# A Recent Trend on Additive Manufacturing Sustainability with Supply Chain Management Concept, Multicriteria Decision Making Techniques

Authors: Raja Subramani; S. Kaliappan; P. V. Arul kumar; S. Sekar; Melvin Victor De Poures; Pravin P. Patil; E. S. Esakki raj
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2022)

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## Abstract

In the past 3 decades, the emerging technology in manufacturing sector other than conventional manufacturing is additive manufacturing (AM). The additive manufacturing principle was completely born from the research gaps of conventional manufacturing concepts such that the elimination of wastage and produce the component layer upon layer. Every new technology obtains the sustainability that may consider in the supply chain management principle of the raw material to finished products and decision-making techniques are to reach the consumer or customer as properly and periodically but these things are addressed challenges in additive manufacturing. This review paper aims to narrate the common research gaps on additive manufacturing, the structure of the supply chain management on AM, MCDM tools/techniques, AM application in different fields, challenges of selection of additive manufacturing, AM processes, and its application. The traditional method of literature review has been used for this review. The outcome of this review has helped the new researcher’s decision making on the AM various problems as easily and the new researchers may give the experimental solution for explored research gaps.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

### 1.1. Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing is nothing but adding the material as layer by layer to make the thing. The AM method is completely differs from the conventional method of manufacturing [1, 2]. The first edition of Gibson et al. [3] book has described the development and application of AM based on the ASTM standard. Jonathan explored the second edition of their book as main objective is teaching aid of AM that it may be developed and the author also covered the main points of current development, innovation, and fast growth of AM. In the principle and processes headlines under the chapters are reviewed. These books having interesting topics such as impact of low-cost AM, and guidelines for process selection like the main parameters for selection of AM processes are such as speed, cost, accuracy, and material property. These book authors point out the decision-making software demand related to machine choosing that cause drawback of certain part design and capacity of machine. Kadviser system databases were developed and made use of relevant database system with extensive application numbers, materials, and machines [3]. The main challenges of decision making various users need various things from an AM machine. The following Figures 1(a) and 1(b) expressed the challenges of selection of AM machines in different categories and the main application of AM in different fields [4].Figure 1
(a) Challenges of selection on AM Machine [3]. (b) Main application of AM in different fields [4, 5].
(a)(b)Niaki and Nonino [6] were the authors, who wrote a review about AMM and their subsequent research agenda. Their study was focused on eight major streams such as supply chain, AM technology selection, environmental aspects, manufacturing system, strategic challenges, open source innovation and business model, economics, product design, and production design model. The essential benefits of supply chain management in AM such as “agile,” “mass customization,” “legality,” and “lean.” The authors may not be more concentrated on the area of supply chain management in their paper. Bikas et al. [7] were done a critical review on the topic of AM methods and modeling approach. The process mechanisms and modeling method-based research gaps were identified. The following Figure 1(b) shows the application of additive manufacturing.Tapia and Elwany [8] reveal the sequence of operation monitoring and control of the metal-based AM. The authors were finding out research gaps in the area of monitoring and controlling the metal-based AM. The authors are identifying the research gap in the quality of metallic AM parts not to reach the requirements or regulations. Douglas and Stanley [9] point out that in the AM process the cost of raw materials has decreased 51% from 2001 to 2011. There are some research gaps also point out in the supply chain management like searching land, time expended and labor on the manufacturing, utilization, and disposal of AM products. AM is minimized the production time and design for the customized parts. The AM spare parts receiving time is more as compared to the conventional method [10].Mc Kinsey is the senior magazine related to organization and management theory that released the Quarterly article about AM on the name of “3D Printing Shape.” This magazine narrated that the application of AM is less visible to the customer as compared to traditional conventional manufacturing. The key challenges of supply chain management in AM have not been focused by the inventory management [11].Wohlers and Gornet [12] groups are playing a vital role in the field of additive manufacturing and they give their contribution to identifying the latest growth and trends in AM on every year. This report shows the development of AM in major equipment manufacturing gradually rised in every year. Metal-based AM methods are having more demand [12]. Knofius et al. [13] are the authors from Beta (research school for operation management and logistics), who review the sales-services after AM in supply chain management in their 515th paper series. There are a lot of research gaps available on the AM after sale-services supply chain by their review such as the decision making is challenging on after sales-services in AM [13]. Khajavi et al. [14] have contributed the AM development in the field of aeronautical industry. The author proved the super hornet fighter of F-18 is used for air cooling duct purposes in aeronautical field and it is manufactured by AM technology. The authors expected output of a model, illustrates emergency requirements and cost trade-off of AM deployment. An effective supply chain management in which the following characteristics are very essential. Such as(a)
Efficient conversion an input to output(b)
Dispatching high-quality customer/consumer response and(c)
Developing the assets utilization.The author of the paper reveals that research gaps like personnel intensiveness and the AM acquisition price are the major obstacles, and slow production rate as compared with spare part fleet, which is another research gap [14]. Hopkinson and Dickens are analysts of AM processes with comparing the layer manufacturing processes for production. Stereolithography is the form AM by using the photochemical process. The machine cost is the main drawback of rapid manufacturing. The research gap of secondary equipment cost may vary depending upon the location and it may affect the machine cost. The inkjet has a broad basement for AM and transforms someway the products are manufactured [15].


### 1.2. Supply Chain Management

Supply chain management is the concept of raw materials to finished products to reach the consumer. Cestana et al. [16] have referred to the single echelon supply chain with assumptions of uncountable manufacturing capacity for the inventory problem. The slow-moving is in AM and CM (conventional manufacturing) may more costly. This paper’s authors consider the sole OEM with their part inventory. The following conditions were taken for performing their research such as the first condition, part make by CM, and the second condition, part make AM. Thus the result has been obtained by the Analytical Markov Chain Model [16]. Cozmei and Caloian [17] have used embryonic technology in supply chain management and considered the factors like stock flow, divergence of function, labor cost saving, and workforce productivity.The author concludes that the design of the required product should send through the Internet and manufactured by the AM. In this way, the production is applicable and reduces the inventory and labor costs. The author notifies the research gap on the conclusion such that AM development may give the job opportunity only the skilled labor [17]. The basic supply chain management concept in AM is shown below Figure 2. The revenue and risk may share with the services provider; contractor and supply chain partners are major research gaps in AM [18].Figure 2
Supply chain management concepts [16].Gosselin et al. [19] have examined the drawback of existing concrete depended on AM and describe the unique process proposal in their paper. The future work was prescribed by the authors such as the use of more than one material including the printing process in the form of gradient on material property. The author of this paper has included the mechanical properties in their abstract but they did not concentrate on thermal analysis for this paper [19]. Thierry Rayna and Striukova [20] described the AM model innovation changes that the difficulties of combining the technologies such as quick prototyping, quick tooling, digital production, and house fabrication. The novel area is very difficult to adopt the existing manufacturing model on 3D printing [20]. Jong and Bruijn [21] are from the Rotterdam School Of Management Netherlands and described the concept of existing CM responded to the latest technique of AM. Conventional manufacturing has also withstood in the different fields of recent pieces of research like glass fiber, nanofillers, nanopowders, graphene, etc., and also the fault analysis using the IIOT. The CM can defend their business by following ways such as monitor, attack, adopt, acquire, and facilitate [21–25]. However, the main research gap prescribed that 3D printing will affect the CM in future [26]. The AM is having some folk tales revealed by Roca et al. [26]. The first folktale is that additive manufacturing easy to make components without difficulties and is economical. The second folk tale is the AM products make it local and the final folktale manufacturer can replace the bulk manufacturing bulk customization. The quality of AM is may challenge to compare the CM [27]. AM also contributes wood making industries such as furniture-making fields. Pringle et al. [27] were given the research gap such as to quantify the mechanical properties of wood polymer composite after first recycling [27]. Moreover, a lot of literature research gaps are explored in this review article. This paper has explored the structure of supply chain management concept in the AM field. This review paper is also focused on the different novelties of supply chain management and multi-choice decision-making possibilities in AM.


## 1.1. Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing is nothing but adding the material as layer by layer to make the thing. The AM method is completely differs from the conventional method of manufacturing [1, 2]. The first edition of Gibson et al. [3] book has described the development and application of AM based on the ASTM standard. Jonathan explored the second edition of their book as main objective is teaching aid of AM that it may be developed and the author also covered the main points of current development, innovation, and fast growth of AM. In the principle and processes headlines under the chapters are reviewed. These books having interesting topics such as impact of low-cost AM, and guidelines for process selection like the main parameters for selection of AM processes are such as speed, cost, accuracy, and material property. These book authors point out the decision-making software demand related to machine choosing that cause drawback of certain part design and capacity of machine. Kadviser system databases were developed and made use of relevant database system with extensive application numbers, materials, and machines [3]. The main challenges of decision making various users need various things from an AM machine. The following Figures 1(a) and 1(b) expressed the challenges of selection of AM machines in different categories and the main application of AM in different fields [4].Figure 1
(a) Challenges of selection on AM Machine [3]. (b) Main application of AM in different fields [4, 5].
(a)(b)Niaki and Nonino [6] were the authors, who wrote a review about AMM and their subsequent research agenda. Their study was focused on eight major streams such as supply chain, AM technology selection, environmental aspects, manufacturing system, strategic challenges, open source innovation and business model, economics, product design, and production design model. The essential benefits of supply chain management in AM such as “agile,” “mass customization,” “legality,” and “lean.” The authors may not be more concentrated on the area of supply chain management in their paper. Bikas et al. [7] were done a critical review on the topic of AM methods and modeling approach. The process mechanisms and modeling method-based research gaps were identified. The following Figure 1(b) shows the application of additive manufacturing.Tapia and Elwany [8] reveal the sequence of operation monitoring and control of the metal-based AM. The authors were finding out research gaps in the area of monitoring and controlling the metal-based AM. The authors are identifying the research gap in the quality of metallic AM parts not to reach the requirements or regulations. Douglas and Stanley [9] point out that in the AM process the cost of raw materials has decreased 51% from 2001 to 2011. There are some research gaps also point out in the supply chain management like searching land, time expended and labor on the manufacturing, utilization, and disposal of AM products. AM is minimized the production time and design for the customized parts. The AM spare parts receiving time is more as compared to the conventional method [10].Mc Kinsey is the senior magazine related to organization and management theory that released the Quarterly article about AM on the name of “3D Printing Shape.” This magazine narrated that the application of AM is less visible to the customer as compared to traditional conventional manufacturing. The key challenges of supply chain management in AM have not been focused by the inventory management [11].Wohlers and Gornet [12] groups are playing a vital role in the field of additive manufacturing and they give their contribution to identifying the latest growth and trends in AM on every year. This report shows the development of AM in major equipment manufacturing gradually rised in every year. Metal-based AM methods are having more demand [12]. Knofius et al. [13] are the authors from Beta (research school for operation management and logistics), who review the sales-services after AM in supply chain management in their 515th paper series. There are a lot of research gaps available on the AM after sale-services supply chain by their review such as the decision making is challenging on after sales-services in AM [13]. Khajavi et al. [14] have contributed the AM development in the field of aeronautical industry. The author proved the super hornet fighter of F-18 is used for air cooling duct purposes in aeronautical field and it is manufactured by AM technology. The authors expected output of a model, illustrates emergency requirements and cost trade-off of AM deployment. An effective supply chain management in which the following characteristics are very essential. Such as(a)
Efficient conversion an input to output(b)
Dispatching high-quality customer/consumer response and(c)
Developing the assets utilization.The author of the paper reveals that research gaps like personnel intensiveness and the AM acquisition price are the major obstacles, and slow production rate as compared with spare part fleet, which is another research gap [14]. Hopkinson and Dickens are analysts of AM processes with comparing the layer manufacturing processes for production. Stereolithography is the form AM by using the photochemical process. The machine cost is the main drawback of rapid manufacturing. The research gap of secondary equipment cost may vary depending upon the location and it may affect the machine cost. The inkjet has a broad basement for AM and transforms someway the products are manufactured [15].


## 1.2. Supply Chain Management

Supply chain management is the concept of raw materials to finished products to reach the consumer. Cestana et al. [16] have referred to the single echelon supply chain with assumptions of uncountable manufacturing capacity for the inventory problem. The slow-moving is in AM and CM (conventional manufacturing) may more costly. This paper’s authors consider the sole OEM with their part inventory. The following conditions were taken for performing their research such as the first condition, part make by CM, and the second condition, part make AM. Thus the result has been obtained by the Analytical Markov Chain Model [16]. Cozmei and Caloian [17] have used embryonic technology in supply chain management and considered the factors like stock flow, divergence of function, labor cost saving, and workforce productivity.The author concludes that the design of the required product should send through the Internet and manufactured by the AM. In this way, the production is applicable and reduces the inventory and labor costs. The author notifies the research gap on the conclusion such that AM development may give the job opportunity only the skilled labor [17]. The basic supply chain management concept in AM is shown below Figure 2. The revenue and risk may share with the services provider; contractor and supply chain partners are major research gaps in AM [18].Figure 2
Supply chain management concepts [16].Gosselin et al. [19] have examined the drawback of existing concrete depended on AM and describe the unique process proposal in their paper. The future work was prescribed by the authors such as the use of more than one material including the printing process in the form of gradient on material property. The author of this paper has included the mechanical properties in their abstract but they did not concentrate on thermal analysis for this paper [19]. Thierry Rayna and Striukova [20] described the AM model innovation changes that the difficulties of combining the technologies such as quick prototyping, quick tooling, digital production, and house fabrication. The novel area is very difficult to adopt the existing manufacturing model on 3D printing [20]. Jong and Bruijn [21] are from the Rotterdam School Of Management Netherlands and described the concept of existing CM responded to the latest technique of AM. Conventional manufacturing has also withstood in the different fields of recent pieces of research like glass fiber, nanofillers, nanopowders, graphene, etc., and also the fault analysis using the IIOT. The CM can defend their business by following ways such as monitor, attack, adopt, acquire, and facilitate [21–25]. However, the main research gap prescribed that 3D printing will affect the CM in future [26]. The AM is having some folk tales revealed by Roca et al. [26]. The first folktale is that additive manufacturing easy to make components without difficulties and is economical. The second folk tale is the AM products make it local and the final folktale manufacturer can replace the bulk manufacturing bulk customization. The quality of AM is may challenge to compare the CM [27]. AM also contributes wood making industries such as furniture-making fields. Pringle et al. [27] were given the research gap such as to quantify the mechanical properties of wood polymer composite after first recycling [27]. Moreover, a lot of literature research gaps are explored in this review article. This paper has explored the structure of supply chain management concept in the AM field. This review paper is also focused on the different novelties of supply chain management and multi-choice decision-making possibilities in AM.


## 2. Methodology

The traditional literature survey method is used for this review paper. First of all, one hundred and three papers were taken by four different classifications as shown in Figure3 such as additive manufacturing, supply chain management, AM application, and supply chain management application. In each classification twenty-five papers were taken from the top reputed journal publishing such as Elsevier, Springer, Taylor and Francis, Emerald publishing limited, Hindawi, MDPI, and other publishers. The search engine application used for this review is Google scholar. The keywords used for collecting this paper such as “additive manufacturing,” “supply chain management,” “supply chain management on additive manufacturing,” “a recent review for additive manufacturing and applications of additive manufacturing with supply chain management.” The following filters were applied during collecting the papers such as time-since 2022 and sorted by the relevance.Figure 3
Methodologies.The collecting papers were sorted by the year and title in ascending order on a folder. The collecting paper was analyzed by each and every line as a more critical review point of view and essentially focused on the abstract, methodology, result, and conclusion of every paper. Finally, research gaps were identified and explored in this review paper.


## 3. Scenario, Material, and Operation of AM

In AM process, to ensure the heat treatment should obtain the required physical and metallurgical properties. Because AM technology has the part of challenges as huge level manufacturing to find the new way for obtaining desired metallurgy specifications exclude post processing. Kowalewski [28] has expressed the IVD method for surface improvement and corrosion resistance and it is shown in Table 1 [28].Table 1
Different materials and operation of AM [28].
Metals/OperationPolymer and polymer blendsCompositeGraded hybrid metalMetalCeramicSand mold and coresPaperMetal extrusionAPNPNPNPNPAPNPMaterial jettingNPAPNPAPNPNPNPBlinder jettingNPAPNPAPAPAPNPSheet laminationNPNPAPAPNPNPAPPowder bed fusionNPAPNPAPAPNPNPDirect energy depositionNPNPAPAPNPNPNPVat photopolymerizationNPAPNPNPAPNPNPAP, aApplicable, NP, not applicable.


### 3.1. Adoption of AM up to 2022

Alabi et al. [29] wrote a review that the application of AM in South African universities and implement the different AM technologies in education [1, 2]. Figure 4 shows the adoption of additive manufacturing up to the year 2022. This paper author detailed cover the topic of AM but the limitations of author miss the huge content of the application on AM and the author concentrate on proposed particular PG program. The author expressed the research gap that the limited scope only for AM in education field [29]. Additive manufacturing is used on the UAV inner structure. The author highlights the research gap in physical form, altitude, weight, strength, and life of AM is less compared to CM. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) has been used for AM but it has short fiber and short fiber has poor mechanical property [22, 23, 30]. Kianian et al. [31] published a paper of adoption of AM in Sweden. Most of the firms applied the AM techniques for quick prototyping in Sweden and trusted that the initial investment and the SME try their innovation as basic amount on AM.Figure 4
Adoption of AM up to 2021 [1, 2, 28, 29].The author points out the research gap as there is no exact data for AM holding companies in the world and the comparison of different variables of AM application and implementation in different countries [31].


### 3.2. Various AM Application and Process

AM contributes to more different fields and different applications. Table2 shows the different processes and different applications of AM.Table 2
Different AM processes and application.
Additive manufacturing: [1, 2, 32]ProcessSLSSLAFDMPMD3DPOTHERSApplicationsArts, jewelry, visualization, aeronautical, aerospace, automotive, medical, tooling, repair, nanotechnology, consumer products, electronics, entertainment, education, energy, architecture, and others.The key term of supply chain management challenges on AM such as purchasing costs, developing new material, obtaining huge consistency and standardization, developing new CAD tools, educating engineers, increasing process speed, and advancing the biological [32]. In AM process such key challenges are the point out lead time, inventory, system responsiveness, and supply chain cost were minimized [33].


## 3.1. Adoption of AM up to 2022

Alabi et al. [29] wrote a review that the application of AM in South African universities and implement the different AM technologies in education [1, 2]. Figure 4 shows the adoption of additive manufacturing up to the year 2022. This paper author detailed cover the topic of AM but the limitations of author miss the huge content of the application on AM and the author concentrate on proposed particular PG program. The author expressed the research gap that the limited scope only for AM in education field [29]. Additive manufacturing is used on the UAV inner structure. The author highlights the research gap in physical form, altitude, weight, strength, and life of AM is less compared to CM. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) has been used for AM but it has short fiber and short fiber has poor mechanical property [22, 23, 30]. Kianian et al. [31] published a paper of adoption of AM in Sweden. Most of the firms applied the AM techniques for quick prototyping in Sweden and trusted that the initial investment and the SME try their innovation as basic amount on AM.Figure 4
Adoption of AM up to 2021 [1, 2, 28, 29].The author points out the research gap as there is no exact data for AM holding companies in the world and the comparison of different variables of AM application and implementation in different countries [31].


## 3.2. Various AM Application and Process

AM contributes to more different fields and different applications. Table2 shows the different processes and different applications of AM.Table 2
Different AM processes and application.
Additive manufacturing: [1, 2, 32]ProcessSLSSLAFDMPMD3DPOTHERSApplicationsArts, jewelry, visualization, aeronautical, aerospace, automotive, medical, tooling, repair, nanotechnology, consumer products, electronics, entertainment, education, energy, architecture, and others.The key term of supply chain management challenges on AM such as purchasing costs, developing new material, obtaining huge consistency and standardization, developing new CAD tools, educating engineers, increasing process speed, and advancing the biological [32]. In AM process such key challenges are the point out lead time, inventory, system responsiveness, and supply chain cost were minimized [33].


## 4. MCDM Tools/Techniques and Its Application

The MCDM is a tool or technique from the operational research area for more than critical alternatives that selected opted one. The following Table3 describes the various MCDM tools and techniques available for the manufacturing sector.Table 3
MCDM tools/techniques and its application [1, 2, 5].
MCDM tool or techniquesApplication(i) AHP [2](i) Location selection(ii) numerical decision support for most appropriate result(iii) Evaluate the data and select the most appropriate one.(iv) Sustainable process planning.(v) Selecting the most appropriate machine(vi) Critical decision making(vii) Measuring the sustainable level of production(viii) Priority-based problems(ix) Huge alternative problems(ii) FAHP(i) Various goals of mathematical program for supplier selection.(ii) Priority calculations in operation(iii) Select the optimum on alternative(iv) Improve the determination of securities performance(v) Identify the importance of SCM on the industrial performance(iii) TOPSIS [1](i) Capital installation models(ii) Reducing risk models(iii) Investment and profit models(iv) Cost estimation of entire process(v) Dispatch products distribution problems(vi) Determine the sustainability of supplier(vii) Determine the fleet after dispatching products(viii) Determine the plant location(ix) Evaluate the public investor(x) Optimum the electric sources(xi) Estimate the future activity(iv) COPRAS(i) Numerical decision support method for multi alternatives(ii) Multi-criteria assessment on AM(v) DEMATEL(i) Selection of project area(ii) Evaluation and selection of alternatives(iii) Multi-criteria assessment on AM(iv) Determine the fleet after dispatching products(v) Developing the methodological system approach for workpiece selection(vi) Evaluation of pollution model(vii) Evaluating the green supplier(viii) Identify and evaluate the customer needs(vi) ANP(i) Select the most feasible AM construction and installation(ii) Evaluation of pollution model(vii) WASPAS(i) Standard estimation of waste disposal(ii) Ranking the operation or process(viii) PROMETHEE(i) Logistic model(ii) Fleet model(iii) Ranking the material handling models(iv) Selection of sustainable operation or process(v) Assessing the performance of alternative(ix) WSM(i) Fleet model(x) LNN(i) Selection and evaluation of power source problem(xi) BWM(i) Investigating the supply chain management of production companies(ii) Selection of three-phase supplier selection(xii) MAIRCA(i) Estimate and evaluate the performance of employees, suppliers, and operations(xiii) ARAS(i) Selecting the suitable alternatives in logistics of AM products(ii) Development of the methods for decision support(xiv) VIKOR(i) Estimate the applicability of MCDM problems(ii) Estimate and evaluation supplier selection(iii) Selection of sustainable things or factors(xv) ASPID(i) Estimate the quality of the AM(ii) Measure the sustainability of demand and supply(xvi) MOORA(i) Estimate and evaluate the risk factors for logistics(ii) Choosing the most sustainable(xvii) ELECTRE(i) Selection of an optimum solution(ii) Differentiate the sustainability of organization supply(iii) Identify the firm’s SCM performance(iv) Evaluate the fleet’s sustainable performance(v) Sustainability problems(xviii) IFDM(i) Estimate the performance of firm(xix) MIVES(i) Numerical decision support for the most appropriate result(ii) Evaluate the data and select the most appropriate one(iii) Sustainable process planning(iv) Selecting the most appropriate machine(v) Critical decision making(vi) Measuring the sustainable level of production(vii) Estimate the mechanical properties(vii) Finding the investor with strategies for prioritization(xx) SWM(i) Evaluate the technology.The Stojčić et al. [5] narrate the research gaps of MCDM to find out the simpler and flexible ways for synchronous problems [5]. Table 3 shows the MCDM Tools or Techniques and their application in additive manufacturing.The laser-based AM is having the parameters such as laser power, laser velocity, and layer thickness but it did not use a systematical approach [34]. The AM’s huge components are may make of metal. Yampolskiy et al. [35] observe the research gaps on AM software and hardware having some flaws such as material on AM is commonly used polymer but the gap on metals and composite [35]. The price affordable and AM reach everyone to make different things but it is a reason for some crimes also [36]. AM is to produce the physical components in the short period by using CAD, CAE, and CAM. The process of AM is just designed and directly manufacture. The AM process is also referred layer manufacturing [37]. Conventional manufacturing is safe from cybercrime as compared to AM. A lot of AM machines is used digital data for making the component [1, 2] and it has cyber threats to weaken or destroy the component [38]. The AM process is having excellent geometrical flexibility and rapid manufacturing. But the research gap in AM process such as tooling, advantage based on only homogeneous material, and decisions making for choosing AM process [1, 2, 39]. The common key issues of the AM are, namely, occupational health, energy usage, lifecycle impact, and waste usage [40]. In the AM, only the consumer may involve in the manufacturing process to share their design ideas or concept. This concept is destroying the whole seller, retailer, customer, and consumer traditional supply chain. Hence, the product price may be more affordable to the consumer [41]. ASTM [24] F2792 committee is formed to standardize the AM process in 2015. The AM process will overcome the traditional manufacturing process as well as soon [42]. The maturity model of AM involves the technology, production support by direct tooling, part support by direct manufacturing, and its application [43]. The Bio-AM is playing a vital role in forecasting the safety and accuracy of maxillofacial surgery [44]. On FDM is to adopt the concurrent process to optimize the shape of components [45].


### 4.1. Supply Chain Concept and Application

The AM is may minimize the low-wage factory workers’ job opportunities [46]. The AM gives the optimized design and customized component basis of demand. The safety weight components are made by AM process [47]. The following Table 4 describes the supply chain concepts and their application to AM [48].Table 4
Supply chain concept and its application.
Supply chain conceptApplicationLean paradigmMinimize the wastage throughout supply chainAgile paradigmLead time compression and eliminate the wasteLeegility and postponementBoth lean and agile paradigm applicationMass customizationIt is used to meet the customer’s requirements.The AM is a multi technology combined and each technology has a separate mature stage. The AM is believed from the industrialist, researchers, and scientist point of view that the next industrial revolution may occur [49]. The supply chain management of AM estimate and evaluate the essential effects of sustainability and obtain to point out the key problem for boosting sustainability outcomes [50]. The most of cybercrime has occurred on AM processes such as a design of products copied from the top brands and the sensitive data were insecure from owners [51]. The AM process plays a vital role in hearing-aid manufacturing. The individual unit is may change multi-unit for offering economic product delivery by batch production [52]. Barz et al. [53] have observed that AM involves the two-stage supply apex such as source, production, and customer apex [53]. The industrial four-point zero is more dependent on their decision making to select the appropriate technology [54]. The AM process is commonly also known as 3D printing technology. It is especially designed for customized manufacturing. The process is opposed to the conventional manufacturing principle such as elimination of waste[55]. Additive manufacturing is developed emerged manufacturing on nowadays and the demand occurred on mass production [56]. Compare to conventional manufacturing the AM is eliminating the cost of die, scarabs, and raw material cost [57].Zanoni et al. [58] were described the supply chain management on AM that involves to minimize the fleet cost, improve the supply chain dynamics, and minimize the delivery lead time [58]. Supply chain management is basically a consideration of supply planning, supplier selection, and contracting for the end of finished process in any manufacturing process. Similar to beginning any manufacturing the supply chain management includes material purchasing, expediting, and money settlement [59]. Sustainable development is only possible if the manufacturers satisfy the customer or consumer expectation because “the customer is the king of every business” [60]. The potential advantage of AM is followed. Such as:(1)
Not need the tooling cost.(2)
Possible to make a small batch production.(3)
Easy to select the product for function,(4)
Easy to make complex geometrics, and(5)
No need for more inventory and minimize the supply lead time [61].The current demand for additive manufacturing is to introduce more logistics hubs and sales-services centers [62]. The lacking of reorganization and rethinking in additive manufacturing has expired in the commercial sectors [63]. The limitation of AM such as lacking the choice of products to select the customer appropriate color, material, and surface finish [64]. The input for AM machine is directly from the AUTOCAD product design converted into an STL file [65]. STEM is a teaching topic for AM in different ways of product making and it is very useful to young researchers [66]. 3D printing may play the vital role to minimize carbon emission and the process principle of zero material waste [67]. The slow construction time and limited number of material are another drawback of AM [68]. The AM is commonly classified as rapid manufacturing (polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites), rapid tooling (polymer and metal), and rapid prototyping [69]. Risk prediction is the important term in supply chain management to be determined by two methods such as systematic literature review and bibliometric network analysis [70]. In the high temperature polymer extrusion process contains emission like dirt particles and hazardous gases on the large-format AM machine [71]. A minimal quantity of research papers that enhance the circular economy with additive manufacturing was avail and it shows the research gaps in this area to need to explore the particular topic [72]. The lot of sustainable analysis theory is may be found by literature reviews on the AM process [73]. The manufacturing supply risk can be minimized by using the different supplier strategies and supplier selection depend on the quality, not the cost [74]. Knofius et al. [75] were observed the tiny spare parts firms may the essential beneficiary by the AM process [75]. In the 3D printing manufacturing process has been possible to reuse and recycle raw materials specifically permanent magnets [76]. The AM is the part of manufacturing producers that it raising the flexibility minimizes the warehouse cost and sustains the processes as mass production [77]. The main objective of the supply chain management on additive manufacturing such as minimize the inventory cost, minimize the operation cost, develop the customer services, and rapid product dispatch to market [78]. In AM terms of rapid manufacturing and rapid tooling is only applicable to the direct production methods of components [79]. In 1996, the layer manufacturing (LM) process is now commonly known as AM. The LM (layer manufacturing) ultimate goal was to deposit the material with the varying density [80]. The AM plays a major role on the complexity geometric parameter in the field of aeronautics such as aerodynamic, reliability, manufacturing, maintainability, weight, and cost [81]. Digital data reproducible manner were easily obtained in the AM by the composite propellant grain geometric [82]. India is the second largest manufacturing hub to amend the AM processes without barriers as hugely by the “Make in India” initiative within 2016–2026 [83].The printing magnets are obtained with good thermal performance by using magnet filament from recycled material [76]. Kalyan et al. [84] explored the AM vaccums in future applications such as in situ monitoring (online measurement), topology optimization, smart manufacturing, hybrid 3D printing, and standardization [84]. The growth of AM process increased gradually day to day. However, the research gaps may occur in different fields like thermal management, system management, and materials [85]. The metal material processes and nonmetal material processes in which comparison of the strength of manufacturing components is obtained by different processes [86]. The last five years of the most popular AM technique are observed in the polymer extrusion by Love et al. [87].The AM process is having different printers and different accuracy parameters. Moreover, the best professional printers followed the dimensional elite that it has more accuracy and surface finish [88]. A lot of research areas are present on the materials like metals, polymer, ceramics, etc. However, the new researchers have focused on the metallic materials area as more gained [89]. The benefits of the optimization such as minimize the overall build cost, material usage, regulate the material properties, avoid the requirement of support, and manufacturing costs [90]. The AM processes are having the vaccums on the precision engineering components and validating the software tools that determine the process and effect [91]. The lithography tool in the AM process is too expensive for the SME [92]. The existing porosity measuring devices are used on AM as the part pose and laser angle but they did not use different machines [93]. The manufacturers are having the mission that barriers of cost and technology should be removed and change the manufacturing field as a sustainable portfolio [94]. The metal and thermoplastic parts are manufactured by the most suitable AM process SLS and SLM only [95]. The stainless steel is manufactured layer-wise through laser additive manufacturing technology and it is fabricated 3D parts by choosing the melting powder with a laser beam [96].


## 4.1. Supply Chain Concept and Application

The AM is may minimize the low-wage factory workers’ job opportunities [46]. The AM gives the optimized design and customized component basis of demand. The safety weight components are made by AM process [47]. The following Table 4 describes the supply chain concepts and their application to AM [48].Table 4
Supply chain concept and its application.
Supply chain conceptApplicationLean paradigmMinimize the wastage throughout supply chainAgile paradigmLead time compression and eliminate the wasteLeegility and postponementBoth lean and agile paradigm applicationMass customizationIt is used to meet the customer’s requirements.The AM is a multi technology combined and each technology has a separate mature stage. The AM is believed from the industrialist, researchers, and scientist point of view that the next industrial revolution may occur [49]. The supply chain management of AM estimate and evaluate the essential effects of sustainability and obtain to point out the key problem for boosting sustainability outcomes [50]. The most of cybercrime has occurred on AM processes such as a design of products copied from the top brands and the sensitive data were insecure from owners [51]. The AM process plays a vital role in hearing-aid manufacturing. The individual unit is may change multi-unit for offering economic product delivery by batch production [52]. Barz et al. [53] have observed that AM involves the two-stage supply apex such as source, production, and customer apex [53]. The industrial four-point zero is more dependent on their decision making to select the appropriate technology [54]. The AM process is commonly also known as 3D printing technology. It is especially designed for customized manufacturing. The process is opposed to the conventional manufacturing principle such as elimination of waste[55]. Additive manufacturing is developed emerged manufacturing on nowadays and the demand occurred on mass production [56]. Compare to conventional manufacturing the AM is eliminating the cost of die, scarabs, and raw material cost [57].Zanoni et al. [58] were described the supply chain management on AM that involves to minimize the fleet cost, improve the supply chain dynamics, and minimize the delivery lead time [58]. Supply chain management is basically a consideration of supply planning, supplier selection, and contracting for the end of finished process in any manufacturing process. Similar to beginning any manufacturing the supply chain management includes material purchasing, expediting, and money settlement [59]. Sustainable development is only possible if the manufacturers satisfy the customer or consumer expectation because “the customer is the king of every business” [60]. The potential advantage of AM is followed. Such as:(1)
Not need the tooling cost.(2)
Possible to make a small batch production.(3)
Easy to select the product for function,(4)
Easy to make complex geometrics, and(5)
No need for more inventory and minimize the supply lead time [61].The current demand for additive manufacturing is to introduce more logistics hubs and sales-services centers [62]. The lacking of reorganization and rethinking in additive manufacturing has expired in the commercial sectors [63]. The limitation of AM such as lacking the choice of products to select the customer appropriate color, material, and surface finish [64]. The input for AM machine is directly from the AUTOCAD product design converted into an STL file [65]. STEM is a teaching topic for AM in different ways of product making and it is very useful to young researchers [66]. 3D printing may play the vital role to minimize carbon emission and the process principle of zero material waste [67]. The slow construction time and limited number of material are another drawback of AM [68]. The AM is commonly classified as rapid manufacturing (polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites), rapid tooling (polymer and metal), and rapid prototyping [69]. Risk prediction is the important term in supply chain management to be determined by two methods such as systematic literature review and bibliometric network analysis [70]. In the high temperature polymer extrusion process contains emission like dirt particles and hazardous gases on the large-format AM machine [71]. A minimal quantity of research papers that enhance the circular economy with additive manufacturing was avail and it shows the research gaps in this area to need to explore the particular topic [72]. The lot of sustainable analysis theory is may be found by literature reviews on the AM process [73]. The manufacturing supply risk can be minimized by using the different supplier strategies and supplier selection depend on the quality, not the cost [74]. Knofius et al. [75] were observed the tiny spare parts firms may the essential beneficiary by the AM process [75]. In the 3D printing manufacturing process has been possible to reuse and recycle raw materials specifically permanent magnets [76]. The AM is the part of manufacturing producers that it raising the flexibility minimizes the warehouse cost and sustains the processes as mass production [77]. The main objective of the supply chain management on additive manufacturing such as minimize the inventory cost, minimize the operation cost, develop the customer services, and rapid product dispatch to market [78]. In AM terms of rapid manufacturing and rapid tooling is only applicable to the direct production methods of components [79]. In 1996, the layer manufacturing (LM) process is now commonly known as AM. The LM (layer manufacturing) ultimate goal was to deposit the material with the varying density [80]. The AM plays a major role on the complexity geometric parameter in the field of aeronautics such as aerodynamic, reliability, manufacturing, maintainability, weight, and cost [81]. Digital data reproducible manner were easily obtained in the AM by the composite propellant grain geometric [82]. India is the second largest manufacturing hub to amend the AM processes without barriers as hugely by the “Make in India” initiative within 2016–2026 [83].The printing magnets are obtained with good thermal performance by using magnet filament from recycled material [76]. Kalyan et al. [84] explored the AM vaccums in future applications such as in situ monitoring (online measurement), topology optimization, smart manufacturing, hybrid 3D printing, and standardization [84]. The growth of AM process increased gradually day to day. However, the research gaps may occur in different fields like thermal management, system management, and materials [85]. The metal material processes and nonmetal material processes in which comparison of the strength of manufacturing components is obtained by different processes [86]. The last five years of the most popular AM technique are observed in the polymer extrusion by Love et al. [87].The AM process is having different printers and different accuracy parameters. Moreover, the best professional printers followed the dimensional elite that it has more accuracy and surface finish [88]. A lot of research areas are present on the materials like metals, polymer, ceramics, etc. However, the new researchers have focused on the metallic materials area as more gained [89]. The benefits of the optimization such as minimize the overall build cost, material usage, regulate the material properties, avoid the requirement of support, and manufacturing costs [90]. The AM processes are having the vaccums on the precision engineering components and validating the software tools that determine the process and effect [91]. The lithography tool in the AM process is too expensive for the SME [92]. The existing porosity measuring devices are used on AM as the part pose and laser angle but they did not use different machines [93]. The manufacturers are having the mission that barriers of cost and technology should be removed and change the manufacturing field as a sustainable portfolio [94]. The metal and thermoplastic parts are manufactured by the most suitable AM process SLS and SLM only [95]. The stainless steel is manufactured layer-wise through laser additive manufacturing technology and it is fabricated 3D parts by choosing the melting powder with a laser beam [96].


## 5. Discussion

Additive manufacturing is an emerging technology in the manufacturing sector. Sustainable manufacturing is a goal for the manufacturers to withstand the competitive market. To obtain the sustainability of manufacturing technologies are must focus on supply chain management, logistics, and decision-making techniques application. In the AM processes of logistic is too complicated and it is classified into three categories such as:(a)
Supply chain network(b)
Inventory management and(c)
Dispatching management [97].The AM is the “third revolution of industries” on essential changes of the manufacturing market [98]. Compare to conventional manufacturing growth that additive manufacturing development is much slow and gradual [99]. The AM process is having socio-technology factors such as operational factor, strategy factor, and supply chain factor [100]. The solid-based metal making is most suitable process by the fusion deposition machine in the AM [101]. The topology optimization is the essential support for AM to minimize the material and sustainable processing [102]. The Cost effective of AM is the following points. Such as:(a)
Pick the most exact part that is important(b)
Pick the most exact process and material(c)
Do not prefer old spares(d)
Ensure the usage of appropriate design(e)
Apply the existing solution as more if possible(f)
Ensure the lifecycle(g)
Do not optimize the spare [103].The triangular facet model or the polygonal meshes is used for the most common data format by agreed on most AM technology [104]. Ghadge et al. [105] explored that the AM process required more research for achieving sustainability [105]. The digital-driven operations are generally having threats that it is also applicable to AM [106]. Thus the sustainable improvement of AM with supply chain management must carefully handle the reliability, flexibility, innovation, and quality of the products at every stage [107]. The AM application plays vital role in most appropriate industries, especially prototypes [108].


## 6. Conclusions

Additive manufacturing is only believed the future in production field that may replace conventional manufacturing. AM is rapidly growing in the various industries sector at the previous year. However, the material was made in economic by the manufacturer but it reaches to consumers at a huge cost then there is no use for making the material. Because the “customers are the king of business” the mostly cost and quality have expected from the products. In this review, different research gaps were explored from the previous literature review. The AM has lack on supply chain management and MCDM to choose the appropriate vendors after sales/services of the machines. The mechanical properties of the AM products are also carefully considered and improved in future for the sustainable manufacturing. Thus this review paper explored a lot of research gaps and it helps the new researcher’s decision making on the AM various problems as easily and the new researchers may give the experimental solution for explored research gaps in the future.



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*Source: 9151839-2022-08-13.xml*