# Effect of Shielding Gas on the Microstructure and Properties of Laser-MAG Hybrid Welded Joint for Nickel-Saving Stainless Steel

Authors: Naiwen Fang; Ruisheng Huang; Xingxing Wang; Jiahao Tian; Shuai Li; Pengbo Wu; Kai Xu; Peng He; GuoDong Wen; Laizhu Jiang
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2022)

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## Abstract

Laser-MAG (metal active gas) hybrid welding of nickel-saving 08Cr19Mn6Ni3Cu2N stainless steel was carried out by using 98%Ar + 2%N2 and 95%Ar + 5%CO2 as shielding gases. The effect of different shielding gases on the microstructure and properties of the welded joints was investigated. The results showed that arc shrinkage was significant with the addition of nitrogen, weld spatter increased with the expansion of arc volume, and arc stability deteriorated. The ferrite content in the weld decreased by about 60%, the ferrite dendrite also gradually became finer, and the secondary dendrite arm was shorter. Only a small amount of δ and γ phases existed in the weld, and no precipitation of the σ phase and nitride was found. Observing four crystal planes, we found that size of the austenite grains decreased with the addition of nitrogen. The average tensile strength of the welded joints decreased from 712 MPa to 704 MPa, but with improved corrosion resistance, the pitting corrosion rate increased from 19.45 g·m2/h to 18.72 g·m2/h, and the hardness of weld was slightly reduced.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel (referred to as nickel-saving steel) is a kind of resource-saving steel with high strength and good toughness. In this type of stainless steel, N instead of the expensive Ni is used as the main austenitizing element [1]. Due to its higher stacking fault energy [2], N which dissolves in steel greatly improves the overall performance of the material while optimizing the material microstructure. In recent years, nickel-saving steel and its welding have received continuous attention in the industry [3–5]. Researchers at home and abroad have conducted numerous investigations on the welding of nickel-saving steel. Zhao et al. [6] used the mixture of nitrogen and argon as shielding gases for TIG welding of low-nickel steel. The behavior of nitrogen and microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joint obtained were systematically analyzed. Bonnefois et al. [7] used TIG and A-TIG welding processes to join low-nickel steel and found that nitrogen was easy to transit from shielding gas to the molten pool during A-TIG welding. Qiang et al. [8] conducted a double-side coaxial TIG self-fusion welding for low-nickel steel. The study found that with the increase of the proportion of nitrogen in the shielding gas, arc shrinkage was significant, weld spatter increased, and the welding stability deteriorated. To ensure the overall performance of the welded joint, the proportion of nitrogen in the shielding gas shall not exceed 20%. Laser-MAG hybrid welding is a method combining the energy of laser beam and MAG arc. Compared with laser welding or MAG welding separately, the laser-MAG hybrid welding method effectively improves the utilization of arc energy, reduces the loss of laser power, and increases the stability of arc. The high-energy laser beam can significantly increase weld penetration. Due to the high heat input of its heat resource, hybrid laser-MAG arc welding effectively improves the wettability and spreading performance of metal, improving the weld formation. Also, the hybrid laser-MAG arc welding has features such as concentrated energy density, faster welding speed, smaller heat-affected zone, and lower welding deformation and residual stress. [9–11]. Chen et al. [12] studied the influence of welding angle on weld morphologies, and porosity characteristics were studied in laser arc hybrid welding of AA2219 aluminum (Al) alloy. It was found that the welding process became stable when the transitional position of the droplet was 2 mm away from the keyhole. By analyzing the force acting on the keyhole and characteristics of the pool, it was found that the weld morphologies and porosity characteristics were associated with gravity-laser angle (beta), which affected the keyhole stability and characteristics of the pool. The results showed that the flow velocity was accelerated when the beta value increased, which was good for decreasing porosity. Wang et al. [13] studied the effect of different process parameters, including laser power, energy distribution between the PTA and laser, wire feed speed, travel speed, and laser beam size, on the deposition process, and bead shape was investigated systematically. The results showed that the optimum operating regime for the hybrid process was with the wire being fully melted by the PTA and the melt pool being controlled by the laser, which gave a good bead shape as well as a stable deposition process.Therefore, it has a broad application prospect in manufacturing field [14, 15]. However, the current relevant research is not sufficient to provide an overview on applying hybrid laser-MAG arc welding for low-nickel steel.In this study, the low-nickel steel was joined with laser-MAG hybrid welding method, by adjusting the composition of shielding gas. The influence of shielding gas on the microstructure and properties of the welded joints, including the ferrite content and pitting resistance, was analyzed in detail.


## 2. Experiment Method

The nickel-saving 08Cr19Mn6Ni3Cu2N stainless steel plate with a size of 300 × 150 × 12 mm was used as the base metal for the welding experiment. The filler wire was the same material as the base metal with a diameter of 1.2 mm, and their chemical composition is shown in Table1.Table 1
Chemical compositions of base metal and filler metal (mass fraction, %).
TypeCSiMnPSCrNiMoCuNVNb08Cr19Mn6Ni3Cu2N0.0710.406.600.0400.00118.202.900.111.800.2450.1250.01Figure1 shows a self-designed hybrid laser-MAG arc welding system, comprised of the KUKA robot, Fronius TPS4000 pulse welding machine, displacement system, and IPG YLS-30000 solid-state laser. Under the mode of continuous laser output, the focus is 460 mm, output wavelength is 1.06 μm, the minimum spot diameter is 0.66 mm, and the maximum output power is 30 kW. Based on previous experimental experience, the optical fiber spacing d = 6 mm, laser power is 3.6 kW, and defocusing amount Δf = +18 mm. A high-speed camera was used to capture the arc shape, and the sampling frequency was 4000 frames/s. In the experiment, the laser front welding method was used. Hybrid laser arc welding was adopted for the welding with two passes. The welding parameters are listed in Table 2. The groove of the test plate to be welded is shown in Figure 2. Before welding, the surface of the experiment plate was polished and the oil stain was removed with acetone. Then, the microstructure of the weld was observed with an optical microscope (OM). The welding arc shape was observed with a PHOTRON ULRM512 high-speed camera. The microhardness of the welded joint was measured with a microhardness tester. The ferrite fraction of the weld was calculated by using FERITSCOPE® FMP30 of German Fisher. The phase composition and content of the weld, as well as the austenite grain size, were measured, and the spot corrosion rate of the joint was tested with XRD.Figure 1
Schematic of hybrid laser-pulse MAG welding system.Table 2
Welding parameters.
No.Shielding gasGas flowQ (L·min−1)Welding wire feeding speedv2(m·min−1)Welding currentI (A)Arc voltageU (V)Welding speedv1 (mm·s−1)Wire extensionl (mm)Welding gun anglea (°)Laser incidentθ (°)Distance between laser and arcD (mm)198%Ar + 2%N2206200297.5154584295%Ar + 5%CO2Figure 2
Schematic diagram of prewelding test plate preparation.


## 3. Experiment Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Effect of Shielding Gas on the Shape of a Welding Arc

Welding arc is the key factor affecting the weld formation, and it was observed by a high-speed camera. Figure3 shows the arc shape with two kinds of shielding gases. It was found that arc shrinkage was apparent when nitrogen was added to the shielding gas. Figure 3(a) shows that the arc column width decreases with the addition of nitrogen, both spatter and the volume increase, and the arc stability becomes worse, while using Ar + CO2 as the shielding gas, as shown in Figure 3(b), there was almost no spatter during the welding process, and arc shrunk and expanded regularly. When nitrogen was added, the spatter was generated and accompanied by intense smoke because of the low solubility of nitrogen in the liquid molten pool. When the nickel-saving steel was in the melting state, the nitrogen in the external arc atmosphere entered the molten pool in the form of a solute. Then, it overcame the surface tension of the molten pool and broke through the liquid metal to escape. The escaped nitrogen disturbed the atmosphere of the shielding gas, resulting in an unstable arc and uneven arc spray force. Besides, the intervention of the laser increased the attraction to the arc and caused the arc to deflect, which, as a result, caused the increase of arc length [16]. Therefore, the addition of nitrogen increases welding spatter and its volume and results in poor arc stability.Figure 3
Arc shape with different shielding gases. (a) 98%Ar + 2%N2. (b) 95%Ar + 5%CO2.
(a)(b)


### 3.2. Effect of Shielding Gas on the Microstructure of Welded Joint

Figure4 shows the macroprofile of the welded joints with two shielding gases. No welding defects such as porosity, crack, slag inclusion, and incomplete fusion are found on the two welded joints. The weld grain presents columnar shape with the growth direction perpendicular to the fusion line and runs through the weld bead. It can also be seen from the macroprofile of the welded joint that the addition of nitrogen significantly reduces the weld width, which further verifies the view that nitrogen can shrink the arc, reduce the surface driving force of the weld pool, and decrease the width of the arc column.Figure 4
Macroprofile of the welded joints. (a) 98%Ar + 2%N2. (b) 95%Ar + 5%CO2.
(a)(b)Figures5 and 6 show the microstructure of the welded joint with two kinds of shielding gases. It can be seen that the microstructure characteristics of the weld are the same, both composed of an austenite matrix and ferrite dispersed therein. However, in Figure 5(a), the ferrite is skeletally distributed on the austenite dendrite axis with a ferrite content of 3.2%. In Figure 6(a), the ferrite in the weld is vermicular and adheres to the austenite dendrite, and the ferrite fraction, about 8.1%, is relatively high.Figure 5
Microstructure of welded joint with shielding gas of 98%Ar + 2%N2. (a) Weld zone. (b) Fusion zone. (c) Overheating zone.
(a)(b)(c)Figure 6
Microstructure of welded joint with shielding gas of 95%Ar + 5%CO2. (a). Weld zone. (b) Fusion zone. (c) Overheating zone.
(a)(b)(c)The addition of nitrogen makes the ferrite dendrites in the joint thinner and the secondary dendrite arms shorter. During the transformation process from ferrite to austenite + ferrite, the rapid cooling after welding leads to the inability of ferrite to be fully transformed into austenite. At the same time, nitrogen, as a strong element to stabilize austenite, intervenes in the phase transformation process to promote the transformation of austenite during the solidification process, effectively increasing the austenite proportion in the welded joint. Nitrogen is a strong element with a significant role in fine-grain strengthening.According to the metallographic determination of the structure in the overheating zone in Figure5(c) and Figure 6(c), the addition of nitrogen refines the grain size from 48.3 μm to 41.1 μm.Figure7 shows the ferrite fraction of the joint obtained with different shielding gases by using the ferrite fraction meter. The content trend is consistent with that measured by the metallographic method. The average ferrite content in the weld was reduced from 6.9% to 2.9% after adding nitrogen to the shielding gas.Figure 7
Ferrite content in the weld.


### 3.3. Indentation Curve Analysis

The nanoindentation experiments were carried out on the center of the weld zone (point A in Figure4(a) and point B in Figure 4(b), respectively) of the welded joints with two kinds of shielding gases. From the contact force-indentation depth curve shown in Figure 8, it is found that in the loading stage, the contact force of weld obtained with 98%Ar + 2%N2 shielding gas is 4600 mN with an indentation depth of 190 nm, while that of the weld with 95%Ar + 5%CO2 shielding gas is 4999 mN with an indentation depth of 184 nm. In the unloading stage, there is a certain degree of elastic recovery of the indentation depth of the two welds. The weld with shielding gas of 98%Ar + 2% N2 has a significant degree of recovery, indicating its high elastic modulus.Figure 8
Load-displacement curve.With the addition of nitrogen into the shielding gas, the average microhardness of the weld decreased. As analyzed above, the addition of nitrogen reduced the ferrite content. It increased the austenite content, while the hardness of ferrite was generally lower than that of austenite, resulting in a decrease of the average hardness of the weld structure. Relevant research [17] shows that δ ferrite in the weld can effectively hinder the growth of the austenite structure during the weld solidification process. It has a strong effect on nucleation, which helps to refine the second sub-austenite. The decrease of ferrite content directly affects its effect of hindering the growth of austenite structure and also weakens its nucleation effect.


### 3.4. X-Ray Diffraction Analysis

Harmful phases such asσ phase and Cr2N are easy to precipitate in the welding process of low-nickel nitrogen-containing stainless steel, which might seriously damage the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the weld structure. XRD analysis was carried out on the weld structure with the two kinds of shielding gases. In Figure 9, there are only a few δ and γ phases in the weld structure, and no precipitation of σ phase, Cr2N, and Fe4N is found. It is believed that in the process of hybrid laser arc welding, the metal vapor partial pressure in laser-plasma effectively shares the nitrogen partial pressure in the shielding gas, which results in the low solubility of nitrogen in the molten pool. At the same time, the cooling speed of hybrid laser arc welding joint is very fast, so decomposed N is not able to fully dissolve while the molten pool had already begun to solidify, which also effectively reduces the supersaturated solution of nitrogen in the weld and thus reduces the precipitation of nitride. It can also be found from Figure 9 that the ferrite content decreases due to the addition of nitrogen in the shielding gas, further verifying the measured results with the metallographic method and the ferrite content determination method.Figure 9
XRD results in weld.It can be seen from Figure10 that the addition of nitrogen reduces the austenite grain size on all four crystal planes. N reduces the diffusion coefficient of Cr in austenite, slows down the diffusion of Cr, reduces the lattice constant of carbide, and increases the dislocation of the interface, which weakens the growth power of each phase, thus hindering its nucleation and growth. The measured result is slightly different from that obtained by metallography, but basically, the trend with the two methods is consistent, with ferrite content decreasing about 60%.Figure 10
Test results of austenite grain size.


### 3.5. Analysis of Tensile Properties

In austenitic-ferritic stainless steel, because of different physical properties between the austenite phase of FCC structure and the ferrite phase of BCC structure, their interaction generates microstress to maintain the balance between grains of different orientation. Such stress has a significant effect on the stress corrosion cracking and yield behavior of materials, affecting their strength directly. Results show that the decrease in the ferrite mass fraction not only causes a decrease in the strength of the material [18] but also leads to an increase in the weld residual stress [19], which is unfavorable for the strength of the welded joints. Ferrite can effectively hinder the growth of the austenite structure during the weld solidification process. δ ferrite has a strong effect on nucleation, which helps to refine the second sub-austenite. The addition of nitrogen to the shielding gas reduces the mass fraction of ferrite. It weakens the effect of hindering the growth of primary austenite structure and refining secondary austenite structure, leading to the coarsening of austenite structure in the weld and the decrease of the strength of the welded joint. The results of the experiment are shown in Table 3.Table 3
Mechanical properties of welded joints.
Shielding gasTensile strengthRm (MPa)92%Ar + 8%N2703, 70595%Ar + 5%CO2714, 710


### 3.6. Analysis of Pitting Resistance

Figure11 shows the macromorphology of the sample after pitting. Pitting most probably occurs in the fusion zone and the base metal, while it seldom appears in the weld. It can be seen from Table 4 that the addition of nitrogen to the shielding gas slows the pitting speed in the welded joints, indicating that the addition of nitrogen in shielding gas improves the pitting resistance of welded joints. In the welding process, the addition of a certain proportion of nitrogen to the shielding gas promotes the absorption of nitrogen in the welded joint, to make up for the burning loss of nitrogen. Xin et al. [20] suggested that nitrogen mainly existed in austenite structure, which promoted the transfer of chromium and molybdenum in the ferrite to the austenite during the welding melting process, thereby increasing the pitting potential in the austenite structure. Meanwhile, nitrogen is an austenitizing forming element, which steadily expands the austenite phase area. The diffusion coefficient of nitrogen in austenite is higher than that of C, P, Si, and other elements, so nitrogen will preferentially segregate near the grain boundary in the precipitation process, slowing down or even inhibiting the precipitation of chromium carbide, thus improving the pitting resistance of 08Cr19Mn6Ni3Cu2N welded joint.Figure 11
Macromorphology of pitting specimen. (a) 98%Ar + 2%N2. (b) 95%Ar + 5%CO2.
(a)(b)Table 4
Spot corrosion rate of welded joint.
Shielding gasLength L (mm)Width W (mm)Thicknessδ (mm)Initial weight M1 (g)Final weight M2 (g)Corrosion rate V (g·m2·h−1)98%Ar + 2%N244.328.004.8013.207112.662818.7295%Ar + 5%CO241.888.005.0013.146212.600519.45


## 3.1. Effect of Shielding Gas on the Shape of a Welding Arc

Welding arc is the key factor affecting the weld formation, and it was observed by a high-speed camera. Figure3 shows the arc shape with two kinds of shielding gases. It was found that arc shrinkage was apparent when nitrogen was added to the shielding gas. Figure 3(a) shows that the arc column width decreases with the addition of nitrogen, both spatter and the volume increase, and the arc stability becomes worse, while using Ar + CO2 as the shielding gas, as shown in Figure 3(b), there was almost no spatter during the welding process, and arc shrunk and expanded regularly. When nitrogen was added, the spatter was generated and accompanied by intense smoke because of the low solubility of nitrogen in the liquid molten pool. When the nickel-saving steel was in the melting state, the nitrogen in the external arc atmosphere entered the molten pool in the form of a solute. Then, it overcame the surface tension of the molten pool and broke through the liquid metal to escape. The escaped nitrogen disturbed the atmosphere of the shielding gas, resulting in an unstable arc and uneven arc spray force. Besides, the intervention of the laser increased the attraction to the arc and caused the arc to deflect, which, as a result, caused the increase of arc length [16]. Therefore, the addition of nitrogen increases welding spatter and its volume and results in poor arc stability.Figure 3
Arc shape with different shielding gases. (a) 98%Ar + 2%N2. (b) 95%Ar + 5%CO2.
(a)(b)


## 3.2. Effect of Shielding Gas on the Microstructure of Welded Joint

Figure4 shows the macroprofile of the welded joints with two shielding gases. No welding defects such as porosity, crack, slag inclusion, and incomplete fusion are found on the two welded joints. The weld grain presents columnar shape with the growth direction perpendicular to the fusion line and runs through the weld bead. It can also be seen from the macroprofile of the welded joint that the addition of nitrogen significantly reduces the weld width, which further verifies the view that nitrogen can shrink the arc, reduce the surface driving force of the weld pool, and decrease the width of the arc column.Figure 4
Macroprofile of the welded joints. (a) 98%Ar + 2%N2. (b) 95%Ar + 5%CO2.
(a)(b)Figures5 and 6 show the microstructure of the welded joint with two kinds of shielding gases. It can be seen that the microstructure characteristics of the weld are the same, both composed of an austenite matrix and ferrite dispersed therein. However, in Figure 5(a), the ferrite is skeletally distributed on the austenite dendrite axis with a ferrite content of 3.2%. In Figure 6(a), the ferrite in the weld is vermicular and adheres to the austenite dendrite, and the ferrite fraction, about 8.1%, is relatively high.Figure 5
Microstructure of welded joint with shielding gas of 98%Ar + 2%N2. (a) Weld zone. (b) Fusion zone. (c) Overheating zone.
(a)(b)(c)Figure 6
Microstructure of welded joint with shielding gas of 95%Ar + 5%CO2. (a). Weld zone. (b) Fusion zone. (c) Overheating zone.
(a)(b)(c)The addition of nitrogen makes the ferrite dendrites in the joint thinner and the secondary dendrite arms shorter. During the transformation process from ferrite to austenite + ferrite, the rapid cooling after welding leads to the inability of ferrite to be fully transformed into austenite. At the same time, nitrogen, as a strong element to stabilize austenite, intervenes in the phase transformation process to promote the transformation of austenite during the solidification process, effectively increasing the austenite proportion in the welded joint. Nitrogen is a strong element with a significant role in fine-grain strengthening.According to the metallographic determination of the structure in the overheating zone in Figure5(c) and Figure 6(c), the addition of nitrogen refines the grain size from 48.3 μm to 41.1 μm.Figure7 shows the ferrite fraction of the joint obtained with different shielding gases by using the ferrite fraction meter. The content trend is consistent with that measured by the metallographic method. The average ferrite content in the weld was reduced from 6.9% to 2.9% after adding nitrogen to the shielding gas.Figure 7
Ferrite content in the weld.


## 3.3. Indentation Curve Analysis

The nanoindentation experiments were carried out on the center of the weld zone (point A in Figure4(a) and point B in Figure 4(b), respectively) of the welded joints with two kinds of shielding gases. From the contact force-indentation depth curve shown in Figure 8, it is found that in the loading stage, the contact force of weld obtained with 98%Ar + 2%N2 shielding gas is 4600 mN with an indentation depth of 190 nm, while that of the weld with 95%Ar + 5%CO2 shielding gas is 4999 mN with an indentation depth of 184 nm. In the unloading stage, there is a certain degree of elastic recovery of the indentation depth of the two welds. The weld with shielding gas of 98%Ar + 2% N2 has a significant degree of recovery, indicating its high elastic modulus.Figure 8
Load-displacement curve.With the addition of nitrogen into the shielding gas, the average microhardness of the weld decreased. As analyzed above, the addition of nitrogen reduced the ferrite content. It increased the austenite content, while the hardness of ferrite was generally lower than that of austenite, resulting in a decrease of the average hardness of the weld structure. Relevant research [17] shows that δ ferrite in the weld can effectively hinder the growth of the austenite structure during the weld solidification process. It has a strong effect on nucleation, which helps to refine the second sub-austenite. The decrease of ferrite content directly affects its effect of hindering the growth of austenite structure and also weakens its nucleation effect.


## 3.4. X-Ray Diffraction Analysis

Harmful phases such asσ phase and Cr2N are easy to precipitate in the welding process of low-nickel nitrogen-containing stainless steel, which might seriously damage the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the weld structure. XRD analysis was carried out on the weld structure with the two kinds of shielding gases. In Figure 9, there are only a few δ and γ phases in the weld structure, and no precipitation of σ phase, Cr2N, and Fe4N is found. It is believed that in the process of hybrid laser arc welding, the metal vapor partial pressure in laser-plasma effectively shares the nitrogen partial pressure in the shielding gas, which results in the low solubility of nitrogen in the molten pool. At the same time, the cooling speed of hybrid laser arc welding joint is very fast, so decomposed N is not able to fully dissolve while the molten pool had already begun to solidify, which also effectively reduces the supersaturated solution of nitrogen in the weld and thus reduces the precipitation of nitride. It can also be found from Figure 9 that the ferrite content decreases due to the addition of nitrogen in the shielding gas, further verifying the measured results with the metallographic method and the ferrite content determination method.Figure 9
XRD results in weld.It can be seen from Figure10 that the addition of nitrogen reduces the austenite grain size on all four crystal planes. N reduces the diffusion coefficient of Cr in austenite, slows down the diffusion of Cr, reduces the lattice constant of carbide, and increases the dislocation of the interface, which weakens the growth power of each phase, thus hindering its nucleation and growth. The measured result is slightly different from that obtained by metallography, but basically, the trend with the two methods is consistent, with ferrite content decreasing about 60%.Figure 10
Test results of austenite grain size.


## 3.5. Analysis of Tensile Properties

In austenitic-ferritic stainless steel, because of different physical properties between the austenite phase of FCC structure and the ferrite phase of BCC structure, their interaction generates microstress to maintain the balance between grains of different orientation. Such stress has a significant effect on the stress corrosion cracking and yield behavior of materials, affecting their strength directly. Results show that the decrease in the ferrite mass fraction not only causes a decrease in the strength of the material [18] but also leads to an increase in the weld residual stress [19], which is unfavorable for the strength of the welded joints. Ferrite can effectively hinder the growth of the austenite structure during the weld solidification process. δ ferrite has a strong effect on nucleation, which helps to refine the second sub-austenite. The addition of nitrogen to the shielding gas reduces the mass fraction of ferrite. It weakens the effect of hindering the growth of primary austenite structure and refining secondary austenite structure, leading to the coarsening of austenite structure in the weld and the decrease of the strength of the welded joint. The results of the experiment are shown in Table 3.Table 3
Mechanical properties of welded joints.
Shielding gasTensile strengthRm (MPa)92%Ar + 8%N2703, 70595%Ar + 5%CO2714, 710


## 3.6. Analysis of Pitting Resistance

Figure11 shows the macromorphology of the sample after pitting. Pitting most probably occurs in the fusion zone and the base metal, while it seldom appears in the weld. It can be seen from Table 4 that the addition of nitrogen to the shielding gas slows the pitting speed in the welded joints, indicating that the addition of nitrogen in shielding gas improves the pitting resistance of welded joints. In the welding process, the addition of a certain proportion of nitrogen to the shielding gas promotes the absorption of nitrogen in the welded joint, to make up for the burning loss of nitrogen. Xin et al. [20] suggested that nitrogen mainly existed in austenite structure, which promoted the transfer of chromium and molybdenum in the ferrite to the austenite during the welding melting process, thereby increasing the pitting potential in the austenite structure. Meanwhile, nitrogen is an austenitizing forming element, which steadily expands the austenite phase area. The diffusion coefficient of nitrogen in austenite is higher than that of C, P, Si, and other elements, so nitrogen will preferentially segregate near the grain boundary in the precipitation process, slowing down or even inhibiting the precipitation of chromium carbide, thus improving the pitting resistance of 08Cr19Mn6Ni3Cu2N welded joint.Figure 11
Macromorphology of pitting specimen. (a) 98%Ar + 2%N2. (b) 95%Ar + 5%CO2.
(a)(b)Table 4
Spot corrosion rate of welded joint.
Shielding gasLength L (mm)Width W (mm)Thicknessδ (mm)Initial weight M1 (g)Final weight M2 (g)Corrosion rate V (g·m2·h−1)98%Ar + 2%N244.328.004.8013.207112.662818.7295%Ar + 5%CO241.888.005.0013.146212.600519.45


## 4. Conclusions

Laser-MAG hybrid welding of nickel-saving 08Cr19Mn6Ni3Cu2N stainless steel was carried out by using two kinds of shielding gases. The effect of different shielding gases on the microstructure and properties of the welded joint was investigated. The main conclusions are drawn as follows:(1)
When nitrogen was added into the shielding gas, arc shrunk, both spatter and its volume increased, and arc stability deteriorated. When Ar + CO2 were used as shielding gas, there was almost no spatter in the welding process, and the arc contracted and expanded regularly. Also, laser intervention increased the attraction to the arc and made the arc deflect, resulting in an increase of the arc length.(2)
By adding nitrogen to the shielding gas, the ferrite in the weld structure was distributed on the austenite dendrite axis as a skeleton. In the weld structure, without adding nitrogen to the shielding gas, the ferrite in the weld was vermicular and adhered to the austenite dendrite. The content of ferrite was relatively high. With the addition of nitrogen, the ferrite dendrite in the weld structure became finer, and the ferrite content decreased by about 60%. The secondary dendrite arm became shorter, and the grain size refined from 48.3μm to 41.1 μm.(3)
When nitrogen was added into the shielding gas, the average microhardness of the weld slightly decreased. The contact force of weld obtained with 98%Ar + 2%N2 shielding gas was 4600 mN with an indentation depth of 190 nm, while that of the weld with 95%Ar + 5%CO2 shielding gas was 4999 mN with an indentation depth of 184 nm.(4)
The addition of nitrogen to the shielding gas reduced the mass fraction of ferrite. The average tensile strength of welded joint decreased from 712 MPa to 704 MPa.(5)
There were only a fewδ and γ phases in the weld structure, and no precipitation of σ phase, Cr2N, and Fe4N was found. The addition of nitrogen in the shielding gas reduced the austenite grain size on the four crystal planes.(6)
Pitting most probably occurred in the fusion zone and the base metal, while it seldom appeared in the weld. The addition of nitrogen to the shielding gas slowed the pitting speed in the welded joints, from 19.45 g m2 h−1 to 18.72 g m2 h−1.



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