# Evaluating the Efficacy of Massage Intervention for the Treatment of Poststroke Constipation: A Meta-Analysis

Authors: Qiu-Shuang Wang; Ya Liu; Xiang-Ni Zou; Yan-Ling Ma; Gen-Li Liu
Journal: Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
 (2020)

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## Abstract

Background. It is essential to determine a safe and effective method for treating constipation after stroke. Massage has been widely used in recent years. However, meta-analysis data on the efficacy of massage for the treatment of constipation experienced after stroke are almost nonexistent. Objective. This review aimed to examine the effectiveness of using massage therapy to treat constipation in patients who suffered a stroke event. Methods. This systematic review adhered to the reporting guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Electronic databases, including Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, China Biology Medicine, Wan Fang Data, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, and National Knowledge Infrastructure, were searched for relevant studies on the efficacy of massage for the treatment of poststroke constipation. Rev-Man 5.3 software was used to analyze the study data. Results. A total of 11 randomized controlled trials with 1045 patients were included. A statistically significant difference in the total effective rates was found between the massage and control groups (OR = 4.96; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.81, 8.76; P<0.001). Compared with the control groups, the massage group had markedly reduced incidences of constipation (OR = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.47; P<0.001) and of four symptoms of discomfort (P<0.001). The frequency of defecation on day two and day three in the massage group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion. Our results strongly suggest that massage can effectively reduce the incidence and severity of constipation after stroke. However, large, multicenter, long-term, and high-quality randomized controlled trials need to be conducted to establish a definitive conclusion.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Eleven studies have confirmed that constipation is one of the most common complications that occur after stroke [1]. Due to the influences of multiple factors, such as limited physical mobility, changes in the posture assumed during defecation due to stroke-related postural changes, adverse drug reactions, and emotional changes, patients after stroke have a significantly higher probability of having constipation than healthy people. Constipation not only affects patients’ quality of life but also hinders their recovery process after stroke; it can even cause the recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases [2]. Presently, the treatment for constipation includes drug therapy and nondrug therapy. Drug therapy usually involves the use of stool softeners, prokinetic agents, and osmotic and stimulant laxatives. Unfortunately, these drugs usually have side effects such as bloating, nausea, and diarrhea [3]. In contrast, nondrug therapy includes dietary and lifestyle changes and other alternative therapies. Due to the shortcomings of the aforementioned therapeutic methods, it is vital to seek a treatment method that is effective and has few side effects. Massage is one such method and has been widely used in recent years [4, 5]. Abdominal massage, in particular, is a simple, convenient, and low-cost treatment method [6]. The principle of massage involves the use of a variety of techniques to activate the proper movement of the connective tissue and the superficial and deep muscle layers. Studies have confirmed that massage is effective in relieving muscle tension, reducing pain, facilitating the optimal functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, and relieving constipation in children or the elderly [7, 8].Presently, only a few meta-analyses are available on the effectiveness of massage intervention for the treatment of constipation after stroke. Therefore, the present meta-analysis aimed to systematically review and evaluate the effectiveness of massage for the treatment of constipation in patients after a stroke.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. Design

Several databases, including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science, were searched for relevant English literature, whereas Chinese Biomedical Literature (CBM) database, Wan Fang database (Wan Fang), Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals (VIP), and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched for relevant Chinese literature. The Chinese and English electronic databases were searched for the literature added from the date of their establishment to May 2019.The Chinese Clinical Trial Registration Center, Index to Scientific and Technical Proceedings, and Clinical Trials websites were also searched for relevant unpublished literature and clinical trials. There were no language or date restrictions on the retrieval of literature.


### 2.2. Search Strategy

#### 2.2.1. PubMed

The search terms used were as follows: “constipation” (MeSH), or “gastrointestinal constipation,” or “bowel disorder,” or “colonic inertia,” or “dyschezia”; “massage” (MeSH), or “oil massage,” or “therapeutic touch,” or “manual therapy,” or “massotherap∗,” or “friction,” or “tactile-kinesthetic”; “stroke” (MeSH), or “apoplexy,” or “cerebrovascular accident∗,” or “cerebrovascular,” or “apoplexy cerebrovascular stroke,” or “brain vascular accident,” or “cerebral stroke,” or “acute stroke,” or “acute cerebrovascular accident.” The complete search strategy is shown in the Supplementary Material (available here).


### 2.3. Inclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria were as follows. (1) Participants had to be adults (over 18 years old) experiencing constipation after a first or recurrent stroke (we included adult patients with stroke irrespective of the stage of their disease (acute, subacute, or chronic)). (2) To reduce bias, we included only randomized controlled trials. (3) There were no language restrictions in the inclusion of studies. (4) The intervention groups in the included studies underwent only massage therapy. (5) The control groups received nonmassage therapy such as dietary and life guidance. (6) Outcome measures were total effective rate, incidence of constipation, time of first bowel movement, and symptoms of first bowel movement.


### 2.4. Exclusion Criteria

The following patients were excluded: (1) patients with severe heart, brain, and kidney complications; (2) patients who received other interventional measures such as moxibustion, ear acupuncture, and food therapy; (3) patients who underwent either an electric massage or a combined nursing intervention with abdominal massage; (4) patients with intestinal diseases; (5) patients with habitual constipation.


### 2.5. Data Extraction

Two evaluators screened the included literature independently according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. First, they read the titles and abstracts for preliminary screening and excluded duplicates and obviously irrelevant articles. After cross-checking, the full texts of all possibly relevant articles were collected and carefully evaluated before the final list was made. The two authors independently extracted data from the included studies. In case of disagreement between the two evaluators, calibration exercises were performed before starting the review to ensure consistency between the decisions of the reviewers, and any dispute was resolved by third-party arbitration. The following information was extracted using predetermined data formats: author, publication date, intervention, sample size, intervention time, and outcome indicators. Literature quality evaluation was conducted independently according to the guidelines of the Cochrane Systematic Review Handbook [9]. The following six components reported in the literature were evaluated: (1) random sequence generation; (2) allocation concealment; (3) blinding; (4) incomplete outcome data and selective report; (5) comparability of baseline data; (6) intentional treatment.


### 2.6. Data Analysis

Rev-Man 5.3 statistical software provided by the Cochrane collaboration was used for statistical analysis. Heterogeneity among studies was tested using the chi-square test, and the significance level was set atP=0.10. If the significant heterogeneity was not high (P≥0.1, I2 ≤ 50%), a fixed-effect model was selected. If the significant heterogeneity existed (P<0.1, I2 > 50%), the source of the heterogeneity was analyzed. Sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate the stability of the analysis results. Funnel plot analysis was used to determine the existence of publication bias when the number of included studies exceeds ten according to the Cochrane manual. For dichotomous variables, odds ratio (OR) was adopted, and 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. The test level was set as α = 0.05. For articles with large differences in research content, method, or outcome evaluation index as compared with others, only descriptive analysis was performed.


## 2.1. Design

Several databases, including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science, were searched for relevant English literature, whereas Chinese Biomedical Literature (CBM) database, Wan Fang database (Wan Fang), Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals (VIP), and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched for relevant Chinese literature. The Chinese and English electronic databases were searched for the literature added from the date of their establishment to May 2019.The Chinese Clinical Trial Registration Center, Index to Scientific and Technical Proceedings, and Clinical Trials websites were also searched for relevant unpublished literature and clinical trials. There were no language or date restrictions on the retrieval of literature.


## 2.2. Search Strategy

### 2.2.1. PubMed

The search terms used were as follows: “constipation” (MeSH), or “gastrointestinal constipation,” or “bowel disorder,” or “colonic inertia,” or “dyschezia”; “massage” (MeSH), or “oil massage,” or “therapeutic touch,” or “manual therapy,” or “massotherap∗,” or “friction,” or “tactile-kinesthetic”; “stroke” (MeSH), or “apoplexy,” or “cerebrovascular accident∗,” or “cerebrovascular,” or “apoplexy cerebrovascular stroke,” or “brain vascular accident,” or “cerebral stroke,” or “acute stroke,” or “acute cerebrovascular accident.” The complete search strategy is shown in the Supplementary Material (available here).


## 2.2.1. PubMed

The search terms used were as follows: “constipation” (MeSH), or “gastrointestinal constipation,” or “bowel disorder,” or “colonic inertia,” or “dyschezia”; “massage” (MeSH), or “oil massage,” or “therapeutic touch,” or “manual therapy,” or “massotherap∗,” or “friction,” or “tactile-kinesthetic”; “stroke” (MeSH), or “apoplexy,” or “cerebrovascular accident∗,” or “cerebrovascular,” or “apoplexy cerebrovascular stroke,” or “brain vascular accident,” or “cerebral stroke,” or “acute stroke,” or “acute cerebrovascular accident.” The complete search strategy is shown in the Supplementary Material (available here).


## 2.3. Inclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria were as follows. (1) Participants had to be adults (over 18 years old) experiencing constipation after a first or recurrent stroke (we included adult patients with stroke irrespective of the stage of their disease (acute, subacute, or chronic)). (2) To reduce bias, we included only randomized controlled trials. (3) There were no language restrictions in the inclusion of studies. (4) The intervention groups in the included studies underwent only massage therapy. (5) The control groups received nonmassage therapy such as dietary and life guidance. (6) Outcome measures were total effective rate, incidence of constipation, time of first bowel movement, and symptoms of first bowel movement.


## 2.4. Exclusion Criteria

The following patients were excluded: (1) patients with severe heart, brain, and kidney complications; (2) patients who received other interventional measures such as moxibustion, ear acupuncture, and food therapy; (3) patients who underwent either an electric massage or a combined nursing intervention with abdominal massage; (4) patients with intestinal diseases; (5) patients with habitual constipation.


## 2.5. Data Extraction

Two evaluators screened the included literature independently according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. First, they read the titles and abstracts for preliminary screening and excluded duplicates and obviously irrelevant articles. After cross-checking, the full texts of all possibly relevant articles were collected and carefully evaluated before the final list was made. The two authors independently extracted data from the included studies. In case of disagreement between the two evaluators, calibration exercises were performed before starting the review to ensure consistency between the decisions of the reviewers, and any dispute was resolved by third-party arbitration. The following information was extracted using predetermined data formats: author, publication date, intervention, sample size, intervention time, and outcome indicators. Literature quality evaluation was conducted independently according to the guidelines of the Cochrane Systematic Review Handbook [9]. The following six components reported in the literature were evaluated: (1) random sequence generation; (2) allocation concealment; (3) blinding; (4) incomplete outcome data and selective report; (5) comparability of baseline data; (6) intentional treatment.


## 2.6. Data Analysis

Rev-Man 5.3 statistical software provided by the Cochrane collaboration was used for statistical analysis. Heterogeneity among studies was tested using the chi-square test, and the significance level was set atP=0.10. If the significant heterogeneity was not high (P≥0.1, I2 ≤ 50%), a fixed-effect model was selected. If the significant heterogeneity existed (P<0.1, I2 > 50%), the source of the heterogeneity was analyzed. Sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate the stability of the analysis results. Funnel plot analysis was used to determine the existence of publication bias when the number of included studies exceeds ten according to the Cochrane manual. For dichotomous variables, odds ratio (OR) was adopted, and 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. The test level was set as α = 0.05. For articles with large differences in research content, method, or outcome evaluation index as compared with others, only descriptive analysis was performed.


## 3. Results

### 3.1. Included Studies and Their Basic Characteristics

First, 387 articles were selected from eight databases after preliminary screening. The search results were as follows: Cochrane Library, 5; PubMed, 5; EMBASE, 2; Web of Science, 8; CBM, 102; Wan Fang, 138; VIP, 34; CNKI, 93. After eliminating duplicate articles, the total number of selected articles was reduced to 134. After reading the titles and abstracts, case reports and other related papers such as reviews, statements, and authors’ responses to reviews were removed; 43 articles were retained. Finally, the full texts of the remaining articles were evaluated and studies without control or randomization were excluded. Thus, 11 articles were finally included in this study for subsequent analysis. The specific search process and study selection is shown in Figure1. A detailed description of the general data from the 11 randomized controlled trials with 1045 patients is shown in Table 1.Figure 1
Flow chart of search results and study selection. RCT, randomized controlled trial.Table 1
Characteristics of the included studies.
First author, yearInclusion and exclusion criteriaType of studyParticipant (I/C)InterventionsOutcomeZhong et al. [10]Inclusion criteria: a, b, c; exclusion criteria: f, g, hRCT55/55Meridian massage once a day for 14 consecutive days①Han [11]Inclusion criteria: d, e; exclusion criteria: i, hRCT60/60Abdominal massage twice a day for 14 consecutive days②Jiao and Zhai [12]Inclusion criteria: b; exclusion criteria: i, jRCT80/75Periumbilical massage and acupoint massage twice a day for 3 consecutive days③④Ma [13]Inclusion criteria: b; exclusion criteria: iRCT36/36Acupoint massage twice a day for 14 consecutive days①Wang [14]Inclusion criteria: b, d; exclusion criteria: iRCT25/25Acupoint massage once a day for 21 consecutive days①Li and Guo [15]Inclusion criteria: b; exclusion criteria: iRCT40/40Acupoint massage once a day for 7 consecutive days①Pan and Xin [16]Inclusion criteria: b; exclusion criteria: iRCT80/80Acupoint massage twice a day for 3 consecutive days③④⑤Guo et al. [17]Inclusion criteria: b, d; exclusion criteria: iRCT36/36Acupoint massage once a day for 3 consecutive days①Zuo [18]Inclusion criteria: b, e; exclusion criteria: iRCT34/34Acupoint massage once a day for 3 consecutive days②③Li et al. [19]Inclusion criteria: b; exclusion criteria: i, l, mRCT31/31Point rubbing, abdominal massage twice a day for 14 consecutive days②Wang and Yao [20]Inclusion criteria: b; exclusion criteria: h, iRCT48/48Acupoint massage twice a day for 10 consecutive days②Inclusion and exclusion criteria: a: candidates are aged between 55 and 85; b: diagnosis of cerebral apoplexy met the diagnostic criteria of the fourth national meeting of cerebrovascular diseases and was confirmed by CT or MRI; c: defecation frequency ≤ 3 times per week, weight of feces < 35 g or ≥ 25% per day; d: no dysphagia; e: no habitual constipation before admission; f: patients with mental retardation; g: epilepsy; h: other serious diseases; i: organic intestinal lesions; j: swallowing dysfunction; k: abstemious constipation; l: disturbance of consciousness; m: organic disease of anus. Outcome: ① total effective rate; ② incidence of constipation; ③ time of first bowel movement; ④ symptoms of first bowel movement; ⑤ blood pressure, heart rate comparison. I/C, intervention group/control group; RCT, randomized controlled trial.


### 3.2. Methodological Quality of the Included Trials

All 11 included articles mentioned random allocation; however, only one article described the use of random allocation according to the random number table method [12]. No article described the strategy used for allocation blinding. Methodological quality evaluation of bias risk is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
The methodological quality evaluation of bias risk.


### 3.3. Meta-Analysis Results

#### 3.3.1. Comparison of Total Effective Rate between Massage and Control Groups

Total effective rate was evaluated in five trials. A total of 384 subjects were included in these studies [10, 13–15, 17]: 192 subjects were treated with massage and 192 were assigned to control groups. No significant heterogeneity was observed among these studies (P=0.66, I2 = 0%). Therefore, the fixed effects model was used for analysis. Compared with the control groups, symptoms of constipation in the massage groups demonstrated significant improvement (OR = 4.96; 95% CI: 2.81, 8.76; P<0.001) (Figure 3).Figure 3
Forest plot of total effective rate. CI, confidence interval.


#### 3.3.2. Comparison of the Incidences of Constipation after Stroke between the Massage and Control Groups

The incidence of constipation after stroke was evaluated in four trials [11, 18–20]. A total of 346 subjects were included in these studies: 173 were treated with massage and 173 were assigned to control groups. No significant heterogeneity was observed among these studies (P=0.93, I2 = 0%), and hence, the fixed effects model was used for analysis. Compared with the control groups, the massage groups had noticeably reduced incidences of constipation (OR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.39; P<0.001) (Figure 4).Figure 4
Forest plot of incidence of constipation. CI, confidence interval.


#### 3.3.3. Comparison of the Incidences of Defecation after Stroke between the Massage and Control Groups

Three studies reported the first defecation time [12, 16, 18]. However, one of the studies reported the time of the first bowel movement only in hours in both groups [18], while the other two articles reported it on a daily basis. For this reason, only those two articles were analyzed. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference on the first day in the incidence of defecation between the massage and control groups. However, on the second and third days, the incidence of defecation in the massage group was significantly higher than that in the control group (the second day (31.88% and 16.13%, OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.22–4.77; P<0.05) and the third day (35.00% and 15.48%, OR 3.00, 95% CI: 1.74–5.17; P<0.05)) (Table 2).Table 2
Meta-analysis of comparison of incidences of defecation after stroke between the massage and control groups.
Time of first bowel movementIncluded studiesThe total number of casesHeterogeneity testAnalytical modelIncidence of massage group (%)Incidence of control group (%)PFirst day2315I2 = 0%, P=0.91Fixed effects model11.25 (18/160)14.19 (22/155)0.43Second day2315I2 = 36%, P=0.21Fixed effects model31.88 (51/160)16.13 (25/155)0.01Third day2315I2 = 0%, P=0.54Fixed effects model35.00 (56/160)15.48 (24/155)<0.01


#### 3.3.4. Comparison of Symptoms of First Bowel Movement of Constipation after Stroke between the Massage and Control Groups

Two studies [12, 16] reported the symptoms associated with the first bowel movement as follows: defecation difficulties, prolonged defecation time, dry stool, and endless defecation. The analysis results show that the rate of the above symptoms in the massage group was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05) (Table 3).Table 3
Meta-analysis of the accompanying condition of first bowel movement in the two groups.
Accompanying condition of first bowel movementIncluded studiesThe total number of casesHeterogeneity testAnalytical modelIncidence of massage group (%)Incidence of control group (%)PUse of laxatives2315I2 = 81%, P=0.02Random effects model23.12 (37/160)60.00 (93/155)<0.01Defecation difficulty2315I2 = 0%, P=0.87Fixed effects model42.50 (68160)61.94 (96/155)<0.01Prolonged defecation2315I2 = 0%, P=1.00Fixed effects model48.13 (77/160)66.45 (103/15)<0.01Dry stool2315I2 = 0%, P=0.99Fixed effects model35.63 (57/160)59.35 (92/155)<0.01Endless defecation2315I2 = 0%, P=0.91Fixed effects model33.13 (53/160)52.90 (82/155)<0.01


### 3.4. Effects of Massage on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate

One study reported the changes in blood pressure and heart rate before and after intervention in the massage group, and the results showed no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) [16].


### 3.5. Reports on Adverse Events

In this analysis, 11 articles were included: five articles mentioned that none of the adverse reactions were found in the massage therapy group [10, 11, 13–17, 19, 20], while the other articles did not mention the adverse reaction. However, so far, few adverse events related to massage have been reported in the literature, so it can be seen that massage is a relatively safe treatment method.


### 3.6. Sensitivity Analysis

Sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate the stability of the analysis of the results. The results of the fixed effects model and random effects model were consistent with each other, suggesting that the meta-analysis results were relatively stable (Table4).Table 4
Sensitivity analysis results.
Evaluation indexFixed effects model (OR (95% CI))Random effects model (OR (95% CI))Total effective rate4.96 (2.81, 8.76)4.90 (2.76, 8.71)Incidence of constipation0.24 (0.14, 0.39)0.24 (0.14, 0.39)Time of first bowel movement on the first day0.77 (0.39, 1.49)0.77 (0.39, 1.49)Time of first bowel movement on the second day2.43 (1.42, 4.17)2.41 (1.22, 4.77)Time of first bowel movement on the third day2.99 (1.73, 5.17)3.00 (1.74, 5.17)Use of laxatives0.18 (0.11, 0.30)0.16 (0.05, 0.58)Defecation difficulty0.45 (0.29, 0.71)0.45 (0.29, 0.73)Prolonged defecation0.47 (0.29, 0.73)0.47 (0.29, 0.73)Dry stool0.38 (0.24, 0.59)0.38 (0.24, 0.59)Endless defecation0.44 (0.28, 0.69)0.44 (0.28, 0.69)


## 3.1. Included Studies and Their Basic Characteristics

First, 387 articles were selected from eight databases after preliminary screening. The search results were as follows: Cochrane Library, 5; PubMed, 5; EMBASE, 2; Web of Science, 8; CBM, 102; Wan Fang, 138; VIP, 34; CNKI, 93. After eliminating duplicate articles, the total number of selected articles was reduced to 134. After reading the titles and abstracts, case reports and other related papers such as reviews, statements, and authors’ responses to reviews were removed; 43 articles were retained. Finally, the full texts of the remaining articles were evaluated and studies without control or randomization were excluded. Thus, 11 articles were finally included in this study for subsequent analysis. The specific search process and study selection is shown in Figure1. A detailed description of the general data from the 11 randomized controlled trials with 1045 patients is shown in Table 1.Figure 1
Flow chart of search results and study selection. RCT, randomized controlled trial.Table 1
Characteristics of the included studies.
First author, yearInclusion and exclusion criteriaType of studyParticipant (I/C)InterventionsOutcomeZhong et al. [10]Inclusion criteria: a, b, c; exclusion criteria: f, g, hRCT55/55Meridian massage once a day for 14 consecutive days①Han [11]Inclusion criteria: d, e; exclusion criteria: i, hRCT60/60Abdominal massage twice a day for 14 consecutive days②Jiao and Zhai [12]Inclusion criteria: b; exclusion criteria: i, jRCT80/75Periumbilical massage and acupoint massage twice a day for 3 consecutive days③④Ma [13]Inclusion criteria: b; exclusion criteria: iRCT36/36Acupoint massage twice a day for 14 consecutive days①Wang [14]Inclusion criteria: b, d; exclusion criteria: iRCT25/25Acupoint massage once a day for 21 consecutive days①Li and Guo [15]Inclusion criteria: b; exclusion criteria: iRCT40/40Acupoint massage once a day for 7 consecutive days①Pan and Xin [16]Inclusion criteria: b; exclusion criteria: iRCT80/80Acupoint massage twice a day for 3 consecutive days③④⑤Guo et al. [17]Inclusion criteria: b, d; exclusion criteria: iRCT36/36Acupoint massage once a day for 3 consecutive days①Zuo [18]Inclusion criteria: b, e; exclusion criteria: iRCT34/34Acupoint massage once a day for 3 consecutive days②③Li et al. [19]Inclusion criteria: b; exclusion criteria: i, l, mRCT31/31Point rubbing, abdominal massage twice a day for 14 consecutive days②Wang and Yao [20]Inclusion criteria: b; exclusion criteria: h, iRCT48/48Acupoint massage twice a day for 10 consecutive days②Inclusion and exclusion criteria: a: candidates are aged between 55 and 85; b: diagnosis of cerebral apoplexy met the diagnostic criteria of the fourth national meeting of cerebrovascular diseases and was confirmed by CT or MRI; c: defecation frequency ≤ 3 times per week, weight of feces < 35 g or ≥ 25% per day; d: no dysphagia; e: no habitual constipation before admission; f: patients with mental retardation; g: epilepsy; h: other serious diseases; i: organic intestinal lesions; j: swallowing dysfunction; k: abstemious constipation; l: disturbance of consciousness; m: organic disease of anus. Outcome: ① total effective rate; ② incidence of constipation; ③ time of first bowel movement; ④ symptoms of first bowel movement; ⑤ blood pressure, heart rate comparison. I/C, intervention group/control group; RCT, randomized controlled trial.


## 3.2. Methodological Quality of the Included Trials

All 11 included articles mentioned random allocation; however, only one article described the use of random allocation according to the random number table method [12]. No article described the strategy used for allocation blinding. Methodological quality evaluation of bias risk is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
The methodological quality evaluation of bias risk.


## 3.3. Meta-Analysis Results

### 3.3.1. Comparison of Total Effective Rate between Massage and Control Groups

Total effective rate was evaluated in five trials. A total of 384 subjects were included in these studies [10, 13–15, 17]: 192 subjects were treated with massage and 192 were assigned to control groups. No significant heterogeneity was observed among these studies (P=0.66, I2 = 0%). Therefore, the fixed effects model was used for analysis. Compared with the control groups, symptoms of constipation in the massage groups demonstrated significant improvement (OR = 4.96; 95% CI: 2.81, 8.76; P<0.001) (Figure 3).Figure 3
Forest plot of total effective rate. CI, confidence interval.


### 3.3.2. Comparison of the Incidences of Constipation after Stroke between the Massage and Control Groups

The incidence of constipation after stroke was evaluated in four trials [11, 18–20]. A total of 346 subjects were included in these studies: 173 were treated with massage and 173 were assigned to control groups. No significant heterogeneity was observed among these studies (P=0.93, I2 = 0%), and hence, the fixed effects model was used for analysis. Compared with the control groups, the massage groups had noticeably reduced incidences of constipation (OR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.39; P<0.001) (Figure 4).Figure 4
Forest plot of incidence of constipation. CI, confidence interval.


### 3.3.3. Comparison of the Incidences of Defecation after Stroke between the Massage and Control Groups

Three studies reported the first defecation time [12, 16, 18]. However, one of the studies reported the time of the first bowel movement only in hours in both groups [18], while the other two articles reported it on a daily basis. For this reason, only those two articles were analyzed. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference on the first day in the incidence of defecation between the massage and control groups. However, on the second and third days, the incidence of defecation in the massage group was significantly higher than that in the control group (the second day (31.88% and 16.13%, OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.22–4.77; P<0.05) and the third day (35.00% and 15.48%, OR 3.00, 95% CI: 1.74–5.17; P<0.05)) (Table 2).Table 2
Meta-analysis of comparison of incidences of defecation after stroke between the massage and control groups.
Time of first bowel movementIncluded studiesThe total number of casesHeterogeneity testAnalytical modelIncidence of massage group (%)Incidence of control group (%)PFirst day2315I2 = 0%, P=0.91Fixed effects model11.25 (18/160)14.19 (22/155)0.43Second day2315I2 = 36%, P=0.21Fixed effects model31.88 (51/160)16.13 (25/155)0.01Third day2315I2 = 0%, P=0.54Fixed effects model35.00 (56/160)15.48 (24/155)<0.01


### 3.3.4. Comparison of Symptoms of First Bowel Movement of Constipation after Stroke between the Massage and Control Groups

Two studies [12, 16] reported the symptoms associated with the first bowel movement as follows: defecation difficulties, prolonged defecation time, dry stool, and endless defecation. The analysis results show that the rate of the above symptoms in the massage group was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05) (Table 3).Table 3
Meta-analysis of the accompanying condition of first bowel movement in the two groups.
Accompanying condition of first bowel movementIncluded studiesThe total number of casesHeterogeneity testAnalytical modelIncidence of massage group (%)Incidence of control group (%)PUse of laxatives2315I2 = 81%, P=0.02Random effects model23.12 (37/160)60.00 (93/155)<0.01Defecation difficulty2315I2 = 0%, P=0.87Fixed effects model42.50 (68160)61.94 (96/155)<0.01Prolonged defecation2315I2 = 0%, P=1.00Fixed effects model48.13 (77/160)66.45 (103/15)<0.01Dry stool2315I2 = 0%, P=0.99Fixed effects model35.63 (57/160)59.35 (92/155)<0.01Endless defecation2315I2 = 0%, P=0.91Fixed effects model33.13 (53/160)52.90 (82/155)<0.01


## 3.3.1. Comparison of Total Effective Rate between Massage and Control Groups

Total effective rate was evaluated in five trials. A total of 384 subjects were included in these studies [10, 13–15, 17]: 192 subjects were treated with massage and 192 were assigned to control groups. No significant heterogeneity was observed among these studies (P=0.66, I2 = 0%). Therefore, the fixed effects model was used for analysis. Compared with the control groups, symptoms of constipation in the massage groups demonstrated significant improvement (OR = 4.96; 95% CI: 2.81, 8.76; P<0.001) (Figure 3).Figure 3
Forest plot of total effective rate. CI, confidence interval.


## 3.3.2. Comparison of the Incidences of Constipation after Stroke between the Massage and Control Groups

The incidence of constipation after stroke was evaluated in four trials [11, 18–20]. A total of 346 subjects were included in these studies: 173 were treated with massage and 173 were assigned to control groups. No significant heterogeneity was observed among these studies (P=0.93, I2 = 0%), and hence, the fixed effects model was used for analysis. Compared with the control groups, the massage groups had noticeably reduced incidences of constipation (OR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.39; P<0.001) (Figure 4).Figure 4
Forest plot of incidence of constipation. CI, confidence interval.


## 3.3.3. Comparison of the Incidences of Defecation after Stroke between the Massage and Control Groups

Three studies reported the first defecation time [12, 16, 18]. However, one of the studies reported the time of the first bowel movement only in hours in both groups [18], while the other two articles reported it on a daily basis. For this reason, only those two articles were analyzed. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference on the first day in the incidence of defecation between the massage and control groups. However, on the second and third days, the incidence of defecation in the massage group was significantly higher than that in the control group (the second day (31.88% and 16.13%, OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.22–4.77; P<0.05) and the third day (35.00% and 15.48%, OR 3.00, 95% CI: 1.74–5.17; P<0.05)) (Table 2).Table 2
Meta-analysis of comparison of incidences of defecation after stroke between the massage and control groups.
Time of first bowel movementIncluded studiesThe total number of casesHeterogeneity testAnalytical modelIncidence of massage group (%)Incidence of control group (%)PFirst day2315I2 = 0%, P=0.91Fixed effects model11.25 (18/160)14.19 (22/155)0.43Second day2315I2 = 36%, P=0.21Fixed effects model31.88 (51/160)16.13 (25/155)0.01Third day2315I2 = 0%, P=0.54Fixed effects model35.00 (56/160)15.48 (24/155)<0.01


## 3.3.4. Comparison of Symptoms of First Bowel Movement of Constipation after Stroke between the Massage and Control Groups

Two studies [12, 16] reported the symptoms associated with the first bowel movement as follows: defecation difficulties, prolonged defecation time, dry stool, and endless defecation. The analysis results show that the rate of the above symptoms in the massage group was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05) (Table 3).Table 3
Meta-analysis of the accompanying condition of first bowel movement in the two groups.
Accompanying condition of first bowel movementIncluded studiesThe total number of casesHeterogeneity testAnalytical modelIncidence of massage group (%)Incidence of control group (%)PUse of laxatives2315I2 = 81%, P=0.02Random effects model23.12 (37/160)60.00 (93/155)<0.01Defecation difficulty2315I2 = 0%, P=0.87Fixed effects model42.50 (68160)61.94 (96/155)<0.01Prolonged defecation2315I2 = 0%, P=1.00Fixed effects model48.13 (77/160)66.45 (103/15)<0.01Dry stool2315I2 = 0%, P=0.99Fixed effects model35.63 (57/160)59.35 (92/155)<0.01Endless defecation2315I2 = 0%, P=0.91Fixed effects model33.13 (53/160)52.90 (82/155)<0.01


## 3.4. Effects of Massage on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate

One study reported the changes in blood pressure and heart rate before and after intervention in the massage group, and the results showed no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) [16].


## 3.5. Reports on Adverse Events

In this analysis, 11 articles were included: five articles mentioned that none of the adverse reactions were found in the massage therapy group [10, 11, 13–17, 19, 20], while the other articles did not mention the adverse reaction. However, so far, few adverse events related to massage have been reported in the literature, so it can be seen that massage is a relatively safe treatment method.


## 3.6. Sensitivity Analysis

Sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate the stability of the analysis of the results. The results of the fixed effects model and random effects model were consistent with each other, suggesting that the meta-analysis results were relatively stable (Table4).Table 4
Sensitivity analysis results.
Evaluation indexFixed effects model (OR (95% CI))Random effects model (OR (95% CI))Total effective rate4.96 (2.81, 8.76)4.90 (2.76, 8.71)Incidence of constipation0.24 (0.14, 0.39)0.24 (0.14, 0.39)Time of first bowel movement on the first day0.77 (0.39, 1.49)0.77 (0.39, 1.49)Time of first bowel movement on the second day2.43 (1.42, 4.17)2.41 (1.22, 4.77)Time of first bowel movement on the third day2.99 (1.73, 5.17)3.00 (1.74, 5.17)Use of laxatives0.18 (0.11, 0.30)0.16 (0.05, 0.58)Defecation difficulty0.45 (0.29, 0.71)0.45 (0.29, 0.73)Prolonged defecation0.47 (0.29, 0.73)0.47 (0.29, 0.73)Dry stool0.38 (0.24, 0.59)0.38 (0.24, 0.59)Endless defecation0.44 (0.28, 0.69)0.44 (0.28, 0.69)


## 4. Discussion

### 4.1. Treatment Status of Constipation after Stroke

Constipation commonly occurs after a stroke [1]. Constipation can seriously damage the patients’ health and affect the recovery of stroke patients [21].At present, the treatment of constipation after stroke mainly includes using laxative, enema agents, and prokinetic drugs [21]; changing lifestyle [22–24]; dietary adjustments [25, 26]; using traditional Chinese herbal [27]; acupuncture [2]; and transcutaneous electrical acustimulation (TEA) [28]. However, stroke patients often show physical activity disorders and therefore lifestyle changes are difficult. Furthermore, the above drug treatment may be related to some adverse reactions such as abdominal distension, dehydration, and easy recurrence [25, 27]. Additionally, acupuncture and biofeedback therapy have high requirements on operators. Acupuncture points and techniques can affect the therapeutic effect [29, 30].


#### 4.1.1. Advantages of Massage in Poststroke Constipation

Massage is a technique to activate the deep and surface connective tissue and stromal cells; it has existed in ancient civilizations for thousands of years [31]. It can not only promote physical and intellectual development but also enhance immunity, promote digestion, and absorption [32]. Massage has the following advantages compared with the aforementioned treatments for constipation therapy after stroke. First, it is a simple and easy-to-learn procedure [33]; second, patients have no other discomforts leading to high compliance; third, there have been no reported side effects [34]; finally, it is a low-cost treatment, which can reduce medical costs and consequently reduce social burden [35]. Therefore, in practice, carrying out a massage treatment on patients with poststroke constipation is of great importance.


#### 4.1.2. Therapeutic Effect of Massage on Poststroke Constipation

This study suggests that massage intervention induced alleviation of poststroke constipation and reduced the incidence of constipation in patients with stroke. These findings are consistent with the results reported by Coggrave et al. [21]. In addition, massage can shorten the time of first defecate and improve discomfort associated with defecation. The possible reasons for these findings could be the following: first, abdominal massage promotes intestinal peristalsis; second, it improves the speed of gastrointestinal peristalsis, which in turn speeds up the discharge of gastrointestinal contents; third, it enhances the secretion of digestive secretions, which helps to reduce heavy intestinal absorption of moisture and in turn softens feces to aid easier discharge; finally, with regard to traditional Chinese medicine, massage therapy stimulates the vital energy of the human body and adjusts the balance of Yin and Yang, which in turn makes vital energy flow outside the pulse and prevents the invasion of diseases.


#### 4.1.3. Limitations of This Study

First, only 11 articles were included in this meta-analysis study. According to the Cochrane manual, the funnel plot is only applicable when the number of included studies exceeds ten. The number of included studies for each prognostic indicator in this study was less than eight. Therefore, funnel plot analysis could not be performed. Second, the analyzed studies included 11 controlled studies, all of which were randomized. However, only one study reported specific randomization methods. In addition, it is difficult to blind participants and personnel when patients are involved in massage. Blinding protocols were not mentioned in any of the studies. Third, although the literature retrieval was conducted in both Chinese and English, the research on the intervention of massage on constipation after stroke was only reported in Chinese literature; no English literature has been published on this subject yet. Fourth, although the incidence of stroke can be divided into acute and chronic stages, the present study did not define each stage of stroke, which may lead to increased risk of bias. Therefore, the stage of the stroke and patients’ activities of daily living should be considered in future analysis.


### 4.2. Implications for Nursing Practice

Massage therapy for the treatment of poststroke constipation is effective and has been well confirmed in this study. However, more multicenter, large-sample, and randomized controlled trials need to be conducted to establish a standardized program for the treatment of poststroke constipation in China. Generally, constipation after stroke is ignored by patients and their families. Therefore, clinical nursing managers should work on establishing strategies and formulating nursing measures to prevent and treat constipation in patients with stroke.


### 4.3. Implications for Nursing Policy

This study shows that massage not only relieves but also prevents constipation after stroke. To reduce the pain experienced by patients and to accelerate their recovery, whether in hospitals or communities, nursing managers should improve the awareness of stroke patients and their families in relation to preventing constipation. This can be done through health guidance and by encouraging patients to perform self-massage. For in-patients with a history of constipation, nurses should perform standardized acupoint massage, and nursing managers should take the lead in formulating standardized massage interventions.


## 4.1. Treatment Status of Constipation after Stroke

Constipation commonly occurs after a stroke [1]. Constipation can seriously damage the patients’ health and affect the recovery of stroke patients [21].At present, the treatment of constipation after stroke mainly includes using laxative, enema agents, and prokinetic drugs [21]; changing lifestyle [22–24]; dietary adjustments [25, 26]; using traditional Chinese herbal [27]; acupuncture [2]; and transcutaneous electrical acustimulation (TEA) [28]. However, stroke patients often show physical activity disorders and therefore lifestyle changes are difficult. Furthermore, the above drug treatment may be related to some adverse reactions such as abdominal distension, dehydration, and easy recurrence [25, 27]. Additionally, acupuncture and biofeedback therapy have high requirements on operators. Acupuncture points and techniques can affect the therapeutic effect [29, 30].


### 4.1.1. Advantages of Massage in Poststroke Constipation

Massage is a technique to activate the deep and surface connective tissue and stromal cells; it has existed in ancient civilizations for thousands of years [31]. It can not only promote physical and intellectual development but also enhance immunity, promote digestion, and absorption [32]. Massage has the following advantages compared with the aforementioned treatments for constipation therapy after stroke. First, it is a simple and easy-to-learn procedure [33]; second, patients have no other discomforts leading to high compliance; third, there have been no reported side effects [34]; finally, it is a low-cost treatment, which can reduce medical costs and consequently reduce social burden [35]. Therefore, in practice, carrying out a massage treatment on patients with poststroke constipation is of great importance.


### 4.1.2. Therapeutic Effect of Massage on Poststroke Constipation

This study suggests that massage intervention induced alleviation of poststroke constipation and reduced the incidence of constipation in patients with stroke. These findings are consistent with the results reported by Coggrave et al. [21]. In addition, massage can shorten the time of first defecate and improve discomfort associated with defecation. The possible reasons for these findings could be the following: first, abdominal massage promotes intestinal peristalsis; second, it improves the speed of gastrointestinal peristalsis, which in turn speeds up the discharge of gastrointestinal contents; third, it enhances the secretion of digestive secretions, which helps to reduce heavy intestinal absorption of moisture and in turn softens feces to aid easier discharge; finally, with regard to traditional Chinese medicine, massage therapy stimulates the vital energy of the human body and adjusts the balance of Yin and Yang, which in turn makes vital energy flow outside the pulse and prevents the invasion of diseases.


### 4.1.3. Limitations of This Study

First, only 11 articles were included in this meta-analysis study. According to the Cochrane manual, the funnel plot is only applicable when the number of included studies exceeds ten. The number of included studies for each prognostic indicator in this study was less than eight. Therefore, funnel plot analysis could not be performed. Second, the analyzed studies included 11 controlled studies, all of which were randomized. However, only one study reported specific randomization methods. In addition, it is difficult to blind participants and personnel when patients are involved in massage. Blinding protocols were not mentioned in any of the studies. Third, although the literature retrieval was conducted in both Chinese and English, the research on the intervention of massage on constipation after stroke was only reported in Chinese literature; no English literature has been published on this subject yet. Fourth, although the incidence of stroke can be divided into acute and chronic stages, the present study did not define each stage of stroke, which may lead to increased risk of bias. Therefore, the stage of the stroke and patients’ activities of daily living should be considered in future analysis.


## 4.1.1. Advantages of Massage in Poststroke Constipation

Massage is a technique to activate the deep and surface connective tissue and stromal cells; it has existed in ancient civilizations for thousands of years [31]. It can not only promote physical and intellectual development but also enhance immunity, promote digestion, and absorption [32]. Massage has the following advantages compared with the aforementioned treatments for constipation therapy after stroke. First, it is a simple and easy-to-learn procedure [33]; second, patients have no other discomforts leading to high compliance; third, there have been no reported side effects [34]; finally, it is a low-cost treatment, which can reduce medical costs and consequently reduce social burden [35]. Therefore, in practice, carrying out a massage treatment on patients with poststroke constipation is of great importance.


## 4.1.2. Therapeutic Effect of Massage on Poststroke Constipation

This study suggests that massage intervention induced alleviation of poststroke constipation and reduced the incidence of constipation in patients with stroke. These findings are consistent with the results reported by Coggrave et al. [21]. In addition, massage can shorten the time of first defecate and improve discomfort associated with defecation. The possible reasons for these findings could be the following: first, abdominal massage promotes intestinal peristalsis; second, it improves the speed of gastrointestinal peristalsis, which in turn speeds up the discharge of gastrointestinal contents; third, it enhances the secretion of digestive secretions, which helps to reduce heavy intestinal absorption of moisture and in turn softens feces to aid easier discharge; finally, with regard to traditional Chinese medicine, massage therapy stimulates the vital energy of the human body and adjusts the balance of Yin and Yang, which in turn makes vital energy flow outside the pulse and prevents the invasion of diseases.


## 4.1.3. Limitations of This Study

First, only 11 articles were included in this meta-analysis study. According to the Cochrane manual, the funnel plot is only applicable when the number of included studies exceeds ten. The number of included studies for each prognostic indicator in this study was less than eight. Therefore, funnel plot analysis could not be performed. Second, the analyzed studies included 11 controlled studies, all of which were randomized. However, only one study reported specific randomization methods. In addition, it is difficult to blind participants and personnel when patients are involved in massage. Blinding protocols were not mentioned in any of the studies. Third, although the literature retrieval was conducted in both Chinese and English, the research on the intervention of massage on constipation after stroke was only reported in Chinese literature; no English literature has been published on this subject yet. Fourth, although the incidence of stroke can be divided into acute and chronic stages, the present study did not define each stage of stroke, which may lead to increased risk of bias. Therefore, the stage of the stroke and patients’ activities of daily living should be considered in future analysis.


## 4.2. Implications for Nursing Practice

Massage therapy for the treatment of poststroke constipation is effective and has been well confirmed in this study. However, more multicenter, large-sample, and randomized controlled trials need to be conducted to establish a standardized program for the treatment of poststroke constipation in China. Generally, constipation after stroke is ignored by patients and their families. Therefore, clinical nursing managers should work on establishing strategies and formulating nursing measures to prevent and treat constipation in patients with stroke.


## 4.3. Implications for Nursing Policy

This study shows that massage not only relieves but also prevents constipation after stroke. To reduce the pain experienced by patients and to accelerate their recovery, whether in hospitals or communities, nursing managers should improve the awareness of stroke patients and their families in relation to preventing constipation. This can be done through health guidance and by encouraging patients to perform self-massage. For in-patients with a history of constipation, nurses should perform standardized acupoint massage, and nursing managers should take the lead in formulating standardized massage interventions.


## 5. Conclusions

In summary, the current meta-analysis indicates that massage therapy is an effective and safe intervention for the treatment of constipation in patients with stroke. However, further long-term, high-quality studies are needed to confirm the long-term effect of massage on poststroke constipation.



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*Source: 8934751-2020-06-11.xml*