# Model Predictive Voltage Control with Optimal Duty Cycle for Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter

Authors: Shahrouz Ebrahimpanah; Qihong Chen; Liyan Zhang; Misbawu Adam
Journal: Journal of Control Science and Engineering
 (2019)

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## Abstract

This paper proposes a model predictive voltage control (MPVC) strategy with duty cycle control for grid-connected three-phase inverters with output LCL filter. The model of the system is used to predict the capacitor filter voltage according to the future output current for each possible switching state at each sampling period. Then the cost function for each prediction is determined and the switching state is selected. In the proposed method, two voltage vectors are applied during one sampling interval to achieve better steady-state performance. Finally, the optimal duration of the nonzero voltage vector is defined based on the duty cycle optimization, which is vital to the control system. The proposed strategy offers a better reference tracking error with less THD in linear and nonlinear load situations. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified by MATLAB/Simulink and experimental results exhibit a better steady-state performance with less sampling frequency.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Renewable energy generation systems, such as photovoltaic and wind turbine connected to power grid are drawing more and more attention in recent years. The grid-connected inverters play an important role in the distributed generation systems [1, 2]. For this reasons, inverter control plays a significant role in the performance of the grid-tied inverters system. Therefore selecting a better power converter and better control method can lead to efficient system operation and better performance with less total harmonic distortions to achieve better grid current quality [3, 4]. Three-phase inverter with output LCL filter connected to the grid is one of the most popular applications in the power systems to transfer DC voltage source to a symmetrical three-phase AC sinusoidal voltage. Thus, it can supply symmetrical sinusoidal voltages to the consumers in the standalone power systems without using of a magnetic transformer [5].The applications with LC or LCL filter: the output voltage is selected to regulate the inverter, while the output current is chosen for inverter control in L-filter based applications. For controlling voltage, many classical control techniques such as linear proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers, hysteresis regulators based on pulse width modulation (PWM), variable structure control, open-loop feed forward controllers, pole placement controllers, and sliding mode control have been previously studied. Most of these complex control methods require 3D-space vector modulation [6, 7], which is quite complex in nature, time consuming, and complicated software and digital implementation. But recently the finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) has been found as a new control scheme in power electronics and drives systems [5]. This method has been applied in wide range of power converters applications compared to the classical control methods at lower switching frequency operation. This is due to its simple nature, fast dynamic response, and nonlinearities in the control design. Thus during such conditions the FCS-MPC strategy provides better steady-state performance [8, 9]. However, the conventional finite control set model predictive voltage control (FCS-MPVC) employs one voltage vector during one sampling period and optimization of duty cycle is not involved in the control method; therefore, it needs a high sampling frequency to achieve a better performance. Due to these reasons, research on new strategies to obtain better steady-state performance in lower sampling frequency is important [10–13].This paper presents a new proposed method (MPVC with duty cycle optimization) to control the grid-connected three-phase inverter with output LCL filter. In this proposed strategy, predictive voltage is determined by predicted output current, which means there are two prediction steps, first output current prediction and then voltage prediction. It can compensate for the effects of uncertainties in the load. Therefore, it is suitable for any type of load such as balanced, unbalanced, and nonlinear loads. In addition, it has better dynamic response. However, in the conventional strategy output voltage is predicted directly, which needs high sampling time to get better performance. From the other point of view, the proposed method uses a nonzero voltage vector and a zero voltage vector during one sampling period. Then, the duration of the nonzero and zero voltage vectors are determined according to the duty cycle optimization, which is key in the control system to avoid any effects on the dynamic response and obtain better steady-state performance at lower sampling time [14–18]. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces inverter analysis. Principle of MPVC is surveyed in Section 3. Then, Section 4 presents simulation and experimental results. Finally, conclusions are summed up in Section 5.


## 2. Inverter Analysis

This paper connected the three-phase inverter with output LCL filter to the grid which is shown in Figure1.Figure 1
Block diagram of a two-level three-phase inverter with output LCL filter connected to the grid.The switching state of 6 power switches is represented by gating signalsSa,Sb, and Sc found as follows [18]:(1)Sa=1ifS1onandS4off0ifS1offandS4on(2)Sb=1ifS2onandS5off0ifS2offandS5on(3)Sc=1ifS3onandS6off0ifS3offandS6onAnd the switching state vector can be determined in vectorial form(4)S=23Sa+aSb+a2Scwhere a=ej2Π/3= -1/2 + j3/2.The output voltage space vectors are expressed by(5)V=23VaN+aVbN+a2VcNwhere VaN, VbN, and VcN are the phase-to-neutral (N) voltages of the inverter, where N is the negative terminal of the DC-link. Therefore, output voltage vector V can be express based on the switching state vector S and dc-link voltage as the following:(6)V=VdcSwhere Vdc is the DC source voltage.According to Figure2, there are seven different possible combinations of the switching states [18].Figure 2
Possible voltage vectors generated by the inverter.Using the vectorial format, the output currenti, the capacitor filter voltageVc, and the grid current ig can be expressed as space vectors and are expressed as(7)i=23ia+aib+a2ic(8)Vc=23Vca+aVcb+a2Vcc(9)ig=23iga+aigb+a2igcAs shown in Figure 1, the LCL filter is modelled in the block diagram. This model can be expressed by two equations of inductance dynamics and the capacitor dynamics [19].The dynamic behaviour of the output current can be defined by the following:(10)Lf1didt=V-Vc-Rci-igwhere Lf1 is the first filter inductance and Rc is the damping resistance.The equation of the filter capacitor is defined as(11)CdVcdt=i-igwhere C is the filter capacitance.


## 3. Principle of MPVC

Model predictive capacitor filter voltage control design and implement consist as the following steps:(1)
Using a discrete-time model to predict the behaviour of current and voltage for the next time step.(2)
Minimizing the cost function to find the best voltage vectorVk.(3)
Determining the duration for the nonzero and zero voltage vector.The controller design and controller parameters’ adjustment will be more difficult whereas an LCL filter is involved at the output of the inverter. So in the applications that include an LCL filter, the capacitor filter voltage is regulated, while the grid current is controlled in L-filter based applications. As the proposed model predictive voltage control scheme is shown in Figure3, this method uses the discrete-time model for the three-leg inverter and LCL filter to predict the capacitor filter voltage based on prediction of the output current and then selects a switching state based on the minimization of cost function for each sampling time [20, 21].Figure 3
Control diagram of a three-phase inverter connected to the grid.Predictions of the future output current and capacitor filter voltage at the moment of (k + 1) for different values of voltage vectorVkwill be acquired based on discrete-time equation, respectively, as follows [7, 18, 22]:(12)ik+1=ik+TspLVk-Vck-Rcik-igk(13)Vck+1=Vck+TspCik+1-igkAnd now by substituting (12) into (13), the following expression is obtained for the future capacitor filter voltage at (k+1)th instant.(14)Vck+1=Vck+TspCik+TspLVk-Vck-Rik-igk-igk


### 3.1. Minimization of Cost Function

By considering an output LCL filter in this method, a different analysis and more accurate mathematical model is given for controlling the output voltage and consequently a better output voltage quality defined as the control objectives in the cost function. Hence, to select the optimal voltage vectorVk applied by the inverter, the seven Vc((k+1) are compared using a cost function g to find the best voltage vectorVk, which minimizes this function, for selecting and applying at the next sampling instant [20, 21].Therefore, a cost functiong will be expressed by measuring the error between the references and the predicted capacitor filter voltage.(15)g=ReVc_ref-Vck+1+ImVc_ref-Vck+1whereVc(k+1) is predicted from (14) and Vc_ref is obtained from(16)Vc_ref=23Vca_ref+aVcb_ref+a2Vcc_refwhere Vca_ref,Vcb_ref,andVcc_refare the reference capacitor filter voltage for phases a, b, and c, which are generated by sine wave creator with the 120° phase displacement.The capacitor filter voltage equals its reference wheng=0. Therefore, the goal of the cost function is considered to achieve g value close to zero. In other words, this paper is looking for less capacitor filter voltage error to choose the voltage vector and then applied to the next sampling instant [5, 19].


### 3.2. Duty Cycle Determination

In the proposed MPVC, determination of the duration for the nonzero voltage vector is the key to control system. Hence, slopes of the capacitor filter voltage for the nonzero voltageS1 vector and the zero voltage vector S0 will be calculated easily from (11) [14, 15, 23].(17)s1=ik+Tsp/LVn-z-Vck-Rik-igk-igkC(18)s0=ik+Tsp/L-Vck-Rik-igk-igkCwhere Vn-z is the best voltage vector, which minimizes the cost function.Thus capacitor filter voltage at the end of the next control cycle will be written as follows:(19)Vck+1=Vck+Toptik+Tsp/LVn-z-Vck-Rik-igk-igk+Tzik+Tsp/L-Vck-Rik-igk-igkC(20)Topt+Tz=Tsp(21)Vn-z+Vz=Vkwhere ToptandTz are the optimal duration of the nonzero and zero voltage vectors, respectively.Now, by replacing (17) and (18) into (19) the capacitor filter voltage at the end of the next control period can be obtained by(22)Vck+1=Vc+s1×Topt+s0×Tsp-ToptThe optimal duration of Topt that minimizes the cost function during a control period satisfies the following condition [8]:(23)∂g∂Topt=0By replacing (22) into (15) and solving (23), the duration of the nonzero vector can be expressed as (24)Topt=Vc_ref-Vck-s0×Tsps1-s0It is necessary to consider that the value of Topt can be equaled to zero only if Topt is less than zero, and Topt is more thanTsp; then it will be equaled to Tsp[16].


### 3.3. Implemented Control Flowchart

Flowchart of the proposed MPVC with duty cycle optimization for obtaining the optimal output voltage vector and their optimal durations is illustrated in Figure4.Figure 4
Flowchart of the proposed MPVC with duty cycle optimization.


## 3.1. Minimization of Cost Function

By considering an output LCL filter in this method, a different analysis and more accurate mathematical model is given for controlling the output voltage and consequently a better output voltage quality defined as the control objectives in the cost function. Hence, to select the optimal voltage vectorVk applied by the inverter, the seven Vc((k+1) are compared using a cost function g to find the best voltage vectorVk, which minimizes this function, for selecting and applying at the next sampling instant [20, 21].Therefore, a cost functiong will be expressed by measuring the error between the references and the predicted capacitor filter voltage.(15)g=ReVc_ref-Vck+1+ImVc_ref-Vck+1whereVc(k+1) is predicted from (14) and Vc_ref is obtained from(16)Vc_ref=23Vca_ref+aVcb_ref+a2Vcc_refwhere Vca_ref,Vcb_ref,andVcc_refare the reference capacitor filter voltage for phases a, b, and c, which are generated by sine wave creator with the 120° phase displacement.The capacitor filter voltage equals its reference wheng=0. Therefore, the goal of the cost function is considered to achieve g value close to zero. In other words, this paper is looking for less capacitor filter voltage error to choose the voltage vector and then applied to the next sampling instant [5, 19].


## 3.2. Duty Cycle Determination

In the proposed MPVC, determination of the duration for the nonzero voltage vector is the key to control system. Hence, slopes of the capacitor filter voltage for the nonzero voltageS1 vector and the zero voltage vector S0 will be calculated easily from (11) [14, 15, 23].(17)s1=ik+Tsp/LVn-z-Vck-Rik-igk-igkC(18)s0=ik+Tsp/L-Vck-Rik-igk-igkCwhere Vn-z is the best voltage vector, which minimizes the cost function.Thus capacitor filter voltage at the end of the next control cycle will be written as follows:(19)Vck+1=Vck+Toptik+Tsp/LVn-z-Vck-Rik-igk-igk+Tzik+Tsp/L-Vck-Rik-igk-igkC(20)Topt+Tz=Tsp(21)Vn-z+Vz=Vkwhere ToptandTz are the optimal duration of the nonzero and zero voltage vectors, respectively.Now, by replacing (17) and (18) into (19) the capacitor filter voltage at the end of the next control period can be obtained by(22)Vck+1=Vc+s1×Topt+s0×Tsp-ToptThe optimal duration of Topt that minimizes the cost function during a control period satisfies the following condition [8]:(23)∂g∂Topt=0By replacing (22) into (15) and solving (23), the duration of the nonzero vector can be expressed as (24)Topt=Vc_ref-Vck-s0×Tsps1-s0It is necessary to consider that the value of Topt can be equaled to zero only if Topt is less than zero, and Topt is more thanTsp; then it will be equaled to Tsp[16].


## 3.3. Implemented Control Flowchart

Flowchart of the proposed MPVC with duty cycle optimization for obtaining the optimal output voltage vector and their optimal durations is illustrated in Figure4.Figure 4
Flowchart of the proposed MPVC with duty cycle optimization.


## 4. Simulation and Experimental Results

### 4.1. Simulation Results

To validate the proposed MPVC, a simulation model of a two-level three-phase inverter with output LCL filter connected to the grid has been developed with the parameters as shown in Table1 by using MATLAB/Simulink under various conditions. The simulated model is built based on the system shown in Figure 5. The simulation analysis is mainly about robustness of the proposed MPVC strategy. Hence, for this purpose, the performance of the proposed strategy will be compared with the conventional scheme.Table 1
Parameters used for the simulation and experiment.
Variable System Parameters Value V d c DC-Link voltage 700V e Grid Voltage (RMS) 220V f Line voltage frequency 50Hz v r e f Reference voltage peak amplitude 311 & 240V L 2 Filter inductance 1mH L 1 Filter Inductance 3mH C f Filter Capacitance 15μF R c Damping Resistance 10Ω T s p Sampling time 25 to 100μsFigure 5
Simulation diagram in MATLAB/Simulink. (a) Proposed MPVC with duty cycle control for a three-phase inverter connected to the grid. (b) Subsystem of the MPVC.
(a) (b)First of all, by comparison of grid current waveforms for the proposed and conventional methods, it is clear that the proposed MPVC has much less distortion in output current than conventional MPVC and the proposed MPCC methods, and even conventional MPVC has better results as compared to the conventional MPCC. Therefore, it is going to present less current ripples and lower current harmonics as seen in Figure6.Figure 6
Simulation waveform of three phase grid current at 50μs sampling time for (a) the conventional MPVC, (b) the proposed MPVC, (c) the conventional MPCC, and (d) the proposed MPCC.
(a) (b) (c) (d)Then, to proof this stability for the proposed method, the capacitor filter voltage will be explored in simulation. As it is shown in Figure7, there is a good tracking of capacitor filter voltage to its reference in the proposed method; and even by changing the voltage level, the proposed method tracking the voltage reference is still more accurate and has lower ripples than the conventional. Hence, it could be a reason to have lower current harmonics.Figure 7
Simulation waveform of capacitor filter voltage (phase a) at the sampling timeTsp=50μs for two different voltage levels: (a) the conventional MPVC, (b) the proposed MPVC.
(a) (b)Figures8 and 9 show a harmonic spectrum analysis at the sampling times Tsp=50μs for the grid current and the capacitor filter voltage, respectively. From one point of view, it can be clearly seen the current THDs in the proposed methods which are 1.91% and 2.54% for MPVC and MPCC, respectively, much better than the conventional strategies results which are 2.95% for MPVC and 4.29% for MPCC. Moreover, the conventional MPVC gets better results as compared to the conventional MPCC, which proves the benefits of controlling the capacitor filter voltage. Therefore, the current waveforms are more closed to sinusoidal, which proves the efficiency of proposed MPVC with optimal duty cycle control. On the other side, comparing the THD of capacitor filter voltage for two methods shows that the proposed MPVC still has a better performance by 4.05% than conventional by 6.03%. So in the conventional strategy to achieve less THD, the sampling frequency is needed to increase, and increasing the sampling frequency can be a reason for higher hardware expenses. However, in the proposed MPVC this problem is solved by using duty cycle optimization; then this goal is obtained without increasing the sampling time.Figure 8
Total harmonic distortion of grid current at 50μs sampling time for (a) the conventional MPVC, (b) the proposed MPVC, (c) the conventional MPCC, and (d) the proposed MPCC.
(a) (b) (c) (d)Figure 9
Total harmonic distortion of capacitor filter voltage at 50μs sampling time for (a) the conventional MPVC and (b) the proposed MPVC.
(a) (b)Figure10 shows a bar chart of THD for the grid current and the capacitor filter voltage in different methods with various sampling times and it can prove that the proposed method has significantly lower THD values than the conventional one because of the idea of duty cycle optimization. As shown in Figure 10, the proposed method can set more substantial advantages in systems by a larger sampling frequency.Figure 10
Comparative simulation results of THD for the conventional and proposed MPVC. (a) Capacitor filter voltage. (b) Grid current.
(a) (b)Figure11 shows the results for a step change in the amplitude of the reference voltage from 311 V to 240 V. Therefore, the grid current also will be changed according to the reference voltage step change (see Figure 12). It can be observed that by following the change of the reference voltage, the amplitude of the grid currents will be changed with extremely rapid dynamics while being not affected by this step change. However, as shown in Figure 7, the amplitude of the capacitor filter voltage does not gain its reference in a short time. Overall, by comparing two methods, the proposed MPVC has a better dynamic performance than conventional method.Figure 11
Results of capacitor filter voltage for a step in the amplitude ofVcα_ref and Vcβ_ref. (a) The conventional MPVC. (b) The proposed MPVC.
(a) (b)Figure 12
Grid current of phase A for (a) the conventional MPVC and (b) the proposed MPVC.
(a) (b)The absolute error will be defined as differences between the reference current and the measured grid current. To reveal the possibilities of the proposed MPVC method, comparison of the absolute reference tracking error for the MPVC and MPCC strategies is presented in Figure13. Therefore, it is clear that the MPVC strategy is more stable than the proposed MPCC, as it has less absolute reference tracking error compared to the MPCC method.Figure 13
Absolute reference current tracking error. (a) Comparison of the conventional and proposed strategies. (b) Difference between proposed MPCC and MPVC.
(a) (b)At last the detailed measurements of THD for the capacitor filter voltage and the grid current are summarized in Table2 for the MPVC and MPCC methods. Hence, it is clear that the proposed MPVC with duty cycle optimization achieves much better steady-state performance and lower THD as compared to the proposed MPCCTable 2
Comparison of THD for MPVC and MPCC methods.
THD (%) Conventional MPVC Proposed MPVC Conventional MPCC Proposed MPCC Sampling Time (μs) Grid Current Capacitor filter Voltage Grid Current Capacitor filter Voltage Grid Current Grid Current  25 0.98 3.52 0.7 2.8 3.2 1.94  50 2.95 6.03 1.91 4.05 4.29 2.54


### 4.2. Experimental Tests

To verify whether simulation model can be realized, an experiment was performed and evaluated as well. Therefore, the proposed MPVC algorithm has been tested on a laboratory prototype system including a three-phase inverter connected to the grid. The main system parameters are summarized with the same system parameters used for the simulation (see Table1). The core of the control hardware is based on A 32-bit floating digital signal processor (DSP) TMS320F28335 where the proposed MPVC algorithm has been coded. And a Fluke 434 power quality analyser is used in the prototype as measuring equipment. The three-phase grid-tied inverter prototype was set up according to Figure 14.Figure 14
Laboratory setup.As shown in Figure15, the experimental output current waveform seems slightly worse than the simulation results, but still in the proposed methods, the current waveform is smoother as compared to the conventional methods. To confirm these changes, Figure 16 shows the distorted waveform of the inverter output current THD, where the conventional and the proposed MPVC methods are 7.2% and 3.1%; and the conventional and proposed MPCC methods are 7.3% and 3.3%, respectively. Thus, the proposed strategy has much better performance in comparison with the conventional one and along with the voltage controlling gets better results as compared to the current controlling.Figure 15
Waveform of three-phase grid current: (a) the Conventional MPVC, (b) the proposed MPVC, (c) the conventional MPCC, and (d) the proposed MPCC.
(a) (b) (c) (d)Figure 16
THD of the three-phase grid current: (a) the conventional MPVC, (b) the proposed MPVC, (c) the conventional MPCC, and (d) the proposed MPCC.
(a) (b) (c) (d)


## 4.1. Simulation Results

To validate the proposed MPVC, a simulation model of a two-level three-phase inverter with output LCL filter connected to the grid has been developed with the parameters as shown in Table1 by using MATLAB/Simulink under various conditions. The simulated model is built based on the system shown in Figure 5. The simulation analysis is mainly about robustness of the proposed MPVC strategy. Hence, for this purpose, the performance of the proposed strategy will be compared with the conventional scheme.Table 1
Parameters used for the simulation and experiment.
Variable System Parameters Value V d c DC-Link voltage 700V e Grid Voltage (RMS) 220V f Line voltage frequency 50Hz v r e f Reference voltage peak amplitude 311 & 240V L 2 Filter inductance 1mH L 1 Filter Inductance 3mH C f Filter Capacitance 15μF R c Damping Resistance 10Ω T s p Sampling time 25 to 100μsFigure 5
Simulation diagram in MATLAB/Simulink. (a) Proposed MPVC with duty cycle control for a three-phase inverter connected to the grid. (b) Subsystem of the MPVC.
(a) (b)First of all, by comparison of grid current waveforms for the proposed and conventional methods, it is clear that the proposed MPVC has much less distortion in output current than conventional MPVC and the proposed MPCC methods, and even conventional MPVC has better results as compared to the conventional MPCC. Therefore, it is going to present less current ripples and lower current harmonics as seen in Figure6.Figure 6
Simulation waveform of three phase grid current at 50μs sampling time for (a) the conventional MPVC, (b) the proposed MPVC, (c) the conventional MPCC, and (d) the proposed MPCC.
(a) (b) (c) (d)Then, to proof this stability for the proposed method, the capacitor filter voltage will be explored in simulation. As it is shown in Figure7, there is a good tracking of capacitor filter voltage to its reference in the proposed method; and even by changing the voltage level, the proposed method tracking the voltage reference is still more accurate and has lower ripples than the conventional. Hence, it could be a reason to have lower current harmonics.Figure 7
Simulation waveform of capacitor filter voltage (phase a) at the sampling timeTsp=50μs for two different voltage levels: (a) the conventional MPVC, (b) the proposed MPVC.
(a) (b)Figures8 and 9 show a harmonic spectrum analysis at the sampling times Tsp=50μs for the grid current and the capacitor filter voltage, respectively. From one point of view, it can be clearly seen the current THDs in the proposed methods which are 1.91% and 2.54% for MPVC and MPCC, respectively, much better than the conventional strategies results which are 2.95% for MPVC and 4.29% for MPCC. Moreover, the conventional MPVC gets better results as compared to the conventional MPCC, which proves the benefits of controlling the capacitor filter voltage. Therefore, the current waveforms are more closed to sinusoidal, which proves the efficiency of proposed MPVC with optimal duty cycle control. On the other side, comparing the THD of capacitor filter voltage for two methods shows that the proposed MPVC still has a better performance by 4.05% than conventional by 6.03%. So in the conventional strategy to achieve less THD, the sampling frequency is needed to increase, and increasing the sampling frequency can be a reason for higher hardware expenses. However, in the proposed MPVC this problem is solved by using duty cycle optimization; then this goal is obtained without increasing the sampling time.Figure 8
Total harmonic distortion of grid current at 50μs sampling time for (a) the conventional MPVC, (b) the proposed MPVC, (c) the conventional MPCC, and (d) the proposed MPCC.
(a) (b) (c) (d)Figure 9
Total harmonic distortion of capacitor filter voltage at 50μs sampling time for (a) the conventional MPVC and (b) the proposed MPVC.
(a) (b)Figure10 shows a bar chart of THD for the grid current and the capacitor filter voltage in different methods with various sampling times and it can prove that the proposed method has significantly lower THD values than the conventional one because of the idea of duty cycle optimization. As shown in Figure 10, the proposed method can set more substantial advantages in systems by a larger sampling frequency.Figure 10
Comparative simulation results of THD for the conventional and proposed MPVC. (a) Capacitor filter voltage. (b) Grid current.
(a) (b)Figure11 shows the results for a step change in the amplitude of the reference voltage from 311 V to 240 V. Therefore, the grid current also will be changed according to the reference voltage step change (see Figure 12). It can be observed that by following the change of the reference voltage, the amplitude of the grid currents will be changed with extremely rapid dynamics while being not affected by this step change. However, as shown in Figure 7, the amplitude of the capacitor filter voltage does not gain its reference in a short time. Overall, by comparing two methods, the proposed MPVC has a better dynamic performance than conventional method.Figure 11
Results of capacitor filter voltage for a step in the amplitude ofVcα_ref and Vcβ_ref. (a) The conventional MPVC. (b) The proposed MPVC.
(a) (b)Figure 12
Grid current of phase A for (a) the conventional MPVC and (b) the proposed MPVC.
(a) (b)The absolute error will be defined as differences between the reference current and the measured grid current. To reveal the possibilities of the proposed MPVC method, comparison of the absolute reference tracking error for the MPVC and MPCC strategies is presented in Figure13. Therefore, it is clear that the MPVC strategy is more stable than the proposed MPCC, as it has less absolute reference tracking error compared to the MPCC method.Figure 13
Absolute reference current tracking error. (a) Comparison of the conventional and proposed strategies. (b) Difference between proposed MPCC and MPVC.
(a) (b)At last the detailed measurements of THD for the capacitor filter voltage and the grid current are summarized in Table2 for the MPVC and MPCC methods. Hence, it is clear that the proposed MPVC with duty cycle optimization achieves much better steady-state performance and lower THD as compared to the proposed MPCCTable 2
Comparison of THD for MPVC and MPCC methods.
THD (%) Conventional MPVC Proposed MPVC Conventional MPCC Proposed MPCC Sampling Time (μs) Grid Current Capacitor filter Voltage Grid Current Capacitor filter Voltage Grid Current Grid Current  25 0.98 3.52 0.7 2.8 3.2 1.94  50 2.95 6.03 1.91 4.05 4.29 2.54


## 4.2. Experimental Tests

To verify whether simulation model can be realized, an experiment was performed and evaluated as well. Therefore, the proposed MPVC algorithm has been tested on a laboratory prototype system including a three-phase inverter connected to the grid. The main system parameters are summarized with the same system parameters used for the simulation (see Table1). The core of the control hardware is based on A 32-bit floating digital signal processor (DSP) TMS320F28335 where the proposed MPVC algorithm has been coded. And a Fluke 434 power quality analyser is used in the prototype as measuring equipment. The three-phase grid-tied inverter prototype was set up according to Figure 14.Figure 14
Laboratory setup.As shown in Figure15, the experimental output current waveform seems slightly worse than the simulation results, but still in the proposed methods, the current waveform is smoother as compared to the conventional methods. To confirm these changes, Figure 16 shows the distorted waveform of the inverter output current THD, where the conventional and the proposed MPVC methods are 7.2% and 3.1%; and the conventional and proposed MPCC methods are 7.3% and 3.3%, respectively. Thus, the proposed strategy has much better performance in comparison with the conventional one and along with the voltage controlling gets better results as compared to the current controlling.Figure 15
Waveform of three-phase grid current: (a) the Conventional MPVC, (b) the proposed MPVC, (c) the conventional MPCC, and (d) the proposed MPCC.
(a) (b) (c) (d)Figure 16
THD of the three-phase grid current: (a) the conventional MPVC, (b) the proposed MPVC, (c) the conventional MPCC, and (d) the proposed MPCC.
(a) (b) (c) (d)


## 5. Conclusion

In this paper, a new and simplified control strategy was presented for a three-phase inverter with output LCL filter. The capability of the proposed predictive voltage controller has been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Results show that the proposed strategy obtains a better voltage regulation with linear loads as well as nonlinear loads. The cost function in the algorithm of the control strategy checks each of the 7 possible switching states to choose a better switching state that minimizes the errors. The proposed MPVC achieves an improved steady-state performance by using nonzero and zero vector during one control period. In addition, it improves performance by employing predictive output current to predict capacitor filter voltage as well. Hence, the algorithm defines the duration of the nonzero vector based on the principle of capacitor voltage error minimization. Therefore, this idea (duty ratio optimization) is another advantage to get a better steady-state performance. The proposed MPVC method can decrease steady-state voltage errors and reduce grid current ripples without increasing the sampling frequency compared to the Proposed MPCC strategy. The proposed strategy offers a better reference tracking error with less THD values in the capacitor voltage and grid current as well. From the other point of view, it can be a reason for better system stability and remarkable improvement in the dynamic performance of the inverter by the reference voltage step changing. Hence, the presented simulation and experimental results agree on the efficiency of the proposed MPVC with duty cycle optimization.



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*Source: 8951794-2019-05-12.xml*