# Ultimate Load Tests on Bearing Behavior of Large-Diameter Bored Piles in Weathered Rock Foundation

Authors: Xiaoyu Bai; Xueying Liu; Mingyi Zhang; Yonghong Wang; Nan Yan
Journal: Advances in Civil Engineering
 (2020)

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## Abstract

Based on the vertical compressive static load test and pile mechanics test of three large diameter bored piles (one of the test piles was treated with postgrouting) in granite gneisses foundation, the bearing capacity, deformation characteristics, and influencing factors of the single pile under the limit state are analyzed and compared with the recommended values of survey report and the recommended values of current codes. By comparing the measured and theoretical values of pile axial force, the bearing capacity of cast-in-place pile under normal and limit conditions is analyzed. The experimental results show that theQ-s curve of large-diameter rock-socketed mud wall retaining bored pile with a length-diameter ratio of 25–33 and rock-socketed depth of 5–8 d shows a rapid growth. After grouting treatment, the ultimate compressive bearing capacity of single pile is improved, the maximum settlement is reduced by 6.6%, the rebound rate is reduced by 11.1%, and the settlement effect of controlling pile top is not significant. The bearing capacity and deformation characteristics of the three test piles are less affected by length-diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth. For postgrouting piles, the ratio of frictional resistance of rock-socketed segment and the ratio of pile lateral resistance are less affected by length-diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth, while, for postgrouting piles, the ratio of pile lateral resistance is more affected by rock-socketed depth. The pile end resistance ratio of the three test piles is significantly affected by the rock-socketed depth, whether or not the pile side postgrouting treatment is carried out.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In recent years, large diameter mud wall protection bored pile (D ≥ 800 mm) has been widely used in pile foundation engineering such as expressway, railway, long-span bridge, and high-rise building, by virtue of its advantages of high bearing capacity, small deformation, convenient construction, etc., shown in engineering practice [1–3]. However, due to the high cost of damage test of rock-socketed cast-in-place pile and the difficulty of complete destructive test, the measured data of systematic and complete static load test are not much, which also restricts the comprehensive study of bearing capacity of rock-socketed cast-in-place pile with large diameter [4–6]. At present, many scholars have carried out a series of related researches on bearing characteristics and load transfer mechanism of cast-in-place pile and obtained beneficial results: Li et al. [7] carried out two full-scale load tests on super-long bored cast-in-place piles, observed their field performance, and proposed a simplified method for nonlinear analysis of load-displacement of single pile. Based on the theoretical and experimental research methods, the bearing characteristics of pile and soil under pile top load are investigated. Omer et al. [8] carried out load tests on large diameter piles on Mercia mudstone foundation and analyzed and evaluated the current design methods of piles under such conditions. Sudheesh et al. [9] explored the load transfer mechanism and influencing factors of postgrouting pile in silty clay by means of test and numerical simulation. Xing et al. [10] conducted on-site installation of optical fiber sensors on the rock-socketed pile of Hezhang bridge with a large diameter. Through the collection, processing, and analysis of test data during the construction of super-large rock-socketed piles, the bearing characteristics and load transfer mechanism of super-large rock-socketed piles are discussed. Balakrishnan et al. [11] proposed a reliable method for predicting the load deformation and load distribution curve of bored pile based on the weathering profile and engineering characteristics of the bored pile in a residual regolith (Kenney hill formation) in Kuala Lumpur, as well as the load deformation behavior of fully instrumental test site performance data and load transfer design characteristics. Zhou et al. [12] studied the mechanical performance of pregrouting cast-in-place pile under the action of pressure and tension through field test and three-dimensional finite element simulation. Xu et al. [13] explored the construction process of large diameter (8.0 m) deep hole piles based on the existence of groundwater in bedrock fractures and the location of huge concrete. Zhan et al. [14] confirmed the method based on allowable bearing capacity and lateral resistance of rock socket drill shaft with two test pile structures and tests. Strain gauge and tension rod extensometer are installed in both test piles, and the static compression load test results of the two test piles are given. Seol et al. [15] studied the load transfer method under the axial load of rock-socketed drill shaft. The analysis method of shear load transfer function and load transfer characteristics of rock-socketed wellbore is emphasized. Bai et al. [16] conducted vertical compressive static load test and pile mechanics test for single pile with large diameter mud retaining wall in weathered rock foundation, conducted lateral postgrouting test for 3 test piles, and compared their bearing characteristics, deformation characteristics, and influencing factors with those of nongrouting pile. Chen et al. [17] conducted a full-scale static load test on three bored piles based on the Qingdao area and compared the measured lateral resistance along the rock wall with the prediction results using empirical methods in the literature. It can be seen that the existing relevant research is mainly focused on the super-long drilling or punching in special soil or soft soil foundation, and there are still deficiencies in the research on the ultimate bearing characteristics and failure characteristics of large diameter bored cast-in-place piles treated by postgrouting.To this end, this paper combined Rizhao proposed building foundation treatment project, the three large diameter bored cast-in-situ concrete piles slurry-supported (including 1 test pile by pile grouting construction technology) for the single pile vertical compressive static load test and pile body mechanics, compared and analyzed their ultimate bearing character, failure behavior, and influencing factors, and compared them with the current specifications and survey report recommended value finishing large diameter side limit of bored cast-in-situ pile side friction resistance, pile size effect coefficient, and enhancing the postgrouting pile side friction coefficient, in order to provide a reference basis for similar projects.


## 2. Project Summary

The test site is a project in the south of Rizhao city. The destruction test of 3 mud retaining wall bored cast-in-place piles TP1 ∼ TP3 was carried out, in which TP2 was treated with postgrouting on the side of the pile and the grouting pipe was located at 16.0 m of the pile. The pile ends of TP1 ∼ TP3 are all embedded with fully weathered and strongly weathered granite gneiss. The standard penetration hammer number of each rock is 13.1 and 29.3, respectively, the bearing capacity characteristic value is 250 kPa and 260 kPa, respectively, and the compression modulus is 6.5 MPa and 20.0 MPa, respectively. The concrete strength of the pile is C30, the slurry is prepared with 42.5# ordinary Portland cement, the water-cement ratio is 0.55 ∼ 0.70, the cement consumption of the grouting behind the single pile side of TP2 is 1.5t, and the flow is controlled at 40 ∼ 50 L/min. The grouting pressure of weathered rock is 5.0 MPa, and that of other soil layers is 2.0 MPa. The quality standard of grouting is controlled by a dual-control method, in which the grouting quantity is mainly controlled and the pumping pressure is supplemented. The quality inspection and acceptance of post-pile grouting shall be carried out in accordance with technical code for construction pile foundation (JGJ 94-2008) [18]. The relevant parameters of the test pile are shown in Table 1. The structure of overlying soil layer on the rock foundation is relatively simple, mainly consisting of quaternary mixed fill soil, silty clay, and sandy soil. The average stable groundwater level is about 1.5 m. The physical and mechanical properties of each soil layer are shown in Table 2.Table 1
Parameters of test piles.
Test pile numberPile diameter (m)Pile length (m)Depth of rock-socketed at pile end (m)Estimated ultimate bearing capacity of single pile (kN)TP11.0025.555.4915000TP20.80025.505.529700TP30.80026.506.429700Table 2
Parameters of soils.
Soil layer number and nameρ (g/cm3)W (%)Gseρd (g/cm3)ILφ (°)cq (kPa)α0.1−0.2 (MPa−1)Es0.1−0.2 (MPa)②−1 Medium-coarse sand1.8617.32.650.6671.59—25.55.300.0920.5⑤ Medium-coarse sand1.9718.62.650.5961.66—24.55.700.1115.3⑥ Silty clay1.8724.32.710.8071.500.47017.227.00.315.80⑥−2 Medium-coarse sand2.0019.32.650.5871.67—23.96.000.0919.9⑦ Residual mucous soil1.8827.02.730.8321.490.40015.630.00.306.51Note:c and φ were determined using the quick shear test.


## 3. Test Scheme

### 3.1. Test Methods

The vertical compressive static load test of a single pile used an anchor pile reaction beam loading device, and its reaction force system should have a safety factor not less than 1.2 times. During the test, the loading and unloading method was carried out with the load maintained at a slow speed, and four displacement sensors were installed symmetrically on the pile top to test the pile top settlement and residual settlement under various loads. Three test piles are loaded in 10 levels, and the first load is 2 levels. When unloading, the unloading value of each level is twice the loading value of each level. The integrity test of low-strain pile body and the vertical compressive static load test of single pile are in strict compliance with the relevant provisions in the technical specification for testing of building foundation piles (JGJ 106-2014) [19]. The experimental process is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Static load test.


### 3.2. Sensor Layout

Vibrating chord reinforcement stress meter is widely used in the field of engineering stress and strain measurement, to fully understand the stress state of the component under test. It has the advantages of high sensitivity and precision, good linearity and stability, and strong anti-interference ability, and it is waterproof and durable. During the internal force test of the single pile static load test, the sensor adopts a vibrating chord reinforcement stress meter, its model is JTM-V1000, the range is 0 ∼ 20 kN, and its compressive stress and tensile stress measurement ranges are 100 MPa and 200 MPa, respectively. Through the form of butt welding and coaxial connection with the main rib of the steel cage, heat insulation measures are taken during welding to prevent damage to the sensor. The test leads are led out of the ground along the whole of the pile body, and they are protected with a soft bandage after being led out. There is no joint in the middle. Avoid using the cable of the steel gauge to lift the steel stress gauge during use. The sensors of the test piles TP1 ∼ TP3 are all located at 2 m, 5 m, 8 m, 11 m, 14 m, 17 m, and 19 m at the pile body. Four steel bar stress gauges are installed on each section, and the angle of the stress gauge is 90°. The sensor distribution is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Schematic diagram of sensor distribution.


## 3.1. Test Methods

The vertical compressive static load test of a single pile used an anchor pile reaction beam loading device, and its reaction force system should have a safety factor not less than 1.2 times. During the test, the loading and unloading method was carried out with the load maintained at a slow speed, and four displacement sensors were installed symmetrically on the pile top to test the pile top settlement and residual settlement under various loads. Three test piles are loaded in 10 levels, and the first load is 2 levels. When unloading, the unloading value of each level is twice the loading value of each level. The integrity test of low-strain pile body and the vertical compressive static load test of single pile are in strict compliance with the relevant provisions in the technical specification for testing of building foundation piles (JGJ 106-2014) [19]. The experimental process is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Static load test.


## 3.2. Sensor Layout

Vibrating chord reinforcement stress meter is widely used in the field of engineering stress and strain measurement, to fully understand the stress state of the component under test. It has the advantages of high sensitivity and precision, good linearity and stability, and strong anti-interference ability, and it is waterproof and durable. During the internal force test of the single pile static load test, the sensor adopts a vibrating chord reinforcement stress meter, its model is JTM-V1000, the range is 0 ∼ 20 kN, and its compressive stress and tensile stress measurement ranges are 100 MPa and 200 MPa, respectively. Through the form of butt welding and coaxial connection with the main rib of the steel cage, heat insulation measures are taken during welding to prevent damage to the sensor. The test leads are led out of the ground along the whole of the pile body, and they are protected with a soft bandage after being led out. There is no joint in the middle. Avoid using the cable of the steel gauge to lift the steel stress gauge during use. The sensors of the test piles TP1 ∼ TP3 are all located at 2 m, 5 m, 8 m, 11 m, 14 m, 17 m, and 19 m at the pile body. Four steel bar stress gauges are installed on each section, and the angle of the stress gauge is 90°. The sensor distribution is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Schematic diagram of sensor distribution.


## 4. Calculation Method

### 4.1. Calculation Method of Pile Stress Measured Value

Steel bar meter calibration before embedding, in the process of static loading step by step, used the DP-YT-DSY-406A frequency of reading meter at the top of the pile displacement test time record of reinforcing steel bar meter readings, namely, initial readings before test and after the test load in the process of reading, the assumption in the process of test of reinforcement and concrete strain coordination, according to the calculation of reinforcing steel bar meter frequency change, characteristics of pile axial force distribution are obtained. According to the frequency value measured each time, calculate the stress value of the measuring point according to the following equation [20]:(1)σsi=kF02−Fi2,where σsi is the i-th strain of the reinforcement meter (kPa); k is the constant coefficient of the reinforcement meter; F0 is the zero frequency of the reinforcement meter (Hz); and Fi is the measured frequency of the reinforcement meter (Hz).The strain of reinforcement is expressed as(2)εi=σsiEs,where εi is the i-th strain variable of the reinforcement meter and Es is the elastic modulus of reinforcement (MPa).The concrete stress of pile body can be expressed as(3)σci=Ec⋅εi,where σci is the normal stress of i section concrete (kPa); εi is the concrete strain of i section; and Ec is the elastic modulus of concrete (MPa).Assuming the strain coordination between steel bar and concrete in the test process, the axial forceFi in the i-th test at a section of the pile can be expressed as(4)Fi=Asiσsi+Aciσci,where Asi is the area of steel reinforcement on i section (cm2) and Aci is the concrete area on the i section (cm2).The average lateral friction resistance between the two sections can be obtained by the axial force difference between the two adjacent sections, that is,(5)qi=Fi−Fi−1hiUp,where qi is the average lateral friction resistance of the i-th layer of soil (kPa); Fi and Fi−1 are the axial forces of the pile on and below the i-th layer of soil, respectively (kN); hi is the thickness of the i-th layer of soil (cm); and Up is the section circumference of the pile (cm).After testing, the survival rate of the rebar meter in this experiment is 92%. During the test, the axial forcePz of each pile under each grade of load was obtained according to equations (1)∼(4) based on the frequency variation of the embedded reinforcement meter in the six test piles, and the average lateral friction resistance qs was obtained from equation (5). The total lateral resistance Qs and pile end resistance Qp were obtained from the following equations, respectively:(6)Qs=UP∑iqihi,(7)Qp=Q−Qs,where Qs is the total pile side resistance (kPa); Qp is pile end resistance; and Q is pile top load (kPa).


### 4.2. Theoretical Calculation Method of Pile Axial Force

According to the load transfer theory [21], the equation for calculating the pile axial force under the two kinds of displacement of pile top can be established as follows:(1)
Under the action of load, plastic failure occurs at the top of the pile side, with a depth ofl0 in the failure zone Δsz≥s0. The lower part is in the elastic state, its depth range is l0 ～ l1, and it is in the elastic region (Δsz≤s0. The axial force Pz in the pile body is(8)Pz=Pl0sinhηl0−zsinhηl1−l0.(2)
When the pile top is subjected to load and the surrounding rocks are in an elastic statesz≤s0, the axial force Pz in the pile body is(9)Pz=Pdsinhηl1−zsinhηl1.The above equations show that the axial force distribution of rock-socketed piles can be obtained as long as the comprehensive influence coefficientη is determined by the material properties and geometric conditions of rock-socketed piles, the surrounding rock properties and construction conditions, etc. are determined, and the Q-s curve is obtained through field rock-socketed pile tests to obtain the force required for unit displacement of rock-socketed piles in the linear deformation section.


## 4.1. Calculation Method of Pile Stress Measured Value

Steel bar meter calibration before embedding, in the process of static loading step by step, used the DP-YT-DSY-406A frequency of reading meter at the top of the pile displacement test time record of reinforcing steel bar meter readings, namely, initial readings before test and after the test load in the process of reading, the assumption in the process of test of reinforcement and concrete strain coordination, according to the calculation of reinforcing steel bar meter frequency change, characteristics of pile axial force distribution are obtained. According to the frequency value measured each time, calculate the stress value of the measuring point according to the following equation [20]:(1)σsi=kF02−Fi2,where σsi is the i-th strain of the reinforcement meter (kPa); k is the constant coefficient of the reinforcement meter; F0 is the zero frequency of the reinforcement meter (Hz); and Fi is the measured frequency of the reinforcement meter (Hz).The strain of reinforcement is expressed as(2)εi=σsiEs,where εi is the i-th strain variable of the reinforcement meter and Es is the elastic modulus of reinforcement (MPa).The concrete stress of pile body can be expressed as(3)σci=Ec⋅εi,where σci is the normal stress of i section concrete (kPa); εi is the concrete strain of i section; and Ec is the elastic modulus of concrete (MPa).Assuming the strain coordination between steel bar and concrete in the test process, the axial forceFi in the i-th test at a section of the pile can be expressed as(4)Fi=Asiσsi+Aciσci,where Asi is the area of steel reinforcement on i section (cm2) and Aci is the concrete area on the i section (cm2).The average lateral friction resistance between the two sections can be obtained by the axial force difference between the two adjacent sections, that is,(5)qi=Fi−Fi−1hiUp,where qi is the average lateral friction resistance of the i-th layer of soil (kPa); Fi and Fi−1 are the axial forces of the pile on and below the i-th layer of soil, respectively (kN); hi is the thickness of the i-th layer of soil (cm); and Up is the section circumference of the pile (cm).After testing, the survival rate of the rebar meter in this experiment is 92%. During the test, the axial forcePz of each pile under each grade of load was obtained according to equations (1)∼(4) based on the frequency variation of the embedded reinforcement meter in the six test piles, and the average lateral friction resistance qs was obtained from equation (5). The total lateral resistance Qs and pile end resistance Qp were obtained from the following equations, respectively:(6)Qs=UP∑iqihi,(7)Qp=Q−Qs,where Qs is the total pile side resistance (kPa); Qp is pile end resistance; and Q is pile top load (kPa).


## 4.2. Theoretical Calculation Method of Pile Axial Force

According to the load transfer theory [21], the equation for calculating the pile axial force under the two kinds of displacement of pile top can be established as follows:(1)
Under the action of load, plastic failure occurs at the top of the pile side, with a depth ofl0 in the failure zone Δsz≥s0. The lower part is in the elastic state, its depth range is l0 ～ l1, and it is in the elastic region (Δsz≤s0. The axial force Pz in the pile body is(8)Pz=Pl0sinhηl0−zsinhηl1−l0.(2)
When the pile top is subjected to load and the surrounding rocks are in an elastic statesz≤s0, the axial force Pz in the pile body is(9)Pz=Pdsinhηl1−zsinhηl1.The above equations show that the axial force distribution of rock-socketed piles can be obtained as long as the comprehensive influence coefficientη is determined by the material properties and geometric conditions of rock-socketed piles, the surrounding rock properties and construction conditions, etc. are determined, and the Q-s curve is obtained through field rock-socketed pile tests to obtain the force required for unit displacement of rock-socketed piles in the linear deformation section.


## 5. Test Results and Analysis

### 5.1. Compressive Static Load Test Results of Single Pile

Q-s curves of the three test piles are shown in Figure 3. The maximum load, maximum settlement, end resistance ratio, and resilience of test pile are listed in Table 3.Figure 3
Q-s curves of test pile.Table 3
Deformation and capacity of test piles.
Test pile numberL/DRock-socketed depth (m)Maximum load (kN)Standard value of ultimate bearing capacity (kN)Pile end resistance (×102 kN)End resistance rationMaximum settlement (mm)Residual sedimentation rate (%)Resilient rate (%)TP125.555.4910500937869244.9872.627.4TP231.885.5290008597291/243.6880.519.5TP333.136.4297009000362/346.5670.429.6As can be seen from Figure3, Q-s curve of large-diameter rock-socketed mud wall protection bored cast-in-place pile with length-diameter ratio (L/D) of 25 ∼ 33 and rock-socketed depth of 5D ∼ 8D is of rapid growth type. Three test piles were determined as class I piles after integrity testing of low-strain pile bodies. According to the determination method of vertical ultimate bearing capacity of single pile in the code [18], when TP1, TP2, and TP3 are, respectively, loaded to 10500 kN, 9000 kN, and 9700 kN, the anchor pile appears obviously uplifted, and the maximum settlement exceeds 40 mm, and the vertical ultimate bearing capacity of single pile can be judged to be 9378 kN, 8597 kN, and 9000 kN, respectively. At the initial stage of loading, the settlement of TP1 increased greatly and is rapidly compared with other test piles. This is mainly because the soil layer in the non-rock-socketed section of test pile TP1 has less lateral constraint, and the relative displacement of pile and soil is larger, and the Q-s curve at the initial stage is nearly linear. When the load exceeds 6000 kN, the Q-s curve grows slowly. At this point, the lateral friction resistance of soil layer piles gradually develops, the relative displacement of pile soil decreases, and the settlement of pile top mainly depends on the settlement of pile end.In the same geotechnical layer, theQ-s curves of TP2 (treated by post-pile grouting) are consistent with those of TP1 and TP3 (the length-diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth are both small). The reason is that, at 16 m of pile TP2, under the influence of the grouting construction quality behind the pile (the grouting pressure and water cement of the pile are relatively high), the ultimate friction resistance of the pile side in rock-socketed section is weakened, and the load is mainly borne by the lateral friction resistance provided by the overlying soil layer of weathered rock, and the load sharing ratio between pile end and pile side is about 1: 4. TP1 with a diameter of 1.0 m shows the characteristics of friction end bearing pile. The ultimate friction resistance on the pile side of the rock and soil layer below the fourth layer of silty clay is limited by the construction quality of the cast-in-place pile. The load sharing ratio between the pile end and the pile side is about 1: 1 to 1: 2. When TP1 was loaded at grade 1 and TP3 was loaded at grade 2, the load and settlement showed a near-linear change, indicating that the pile top load was mainly borne by the pile end and the bearing capacity of the pile side and the pile end was quite different. After applying the 1st grade load, TP2 shows a broken line change with the increase of the load, and the slope gradually increases. When the load reaches 9000 kN, the settlement of the pile top exceeds the allowable value of the specification (40 mm).As can be seen from Table3, the length-diameter ratio, rock-socketed depth, construction technology, and pile quality of large-diameter bored piles have great influence on the deformation characteristics of piles. Under the same rock-soil layer condition, when the L/D is 25–33 and the rock-socketed depth is within the range of 5 d–8 d, compared with TP1 and TP3 without the postgrouting treatment, the ultimate compressive bearing capacity of single pile does not increase, the maximum settlement is reduced by 6.6%, and the rebound rate is also significantly reduced, about 11.1%. The ability to control the settlement of pile top is not significantly improved. Under the test conditions, compared with TP1, when the L/D and rock-socketed depth of TP3 without lateral grouting were increased by 29.7% and 16.9%, respectively, the bearing capacity was reduced by 4.0%, the maximum settlement increased by 3.5%, and the rebound rate was increased by 8.0%. In conclusion, the settlement amount of TP1 mainly comes from the settlement of pile end. Compared with TP3, the strength of mud skin on the pile side is greater. The lateral friction resistance of the pile in the soil layer above the rock-socketed section plays an earlier role, so the bearing capacity decreases and the resilience of the pile body decreases. The settlement of TP3 pile top is mainly due to the compression of pile end. The pile end bears the load of pile top early, and the resistance of pile end is large. The relative displacement of pile soil at the pile end increases, and the lateral friction resistance of pile is small. To sum up, it shows that the bearing capacity of the piles without lateral backgrouting is greatly affected by the length-diameter ratio, while the deformation characteristics are greatly affected by the rock-socketed depth.


### 5.2. Variation Rule of Pile Axial Force

As can be seen from Figure4, the axial forces of three large-diameter rock-socketed cast-in-place piles are consistent with the distribution law of the pile bodies and gradually decline from top to bottom. The attenuation curves are of the inner concave and outer convex types. The variation rule is related to the length-diameter ratio of piles, the soil layer properties around piles and pile ends, the depth of rock-socketed, the way of piling, the quality and the construction technology, etc. Through the adjacent soil pile axial force statistics found that the average relative attenuation of similar length to diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth and pile quality is stable, the pile grouting treatment is compared with pile without grouting treatment of piles, pile axial force of average relative attenuation rate increase is larger, and the coarse sand (loose) layer can be increased by 66.7%. The layer of medium coarse sand (slightly dense to medium dense) can increase 33.3%. The silty clay layer (plasticized, IL = 0.47) decreased by 1.62%, a relatively small decrease. The medium coarse sand (medium dense) layer decreased by 5.88%, which was relatively small. The residual viscous soil layer (hard plastic, IL = 0.4) was reduced by 20.8%, a relatively large decrease. Postgrouting has a stronger strengthening effect on the soil layer above the socketed rock. When the pile quality is poor (the axial force of TP1 and TP3 piles in Figure 3 decreases slowly along the depth, it can be inferred that there is a thick mud skin on the pile side, and the strength is low), the relative attenuation rate of the axial force of pile is reduced by 20.5% ∼ 34% in the shallow soil layer about 6D ∼ 8D from the pile top. In the dense soil layer in the middle and lower part from the pile top for 10D ∼ 20D, the decrease was 18.5% ∼ 60%, with an average decrease of 39.3%. In fully weathered strata, the decrease was 51.1%, and in strongly weathered strata, 70.7%.Figure 4
The distribution curve of axial force along pile. (a) TP1. (b) TP2. (c) TP3.
(a)(b)(c)Taking TP3 as an example, the theoretical calculated value and the measured value of its axial force are compared and analyzed [22, 23]. According to Q-s curve, the displacement of pile top corresponding to 8000 kN and 9000 kN is 1.2 mm and 2.4 mm, respectively. Through analysis and calculation, the pile rock displacement limit value s0 = 1.7 mm, η = 0.11. Therefore, the load of 8000 kN and 9000 kN corresponds to the load under elastic state and plastic failure, respectively. According to the above calculation equation, the axial force under elastic and plastic failure can be obtained along the rock-socketed depth transfer curve, as shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively.Figure 5
Distribution of pile axial force when wall rock is elastic.Figure 6
Distribution of pile axial force when partial wall rock is plastic.In Figure5, the pile top load is 80 MN, and the pile top displacement is 37 mm, which is less than the elastic limit displacement value and is in the elastic shear state. The theoretical curve is a smooth hyperbola, which is consistent with the measured line. In Figure 6, the pile top load is 90 MN, and the theoretical value under the pile top displacement is 42 mm, compared with the measured value. Since the pile top displacement is larger than the elastic limit displacement value, it is calculated in sections, the depth of the failure zone is 4.08 m, and the failure load is 52 MN, which is basically at the same depth as the linear folding point (4 m) of the measured load transfer curve.


### 5.3. Variation Rule of Average Lateral Friction Resistance on Pile Side

As can be seen from Figure7, the vertical variation of pile lateral friction at the junction of soft and hard soil layers is manifested by sudden change of pile lateral friction. The lateral change rule is that, with the increase of pile top load, the lateral friction of pile first increases linearly, then gradually shows a nonlinear increase, and then gradually decreases and tends to be stable after reaching the limit of lateral friction. For the bored piles with mud wall protection (the rock-socketed depth is 5D ∼ 8D), the lateral friction resistance of the grouting and nongrouting piles in the fully weathered and highly weathered rocks is played in the upper small lower large mode.Figure 7
The distribution of pile side friction along pile. (a) TP1. (b) TP2. (c) TP3.
(a)(b)(c)By comparing test piles TP1 ∼ TP3, it can be found that the pile lateral friction resistance can be increased by 31.25% in the plain filled soil layer compared with the test piles without the lateral grouting treatment. Medium coarse sand (loose) layer can be increased by 0.7%, and medium coarse sand (slightly dense to medium dense) layer can be increased by 19.1%. Silty clay layers (malleable,IL = 0.47) increased by 19.0%. Medium coarse sand (medium dense) layer decreased by 1.7%; residual viscous soil (hard plastic, IL = 0.4) increased by 10.0%; the lateral friction resistance of rock-socketed pile plays a small role, which indicates that postgrouting plays a relatively large role in strengthening the lateral friction resistance of the pile above the fully weathered and strongly weathered gneiss beds. When the length-diameter ratio is consistent with the rock-socketed depth of the test pile without lateral grouting treatment, the pile with good construction quality (class I pile, without thicker mud skin) can increase the lateral friction resistance of the pile in the plain filled soil layer by 17.6%. The medium coarse sand (loose) layer can be increased by 24.1%. The layer of medium coarse sand (slightly dense ∼ medium dense) can be increased by 1.4%. The silty clay layer (malleable, IL = 0.47) increased by 4.7%. Medium coarse sand (medium dense) layer can be increased by 17.0%. Residual viscous soil (hard plastic, IL = 0.4) increased by 19.0%. The fully weathered rock section can first increase by 51.0% and then decrease by 48%. The highly weathered rock segment can be increased by 141%. When the length-diameter ratio is consistent with the rock-socketed depth, the good grouting effect (the grouting pressure and water-cement ratio reach the grouting standard and are not too large) can increase the lateral friction resistance of piles in the plain soil layer by 59.1%. The medium coarse sand (loose) layer can be increased by 48.8%. The layer of medium coarse sand (slightly dense ∼ medium dense) can be increased by 42.9%. The silty clay layer (plasticized, IL = 0.47) increased by 42.5% at first and then decreased by 29.8%%, a relatively small decrease. Medium coarse sand (medium dense) layer can be increased by 26.1%. The residual viscous soil layer (hard plastic, IL = 0.4) increased by 20.9% and then decreased by 27.6%, with a relatively small decrease. The fully weathered rock layer can be increased by 7.14% and decreased by 28.6%. Strongly weathered rock formations can be raised by 7.14% to 78.6%. It can be seen that the strengthening effect of postgrouting on pile lateral friction is weak in rock-socketed section. This is because the grouting pressure and water-cement ratio of rock-socketed section are too large under test conditions, resulting in segregation of cement slurry to a certain extent, thus weakening the shear strength of the interface and limiting the lateral friction resistance of the pile in rock-socketed section. Therefore, under the condition that the length-diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth are the same, compared with TP2, the lateral friction resistance of pile in rock-socketed segment plays a greater role.


### 5.4. Deformation Characteristics of Rock-Socketed Pile

According to the settlement data obtained in the failure test, the variation rules of the settlement with the lateral friction resistance and pile end resistance were drawn, as shown in Figure8.Figure 8
The curves of friction resistance and pipe top settlement.As can be seen from Figure8, TP1 shows the behavior of pile bearing at the frictional end. With the increase of settlement at the pile top, the pile end resistance increases linearly, and the load on the pile top is mainly borne by the pile end. The ultimate frictional resistance of pile side is firstly developed in the middle and upper soil layers of pile body, and the ultimate frictional resistance of pile side of residual viscous soil, medium coarse sand layer, and rock-socketed section is relatively small within the range of 12D ∼ 20D from pile top. Therefore, when the settlement of pile top exceeds 25 mm, the total pile lateral friction gradually increases, but the increase range is small, and the settlement of pile top mainly comes from the settlement of pile end. TP2 shows the behavior of end-bearing friction pile. Compared with the test pile without lateral grouting treatment, the lateral friction resistance of pile is more fully developed. TP2 and TP3 have the same change rules, and the curve changes slowly. The vertical distance between pile lateral friction resistance and pile end resistance change curves is small and uniform, and the load sharing capacity of pile lateral friction resistance is limited. Pile end resistance plays an early role, with a low bearing capacity and a large settlement.The load-bearing ratio between the pile side and the equivalent pile end of each test pile and the ratio between the ultimate frictional resistance of the pile side in rock-socketed section to the total ultimate lateral frictional resistance, the length-diameter ratio, and the rock-socketed depth are shown in Figures9 and 10.Figure 9
The curves of load sharing ratio and aspect ratio.Figure 10
The curves of load sharing ratio and rocking depth.As can be seen from Figures9 and 10, under this test condition, the increase of qgs/qs of the test pile without postgrouting treatment on the side of the pile reaches 218.0% with the increase of length-diameter ratio, indicating that the rock-socketed section of the test pile TP3 has a certain strength of soil skin on the side of the pile, and its rock-socketed section has a greater normal constraint, so the pile quality is better, and it is greatly affected by the length-diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth. It can be found from the comparison of various test piles that, compared with TP2 treated with lateral postgrouting and TP1 treated with nonlateral postgrouting, the pile end resistance sharing ratio Qp/Q has little change, which indicates that the grouting treatment does not significantly improve the pile quality. Compared with TP1, the length-diameter ratio increased by 29.7% and the rock-socketed depth increased by 16.9%, but the Qp/Q decreased by 37.0%. Compared with TP1, the length-diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth of test pile TP3 without lateral grouting increased by 29.7% and 16.9%, respectively, but the Qp/Q decreased by 37.0%. It shows that Qp/Q is always significantly affected by rock-socketed depth, whether or not it is treated by post-pile grouting. Under this test condition, for the test pile without grouting treatment, the pile side friction resistance sharing ratio Qs/Q increased by 70.8% with the increase of length-diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth. Qs/Q was greatly affected by rock-socketed depth. Qs/Q was not affected by length-diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth in the test pile after grouting.


### 5.5. Comparative Analysis

The measured value of ultimate friction resistance on the pile side was compared with the recommended value of the survey report, and the enhancement coefficient of lateral friction resistance on the postgrouting pile and the size effect coefficient on the large-diameter pile side were compared with the recommended value of technical specification for building pile foundation (JGJ94-2008) [18], as shown in Figures 11–13.Figure 11
Pile shaft skin ultimate friction and code value in different soil layers. (a) TP1. (b) TP2. (c) TP3.
(a)(b)(c)Figure 12
Size effect coefficient of pile side and code value in different soil layers. (a) TP1. (b) TP3.
(a)(b)Figure 13
Side friction resistance enhancement factor of the postgrouting pile and code value in different soil layers.Figure11 shows that, in the guarantee slurry-supported drilled filling pile under the premise of the quality of pile (duration of thickness of mud, mud, mud consistency), the combination of Figure 6 and the characteristics of the frictional end bearing pile can be judged. TP1 part shows thick mud by the pile side; the test pile side friction resistance limits some of its soil compared with the standard value, which is larger. Medium coarse sand (loose) can be increased by 17.9% ∼ 46.4%, medium coarse sand (slightly dense ∼ medium dense) by 71.8% ∼ 91.1%, silty clay (plasticized, IL = 0.47) by 46.9% ∼ 53.8%, medium coarse sand (medium dense) by 74.2% ∼ 120%, and residual viscous soil (hard plastic, IL = 0.4) by 7.02% ∼ 21.8%. TP3’s ultimate frictional resistance in fully weathered rock formations increased by only 15.4% compared to the recommended values in the survey report. The reason is that, in combination with Figure 6, the ultimate friction resistance on the pile side of TP1 is limited, and the strength of rock-socketed section is lower than the general soil layer. It can be seen from Figure 7 that the pile end resistance plays a big role, and the pile side friction resistance in the strongly weathered rock stratum has begun to play its role. However, the fully weathered rock stratum does not increase significantly when playing its role in the upper layer but has limited potential and is greatly affected by the construction quality. Regarding TP2 under the influence of grouting quality, the pile side friction resistance in rock-socketed section is weakened due to the high grouting pressure. As can be seen from Figure 12, for the cast-in-place pile (D = 1.0 m), the size effect coefficient of pile side in sand can be increased by 17.9% ∼ 120%, with a large increase. It can be increased by 7.01% ∼ 53.9% in viscous soil. For the cast-in-place pile with a pile diameter of 0.8 m, the size effect coefficient of pile side can be increased by 69.8% ∼ 74.2% in sandy soil and 72.0% on average, which is mainly and significantly increased by 21.8% ∼ 36.0% in viscous soil. The measured value is much higher than the standard value. As can be seen from Figure 12, by comparing the measured pile side friction resistance value with the standard value of initial limit pile side friction resistance determined by the specification [18], it is found that the enhanced coefficient of pile side friction resistance after grouting can be increased by 8.43% in the medium coarse sand layer and 2.8% in the viscous soil, and the measured value is slightly higher than the recommended value of the specification.


## 5.1. Compressive Static Load Test Results of Single Pile

Q-s curves of the three test piles are shown in Figure 3. The maximum load, maximum settlement, end resistance ratio, and resilience of test pile are listed in Table 3.Figure 3
Q-s curves of test pile.Table 3
Deformation and capacity of test piles.
Test pile numberL/DRock-socketed depth (m)Maximum load (kN)Standard value of ultimate bearing capacity (kN)Pile end resistance (×102 kN)End resistance rationMaximum settlement (mm)Residual sedimentation rate (%)Resilient rate (%)TP125.555.4910500937869244.9872.627.4TP231.885.5290008597291/243.6880.519.5TP333.136.4297009000362/346.5670.429.6As can be seen from Figure3, Q-s curve of large-diameter rock-socketed mud wall protection bored cast-in-place pile with length-diameter ratio (L/D) of 25 ∼ 33 and rock-socketed depth of 5D ∼ 8D is of rapid growth type. Three test piles were determined as class I piles after integrity testing of low-strain pile bodies. According to the determination method of vertical ultimate bearing capacity of single pile in the code [18], when TP1, TP2, and TP3 are, respectively, loaded to 10500 kN, 9000 kN, and 9700 kN, the anchor pile appears obviously uplifted, and the maximum settlement exceeds 40 mm, and the vertical ultimate bearing capacity of single pile can be judged to be 9378 kN, 8597 kN, and 9000 kN, respectively. At the initial stage of loading, the settlement of TP1 increased greatly and is rapidly compared with other test piles. This is mainly because the soil layer in the non-rock-socketed section of test pile TP1 has less lateral constraint, and the relative displacement of pile and soil is larger, and the Q-s curve at the initial stage is nearly linear. When the load exceeds 6000 kN, the Q-s curve grows slowly. At this point, the lateral friction resistance of soil layer piles gradually develops, the relative displacement of pile soil decreases, and the settlement of pile top mainly depends on the settlement of pile end.In the same geotechnical layer, theQ-s curves of TP2 (treated by post-pile grouting) are consistent with those of TP1 and TP3 (the length-diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth are both small). The reason is that, at 16 m of pile TP2, under the influence of the grouting construction quality behind the pile (the grouting pressure and water cement of the pile are relatively high), the ultimate friction resistance of the pile side in rock-socketed section is weakened, and the load is mainly borne by the lateral friction resistance provided by the overlying soil layer of weathered rock, and the load sharing ratio between pile end and pile side is about 1: 4. TP1 with a diameter of 1.0 m shows the characteristics of friction end bearing pile. The ultimate friction resistance on the pile side of the rock and soil layer below the fourth layer of silty clay is limited by the construction quality of the cast-in-place pile. The load sharing ratio between the pile end and the pile side is about 1: 1 to 1: 2. When TP1 was loaded at grade 1 and TP3 was loaded at grade 2, the load and settlement showed a near-linear change, indicating that the pile top load was mainly borne by the pile end and the bearing capacity of the pile side and the pile end was quite different. After applying the 1st grade load, TP2 shows a broken line change with the increase of the load, and the slope gradually increases. When the load reaches 9000 kN, the settlement of the pile top exceeds the allowable value of the specification (40 mm).As can be seen from Table3, the length-diameter ratio, rock-socketed depth, construction technology, and pile quality of large-diameter bored piles have great influence on the deformation characteristics of piles. Under the same rock-soil layer condition, when the L/D is 25–33 and the rock-socketed depth is within the range of 5 d–8 d, compared with TP1 and TP3 without the postgrouting treatment, the ultimate compressive bearing capacity of single pile does not increase, the maximum settlement is reduced by 6.6%, and the rebound rate is also significantly reduced, about 11.1%. The ability to control the settlement of pile top is not significantly improved. Under the test conditions, compared with TP1, when the L/D and rock-socketed depth of TP3 without lateral grouting were increased by 29.7% and 16.9%, respectively, the bearing capacity was reduced by 4.0%, the maximum settlement increased by 3.5%, and the rebound rate was increased by 8.0%. In conclusion, the settlement amount of TP1 mainly comes from the settlement of pile end. Compared with TP3, the strength of mud skin on the pile side is greater. The lateral friction resistance of the pile in the soil layer above the rock-socketed section plays an earlier role, so the bearing capacity decreases and the resilience of the pile body decreases. The settlement of TP3 pile top is mainly due to the compression of pile end. The pile end bears the load of pile top early, and the resistance of pile end is large. The relative displacement of pile soil at the pile end increases, and the lateral friction resistance of pile is small. To sum up, it shows that the bearing capacity of the piles without lateral backgrouting is greatly affected by the length-diameter ratio, while the deformation characteristics are greatly affected by the rock-socketed depth.


## 5.2. Variation Rule of Pile Axial Force

As can be seen from Figure4, the axial forces of three large-diameter rock-socketed cast-in-place piles are consistent with the distribution law of the pile bodies and gradually decline from top to bottom. The attenuation curves are of the inner concave and outer convex types. The variation rule is related to the length-diameter ratio of piles, the soil layer properties around piles and pile ends, the depth of rock-socketed, the way of piling, the quality and the construction technology, etc. Through the adjacent soil pile axial force statistics found that the average relative attenuation of similar length to diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth and pile quality is stable, the pile grouting treatment is compared with pile without grouting treatment of piles, pile axial force of average relative attenuation rate increase is larger, and the coarse sand (loose) layer can be increased by 66.7%. The layer of medium coarse sand (slightly dense to medium dense) can increase 33.3%. The silty clay layer (plasticized, IL = 0.47) decreased by 1.62%, a relatively small decrease. The medium coarse sand (medium dense) layer decreased by 5.88%, which was relatively small. The residual viscous soil layer (hard plastic, IL = 0.4) was reduced by 20.8%, a relatively large decrease. Postgrouting has a stronger strengthening effect on the soil layer above the socketed rock. When the pile quality is poor (the axial force of TP1 and TP3 piles in Figure 3 decreases slowly along the depth, it can be inferred that there is a thick mud skin on the pile side, and the strength is low), the relative attenuation rate of the axial force of pile is reduced by 20.5% ∼ 34% in the shallow soil layer about 6D ∼ 8D from the pile top. In the dense soil layer in the middle and lower part from the pile top for 10D ∼ 20D, the decrease was 18.5% ∼ 60%, with an average decrease of 39.3%. In fully weathered strata, the decrease was 51.1%, and in strongly weathered strata, 70.7%.Figure 4
The distribution curve of axial force along pile. (a) TP1. (b) TP2. (c) TP3.
(a)(b)(c)Taking TP3 as an example, the theoretical calculated value and the measured value of its axial force are compared and analyzed [22, 23]. According to Q-s curve, the displacement of pile top corresponding to 8000 kN and 9000 kN is 1.2 mm and 2.4 mm, respectively. Through analysis and calculation, the pile rock displacement limit value s0 = 1.7 mm, η = 0.11. Therefore, the load of 8000 kN and 9000 kN corresponds to the load under elastic state and plastic failure, respectively. According to the above calculation equation, the axial force under elastic and plastic failure can be obtained along the rock-socketed depth transfer curve, as shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively.Figure 5
Distribution of pile axial force when wall rock is elastic.Figure 6
Distribution of pile axial force when partial wall rock is plastic.In Figure5, the pile top load is 80 MN, and the pile top displacement is 37 mm, which is less than the elastic limit displacement value and is in the elastic shear state. The theoretical curve is a smooth hyperbola, which is consistent with the measured line. In Figure 6, the pile top load is 90 MN, and the theoretical value under the pile top displacement is 42 mm, compared with the measured value. Since the pile top displacement is larger than the elastic limit displacement value, it is calculated in sections, the depth of the failure zone is 4.08 m, and the failure load is 52 MN, which is basically at the same depth as the linear folding point (4 m) of the measured load transfer curve.


## 5.3. Variation Rule of Average Lateral Friction Resistance on Pile Side

As can be seen from Figure7, the vertical variation of pile lateral friction at the junction of soft and hard soil layers is manifested by sudden change of pile lateral friction. The lateral change rule is that, with the increase of pile top load, the lateral friction of pile first increases linearly, then gradually shows a nonlinear increase, and then gradually decreases and tends to be stable after reaching the limit of lateral friction. For the bored piles with mud wall protection (the rock-socketed depth is 5D ∼ 8D), the lateral friction resistance of the grouting and nongrouting piles in the fully weathered and highly weathered rocks is played in the upper small lower large mode.Figure 7
The distribution of pile side friction along pile. (a) TP1. (b) TP2. (c) TP3.
(a)(b)(c)By comparing test piles TP1 ∼ TP3, it can be found that the pile lateral friction resistance can be increased by 31.25% in the plain filled soil layer compared with the test piles without the lateral grouting treatment. Medium coarse sand (loose) layer can be increased by 0.7%, and medium coarse sand (slightly dense to medium dense) layer can be increased by 19.1%. Silty clay layers (malleable,IL = 0.47) increased by 19.0%. Medium coarse sand (medium dense) layer decreased by 1.7%; residual viscous soil (hard plastic, IL = 0.4) increased by 10.0%; the lateral friction resistance of rock-socketed pile plays a small role, which indicates that postgrouting plays a relatively large role in strengthening the lateral friction resistance of the pile above the fully weathered and strongly weathered gneiss beds. When the length-diameter ratio is consistent with the rock-socketed depth of the test pile without lateral grouting treatment, the pile with good construction quality (class I pile, without thicker mud skin) can increase the lateral friction resistance of the pile in the plain filled soil layer by 17.6%. The medium coarse sand (loose) layer can be increased by 24.1%. The layer of medium coarse sand (slightly dense ∼ medium dense) can be increased by 1.4%. The silty clay layer (malleable, IL = 0.47) increased by 4.7%. Medium coarse sand (medium dense) layer can be increased by 17.0%. Residual viscous soil (hard plastic, IL = 0.4) increased by 19.0%. The fully weathered rock section can first increase by 51.0% and then decrease by 48%. The highly weathered rock segment can be increased by 141%. When the length-diameter ratio is consistent with the rock-socketed depth, the good grouting effect (the grouting pressure and water-cement ratio reach the grouting standard and are not too large) can increase the lateral friction resistance of piles in the plain soil layer by 59.1%. The medium coarse sand (loose) layer can be increased by 48.8%. The layer of medium coarse sand (slightly dense ∼ medium dense) can be increased by 42.9%. The silty clay layer (plasticized, IL = 0.47) increased by 42.5% at first and then decreased by 29.8%%, a relatively small decrease. Medium coarse sand (medium dense) layer can be increased by 26.1%. The residual viscous soil layer (hard plastic, IL = 0.4) increased by 20.9% and then decreased by 27.6%, with a relatively small decrease. The fully weathered rock layer can be increased by 7.14% and decreased by 28.6%. Strongly weathered rock formations can be raised by 7.14% to 78.6%. It can be seen that the strengthening effect of postgrouting on pile lateral friction is weak in rock-socketed section. This is because the grouting pressure and water-cement ratio of rock-socketed section are too large under test conditions, resulting in segregation of cement slurry to a certain extent, thus weakening the shear strength of the interface and limiting the lateral friction resistance of the pile in rock-socketed section. Therefore, under the condition that the length-diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth are the same, compared with TP2, the lateral friction resistance of pile in rock-socketed segment plays a greater role.


## 5.4. Deformation Characteristics of Rock-Socketed Pile

According to the settlement data obtained in the failure test, the variation rules of the settlement with the lateral friction resistance and pile end resistance were drawn, as shown in Figure8.Figure 8
The curves of friction resistance and pipe top settlement.As can be seen from Figure8, TP1 shows the behavior of pile bearing at the frictional end. With the increase of settlement at the pile top, the pile end resistance increases linearly, and the load on the pile top is mainly borne by the pile end. The ultimate frictional resistance of pile side is firstly developed in the middle and upper soil layers of pile body, and the ultimate frictional resistance of pile side of residual viscous soil, medium coarse sand layer, and rock-socketed section is relatively small within the range of 12D ∼ 20D from pile top. Therefore, when the settlement of pile top exceeds 25 mm, the total pile lateral friction gradually increases, but the increase range is small, and the settlement of pile top mainly comes from the settlement of pile end. TP2 shows the behavior of end-bearing friction pile. Compared with the test pile without lateral grouting treatment, the lateral friction resistance of pile is more fully developed. TP2 and TP3 have the same change rules, and the curve changes slowly. The vertical distance between pile lateral friction resistance and pile end resistance change curves is small and uniform, and the load sharing capacity of pile lateral friction resistance is limited. Pile end resistance plays an early role, with a low bearing capacity and a large settlement.The load-bearing ratio between the pile side and the equivalent pile end of each test pile and the ratio between the ultimate frictional resistance of the pile side in rock-socketed section to the total ultimate lateral frictional resistance, the length-diameter ratio, and the rock-socketed depth are shown in Figures9 and 10.Figure 9
The curves of load sharing ratio and aspect ratio.Figure 10
The curves of load sharing ratio and rocking depth.As can be seen from Figures9 and 10, under this test condition, the increase of qgs/qs of the test pile without postgrouting treatment on the side of the pile reaches 218.0% with the increase of length-diameter ratio, indicating that the rock-socketed section of the test pile TP3 has a certain strength of soil skin on the side of the pile, and its rock-socketed section has a greater normal constraint, so the pile quality is better, and it is greatly affected by the length-diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth. It can be found from the comparison of various test piles that, compared with TP2 treated with lateral postgrouting and TP1 treated with nonlateral postgrouting, the pile end resistance sharing ratio Qp/Q has little change, which indicates that the grouting treatment does not significantly improve the pile quality. Compared with TP1, the length-diameter ratio increased by 29.7% and the rock-socketed depth increased by 16.9%, but the Qp/Q decreased by 37.0%. Compared with TP1, the length-diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth of test pile TP3 without lateral grouting increased by 29.7% and 16.9%, respectively, but the Qp/Q decreased by 37.0%. It shows that Qp/Q is always significantly affected by rock-socketed depth, whether or not it is treated by post-pile grouting. Under this test condition, for the test pile without grouting treatment, the pile side friction resistance sharing ratio Qs/Q increased by 70.8% with the increase of length-diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth. Qs/Q was greatly affected by rock-socketed depth. Qs/Q was not affected by length-diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth in the test pile after grouting.


## 5.5. Comparative Analysis

The measured value of ultimate friction resistance on the pile side was compared with the recommended value of the survey report, and the enhancement coefficient of lateral friction resistance on the postgrouting pile and the size effect coefficient on the large-diameter pile side were compared with the recommended value of technical specification for building pile foundation (JGJ94-2008) [18], as shown in Figures 11–13.Figure 11
Pile shaft skin ultimate friction and code value in different soil layers. (a) TP1. (b) TP2. (c) TP3.
(a)(b)(c)Figure 12
Size effect coefficient of pile side and code value in different soil layers. (a) TP1. (b) TP3.
(a)(b)Figure 13
Side friction resistance enhancement factor of the postgrouting pile and code value in different soil layers.Figure11 shows that, in the guarantee slurry-supported drilled filling pile under the premise of the quality of pile (duration of thickness of mud, mud, mud consistency), the combination of Figure 6 and the characteristics of the frictional end bearing pile can be judged. TP1 part shows thick mud by the pile side; the test pile side friction resistance limits some of its soil compared with the standard value, which is larger. Medium coarse sand (loose) can be increased by 17.9% ∼ 46.4%, medium coarse sand (slightly dense ∼ medium dense) by 71.8% ∼ 91.1%, silty clay (plasticized, IL = 0.47) by 46.9% ∼ 53.8%, medium coarse sand (medium dense) by 74.2% ∼ 120%, and residual viscous soil (hard plastic, IL = 0.4) by 7.02% ∼ 21.8%. TP3’s ultimate frictional resistance in fully weathered rock formations increased by only 15.4% compared to the recommended values in the survey report. The reason is that, in combination with Figure 6, the ultimate friction resistance on the pile side of TP1 is limited, and the strength of rock-socketed section is lower than the general soil layer. It can be seen from Figure 7 that the pile end resistance plays a big role, and the pile side friction resistance in the strongly weathered rock stratum has begun to play its role. However, the fully weathered rock stratum does not increase significantly when playing its role in the upper layer but has limited potential and is greatly affected by the construction quality. Regarding TP2 under the influence of grouting quality, the pile side friction resistance in rock-socketed section is weakened due to the high grouting pressure. As can be seen from Figure 12, for the cast-in-place pile (D = 1.0 m), the size effect coefficient of pile side in sand can be increased by 17.9% ∼ 120%, with a large increase. It can be increased by 7.01% ∼ 53.9% in viscous soil. For the cast-in-place pile with a pile diameter of 0.8 m, the size effect coefficient of pile side can be increased by 69.8% ∼ 74.2% in sandy soil and 72.0% on average, which is mainly and significantly increased by 21.8% ∼ 36.0% in viscous soil. The measured value is much higher than the standard value. As can be seen from Figure 12, by comparing the measured pile side friction resistance value with the standard value of initial limit pile side friction resistance determined by the specification [18], it is found that the enhanced coefficient of pile side friction resistance after grouting can be increased by 8.43% in the medium coarse sand layer and 2.8% in the viscous soil, and the measured value is slightly higher than the recommended value of the specification.


## 6. Conclusions

(1)
Under the test conditions, the axial force attenuation curve of the pile body of the large diameter mud retaining wall bored cast-in-situ pile was of a steep drop. The ultimate bearing capacity of the cast-in-place piles treated with postpile grouting is not significantly improved compared with the cast-in-place piles without postpile grouting.(2)
The ultimate bearing capacity of single pile was increased by 1.40%, the maximum settlement was decreased by 6.2%, the rebound rate was not improved significantly, and the effect of controlling the settlement of pile top was enhanced. Under the test conditions, the bearing capacity and deformation characteristics of the three test piles are greatly affected by length-diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth.(3)
After the grouting treatment, the lateral friction-resistance ratio of rock-socketed sectionqgs/qs was reduced under the influence of length-diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth. The pile end resistance ratio Qp/Q is significantly affected by the rock-socketed depth. After postgrouting treatment, the lateral friction-resistance ratio Qs/Q is almost negligible under the influence of length-diameter ratio and rock-socketed depth, while Qs/Q is more significantly under the influence of rock-socketed depth for test piles without postgrouting treatment.(4)
The measured value of pile side ultimate friction resistance in some soil layers is higher than the recommended value in the survey report. The increase was 71.8% in medium coarse sand (slightly dense to medium dense), 46.9% in silty clay (plasticized,IL = 0.47), and 74.2% in medium coarse sand (medium dense).(5)
For the cast-in-place pile with a pile diameter of 1.0 m, the pile side size effect coefficient was larger in sandy soil and only increased by 7.01% in viscous soil. For the cast-in-place pile with a pile diameter of 0.8 m, the pile side size effect coefficient is also larger in sandy soil, which can be increased by 21.8% in viscous soil. The lateral friction coefficient can be increased by 8.43% in the sand and 2.8% in the viscous soil.



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*Source: 8821428-2020-09-08.xml*