# Smart Integrated Decentralization Strategies of Solar Power System in Buildings

Authors: Syed Muhammad Kashif Shah; Tanzeel Ur Rasheed; Hafiz Muhammad Ali
Journal: International Journal of Photoenergy
 (2022)

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## Abstract

This study signifies the need for a smart integrated decentralized solar energy system in Pakistan. Since the outlook of energy is highly dominated by its power sector, policy measures must be adopted to ensure its penetration in the system of any country. After the industrial, the housing sector is the major energy-consuming sector. The goal of this study is to assess energy generation through a smart integrated decentralized solar energy system in the power hub of a commercial area in Taxila, Pakistan. Model development involves a hypothetical model built on LabVIEW which allows the user interface a way to intermingle with the source code. It permits the user to the transformation of the values sent to the source code and sees the information that the source code calculates. The proposed system is a collaborative sharing integrated decentralized solar system that credits sunlight-based energy framework proprietors for the power they add to different buildings due to the collaborative sharing mechanism at Rs.10 per kWh. This low-cost electricity is available at your doorstep that you can share according to the collaborative sharing basis that will not range any certain variable. Results from the literature describe that 30% of the cost associated with the commercial price of electricity amounts to distribution cost. This system of the utilization of energy would be applied at a local level to achieve the maximum power generation from solar panels through blockchain use of solar systems, especially in regions that have no entrance to traditional power with little odds of getting associated in the next 5-10 years.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The utilization of diverse types of energy is added to the exponential improvement of human personal satisfaction during the most recent two centuries. During this cultural development, petroleum products have driven all energy-based advancements. Since the coal-period appearance, the world’s interest in power kept on heightening and has kept on doing as such till date. Truth be told, measurements confirm that during the following couple of decades, the social and mechanical advancement of China will prompt a huge development in China’s power request; more noteworthy than the absolute current interest in the United States of America and Japan took together [1]. Besides, the dispersion of new power-based advancements, for example, electrical vehicles, will build the power request in industrialized locales, for example, Europe and the United States, also which will prompt a general multiplication of power requests on the planet [2]. The expansion in power utilization is a vital issue that instigates to assume and design the amount and in this manner the sort of energy assets to use inside what is to come. Truth be told, the utilization of regular energy assets is over and over addressed due to its various hurtful ramifications on the general public and condition [3]. The dependable and prudent availability of these assets has turned into a reason for worry for some nations around the globe. Truth be told, nonrenewable energy sources are found uniquely in limited locales on the earth and are exposed to political understandings and relations. Their accessibility and value regularly reflect political strains between significant topographical districts and represent an enormous hazard for both created and creating nations the same. Also, in the course of the most recent decades, extraction of customary energizes has turned out to be progressively harder and frequently prompted immense discussion between governments, tree huggers, extraction organizations, and well-being specialists [4].Talks on hold water contamination and man-initiated tremors because of shale gas extraction are a flow model. Besides, the examinations of the outcomes of climatic change are creating tremendous open and political mindfulness and instigating in these entertainers the need to take activities in this viewpoint. Prohibition of ecological variables can never again be managed while taking political and monetary choices. Henceforth, many created nations have chosen to fix an atmosphere objective to restrain the earth from warming more than 2°C [5]. In 2016, the carbon dioxide outflows from the power division in the USA alone had added up to around 1 million and 800 thousand metric tons, which records for about 35% of the complete emanations in the USA [6]. Furthermore, statistics suggest that a huge part of these emissions originate from coal-based technologies.Hence, this study identifies the major challenges in the adoption of renewable energy systems in Pakistan through a decentralized solar system.


### 1.1. Research Motivation

The overall energy deficiency has upset the budgetary viewpoints, society, progression of the nations, and circumstances through ozone-exhausting substances (GHGs) and by grabbing carbon credits. The creating enthusiasm for power over the world is being future and recorded to be exponential. Nonattendance of advantage with out-of-date framework system, ecological variation, and increasing fuel costs has come about inefficient and dynamically flimsy electrical structure. Accordingly, the overall concern has raised certain fundamental centers whereupon the energy change for a green and sustainable future is certain and came about in Figure1.Figure 1
Model structure [7].


### 1.2. Energy Efficiencies

The new system for energy unergy utilization should get political help [8]. The test ahead will require inventive power structure planning including both new types of progress and better approaches for dealing with the system to guarantee an understanding between contrasts in energy requesting and supply [9]. The key pieces of this new power structure arrangement are little scale cross segments, awe-inspiring grids, and a convincing gigantic scale super framework, which could expect a stand-out movement in patching up the general energy situation with elements like systems, principle, and productivity of market with costs, good conditions, and organizations which in like way regulates the power and energy advance with the decay of carbon impressions and foot pulling the GHG discharges [10].


### 1.3. Problem Statement

The economic activities of a country are highly driven by its power sector. Despite having a generation capacity greater than demand, the country’s power system is incapable to meet the electricity demand due to transmission losses and management lacks. These days’ renewable energy technologies have been cost-effective in many parts of the world.A society can be made more cost-effective by using decentralized solar power systems. This study investigates the merits of collaborative sharing of decentralized solar power systems connected as small networks. The underline research finds the pathway to reduce the technological gaps for small networks of a solar power system. The literature suggests that decentralized solar power systems reveal more cost-effective solutions to society. In case of transformation towards renewable energy centralized solar power systems, we must face some disadvantages—massive land used, big transmission loss, and high maintenance cost in comparison to decentralized solar power systems.


### 1.4. Research Questions

How to integrate the decentralized solar power system into small networks?What are the drawbacks of a decentralized solar power system?How can the technological gaps be overcome to develop a small network of solar PV systems for collaborative sharing?How societies can be made more cost-effective by implementing the strategies of solar PV networks?The main aims and objectives of this project are as follows:(i)
Develop an integrated simulation model of decentralized solar PV system for small networks(ii)
Develop a better technical model for collaborating sharing mechanism(iii)
Develop a better finical model for small networksThe remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section2 provides a survey of the literature on current research work on this topic. The suggested architecture and approach are described in Section 3. Section 4 presents experimental data as well as a comparison of classification techniques. Finally, Section 5 discusses the paper’s conclusion.


## 1.1. Research Motivation

The overall energy deficiency has upset the budgetary viewpoints, society, progression of the nations, and circumstances through ozone-exhausting substances (GHGs) and by grabbing carbon credits. The creating enthusiasm for power over the world is being future and recorded to be exponential. Nonattendance of advantage with out-of-date framework system, ecological variation, and increasing fuel costs has come about inefficient and dynamically flimsy electrical structure. Accordingly, the overall concern has raised certain fundamental centers whereupon the energy change for a green and sustainable future is certain and came about in Figure1.Figure 1
Model structure [7].


## 1.2. Energy Efficiencies

The new system for energy unergy utilization should get political help [8]. The test ahead will require inventive power structure planning including both new types of progress and better approaches for dealing with the system to guarantee an understanding between contrasts in energy requesting and supply [9]. The key pieces of this new power structure arrangement are little scale cross segments, awe-inspiring grids, and a convincing gigantic scale super framework, which could expect a stand-out movement in patching up the general energy situation with elements like systems, principle, and productivity of market with costs, good conditions, and organizations which in like way regulates the power and energy advance with the decay of carbon impressions and foot pulling the GHG discharges [10].


## 1.3. Problem Statement

The economic activities of a country are highly driven by its power sector. Despite having a generation capacity greater than demand, the country’s power system is incapable to meet the electricity demand due to transmission losses and management lacks. These days’ renewable energy technologies have been cost-effective in many parts of the world.A society can be made more cost-effective by using decentralized solar power systems. This study investigates the merits of collaborative sharing of decentralized solar power systems connected as small networks. The underline research finds the pathway to reduce the technological gaps for small networks of a solar power system. The literature suggests that decentralized solar power systems reveal more cost-effective solutions to society. In case of transformation towards renewable energy centralized solar power systems, we must face some disadvantages—massive land used, big transmission loss, and high maintenance cost in comparison to decentralized solar power systems.


## 1.4. Research Questions

How to integrate the decentralized solar power system into small networks?What are the drawbacks of a decentralized solar power system?How can the technological gaps be overcome to develop a small network of solar PV systems for collaborative sharing?How societies can be made more cost-effective by implementing the strategies of solar PV networks?The main aims and objectives of this project are as follows:(i)
Develop an integrated simulation model of decentralized solar PV system for small networks(ii)
Develop a better technical model for collaborating sharing mechanism(iii)
Develop a better finical model for small networksThe remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section2 provides a survey of the literature on current research work on this topic. The suggested architecture and approach are described in Section 3. Section 4 presents experimental data as well as a comparison of classification techniques. Finally, Section 5 discusses the paper’s conclusion.


## 2. Literature Review

Pakistan, especially considering the rural areas that are in a state of neglect concerning an electrification perspective, has been in an energy-related crisis for over the last two decades. Research shows that rural electrification is possible through the implementation of a decentralized system of electrical generation using PV, wind, or even a hybrid of PVs, and diesel-powered generational alternatives. However, no research or attention has been paid to the system and has not been implemented.To deal with the drawbacks, the implementation of a system of decentralized generation has been proposed based on the generation of solar energy previously implemented in several countries. The system works over the process of generation of electricity on a relatively smaller scale, however, designed to power a specific locale without connections to an electrical grid [11].The distributed and decentralized generation scheme has proven to overcome the shortcomings of the centralized generation and distribution model with special regard to rural electrification; however, it comes with slight drawback as given in [12]. [13] conducted a study concerning rural electrification and proposed the implementation of decentralized, off-the-grid solutions towards that end and described it as being beneficial in contrast to the government/public preference towards centralized electrification due to a bad track record. The study is conducted to test the feasibility of decentralized, renewable electrical generation systems, resulting from which it can be concluded that they do not fit into any of the available models concerning electrical generation; however, they have demonstrated their feasibility, and their local ownership ensures sustainability. [14] implemented a comparison of other countries using distributed generation (DG) as an electrical generational method for its feasibility, especially focused on rural areas in Indonesia. According to the study, “The elementary impression is to change “self-governing rural power creators”. The goal is not just the creation of power, but also to aid in the financial growth of townships.” It was analyzed that DG does prove to have some problems such as the high costs of implementation; however, solutions towards that end exist, and it is concluded that DG does prove to be an ample solution for rural areas subject to geographical disadvantages [15], enumerated benefits of off-grid, renewable energy solutions especially concerning rural, and geographically challenged areas. This study is aimed at rural areas where connections from the central grid are extensively unfavorable due to factors such as high costs and line losses (up to 30%). From the results of the study, for target areas, power services provided through low-cost solar PVs should be accompanied by diesel and microhydro systems to form a hybrid system for areas that have a higher demand for power.The study also validates the use of neural networks for the allocation of energy in the country. [16] conducted an analysis of the efficiency of emergent systems for the generation of electricity using renewable, decentralized, solar methods showing their efficiency and increasing demand. The study dictates an implementation of a system based on main power system evolution based on a model by CIGRE using open database data. While taking the European and COP21 standards as a reference, the study concludes that decentralization also comes with regulatory frameworks. To support obstacles towards the shifting of duty and roles towards the development of the system [17], the examination exhorts a unique estimating philosophy that offers a market-based intention to drive decentralized energy to improve monetary advantage through the investigation of a value-responsive model for the appropriated wellsprings of energy. A versatile 3-level system is structured that incorporates adjusting of small-scale networks, booking of the aggregator, just as exchange advancement that advances the spot costs for the members. From the aftereffects of the examination, it very well may be seen that the plan can distinguish a successful win system to understand the improvement of small-scale matrices and appropriate [18]. This examination is gone for a survey of the boundaries that private division organizations face in cooperation I decentralized jolt extends just as measures taken against these obstructions. From the consequences of the investigation, it is resolved that a more noteworthy comprehension of the elements that impact rustic interest for energy and how they react to evaluating plans would improve potential. Focused on the provision of a cost-effective solution for the electrification of Kenya, the study focuses on the comparison of grid extensions with standalone photovoltaic systems using microdata from common households. It can be seen from the results that a decentralized system of PVs can make an important impact over an area electrical status (more efficient than grid extensions). 17% of the total population will have access to cost-effective electricity through off-grid PV systems by 2020. The examination is led to propose a sun-based power age figure to help the evaluation of the operational save for ongoing planning, with respect to the decentralized, sun-based controlled microgrids. An execution of control is seen regarding a DC microgrid that is inserted into an elevated structure of the urban territory that creates a 375 V current on gauge. The consequences of the examination direct that a DC microgrid is increasingly reasonable towards the age in the accompanying case.


### 2.1. Generation over Centralized Power Plants

The plan of action of the electric business stayed unaltered for over a century, utilizing incorporated power stations to create all the power and conveying it to singular clients with transmission and dissemination arrangements. Notwithstanding little scale age frameworks, for example, sun-powered photovoltaic exhibits presently permit age at the purpose of utilization, and this is carrying exceptional changes to the power part. With private and business universes, power purchasers can likewise move toward becoming makers. Any age achieved nearby is subtracted from the power bill, and surplus kilowatt-hours can be sent out in return for a feed-in tax.Another financial [19] preferred position of disseminated age is decreasing the weight on the transmission foundation. Think about that the power system has possession costs: activity, upkeep, and capital consumption in a new foundation. Power networks are expensive for countries. Electrical cables are the best energy transmission strategy in the world, regarding both speed and effectiveness. Nevertheless, systems are not immaculate, and some energy is dispersed as warmth during transmission and dissemination. These misfortunes speak to age that has an expense however is never offered to end clients and influences organizations to repay by adding system charges to power duties.Power systems are costly because their ability must be sufficient for the most appeal expected in the entire year. Sadly, these power service organizations put resources to a limit that is just utilized occasionally.The most popular, for the most part, happens just during the most smoking, long stretches of summer when cooling frameworks are working at full yield [20–22]. The development of new power stations can be postponed, and arranged limit redesigns can likewise be deferred. Therefore, with decreased interest in the new foundation [22], transmission and circulation charges in power bills are balanced out. System misfortunes are likewise decreased, since a noteworthy bit of the power devoured is presently being created for utilization. Expecting a power framework could depend 100% on conveyed age; the system would, in any case, be significant, yet its jobs would change. Provide auxiliary administrations to keep the power supply steady, for example, voltage and recurrence guidelines [23]. Energy exchange between organizing clients: owners of appropriated age with a surplus limit can offer their yield to different clients. Solar power can adjust to any property while having the absolute most reduced age costs on the planet. If photovoltaic innovation is joined with energy stockpiling, alongside other age frameworks that can be depended on around evening time or on shady days, dispersed age is feasible as the essential wellspring of power [24].


## 2.1. Generation over Centralized Power Plants

The plan of action of the electric business stayed unaltered for over a century, utilizing incorporated power stations to create all the power and conveying it to singular clients with transmission and dissemination arrangements. Notwithstanding little scale age frameworks, for example, sun-powered photovoltaic exhibits presently permit age at the purpose of utilization, and this is carrying exceptional changes to the power part. With private and business universes, power purchasers can likewise move toward becoming makers. Any age achieved nearby is subtracted from the power bill, and surplus kilowatt-hours can be sent out in return for a feed-in tax.Another financial [19] preferred position of disseminated age is decreasing the weight on the transmission foundation. Think about that the power system has possession costs: activity, upkeep, and capital consumption in a new foundation. Power networks are expensive for countries. Electrical cables are the best energy transmission strategy in the world, regarding both speed and effectiveness. Nevertheless, systems are not immaculate, and some energy is dispersed as warmth during transmission and dissemination. These misfortunes speak to age that has an expense however is never offered to end clients and influences organizations to repay by adding system charges to power duties.Power systems are costly because their ability must be sufficient for the most appeal expected in the entire year. Sadly, these power service organizations put resources to a limit that is just utilized occasionally.The most popular, for the most part, happens just during the most smoking, long stretches of summer when cooling frameworks are working at full yield [20–22]. The development of new power stations can be postponed, and arranged limit redesigns can likewise be deferred. Therefore, with decreased interest in the new foundation [22], transmission and circulation charges in power bills are balanced out. System misfortunes are likewise decreased, since a noteworthy bit of the power devoured is presently being created for utilization. Expecting a power framework could depend 100% on conveyed age; the system would, in any case, be significant, yet its jobs would change. Provide auxiliary administrations to keep the power supply steady, for example, voltage and recurrence guidelines [23]. Energy exchange between organizing clients: owners of appropriated age with a surplus limit can offer their yield to different clients. Solar power can adjust to any property while having the absolute most reduced age costs on the planet. If photovoltaic innovation is joined with energy stockpiling, alongside other age frameworks that can be depended on around evening time or on shady days, dispersed age is feasible as the essential wellspring of power [24].


## 3. Methodology

The major energy consumer in the residential sector consumes up to 40% of the world’s energy. All the developed and developing countries use sustainable methods to meet the required energy in the residential sector [26]. Pakistan is suffering from major energy crises due to electricity theft, transmission, distribution losses, and lack of sustainable resources also lacks technology and planning. Given such circumstances, it was necessary to develop and introduce a new innovative electricity generation system and methodology to reduce the electricity crisis in Pakistan (Figure 2).Figure 2
Experimental procedure [25].


### 3.1. Policy Review

Research shows that rural electrification is possible through the implementation of a decentralized system of electrical generation using PV, wind, or even a hybrid of PVs and diesel-powered generational alternatives. However, no research or attention has been paid to the system and has not been implemented. Centralized system of electicity generation is preferred mode by government [22].


### 3.2. Identify Problems

To deal with the drawbacks, the implementation of a system of decentralized generation has been proposed based on the generation of solar energy [26].


### 3.3. Technological Review

Solar power plants with substations are needed, and the transmission lines should be kept running over long separations to get that perfect sun-based power into the lattice and the customer [27].


### 3.4. Socioeconomic Review

Sun-based energy does not depend on mining crude materials, it does not bring about the obliteration of woods and eco-frameworks that happens with numerous nonrenewable energy source activities. So, this system is a more compatible and reasonable form of green energy as compared to other energy sources.


#### 3.4.1. Analysis of Proposed Scheme Model

As per the field model study and their energy consumption requirements, the proposed model of sustainable green energy shows a tremendous output of saving energy. They have recorded energy consumption analysis of WAPDA and solar energy. Solar energy gives highlights, brilliant offers, loads of preference, and future viewpoints [28].


#### 3.4.2. Data Collection

The experimental data collection is from the installed four solar panels on the experimental basis to study the generation and consumption at the other end [29].


#### 3.4.3. International Sources

Power systems are costly on the grounds because of their losses, installation, and insufficient at some point to reach diverse areas.


#### 3.4.4. Implementation of Scheme Model

The capacity of this framework is not unique concerning bought together sunlight-based energy framework. So, every one of the components can be utilized by willing at all. A framework is interconnected to the dispersion arrangement that provisions power to a restricted gathering of clients. This model is preferable for the business sector and residential sectors as well.


#### 3.4.5. Financial Model

After this experimental research now, we can compare our results data to previous existing models like WAPDA on a monthly or yearly basis to justify the whole gap between power and economic consumption and give a better finical model to the investors and consumers.


#### 3.4.6. Results

This solar system is focusing on those areas which have no access to conventional energy lines and minimal possibility of getting associated with the framework near future. Also, this system-utilized energy is to be applied at the local level to achieve maximum power generation from solar panels through blockchain use of the solar system.


### 3.5. Solar System

Monocrystalline PV solar panel consumes sunlight as a source of energy to produce power. A monocrystalline photovoltaic (PV) module is a blend of photovoltaic sun-based cells accessible in various voltages and wattages. It is established of a variety of photovoltaic system that produces and supplies sun-based power in business and nearby areas. It has modules that involve wafer-based crystal-like silicon compartments or wobbly film cells [30, 31] (Figure 3).Figure 3
Solar panels [31].The cells are associated electrically in arrangement to each other to an ideal voltage and after that in parallel to expand ampere. The voltage and amperage of the module are increased to make the wattage of the module (Figure4).Figure 4
PV system model [31].A PV connection box (ensure connections and give wellbeing hindrances) is connected to the back of the solar panel, and it is its produce interface. PV modules use an MC4 connector’s sort to encourage simple weatherproof connections with the framework. Module connections are made in arrangement to accomplish an ideal produce voltage or in parallel to give an ideal current ability (amperes) of solar panel. The directing wires that take the current off the modules are estimated by the limit. Sidestep diodes are utilized remotely for halfway module sharing to boost the yield. Sun-powered boards additionally utilize metal casings comprising racking segments, sections, reflector shapes, and troughs to bolster the board structure more readily.


#### 3.5.1. Decentralized System

The decentralized solar power system is likewise an energy arrangement with less or no voltage misfortunes. It alludes to littler energy frameworks that produce energy on location or close to the site. The shopper regularly claims the framework and straightforwardly gets the money-related advantages of the framework. This framework can be more unreservedly worked in any geographic area.


#### 3.5.2. Working

In this system, I will propose a research model to begin the research methodology on the chosen topic. This model will further be integrated to perform the research. I collected the data from four house buildings which we selected earlier to run the proposed system. The solar systems have been implanted in these four house buildings after the data collection. This gathered data was recorded and monitored in the next process. Then, I analyzed the recorded data. Furthermore, I inspected the behavior of almost 1-year data. Based on the behavior of the inspected data, I examined the performance of my system according to the Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI). Using the SAM model and LabVIEW generated the hypothetical model for the project and scanned the resulting outcome from the data. So, in this entire description regarding the collection of data, recording, monitoring, and analysis of data, I have explained all the major processing regarding my project of decentralized solar energy system; every one of the components can be utilized by the willing [32] of the buyer. It relies upon the heaps whether it will control for both day and night or likewise in capricious circumstances. The present innovation has progressed to the point that numerous devices and gadgets have been imagined that can keep running by sun-powered legitimately. On the off chance that a buyer possesses those advances, he/she needs not bother with additional energy to run them for quite a while. Subsequently, the loads can be wiped out, and energy can be spared.Examples:(i)
Decentralized. Solar-based energy(ii)
Decentralized. Solar-based road lighting network(iii)
Decentralized. Solar-based energy traffic control(iv)
Devoted solar charging pac


### 3.6. Experimental Setup

The capacity of this framework is not unique to brought together sunlight-based energy framework. Every one of the components can be utilized by a willing buyer. It relies on the condition that it will control for both day and night additionally [33]. A smaller than usually coordinated framework alludes to a lot of power age and energy stockpiling. Frameworks are interconnected to the dispersion arrangement that provisions power to a restricted gathering of clients. Smaller than expected coordinated frameworks are bigger than miniaturized scale. The kinds of burdens that are served on a smaller scale are typically private or are extremely little businesses while a scaled-down incorporated framework can serve huge businesses and little industrial burden [34].Under this experimental setup, we have four buildings that have monocrystalline solar panels of 250 W power. These buildings have smart integrated decentralized solar energy systems. They are integrated and working on a collaborative sharing mechanism of load sharing and balancing with the help of a controller [35]. This system has a tripped alarm that will begin when there will be a trip in power. Generation capacity is shown on the right side of the figure during different hours of the day [36]. There is also a simulation stop button to stop the simulation. The power capacity of the building and total load according to a requirement are shown with overall Global Horizontal Irradiance.


#### 3.6.1. PV System Designing

(1)ØPowerconsumptionwho/day=Σwattofappliances∗hoursused.PVpanelcapacityWp=totalpowerconsumption∗1.5/powergenerationfactor(i)
Here,1.5=energyloss in the system(ii)
Power generation factor (PGF) is used in calculating PV panel size, and it varies from location to location depending upon the climate condition of the siteNo.ofPVpanelsneeded=watt−peak/panelratingTotalwattofappliances=Σwattofappliances(iii)
Inverter size should be larger than 25-30% of the total watt of appliancesBatterycapacityAh=totalwatt−hourperday∗daysofautonomy(iv)
Battery loss∗DOD∗nominal battery voltageChargecontrollerrating=totalshort‐circuitcurrentofPVarray∗1.3(v)
Solar panels adjust on an aluminum frame; there are 3 frames on the rooftop with an angle inclination (182 degree south or zero degree north). Each frame consists of two 250-watt solar panels


### 3.7. Capacity

The capacity of the building is 1500 watts for buildings 1, 2, and 4 whereas building no. 2 is 2000 watts.Depending on the power of the building, we have different no. of panels for each building as follows:No. of panels for 1500 Wbuildings=1500/250=6 panelsNo. of panels for 2000 Wbuildings=2000/250=8 panels.Thus, buildings 1, 2, and 4 have six monocrystalline solar panels whereas building 4 has 8 panels.


## 3.1. Policy Review

Research shows that rural electrification is possible through the implementation of a decentralized system of electrical generation using PV, wind, or even a hybrid of PVs and diesel-powered generational alternatives. However, no research or attention has been paid to the system and has not been implemented. Centralized system of electicity generation is preferred mode by government [22].


## 3.2. Identify Problems

To deal with the drawbacks, the implementation of a system of decentralized generation has been proposed based on the generation of solar energy [26].


## 3.3. Technological Review

Solar power plants with substations are needed, and the transmission lines should be kept running over long separations to get that perfect sun-based power into the lattice and the customer [27].


## 3.4. Socioeconomic Review

Sun-based energy does not depend on mining crude materials, it does not bring about the obliteration of woods and eco-frameworks that happens with numerous nonrenewable energy source activities. So, this system is a more compatible and reasonable form of green energy as compared to other energy sources.


### 3.4.1. Analysis of Proposed Scheme Model

As per the field model study and their energy consumption requirements, the proposed model of sustainable green energy shows a tremendous output of saving energy. They have recorded energy consumption analysis of WAPDA and solar energy. Solar energy gives highlights, brilliant offers, loads of preference, and future viewpoints [28].


### 3.4.2. Data Collection

The experimental data collection is from the installed four solar panels on the experimental basis to study the generation and consumption at the other end [29].


### 3.4.3. International Sources

Power systems are costly on the grounds because of their losses, installation, and insufficient at some point to reach diverse areas.


### 3.4.4. Implementation of Scheme Model

The capacity of this framework is not unique concerning bought together sunlight-based energy framework. So, every one of the components can be utilized by willing at all. A framework is interconnected to the dispersion arrangement that provisions power to a restricted gathering of clients. This model is preferable for the business sector and residential sectors as well.


### 3.4.5. Financial Model

After this experimental research now, we can compare our results data to previous existing models like WAPDA on a monthly or yearly basis to justify the whole gap between power and economic consumption and give a better finical model to the investors and consumers.


### 3.4.6. Results

This solar system is focusing on those areas which have no access to conventional energy lines and minimal possibility of getting associated with the framework near future. Also, this system-utilized energy is to be applied at the local level to achieve maximum power generation from solar panels through blockchain use of the solar system.


## 3.4.1. Analysis of Proposed Scheme Model

As per the field model study and their energy consumption requirements, the proposed model of sustainable green energy shows a tremendous output of saving energy. They have recorded energy consumption analysis of WAPDA and solar energy. Solar energy gives highlights, brilliant offers, loads of preference, and future viewpoints [28].


## 3.4.2. Data Collection

The experimental data collection is from the installed four solar panels on the experimental basis to study the generation and consumption at the other end [29].


## 3.4.3. International Sources

Power systems are costly on the grounds because of their losses, installation, and insufficient at some point to reach diverse areas.


## 3.4.4. Implementation of Scheme Model

The capacity of this framework is not unique concerning bought together sunlight-based energy framework. So, every one of the components can be utilized by willing at all. A framework is interconnected to the dispersion arrangement that provisions power to a restricted gathering of clients. This model is preferable for the business sector and residential sectors as well.


## 3.4.5. Financial Model

After this experimental research now, we can compare our results data to previous existing models like WAPDA on a monthly or yearly basis to justify the whole gap between power and economic consumption and give a better finical model to the investors and consumers.


## 3.4.6. Results

This solar system is focusing on those areas which have no access to conventional energy lines and minimal possibility of getting associated with the framework near future. Also, this system-utilized energy is to be applied at the local level to achieve maximum power generation from solar panels through blockchain use of the solar system.


## 3.5. Solar System

Monocrystalline PV solar panel consumes sunlight as a source of energy to produce power. A monocrystalline photovoltaic (PV) module is a blend of photovoltaic sun-based cells accessible in various voltages and wattages. It is established of a variety of photovoltaic system that produces and supplies sun-based power in business and nearby areas. It has modules that involve wafer-based crystal-like silicon compartments or wobbly film cells [30, 31] (Figure 3).Figure 3
Solar panels [31].The cells are associated electrically in arrangement to each other to an ideal voltage and after that in parallel to expand ampere. The voltage and amperage of the module are increased to make the wattage of the module (Figure4).Figure 4
PV system model [31].A PV connection box (ensure connections and give wellbeing hindrances) is connected to the back of the solar panel, and it is its produce interface. PV modules use an MC4 connector’s sort to encourage simple weatherproof connections with the framework. Module connections are made in arrangement to accomplish an ideal produce voltage or in parallel to give an ideal current ability (amperes) of solar panel. The directing wires that take the current off the modules are estimated by the limit. Sidestep diodes are utilized remotely for halfway module sharing to boost the yield. Sun-powered boards additionally utilize metal casings comprising racking segments, sections, reflector shapes, and troughs to bolster the board structure more readily.


### 3.5.1. Decentralized System

The decentralized solar power system is likewise an energy arrangement with less or no voltage misfortunes. It alludes to littler energy frameworks that produce energy on location or close to the site. The shopper regularly claims the framework and straightforwardly gets the money-related advantages of the framework. This framework can be more unreservedly worked in any geographic area.


### 3.5.2. Working

In this system, I will propose a research model to begin the research methodology on the chosen topic. This model will further be integrated to perform the research. I collected the data from four house buildings which we selected earlier to run the proposed system. The solar systems have been implanted in these four house buildings after the data collection. This gathered data was recorded and monitored in the next process. Then, I analyzed the recorded data. Furthermore, I inspected the behavior of almost 1-year data. Based on the behavior of the inspected data, I examined the performance of my system according to the Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI). Using the SAM model and LabVIEW generated the hypothetical model for the project and scanned the resulting outcome from the data. So, in this entire description regarding the collection of data, recording, monitoring, and analysis of data, I have explained all the major processing regarding my project of decentralized solar energy system; every one of the components can be utilized by the willing [32] of the buyer. It relies upon the heaps whether it will control for both day and night or likewise in capricious circumstances. The present innovation has progressed to the point that numerous devices and gadgets have been imagined that can keep running by sun-powered legitimately. On the off chance that a buyer possesses those advances, he/she needs not bother with additional energy to run them for quite a while. Subsequently, the loads can be wiped out, and energy can be spared.Examples:(i)
Decentralized. Solar-based energy(ii)
Decentralized. Solar-based road lighting network(iii)
Decentralized. Solar-based energy traffic control(iv)
Devoted solar charging pac


## 3.5.1. Decentralized System

The decentralized solar power system is likewise an energy arrangement with less or no voltage misfortunes. It alludes to littler energy frameworks that produce energy on location or close to the site. The shopper regularly claims the framework and straightforwardly gets the money-related advantages of the framework. This framework can be more unreservedly worked in any geographic area.


## 3.5.2. Working

In this system, I will propose a research model to begin the research methodology on the chosen topic. This model will further be integrated to perform the research. I collected the data from four house buildings which we selected earlier to run the proposed system. The solar systems have been implanted in these four house buildings after the data collection. This gathered data was recorded and monitored in the next process. Then, I analyzed the recorded data. Furthermore, I inspected the behavior of almost 1-year data. Based on the behavior of the inspected data, I examined the performance of my system according to the Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI). Using the SAM model and LabVIEW generated the hypothetical model for the project and scanned the resulting outcome from the data. So, in this entire description regarding the collection of data, recording, monitoring, and analysis of data, I have explained all the major processing regarding my project of decentralized solar energy system; every one of the components can be utilized by the willing [32] of the buyer. It relies upon the heaps whether it will control for both day and night or likewise in capricious circumstances. The present innovation has progressed to the point that numerous devices and gadgets have been imagined that can keep running by sun-powered legitimately. On the off chance that a buyer possesses those advances, he/she needs not bother with additional energy to run them for quite a while. Subsequently, the loads can be wiped out, and energy can be spared.Examples:(i)
Decentralized. Solar-based energy(ii)
Decentralized. Solar-based road lighting network(iii)
Decentralized. Solar-based energy traffic control(iv)
Devoted solar charging pac


## 3.6. Experimental Setup

The capacity of this framework is not unique to brought together sunlight-based energy framework. Every one of the components can be utilized by a willing buyer. It relies on the condition that it will control for both day and night additionally [33]. A smaller than usually coordinated framework alludes to a lot of power age and energy stockpiling. Frameworks are interconnected to the dispersion arrangement that provisions power to a restricted gathering of clients. Smaller than expected coordinated frameworks are bigger than miniaturized scale. The kinds of burdens that are served on a smaller scale are typically private or are extremely little businesses while a scaled-down incorporated framework can serve huge businesses and little industrial burden [34].Under this experimental setup, we have four buildings that have monocrystalline solar panels of 250 W power. These buildings have smart integrated decentralized solar energy systems. They are integrated and working on a collaborative sharing mechanism of load sharing and balancing with the help of a controller [35]. This system has a tripped alarm that will begin when there will be a trip in power. Generation capacity is shown on the right side of the figure during different hours of the day [36]. There is also a simulation stop button to stop the simulation. The power capacity of the building and total load according to a requirement are shown with overall Global Horizontal Irradiance.


### 3.6.1. PV System Designing

(1)ØPowerconsumptionwho/day=Σwattofappliances∗hoursused.PVpanelcapacityWp=totalpowerconsumption∗1.5/powergenerationfactor(i)
Here,1.5=energyloss in the system(ii)
Power generation factor (PGF) is used in calculating PV panel size, and it varies from location to location depending upon the climate condition of the siteNo.ofPVpanelsneeded=watt−peak/panelratingTotalwattofappliances=Σwattofappliances(iii)
Inverter size should be larger than 25-30% of the total watt of appliancesBatterycapacityAh=totalwatt−hourperday∗daysofautonomy(iv)
Battery loss∗DOD∗nominal battery voltageChargecontrollerrating=totalshort‐circuitcurrentofPVarray∗1.3(v)
Solar panels adjust on an aluminum frame; there are 3 frames on the rooftop with an angle inclination (182 degree south or zero degree north). Each frame consists of two 250-watt solar panels


## 3.6.1. PV System Designing

(1)ØPowerconsumptionwho/day=Σwattofappliances∗hoursused.PVpanelcapacityWp=totalpowerconsumption∗1.5/powergenerationfactor(i)
Here,1.5=energyloss in the system(ii)
Power generation factor (PGF) is used in calculating PV panel size, and it varies from location to location depending upon the climate condition of the siteNo.ofPVpanelsneeded=watt−peak/panelratingTotalwattofappliances=Σwattofappliances(iii)
Inverter size should be larger than 25-30% of the total watt of appliancesBatterycapacityAh=totalwatt−hourperday∗daysofautonomy(iv)
Battery loss∗DOD∗nominal battery voltageChargecontrollerrating=totalshort‐circuitcurrentofPVarray∗1.3(v)
Solar panels adjust on an aluminum frame; there are 3 frames on the rooftop with an angle inclination (182 degree south or zero degree north). Each frame consists of two 250-watt solar panels


## 3.7. Capacity

The capacity of the building is 1500 watts for buildings 1, 2, and 4 whereas building no. 2 is 2000 watts.Depending on the power of the building, we have different no. of panels for each building as follows:No. of panels for 1500 Wbuildings=1500/250=6 panelsNo. of panels for 2000 Wbuildings=2000/250=8 panels.Thus, buildings 1, 2, and 4 have six monocrystalline solar panels whereas building 4 has 8 panels.


## 4. Result and Discussion

The process is done based on a collaborative sharing system of individuals where each of them would share the electricity load. This collaborative sharing model is highly recommendable to dig maximum benefits out of solar energy. The leading prospect of this project is the collaborative sharing of the energy where the surplus light of each house would be traveled to the houses with less light comparatively. This could be rated as the foremost emerging business model as well.


### 4.1. Decentralized Integrated System

This system has worked on the principle of a collaborative sharing mechanism as the buildings are integrated. Due to integration, there will be no wastage of electricity. These buildings share the extra amount of electricity that will be recorded by our decentralized solar energy system. In this way, there is maximum usage of solar electricity.


#### 4.1.1. Good Business Model

Due to maximum usage of energy and cost minimization, this system is a good individual and industrial business model. Similarly, it has maximum efficiency and a minimum lifetime of 25 years when the load is 80%.


#### 4.1.2. Surplus Power Generation and Utilization

Our system has efficiently recorded the power generation and utilization by all the buildings. Similarly, any building has surplus power that will also show in our record. The following figure shows the complete data including power generation, utilization, and surplus power. There are energy meters attached to each home in the entire building and an energy meter overall for a building. These meters calculate records of energy used, and an overall meter calculates the energy produces utilized and surplus power. Similarly, there is also a recording unit shared by a building with another building. Due to the integrated system, the surplus power is shared between all the buildings depending upon their requirements and is recorded by our system. Smart integrated decentralization is a business model; it is a billing mechanism that credits solar energy system owners for the electricity they add to the other buildings due to a collaborative sharing mechanism. For example, on the off chance that a private client has a PV framework on their rooftop, it might create more power than the home uses during sunlight hours.How much does a smart integrated decentralized solar energy system saves consumers?To help clients understand how much they will save from this system, we are providing a simple formula to calculate your savings.(2)Savingformula:solarpanelsinstalledwatts×surpluspowerperdayunits×electricityunitrateRs..Installing 1000-watt (250watt×4pcs) solar panels (A1 brand) by applying the power factor of 1.5∗1000=1500watts250watt×6pcs will generate consumers an average of 4,000 watts per day; this equals savings of 4 electricity WAPDA units per day as shown in Figure 5.Figure 5
Building’s behavior capacity.Similarly, installing 2000-watt solar panels will generate consumers (A1 brand) by applying the power an average of 7425 watts per day; this equals to savings of 7.4 electricity WAPDA units per day on average. However, solar power generation is likely to increase during summers when we receive a sample amount of sunshine.


### 4.2. Collaborative Sharing Financial Model

The recent electricity bill of Islamabad Electric Supply Company (IESCO) WAPDA is calculated. The calculated weight of consumed units is as follows: they consumed three hundred units that were rated at Rs.10.20 per unit, and seventy-one units were calculated at Rs.17.60 per unit. According to these calculations, the total sum was Rs.4309.6. These readings are excluding the taxes yet. It means that the WAPDA bill has quite different ratings every month. And if we include the taxes in these readings, we get the total amount of Rs.5707. This entire calculation is considered to aware the consumer that the WAPDA bill deviates every month. Per unit, the rate is increased as well. If we divide the total amount of Rs.5707 by the total unit consumed 371, we can get a per unit cost that is Rs.15.23. If we compare the WAPDA rate with my introduced decentralized solar energy system, the WAPDA rate is much higher. I have fixed the rate at Rs.10 per unit in my newly launched business model. There will be no additional charges, duty charges, or hidden taxes. So, the electricity I am selling at the fixed rate of Rs.10 per unit is ridiculously cheap in the market. This low-cost electricity is available at your doorstep that you can share according to the collaborative sharing basis that will not range any certain variable.This financial model included the comparison of WAPDA electricity bills which were chosen from the IESCO market with my proposed cost per unit. These calculations are to make sure that proposed system is much better than WAPDA system.


#### 4.2.1. Collaborating on Sharing Electricity Billings Monthly Basic

Table1 explains the process through which the consumers will utilize the electricity on a collaborative sharing basis. Building one is generating 266 kWh electricity, consuming 138 kWh with the surplus electricity of 128 kWh. If we look at the remaining surplus electricity, its reading is 16 kWh. Coming towards the second building, it is generating 245 kWh power; its electricity consumption is 357 kWh, and the required electricity is 112 kWh. As building two has less power generation in comparison to building 1, the electricity load of building 2 is greater than its generation, so required 112 kWh. Building one will share 112 units with building 2. The total bill will be paid by building two at the end of the month which is calculated at Rs.1120 according to the fixed per unit rate of Rs.10. Building three is generating 354 kWh, its electricity consumption is 454 kWh, and the required electricity is 100 kWh which is not enough for building 3 so it will fulfill its need from building 4 by sharing 100 kWh, whereas building four generates 225 kWh units and its consumption is 100 kWh with the surplus light of 125 kWh. A remaining surplus would be 25 kWh, and the total bill will be paid by building three which is calculated to be Rs.1000.Table 1
Collaborating on sharing electricity bills.
Collaborating on sharing electricity billings monthly basisSr.#BuildingsElectricity generation (kWh)Electricity consumed (kWh)Required electricity (kWh)Surplus electricity (kWh)Shared electricity (kWh)Remaining surplus electricity (kWh)Total billunits∗10=RS PKR1B1266138128162B2245357112B1 shared 112 units with B21,1203B3354454100B4 shared 100 units with B310004B422510012525


### 4.3. TMY File and Irradiance

Taking the exact data of Taxila and attached a TMY file with it and checked the irradiance of Taxila. According to that irradiance, we have installed the setup, and our performance is based upon that. I have compared the Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) to find out the actual performance of buildings. That comparison is shown in the graphs.


#### 4.3.1. Performance of Building 1 w.r.t GHI

Providing the load on the system of building 1 and due to irradiance, the performance of the building is as follows: here, on thex-axis, we have irradiance (GHI), and on the y-axis, we have a performance of the building concerning the GHI.This graph explains the performance of Figure6 concerning irradiance.Figure 6
Performance of building 1 GHI.


#### 4.3.2. Performance of Building 2 w.r.t GHI

This graph explains the performance of building 2 concerning irradiance (Figure7).Figure 7
Performance of building 2 GHI.


#### 4.3.3. Performance of Building 3 w.r.t GHI

Similarly, like other buildings, by providing the load on the system of building 3 and due to irradiance, the performance of the building is as follows: here, on thex-axis, we have irradiance (GHI), and on the y-axis, we have a performance of building concerning the GHI.This graph explains the performance of building (Figure8) concerning irradiance.Figure 8
Performance of building 3 w.r.t GHI.


#### 4.3.4. Performance of Building 4 w.r.t GHI

This graph explains the performance of building 9 concerning irradiance (Figure9).Figure 9
Performance of building 4 w.r.t GHI.


### 4.4. Building Performance on Hourly Basis

During the measurement of the performance of buildings, I also have calculated their performance on an hourly basis for a day. It is a one-day generation of solar panels according to the impact of irradiance of the TMY file. The following graphs explain the performance of the building on an hourly basis of a day.


#### 4.4.1. Performance of Building 1 on an Hourly Basis

This graph explains the B1 performance of a day on an hourly basis (Figure10).Figure 10
Performance of building 1 on hourly basis.


#### 4.4.2. Performance of Building 2 on an Hourly Basis

This graph explains the B2 performance of a day on an hourly basis (Figure11).Figure 11
Performance of building 2 on hourly basis.


#### 4.4.3. Performance of Building 3 on an Hourly Basis

This graph explains the B3 performance of a day on an hourly basis (Figure12).Figure 12
Performance of building 3 on hourly basis.


#### 4.4.4. Performance of Building 4 on an Hourly Basis

This graph explains the B4 performance of a day on an hourly basis (Figure13).Figure 13
Performance of building 4 on hourly basis.Societies can be made more cost-effective by using this smart integrated decentralized solar energy system; people will get the benefit of using cheap electricity at their doorstep. By implementing the strategies of solar energy systems in small networks, the society will get a chance to buy the cheapest electricity in the town at the fixed rate of Rs.10 per unit (kWh) which will inspire a better idea of electricity consumption at a lower rate.


## 4.1. Decentralized Integrated System

This system has worked on the principle of a collaborative sharing mechanism as the buildings are integrated. Due to integration, there will be no wastage of electricity. These buildings share the extra amount of electricity that will be recorded by our decentralized solar energy system. In this way, there is maximum usage of solar electricity.


### 4.1.1. Good Business Model

Due to maximum usage of energy and cost minimization, this system is a good individual and industrial business model. Similarly, it has maximum efficiency and a minimum lifetime of 25 years when the load is 80%.


### 4.1.2. Surplus Power Generation and Utilization

Our system has efficiently recorded the power generation and utilization by all the buildings. Similarly, any building has surplus power that will also show in our record. The following figure shows the complete data including power generation, utilization, and surplus power. There are energy meters attached to each home in the entire building and an energy meter overall for a building. These meters calculate records of energy used, and an overall meter calculates the energy produces utilized and surplus power. Similarly, there is also a recording unit shared by a building with another building. Due to the integrated system, the surplus power is shared between all the buildings depending upon their requirements and is recorded by our system. Smart integrated decentralization is a business model; it is a billing mechanism that credits solar energy system owners for the electricity they add to the other buildings due to a collaborative sharing mechanism. For example, on the off chance that a private client has a PV framework on their rooftop, it might create more power than the home uses during sunlight hours.How much does a smart integrated decentralized solar energy system saves consumers?To help clients understand how much they will save from this system, we are providing a simple formula to calculate your savings.(2)Savingformula:solarpanelsinstalledwatts×surpluspowerperdayunits×electricityunitrateRs..Installing 1000-watt (250watt×4pcs) solar panels (A1 brand) by applying the power factor of 1.5∗1000=1500watts250watt×6pcs will generate consumers an average of 4,000 watts per day; this equals savings of 4 electricity WAPDA units per day as shown in Figure 5.Figure 5
Building’s behavior capacity.Similarly, installing 2000-watt solar panels will generate consumers (A1 brand) by applying the power an average of 7425 watts per day; this equals to savings of 7.4 electricity WAPDA units per day on average. However, solar power generation is likely to increase during summers when we receive a sample amount of sunshine.


## 4.1.1. Good Business Model

Due to maximum usage of energy and cost minimization, this system is a good individual and industrial business model. Similarly, it has maximum efficiency and a minimum lifetime of 25 years when the load is 80%.


## 4.1.2. Surplus Power Generation and Utilization

Our system has efficiently recorded the power generation and utilization by all the buildings. Similarly, any building has surplus power that will also show in our record. The following figure shows the complete data including power generation, utilization, and surplus power. There are energy meters attached to each home in the entire building and an energy meter overall for a building. These meters calculate records of energy used, and an overall meter calculates the energy produces utilized and surplus power. Similarly, there is also a recording unit shared by a building with another building. Due to the integrated system, the surplus power is shared between all the buildings depending upon their requirements and is recorded by our system. Smart integrated decentralization is a business model; it is a billing mechanism that credits solar energy system owners for the electricity they add to the other buildings due to a collaborative sharing mechanism. For example, on the off chance that a private client has a PV framework on their rooftop, it might create more power than the home uses during sunlight hours.How much does a smart integrated decentralized solar energy system saves consumers?To help clients understand how much they will save from this system, we are providing a simple formula to calculate your savings.(2)Savingformula:solarpanelsinstalledwatts×surpluspowerperdayunits×electricityunitrateRs..Installing 1000-watt (250watt×4pcs) solar panels (A1 brand) by applying the power factor of 1.5∗1000=1500watts250watt×6pcs will generate consumers an average of 4,000 watts per day; this equals savings of 4 electricity WAPDA units per day as shown in Figure 5.Figure 5
Building’s behavior capacity.Similarly, installing 2000-watt solar panels will generate consumers (A1 brand) by applying the power an average of 7425 watts per day; this equals to savings of 7.4 electricity WAPDA units per day on average. However, solar power generation is likely to increase during summers when we receive a sample amount of sunshine.


## 4.2. Collaborative Sharing Financial Model

The recent electricity bill of Islamabad Electric Supply Company (IESCO) WAPDA is calculated. The calculated weight of consumed units is as follows: they consumed three hundred units that were rated at Rs.10.20 per unit, and seventy-one units were calculated at Rs.17.60 per unit. According to these calculations, the total sum was Rs.4309.6. These readings are excluding the taxes yet. It means that the WAPDA bill has quite different ratings every month. And if we include the taxes in these readings, we get the total amount of Rs.5707. This entire calculation is considered to aware the consumer that the WAPDA bill deviates every month. Per unit, the rate is increased as well. If we divide the total amount of Rs.5707 by the total unit consumed 371, we can get a per unit cost that is Rs.15.23. If we compare the WAPDA rate with my introduced decentralized solar energy system, the WAPDA rate is much higher. I have fixed the rate at Rs.10 per unit in my newly launched business model. There will be no additional charges, duty charges, or hidden taxes. So, the electricity I am selling at the fixed rate of Rs.10 per unit is ridiculously cheap in the market. This low-cost electricity is available at your doorstep that you can share according to the collaborative sharing basis that will not range any certain variable.This financial model included the comparison of WAPDA electricity bills which were chosen from the IESCO market with my proposed cost per unit. These calculations are to make sure that proposed system is much better than WAPDA system.


### 4.2.1. Collaborating on Sharing Electricity Billings Monthly Basic

Table1 explains the process through which the consumers will utilize the electricity on a collaborative sharing basis. Building one is generating 266 kWh electricity, consuming 138 kWh with the surplus electricity of 128 kWh. If we look at the remaining surplus electricity, its reading is 16 kWh. Coming towards the second building, it is generating 245 kWh power; its electricity consumption is 357 kWh, and the required electricity is 112 kWh. As building two has less power generation in comparison to building 1, the electricity load of building 2 is greater than its generation, so required 112 kWh. Building one will share 112 units with building 2. The total bill will be paid by building two at the end of the month which is calculated at Rs.1120 according to the fixed per unit rate of Rs.10. Building three is generating 354 kWh, its electricity consumption is 454 kWh, and the required electricity is 100 kWh which is not enough for building 3 so it will fulfill its need from building 4 by sharing 100 kWh, whereas building four generates 225 kWh units and its consumption is 100 kWh with the surplus light of 125 kWh. A remaining surplus would be 25 kWh, and the total bill will be paid by building three which is calculated to be Rs.1000.Table 1
Collaborating on sharing electricity bills.
Collaborating on sharing electricity billings monthly basisSr.#BuildingsElectricity generation (kWh)Electricity consumed (kWh)Required electricity (kWh)Surplus electricity (kWh)Shared electricity (kWh)Remaining surplus electricity (kWh)Total billunits∗10=RS PKR1B1266138128162B2245357112B1 shared 112 units with B21,1203B3354454100B4 shared 100 units with B310004B422510012525


## 4.2.1. Collaborating on Sharing Electricity Billings Monthly Basic

Table1 explains the process through which the consumers will utilize the electricity on a collaborative sharing basis. Building one is generating 266 kWh electricity, consuming 138 kWh with the surplus electricity of 128 kWh. If we look at the remaining surplus electricity, its reading is 16 kWh. Coming towards the second building, it is generating 245 kWh power; its electricity consumption is 357 kWh, and the required electricity is 112 kWh. As building two has less power generation in comparison to building 1, the electricity load of building 2 is greater than its generation, so required 112 kWh. Building one will share 112 units with building 2. The total bill will be paid by building two at the end of the month which is calculated at Rs.1120 according to the fixed per unit rate of Rs.10. Building three is generating 354 kWh, its electricity consumption is 454 kWh, and the required electricity is 100 kWh which is not enough for building 3 so it will fulfill its need from building 4 by sharing 100 kWh, whereas building four generates 225 kWh units and its consumption is 100 kWh with the surplus light of 125 kWh. A remaining surplus would be 25 kWh, and the total bill will be paid by building three which is calculated to be Rs.1000.Table 1
Collaborating on sharing electricity bills.
Collaborating on sharing electricity billings monthly basisSr.#BuildingsElectricity generation (kWh)Electricity consumed (kWh)Required electricity (kWh)Surplus electricity (kWh)Shared electricity (kWh)Remaining surplus electricity (kWh)Total billunits∗10=RS PKR1B1266138128162B2245357112B1 shared 112 units with B21,1203B3354454100B4 shared 100 units with B310004B422510012525


## 4.3. TMY File and Irradiance

Taking the exact data of Taxila and attached a TMY file with it and checked the irradiance of Taxila. According to that irradiance, we have installed the setup, and our performance is based upon that. I have compared the Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) to find out the actual performance of buildings. That comparison is shown in the graphs.


### 4.3.1. Performance of Building 1 w.r.t GHI

Providing the load on the system of building 1 and due to irradiance, the performance of the building is as follows: here, on thex-axis, we have irradiance (GHI), and on the y-axis, we have a performance of the building concerning the GHI.This graph explains the performance of Figure6 concerning irradiance.Figure 6
Performance of building 1 GHI.


### 4.3.2. Performance of Building 2 w.r.t GHI

This graph explains the performance of building 2 concerning irradiance (Figure7).Figure 7
Performance of building 2 GHI.


### 4.3.3. Performance of Building 3 w.r.t GHI

Similarly, like other buildings, by providing the load on the system of building 3 and due to irradiance, the performance of the building is as follows: here, on thex-axis, we have irradiance (GHI), and on the y-axis, we have a performance of building concerning the GHI.This graph explains the performance of building (Figure8) concerning irradiance.Figure 8
Performance of building 3 w.r.t GHI.


### 4.3.4. Performance of Building 4 w.r.t GHI

This graph explains the performance of building 9 concerning irradiance (Figure9).Figure 9
Performance of building 4 w.r.t GHI.


## 4.3.1. Performance of Building 1 w.r.t GHI

Providing the load on the system of building 1 and due to irradiance, the performance of the building is as follows: here, on thex-axis, we have irradiance (GHI), and on the y-axis, we have a performance of the building concerning the GHI.This graph explains the performance of Figure6 concerning irradiance.Figure 6
Performance of building 1 GHI.


## 4.3.2. Performance of Building 2 w.r.t GHI

This graph explains the performance of building 2 concerning irradiance (Figure7).Figure 7
Performance of building 2 GHI.


## 4.3.3. Performance of Building 3 w.r.t GHI

Similarly, like other buildings, by providing the load on the system of building 3 and due to irradiance, the performance of the building is as follows: here, on thex-axis, we have irradiance (GHI), and on the y-axis, we have a performance of building concerning the GHI.This graph explains the performance of building (Figure8) concerning irradiance.Figure 8
Performance of building 3 w.r.t GHI.


## 4.3.4. Performance of Building 4 w.r.t GHI

This graph explains the performance of building 9 concerning irradiance (Figure9).Figure 9
Performance of building 4 w.r.t GHI.


## 4.4. Building Performance on Hourly Basis

During the measurement of the performance of buildings, I also have calculated their performance on an hourly basis for a day. It is a one-day generation of solar panels according to the impact of irradiance of the TMY file. The following graphs explain the performance of the building on an hourly basis of a day.


### 4.4.1. Performance of Building 1 on an Hourly Basis

This graph explains the B1 performance of a day on an hourly basis (Figure10).Figure 10
Performance of building 1 on hourly basis.


### 4.4.2. Performance of Building 2 on an Hourly Basis

This graph explains the B2 performance of a day on an hourly basis (Figure11).Figure 11
Performance of building 2 on hourly basis.


### 4.4.3. Performance of Building 3 on an Hourly Basis

This graph explains the B3 performance of a day on an hourly basis (Figure12).Figure 12
Performance of building 3 on hourly basis.


### 4.4.4. Performance of Building 4 on an Hourly Basis

This graph explains the B4 performance of a day on an hourly basis (Figure13).Figure 13
Performance of building 4 on hourly basis.Societies can be made more cost-effective by using this smart integrated decentralized solar energy system; people will get the benefit of using cheap electricity at their doorstep. By implementing the strategies of solar energy systems in small networks, the society will get a chance to buy the cheapest electricity in the town at the fixed rate of Rs.10 per unit (kWh) which will inspire a better idea of electricity consumption at a lower rate.


## 4.4.1. Performance of Building 1 on an Hourly Basis

This graph explains the B1 performance of a day on an hourly basis (Figure10).Figure 10
Performance of building 1 on hourly basis.


## 4.4.2. Performance of Building 2 on an Hourly Basis

This graph explains the B2 performance of a day on an hourly basis (Figure11).Figure 11
Performance of building 2 on hourly basis.


## 4.4.3. Performance of Building 3 on an Hourly Basis

This graph explains the B3 performance of a day on an hourly basis (Figure12).Figure 12
Performance of building 3 on hourly basis.


## 4.4.4. Performance of Building 4 on an Hourly Basis

This graph explains the B4 performance of a day on an hourly basis (Figure13).Figure 13
Performance of building 4 on hourly basis.Societies can be made more cost-effective by using this smart integrated decentralized solar energy system; people will get the benefit of using cheap electricity at their doorstep. By implementing the strategies of solar energy systems in small networks, the society will get a chance to buy the cheapest electricity in the town at the fixed rate of Rs.10 per unit (kWh) which will inspire a better idea of electricity consumption at a lower rate.


## 5. Conclusion

I started comparing among the unit consumers monthly and yearly for 2018 and 2019. After this field, study data also calculated the unit’s prices of WAPDA with a comparison of our system. The Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller has been used in this project. This microcontroller is used for this system for data monitoring and data recording and working efficiently for surplus light and shared with other buildings. The leading prospect of this project is the collaborative sharing of the energy where the surplus light of each house would be traveled to the houses with less light comparatively. This could be rated as the foremost emerging business model as well.The generation of kWh from this decentralized integrated solar energy system and the working process of the system are listed below:(i)
The basic reason and working process is to read out the power generated and then deliver this information to the controller(ii)
All that process will resume after judging, monitoring, and specifying the data(iii)
Some relay switches deal with the function of monitoring the data inflow and outflow on the meter(iv)
After that, the energy will be traveled to the house where there would be a need for extra units through these relay switchesIntegrated decentralized solar energy system will offer cheaper and fixed electricity rates than regular market rates offered by WAPDA to the layperson which will create a massive change in the electricity bills. The power will be generated and utilized by all the buildings. Similarly, if any building has surplus power that will also be shown in our record, it will be shared with the required house that will have less electricity generation. Due to maximum usage of energy and cost minimization, this system is a good industrial business model.



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*Source: 9311686-2022-08-25.xml*