# Image Restoration Based on Stochastic Resonance in a Parallel Array of Fitzhugh–Nagumo Neuron

Authors: Huage Zhang; Jinfei Yu; Yumei Ma; Zhenkuan Pan; Jingjing Zhao
Journal: Complexity
 (2020)

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## Abstract

The poor denoising effect for noisy grayscale images with traditional processing methods would be obtained under strong noise condition, and some image details would be lost. In this paper, a parallel array model of Fitzhugh–Nagumo (FHN) neurons was proposed, which can restore noisy grayscale images well with low peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) conditions and the image details are better preserved. Firstly, the row-column scanning method was used to convert the 2D grayscale image into a 1D signal, and then the 1D signal was converted into a binary pulse amplitude modulation (BPAM) signal by signal modulation. The modulated signal was input to an FHN parallel array for stochastic resonance (SR). Finally, the array output signal was restored to a 2D gray image, and the image restoration effect was analyzed based on the PSNR and Structural SIMilarity (SSIM) index. It is shown that the SR effect can be exhibited in an array of FHN neuron nonlinearities by increasing the array size, and the image restoration effect is significantly better than the traditional image restoration method, and larger PSNR and SSIM can be obtained. It provides a new idea for grayscale image restoration in a low PSNR environment.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The image can be affected by noise in the process of acquisition and transmission, resulting in a decline in image quality. At present, traditional image restoration methods [1–3] such as filtering mainly focus on suppressing and reducing noise, but some image information will be lost while denoising. With the development of nonlinear dynamics, SR phenomena are well demonstrated wherein the response of nonlinear systems can be enhanced with the presence of internal or external noise.The concept of SR was first proposed by Benzi to explain the periodic changes in the glacial period and warm climate period in ancient meteorology [4, 5]. Thus, the research of nonlinear systems has been rapidly developed [6, 7]. On the one hand, SR has been widely applied in the field of imaging processing [8, 9]. The adaptive adjustment of bistable system parameters is used for image restoration [10, 11] and the MR image can be enhanced by the method of SR neuron model [12]. Then, aperiodic stochastic resonance is used to restore the grayscale image in [13], and underwater scattering images can be reconstructed by the SR method in [14]. However, the desired effect cannot be achieved with these methods under low PSNR environment. On the other hand, nonlinear systems are widely used in control engineering [15, 16], laying the foundation for the development of SR in nonlinear systems. The remarkable results have been achieved by the parallel array of nonlinearities in the field of SR. In 1995, the theory of array SR was proposed by Lindner et al. [17] and the results showed that the output signal-to-noise ratio can be improved with array SR. The parallel bistable system was found by Wang et al. [18] to detect interference characteristic signals at a lower input signal-to-noise ratio. In the cascaded bistable system, perturbation characteristic signals with lower input signal-to-noise ratio can be detected and a parallel array model based on threshold and a saturated parallel array model are proposed [19]. Wang et al. [20] used array stochastic resonance to improve the reliability and robustness of logical stochastic resonance under colored noise.SR is also widely used in the fields of chemistry [21], biology [22], and physics [23, 24]. In the field of neuroscience [25], a single neuron model is the basis for studying the biological and electrical properties of neurons. The simplified 2D Fitzhugh–Nagumo model was proposed by Fitzhugh and Nagumo based on the 4D Hodgkin–Huxley (HH) model [26, 27]. Then, the 1D FHN model was proposed by Alarcon et al. [28] by simplifying the 2D FHN model. SR in the nervous system is being studied by more and more researchers and SR has become a hot research topic in biological neural signal processing. In 1991, Longtin used theoretical models to simulate and study the phenomenon of integer multiple discharge rhythms and concluded that the rhythm is related to SR effects. The concept of nonperiodic SR was proposed by Collins to describe the phenomenon of SR in FHN when studying the neural model of biostimulation [29]. The generation and regulation mechanism of SR in the nervous system, which depends on the frequency difference, is revealed by Guo et al. [30]. The SR effect in FHN neurons was detected by Yao et al. [31] and stochastic multiple resonance was found in [32] in the study of coupled excitation of FHN neurons, which can effectively detect subthreshold signals. A command filter adaptive neural network control method for multi-input multioutput nonlinear systems was proposed by Yu et al. [33].In this paper, a parallel array model of FHN neuron based on SR is proposed for image restoration. A 2D image signal is converted into a 1D signal through row and column scanning, and then the 1D signal is transformed into a 1D binary pulse amplitude modulation aperiodic signal through pulse amplitude modulation. Then the 1D BPAM aperiodic signal is input to the FHN array nonlinearities, and finally, the output signal is decoded, demodulated, and restored to obtain the restored image. The main works of this paper are as follows: (1) The FHN neuron and the array SR are combined to establish an array SR image restoration model based on the FHN neuron and make full use of the changes in the dynamic characteristics of the neuron caused by noise, enhance the sensitivity of the neuron, and improve the stochastic resonance of the model performance. (2) The FHN neuron parallel array method is compared with the traditional filtering and 2D SR methods in multi-image images. The results show that the method effectively restores the visual effect and PSNR performance of noisy images in a low PSNR environment.


## 2. System Model and Performance Evaluation

### 2.1. System Model Design

The model in this section is a grayscale image restoration model based on array FHN neurons, and the experimental flowchart is shown in Figure1. In image processing, the general image degradation model caused by noise is described as follows:(1)fi,j=si,j+ξi,jfor1≤i≤M,1≤j≤N,where si,j is the original M×N grayscale image and ξi,j is Gaussian white noise with zero mean and variance of σξ2. fi,j is a degraded image polluted by noise. In order to improve the performance of degraded images, it can be applied to FHN nonlinear parallel array, the process steps are as follows.Figure 1
The flowchart of the FHN neuron array model.


#### 2.1.1. Original Image Processing

Firstly, the image is subjected to dimensionality reduction by row or column directional scanning, so that the original grayscale image is converted into a 1D signal of lengthH1×MN (M and N are the rows and columns of the original grayscale image). Then the 1D image sequence H1×MN is encoded as an eight-bit binary sequence Q1×8MN consisting of 0 and 1 with a length of 8×M×N.


#### 2.1.2. Modulation

Next, the binary sequenceQ1×8MN is subjected to signal modulation processing into a 1D bipolar aperiodic signal si,j by the following equation:(2)st=A∑l=18MNWlGt−kTb,where A denotes the amplitude of the signal si,j and G is a rectangular pulse with a period of Tb. When t∈0,Tb, Gt=1, and otherwise, Gt=0. Wll=1,2,⋯∞,8MN is a 1D sequence of values −1 and 1 obtained by performing polarity conversion on binary symbols Q1×8MN0→−1,1→1. k represents the size of the image, that is, the size of the image is 2k×2k.


#### 2.1.3. Array SR Processing

The 2D FHN neuron model is as follows:(3)dvdt=va−vv−1−w+Ia,dwdt=bv−γw,where v represents the fast-changing membrane voltage variable, 0<a<1 is the threshold, b and γ are normal numbers. Here is the slow-changing return variable w, Ia is the excitation current, and when Ia=0, a simplified 1D FHN neuron model can be obtained [34] as follows:(4)dvdt=va−vv−1−bγv+ξt,where ξt is Gaussian white noise. The 1D FHN neuron model is used as the array unit of the parallel array and has the following equation:(5)dvitdt=vita−vitvit−1−bγvit+ht.where i=1,2,⋯,L, and parameter L is the size of parallel FHN neurons. Each SR array unit is an FHN neuron and input ht=st+ξntn=1,2,3,⋯L to the FHN array unit. Then xnt can be obtained after processing by the FHN nonlinearity unit, and xnt is arithmetically averaged and processed. Finally, the output of the FHN parallel array is Xt:(6)Xt=1L∑n=1Lxnt.


#### 2.1.4. Demodulation

Each new signalWl starts at time tk=kTb with a duration of Tb. So, the time interval of the 1D aperiodic signal st is Tb. The optimal demodulation scheme is as follows:(7)Yk=signXtk+Tb=1,Xtk+Tb≥0,signXtk+Tb=0,Xtk+Tb<0.


#### 2.1.5. Decoding and Restoring Images

The demodulated binary 1D signalY1×8MN is decoded and then Y1×8MN is inversely scanned by column or row to obtain a restored image OM×N.The above is the FHN array model and the processing of image restoring. The next part is the performance evaluation.


### 2.2. Image Performance Evaluation

In most image processing, PSNR is described as an objective criterion for evaluating image quality. It is defined as follows:(8)PSNR=10×log102552MSE2,where MSE is the mean square error between the original image and the processed image, which is defined as follows:(9)MSE=1MN∑i=1M∑j=1Noi,j−si,j2,where M and N represent the rows and columns of the 2D matrix of the gray image, si,j is the gray value of the original image pixel, and oi,j is the gray value of the restored image pixel. Generally, a large PSNR value presents a better recovery effect.


## 2.1. System Model Design

The model in this section is a grayscale image restoration model based on array FHN neurons, and the experimental flowchart is shown in Figure1. In image processing, the general image degradation model caused by noise is described as follows:(1)fi,j=si,j+ξi,jfor1≤i≤M,1≤j≤N,where si,j is the original M×N grayscale image and ξi,j is Gaussian white noise with zero mean and variance of σξ2. fi,j is a degraded image polluted by noise. In order to improve the performance of degraded images, it can be applied to FHN nonlinear parallel array, the process steps are as follows.Figure 1
The flowchart of the FHN neuron array model.


### 2.1.1. Original Image Processing

Firstly, the image is subjected to dimensionality reduction by row or column directional scanning, so that the original grayscale image is converted into a 1D signal of lengthH1×MN (M and N are the rows and columns of the original grayscale image). Then the 1D image sequence H1×MN is encoded as an eight-bit binary sequence Q1×8MN consisting of 0 and 1 with a length of 8×M×N.


### 2.1.2. Modulation

Next, the binary sequenceQ1×8MN is subjected to signal modulation processing into a 1D bipolar aperiodic signal si,j by the following equation:(2)st=A∑l=18MNWlGt−kTb,where A denotes the amplitude of the signal si,j and G is a rectangular pulse with a period of Tb. When t∈0,Tb, Gt=1, and otherwise, Gt=0. Wll=1,2,⋯∞,8MN is a 1D sequence of values −1 and 1 obtained by performing polarity conversion on binary symbols Q1×8MN0→−1,1→1. k represents the size of the image, that is, the size of the image is 2k×2k.


### 2.1.3. Array SR Processing

The 2D FHN neuron model is as follows:(3)dvdt=va−vv−1−w+Ia,dwdt=bv−γw,where v represents the fast-changing membrane voltage variable, 0<a<1 is the threshold, b and γ are normal numbers. Here is the slow-changing return variable w, Ia is the excitation current, and when Ia=0, a simplified 1D FHN neuron model can be obtained [34] as follows:(4)dvdt=va−vv−1−bγv+ξt,where ξt is Gaussian white noise. The 1D FHN neuron model is used as the array unit of the parallel array and has the following equation:(5)dvitdt=vita−vitvit−1−bγvit+ht.where i=1,2,⋯,L, and parameter L is the size of parallel FHN neurons. Each SR array unit is an FHN neuron and input ht=st+ξntn=1,2,3,⋯L to the FHN array unit. Then xnt can be obtained after processing by the FHN nonlinearity unit, and xnt is arithmetically averaged and processed. Finally, the output of the FHN parallel array is Xt:(6)Xt=1L∑n=1Lxnt.


### 2.1.4. Demodulation

Each new signalWl starts at time tk=kTb with a duration of Tb. So, the time interval of the 1D aperiodic signal st is Tb. The optimal demodulation scheme is as follows:(7)Yk=signXtk+Tb=1,Xtk+Tb≥0,signXtk+Tb=0,Xtk+Tb<0.


### 2.1.5. Decoding and Restoring Images

The demodulated binary 1D signalY1×8MN is decoded and then Y1×8MN is inversely scanned by column or row to obtain a restored image OM×N.The above is the FHN array model and the processing of image restoring. The next part is the performance evaluation.


## 2.1.1. Original Image Processing

Firstly, the image is subjected to dimensionality reduction by row or column directional scanning, so that the original grayscale image is converted into a 1D signal of lengthH1×MN (M and N are the rows and columns of the original grayscale image). Then the 1D image sequence H1×MN is encoded as an eight-bit binary sequence Q1×8MN consisting of 0 and 1 with a length of 8×M×N.


## 2.1.2. Modulation

Next, the binary sequenceQ1×8MN is subjected to signal modulation processing into a 1D bipolar aperiodic signal si,j by the following equation:(2)st=A∑l=18MNWlGt−kTb,where A denotes the amplitude of the signal si,j and G is a rectangular pulse with a period of Tb. When t∈0,Tb, Gt=1, and otherwise, Gt=0. Wll=1,2,⋯∞,8MN is a 1D sequence of values −1 and 1 obtained by performing polarity conversion on binary symbols Q1×8MN0→−1,1→1. k represents the size of the image, that is, the size of the image is 2k×2k.


## 2.1.3. Array SR Processing

The 2D FHN neuron model is as follows:(3)dvdt=va−vv−1−w+Ia,dwdt=bv−γw,where v represents the fast-changing membrane voltage variable, 0<a<1 is the threshold, b and γ are normal numbers. Here is the slow-changing return variable w, Ia is the excitation current, and when Ia=0, a simplified 1D FHN neuron model can be obtained [34] as follows:(4)dvdt=va−vv−1−bγv+ξt,where ξt is Gaussian white noise. The 1D FHN neuron model is used as the array unit of the parallel array and has the following equation:(5)dvitdt=vita−vitvit−1−bγvit+ht.where i=1,2,⋯,L, and parameter L is the size of parallel FHN neurons. Each SR array unit is an FHN neuron and input ht=st+ξntn=1,2,3,⋯L to the FHN array unit. Then xnt can be obtained after processing by the FHN nonlinearity unit, and xnt is arithmetically averaged and processed. Finally, the output of the FHN parallel array is Xt:(6)Xt=1L∑n=1Lxnt.


## 2.1.4. Demodulation

Each new signalWl starts at time tk=kTb with a duration of Tb. So, the time interval of the 1D aperiodic signal st is Tb. The optimal demodulation scheme is as follows:(7)Yk=signXtk+Tb=1,Xtk+Tb≥0,signXtk+Tb=0,Xtk+Tb<0.


## 2.1.5. Decoding and Restoring Images

The demodulated binary 1D signalY1×8MN is decoded and then Y1×8MN is inversely scanned by column or row to obtain a restored image OM×N.The above is the FHN array model and the processing of image restoring. The next part is the performance evaluation.


## 2.2. Image Performance Evaluation

In most image processing, PSNR is described as an objective criterion for evaluating image quality. It is defined as follows:(8)PSNR=10×log102552MSE2,where MSE is the mean square error between the original image and the processed image, which is defined as follows:(9)MSE=1MN∑i=1M∑j=1Noi,j−si,j2,where M and N represent the rows and columns of the 2D matrix of the gray image, si,j is the gray value of the original image pixel, and oi,j is the gray value of the restored image pixel. Generally, a large PSNR value presents a better recovery effect.


## 3. Experimental Results and Analysis

In order to demonstrate the restoration effect of the parallel array of FHN neurons on the image, Wiener filtering, mean filtering, and 2D stochastic resonance [35] method are selected for experimental comparison and the noise used in this paper is Gaussian white noise. The 2D stochastic resonance method is that the original noisy image is scanned by the row or column to obtain a 1D signal and then input into a single FHN neuron, and the output 1D signal is restored to a 2D image. Then, the restored image is processed by the above treatment again, and the final recovered image can be obtained. The Wiener2 function in MATLAB is used for Wiener filtering and the 3×3 size filter template is used for average filtering. Then the three noisy grayscale images of different sizes (128×128, 256×256, and 512×512 ) are processed by these comparison methods and parallel array of FHN neurons.In actual simulation, we consulted references and perform a large number of experiments to determineγ=10−4, a=0.5, and b=1 as experimental parameters of FHN neurons. In the same picture, the size of the array is L. In the image processing process in this paper, the FHN parallel array fixes other parameters to adjust the size of the array L. It can be seen that the image restoration effect varies with the size of the array L.


### 3.1. Experimental Data

#### 3.1.1. House Image

The noise with zero mean and a variance of 0.6 is added to the house image (128×128). The PSNR of a noisy house image is 7.6193 dB.Figure2 shows the comparison of restored images among the two classical filtering methods, 2D SR method, and FHN neuron parallel array method. Figures 2(c)–2(e) show the restoration effect by two classical filtering methods and 2D SR method. Obviously, the image restoration effect is not very effective and the noisy house image with low PSNR cannot be restored well. Figures 2(f)–2(i) show the restoration effect of the parallel array of FHN neurons on the noisy house image. It shows that as the array size increases, the SR effect and image restoration effect are better. The results show that the larger the array size, the SR effect and the image restoration effect can be gradually improved. As shown in Figure 2(i), when L=10, the restored house image is almost the same as the original house image.Figure 2
House images with different image restoration methods: (a) original house image, (b) noisy house image, (c) Wiener filtering, (d) mean filtering, (e) 2D stochastic resonance, (f) array size:L = 1, (g) array size: L = 2, (h) array size: L = 5, and (i) array size: L = 10.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)Table1 shows the PSNR performance comparison of restored house images under different restoration methods. Obviously, the PSNR of the classic filtering methods and 2D SR methods are similar and the recovery effect is not very effective. When the parallel array of FHN neuron size is L=1, the PSNR value of the parallel array of the FHN neuron SR method is similar to the classic filtering and 2D stochastic resonance methods. As the size of the FHN array increases, the visual effect and performance index of the restored image also increase. When the array size L=10, the visual effect of the restored house image is excellent, and PSNR = 35.7975 dB.Table 1
PSNR value of noisy house image under different restoration methods.
Image nameImage sizePSNR (dB)Noisy houseWiener filteringMean filtering2D stochastic resonanceThe proposed methodL = 1L = 2L = 5L = 10House128 × 1287.619315.262314.497816.207615.273619.530630.308735.7975


#### 3.1.2. Rice Image

The noise with zero mean and a variance of 0.4 is added to the rice image (256×256). The PSNR of a noisy rice image is 8.2193 dB.Figure3 shows the comparison of restored images between two classical filtering methods, 2D SR method, and FHN neuron parallel array method. The results show that as the size of the array increases, the SR effect and image restoration effect are better. Compared with the two classical filtering and 2D SR methods, the image restoration effect has been significantly improved.Figure 3
Rice images with different image restoration methods: (a) original rice image, (b) noisy rice image, (c) Wiener filtering, (d) mean filtering, (e) 2D stochastic resonance, (f) array size:L = 1, (g) array size: L = 2, (h) array size: L = 5, and (i) array size: L = 10.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)Table2 shows the PSNR performance comparison of restored rice images under different restoration methods. When the parallel array of FHN neuron size is L=1, the PSNR value of the parallel array of the FHN neuron SR method is similar to the classic filtering and 2D SR methods, and as the array size becomes larger, the gap between them becomes more and more obvious. It shows that this is consistent with the nonlinear nature of SR, which converts noise signals into energy signals.Table 2
PSNR value of noisy rice image under different restoration methods.
Image nameImage sizePSNR (dB)Noisy riceWiener filteringMean filtering2D stochastic resonanceThe proposed methodL = 1L = 2L = 5L = 10Rice256 × 2568.219316.133715.546313.048017.265323.499135.158042.0800


#### 3.1.3. Einstein Image

The noise with zero mean and a variance of 0.8 is added to the Einstein image (512×512). The PSNR of a noisy Einstein image is 7.4014 dB.Figure4 shows the comparison of restored images between two classical filtering methods, 2D SR method, and FHN neuron parallel array method. Compared with the two classic filtering and 2D stochastic resonance methods, the image restoration effect has been significantly improved. However, in the case of parallel arrays of FHN neurons of the same size, the restoration effect of the Einstein image is not as good as that of the house image and the rice image. It shows that as the pixel size of the image and the noise intensity increase, the restoration effect of the noise image will also be affected. As the array becomes larger, the visual effect of the restored image is comparable to the original image. But the computational complexity and the time required to process the image will also increase. Therefore, we need to weigh the computational complexity and the demand for image restoration effects to select the most suitable size of the FHN parallel array.Figure 4
Einstein images with different image restoration methods: (a) original Einstein image, (b) noisy Einstein image, (c) Wiener filtering, (d) mean filtering, (e) 2D stochastic resonance, (f) array size:L = 1, (g) array size: L = 2, (h) array size: L = 5, and (i) array size: L = 10.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)Table3 shows the PSNR performance comparison of restored Einstein images under different restoration methods. It can be seen that the PSNR values of the classic filtering and 2D SR methods are similar, and the restoration effect is not effective. The parallel array of FHN neuron parallel array methods has a lower PSNR value than the classic filtering and 2D SR methods when the array size L=1. When the array size L=10, PSNR = 34.9538 dB, and the PSNR value of the restored Einstein image is significantly higher than that of the other three methods.Table 3
PSNR value of noisy Einstein image under different restoration methods.
Image nameImage sizePSNR (dB)Noisy EinsteinWiener filteringMean filtering2D stochastic resonanceThe proposed methodL = 1L = 2L = 5L = 10Einstein512 × 5127.401415.158815.655416.801213.986417.259726.325434.9538


### 3.2. Bit Error Rate Analysis

In order to further analyze the recovery effect of the parallel array of FHN neurons, we analyzed the bit error rate (BER) of the model output. BER is often used as an indicator of data communication quality. The calculation formula is as follows:(10)BER=RNTN,where RN is the number of error bits and TN is the total number of bits.Figure5 shows the BER curve of the house image (128×128) as a function of the noise intensity with different array sizes of the FHN array. In Figure 5, it can be seen that as the noise intensity increases, the BER also increases. But the size of the FHN array has a significant effect on the BER. The smaller the parallel array of FHN neurons, the higher the BER. As the array size of FHN neurons array increases, the BER decreases significantly. Therefore, the bit error rate can be reduced by increasing the array size of the FHN neurons array and the accuracy of the output signal can be enhanced.Figure 5
BER of the parallel array of FHN neurons with different array size (L = 1, 2, 5, and 10).


### 3.3. Structural SIMilarity Analysis

SSIM is an index to measure the similarity of two images. The calculation formula is as follows:(11)SSIMx,y=2μxμy+c12σxy+c2μx2+μy2+c1σx2+σy2+c2,where x and y are the original grayscale image and the restore image, μx is the average of x, μy is the average of y, σx is the variance of x, and σy is the variance of y. σxy represents the covariance of x and y. Constant c1=k1L2 and c2=k2L2. L is the dynamic range of the pixel value. k1=0.01 and k2=0.03. House images, rice images, and Einstein images were analyzed by SSIM, and the results are shown in Table 4.Table 4
SSIM values of different restoration methods.
Recovery methodSSIMHouseRiceEinsteinNoisy image0.04280.04810.0584Mean filtering0.15590.21780.1359Wiener filtering0.14820.19380.12812D SR0.21420.29070.2535FHN arrayL = 10.22190.32100.2407FHN arrayL = 20.38950.62150.4058FHN arrayL = 50.83510.87230.8155FHN arrayL = 100.92230.96790.9574It can be seen from Table4 that the SSIM value increases with the increase of the array size. When the array size L=10, SSIM can reach more than 0.92, and the image restoration effect is excellent.


## 3.1. Experimental Data

### 3.1.1. House Image

The noise with zero mean and a variance of 0.6 is added to the house image (128×128). The PSNR of a noisy house image is 7.6193 dB.Figure2 shows the comparison of restored images among the two classical filtering methods, 2D SR method, and FHN neuron parallel array method. Figures 2(c)–2(e) show the restoration effect by two classical filtering methods and 2D SR method. Obviously, the image restoration effect is not very effective and the noisy house image with low PSNR cannot be restored well. Figures 2(f)–2(i) show the restoration effect of the parallel array of FHN neurons on the noisy house image. It shows that as the array size increases, the SR effect and image restoration effect are better. The results show that the larger the array size, the SR effect and the image restoration effect can be gradually improved. As shown in Figure 2(i), when L=10, the restored house image is almost the same as the original house image.Figure 2
House images with different image restoration methods: (a) original house image, (b) noisy house image, (c) Wiener filtering, (d) mean filtering, (e) 2D stochastic resonance, (f) array size:L = 1, (g) array size: L = 2, (h) array size: L = 5, and (i) array size: L = 10.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)Table1 shows the PSNR performance comparison of restored house images under different restoration methods. Obviously, the PSNR of the classic filtering methods and 2D SR methods are similar and the recovery effect is not very effective. When the parallel array of FHN neuron size is L=1, the PSNR value of the parallel array of the FHN neuron SR method is similar to the classic filtering and 2D stochastic resonance methods. As the size of the FHN array increases, the visual effect and performance index of the restored image also increase. When the array size L=10, the visual effect of the restored house image is excellent, and PSNR = 35.7975 dB.Table 1
PSNR value of noisy house image under different restoration methods.
Image nameImage sizePSNR (dB)Noisy houseWiener filteringMean filtering2D stochastic resonanceThe proposed methodL = 1L = 2L = 5L = 10House128 × 1287.619315.262314.497816.207615.273619.530630.308735.7975


### 3.1.2. Rice Image

The noise with zero mean and a variance of 0.4 is added to the rice image (256×256). The PSNR of a noisy rice image is 8.2193 dB.Figure3 shows the comparison of restored images between two classical filtering methods, 2D SR method, and FHN neuron parallel array method. The results show that as the size of the array increases, the SR effect and image restoration effect are better. Compared with the two classical filtering and 2D SR methods, the image restoration effect has been significantly improved.Figure 3
Rice images with different image restoration methods: (a) original rice image, (b) noisy rice image, (c) Wiener filtering, (d) mean filtering, (e) 2D stochastic resonance, (f) array size:L = 1, (g) array size: L = 2, (h) array size: L = 5, and (i) array size: L = 10.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)Table2 shows the PSNR performance comparison of restored rice images under different restoration methods. When the parallel array of FHN neuron size is L=1, the PSNR value of the parallel array of the FHN neuron SR method is similar to the classic filtering and 2D SR methods, and as the array size becomes larger, the gap between them becomes more and more obvious. It shows that this is consistent with the nonlinear nature of SR, which converts noise signals into energy signals.Table 2
PSNR value of noisy rice image under different restoration methods.
Image nameImage sizePSNR (dB)Noisy riceWiener filteringMean filtering2D stochastic resonanceThe proposed methodL = 1L = 2L = 5L = 10Rice256 × 2568.219316.133715.546313.048017.265323.499135.158042.0800


### 3.1.3. Einstein Image

The noise with zero mean and a variance of 0.8 is added to the Einstein image (512×512). The PSNR of a noisy Einstein image is 7.4014 dB.Figure4 shows the comparison of restored images between two classical filtering methods, 2D SR method, and FHN neuron parallel array method. Compared with the two classic filtering and 2D stochastic resonance methods, the image restoration effect has been significantly improved. However, in the case of parallel arrays of FHN neurons of the same size, the restoration effect of the Einstein image is not as good as that of the house image and the rice image. It shows that as the pixel size of the image and the noise intensity increase, the restoration effect of the noise image will also be affected. As the array becomes larger, the visual effect of the restored image is comparable to the original image. But the computational complexity and the time required to process the image will also increase. Therefore, we need to weigh the computational complexity and the demand for image restoration effects to select the most suitable size of the FHN parallel array.Figure 4
Einstein images with different image restoration methods: (a) original Einstein image, (b) noisy Einstein image, (c) Wiener filtering, (d) mean filtering, (e) 2D stochastic resonance, (f) array size:L = 1, (g) array size: L = 2, (h) array size: L = 5, and (i) array size: L = 10.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)Table3 shows the PSNR performance comparison of restored Einstein images under different restoration methods. It can be seen that the PSNR values of the classic filtering and 2D SR methods are similar, and the restoration effect is not effective. The parallel array of FHN neuron parallel array methods has a lower PSNR value than the classic filtering and 2D SR methods when the array size L=1. When the array size L=10, PSNR = 34.9538 dB, and the PSNR value of the restored Einstein image is significantly higher than that of the other three methods.Table 3
PSNR value of noisy Einstein image under different restoration methods.
Image nameImage sizePSNR (dB)Noisy EinsteinWiener filteringMean filtering2D stochastic resonanceThe proposed methodL = 1L = 2L = 5L = 10Einstein512 × 5127.401415.158815.655416.801213.986417.259726.325434.9538


## 3.1.1. House Image

The noise with zero mean and a variance of 0.6 is added to the house image (128×128). The PSNR of a noisy house image is 7.6193 dB.Figure2 shows the comparison of restored images among the two classical filtering methods, 2D SR method, and FHN neuron parallel array method. Figures 2(c)–2(e) show the restoration effect by two classical filtering methods and 2D SR method. Obviously, the image restoration effect is not very effective and the noisy house image with low PSNR cannot be restored well. Figures 2(f)–2(i) show the restoration effect of the parallel array of FHN neurons on the noisy house image. It shows that as the array size increases, the SR effect and image restoration effect are better. The results show that the larger the array size, the SR effect and the image restoration effect can be gradually improved. As shown in Figure 2(i), when L=10, the restored house image is almost the same as the original house image.Figure 2
House images with different image restoration methods: (a) original house image, (b) noisy house image, (c) Wiener filtering, (d) mean filtering, (e) 2D stochastic resonance, (f) array size:L = 1, (g) array size: L = 2, (h) array size: L = 5, and (i) array size: L = 10.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)Table1 shows the PSNR performance comparison of restored house images under different restoration methods. Obviously, the PSNR of the classic filtering methods and 2D SR methods are similar and the recovery effect is not very effective. When the parallel array of FHN neuron size is L=1, the PSNR value of the parallel array of the FHN neuron SR method is similar to the classic filtering and 2D stochastic resonance methods. As the size of the FHN array increases, the visual effect and performance index of the restored image also increase. When the array size L=10, the visual effect of the restored house image is excellent, and PSNR = 35.7975 dB.Table 1
PSNR value of noisy house image under different restoration methods.
Image nameImage sizePSNR (dB)Noisy houseWiener filteringMean filtering2D stochastic resonanceThe proposed methodL = 1L = 2L = 5L = 10House128 × 1287.619315.262314.497816.207615.273619.530630.308735.7975


## 3.1.2. Rice Image

The noise with zero mean and a variance of 0.4 is added to the rice image (256×256). The PSNR of a noisy rice image is 8.2193 dB.Figure3 shows the comparison of restored images between two classical filtering methods, 2D SR method, and FHN neuron parallel array method. The results show that as the size of the array increases, the SR effect and image restoration effect are better. Compared with the two classical filtering and 2D SR methods, the image restoration effect has been significantly improved.Figure 3
Rice images with different image restoration methods: (a) original rice image, (b) noisy rice image, (c) Wiener filtering, (d) mean filtering, (e) 2D stochastic resonance, (f) array size:L = 1, (g) array size: L = 2, (h) array size: L = 5, and (i) array size: L = 10.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)Table2 shows the PSNR performance comparison of restored rice images under different restoration methods. When the parallel array of FHN neuron size is L=1, the PSNR value of the parallel array of the FHN neuron SR method is similar to the classic filtering and 2D SR methods, and as the array size becomes larger, the gap between them becomes more and more obvious. It shows that this is consistent with the nonlinear nature of SR, which converts noise signals into energy signals.Table 2
PSNR value of noisy rice image under different restoration methods.
Image nameImage sizePSNR (dB)Noisy riceWiener filteringMean filtering2D stochastic resonanceThe proposed methodL = 1L = 2L = 5L = 10Rice256 × 2568.219316.133715.546313.048017.265323.499135.158042.0800


## 3.1.3. Einstein Image

The noise with zero mean and a variance of 0.8 is added to the Einstein image (512×512). The PSNR of a noisy Einstein image is 7.4014 dB.Figure4 shows the comparison of restored images between two classical filtering methods, 2D SR method, and FHN neuron parallel array method. Compared with the two classic filtering and 2D stochastic resonance methods, the image restoration effect has been significantly improved. However, in the case of parallel arrays of FHN neurons of the same size, the restoration effect of the Einstein image is not as good as that of the house image and the rice image. It shows that as the pixel size of the image and the noise intensity increase, the restoration effect of the noise image will also be affected. As the array becomes larger, the visual effect of the restored image is comparable to the original image. But the computational complexity and the time required to process the image will also increase. Therefore, we need to weigh the computational complexity and the demand for image restoration effects to select the most suitable size of the FHN parallel array.Figure 4
Einstein images with different image restoration methods: (a) original Einstein image, (b) noisy Einstein image, (c) Wiener filtering, (d) mean filtering, (e) 2D stochastic resonance, (f) array size:L = 1, (g) array size: L = 2, (h) array size: L = 5, and (i) array size: L = 10.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)Table3 shows the PSNR performance comparison of restored Einstein images under different restoration methods. It can be seen that the PSNR values of the classic filtering and 2D SR methods are similar, and the restoration effect is not effective. The parallel array of FHN neuron parallel array methods has a lower PSNR value than the classic filtering and 2D SR methods when the array size L=1. When the array size L=10, PSNR = 34.9538 dB, and the PSNR value of the restored Einstein image is significantly higher than that of the other three methods.Table 3
PSNR value of noisy Einstein image under different restoration methods.
Image nameImage sizePSNR (dB)Noisy EinsteinWiener filteringMean filtering2D stochastic resonanceThe proposed methodL = 1L = 2L = 5L = 10Einstein512 × 5127.401415.158815.655416.801213.986417.259726.325434.9538


## 3.2. Bit Error Rate Analysis

In order to further analyze the recovery effect of the parallel array of FHN neurons, we analyzed the bit error rate (BER) of the model output. BER is often used as an indicator of data communication quality. The calculation formula is as follows:(10)BER=RNTN,where RN is the number of error bits and TN is the total number of bits.Figure5 shows the BER curve of the house image (128×128) as a function of the noise intensity with different array sizes of the FHN array. In Figure 5, it can be seen that as the noise intensity increases, the BER also increases. But the size of the FHN array has a significant effect on the BER. The smaller the parallel array of FHN neurons, the higher the BER. As the array size of FHN neurons array increases, the BER decreases significantly. Therefore, the bit error rate can be reduced by increasing the array size of the FHN neurons array and the accuracy of the output signal can be enhanced.Figure 5
BER of the parallel array of FHN neurons with different array size (L = 1, 2, 5, and 10).


## 3.3. Structural SIMilarity Analysis

SSIM is an index to measure the similarity of two images. The calculation formula is as follows:(11)SSIMx,y=2μxμy+c12σxy+c2μx2+μy2+c1σx2+σy2+c2,where x and y are the original grayscale image and the restore image, μx is the average of x, μy is the average of y, σx is the variance of x, and σy is the variance of y. σxy represents the covariance of x and y. Constant c1=k1L2 and c2=k2L2. L is the dynamic range of the pixel value. k1=0.01 and k2=0.03. House images, rice images, and Einstein images were analyzed by SSIM, and the results are shown in Table 4.Table 4
SSIM values of different restoration methods.
Recovery methodSSIMHouseRiceEinsteinNoisy image0.04280.04810.0584Mean filtering0.15590.21780.1359Wiener filtering0.14820.19380.12812D SR0.21420.29070.2535FHN arrayL = 10.22190.32100.2407FHN arrayL = 20.38950.62150.4058FHN arrayL = 50.83510.87230.8155FHN arrayL = 100.92230.96790.9574It can be seen from Table4 that the SSIM value increases with the increase of the array size. When the array size L=10, SSIM can reach more than 0.92, and the image restoration effect is excellent.


## 4. Conclusion

In this paper, the method of FHN neuron parallel array is proposed to improve the transmission quality of low PSNR noisy images. Experimental results show that compared with traditional filtering and 2D SR methods, the image quality and PSNR value can be enhanced excellently. With the increase of the parallel array size of FHN neurons, the enhancement effect is more excellent. In this paper, this method is adopted to process three kinds of noisy images with different pixel sizes, and the visual effect and PSNR value of the restored image are improved greatly. This method has potential applications in remote sensing detection, transmission systems, target detection, etc.



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*Source: 8843950-2020-11-12.xml*