# Error Mechanism and Self-Calibration of Single-Axis Rotational Inertial Navigation System

Authors: Bo Nie; Guiming Chen; Xianting Luo; Bingqi Liu
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2019)

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## Abstract

With the rapid development of inertial technology, the rotational inertial system has been widely used for high-accuracy navigation. In addition, the single-axis rotational inertial navigation system is one of the most popular navigation systems due to its low cost. However, the fact which cannot be ignored is that although single axis rotational inertial navigation system can restrain divergence of attitude error, it cannot eliminate velocity error, which is mainly caused by the gyro misalignment and scale factor error related to rotational axis. A novel calibration method established on filter has been proposed. Position, velocity, and attitude are chosen to be the state variables. In order to estimate the gyro errors related to rotational axis, these errors must be included in the state equation. Correspondingly, zero velocity and rate of turntable are chosen to be measured. Simulation has been carried out to verify the correctness of the theory, and the real test has been performed to further demonstrate the validity of the method. By compensating the main error estimated by filter, it can be found that the accumulated errors in velocity and attitude are decreased. So, the precision of navigation is greatly improved with the proposed method.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Inertial navigation system (INS) can obtain position, attitude, and velocity of the craft by resolving the data sampled by its inertial measurement unit, which is IMU and contains three orthogonal gyros and accelerometers [1]. Thus, the INS is self-contained and widely used in military field such as airplanes, submarines, and ships. INS can be divided into two categories: platform and strap-down inertial navigation system. Compared with platform INS, strap-down INS has the characteristics of higher reliability, smaller volume, better maintenance, and lower cost [2–4].Device error is affected by the precision of the navigation. Meanwhile, velocity and attitude errors will accumulate with time quickly [5]. There are two major approaches to enhance the precision of inertial navigation. One is to improve the performance of gyro and accelerometer. However, this method is expensive and restricted by technique. The other one is error compensation. Compensation can be performed based on the external information such as Global Positioning System (GPS) and turntable [6]. Self-compensation is another way to eliminate the device error. Rotation modulation technology has been one of the most widely used self-compensation methods, especially in the field of aerospace for its low cost and reliability.In rotational inertial navigation system (RINS), IMU is placed on the indexing mechanization which is fixed on the craft [7–9]. Thus, the self-compensation can be performed by designing appropriate rotating sequence. RINS can be divided into single-axis, dual-axis, and triaxial-axis or above [10–12].The advantage of rotation modulation is that it can realize self-compensation of sensor errors during navigation process [13, 14]. However, errors still exist and affect the precision of the navigation.In triaxis RINS, instrument errors, such as accelerometer nonlinearity and inner lever-arm, can be accurately compensated through optimal estimation with velocity and position error measurements. Meanwhile, proper rotation scheme design can help modulate and estimate error parameters of IMU. Taking commercial cost into consideration, triaxis and dual-axis RINSs are more expensive than single-axis [15–18]. In consequence, single-axis RINS will be mainly discussed in this paper.In single-axis RINS, gyro drift is the main concern. Shang et al. [19] pointed out that single-axis rotation can modulate the constant drift perpendicular to the rotational axis, while gyro drift on the spin axis still diverge with time. In order to deal with the constant drift of spin axis, identification methods of gyro drift have been proposed. Yu et al. [20] calibrated the single-axis gyro drift by using radial basis function network. A least square method was established to calibrate the axial gyro drift precisely by Hu et al. [21]. Similar methods of calibration of gyro drifts are shown in [22–24].Besides the gyro drift, error propagation of the single axis rotational INS showed that scale factor error and misalignment errors related to the rotational axis cannot be modulated [25, 26]. The scale factor error along the rotational axis was the main error that affected the single-axis rotational INS in [27]. However, no paper can give answer to this question. Therefore, a novel method which can calibrate the instrument errors is proposed in this article.Compared with other methods, the method proposed in this paper is suitable for single-axis RINS to calibrate main device errors by using zero velocity and attitude errors. Thus, compensation can be made to reduce the error accumulation during the navigation process. Based on this, the precision of the single-axis RINS can be promoted.The advantages of the proposed method are shown as follows: according to single-axis rotational inertial navigation system, this paper provides the deduction of error propagation in terms of misalignment and scale factor error related to rotational axis. Besides, it points out that in single-axis RINS, attitude error caused by gyro misalignment related to rotational axis can be modulated, but velocity error still exists. Simulation has been carried out to verify this thesis. By observing the velocity and rate of turntable, gyro misalignment and scale factor errors of the rotational axis can be estimated under stationary base.The paper is organized as follows. Section2 provides the error mechanism of single axis rotational INS. Section 3 introduces the design of filter for single-axis rotational system. Section 4 describes the process of the simulation, which is carried out to verify the error mechanism and the proposed method. In order to further demonstrate the proposed method, experiment has been performed and results are shown in Section 5. Conclusion is drawn in Section 6.


## 2. Error Mechanism

The denotation of frames is shown in Figure1, where i denotes earth-centered inertial frame, e denotes earth-centered frame, n denotes navigation frame, and b denotes body frame.Figure 1
Wander azimuth frame.


### 2.1. Wander Azimuth Frame

The wander frame is widely used in navigation system, and it can be obtained by rotating with respect to the local geodetic framez axis by the wander frame angle α.In this paper, considering the fact calibration is performed on stationary base,α is chosen to be zero. The error model in local geodetic frame can be considered the same as wander azimuth frame in a short time.


### 2.2. Error Analysis

To further demonstrate the error mechanism in this paper, simplification and assumption are given.The IMU can be rotated about the vertical body axis with constant angular velocityω:(1)δωibb=ω˜ibb−ωibb=gBxgBygBz+SxMxyMxzMyxSyMyzMzxMzySzωibxbωibybωibzb.The gyro angular velocity error equation is shown above, whereω˜ibb denotes the measured angular velocity in the body frame, ωibb denotes the true angular velocity, δωibb denotes the angular velocity error, gBi denotes gyro bias, Si denotes the scale factor error, and Mij denotes the misalignment:(2)ωebb=00ωT,ωibb=ωieb+ωebb,where ωebb denotes the angular velocity provided by turntable, which rotates around the body spin axis with constant rate ω and ωieb denotes the earth angular velocity in the body frame.Gyro error model is given by equation (1). Considering the angular velocity provided by turntable is much larger than the earth angular velocity and gyro bias, the approximation of gyro model is shown as follows:(3)δωibb≈SxMxyMxzMyxSyMyzMzxMzySzωiexbωieybωiezb+ω≈SxMxyMxzMyxSyMyzMzxMzySz00ω=ω⋅MxzMyzSz.The simplified gyro error model shows that the most important error sources areMxz, Myz, Sz. Correspondingly, the velocity error accumulated by inertial device error will directly affect the precision of navigation. The rotation sequence from navigation frame to body frame is yaw, pitch, and roll, respectively:(4)Cbn=Csn⋅Cbs,(5)Csn=cosγ0cosφG0−sinγ0sinθ0sinφG0−cosθ0sinφG0sinγ0cosφG0+cosγ0sinθ0sinφG0cosγ0sinφG0+sinγ0sinθ0cosφG0cosθ0cosφG0sinγ0sinφG0−cosγ0sinθ0cosφG0−sinγ0cosθ0sinθ0cosγ0cosθ0,Cbs=cosζ−sinζ0sinζcosζ0001,where Cbs is the direction cosine matrix of body frame, Csn is used to transfer the initial body frame to the wander azimuth navigation frame, φG0 denotes the initial yaw angle, γ0 denotes the initial roll angle,, θ0 denotes the initial pitch angle, and ζ denotes rotation angle around spin axis from initial frame s to body frame b.The attitude error can be defined as (concrete deduction is shown in Appendix)(6)ϕt=ϕ0+δϕt=ϕ0+CsnMxzsinωt+Myzcosωt−Myz−Mxzcosωt+Myzsinωt+MxzSzωt,where ϕ0 denotes the attitude error at the beginning and δϕt denotes the accumulated attitude error. From equation (6), it can be seen that the accumulated leveling attitude error can be modulated by 2π rotation. However, the initial attitude error ϕ0 still exists and has great effect on the velocity error.Besides, scale factor error of the rotational axis gyro will affect yaw angle. The velocity error dynamic equations demonstrate the relationship between attitude error and velocity error as follows:(7)δv˙x=δfx−gϕy,δv˙y=δfy+gϕx,Velocity errors can be obtained by the integral of equation (7). To research the factors that affect velocity, expansion of integral is shown as follows (concrete deduction is given in Appendix):(8)δvxt=δvx0+∫0tδfx−gϕydt=δvx0−Csn2,1gω−Mxzcosωt+Myzsinωt+Mxz+Csn2,2gωMxzsinωt+Myzcosωt−Myz+−gϕy0t+Csn2,1gMyzt−Csn2,2gMxzt−Csn2,3g2Szωt2.From the final expansion of equation (8), it can be seen that terms in the first bracket are converged because trigonometric function is bounded. Terms in the second bracket are diverging with time. Thus, the drift of velocity δvxt is mainly caused by the items in the second bracket that contains initial attitude error, gyro misalignment, and scale factor error related to rotational axis.Similarly, the error velocityδvyt can be expressed as(9)δvyt=δvy0+∫0tδfy+gϕxdt=δvy0+Csn1,1gω−Mxzcosωt+Myzsinωt+Mxz−Csn1,2gωMxzsinωt+Myzcosωt−Myz+gϕx0t−Csn1,1gMyzt+Csn1,2gMxzt+Csn1,3g2Szωt2.Obviously, the main angular velocity error above, which is induced by scale factor error and misalignment error related to body spin axis, cannot be modulated during the rotation. The navigation attitude error will accumulate quickly because of this. Thus, the precision of the INS navigation system can be improved by using the self-calibration method to estimate the errors related to body spin axis.


## 2.1. Wander Azimuth Frame

The wander frame is widely used in navigation system, and it can be obtained by rotating with respect to the local geodetic framez axis by the wander frame angle α.In this paper, considering the fact calibration is performed on stationary base,α is chosen to be zero. The error model in local geodetic frame can be considered the same as wander azimuth frame in a short time.


## 2.2. Error Analysis

To further demonstrate the error mechanism in this paper, simplification and assumption are given.The IMU can be rotated about the vertical body axis with constant angular velocityω:(1)δωibb=ω˜ibb−ωibb=gBxgBygBz+SxMxyMxzMyxSyMyzMzxMzySzωibxbωibybωibzb.The gyro angular velocity error equation is shown above, whereω˜ibb denotes the measured angular velocity in the body frame, ωibb denotes the true angular velocity, δωibb denotes the angular velocity error, gBi denotes gyro bias, Si denotes the scale factor error, and Mij denotes the misalignment:(2)ωebb=00ωT,ωibb=ωieb+ωebb,where ωebb denotes the angular velocity provided by turntable, which rotates around the body spin axis with constant rate ω and ωieb denotes the earth angular velocity in the body frame.Gyro error model is given by equation (1). Considering the angular velocity provided by turntable is much larger than the earth angular velocity and gyro bias, the approximation of gyro model is shown as follows:(3)δωibb≈SxMxyMxzMyxSyMyzMzxMzySzωiexbωieybωiezb+ω≈SxMxyMxzMyxSyMyzMzxMzySz00ω=ω⋅MxzMyzSz.The simplified gyro error model shows that the most important error sources areMxz, Myz, Sz. Correspondingly, the velocity error accumulated by inertial device error will directly affect the precision of navigation. The rotation sequence from navigation frame to body frame is yaw, pitch, and roll, respectively:(4)Cbn=Csn⋅Cbs,(5)Csn=cosγ0cosφG0−sinγ0sinθ0sinφG0−cosθ0sinφG0sinγ0cosφG0+cosγ0sinθ0sinφG0cosγ0sinφG0+sinγ0sinθ0cosφG0cosθ0cosφG0sinγ0sinφG0−cosγ0sinθ0cosφG0−sinγ0cosθ0sinθ0cosγ0cosθ0,Cbs=cosζ−sinζ0sinζcosζ0001,where Cbs is the direction cosine matrix of body frame, Csn is used to transfer the initial body frame to the wander azimuth navigation frame, φG0 denotes the initial yaw angle, γ0 denotes the initial roll angle,, θ0 denotes the initial pitch angle, and ζ denotes rotation angle around spin axis from initial frame s to body frame b.The attitude error can be defined as (concrete deduction is shown in Appendix)(6)ϕt=ϕ0+δϕt=ϕ0+CsnMxzsinωt+Myzcosωt−Myz−Mxzcosωt+Myzsinωt+MxzSzωt,where ϕ0 denotes the attitude error at the beginning and δϕt denotes the accumulated attitude error. From equation (6), it can be seen that the accumulated leveling attitude error can be modulated by 2π rotation. However, the initial attitude error ϕ0 still exists and has great effect on the velocity error.Besides, scale factor error of the rotational axis gyro will affect yaw angle. The velocity error dynamic equations demonstrate the relationship between attitude error and velocity error as follows:(7)δv˙x=δfx−gϕy,δv˙y=δfy+gϕx,Velocity errors can be obtained by the integral of equation (7). To research the factors that affect velocity, expansion of integral is shown as follows (concrete deduction is given in Appendix):(8)δvxt=δvx0+∫0tδfx−gϕydt=δvx0−Csn2,1gω−Mxzcosωt+Myzsinωt+Mxz+Csn2,2gωMxzsinωt+Myzcosωt−Myz+−gϕy0t+Csn2,1gMyzt−Csn2,2gMxzt−Csn2,3g2Szωt2.From the final expansion of equation (8), it can be seen that terms in the first bracket are converged because trigonometric function is bounded. Terms in the second bracket are diverging with time. Thus, the drift of velocity δvxt is mainly caused by the items in the second bracket that contains initial attitude error, gyro misalignment, and scale factor error related to rotational axis.Similarly, the error velocityδvyt can be expressed as(9)δvyt=δvy0+∫0tδfy+gϕxdt=δvy0+Csn1,1gω−Mxzcosωt+Myzsinωt+Mxz−Csn1,2gωMxzsinωt+Myzcosωt−Myz+gϕx0t−Csn1,1gMyzt+Csn1,2gMxzt+Csn1,3g2Szωt2.Obviously, the main angular velocity error above, which is induced by scale factor error and misalignment error related to body spin axis, cannot be modulated during the rotation. The navigation attitude error will accumulate quickly because of this. Thus, the precision of the INS navigation system can be improved by using the self-calibration method to estimate the errors related to body spin axis.


## 3. Design of Filter for Single-Axis Rotational System

According to the error mechanism, the proposed method should estimate the instrument errors including scale factor errors and misalignment of the related rotation axis. Besides, the navigation information, position, velocity, and attitude should also be contained in the measurement matrix. Correspondingly, the measurement model of the proposed method should be established by parameters that can be obtained precisely.


### 3.1. State Equation

The state model chosen in this paper is listed as follows:(10)Xt=δθxδθyδhδvxδvyδvzψxψyψzMxzMyzSzT,where δθx, δθy, and δh denote position errors, δvx, δvy, and δvz denote velocity errors, ψx, ψy, and ψz denote attitude errors, and Mxz, Myz, and Sz denote deterministic unknown errors.(1)
Instrument error equationsThe gyro errors are modelled as constant during the filtering process:(11)M˙xz=0,M˙yz=0,S˙z=0.(2)
Attitude error equations:(12)ψ˙x=ωzψy−ωyψz−εx′,ψ˙y=−ωzψx+ωxψz−εy′,ψ˙z=ωyψx−ωxψy−εz′,ω=ρ+Ω,whereψ˙i denotes dynamic error, εi′ denotes gyro error under navigation system, ρ denotes the navigation to earth frame angular rotation rate in the navigation frame, and Ω denotes the Earth’s rotation rate.(3)
Velocity error equations:(13)δv˙x=−gδθy+2Ωzδvy−ρ+2Ωyvz−fzψy+fyψz+∇x,δv˙y=gδθx−2Ωzδvx−ρ+2Ωxvz+fzψx−fxψz+∇y,δv˙z=2gRδh+ωy+Ωyδvx−ωx+Ωxδvy−fyψx+fxψy+∇z,wherefi denotes the sensed output of i-axis accelerometer, δθx and δθy denote the angular position errors, δh denotes the altitude error, and ∇i denotes the error of accelerometer.(4)
Position error equations:(14)δθ˙x=−vzRδθx−1Rδvy,δθ˙y=−vzRδθy+1Rδvx,δh˙=δvz,whereR denotes the earth radius.(5)
Gyro error model:(15)εxεyεzn=CbnBxByBz+SxMxyMxzMyxSyMyzMzxMzySz⋅ωibxωibyωibz,whereεi denotes the angular velocity error caused by gyro, Bi denotes the bias of i-axis gyro, Si denotes the scale factor error of i-axis gyro, and Mij denotes the misalignment error of gyro in i-axis related to j-axis.


### 3.2. Measurement Model

The angular velocity provided by rate turntable is much larger than that of the earth, so the errors are mainly caused by scale factor errors and misalignment errors related to rotational axis. Thus, the error of gyro output and the velocity during navigation process can be utilized as observations to estimate the corresponding errors.(1)
Given that the IMU is tested on stationary base, the velocity of IMU should be zero. The output velocity of IMU can be defined as the measurementZ1:(16)Z1=δV=Vins−0=δvxδvyδvz.The measurement equation of sensed velocity of tested IMU can be described as(17)Z1t=H1Xt+η,where the measurement matrix is(18)H1=01×310001×601×301001×601×300101×6.(2)
The attitude error always exists and the computed attitude matrix translating from navigation frame to body frame is represented as(19)C˜nb=I−ϕ×Cnb,where ϕ denotes tilt error and Cnb denotes attitude direction cosine matrix without attitude error. The input rate of turntable and the rate of earth rotation can be considered as references, and the output rate of IMU can be measured by gyros. Thus, the measurement Z2 is defined to be the difference between the measured angular velocity and the true angular velocity:(20)Z2=δωibb=ω˜ibb−C˜nbωien−ω˜ebb,=δω˜ibb+Cnbωien×ϕn,and the measurement matrix of H2 can be expressed as(21)H2=03×6Cnb×ωienωibzb000ωibzb000ωibzb.(3)
Flow chart of self-calibration filtering is given in Figure2.The principle of the proposed calibration method in this paper to estimate the unknown errors is shown in Figure2. Figure 2 uses angular velocity and zero velocity as the observed quantity. A 12-state Kalman filter is established by the INS dynamic equations and simplified gyro error model.Figure 2
Flow chart of self-calibration filter in the proposed method.


## 3.1. State Equation

The state model chosen in this paper is listed as follows:(10)Xt=δθxδθyδhδvxδvyδvzψxψyψzMxzMyzSzT,where δθx, δθy, and δh denote position errors, δvx, δvy, and δvz denote velocity errors, ψx, ψy, and ψz denote attitude errors, and Mxz, Myz, and Sz denote deterministic unknown errors.(1)
Instrument error equationsThe gyro errors are modelled as constant during the filtering process:(11)M˙xz=0,M˙yz=0,S˙z=0.(2)
Attitude error equations:(12)ψ˙x=ωzψy−ωyψz−εx′,ψ˙y=−ωzψx+ωxψz−εy′,ψ˙z=ωyψx−ωxψy−εz′,ω=ρ+Ω,whereψ˙i denotes dynamic error, εi′ denotes gyro error under navigation system, ρ denotes the navigation to earth frame angular rotation rate in the navigation frame, and Ω denotes the Earth’s rotation rate.(3)
Velocity error equations:(13)δv˙x=−gδθy+2Ωzδvy−ρ+2Ωyvz−fzψy+fyψz+∇x,δv˙y=gδθx−2Ωzδvx−ρ+2Ωxvz+fzψx−fxψz+∇y,δv˙z=2gRδh+ωy+Ωyδvx−ωx+Ωxδvy−fyψx+fxψy+∇z,wherefi denotes the sensed output of i-axis accelerometer, δθx and δθy denote the angular position errors, δh denotes the altitude error, and ∇i denotes the error of accelerometer.(4)
Position error equations:(14)δθ˙x=−vzRδθx−1Rδvy,δθ˙y=−vzRδθy+1Rδvx,δh˙=δvz,whereR denotes the earth radius.(5)
Gyro error model:(15)εxεyεzn=CbnBxByBz+SxMxyMxzMyxSyMyzMzxMzySz⋅ωibxωibyωibz,whereεi denotes the angular velocity error caused by gyro, Bi denotes the bias of i-axis gyro, Si denotes the scale factor error of i-axis gyro, and Mij denotes the misalignment error of gyro in i-axis related to j-axis.


## 3.2. Measurement Model

The angular velocity provided by rate turntable is much larger than that of the earth, so the errors are mainly caused by scale factor errors and misalignment errors related to rotational axis. Thus, the error of gyro output and the velocity during navigation process can be utilized as observations to estimate the corresponding errors.(1)
Given that the IMU is tested on stationary base, the velocity of IMU should be zero. The output velocity of IMU can be defined as the measurementZ1:(16)Z1=δV=Vins−0=δvxδvyδvz.The measurement equation of sensed velocity of tested IMU can be described as(17)Z1t=H1Xt+η,where the measurement matrix is(18)H1=01×310001×601×301001×601×300101×6.(2)
The attitude error always exists and the computed attitude matrix translating from navigation frame to body frame is represented as(19)C˜nb=I−ϕ×Cnb,where ϕ denotes tilt error and Cnb denotes attitude direction cosine matrix without attitude error. The input rate of turntable and the rate of earth rotation can be considered as references, and the output rate of IMU can be measured by gyros. Thus, the measurement Z2 is defined to be the difference between the measured angular velocity and the true angular velocity:(20)Z2=δωibb=ω˜ibb−C˜nbωien−ω˜ebb,=δω˜ibb+Cnbωien×ϕn,and the measurement matrix of H2 can be expressed as(21)H2=03×6Cnb×ωienωibzb000ωibzb000ωibzb.(3)
Flow chart of self-calibration filtering is given in Figure2.The principle of the proposed calibration method in this paper to estimate the unknown errors is shown in Figure2. Figure 2 uses angular velocity and zero velocity as the observed quantity. A 12-state Kalman filter is established by the INS dynamic equations and simplified gyro error model.Figure 2
Flow chart of self-calibration filter in the proposed method.


## 4. Simulation

To support the theory discussed above and evaluate the performance of the proposed method, simulations are carried out in Section4.2.


### 4.1. Condition

The IMU errors in this simulation are defined as follows: gyro bias is 0.1°/h with a white noise of 0.01°/h/√Hz, accelerometers bias is 100μg with a white noise of 10 μg/√Hz, misalignment of accelerometers is 20″, scale factor error of accelerometer is 100 ppm, the misalignment of gyro about rotational axis (z-axis of body frame) is 60″ and the others are 20″, and the scale factor error of gyro around rotation axis is 300 ppm and the others are 100 ppm. The main error parameters are listed in Table 1. Data sampling frequency is 50 Hz.Table 1
Main error sources of accelerators.
Bias (μg)
Misalignment (sec)
Scale factor error (ppm)
Noise (μg/√Hz)
∇
x
∇
y
∇
z
E
x
y
E
x
z
E
y
x
E
y
z
E
z
x
E
z
y
K
x
K
y
K
z
∇
n
100
100
100
20
20
20
20
20
20
100
100
100
30In order to validate the theory above, the initial attitude angles of roll, pitch, and yaw are 20°, 30°, and 40°, respectively. The tested IMU is under stationary base. The tested IMU rotates with the angular velocity of 10°/s, and the length of the test periodt is 36 s.


### 4.2. Simulation Results

Assume that there is no attitude error at the beginning of navigation and the whole navigation process lasts 360 s, including 10 whole periodst. Based on the error sources listed in Tables 1 and 2, the simulation results are evaluated by 30 Monte Carlos runs. The state variables of instrument errors are Mxz, Myz, and Sz, and the values are 59.96″,59.96″, and 300 ppm, respectively. In Table 3, it is obvious that the estimated parameters obtained by 12-state filter are very close to the real values.Table 2
Main error sources of gyros.
Bias (°/h)
Misalignment (sec)
Scale factor error (ppm)
Noise (°/h/√Hz)
ε
x
ε
y
ε
z
M
x
y
M
x
z
M
y
x
M
y
z
M
z
x
M
z
y
S
x
S
y
S
z
ε
n
0.05
0.05
0.05
20
60
20
60
20
20
100
100
300
0.02Table 3
Calibration result.
Parameter
M
x
z
M
y
z
S
z
Estimate
59.96
59.96
300.02Figure3 describes the error covariance root-mean-square curve of the state variables during the filtering process. The curve shows that the algorithm has better convergence speed, and the state variables Mxz, Myz, and Sz have good observability.Figure 3
Error covariance root-mean-square curve of estimated device error.
(a)
(b)
(c)Figure4 describes the estimated gyro scale factor errors and misalignment errors around rotational axis in 30 Monte Carlos runs. Similar to error covariance root-mean-square curve, error estimated curve also converges quickly after filtering. The steady values of estimated gyro scale factor errors and misalignment errors can be compensated during the navigation process. Navigation results after compensation are listed in Table 4.Figure 4
Estimation curve of device error related to rotational axis.
(a)
(b)
(c)Table 4
Pure navigation results.
Parameter
Before compensation
After compensation
Theory value
Vx (m/s)
2.982
0.0447
0
Vy (m/s)
17.548
0.1184
0
Vz (m/x)
0
0
0
Pitch (°)
20.467
19.954
20
Roll (°)
29.697
30.030
30
Yaw (°)
40.911
39.910
40Figure5 describes the velocity error during navigation process without filter. The curve shows that velocity error accumulates with time quickly, which is the same as the unknown attitude error and the inertial device error related to rotational axis. Thus, the error mechanism deduction has been verified.Figure 5
Velocity error curve resolved by single axis rotational INS without compensation.
(a)
(b)Table4 provides a comparison of the navigation results under different conditions. Through 360 s navigation without compensation, the velocity errors Vx and Vy are 2.982 m/s and −17.548 m/s, and the attitude errors of roll, pitch, and yaw angles are 0.467°, 0.303°, and 0.911°. Meanwhile, Table 4 provides navigation results under the same condition after compensation. The velocity errors Vx and Vy are 0.065 and −0.024, and the attitude errors of roll pitch and yaw are −0.044°, 0.034°, and −0.092°, respectively.Thus, simulation results show that velocity error caused by scale factor errors and misalignment errors related to rotation axis cannot be modulated by the single-axis rotational inertial navigation system. With the proposed method, the corresponding errors can be calibrated precisely. Simulation results show that navigation performance is greatly enhanced by calibration and compensation.


## 4.1. Condition

The IMU errors in this simulation are defined as follows: gyro bias is 0.1°/h with a white noise of 0.01°/h/√Hz, accelerometers bias is 100μg with a white noise of 10 μg/√Hz, misalignment of accelerometers is 20″, scale factor error of accelerometer is 100 ppm, the misalignment of gyro about rotational axis (z-axis of body frame) is 60″ and the others are 20″, and the scale factor error of gyro around rotation axis is 300 ppm and the others are 100 ppm. The main error parameters are listed in Table 1. Data sampling frequency is 50 Hz.Table 1
Main error sources of accelerators.
Bias (μg)
Misalignment (sec)
Scale factor error (ppm)
Noise (μg/√Hz)
∇
x
∇
y
∇
z
E
x
y
E
x
z
E
y
x
E
y
z
E
z
x
E
z
y
K
x
K
y
K
z
∇
n
100
100
100
20
20
20
20
20
20
100
100
100
30In order to validate the theory above, the initial attitude angles of roll, pitch, and yaw are 20°, 30°, and 40°, respectively. The tested IMU is under stationary base. The tested IMU rotates with the angular velocity of 10°/s, and the length of the test periodt is 36 s.


## 4.2. Simulation Results

Assume that there is no attitude error at the beginning of navigation and the whole navigation process lasts 360 s, including 10 whole periodst. Based on the error sources listed in Tables 1 and 2, the simulation results are evaluated by 30 Monte Carlos runs. The state variables of instrument errors are Mxz, Myz, and Sz, and the values are 59.96″,59.96″, and 300 ppm, respectively. In Table 3, it is obvious that the estimated parameters obtained by 12-state filter are very close to the real values.Table 2
Main error sources of gyros.
Bias (°/h)
Misalignment (sec)
Scale factor error (ppm)
Noise (°/h/√Hz)
ε
x
ε
y
ε
z
M
x
y
M
x
z
M
y
x
M
y
z
M
z
x
M
z
y
S
x
S
y
S
z
ε
n
0.05
0.05
0.05
20
60
20
60
20
20
100
100
300
0.02Table 3
Calibration result.
Parameter
M
x
z
M
y
z
S
z
Estimate
59.96
59.96
300.02Figure3 describes the error covariance root-mean-square curve of the state variables during the filtering process. The curve shows that the algorithm has better convergence speed, and the state variables Mxz, Myz, and Sz have good observability.Figure 3
Error covariance root-mean-square curve of estimated device error.
(a)
(b)
(c)Figure4 describes the estimated gyro scale factor errors and misalignment errors around rotational axis in 30 Monte Carlos runs. Similar to error covariance root-mean-square curve, error estimated curve also converges quickly after filtering. The steady values of estimated gyro scale factor errors and misalignment errors can be compensated during the navigation process. Navigation results after compensation are listed in Table 4.Figure 4
Estimation curve of device error related to rotational axis.
(a)
(b)
(c)Table 4
Pure navigation results.
Parameter
Before compensation
After compensation
Theory value
Vx (m/s)
2.982
0.0447
0
Vy (m/s)
17.548
0.1184
0
Vz (m/x)
0
0
0
Pitch (°)
20.467
19.954
20
Roll (°)
29.697
30.030
30
Yaw (°)
40.911
39.910
40Figure5 describes the velocity error during navigation process without filter. The curve shows that velocity error accumulates with time quickly, which is the same as the unknown attitude error and the inertial device error related to rotational axis. Thus, the error mechanism deduction has been verified.Figure 5
Velocity error curve resolved by single axis rotational INS without compensation.
(a)
(b)Table4 provides a comparison of the navigation results under different conditions. Through 360 s navigation without compensation, the velocity errors Vx and Vy are 2.982 m/s and −17.548 m/s, and the attitude errors of roll, pitch, and yaw angles are 0.467°, 0.303°, and 0.911°. Meanwhile, Table 4 provides navigation results under the same condition after compensation. The velocity errors Vx and Vy are 0.065 and −0.024, and the attitude errors of roll pitch and yaw are −0.044°, 0.034°, and −0.092°, respectively.Thus, simulation results show that velocity error caused by scale factor errors and misalignment errors related to rotation axis cannot be modulated by the single-axis rotational inertial navigation system. With the proposed method, the corresponding errors can be calibrated precisely. Simulation results show that navigation performance is greatly enhanced by calibration and compensation.


## 5. Real Test

### 5.1. Experiment Set up

To further validate the proposed method, the real calibration test is established. The test IMU consists of three orthogonal gyros whose accuracy is 0.1°/h and accelerometers whose accuracy is 100μg. The test is carried out with personal computer made by DELL, industrial personal computer, the self-designed computer monitoring software, and navigation computing software.Data are sampled by the frequency of 100 Hz. The turntable shown in Figure6 is utilized to simulate single-axis rotational mechanization, whose rotation rate accuracy is 0.0001°/s. Besides, its positional accuracy is 2 arc-second. Initial angles of pitch, roll, and yaw are 0.0456°, 0.0279°, and 0.0197°. The rotation rate of turntable is 10°/s corresponding to the simulation.Figure 6
Velocity error of pure navigation before compensation.
(a)
(b)In the beginning, the turntable remains stationary for 140 s to collect data for initial alignment. Then, the IMU rotates at the angular velocity of 10°/s around itsz-axis at least 900 s for navigation. The turntable should be rotated to its original position after navigation.


### 5.2. Experiment Result

Gyro errors of rotation axis are estimated by the designed self-calibration filter. Estimated values ofMxz, Myz, and Sz are shown in Figure 3. It is obvious that estimation curve converges very quickly. The steady values of estimated scale factor errors and misalignment errors Mxz, Myz, and Sz related to rotational axis are utilized as calibration results. Calibration results estimated by filter are listed in Table 5, where Mxz is 154.2″, Myz is −107.7″, and Sz is 84.0 ppm.Table 5
Calibration result.
Parameter
M
x
z
M
y
z
S
z
Estimated
154.2511
−107.7430
84.0126Figure6 shows the navigation results of accumulated velocity errors before compensation. It is evident that velocity accumulates quickly, and it can be proved that single-axis rotational INS cannot modulate scale factor error and misalignment errors related to rotation axis. Figure 7 displays the velocity estimated curve after compensating for the corresponding errors. Compared with the estimated curve before compensation, the error accumulates more slowly. It proves that the proposed method can decrease or eliminate the effects caused by gyro in rotation axis. Figure 8 shows the Vx, Vy curve after compensation.Figure 7
Errors estimation curve related to rotational axis gyro.
(a)
(b)
(c)Figure 8
Velocity errors of pure navigation after compensation.
(a)
(b)Navigation results about velocity and attitude are listed in Table6. Before compensation, the velocity errors in level drift are 4.9222 m/s and −1.9773 m/s, respectively, while after compensation are 0.2950 m/s and 0.5888 m/s. In terms of attitude errors, the improvement after compensation is also obvious. Compared with the initial attitude, the attitude errors accumulated during navigation and resolved by single-axis rotational INS in pitch, roll, and yaw are 0.0426 degree, 0.1037 degree, and 0.8712 degree. Similarly, attitude errors in pitch, roll, and yaw angle after compensation are 0.0011 degree, 0.0834 degree, and 0.0771 degree. Data express that the precision of navigation is enhanced at least 20%.Table 6
Pure navigation results in experiment.
Parameter
Theory value
Before compensation
After compensation
Vx (m/s)
0
4.9222
0.2950
Vy (m/s)
0
−1.9773
0.5888
Vz (m/x)
0
0
0
Pitch (deg)
0.0456
0.0043
0.0467
Roll (deg)
0.0279
−0.0758
−0.0455
Yaw (deg)
0.0197
0.8809
0.0968Thus, the proposed method with filter can estimate the device error related to rotational axis effectively. The precision of the single axis rotational INS is improved by compensating the estimated steady value of corresponding errors.


## 5.1. Experiment Set up

To further validate the proposed method, the real calibration test is established. The test IMU consists of three orthogonal gyros whose accuracy is 0.1°/h and accelerometers whose accuracy is 100μg. The test is carried out with personal computer made by DELL, industrial personal computer, the self-designed computer monitoring software, and navigation computing software.Data are sampled by the frequency of 100 Hz. The turntable shown in Figure6 is utilized to simulate single-axis rotational mechanization, whose rotation rate accuracy is 0.0001°/s. Besides, its positional accuracy is 2 arc-second. Initial angles of pitch, roll, and yaw are 0.0456°, 0.0279°, and 0.0197°. The rotation rate of turntable is 10°/s corresponding to the simulation.Figure 6
Velocity error of pure navigation before compensation.
(a)
(b)In the beginning, the turntable remains stationary for 140 s to collect data for initial alignment. Then, the IMU rotates at the angular velocity of 10°/s around itsz-axis at least 900 s for navigation. The turntable should be rotated to its original position after navigation.


## 5.2. Experiment Result

Gyro errors of rotation axis are estimated by the designed self-calibration filter. Estimated values ofMxz, Myz, and Sz are shown in Figure 3. It is obvious that estimation curve converges very quickly. The steady values of estimated scale factor errors and misalignment errors Mxz, Myz, and Sz related to rotational axis are utilized as calibration results. Calibration results estimated by filter are listed in Table 5, where Mxz is 154.2″, Myz is −107.7″, and Sz is 84.0 ppm.Table 5
Calibration result.
Parameter
M
x
z
M
y
z
S
z
Estimated
154.2511
−107.7430
84.0126Figure6 shows the navigation results of accumulated velocity errors before compensation. It is evident that velocity accumulates quickly, and it can be proved that single-axis rotational INS cannot modulate scale factor error and misalignment errors related to rotation axis. Figure 7 displays the velocity estimated curve after compensating for the corresponding errors. Compared with the estimated curve before compensation, the error accumulates more slowly. It proves that the proposed method can decrease or eliminate the effects caused by gyro in rotation axis. Figure 8 shows the Vx, Vy curve after compensation.Figure 7
Errors estimation curve related to rotational axis gyro.
(a)
(b)
(c)Figure 8
Velocity errors of pure navigation after compensation.
(a)
(b)Navigation results about velocity and attitude are listed in Table6. Before compensation, the velocity errors in level drift are 4.9222 m/s and −1.9773 m/s, respectively, while after compensation are 0.2950 m/s and 0.5888 m/s. In terms of attitude errors, the improvement after compensation is also obvious. Compared with the initial attitude, the attitude errors accumulated during navigation and resolved by single-axis rotational INS in pitch, roll, and yaw are 0.0426 degree, 0.1037 degree, and 0.8712 degree. Similarly, attitude errors in pitch, roll, and yaw angle after compensation are 0.0011 degree, 0.0834 degree, and 0.0771 degree. Data express that the precision of navigation is enhanced at least 20%.Table 6
Pure navigation results in experiment.
Parameter
Theory value
Before compensation
After compensation
Vx (m/s)
0
4.9222
0.2950
Vy (m/s)
0
−1.9773
0.5888
Vz (m/x)
0
0
0
Pitch (deg)
0.0456
0.0043
0.0467
Roll (deg)
0.0279
−0.0758
−0.0455
Yaw (deg)
0.0197
0.8809
0.0968Thus, the proposed method with filter can estimate the device error related to rotational axis effectively. The precision of the single axis rotational INS is improved by compensating the estimated steady value of corresponding errors.


## 6. Conclusions

In the single-axis rotational inertial navigation system, instrument errors related to rotational axis cannot be modulated and these errors will have great impact on the navigation precision. Error mechanism and equations of velocity and attitude have been shown in this paper, and a calibration method with filter has been proposed. The state model should contain device errors which cannot be modulated by rotation. In the stationary base, zero velocity and the known turntable angular velocity can be chosen as the measurement. IMU errors can be estimated and compensated online to reduce the navigation error. Simulation has been carried out to verify the correctness of error mechanism and the feasibility of the proposed method, the experiment results further illustrate the validation of the proposed method, and the precision of the single-axis rotational INS can be improved.It is shown that the precision of navigation is enhanced at least 20%. The proposed method using filter can estimate the device error related to rotational axis effectively. The precision of the single axis rotational INS has been improved by compensating the estimated steady value of corresponding errors.



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*Source: 8912341-2019-09-30.xml*