# lncRNA NBAT1 Inhibits Cell Metastasis and Promotes Apoptosis in Endometrial Cancer by Sponging miR-21-5p to Regulate PTEN

Authors: Chunhua Tian; Jing Su; Zhao Ma; Yang Wu; Hongyun Ma
Journal: Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
 (2022)

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## Abstract

Objective. Long noncoding RNA neuroblastoma-associated transcript 1 (NBAT1) is implicated in the progression of various cancers. Nevertheless, its biological function in endometrial cancer (EC) remains unknown. Methods. The levels of NBAT1, miR-21-5p, and PTEN in EC cells and EC tissues were examined by RT-qPCR. Western blot was carried out to assess the protein expression of PTEN. The dual-luciferase reporter assay was conducted to explore the interactions among NBAT1, miR-21-5p, and PTEN. The effect of NBAT1 on EC proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis was evaluated by CCK-8, transwell assays, wound healing, and flow cytometry. miR-21-5p mimics or NBAT1+miR-21-5p were transfected into HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells to investigate whether NBAT1 regulated EC tumorigenesis via sponging miR-21-5p. Results. NBAT1 is downregulated, and miR-21-5p is upregulated in EC cells and tumor tissues. Overexpression of NBAT1 inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of EC cells and facilitated apoptosis. NBAT1 directly binds and negatively regulates miR-21-5p in EC. miR-21-5p mimics reverses the effect of lncRNA NBAT1 overexpression on the proliferation and migration of EC cells. PTEN is a downstream gene of miR-21-5p. lncRNA NBTA1 elevates PTEN expression via sponging miR-21-5p. Conclusions. lncRNA NBAT1 acts as a tumor suppressor in EC via regulating PTEN through sponging miR-21-5p.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Endometrial cancer (EC) is currently the most frequent female reproductive tract cancer and remains the most lethal gynecologic malignant tumor [1, 2]. The morbidity of EC has boosted worldwide results from the growth of elderly individuals and rising rates of obesity [3]. The mortality of EC is on the rise, which seriously threatens women’s health in China [4]. Remarkably, it has been shown that recurrence and metastasis are critical stages in the formation and development of EC [5, 6]. The innovative diagnosis and therapy of EC have developed over recent years. However, various confines occurred which obstruct the effectiveness of EC therapy in practice [7]. Furthermore, the treatment of EC has a whole host of side effects, including infertility, lymphedema of the lower extremities, and distress [8]. Evidence has indicated that the expeditious proliferation of tumor cells and angiogenesis usually resulted in endometrial cancer recurrence [9]. Cancer metastasis is a critical obstruction to the effective cure for EC. However, the mechanisms underlying EC metastasis remain largely elusive. Therefore, it is crucial to perform experimental studies to explore the molecular mechanisms of EC metastasis to expose therapeutic targets to improve effective treatment for EC.Long noncoding is a set oftranscripts>200 nucleotides in length, which modulates gene expression at the posttranscriptional levels [10]. lncRNAs play crucial roles in numerous biological functions and are intensely involved in tumorigenesis. Wei et al. [11] exposed that lncRNA-u50535 facilitated lung cancer development via controlling CCL20/ERK pathway. Pei et al. [12] revealed that lnc-SNHG1 operated as a ceRNA of miR-216b-5p, which was crucial in moderating the paclitaxel sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells. Likewise, lnc-NEAT1 has been observed to serve as a protumorigenic feature in colorectal cancer [13]. Ku et al. [14] revealed that lnc-LINC00240 inhibited non-small-cell lung cancer development by sponging miR-7-5p. Recently, increasing evidence indicated that lnc-RNAs were implicated in the formation and development of EC. For example, Li et al. [15] demonstrated that lnc-MONC restrains the grade malignancy of endometrial cancer stem cells (ECSCs) and endometrial cancer cells (ECCs) by ordering the miR-636/GLCE axis. Similarly, lncRNA HOXB-AS3 was upregulated in endometrial cancer tissues and cell lines, enhanced cell proliferation, and inhibited apoptosis in EC cells [16]. Therefore, lncRNAs exhibit a novel potential therapeutic aim for EC.lncRNA NBAT1 is a functional lncRNA, which was first found in neuroblastoma [17, 18]. NBAT1 could facilitate the restraining of neuroblastoma by inhibiting proliferation and invasion of tumor cells, which might be recognized as a predictor of neuroblastoma prognosis [19]. Hu et al. [20] revealed that NBAT1 constrained breast cancer metastasis through interrelating with EZH2. So far, only one study has shown the high expression of NEAT1 in endometrial cancer tissues and cell lines, and NEAT1 overexpression promotes HEC-59 cell growth and invasive and migratory ability [21]. However, the effect of NBAT1 on EC apoptosis is still unclear, and its molecular mechanism of regulating EC biological behavior still needs to be further explored.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous noncoding RNAs with a length of about 18–24 nt and control gene expression through posttranscriptional repression [22]. lncRNAs might serve as miRNA sponges that contribute to the modulation of miRNAs on their targets [23]. For example, Dai et al. suggested that lnc-STYK1-2 repressed bladder cancer development by binding to miR-146b-5p to modulate ITGA2. Yang et al. [17] indicated that NBAT1 repressed osteosarcoma development and metastasis via cooperating with miR-21-5p. However, whether NBAT1 functions as a ceRNA to regulate the progression of EC has not yet been explored. However, whether miR-21-5p is targeted for regulation by NBAT1 in ECs remains unclear. Whether NBAT1 can regulate the biological behavior of EC cells based on ceRNA mechanism deserves further study.This study measures the levels of NBAT1 in endometrial cancer cells and tumor tissues. Furthermore, the regulatory role of NBAT1 in the proliferation and metastasis of endometrial cancer cell lines and the potential molecular mechanism is also explored. The mechanism by which NBAT1 inhibits the biological behavior of EC cells by targeting the miR-21-5p/PTEN axis was analyzed by cellular experiments. This research might offer a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for endometrial cancer.


## 2. Methods

### 2.1. Tissues Samples

EC samples and adjacent endometrial tissues were obtained from 20 EC patients undergoing surgical resection during 2016 to 2020 at hospital,13cases≥60years,and7cases<60. The paired adjacent normal tissues were elected >4 cm away from the tumor sample located. Three pathologists assessed the tumor tissues and adjacent normal samples. All the specimens were then gathered in liquid nitrogen and saved at -80 ̊C for further use. All patients signed consent, and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (No.: 2020-KY-049).


### 2.2. Cell Culture

Human endometrial cancer cell lines (HEC-1A and Ishikawa) were obtained from ATCC (Rockville, MD, USA), and the hESC was obtained from Wicell (Madison, WI). HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells were grown in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco) and 100 U/ml penicillin-streptomycin solutions (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at 37°C with 5% CO2 in a humidified incubator.


### 2.3. Cell Transfection

miR-21 mimic, lncRNA-NBAT1 (OE-lncRNA-NBAT1), siRNA targeting lnc-NBAT1, and NC were purchased from GenePharma (Shanghai, China). Cell transfection was conducted using Lipofectamine™ 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The transfection efficiency was validated using RT-qPCR.


### 2.4. Cell Proliferation Assay

Endometrial cell lines, HEC-1A, and Ishikawa were seeded at 96-well plates (1.5×105 cells per well) and cultured at 37°C with 5% CO2. The next day, cells were infected with the vectors as follows: control, OE-lncRNA-NBAT1, OE-NC, miR-21 mimic, and OE-lncRNA-NBAT1+miR-21 mimic for 48 h. Next, CCK-8 reagent (APExBio, Houston, TX, USA) was added to the corresponding wells and maintained for 4 h. The absorbance (450 nm) was assessed by a microplate reader (Bio-Tek, Winooski, U.S.A.).


### 2.5. Matrigel Assay

Cell migration was measured using 24-well transwell filters (BD Biosciences). HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells were added to the upper chamber of a transwell chamber, and 20% FBS was added to the lower chamber. Subsequently, the lower chamber cells were fixed with methanol, then stained with 0.1% crystal violet, and counted using a light microscope (Leica, Germany). Cell invasion assays were performed with Matrigel (Corning) at 37°C for 30 min and were constant with the migration assay.


### 2.6. Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay

The full length of NBAT1 was ligated into pmirGLO Dual-Luciferase miRNA Target Expression Vector (Ribobio, China) to construct wild-type (WT) pmirGLO-lncRNA. Furthermore, the pmirGLO-lncRNA mutant (MUT) was developed in which the binding sites of miR-21-5p were mutated. The 3′UTR of PTEN mRNA was amplified from cDNA derived from the total RNA of HEC1A and Ishikawa cells, and cells were transfected with pmirGLO vector (Ribobio, China), pmirGLO-PTEN-3′UTR-wild type (WT). Mutation reporter vector, with a mutation in the 3′UTR complementary to the seed sequence of miR-21-5p, was created by PCR. HEC1A cells were cotransfected with the reporter vectors combined with miR-21-5p or negative controls mimics. After 48 h of transfection, the cells were gathered, and luciferase assays were carried out with the Dual-Luciferase reporter Gene Assay Kit (Beyotime, China). Fluorescence intensity was detected by an F-4500 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Japan).


### 2.7. Flow Cytometry

After transfection, HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells were splashed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and gathered into the centrifuge pipe. After centrifugation, cells were stained using Apoptosis Analysis Kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). Flow cytometry was performed using a Flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, Detroit, MI, U.S.A.), and the apoptosis was estimated.


### 2.8. Wound Healing Assay

Cell migration was identified by the scratch assay. HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells were seeded in 6-well microplates and grown to 95% confluence. The adherent cells were scraped by a 10μL tip to generate wounds and then were splashed with PBS three times, and the medium was substituted with a serum-free culture medium. Images were photographed instantly after the wounding, and the sizes of scratches were assessed.


### 2.9. Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR

Total RNA was isolated from the cells by TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. cDNA was synthesized using M-MLV reverse transcriptase (GeneCopoeia, Inc.). The RT-qPCR was conducted using SYBR Green (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) on a real-time PCR system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). GAPDH and U6 were applied as the endogenous controls for NBAT1, PTEN, and miR-21-5p expression, respectively. The following primers were used: PTEN forward, 5′-TGGATTCGACTTAGACTTGACCT-3′; PTEN reverse, 5′-GGTGGGTTATGGTCTTCAAAAGG-3′; NBAT1 forward, 5′-GCAGCTCAGATGAAGAAACTG-3′, NBAT1 reverse, 5′-GCAATATCCAAATCCTGCCTC-3′; miR-21-5p forward, 5′-GCACCTAGCTTATCAGACTGA-3′, miR-21-5p reverse, 5′-GTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT-3′; and GAPDH forward, 5′-CGCTCTCTGCTCCTCCTGTTC-3′, GAPDH reverse, 5′-ATCCGTTGACTC CGACCTTCAC-3′. The relative expression was evaluated via the delta-delta CT method.


### 2.10. Western Blot

Western blot was conducted as described previously [24] with the following antibodies: anti-PTEN (138G6, CST 9559 1 : 1000) and anti-GAPDH (1 : 10000, Sigma, St. Louis, MO). The total protein was extracted using RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) supplemented with a protease inhibitors cocktail (Roche). The proteins were measured using a BCA assay kit (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA) according to the standard protocol.


### 2.11. Statistical Analysis

Results were evaluated using SPSS 20 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and are stated asmeans±SEM. Paired Student’s t-test and ANOVA were applied for statistical analysis. p<0.05 was considered to demonstrate significance.


## 2.1. Tissues Samples

EC samples and adjacent endometrial tissues were obtained from 20 EC patients undergoing surgical resection during 2016 to 2020 at hospital,13cases≥60years,and7cases<60. The paired adjacent normal tissues were elected >4 cm away from the tumor sample located. Three pathologists assessed the tumor tissues and adjacent normal samples. All the specimens were then gathered in liquid nitrogen and saved at -80 ̊C for further use. All patients signed consent, and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (No.: 2020-KY-049).


## 2.2. Cell Culture

Human endometrial cancer cell lines (HEC-1A and Ishikawa) were obtained from ATCC (Rockville, MD, USA), and the hESC was obtained from Wicell (Madison, WI). HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells were grown in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco) and 100 U/ml penicillin-streptomycin solutions (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at 37°C with 5% CO2 in a humidified incubator.


## 2.3. Cell Transfection

miR-21 mimic, lncRNA-NBAT1 (OE-lncRNA-NBAT1), siRNA targeting lnc-NBAT1, and NC were purchased from GenePharma (Shanghai, China). Cell transfection was conducted using Lipofectamine™ 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The transfection efficiency was validated using RT-qPCR.


## 2.4. Cell Proliferation Assay

Endometrial cell lines, HEC-1A, and Ishikawa were seeded at 96-well plates (1.5×105 cells per well) and cultured at 37°C with 5% CO2. The next day, cells were infected with the vectors as follows: control, OE-lncRNA-NBAT1, OE-NC, miR-21 mimic, and OE-lncRNA-NBAT1+miR-21 mimic for 48 h. Next, CCK-8 reagent (APExBio, Houston, TX, USA) was added to the corresponding wells and maintained for 4 h. The absorbance (450 nm) was assessed by a microplate reader (Bio-Tek, Winooski, U.S.A.).


## 2.5. Matrigel Assay

Cell migration was measured using 24-well transwell filters (BD Biosciences). HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells were added to the upper chamber of a transwell chamber, and 20% FBS was added to the lower chamber. Subsequently, the lower chamber cells were fixed with methanol, then stained with 0.1% crystal violet, and counted using a light microscope (Leica, Germany). Cell invasion assays were performed with Matrigel (Corning) at 37°C for 30 min and were constant with the migration assay.


## 2.6. Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay

The full length of NBAT1 was ligated into pmirGLO Dual-Luciferase miRNA Target Expression Vector (Ribobio, China) to construct wild-type (WT) pmirGLO-lncRNA. Furthermore, the pmirGLO-lncRNA mutant (MUT) was developed in which the binding sites of miR-21-5p were mutated. The 3′UTR of PTEN mRNA was amplified from cDNA derived from the total RNA of HEC1A and Ishikawa cells, and cells were transfected with pmirGLO vector (Ribobio, China), pmirGLO-PTEN-3′UTR-wild type (WT). Mutation reporter vector, with a mutation in the 3′UTR complementary to the seed sequence of miR-21-5p, was created by PCR. HEC1A cells were cotransfected with the reporter vectors combined with miR-21-5p or negative controls mimics. After 48 h of transfection, the cells were gathered, and luciferase assays were carried out with the Dual-Luciferase reporter Gene Assay Kit (Beyotime, China). Fluorescence intensity was detected by an F-4500 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Japan).


## 2.7. Flow Cytometry

After transfection, HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells were splashed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and gathered into the centrifuge pipe. After centrifugation, cells were stained using Apoptosis Analysis Kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). Flow cytometry was performed using a Flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, Detroit, MI, U.S.A.), and the apoptosis was estimated.


## 2.8. Wound Healing Assay

Cell migration was identified by the scratch assay. HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells were seeded in 6-well microplates and grown to 95% confluence. The adherent cells were scraped by a 10μL tip to generate wounds and then were splashed with PBS three times, and the medium was substituted with a serum-free culture medium. Images were photographed instantly after the wounding, and the sizes of scratches were assessed.


## 2.9. Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR

Total RNA was isolated from the cells by TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. cDNA was synthesized using M-MLV reverse transcriptase (GeneCopoeia, Inc.). The RT-qPCR was conducted using SYBR Green (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) on a real-time PCR system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). GAPDH and U6 were applied as the endogenous controls for NBAT1, PTEN, and miR-21-5p expression, respectively. The following primers were used: PTEN forward, 5′-TGGATTCGACTTAGACTTGACCT-3′; PTEN reverse, 5′-GGTGGGTTATGGTCTTCAAAAGG-3′; NBAT1 forward, 5′-GCAGCTCAGATGAAGAAACTG-3′, NBAT1 reverse, 5′-GCAATATCCAAATCCTGCCTC-3′; miR-21-5p forward, 5′-GCACCTAGCTTATCAGACTGA-3′, miR-21-5p reverse, 5′-GTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT-3′; and GAPDH forward, 5′-CGCTCTCTGCTCCTCCTGTTC-3′, GAPDH reverse, 5′-ATCCGTTGACTC CGACCTTCAC-3′. The relative expression was evaluated via the delta-delta CT method.


## 2.10. Western Blot

Western blot was conducted as described previously [24] with the following antibodies: anti-PTEN (138G6, CST 9559 1 : 1000) and anti-GAPDH (1 : 10000, Sigma, St. Louis, MO). The total protein was extracted using RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) supplemented with a protease inhibitors cocktail (Roche). The proteins were measured using a BCA assay kit (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA) according to the standard protocol.


## 2.11. Statistical Analysis

Results were evaluated using SPSS 20 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and are stated asmeans±SEM. Paired Student’s t-test and ANOVA were applied for statistical analysis. p<0.05 was considered to demonstrate significance.


## 3. Results

### 3.1. lncRNA NBAT1 Is Downregulated in Endometrial Cancer Cells and Tumor Tissues

To assess the association of lncRNA NBAT1 expression with EC progression, we first examined the expression of NBAT1 in endometrial cancer cells and tumor tissues. NBAT1 expression in 20 paired EC and adjacent endometrial tissues was measured by qRT-PCR. The result indicated that NBAT1 expression was markedly reduced in EC tissues in reference to that in the paired adjacent endometrial tissues (Figure1(a), p<0.001). To further confirm the dysregulation of NBAT1 in EC, we also determined the expression of NBAT1 in human Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells. We found a much lower expression of lnc-NBAT1 in human Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells in compared to hESCs (Figure 1(b), p<0.01). These findings implied that NBAT1 was downregulated in endometrial cancer cells and tumor tissues.Figure 1
LncRNA NBAT1 expression is downregulated in EC tissues and cell lines. (a) The relative mRNA expression of lncRNA NBAT1 in EC and the adjacent tissues was assessed using RT-qPCR. (b) The relative expression of lncRNA NBAT1 in a normal human ESC and EC cell lines (HEC1A and Ishikawa) was determined by RT-qPCR.∗∗∗p<0.001 vs. adjacent tissues; ∗∗p<0.01 vs. hESCs.
(a)(b)


### 3.2. Overexpression of lnc-NBAT1 Inhibits EC Cell Viability, Migration, and Invasion and Promotes Apoptosis

Subsequently, we elucidated whether NBAT1 is implicated in the modulation of EC development. First, we constructed Ishikawa and HEC-1A cell lines solidly expressing the NBAT1 overexpression. The transfection efficiency of NBAT1 was validated via RT-qPCR. As expected, overexpression constructs efficiently upregulated NBAT1 expression in Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells (Figure2(a), p<0.05). CCK-8 assay exposed that overexpression of NBAT1 remarkably decreased the viability of Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells (Figure 2(b), p<0.05). Furthermore, wound healing analysis validated that the migratory ability of human Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells was markedly reduced when NBAT1 was overexpressed (Figure 2(c), p<0.05 and p<0.01). Transwell assay revealed that overexpression of NBAT1 significantly attenuated Ishikawa and HEC-1A cell invasion and migration (Figure 2(d), p<0.001). In addition, overexpression of NBAT1 increased apoptosis in both Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells (Figure 2(e), p<0.001). These findings implied that overexpression of lncRNA NBAT1 hindered cell viability, migration, and invasion and facilitated cell apoptosis in EC.Figure 2
Overexpression of lncRNA NBAT1 inhibits EC cell viability, migration, invasion, and promotes cell apoptosis. (a) The transfection efficiency of NBAT1 was confirmed by RT-qPCR. (b) The cell viability of EC cells was measured using CCK-8. (c) The migration of EC cells was measured using a wound healing assay and the corresponding quantitative results. (d) The invasion of EC cells was measured using transwell assays and the corresponding quantitative results. (e) The apoptosis of EC cells was measured using flow cytometry assay and the corresponding quantitative results. Flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Bar: 100μm. ∗p<0.05,∗∗p<0.01,and∗∗∗p<0.001 vs. the control group.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)


### 3.3. lncRNA NBAT1 Directly Binds and Negatively Regulates the Expression of miR-21-5p in EC

Then, we explored the underlying molecular mechanisms of lncRNA NBAT1 in regulating EC metastasis and apoptosis. Precious study[25] has found putative binding sites between miR-21-5p and NBAT1, as shown in Figure 3(a). To further validate the association between NBAT1 and miR-21 in EC cells, WT-NBAT1 and MUT-NBAT1 were constructed into the dual-luciferase vectors. As exhibited in Figure 3(b), the relative luciferase activity was markedly reduced in the HEC-1A cells cotransfected with miR-21-5p mimics and the luciferase vector containing WT-NBAT1 when in compared with the cells transfected with miR-NC (p<0.01). In contrast, no noticeable difference in the luciferase activity was found in the MUT-NBAT1-transfected cells between miR-NC and miR-21-5p mimics groups. Furthermore, the relative miR-21-5p expression was much higher in EC tissues than that in adjacent normal tissues (Figure 3(c), p<0.05), which was significantly increased in human Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells compared with that in the hESCs (Figure 3(d), p<0.05 and p<0.01). Also, we detected the miR-21-5p and NBAT1 expression in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells with knockdown of lnc-NBAT1. The results demonstrated that knockdown of NBAT1 markedly upregulated miR-21-5p levels (p<0.05) and downregulated NBAT1 in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells (Figure 3(e), p<0.05 and p<0.01). In brief, these findings suggested that NBAT1 directly bound and negatively regulated the expression of miR-21-5p in EC cell lines.Figure 3
lncRNA NBAT1 directly binds and negatively regulates the expression of miR-21 in EC. (a) The putative binding sites of miR-21-5p on NBAT1 transcripts. (b) The binding ability between NBAT1 and miR-21-5p in HEC-1A cells was assessed using the luciferase reporter assay in HEC-1A cells. Overexpression of miR-21-5p significantly decreased the luciferase activity of WT-NBAT1, whereas no significant changes were observed in MUT-NBAT1. (c) The relative expression of miR-21-5p in EC and the adjacent tissues was measured by RT-qPCR. (d) The relative expression of miR-21-5p in hESCs, HEC-1A, and Ishikawa cells and was detected by RT-qPCR. (e) The relative expressions of lncRNA NBAT1 and miR-21-5p in EC cells were detected by RT-qPCR.∗p<0.05 vs. adjacent tissues or hESC or sh-NC; ∗∗p<0.01 vs. miR-NC or hESC or sh-NC.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)


### 3.4. miR-21-5p Reverses the Effect of lncRNA NBAT1 on Proliferation and Migration of EC Cell Lines

To investigate whether NBAT1 regulated EC tumorigenesis through miR-21-5p, miR-21-5p mimics or NBAT1+miR-21-5p was transfected into HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells. RT-qPCR exposed that the decreased expression of NBAT1 was restored by miR-21-5p mimics in both HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells (Figure4(a), p<0.05). The CCK-8 assay exposed that NBAT1 restricted EC cell viability (p<0.05), while miR-21-5p mimics inverted the inhibitory effect of NBAT1 overexpression on HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells viability (p<0.05, Figure 4(b)). Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that NBAT1 overexpression was associated with a marked increase in EC cell apoptosis (p<0.05, p<0.01), but miR-21-5p mimics significantly recovered the increase of apoptotic rate induced by NBAT1 overexpression in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells (p<0.05 and p<0.01, Figure 4(c)). Also, we found that an obvious decrease in migratory ability of Ishikawa and HEC1A cells induced by NBAT1 overexpression was restored by miR-21-5p mimics (p<0.05 and p<0.01, Figure 4(d)). Transwell assay revealed that the decreased invasion and migration induced by NBAT1 overexpression was recovered by miR-21-5p mimics, as well (p<0.01 and p<0.001, Figure 4(e)). Overall, the above findings implied that NBAT1 regulated the proliferation, invasion, and migration of EC cell lines by sponging miR-21-5p.Figure 4
miR-21-5p reverses the effect of lncRNA NBAT1 on proliferation and migration of EC cells. (a) The transfection efficiency of NBAT1 and miR-21-5p in EC cells was confirmed via RT-qPCR analysis. (b) The proliferation of EC cells was measured using CCK-8. (c) The apoptosis of EC cells was measured using flow cytometry assay and the corresponding quantitative results. (d) The migration of EC cells was measured using a wound healing assay and the corresponding quantitative results. (e) The invasion of EC cells was measured using transwell assays and the corresponding quantitative results. Bar: 100μm. ∗p<0.05,∗∗p<0.01,and∗∗∗p<0.001 vs. the control group; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01, and ###p<0.001 vs. the NBAT1 group; &p<0.05 and &&&p<0.001 vs. the miR-21-5p mimics group.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)


### 3.5. NBTA1 Elevates PTEN Expression via Sponging miR-21 in EC

Prior research has exposed that PTEN was a potential target of miR-21-5p [26]. The present study proved the binding site between miR-21-5p and PTEN (Figure 5(a)). Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-21-5p mimics markedly repressed the luciferase activity of the WT-PTEN (p<0.01), while there are no differences in the MUT-PTEN (Figure 5(b)), suggesting that PTEN might sponge miR-21-5p in EC cells. RT-qPCR was carried out to assess the PTEN expression in endometrial cancer tissues and the adjacent endometrial tissues. A noticeable decrease in PTEN expression was identified in endometrial cancer tissues (Figure 5(c), p<0.05). Additionally, the result of Western blot exhibited that the protein expression of PTEN was much lower in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells than in hESC (Figure 5(d)). Furthermore, NBAT1 enhanced the protein expression of PTEN in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cell lines (Figures 5(e) and 5(f)). On the contrary, miR-21-5p mimics markedly suppressed the protein expression of PTEN in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells (Figures 5(e) and 5(f)), suggesting that PTEN is a critical downstream target of miR-21-5p. Consequently, these findings suggested that NBTA1 elevated PTEN expression via sponging miR-21 in EC.Figure 5
lncRNA NBTA1 elevates PTEN expression via sponging miR-21 in EC cells. (a) The complementary sequence of miR-21-5p in PTEN transcripts. (b) The binding ability between PTEN and miR-21-5p in HEC-1A cells was assessed using a luciferase reporter assay. (c) The relative mRNA expression of PTEN in EC and adjacent normal tissues was assessed using RT-qPCR. (d) The protein expression of PTEN in normal human ESC and EC cell lines was detected using Western blot. (e) The protein expression of PTEN in HEC-1A cells transfected with NBAT1 or/and miR-21-5p mimics was detected by Western blot. (f) The protein expression level of PTEN in Ishikawa cells transfected with NBAT1 or/and miR-21-5p mimics was detected by Western blot.∗p<0.05 vs. adjacent tissues; ∗∗p<0.01 vs. miR-NC.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)


## 3.1. lncRNA NBAT1 Is Downregulated in Endometrial Cancer Cells and Tumor Tissues

To assess the association of lncRNA NBAT1 expression with EC progression, we first examined the expression of NBAT1 in endometrial cancer cells and tumor tissues. NBAT1 expression in 20 paired EC and adjacent endometrial tissues was measured by qRT-PCR. The result indicated that NBAT1 expression was markedly reduced in EC tissues in reference to that in the paired adjacent endometrial tissues (Figure1(a), p<0.001). To further confirm the dysregulation of NBAT1 in EC, we also determined the expression of NBAT1 in human Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells. We found a much lower expression of lnc-NBAT1 in human Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells in compared to hESCs (Figure 1(b), p<0.01). These findings implied that NBAT1 was downregulated in endometrial cancer cells and tumor tissues.Figure 1
LncRNA NBAT1 expression is downregulated in EC tissues and cell lines. (a) The relative mRNA expression of lncRNA NBAT1 in EC and the adjacent tissues was assessed using RT-qPCR. (b) The relative expression of lncRNA NBAT1 in a normal human ESC and EC cell lines (HEC1A and Ishikawa) was determined by RT-qPCR.∗∗∗p<0.001 vs. adjacent tissues; ∗∗p<0.01 vs. hESCs.
(a)(b)


## 3.2. Overexpression of lnc-NBAT1 Inhibits EC Cell Viability, Migration, and Invasion and Promotes Apoptosis

Subsequently, we elucidated whether NBAT1 is implicated in the modulation of EC development. First, we constructed Ishikawa and HEC-1A cell lines solidly expressing the NBAT1 overexpression. The transfection efficiency of NBAT1 was validated via RT-qPCR. As expected, overexpression constructs efficiently upregulated NBAT1 expression in Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells (Figure2(a), p<0.05). CCK-8 assay exposed that overexpression of NBAT1 remarkably decreased the viability of Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells (Figure 2(b), p<0.05). Furthermore, wound healing analysis validated that the migratory ability of human Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells was markedly reduced when NBAT1 was overexpressed (Figure 2(c), p<0.05 and p<0.01). Transwell assay revealed that overexpression of NBAT1 significantly attenuated Ishikawa and HEC-1A cell invasion and migration (Figure 2(d), p<0.001). In addition, overexpression of NBAT1 increased apoptosis in both Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells (Figure 2(e), p<0.001). These findings implied that overexpression of lncRNA NBAT1 hindered cell viability, migration, and invasion and facilitated cell apoptosis in EC.Figure 2
Overexpression of lncRNA NBAT1 inhibits EC cell viability, migration, invasion, and promotes cell apoptosis. (a) The transfection efficiency of NBAT1 was confirmed by RT-qPCR. (b) The cell viability of EC cells was measured using CCK-8. (c) The migration of EC cells was measured using a wound healing assay and the corresponding quantitative results. (d) The invasion of EC cells was measured using transwell assays and the corresponding quantitative results. (e) The apoptosis of EC cells was measured using flow cytometry assay and the corresponding quantitative results. Flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Bar: 100μm. ∗p<0.05,∗∗p<0.01,and∗∗∗p<0.001 vs. the control group.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)


## 3.3. lncRNA NBAT1 Directly Binds and Negatively Regulates the Expression of miR-21-5p in EC

Then, we explored the underlying molecular mechanisms of lncRNA NBAT1 in regulating EC metastasis and apoptosis. Precious study[25] has found putative binding sites between miR-21-5p and NBAT1, as shown in Figure 3(a). To further validate the association between NBAT1 and miR-21 in EC cells, WT-NBAT1 and MUT-NBAT1 were constructed into the dual-luciferase vectors. As exhibited in Figure 3(b), the relative luciferase activity was markedly reduced in the HEC-1A cells cotransfected with miR-21-5p mimics and the luciferase vector containing WT-NBAT1 when in compared with the cells transfected with miR-NC (p<0.01). In contrast, no noticeable difference in the luciferase activity was found in the MUT-NBAT1-transfected cells between miR-NC and miR-21-5p mimics groups. Furthermore, the relative miR-21-5p expression was much higher in EC tissues than that in adjacent normal tissues (Figure 3(c), p<0.05), which was significantly increased in human Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells compared with that in the hESCs (Figure 3(d), p<0.05 and p<0.01). Also, we detected the miR-21-5p and NBAT1 expression in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells with knockdown of lnc-NBAT1. The results demonstrated that knockdown of NBAT1 markedly upregulated miR-21-5p levels (p<0.05) and downregulated NBAT1 in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells (Figure 3(e), p<0.05 and p<0.01). In brief, these findings suggested that NBAT1 directly bound and negatively regulated the expression of miR-21-5p in EC cell lines.Figure 3
lncRNA NBAT1 directly binds and negatively regulates the expression of miR-21 in EC. (a) The putative binding sites of miR-21-5p on NBAT1 transcripts. (b) The binding ability between NBAT1 and miR-21-5p in HEC-1A cells was assessed using the luciferase reporter assay in HEC-1A cells. Overexpression of miR-21-5p significantly decreased the luciferase activity of WT-NBAT1, whereas no significant changes were observed in MUT-NBAT1. (c) The relative expression of miR-21-5p in EC and the adjacent tissues was measured by RT-qPCR. (d) The relative expression of miR-21-5p in hESCs, HEC-1A, and Ishikawa cells and was detected by RT-qPCR. (e) The relative expressions of lncRNA NBAT1 and miR-21-5p in EC cells were detected by RT-qPCR.∗p<0.05 vs. adjacent tissues or hESC or sh-NC; ∗∗p<0.01 vs. miR-NC or hESC or sh-NC.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)


## 3.4. miR-21-5p Reverses the Effect of lncRNA NBAT1 on Proliferation and Migration of EC Cell Lines

To investigate whether NBAT1 regulated EC tumorigenesis through miR-21-5p, miR-21-5p mimics or NBAT1+miR-21-5p was transfected into HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells. RT-qPCR exposed that the decreased expression of NBAT1 was restored by miR-21-5p mimics in both HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells (Figure4(a), p<0.05). The CCK-8 assay exposed that NBAT1 restricted EC cell viability (p<0.05), while miR-21-5p mimics inverted the inhibitory effect of NBAT1 overexpression on HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells viability (p<0.05, Figure 4(b)). Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that NBAT1 overexpression was associated with a marked increase in EC cell apoptosis (p<0.05, p<0.01), but miR-21-5p mimics significantly recovered the increase of apoptotic rate induced by NBAT1 overexpression in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells (p<0.05 and p<0.01, Figure 4(c)). Also, we found that an obvious decrease in migratory ability of Ishikawa and HEC1A cells induced by NBAT1 overexpression was restored by miR-21-5p mimics (p<0.05 and p<0.01, Figure 4(d)). Transwell assay revealed that the decreased invasion and migration induced by NBAT1 overexpression was recovered by miR-21-5p mimics, as well (p<0.01 and p<0.001, Figure 4(e)). Overall, the above findings implied that NBAT1 regulated the proliferation, invasion, and migration of EC cell lines by sponging miR-21-5p.Figure 4
miR-21-5p reverses the effect of lncRNA NBAT1 on proliferation and migration of EC cells. (a) The transfection efficiency of NBAT1 and miR-21-5p in EC cells was confirmed via RT-qPCR analysis. (b) The proliferation of EC cells was measured using CCK-8. (c) The apoptosis of EC cells was measured using flow cytometry assay and the corresponding quantitative results. (d) The migration of EC cells was measured using a wound healing assay and the corresponding quantitative results. (e) The invasion of EC cells was measured using transwell assays and the corresponding quantitative results. Bar: 100μm. ∗p<0.05,∗∗p<0.01,and∗∗∗p<0.001 vs. the control group; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01, and ###p<0.001 vs. the NBAT1 group; &p<0.05 and &&&p<0.001 vs. the miR-21-5p mimics group.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)


## 3.5. NBTA1 Elevates PTEN Expression via Sponging miR-21 in EC

Prior research has exposed that PTEN was a potential target of miR-21-5p [26]. The present study proved the binding site between miR-21-5p and PTEN (Figure 5(a)). Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-21-5p mimics markedly repressed the luciferase activity of the WT-PTEN (p<0.01), while there are no differences in the MUT-PTEN (Figure 5(b)), suggesting that PTEN might sponge miR-21-5p in EC cells. RT-qPCR was carried out to assess the PTEN expression in endometrial cancer tissues and the adjacent endometrial tissues. A noticeable decrease in PTEN expression was identified in endometrial cancer tissues (Figure 5(c), p<0.05). Additionally, the result of Western blot exhibited that the protein expression of PTEN was much lower in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells than in hESC (Figure 5(d)). Furthermore, NBAT1 enhanced the protein expression of PTEN in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cell lines (Figures 5(e) and 5(f)). On the contrary, miR-21-5p mimics markedly suppressed the protein expression of PTEN in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells (Figures 5(e) and 5(f)), suggesting that PTEN is a critical downstream target of miR-21-5p. Consequently, these findings suggested that NBTA1 elevated PTEN expression via sponging miR-21 in EC.Figure 5
lncRNA NBTA1 elevates PTEN expression via sponging miR-21 in EC cells. (a) The complementary sequence of miR-21-5p in PTEN transcripts. (b) The binding ability between PTEN and miR-21-5p in HEC-1A cells was assessed using a luciferase reporter assay. (c) The relative mRNA expression of PTEN in EC and adjacent normal tissues was assessed using RT-qPCR. (d) The protein expression of PTEN in normal human ESC and EC cell lines was detected using Western blot. (e) The protein expression of PTEN in HEC-1A cells transfected with NBAT1 or/and miR-21-5p mimics was detected by Western blot. (f) The protein expression level of PTEN in Ishikawa cells transfected with NBAT1 or/and miR-21-5p mimics was detected by Western blot.∗p<0.05 vs. adjacent tissues; ∗∗p<0.01 vs. miR-NC.
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## 4. Discussion

Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most frequent gynecological malignancies worldwide [27]. The morbidity of EC has boosted worldwide results from the growth of elderly individuals and rising rates of obesity [28]. EC was sorted into two types based on the histologic features, estrogen-dependent (type I) endometrial cancer, and estrogen-independent type II nonestrogen-dependent with an inclination of recurrence [29]. The prognosis of EC is impacted by many elements, including tumor stage, histologic sort, differentiation level, and degree of myometrial invasion [30]. Although EC is often diagnosed with incipient stage owing to anomalous vaginal hemorrhage, the prognostic factors and survival rate of metastatic EC remain the focus of the current research. As a result, the underlying molecular mechanisms that induce EC require to be exposed to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of EC metastasis.Recently, numerous studies have proposed that lncRNAs function a critical role in modulating gene expression at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels [31]. Increasing evidence supported that lncRNAs were implicated in various cancers involving EC development [32]. For example, lnc-PICSAR affected REV3L expression and improved DDP resistance in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma [24]. Moreover, lnc-HSD17B11-1:1 was found to enhance the expression of MACC1, thus promoting CRC progression [33]. Evidence has supported the tumor suppressor role of lncRNA NBTA1 in various human tumors, including renal carcinoma and gastric cancer. Gao and Chen [34] suggested that low expression of NBAT-1 could promote GC development by downregulating PTEN expression. Xue et al. [35] implied that NBAT-1 could inhibit RCC cell proliferation and invasion. To further clarify the expression characteristics of lncRNA NBTA1 in EC, 20 clinical EC samples and normal tissues were also collected, and it was showed that the level of NBTA1 in EC tissues was significantly lower than that in normal tissues. And lncRNA NBTA1 levels in human EC cell lines (HEC-1A and Ishikawa) are also significantly lower than that in normal hESC. In this study, HEC-1A and Ishikawa cell models overexpressing NBTA1 were constructed. The results showed that overexpression of NBTA1 significantly inhibited the ability of migration and invasion and promoted apoptosis of HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells. These results are consistent with previous findings that lncRNA NBTA1 might function as a tumor suppressor and valuable prognostic indicator for EC.Generally, lncRNAs show function depends on ceRNA to constrain miRNA and lncRNAs bind miRNA[36]. Numerous studies confirm a crucial role of lncRNAs in sponging-specific miRNAs, a type of small, noncoding RNAs comprising 18–25 nucleotides that could suppress gene expression at the posttranscriptional level [37]. In addition, an increasing number of findings have implied the effect of ceRNAs on endometrial cancer pathology. Zhou et al. [38] demonstrated that long noncoding RNA H19 promoted the tumorigenesis of endometrial cancer by regulating miR-20b-5p/AXL/HIF-1α axis. Pan et al.[39] suggested that LINC01016 accelerated endometrial cancer development through mediating miR-302a-3p/SATB1 pathway. Based on above, it is essential to perform studies on the comprehension of the ceRNAs formed by lncRNAs and miRNAs implicated in EC metastasis. Therefore, it is speculated that lncRNA NBTA1 might play the role of ceRNA and is involved in the development of EC.In this study, bioinformatics analysis predicted that miR-21-5p was a potential target of NBTA1 and validated by the luciferase activity reporter assay. As reported previously, miR-21-5p inhibits non-small-cell lung cancer progression, colon adenocarcinoma, and thyroid papillary carcinoma [26, 40, 41]. In this study, it was confirmed through cell experiments that NBTA1 was targeted to bind to miR-21-5p and overexpression of miR-21-5p not only promoted the proliferation and invasion of EC and inhibited apoptosis but also significantly blocked the effect of NBTA1 on EC cells. These observations indicated that NBAT1 could play a tumor-suppressing role in EC cells by connecting with miR-21-5p to regulate the target genes negatively.Additionally, miRNA targets are critical portions of the ceRNA network [42]. PTEN is a well-known secondary messenger of PI3K and is a tumor-suppressing gene implicated in inhibiting tumor cells’ growth and differentiation [43, 44]. Recent evidences demonstrate that PTEN serves as a tumor suppressor in EC [45, 46]. In addition, emerging evidence shown that PTEN was a target mRNA of miR-21-5p and miR-21-5p accelerated cancer development by restraining PTEN [47, 48]. To determine whether the miR-21-5p/PTEN targeting relationship exists in ECs and whether this regulatory axis is targeted by NBAT1, further experiments are performed. We found that miR-21-5p bound to the 3′-UTR of PTEN mRNA. Furthermore, overexpression of NBAT1 promoted PTEN protein expression in EC cells, while overexpression of miR-21-5p suppressed PTEN protein levels and overexpression of miR-21-5p blocked the promotion of PTEN by NBAT1. This suggested that the mechanism by which NBAT1 promoted PTEN was inseparable from targeting miR-21-5p.


## 5. Conclusion

In conclusion, this research reveals that lncRNA NBAT1 elevated PTEN expression via sponging miR-21-5p to promote EC proliferation and metastasis. NBAT1 functions as a miR-21-5p sponge to enhance PTEN level, thereby repressing cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis in EC cell lines. Our study indicated that inhibition of NBAT1 might serve as a novel molecular target of gene therapy for EC.



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*Source: 9304392-2022-07-20.xml*