, suppressive interference can be divided into aiming interference and blocking interference [14]. The commonly used suppression jamming mainly includes the following types: aiming jamming [15], broadband noise jamming, broadband spectrum interference, and synchronous pseudocode spread spectrum interference.


### 2.1.2. Aiming Jamming

Based on suppression jamming, aiming jamming is a technology mainly used in direct sequence spread spectrum communication system [16]. It is to accurately aim the jamming signal, which is concentrated within the GPS spectrum, to the GPS downlink signal [17].Specifically, as is demonstrated in Figure1, for aiming jamming, the data code data is transmitted through C/A code spread spectrum and BPSK modulation, and therefore becomes a GPS signal [18, 19]. GPS signals and jamming signals are received by the receiver at the same time, and the data code DATA is obtained through demodulation and dispreading. DATA of the receiving end contains both noise signals and data [20], by which the GPS receiving system is disturbed.Figure 1
Aiming jamming and GPS transceiver system.Generally speaking, there are two key technologies to realize aiming jamming: firstly, the jamming signal bandwidth should be consistent with the GPS signal bandwidth of 2 MHz; secondly, the jamming signal carrier frequency should be consistent with the GPS signal carrier frequency of 1575.42 MHz.


### 2.1.3. Broadband Noise Interference

Broadband noise interference refers to the transfer of the Gaussian noise with limited bandwidth (the spread spectrum that is usually expected to be interfered has the same bandwidth [20], and the bandwidth of C/A code is 2 MHz) to the carrier frequency of the desired interference signal [21, 21], so as to increase the Gaussian noise input to the receiver, artificially increase the measurement error [22], and finally achieve the effect of interference by reducing the signal-to-noise power ratio of GPS receiver C/N0 below the threshold value.Due to the increasing benefits of the spread spectrum, the GPS receiver can expand the interference power while “amplifying” the signal power [23], which is actually equivalent to reducing the interference power. The spread spectrum gain of the GPS system is very large [24, 25], and it works with strong interference power. Compared with aiming jamming, broadband noise interference requires more power to achieve the same jamming effect because the carrier frequency information of the signal is not used.


### 2.1.4. Broadband Spectrum Interference

Broad Band Spectrum Interference adopts the interference technology combining sawtooth wave wideband frequency modulation and noise narrowband frequency modulation to ensure that the blocking interference can produce a wideband uniform interference spectrum (comb and continuous), which presents an equal amplitude envelope in the time domain [26]. Therefore, broad band spectrum interference is the best technology to implement total blocking interference [27]. In this system, most of the interference signals can pass through the receiver narrowband filter without being filtered out, so it can produce an ideal interference effect.In practical application, the generation of the required broadband uniform spectrum signals needs to reasonably set the relevant signal bandwidth and power parameters. The adjustable parameters in the generation process of interference signal include: amplitude A of FM interference signal [28], FM mutual conductance Kf1 of sawtooth FM signal, period Ts of sawtooth wave, slope As of sawtooth wave, FM mutual conductance Kf2 of narrowband noise FM signal and mean square root of narrowband noise signal σN et al. [29, 30].


### 2.1.5. Synchronous Pseudocode Spread Spectrum Interference

This interference means that the interference signal and the GPS signals entering the receiver have the exact same code type [31], synchronize completely on the chip interval, and have the same carrier frequency. Set the interference signal as follows:(1)jt2=mtptcosωt.Within,m(￡) modulates the baseband signal for interference. After the operation of dispreading, demodulating, and integrating, the processing gain of the dispreading system to the interference signal is invalid, so it is the best way to interfere. To synchronize pseudocode spread spectrum interference, it is necessary to know the carrier frequency and code type structure of GPS signal so as to synchronize the jamming pseudocode with its signal pseudocode as much as possible. As the synchronization difference increases, the interference effect decreases, and if it is out of sync, it degenerates to aiming interference.


## 2.1.1. Principle of Suppression Jamming

GPS signal adopts two kinds of pseudocode modulation, namely, coarse acquisition code (C/A code) and fine code (P (Y) code). C/A code is only modulated in L1 (1575.42 MHz) frequency band, while P (Y) code is modulated in L1 and L2 (1227.6 MHz) frequency bands at the same time [12]. Because the GPS signal is transmitted by the satellite 20,200 km away from the ground, the signal strength becomes very weak when it reaches the ground [7]. The power of C/A code in Ll band when it reaches the ground is 159.6 dBW, which enables the application of the suppression jamming.Suppression jamming blocks the GPS signal frequency band by transmitting high-power noise signals with the same frequency through the GPS jammer, so as to reduce or completely deprive the working ability of the enemy’s GPS receiver [7]. Suppression jamming contains many modes, including continuous wave jamming [13], noise band limited jamming, and correlation jamming. Different jamming modes lead to different jamming effects. According to the classification of signal spectrum width, suppressive interference can be divided into aiming interference and blocking interference [14]. The commonly used suppression jamming mainly includes the following types: aiming jamming [15], broadband noise jamming, broadband spectrum interference, and synchronous pseudocode spread spectrum interference.


## 2.1.2. Aiming Jamming

Based on suppression jamming, aiming jamming is a technology mainly used in direct sequence spread spectrum communication system [16]. It is to accurately aim the jamming signal, which is concentrated within the GPS spectrum, to the GPS downlink signal [17].Specifically, as is demonstrated in Figure1, for aiming jamming, the data code data is transmitted through C/A code spread spectrum and BPSK modulation, and therefore becomes a GPS signal [18, 19]. GPS signals and jamming signals are received by the receiver at the same time, and the data code DATA is obtained through demodulation and dispreading. DATA of the receiving end contains both noise signals and data [20], by which the GPS receiving system is disturbed.Figure 1
Aiming jamming and GPS transceiver system.Generally speaking, there are two key technologies to realize aiming jamming: firstly, the jamming signal bandwidth should be consistent with the GPS signal bandwidth of 2 MHz; secondly, the jamming signal carrier frequency should be consistent with the GPS signal carrier frequency of 1575.42 MHz.


## 2.1.3. Broadband Noise Interference

Broadband noise interference refers to the transfer of the Gaussian noise with limited bandwidth (the spread spectrum that is usually expected to be interfered has the same bandwidth [20], and the bandwidth of C/A code is 2 MHz) to the carrier frequency of the desired interference signal [21, 21], so as to increase the Gaussian noise input to the receiver, artificially increase the measurement error [22], and finally achieve the effect of interference by reducing the signal-to-noise power ratio of GPS receiver C/N0 below the threshold value.Due to the increasing benefits of the spread spectrum, the GPS receiver can expand the interference power while “amplifying” the signal power [23], which is actually equivalent to reducing the interference power. The spread spectrum gain of the GPS system is very large [24, 25], and it works with strong interference power. Compared with aiming jamming, broadband noise interference requires more power to achieve the same jamming effect because the carrier frequency information of the signal is not used.


## 2.1.4. Broadband Spectrum Interference

Broad Band Spectrum Interference adopts the interference technology combining sawtooth wave wideband frequency modulation and noise narrowband frequency modulation to ensure that the blocking interference can produce a wideband uniform interference spectrum (comb and continuous), which presents an equal amplitude envelope in the time domain [26]. Therefore, broad band spectrum interference is the best technology to implement total blocking interference [27]. In this system, most of the interference signals can pass through the receiver narrowband filter without being filtered out, so it can produce an ideal interference effect.In practical application, the generation of the required broadband uniform spectrum signals needs to reasonably set the relevant signal bandwidth and power parameters. The adjustable parameters in the generation process of interference signal include: amplitude A of FM interference signal [28], FM mutual conductance Kf1 of sawtooth FM signal, period Ts of sawtooth wave, slope As of sawtooth wave, FM mutual conductance Kf2 of narrowband noise FM signal and mean square root of narrowband noise signal σN et al. [29, 30].


## 2.1.5. Synchronous Pseudocode Spread Spectrum Interference

This interference means that the interference signal and the GPS signals entering the receiver have the exact same code type [31], synchronize completely on the chip interval, and have the same carrier frequency. Set the interference signal as follows:(1)jt2=mtptcosωt.Within,m(￡) modulates the baseband signal for interference. After the operation of dispreading, demodulating, and integrating, the processing gain of the dispreading system to the interference signal is invalid, so it is the best way to interfere. To synchronize pseudocode spread spectrum interference, it is necessary to know the carrier frequency and code type structure of GPS signal so as to synchronize the jamming pseudocode with its signal pseudocode as much as possible. As the synchronization difference increases, the interference effect decreases, and if it is out of sync, it degenerates to aiming interference.


## 2.2. Spoofing Jamming

### 2.2.1. The Principle of Spoofing Jamming

Spoofing jamming means that the signal structure of a deceptive signal is the same as that of a real GPS signal [32], but the navigation message is different. Because of the strong similarity between a deceptive signal and a real GPS signal, the receiver cannot judge the authenticity of the received signal. This jamming is of great confusion, which makes the receiver mistake it for receiving the correct information and produces wrong positioning [33, 34].Spoofing jamming is mainly divided into Repeater Spoofing Jamming and Generating Spoofing Jamming [35]. The former one is to add a certain delay to the received GPS signal and retransmit it after power adjustment [36]. This method is simple to operate and does not need to know its code structure. The only thing needed is to calculate the delay, yet Repeater Spoofing Jamming is easily treated as a multipath signal by the receiver, which leads to the failure of deception, and it inevitably has some limitations. Generative Spoofing Jamming generates a wireless signal with the same structure as the real GPS signal. It is highly flexible and can adjust various parameters in accordance with its own needs [37].


### 2.2.2. Repeater Spoofing Jamming

The Repeater Spoofing Jamming makes use of the natural delay of the signal, so it is relatively easy to realize the jamming on technology. For the receiver without special measures, it is easy to be deceived by this deception signal.As is demonstrated in Figure2, the repeater jammer receives the local GPS satellite carrier signal and then radiates it into the air through the antenna transmitted by the jammer after delay and power amplification, so that other GPS users in a certain area can receive the signal transmitted by the jammer. Repeater jamming needs to extract and amplify the signal from a very low signal-to-noise ratio to ensure that the signal is not or less distorted and improve the output signal-to-noise ratio. Since the jammer increases the propagation delay after forwarding [38], the pseudorange measured by the GPS receiver changes, resulting in its failure to work normally and navigation, so as to achieve the purpose of deception.Figure 2
Basic principle of repeater spoofing jamming.


### 2.2.3. Generating Spoofing Jamming

The generating jamming is mainly realized by independently generating satellite navigation signals carrying false navigation information. According to whether the generated deception signal is synchronized with the real satellite signal, the generated deception jamming can be divided into asynchronous generation jamming and synchronous generation jamming.At present, the asynchronous generation deception jamming technology is relatively mature and can be realized by satellite navigation RF signal simulator, but it also has some limitations [39]. The asynchronous generation jamming generally needs to track the relevant real satellite signals with the help of the suppression jammer, and the effective deception jamming can be carried out only after ensuring that the target receiver enters the search and acquisition state.Synchronous deception jamming is to guide the target receiver when receiving the real satellite signal so that the attack object gradually deviates from the real signal and attacks the target receiver. Therefore, the same is more difficult to be found, and the synchronous deception jamming attack is more hidden [15].


## 2.2.1. The Principle of Spoofing Jamming

Spoofing jamming means that the signal structure of a deceptive signal is the same as that of a real GPS signal [32], but the navigation message is different. Because of the strong similarity between a deceptive signal and a real GPS signal, the receiver cannot judge the authenticity of the received signal. This jamming is of great confusion, which makes the receiver mistake it for receiving the correct information and produces wrong positioning [33, 34].Spoofing jamming is mainly divided into Repeater Spoofing Jamming and Generating Spoofing Jamming [35]. The former one is to add a certain delay to the received GPS signal and retransmit it after power adjustment [36]. This method is simple to operate and does not need to know its code structure. The only thing needed is to calculate the delay, yet Repeater Spoofing Jamming is easily treated as a multipath signal by the receiver, which leads to the failure of deception, and it inevitably has some limitations. Generative Spoofing Jamming generates a wireless signal with the same structure as the real GPS signal. It is highly flexible and can adjust various parameters in accordance with its own needs [37].


## 2.2.2. Repeater Spoofing Jamming

The Repeater Spoofing Jamming makes use of the natural delay of the signal, so it is relatively easy to realize the jamming on technology. For the receiver without special measures, it is easy to be deceived by this deception signal.As is demonstrated in Figure2, the repeater jammer receives the local GPS satellite carrier signal and then radiates it into the air through the antenna transmitted by the jammer after delay and power amplification, so that other GPS users in a certain area can receive the signal transmitted by the jammer. Repeater jamming needs to extract and amplify the signal from a very low signal-to-noise ratio to ensure that the signal is not or less distorted and improve the output signal-to-noise ratio. Since the jammer increases the propagation delay after forwarding [38], the pseudorange measured by the GPS receiver changes, resulting in its failure to work normally and navigation, so as to achieve the purpose of deception.Figure 2
Basic principle of repeater spoofing jamming.


## 2.2.3. Generating Spoofing Jamming

The generating jamming is mainly realized by independently generating satellite navigation signals carrying false navigation information. According to whether the generated deception signal is synchronized with the real satellite signal, the generated deception jamming can be divided into asynchronous generation jamming and synchronous generation jamming.At present, the asynchronous generation deception jamming technology is relatively mature and can be realized by satellite navigation RF signal simulator, but it also has some limitations [39]. The asynchronous generation jamming generally needs to track the relevant real satellite signals with the help of the suppression jammer, and the effective deception jamming can be carried out only after ensuring that the target receiver enters the search and acquisition state.Synchronous deception jamming is to guide the target receiver when receiving the real satellite signal so that the attack object gradually deviates from the real signal and attacks the target receiver. Therefore, the same is more difficult to be found, and the synchronous deception jamming attack is more hidden [15].


## 3. Anti-Interference Technology

With the development of GPS jamming technology, anti-jamming technology also keeps pace with the times. At present, the main anti-jamming technical measures mainly include Adaptive Nulling Technique, Onboard Adaptive Nulling Based on Beamforming Technology, and Time-Frequency Domain Filtering Technology.


### 3.1. Adaptive Nulling Technology

The essence of Adaptive Nulling technology is optimal beamforming, which can adaptively respond to the spatially changing interference environment and forms adaptive zeros in the interference direction to effectively filter the interference so that useful signals can be received. Statistical optimal beamforming is an analytical tool, which provides a theoretical basis for the implementation of adaptive beamforming.There are two types of satellite antennas to realize multibeam formation: phased array antenna and multibeam antenna. The former one is extremely flexible to achieve beam scanning or fast hopping by controlling the feed phase of the antenna unit and can obtain good spatial (zeroing) resolution characteristics. However, when the phased array antenna is used as a satellite antenna, its beam coverage performance is often difficult to meet the requirements. In contrast, multibeam antennas use the same antenna aperture to form multiple independent and overlapping narrow beams, although the zeroing resolution is not as good as that of phased array antennas, they can achieve the best airspace coverage of the beam and easily form a zero point with broadband characteristic s in the direction of the interference source [40].The Adaptive Nulling Technology also has disadvantages of not considering the direction of the satellite signal. It does not consider the direction of the satellite signal. When the interference is close to the direction of the satellite signal, the interference is eliminated and at the same time, the signal is weakened. Moreover, the Adaptive Nulling Technology can not point to the signal [41]. For the signal, the signal-to-noise ratio is the same as that received by a single antenna, so it cannot make full use of the advantages of the antenna array.


### 3.2. Adaptive Nulling Based on Beamforming Technology

Adaptive Nulling Based on Beamforming Technology is a new antenna beamforming technology since the 1980s. As is demonstrated in Figure3, it is widely used in radar, communication, and other fields because of its high data rate, multibeam formation at the same time, and adaptive zero control. Adaptive Nulling Based on Beamforming Technology uses multiple receiving antennas to receive signals respectively, and then send them to the back-end processing [42]. By adjusting the weighting coefficient of each channel, the signals in a specific direction can pass through and the signals in other directions will be filtered out, so as to achieve the purpose of spatial filtering.Figure 3
Space detection characteristics of beamforming technology.Adaptive Nulling Based on Beamforming technology can align the antenna beam with the satellite to be tracked, improving the satellite signal gain, and form zero in the direction of interference, so the application of Adaptive Nulling Based on Beamforming Technology in GPS anti-interference can obtain better antiinterference ability [43].


### 3.3. Time-Frequency Domain Filtering Technology

Time-Frequency Domain Filtering technology includes time-domain filtering and frequency-domain filtering. Time domain filtering mainly uses the digital signal processing (DSP) method to eliminate or suppress narrowband, continuous wave, and other interference in the time domain [44]. Generally, it is realized by an adaptive FIR/IIR filter. This technology is only effective for narrowband interference or continuous wave interference and can not effectively suppress wideband interference [45]. The typical product is the ATF filter chip of the Mayflower communication company, and its improvement of narrowband anti-interference is about 30 dB.Frequency domain filtering uses the different mapping characteristics of navigation signal and narrowband interference in the frequency domain to eliminate interference [46]. The mapping characteristics of navigation signal in the transform domain are relatively flat and the intensity is relatively small (lower than noise), while the mapping characteristics of narrowband interference are relatively prominent and the intensity is relatively large [47]. Therefore, it is easy to distinguish between noise signal and narrowband interference in the transform domain, so as to suppress-interference through corresponding transform domain processing algorithms. The typical product is the frequency domain removal chip developed by mitre company, and its anti-interference improvement is about 35 dB.


## 3.1. Adaptive Nulling Technology

The essence of Adaptive Nulling technology is optimal beamforming, which can adaptively respond to the spatially changing interference environment and forms adaptive zeros in the interference direction to effectively filter the interference so that useful signals can be received. Statistical optimal beamforming is an analytical tool, which provides a theoretical basis for the implementation of adaptive beamforming.There are two types of satellite antennas to realize multibeam formation: phased array antenna and multibeam antenna. The former one is extremely flexible to achieve beam scanning or fast hopping by controlling the feed phase of the antenna unit and can obtain good spatial (zeroing) resolution characteristics. However, when the phased array antenna is used as a satellite antenna, its beam coverage performance is often difficult to meet the requirements. In contrast, multibeam antennas use the same antenna aperture to form multiple independent and overlapping narrow beams, although the zeroing resolution is not as good as that of phased array antennas, they can achieve the best airspace coverage of the beam and easily form a zero point with broadband characteristic s in the direction of the interference source [40].The Adaptive Nulling Technology also has disadvantages of not considering the direction of the satellite signal. It does not consider the direction of the satellite signal. When the interference is close to the direction of the satellite signal, the interference is eliminated and at the same time, the signal is weakened. Moreover, the Adaptive Nulling Technology can not point to the signal [41]. For the signal, the signal-to-noise ratio is the same as that received by a single antenna, so it cannot make full use of the advantages of the antenna array.


## 3.2. Adaptive Nulling Based on Beamforming Technology

Adaptive Nulling Based on Beamforming Technology is a new antenna beamforming technology since the 1980s. As is demonstrated in Figure3, it is widely used in radar, communication, and other fields because of its high data rate, multibeam formation at the same time, and adaptive zero control. Adaptive Nulling Based on Beamforming Technology uses multiple receiving antennas to receive signals respectively, and then send them to the back-end processing [42]. By adjusting the weighting coefficient of each channel, the signals in a specific direction can pass through and the signals in other directions will be filtered out, so as to achieve the purpose of spatial filtering.Figure 3
Space detection characteristics of beamforming technology.Adaptive Nulling Based on Beamforming technology can align the antenna beam with the satellite to be tracked, improving the satellite signal gain, and form zero in the direction of interference, so the application of Adaptive Nulling Based on Beamforming Technology in GPS anti-interference can obtain better antiinterference ability [43].


## 3.3. Time-Frequency Domain Filtering Technology

Time-Frequency Domain Filtering technology includes time-domain filtering and frequency-domain filtering. Time domain filtering mainly uses the digital signal processing (DSP) method to eliminate or suppress narrowband, continuous wave, and other interference in the time domain [44]. Generally, it is realized by an adaptive FIR/IIR filter. This technology is only effective for narrowband interference or continuous wave interference and can not effectively suppress wideband interference [45]. The typical product is the ATF filter chip of the Mayflower communication company, and its improvement of narrowband anti-interference is about 30 dB.Frequency domain filtering uses the different mapping characteristics of navigation signal and narrowband interference in the frequency domain to eliminate interference [46]. The mapping characteristics of navigation signal in the transform domain are relatively flat and the intensity is relatively small (lower than noise), while the mapping characteristics of narrowband interference are relatively prominent and the intensity is relatively large [47]. Therefore, it is easy to distinguish between noise signal and narrowband interference in the transform domain, so as to suppress-interference through corresponding transform domain processing algorithms. The typical product is the frequency domain removal chip developed by mitre company, and its anti-interference improvement is about 35 dB.


## 4. Research Directions and Challenges

At present, some GPS interference methods and anti-interference methods have solved some related difficulties but still have their own advantages and disadvantages. The comparison of various interference technologies and anti-interference technologies is shown in Tables1 and 2.Table 1
Jamming technology form.
NameCategoryTechnical principleTechnical featuresAiming-jammingSuppression jammingThe purpose of interference is achieved by aiming the jamming signal accurately at the GPS downlink signal and concentrating it within the GPS spectrumLow carrier noise ratio and good interference performanceBroadband noise interferenceSuppression jammingThe purpose of interference is achieved by reducing the signal-to-noise power ratio C/N0 of the GPS receiver below the threshold through artificially increasing the measurement errorGood interference performance at less wastage of the jammerBroad band spectrum interferenceSuppression jammingThe purpose of interference is achieved by combining the use of sawtooth wave broadband frequency modulation and the use of noise narrowband frequency modulationGood interference effect with most of the interference signals passing through the narrowband filter of the receiver without being filteredSynchronous pseudo code spread spectrum interferenceSuppression jammingThe purpose of interference is achieved by using the jamming signal in the same code of the GPS signal at equal chip intervals and the same carrier frequency and then conducting despreading, demodulation, and integration operations to deactivate the despreading system’s processing gain of the jamming signalThe requirement of highly matching the carrier frequency with code structure of the GPS signalAsynchronous pseudo-code spread spectrum interferenceSuppression jammingThe purpose of interference is achieved by keeping the interference carrier frequency the same as the signal carrier frequency and two pseudo code sequences with the same code element widthSmall correlation between interference pseudo code and signal numberRepeater jammingSpoofing jammingThe satellite signal is amplified and transmitted through the repeater jamming system, so that the pseudorange of the corresponding satellite measured by the target receiver deviates, and then the positioning result deviates from the real positionAs the signal propagation delay increases, the observed pseudo range deviates, which makes it necessary to extract and amplify the signal from a very low signal-to-noise ratio to ensure no or less distortion of the signal and improve the output signal-to-noise ratioGenerating spoofing jammingSpoofing jammingThe purpose of interference is achieved by generating the pseudorandom code with the greatest phase according to the code structure detected by the reconnaissance and then modulating the false navigation message identical with the format of the navigation messageHighly simulated the real satellite signal has the advantages of the signal power that is much lower than the noise, better concealment, and higher efficiencyTable 2
Anti-interference technology form.
NameTechnical principleTechnical featuresAdaptive nulling technologyThe reception of useful signals is ensured by forming the optimal beam, which adaptively responds to the spatially varying interference environment, and an adaptive null which effectively filters the interferenceThe spatial resolution of distinguishing signal and interference is limited. When the number of interference signals is larger than the array degree of freedom, the ability of the system to suppress interference signals decreases rapidly and the system cannot lock and suppress the interference when the interference is unstableAdaptive nulling based on beamforming technologyThe reception of effective signals and the formation of the null notch in the interference direction to suppress interference is ensured by adaptively adjusting the weighted vector of each array element in the antenna array according to the position, attitude, interference direction, and intensity of the carrier and the same time using the array synthesis direction map to point to the incoming signal directionEffective suppression of interference is achieved by ensuring normal reception of the satellite signal and at the same time forming a depth of negative gain in interferenceTime-frequency domain filtering technologyThe different mapping characteristics of navigation signal and narrowband interference in the frequency domain are used to eliminate interferenceIt improves the degree of freedom of the antenna and effectively suppresses the interference signal without increasing the number of antennas by selecting the antenna array according to the optimal criterion. However, it has high requirements for the processor and demands a large amount of calculation


## 5. Concluding Remarks

Based on the current situation of the GPS system, this paper discusses and summarizes the relevant technologies and measures of interference and anti-interference of the GPS system, which provides a certain reference for GPS related interference and anti-interference measures.



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*Source: 9438027-2022-09-25.xml*