# Minimizing the Active Power Losses and Retaining the Voltage Profile of the Distribution System Using Soft Computing Techniques with DG Source

Authors: P. Sundararaman; E. Mohan; S. V. Aswin Kumer; Sridhar Udayakumar; Abdissa Fekadu Moti
Journal: Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
 (2022)

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## Abstract

The motivation of this research is to curtail the active power losses in the radial distribution system. This paper proposes a novel voltage stability indicator to determine the optimum conductor sizes for various distribution lines and find the conductor stability limit. This work proposes a new BAT algorithm for finding the optimal switching configurations using reconfiguration, which is used to minimize the active power losses. The proposed BAT algorithm gives the optimal locations to place the required amount of DG sources to improve the stability and minimize the power losses and maintain the voltage profile of the systems. The proposed BAT algorithm has been executed with the MATLAB 2016 software and compared with the differential evolution technique for IEEE 33 bus, IEEE 69 bus, and Indian real time 62 bus systems. The test results are applied on different conductors, and the real power flow on the different conductors are mapped in the proposed method using the novel voltage stability indicator. The radial distribution system has lower power losses, best voltage profile, cost of saving the DG source, optimal placing of a suitable rating of the DG source, optimal location of the DG source, and cost of saving the DG source which were  achieved in this work. In this research, the distributed load flow analysis is implemented to find the parameters by the forward-backward sweep algorithm. The minimum bus voltage 0.95 pu is virtual in all the conductors. The loss reduction in the DE for IEEE 33 bus has been reduced from 42.4% to 45.3% and the loss reduction in IEEE 69 bus from 36.2% to 38.8% and the real time 62 bus from 47.5% to 49.15%. The loss reduction in the BAT algorithm for IEEE 33 bus has been reduced from 38.46% to 45.3% and the loss reduction in IEEE 69 bus is from 32.2% to 38.8%. The Indian standard real time 62 bus has been reduced from 38.92% to 49.15%. The proposed results are compared with the DE and BAT algorithm. The proposed BAT algorithm is found to be more effectual in reducing voltage deviation (VD) and reducing the power losses in the system.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In today’s situations, the usage of electrical power has suddenly increased. The power system operation is very critical to operate. The power system is a very huge network for generation, transmission, and distribution to provide electricity to tail end consumers. Many components are interlinked from generation to consumer end. Each and every component has high cost, depending upon its size and operation. At present, the increase in electrical energy demand wants more priority given to the power distribution. However, the construction of new substations, new transmission systems, and construction of the new lines are major problems due to environmental issues and increasing costs. Nearly 30% to 37% of the supply has been lost including the components [1]. The power losses in the distribution systems are due to improper conductors, aged instruments, and improper operation of the systems.


## 2. Novel Voltage Stability Indicator

The assumptions made on the balanced three-phase line diagram are converted into a single-phase single line diagram in a radial distribution system. This single line diagram is used to find the real and reactive power flow, the real and reactive power losses, the bus voltages, and the angle of buses using the forward-backward sweep algorithm with a branch exchange method using a novel voltage stability indicator [2]. Normally, this branch exchange method is one of the greater methods to calculate the power flow and power losses of the entire network. Figure 1 shows the expressions of the two-bus system [3]. The line joins buses “i” and “j” and is demonstrated as a single line diagram. Current flows and voltage drop across the buses are easily found using recursive equations [4] with two assumptions: sending end voltage angle is zero, and the other is receiving end voltage angle δ [5].Figure 1
Single line diagram of the two-bus system for VSI.Let it be assumed that bus “i” is a slack bus; then, the current Iij is found by(1)Iij=Vi∠0−Vj∠δrij+jxij.The current flow equation is derived from active and reactive power flows as given below [6].(2)Sj=Vj∗Iij∗,Iij∗=SjVj.By using the receiving end powers, the current flowIij is(3)Pj−QjVj∗∠−δ=Iij∗.The abovementioned equations are current flow equations. These equations are used to calculate the apparent [7], active, and reactive power flows and power losses using the forward-backward sweep algorithm [8].“k” is the line number of the buses between “i” and “j.”(4)Plk=Iij2∗rij,Qlk=Iij2∗xij.The transmission line losses have been calculated from the power equations (9):(5)Pl=Iij2∗rij=Pi2+Qi2Vi2∗rij,Ql=Iij2∗xij=Pi2+Qi2Vi2∗xij.The complex equations have been modified [10].(6)pj+jQjrij+jxij=pi+jQirij+jxij−Iij2rij+jxijrij+jxij.The real and imaginary parts are separated and gives(7)Pjrij−Qjxij=Pirij−Qixij+Iij2rij2−xij2.Shortening the quadratic equation (11), the real roots found the constancy of the system.(8)Vj=1±1−4pirij−Qixij+pj2−Qj2rij2−xij2rijPL+Pi2rij2+Qi2rij22.The positive values are always assumed in the right-side quadratic term and compared with the minimum value of the remaining equation as [12].(9)1−4∗Pirij−Qixij+Pj2−Qj2rij2−xij2≥0.The value ofΔ=b2−4ac is differentiated to zero; the inner term is always zero of b2−4ac.Vj lies from zero to one, and it yields multiple indicators due to the real roots limitation. If the constraint lies below one and above zero [13], the system stability is determined. The system stability depends upon the real roots of the equations. Any system, if the power losses are increased, then the system will be unstable [14]. The system line losses are curtailed if the value of stability lies between zero and one.The novel voltage stability indicator equation has been presented as(10)4∗pirij−Qixij+Pj2−Qj2rij2−xij2=1.In this equation, the insufficient [15] of reactive power flow has been given below(11)VSI=4∗Pirij−Qixij+Pj2−Qj2rij2−xij2=1.In this research, the novel VSI has been derived and found the breaking point very clearly. The VSI value has been found and placed from zero to 1, so the system is pure stable [16]; otherwise, the system has been found unstable. If there is any sudden changes in the lines or sudden increase in the load, the VSI value increased more than one or decreased less than zero. The novel VSI is the best tool for determining the system conditions.


### 2.1. Soft Computing Techniques

Now, soft computing techniques are the greatest tool in the intelligence exposed by machines and softwares. The intelligent techniques are talented to think, reason, invent the meaning, simplify, extricate, learn from past familiarity, and correct their mistakes. Soft computing techniques are the cleverness of a proposed machine or computer which can achieve any rational assignment which a mortal being can achieve. The conventional techniques [17] are implemented in the area of analysis, design, and control of power systems. The conventional techniques are difficult and more complicated.The soft computing techniques are more critical to understand, intricate, flexible, and large amounts of statistics are used in the calculation for finding the faults and learning. The raise in the processing speed and computational time and accurate results are due to wide and vast system data management. The recent power system operations are near to the boundaries due to the sudden increasing energy consumption [18] and existing electrical transmission systems. This condition involves a less predictable power system operation, control, and design, which is probable only by constantly checking the system conditions in a much more detailed manner than required conditions [19]. Now, so many computer tools are available to solve difficult problems like power system planning, design, operation, analysis, and controls. Among these computer tools, soft computing techniques have been growing in the recent years and have been applied to power systems. Recent techniques are differential evolution and the BAT algorithm [20]A, which have been applied in this research to curtail the power losses.


## 2.1. Soft Computing Techniques

Now, soft computing techniques are the greatest tool in the intelligence exposed by machines and softwares. The intelligent techniques are talented to think, reason, invent the meaning, simplify, extricate, learn from past familiarity, and correct their mistakes. Soft computing techniques are the cleverness of a proposed machine or computer which can achieve any rational assignment which a mortal being can achieve. The conventional techniques [17] are implemented in the area of analysis, design, and control of power systems. The conventional techniques are difficult and more complicated.The soft computing techniques are more critical to understand, intricate, flexible, and large amounts of statistics are used in the calculation for finding the faults and learning. The raise in the processing speed and computational time and accurate results are due to wide and vast system data management. The recent power system operations are near to the boundaries due to the sudden increasing energy consumption [18] and existing electrical transmission systems. This condition involves a less predictable power system operation, control, and design, which is probable only by constantly checking the system conditions in a much more detailed manner than required conditions [19]. Now, so many computer tools are available to solve difficult problems like power system planning, design, operation, analysis, and controls. Among these computer tools, soft computing techniques have been growing in the recent years and have been applied to power systems. Recent techniques are differential evolution and the BAT algorithm [20]A, which have been applied in this research to curtail the power losses.


## 3. Differential Evolution

Differential evolution has been planned over 1994–1996 by Storm and Price at Berkeley as a new stochastic direct search optimization method. Several techniques have been used to reconfigure the systems to minimize the power losses. The soft computing techniques, artificial intelligence techniques, Genetic algorithms, Artificial Neural Network, Artificial Bee Colony, Particle Swarm Optimization, ant colony algorithms, fuzzy logic, Cuckoo Crunch algorithm, Harmony Search algorithm, CAT algorithm, and Grey Wolf algorithm are used for optimizing the power losses. Differential evolution is a proficient investigative process for search and optimization techniques. The differential evolution technique is a great tool, which is capable of handling non-differentiable and difficult optimization on large problems. DE is a real mutation method to ensure diversity and objective function directly. The standard DE is a group of characteristics for retention of the optimal result and information allocation within the population with a faster convergence rate because of one-to-one competition among the adequate issues with the consequential parent. The main advantages of differential evolution include parallel processing in nature, current global optimization proficiency, self-referential mutation operations, actual on integer, dissertate, and mixed constraint optimization. The main advantages of differential evolutions are the ability to handle nondifferentiable, noisily, time dependable autonomous function; tasks on flat surfaces; capacity to send many solutions in a single route and operative in nonlinear optimization problems with penalty problems; well-organized algorithm without sorting matrix multiplications; and fast and simple for applications and modifications [21]. The algorithm is similar to the principles with genetic algorithms, including four basic evolutionary steps of initialization, mutation, crossover, and selection. Standard differential evolution utilizes a random path to mutate individuals that may point to the capable area during the evolutionary process.


### 3.1. Initialization

The first stage is to develop a random initial population in “D” dimension and suppose “n” dimension with decision space; so, the individual “i” of differential evolution can be exemplified as follows [22](12)Xij,1=Xij2+randXijU−XijL,i=1,2,…,Np&j=1,2,…,D.XU/ij and XL/ij are the upper and lower limits of jth variable in the population. The above equation is the initial equation of the problem.


### 3.2. Mutation

The generation evolutionary target vector isXi,G,, i=1,2,....,Np; then, the mutation operations are as follows(13)Vi,G+1=Xr1,G+FXXr2,G−Xr3,G.The above equation is the mutation of the function.F is the scaling factor, always more than 1 that controls the strait of direction. Xr2,G−Xr3,G procedures a path that is the starting point of differential evolution and a reason for direction-based search. r1,r2,r3∈1,Np are the three cooperatively different numbers and also different from the successively index “i”. F is one of the main limits of differential evolution given as [0, 2].


### 3.3. Crossover

Increasing the diversity of the population, crossover equation is given below:(14)Uij,G+1=Vij,G+1,ifrandbj≤CRonj=rnbriXij,G,ifrandbj≥CRonj≠rnbri.The above equations are the crossover of the function, wherer and b (j) variable denotes an equally distributed random fraction with [0, 1] and also used to state limit governing the effect of crossover, r and j are randomly selected indexes to confirm that at least any one of the variables should be altered, and CR is a user-defined limit supervising the effect of crossover within the limit of b (0, 1). Uij,G+1 is not a duplicate of Xij,G.


### 3.4. Selection

The fresh individual is better than the original one. The new individual has to be an offspring for the new generation, and the original one is retained as the new generation.(15)Xi,G+1=Ui,G,Xi,G,iffXi,G>fUi,G,otherwise.The above equation is new individual of the function. The target vectorUI, G competes with Xi is called target vector survival of the succeeding generation. Mutation, crossover, and selection have been carried out for Np individuals in one generation. fUi,G is the suitability task. If the objective function value of the trail vector is better than the value of the individual vector, the trail vector will be selected as the new individual vector Xi,G of the next generation [17]. The single vector Xi,G is kept as the individual, and the vector Xi,G+1 is the succeeding generation. The optimization loop of DE tracks iteratively until the stop conditions are met.


## 3.1. Initialization

The first stage is to develop a random initial population in “D” dimension and suppose “n” dimension with decision space; so, the individual “i” of differential evolution can be exemplified as follows [22](12)Xij,1=Xij2+randXijU−XijL,i=1,2,…,Np&j=1,2,…,D.XU/ij and XL/ij are the upper and lower limits of jth variable in the population. The above equation is the initial equation of the problem.


## 3.2. Mutation

The generation evolutionary target vector isXi,G,, i=1,2,....,Np; then, the mutation operations are as follows(13)Vi,G+1=Xr1,G+FXXr2,G−Xr3,G.The above equation is the mutation of the function.F is the scaling factor, always more than 1 that controls the strait of direction. Xr2,G−Xr3,G procedures a path that is the starting point of differential evolution and a reason for direction-based search. r1,r2,r3∈1,Np are the three cooperatively different numbers and also different from the successively index “i”. F is one of the main limits of differential evolution given as [0, 2].


## 3.3. Crossover

Increasing the diversity of the population, crossover equation is given below:(14)Uij,G+1=Vij,G+1,ifrandbj≤CRonj=rnbriXij,G,ifrandbj≥CRonj≠rnbri.The above equations are the crossover of the function, wherer and b (j) variable denotes an equally distributed random fraction with [0, 1] and also used to state limit governing the effect of crossover, r and j are randomly selected indexes to confirm that at least any one of the variables should be altered, and CR is a user-defined limit supervising the effect of crossover within the limit of b (0, 1). Uij,G+1 is not a duplicate of Xij,G.


## 3.4. Selection

The fresh individual is better than the original one. The new individual has to be an offspring for the new generation, and the original one is retained as the new generation.(15)Xi,G+1=Ui,G,Xi,G,iffXi,G>fUi,G,otherwise.The above equation is new individual of the function. The target vectorUI, G competes with Xi is called target vector survival of the succeeding generation. Mutation, crossover, and selection have been carried out for Np individuals in one generation. fUi,G is the suitability task. If the objective function value of the trail vector is better than the value of the individual vector, the trail vector will be selected as the new individual vector Xi,G of the next generation [17]. The single vector Xi,G is kept as the individual, and the vector Xi,G+1 is the succeeding generation. The optimization loop of DE tracks iteratively until the stop conditions are met.


## 4. BAT Algorithm

The BAT algorithm is one of the soft computing techniques for optimizing the power losses and improve the stability of the system. It is a population-based evolutionary optimization problem [23] based on the voice or echolocation actions of natural bats in detecting their prey or food. Normally, bats emit sound called echolocation that they use to find the food or prey in and around them and detect their way even in full darkness. Bats are eye-catching animals, which have wings and advanced echolocation capability to detect their prey or food.(1)
Individual bat employs the echolocation practice to sense the distance, and they also recognize the difference between food/prey and background sprints in some mystic way using echolocation.(2)
Each bat fly in the direction ofxi flies randomly with the velocity Vi producing pulse with wavelength λ, frequency fmn, and loudness A0 to try to catch the prey.(3)
It is an ability to control the emitted pulse and adjust the rate of the emission of “r” range of [0, 1] believing the closeness of its aim.(4)
The loudness suggestions in all the ways decrease from the higher positionA0 to lower positionAmin.(5)
Further generating the initial accidental bat population, the objective function is calculated for all the bats, and theG best bat is stored.


### 4.1. Initialization of Population

Primarily, the population is the number of major bats for the BAT algorithm created randomly. Normally, the number of bats for this objective function is from 10 to 40. After succeeding to get the initial fitness of the population for an expected function, the values are based on the loudness, movement, and pulse rate.


### 4.2. Movement of Virtual Bats

In this BAT algorithm, the three rules for updating the positions and velocities of the virtual bats are as follows:(16)fi=fmin+fmax−fminβ,vit=Vit−1+xit−1−x∗fi,xit=xit−1+vit,where β, ∈[0, 1] is a random vector drawn from an even distribution and x∗[24] is the present total best solution among all the entire bats. New solution for all the bats using random march is given below.(17)xnew=xold+εAt,where “ε” is the topping factor in the range of [−1, 1]. Though At=Ait is e loudness of all the bats at this time step.


### 4.3. Loudness Values and Amount of Pulse Production

The volume and the pulse emission rates of each bat are updated with iteration using the dealings. The pulse rate is inversely proportional to loudness.(18)Aii+1=αAit,rit+1=ri01−exp−γ∗Iter,where α is a constant value. Iter is the number of iterations during the optimization processes and generally taken as 0.9. For any rate of 0 < α < 1, γ > 0, we have Ait⟶0,rit⟶0,ast⟶∞. The initial value of loudness A0 can be in the range of [0, 1]. While emission rate ri can be in the range of [0, 1], loudness and pulse rates are self-adjustable. DE and BAT algorithms can be used for designing the physical components of the power systems. It can be used to raise the efficiency of the apparatuses used in the power systems. DE and BAT algorithms can be abundantly used to grow a stable, accurate, and ambiguity-free output. The computer programs have executed the operations of the power system better than manually done [25]. Modifications are easily possible even after designing the computer programs. Any values coding has been modified and estimated virtually for improving the system stability. It is eternal and consistent, and it can be easily accepted for paper works. Some refining steps have been taken for a stable and acceptable system. Suppose the optimal conductor of RACCOON is used for power transmission.


## 4.1. Initialization of Population

Primarily, the population is the number of major bats for the BAT algorithm created randomly. Normally, the number of bats for this objective function is from 10 to 40. After succeeding to get the initial fitness of the population for an expected function, the values are based on the loudness, movement, and pulse rate.


## 4.2. Movement of Virtual Bats

In this BAT algorithm, the three rules for updating the positions and velocities of the virtual bats are as follows:(16)fi=fmin+fmax−fminβ,vit=Vit−1+xit−1−x∗fi,xit=xit−1+vit,where β, ∈[0, 1] is a random vector drawn from an even distribution and x∗[24] is the present total best solution among all the entire bats. New solution for all the bats using random march is given below.(17)xnew=xold+εAt,where “ε” is the topping factor in the range of [−1, 1]. Though At=Ait is e loudness of all the bats at this time step.


## 4.3. Loudness Values and Amount of Pulse Production

The volume and the pulse emission rates of each bat are updated with iteration using the dealings. The pulse rate is inversely proportional to loudness.(18)Aii+1=αAit,rit+1=ri01−exp−γ∗Iter,where α is a constant value. Iter is the number of iterations during the optimization processes and generally taken as 0.9. For any rate of 0 < α < 1, γ > 0, we have Ait⟶0,rit⟶0,ast⟶∞. The initial value of loudness A0 can be in the range of [0, 1]. While emission rate ri can be in the range of [0, 1], loudness and pulse rates are self-adjustable. DE and BAT algorithms can be used for designing the physical components of the power systems. It can be used to raise the efficiency of the apparatuses used in the power systems. DE and BAT algorithms can be abundantly used to grow a stable, accurate, and ambiguity-free output. The computer programs have executed the operations of the power system better than manually done [25]. Modifications are easily possible even after designing the computer programs. Any values coding has been modified and estimated virtually for improving the system stability. It is eternal and consistent, and it can be easily accepted for paper works. Some refining steps have been taken for a stable and acceptable system. Suppose the optimal conductor of RACCOON is used for power transmission.


## 5. Identify Optimum Location Using BAT Algorithms

A distribution system has many transmission lines for power transmission from one transformer to another transformer and transformer to the consumer extremity end. The name of the lines is called by animal names (manufacturer name) such as mole, squirrel, saber, weasel, dog, wolf, panther, zebra, beaver, leopard, lion, tiger, bear, goat, sheep, and camel [26]. Table 1 shows the technical specifications and parameters of the different lines. There are four conductors taken for this research such as raccoon, beaver, weasel, and rabbit. All the transmission lines are stranded, twisted, and aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR) [27]. Tables 2–6 show the stability point of different conductors. The different power factors have been implemented to calculate the stability point in the Raccoon conductor in the distribution systems as shown in Table 3. The apparent power of the transmission line is gradually increased, and at a particular point, the conductor reaches the instability limit; in this instability limit, the conductor may lose the stranded, or produce sparks or short circuit between the conductors. Using the novel voltage stability indicator equation, applying apparent power LMF (load multiplication factor) gradually increased the load from 1.0 pu. The value of voltage stability indicator (VSI) is obtained. If the VSI lies between 0 and 1, the system will be in stable condition and the power flow is easy. If the VSI lies between less than 0 and more than 1, the system will lead to instability. So, the transmission line creates problems of either losing the stranded or short circuits happen. Based on the VSI equation, stability limits of all four conductors have been found correctly and also implemented in the electricity board in real time. In any distribution system, the active power flow mainly depends on the load angle and the reactive power flow depends on the voltages of the buses.Table 1
Technical specification of different types of conductors.
S. no.Name of the conductorSize (mm)Size (inch)Copper area (sq. mm)R (Ω/km)XL (Ω/km)Current capacity1RACOON7/4.097/0.161480.3950.292002BEAVER7/3.997/0.157450.420.31893WEASEL7/2.597/0.102200.5870.3331004RABBIT7/3.357/0.132300.6850.347148Table 2
Simplified results of the conductor strength.
S.No.RACCONBEAVERWEASELRABBITLMFVSILMFVSILMFVSILMFVSI0.85 pf4.1450.99953.780.99833.900.99862.110.99980.9 pf5.0400.99994.560.99814.550.99812.370.99770.95 pf6.33390.99975.580.99855.370.99822.680.9919Table 3
Results of stability point of the RACCON conductor.
RACCONLMFVSI0.85 pf0.9 pf0.95 pf1.00.21810.17510.13611.50.33250.26690.20722.00.45070.36140.28032.50.57290.45920.35543.00.69830.55960.43253.50.82780.66270.51154.00.96090.76910.59274.1450.99960.78760.60824.50.87810.67615.00.98900.76135.040.99910.77495.0411.00070.78035.50.84866.00.93796.330.99756.341.0651Table 4
Stability points of the BEAVER conductor.
BEAVERLMFVSI0.85 pf0.9 pf0.95 pf1.00.23770.19270.15461.50.36360.29460.23582.00.49440.39910.31972.50.62980.50930.40633.00.77010.62220.49553.50.91510.73880.58753.780.99840.79540.63184.00.85910.68214.50.98340.77934.560.99820.78285.00.87935.50.98195.580.9988Table 5
Stability points of the WEASEL conductor.
WEASELLMFVSI0.85 pf0.9 pf0.95 pf1.00.22560.19050.16011.50.35160.28980.24452.00.47220.39720.33192.50.61030.62650.42233.00.73980.67020.51563.50.84640.69410.61193.780.99890.83350.70453.900.22560.85960.71114.50.94220.81334.540.99830.89204.550.19050.91855.20.99825.370.1601Table 6
Stability points of the RABBIT conductor.
RABBITLMFVSI0.85 pf0.9 pf0.95 pf1.00.43130.37990.33371.50.634860.28990.24462.00.93940.81950.71072.110.99990.89530.82482.370.99770.93742.680.9919


## 6. Reactive Power and Voltage Control

Reactive power control can enhance the power system’s voltage profile. Reactive power only control and enhance the power system’s stability, and the voltage stability is an insufficient reactive power flow or excess reactive power flow of the distribution systems. In this research, the voltage level of the test system decreased below the determined level on the buses node 11, node 34, and node 58 as shown in Table7. Before reconfiguration, the node voltages are below the stability value, and when the reactive power injected Table 8 on the same bus is at the appropriate level, the bus voltages are improved, then the system will go to the stability limit, at the same time, active power losses will also decrease and stability will be maintained. The two soft computing techniques DE and BAT have been applied for network reconfiguration and placing the reactive power injected in the instability buses are shown in Table 9 The voltage abnormality and supervisory variables are converted into DE and BAT algorithm symbolizations to construct the affairs between voltage deviation and the governing ability of the monitoring device. The generator excitation, transformer taps, and VAR compensators are the main control variables. DE and BAT algorithms are shaped to identify these control variables and their efforts. The calculation of the system reactive power demands and controls the strategies for setting up the reactive power control properties. The control variables are designated on the basis of local controllability towards a bus having undesirable voltage and overall controllability towards the buses having a low-voltage profile. The main parameters used for the BAT algorithm for this research are shown in Table 10.Table 7
Results of power losses of Indian 62 bus systems using the BAT algorithm.
TypeTie switches placedPLOSS (kW)QLOSS (KVAr)Min node voltagePower loss reductionProposed12–32, 36–48, 38–5763.4442.580.9357, node 11.38.92%BA(3 switches)kWKVAr0.9278, node 35.0.9391, node 58.Table 8
Switch position for test 62 bus systems for VSI.
S. no.Tie switch closedSectionalizing switches openedP loss (kW)Q loss (KVAr)112–32, 32–35, 34–4513–14, 29–28, 44–45128.1599.032251–54, 37–62, 19–2253–54, 14–15, 61–6279.9353.17312–32, 36–48, 38–57.15–16, 46–48, 51–38.63.4442.58Table 9
Results ofQ power injected to the real time system.
S. No.Q sourceRating KVArBus nodeMin node voltageBefore Reconfiguration1DG 10.7546Node 110.91562DG 20.8754Node 340.90483DG 30.2793Node 580.9182After Reconfiguration4DG 10.5432Node 110.93575DG 21.2786Node 340.92786DG 30.1972Node 580.9391Table 10
Main parameters for the systems after reconfiguration.
S. no.nA0r0fminfmax1550.480.46702.058


## 7. Conclusion

The radial distribution system has lower power losses, best voltage profile, cost of saving the DG source, optimal placing of a suitable rating of the DG source, and optimal location of the DG source, and cost of saving the DG source have been achieved in this work. Reconfiguration of the distribution system and optimal placement of the DG source have been done in fast convergence and saving the minimum cost level. There are two works carried out in this research that, one is the reconfiguration technique to find the electrical parameters of the system and another one is applied soft computing techniques for finding the optimal location and optimal sizes of DG source. DE and BAT algorithms have been executed, compared, and implemented in IEEE 33, IEEE 69, and Indian standard test system of 62 bus using the MATLAB 2016 software. In this research, the distribution load flow analysis was performed to find the parameters by the forward-backward sweep algorithm, reduction techniques, and branch exchange methods. Two standard systems IEEE 33 and IEEE 69 results have been achieved and implemented in the real time system of 62 bus Indian standard systems. In these results, the BAT algorithm has achieved the less cost of the DG source, optimal location of the DG source, improved voltage profile,and less active power losses. The loss reduction in the DE for IEEE 33 bus has been reduced from 42.4% to 45.3%, and the loss reduction in IEEE 69 bus from 36.2% to 38.8% and the real time 62 bus from 47.5% to 49.15%.The loss reduction in the BAT algorithm for IEEE 33 bus has been reduced from 38.46% to 45.3% and the loss reduction in IEEE 69 bus from 32.2% to 38.8% and the real time 62 bus from 38.92% to 49.15%. More numbers of research works have to be performed to achieve the power losses reduction. At last, network reconfiguration techniques using the FBS algorithm using reduction techniques has been faster than other load flow analysis. The BAT algorithm has been utilized to find optimal cost saving, optimal location finder, and suitable DG source injected compared to other soft computing techniques.



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