# Nonlinear Creep Behavior and Viscoelastic-Plastic Constitutive Model of Rock-Concrete Composite Mass

Authors: Yang Liu; Da Huang; Baoyun Zhao; Chen Wang; Duofeng Cen
Journal: Advances in Civil Engineering
 (2020)

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## Abstract

The joint force deformation of rock-concrete composite structures is different from that of simple rock specimens or concrete specimens, such as the tunnel surrounding rock-lining concrete, dam foundations, and concrete. In order to study the creep mechanical properties of rock-concrete composite structures under long-duration load, the TFD-2000 microcomputer servo triaxial creep testing machine is used to carry out step loading creep tests on rock-concrete composite specimens (hereinafter referred to as composite specimens) under different confining pressures (including the confining pressuresσ3 = 0 MPa). The creep test results show that, under the same confining pressure, when axial deviatoric stress is applied step-by-step according to 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and so forth of the UCS (σ3 = 0 MPa) and TCS (triaxial compressive strength) of the composite specimens, the failure stress that the specimen can bear is closely related to the confining pressure. When the confining pressures are 0 MPa, 7 MPa, 15 MPa, and 22 MPa, respectively, the failure stresses that the composite specimens can bear are 60% (corresponds to 0 MPa), 50%, 30%, and 20% of the TCS under the current confining pressures, respectively. Under the same confining pressure, the initial creep rate of the composite specimen on each step shows a U-shaped change trend. Meanwhile, the instantaneous creep rate and failure creep rate of the specimen increase as the confining pressure increases. When the failure creep rate is excluded, the initial creep rate of other stepped loads at the same confining pressure level decreases step-by-step. The improved Nishihara model can better describe the whole creep process of rock-concrete composite specimens, especially in the accelerating creep step. The testing data and research results in this paper can serve as references for further research on mechanical properties of rock-concrete composite structures.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Rock and concrete are two kinds of common building materials, with each containing differences in structure, mechanical properties, and chemical composition. These two materials are often combined together to bear various complex forces and deformations, such as dam concrete and dam foundation rock, tunnel surrounding rock and shotcrete, and concrete foundation and rock foundation [1–3]. The mechanical properties of rock-concrete composite structures is an essential parameter involved in the design and stability analysis of many engineering structures [4–6]. Therefore, it is of great value and significance to carry out studies on the mechanical properties of rock-concrete composite structures, especially the mechanical properties of rock-concrete composite structures under long-duration load. The schematic diagram of the rock-concrete composite structure in actual engineering is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Schematic diagram of rock-concrete composite structure in actual engineering. (a) Dam bedrock-concrete structure. (b) Tunnel confining-lining concrete structure.
(a)(b)At present, abundant research studies on rock creep and concrete creep have been carried out, and many scholars have conducted extremely in-depth research studies on creep mechanical properties of rock. In Zhao et al.’s work [7], based on the experimental results at different stress conditions, an EVPR model that can represent the instantaneous elastic, instantaneous plastic, viscoelastic, and viscoplastic behaviors of hard rock was proposed. They believe that the EVPR model makes up for the shortcomings of some existing creep models of rock. Zhang et al. [8] performed a triaxial creep test of the surrounding rocks in the Fuxin Hengda coal mine using an MTS815.02 rock mechanics testing system and established a nonlinear creep damage model of the rocks. Hadiseh and Rassoul [9] investigated the mechanical characteristics of salt rock by using uniaxial compression creep tests in a salt diapir located in the south of Iran, and they found that the Nishihara model can well perform the creep process of salt rock under the condition without confining pressures. Nicholas et al. [10] analyzed the creep mechanism of two kinds of rocks by comparing quartz microstructures between deformed monomineralic and polymineralic rocks. Their research result provides a new method of rock creep test from microstructures. Meanwhile, there are some other scholars who have also carried out relevant researches on the concrete creep. He et al. [11] analyzed the compression creep mechanical behavior of concrete under the different test conditions. By conducting compression creep test on large cylinder specimens with different loading ages, they found that the creep mechanical behavior of concrete is closely related to the concrete curing time. Laurent et al. [12, 13] conducted a systematic study on the mechanical properties of concrete under long-duration load, focusing on the analysis and discussion of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, long-duration logarithmic strain, and viscoelastic creep Poisson’s ratio. Their study result shows that, compared to instantaneous load, Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of concrete under long-duration load are significantly different. Mounia et al. [14] studied the mechanical properties of concrete creep from different scales and especially discussed the creep model and residual strength of concrete. Their research result reveals that the creep process of concrete is similar to that of the rock and also can be divided into three stages.In addition to above research on creep mechanical properties of rock and concrete, many scholars have shifted their focus to rock-concrete joint deformation. Alan and Jiang [15] simulated the rock-concrete composite lining structure by analyzing the relationship between the coordinated deformation of tunnel surrounding rock and concrete lining. Their study method is very effective to simplify the complexity of actual engineering and can well simulate mechanical properties of tunnel surrounding rock and concrete lining under long-duration load. Stavropoulou et al. [16] discussed the delayed mechanical behavior of rock-concrete composite specimen interface under shear stress. They believe that the interface of rock-concrete composite specimen is influenced by the physical properties of rock and concrete, respectively. Hussein et al. [17] and Maria et al. [18] through the actual engineering research of hydropower dam point out that the shear strength of concrete and rock interface is a key factor determined based on the stability of hydraulic structures. Zhao et al. [19] analyzed the basic mechanical properties of foamed concrete-rock composite and studied the bond-slip behavior of foamed concrete-rock contact surface. Their findings indicate that the surface adhesion of concrete-rock composite specimen mainly depends on the roughness of the concrete and rock. Wei et al. [20] discussed the fracture process of rock-concrete interface and carried out corresponding numerical simulation. They give a very reasonable explanation of the fracture process of rock-concrete interface from the micromechanical level.Nevertheless, the above-mentioned researches mainly focus on the creep mechanical properties of single rock and single concrete or the triaxial compression, shear, and other mechanical properties of rock-concrete composite structures. There are few scholars [21, 22] who have studied and analyzed the long-duration mechanical properties of rock-concrete composite structures, that is, the creep properties of rock-concrete composite structures. Therefore, testing data and conclusions in the paper obtained through the relevant creep testing research on the long-duration mechanical properties of rock-concrete composite specimens can greatly enrich the research results of rock-concrete composite specimens and serve as references for the research of rock-concrete composite structures under long-duration load.


## 2. Specimen Preparation and Test Equipment

### 2.1. Specimen Preparation

In this paper, the composite specimen selected white sandstone as the research object, and the rock specimen is sampled from a highway tunnel in Chongqing of China. The rock has compact and uniform structure and white gray appearance. Its mineral components mainly include quartz, feldspar, calcite, and a small amount of iron, and its chemical components mainly include SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, and Fe2O3. By our previous related study [23], it was learned that the rock is brittle rock with low strength. In addition, the UCS (uniaxial compression strength) has been found to be equal to 30.56 MPa and the average bulk density is 2431 kg/m3. The elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the tested rock under uniaxial compression are 6.4 GPa and 0.14, respectively.The concrete specimens are mixed in the laboratory according to the actual engineering conditions by using P42.5 ordinary Portland cement. All indexes shall meet the requirements ofStandard Specification for Portland Cement [24]. The coarse aggregate is continuously graded crushed stones with a particle size ranging from 6 mm to 13 mm, and all indexes meet the requirements of Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates [25]. The fine aggregate is ordinary medium river sand, with the grading curve in Area II, and all its indexes meet the requirements of Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine Aggregate [26]. Tap water is used for mixing concrete, and the concrete is mixed in strict accordance with the Standard Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete [27]. The mechanical properties of the concrete meet the requirements of [28]. The basic physical parameters of rock and concrete specimens are shown in Table 1.Table 1
Basic physical parameters of rock and concrete specimens [23].
Specimens nameDiameter,d (mm)Height,h (mm)Density,ρ (kg/m3)Peak strength,σ-pc (MPa)Elastic Modulus,E (GPa)Axial peak strain,ε-A (%)Circumferential peak strain,ε-C (%)Rock specimensR149.8799.62228135.416.820.390.22R250.1499.47229465.195.940.660.34R349.7599.58225799.356.420.980.98R449.5799.872275116.015.810.910.88Concrete specimensC149.0499.56218923.8712.790.181.07C250.12100.02214570.1913.450.420.59C349.75100.15209884.3413.680.800.64C449.8899.63213697.3313.821.702.00As for the processing and manufacturing of rock-concrete composite specimens, the following steps were taken:①
Clean the upper surface of the rock and maintain a certain degree of roughness to facilitate the bonding of concrete and rock. The roughness of the upper surface of rock is caused by manual with graver.②
In order to ensure sufficient humidity on the upper surface of the rock before pouring the concrete, soak the rock in water for 24 hours in advance.③
Take the rock out from the water, put it into a steel mould, and pour concrete on the rough side of it after the surface of the rock is slightly dried to facilitate the forming of the rock-concrete composite test block.④
Manufacture Φ 50 × (50 + 50) mm cylindrical composite specimens in laboratory. The manufacturing of the specimens is strictly in accordance with the test procedures formulated by the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) (Fairhurst and Hudson [29]): standard cylinder specimens with a height of 100 mm and a diameter of 50 mm are manufactured, and the error of specimen diameter is no more than 0.3 mm and that of end face nonparallelism is no more than 0.05 mm. The rock-concrete composite specimens are shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Pictures and schematic diagram of rock-concrete composite specimens.


### 2.2. Test Equipment

Figure3 shows the test equipment of TFD-2000 and deformation gauge. The test equipment consists of four parts, which are confining pressure control system, axial pressure control system, loading system, and computer service platform. The experiments were performed with the microcomputer servo-controlled triaxial rheological test machine. This equipment can be used to carry out conventional compression and rheological tests such as uniaxial and triaxial compression tests and triaxial rheological tests. The confining pressure ranged from 0 to 100 MPa and the maximum axial test force of the equipment was 500 MPa. Furthermore, the axial displacement is measured by a pair of LVDTs having a measurement range of 0–10 mm with precision of 0.001 mm. The radius change is measured by a circumferential ring that has a measurement range of 1.5 mm and precision of 0.001 mm.Figure 3
Installation of the TFD-2000 microcomputer servo-controlled triaxial rheological testing machine for rock and deformation extensometer.


### 2.3. Test Process and Plan

In this paper, three composite specimens were tested under the same condition for all tests to reduce the experimental error. The specific testing steps concerning creep are as follows:Step 1. The device installed with a rock-concrete composite specimens was fixed on the testing platform of triaxial compression test machine, and the pressure chamber was closed.Step 2. The confining pressures are designed to be 0 MPa, 7 MPa, 15 MPa, and 22 MPa in sequence according to the buried depth of the highway tunnel. The confining pressureσ3 was loaded to the desired level, which makes the specimen be always in the stress state of σ1 = σ2 = σ3 (namely, hydrostatic stress state) during the loading process of confining pressure. The confining pressure will remain constant in the subsequent axial loading process.Step 3. According to the UCS and TCS of rock-concrete composite specimens under the same confining pressures, 10%, 20%, 30%, and so forth of the peak axial deviatoric strengths are chosen in sequence until the specimens are in failure. The loading rate of each step is 0.5 MPa/s [30], and the loading of each step lasts about 24 hours.In this paper, the reason why we select 24 hours for every step is that when the axial strain value is less than 0.001, it can be deemed that the creep rate of the rock-concrete composite specimen will not change any more. The rock-concrete composite specimen enters into a stable state. So before the formal test, by observing several groups’ rock-concrete composite specimens under creep tests, it was found that the 24-hour period is meeting the test requirements for each step. The test results of rock-concrete composite specimens with triaxial compression test (TCT) under different confining pressures are shown in Table2. The specific creep test plans under different confining pressure are shown in Table 3.Table 2
The test results of rock-concrete composite specimens with triaxial compression under different confining pressures [23].
Rock-concrete composite (triaxial compression)Confining pressure,σ3 (MPa)Peak axial deviatoric stress,σ-pads (MPa)Elastic modulus,E (GPa)Poisson’s ratio,μAxial peak strain,ε1 (%)Circumferential peak strain,ε3 (%)030.568.740.120.591.18765.988.980.140.821.001594.0711.480.171.060.9422115.5410.580.181.490.84Table 3
The specific creep test plan under different confining pressure.
Confining pressure,σ3 (MPa)Peak axial deviatoric stress of TCT,σ-padsThe axial deviatoric stress for each stepStep 1 10%Step 2 20%Step 3 30%Step 4 40%Step 5 50%Step 6 60%Step 7 70%030.563.066.119.1712.2215.28∗18.33765.9813.2019.7926.3932.99∗39.591594.079.4118.8128.22∗37.6322115.5411.5523.10∗34.65According to the final test results, only the tested steps are listed, and the untested steps are not listed.∗indicates the creep failure stress under different confining pressures.


## 2.1. Specimen Preparation

In this paper, the composite specimen selected white sandstone as the research object, and the rock specimen is sampled from a highway tunnel in Chongqing of China. The rock has compact and uniform structure and white gray appearance. Its mineral components mainly include quartz, feldspar, calcite, and a small amount of iron, and its chemical components mainly include SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, and Fe2O3. By our previous related study [23], it was learned that the rock is brittle rock with low strength. In addition, the UCS (uniaxial compression strength) has been found to be equal to 30.56 MPa and the average bulk density is 2431 kg/m3. The elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the tested rock under uniaxial compression are 6.4 GPa and 0.14, respectively.The concrete specimens are mixed in the laboratory according to the actual engineering conditions by using P42.5 ordinary Portland cement. All indexes shall meet the requirements ofStandard Specification for Portland Cement [24]. The coarse aggregate is continuously graded crushed stones with a particle size ranging from 6 mm to 13 mm, and all indexes meet the requirements of Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates [25]. The fine aggregate is ordinary medium river sand, with the grading curve in Area II, and all its indexes meet the requirements of Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine Aggregate [26]. Tap water is used for mixing concrete, and the concrete is mixed in strict accordance with the Standard Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete [27]. The mechanical properties of the concrete meet the requirements of [28]. The basic physical parameters of rock and concrete specimens are shown in Table 1.Table 1
Basic physical parameters of rock and concrete specimens [23].
Specimens nameDiameter,d (mm)Height,h (mm)Density,ρ (kg/m3)Peak strength,σ-pc (MPa)Elastic Modulus,E (GPa)Axial peak strain,ε-A (%)Circumferential peak strain,ε-C (%)Rock specimensR149.8799.62228135.416.820.390.22R250.1499.47229465.195.940.660.34R349.7599.58225799.356.420.980.98R449.5799.872275116.015.810.910.88Concrete specimensC149.0499.56218923.8712.790.181.07C250.12100.02214570.1913.450.420.59C349.75100.15209884.3413.680.800.64C449.8899.63213697.3313.821.702.00As for the processing and manufacturing of rock-concrete composite specimens, the following steps were taken:①
Clean the upper surface of the rock and maintain a certain degree of roughness to facilitate the bonding of concrete and rock. The roughness of the upper surface of rock is caused by manual with graver.②
In order to ensure sufficient humidity on the upper surface of the rock before pouring the concrete, soak the rock in water for 24 hours in advance.③
Take the rock out from the water, put it into a steel mould, and pour concrete on the rough side of it after the surface of the rock is slightly dried to facilitate the forming of the rock-concrete composite test block.④
Manufacture Φ 50 × (50 + 50) mm cylindrical composite specimens in laboratory. The manufacturing of the specimens is strictly in accordance with the test procedures formulated by the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) (Fairhurst and Hudson [29]): standard cylinder specimens with a height of 100 mm and a diameter of 50 mm are manufactured, and the error of specimen diameter is no more than 0.3 mm and that of end face nonparallelism is no more than 0.05 mm. The rock-concrete composite specimens are shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Pictures and schematic diagram of rock-concrete composite specimens.


## 2.2. Test Equipment

Figure3 shows the test equipment of TFD-2000 and deformation gauge. The test equipment consists of four parts, which are confining pressure control system, axial pressure control system, loading system, and computer service platform. The experiments were performed with the microcomputer servo-controlled triaxial rheological test machine. This equipment can be used to carry out conventional compression and rheological tests such as uniaxial and triaxial compression tests and triaxial rheological tests. The confining pressure ranged from 0 to 100 MPa and the maximum axial test force of the equipment was 500 MPa. Furthermore, the axial displacement is measured by a pair of LVDTs having a measurement range of 0–10 mm with precision of 0.001 mm. The radius change is measured by a circumferential ring that has a measurement range of 1.5 mm and precision of 0.001 mm.Figure 3
Installation of the TFD-2000 microcomputer servo-controlled triaxial rheological testing machine for rock and deformation extensometer.


## 2.3. Test Process and Plan

In this paper, three composite specimens were tested under the same condition for all tests to reduce the experimental error. The specific testing steps concerning creep are as follows:Step 1. The device installed with a rock-concrete composite specimens was fixed on the testing platform of triaxial compression test machine, and the pressure chamber was closed.Step 2. The confining pressures are designed to be 0 MPa, 7 MPa, 15 MPa, and 22 MPa in sequence according to the buried depth of the highway tunnel. The confining pressureσ3 was loaded to the desired level, which makes the specimen be always in the stress state of σ1 = σ2 = σ3 (namely, hydrostatic stress state) during the loading process of confining pressure. The confining pressure will remain constant in the subsequent axial loading process.Step 3. According to the UCS and TCS of rock-concrete composite specimens under the same confining pressures, 10%, 20%, 30%, and so forth of the peak axial deviatoric strengths are chosen in sequence until the specimens are in failure. The loading rate of each step is 0.5 MPa/s [30], and the loading of each step lasts about 24 hours.In this paper, the reason why we select 24 hours for every step is that when the axial strain value is less than 0.001, it can be deemed that the creep rate of the rock-concrete composite specimen will not change any more. The rock-concrete composite specimen enters into a stable state. So before the formal test, by observing several groups’ rock-concrete composite specimens under creep tests, it was found that the 24-hour period is meeting the test requirements for each step. The test results of rock-concrete composite specimens with triaxial compression test (TCT) under different confining pressures are shown in Table2. The specific creep test plans under different confining pressure are shown in Table 3.Table 2
The test results of rock-concrete composite specimens with triaxial compression under different confining pressures [23].
Rock-concrete composite (triaxial compression)Confining pressure,σ3 (MPa)Peak axial deviatoric stress,σ-pads (MPa)Elastic modulus,E (GPa)Poisson’s ratio,μAxial peak strain,ε1 (%)Circumferential peak strain,ε3 (%)030.568.740.120.591.18765.988.980.140.821.001594.0711.480.171.060.9422115.5410.580.181.490.84Table 3
The specific creep test plan under different confining pressure.
Confining pressure,σ3 (MPa)Peak axial deviatoric stress of TCT,σ-padsThe axial deviatoric stress for each stepStep 1 10%Step 2 20%Step 3 30%Step 4 40%Step 5 50%Step 6 60%Step 7 70%030.563.066.119.1712.2215.28∗18.33765.9813.2019.7926.3932.99∗39.591594.079.4118.8128.22∗37.6322115.5411.5523.10∗34.65According to the final test results, only the tested steps are listed, and the untested steps are not listed.∗indicates the creep failure stress under different confining pressures.


## 3. Test Results

### 3.1. Stress Strain

The step loading time-stress-strain curves of rock-concrete composite specimens under different confining pressures are shown in Figures4(a)–4(d). It can be seen that the creep curves are not smooth, due to a huge amount of microfissures and microcracks in the concrete specimens, leading to closure and collapse under the action of axial stress and resulting in redistribution of internal stress but without affecting the overall deformation law. Simultaneously, it can be seen that, with the increase of confining pressure, the percentage of the peak axial deviatoric stress of TCT σ-pads (i.e., the creep failure stress) that the composite specimen in the creep tests can bear decreases step-by-step. In the uniaxial state (σ3 = 0 MPa), the creep failure stress that the composite specimen can bear is 60% of its UCS, and the loading step is 6. When the confining pressure reached 7 MPa, the creep failure stress that the composite specimen can bear is 50% of the peak axial deviatoric stress corresponding to the same confining pressure, and the corresponding loading step is 5. When the confining pressure increased to 15 MPa, the creep failure stress that the composite specimen can bear is 30% of the corresponding peak axial deviatoric stress, and the corresponding loading step is 3. Moreover, when the confining pressure increased to 22 MPa, the creep failure stress that the composite specimen can bear was only 20% of its corresponding peak axial deviatoric stress, and the corresponding loading step is 2.Figure 4
Step loading time-stress-strain curves of rock-concrete composite specimens under different confining pressures. (a) Confining pressure 0 MPa. (b) Confining pressure 7 MPa. (c) Confining pressure 15 MPa. (d) Confining pressure 22 MPa.
(a)(b)(c)(d)This is quite different from the creep change rule of conventional pure rock samples under different confining pressures. The phenomenon is caused by the confining pressure and loading history together. On the one hand, due to the gradual transition from brittleness to ductility of concrete samples with the increase of confining pressure [31, 32], the deformation capacity increases, elastic modulus and secant modulus decrease, and Poisson’s ratio as well as the peak axial strain increases, which leads to the decrease of loading steps of composite samples with the increase of confining pressure. Besides, the loading history is a very important factor in creep response [33, 34]. The larger the axial deviatoric stress, the greater the effect on the deformation of the composite specimen. In other words, the large axial deviatoric stress accelerates the closure of the microcracks and micropore in the composite specimen, thereby accelerating the deformation and failure of the composite specimen. The physical parameters of rock-concrete composite specimens and creep test results under different confining pressures are shown in Table 4.Table 4
The physical parameters of rock-concrete composite specimens and creep test results under different confining pressures.
Rock-concrete composite (triaxial creep)Confining pressure,σ3 (MPa)Diameter,d (mm)Height,h (mm)Density,ρe (kg/m3)Failure stress,σ-fs (MPa)Instantaneous strain,εi (%)Total strain,εt (%)εi/εt (%)049.9599.96235818.330.020.287749.99100.05238939.590.140.53261549.97100.02233137.630.200.51392249.9899.98233834.650.250.6836


### 3.2. Creep Rate Analysis

At the initial stage of stress loading of all steps, the rock-concrete composite specimen undergoes instantaneous elastic strain and then enters the decay creep stage. During the decay creep, the strain value of the composite specimen continuously increases; the strain rate decreases and gradually tends to be stable and then enters the stable creep stage. The initial creep rate of rock-concrete composite specimens with different confining pressures under step loading is shown in Table5, and the change trend of step loading rate is shown in Figure 5. When the confining pressure reaches 0 MPa, the instantaneous creep rate and the instantaneous elastic strain of the composite specimen are 15.11 × 10−2/h and 0.04%, respectively. After entering the stable creep stage, the strain value of the composite specimen is stable at 0.0235% to 0.0311%. When the confining pressure reaches 22 MPa, the instantaneous creep rate of the composite specimen is 46.32 × 10−2/h, and the instantaneous elastic strain is 0.23%. After entering the stable creep stage, the strain value of the composite specimen is stable at 0.2510% to 0.2558%.Table 5
Step loading initial creep rate of rock-concrete composite specimens under different confining pressures.
Confining pressure (MPa)Axial initial creep rate (10−2/h)Instantaneous creep rateStep 2Step 3Step 4Step 5Step 6Step 7015.118.937.665.884.422.0327.75 (∗)724.4715.859.277.685.864.2130.52 (∗)1538.9914.28.226.4738.82 (∗)2246.329.838.6659.27 (∗)(∗) is the maximum creep rate of the rock-concrete composite specimen when failure happens.Figure 5
Change trend of initial creep rate of rock-concrete composite specimens with different confining pressures under step loading.According to Table5 and Figure 5, it can be seen that, with the increase of confining pressure, the initial creep rate of the rock-concrete composite specimen shows a U-shaped trend in the whole creep process and can be roughly divided into three sections: first, there are a large number of micropores and microcracks in the composite specimen, especially in the concrete specimen part, so the composite specimen will produce a huge deformation after being subjected to the Step 1 axial stress, resulting in the instantaneous increases on the instantaneous deformation and initial strain rate of the rock-concrete composite specimen and reaching larger values. The deformation grows rapidly in this stage, and, in the whole creep process, the stage also has the fastest deceleration. Secondly, as time goes by, it gradually enters a stable creep stage. Except for the failure creep stage in the last step, it can be seen that the initial creep rate actually tends to decrease slightly between the other two steps. Finally, when the composite specimen reaches the peak strength and fails, the creep rate increases rapidly in this stage, and the accelerating creep rate also increases gradually with the increase of confining pressure.By differentiating the time-strain curves in Figures4(a)–4(d), the step loading creep rate under different confining pressures can be obtained. The creep rate under a single loading step is shown in Figure 6. Therefore, the complete fitting curves of step loading rate and initial creep rate under different confining pressures are shown in Figures 7(a)–7(d).Figure 6
Creep time-creep rate curve under a single loading step (taking accelerating creep section at the confining pressure of 7 MPa as an example).Figure 7
Fitting curves of step loading rate and initial creep rate of composite specimens under different confining pressures. (a) Confining pressure 0 MPa. (b) Confining pressure 7 MPa. (c) Confining pressure 15 MPa. (d) Confining pressure 22 MPa.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Through analysis, it is found that the decreasing trend of step loading initial creep rate of rock-concrete composite specimens under different confining pressures can be fitted by using power functions. When the confining pressures reach 0 MPa, 7 MPa, 15 MPa, and 22 MPa, respectively, the initial creep rates meet equations (1)–(4), respectively. The initial creep change trend of rock-concrete composite specimens under different confining pressures obtained through induction and analysis can be used to predict and compare the creep of rock-concrete composite specimens under the same confining pressure.(1)y=17.478x−0.951,R2=0.912,(2)y=22.126x−1.061,R2=0.923,(3)y=37.34x−1.381,R2=0.914,(4)y=40.33x−1663,R2=0.924.


### 3.3. Failure Modes

With the increased axial stress, destruction occurs in the composite specimen finally; Figure8 shows the creep failure mode of the composite specimen under different confining pressures. As can be seen from Figure 8, the main failure modes of rock-concrete composite specimens are axial splitting failure and bevel shear failure, at the same time, accompanied by local crushing damage. While local crushing damage mostly occurs in the concrete specimen part, the rock parts present less significant damage. In addition, the influence of the confining pressure on the creep failure mode of the composite specimen is not obvious, but, regardless of the composite specimen destruction under whatever confining pressures, the contact surface of the composite sample is always intact, without breakage occurring from the contact surface. Therefore, for composite specimens during creep until final failure, it can be considered that the contact surface does not have too much influence on the mechanical properties of the composite specimens. The ultimate failure of the composite specimen can be considered as a result of co-coordinated deformation.Figure 8
Failure mode of rock-concrete composite specimen under different confining pressures. (a) 0 MPa. (b) 7 MPa. (c) 15 MPa. (d) 22 MPa.
(a)(b)(c)(d)


## 3.1. Stress Strain

The step loading time-stress-strain curves of rock-concrete composite specimens under different confining pressures are shown in Figures4(a)–4(d). It can be seen that the creep curves are not smooth, due to a huge amount of microfissures and microcracks in the concrete specimens, leading to closure and collapse under the action of axial stress and resulting in redistribution of internal stress but without affecting the overall deformation law. Simultaneously, it can be seen that, with the increase of confining pressure, the percentage of the peak axial deviatoric stress of TCT σ-pads (i.e., the creep failure stress) that the composite specimen in the creep tests can bear decreases step-by-step. In the uniaxial state (σ3 = 0 MPa), the creep failure stress that the composite specimen can bear is 60% of its UCS, and the loading step is 6. When the confining pressure reached 7 MPa, the creep failure stress that the composite specimen can bear is 50% of the peak axial deviatoric stress corresponding to the same confining pressure, and the corresponding loading step is 5. When the confining pressure increased to 15 MPa, the creep failure stress that the composite specimen can bear is 30% of the corresponding peak axial deviatoric stress, and the corresponding loading step is 3. Moreover, when the confining pressure increased to 22 MPa, the creep failure stress that the composite specimen can bear was only 20% of its corresponding peak axial deviatoric stress, and the corresponding loading step is 2.Figure 4
Step loading time-stress-strain curves of rock-concrete composite specimens under different confining pressures. (a) Confining pressure 0 MPa. (b) Confining pressure 7 MPa. (c) Confining pressure 15 MPa. (d) Confining pressure 22 MPa.
(a)(b)(c)(d)This is quite different from the creep change rule of conventional pure rock samples under different confining pressures. The phenomenon is caused by the confining pressure and loading history together. On the one hand, due to the gradual transition from brittleness to ductility of concrete samples with the increase of confining pressure [31, 32], the deformation capacity increases, elastic modulus and secant modulus decrease, and Poisson’s ratio as well as the peak axial strain increases, which leads to the decrease of loading steps of composite samples with the increase of confining pressure. Besides, the loading history is a very important factor in creep response [33, 34]. The larger the axial deviatoric stress, the greater the effect on the deformation of the composite specimen. In other words, the large axial deviatoric stress accelerates the closure of the microcracks and micropore in the composite specimen, thereby accelerating the deformation and failure of the composite specimen. The physical parameters of rock-concrete composite specimens and creep test results under different confining pressures are shown in Table 4.Table 4
The physical parameters of rock-concrete composite specimens and creep test results under different confining pressures.
Rock-concrete composite (triaxial creep)Confining pressure,σ3 (MPa)Diameter,d (mm)Height,h (mm)Density,ρe (kg/m3)Failure stress,σ-fs (MPa)Instantaneous strain,εi (%)Total strain,εt (%)εi/εt (%)049.9599.96235818.330.020.287749.99100.05238939.590.140.53261549.97100.02233137.630.200.51392249.9899.98233834.650.250.6836


## 3.2. Creep Rate Analysis

At the initial stage of stress loading of all steps, the rock-concrete composite specimen undergoes instantaneous elastic strain and then enters the decay creep stage. During the decay creep, the strain value of the composite specimen continuously increases; the strain rate decreases and gradually tends to be stable and then enters the stable creep stage. The initial creep rate of rock-concrete composite specimens with different confining pressures under step loading is shown in Table5, and the change trend of step loading rate is shown in Figure 5. When the confining pressure reaches 0 MPa, the instantaneous creep rate and the instantaneous elastic strain of the composite specimen are 15.11 × 10−2/h and 0.04%, respectively. After entering the stable creep stage, the strain value of the composite specimen is stable at 0.0235% to 0.0311%. When the confining pressure reaches 22 MPa, the instantaneous creep rate of the composite specimen is 46.32 × 10−2/h, and the instantaneous elastic strain is 0.23%. After entering the stable creep stage, the strain value of the composite specimen is stable at 0.2510% to 0.2558%.Table 5
Step loading initial creep rate of rock-concrete composite specimens under different confining pressures.
Confining pressure (MPa)Axial initial creep rate (10−2/h)Instantaneous creep rateStep 2Step 3Step 4Step 5Step 6Step 7015.118.937.665.884.422.0327.75 (∗)724.4715.859.277.685.864.2130.52 (∗)1538.9914.28.226.4738.82 (∗)2246.329.838.6659.27 (∗)(∗) is the maximum creep rate of the rock-concrete composite specimen when failure happens.Figure 5
Change trend of initial creep rate of rock-concrete composite specimens with different confining pressures under step loading.According to Table5 and Figure 5, it can be seen that, with the increase of confining pressure, the initial creep rate of the rock-concrete composite specimen shows a U-shaped trend in the whole creep process and can be roughly divided into three sections: first, there are a large number of micropores and microcracks in the composite specimen, especially in the concrete specimen part, so the composite specimen will produce a huge deformation after being subjected to the Step 1 axial stress, resulting in the instantaneous increases on the instantaneous deformation and initial strain rate of the rock-concrete composite specimen and reaching larger values. The deformation grows rapidly in this stage, and, in the whole creep process, the stage also has the fastest deceleration. Secondly, as time goes by, it gradually enters a stable creep stage. Except for the failure creep stage in the last step, it can be seen that the initial creep rate actually tends to decrease slightly between the other two steps. Finally, when the composite specimen reaches the peak strength and fails, the creep rate increases rapidly in this stage, and the accelerating creep rate also increases gradually with the increase of confining pressure.By differentiating the time-strain curves in Figures4(a)–4(d), the step loading creep rate under different confining pressures can be obtained. The creep rate under a single loading step is shown in Figure 6. Therefore, the complete fitting curves of step loading rate and initial creep rate under different confining pressures are shown in Figures 7(a)–7(d).Figure 6
Creep time-creep rate curve under a single loading step (taking accelerating creep section at the confining pressure of 7 MPa as an example).Figure 7
Fitting curves of step loading rate and initial creep rate of composite specimens under different confining pressures. (a) Confining pressure 0 MPa. (b) Confining pressure 7 MPa. (c) Confining pressure 15 MPa. (d) Confining pressure 22 MPa.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Through analysis, it is found that the decreasing trend of step loading initial creep rate of rock-concrete composite specimens under different confining pressures can be fitted by using power functions. When the confining pressures reach 0 MPa, 7 MPa, 15 MPa, and 22 MPa, respectively, the initial creep rates meet equations (1)–(4), respectively. The initial creep change trend of rock-concrete composite specimens under different confining pressures obtained through induction and analysis can be used to predict and compare the creep of rock-concrete composite specimens under the same confining pressure.(1)y=17.478x−0.951,R2=0.912,(2)y=22.126x−1.061,R2=0.923,(3)y=37.34x−1.381,R2=0.914,(4)y=40.33x−1663,R2=0.924.


## 3.3. Failure Modes

With the increased axial stress, destruction occurs in the composite specimen finally; Figure8 shows the creep failure mode of the composite specimen under different confining pressures. As can be seen from Figure 8, the main failure modes of rock-concrete composite specimens are axial splitting failure and bevel shear failure, at the same time, accompanied by local crushing damage. While local crushing damage mostly occurs in the concrete specimen part, the rock parts present less significant damage. In addition, the influence of the confining pressure on the creep failure mode of the composite specimen is not obvious, but, regardless of the composite specimen destruction under whatever confining pressures, the contact surface of the composite sample is always intact, without breakage occurring from the contact surface. Therefore, for composite specimens during creep until final failure, it can be considered that the contact surface does not have too much influence on the mechanical properties of the composite specimens. The ultimate failure of the composite specimen can be considered as a result of co-coordinated deformation.Figure 8
Failure mode of rock-concrete composite specimen under different confining pressures. (a) 0 MPa. (b) 7 MPa. (c) 15 MPa. (d) 22 MPa.
(a)(b)(c)(d)


## 4. Nonlinear Viscoelastic-Plastic Creep Model for Rock-Concrete Composite Specimens

### 4.1. Nishihara Model

Generally speaking, the creep process of rock can be divided into three stages: decelerating creep stage, constant rate creep stage, and accelerating creep stage. The existing Nishihara model can well perform the decelerating creep stage and constant rate creep stage of the rock [35, 36]; however, since the Nishihara model is composed of ideal linear elements: Hooke body (H), Kelvin body (N/H), and ideal viscoplastic body (N/St.V), as shown in Figure 9, it cannot accurately describe the third stage of the rock creep process, namely, the accelerating creep stage. Nevertheless, it can be seen from Figures 4(a)–4(d) that the rock-concrete composite specimen has an obvious accelerating creep stage, so the creep process of the rock-concrete composite specimen cannot be directly described by the Nishihara model. In Figure 10, E0 and E1 are the elastic moduli in Hooke and Kelvin bodies, respectively. η1 and η2 are the viscosity coefficients of Kelvin body and ideal viscoplastic body, respectively.Figure 9
Nishihara model.Figure 10
Microstructure of concrete and rock specimens when magnified 2000 times, respectively. (a) Concrete specimen. (b) Rock specimen.
(a)(b)The creep equation of Nishihara model is shown in equation (5).Whenσ0 < σs, the creep equation of Nishihara model is as follows:(5)ε=σ0E0+σ0E11−exp−E0η1t.Whenσ0 > σs, the creep equation of Nishihara model is as follows:(6)ε=σ0E0+σ0E11−exp−E1η1t+1η2σ0−σst,where E0, E1, η1, and η2 are the elastic, plastic, and viscous moduli of the rock, respectively; ε is the rock strain (%); σ0 is the axial stress of the rock (MPa), and t is time (h).


### 4.2. Nonlinear Viscoelastic-Plastic Creep Model

The rock-concrete composite sample is formed by pouring tight sandstone and concrete with a large number of microcracks and micropores; there is an obvious difference in the internal microstructure between the two materials. According to the scanning electron microscope micrographs of Figures10(a) and 10(b), it can be clearly seen that there are lots of microcracks and micropores in the concrete sample. However, these microcracks and micropores are caused by drying shrinkage due to evaporation of water inside the concrete sample during solidification. These microcracks and micropores will preferentially compress and close when the concrete sample is subjected to external force. While the microstructure of the rock sample is compact and orderly, it can be clearly seen that the rock crystals are tightly bound together, and there are almost no obvious microcracks or micropores.Therefore, the creep process of the rock-concrete composite sample can be divided into three stages. In the first stageT1, when the composite sample is subjected to axial stress, the low-strength concrete specimen with large numbers of microcracks and micropores will be compacted first, while the deformation of the rock sample is very small. Meanwhile, the deformation and stress are linearly elastic. In the second stage T2, with the gradual increase of axial stress, most of microcracks and micropores in the concrete are closed. At this time, the rock and the concrete will begin to deform coordinately and jointly produce deformation. In the third stage T3, the composite specimen reaches the axial peak stress, causing failure and accelerating creep. By the above analysis, a new creep constitutive model is proposed to describe the creep process of rock-concrete composite specimen. The new constitutive model is obtained by improving the Nishihara constitutive model. The improved Nishihara constitutive model corresponding to the specific creep process is shown in Figure 11.Figure 11
Improved Nishihara model.Based on the analysis of the deformation process of the rock-concrete composite specimen, the improvement of the Nishihara model mainly includes the following: based on the original model, a nonlinear viscoplastic body is connected in series, and the main function of the viscoplastic body is to embody the accelerating creep process of the rock-concrete composite sample. According to the improved Nishihara model in Figure11, the following can be obtained:(7)σ=σ1=σ2=σ3=σ4,ε=ε1+ε2+ε3+ε4,where each stress-strain relation satisfies equation (8).(8)σ1=E0ε1,σ2=E1ε2+η1ε2′,σ3=σS1+η2ε3′,σ4=σS2+η3ε4′atb.After sorting out equations (7) and (8), the following can be obtained:(9)σ″+E0+E1η1+E1η2+E1tbη3σ′+σ−σs1E0E1η1η2+E1σ−σS2η3abtb−1+E1η1atb=E1ε″+E0E1η1ε′.The creep equation of rock-concrete composite specimen obtained by Laplace transformation of equation (9) is as follows:(10)ε=σ0E0+σ0E11−exp−E1η1t+1η2σ0−σs1t1+1η3σ0−σs2t2n,where E0, E1, η1, η2, and η3 are, respectively, 2 elastic coefficients and 3 viscosity coefficients of rock-concrete composite specimens; ε is strain of rock-concrete composite specimen, %; σ0 is the axial stress of the rock-concrete composite specimen, MPa; t is the total creep time, t1 is the starting time for linear viscoplastic body to participate in creep, and t2 is starting time for accelerating creep, h; σs1 is the creep initial strength of the rock-concrete composite specimen, MPa; σs2 is the long-term strength of the rock-concrete composite specimen, MPa.


### 4.3. Model Parameter Identification and Model Verification

Taking the test data under 7 MPa confining pressure to identify and verify the creep parameters of the improved model, it is found that there is a critical stress value during the creep of the rock-concrete composite specimen. When the applied stress is less than the critical stress value, the creep is stable; that is, the rock failure will not occur with the increase of time. When the time stress (axial deviatoric stress) is greater than the critical stress value, the creep is unstable; that is, the rock failure will occur with the increase of time, and this critical value is the long-term strength. Among them, the families of the isochronous stress-strain curve method [37, 38] are a widely used method and it has been incorporated into rock test specifications. According to the families of the isochronous stress-strain curves of the rock-concrete composite specimen under the confining pressure of 7 MPa shown in Figure 12, it can be seen that the families of the isochronous stress-strain curves have obvious inflection points when the axial stress σ0 = 13.31 MPa and σ0 = 26.56 MPa. At the first inflection point, σ0 = σs1 = 13.31 MPa, and the families of curves after the second inflection point will gradually become parallel to X-axis with the increase of time. According to the corresponding change trend, it can be seen that, with the increase of time, the second half of the corresponding curve tends to be a straight smooth line.Figure 12
Families of isochronous stress-strain curves of rock-concrete composite specimens under the confining pressure of 7 MPa.Therefore, when the confining pressure reaches 7 MPa, the axial stressσ0 = σs2 = 26.56 MPa, that is, the long-term strength value of the rock. Then 1st Opt software is used, and Levenberg-Marquardt as well as the General Global Optimization method is adopted to fit the curve. There is no need to use the initial value of the parameters for calculation, and the software will automatically give the optimal solution of the undetermined parameters according to the global optimization algorithm. Therefore, when the confining pressure reaches 7 MPa, all parameters of the improved Nishihara model are shown in Table 6.Table 6
Parameters of the improved Nishihara model for rock-concrete composite specimens under the confining pressure of 7 MPa.
Axial stress (MPa)E0 (MPa)E1 (MPa)η1 (MPa·h)η2 (MPa·h)η3 (MPa·h)nR26.6095.691811.383266.330.95413.20102.542955.277695.780.97219.79120.302744.094171.3339367.410.94926.39131.992883.724981.1151656.320.98532.99136.861786.772391.1556471.6044143.790.98639.59156.953578.245794.3149782.3748671.231.40.945Figure13 is a comparison figure between the fitting curve and the test curve of the improved Nishihara model of the rock-concrete composite specimen under the confining pressure of 7 MPa. The improved Nishihara model can not only restore the creep process of the rock-concrete composite specimen without accelerating creep under low confining pressure but also restore the creep process of the rock-concrete composite specimen with accelerating creep under high confining pressure. The correlation coefficient R2 of fitting under 7 MPa is 0.945, which verifies the precision and accuracy of the improved Nishihara model for creep process simulation of rock-concrete composite specimens.Figure 13
Comparison between the fitting curve and the test curve of the improved Nishihara model under the confining pressure of 7 MPa.As shown in Figure14, the accelerating creep curve of the rock-concrete composite specimen is fitted with the improved Nishihara model and the original Nishihara model, respectively, and then compared. It can be clearly seen that the accelerating creep section cannot be fitted by using the original Nishihara model, while the improved Nishihara model can. In addition, the fitting similarity coefficient R2 of the original Nishihara model is 0.814, while the similarity coefficient R2 of the improved Nishihara model is 0.945.Figure 14
Comparison of accelerating creep curves and test curves of two creep models.


### 4.4. Discussion on the Sensitivity of Parameter n of the Creep Equation

In order to determine the influence of the sensitivity coefficientn in the creep equation of the improved Nishihara model on the accelerating creep curve fitting of the rock-concrete composite sample, 0.5, 0.8, 1.4, 2, and 2.5 are taken, respectively, for analysis and comparison. The comparison curves of five different sensitivity coefficients are shown in Figure 15. As shown in Figure 15, it can be seen that when n is equal to 0.5 or 0.8, the theoretical value obtained will be smaller than the test value, while when n is equal to 2 or 2.5, the fitting value obtained will be larger than the test value.Figure 15
Sensitivity analysis of creep equation parametern.


## 4.1. Nishihara Model

Generally speaking, the creep process of rock can be divided into three stages: decelerating creep stage, constant rate creep stage, and accelerating creep stage. The existing Nishihara model can well perform the decelerating creep stage and constant rate creep stage of the rock [35, 36]; however, since the Nishihara model is composed of ideal linear elements: Hooke body (H), Kelvin body (N/H), and ideal viscoplastic body (N/St.V), as shown in Figure 9, it cannot accurately describe the third stage of the rock creep process, namely, the accelerating creep stage. Nevertheless, it can be seen from Figures 4(a)–4(d) that the rock-concrete composite specimen has an obvious accelerating creep stage, so the creep process of the rock-concrete composite specimen cannot be directly described by the Nishihara model. In Figure 10, E0 and E1 are the elastic moduli in Hooke and Kelvin bodies, respectively. η1 and η2 are the viscosity coefficients of Kelvin body and ideal viscoplastic body, respectively.Figure 9
Nishihara model.Figure 10
Microstructure of concrete and rock specimens when magnified 2000 times, respectively. (a) Concrete specimen. (b) Rock specimen.
(a)(b)The creep equation of Nishihara model is shown in equation (5).Whenσ0 < σs, the creep equation of Nishihara model is as follows:(5)ε=σ0E0+σ0E11−exp−E0η1t.Whenσ0 > σs, the creep equation of Nishihara model is as follows:(6)ε=σ0E0+σ0E11−exp−E1η1t+1η2σ0−σst,where E0, E1, η1, and η2 are the elastic, plastic, and viscous moduli of the rock, respectively; ε is the rock strain (%); σ0 is the axial stress of the rock (MPa), and t is time (h).


## 4.2. Nonlinear Viscoelastic-Plastic Creep Model

The rock-concrete composite sample is formed by pouring tight sandstone and concrete with a large number of microcracks and micropores; there is an obvious difference in the internal microstructure between the two materials. According to the scanning electron microscope micrographs of Figures10(a) and 10(b), it can be clearly seen that there are lots of microcracks and micropores in the concrete sample. However, these microcracks and micropores are caused by drying shrinkage due to evaporation of water inside the concrete sample during solidification. These microcracks and micropores will preferentially compress and close when the concrete sample is subjected to external force. While the microstructure of the rock sample is compact and orderly, it can be clearly seen that the rock crystals are tightly bound together, and there are almost no obvious microcracks or micropores.Therefore, the creep process of the rock-concrete composite sample can be divided into three stages. In the first stageT1, when the composite sample is subjected to axial stress, the low-strength concrete specimen with large numbers of microcracks and micropores will be compacted first, while the deformation of the rock sample is very small. Meanwhile, the deformation and stress are linearly elastic. In the second stage T2, with the gradual increase of axial stress, most of microcracks and micropores in the concrete are closed. At this time, the rock and the concrete will begin to deform coordinately and jointly produce deformation. In the third stage T3, the composite specimen reaches the axial peak stress, causing failure and accelerating creep. By the above analysis, a new creep constitutive model is proposed to describe the creep process of rock-concrete composite specimen. The new constitutive model is obtained by improving the Nishihara constitutive model. The improved Nishihara constitutive model corresponding to the specific creep process is shown in Figure 11.Figure 11
Improved Nishihara model.Based on the analysis of the deformation process of the rock-concrete composite specimen, the improvement of the Nishihara model mainly includes the following: based on the original model, a nonlinear viscoplastic body is connected in series, and the main function of the viscoplastic body is to embody the accelerating creep process of the rock-concrete composite sample. According to the improved Nishihara model in Figure11, the following can be obtained:(7)σ=σ1=σ2=σ3=σ4,ε=ε1+ε2+ε3+ε4,where each stress-strain relation satisfies equation (8).(8)σ1=E0ε1,σ2=E1ε2+η1ε2′,σ3=σS1+η2ε3′,σ4=σS2+η3ε4′atb.After sorting out equations (7) and (8), the following can be obtained:(9)σ″+E0+E1η1+E1η2+E1tbη3σ′+σ−σs1E0E1η1η2+E1σ−σS2η3abtb−1+E1η1atb=E1ε″+E0E1η1ε′.The creep equation of rock-concrete composite specimen obtained by Laplace transformation of equation (9) is as follows:(10)ε=σ0E0+σ0E11−exp−E1η1t+1η2σ0−σs1t1+1η3σ0−σs2t2n,where E0, E1, η1, η2, and η3 are, respectively, 2 elastic coefficients and 3 viscosity coefficients of rock-concrete composite specimens; ε is strain of rock-concrete composite specimen, %; σ0 is the axial stress of the rock-concrete composite specimen, MPa; t is the total creep time, t1 is the starting time for linear viscoplastic body to participate in creep, and t2 is starting time for accelerating creep, h; σs1 is the creep initial strength of the rock-concrete composite specimen, MPa; σs2 is the long-term strength of the rock-concrete composite specimen, MPa.


## 4.3. Model Parameter Identification and Model Verification

Taking the test data under 7 MPa confining pressure to identify and verify the creep parameters of the improved model, it is found that there is a critical stress value during the creep of the rock-concrete composite specimen. When the applied stress is less than the critical stress value, the creep is stable; that is, the rock failure will not occur with the increase of time. When the time stress (axial deviatoric stress) is greater than the critical stress value, the creep is unstable; that is, the rock failure will occur with the increase of time, and this critical value is the long-term strength. Among them, the families of the isochronous stress-strain curve method [37, 38] are a widely used method and it has been incorporated into rock test specifications. According to the families of the isochronous stress-strain curves of the rock-concrete composite specimen under the confining pressure of 7 MPa shown in Figure 12, it can be seen that the families of the isochronous stress-strain curves have obvious inflection points when the axial stress σ0 = 13.31 MPa and σ0 = 26.56 MPa. At the first inflection point, σ0 = σs1 = 13.31 MPa, and the families of curves after the second inflection point will gradually become parallel to X-axis with the increase of time. According to the corresponding change trend, it can be seen that, with the increase of time, the second half of the corresponding curve tends to be a straight smooth line.Figure 12
Families of isochronous stress-strain curves of rock-concrete composite specimens under the confining pressure of 7 MPa.Therefore, when the confining pressure reaches 7 MPa, the axial stressσ0 = σs2 = 26.56 MPa, that is, the long-term strength value of the rock. Then 1st Opt software is used, and Levenberg-Marquardt as well as the General Global Optimization method is adopted to fit the curve. There is no need to use the initial value of the parameters for calculation, and the software will automatically give the optimal solution of the undetermined parameters according to the global optimization algorithm. Therefore, when the confining pressure reaches 7 MPa, all parameters of the improved Nishihara model are shown in Table 6.Table 6
Parameters of the improved Nishihara model for rock-concrete composite specimens under the confining pressure of 7 MPa.
Axial stress (MPa)E0 (MPa)E1 (MPa)η1 (MPa·h)η2 (MPa·h)η3 (MPa·h)nR26.6095.691811.383266.330.95413.20102.542955.277695.780.97219.79120.302744.094171.3339367.410.94926.39131.992883.724981.1151656.320.98532.99136.861786.772391.1556471.6044143.790.98639.59156.953578.245794.3149782.3748671.231.40.945Figure13 is a comparison figure between the fitting curve and the test curve of the improved Nishihara model of the rock-concrete composite specimen under the confining pressure of 7 MPa. The improved Nishihara model can not only restore the creep process of the rock-concrete composite specimen without accelerating creep under low confining pressure but also restore the creep process of the rock-concrete composite specimen with accelerating creep under high confining pressure. The correlation coefficient R2 of fitting under 7 MPa is 0.945, which verifies the precision and accuracy of the improved Nishihara model for creep process simulation of rock-concrete composite specimens.Figure 13
Comparison between the fitting curve and the test curve of the improved Nishihara model under the confining pressure of 7 MPa.As shown in Figure14, the accelerating creep curve of the rock-concrete composite specimen is fitted with the improved Nishihara model and the original Nishihara model, respectively, and then compared. It can be clearly seen that the accelerating creep section cannot be fitted by using the original Nishihara model, while the improved Nishihara model can. In addition, the fitting similarity coefficient R2 of the original Nishihara model is 0.814, while the similarity coefficient R2 of the improved Nishihara model is 0.945.Figure 14
Comparison of accelerating creep curves and test curves of two creep models.


## 4.4. Discussion on the Sensitivity of Parameter n of the Creep Equation

In order to determine the influence of the sensitivity coefficientn in the creep equation of the improved Nishihara model on the accelerating creep curve fitting of the rock-concrete composite sample, 0.5, 0.8, 1.4, 2, and 2.5 are taken, respectively, for analysis and comparison. The comparison curves of five different sensitivity coefficients are shown in Figure 15. As shown in Figure 15, it can be seen that when n is equal to 0.5 or 0.8, the theoretical value obtained will be smaller than the test value, while when n is equal to 2 or 2.5, the fitting value obtained will be larger than the test value.Figure 15
Sensitivity analysis of creep equation parametern.


## 5. Conclusions

Based on the step loading triaxial creep tests of rock-concrete composite specimens under different confining pressures, with focus on the analysis of the creep rate and its change trend of the rock-concrete composite specimens, the creep process of the rock-concrete composite specimens is described by using the improved Nishihara model, and the following conclusions are obtained:(1)
The rock-concrete composite specimen has remarkable creep characteristics; during the creep process, the creep failure stress that the composite specimen can bear is closely related to the confining pressure. When the confining pressure reaches 0 MPa, 7 MPa, 15 MPa, and 22 MPa, the creep failure stress that the composite specimen can bear is 60%, 50%, 30%, and 20%, respectively, of the UCS and TCS under the same confining pressure.(2)
Under the same confining pressure, the initial creep rate of the rock-concrete composite specimen shows a U-shaped change trend; meanwhile, the instantaneous creep rate and the failure creep rate of the rock-concrete composite specimen both increase with the increase of confining pressure. Apart from the failure creep rate, the other step loading initial creep rates under the same confining pressure decrease step-by-step.(3)
The creep process of rock-concrete composite specimens can be described very well by using the improved Nishihara model, especially in the accelerating creep stage of rock-concrete composite specimens. By comparing and analyzing the fitting curve obtained by the improved Nishihara model with the fitting curve and test curve obtained by the original Nishihara model, it can be seen that the similarity coefficientR2 of the improved Nishihara model is 0.945, which is greatly improved compared with the similarity coefficient of the Nishihara model, R2 = 0.814, and the improved Nishihara model is more fitted with the test curve, thus verifying the precision and accuracy of the improved creep model.



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*Source: 9059682-2020-08-27.xml*