# High-Order Breather Solutions, Lump Solutions, and Hybrid Solutions of a Reduced Generalized (3 + 1)-Dimensional Shallow Water Wave Equation

Authors: Jing Wang; Biao Li
Journal: Complexity
 (2020)

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## Abstract

We investigate a reduced generalized (3 + 1)-dimensional shallow water wave equation, which can be used to describe the nonlinear dynamic behavior in physics. By employing Bell’s polynomials, the bilinear form of the equation is derived in a very natural way. Based on Hirota’s bilinear method, the expression ofN-soliton wave solutions is derived. By using the resulting N-soliton expression and reasonable constraining parameters, we concisely construct the high-order breather solutions, which have periodicity in x,y-plane. By taking a long-wave limit of the breather solutions, we have obtained the high-order lump solutions and derived the moving path of lumps. Moreover, we provide the hybrid solutions which mean different types of combinations in lump(s) and line wave. In order to better understand these solutions, the dynamic phenomena of the above breather solutions, lump solutions, and hybrid solutions are demonstrated by some figures.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The study to exact solutions of nonlinear equation is one of the hot topics in nonlinear science [1–3]. It is known that all integrable equations possess soliton solutions exponentially localized in certain directions. In the past few decades, a variety of methods have been developed by scientist, such as the Darboux transformation method [4], the inverse scattering method [1, 5], Hriota bilinear method [6, 7], Lie group method [8], Bäcklund transformation [9, 10], and variable separation approaches method [11, 12].Different from the stable solitons, breather waves and lumps are a special kind of rational solutions and localized structures with the unpredictability and instability. The rogue wave first appeared in studies of oceanography [13, 14] and gradually spread to other fields of physics such as Bose–Einstein condensates [15, 16], optical system [17], superfluid, and plasma. Recently, Ma et al. proposed the positive quadratic function to obtain the lump solutions, and some special examples of lump solutions have been found, such as the KdV equation [18, 19], the KP equation [20, 21], the BKP equation [22], the SK equation [23], the JM equation [24], the shallow water wave equation [25], the coupled Boussinesq equations [26], and nonlinear evolution equation [27, 28]. More recently, high-order rogue waves in a variety of soliton equations have been studied, including the generalized Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation [29], nonlinear Schrödinger equation [30–33], the Boussinesq equation [34], the breaking soliton equation [35], the Sasa–Satsuma equation [36], the Davey–Stewartson equations [37], the complex short pulse equation [38], and many other equations. More importantly, collision will happen among different solitons. There are two kinds of collision, either elastic or inelastic. It is reported that lump solutions will keep their shapes, velocities, and amplitudes after the collision with soliton solutions, which means that the collision is completely elastic. On the basis of different conditions, the collision will change essentially. The main purpose of this article is to study the high-order breathers solutions, lump solutions and hybrid solutions of the generalized (3 + 1)-dimensional shallow water wave equation, which is usually written as(1)uyt−uxxxy−3uxxuy−3uxuxy+uxz=0.This equation has been used in weather simulations, tidal waves, river and irrigation, and tsunami prediction and researched in different ways. Tian and Gao obtained the soliton-type solutions of equation (1) by using the generalized tanh algorithm method [39]. Zayed got the traveling wave solutions of equation (1) by using the (G′/G) expansion method [40]. Wang et al. obtained some interaction solutions of equation (1) by the Hirota bilinear form [25]. Tang et al. presented the Grammian and Pfaffian solutions of equation (1) by the Hirota bilinear form [41]. Multiple soliton solutions of equation (1) are discussed by Zeng et al. [42]. New periodic solitary wave solutions of equation (1) are obtained by Liu and He [43].The main content of this paper is organized as follows. In Section2, we obtain the bilinear form of equation (1) by Bell’s polynomials. In Section 3, starting from Hirota’s bilinear method and reasonable constraining parameters, the high-order breather of this equation have been discussed. By a long-wave limit of these obtained breather solution, high-order lump solutions are studied. In Sections 4–6, we further obtain the breather solutions and lump solutions of this equation under some conditions including the first-order breather and lump solutions, the second-order breather and lump solutions, and the third-order breather and lump solutions. At the same time, we have derived the moving path of lumps. In Section 7, the hybrid solutions are presented, including the first-order lump and a line wave solutions and the second-order lump and a line wave solutions. Moreover, the dynamic properties of these exact solutions are displayed vividly by some figures. Section 8 is a short summary.


## 2. Bilinear Form

We start from a potential fieldq to construct the bilinear form of the (3 + 1)-dimensional shallow water wave equation, which is defined by(2)ux,y,t=ctqxx,where c=ct is a function to be determined later and q=qx,y,z,t. Substituting the transformation equation (2) into equation (1) and integrating equation(1) with respect to x twice, then one can obtain the following equation:(3)Eq=ctqyt−ctqxxxy−3ct2qxxqy−3ct2qxqxy+ctqxz=0,where E is a polynomial of q. Taking ct=1 and referring to the results presented in [44, 45], we can get the form of the P-polynomials for equation (3) as follows:(4)EP=Pyt−Pxxxy+Pxz=0.The above expression leads to the following bilinear equation:(5)DyDt−Dx3Dy+DxDzf⋅f=0,with the aid of following transformation(6)q=2lnf⇔u=ctqx=2lnfxx.Take z=x, and equation (5) becomes the following form:(7)Bf⋅f=DyDt−Dx3Dy+Dx2f⋅f=2fxxf−2fx2−2fxxxyf+6fxxyfx−6fxyfxx+2fytf−2fyft=0.


## 3. High-Order Breather and Lump Solutions

### 3.1. High-Order Breather Solution

To obtain a higher-order breather solution of equation (1), we assume the auxiliary function f has much higher order expansions in terms of ε:(8)f=1+εf1+ε2f2+ε3f3+⋯+εnfn+⋯.Substitute equation (8) into bilinear equation (7) and then collect the coefficients of ε, eliminating the coefficients of all power of ε, and we can obtain overdetermined systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). By solving these ODEs with symbolic computation, we will arrive at the following results:(9)f=∑μ=0,1exp∑j<sNμjμsAjs+∑j=1Nμjηj,where(10)ηj=κjx+pjy+ωjt+ϕj,eAjs=−κj−κs3pj−ps−κj−κs2−ωj−ωspj−psκj−κs3pj−ps−κj+κs2−ωj+ωspj+ps,which need to satisfy(11)κj3pj−κj2−pjωj=0,where κj, pj, ωj, and ϕj are analytic complex constants. The notation ∑μ=0 indicates summation over all possible combinations of μ1=0,1,μ2=0,1,andμN=0,1; the ∑j<sN summation is over all possible combinations of the N elements with the specific condition j<s. The nth-order breather solutions can be generated from 2n-soliton solutions by taking parameter conjugations in equation (9).As discussed in earlier works [37] in the literature, by suitable constraints of the parameters κj,pj,ωj,andϕj in equation (9),(12)N=2n,κn+j∗=κj,pn+j∗=pj,ωn+j∗=ωj,ϕn+j∗=ϕj.To guarantee the corresponding breather solutions being real functions, there are two restrictions for a valid calculation: (1) the wave numberκj must be pure imaginary numbers; (2) the angular frequency ωs must be real numbers and must furthermore satisfy the following constraints κs3ps−κs2/ps≥0, and smooth nth-order breather solutions would be derived.


### 3.2. High-Order Lump Solution

Besides, thenth-order lump solution can also be generated from equation (9), and we take a long-wave limit with the provision(13)expϕj=−1,and setting(14)κj=δκj,pj=δpj,ωj=δωj.Then, takingδ⟶0 in the expansions of f in equation (9), the high-order lump solution could be obtained as follows:(15)u=2lnfxx,where(16)fN=∏j=1Nθj+12∑j,sNajs∏k≠j,sNθk+1M!2M×∑j,s,…,m,nNajsalk…amn︷M∏p≠j,s,…,m,nNθp+⋯,with(17)θj=−κjpjx−pj2y+κj2tpj,ajs=−6κjκspjpsκjps+κspjκjps−κspjs,where the two positive integers j and s are not larger than N, κn+j=κj∗ and pn+j=pj∗j=1,2,…,n are complex constants with N=2n.


## 3.1. High-Order Breather Solution

To obtain a higher-order breather solution of equation (1), we assume the auxiliary function f has much higher order expansions in terms of ε:(8)f=1+εf1+ε2f2+ε3f3+⋯+εnfn+⋯.Substitute equation (8) into bilinear equation (7) and then collect the coefficients of ε, eliminating the coefficients of all power of ε, and we can obtain overdetermined systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). By solving these ODEs with symbolic computation, we will arrive at the following results:(9)f=∑μ=0,1exp∑j<sNμjμsAjs+∑j=1Nμjηj,where(10)ηj=κjx+pjy+ωjt+ϕj,eAjs=−κj−κs3pj−ps−κj−κs2−ωj−ωspj−psκj−κs3pj−ps−κj+κs2−ωj+ωspj+ps,which need to satisfy(11)κj3pj−κj2−pjωj=0,where κj, pj, ωj, and ϕj are analytic complex constants. The notation ∑μ=0 indicates summation over all possible combinations of μ1=0,1,μ2=0,1,andμN=0,1; the ∑j<sN summation is over all possible combinations of the N elements with the specific condition j<s. The nth-order breather solutions can be generated from 2n-soliton solutions by taking parameter conjugations in equation (9).As discussed in earlier works [37] in the literature, by suitable constraints of the parameters κj,pj,ωj,andϕj in equation (9),(12)N=2n,κn+j∗=κj,pn+j∗=pj,ωn+j∗=ωj,ϕn+j∗=ϕj.To guarantee the corresponding breather solutions being real functions, there are two restrictions for a valid calculation: (1) the wave numberκj must be pure imaginary numbers; (2) the angular frequency ωs must be real numbers and must furthermore satisfy the following constraints κs3ps−κs2/ps≥0, and smooth nth-order breather solutions would be derived.


## 3.2. High-Order Lump Solution

Besides, thenth-order lump solution can also be generated from equation (9), and we take a long-wave limit with the provision(13)expϕj=−1,and setting(14)κj=δκj,pj=δpj,ωj=δωj.Then, takingδ⟶0 in the expansions of f in equation (9), the high-order lump solution could be obtained as follows:(15)u=2lnfxx,where(16)fN=∏j=1Nθj+12∑j,sNajs∏k≠j,sNθk+1M!2M×∑j,s,…,m,nNajsalk…amn︷M∏p≠j,s,…,m,nNθp+⋯,with(17)θj=−κjpjx−pj2y+κj2tpj,ajs=−6κjκspjpsκjps+κspjκjps−κspjs,where the two positive integers j and s are not larger than N, κn+j=κj∗ and pn+j=pj∗j=1,2,…,n are complex constants with N=2n.


## 4. First-Order Breather and Lump Solutions

### 4.1. First-Order Breather Solution

To seek first-order breather solutions of equation (1), we assume n=1andN=2, and the function f in equation (8) is the following form:(18)f=1+εf1+ε2f2,where(19)f1=eη1+eη2,f2=eξ1+ξ2+A12,ηs=κsx+psy+ωst+ϕs,s=1,2,eA12=−κ1−κ23p1−p2−κ1−κ22−ω1−ω2p1−p2κ1+κ23p1+p2−κ1+κ22−ω1+ω2p1+p2,(20)κs3ps−κs2−psωs=0,where the coefficients κs, ωsps, and ϕs are freely complex parameters, and we further take parameter constraints:(21)κ2=κ1∗,p2=p1∗,ω2=ω1∗,ϕ1=ϕ2=ϕ0.For simplicity, taking parameters(22)κ1=κ11+iκ12,p1=p11+ip12,ω1=ω11+iω12,the function f in equation (18) can be rewritten as(23)f=McoshΘ1+cosΘ2,where(24)Θ1=κ11x+p11y+ω11t+Θ0,Θ2=κ12x+p12y+ω12t,Θ0=Meϕ0,M=4κ123p12+κ122+p12ω124κ113p11−κ112−p11ω11.Below, we focus on the asymptotic behaviors of the periodic solutions generated by equation (23). From the quadratic dispersion relation in equation (20). We can know that the angular frequency ωs to the solution(25)ωs=κs2κsps−1ps.Whenωs>0, then(26)f⟶e2ϕ0,t⟶−∞,namely,(27)u⟶0,t⟶−∞,f⟶Me2κs2κsps−1/ps+2ϕ0,t⟶+∞,which also results in(28)u⟶0,t⟶+∞.Hence, the asymptotic behavior of this breather solution is(29)u⟶0,t⟶∞.Set(30)κ1=i,κ2=−i,p1=−1+i,p2=−1−i,ϕ0=0.The dynamic graphs of first-order breather solutions are shown in Figure1. The breather is periodic in the x direction and localized in the y. As times goes on, the breather keeps moving in the x,y-plane along the positive y-axis to the negative y-axis.Figure 1
Evolution graphs of the first-order breather solution: (a), (b), and (c) three-dimensional plot att=−20, t=0, and t=20 and (d) density plot (t=0).
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### 4.2. First-Order Lump Solution

For the first-order lump solution, we taken=1andN=2, and equation (16) can be rewritten as(31)f=θ1θ2+a12,where(32)θs=−κspsx−ps2y+κs2tps,a12=−6κ1κ2p1p2κ1p2+κ2p1κ1p2−κ2p12,where ps,κs,s=1,2 are complex constant, and the lump keeps moving by the line(33)y=−κ1κ2xκ1p2+κ2p1.For instance, taking parameters as(34)κ1=1+i,κ2=1−i,p1=1,p2=1,the function f in equation (31) can be rewritten as(35)f=2t−x2+x+y2+6.In this case, the corresponding solution is first-order lump solution, see Figure2. As times goes on, the lump keeps moving in the (x, y)-plane by the blue line y=−x.Figure 2
Evolution graphs of the first-order lump solution: (a) three-dimensional plot (t=0), (b) density plot (t=0), and (c) the contour plot at t=−10,0,10 about the moving path described by the blue line.
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## 4.1. First-Order Breather Solution

To seek first-order breather solutions of equation (1), we assume n=1andN=2, and the function f in equation (8) is the following form:(18)f=1+εf1+ε2f2,where(19)f1=eη1+eη2,f2=eξ1+ξ2+A12,ηs=κsx+psy+ωst+ϕs,s=1,2,eA12=−κ1−κ23p1−p2−κ1−κ22−ω1−ω2p1−p2κ1+κ23p1+p2−κ1+κ22−ω1+ω2p1+p2,(20)κs3ps−κs2−psωs=0,where the coefficients κs, ωsps, and ϕs are freely complex parameters, and we further take parameter constraints:(21)κ2=κ1∗,p2=p1∗,ω2=ω1∗,ϕ1=ϕ2=ϕ0.For simplicity, taking parameters(22)κ1=κ11+iκ12,p1=p11+ip12,ω1=ω11+iω12,the function f in equation (18) can be rewritten as(23)f=McoshΘ1+cosΘ2,where(24)Θ1=κ11x+p11y+ω11t+Θ0,Θ2=κ12x+p12y+ω12t,Θ0=Meϕ0,M=4κ123p12+κ122+p12ω124κ113p11−κ112−p11ω11.Below, we focus on the asymptotic behaviors of the periodic solutions generated by equation (23). From the quadratic dispersion relation in equation (20). We can know that the angular frequency ωs to the solution(25)ωs=κs2κsps−1ps.Whenωs>0, then(26)f⟶e2ϕ0,t⟶−∞,namely,(27)u⟶0,t⟶−∞,f⟶Me2κs2κsps−1/ps+2ϕ0,t⟶+∞,which also results in(28)u⟶0,t⟶+∞.Hence, the asymptotic behavior of this breather solution is(29)u⟶0,t⟶∞.Set(30)κ1=i,κ2=−i,p1=−1+i,p2=−1−i,ϕ0=0.The dynamic graphs of first-order breather solutions are shown in Figure1. The breather is periodic in the x direction and localized in the y. As times goes on, the breather keeps moving in the x,y-plane along the positive y-axis to the negative y-axis.Figure 1
Evolution graphs of the first-order breather solution: (a), (b), and (c) three-dimensional plot att=−20, t=0, and t=20 and (d) density plot (t=0).
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## 4.2. First-Order Lump Solution

For the first-order lump solution, we taken=1andN=2, and equation (16) can be rewritten as(31)f=θ1θ2+a12,where(32)θs=−κspsx−ps2y+κs2tps,a12=−6κ1κ2p1p2κ1p2+κ2p1κ1p2−κ2p12,where ps,κs,s=1,2 are complex constant, and the lump keeps moving by the line(33)y=−κ1κ2xκ1p2+κ2p1.For instance, taking parameters as(34)κ1=1+i,κ2=1−i,p1=1,p2=1,the function f in equation (31) can be rewritten as(35)f=2t−x2+x+y2+6.In this case, the corresponding solution is first-order lump solution, see Figure2. As times goes on, the lump keeps moving in the (x, y)-plane by the blue line y=−x.Figure 2
Evolution graphs of the first-order lump solution: (a) three-dimensional plot (t=0), (b) density plot (t=0), and (c) the contour plot at t=−10,0,10 about the moving path described by the blue line.
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## 5. Second-Order Breather and Lump Solutions

### 5.1. Second-Order Breather Solution

The second-order breather solutions can be derived by a similar procedure as the first-order breather. We assume that the auxiliary functionf has higher-order expansions in terms of ε:(36)f=1+εf1+ε2f2+ε3f3+ε4f4,where(37)f1=∑jeηj,f2=∑j<seηj+ηs+Ajs,f3=∑j<s<leηj+ηs+ηl+Ajsl,f4=eη1+η2+η3+η4+A,where(38)ηj=κjx+pjy+ωjt+ϕj,eAjs=−κj−κs3pj−ps−κj−κs2−ωj−ωspj−psκj−κs3pj−ps−κj+κs2−ωj+ωspj+ps,eAjsl=eAjseAjleAsl,eA=∏j<seAjs,κj3pj−κj2−pjωj=0,where j=1,2,3,4,s=1,2,3,4,andl=3,4. For simplicity, we take parameter choices in equation (36):(39)κ1=−1+i,κ2=−1−i,κ3=5i,κ4=−5i,p1=1+3i,p2=1−3i,p3=2+5i,p4=2−5i.Similarly, we can also give the dynamic graphs of second-order breather solution in Figure3. The two breathers keep a regular movement in x,y-plane at all times, and they are always tangled.Figure 3
Evolution graphs of the second-order breather solution: (a), (b), and (c) are the three-dimensional plots att=−3, t=0, and t=3, and (d), (e), and (f) are the corresponding density plots at t=−3, t=0, and t=3.
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### 5.2. Second-Order Lump Solution

For the second-order lump solution, we taken=2andN=4 to equation (16) which can be rewritten as(40)f=θ1θ2θ3θ4+a12θ3θ4+a13θ2θ4+a14θ2θ3+a23θ1θ4+a24θ1θ3+a34θ1θ2+a12a34+a13a24+a14a23,where(41)θj=−κjpjx−pj2y+κj2tpj,j=1,2,3,4,ajs=−6κjκspjpsκjps+κspjκjps−κspj2,1≤j<s≤4.Taking the following parameters into equation (40),(42)k1=1+i,k2=1−i,k3=12+i,k4=12−i,p1=1,p2=1,p3=12,p4=12,we can obtain the expression of f, which is(43)f=72x3y−4273ty+182524x2−2338xy−4x2yt+172t2xy−12txy2+6t3y−35t3x−35t3y+xy3+329512t2−510512tx−138748y2+114x2y2−10x3t+552t2x2+294t2y2+32ty3+25t4+14y4+52x4+8504572.The moving path of the two lumps has the same expression as in equation (33):(44)y=−x,y=−52x.Figure4 shows the process of propagation in the space for second-order lump at different time periods. With time evolving, one lump will be attracted to other one step by step, until they collided and continue to spread by the blue line y=−x and red line y=−5/2x.Figure 4
Evolution graphs of second-order lump solution: (a), (b), (c) three-dimensional plot att=−5, t=0, and t=5, (d) density plot at t=0, and (e) the contour plot at t=−14 (black), t=−7 (green), t=0 (blue), t=7 (pink), and t=14 (red) about the moving path described by the blue line y=−x and red line y=−5/2x.
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## 5.1. Second-Order Breather Solution

The second-order breather solutions can be derived by a similar procedure as the first-order breather. We assume that the auxiliary functionf has higher-order expansions in terms of ε:(36)f=1+εf1+ε2f2+ε3f3+ε4f4,where(37)f1=∑jeηj,f2=∑j<seηj+ηs+Ajs,f3=∑j<s<leηj+ηs+ηl+Ajsl,f4=eη1+η2+η3+η4+A,where(38)ηj=κjx+pjy+ωjt+ϕj,eAjs=−κj−κs3pj−ps−κj−κs2−ωj−ωspj−psκj−κs3pj−ps−κj+κs2−ωj+ωspj+ps,eAjsl=eAjseAjleAsl,eA=∏j<seAjs,κj3pj−κj2−pjωj=0,where j=1,2,3,4,s=1,2,3,4,andl=3,4. For simplicity, we take parameter choices in equation (36):(39)κ1=−1+i,κ2=−1−i,κ3=5i,κ4=−5i,p1=1+3i,p2=1−3i,p3=2+5i,p4=2−5i.Similarly, we can also give the dynamic graphs of second-order breather solution in Figure3. The two breathers keep a regular movement in x,y-plane at all times, and they are always tangled.Figure 3
Evolution graphs of the second-order breather solution: (a), (b), and (c) are the three-dimensional plots att=−3, t=0, and t=3, and (d), (e), and (f) are the corresponding density plots at t=−3, t=0, and t=3.
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## 5.2. Second-Order Lump Solution

For the second-order lump solution, we taken=2andN=4 to equation (16) which can be rewritten as(40)f=θ1θ2θ3θ4+a12θ3θ4+a13θ2θ4+a14θ2θ3+a23θ1θ4+a24θ1θ3+a34θ1θ2+a12a34+a13a24+a14a23,where(41)θj=−κjpjx−pj2y+κj2tpj,j=1,2,3,4,ajs=−6κjκspjpsκjps+κspjκjps−κspj2,1≤j<s≤4.Taking the following parameters into equation (40),(42)k1=1+i,k2=1−i,k3=12+i,k4=12−i,p1=1,p2=1,p3=12,p4=12,we can obtain the expression of f, which is(43)f=72x3y−4273ty+182524x2−2338xy−4x2yt+172t2xy−12txy2+6t3y−35t3x−35t3y+xy3+329512t2−510512tx−138748y2+114x2y2−10x3t+552t2x2+294t2y2+32ty3+25t4+14y4+52x4+8504572.The moving path of the two lumps has the same expression as in equation (33):(44)y=−x,y=−52x.Figure4 shows the process of propagation in the space for second-order lump at different time periods. With time evolving, one lump will be attracted to other one step by step, until they collided and continue to spread by the blue line y=−x and red line y=−5/2x.Figure 4
Evolution graphs of second-order lump solution: (a), (b), (c) three-dimensional plot att=−5, t=0, and t=5, (d) density plot at t=0, and (e) the contour plot at t=−14 (black), t=−7 (green), t=0 (blue), t=7 (pink), and t=14 (red) about the moving path described by the blue line y=−x and red line y=−5/2x.
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## 6. Third-Order Breather and Lump Solutions

### 6.1. Third-Order Breather Solution

We select the following parameters into equation (9):(45)N=6,κ1=1+2i,κ2=1−2i,κ3=−1+2i,κ4=−1−2i,κ5=−1+3i,κ6=−1−3i,p1=1−2i,p2=1+2i,p3=−2−5i,p4=−2+5i,p5=1+7i,p6=1−7i.Figure5 shows that the third-order breather solution. In the following, we mainly consider the breather profile of solution in x,y-space for fixed time. As time t goes on, the three breathers are always tangled with each other.Figure 5
Evolution graphs of the third-order breather solution: (a), (b), and (c) are the three-dimensional plots att=−1/2, t=0, and t=1/2, and (d), (e), and (f) are the corresponding density plots at t=−1/2, t=0, and t=1/2.
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### 6.2. Third-Order Lump Solution

Taking parameters in equation (16),(46)N=6,κ1=1+i,κ2=1−i,κ3=2i,κ4=−2i,κ5=1+i,κ6=1−i,p1=1,p2=1,p3=−2+i,p4=−2−i,p5=32,p6=32.Again, a long-wave limit is now taken to generate rational solutions. Indeed, take the limit askj,pj⟶0,1≤j≤6 with the provision(47)expϕj=−1,1≤j≤6.We takef as follows:(48)f=−76969091661584375tx2y−388517508199506250txy2+5885264754528125t2xy−203215tx4y−5243tx3y2−2923tx2y3−44315txy4+20138099422414259375t3x+3564440598414259375t3y−16649t3x3+274945t2y4+14089t4x2+315245t4y2+649645t2x4−358445t5x+77615t3y3+51215t5y+1029601982973125x2+22977924016316875xy+14041379260y2−295526923023414259375tx+82066555632528125ty+298948123105625x3y+70075750691267500x2y2+1316333777422500xy3+102445t6−15234904535614259375t2x2+3589234729728518750t2y2−92215tx5+545ty5+16x6+454y6−303129614316875x4+238646391169000y4+258021427484753125tx3+2105630148528125ty3+1519276007658242778125t2+56x5y+932y5x+110x4y2+130x3y3+2032x2y4−313645t3x2y+8009t2xy3−649t4xy+785645t2x3y+947645t2x2y2−387245t3xy2−6455230825614259375t4+2370118611625.The moving path of the two lumps is given by(49)y=−x,and other one lump moves along a straight line:(50)y=−23x.Figure6 gives the dynamic graphs of the third-order lump. The shape of the three lumps keep covariant with t changing. Two of them keep moving in the x,y-plane by the blue line y=−x, and the other keeps moving by the red line y=−2/3x. When time t=0, the three lumps are tangling in the same line. As the time goes by, they keep moving in the x,y-plane and one of the waves passes between the other two.Figure 6
Evolution graphs of the third-order lump solution: (a), (b), and (c) three-dimensional plots att=−40, t=−25, and t=0, (d), (e), and (f) density plots at t=25, t=40, and t=0, and (g) the contour plot at t=−25 (black), t=0 (blue) and t=25 (red) about moving path described by the blue line y=−x and red line y=−2/3x.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)


## 6.1. Third-Order Breather Solution

We select the following parameters into equation (9):(45)N=6,κ1=1+2i,κ2=1−2i,κ3=−1+2i,κ4=−1−2i,κ5=−1+3i,κ6=−1−3i,p1=1−2i,p2=1+2i,p3=−2−5i,p4=−2+5i,p5=1+7i,p6=1−7i.Figure5 shows that the third-order breather solution. In the following, we mainly consider the breather profile of solution in x,y-space for fixed time. As time t goes on, the three breathers are always tangled with each other.Figure 5
Evolution graphs of the third-order breather solution: (a), (b), and (c) are the three-dimensional plots att=−1/2, t=0, and t=1/2, and (d), (e), and (f) are the corresponding density plots at t=−1/2, t=0, and t=1/2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)


## 6.2. Third-Order Lump Solution

Taking parameters in equation (16),(46)N=6,κ1=1+i,κ2=1−i,κ3=2i,κ4=−2i,κ5=1+i,κ6=1−i,p1=1,p2=1,p3=−2+i,p4=−2−i,p5=32,p6=32.Again, a long-wave limit is now taken to generate rational solutions. Indeed, take the limit askj,pj⟶0,1≤j≤6 with the provision(47)expϕj=−1,1≤j≤6.We takef as follows:(48)f=−76969091661584375tx2y−388517508199506250txy2+5885264754528125t2xy−203215tx4y−5243tx3y2−2923tx2y3−44315txy4+20138099422414259375t3x+3564440598414259375t3y−16649t3x3+274945t2y4+14089t4x2+315245t4y2+649645t2x4−358445t5x+77615t3y3+51215t5y+1029601982973125x2+22977924016316875xy+14041379260y2−295526923023414259375tx+82066555632528125ty+298948123105625x3y+70075750691267500x2y2+1316333777422500xy3+102445t6−15234904535614259375t2x2+3589234729728518750t2y2−92215tx5+545ty5+16x6+454y6−303129614316875x4+238646391169000y4+258021427484753125tx3+2105630148528125ty3+1519276007658242778125t2+56x5y+932y5x+110x4y2+130x3y3+2032x2y4−313645t3x2y+8009t2xy3−649t4xy+785645t2x3y+947645t2x2y2−387245t3xy2−6455230825614259375t4+2370118611625.The moving path of the two lumps is given by(49)y=−x,and other one lump moves along a straight line:(50)y=−23x.Figure6 gives the dynamic graphs of the third-order lump. The shape of the three lumps keep covariant with t changing. Two of them keep moving in the x,y-plane by the blue line y=−x, and the other keeps moving by the red line y=−2/3x. When time t=0, the three lumps are tangling in the same line. As the time goes by, they keep moving in the x,y-plane and one of the waves passes between the other two.Figure 6
Evolution graphs of the third-order lump solution: (a), (b), and (c) three-dimensional plots att=−40, t=−25, and t=0, (d), (e), and (f) density plots at t=25, t=40, and t=0, and (g) the contour plot at t=−25 (black), t=0 (blue) and t=25 (red) about moving path described by the blue line y=−x and red line y=−2/3x.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)


## 7. Hybrid solutions

To derive the hybrid solutions of high-order lump and a line wave, we take(51)N=2n+1,expϕj=−1,1≤n,1≤j≤2n,taking κi,pi⟶0,1≤i≤2n, and the hybrid solutions of high-order lump and a line wave are derived.


### 7.1. Hybrid Solutions of First-Order Lump and a Line Wave

Firstly, we take(52)N=3,expϕj=−1,1≤j≤2,setting κ1,κ2,p1,p2⟶0, and we can obtain(53)f=θ1θ2+a12+θ1θ2+a12θ3+a13θ2+a23θ1+a12a23eη3,where(54)aj3=−κ32κ3p3−1+p3ω1−ωjκ32κ3p3−1−p3ω1+ωj,j=1,2.Taking the following parameters into equation (53),(55)κ1=−1+2i,κ2=−1−2i,κ3=2,p1=2+i,p2=2−i,p3=−4,ϕ3=0.The hybrid solutions of first-order lump and a line wave are displayed in Figure7. In this case, these figures show the whole movement process between one lump and a line wave in different directions. As the time goes by, one dark-type lump keeps attracting the line wave step by step, until they collide then gradually separate. At certain time, the dark-type lump became bright-type lump.Figure 7
Evolution graphs of third-order lump solution given: (a), (b), and (c) three-dimensional plots att=−5, t=0, and t=5 and (d), (e), and (f) density plots at t=−5, t=0, and t=5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)


### 7.2. Hybrid Solutions of Second-Order Lump and a Line Wave

We take(56)N=5,expϕj=−1,1≤j≤4.Takingκ1,κ2,κ3,κ4,p1,p2,p3,p4⟶0, we can obtain(57)f=θ1θ2θ3θ4+a12θ3θ4+a13θ2θ4+a14θ2θ3+a23θ1θ4+a24θ1θ3+a34θ1θ2+a12a34+a13a24+a14a23+θ1θ2θ3θ4+a45θ1θ2θ3+a35θ1θ2θ4+a25θ1θ3θ4+a15θ2θ3θ4+a35a45+a34θ1θ2+a25a34+a24θ1θ3+a25a35a45+a23a45+a25a34+a24a35θ1+a15a25a45+a14a35+a13a45+a15a35θ2+a25a35a45+a23a45+a25a34+a24a35θ1+a15a25a45+a14a35+a13a45+a15a35θ2+a25a35a45+a23a45+a25a34+a24a35θ1+a15a25a45+a14a35+a13a45+a15a35θ2+a15a25a45+a14a25+a15a24+a12a45θ3+a15a25a35+a15a23+a13a25+a12a35θ4+a12a34+a13a24+a14a23+a12a35a45+a13a25a45+a14a25a35+a15a24a35+a15a25a34+a15a23a45+a15a25a35a45eη5,where(58)aj5=−κ52κ5p5−1+p5ω1−ωjκ52κ5p5−1−p5ω1+ωj,1≤j≤4.We select the following parameters from equation (57):(59)κ1=1+i,κ2=1−i,κ3=12+i,κ4=12−i,κ5=−2,p1=1,p2=1,p3=12,p4=12,p5=4,ϕ5=0.The hybrid solutions second-order lump and a line wave is displayed in Figure8. In this case, the correspond solution features two lumps and a line wave. As the time goes by, two lumps attract each other until they collided with the line wave and then gradually separate.Figure 8
Evolution graphs of the third-order lump solution: (a), (b), and (c) three-dimensional plots att=−5, t=0, and t=5 and (d), (e), and (f) density plots at t=−5, t=0, and t=5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)


## 7.1. Hybrid Solutions of First-Order Lump and a Line Wave

Firstly, we take(52)N=3,expϕj=−1,1≤j≤2,setting κ1,κ2,p1,p2⟶0, and we can obtain(53)f=θ1θ2+a12+θ1θ2+a12θ3+a13θ2+a23θ1+a12a23eη3,where(54)aj3=−κ32κ3p3−1+p3ω1−ωjκ32κ3p3−1−p3ω1+ωj,j=1,2.Taking the following parameters into equation (53),(55)κ1=−1+2i,κ2=−1−2i,κ3=2,p1=2+i,p2=2−i,p3=−4,ϕ3=0.The hybrid solutions of first-order lump and a line wave are displayed in Figure7. In this case, these figures show the whole movement process between one lump and a line wave in different directions. As the time goes by, one dark-type lump keeps attracting the line wave step by step, until they collide then gradually separate. At certain time, the dark-type lump became bright-type lump.Figure 7
Evolution graphs of third-order lump solution given: (a), (b), and (c) three-dimensional plots att=−5, t=0, and t=5 and (d), (e), and (f) density plots at t=−5, t=0, and t=5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)


## 7.2. Hybrid Solutions of Second-Order Lump and a Line Wave

We take(56)N=5,expϕj=−1,1≤j≤4.Takingκ1,κ2,κ3,κ4,p1,p2,p3,p4⟶0, we can obtain(57)f=θ1θ2θ3θ4+a12θ3θ4+a13θ2θ4+a14θ2θ3+a23θ1θ4+a24θ1θ3+a34θ1θ2+a12a34+a13a24+a14a23+θ1θ2θ3θ4+a45θ1θ2θ3+a35θ1θ2θ4+a25θ1θ3θ4+a15θ2θ3θ4+a35a45+a34θ1θ2+a25a34+a24θ1θ3+a25a35a45+a23a45+a25a34+a24a35θ1+a15a25a45+a14a35+a13a45+a15a35θ2+a25a35a45+a23a45+a25a34+a24a35θ1+a15a25a45+a14a35+a13a45+a15a35θ2+a25a35a45+a23a45+a25a34+a24a35θ1+a15a25a45+a14a35+a13a45+a15a35θ2+a15a25a45+a14a25+a15a24+a12a45θ3+a15a25a35+a15a23+a13a25+a12a35θ4+a12a34+a13a24+a14a23+a12a35a45+a13a25a45+a14a25a35+a15a24a35+a15a25a34+a15a23a45+a15a25a35a45eη5,where(58)aj5=−κ52κ5p5−1+p5ω1−ωjκ52κ5p5−1−p5ω1+ωj,1≤j≤4.We select the following parameters from equation (57):(59)κ1=1+i,κ2=1−i,κ3=12+i,κ4=12−i,κ5=−2,p1=1,p2=1,p3=12,p4=12,p5=4,ϕ5=0.The hybrid solutions second-order lump and a line wave is displayed in Figure8. In this case, the correspond solution features two lumps and a line wave. As the time goes by, two lumps attract each other until they collided with the line wave and then gradually separate.Figure 8
Evolution graphs of the third-order lump solution: (a), (b), and (c) three-dimensional plots att=−5, t=0, and t=5 and (d), (e), and (f) density plots at t=−5, t=0, and t=5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)


## 8. Conclusion

In this work, we investigate some high-order breather solutions, lump solutions, and hybrid solutions of a reduced generalized (3 + 1)-dimensional shallow water wave (SWW) equation by Hirota’s bilinear method and long wave limit method. Based on the bilinear form and reasonable constraining parameters, the high-order breather solutions of the SWW equation have been obtained. WhenN=2,4,6, we obtained first-order, second-order, and third-order breather solutions, which are exhibited by three-dimensional figures, see Figures 1, 3, and 5. The high-order lump solution has been constructed by taking the corresponding long wave limit method. At the same time, we have obtained the moving path of first-order, second-order, and third-order lump displayed by plot Figures 2, 4, and 6. When N=2n+1, the hybrid solutions can be obtained by the long wave limit method. The first-order lump and a line wave are shown in Figure 7 and second-order lump and a line wave are shown in Figure 8. From these figures, we observe that the shapes and heights of a line wave are changed with the lumps coming, and the visible signs can give us an indication to escaping the attack of extreme waves. In the near future, based on this method, we would like to discuss the move path of lump in hybrid solutions which means different types of combinations in lump wave, line wave, or other types wave.



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*Source: 9052457-2020-04-11.xml*