# In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Spices and Medicinal Herbs against Selected Microbes Associated with Juices

Authors: Romika Dhiman; Neeraj Aggarwal; Kamal Rai Aneja; Manpreet Kaur
Journal: International Journal of Microbiology
 (2016)

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## Abstract

In the present investigation, comparison of antimicrobial activities of different spices,Curcuma longa,Zingiber officinale, andMentha arvensis, and medicinal herbs, such asWithania somnifera,Rauvolfia serpentina,Emblica officinalis,Terminalia arjuna, andCentella asiatica, was evaluated. Different extraction solvents (acetone, methanol, ethanol, and water) were used and extracts were examined againstBacillus cereus,Serratia sp.,Rhodotorula mucilaginosa,Aspergillus flavus, andPenicillium citrinum isolated from juices. Extracts from the medicinal herb and spices have significant activity.B. cereus was the most sensitive andR. mucilaginosa was the most resistant among the microorganisms tested. Ethanolic and methanolic extract ofC. asiatica displayed maximum diameter of inhibition zone against bacteria and yeast and percentage mycelial inhibition against moulds. This study confirmed the potential of selected extracts of spices as effective natural food preservative in juices.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Emergence of new technologies in food preservation leads to a reduction in the levels of preservatives and promotes the use of “naturally derived antimicrobials of animal, plants, and microbial origin [1]. Antimicrobial compounds derived from plants were used for centuries in food preservation. Egyptians, Chinese, and Indians used spices and essential oils since ancient time. Some of the spices such as mint, garlic, and ginger are still practiced in alternative health remedies in India [2, 3]. About 250 to 500 thousand plant species are estimated to exist on the planet and only between 1 and 10% of them are used as food by humans and other animals [4]. Spices and herbs used in foods as flavoring agents, in addition to enhancing flavors, were used as folk medicines and food preservatives. Spices and herbs extend the shelf life of foods by restricting rancidity through their antioxidant activity or through their bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity [5].Spices, herbs, and their constituents are generally recogonised as safe (GRAS) and approved by several regulatory agencies such as US Food and Drug Act, the European Union standards, Codex Alimentarius, and Food Safety and Standards Authority of India [3]. In India, the trend of consumption of spices and herbs in food or using them as medicine aims to maintain proper sanitation, health, and hygiene and to increase longevity of life. Several spices such as ajowan, clove, ginger, black pepper, cumin, and asafetida are commonly used in the Indian diet [3, 6, 7]. Literature cited the work of several authors on the antimicrobial activity of plants against wide range of bacteria, yeasts, and moulds [2, 3, 8–20]. The general description of spices and herbs used in the present study is tabulated in Table 1.Table 1
Ethnobotanical description, phytochemical composition, regulatory status, and part of plants used in antimicrobial study.
Scientific name
Common name
Family
Plant part tested
Phytoconstituents of part used
Traditional uses
References
Centella asiaticaL.
Jalbrahmi, mandukparni
Apiaceae
Whole plant
Saponins, asiaticosides, brahminoside, and centelloside
Recommended for the treatment of various skin conditions such as leprosy, lupus, varicose ulcers, eczema, psoriasis, diarrhoea, fever, and amenorrhea and diseases of the female genitourinary tract
[26, 27]
Curcuma longa
Haldi
Zingiberaceae
Rhizome
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane),α-phellandrene, sabinene, borneol, zingiberene, and sesquiterpenes
Used to treat gastrointestinal upsets and arthritis pain and is tonic for the digestive system
[28]
Emblica officinalis
Amla
Euphorbiaceae
Leaves
Gallic acid, ethyl gallate, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloylglucose, and luteolin-4′-O-neohesperidoside
Source of Vitamin C, enhances food absorption, balances stomach acids, fortifies the liver, supports the heart, and promotes healthier hair
[29]
Mentha arvensis
Pudina
Lamiaceae
Leaves
Tannins, phenols, steroids, flavonoids, and volatile oils
Used to treat liver and spleen diseases, Asthma, and Jaundice
[30]
Rauvolfia serpentina Benth
Sarpagandha
Apocynaceae
Leaves
Alkaloids
Therapeutic actions being mainly effective in the treatment of hypertension and psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, anxiety, insomnia, and insanity
[31]
Terminalia arjuna
Arjun
Combretaceae
Leaves
Flavonoid
Used as a remedy for the treatment of ear ache
[32]
Withania somnifera
Ashwagandha
Solanaceae
Leaves
Steroidal withanolides
Claimed to have potent aphrodisiac rejuvenative and life-prolonging properties
[33]
Zingiber officinale
Saunth, dried ginger
Zingiberaceae
Rhizome
Gingerol (5-hydroxy-1-(4 hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) decan-3-one)
Commonly used in food products and beverages, carminative, antispasmodic, digestive, stomachic, vasodilator, appetizer, expectorant, bronchodilator, topical and local stimulant, analgesic, antiflatulent, aphrodisiac, antitussive, arthritis, rheumatism, sprains, muscular aches, pains, and laxative
[15]Spices and herbs, owing to their natural origin, attract more attention of consumers that have doubt regarding the safety of chemical preservatives. Several plant extracts have gained momentum in recent years due to their bioactive principals and formed the basis of pharmaceutical and food processing industries [17, 21].Unpasteurized fruit juice consumption has increased in the last decades, which is attributed to the contents of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. Fresh fruit juices are highly vulnerable to spoilage, since fluid components are in contact with air and microorganisms form the environment while handling [22]. Fruit juices spoilage bacteria include acid tolerant bacteria such as acetic acid bacteria, lactic acid bacteria,Clostridium,Bacillus, members of Enterobacteriaceae family (Klebsiella sp.,Citrobacter sp., andSerratia sp.), and some heat resistant bacteria such asAlicyclobacillus acidoterrestris andPropionibacterium cyclohexinicum. Among yeasts,Pichia, Candida, Saccharomyces, andRhodotorula are commonly encountered genera responsible for spoilage of juices. Certain common moulds such asPenicillium sp.,Aspergillus sp.,Eurotium,Alternaria,Cladosporium,Paecilomyces, andBotrytis have also been reported in spoilage of fruit juices. The presence of pathogenic bacteria and mycotoxin producing mould cannot be ruled out in fruit juice which has been responsible for the increase in food borne outbreaks with the consumption of fresh fruit juices during the last two decades [14, 23, 24].Therefore, the main objective of this study was to examine thein vitro antimicrobial activity of different spices and herbs extracts and to compare the effect of different solvents in the extraction method for antimicrobial activity.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. Plant Materials

Three Indian spices, pudina, saunth, and haldi, were procured from local market in Yamunanagar, Haryana, India. Four medicinal plants herbs, amla, brahmi, ashwgandha, arjun, and sarpagandha were collected from Ch. Devi Lal Park at Khizrabad, Yamunanagar, Haryana, India. The taxonomic identity of these plants was confirmed by Dr. B. D. Vashishta, plant taxonomist, professor in the Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. The scientific name and tested parts of the 8 plants are detailed in Table1.


### 2.2. Extraction of Plant Material

Four different solvents, namely, ethanol, methanol, acetone, and aqueous (hot and cold), were used for extraction and plant extracts were prepared according to the methods described by Sharma et al. [25].


### 2.3. Test Microorganisms

In the previous study [24], microbiological analysis of fruit juices was done by serial dilution agar plate technique. On the basis of percentage of occurrence of microorganisms in juice samples, one Gram-positive bacterium, one Gram-negative bacterium, one yeast, and two moulds were selected for examining the antimicrobial activity of spices. Bacterial strains were identified on the basis of gram staining and biochemical and molecular characteristics (16S rRNA sequencing) [23]. Yeast was identified on the basis of staining, morphological, cultural characteristics, and molecular characteristics (28S rRNA sequencing). Moulds were identified on the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics and further identification was confirmed by CABI International Mycological Institute, UK.Two bacteria, namely,Serratia(KC67407∗) andBacillus cereus KRC1 (KC67408), one yeast,Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (KC67409), and two moulds,Aspergillus flavus (504472∗∗) andPenicillium citrinum (504473), were identified. The bacterial isolates were subcultured on nutrient agar andR. mucilaginosa, A. flavus, andP. citrinum were subcultured on potato dextrose agar and incubated aerobically at 37°C and 25°C, respectively. The media were procured from Hi Media Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bombay, India (∗nucleotide sequence of all microorganisms has been submitted to GenBank database which provided the GenBank accession number, KC67407–KC67409; ∗∗International Mycological Institute reference number).


### 2.4. Screening for Antimicrobial Activity against Bacteria and Yeast

The acetone, methanol, ethanol, and hot and cold aqueous extracts of different plants were used for evaluation of antimicrobial activity by the agar well diffusion method. In this method, a pure isolate of bacteria and yeast was grown on NA and PDA plates and incubated at 37°C and 25°C for 24 h and 72 h, respectively. One plate of each microorganism was taken and colonies were transferred into normal saline (0.85%) under aseptic conditions. Density of each microbial suspension was adjusted to be equal to that of 106 cfu/mL (standardized by 0.5 McFarland standard) and to be used as the inoculum for performing an agar well diffusion assay. 100 μL of the inoculum of each test organism was spread onto the agar plates so as to achieve a confluent growth. The agar plates were allowed to dry and 8 mm wells were made with a sterile borer in the inoculated agar plates. The lower portion of each well was sealed with molten agar medium. The dried extracts were reconstituted to 20% in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the final concentration of 100 mg/mL for the bioassay analysis. A 100 μL volume of each extract was propelled directly into the wells (in triplicate) of the inoculated agar plates for each test organism. The plates were allowed to stand for 1 h at room temperature (40°C) for diffusion of the extract into agar and incubated at 37°C and 25°C for 24 h and 72 h, respectively. Sodium benzoate (100 mg/mL) was used as positive reference standards to determine the sensitivity of each microbial species tested. Sterile DMSO served as the negative control. The antimicrobial activity, indicated by an inhibition zone surrounding the well containing the extract, was recorded if the zone was greater than 8 mm. The experiments were performed in triplicate and the mean values of the diameter of inhibition zones ± standard deviations were calculated [34].


### 2.5. Screening for Antimicrobial Activity against Moulds

The antimould activity of plant extracts in different solvent was accessed by poison food technique. 100μL of plant extract with concentration of 100 mg/mL was poured into sterile Petri plate (90 mm diameter) and 15 mL of molten potato dextrose agar (PDA) was added to the Petri plate and swirled to achieve a uniform mixture and allowed them to solidify at room temperature. The solidified agar plates were inoculated at the centre with fungal disc (6 mm diameter), obtained from the actively growing one-week-old colony of the test fungus, placed with inoculums side down in the centre of each Petri plate aseptically and incubated at point 25°C for 7 days. DMSO was used as negative control and chemical preservative sodium benzoate served as the positive control. The antifungal activity of each extract was evaluated by measuring the radial growth of fungus in terms of diameter and expressed as percentage mycelia inhibition determined by applying the following formula [35–37]:(1)inhibitionofmyceliagrowth%=dc-dtdc×100,where dc is average diameter of fungal colony in negative control plates and dt is average diameter of fungal colony in extract added plates.


### 2.6. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each test organism was determined by the broth macrodilution method [38].


### 2.7. Statistical Analysis

The experimental results were repeated thrice in triplicate each time and expressed as mean ± SD and results were statistically evaluated using SPSS software version 16 at 5% significant level. Means were compared using Tukey’s simultaneous test set atp<0.05.


## 2.1. Plant Materials

Three Indian spices, pudina, saunth, and haldi, were procured from local market in Yamunanagar, Haryana, India. Four medicinal plants herbs, amla, brahmi, ashwgandha, arjun, and sarpagandha were collected from Ch. Devi Lal Park at Khizrabad, Yamunanagar, Haryana, India. The taxonomic identity of these plants was confirmed by Dr. B. D. Vashishta, plant taxonomist, professor in the Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. The scientific name and tested parts of the 8 plants are detailed in Table1.


## 2.2. Extraction of Plant Material

Four different solvents, namely, ethanol, methanol, acetone, and aqueous (hot and cold), were used for extraction and plant extracts were prepared according to the methods described by Sharma et al. [25].


## 2.3. Test Microorganisms

In the previous study [24], microbiological analysis of fruit juices was done by serial dilution agar plate technique. On the basis of percentage of occurrence of microorganisms in juice samples, one Gram-positive bacterium, one Gram-negative bacterium, one yeast, and two moulds were selected for examining the antimicrobial activity of spices. Bacterial strains were identified on the basis of gram staining and biochemical and molecular characteristics (16S rRNA sequencing) [23]. Yeast was identified on the basis of staining, morphological, cultural characteristics, and molecular characteristics (28S rRNA sequencing). Moulds were identified on the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics and further identification was confirmed by CABI International Mycological Institute, UK.Two bacteria, namely,Serratia(KC67407∗) andBacillus cereus KRC1 (KC67408), one yeast,Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (KC67409), and two moulds,Aspergillus flavus (504472∗∗) andPenicillium citrinum (504473), were identified. The bacterial isolates were subcultured on nutrient agar andR. mucilaginosa, A. flavus, andP. citrinum were subcultured on potato dextrose agar and incubated aerobically at 37°C and 25°C, respectively. The media were procured from Hi Media Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bombay, India (∗nucleotide sequence of all microorganisms has been submitted to GenBank database which provided the GenBank accession number, KC67407–KC67409; ∗∗International Mycological Institute reference number).


## 2.4. Screening for Antimicrobial Activity against Bacteria and Yeast

The acetone, methanol, ethanol, and hot and cold aqueous extracts of different plants were used for evaluation of antimicrobial activity by the agar well diffusion method. In this method, a pure isolate of bacteria and yeast was grown on NA and PDA plates and incubated at 37°C and 25°C for 24 h and 72 h, respectively. One plate of each microorganism was taken and colonies were transferred into normal saline (0.85%) under aseptic conditions. Density of each microbial suspension was adjusted to be equal to that of 106 cfu/mL (standardized by 0.5 McFarland standard) and to be used as the inoculum for performing an agar well diffusion assay. 100 μL of the inoculum of each test organism was spread onto the agar plates so as to achieve a confluent growth. The agar plates were allowed to dry and 8 mm wells were made with a sterile borer in the inoculated agar plates. The lower portion of each well was sealed with molten agar medium. The dried extracts were reconstituted to 20% in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the final concentration of 100 mg/mL for the bioassay analysis. A 100 μL volume of each extract was propelled directly into the wells (in triplicate) of the inoculated agar plates for each test organism. The plates were allowed to stand for 1 h at room temperature (40°C) for diffusion of the extract into agar and incubated at 37°C and 25°C for 24 h and 72 h, respectively. Sodium benzoate (100 mg/mL) was used as positive reference standards to determine the sensitivity of each microbial species tested. Sterile DMSO served as the negative control. The antimicrobial activity, indicated by an inhibition zone surrounding the well containing the extract, was recorded if the zone was greater than 8 mm. The experiments were performed in triplicate and the mean values of the diameter of inhibition zones ± standard deviations were calculated [34].


## 2.5. Screening for Antimicrobial Activity against Moulds

The antimould activity of plant extracts in different solvent was accessed by poison food technique. 100μL of plant extract with concentration of 100 mg/mL was poured into sterile Petri plate (90 mm diameter) and 15 mL of molten potato dextrose agar (PDA) was added to the Petri plate and swirled to achieve a uniform mixture and allowed them to solidify at room temperature. The solidified agar plates were inoculated at the centre with fungal disc (6 mm diameter), obtained from the actively growing one-week-old colony of the test fungus, placed with inoculums side down in the centre of each Petri plate aseptically and incubated at point 25°C for 7 days. DMSO was used as negative control and chemical preservative sodium benzoate served as the positive control. The antifungal activity of each extract was evaluated by measuring the radial growth of fungus in terms of diameter and expressed as percentage mycelia inhibition determined by applying the following formula [35–37]:(1)inhibitionofmyceliagrowth%=dc-dtdc×100,where dc is average diameter of fungal colony in negative control plates and dt is average diameter of fungal colony in extract added plates.


## 2.6. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each test organism was determined by the broth macrodilution method [38].


## 2.7. Statistical Analysis

The experimental results were repeated thrice in triplicate each time and expressed as mean ± SD and results were statistically evaluated using SPSS software version 16 at 5% significant level. Means were compared using Tukey’s simultaneous test set atp<0.05.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Antimicrobial Activity of Plant Extracts

The dietary herb and spices are used as food additives in foods not only to improve the sensory characteristics of food but also to increase the shelf life by reducing or eliminating survival of pathogenic bacteria [2].In the present study, the antimicrobial activity of the different plant extracts in different solvents was examined. Perusal data in Table2 revealed the mean diameters of the inhibition zones of all plant extracts against two bacteria and yeast and percentage mycelia inhibition against two moulds. There was significant variation (p<0.05) observed between acetone, methanol, ethanol, cold aqueous, and hot aqueous solvents for the antimicrobial activities of each of the tested plant extracts and microorganisms.Table 2
Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts in different solvents.
Plant
Solvent
Diameter of inhibition zone
Percentage mycelia inhibition
B. cereus
Serratiasp.
R. mucilaginosa
A. flavus
P. citrinum
Centella asiatica
Acetone
23.3bx∗  ±  1.52∗∗
—
—
—
—
Methanol
27.3cx  ±  0.57
15.3cy  ±  0.57
18.3cz  ±  0.57
24.6bu  ±  0.57
23.3bv  ±  1.52
Ethanol
29.3dx  ±  0.57
12.3dy  ±  1.52
20.6dz  ±  0.57
26.3cu  ±  1.52
24.3cv  ±  0.57
Cold aqueous
—
—
—
—
—
Hot aqueous
—
—
—
—
—
Curcuma longa
Acetone
22.3bx  ±  1.52
13.3by  ±  1.52
—
—
—
Methanol
20.3cx  ±  1.52
—
—
—
—
Ethanol
17.3dx  ±  1.52
—
—
—
—
Cold aqueous
—
—
—
—
—
Hot aqueous
—
—
—
—
—
Emblica officinalis
Acetone
22.3bx  ±  0.57
19.3by  ±  0.57
18.6bz  ±  1.52
19.3bu  ±  1.52
20.6bv  ±  1.52
Methanol
19.6cx  ±  1.52
14.3cy  ±  0.57
16.3cz  ±  0.57
17.6cu  ±  1.52
18.3cv  ±  0.57
Ethanol
17.3dx  ±  0.57
15.3dy  ±  0.57
14.3dz  ±  0.57
12.6du  ±  0.57
13.6dv  ±  0.57
Cold aqueous
14.6ex  ±  0.57
—
—
—
—
Hot aqueous
12.6fx  ±  0.57
—
—
—
—
Mentha arvensis
Acetone
26.3bx  ±  0.57
19.3by  ±  1.52
—
22.3bu  ±  0.57
20.6bv  ±  0.57
Methanol
23.3cx  ±  0.57
14.3cy  ±  0.57
—
17.6cu  ±  1.52
15.3cv  ±  1.52
Ethanol
24.3dx  ±  0.57
16.6dy  ±  0.57
—
16.6du  ±  1.52
14.3dv  ±  0.57
Cold aqueous
19.3ex  ±  0.57
11.3ey  ±  0.57
—
—
—
Hot aqueous
15.6fx  ±  1.52
—
—
—
—
Rauvolfia serpentina
Acetone
22.3bx  ±  0.57
21.3by  ±  1.52
—
17.3bu  ±  1.52
19.3bv  ±  1.52
Methanol
26.6cx  ±  0.57
18.6cy  ±  0.57
—
15.6cu  ±  1.52
12.6cv  ±  1.52
Ethanol
25.6dx  ±  1.52
17.3dy  ±  0.57
—
—
—
Cold aqueous
19.3ex  ±  0.57
14.6ey  ±  1.52
—
—
—
Hot aqueous
17.6fx  ±  0.57
12.6fy  ±  0.57
—
—
—
Terminalia arjuna
Acetone
19.3bx  ±  0.57
18.6by  ±  0.57
17.6bz  ±  0.57
20.6bu  ±  1.52
17.3bv  ±  0.57
Methanol
24.6cx  ±  0.57
22.6cy  ±  0.57
19.3cz  ±  0.57
24.6cu  ±  0.57
21.3cv  ±  1.52
Ethanol
21.3dx  ±  0.57
19.3dy  ±  0.57
16.6dz  ±  0.57
21.6du  ±  1.52
15.6dv  ±  0.57
Cold aqueous
15.6ex  ±  0.57
14.6ey  ±  0.57
13.3ez  ±  0.57
11.6eu  ±  1.52
10.3ev  ±  0.57
Hot aqueous
12.3fx  ±  0.57
—
—
—
Withania somnifera
Acetone
20.3bx  ±  0.57
18.6by  ±  0.57
—
18.3bu  ±  0.57
19.6bv  ±  1.52
Methanol
15.6cx  ±  1.52
13.3cy  ±  0.57
—
20.6cu  ±  0.57
22.3cv  ±  0.57
Ethanol
14.3dx  ±  1.52
12.3dy  ±  1.52
—
22.6du  ±  1.52
23.3dv  ±  0.57
Cold aqueous
—
—
—
—
—
Hot aqueous
—
—
—
—
—
Zingiber officinale
Acetone
23.3bx  ±  0.57
18.6by  ±  0.57
—
—
—
Methanol
21.3cx  ±  1.52
13.6cy  ±  0.57
—
—
—
Ethanol
19.3dx  ±  0.57
11.3dz  ±  0.57
—
—
—
Cold aqueous
17.6ex  ±  0.57
—
—
—
—
Hot aqueous
12.3fx  ±  0.57
—
—
—
—
Sodium benzoate
20.6ax  ±  0.57
16.6ay  ±  0.57
14.6az  ±  0.57
30.6  ±  0.57
26.3  ±  0.57
∗Values, including diameter of the well (8 mm), are means of three replicates. ∗∗Standard deviation within five extracts and control of the same spice with three different microorganisms tested different letters are significantly  (p<0.05) different. —: no activity.ForB. cereus (KC67408), the DIZ values of 18 extracts (accounting for 45% of the 40 tested extracts) were between 19.6 mm and 29.3 mm and those of 16 extracts (40%) were between 12.3 mm and 19.3 mm. However, 6 extracts had no inhibitory activity. Ethanolic extract ofC. asiatica exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity (DIZ = 29.3 mm), followed by methanolic extract (DIZ = 26.3 mm) and ethanolic extract ofR. serpentina (DIZ = 25.3 mm) (Table 2).ForSerratia (KC67407), a total of 25 extracts (62.5%) exhibited inhibitory activity with DIZ values ranging from 11.3 mm to 22.6 mm, and 47 extracts had low activity. The remaining 15 extracts had no inhibitory activity (Table 2). The sample with strongest antimicrobial activity was methanolic extract ofT. arjuna (DIZ = 22.6 mm), followed by acetonic extract ofR. serpentina (21.3 mm).ForR. mucilaginosa (KC67409), the DIZ values of 9 extracts (22.5%) ranged from 13.3 mm to 25.3 mm (Table 2). Thirty-one extracts (77.5%) showed no inhibitory activity. Ethanolic extract ofC. asiaticashowed the strongest inhibitory activity (DIZ = 20.6 mm), followed by methanolic extract ofT. arjuna (19.3 mm).Of the two moulds tested, forA. flavus, the percentage mycelial inhibition of 8 extracts (20%) varied from 20.6 mm to 26.3 mm. Nine extracts (22.5%) had low inhibitory activity (percentage mycelial inhibition ranging between 11.6 mm and 19.3 mm). The other 23 extracts (57.5%) showed no inhibitory activity. Ethanolic extract ofC. asiatica exhibited the strongest antimould activity (percentage mycelial inhibition = 26.3 mm), followed by methanolic extract ofC. asiatica andT. arjuna (24.6 mm). ForP. citrinum, 8 extracts exhibited high inhibitory activity (percentage mycelial inhibition = 19.6 mm–24.3 mm) and nine extracts possessed less inhibitory activity (percentage mycelial inhibition ranging between 10.3 mm and 19.3 mm), while the other 23 extracts had no inhibitory activity. Methanolic extract ofC. asiatica (24.3 mm) showed the strongest inhibitory activity, followed by ethanolic extract ofC. asiatica andW. somnifera (23.3 mm).Literature search revealed thein vitro andin vivo antimicrobial activities of plant extracts and essential oils against food borne pathogens but they are difficult to compare owing to the use of different methods of extraction, solvents, microbial strains, and antimicrobial test methods [3, 5, 16, 17, 39, 40]. In the present analysis, 4 plants,C. asiatica,E. officinalis,M. arvensis, andT. arjuna, exhibited broad spectrum activity against tested microbes. The present results were in line with the observation of earlier workers [5–7, 15–17, 41, 42]. Methanolic and ethanolic extract ofC. asiatica exhibited maximum zone of inhibition against all tested microorganisms in the present investigation. The antimicrobial potential ofC. asiatica was observed by Arumugam et al. [43] in a study to check the antimicrobial efficacy ofC. asiatica againstB. cereus,S. aureus, andPseudomonas aeruginosa in four different solvents such as methanol, chloroform, water, and acetone and they found that methanolic extract ofC. asiatica leaves at the concentration of 50 μg per mL displayed activity (24–27 mm) against all tested microorganisms. The antimicrobial efficacy ofC. asiatica is due to the presence of terpenoids [44]. Acetonic extracts ofT. arjuna displayed maximum zone of inhibition (16–28 mm) againstS. aureus,Acinetobacter,P. aeruginosa, andProteus mirabilis in comparison to the other extracts (methanolic, ethanolic, and water extracts); however, all the extracts lacked activity againstCandida albicans [32]. In the present investigation, methanolic and ethanolic extracts ofT. arjuna exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested microbes due to the presence of flavonoids (luteolin) [45, 46].Ethanolic extract ofE. officinalis leaves showed more activity againstP. aeruginosa,Proteus mirabilis,S. aureus, andB. cereus in comparison to ethanolic extract ofM. arvensis leaves at the concentration of 100 mg/mL [47]. However, in the present investigation, the ethanolic extracts ofM. arvensis displayed more activity in comparison toE. officinalis ethanolic extract at the concentration of 100 mg/mL. The antimicrobial potential ofE.officinalis andM.arvensisis attributed to the presence of hydrolysable tannins and menthol, respectively [48]. Although, in present investigation,R. serpentina andW. somnifera revealed antibacterial and antimould activity but lacked antiyeast activity, several authors confirmed antibacterial and antifungal potential ofW. somnifera andR. serpentina [31, 33, 49, 50].Sunilson et al. [15] observed the antimicrobial activity ofC. longa andZ. officinalis in four different solvents (petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and water) against food borne pathogens. The solvent extracts ofC. longa andZ. officinalis displayed antibacterial and antiyeast activity; however, in present investigation,C. longa andZ. officinalis possessed antibacterial activity.The extraction of biologically active compound from plant material is largely dependent on the type of the solvent used in the extraction procedure. The present study revealed that the organic extracts provided more powerful antimicrobial activity compared to aqueous extracts. Among the organic extracts, alcoholic extracts displayed the best antimicrobial activity in comparison to acetonic extracts (Table2), thus substituting the findings of earlier workers who rated methanol and ethanol as best solvent for the extraction of antimicrobial compounds from plants followed by acetone and water [5, 15, 16, 25]. Several compounds, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, thiosulfinates, glucosinolates, and saponins, isolated from these plants are secondary metabolites which are responsible for the antimicrobial and medicinal properties of plants [2, 3, 8, 17].


### 3.2. Sensitivity of Five Tested Microbes

B. cereus,Serratia,R. mucilaginosa,A. flavus, andP. citrinum revealed varying sensitivities to the 40 tested extracts (Table 2). With respect toB. cereus, thirty-four extracts showed inhibitory activity and 16 extracts had no activity. In case ofSerratia, 25 extracts displayed inhibitory activity and 15 extracts showed no activity.R. mucilaginosa was the most resistant of the tested microorganisms. Nine extracts exhibited inhibitory activity and 31 extracts had no inhibitory activity. Seventeen extracts showed inhibitory activity against two moulds (A. flavus andP. citrinum). Based on the inhibitory activity of plant extract, Gram-positive bacteriaB. cereus demonstrated more sensitivity to the extracts than Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The present findings are consistent with the results obtained by earlier workers who reported that plant extracts are more active against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria [3, 5, 16, 17, 48, 51–53]. This is attributed to the differences in the outer layers of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane and a unique periplasmic space not found in Gram-positive bacteria [5, 54, 55].


### 3.3. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for 31 active plant extracts which show antimicrobial activity against microbes associated with juices (Table3). The MIC of the 31 active plant extracts showed that MIC ranged between 3.12 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL for the organic extracts and between 25 and 50 mg/mL for the aqueous extracts. When comparing the MIC values of the tested plants, the ethanolic extract ofC. asiatica appeared to be the most effective with the lowest inhibitory concentration being 3.15 mg/mL againstB. cereus. Methanolic extracts ofC. asiatica,M. arvensis, andR. serpentina were the second most effective plant extracts with MIC of 6.25 mg/mL. Many plant extracts show MIC in the range of 25–50 mg/mL and were thus shown to be less effective against microbes isolated from juices. It has been established that MIC results do not always correlate well with the DIZ values but, in present investigation, the observation of MIC related with the DIZ value might be due to the adoption of disc diffusion assay for both antimicrobial activity and MIC determination of plant extracts [16]. Similar results of MIC of different plants in different solvents have been observed by several authors against different microbes [3, 5, 9–13, 16, 56, 57].Table 3
MIC of plant extracts in different solvents.
Plant
Solvent
MIC value of different plant extracts
B. cereus
Serratiasp.
R. mucilaginosa
A. flavus
P. citrinum
Centella asiatica
Acetone
12.5
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Methanol
6.25
25
25
12.5
12.5
Ethanol
3.12
Nt
12.5
6.25
12.5
Curcuma longa
Acetone
12.5
50
Nt
Nt
Nt
Methanol
12.5
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Ethanol
25
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Emblica officinalis
Acetone
12.5
25
25
25
12.5
Methanol
12.5
50
25
25
25
Ethanol
25
50
50
Nt
50
Cold aqueous
50
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Mentha arvensis
Acetone
6.25
25
Nt
12.5
12.5
Methanol
12.5
50
Nt
25
25
Ethanol
6.25
25
Nt
25
50
Cold aqueous
50
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Hot aqueous
50
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Rauvolfia serpentina
Acetone
25
12.5
Nt
25
25
Methanol
12.5
25
Nt
50
Nt
Ethanol
6.25
25
Nt
Nt
Nt
Cold aqueous
25
50
Nt
Nt
Nt
Hot aqueous
25
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Terminalia arjuna
Acetone
25
25
25
25
25
Methanol
12.5
12.5
50
12.5
12.5
Ethanol
12.5
25
25
12.5
50
Cold aqueous
25
50
50
Nt
Nt
Withania somnifera
Acetone
12.5
25
Nt
25
25
Methanol
50
50
Nt
12.5
12.5
Ethanol
50
Nt
Nt
12.5
12.5
Zingiber officinale
Acetone
12.5
25
Nt
Nt
Nt
Methanol
12.5
50
Nt
Nt
Nt
Ethanol
25
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Cold aqueous
25
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Hot aqueous
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Sodium benzoate
12.5
25
50
12.5
12.5
Nt: not tested.


## 3.1. Antimicrobial Activity of Plant Extracts

The dietary herb and spices are used as food additives in foods not only to improve the sensory characteristics of food but also to increase the shelf life by reducing or eliminating survival of pathogenic bacteria [2].In the present study, the antimicrobial activity of the different plant extracts in different solvents was examined. Perusal data in Table2 revealed the mean diameters of the inhibition zones of all plant extracts against two bacteria and yeast and percentage mycelia inhibition against two moulds. There was significant variation (p<0.05) observed between acetone, methanol, ethanol, cold aqueous, and hot aqueous solvents for the antimicrobial activities of each of the tested plant extracts and microorganisms.Table 2
Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts in different solvents.
Plant
Solvent
Diameter of inhibition zone
Percentage mycelia inhibition
B. cereus
Serratiasp.
R. mucilaginosa
A. flavus
P. citrinum
Centella asiatica
Acetone
23.3bx∗  ±  1.52∗∗
—
—
—
—
Methanol
27.3cx  ±  0.57
15.3cy  ±  0.57
18.3cz  ±  0.57
24.6bu  ±  0.57
23.3bv  ±  1.52
Ethanol
29.3dx  ±  0.57
12.3dy  ±  1.52
20.6dz  ±  0.57
26.3cu  ±  1.52
24.3cv  ±  0.57
Cold aqueous
—
—
—
—
—
Hot aqueous
—
—
—
—
—
Curcuma longa
Acetone
22.3bx  ±  1.52
13.3by  ±  1.52
—
—
—
Methanol
20.3cx  ±  1.52
—
—
—
—
Ethanol
17.3dx  ±  1.52
—
—
—
—
Cold aqueous
—
—
—
—
—
Hot aqueous
—
—
—
—
—
Emblica officinalis
Acetone
22.3bx  ±  0.57
19.3by  ±  0.57
18.6bz  ±  1.52
19.3bu  ±  1.52
20.6bv  ±  1.52
Methanol
19.6cx  ±  1.52
14.3cy  ±  0.57
16.3cz  ±  0.57
17.6cu  ±  1.52
18.3cv  ±  0.57
Ethanol
17.3dx  ±  0.57
15.3dy  ±  0.57
14.3dz  ±  0.57
12.6du  ±  0.57
13.6dv  ±  0.57
Cold aqueous
14.6ex  ±  0.57
—
—
—
—
Hot aqueous
12.6fx  ±  0.57
—
—
—
—
Mentha arvensis
Acetone
26.3bx  ±  0.57
19.3by  ±  1.52
—
22.3bu  ±  0.57
20.6bv  ±  0.57
Methanol
23.3cx  ±  0.57
14.3cy  ±  0.57
—
17.6cu  ±  1.52
15.3cv  ±  1.52
Ethanol
24.3dx  ±  0.57
16.6dy  ±  0.57
—
16.6du  ±  1.52
14.3dv  ±  0.57
Cold aqueous
19.3ex  ±  0.57
11.3ey  ±  0.57
—
—
—
Hot aqueous
15.6fx  ±  1.52
—
—
—
—
Rauvolfia serpentina
Acetone
22.3bx  ±  0.57
21.3by  ±  1.52
—
17.3bu  ±  1.52
19.3bv  ±  1.52
Methanol
26.6cx  ±  0.57
18.6cy  ±  0.57
—
15.6cu  ±  1.52
12.6cv  ±  1.52
Ethanol
25.6dx  ±  1.52
17.3dy  ±  0.57
—
—
—
Cold aqueous
19.3ex  ±  0.57
14.6ey  ±  1.52
—
—
—
Hot aqueous
17.6fx  ±  0.57
12.6fy  ±  0.57
—
—
—
Terminalia arjuna
Acetone
19.3bx  ±  0.57
18.6by  ±  0.57
17.6bz  ±  0.57
20.6bu  ±  1.52
17.3bv  ±  0.57
Methanol
24.6cx  ±  0.57
22.6cy  ±  0.57
19.3cz  ±  0.57
24.6cu  ±  0.57
21.3cv  ±  1.52
Ethanol
21.3dx  ±  0.57
19.3dy  ±  0.57
16.6dz  ±  0.57
21.6du  ±  1.52
15.6dv  ±  0.57
Cold aqueous
15.6ex  ±  0.57
14.6ey  ±  0.57
13.3ez  ±  0.57
11.6eu  ±  1.52
10.3ev  ±  0.57
Hot aqueous
12.3fx  ±  0.57
—
—
—
Withania somnifera
Acetone
20.3bx  ±  0.57
18.6by  ±  0.57
—
18.3bu  ±  0.57
19.6bv  ±  1.52
Methanol
15.6cx  ±  1.52
13.3cy  ±  0.57
—
20.6cu  ±  0.57
22.3cv  ±  0.57
Ethanol
14.3dx  ±  1.52
12.3dy  ±  1.52
—
22.6du  ±  1.52
23.3dv  ±  0.57
Cold aqueous
—
—
—
—
—
Hot aqueous
—
—
—
—
—
Zingiber officinale
Acetone
23.3bx  ±  0.57
18.6by  ±  0.57
—
—
—
Methanol
21.3cx  ±  1.52
13.6cy  ±  0.57
—
—
—
Ethanol
19.3dx  ±  0.57
11.3dz  ±  0.57
—
—
—
Cold aqueous
17.6ex  ±  0.57
—
—
—
—
Hot aqueous
12.3fx  ±  0.57
—
—
—
—
Sodium benzoate
20.6ax  ±  0.57
16.6ay  ±  0.57
14.6az  ±  0.57
30.6  ±  0.57
26.3  ±  0.57
∗Values, including diameter of the well (8 mm), are means of three replicates. ∗∗Standard deviation within five extracts and control of the same spice with three different microorganisms tested different letters are significantly  (p<0.05) different. —: no activity.ForB. cereus (KC67408), the DIZ values of 18 extracts (accounting for 45% of the 40 tested extracts) were between 19.6 mm and 29.3 mm and those of 16 extracts (40%) were between 12.3 mm and 19.3 mm. However, 6 extracts had no inhibitory activity. Ethanolic extract ofC. asiatica exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity (DIZ = 29.3 mm), followed by methanolic extract (DIZ = 26.3 mm) and ethanolic extract ofR. serpentina (DIZ = 25.3 mm) (Table 2).ForSerratia (KC67407), a total of 25 extracts (62.5%) exhibited inhibitory activity with DIZ values ranging from 11.3 mm to 22.6 mm, and 47 extracts had low activity. The remaining 15 extracts had no inhibitory activity (Table 2). The sample with strongest antimicrobial activity was methanolic extract ofT. arjuna (DIZ = 22.6 mm), followed by acetonic extract ofR. serpentina (21.3 mm).ForR. mucilaginosa (KC67409), the DIZ values of 9 extracts (22.5%) ranged from 13.3 mm to 25.3 mm (Table 2). Thirty-one extracts (77.5%) showed no inhibitory activity. Ethanolic extract ofC. asiaticashowed the strongest inhibitory activity (DIZ = 20.6 mm), followed by methanolic extract ofT. arjuna (19.3 mm).Of the two moulds tested, forA. flavus, the percentage mycelial inhibition of 8 extracts (20%) varied from 20.6 mm to 26.3 mm. Nine extracts (22.5%) had low inhibitory activity (percentage mycelial inhibition ranging between 11.6 mm and 19.3 mm). The other 23 extracts (57.5%) showed no inhibitory activity. Ethanolic extract ofC. asiatica exhibited the strongest antimould activity (percentage mycelial inhibition = 26.3 mm), followed by methanolic extract ofC. asiatica andT. arjuna (24.6 mm). ForP. citrinum, 8 extracts exhibited high inhibitory activity (percentage mycelial inhibition = 19.6 mm–24.3 mm) and nine extracts possessed less inhibitory activity (percentage mycelial inhibition ranging between 10.3 mm and 19.3 mm), while the other 23 extracts had no inhibitory activity. Methanolic extract ofC. asiatica (24.3 mm) showed the strongest inhibitory activity, followed by ethanolic extract ofC. asiatica andW. somnifera (23.3 mm).Literature search revealed thein vitro andin vivo antimicrobial activities of plant extracts and essential oils against food borne pathogens but they are difficult to compare owing to the use of different methods of extraction, solvents, microbial strains, and antimicrobial test methods [3, 5, 16, 17, 39, 40]. In the present analysis, 4 plants,C. asiatica,E. officinalis,M. arvensis, andT. arjuna, exhibited broad spectrum activity against tested microbes. The present results were in line with the observation of earlier workers [5–7, 15–17, 41, 42]. Methanolic and ethanolic extract ofC. asiatica exhibited maximum zone of inhibition against all tested microorganisms in the present investigation. The antimicrobial potential ofC. asiatica was observed by Arumugam et al. [43] in a study to check the antimicrobial efficacy ofC. asiatica againstB. cereus,S. aureus, andPseudomonas aeruginosa in four different solvents such as methanol, chloroform, water, and acetone and they found that methanolic extract ofC. asiatica leaves at the concentration of 50 μg per mL displayed activity (24–27 mm) against all tested microorganisms. The antimicrobial efficacy ofC. asiatica is due to the presence of terpenoids [44]. Acetonic extracts ofT. arjuna displayed maximum zone of inhibition (16–28 mm) againstS. aureus,Acinetobacter,P. aeruginosa, andProteus mirabilis in comparison to the other extracts (methanolic, ethanolic, and water extracts); however, all the extracts lacked activity againstCandida albicans [32]. In the present investigation, methanolic and ethanolic extracts ofT. arjuna exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested microbes due to the presence of flavonoids (luteolin) [45, 46].Ethanolic extract ofE. officinalis leaves showed more activity againstP. aeruginosa,Proteus mirabilis,S. aureus, andB. cereus in comparison to ethanolic extract ofM. arvensis leaves at the concentration of 100 mg/mL [47]. However, in the present investigation, the ethanolic extracts ofM. arvensis displayed more activity in comparison toE. officinalis ethanolic extract at the concentration of 100 mg/mL. The antimicrobial potential ofE.officinalis andM.arvensisis attributed to the presence of hydrolysable tannins and menthol, respectively [48]. Although, in present investigation,R. serpentina andW. somnifera revealed antibacterial and antimould activity but lacked antiyeast activity, several authors confirmed antibacterial and antifungal potential ofW. somnifera andR. serpentina [31, 33, 49, 50].Sunilson et al. [15] observed the antimicrobial activity ofC. longa andZ. officinalis in four different solvents (petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and water) against food borne pathogens. The solvent extracts ofC. longa andZ. officinalis displayed antibacterial and antiyeast activity; however, in present investigation,C. longa andZ. officinalis possessed antibacterial activity.The extraction of biologically active compound from plant material is largely dependent on the type of the solvent used in the extraction procedure. The present study revealed that the organic extracts provided more powerful antimicrobial activity compared to aqueous extracts. Among the organic extracts, alcoholic extracts displayed the best antimicrobial activity in comparison to acetonic extracts (Table2), thus substituting the findings of earlier workers who rated methanol and ethanol as best solvent for the extraction of antimicrobial compounds from plants followed by acetone and water [5, 15, 16, 25]. Several compounds, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, thiosulfinates, glucosinolates, and saponins, isolated from these plants are secondary metabolites which are responsible for the antimicrobial and medicinal properties of plants [2, 3, 8, 17].


## 3.2. Sensitivity of Five Tested Microbes

B. cereus,Serratia,R. mucilaginosa,A. flavus, andP. citrinum revealed varying sensitivities to the 40 tested extracts (Table 2). With respect toB. cereus, thirty-four extracts showed inhibitory activity and 16 extracts had no activity. In case ofSerratia, 25 extracts displayed inhibitory activity and 15 extracts showed no activity.R. mucilaginosa was the most resistant of the tested microorganisms. Nine extracts exhibited inhibitory activity and 31 extracts had no inhibitory activity. Seventeen extracts showed inhibitory activity against two moulds (A. flavus andP. citrinum). Based on the inhibitory activity of plant extract, Gram-positive bacteriaB. cereus demonstrated more sensitivity to the extracts than Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The present findings are consistent with the results obtained by earlier workers who reported that plant extracts are more active against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria [3, 5, 16, 17, 48, 51–53]. This is attributed to the differences in the outer layers of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane and a unique periplasmic space not found in Gram-positive bacteria [5, 54, 55].


## 3.3. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for 31 active plant extracts which show antimicrobial activity against microbes associated with juices (Table3). The MIC of the 31 active plant extracts showed that MIC ranged between 3.12 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL for the organic extracts and between 25 and 50 mg/mL for the aqueous extracts. When comparing the MIC values of the tested plants, the ethanolic extract ofC. asiatica appeared to be the most effective with the lowest inhibitory concentration being 3.15 mg/mL againstB. cereus. Methanolic extracts ofC. asiatica,M. arvensis, andR. serpentina were the second most effective plant extracts with MIC of 6.25 mg/mL. Many plant extracts show MIC in the range of 25–50 mg/mL and were thus shown to be less effective against microbes isolated from juices. It has been established that MIC results do not always correlate well with the DIZ values but, in present investigation, the observation of MIC related with the DIZ value might be due to the adoption of disc diffusion assay for both antimicrobial activity and MIC determination of plant extracts [16]. Similar results of MIC of different plants in different solvents have been observed by several authors against different microbes [3, 5, 9–13, 16, 56, 57].Table 3
MIC of plant extracts in different solvents.
Plant
Solvent
MIC value of different plant extracts
B. cereus
Serratiasp.
R. mucilaginosa
A. flavus
P. citrinum
Centella asiatica
Acetone
12.5
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Methanol
6.25
25
25
12.5
12.5
Ethanol
3.12
Nt
12.5
6.25
12.5
Curcuma longa
Acetone
12.5
50
Nt
Nt
Nt
Methanol
12.5
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Ethanol
25
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Emblica officinalis
Acetone
12.5
25
25
25
12.5
Methanol
12.5
50
25
25
25
Ethanol
25
50
50
Nt
50
Cold aqueous
50
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Mentha arvensis
Acetone
6.25
25
Nt
12.5
12.5
Methanol
12.5
50
Nt
25
25
Ethanol
6.25
25
Nt
25
50
Cold aqueous
50
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Hot aqueous
50
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Rauvolfia serpentina
Acetone
25
12.5
Nt
25
25
Methanol
12.5
25
Nt
50
Nt
Ethanol
6.25
25
Nt
Nt
Nt
Cold aqueous
25
50
Nt
Nt
Nt
Hot aqueous
25
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Terminalia arjuna
Acetone
25
25
25
25
25
Methanol
12.5
12.5
50
12.5
12.5
Ethanol
12.5
25
25
12.5
50
Cold aqueous
25
50
50
Nt
Nt
Withania somnifera
Acetone
12.5
25
Nt
25
25
Methanol
50
50
Nt
12.5
12.5
Ethanol
50
Nt
Nt
12.5
12.5
Zingiber officinale
Acetone
12.5
25
Nt
Nt
Nt
Methanol
12.5
50
Nt
Nt
Nt
Ethanol
25
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Cold aqueous
25
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Hot aqueous
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Sodium benzoate
12.5
25
50
12.5
12.5
Nt: not tested.


## 4. Conclusion

The results of present work established that all the tested plant extracts possess antimicrobial activity against selected microbes associated with juices. Alcoholic extracts of medicinal herbs such asC. asiatica, T. arjuna, andR. serpentina displayed better antimicrobial activity than chemical preservative sodium benzoate; therefore these plant extracts have the potential to extend the shelf life or they are used as natural preservatives in fruit juices.



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*Source: 9015802-2016-01-04.xml*