# Observation of the Clinical Correlation between Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Hypertensive Patients under Microscope Images

Authors: Na Wu
Journal: Journal of Sensors
 (2021)

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## Abstract

With the development of social science and technology and people’s demand for exploring the micro world, digital microscope technology came into being. Microscope image processing technology has been widely used in industrial micromanipulation, biomedicine, and cultural relic identification and preservation. In order to in-depth study the use of microscope image technology to observe the thickness of the carotid artery intima-media in hypertensive patients to find out whether it is feasible to explore many risk factors for cardiovascular development, this article uses data analysis, concept analysis, and graphic construction methods to collect samples, analyzed the image, streamlined the algorithm, and created a microscope image that can study its risk factors. The severity of hypertension, diabetes, and other factors affects the thickness of carotid arteries and cardiovascular diseases. The results show that the longer the duration of hypertension, the higher the central and peripheral blood pressure, the higher the height, and the higher the central blood pressure, which is relatively low. The detection rate of elevated central blood pressure is higher (76.8%). The second group (53.6%) and the third group (49.2%) (P<0.008); older age, the central blood pressure is relatively high, and the detection rate of central blood pressure increases (75.5%). It is higher than normal blood pressure (24.5%), so it can be concluded that hypertension not only affects central blood pressure but also peripheral blood; height and age are independent factors that affect central blood pressure. It is basically realized that starting from the microscope image, many risk factors of cardiovascular disease have been successfully analyzed.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Atherosclerosis is a disease in which a layer of lipids like millet atherosclerosis is deposited on the artery wall, which reduces the elasticity of the artery and narrows the lumen. Since atherosclerotic plaque is manifested as a sudden accumulation of lipids and necrotic tissue, it is often considered that atherosclerosis is a degenerative disease. Hypertension is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the field of cardiovascular diseases in the world. With the change of age, 70% of adults will suffer from hypertension before the age of 70. Not only that, but hypertension is also a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, renal failure, and stroke. The body has important physiological functions, and the use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors will inhibit this enzyme from performing normal physiological functions. The use of this drug can of course reduce the accumulation of lipids to a certain extent, but it will also cause the human’s own HMG-CoA enzyme to lose other physiological functions, and long-term use will affect the normal operation of the body. Therefore, it has caused a huge medical burden on human society. Although the incidence of hypertension is high, our understanding of its pathogenesis is still incomplete. With the continuous improvement of microscope technology, every time, the improvement of microscope technology promotes the emergence of major technologies in the field of biomedicine. With the development of computer technology, computer technology processing and analyzing microscopic images can meet human visual needs. The microscopic object image processed by the computer not only realizes the digitization but also is easier to transmit and save, so as to facilitate the subsequent analysis and processing of the object image. It can also better analyze the risk factors of hypertension.The heart is the basic power to maintain the blood circulation of the human body. When the human body is resting, about 20% of the capillaries are in an open and unobstructed state, which exerts pressure on the arteries and blood vessels. There have been many scholars in the relevant research. In 2016, Taheri et al. concluded that individuals on hemodialysis (HD) have a significant risk of heart disease and fatalities. Blood specimens were harvested from patients’ veins prior to the start of monthly routinized dialysis conferences. The frequency of CTNI levels in a nonsymptom HD patient is very low, and if this increase is found in the group, it may be considered a logo of the active CVD [1]. In the study, according to the computer-generated random number table, type 2 diabetes and 176 asymptomatic Fahrenheit patients were randomly divided into conventional or allopurinol treatment groups [2]. IMT carotid artery changes, biochemical markers, high-sensitivity C study, and compared the incidence of hs CRP and hypertension before and after treatment in the two groups [3, 4], the initial characteristics of the two groups were not statistically different (both P>0.05) [5, 6]. In addition to providing a report, the study did not meet the expected design goals and could not be used as an effective factual basis. Madisetty et al. aimed at evaluating with or without carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measurement. Prooxidant markers in plasma (e.g., oxaliplatin, triacetin, niacin, and transglutamine) in gerontological patients with or in the absence of CHD (CAD) may define the early hazard of CAD [7]. Disease and 50 CAD patients are with angiographic indications for 60 years [8, 9]. The control group consisted of 200 healthy individuals without risk factors [10, 11]. All subjects underwent CT scans, and CIMT was measured with hypersonography. The frequency of plasma and oxidative resistance markers (such as protein carbonyl, malondialdehyde, and total glutamic acid) was determined by spectrophotometry [12, 13] Although this research is rigorous, the reference experiment is still not enough and needs to be carried out.The cardiovascular risk factor for hypertension is complications. Prehypertension does not have many complications, but severe hypertension can cause heart failure and kidney disease. Patients with hypertension will have clinical symptoms of dizziness, nausea, and vomiting, and the susceptible population is middle-aged and elderly people, especially those over 50 years old. Hypertension (HTN) is probably the most common public health problem in developed countries [14, 15]. Rapid diagnosis and effective HTN treatment cannot really prevent the rapid death and morbidity caused by HTN [16, 17]. The change of blood vessel wall is one of the most important and fatal complications of HTN [18, 19]. By assessing the thickness of clothing and media, ultrasound can be used to assess this vascular wall disease [20]. The purpose of this study was to compare the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) between hypertensive patients and the control group [21, 22]. In a case study, there are 43 patients with documented primary HTN and 43 healthy individuals as witnesses [23]. Controlled by drug management [24, 25], with an average age of 53.9 years, Saburia assessed the average contact thickness (IMT) of the internal carotid and common carotid arteries and the outer midline [26, 27]. The study selected too few use cases to fully prove the case.This article studies the correlation between blood pressure, age, and height of noninvasive centers in patients with hypertension and analyzes the effects of different ages and different height levels on hypertension, which should be paid attention to in clinical practice. The age and height of patients with hypertension and central blood pressure provide better clinical guidance for the prevention and treatment of hypertension [28].


## 2. Research Method of Clinical Correlation between Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Hypertension

### 2.1. Detection of Noninvasive Central Arterial Pressure

Trained professional technicians measure the basic information of the patient, such as age, gender, height, and weight. The catheter pressure catheter of the arterial pulse analyzer is placed in the left artery of the radial bone to find the strongest point of finding bone aging. Automatically collect the signal from the pressure artery pressure wave, record the S artery pulse of the artery for at least 11 s in real time, and then convert it to the central artery pressure by computer software.


### 2.2. Two-Way Entry Method of Statistical Medical Examination Data

Upload the data of these three physical examinations to the service provider of the physical examination center of Kailu General Hospital through the network to create an oracle 10.2 g database and use effect 3.0 to create the carotid ultrasound database SPSS 13.0 and sas 9. Using 3 samples for statistical analysis, the measurement data according to the normal distribution (including the nonnormal distribution measurement data after logarithmic conversion to the normal distribution) is expressed as the averageμ·standard deviation (x±s). The independent t test was used for comparison, the difference between the two groups was compared by analysis of variance, the measurement data was expressed as a percentage (%), and the percentage was compared by the test x2. Multiple linear regression has effectively analyzed the linear relationship between CMSP and CIMT. At the same time, the variable inflation rate (VIF) is calculated on the scale of the multivariate linear regression model to diagnose conflicts between independent variables. The correlation between cumulative hypertension and CIMT was analyzed by a multiple regression model. P<0.05 (two-way test) is statistically significant. For information on BP from only one missing data for all three blood examinations, that data was used. Sensitivity profiling of the mean of the aggregate blood pressures scores in the other two body checks: sensitivity profiling was conducted after removing any outstanding blood pressure information, given the effect of missing value substitution on the study results.


### 2.3. Patient Selection and Quality Control

(1)
The selection bias is in strict compliance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria and follows the principles of voluntary and informed consent(2)
Information Publicity. Unified and standardized training for the personnel of the participating hospitals, requiring the medical personnel to strictly follow the relevant principles of the medical examination procedures of the research project, and qualitatively control the questionnaire. Under the guidance of relevant professionals, refer to domestic and foreign. The design plan of major clinical trials designed the epidemiological questionnaire and completed, revised, and perfected the questionnaire before completing the questionnaire. Kailu General Hospital conducted a training for the medical examiners who participated in the questionnaire to clearly fill out the purpose of the questionnaire and understand the content of the questionnaire. The training content mainly includes the training of researchers, preresearch evaluation, and evaluation of complex data(3)
Quality Control of Physical Examination. All partner hospitals are equipped with the same brand and model of pulse pressure gauge, weight scale, and B-ultrasonic examination instrument. Before the medical examination, the relevant professionals conduct comprehensive calibration, merge and standardize training, and determine the measurement personnel in the same hospital. Before each medical examination, the quality control personnel should calibrate the relevant instruments used for medical examination and check whether there are any instruments. In order to avoid the influence of noise and temperature changes on the accuracy of blood pressure measurement, please measure the blood pressure in a quiet room with constant room temperature(4)
Laboratory Quality Control. Serial number and control of blood samples for biochemical analysis within a limited time, strict requirements for using the same batch of test reagents, and the same type of biochemical analyzer in the same laboratory. Ensure samples and double-blind testing, as well as effective quality control and random testing of laboratory test conditions(5)
Quality Control of Survey Data. The medical examination data of each partner hospital were input by two professionals in parallel and corrected logically. Then, Oracle creates the database, and the data is rigorously tested and verified by professional statisticians. All data were transferred to the physical examination center of Kailu General Hospital, created in DBF format, and classified by professional statisticians, using SPSS 13.0 and sas 9.3 for statistical analysis(6)
Comparison of Prejudice. Strict control of the criteria for inclusion of the research object; in the statistical analysis stage, multiple regression models, linear regression models, and linear regression models were used to analyze the correlation between cumulative hypertension and intima-media carotid artery thickness. In order to exclude the influence of loss value processing on the research results, a sensitivity analysis was conducted


### 2.4. Overview of Confocal Microscopy and Image Algorithms

Atherosclerosis is a disease that affects the intima of the systemic circulatory system from large elastic type (such as aorta) to medium elastic type (such as epicardial coronary artery). It is characterized by plaque formation in the arterial intima (although plaque can fuse in severe cases). The composition of each plaque is different. Lipids are the basic components of atherosclerotic plaques. Intimal thickening is not strictly an atherosclerotic plaque, but an adaptive response of the vascular intima to mechanical damage. In 2017, Eileen Flores of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, USA, used video capture and video mosaic reflection confocal microscope (RCM) as an emerging tool to detect residual basal cell carcinoma by detecting the periphery of diseased skin cells and deep skin edges with squamous cell carcinoma, as well as observe the characteristics of normal skin nuclei and cell morphology, to assess the margin of cancer in Mohs microsurgery. In 2015, RT at Stanford University in the United States developed a spherical aberration-assisted extended depth of field (SPED) light-sheet microscope, which combines a large-volume field of view with extended depth of field and optical sectioning of the light-sheet microscope, eliminating the need for physical scanning volume imaging detection targets. The system schematic diagram is shown as in Figure1.Figure 1
SPED microscope system schematic.As can be seen from Figure1, SPED can scan thousands of samples by using optical mechanisms that usually cause unwanted spherical aberrations, only limited by the camera’s acquisition rate. Demonstrate the capabilities of SPED microscopy by performing rapid subcellular resolution imaging of the mouse brain and cell resolution volume imaging of the entire zebrafish nervous system. The SPED light-sheet method together realizes the high-speed cell-resolution volume mapping of the structure and function of the biological system. The further framework of the system is shown in Figure 2. https://www.ixueshu.com/document/79da8b70f0a1bdba79f84c2e486871f9318947a18e7f9386.html.Figure 2
Further frame structure.It can be seen from Figure2 that we will study its application characteristics again and use the characteristics of microscopic images to reduce high-frequency parts such as water stains and dust spots through a low-pass Gaussian filter, while retaining the low-frequency parts of the image. In Figure 3, the first and third images are the results of the IG method, and the second and fourth images are the results of the improved IG method.Figure 3
Phytoplankton saliency maps.It can be seen from Figure3 that the experimental results show that the saliency map method not only retains a good edge definition but also highlights the entire cell. As expected, the cell part is highlighted. The use of Gaussian low-pass filter and saturation can improve the visual effect, and it is more. The IG method also has higher accuracy.In 2016, Zhejiang University proposed a new on-board measurement system based on the principle of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) in order to meet the demand for precise shape control of manufacturing microstructures. The system is compactly installed on a diamond lathe and can measure microstructures with steep slopes and tens of microns in size on the machine, which is very challenging for general offline measurement methods. The system schematic diagram is shown as in Figure4.Figure 4
A new on-board measurement system based on STM principle.It can be seen from Figure4 that the experimental results show that the measurement system is not only simple to configure but also has high accuracy.Optical micromeasurement belongs to the category of noncontact measurement, and it is also a major application in micromanipulation. According to the geometric relationship of binocular vision, the thickness of the object to be measured can be calculated. The height calculation principle diagram is shown in 5.It can be seen from Figure5 that the experimental results show that the measurement error in the Z direction is 1.51% to 7.71%, which indicates that the method can measure the height of tiny objects beyond the depth of field within the tolerance error range.Figure 5
Height calculation principle diagram.Requirements before testing: the inspection body must meet the following requirements: the correct fixing device to prevent damage due to the rapid rotation of the object; the light wave of the lighting system must have no phototoxic effect; the method of effective heat dissipation or control of the start time must be used to prevent catheter overheating and examiner’s corneal burns due to prolonged startup; effective exposure time and control test time (twice) the subject’s eyes should not be exposed to the prescribed light intensity; the device should have good real-time image resolution, in order to prevent the influence of the aircraft caused by the rotation of the inspector; the generated image should have a high contrast.The examination requirements for the examiner include: there is no systemic organic damage that can cause eye movements, such as organic damage to the heart and lung function. Even if there is organic damage, it should have a slight impact on the test; it should not be. Allergic to anesthetics on the surface of the eyes, they must have a certain fixation ability and can be used in conjunction with the test.Inspection environment requirements: the inspection should be carried out in a separate room, which should be quiet and comfortable to prevent external factors from interfering with the inspection; the ambient light intensity should be kept constant to avoid affecting visual function. Special examination: local anesthesia with Alcon eye drops and eyelid placement. During the examination, the patient is required to fix the mandible and forehead, adjust the position, and direct the patient to focus. Place the patient on a cone-shaped target 40 times deeper (achroplan, 40/0.75) in front of the patient. The robot control arm of the examiner’s control device is adjusted to two lateral (x,y) and a flat sagittal axis (Z), and the lens are toward the tip where the gel contacts the central area of the cornea. The distance between the lens and the cornea is 1.98. Please note that the objective lens must not come into contact with the corneal epithelium. The X, y, and Z positions of each image will be recorded. When the endothelial image is clearly displayed on the screen, the image will be recorded. Adjust the control arm to achieve diffuse endothelial cell reflex to visualize endothelial cells. Activate the write button on the control arm to automatically (automatically) capture the image and scan the corneal cells in each layer so that the image can be displayed quickly. The scan time is set to four times, and the total scan time is 1 minute. Approximately 350 images were taken with an exposure time of 20 each. After completing this procedure, an image of the complete thickness of the corneal cells of each patient was taken. The obtained image corresponds to a cross-section of the cornea of 450×340μm, with a lateral resolution of 1 μm and a thickness of 10 μm. The image is displayed on a 15-inch LCD screen (1024×768 pixels) at a magnification of 500 times. Each person repeated the test 3 times and then checked the appropriate image storage space.Image resolution:Z-scan is used to capture images taken at the same thickness. The density of corneal epithelial cells and endothelial cells and the ratio of heterosexual cells in the central area were measured by Navis image analysis software. Observe and analyze the morphology of subepithelial nerve fibers and the penetration of Langerhans cells. In order to avoid measurement errors, a double-blind examination was performed by two doctors.Based on the improvement of the abovementioned theory, a brief introduction to the image algorithm is now given. The camera imaging model can be simplified to a small hole imaging model under ideal conditions. The camera itself is a lens, so its imaging relationship can be regarded as linear. The linear imaging model is shown in Figure6.Figure 6
The linear camera mode.The linear model of the camera shown in Figure6 contains four different levels of coordinate system information: the world coordinate system, the camera coordinate system, the imaging plane coordinate system, and the image pixel coordinates. The feature of small hole imaging is that light travels in a straight line, and light of various colors can be imaged after passing through the small hole. If the object is colored, the image is also colored, and the image is exactly the same color as the object. When a small hole is imaged, the sharpness of the image is related to the size of the small hole and has nothing to do with the shape of the small hole.From this figure, the following formula can be obtained from the principle of similar triangles:(1)a=lazcz,b=lbzcz,c=lzbza.Formula (1) can be transformed into the homogeneous relationship between the camera coordinate system and the imaging plane coordinate system based on the related matrix knowledge. The formula is as follows:
(2)czab1=l0000l0000100010azbzcz1.In the formula,l is expressed as a constant. Combined with the description of Figure 6, the homogeneous coordinates from the imaging plane to the image coordinate system are expressed as follows:
(3)vm1=1wa0v001wbm0001ab1.According to the relationship between the imaging plane and the image coordinate system, the following formula can be obtained:(4)v−v0=awa=taa,m−mo=bwb=tbb.Among them,ta=1/watb=1/wb represents the sampling frequency, that is, the number of pixels per unit physical length. Therefore, the relationship between the image and the camera coordinates can be expressed as:
(5)v−v0=ltaac=laac,m−m0=ltbbc=lbbc.Among them,la=ltalb=ltb represents the focal length. The camera coordinate system can be obtained by translation and rotation of the world coordinate system. The homogeneous coordinate relationship between the world coordinates and the camera coordinates is expressed as:
(6)azbzcz1=esps1adbdcd1.The translation vectors and the rotation matrix e are the external parameters of the camera. The relationship between the world coordinate system and the image coordinate system is expressed as:
(7)al=v−v0la=e11ad+e12bde31ad+e32bd+sa.Many graphic applications involve geometric transformations, including translation, rotation, and scaling. When calculating these transformations with matrix expressions, translation is matrix addition, rotation and scaling are matrix multiplications, and different values ofh in homogeneous coordinates represent the same point. Converted to homogeneous coordinates expressed as:
(8)czvm1=hesadbdcd=hnadbdcd,wheren is the external parameter matrix, and h is the internal parameter matrix.The initial high-resolution spectrum is intercepted at the corresponding incident angle to generate the complex amplitude distribution of the low-resolution target. The formula is as follows:(9)pk,n,ofv,m=pkv−vn,m−mnqkv,m,(10)qk,n,of=l−1qk,n,ofv,m,whereqk,n,ofv,m represents the frequency spectrum of the nth row and the oth column, and the update formula is as follows:
(11)qk,n,ova,b=un,oza,ba,ba,b.z is the collected image, and v is the updated target spectrum and target complex amplitude.
(12)qk,n,ovv,m=lqk,n,ova,bqkv,m,(13)pkv−vn,o,m−mn,o=pkv−vn,o,m−mn,o−pk,n,ofv,m.Among them, the spectrum of the corresponding update target complex amplitude distribution of the LED in thenth row and the oth column is p. Commonly used point spread function models are as follows:Disc model:(14)ga,b=1ϖe2a2+b2≤e2,0another.Gaussian model:(15)ga,b=1θρ2uzi−a2+b2ρ2.There are formula geometric relations to know:(16)aix′bix′=aixbix,aiy′biy′=aiybiy.Combining formula (15) and formula (16) can derive the following formula:
(17)aix′=bix′aixbix,aiy′=biy′aiybiy,1bix′=1l−1bix,1biy′=1l.A special color-coded lens is used to generate axial dispersion output for visible light, the confocal return lightwave signal is analyzed by a spectral analyzer, and finally, the workpiece displacement measurement value is calculated through the wavelength and displacement conversion curve. The confocal displacement sensor adopts the coaxial optical path design, and there is no problem similar to the point laser triangulation measurement that the light is blocked and cannot be measured during measurement.(18)sinθ=biy−bixaiy−aix,cosλ=biy′−bix′aiy′−aix′,(19)cosλ=biy′aiy′=ll+n∗cosϑ=hsinρ.Among them,h=l/l+n is a constant. Assume that the focal plane space equation and the plane angle formula are as follows:
(20)c=xa+yb+z+∑kio=1,(21)sinθ=x1xe+yiye+zizexi2+yi2+zi2.The formula for the distance between the left and right focus planes corresponding to the fitting point is as follows:(22)w¯=∑u=1na−ae2+b−be2+c−ce2nu=1.2.⋯.n.Obtain the sum of squares of the gradient vector of the image by the Sobel operator, andg and d are the height and width of the image.
(23)lmelody=∑g∑dtaa,b2+tba,b2.The templates of the Sobel operator in the horizontal and vertical directions are(24)‐10.10.5‐20.11.5‐0.50.10.5+0.51.50.50.10.10.1‐0.5‐1.5‐0.5.Count the sum of the number of pixels whose gray value is higher than the threshold range.(25)lportray=∑g∑dla,b+lc,d.Among them,lportray is the final value.


## 2.1. Detection of Noninvasive Central Arterial Pressure

Trained professional technicians measure the basic information of the patient, such as age, gender, height, and weight. The catheter pressure catheter of the arterial pulse analyzer is placed in the left artery of the radial bone to find the strongest point of finding bone aging. Automatically collect the signal from the pressure artery pressure wave, record the S artery pulse of the artery for at least 11 s in real time, and then convert it to the central artery pressure by computer software.


## 2.2. Two-Way Entry Method of Statistical Medical Examination Data

Upload the data of these three physical examinations to the service provider of the physical examination center of Kailu General Hospital through the network to create an oracle 10.2 g database and use effect 3.0 to create the carotid ultrasound database SPSS 13.0 and sas 9. Using 3 samples for statistical analysis, the measurement data according to the normal distribution (including the nonnormal distribution measurement data after logarithmic conversion to the normal distribution) is expressed as the averageμ·standard deviation (x±s). The independent t test was used for comparison, the difference between the two groups was compared by analysis of variance, the measurement data was expressed as a percentage (%), and the percentage was compared by the test x2. Multiple linear regression has effectively analyzed the linear relationship between CMSP and CIMT. At the same time, the variable inflation rate (VIF) is calculated on the scale of the multivariate linear regression model to diagnose conflicts between independent variables. The correlation between cumulative hypertension and CIMT was analyzed by a multiple regression model. P<0.05 (two-way test) is statistically significant. For information on BP from only one missing data for all three blood examinations, that data was used. Sensitivity profiling of the mean of the aggregate blood pressures scores in the other two body checks: sensitivity profiling was conducted after removing any outstanding blood pressure information, given the effect of missing value substitution on the study results.


## 2.3. Patient Selection and Quality Control

(1)
The selection bias is in strict compliance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria and follows the principles of voluntary and informed consent(2)
Information Publicity. Unified and standardized training for the personnel of the participating hospitals, requiring the medical personnel to strictly follow the relevant principles of the medical examination procedures of the research project, and qualitatively control the questionnaire. Under the guidance of relevant professionals, refer to domestic and foreign. The design plan of major clinical trials designed the epidemiological questionnaire and completed, revised, and perfected the questionnaire before completing the questionnaire. Kailu General Hospital conducted a training for the medical examiners who participated in the questionnaire to clearly fill out the purpose of the questionnaire and understand the content of the questionnaire. The training content mainly includes the training of researchers, preresearch evaluation, and evaluation of complex data(3)
Quality Control of Physical Examination. All partner hospitals are equipped with the same brand and model of pulse pressure gauge, weight scale, and B-ultrasonic examination instrument. Before the medical examination, the relevant professionals conduct comprehensive calibration, merge and standardize training, and determine the measurement personnel in the same hospital. Before each medical examination, the quality control personnel should calibrate the relevant instruments used for medical examination and check whether there are any instruments. In order to avoid the influence of noise and temperature changes on the accuracy of blood pressure measurement, please measure the blood pressure in a quiet room with constant room temperature(4)
Laboratory Quality Control. Serial number and control of blood samples for biochemical analysis within a limited time, strict requirements for using the same batch of test reagents, and the same type of biochemical analyzer in the same laboratory. Ensure samples and double-blind testing, as well as effective quality control and random testing of laboratory test conditions(5)
Quality Control of Survey Data. The medical examination data of each partner hospital were input by two professionals in parallel and corrected logically. Then, Oracle creates the database, and the data is rigorously tested and verified by professional statisticians. All data were transferred to the physical examination center of Kailu General Hospital, created in DBF format, and classified by professional statisticians, using SPSS 13.0 and sas 9.3 for statistical analysis(6)
Comparison of Prejudice. Strict control of the criteria for inclusion of the research object; in the statistical analysis stage, multiple regression models, linear regression models, and linear regression models were used to analyze the correlation between cumulative hypertension and intima-media carotid artery thickness. In order to exclude the influence of loss value processing on the research results, a sensitivity analysis was conducted


## 2.4. Overview of Confocal Microscopy and Image Algorithms

Atherosclerosis is a disease that affects the intima of the systemic circulatory system from large elastic type (such as aorta) to medium elastic type (such as epicardial coronary artery). It is characterized by plaque formation in the arterial intima (although plaque can fuse in severe cases). The composition of each plaque is different. Lipids are the basic components of atherosclerotic plaques. Intimal thickening is not strictly an atherosclerotic plaque, but an adaptive response of the vascular intima to mechanical damage. In 2017, Eileen Flores of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, USA, used video capture and video mosaic reflection confocal microscope (RCM) as an emerging tool to detect residual basal cell carcinoma by detecting the periphery of diseased skin cells and deep skin edges with squamous cell carcinoma, as well as observe the characteristics of normal skin nuclei and cell morphology, to assess the margin of cancer in Mohs microsurgery. In 2015, RT at Stanford University in the United States developed a spherical aberration-assisted extended depth of field (SPED) light-sheet microscope, which combines a large-volume field of view with extended depth of field and optical sectioning of the light-sheet microscope, eliminating the need for physical scanning volume imaging detection targets. The system schematic diagram is shown as in Figure1.Figure 1
SPED microscope system schematic.As can be seen from Figure1, SPED can scan thousands of samples by using optical mechanisms that usually cause unwanted spherical aberrations, only limited by the camera’s acquisition rate. Demonstrate the capabilities of SPED microscopy by performing rapid subcellular resolution imaging of the mouse brain and cell resolution volume imaging of the entire zebrafish nervous system. The SPED light-sheet method together realizes the high-speed cell-resolution volume mapping of the structure and function of the biological system. The further framework of the system is shown in Figure 2. https://www.ixueshu.com/document/79da8b70f0a1bdba79f84c2e486871f9318947a18e7f9386.html.Figure 2
Further frame structure.It can be seen from Figure2 that we will study its application characteristics again and use the characteristics of microscopic images to reduce high-frequency parts such as water stains and dust spots through a low-pass Gaussian filter, while retaining the low-frequency parts of the image. In Figure 3, the first and third images are the results of the IG method, and the second and fourth images are the results of the improved IG method.Figure 3
Phytoplankton saliency maps.It can be seen from Figure3 that the experimental results show that the saliency map method not only retains a good edge definition but also highlights the entire cell. As expected, the cell part is highlighted. The use of Gaussian low-pass filter and saturation can improve the visual effect, and it is more. The IG method also has higher accuracy.In 2016, Zhejiang University proposed a new on-board measurement system based on the principle of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) in order to meet the demand for precise shape control of manufacturing microstructures. The system is compactly installed on a diamond lathe and can measure microstructures with steep slopes and tens of microns in size on the machine, which is very challenging for general offline measurement methods. The system schematic diagram is shown as in Figure4.Figure 4
A new on-board measurement system based on STM principle.It can be seen from Figure4 that the experimental results show that the measurement system is not only simple to configure but also has high accuracy.Optical micromeasurement belongs to the category of noncontact measurement, and it is also a major application in micromanipulation. According to the geometric relationship of binocular vision, the thickness of the object to be measured can be calculated. The height calculation principle diagram is shown in 5.It can be seen from Figure5 that the experimental results show that the measurement error in the Z direction is 1.51% to 7.71%, which indicates that the method can measure the height of tiny objects beyond the depth of field within the tolerance error range.Figure 5
Height calculation principle diagram.Requirements before testing: the inspection body must meet the following requirements: the correct fixing device to prevent damage due to the rapid rotation of the object; the light wave of the lighting system must have no phototoxic effect; the method of effective heat dissipation or control of the start time must be used to prevent catheter overheating and examiner’s corneal burns due to prolonged startup; effective exposure time and control test time (twice) the subject’s eyes should not be exposed to the prescribed light intensity; the device should have good real-time image resolution, in order to prevent the influence of the aircraft caused by the rotation of the inspector; the generated image should have a high contrast.The examination requirements for the examiner include: there is no systemic organic damage that can cause eye movements, such as organic damage to the heart and lung function. Even if there is organic damage, it should have a slight impact on the test; it should not be. Allergic to anesthetics on the surface of the eyes, they must have a certain fixation ability and can be used in conjunction with the test.Inspection environment requirements: the inspection should be carried out in a separate room, which should be quiet and comfortable to prevent external factors from interfering with the inspection; the ambient light intensity should be kept constant to avoid affecting visual function. Special examination: local anesthesia with Alcon eye drops and eyelid placement. During the examination, the patient is required to fix the mandible and forehead, adjust the position, and direct the patient to focus. Place the patient on a cone-shaped target 40 times deeper (achroplan, 40/0.75) in front of the patient. The robot control arm of the examiner’s control device is adjusted to two lateral (x,y) and a flat sagittal axis (Z), and the lens are toward the tip where the gel contacts the central area of the cornea. The distance between the lens and the cornea is 1.98. Please note that the objective lens must not come into contact with the corneal epithelium. The X, y, and Z positions of each image will be recorded. When the endothelial image is clearly displayed on the screen, the image will be recorded. Adjust the control arm to achieve diffuse endothelial cell reflex to visualize endothelial cells. Activate the write button on the control arm to automatically (automatically) capture the image and scan the corneal cells in each layer so that the image can be displayed quickly. The scan time is set to four times, and the total scan time is 1 minute. Approximately 350 images were taken with an exposure time of 20 each. After completing this procedure, an image of the complete thickness of the corneal cells of each patient was taken. The obtained image corresponds to a cross-section of the cornea of 450×340μm, with a lateral resolution of 1 μm and a thickness of 10 μm. The image is displayed on a 15-inch LCD screen (1024×768 pixels) at a magnification of 500 times. Each person repeated the test 3 times and then checked the appropriate image storage space.Image resolution:Z-scan is used to capture images taken at the same thickness. The density of corneal epithelial cells and endothelial cells and the ratio of heterosexual cells in the central area were measured by Navis image analysis software. Observe and analyze the morphology of subepithelial nerve fibers and the penetration of Langerhans cells. In order to avoid measurement errors, a double-blind examination was performed by two doctors.Based on the improvement of the abovementioned theory, a brief introduction to the image algorithm is now given. The camera imaging model can be simplified to a small hole imaging model under ideal conditions. The camera itself is a lens, so its imaging relationship can be regarded as linear. The linear imaging model is shown in Figure6.Figure 6
The linear camera mode.The linear model of the camera shown in Figure6 contains four different levels of coordinate system information: the world coordinate system, the camera coordinate system, the imaging plane coordinate system, and the image pixel coordinates. The feature of small hole imaging is that light travels in a straight line, and light of various colors can be imaged after passing through the small hole. If the object is colored, the image is also colored, and the image is exactly the same color as the object. When a small hole is imaged, the sharpness of the image is related to the size of the small hole and has nothing to do with the shape of the small hole.From this figure, the following formula can be obtained from the principle of similar triangles:(1)a=lazcz,b=lbzcz,c=lzbza.Formula (1) can be transformed into the homogeneous relationship between the camera coordinate system and the imaging plane coordinate system based on the related matrix knowledge. The formula is as follows:
(2)czab1=l0000l0000100010azbzcz1.In the formula,l is expressed as a constant. Combined with the description of Figure 6, the homogeneous coordinates from the imaging plane to the image coordinate system are expressed as follows:
(3)vm1=1wa0v001wbm0001ab1.According to the relationship between the imaging plane and the image coordinate system, the following formula can be obtained:(4)v−v0=awa=taa,m−mo=bwb=tbb.Among them,ta=1/watb=1/wb represents the sampling frequency, that is, the number of pixels per unit physical length. Therefore, the relationship between the image and the camera coordinates can be expressed as:
(5)v−v0=ltaac=laac,m−m0=ltbbc=lbbc.Among them,la=ltalb=ltb represents the focal length. The camera coordinate system can be obtained by translation and rotation of the world coordinate system. The homogeneous coordinate relationship between the world coordinates and the camera coordinates is expressed as:
(6)azbzcz1=esps1adbdcd1.The translation vectors and the rotation matrix e are the external parameters of the camera. The relationship between the world coordinate system and the image coordinate system is expressed as:
(7)al=v−v0la=e11ad+e12bde31ad+e32bd+sa.Many graphic applications involve geometric transformations, including translation, rotation, and scaling. When calculating these transformations with matrix expressions, translation is matrix addition, rotation and scaling are matrix multiplications, and different values ofh in homogeneous coordinates represent the same point. Converted to homogeneous coordinates expressed as:
(8)czvm1=hesadbdcd=hnadbdcd,wheren is the external parameter matrix, and h is the internal parameter matrix.The initial high-resolution spectrum is intercepted at the corresponding incident angle to generate the complex amplitude distribution of the low-resolution target. The formula is as follows:(9)pk,n,ofv,m=pkv−vn,m−mnqkv,m,(10)qk,n,of=l−1qk,n,ofv,m,whereqk,n,ofv,m represents the frequency spectrum of the nth row and the oth column, and the update formula is as follows:
(11)qk,n,ova,b=un,oza,ba,ba,b.z is the collected image, and v is the updated target spectrum and target complex amplitude.
(12)qk,n,ovv,m=lqk,n,ova,bqkv,m,(13)pkv−vn,o,m−mn,o=pkv−vn,o,m−mn,o−pk,n,ofv,m.Among them, the spectrum of the corresponding update target complex amplitude distribution of the LED in thenth row and the oth column is p. Commonly used point spread function models are as follows:Disc model:(14)ga,b=1ϖe2a2+b2≤e2,0another.Gaussian model:(15)ga,b=1θρ2uzi−a2+b2ρ2.There are formula geometric relations to know:(16)aix′bix′=aixbix,aiy′biy′=aiybiy.Combining formula (15) and formula (16) can derive the following formula:
(17)aix′=bix′aixbix,aiy′=biy′aiybiy,1bix′=1l−1bix,1biy′=1l.A special color-coded lens is used to generate axial dispersion output for visible light, the confocal return lightwave signal is analyzed by a spectral analyzer, and finally, the workpiece displacement measurement value is calculated through the wavelength and displacement conversion curve. The confocal displacement sensor adopts the coaxial optical path design, and there is no problem similar to the point laser triangulation measurement that the light is blocked and cannot be measured during measurement.(18)sinθ=biy−bixaiy−aix,cosλ=biy′−bix′aiy′−aix′,(19)cosλ=biy′aiy′=ll+n∗cosϑ=hsinρ.Among them,h=l/l+n is a constant. Assume that the focal plane space equation and the plane angle formula are as follows:
(20)c=xa+yb+z+∑kio=1,(21)sinθ=x1xe+yiye+zizexi2+yi2+zi2.The formula for the distance between the left and right focus planes corresponding to the fitting point is as follows:(22)w¯=∑u=1na−ae2+b−be2+c−ce2nu=1.2.⋯.n.Obtain the sum of squares of the gradient vector of the image by the Sobel operator, andg and d are the height and width of the image.
(23)lmelody=∑g∑dtaa,b2+tba,b2.The templates of the Sobel operator in the horizontal and vertical directions are(24)‐10.10.5‐20.11.5‐0.50.10.5+0.51.50.50.10.10.1‐0.5‐1.5‐0.5.Count the sum of the number of pixels whose gray value is higher than the threshold range.(25)lportray=∑g∑dla,b+lc,d.Among them,lportray is the final value.


## 3. Experiment of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Hypertension

### 3.1. Experimental Background

Carotid atherosclerosis and plaque are very dangerous. If they are not controlled, they will easily cause the plaque to expand and fall off, leading to blockage of blood vessels, cerebral infarction, and other deaths. The subjects started fasting and drinking water at 22 : 00 the day before blood collection and fasted 5 ml in the blood of the elbows of the upper limbs in the morning. The following indicators were measured by our laboratory’s laboratory automatic biochemical analyzer: creatinine (Cr, reference value: 41-109,9 mol/L), uric acid (UA, reference value: 208-428 9 mol/L), glyceride (TG) glycerin triester (TG).Methods: a total of 108 patients with ACI caused by symptoms were collected. The general information of patients (height, weight, age, gender, etc.) was collected, and all patients were asked if they had history of hypertension, diabetes, stroke, and smoking. Based on the medical information previously provided by the patient, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke were confirmed, and smoking was assessed using a standard questionnaire.


### 3.2. Experimental Design

Arteriosclerosis will narrow the arteries, and the deposition of blood lipids in the blood vessels inside the body will stop blood circulation. If this part is in the heart part, it will lead to myocardial infarction to some extent. The morning after admission, the patient was instructed to collect blood from the fasting elbow vein.(1)
Use two EDTA-K2 tubes to collect about 3-4 ml of venous blood. Centrifuge at 2000 RPm for 5 minutes at room temperature that day. Place 1-2 ml of plasma in the EC tube and mark. Store the sample in the refrigerator at –15°C; up to -20°C. Related information has been entered into the blood sample registration form. After collecting all samples, send them to the inspection company to detect LDOx marks(2)
In addition, collect venous blood and send it to the laboratory. According to routine biochemical tests, FT3, FT4, TSH, TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels were measuredDoppler coatings for the ultrasonic diagnostic instrument hp-ie33 were used. The catheter frequency is 7-12 MHz. All patients were diagnosed by a professional ultrasound expert, and the patient’s head was tilted to the other side during the examination. The catheter enters from the proximal end to the outer peripheral side during B-ultrasound examination. From the supraventricular carotid artery, examine the corresponding rolling surface of the common carotid artery to the branches of the carotid artery, the IMT (IMT) of the left and right common carotid arteries, and the common carotid canal (CAB) of the intervertebral disc. The outer surface of the middle of the clothing and the rear wall of the carotid artery, the carotene bulb is 9hz, and then the average value of the measured values on both sides is taken. Diagnostic criteria:IMT<1.0mm, smooth clothing without coating.The diagnostic criteria, inclusion criteria, and exclusion criteria can be seen in Tables1–3.Table 1
Diagnostic criteria.
HypertensionSystolic blood pressure (mmhg)Diastolic blood pressure (mmhg)AccuracyLevel 1>140>9099.1%Level 2>150>10090.6%Level 3>160>11093.5%Level 4>170>12092.2%Table 2
Inclusion criteria.
Inclusion criteriaData sourcesReliability (%)ByteAre there any omissions?Essential hypertensionJfgj12592.33NoAge 35-60 years oldJdj36591.36NoAble to cooperate with various inspectionsSoa5496.589NoTable 3
Exclusion criteria.
Exclusion criteriaData sourcesReliability (%)ByteAre there any omissions?Hypertensive emergencyRgrtr3699.56NoHypertension subemergencyAss14096.98NoSecondary hypertensionWeie7898.89NoRefractory hypertension809094.89NoWhite coat hypertensionSsj11497.98NoThe experimental grouping basis can be seen in Table4.Table 4
Group by.
GroupIn accordance withCorrect rateUse instrumentControl group<0.9 mm100%MicroscopeThickening group>0.9 mm,<1.2 mm100%Mechanic98Plaque formation group>1.2 mm99.6%Intel98Rupture group0.9 mm,1.2 mm99.8%Computer


### 3.3. Experimental Data Collection

Fat-soluble macromolecules enter cells in a freely diffused manner, which is passive transportation and does not require carrier protein. The most important feature of active transportation is to use carrier protein and consume ATP at the same time. For the epidemiological characteristics, height and weight measurement, and blood biochemical indexes of the subjects, see the relevant literature published by Kailuan Research. Smoking: in the relevant literature published in the Kailu study, the epidemiological characteristics of individuals, height and weight measurements, and the detection of blood biochemical indicators were found. Smoking: duration of more than one year, average smoking (≥1 cigarette/day); one cigarette a day, but still smoking last year; drinking: duration of more than one year, average drinking (equivalent to 50% of alcohol in alcohol) ≥100 ml/day, even drinking last year. Exercise: at least 3 times a week, daily aerobic exercise for more than 30 minutes. Blood pressure measurement method: blood pressure is measured from 7 : 00 to 9 : 00 in the morning on the day of physical examination. It is forbidden for individuals to eat foods, beverages, and medicines that will seriously affect blood pressure stability within 30 minutes before the measurement. Subjects are required to remain still for 15 minutes and usually measure the blood pressure of the right arm artery. Before measuring, the mercury sphincter should be professionally calibrated. During the measurement, the subject should be kept quiet, the brachial artery of the right arm should be at the same level as the heart, the cuff should be moderately tight, and the systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurement should be performed first. Kirschner stage and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) are the fifth stage of Kirschner. After two minutes of rest, blood pressure is measured again. Finally, the average value of three repeated measurements is obtained as the final result of blood pressure measurement.CIMT is measured by an ultrasound doctor with more than 5 years of professional experience. The type of ultrasound diagnostic tool used is HD-15 produced by Philips. It has a 512 MHz high-frequency catheter and requires the subject to be put back. Their heads are on the other side of the examination side. The ultrasonic detector is placed inside the key. Scan the transverse and longitudinal sections of the common carotid artery continuously from the bottom to the common carotid artery. The carotid CIMT starts from the left and right arteries and is located at the apex of the R wave of the ECG artery. One person operates the machine and one person records. It is the maximum value of CIMT on both sides of the common carotid artery. Among them, ifCIMT≥1.00mm, CIMT is considered unnatural.


## 3.1. Experimental Background

Carotid atherosclerosis and plaque are very dangerous. If they are not controlled, they will easily cause the plaque to expand and fall off, leading to blockage of blood vessels, cerebral infarction, and other deaths. The subjects started fasting and drinking water at 22 : 00 the day before blood collection and fasted 5 ml in the blood of the elbows of the upper limbs in the morning. The following indicators were measured by our laboratory’s laboratory automatic biochemical analyzer: creatinine (Cr, reference value: 41-109,9 mol/L), uric acid (UA, reference value: 208-428 9 mol/L), glyceride (TG) glycerin triester (TG).Methods: a total of 108 patients with ACI caused by symptoms were collected. The general information of patients (height, weight, age, gender, etc.) was collected, and all patients were asked if they had history of hypertension, diabetes, stroke, and smoking. Based on the medical information previously provided by the patient, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke were confirmed, and smoking was assessed using a standard questionnaire.


## 3.2. Experimental Design

Arteriosclerosis will narrow the arteries, and the deposition of blood lipids in the blood vessels inside the body will stop blood circulation. If this part is in the heart part, it will lead to myocardial infarction to some extent. The morning after admission, the patient was instructed to collect blood from the fasting elbow vein.(1)
Use two EDTA-K2 tubes to collect about 3-4 ml of venous blood. Centrifuge at 2000 RPm for 5 minutes at room temperature that day. Place 1-2 ml of plasma in the EC tube and mark. Store the sample in the refrigerator at –15°C; up to -20°C. Related information has been entered into the blood sample registration form. After collecting all samples, send them to the inspection company to detect LDOx marks(2)
In addition, collect venous blood and send it to the laboratory. According to routine biochemical tests, FT3, FT4, TSH, TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels were measuredDoppler coatings for the ultrasonic diagnostic instrument hp-ie33 were used. The catheter frequency is 7-12 MHz. All patients were diagnosed by a professional ultrasound expert, and the patient’s head was tilted to the other side during the examination. The catheter enters from the proximal end to the outer peripheral side during B-ultrasound examination. From the supraventricular carotid artery, examine the corresponding rolling surface of the common carotid artery to the branches of the carotid artery, the IMT (IMT) of the left and right common carotid arteries, and the common carotid canal (CAB) of the intervertebral disc. The outer surface of the middle of the clothing and the rear wall of the carotid artery, the carotene bulb is 9hz, and then the average value of the measured values on both sides is taken. Diagnostic criteria:IMT<1.0mm, smooth clothing without coating.The diagnostic criteria, inclusion criteria, and exclusion criteria can be seen in Tables1–3.Table 1
Diagnostic criteria.
HypertensionSystolic blood pressure (mmhg)Diastolic blood pressure (mmhg)AccuracyLevel 1>140>9099.1%Level 2>150>10090.6%Level 3>160>11093.5%Level 4>170>12092.2%Table 2
Inclusion criteria.
Inclusion criteriaData sourcesReliability (%)ByteAre there any omissions?Essential hypertensionJfgj12592.33NoAge 35-60 years oldJdj36591.36NoAble to cooperate with various inspectionsSoa5496.589NoTable 3
Exclusion criteria.
Exclusion criteriaData sourcesReliability (%)ByteAre there any omissions?Hypertensive emergencyRgrtr3699.56NoHypertension subemergencyAss14096.98NoSecondary hypertensionWeie7898.89NoRefractory hypertension809094.89NoWhite coat hypertensionSsj11497.98NoThe experimental grouping basis can be seen in Table4.Table 4
Group by.
GroupIn accordance withCorrect rateUse instrumentControl group<0.9 mm100%MicroscopeThickening group>0.9 mm,<1.2 mm100%Mechanic98Plaque formation group>1.2 mm99.6%Intel98Rupture group0.9 mm,1.2 mm99.8%Computer


## 3.3. Experimental Data Collection

Fat-soluble macromolecules enter cells in a freely diffused manner, which is passive transportation and does not require carrier protein. The most important feature of active transportation is to use carrier protein and consume ATP at the same time. For the epidemiological characteristics, height and weight measurement, and blood biochemical indexes of the subjects, see the relevant literature published by Kailuan Research. Smoking: in the relevant literature published in the Kailu study, the epidemiological characteristics of individuals, height and weight measurements, and the detection of blood biochemical indicators were found. Smoking: duration of more than one year, average smoking (≥1 cigarette/day); one cigarette a day, but still smoking last year; drinking: duration of more than one year, average drinking (equivalent to 50% of alcohol in alcohol) ≥100 ml/day, even drinking last year. Exercise: at least 3 times a week, daily aerobic exercise for more than 30 minutes. Blood pressure measurement method: blood pressure is measured from 7 : 00 to 9 : 00 in the morning on the day of physical examination. It is forbidden for individuals to eat foods, beverages, and medicines that will seriously affect blood pressure stability within 30 minutes before the measurement. Subjects are required to remain still for 15 minutes and usually measure the blood pressure of the right arm artery. Before measuring, the mercury sphincter should be professionally calibrated. During the measurement, the subject should be kept quiet, the brachial artery of the right arm should be at the same level as the heart, the cuff should be moderately tight, and the systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurement should be performed first. Kirschner stage and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) are the fifth stage of Kirschner. After two minutes of rest, blood pressure is measured again. Finally, the average value of three repeated measurements is obtained as the final result of blood pressure measurement.CIMT is measured by an ultrasound doctor with more than 5 years of professional experience. The type of ultrasound diagnostic tool used is HD-15 produced by Philips. It has a 512 MHz high-frequency catheter and requires the subject to be put back. Their heads are on the other side of the examination side. The ultrasonic detector is placed inside the key. Scan the transverse and longitudinal sections of the common carotid artery continuously from the bottom to the common carotid artery. The carotid CIMT starts from the left and right arteries and is located at the apex of the R wave of the ECG artery. One person operates the machine and one person records. It is the maximum value of CIMT on both sides of the common carotid artery. Among them, ifCIMT≥1.00mm, CIMT is considered unnatural.


## 4. Experimental Analysis

### 4.1. The Effect of Height on Central Arterial Pressure

The normal value of central venous pressure is 4 to 12 cm Hg. The size of the central venous pressure depends on the relationship between the ejection capacity of the heart and the amount of blood returned to the heart by the veins. If the heart has strong ejection ability, it can eject the returned blood into the arteries in time, and the central venous pressure will be low. Conversely, the decreased ejection ability due to heart failure and other reasons will cause the central venous pressure to increase. Calculate the height interquartile range to getP25=150cm, P50=158cm, P75=165cm, and divide the hypertensive patients into 4 groups according to their height: short group (n=56, height≤150cm), shorter group (n=69, 151-157 cm), higher (n=68, 158-164 cm), and high group (n=65, ≥165 cm). The X2 test of the R×C contingency table showed that the difference between the groups was statistically significant (P<0.05); the Bonferroni method analysis of the R×C contingency table X2 test showed that the increase in central arterial pressure was detected in the short group of patients. The rate (76.8%) was higher than that of the shorter group (53.6%) and the higher group (49.2%) (P<0.008); there was no statistical difference in the rest.Experimental results from Table5 show that people with short stature have a higher prevalence of hypertension. By controlling the genetic and nongenetic (early and childhood) factors that affect height, the prevalence of hypertension can be reduced. The study found that after controlling body mass index, adult height helps to observe the peaks of reflected waves and systolic blood pressure. As the arterial pulse wave propagates through the aorta and enters the peripheral vascular system, part of the wave is reflected back and combined with the forward wave to amplify systolic pressure and ventricular afterload. Herbert et al. found that central arterial pressure was negatively correlated with height. Among NHANES participants who did not take antihypertensive drugs, adult height was significantly negatively correlated with central arterial pressure. Research reports that height is an independent risk factor for blood pressure in Chinese adolescents. The study found that people with short stature were associated with a reduction in the return time of the reflected pressure wave during systole, which caused an increase in central arterial pressure. The shorter the height, the closer the reflection point is to the aorta, and the reflected waves are more likely to overlap into the systolic phase, causing the central artery to increase systolic pressure. Therefore, the shorter the height, the higher the central artery systolic pressure, and the more likely to occur simple systolic hypertension, height. By changing the time of the forward and backward pressure waves to affect the reflected wave, those with short stature may reduce the propagation time by reducing the path of the reflected wave and the diameter of the aorta.Table 5
Effect of height on central arterial pressure.
GroupingnControl 1Central arterial pressure increase groupShort group (≤150 cm)5613 (23.2%)43 (76.8%)Shorter group (151-157 cm)6932 (46.4%)37 (53.6%)Higher group (158-164 cm)6825 (36.8%)43 (63.2%)High group (≥165 cm)6533 (50.8%)32 (49.2%)The results of this study from Figure7 showed that central arterial pressure was also significantly negatively correlated with height. The detection rate of central arterial pressure increase in patients in the short group (76.8%) was higher than that in the shorter group (53.6%) and the higher group (49.2%). Mitchell et al. found that the difference in central arterial pressure between ethnic groups is largely unrelated to the difference in cardiovascular risk factors, mainly determined by physiological factors of height. It is reported in the literature that individuals with higher heights have lower cardiovascular mortality rates. On the contrary, individuals with lower heights have higher cardiovascular disease risk and mortality rates. A meta-analysis showed that compared with tall people, short stature was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular all-cause mortality. Recent studies have found that height changes the prognostic value of aortic stiffness (aortic pulse wave velocity) in patients with end-stage renal disease. Compared with shorter subjects, the higher the risk of cardiovascular death is significantly reduced. It is further speculated that height is an independent risk factor for central arterial pressure, and the two are negatively correlated. That is, the central arterial pressure of people with short stature increases more than those with height and is closely related to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, in clinical practice, patients with hypertension should routinely detect central arterial pressure to guide medication, especially those with short stature should detect central arterial pressure as soon as possible, with a view to early prevention and development of cardiovascular disease.Figure 7
Relationship between central systolic pressure and height.


### 4.2. The Effect of Age on Central Arterial Pressure

According to the World Health Organization age standards, patients with hypertension were divided into three groups: Height1 group (n=100, 20-29 years old), Height2 group (n=105, 20-29 years old), and Height3 group (n=53, 20-29 years old). The X2 test from the R×C contingency table shows that the detection rate of increased central arterial pressure (55%, 57.1%) in the groups of Height1 and Height2 is higher than that of Height4 (45%, 42.9%) and the detection of increased central arterial pressure in the group of Height3. The output rate (75.5%) is significantly higher than Height4 (24.5%).The above results from Figure8 show that the same height and age are positively correlated with central arterial pressure. The detection rate of central arterial pressure increase (121, 127) in the Height1 group and Height2 group is higher than that of Height3 (11, 123) and the detection of central arterial pressure increase in the Height3 group. The output rate (112,117) is significantly higher than Height4 (107,113); that is, the older the person, the greater the risk of increased central systolic blood pressure. Therefore, in clinical practice, older people should detect central arterial pressure as early as possible to detect and prevent cardiovascular disease early.Figure 8
Relationship between central systolic blood pressure and age.


### 4.3. The Effect of Hypertension Course on Central Arterial Pressure

There have been reports in the literature that central arterial pressure is positively correlated with the course of hypertension, but peripheral arterial systolic pressure is not correlated with the course of hypertension. The height and age of the patients in the same group are similar, and the patients in the same group are arranged according to the course of disease. The average value of the central systolic pressure is taken as the experimental value. The final drawing example is shown below.As shown in Figure9 above, central systolic blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors are positively correlated with the course of hypertension. In the group of four contrasting patients, namely, patient 1, patient 2, patient 3, and patient 4, changes in systolic barometric pitches were noted with progressive disease severity in patient 1 (121-131), while changes in systolic pitches were observed in patient 2 (117-123), in patient 3 (111-117), and in four patients (107-111). The results indicate that the course of hypertension is the influencing factor of central arterial pressure and peripheral blood pressure.Figure 9
Relationship between central systolic blood pressure and course of hypertension.


### 4.4. The Relationship between Vascular Aging and Hypertension

This time there are still four control experiment groups: Patient1, Patient2, Patient3, and Patient4. The age and height of each control experiment group are similar. The data of blood vessel aging degree are selected according to the order of disease course. The reference source of the data is to choose a relatively young. The reference value of the hypertension patients as the minimum experiment is 100, and other experiment participants compare the aging degree of the blood vessels with the aging degree of the sample data. Hypertensive patients with the similar age, body size, and illness duration were picked as the mean of the experimentally gathered data. As the history of autonomic hypertension progresses, factors such as remodeling of the outer cell matrices of blood vessels, endothelial cell injury, altered smooth muscle cell phenotype, and altered body metabolism all have intricate influences on renovascular aging. Arterial stiffness increases, systolic factor increases, diastolic factor decreases, average arterial blood pressure remains unchanged, and the amplitude of reflected waves causes systolic blood pressure and arterial stiffness to increase. Vascular aging plays an important role in vascular diseases. With the increase of the course of hypertension, the stiffness of arteries and the rise of systolic and pulse pressures caused by reflected waves, the prevalence of hypertension also increases.As shown in Figure10 above, the longer the course of hypertension, the greater the degree of vascular aging: Paient1 (120-130), Paient2 (117-123), Paient3 (110-117), and Patient4 (107-113). In the four groups of control experiments, Patient1 is older than other groups, and the vascular aging rate is also greater than other control experimental group. Therefore, a correct understanding of the relevant mechanisms, evaluation indicators, and management measures of vascular aging will be a new research goal for the prevention and treatment of hypertension, and at the same time help to optimize the treatment plan of hypertension, improve the quality of life of patients with hypertension, reduce mortality, and effectively prevent and control the occurrence of cardiovascular disease in the elderly as an important role. Vascular aging is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events; central arterial pressure as a marker of vascular aging is superior to peripheral blood pressure; more evidence is needed to support the diagnosis of vascular aging-related hypertension and the assessment of central arterial pressure. High-risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia can cause vascular endothelial damage, leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, and then myocardial ischemia, coronary heart disease, and angina pectoris. Then, it gradually develops to a continuous process of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, and eventually heart failure and even death.Figure 10
The relationship between vascular aging and hypertension.


## 4.1. The Effect of Height on Central Arterial Pressure

The normal value of central venous pressure is 4 to 12 cm Hg. The size of the central venous pressure depends on the relationship between the ejection capacity of the heart and the amount of blood returned to the heart by the veins. If the heart has strong ejection ability, it can eject the returned blood into the arteries in time, and the central venous pressure will be low. Conversely, the decreased ejection ability due to heart failure and other reasons will cause the central venous pressure to increase. Calculate the height interquartile range to getP25=150cm, P50=158cm, P75=165cm, and divide the hypertensive patients into 4 groups according to their height: short group (n=56, height≤150cm), shorter group (n=69, 151-157 cm), higher (n=68, 158-164 cm), and high group (n=65, ≥165 cm). The X2 test of the R×C contingency table showed that the difference between the groups was statistically significant (P<0.05); the Bonferroni method analysis of the R×C contingency table X2 test showed that the increase in central arterial pressure was detected in the short group of patients. The rate (76.8%) was higher than that of the shorter group (53.6%) and the higher group (49.2%) (P<0.008); there was no statistical difference in the rest.Experimental results from Table5 show that people with short stature have a higher prevalence of hypertension. By controlling the genetic and nongenetic (early and childhood) factors that affect height, the prevalence of hypertension can be reduced. The study found that after controlling body mass index, adult height helps to observe the peaks of reflected waves and systolic blood pressure. As the arterial pulse wave propagates through the aorta and enters the peripheral vascular system, part of the wave is reflected back and combined with the forward wave to amplify systolic pressure and ventricular afterload. Herbert et al. found that central arterial pressure was negatively correlated with height. Among NHANES participants who did not take antihypertensive drugs, adult height was significantly negatively correlated with central arterial pressure. Research reports that height is an independent risk factor for blood pressure in Chinese adolescents. The study found that people with short stature were associated with a reduction in the return time of the reflected pressure wave during systole, which caused an increase in central arterial pressure. The shorter the height, the closer the reflection point is to the aorta, and the reflected waves are more likely to overlap into the systolic phase, causing the central artery to increase systolic pressure. Therefore, the shorter the height, the higher the central artery systolic pressure, and the more likely to occur simple systolic hypertension, height. By changing the time of the forward and backward pressure waves to affect the reflected wave, those with short stature may reduce the propagation time by reducing the path of the reflected wave and the diameter of the aorta.Table 5
Effect of height on central arterial pressure.
GroupingnControl 1Central arterial pressure increase groupShort group (≤150 cm)5613 (23.2%)43 (76.8%)Shorter group (151-157 cm)6932 (46.4%)37 (53.6%)Higher group (158-164 cm)6825 (36.8%)43 (63.2%)High group (≥165 cm)6533 (50.8%)32 (49.2%)The results of this study from Figure7 showed that central arterial pressure was also significantly negatively correlated with height. The detection rate of central arterial pressure increase in patients in the short group (76.8%) was higher than that in the shorter group (53.6%) and the higher group (49.2%). Mitchell et al. found that the difference in central arterial pressure between ethnic groups is largely unrelated to the difference in cardiovascular risk factors, mainly determined by physiological factors of height. It is reported in the literature that individuals with higher heights have lower cardiovascular mortality rates. On the contrary, individuals with lower heights have higher cardiovascular disease risk and mortality rates. A meta-analysis showed that compared with tall people, short stature was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular all-cause mortality. Recent studies have found that height changes the prognostic value of aortic stiffness (aortic pulse wave velocity) in patients with end-stage renal disease. Compared with shorter subjects, the higher the risk of cardiovascular death is significantly reduced. It is further speculated that height is an independent risk factor for central arterial pressure, and the two are negatively correlated. That is, the central arterial pressure of people with short stature increases more than those with height and is closely related to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, in clinical practice, patients with hypertension should routinely detect central arterial pressure to guide medication, especially those with short stature should detect central arterial pressure as soon as possible, with a view to early prevention and development of cardiovascular disease.Figure 7
Relationship between central systolic pressure and height.


## 4.2. The Effect of Age on Central Arterial Pressure

According to the World Health Organization age standards, patients with hypertension were divided into three groups: Height1 group (n=100, 20-29 years old), Height2 group (n=105, 20-29 years old), and Height3 group (n=53, 20-29 years old). The X2 test from the R×C contingency table shows that the detection rate of increased central arterial pressure (55%, 57.1%) in the groups of Height1 and Height2 is higher than that of Height4 (45%, 42.9%) and the detection of increased central arterial pressure in the group of Height3. The output rate (75.5%) is significantly higher than Height4 (24.5%).The above results from Figure8 show that the same height and age are positively correlated with central arterial pressure. The detection rate of central arterial pressure increase (121, 127) in the Height1 group and Height2 group is higher than that of Height3 (11, 123) and the detection of central arterial pressure increase in the Height3 group. The output rate (112,117) is significantly higher than Height4 (107,113); that is, the older the person, the greater the risk of increased central systolic blood pressure. Therefore, in clinical practice, older people should detect central arterial pressure as early as possible to detect and prevent cardiovascular disease early.Figure 8
Relationship between central systolic blood pressure and age.


## 4.3. The Effect of Hypertension Course on Central Arterial Pressure

There have been reports in the literature that central arterial pressure is positively correlated with the course of hypertension, but peripheral arterial systolic pressure is not correlated with the course of hypertension. The height and age of the patients in the same group are similar, and the patients in the same group are arranged according to the course of disease. The average value of the central systolic pressure is taken as the experimental value. The final drawing example is shown below.As shown in Figure9 above, central systolic blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors are positively correlated with the course of hypertension. In the group of four contrasting patients, namely, patient 1, patient 2, patient 3, and patient 4, changes in systolic barometric pitches were noted with progressive disease severity in patient 1 (121-131), while changes in systolic pitches were observed in patient 2 (117-123), in patient 3 (111-117), and in four patients (107-111). The results indicate that the course of hypertension is the influencing factor of central arterial pressure and peripheral blood pressure.Figure 9
Relationship between central systolic blood pressure and course of hypertension.


## 4.4. The Relationship between Vascular Aging and Hypertension

This time there are still four control experiment groups: Patient1, Patient2, Patient3, and Patient4. The age and height of each control experiment group are similar. The data of blood vessel aging degree are selected according to the order of disease course. The reference source of the data is to choose a relatively young. The reference value of the hypertension patients as the minimum experiment is 100, and other experiment participants compare the aging degree of the blood vessels with the aging degree of the sample data. Hypertensive patients with the similar age, body size, and illness duration were picked as the mean of the experimentally gathered data. As the history of autonomic hypertension progresses, factors such as remodeling of the outer cell matrices of blood vessels, endothelial cell injury, altered smooth muscle cell phenotype, and altered body metabolism all have intricate influences on renovascular aging. Arterial stiffness increases, systolic factor increases, diastolic factor decreases, average arterial blood pressure remains unchanged, and the amplitude of reflected waves causes systolic blood pressure and arterial stiffness to increase. Vascular aging plays an important role in vascular diseases. With the increase of the course of hypertension, the stiffness of arteries and the rise of systolic and pulse pressures caused by reflected waves, the prevalence of hypertension also increases.As shown in Figure10 above, the longer the course of hypertension, the greater the degree of vascular aging: Paient1 (120-130), Paient2 (117-123), Paient3 (110-117), and Patient4 (107-113). In the four groups of control experiments, Patient1 is older than other groups, and the vascular aging rate is also greater than other control experimental group. Therefore, a correct understanding of the relevant mechanisms, evaluation indicators, and management measures of vascular aging will be a new research goal for the prevention and treatment of hypertension, and at the same time help to optimize the treatment plan of hypertension, improve the quality of life of patients with hypertension, reduce mortality, and effectively prevent and control the occurrence of cardiovascular disease in the elderly as an important role. Vascular aging is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events; central arterial pressure as a marker of vascular aging is superior to peripheral blood pressure; more evidence is needed to support the diagnosis of vascular aging-related hypertension and the assessment of central arterial pressure. High-risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia can cause vascular endothelial damage, leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, and then myocardial ischemia, coronary heart disease, and angina pectoris. Then, it gradually develops to a continuous process of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, and eventually heart failure and even death.Figure 10
The relationship between vascular aging and hypertension.


## 5. Conclusions

Under the confocal microscope, the density and atypicality of carotid intima cells, the morphology of carotid intima cell fibers, the permeability of Langerhans cells, and the density of endothelial cells were studied and recognized. Compared with normal carotid intima cells, it has certain value and further help to further understand the normal changes of hypertension, further clarify the cause of hypertension, guide treatment, and evaluate the prognosis.Hypertension is a factor that affects central blood pressure and peripheral blood pressure; height and age are independent factors that affect central blood pressure; serumβ-troponin is a risk factor for CIMT thickening. Betatropin plays a role in the occurrence and development of hypertension complications. Cardiovascular and vascular diseases and other diabetic macrovascular complications are the most common causes of death in patients with hypertension.With the continuous development of science and technology, optical microscopy technology has become one of the frontier sciences of today’s scientific and technological development, and the research on microscopic image processing technology has gradually become a hot spot in domestic and foreign research. Due to the asymmetry of the installation of the binocular lens of the digital microscope, the binocular microscopic images taken through the microscope cannot be obtained at the same position with consistent clear images. In addition, the traditional microscopic measurement system has complex structure and unsatisfactory imaging effects. The viewing angle cannot be set freely and other issues. This topic is based on this background. After completing the above content, this article has also completed the related research on microscope images.The time of this study was relatively limited, and the sample size was small. We only observed the morphology of the carotid artery of intimal cells and did not make detailed statistics on the density of the intimal carotid artery. The lack of quantitative analysis of changes in carotid arteries caused by hypertension needs to be improved in the future. It is also necessary to improve the severity of hypertension, and statistical analysis of different degrees of hypertension changes under a confocal microscope can make this study more convincing.



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