# Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of HIV Positive Mothers on Antiretroviral Treatment towards Infant Feeding in Gondar Town Health Institutions, North West Ethiopia, 2017

Authors: Daniale Tekelia Ekubagewargies; Habtamu Sewunet Mekonnen; Tsehayu Melak Siyoum
Journal: International Journal of Pediatrics
 (2019)

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## Abstract

Introduction. The world health organization recommends feeding practices for infants born from Human Immunodeficiency Virus infected mothers to be safe to both the infant and the mother. This includes prevention of mother to child transmission of the virus and at the same time meeting nutritional requirements of the child. This requires prioritizing prevention of HIV transmission through breastfeeding against non-HIV morbidity and mortality especially from malnutrition and serious illnesses such as diarrhea, among nonbreastfed infants.Objective. This study was aimed at assessing knowledge, attitude, and practice of HIV positive mothers on antiretroviral therapy towards infant feeding.Method. Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 402 HIV positive mothers at ART clinics of Gondar town from March 1 to April 18, 2017. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data was collected using a structured, pretested, interviewer-administered questionnaire. The collected data was entered into Epi Info version 7 and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software.Result. A total of 402 participants were interviewed with a 100% response rate. The mean age of participants was 29.24 (SD±10.06) years. The overall level of participant good knowledge and favorable attitude was 68.91% and 75.87%, respectively. Only 23.7% of mothers were practicing infant feeding according to WHO recommendation.


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## Body

## 1. Background

The world health organization (WHO) recommends feeding practices for infants born from Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected mothers to be safe to both the infant and the mother. This includes prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of the virus and at the same time meeting nutritional requirements of the child. This requires prioritizing prevention of HIV transmission through breastfeeding against non-HIV morbidity and mortality especially from malnutrition and serious illnesses such as diarrhea, among nonbreastfed infants [1].In light of previous findings, it is recommended that HIV positive mothers use either exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for 6 months of age or exclusive replacement feeding (ERF) if the latter is Acceptable, Feasible, Affordable, Sustainable, and Safe (AFASS) [2]. At six months of age, continuation of breastfeeding with additional complementary foods is recommended. Choice over breastfeeding or breast milk substitute depends on extended family or community, the nature of work and lifestyle of the mother or family [1]. All breastfeeding should stop once a nutritionally adequate and safe diet without breast milk can be provided [3].It is estimated that the risk of mother to child transmission of HIV virus is 10-20% for those breastfeeding for two years [4, 5]. But, if exclusive breastfeeding is practiced, it is associated with a reduced risk of HIV transmission in the early months of postpartum, compared to mixed breastfeeding [6, 7].HIV transmission through breastfeeding is pervasive in Sub-Saharan Africa, where mixed feeding is a predominant form of infant feeding as a result of a combination of cultural norms as well as economic conditions [5]. In this region, the majority of HIV positive mothers choose EBF but due to traditional factors and lack of practical support, the majority end up with mixed feeding resulting in high rates of postnatal HIV transmission [6].In Ethiopia, 58% of children under the age of 6 months are exclusively breastfed regardless of maternal HIV status [8]. Despite few local studies conducted in different parts of the country, there is no literature that has tried to identify infant feeding practice among HIV positive mothers in the study area. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the existing infant feeding knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) among HIV positive mothers attending antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics of Gondar town.


## 2. Methods

### 2.1. Study Area and Design

Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to April 18, 2017.


### 2.2. Study Area

This study was conducted in Gondar town government health institutions. Gondar town has eight health centers (clinics rendering service to about 5000 people of the catchment area) and one specialized hospital. These health institutions serve about four million people and have a combined average of 400 visiting patients per day. The number of people on ART in these health institutions is 12,562 and number of pregnant and lactating mothers on ART is 826.


### 2.3. Sample Size Determination

The sample size for the study was determined using the formula for single population proportion by assuming 5% marginal error and 95% confidence interval (∂(alpha)=0.5) and the prevalence (P) for KAP and infant feeding practices 38.8% [9].(1)1.962x0.3881-0.0.3880.52=365By assuming a 10% nonresponse rate, the final sample was 402.


### 2.4. Sampling Techniques

All health centers and Gondar university specialized hospital were studied. The sample size was allocated to health institutions proportionally based on the number of mothers on ART. Systematic random sampling technique was used for selecting individual participant mothers.


### 2.5. Inclusion Criteria

All HIV positive mothers on ART with babies aged 6–12 months were included in the study.


### 2.6. Exclusion Criteria

(i)
Mothers who had difficulty of communication. (ii)
Mothers who were severely ill.


### 2.7. Data Collection and Quality Control

Data quality was maintained by the following data quality control mechanisms; the questionnaire was pretested on 5% of the sample (i.e., 21 mothers on ART) at Felege-Hiwot referral hospital. One-day training was given to data collectors and supervisors. The questionnaire designed in English was translated to Amharic, the local language, and back to English for consistency. As this study used the interviewer-administered questionnaire, to reduce social desirability bias, data collectors who were not working in the respective health institutions were recruited. Strict supervision of the data collection was carried out throughout the data collection period. The collected data was checked for its consistency and completeness before any attempt to enter the code and analyze it.


### 2.8. Data Processing and Analysis

Raw data was cleaned, coded, entered to EPI Info version 7, and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Frequency tables, means, and standard deviations were used to summarize the data. And finally, the result was interpreted to valuable information and presented using text and tabular form.


### 2.9. Operational Definitions

(i)
Poor knowledge: If the respondent scores below the mean for knowledge questions. (ii)
Good knowledge: If the respondent scores the mean or above for knowledge questions. (iii)
Favorable Attitude: If the respondent scores the mean or above for attitude questions. (iv)
Unfavorable attitude: If the respondent scores below the mean for attitude questions. (v)
Good practice: If the respondent complies with WHO recommendation of feeding of infants born to HIV positive mothers [1]. Either
(1)
Exclusive breastfeeding, fulfilling: (a) initiating breastfeeding within the first hour of life; (b) exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life (infant only receives breast milk without any additional food or drink, not even water); followed by (c) continued breastfeeding for up to two years or beyond (with introduction of appropriate complementary foods at six months); and (d) breastfeeding on demand, that is, as often as the child wants, day and night or (2)
ERF (no breastfeeding at all): Mothers known to be living with HIV should only give commercial infant formula milk as a replacement feed to their HIV-uninfected infants or infants who are of unknown HIV status when specific conditions are met: (A) safe water and sanitation are assured at the household level and in the community; and (B) the mother or other caregiver can reliably provide sufficient infant formula milk to support the normal growth and development of the infant; and (C) the mother or caregiver can prepare it cleanly and frequently enough so that it is safe and carries a low risk of diarrhea and malnutrition; and (D) the mother or caregiver can, in the first six months, exclusively give infant formula milk; and (E) the family supports this practice; and (F) the mother or caregiver can access healthcare that offers comprehensive child health services. These descriptions are intended to give simpler and more explicit meaning to the concepts represented by AFASS (Acceptable, Feasible, Affordable, Sustainable, and Safe). (vi)
Poor practice: If the respondent practices neither EBF nor ERF according to WHO recommendation.


## 2.1. Study Area and Design

Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to April 18, 2017.


## 2.2. Study Area

This study was conducted in Gondar town government health institutions. Gondar town has eight health centers (clinics rendering service to about 5000 people of the catchment area) and one specialized hospital. These health institutions serve about four million people and have a combined average of 400 visiting patients per day. The number of people on ART in these health institutions is 12,562 and number of pregnant and lactating mothers on ART is 826.


## 2.3. Sample Size Determination

The sample size for the study was determined using the formula for single population proportion by assuming 5% marginal error and 95% confidence interval (∂(alpha)=0.5) and the prevalence (P) for KAP and infant feeding practices 38.8% [9].(1)1.962x0.3881-0.0.3880.52=365By assuming a 10% nonresponse rate, the final sample was 402.


## 2.4. Sampling Techniques

All health centers and Gondar university specialized hospital were studied. The sample size was allocated to health institutions proportionally based on the number of mothers on ART. Systematic random sampling technique was used for selecting individual participant mothers.


## 2.5. Inclusion Criteria

All HIV positive mothers on ART with babies aged 6–12 months were included in the study.


## 2.6. Exclusion Criteria

(i)
Mothers who had difficulty of communication. (ii)
Mothers who were severely ill.


## 2.7. Data Collection and Quality Control

Data quality was maintained by the following data quality control mechanisms; the questionnaire was pretested on 5% of the sample (i.e., 21 mothers on ART) at Felege-Hiwot referral hospital. One-day training was given to data collectors and supervisors. The questionnaire designed in English was translated to Amharic, the local language, and back to English for consistency. As this study used the interviewer-administered questionnaire, to reduce social desirability bias, data collectors who were not working in the respective health institutions were recruited. Strict supervision of the data collection was carried out throughout the data collection period. The collected data was checked for its consistency and completeness before any attempt to enter the code and analyze it.


## 2.8. Data Processing and Analysis

Raw data was cleaned, coded, entered to EPI Info version 7, and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Frequency tables, means, and standard deviations were used to summarize the data. And finally, the result was interpreted to valuable information and presented using text and tabular form.


## 2.9. Operational Definitions

(i)
Poor knowledge: If the respondent scores below the mean for knowledge questions. (ii)
Good knowledge: If the respondent scores the mean or above for knowledge questions. (iii)
Favorable Attitude: If the respondent scores the mean or above for attitude questions. (iv)
Unfavorable attitude: If the respondent scores below the mean for attitude questions. (v)
Good practice: If the respondent complies with WHO recommendation of feeding of infants born to HIV positive mothers [1]. Either
(1)
Exclusive breastfeeding, fulfilling: (a) initiating breastfeeding within the first hour of life; (b) exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life (infant only receives breast milk without any additional food or drink, not even water); followed by (c) continued breastfeeding for up to two years or beyond (with introduction of appropriate complementary foods at six months); and (d) breastfeeding on demand, that is, as often as the child wants, day and night or (2)
ERF (no breastfeeding at all): Mothers known to be living with HIV should only give commercial infant formula milk as a replacement feed to their HIV-uninfected infants or infants who are of unknown HIV status when specific conditions are met: (A) safe water and sanitation are assured at the household level and in the community; and (B) the mother or other caregiver can reliably provide sufficient infant formula milk to support the normal growth and development of the infant; and (C) the mother or caregiver can prepare it cleanly and frequently enough so that it is safe and carries a low risk of diarrhea and malnutrition; and (D) the mother or caregiver can, in the first six months, exclusively give infant formula milk; and (E) the family supports this practice; and (F) the mother or caregiver can access healthcare that offers comprehensive child health services. These descriptions are intended to give simpler and more explicit meaning to the concepts represented by AFASS (Acceptable, Feasible, Affordable, Sustainable, and Safe). (vi)
Poor practice: If the respondent practices neither EBF nor ERF according to WHO recommendation.


## 3. Result

### 3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics

A total of 402 participants were interviewed with a 100% response rate. The mean age of participants was 29.24 (SD±10.06) years. More than three-quarters (77.86%), of the participants were Orthodox Christians and 209 (51.99%) were married. The majority (74.44%) were Amhara by ethnicity and 78.36% of the participants were urban residents (Table1).Table 1
Sociodemographic characteristics of HIV positive mothers attending ART in Gondar town health institutions, northwest Ethiopia, 2017(n=402).
Variables Frequency Percent Age < 25 47 11.69 25-35 290 72.14 > 35 65 16.17 Religion Orthodox 313 77.86 Protestant 48 11.94 Muslim 41 10.20 Marital status Single 78 19.40 Married 209 51.99 Widowed 69 17.16 Divorce 46 11.45 Ethnicity Amhara 301 74.88 Oromo 35 8.71 Tigre 66 16.41 Educational status Unable to read and write 82 20.40 Able to Read and write 92 22.89 Grade 1-8 153 38.06 Grade 9 -12 50 12.44 College and above 25 6.21 Residence Urban 315 78.36 Rural 87 21.64 Occupation Government 163 40.55 employee 36 8.96 Housewife 95 23.63 Merchant 48 11.94 Student 21 5.22 Daily laborer 39 9.70 Nonemployed Monthly family income (Ethiopian Birr) < 1000 97 24.13 1000-2000 194 48.26 2001-3000 52 12.93 >3000 59 14.68 No of children < 3 241 59.95 ≥ 3 161 40.05


### 3.2. Clinical and Obstetrical Characteristics of Participants

In this study, more than half (55.22%) of the participants were enrolled from health centers. Majority (83.58%) and three-quarters (74.63%) of the respondents had planned pregnancy and were attending ANC for the last pregnancy, respectively. Among those attending ANC, 177(44.03%) had three visits throughout their current pregnancy. Three hundred and six (76.12%) and 347 (86.32%) had spontaneous vaginal delivery and attended postnatal care, respectively (Table2).Table 2
Clinical and obstetrical characteristics of HIV positive mothers attending ART in Gondar town health institutions, northwest Ethiopia, 2017(n=402).
Variables Frequency Percent Setting in attending ART Hospital 180 44.78 Health centers 222 55.22 Age at first pregnancy < 20 41 10.20 20-25 125 31.09 26-30 199 49.50 >30 37 9.21 Number of live births 1 63 15.67 2 144 35.82 3 130 32.34 >3 65 16.17 Was your last pregnancy planned? Yes 336 83.58 No 66 16.42 Did you attend ANC during the last pregnancy Yes 300 74.63 No 102 25.37 Number of ANC visit/s (n=300) One visit 24 5.97 Two visits 84 20.90 Three visits 177 44.03 Four or more visits 117 29.10 Place of last child delivery Hospital 140 34.83 Health center 207 51.49 Private clinic 15 3.73 Home 40 9.95 Mode of delivery Vaginal delivery 306 76.12 Caesarean section 96 23.88 Did you attend PNC during the last birth Yes 347 86.32 No 55 13.68


### 3.3. Knowledge of Participants about Infant Feeding

In this study, the overall participants who had good knowledge were 277 (68.91%). More than two-thirds (67.16%), just half (50.99%), and 44.8% of participants knew about mother to child transmission of HIV during breastfeeding, labor, and pregnancy, respectively (Table3).Table 3
Knowledge of HIV positive mothers attending ART in Gondar town health institutions, northwest Ethiopia, 2017(n=402).
Variables Frequency Percent Overall knowledge level Good Knowledge 277 68.91 Poor knowledge 125 31.09 HIV transmitted through pregnancy, labor and breastfeeding Yes 218 54.2 No 184 45.8 Does HIV mother transmit the virus to her baby during labor Yes 205 50.99 No 155 38.56 Don’t know 42 10.45 Does HIV mother transmit the virus to her baby during pregnancy Yes 177 44.03 No 180 44.78 Don’t know 45 11.19 Does breast milk prevent childhood illness Yes 281 69.90 No 50 12.44 Don’t know 71 17.66 Feeding only breast milk in the first six months helps boost the child immunity Yes 292 72.64 No 76 18.91 Don’t know 34 8.45 Is it important to initiate breastfeeding within one hour after birth? Yes 267 66.42 No 60 14.93 Don’t know 75 18.65 Can exclusive breastfeeding reduce the risk of diarrhea? Yes 129 32.09 No 144 35.82 Don’t know 129 32.09 Growth patterns of exclusively breastfed infant/s differ from nonexclusively breastfed? Yes 288 71.64 No 47 11.69 Don’t know 67 16.67 How long should exclusive breastfeeding be continued? < 6 months 60 14.93 6 months 301 74.87 > 6 months 41 10.20


### 3.4. Attitude of Participants towards Infant Feeding

Participants who had favorable attitude towards recommended infant feeding were found to be 75.87%. The majority (85.57%) of participants agreed that exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months is nutritionally complete feeding for the infant (Table4).Table 4
Attitude of HIV positive mothers attending ART in Gondar town health institutions, northwest Ethiopia, 2017(n=402).
Variables Frequency Percent Overall level of attitude Favorable attitude 305 75.87 Unfavorable attitude 97 24.13 EBF (exclusive breastfeeding) for 6 months is the best choice for infant Agree 366 91.04 Disagree 36 8.96 EBF is not good since it transmits HIV Agree 297 73.88 Disagree 105 26.12 EBF for 6 months is nutritionally complete Agree 344 85.57 Disagree 58 14.43 Breastfeeding should be continued up to 2 years? Agree 196 48.76 Disagree 206 51.24 I do not accept EBF for fear of stigma due to HIV Agree 255 63.43 Disagree 147 36.57 Should breastfeeding be stopped when a child has diarrheal episode Agree 88 21.89 Disagree 314 78.11 Formula feeding better than breastfeeding? Agree 91 22.64 Disagree 311 77.36 Mixed feeding has a risk of HIV infection to infant/last child Agree 177 44.03 Disagree 225 55.97 Do you believe that breastfeeding causes changes in body shape for the mother? Agree 232 57.71 Disagree 170 42.29 Does breastfeeding increases mother-child bonding? Agree 369 91.79 Disagree 33 8.21 Bottle feeding is a good infant feeding option Agree 95 23.63 Disagree 307 76.37 Complimentary food after 6 months is the best choice Agree 333 82.84 Disagree 69 17.16


### 3.5. Feeding Practice of Participants

In this study majority (99.25%) of participants were practicing breastfeeding. Of those breastfeeding mothers, 61.9% and 66.67% breastfed their newborn within one hour after delivery and had experienced breastfeeding problem, respectively. This study found that 23.7% of mothers practiced infant feeding according to WHO recommendation. Two-thirds (67.92%) of participants feed their child less than eight times per day (Table5).Table 5
Feeding practice of HIV positive mothers attending ART in Gondar town health institutions, northwest Ethiopia, 2017(n=402).
Variables Frequency Percent Overall feeding practice Good practice 95 23.7% Poor practice 307 76.3% Do you breastfeed your child Yes 399 99.25 No 3 0.75 Initiation of breastfeeding (n=399) Immediately after delivery 67 16.79 Within one hour after delivery 247 61.90 After one hour of delivery 85 21.31 Have you experienced any breastfeeding problem (n=399) Yes 266 66.67 No 133 33.33 What was the breastfeeding problem (n=266) Not enough milk 240 90.23 Nipple crack 16 6.01 Baby mouth ulcer 10 3.76 What did you feed your baby within the first three days (n=399) Only breastfeed 300 75.19 Water and sugar 67 16.79 Butter 32 8.02 Duration of breastfeeding (n=399) Birth to 6 months 177 44.36 12 months 106 26.57 18-24 months 116 29.07 Frequency of breastfeeding/day (n=399) < 8 times 271 67.92 ≥ 8 times 128 32.08 Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding (n=399) 1-2 months 100 25.06 3-5 months 207 51.88 6 months 92 23.06


## 3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics

A total of 402 participants were interviewed with a 100% response rate. The mean age of participants was 29.24 (SD±10.06) years. More than three-quarters (77.86%), of the participants were Orthodox Christians and 209 (51.99%) were married. The majority (74.44%) were Amhara by ethnicity and 78.36% of the participants were urban residents (Table1).Table 1
Sociodemographic characteristics of HIV positive mothers attending ART in Gondar town health institutions, northwest Ethiopia, 2017(n=402).
Variables Frequency Percent Age < 25 47 11.69 25-35 290 72.14 > 35 65 16.17 Religion Orthodox 313 77.86 Protestant 48 11.94 Muslim 41 10.20 Marital status Single 78 19.40 Married 209 51.99 Widowed 69 17.16 Divorce 46 11.45 Ethnicity Amhara 301 74.88 Oromo 35 8.71 Tigre 66 16.41 Educational status Unable to read and write 82 20.40 Able to Read and write 92 22.89 Grade 1-8 153 38.06 Grade 9 -12 50 12.44 College and above 25 6.21 Residence Urban 315 78.36 Rural 87 21.64 Occupation Government 163 40.55 employee 36 8.96 Housewife 95 23.63 Merchant 48 11.94 Student 21 5.22 Daily laborer 39 9.70 Nonemployed Monthly family income (Ethiopian Birr) < 1000 97 24.13 1000-2000 194 48.26 2001-3000 52 12.93 >3000 59 14.68 No of children < 3 241 59.95 ≥ 3 161 40.05


## 3.2. Clinical and Obstetrical Characteristics of Participants

In this study, more than half (55.22%) of the participants were enrolled from health centers. Majority (83.58%) and three-quarters (74.63%) of the respondents had planned pregnancy and were attending ANC for the last pregnancy, respectively. Among those attending ANC, 177(44.03%) had three visits throughout their current pregnancy. Three hundred and six (76.12%) and 347 (86.32%) had spontaneous vaginal delivery and attended postnatal care, respectively (Table2).Table 2
Clinical and obstetrical characteristics of HIV positive mothers attending ART in Gondar town health institutions, northwest Ethiopia, 2017(n=402).
Variables Frequency Percent Setting in attending ART Hospital 180 44.78 Health centers 222 55.22 Age at first pregnancy < 20 41 10.20 20-25 125 31.09 26-30 199 49.50 >30 37 9.21 Number of live births 1 63 15.67 2 144 35.82 3 130 32.34 >3 65 16.17 Was your last pregnancy planned? Yes 336 83.58 No 66 16.42 Did you attend ANC during the last pregnancy Yes 300 74.63 No 102 25.37 Number of ANC visit/s (n=300) One visit 24 5.97 Two visits 84 20.90 Three visits 177 44.03 Four or more visits 117 29.10 Place of last child delivery Hospital 140 34.83 Health center 207 51.49 Private clinic 15 3.73 Home 40 9.95 Mode of delivery Vaginal delivery 306 76.12 Caesarean section 96 23.88 Did you attend PNC during the last birth Yes 347 86.32 No 55 13.68


## 3.3. Knowledge of Participants about Infant Feeding

In this study, the overall participants who had good knowledge were 277 (68.91%). More than two-thirds (67.16%), just half (50.99%), and 44.8% of participants knew about mother to child transmission of HIV during breastfeeding, labor, and pregnancy, respectively (Table3).Table 3
Knowledge of HIV positive mothers attending ART in Gondar town health institutions, northwest Ethiopia, 2017(n=402).
Variables Frequency Percent Overall knowledge level Good Knowledge 277 68.91 Poor knowledge 125 31.09 HIV transmitted through pregnancy, labor and breastfeeding Yes 218 54.2 No 184 45.8 Does HIV mother transmit the virus to her baby during labor Yes 205 50.99 No 155 38.56 Don’t know 42 10.45 Does HIV mother transmit the virus to her baby during pregnancy Yes 177 44.03 No 180 44.78 Don’t know 45 11.19 Does breast milk prevent childhood illness Yes 281 69.90 No 50 12.44 Don’t know 71 17.66 Feeding only breast milk in the first six months helps boost the child immunity Yes 292 72.64 No 76 18.91 Don’t know 34 8.45 Is it important to initiate breastfeeding within one hour after birth? Yes 267 66.42 No 60 14.93 Don’t know 75 18.65 Can exclusive breastfeeding reduce the risk of diarrhea? Yes 129 32.09 No 144 35.82 Don’t know 129 32.09 Growth patterns of exclusively breastfed infant/s differ from nonexclusively breastfed? Yes 288 71.64 No 47 11.69 Don’t know 67 16.67 How long should exclusive breastfeeding be continued? < 6 months 60 14.93 6 months 301 74.87 > 6 months 41 10.20


## 3.4. Attitude of Participants towards Infant Feeding

Participants who had favorable attitude towards recommended infant feeding were found to be 75.87%. The majority (85.57%) of participants agreed that exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months is nutritionally complete feeding for the infant (Table4).Table 4
Attitude of HIV positive mothers attending ART in Gondar town health institutions, northwest Ethiopia, 2017(n=402).
Variables Frequency Percent Overall level of attitude Favorable attitude 305 75.87 Unfavorable attitude 97 24.13 EBF (exclusive breastfeeding) for 6 months is the best choice for infant Agree 366 91.04 Disagree 36 8.96 EBF is not good since it transmits HIV Agree 297 73.88 Disagree 105 26.12 EBF for 6 months is nutritionally complete Agree 344 85.57 Disagree 58 14.43 Breastfeeding should be continued up to 2 years? Agree 196 48.76 Disagree 206 51.24 I do not accept EBF for fear of stigma due to HIV Agree 255 63.43 Disagree 147 36.57 Should breastfeeding be stopped when a child has diarrheal episode Agree 88 21.89 Disagree 314 78.11 Formula feeding better than breastfeeding? Agree 91 22.64 Disagree 311 77.36 Mixed feeding has a risk of HIV infection to infant/last child Agree 177 44.03 Disagree 225 55.97 Do you believe that breastfeeding causes changes in body shape for the mother? Agree 232 57.71 Disagree 170 42.29 Does breastfeeding increases mother-child bonding? Agree 369 91.79 Disagree 33 8.21 Bottle feeding is a good infant feeding option Agree 95 23.63 Disagree 307 76.37 Complimentary food after 6 months is the best choice Agree 333 82.84 Disagree 69 17.16


## 3.5. Feeding Practice of Participants

In this study majority (99.25%) of participants were practicing breastfeeding. Of those breastfeeding mothers, 61.9% and 66.67% breastfed their newborn within one hour after delivery and had experienced breastfeeding problem, respectively. This study found that 23.7% of mothers practiced infant feeding according to WHO recommendation. Two-thirds (67.92%) of participants feed their child less than eight times per day (Table5).Table 5
Feeding practice of HIV positive mothers attending ART in Gondar town health institutions, northwest Ethiopia, 2017(n=402).
Variables Frequency Percent Overall feeding practice Good practice 95 23.7% Poor practice 307 76.3% Do you breastfeed your child Yes 399 99.25 No 3 0.75 Initiation of breastfeeding (n=399) Immediately after delivery 67 16.79 Within one hour after delivery 247 61.90 After one hour of delivery 85 21.31 Have you experienced any breastfeeding problem (n=399) Yes 266 66.67 No 133 33.33 What was the breastfeeding problem (n=266) Not enough milk 240 90.23 Nipple crack 16 6.01 Baby mouth ulcer 10 3.76 What did you feed your baby within the first three days (n=399) Only breastfeed 300 75.19 Water and sugar 67 16.79 Butter 32 8.02 Duration of breastfeeding (n=399) Birth to 6 months 177 44.36 12 months 106 26.57 18-24 months 116 29.07 Frequency of breastfeeding/day (n=399) < 8 times 271 67.92 ≥ 8 times 128 32.08 Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding (n=399) 1-2 months 100 25.06 3-5 months 207 51.88 6 months 92 23.06


## 4. Discussion

This study revealed the knowledge, attitude, and practice of HIV positive mothers on infant feeding options to children born from HIV infected mothers.


### 4.1. Knowledge on Infant Feeding

In this study, the overall level of good knowledge of participants was 68.91% (95% CI, 62.1–74.6%). This study found knowledge levels of participants greater than studies done in Jimma, Ethiopia, which is 38.8% [9], and Gaborone, Botswana [10]. This is encouraging result because, as Health Belief Model [11] described, the higher the perception of a mother about safe infant feeding practices, the more likely to practice it. This in turn reduces the risk of mother to child transmission (MTCT). But the finding of this study is lower than the finding in Hosanna, Ethiopia (92.8%) [12], and Tigray, Ethiopia (88.1%) [13].In this study, 67.16% of the mothers answered “yes” to the question “Does HIV positive mothers transmit the virus to the baby during breastfeeding?” This is in line with 70% result from a similar study conducted in Gert Sibande district, South Africa [14].This study also revealed that mothers who mentioned MTCT to be through pregnancy, labor, and breastfeeding were 54.2%. This finding is less than a study done in Gondar referral hospital (92.3%) [15]. This discrepancy could be from the fact that the current study included mothers from health centers and hospital while the former only included mothers who had follow-up in hospital where care and education are provided by better-qualified professionals.Although there was a very high proportion of mothers who were aware of the possibility of an infected mother transmitting the infection to her child, only 129 (32%) said exclusive breastfeeding can reduce risk of diarrhea. This indicates the potential for introduction of feeding other than breast milk among mothers who do not agree on this statement.


### 4.2. Attitude on Infant Feeding

Regarding attitude on infant feeding, 75.87% of the mothers had favorable attitude towards safe infant feeding (95% CI, 69.8–81.7%). This is higher than a study done in southern Ethiopia which is 56.7% [16]. The time and geographical difference between these two studies, which might have effect on the attitude of participants, may justify the difference. On examining the responses of the study participants, nearly all (91.04%) agreed that breast milk is the ideal food for the baby less than six months of age. This is higher as compared to the findings in South Africa and Lesotho where 78.8% and 52% agreed that breast milk is the ideal food for the baby less than six months of age, respectively [17, 18]. This in part could be attributed to the fact that there is a decade time gap between the current study and the one conducted in South Africa. While the study conducted in Lesotho collected data from mothers having children up to six months, the current study collected data from mothers having children up to two years. This may have effect on maternal attitude on the long run with repeated exposure with health professionals.


### 4.3. Safe Infant Feeding Practice

The overall safe feeding practice consistent with WHO recommendation is 23.7% (95% CI, 17.1–29.7%). This is in line with a study on Ugandan women among whom 29% discussed their feeding to be consistent with WHO recommendations [19].In this study the overall safe feeding practice based on WHO recommendation was much higher among age groups >35 years of age (76.92%) as compared to age group < 25 years of age (10.64%). This is supported by a study in Nigeria that showed older age was associated with increased rates of safe infant feeding practice [20]. The reason might be that those mothers with age > 35 years may have more children and more experience with infant feeding but young mothers may not be well experienced with regard to infant care including infant feeding options.The proportion of mothers who practiced safe infant feeding was 27% and 16% among mothers who had good knowledge and poor knowledge about infant feeding, respectively. This is supported by the evidence from health belief model that says the higher the perception of people about health needs, the more likely they make decisions that promote health [11]. In other words, the higher the mother has knowledge about safe infant feeding practices, the more likely she practices them.Among urban residents, the overall safe infant feeding practice was 26% but it was 12% among rural residents. This could be due to the fact that urban mothers are more informed about infant feeding options through the media and have good knowledge which increases the likelihood of practicing safe infant feeding. When it comes to attitude, 27.87% of mothers who had favorable attitude towards infant feeding practiced safe infant feeding while only 10.31% of mothers with unfavorable attitude practiced safe infant feeding. This finding is supported by a study in Addis Ababa that showed positive parental attitude to be a strong predictor of safe infant feeding practice [21]. This discrepancy can be attributed to the inclination that mothers have an infant feeding practice based on their attitude. In other words, mothers with favorable attitude are more likely to practice breastfeeding according to recommendations by health professionals while mothers with unfavorable attitude towards breastfeeding are less likely to follow recommendations.Regarding exclusive breastfeeding, 23.06% of the mothers practiced exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months which is in line with a study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (30.6 %) [20]. But this result is lower than a result of a similar study done in southern Ethiopia where 48.2% of the mothers were practicing exclusive breastfeeding [16]. A study in India also showed that 57% of women practiced exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life [22]. This could be justified by the differences in the sociocultural nature of the study areas.


## 4.1. Knowledge on Infant Feeding

In this study, the overall level of good knowledge of participants was 68.91% (95% CI, 62.1–74.6%). This study found knowledge levels of participants greater than studies done in Jimma, Ethiopia, which is 38.8% [9], and Gaborone, Botswana [10]. This is encouraging result because, as Health Belief Model [11] described, the higher the perception of a mother about safe infant feeding practices, the more likely to practice it. This in turn reduces the risk of mother to child transmission (MTCT). But the finding of this study is lower than the finding in Hosanna, Ethiopia (92.8%) [12], and Tigray, Ethiopia (88.1%) [13].In this study, 67.16% of the mothers answered “yes” to the question “Does HIV positive mothers transmit the virus to the baby during breastfeeding?” This is in line with 70% result from a similar study conducted in Gert Sibande district, South Africa [14].This study also revealed that mothers who mentioned MTCT to be through pregnancy, labor, and breastfeeding were 54.2%. This finding is less than a study done in Gondar referral hospital (92.3%) [15]. This discrepancy could be from the fact that the current study included mothers from health centers and hospital while the former only included mothers who had follow-up in hospital where care and education are provided by better-qualified professionals.Although there was a very high proportion of mothers who were aware of the possibility of an infected mother transmitting the infection to her child, only 129 (32%) said exclusive breastfeeding can reduce risk of diarrhea. This indicates the potential for introduction of feeding other than breast milk among mothers who do not agree on this statement.


## 4.2. Attitude on Infant Feeding

Regarding attitude on infant feeding, 75.87% of the mothers had favorable attitude towards safe infant feeding (95% CI, 69.8–81.7%). This is higher than a study done in southern Ethiopia which is 56.7% [16]. The time and geographical difference between these two studies, which might have effect on the attitude of participants, may justify the difference. On examining the responses of the study participants, nearly all (91.04%) agreed that breast milk is the ideal food for the baby less than six months of age. This is higher as compared to the findings in South Africa and Lesotho where 78.8% and 52% agreed that breast milk is the ideal food for the baby less than six months of age, respectively [17, 18]. This in part could be attributed to the fact that there is a decade time gap between the current study and the one conducted in South Africa. While the study conducted in Lesotho collected data from mothers having children up to six months, the current study collected data from mothers having children up to two years. This may have effect on maternal attitude on the long run with repeated exposure with health professionals.


## 4.3. Safe Infant Feeding Practice

The overall safe feeding practice consistent with WHO recommendation is 23.7% (95% CI, 17.1–29.7%). This is in line with a study on Ugandan women among whom 29% discussed their feeding to be consistent with WHO recommendations [19].In this study the overall safe feeding practice based on WHO recommendation was much higher among age groups >35 years of age (76.92%) as compared to age group < 25 years of age (10.64%). This is supported by a study in Nigeria that showed older age was associated with increased rates of safe infant feeding practice [20]. The reason might be that those mothers with age > 35 years may have more children and more experience with infant feeding but young mothers may not be well experienced with regard to infant care including infant feeding options.The proportion of mothers who practiced safe infant feeding was 27% and 16% among mothers who had good knowledge and poor knowledge about infant feeding, respectively. This is supported by the evidence from health belief model that says the higher the perception of people about health needs, the more likely they make decisions that promote health [11]. In other words, the higher the mother has knowledge about safe infant feeding practices, the more likely she practices them.Among urban residents, the overall safe infant feeding practice was 26% but it was 12% among rural residents. This could be due to the fact that urban mothers are more informed about infant feeding options through the media and have good knowledge which increases the likelihood of practicing safe infant feeding. When it comes to attitude, 27.87% of mothers who had favorable attitude towards infant feeding practiced safe infant feeding while only 10.31% of mothers with unfavorable attitude practiced safe infant feeding. This finding is supported by a study in Addis Ababa that showed positive parental attitude to be a strong predictor of safe infant feeding practice [21]. This discrepancy can be attributed to the inclination that mothers have an infant feeding practice based on their attitude. In other words, mothers with favorable attitude are more likely to practice breastfeeding according to recommendations by health professionals while mothers with unfavorable attitude towards breastfeeding are less likely to follow recommendations.Regarding exclusive breastfeeding, 23.06% of the mothers practiced exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months which is in line with a study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (30.6 %) [20]. But this result is lower than a result of a similar study done in southern Ethiopia where 48.2% of the mothers were practicing exclusive breastfeeding [16]. A study in India also showed that 57% of women practiced exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life [22]. This could be justified by the differences in the sociocultural nature of the study areas.


## 5. Conclusion

Even though the knowledge and attitude of participants about infant feeding are higher, the actual practice is low. Interventions should focus on bridging the gap between having good knowledge and favorable attitude and practicing of the recommendations.



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*Source: 9107989-2019-01-01.xml*