# A Novel Conformable Fractional Nonlinear Grey Bernoulli Model and Its Application

Authors: Wanli Xie; Guixian Yu
Journal: Complexity
 (2020)

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## Abstract

The fractional nonlinear grey Bernoulli model, abbreviated as FANGBM(1,1), is a successful extension of NGBM(1,1). Although FANGBM(1,1) has numerous excellent characteristics, it has a more complex form of fractional accumulation (FA) operator than raw NGBM(1,1). In this study, we propose a novel fractional nonlinear grey Bernoulli model, named CFNGBM(1,1), which uses conformable fractional accumulation (CFA), which has a simpler form than FANGBM. Using two practical cases, the effectiveness of the proposed CFNGBM(1,1) in practical applications was illustrated. Results show that the CFNGBM(1,1) exhibited higher accuracy than other grey models, thus facilitating its promotion in engineering practices.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Deng first proposed the grey system theory, which significantly advanced the development of systems science [1]. As a crucial branch of the grey system theory, grey forecasting models have become a research hotspot for scholars. The grey forecasting model is based on data that have some known and unknown information in the real world. Nowadays, this model is widely used in industrial, economic, energy, agricultural, and other fields [2–9]. GM(1,1) is the core model in the grey forecasting models. Moreover, it has a good modeling effect on sequences with exponential law and can reveal future development trends of the system [2–9]. The GM(1,1) modeling process accumulates the original sequence to obtain a first-order accumulative generating operator (1-AGO) sequence, which can weaken the randomness of the original data and fully expose the information contained in the original sequence [9, 10]. Recently, many researchers have conducted a series of fruitful work to further improve the modeling accuracy of the grey models. Considering the varying spans of differential equations, Xie and Liu [10] constructed the DGM(1,1) model and analyzed its unbiased characteristics based on the perspective of discrete to discrete modeling. Cui et al. [11] reported that the grey model based on GM(1,1) can well fit the data series with pure exponential law characteristics; however, in reality, a large amount of data exists with nonhomogeneous exponential characteristics in addition to homogeneous exponential data. To further expand the applicability of the grey model, Cui et al. [11] proposed NGM(1,1, k), which can simulate sequences with nonhomogeneous exponential law. Zeng et al. [12] proposed a novel self-adapting intelligent grey model and used it to predict natural gas demand. Furthermore, the grey Verhulst model can better fit sequences with saturated growth or unimodal characteristics [4]. Recently, Wu et al. [13] proposed the fractional accumulation and fractional difference to improve further grey models, and this method was proved to overcome the drawback by the integer-order accumulation. Subsequently, some novel fractional grey models were proposed gradually. For instance, Yang and Xue [14] investigated the concept of fractional derivative and then used the G-L fractional derivative to deduce a new grey prediction model, and this model was applied to China's electricity prediction. Zhu et al. [15] suggested a new grey model to forecast Jiangsu’s electricity consumption in China, and the results showed that the proposed model had higher accuracy than other models.Based on the above analysis, these models are mostly noted to be linear models or only suitable for a specific type of data. To characterize the complex laws of the system in the real world, the model structure must be flexibly adjusted according to the actual background of the modeling and should describe the nonlinear characteristics of data. Thus, to achieve these objectives, the nonlinear grey Bernoulli model (NGBM) was proposed [16]. The NGBM is a first-order univariate grey system model that can be used to describe the nonlinear development of data. The main advantage of the NGBM(1,1) is that the power index in the grey interaction can better reflect the nonlinear characteristics of the original data [16]. Furthermore, particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm were used to optimize the power index in the NGBM(1,1) and achieve good forecast results [17, 18]. Wang et al. [19] established a nonlinear optimization model to simultaneously optimize the background value and power index, further enhancing the predictive ability of the model; this optimization model was used to facilitate early warning of the attainment rate of industrial wastewater in 31 administrative regions in China. Liu and Xie [20] proposed a novel nonlinear grey model, namely, WBGM(1,1), which was based on the Weibull cumulative distribution function, in which the nonlinear parameter was optimized by the genetic algorithm, and thereby, many valuable results were found. Although the grey Bernoulli model has numerous applications in reality and solves many difficult problems, it heavily relies on the selection of parameters. Although many existing methods have been proposed for optimizing the parameters, the order number of these models is an integer. The order of integer may prevent the model from achieving the best effect because the appropriate order must be selected based on actual data. Wu et al. [21] reported a new modeling method of fractional nonlinear grey Bernoulli model, called FANGBM(1,1). This model was successfully applied to China’s short-term energy consumption forecasting. However, the fractional accumulation (FA) of FANGBM(1,1) has more complicated mathematical expressions. Moreover, its implementation in programming is challenging when the mathematical foundation of engineers is relatively weak. To better extend the NGBM to engineering practices, herein, we present a novel fractional nonlinear grey Bernoulli model, named CFNGBM(1,1), in which the construction of FA is easily extended to engineering. To verify the effectiveness of the novel model, the model is verified by the case of carbon dioxide emissions in China.The emission of carbon dioxide directly affects ecosystem as well as the sustainable economic development. The reliable projection of CO2 emissions can assist decision-makers in shaping the associated energy policy. For this, many scholars have carried out a lot of effective works [22–24]. Due to the rapid development of China’s economy, carbon dioxide emissions are inevitably affected by economic policies, with dynamic changes. In accordance with the previous literature, the grey Bernoulli model with conformable fractional accumulation is developed for China's carbon dioxide forecasting, in which the nonlinear parameter of the novel model is determined by a bioinspired algorithm, namely, the whale optimization algorithm (denoted as WOA for short).On these theoretical bases, we summarize the contributions of our work as follows:(1)
A case is presented to demonstrate that FA and CFA are close in value(2)
The novel fractional nonlinear grey Bernoulli model, CFNGBM(1,1), is discussed(3)
The parameter estimation and optimization methods of the order and power index of the CFNGBM(1,1) are provided(4)
Two empirical cases are used to verify the accuracy of the proposed modelThe remaining of this paper is organized as follows. First, Section2 provides an introduction to the previous fractional nonlinear grey Bernoulli model. Next, the proposed grey model is presented in Section 3. Section 4 presents the optimization method of our model. Section 5 demonstrates the verification method of our model. Finally, Section 6 summarizes the conclusions of this study.


## 2. Description of the FANGBM(1,1)

In this section, we provide a brief review of the FANGBM(1,1). Wu et al. [21] proposed the fractional nonlinear grey Bernoulli model and successfully applied it to an engineering practice. The FANGBM(1,1) is defined as follows:(1)AssumeAr=r000⋯0r1r00⋯0r2r1r0⋯0⋮⋮⋮⋱⋮rn−1rn−2rn−3⋯r0n×n.Dr=r000⋯0r1r00⋯0r2r1r0⋯0⋮⋮⋮⋱⋮rn−1rn−2rn−3⋯r0n×n,with(2)ri=r+i−1!i!r−1!,0i=0,00=1,Dr中i>r.Assume(3)X0=x01,x02,…,x0n,to be the nonnegative series; then, the r-order accumulative generating operator (r-AGO) series [16] is(4)Xr=xr1,xr2,…,xrn,where Xr=ArX0. The equation(5)dxrtdt+axrt=bxrtγis called the whitening equation of FANGBM(1,1). Here, to obtain the structural parameters of FANGBM(1,1), the discrete form of equation (5) should be deduced. For this, a crucial result (Ref. [8]) is introduced to discretize equation (5). Let gω be the mapping function, and if gω is a grey mapping function, it should satisfy the following:(i)
gω:Sωi⟶Sgi,(ii)
g1:dxrt/dt⟶xr−1k=xrk−xrk−1,g2:xrt⟶zrk,(iii)
g1,g2 is the basic mapping of whitening differential equations,where Sgi,i=1,2,…, is the grey item set and gi is the grey item mapping, Sωi,i=1,2,… is the white item set, and ωi is the white item mapping.By the basic mapping of the whitening differential equation, equation (5) becomes(6)xrk−xrk−1+azrk=bzrkγ,where zrk denotes the background value and is obtained as(7)zrk=0.5xrk+xk−1r.Therefore, after using the least-squares method to estimate the parametersa,bT, the solution of equation (5) with xr1=x01 becomes(8)x^rk=x011−γ−bae−a1−γk−1+ba1/1−γ.Using ther-order inverse AGO (r-IAGO), the simulated values of X0 are solved as follows:(9)X0=A−rX^r.


## 3. Methodology

### 3.1. Conformable Fractional Accumulation and Difference

In this subsection, we briefly review conformable fractional accumulation (CFA) and conformable fractional difference (CFD). Ma et al. [25] presented the following definitions of CFA and CFD:(10)∇rfk=∇kr−1fk=∑i=1kfii1−r,r∈0,1,k∈N+,∇n+1kr−rfk,r∈n,n+1,k∈N+.Δrfk=k1−rΔfk=k1−rfk−fk−1,r∈0,1,k∈N+,kr−rΔn+1fk,r∈n,n+1,k∈N+.Thus, the CFA operator has a simpler form than the CFD operator. In particular, whenr∈0,1, it has the following form:(11)xrk=∑i=1kx0ii1−αx0i=x01,x02,…,x0n11⋯110121−α⋯121−α121−α⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮00⋯1n−11−α1n−11−α00⋯01n1−α.=x01,x02,…,x0n10⋯000121−α⋯00⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮00⋯1n−11−α000⋯01n1−α11⋯1101⋯11⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮00⋯1100⋯01.To compare the difference between the FA and CFA operators, the sequence [1, 2, 1.5, 1.3] provided in the literature [26] is used. FA and CFA are observed to be close in value with different orders (Table 1). Moreover, the mean and standard deviations are quite similar, which shows that CFA can be a good substitute for FA.Table 1
Comparison of FA and CFA with different orders.
Raw dataFACFAValue0 = 0.2r = 0.6r = 0.1r = 1.4r = 1.8r = 0.2r = 0.6r = 0.1r = 1.4r = 1.81.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.022.22.63.03.43.82.12.53.03.33.71.52.03.14.55.97.62.73.44.56.47.61.33.65.27.510.313.93.75.27.510.813.9Average2.22.945.16.52.33.045.36.5Standard1.01.72.73.95.51.11.72.74.25.5


### 3.2. The Proposed CFNGBM(1,1) Model

In this subsection, we provide the definition of the CFNGBM(1,1). Let the original sequence beX0=x01,x02,…,x0n; thus, its r-order CFA is Xr=xr1,xr2,…,xrn, where(12)xαk=∇αx0k=∑j=1kx0jjα−α,0<α≤1.∑j=1kxα−1j,α>1.The CFNGBM(1,1) is(13)xrk−xrk−1+azrk=bzrkγ.By substituting the data into the CFNGBM(1,1), we achieve(14)xr2−xr1+azr2=bzr2γ,xr3−xr2+azr2=bzr3γ,⋮xrn−xrn−1+azrn=bzrnγ.Within discrete form (13), we can easily get the parameter of the CFNGBM(1,1) using the least-squares method with given samples (14) as(15)θ=a^,b^T=BTB−1BTY,where(16)B=−zr2zr2γ−zr3zr3γ⋮⋮−zrvzrvγ,Y=xr−12,xr−13,…,xr−1nT.We use−a^zrk+b^zrkγ instead of xrk−xrk−1,k=2,3,…,n. Thus, we achieve the error sequence ε=Y−Bθ, where Y, B, and θ are defined in equation (15). Set(17)s=ε⋅εT=∑k=2nxrk−xrk−1+a^zrk−b^zrkγ2.To minimizes, a^ and b^ should satisfy(18)∂s∂a^=2∑k=2nxrk−xrk−1+a^zrk−b^zrkγzrk=0.∂s∂b^=−2∑k=2nzrkγxrk−xrk−1+a^zrk−b^zrkγ=0.Theorem 1.
We set(19)D=∑k=2nz1k2.E=∑k=2n−z1kγ+1.G=∑k=2n−z1kγ+1.H=∑k=2nz1k2γ.J=−∑k=2nzrkxr−1k.L=∑k=2nzrkγxr−1k.WhenBTB≠0, the parameters of the model also can be obtained using the following method, θ=a^,b^T, where(20)θ=1DH−GEHJ−ELDL−GJ.proof.
From the expression of matrixB, we have(21)BTB=−zr2zr2γ−zr3zr3γ⋯⋯−zrnzrnγ−zr2zr2γ−zr3zr3γ⋮⋮−zrnzrnγ,=∑k=2nz1k2∑k=2n−z1kγ+1∑k=2n−z1kγ+1∑k=2nz1k2γ=DEGH.
Then,(22)BTB=DH−GE.BTB∗=H−E−GD,ifBTB≠0.
Thus,(23)BTB−1=1BTBBTB∗=1DH−GEH−E−GD,BTY=−zr2zr2γ−zr3zr3γ⋮⋮−zrnzrnγTxr2−xr1xr3−xr2⋮xrv−xrv−1=−∑k=2nzrkxr−1k∑k=2nzrkγxr−1k=JL.
The parameters of the model can be obtained using the least-squares method:(24)θ=a^,b^T=BTB−1BTY=BTB−1BTY=1DH−GEHJ−ELDL−GJ.
The whitening equation of the CFNGBM(1,1) is(25)dxrtdt+axrt=bxrtγ,r>0.
The time response function of the CFNGBM(1, 1) withθ=a^,b^T is expressed as(26)x^rk=xr11−γ−b^a^e−a1−γk−1+b^a^1/1−γ,k=2,3,…,n.
The predicted value of the model can be obtained as follows:(27)x^0k=k1−rx^rk−x^rk,r∈0,1,k∈N+.kr−rΔn+1x^rk,r∈n,n+1,k∈N+.
Therefore, we can observe that CFNGBM(1,1) has a simpler structure than FANGBM(1, 1).


## 3.1. Conformable Fractional Accumulation and Difference

In this subsection, we briefly review conformable fractional accumulation (CFA) and conformable fractional difference (CFD). Ma et al. [25] presented the following definitions of CFA and CFD:(10)∇rfk=∇kr−1fk=∑i=1kfii1−r,r∈0,1,k∈N+,∇n+1kr−rfk,r∈n,n+1,k∈N+.Δrfk=k1−rΔfk=k1−rfk−fk−1,r∈0,1,k∈N+,kr−rΔn+1fk,r∈n,n+1,k∈N+.Thus, the CFA operator has a simpler form than the CFD operator. In particular, whenr∈0,1, it has the following form:(11)xrk=∑i=1kx0ii1−αx0i=x01,x02,…,x0n11⋯110121−α⋯121−α121−α⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮00⋯1n−11−α1n−11−α00⋯01n1−α.=x01,x02,…,x0n10⋯000121−α⋯00⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮00⋯1n−11−α000⋯01n1−α11⋯1101⋯11⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮00⋯1100⋯01.To compare the difference between the FA and CFA operators, the sequence [1, 2, 1.5, 1.3] provided in the literature [26] is used. FA and CFA are observed to be close in value with different orders (Table 1). Moreover, the mean and standard deviations are quite similar, which shows that CFA can be a good substitute for FA.Table 1
Comparison of FA and CFA with different orders.
Raw dataFACFAValue0 = 0.2r = 0.6r = 0.1r = 1.4r = 1.8r = 0.2r = 0.6r = 0.1r = 1.4r = 1.81.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.022.22.63.03.43.82.12.53.03.33.71.52.03.14.55.97.62.73.44.56.47.61.33.65.27.510.313.93.75.27.510.813.9Average2.22.945.16.52.33.045.36.5Standard1.01.72.73.95.51.11.72.74.25.5


## 3.2. The Proposed CFNGBM(1,1) Model

In this subsection, we provide the definition of the CFNGBM(1,1). Let the original sequence beX0=x01,x02,…,x0n; thus, its r-order CFA is Xr=xr1,xr2,…,xrn, where(12)xαk=∇αx0k=∑j=1kx0jjα−α,0<α≤1.∑j=1kxα−1j,α>1.The CFNGBM(1,1) is(13)xrk−xrk−1+azrk=bzrkγ.By substituting the data into the CFNGBM(1,1), we achieve(14)xr2−xr1+azr2=bzr2γ,xr3−xr2+azr2=bzr3γ,⋮xrn−xrn−1+azrn=bzrnγ.Within discrete form (13), we can easily get the parameter of the CFNGBM(1,1) using the least-squares method with given samples (14) as(15)θ=a^,b^T=BTB−1BTY,where(16)B=−zr2zr2γ−zr3zr3γ⋮⋮−zrvzrvγ,Y=xr−12,xr−13,…,xr−1nT.We use−a^zrk+b^zrkγ instead of xrk−xrk−1,k=2,3,…,n. Thus, we achieve the error sequence ε=Y−Bθ, where Y, B, and θ are defined in equation (15). Set(17)s=ε⋅εT=∑k=2nxrk−xrk−1+a^zrk−b^zrkγ2.To minimizes, a^ and b^ should satisfy(18)∂s∂a^=2∑k=2nxrk−xrk−1+a^zrk−b^zrkγzrk=0.∂s∂b^=−2∑k=2nzrkγxrk−xrk−1+a^zrk−b^zrkγ=0.Theorem 1.
We set(19)D=∑k=2nz1k2.E=∑k=2n−z1kγ+1.G=∑k=2n−z1kγ+1.H=∑k=2nz1k2γ.J=−∑k=2nzrkxr−1k.L=∑k=2nzrkγxr−1k.WhenBTB≠0, the parameters of the model also can be obtained using the following method, θ=a^,b^T, where(20)θ=1DH−GEHJ−ELDL−GJ.proof.
From the expression of matrixB, we have(21)BTB=−zr2zr2γ−zr3zr3γ⋯⋯−zrnzrnγ−zr2zr2γ−zr3zr3γ⋮⋮−zrnzrnγ,=∑k=2nz1k2∑k=2n−z1kγ+1∑k=2n−z1kγ+1∑k=2nz1k2γ=DEGH.
Then,(22)BTB=DH−GE.BTB∗=H−E−GD,ifBTB≠0.
Thus,(23)BTB−1=1BTBBTB∗=1DH−GEH−E−GD,BTY=−zr2zr2γ−zr3zr3γ⋮⋮−zrnzrnγTxr2−xr1xr3−xr2⋮xrv−xrv−1=−∑k=2nzrkxr−1k∑k=2nzrkγxr−1k=JL.
The parameters of the model can be obtained using the least-squares method:(24)θ=a^,b^T=BTB−1BTY=BTB−1BTY=1DH−GEHJ−ELDL−GJ.
The whitening equation of the CFNGBM(1,1) is(25)dxrtdt+axrt=bxrtγ,r>0.
The time response function of the CFNGBM(1, 1) withθ=a^,b^T is expressed as(26)x^rk=xr11−γ−b^a^e−a1−γk−1+b^a^1/1−γ,k=2,3,…,n.
The predicted value of the model can be obtained as follows:(27)x^0k=k1−rx^rk−x^rk,r∈0,1,k∈N+.kr−rΔn+1x^rk,r∈n,n+1,k∈N+.
Therefore, we can observe that CFNGBM(1,1) has a simpler structure than FANGBM(1, 1).


## 4. Parameter Optimization of the CFNGBM(1,1)

In the above descriptions, orderr and power index γ are assumed to be known; however, they are often changeable in a different system that requires flexible adjusting over a given modeling background. To optimize the parameters of the model, we used the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), proposed by Mirjalili and Lewis [27] to automatically determine the order and power index. According to the hunting behavior of humpback whales, this intelligent algorithm lets the current best candidate solution (agent) be the target prey or near the optimum. Once the best agent is determined, the other agents attempt to change their positions toward the best agent.The optimization process of the WOA algorithm is summarized as follows:Step 1.
Set algorithm parameters.Step 2.
Initialize the whales’ populationXii=1,2,…,n.Step 3.
Calculate the fitness of each search agentfX⟶i.Step 4.
Update the parameters of the algorithm.Step 5.
Generate a random numberp in 0,1. Select different strategies of location update according to p.Step 6.
Return to Step3 until optimal values r and γ are determined.


## 5. Validation of the CFNGBM(1,1)

We present two cases to verify the efficacy of the proposed model compared with five competing models, including the traditional FANGM [28], FAGM [13], NGMO [29], NGM [11], and FANGBM [21]. Moreover, to evaluate the forecasting accuracy of these grey models, we applied certain statistical indicators to assess the quality of the model, which are defined as follows:(28)mean absolute percentage error:MAPE=1n∑k=1nx0k−x^0kx0k×100,(29)mean absolute:MAE=1n∑k=1nx^0k−x0k,(30)mean squares error:MSE=1n∑k=1nx^0k−x0k2,(31)root mean squares percentage error:RMSPE=1n∑k=1nx^0k−x0kx0k2×100,(32)correlation coefficient:R=Covx^0,x0Varx^0Varx0.Case 1.
Forecasting of CO2 emissions in China
With China’s rapid economic advancement, the use of energy has considerably increased, leading to a significant increase in CO2 emissions. Increased CO2 emission warms the climate and causes natural disasters, such as melting glaciers. Effective CO2 emissions forecasting can enable early warning and help decision-makers to devise rational plans. Here, data from 2000 to 2014 were used to fit the model and data from 2015 to 2018 were used to validate the model (source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019). To optimize the parameters of the CFNGBM model with all data, we used the WOA. From Table 2, we observe that the CFNGBM’s order r and power index γ are 0.951 and 0.520, respectively; its MAPE is 2.446, which is the smallest of the four models (the results of FAGM and FANGM are obtained from the work of Wu et al. [22].)
In this case, to verify the advantages of WOA in CFNGBM, the classic optimization algorithms including PSO and GA are selected as benchmarks. Table3 shows that the MAPE of WOA, PSO, and GA is 2.446%, 2.043%, and 2.1405%, respectively, and computation times are taken as 6.211 s, 62.618 s, and 16.386 s, respectively, which indicates that although the accuracy of WOA is not the best (close to the best), the time taken by WOA is significantly lower than that of other competitors.
The obtained parameters are used to fabricate a model and make predictions. Table4 shows the results of the simulation and prediction of CO2 emissions in China using six models.
To verify the accuracy of each model, equations (28)–(32) were used. We can observe from Table 5 that during the simulation phase, the MAE, MSE, MAPE, RMSPE, and R of the CFNGBM are 152.5, 41945, 2.6866, 4.749, and 0.9961, respectively. Although the indicators of CFNGBM are not the best, they are close to the best. In the forecast stage, the MAE, MSE, MAPE, and RMSPE of the CFNGBM are 300.2, 96338, 3.256, 3.374, and 0.737, respectively, thus achieving the best results among all models.Table 2
The minimum MAPE and optimal order, power index of FAGM(1,1), FANGM(1,1,k,c), FNGBM(1,1), and CFNGBM(1,1), and CO2 emissions in China.
CFNGBMFNGBMFAGMFANGMrγMAPE (%)rγMAPE (%)rMAPE (%)rMAPE (%)0.9510.5202.4460.230.592.870.2684.95120.86813.7164Table 3
The minimum MAPE and time consumption of WOA, PSO, and GA in Case1.
WOAPSOGAMAPE(%)Time consumption(s)MAPE(%)Time consumption(s)MAPE(%)Time consumption(s)2.4466.2112.043162.6182.140516.386Table 4
Results of CO2 emissions in China using six models.
YearRaw dataFANGMFAGMNGMONGMCFNGBMFNGBM20003362.70003362.7003362.7003362.7003362.7003362.7003362.70020013525.00003292.2033737.9133266.6732734.6602924.8153630.16720023845.40004046.7904313.4494050.2563565.4533781.7064196.16820034534.40004758.9694882.3224763.4433565.4534570.8224807.09120045337.00005411.5205421.7715412.5575009.9805291.3355411.45920056099.50006005.5575929.4156003.3555636.5055944.2465988.91920066677.90006545.0856406.8086541.0776206.7826531.7006529.44020077240.30007034.7046856.2717030.4906725.8637056.5207027.94220087378.50007479.0047280.1027475.9357198.3427521.9157482.24220097708.80007882.3487680.3927881.3617628.4047931.2867892.00720108135.20008248.7968058.9938250.3658019.8578288.1048258.13520118805.80008582.0738417.5338586.2178376.16788595.8298582.33920128991.50008885.5708757.4498891.8968700.4898857.8538866.86120139237.70009162.3589080.0149170.1148995.6959077.4699114.25620149223.70009415.2049386.3649423.3379264.3989257.8409327.24820159174.60009646.5969677.5139653.8109508.9789401.9929508.61320169119.00009858.7659954.3799863.5789731.6019512.8029661.10320179229.800010053.7110217.7910054.509934.23769592.9939787.38920189428.700010233.2110468.5110228.2710118.689645.1379890.026Table 5
Error metrics of CO2 emissions in China.
FittingFANGMFAGMNGMONGMCFNGBMFNGBMMAE153.5220.3155.8316.9881152.5150.6MSE26872.865406.30.8231138420.34194529616MAPE2.58423.76762.65135.59642.68662.54RMSPE3.04.88043.23057.66964.7493.35R0.990.99480.99680.99530.99610.997PredictionFANGMFAGMNGMONGMCFNGBMFNGBMMAE710.0841.5226712.014585.3498300.2473.7MSE524020.8752026.2525870.6364849.2196383232290MAPE7.67909.097.70096.32813.2565.12RMSPE7.82259.3567.83756.52333.3745.22R0.81440.8230.81170.81170.7370.784Case 2.
Forecasting of CO2 emissions in India
India is the second-most populous country in the world. The utility of energy increases with environmental pressure. In particular, the increase in CO2 emissions causes many adverse changes. Thus, a reasonable prediction of CO2 emissions is significant for the country to formulate sustainable development strategies. In this case, we used all data to search the parameter order and power exponent. The results are shown in Table 6. CFNGBM’s order r and power index γ are 1.1519 and 0.3081, respectively; its MAPE is 1.074. (The results of FAGM and FANGM are obtained from the work of Wu et al. [22]).
Table7 shows that the MAPE of WOA, PSO, and GA is 1.074%, 0.8559%, and 0.848%, respectively, and corresponding computation times are 6.0027s, 58.882s, and 0.8488s, respectively. Similar to Case1, WOA still has a short running time in comparison with PSO and GA.
The obtained optimized parameters are used to establish a model and make predictions. Table8 shows the results of the simulation and prediction of CO2 emissions in India using six models.
We can observe from Table9 that during the simulation phase, the MAE, MSE, MAPE, RMSPE, and R of the CFNGBM model are 152.5, 41945, 2.6866, 4.749, and 0.9961, respectively. Although the indicators of CFNGBM are not the best, they are close to the best. In the forecast stage, the MAE, MSE, MAPE, and RMSPE of the CFNGBM are 300.2, 96338, 3.256, 3.374, and 0.737, respectively, achieving the best results among all models.Table 6
The minimum MAPE and optimal order, power index of FAGM(1,1), FANGM(1,1,k,c), FNGBM(1,1), and CFNGBM(1,1), and CO2 emissions in India.
CFNGBMFANGBMFAGMFANGMrγMAPE (%)rγMAPE (%)rMAPE (%)rMAPE (%)1.15190.30811.0740.1290.031.1480.16491.75191.22691.3275Table 7
The minimum MAPE and time consumption of WOA, PSO, and GA in Case2.
WOAPSOGAMAPE(%)Time consumption(s)MAPE(%)Time consumption(s)MAPE(%)Time consumption(s)1.0746.00270.855958.8820.848817.598Table 8
Results of CO2 emissions in India using six models.
YearRaw dataFANGMFAGMNGMONGMCFNGBMFANGBM2000962.500962.500962.500962.500962.500962.500962.5002001970.3000980.592933.755946.740942.075967.941946.60320021021.900999.9330979.6641008.2601003.321989.666990.83720031062.3001055.7901045.5131073.2001067.9781049.631052.8920041116.6001055.7901120.6861141.7701136.2361125.9311124.09320051204.6001202.7661201.5971214.1601208.2961208.1851201.42720061252.5001285.2341286.7091290.5801284.3701293.6611283.57320071365.5001371.7161375.2721371.2601364.6801381.4761369.88520081466.9001461.6251466.9011456.4301449.4641471.3441460.03220091595.6001554.6551561.3931546.3401538.9711563.2001553.84920101661.0001650.6521658.6501641.2701633.4621657.0741651.26820111735.7001749.5471758.6341741.4901733.2171753.0311752.27920121849.2001851.3291758.6341847.2801838.5271851.1511856.90920131930.0001956.0181966.8131958.9801949.7041951.5211965.21420142083.3002063.6602075.0772076.8902067.0722054.2282077.26820152147.8002174.3172186.1972201.3702067.0722159.3562193.16120162234.2002288.0642300.2372332.7902321.7852266.9912312.99320172316.9002404.9852417.2722471.5402459.8782377.2162436.87520182479.1002525.1702537.3792471.5402605.6622490.1092564.927Table 9
Error metrics of CO2 emissions in China.
FittingFANGMFAGMNGMONGMCFNGBMFANGBMMAE14.758118.807717.801618.513815.19015.611MSE349.50364826.52493.663913950.48396.77410.78MAPE1.04211.43621.32394.79641.09091.150RMSPE1.04211.93683.23051.64291.48001.520R0.99870.99480.99820.99820.99850.9986PredictionFANGMFAGMNGMONGMCFNGBMFANGBMMAE53.634265.7712712.0148111.431928.91882.48MSE3371.484826.513950.4811499.0012427506MAPE2.32642.85664.79644.30171.26333.569RMSPE2.5123.00945.04094.57041.53443.731R0.98680.98670.98850.98850.98660.9872


## 6. Conclusion and Future Research

The FANGBM, a successful generalization of the nonlinear grey Bernoulli model, generalizes the integer-order accumulation to a more general fractional-order accumulation and determines a more suitable accumulation order through intelligent optimization. Because of the optimization of order and power index, FANGBM has higher precision than some previous grey models. Although FANGBM(1,1) has high accuracy and numerous excellent characteristics, its FA operator is relatively complicated to build model. Hence, it is difficult for general engineering technicians to master it. Herein, we propose the CFNGBM(1,1), wherein the fractional-order accumulation is implemented by CFA, which has a simpler structure. Using two practical examples of CO2 prediction in China and India, we determine that CFNGBM(1,1) has the same accuracy (or higher prediction accuracy) as FANGBM(1,1) and is a good substitute.Although CFNGBM(1,1) has many excellent characteristics, further work is required in the future. We list them as follows: (1) optimizing the background value of the CFNGBM(1,1) model to achieve more high accuracy and (2) using more efficient intelligent optimization algorithms to further improve the modeling accuracy.



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*Source: 9178098-2020-09-19.xml*