# A Class of Trigonometric Bernstein-Type Basis Functions with Four Shape Parameters

Authors: Yuanpeng Zhu; Zhuo Liu
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2019)

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## Abstract

In this work, a family of four new trigonometric Bernstein-type basis functions with four shape parameters is constructed, which form a normalized basis with optimal total positivity. Based on the new basis functions, a kind of trigonometric Bézier-type curves with four shape parameters, analogous to the cubic Bézier curves, is constructed. With appropriate choices of control points and shape parameters, the resulting trigonometric Bézier-type curves can represent exactly any arc of an ellipse or parabola. The four shape parameters have tension control roles on adjusting the shape of resulting curves. Moreover, a new corner cutting algorithm is also proposed for calculating the trigonometric Bézier-type curves stably and efficiently.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In computer aided geometric design and computer graphics, parametric curves and surfaces are often expressed by linearly combining control points and basis functions. Generally speaking, basis functions with good properties play a vital role in parametric curves and surfaces design. For instance, if the basis functions have partition of unity, nonnegativity, and total positivity, the resulting parametric curves will possess affine invariance property, convex hull property, and variation diminishing property, which are important in curves design. In engineering, the classical B-spline basis functions have been widely applied in modeling parametric curves; see [1, 2]. However, with the fixed knot vectors, the shape of B-spline curves is determined totally by their control points. One may use the weights in the nonuniform rational B-spline curves to modify the shape of the resulting parametric curves; however, rational form may be unstable and its derivatives and integrals are hard to compute.In order to adjust the shape of the parametric curves flexibly, some basis functions with shape parameters have been proposed; see [3–5]. These methods have a common idea that new basis functions are constructed by incorporating shape parameters into the classical Bézier or B-spline basis functions. In [6, 7], quadratic and cubic trigonometric Bernstein-type basis functions with shape parameters were shown. In [8], a kind of cubic trigonometric Bernstein-type basis functions possessing two shape parameters was presented, which includes the cubic trigonometric Bernstein-type basis functions with a shape parameter given in [6] as a special case. In [9], shape analysis of the cubic trigonometric Bézier-type curve with a shape parameter given in [6] was presented by using the theory of envelop and topological mapping. Later, in [10], the totally positive property of the cubic trigonometric Bernstein-type basis functions with two shape parameters given in [8] was proved, which implies that the cubic trigonometric Bernstein-type basis with two shape parameters is suitable for conformal design. Recently, a class of cubic trigonometric nonuniform B-spline basis functions having a local shape parameter was proposed in [11], which is an extension of the cubic trigonometric nonuniform spline basis functions with a global shape parameter given in [6]. In [12], a class of C-Bézier basis of the space span{1,t,sin⁡t,cos⁡t} was constructed, where the length of the interval serves as shape parameter. Later, in [13], geometric interpretation of the change of the shape parameter on C-Bézier curves was given. In [14], it was proved that the critical length for the span{1,t,sin⁡t,cos⁡t} is 2π, which implies that in the span{1,t,sin⁡t,cos⁡t}, Extended Complete Chebyshev- (ECC-) system exists only on interval of length less than 2π. Later, in [15], it was shown that this restriction can be overcome by replacing ECC-system with the Canonical Complete Chebyshev- (CCC-) system.For controlling the parametric curves efficiently, basis functions with tension shape parameters have aroused great interest among the researchers. In [16], a class of polynomial splines with variable degree was constructed in the space spanned by span{1,t,(1-t)p,tq}, in which p and q serve as tension shape parameters. In [17, 18], it was proved that the polynomial splines with variable degree form a Quasi Extended Chebyshev- (QEC-) system. Later, in [19], the approximation power, the existence of a normalized B-basis, and the structure of a degree-raising process for spaces of the form {1,t,t2,…,tn-2,u(t),v(t)} were given. Within the general framework of QEC-system, the dimension elevation algorithm for the space {1,t,t2,…,tn-2,(1-t)p,tq} was studied via blossom theory; see [20–23]. Recently, in [24], the total positivity of the polynomial splines with variable degree was proved based on the theory of CCC-systems. The variable degree polynomial splines have been widely used for constructing shape preserving interpolation and approximation splines; see [25–27]. In [28], based on some truncated polynomial functions, the explicit representations of changeable degree spline basis functions were given. In [29], a kind of five trigonometric blending functions with two exponential shape parameters α and β was proposed in the space spanned by span{1,sin⁡t(1-sin⁡t)α-1,cos⁡t(1-cos⁡t)β-1,(1-sin⁡t)α,(1-cos⁡t)β}. Later, in [30], a generalization of these five trigonometric blending functions was presented. Some exponential splines and rational splines with tension shape parameters have also developed for curve design, see [31–33] for example. Recently, four trigonometric Bernstein-type basis functions of the space spanned by span{1,sin2t,(1-sin⁡t)α,(1-cos⁡t)β} were constructed in [34], which form a normalized basis with optimal total positivity. In [35], a family of rational trigonometric basis functions with denominator shape parameters of the space spanned by span1,sin2t,1-sin⁡t2/1+α-2sin⁡t,1-cos⁡t2/1+β-2cos⁡t was shown.The purpose of this paper is to present four new trigonometric Bernstein-type basis functions constructed in the space spanned by span{1,sin2t,(1-sin⁡t)α(1-λsin⁡t),(1-cos⁡t)β(1-μcos⁡t)}, which form a normalized optimal totally positive basis and include the bases given in [6–8, 34] as special cases. The parametric curves constructed by this new basis have shape preserving property. The four shape parameters α, β, λ, and μ have tension control property on modifying the shape of parametric curves. Compared with the four polynomial Bernstein-type basis functions with variable degree constructed in the space span1,t,(1-t)n,tm ( see [16]), the new constructed trigonometric Bernstein-type basis functions have more computation complexity for the same degree, while any arc of an ellipse or parabola can be represented exactly by using the new trigonometric Bernstein-type basis functions. And compared with the four rational trigonometric basis functions with two denominator shape parameters constructed in the space spanned by span1,sin2t,1-sin⁡t2/1+α-2sin⁡t,1-cos⁡t2/1+β-2cos⁡t (see [35]), the new constructed trigonometric Bernstein-type basis functions possess four shape parameters and thus have more flexibility in free-form curves shape design.The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section2, the construction and properties of the trigonometric Bernstein-type basis functions are given. Section 3 gives the definition and properties of the trigonometric Bézier-type curves. For computing the trigonometric Bézier-type curves stably and efficiently, a new corner cutting algorithm is developed. Comparison between the trigonometric Bézier-type curves and the variable degree Bézier polynomial curves given in [16] is shown. And tensor product Bézier-type patches are also shown. Conclusions are given in Section 4.


## 2. Trigonometric Bernstein-Type Basis Functions

### 2.1. Construction of Trigonometric Bernstein-Type Basis Functions

For arbitrary real numbersα,β∈[2,+∞),λ∈(-α,1],μ∈(-β,1], t∈0,π/2, a new family of trigonometric Bernstein-type basis functions will be constructed in the space (1)Tα,β,λ,μ≔span1,sin2t,1-sin⁡tα1-λsin⁡t,1-cos⁡tβ1-μcos⁡t. The corresponding mother-function is given as follows:(2)Φt≔sin2t,1-sin⁡tα1-λsin⁡t,1-cos⁡tβ1-μcos⁡t,t∈0,π2.We shall prove the totally positive property of the new basis functions by using the theory of Quasi Extended Chebyshev (QEC) space. The related concepts concerning ECC-space, QEC-space, blossom, and Quasi Bernstein-type basis can be found in [17, 18, 20–23, 34].In the following theorem, we will show that the following space(3)DTα,β,λ,μ≔span2sin⁡tcos⁡t,-cos⁡t1-sin⁡tα-1α1-λsin⁡t+λ1-sin⁡t,sin⁡t1-cos⁡tβ-1β1-μcos⁡t+μ1-cos⁡tis a 3-dimensional QEC-space on t∈[0,π/2].Theorem 1.
For any real numbersα,β∈[2,+∞),λ∈(-α,1],μ∈(-β,1], the space Tα,β,λ,μ is a 3-dimensional QEC-space on [0,π/2].Proof.
For anyξi∈R, t∈[0,π/2], we consider a linear combination(4)ξ02sin⁡tcos⁡t-ξ1cos⁡t1-sin⁡tα-1α1-λsin⁡t+λ1-sin⁡t+ξ2sin⁡t1-cos⁡tβ-1β1-μcos⁡t+μ1-cos⁡t=0.
From (4), for t=0 and t=π/2, we have ξ1=0 and ξ2=0, respectively. It follows that ξ0=0. Thus we can see that the space DTα,β,λ,μ is a 3-dimensional space.
We will prove that the spaceDTα,β,λ,μ forms a QEC-space on [0,π/2] by two steps. In the first step, we prove that the space DTα,β,λ,μ forms an ECC-space in (0,π/2). For any t∈[a,b]⊂(0,π/2), let (5)ut=-α1-sin⁡tα-11-λsin⁡t-λ1-sin⁡tαsin⁡t′=cos⁡t1-sin⁡tα-2α+λ+α+λα-2sin⁡t+λ1-α2sin2tsin2t, and(6)vt=β1-cos⁡tβ-11-μcos⁡t+μ1-cos⁡tβcos⁡t′=sin⁡t1-cos⁡tβ-2β+μ+β+μβ-2cos⁡t+μ1-β2cos2tcos2t.
Both the two functionsu(t) and v(t) are positive on any subinterval [a,b]⊂(0,π/2). In fact, for A∈[2,+∞),B∈(-A,1] and x∈(0,1), consider the following quadratic function: (7)Qx=A+B+A+BA-2x+B1-A2x2. For A∈[2,+∞), B∈(0,1], notice that B(1-A2)<0; we have (8)minx∈0,1Qx>min⁡Q0,Q1=min⁡A+B,1-BAA-1>0.Furthermore, for A∈[2,+∞), B∈(-A,0], x∈(0,1), direct computation gives that (9)Q′x=A+BA-2+2B1-A2x>Q′0=A+BB-2≥0.From this together with Q(0)=A+B>0, we can see that Q(x)>0 for any x∈(0,1). These imply that Q(x)>0 for any A∈[2,+∞),B∈(-A,1] and x∈(0,1). Thus we can see that u(t)>0 and v(t)>0 for any t∈[a,b]⊂(0,π/2).
Forα,β∈[2,+∞),λ∈(-α,1],μ∈(-β,1], by directly computing, we get (10)u′t=-1sin3tsin2t1-sin⁡tα-1λ1-sin⁡t+α1-λsin⁡t+αsin3t1-sin⁡tα-22λ1-sin⁡t+α-11-λsin⁡t+αα-1sin2tcos2t1-sin⁡tα-33λ1-sin⁡t+α-21-λsin⁡t+2αsin⁡tcos2t1-sin⁡tα-22λ1-sin⁡t+α-11-λsin⁡t+2cos2t1-sin⁡tα-1λ1-sin⁡t+α1-λsin⁡t<0,v′t=1cos3tcos2t1-cos⁡tβ-1μ1-cos⁡t+β1-μcos⁡t+βcos⁡t31-cos⁡tβ-22μ1-cos⁡t+β-11-μcos⁡t+ββ-1sin2tcos2t1-cos⁡tβ-33μ1-cos⁡t+β-21-μcos⁡t+2βsin2tcos⁡t1-cos⁡tβ-22μ1-cos⁡t+β-1μcos⁡t-1+2sin2tcos⁡t1-cos⁡tβ-1μ1-cos⁡t+β1-μcos⁡t>0. It follows that the Wronskian of u(t) and v(t) is positive in [a,b], that is, (11)Wu,vt=utv′t-u′tvt>0,∀t∈a,b. For any A>0, B>0, C>0, and t∈[a,b], we consider the following three weight functions: (12)w0t=2sin⁡tcos⁡t,w1t=Aut+Bvt,w2t=CWu,vtAut+Bvt2.Obviously, all the three weight functions wi(t), i=0,1,2 are C∞, positive and bounded on [a,b]. For the following ECC-space defined by the three weight functions wi(t), i=0,1,2, (13)u0t=w0t,u1t=w0t∫atw1t1dt1,u2t=w0t∫atw1t1∫at1w2t2dt2dt1,after some simple computation, we can see that all the three functions u0(t), u1(t), and u2(t) can be expressed as the forms of some linear combinations of the three functions 2sin⁡tcos⁡t, -cos⁡t(1-sin⁡t)α-1α(1-λsin⁡t)+λ(1-sin⁡t), sin⁡t(1-cos⁡t)β-1β(1-μcos⁡t)+μ(1-cos⁡t), which implies that the space DTα,β,λ,μ is an ECC-space on [a,b]. Since [a,b] are arbitrary subinterval of (0,π/2), we can further conclude that the space DTα,β,λ,μ is an ECC-space in (0,π/2).
In the second step, we further prove that the spaceDTα,β,λ,μ forms a QEC-space on [0,π/2]. To this end, we need to prove that any nonzero element of the space DTα,β,λ,μ has at most 2 roots on [0,π/2] (keep it in mind that in a QEC-space, we count multiplicities as far as possible up to 2). Consider any nonzero function (14)Gt=C02sin⁡tcos⁡t+C1-cos⁡t1-sin⁡tα-1α1-λsin⁡t+λ1-sin⁡t+C2sin⁡t1-cos⁡tβ-1β1-μcos⁡t+μ1-cos⁡t,where t∈[0,π/2]. Since the space DTα,β,λ,μ is an ECC-space in (0,π/2), G(t) has at most two roots in (0,π/2). Suppose that the function G(t) has a root at 0; then we get C1=0. In this case, if C2=0, then G(t) has a singular root at 0 and a singular root at π/2. If C0=0, we can check that 0 is a double root of G(t) (we count multiplicities as far as possible up to 2). If C0C2>0, G(t) has singular one root at 0 and it does not vanish anywhere on (0,π/2]. If C0C2<0, G(t) has singular one root at 0 and it does not vanish at π/2. Moreover, for the following function (15)Kt≔2C0cos⁡t+C21-cos⁡tβ-1β1-μcos⁡t+μ1-cos⁡t, by directly computing, we obtain (16)K′t=-2C0sin⁡t+C2βsin⁡t1-cos⁡tβ-2μβ+11-cos⁡t+β-11-μcos⁡t≥0,and it follows that K(t) is a monotone increasing function on [0,π/2]. From these together with K(0)K(π/2)=2C0C2β+μ<0, we can see that K(t) has exactly singular one root in (0,π/2); thus we can immediately conclude that G(t)=sin⁡tK(t) (notice that C1=0 for the current case) has exactly one root in (0,π/2). Similarly, for the case that G(t) has a root at π/2, we can also derive that the function G(t) has at most 2 roots on [0,π/2] (we count multiplicities as far as possible up to 2). Summarizing the above analysis, we can conclude that the space DTα,β is a QEC-space on [0,π/2].Since the spaceDTα,β,λ,μ forms a QEC-space on [0,π/2], from Theorem 3.1 of [21], we can conclude that blossom exists in Tα,β,λ,μ, which indicates that the new space Tα,β,λ,μ is suited for curve design. In addition, from Theorem 2.18 of [21], we can also know that the space Tα,β,λ,μ has a normalized basis of Quasi Bernstein-type on [0,π/2]. In the next Theorem 3, we will compute the associated Chebyshev-Bézier points of the mother-function Φ(t) defined in (2) and construct the associated trigonometric Bernstein-type basis Ti≔Ti(0,π/2) of the space Tα,β,λ,μ. Before further discussion, we want to prove the following lemma, which will be used to discuss the positivity of the trigonometric Bernstein-type basis.Lemma 2.
For anyx∈[0,1],y∈[1,+∞), the function f(x,y)=1-x2-(1-x)y(1+xy)≥0.Proof.
For anyx∈[0,1],y∈[1,+∞), direct computation that f(0,y)=0, f(1,y)=0, and f(x,1)=0. For any x∈(0,1), the function g(x)=x+ln(1-x)<0. In fact, g′(x)=x/x-1<0 and g(0)=0. Therefore, for x∈[0,1],y∈[1,+∞), we have (17)∂fx,y∂y=-1-xyx+ln⁡1-x+xyln⁡1-x>0,Thus f(x,y) increases with the increase of y for any fixed x∈(0,1). From these, for any x∈(0,1),y∈[1,+∞), we have f(x,y)≥f(x,1)=0.Theorem 3.
For anyα,β∈[2,+∞),λ∈(-α,1],μ∈(-β,1], the four Chebyshev-Bézier points Πi≔Πi(0,π/2) of the mother-function Φ(t) defined in (2) are given by(18)Π0=0,1,0,Π1=0,0,0,Π2=1,0,0,Π3=1,0,1.The four associated trigonometric Bernstein-type (TB-type for short) basis functions of the space Tα,β,λ,μ are given by(19)T0t=1-sin⁡tα1-λsin⁡t,T1t=1-sin2t-1-sin⁡tα1-λsin⁡t,T2t=1-cos2t-1-cos⁡tβ1-μcos⁡t,T3t=1-cos⁡tβ1-μcos⁡t.And the system of functions (T0(t),T1(t),T2(t),T3(t)) forms a normalized basis of the space Tα,β,λ,μ with optimal total positivity.Proof.
For arbitraryα,β∈[2,+∞),λ∈(-α,1],μ∈(-β,1], from the expression of the mother-function Φ(t) given in (2), we get (20)Φ0=0,1,0,Φπ2=1,0,1,Φ′0=0,-α-λ,0,Φ′π2=0,0,β+μ,Φ′′0=2,α2+2λα-α,0,Φ′′π2=-2,0,β2+2μβ-β. Thus, by simply computing, we get (21)Π0=Φ0=0,1,0,Π3=Φ1=1,0,1,Π1=Osc1Φ0∩Osc2Φ1=0,0,0,Π2=Osc2Φ0∩Osc1Φ1=1,0,0.For any t∈[0,π/2], from Φ(t)=∑i=03‍Ti(t)Πi, we have(22)T2t+T3t=sin2t,T0t=1-sin⁡tα1-λsin⁡t,T3t=1-cos⁡tβ1-μcos⁡t.Therefore, from (22) together with ∑i=03‍Ti(t)=1, we can easily derive the expressions of the new basis functions Ti(t), i=0,1,2,3.
It can be easily checked that the new basis functions have the following important end-point property.
(i)T0(0)=1, and T0(t) vanishes 3 times at π/2 (we count multiplicities as far as possible up to 3).
(ii)T3(π/2)=1, and T3(t) vanishes 3 times at 0 (we count multiplicities as far as possible up to 3).
(iii) Fori=1,2, Ti(t) vanishes exactly i times at 0 and exactly (3-i) times at π/2.
For anyα,β∈[2,+∞),λ∈(-α,1],μ∈(-β,1], t∈[0,π/2], it is obvious that Ti(t)≥0(i=0,3). And for T1(t), T2(t), by using the Lemma 2, we have (23)T1t=1-sin2t-1-sin⁡tα1-λsin⁡t≥1-sin2t-1-sin⁡tα1+αsin⁡t≥0.T2t=1-cos2t-1-cos⁡tα1-μcos⁡t≥1-cos2t-1-cos⁡tβ1+βcos⁡t≥0.In addition, for each 0≤i≤3, the function Ti(t) is strictly positive in (0,π/2). Thus, from Definition 2.10 of [21], we can see that the normalized trigonometric Bernstein-type basis (19) is precisely the Quasi Bernstein-type basis of the space Tα,β,λ,μ. Moreover, from Theorem 2.18 of [21], we can conclude that the normalized trigonometric Bernstein-type basis (19) is exactly the normalized basis of the space Tα,β,λ,μ restricted to [0,π/2] with optimal total positivity.Remark 4.
It is easy to check that, forα=β=2, λ=μ, the four TB-type basis functions (19) will return to the four TB-type basis functions with a shape parameter given in [6]. For α=β=1, the four TB-type basis functions (19) will return to the four TB-type basis functions with two shape parameters given in [7]. And for α=β=2, the four TB-type basis functions (19) will return to the four TB-type basis functions with two shape parameters given in [8]. Moreover, for λ=μ=0, the four TB-type basis functions (19) will return to the four TB-type basis functions with two exponential shape parameters given in [34].
From Lemma2, it is easy to see that for α,β∈[1,+∞),λ∈(-α,1],μ∈(-β,1], the four TB-type basis functions (19) also satisfy Ti(t)≥0 for any t∈[0,π/2].For convenience, we shall also denote the four TB-type basis functions asTi(t;α,β,λ,μ), i=0,1,2,3, or Ti(t;α,λ), i=0,1, Ti(t;β,μ), i=2,3. Figure 1 shows some TB-type basis functions with different shape parameters.Figure 1
TB-type basis functions with different shape parameters.


## 2.1. Construction of Trigonometric Bernstein-Type Basis Functions

For arbitrary real numbersα,β∈[2,+∞),λ∈(-α,1],μ∈(-β,1], t∈0,π/2, a new family of trigonometric Bernstein-type basis functions will be constructed in the space (1)Tα,β,λ,μ≔span1,sin2t,1-sin⁡tα1-λsin⁡t,1-cos⁡tβ1-μcos⁡t. The corresponding mother-function is given as follows:(2)Φt≔sin2t,1-sin⁡tα1-λsin⁡t,1-cos⁡tβ1-μcos⁡t,t∈0,π2.We shall prove the totally positive property of the new basis functions by using the theory of Quasi Extended Chebyshev (QEC) space. The related concepts concerning ECC-space, QEC-space, blossom, and Quasi Bernstein-type basis can be found in [17, 18, 20–23, 34].In the following theorem, we will show that the following space(3)DTα,β,λ,μ≔span2sin⁡tcos⁡t,-cos⁡t1-sin⁡tα-1α1-λsin⁡t+λ1-sin⁡t,sin⁡t1-cos⁡tβ-1β1-μcos⁡t+μ1-cos⁡tis a 3-dimensional QEC-space on t∈[0,π/2].Theorem 1.
For any real numbersα,β∈[2,+∞),λ∈(-α,1],μ∈(-β,1], the space Tα,β,λ,μ is a 3-dimensional QEC-space on [0,π/2].Proof.
For anyξi∈R, t∈[0,π/2], we consider a linear combination(4)ξ02sin⁡tcos⁡t-ξ1cos⁡t1-sin⁡tα-1α1-λsin⁡t+λ1-sin⁡t+ξ2sin⁡t1-cos⁡tβ-1β1-μcos⁡t+μ1-cos⁡t=0.
From (4), for t=0 and t=π/2, we have ξ1=0 and ξ2=0, respectively. It follows that ξ0=0. Thus we can see that the space DTα,β,λ,μ is a 3-dimensional space.
We will prove that the spaceDTα,β,λ,μ forms a QEC-space on [0,π/2] by two steps. In the first step, we prove that the space DTα,β,λ,μ forms an ECC-space in (0,π/2). For any t∈[a,b]⊂(0,π/2), let (5)ut=-α1-sin⁡tα-11-λsin⁡t-λ1-sin⁡tαsin⁡t′=cos⁡t1-sin⁡tα-2α+λ+α+λα-2sin⁡t+λ1-α2sin2tsin2t, and(6)vt=β1-cos⁡tβ-11-μcos⁡t+μ1-cos⁡tβcos⁡t′=sin⁡t1-cos⁡tβ-2β+μ+β+μβ-2cos⁡t+μ1-β2cos2tcos2t.
Both the two functionsu(t) and v(t) are positive on any subinterval [a,b]⊂(0,π/2). In fact, for A∈[2,+∞),B∈(-A,1] and x∈(0,1), consider the following quadratic function: (7)Qx=A+B+A+BA-2x+B1-A2x2. For A∈[2,+∞), B∈(0,1], notice that B(1-A2)<0; we have (8)minx∈0,1Qx>min⁡Q0,Q1=min⁡A+B,1-BAA-1>0.Furthermore, for A∈[2,+∞), B∈(-A,0], x∈(0,1), direct computation gives that (9)Q′x=A+BA-2+2B1-A2x>Q′0=A+BB-2≥0.From this together with Q(0)=A+B>0, we can see that Q(x)>0 for any x∈(0,1). These imply that Q(x)>0 for any A∈[2,+∞),B∈(-A,1] and x∈(0,1). Thus we can see that u(t)>0 and v(t)>0 for any t∈[a,b]⊂(0,π/2).
Forα,β∈[2,+∞),λ∈(-α,1],μ∈(-β,1], by directly computing, we get (10)u′t=-1sin3tsin2t1-sin⁡tα-1λ1-sin⁡t+α1-λsin⁡t+αsin3t1-sin⁡tα-22λ1-sin⁡t+α-11-λsin⁡t+αα-1sin2tcos2t1-sin⁡tα-33λ1-sin⁡t+α-21-λsin⁡t+2αsin⁡tcos2t1-sin⁡tα-22λ1-sin⁡t+α-11-λsin⁡t+2cos2t1-sin⁡tα-1λ1-sin⁡t+α1-λsin⁡t<0,v′t=1cos3tcos2t1-cos⁡tβ-1μ1-cos⁡t+β1-μcos⁡t+βcos⁡t31-cos⁡tβ-22μ1-cos⁡t+β-11-μcos⁡t+ββ-1sin2tcos2t1-cos⁡tβ-33μ1-cos⁡t+β-21-μcos⁡t+2βsin2tcos⁡t1-cos⁡tβ-22μ1-cos⁡t+β-1μcos⁡t-1+2sin2tcos⁡t1-cos⁡tβ-1μ1-cos⁡t+β1-μcos⁡t>0. It follows that the Wronskian of u(t) and v(t) is positive in [a,b], that is, (11)Wu,vt=utv′t-u′tvt>0,∀t∈a,b. For any A>0, B>0, C>0, and t∈[a,b], we consider the following three weight functions: (12)w0t=2sin⁡tcos⁡t,w1t=Aut+Bvt,w2t=CWu,vtAut+Bvt2.Obviously, all the three weight functions wi(t), i=0,1,2 are C∞, positive and bounded on [a,b]. For the following ECC-space defined by the three weight functions wi(t), i=0,1,2, (13)u0t=w0t,u1t=w0t∫atw1t1dt1,u2t=w0t∫atw1t1∫at1w2t2dt2dt1,after some simple computation, we can see that all the three functions u0(t), u1(t), and u2(t) can be expressed as the forms of some linear combinations of the three functions 2sin⁡tcos⁡t, -cos⁡t(1-sin⁡t)α-1α(1-λsin⁡t)+λ(1-sin⁡t), sin⁡t(1-cos⁡t)β-1β(1-μcos⁡t)+μ(1-cos⁡t), which implies that the space DTα,β,λ,μ is an ECC-space on [a,b]. Since [a,b] are arbitrary subinterval of (0,π/2), we can further conclude that the space DTα,β,λ,μ is an ECC-space in (0,π/2).
In the second step, we further prove that the spaceDTα,β,λ,μ forms a QEC-space on [0,π/2]. To this end, we need to prove that any nonzero element of the space DTα,β,λ,μ has at most 2 roots on [0,π/2] (keep it in mind that in a QEC-space, we count multiplicities as far as possible up to 2). Consider any nonzero function (14)Gt=C02sin⁡tcos⁡t+C1-cos⁡t1-sin⁡tα-1α1-λsin⁡t+λ1-sin⁡t+C2sin⁡t1-cos⁡tβ-1β1-μcos⁡t+μ1-cos⁡t,where t∈[0,π/2]. Since the space DTα,β,λ,μ is an ECC-space in (0,π/2), G(t) has at most two roots in (0,π/2). Suppose that the function G(t) has a root at 0; then we get C1=0. In this case, if C2=0, then G(t) has a singular root at 0 and a singular root at π/2. If C0=0, we can check that 0 is a double root of G(t) (we count multiplicities as far as possible up to 2). If C0C2>0, G(t) has singular one root at 0 and it does not vanish anywhere on (0,π/2]. If C0C2<0, G(t) has singular one root at 0 and it does not vanish at π/2. Moreover, for the following function (15)Kt≔2C0cos⁡t+C21-cos⁡tβ-1β1-μcos⁡t+μ1-cos⁡t, by directly computing, we obtain (16)K′t=-2C0sin⁡t+C2βsin⁡t1-cos⁡tβ-2μβ+11-cos⁡t+β-11-μcos⁡t≥0,and it follows that K(t) is a monotone increasing function on [0,π/2]. From these together with K(0)K(π/2)=2C0C2β+μ<0, we can see that K(t) has exactly singular one root in (0,π/2); thus we can immediately conclude that G(t)=sin⁡tK(t) (notice that C1=0 for the current case) has exactly one root in (0,π/2). Similarly, for the case that G(t) has a root at π/2, we can also derive that the function G(t) has at most 2 roots on [0,π/2] (we count multiplicities as far as possible up to 2). Summarizing the above analysis, we can conclude that the space DTα,β is a QEC-space on [0,π/2].Since the spaceDTα,β,λ,μ forms a QEC-space on [0,π/2], from Theorem 3.1 of [21], we can conclude that blossom exists in Tα,β,λ,μ, which indicates that the new space Tα,β,λ,μ is suited for curve design. In addition, from Theorem 2.18 of [21], we can also know that the space Tα,β,λ,μ has a normalized basis of Quasi Bernstein-type on [0,π/2]. In the next Theorem 3, we will compute the associated Chebyshev-Bézier points of the mother-function Φ(t) defined in (2) and construct the associated trigonometric Bernstein-type basis Ti≔Ti(0,π/2) of the space Tα,β,λ,μ. Before further discussion, we want to prove the following lemma, which will be used to discuss the positivity of the trigonometric Bernstein-type basis.Lemma 2.
For anyx∈[0,1],y∈[1,+∞), the function f(x,y)=1-x2-(1-x)y(1+xy)≥0.Proof.
For anyx∈[0,1],y∈[1,+∞), direct computation that f(0,y)=0, f(1,y)=0, and f(x,1)=0. For any x∈(0,1), the function g(x)=x+ln(1-x)<0. In fact, g′(x)=x/x-1<0 and g(0)=0. Therefore, for x∈[0,1],y∈[1,+∞), we have (17)∂fx,y∂y=-1-xyx+ln⁡1-x+xyln⁡1-x>0,Thus f(x,y) increases with the increase of y for any fixed x∈(0,1). From these, for any x∈(0,1),y∈[1,+∞), we have f(x,y)≥f(x,1)=0.Theorem 3.
For anyα,β∈[2,+∞),λ∈(-α,1],μ∈(-β,1], the four Chebyshev-Bézier points Πi≔Πi(0,π/2) of the mother-function Φ(t) defined in (2) are given by(18)Π0=0,1,0,Π1=0,0,0,Π2=1,0,0,Π3=1,0,1.The four associated trigonometric Bernstein-type (TB-type for short) basis functions of the space Tα,β,λ,μ are given by(19)T0t=1-sin⁡tα1-λsin⁡t,T1t=1-sin2t-1-sin⁡tα1-λsin⁡t,T2t=1-cos2t-1-cos⁡tβ1-μcos⁡t,T3t=1-cos⁡tβ1-μcos⁡t.And the system of functions (T0(t),T1(t),T2(t),T3(t)) forms a normalized basis of the space Tα,β,λ,μ with optimal total positivity.Proof.
For arbitraryα,β∈[2,+∞),λ∈(-α,1],μ∈(-β,1], from the expression of the mother-function Φ(t) given in (2), we get (20)Φ0=0,1,0,Φπ2=1,0,1,Φ′0=0,-α-λ,0,Φ′π2=0,0,β+μ,Φ′′0=2,α2+2λα-α,0,Φ′′π2=-2,0,β2+2μβ-β. Thus, by simply computing, we get (21)Π0=Φ0=0,1,0,Π3=Φ1=1,0,1,Π1=Osc1Φ0∩Osc2Φ1=0,0,0,Π2=Osc2Φ0∩Osc1Φ1=1,0,0.For any t∈[0,π/2], from Φ(t)=∑i=03‍Ti(t)Πi, we have(22)T2t+T3t=sin2t,T0t=1-sin⁡tα1-λsin⁡t,T3t=1-cos⁡tβ1-μcos⁡t.Therefore, from (22) together with ∑i=03‍Ti(t)=1, we can easily derive the expressions of the new basis functions Ti(t), i=0,1,2,3.
It can be easily checked that the new basis functions have the following important end-point property.
(i)T0(0)=1, and T0(t) vanishes 3 times at π/2 (we count multiplicities as far as possible up to 3).
(ii)T3(π/2)=1, and T3(t) vanishes 3 times at 0 (we count multiplicities as far as possible up to 3).
(iii) Fori=1,2, Ti(t) vanishes exactly i times at 0 and exactly (3-i) times at π/2.
For anyα,β∈[2,+∞),λ∈(-α,1],μ∈(-β,1], t∈[0,π/2], it is obvious that Ti(t)≥0(i=0,3). And for T1(t), T2(t), by using the Lemma 2, we have (23)T1t=1-sin2t-1-sin⁡tα1-λsin⁡t≥1-sin2t-1-sin⁡tα1+αsin⁡t≥0.T2t=1-cos2t-1-cos⁡tα1-μcos⁡t≥1-cos2t-1-cos⁡tβ1+βcos⁡t≥0.In addition, for each 0≤i≤3, the function Ti(t) is strictly positive in (0,π/2). Thus, from Definition 2.10 of [21], we can see that the normalized trigonometric Bernstein-type basis (19) is precisely the Quasi Bernstein-type basis of the space Tα,β,λ,μ. Moreover, from Theorem 2.18 of [21], we can conclude that the normalized trigonometric Bernstein-type basis (19) is exactly the normalized basis of the space Tα,β,λ,μ restricted to [0,π/2] with optimal total positivity.Remark 4.
It is easy to check that, forα=β=2, λ=μ, the four TB-type basis functions (19) will return to the four TB-type basis functions with a shape parameter given in [6]. For α=β=1, the four TB-type basis functions (19) will return to the four TB-type basis functions with two shape parameters given in [7]. And for α=β=2, the four TB-type basis functions (19) will return to the four TB-type basis functions with two shape parameters given in [8]. Moreover, for λ=μ=0, the four TB-type basis functions (19) will return to the four TB-type basis functions with two exponential shape parameters given in [34].
From Lemma2, it is easy to see that for α,β∈[1,+∞),λ∈(-α,1],μ∈(-β,1], the four TB-type basis functions (19) also satisfy Ti(t)≥0 for any t∈[0,π/2].For convenience, we shall also denote the four TB-type basis functions asTi(t;α,β,λ,μ), i=0,1,2,3, or Ti(t;α,λ), i=0,1, Ti(t;β,μ), i=2,3. Figure 1 shows some TB-type basis functions with different shape parameters.Figure 1
TB-type basis functions with different shape parameters.


## 3. Construction of the Trigonometric Bézier-Type Curves

Definition 5.
Given control pointsPi(i=0,1,2,3) in R2 or R3, and α,β∈[2,+∞),λ∈(-α,1],μ∈(-β,1] then(24)Tt;α,β,λ,μ=∑i=03Tit;α,β,λ,μPi,t∈0,π2is called a trigonometric Bézier-type (TB-type for short) curve with four shape parameters α, β, λ, and μ.Since the TB-type basis functions given in (19) possess the properties including partition of unity, nonnegativity, and total positivity, the corresponding TB-type curves given in (24) have the corresponding properties of affine invariance, convex hull, and variation diminishing, which are crucial in curve design. For any α,β∈[2,+∞),λ∈(-α,1],μ∈(-β,1], after some direct computation, we can obtain the following end-point property of the TB-type curve(25)T0;α,β,λ,μ=P0,Tπ2;α,β,λ,μ=P3,T′0;α,β,λ,μ=α+λP1-P0,T′π2;α,β,λ,μ=β+μP3-P2,T′′0;α,β,λ,μ=α2+2λα-αP0-P1+2P2-P1,T′′π2;α,β,λ,μ=β2+2μβ-βP3-P2+2P1-P2,T′′′0;α,β,λ,μ=α3+3λ-1α2-3λα+α-λP1-P0,T′′′π2;α,β,λ,μ=β3+3μ-1β2-3μβ+β-μP3-P2.The above listed end-point property indicates that for arbitraryα,β∈[2,+∞), the TB-type curve has end-point interpolation property and the tangent lines of the TB-type curve at the points P0 and P3 are P0P1, P2P3, respectively. Therefore, we can see that the TB-type curve has some similar properties to that of the classical cubic Bézier curve.


### 3.1. Shape Control and Corner Cutting Algorithm

Fort∈[0,π/2], we rewrite the expression of the TB-type curve (24) as the following form:(26)Tt;α,β,λ,μ=cos2tP1+sin2tP2+T0t;α,λP0-P1+T3t;β,μP3-P2.Obviously,T0(t;α,λ) decreases with the increase of α or λ for any fixed t∈(0,π/2). This implies that the resulting TB-type curve moves in the same direction of the edge P0-P1 as α or λ increases. On the contrary, when α or λ decreases, the resulting TB-type curve will move in the opposite direction to the edge P0-P1. The shape parameters β and μ have the similar effects on the edge P3-P2. As α, λ or β, μ increase, respectively, the TB-type curve will tend to the point P1 or P2, respectively. And when the shape parameters satisfy α=β, λ=μ, the TB-type curve will move in the same direction or the opposite direction to the edge P2-P1 when α or λ increases or decreases, respectively. These imply that the four shape parameters α, λ, β, and μ serve as local tension parameters. Figures 2 and 3 give some examples that the shape of TB-type curves can be modified conveniently by using the four shape parameters under the fixed control points.Figure 2
The effect of the shape parameters on the TB-type curves.Figure 3
The effect of the shape parameters on the TB-type curves.For computing the proposed TB-type curves efficiently and stably, we shall develop a new corner cutting algorithm, which is formed by convex combinations. For this purpose, we further rewrite the TB-type curve (24) into the following matrix multiplication form:(27)Tt;α,β;λ,μ=1-sin2t1-cos2t×1-sin⁡tsin⁡t00cos⁡t1-cos⁡t×E1tE2t000E3tE4t000E5tE6t×P0P1P2P3,where(28)E1t=1-sin⁡tα-21-λsin⁡t1+sin⁡t,E2t=1+sin⁡t-1-sin⁡tα-21-λsin⁡t1+sin⁡t,E3t=cos⁡tsin⁡t+cos⁡t,E4t=sin⁡tsin⁡t+cos⁡t,E5t=1+cos⁡t-1-cos⁡tβ-21-μcos⁡t1+cos⁡t,E6t=1-cos⁡tβ-21-μcos⁡t1+cos⁡t.It is easy to check that E1(t)+E2(t)=1, E3(t)+E4(t)=1, and E5(t)+E6(t)=1. Thus (27) provides a new corner cutting algorithm for computing the proposed TB-type curve (24). Figure 4 gives some examples of this new algorithm with different shape parameters.Figure 4
Corner cutting algorithm with different shape parameters.


### 3.2. The Representation of Elliptic and Parabolic Arcs

In this subsection, we shall show that with appropriated choices of control points and shape parameters, any arc of an ellipse or parabola can be represented exactly by using the new TB-type curvesT(t;α,β,λ,μ) given in (24).Forα=β=1, λ=μ=0, if the control points are P0=(x0+a,y0),P1=(x0+a,y0+b),P2=(x0+a,y0+b),P3=(x0,y0+b), then the coordinates of the generated TB-type curve T(t;1,1,0,0) are (29)xt=x0+acos⁡tyt=y0+bsin⁡t,t∈0,π2.This expression shows that T(t;1,1,0,0) is a quarter of elliptic arc whose center locates at (x0,y0). By constraining the parameter t on the desired interval [θ1,θ2], we can obtain an arc of an ellipse whose starting angle and ending angle are θ1 and θ2, respectively.And forα=β=1,λ=μ=1,b-a>0, if we set the control points as P0=(a,c2a2+c1a+c0), P1=(b,2c2ab-c2a2+c1b+c0), P2=(b,c2b2+c1b+c0), P3=(b,c2b2+c1b+c0), then from (24) we have the corresponding coordinates of T(t;1,1,0,0) as follows: (30)xt=b-asin⁡t+ayt=c2b-asin⁡t+a2+c1b-asin⁡t+a+c0,t∈0,π2.The result indicates that the T(t;1,1,0,0) is a segment of the parabola y=c2x2+c1x+c0, x∈[a,b].Forα=β=2, λ=μ=0, if the control points are P0=(x0+a,y0), P1=(x0+a,y0+b/2), P2=(x0+a/2,y0+b), and P3=(x0,y0+b), then the coordinates of the generated curve T(t;2,2,0,0) are (31)xt=x0+acos⁡tyt=y0+bsin⁡t,t∈0,π2.This expression shows that T(t;2,2,0,0) is a quarter of elliptic arc whose center locates at (x0,y0). By constraining the parameter t on the desired interval [θ1,θ2], we can obtain an arc of an ellipse whose starting angle and ending angle are θ1 and θ2, respectively.Furthermore, forα=β=2,λ=μ=2, and b-a>0, if the control points P0, P1, P2, and P3 with respective coordinates (b,c2b2+c1b+c0), (b,c2b2+c1b+c0), ((b+a)/2,c2ab+c1(b+a)/2+c0), and (a,c2a2+c1a+c0), then from (24) we obtain (32)xt=b-acos⁡t+ayt=c2b-acos⁡t+a2+c1b-acos⁡t+a+c0,t∈0,π2,which gives a segment of the parabola y=c2x2+c1x+c0, x∈[a,b].From the above discussion, we can see that the proposed TB-type curves can represent any arc of an ellipse or parabola can be represented exactly. Figure5 shows some elliptic and parabolic arcs constructed by using the TB-type curves (marked with solid blue lines).Figure 5
The representation of elliptic and parabolic arcs.


### 3.3. Approximation

Control polygons provide an important tool in geometric modeling. It is an advantage if the curve being modeled tends to preserve the shape of its control polygon. Now we show some relations of the TB-type curves (24) and the cubic Bézier curves corresponding to their control polygons.Theorem 6.
Suppose the control pointsP0,P1,P2,P3 are not collinear. For u∈[0,1], the relationships between TB-type curve T(π/2u;α,β,λ,μ) and the cubic Bézier curve B(u;α,β,λ,μ)=∑i=03‍PiC3i(1-u)3-iui are as follows:(33)T0;α,β,λ,μ=B0,T1;α,β,λ,μ=B1,Tπ4;α,β,λ,μ-P∗≤hα,β,λ,μB12-P∗.where P∗=(P1+P2)/2, h(α,β,λ,μ)=max⁡{ϕ(α,λ),φ(β,μ)}, and (34)ϕα,λ=81-22α1-λ22,φβ,μ=81-22β1-μ22.Proof.
By direct computation, we haveT(0;α,β,λ,μ)=P0=B(0),T(1;α,β,λ,μ)=P3=B(1), B(1/2)-P∗=1/8(P0-P1-P2+P3), and (35)Tπ4;α,β,λ,μ-P∗=1-22α1-λ22P0-P1+1-22β1-μ22P3-P2≤max⁡81-22α1-λ22,81-22β1-μ22B12-P∗=max⁡ϕα,λ,φβ,μB12-P∗=hα,β,λ,μB12-P∗. These imply the theorem.From Theorem6, we can see that TB-type curve T(π/2u;α,β,λ,μ) is closer to the control polygon than the cubic Bézier curve if h(α,β,λ,μ)<1. Figure 6 shows the comparison between the TB-type curves and the classical cubic Bézier curves under the same control points. It can be seen that as α=β increases at the same time, the resulting TB-type curves will be totally more close to the control polygon than the cubic Bézier curves. These indicate that the TB-type curves can better maintain the characteristic of the control polygon than the cubic Bézier curves.Figure 6
TB-like curves and cubic Bézier curves.Figure7 shows the comparison between the TB-type curves and the polynomial Bézier curves with variable degree generated by the four polynomial Bernstein-like basis functions with variable degree given in the space spanned span1,t,(1-t)n,tm given in [16] under the same control points. For the same degree, the TB-type curves have more computation complexity than the variable degree polynomial Bézier curves; however the resulting TB-type curves (solid lines) are nearer to the control polygon than the variable degree polynomial Bézier curves (dashed lines).Figure 7
TB-type curves and variable degree polynomial Bézier curves.Figure8 shows the comparison between the TB-type curves and the DTB-like curves generated by the four rational trigonometric basis functions constructed in the rational trigonometric space span1,sin2t,1-sin⁡t2/1+α-2sin⁡t,1-cos⁡t2/1+β-2cos⁡t given in [35] under the same control points. From Figure 8, clearly, the TB-type curves (solid lines) are closer to the control polygon than the DBT-like curves (dashed lines).Figure 8
TB-type curves and DBT-like curves.


### 3.4. Composite Trigonometric Bézier-Type Curves

In practical curve design, we often composite several TB-type curves to generate curves with complex shapes. In piecing TB-type curves together, we need to handle the smoothness connection conditions of the resulting curve. Give two TB-type curve segments as follows:(36)R1t;α1,β1,λ1,μ1=∑i=03PiTit;α1,β1,λ1,μ1,and(37)R2t;α2,β2,λ2,μ2=∑i=03QiTit;α2,β2,λ2,μ2.It is obvious that if the point P3=Q0, the two segments form a curve with C0 continuity.We shall derive some sufficient smoothness connection conditions for two TB-type curve segments forming a curve withC1 or C2 continuity. For knots u1<u2<u3, we denote the resulting curve R(u) constructed by (36) and (37) as follows:(38)Ru=R1π2·u-u1h1;α1,β1,λ1,μ1,u∈u1,u2,R2π2·u-u2h2;α2,β2,λ2,μ2,u∈u2,u3,where hi=ui+1-ui,i=1,2.Theorem 7.
Forαi,βi∈[1,+∞),i=1,2, the resulting curve R(u) is C1 continuous at the knot u2, if the following condition holds(39)Q0=P3,Q1=β1+μ1h2α2+λ2h1P3-P2+P3.And for αi,βi∈(1,+∞),i=1,2, R(u) is C2 continuous at the knot u2 if the condition (39) together with the following condition holds at the same time(40)Q2=h222h12β12+2μ1β1-β1P3-P2+2P1-P2(41)+12α22+2λ2α2-α2Q1-Q0+Q1.Proof.
After some direct computation, we get(42)Ru2-=P3,Ru2+=P3,R′u2-=πβ1+μ12h1P3-P2,R′u2+=πα2+λ22h2Q1-Q0,R′′u2-=π2h12β12+2μ1β1-β1P3-P2+2P1-P2,R′′u2+=π2h22α22+2λ2α2-α2Q0-Q1+2Q2-Q1. Thus under the conditions of Theorem 7, we can easily conclude the result.According to the end-point property of the TB-type curves given in (25), we can obtain the following interesting theorem.Theorem 8.
Forh1=h2=h, α2=β1≥2, λ2=μ1∈(-α2,1], α1,β2∈[2,+∞), λ1∈-α1,1,μ2∈-β2,1, if conditions (39) and (40) hold, then R(u) will be C3 continuous at the knot u2. And for h1=h2=h, α2=β1=3, λ2=μ1=0, α1,β2∈[3,+∞), λ1∈-α1,1,μ2∈-β2,1, R(u) will be C5 continuous at the knot u2 on condition that (39) and (40) hold.Proof.
Forh1=h2=h, α2=β1≥2, λ2=μ1∈(-α2,1], α1,β2∈[2,+∞), λ1∈-α1,1,μ2∈-β2,1, from (39), we have (43)Q1-Q0=P3-P2.Straightforward computation gives that (44)R′′′u2-=π2h3β13+3μ1-1β12-3μ1β12+β1-μ1P3-P2,R′′′u2+=π2h3α23+3λ2-1α22-3λ2α2+α2-λ2Q1-Q0.It follows that R′′′(u2+)=R′′′(u2-).
Specially, forh1=h2=h, α2=β1=3, λ2=μ1=0, α1,β2∈[3,+∞), λ1∈-α1,1,μ2∈-β2,1, from (39) and (40), we have (45)Q1-Q0=P3-P2,Q2-Q1=P1-P2+6P3-P2. Direct computation gives that (46)R4u2+=π2h424Q1-Q0-8Q2-Q1,R4u2-=π2h4-24P3-P2+8P2-P1,R5u2+=-57π2h5Q1-Q0,R5u2-=-57π2h5P3-P2. Thus we have R(4)(u2+)=R(4)(u2-), R(5)(u2+)=R(5)(u2-).Figure9 shows different smooth continuous composite TB-type curves. For C1 continuous composite TB-type curves (blue curve and black curve), the shape parameters are α1=β1=3, α2=1, β2=3, and λ1=μ1=λ2=μ2=0. For C2 continuous composite TB-type curves (blue curve and black curve), α1=β1=3, α2=2, β2=3, and λ1=μ1=λ2=μ2=0. For C3 continuous composite TB-type curves (blue curve and black curve), α1=3, β1=α2=2, β2=3, and λ1=μ1=λ2=μ2=0. For C5 continuous composite TB-type curves (blue curve and black curve), α1=3, β1=α2=3, β2=3, and λ1=μ1=λ2=μ2=0. From Theorems 7 and 8, it seems that the continuity of the resulting composite TB-type curves at the knot u2 is related to the four shape parameters β1, μ1, α2, and λ2. Therefore, the shape of the resulting composite TB-type curves can be still modified by using the other four shape parameters α1, λ1, β2, and μ2 without changing the control points and the smoothness of composite TB-type curves. In Figure 9, the red dash-dotted curves are all generated by changing the shape parameter β2 from 3 to 5. As a result, the resulting composite curves (blue curves and red dash-dotted curves) still maintain the same continuity at the knot u2.Figure 9
Composite TB-type curves.


### 3.5. Tensor Product Trigonometric Bézier-Type Patches

From the univariate TB-type basis functions given in (19), we construct a class of tensor product trigonometric Bézier-type patches by using the classical tensor product method.Definition 9.
Given control pointsPij∈R3(i=0,1,2,3;j=0,1,2,3), we call(47)Su,v=∑i=03∑j=03Tiu;α1,β1,λ1,μ1Tjv;α2,β2,λ2,μ2Pij,0≤u,v≤π2,the tensor product trigonometric Bézier-type patch (TB-type patch for short) with eight shape parameters αk,βk,λk, and μk,k=1,2.Since the univariate TB-type basis functions given in (19) can represent exactly arc of an ellipse or parabola, we expect that the associated TB-type patch can represent exactly ellipsoid patch and paraboloid patch if the control points and the shape parameters are chosen appropriately. In fact, suppose we choose control points of the TB-type patch as (48)P00=0,0,c,P01=0,0,c,P02=0,0,c,P03=0,0,c,P10=a2,0,c,P11=a2,b4,c,P12=a4,b2,c,P13=0,b2,c,P20=a,0,c2,P21=a,b2,c2,P22=a2,b,c2,P23=0,b,c2,P30=a,0,0,P31=a,b2,0,P32=a2,b,0,P33=0,b,0,in which a,b,c>0, and take shape parameters α1=α2=β1=β2=2, λ1=λ2=μ1=μ2=0. Then from (47), we have (49)Su,v=xu,vyu,vzu,v=asin⁡ucos⁡vbsin⁡usin⁡vccos⁡u,0≤u,v≤π2.This expression indicates that S(u,v) represent an ellipsoid patch. Obviously, if a=b=c>0, then S(u,v) represent a sphere patch.Furthermore, forα1=α2=β1=β2=2 and λ1=λ2=μ1=μ2=0, if the control points with respective coordinates are as follows (50)P00=c,d,ac2+bd2,P01=c,d,ac2+bd2,P02=c,d2,ac2,P03=c,0,ac2,P10=c,d,ac2+bd2,P11=c,d,ac2+bd2,P12=c,d2,ac2,P13=c,0,ac2,P20=c2,d,bd2,P21=c2,d,bd2,P22=c2,d2,0,P23=c2,0,0,P30=0,d,bd2,P31=0,d,bd2,P32=0,d2,0,P33=0,0,0,where a,b,c,d∈R and c·d≠0, then from (47), we have (51)Su,v=xu,vyu,vzu,v=ccos⁡udcos⁡vac2cos2u+bd2cos2v,0≤u,v≤π2. This expression indicates that S(u,v) represent a paraboloid patch: z=ax2+by2,0≤x/c≤1,0≤y/d≤1.Figure10 shows an ellipsoid patch on left and a paraboloid patch on right. The ellipsoid patch is generated by setting the parameters α1=α2=β1=β2=2, λ1=λ2=μ1=μ2=0, and a=1,b=2,c=3. And the paraboloid patch is generated by setting the parameters α1=α2=β1=β2=2, λ1=λ2=μ1=μ2=0, and a=b=2,c=d=1.Figure 10
Reconstructed ellipsoid patch and paraboloid patch.Tensor product TB-type patchesS(u,v) have similar properties to that of TB-type curves given in (24) and we omit the details. Figure 11 shows some TB-type patches with different shape parameters under the fixed control points.Figure 11
TB-type patches with different shape parameters.


## 3.1. Shape Control and Corner Cutting Algorithm

Fort∈[0,π/2], we rewrite the expression of the TB-type curve (24) as the following form:(26)Tt;α,β,λ,μ=cos2tP1+sin2tP2+T0t;α,λP0-P1+T3t;β,μP3-P2.Obviously,T0(t;α,λ) decreases with the increase of α or λ for any fixed t∈(0,π/2). This implies that the resulting TB-type curve moves in the same direction of the edge P0-P1 as α or λ increases. On the contrary, when α or λ decreases, the resulting TB-type curve will move in the opposite direction to the edge P0-P1. The shape parameters β and μ have the similar effects on the edge P3-P2. As α, λ or β, μ increase, respectively, the TB-type curve will tend to the point P1 or P2, respectively. And when the shape parameters satisfy α=β, λ=μ, the TB-type curve will move in the same direction or the opposite direction to the edge P2-P1 when α or λ increases or decreases, respectively. These imply that the four shape parameters α, λ, β, and μ serve as local tension parameters. Figures 2 and 3 give some examples that the shape of TB-type curves can be modified conveniently by using the four shape parameters under the fixed control points.Figure 2
The effect of the shape parameters on the TB-type curves.Figure 3
The effect of the shape parameters on the TB-type curves.For computing the proposed TB-type curves efficiently and stably, we shall develop a new corner cutting algorithm, which is formed by convex combinations. For this purpose, we further rewrite the TB-type curve (24) into the following matrix multiplication form:(27)Tt;α,β;λ,μ=1-sin2t1-cos2t×1-sin⁡tsin⁡t00cos⁡t1-cos⁡t×E1tE2t000E3tE4t000E5tE6t×P0P1P2P3,where(28)E1t=1-sin⁡tα-21-λsin⁡t1+sin⁡t,E2t=1+sin⁡t-1-sin⁡tα-21-λsin⁡t1+sin⁡t,E3t=cos⁡tsin⁡t+cos⁡t,E4t=sin⁡tsin⁡t+cos⁡t,E5t=1+cos⁡t-1-cos⁡tβ-21-μcos⁡t1+cos⁡t,E6t=1-cos⁡tβ-21-μcos⁡t1+cos⁡t.It is easy to check that E1(t)+E2(t)=1, E3(t)+E4(t)=1, and E5(t)+E6(t)=1. Thus (27) provides a new corner cutting algorithm for computing the proposed TB-type curve (24). Figure 4 gives some examples of this new algorithm with different shape parameters.Figure 4
Corner cutting algorithm with different shape parameters.


## 3.2. The Representation of Elliptic and Parabolic Arcs

In this subsection, we shall show that with appropriated choices of control points and shape parameters, any arc of an ellipse or parabola can be represented exactly by using the new TB-type curvesT(t;α,β,λ,μ) given in (24).Forα=β=1, λ=μ=0, if the control points are P0=(x0+a,y0),P1=(x0+a,y0+b),P2=(x0+a,y0+b),P3=(x0,y0+b), then the coordinates of the generated TB-type curve T(t;1,1,0,0) are (29)xt=x0+acos⁡tyt=y0+bsin⁡t,t∈0,π2.This expression shows that T(t;1,1,0,0) is a quarter of elliptic arc whose center locates at (x0,y0). By constraining the parameter t on the desired interval [θ1,θ2], we can obtain an arc of an ellipse whose starting angle and ending angle are θ1 and θ2, respectively.And forα=β=1,λ=μ=1,b-a>0, if we set the control points as P0=(a,c2a2+c1a+c0), P1=(b,2c2ab-c2a2+c1b+c0), P2=(b,c2b2+c1b+c0), P3=(b,c2b2+c1b+c0), then from (24) we have the corresponding coordinates of T(t;1,1,0,0) as follows: (30)xt=b-asin⁡t+ayt=c2b-asin⁡t+a2+c1b-asin⁡t+a+c0,t∈0,π2.The result indicates that the T(t;1,1,0,0) is a segment of the parabola y=c2x2+c1x+c0, x∈[a,b].Forα=β=2, λ=μ=0, if the control points are P0=(x0+a,y0), P1=(x0+a,y0+b/2), P2=(x0+a/2,y0+b), and P3=(x0,y0+b), then the coordinates of the generated curve T(t;2,2,0,0) are (31)xt=x0+acos⁡tyt=y0+bsin⁡t,t∈0,π2.This expression shows that T(t;2,2,0,0) is a quarter of elliptic arc whose center locates at (x0,y0). By constraining the parameter t on the desired interval [θ1,θ2], we can obtain an arc of an ellipse whose starting angle and ending angle are θ1 and θ2, respectively.Furthermore, forα=β=2,λ=μ=2, and b-a>0, if the control points P0, P1, P2, and P3 with respective coordinates (b,c2b2+c1b+c0), (b,c2b2+c1b+c0), ((b+a)/2,c2ab+c1(b+a)/2+c0), and (a,c2a2+c1a+c0), then from (24) we obtain (32)xt=b-acos⁡t+ayt=c2b-acos⁡t+a2+c1b-acos⁡t+a+c0,t∈0,π2,which gives a segment of the parabola y=c2x2+c1x+c0, x∈[a,b].From the above discussion, we can see that the proposed TB-type curves can represent any arc of an ellipse or parabola can be represented exactly. Figure5 shows some elliptic and parabolic arcs constructed by using the TB-type curves (marked with solid blue lines).Figure 5
The representation of elliptic and parabolic arcs.


## 3.3. Approximation

Control polygons provide an important tool in geometric modeling. It is an advantage if the curve being modeled tends to preserve the shape of its control polygon. Now we show some relations of the TB-type curves (24) and the cubic Bézier curves corresponding to their control polygons.Theorem 6.
Suppose the control pointsP0,P1,P2,P3 are not collinear. For u∈[0,1], the relationships between TB-type curve T(π/2u;α,β,λ,μ) and the cubic Bézier curve B(u;α,β,λ,μ)=∑i=03‍PiC3i(1-u)3-iui are as follows:(33)T0;α,β,λ,μ=B0,T1;α,β,λ,μ=B1,Tπ4;α,β,λ,μ-P∗≤hα,β,λ,μB12-P∗.where P∗=(P1+P2)/2, h(α,β,λ,μ)=max⁡{ϕ(α,λ),φ(β,μ)}, and (34)ϕα,λ=81-22α1-λ22,φβ,μ=81-22β1-μ22.Proof.
By direct computation, we haveT(0;α,β,λ,μ)=P0=B(0),T(1;α,β,λ,μ)=P3=B(1), B(1/2)-P∗=1/8(P0-P1-P2+P3), and (35)Tπ4;α,β,λ,μ-P∗=1-22α1-λ22P0-P1+1-22β1-μ22P3-P2≤max⁡81-22α1-λ22,81-22β1-μ22B12-P∗=max⁡ϕα,λ,φβ,μB12-P∗=hα,β,λ,μB12-P∗. These imply the theorem.From Theorem6, we can see that TB-type curve T(π/2u;α,β,λ,μ) is closer to the control polygon than the cubic Bézier curve if h(α,β,λ,μ)<1. Figure 6 shows the comparison between the TB-type curves and the classical cubic Bézier curves under the same control points. It can be seen that as α=β increases at the same time, the resulting TB-type curves will be totally more close to the control polygon than the cubic Bézier curves. These indicate that the TB-type curves can better maintain the characteristic of the control polygon than the cubic Bézier curves.Figure 6
TB-like curves and cubic Bézier curves.Figure7 shows the comparison between the TB-type curves and the polynomial Bézier curves with variable degree generated by the four polynomial Bernstein-like basis functions with variable degree given in the space spanned span1,t,(1-t)n,tm given in [16] under the same control points. For the same degree, the TB-type curves have more computation complexity than the variable degree polynomial Bézier curves; however the resulting TB-type curves (solid lines) are nearer to the control polygon than the variable degree polynomial Bézier curves (dashed lines).Figure 7
TB-type curves and variable degree polynomial Bézier curves.Figure8 shows the comparison between the TB-type curves and the DTB-like curves generated by the four rational trigonometric basis functions constructed in the rational trigonometric space span1,sin2t,1-sin⁡t2/1+α-2sin⁡t,1-cos⁡t2/1+β-2cos⁡t given in [35] under the same control points. From Figure 8, clearly, the TB-type curves (solid lines) are closer to the control polygon than the DBT-like curves (dashed lines).Figure 8
TB-type curves and DBT-like curves.


## 3.4. Composite Trigonometric Bézier-Type Curves

In practical curve design, we often composite several TB-type curves to generate curves with complex shapes. In piecing TB-type curves together, we need to handle the smoothness connection conditions of the resulting curve. Give two TB-type curve segments as follows:(36)R1t;α1,β1,λ1,μ1=∑i=03PiTit;α1,β1,λ1,μ1,and(37)R2t;α2,β2,λ2,μ2=∑i=03QiTit;α2,β2,λ2,μ2.It is obvious that if the point P3=Q0, the two segments form a curve with C0 continuity.We shall derive some sufficient smoothness connection conditions for two TB-type curve segments forming a curve withC1 or C2 continuity. For knots u1<u2<u3, we denote the resulting curve R(u) constructed by (36) and (37) as follows:(38)Ru=R1π2·u-u1h1;α1,β1,λ1,μ1,u∈u1,u2,R2π2·u-u2h2;α2,β2,λ2,μ2,u∈u2,u3,where hi=ui+1-ui,i=1,2.Theorem 7.
Forαi,βi∈[1,+∞),i=1,2, the resulting curve R(u) is C1 continuous at the knot u2, if the following condition holds(39)Q0=P3,Q1=β1+μ1h2α2+λ2h1P3-P2+P3.And for αi,βi∈(1,+∞),i=1,2, R(u) is C2 continuous at the knot u2 if the condition (39) together with the following condition holds at the same time(40)Q2=h222h12β12+2μ1β1-β1P3-P2+2P1-P2(41)+12α22+2λ2α2-α2Q1-Q0+Q1.Proof.
After some direct computation, we get(42)Ru2-=P3,Ru2+=P3,R′u2-=πβ1+μ12h1P3-P2,R′u2+=πα2+λ22h2Q1-Q0,R′′u2-=π2h12β12+2μ1β1-β1P3-P2+2P1-P2,R′′u2+=π2h22α22+2λ2α2-α2Q0-Q1+2Q2-Q1. Thus under the conditions of Theorem 7, we can easily conclude the result.According to the end-point property of the TB-type curves given in (25), we can obtain the following interesting theorem.Theorem 8.
Forh1=h2=h, α2=β1≥2, λ2=μ1∈(-α2,1], α1,β2∈[2,+∞), λ1∈-α1,1,μ2∈-β2,1, if conditions (39) and (40) hold, then R(u) will be C3 continuous at the knot u2. And for h1=h2=h, α2=β1=3, λ2=μ1=0, α1,β2∈[3,+∞), λ1∈-α1,1,μ2∈-β2,1, R(u) will be C5 continuous at the knot u2 on condition that (39) and (40) hold.Proof.
Forh1=h2=h, α2=β1≥2, λ2=μ1∈(-α2,1], α1,β2∈[2,+∞), λ1∈-α1,1,μ2∈-β2,1, from (39), we have (43)Q1-Q0=P3-P2.Straightforward computation gives that (44)R′′′u2-=π2h3β13+3μ1-1β12-3μ1β12+β1-μ1P3-P2,R′′′u2+=π2h3α23+3λ2-1α22-3λ2α2+α2-λ2Q1-Q0.It follows that R′′′(u2+)=R′′′(u2-).
Specially, forh1=h2=h, α2=β1=3, λ2=μ1=0, α1,β2∈[3,+∞), λ1∈-α1,1,μ2∈-β2,1, from (39) and (40), we have (45)Q1-Q0=P3-P2,Q2-Q1=P1-P2+6P3-P2. Direct computation gives that (46)R4u2+=π2h424Q1-Q0-8Q2-Q1,R4u2-=π2h4-24P3-P2+8P2-P1,R5u2+=-57π2h5Q1-Q0,R5u2-=-57π2h5P3-P2. Thus we have R(4)(u2+)=R(4)(u2-), R(5)(u2+)=R(5)(u2-).Figure9 shows different smooth continuous composite TB-type curves. For C1 continuous composite TB-type curves (blue curve and black curve), the shape parameters are α1=β1=3, α2=1, β2=3, and λ1=μ1=λ2=μ2=0. For C2 continuous composite TB-type curves (blue curve and black curve), α1=β1=3, α2=2, β2=3, and λ1=μ1=λ2=μ2=0. For C3 continuous composite TB-type curves (blue curve and black curve), α1=3, β1=α2=2, β2=3, and λ1=μ1=λ2=μ2=0. For C5 continuous composite TB-type curves (blue curve and black curve), α1=3, β1=α2=3, β2=3, and λ1=μ1=λ2=μ2=0. From Theorems 7 and 8, it seems that the continuity of the resulting composite TB-type curves at the knot u2 is related to the four shape parameters β1, μ1, α2, and λ2. Therefore, the shape of the resulting composite TB-type curves can be still modified by using the other four shape parameters α1, λ1, β2, and μ2 without changing the control points and the smoothness of composite TB-type curves. In Figure 9, the red dash-dotted curves are all generated by changing the shape parameter β2 from 3 to 5. As a result, the resulting composite curves (blue curves and red dash-dotted curves) still maintain the same continuity at the knot u2.Figure 9
Composite TB-type curves.


## 3.5. Tensor Product Trigonometric Bézier-Type Patches

From the univariate TB-type basis functions given in (19), we construct a class of tensor product trigonometric Bézier-type patches by using the classical tensor product method.Definition 9.
Given control pointsPij∈R3(i=0,1,2,3;j=0,1,2,3), we call(47)Su,v=∑i=03∑j=03Tiu;α1,β1,λ1,μ1Tjv;α2,β2,λ2,μ2Pij,0≤u,v≤π2,the tensor product trigonometric Bézier-type patch (TB-type patch for short) with eight shape parameters αk,βk,λk, and μk,k=1,2.Since the univariate TB-type basis functions given in (19) can represent exactly arc of an ellipse or parabola, we expect that the associated TB-type patch can represent exactly ellipsoid patch and paraboloid patch if the control points and the shape parameters are chosen appropriately. In fact, suppose we choose control points of the TB-type patch as (48)P00=0,0,c,P01=0,0,c,P02=0,0,c,P03=0,0,c,P10=a2,0,c,P11=a2,b4,c,P12=a4,b2,c,P13=0,b2,c,P20=a,0,c2,P21=a,b2,c2,P22=a2,b,c2,P23=0,b,c2,P30=a,0,0,P31=a,b2,0,P32=a2,b,0,P33=0,b,0,in which a,b,c>0, and take shape parameters α1=α2=β1=β2=2, λ1=λ2=μ1=μ2=0. Then from (47), we have (49)Su,v=xu,vyu,vzu,v=asin⁡ucos⁡vbsin⁡usin⁡vccos⁡u,0≤u,v≤π2.This expression indicates that S(u,v) represent an ellipsoid patch. Obviously, if a=b=c>0, then S(u,v) represent a sphere patch.Furthermore, forα1=α2=β1=β2=2 and λ1=λ2=μ1=μ2=0, if the control points with respective coordinates are as follows (50)P00=c,d,ac2+bd2,P01=c,d,ac2+bd2,P02=c,d2,ac2,P03=c,0,ac2,P10=c,d,ac2+bd2,P11=c,d,ac2+bd2,P12=c,d2,ac2,P13=c,0,ac2,P20=c2,d,bd2,P21=c2,d,bd2,P22=c2,d2,0,P23=c2,0,0,P30=0,d,bd2,P31=0,d,bd2,P32=0,d2,0,P33=0,0,0,where a,b,c,d∈R and c·d≠0, then from (47), we have (51)Su,v=xu,vyu,vzu,v=ccos⁡udcos⁡vac2cos2u+bd2cos2v,0≤u,v≤π2. This expression indicates that S(u,v) represent a paraboloid patch: z=ax2+by2,0≤x/c≤1,0≤y/d≤1.Figure10 shows an ellipsoid patch on left and a paraboloid patch on right. The ellipsoid patch is generated by setting the parameters α1=α2=β1=β2=2, λ1=λ2=μ1=μ2=0, and a=1,b=2,c=3. And the paraboloid patch is generated by setting the parameters α1=α2=β1=β2=2, λ1=λ2=μ1=μ2=0, and a=b=2,c=d=1.Figure 10
Reconstructed ellipsoid patch and paraboloid patch.Tensor product TB-type patchesS(u,v) have similar properties to that of TB-type curves given in (24) and we omit the details. Figure 11 shows some TB-type patches with different shape parameters under the fixed control points.Figure 11
TB-type patches with different shape parameters.


## 4. Conclusion

The four new developed trigonometric Bernstein-type basis functions with four shape parameters form a normalized basis with optimal total positivity and are useful for constructing parametric curves in CAGD, which include the bases given in [6–8, 34] as special cases. The four shape parameters have tension control property on modifying the shape of curves. By using the four shape parameters, the resulting trigonometric Bézier-type curves can be nearer to the given control polygon than the cubic Bézier curves. With appropriated choices of control points and shape parameters, any arc of an ellipse or parabola can be represented exactly by using the trigonometric Bézier-type curves. The new proposed corner cutting algorithm is useful for calculating the trigonometric Bézier-type curves efficiently and stably. There are also some work worthy of further study, such as subdivide algorithm for the new trigonometric Bézier-type curves. These will be our future work.



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*Source: 9026187-2019-04-17.xml*