# Secrecy Performance Analysis of the NOMA System on High-Speed Railway

Authors: Wenwu Xie; Jinxia Yang; Xinzhong Liu; Zhihe Yang; Xin Peng; Jianwu Liao; Tingyu Huang
Journal: Security and Communication Networks
 (2020)

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## Abstract

High-speed railway (HSR) wireless communications are required to ensure strict security. In this work, we study the secrecy performance of a nonorthogonal multiple access- (NOMA-) aided HSR wireless communication system in the case of an eavesdropping user. Specifically, applying NOMA technology to the HSR communication system can effectively improve the data rates. Therefore, we study the secrecy performance of the downlink NOMA system under the HSR wireless communication. In particular, the exact analytical results for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) based on no small-scale channel state information (CSI) are derived. We also provide all of the parameterizations for the proposed channel model. Finally, the correctness of theoretical derivation is verified via simulations. Results show the positive effect of utilizing the NOMA for enhancing wireless systems secrecy performance.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Recently, the rapid development of HSR has brought great convenience to people’s travel. At the same time, high quality and data rate wireless communication are required for passenger services. The high-speed movement of HSR has brought about problems such as the wireless Doppler effect and signal shielding in train compartments, which will cause a series of phenomena, such as the difficulty of a mobile phone call and poor voice signal quality. Thus, railway transportation communication becomes an interesting topic. Researchers have carried out research on improving the data rate on HSR wireless communication in various aspects [1–3]. For example, the traditional multiple antenna and beamforming technology are introduced into the HSR scenario for the first time in [1] where the security capacity and SOP are compared and analyzed. In addition to the security requirements, the high broadband services for passengers are required. Therefore, the authors in [2] proposed the tapped delay line model for a MIMO channel in HSR scenarios. Compared with the existing channel model, the MIMO channel model is efficient and yet flexible in the HSR environment. More recently, to satisfy the fifth generation (5G) on HSR, the authors in [3] focus on the study of channel modeling combined with the 5G technology such as multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and millimeter-wave (mm wave). Hence, applying 5G technology to HSR wireless communication is to be a significant work for future wireless systems.As a major technology of 5G, nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) can schedule multiple users with the same time-frequency resources. Combined with the successive interference cancellation (SIC) technology, multiple signals can be sent and demodulated at the same time, which can effectively improve the spectrum efficiency [4]. In [5], the performance of downlink NOMA is studied by calculating the BER of perfect and imperfect SIC conditions; compared to the orthogonal multiple access (OMA) techniques, the NOMA technique can provide better performance gains. Thus, the authors in [6] analyzed and compared the performance of different NOMA schemes applied in HSR scenarios and proved that choosing the right NOMA scheme has a great effect on improving the data rate in HSR. However, in practice, it is challenging to ensure the security of data transmission in HSR wireless communication.In recent years, based on Wyner’s eavesdropping channel model, the main indicators to measure the secrecy of wireless communication systems are secrecy outage probability (SOP) and average secrecy capacity (ASC). In the research of physical layer security, the CSI of each channel affects the secrecy performance of the system. Generally, the sources knew the CSI of the main channel. For the CSI of the eavesdropping channel, if the eavesdropping terminal is active eavesdropping, we use ASC to quantify the security performance of the system. Otherwise, we use SOP to measure communication security [7]. The authors in the literature [8] analyse the secrecy performance of the different systems by calculating SOP and ASC.In this work, we study the secrecy performance of the downlink NOMA system for HSR. More specifically, we assume that no small-scale CSI of the channels is known; hence, the channels are sorts according to distances between the base station and the legitimate users. Besides, we consider that the system model exists as a static eavesdropper near the base station. To measure the secrecy performance of the system, the paper provides a closed-form expression for the SOP, and the simulation results show the positive effect of applying the NOMA for improving the system secrecy performance for HSR.


## 2. System Methods

In the HSR scenario, the secure communication mode of the downlink NOMA system is shown in Figure1. The base station (BS) is located at the track side, and the height of the BS transmitting antenna relative to the horizontal plane is hz. The legitimate user is the passenger on the HSR. We denote the length of the HSR is Lt, the vertical distance between the base station and HSR is lz, the distance between the legitimate user and the vertical point of the base station is x, and the distance between the legitimate user and the BS transmitting antenna is du. HSR runs away from the BS according to the speed v from the nearest position to the BS. There is a static eavesdropper at the distance de, which attempts to obtain the information from the BS. Also, this paper makes the following assumptions: (1) all users and BS are equipped with a single antenna, and the legitimate users communicate directly with the BS; (2) the legitimate users are fixed on the HSR, and the distance between the two users follows the uniform distribution with Lu/2 mean; and (3) the legitimate channel is composed of Rician fading and large-scale fading [9].Figure 1
System model.


### 2.1. Main Link

According to the NOMA scheme, the transmitted signal from BS to all of the legitimate users can be expressed as(1)x=∑l=1MαlPtxl,where αl is the power allocation factor with ∑l=1Mαl=1, set α1<α2<⋯<αM, Pt is the transmitting power of the BS, and xl is the transmission signal of the lth user. Then, the signal received by the kth legitimate user Uk can be expressed as(2)yk=gk∑l=1MαlPtxl+nk,where nk follows the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with the mean zero and variance σk2. For simplicity, the variance is assumed to σ12=σ22=⋯=σ2. The channel gain between the kth legitimate user and the BS can be given by gk=hkβk1/2, where hk and βkrepresent small-scale and large-scale fading, respectively, and the expression of βk is related to the distance dk. Set d1<d2<⋯<dM; according to order statistics, the probability density function (PDF) of dk from the BS to the kth nearest legitimate user is given by [9](3)fdkx=kMk∑j=0M−k−1jM−kjxx2−hz2−lz2k+j−2Ltk+j,where hz2+lz2<x≤Lt2+hz2+lz2. According to the knowledge of the successive interference cancellation (SIC) receiver [10], for the kth user, the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the kth user can be expressed as(4)γDk=ραkhk2βkρhk2βk∑l=1k−1αl+1,where Pt is the transmitted power, and ρ=Pt/σ2 is denoted as the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In equation (6), since the small-scale fading channel hk is the Rician fading channel, we define γ¯=s2+2λk2. Thus, the hk2 is the noncentral chi-square random variable with two degree of freedom, and its PDF and cumulative distribution function (CDF) are given as [11](5)fhk2y=1+Ke−Kγ¯exp−1+Kyγ¯I021+KKyγ¯,y>0,Fhk2y=1−Q12K,yλk,where I0x is the modified Bessel function of the zero kind, and Q1a,b is the first order Marcum Q-function [12]. K=s2/2λk2 denotes the Rician factor, and similar to [9], we generally set K=7dB on HSR scenario. Therefore, the conditional CDF of the Fgk2|dky|dk can be obtained as(6)Fgk2|dky|dk=1−Q12K,β−1dkyλk,where βdk=dk−χ, and χ is the path loss exponent. Since the small-scale fading and the large-scale fading are independent of each other. According to equations (3) and (6), the CDF of gk2 can be written as(7)Fgk2y=∫hz2+lz2Lt2+hz2+lz2Fgk2|dky|xfdkxdx=∫hz2+lz2Lt2+hz2+lz21−Q12K,β−1xyλkkMk∑j=0M−k−1jM−kjxx2−hz2−lz2k+j−2Ltk+jdx.Unfortunately, evaluating the integrals in equation (7) is very difficult. Thus, by using the Gauss–Chebyshev quadrature [13], equation (7) can be approximated as(8)Fgk2y=∑i=1nπk4n1−Q12K,c1yλkMk∑j=0M−k−1jM−kjti+12k+j−21−ti2,where c1=β−1ti+1/2Lt2+hz2+lz2, ti=cos2i−1/2nπ, and n is the approximate order of Chebyshev, which can be selected according to the accuracy and complexity requirements.Then, the CDF ofγDk can be readily formulated as(9)FγDkz=Pραkgk2ρgk2∑l=1k−1αl+1<zk=∑i=1nπk4n1−Q12K,1λkc1zkραk−∑l=1k−1αlzkMk∑j=0M−k−1jM−kjti+12k+j−21−ti2.


### 2.2. Eavesdropping Link

For the eavesdropper, we assume that the eavesdropper attempts to obtain the signal coming from the direct link, and the eavesdropping link is also a hybrid channel similar to the main link. Moreover, the small-scale fadingvk of eavesdropping link experiences independent Rayleigh distribution, and the received signal of an eavesdropper can be expressed as(10)yE=qk∑l=1MαlPtxl+ne,where qk=vkβek1/2 is the channel gain, βek=de−χ represents the large-scale fading, which is related to the distance de between the eavesdropper and the BS, and ne∼CN0,σe2 is the AWGN at the eavesdropper. Assuming that the eavesdropper has a strong decoding ability to the transmitted signals, the eavesdropper can decode the mixed signal s to obtain separate signals xl [14]. Hence, the received SNR of the eavesdropper is given by(11)γEk=αkρeqk2ρeqk2∑l=1k−1αl+1,where ρe=Pt/σe2 is the average SNR. Similarly, qk2 is an exponent distribution random variable with parameter ηk. For simplicity, set η1=η2=⋯=ηM. Then, the PDF of γEk can be expressed as(12)fγEky=αkηkρeβekαk−∑l=1k−1αly2e−y/ηkβekαkρe−ρeΣl=1k−1αly,y<αk∑l=1k−1αl,0,y≥αk∑l=1k−1αl.


## 2.1. Main Link

According to the NOMA scheme, the transmitted signal from BS to all of the legitimate users can be expressed as(1)x=∑l=1MαlPtxl,where αl is the power allocation factor with ∑l=1Mαl=1, set α1<α2<⋯<αM, Pt is the transmitting power of the BS, and xl is the transmission signal of the lth user. Then, the signal received by the kth legitimate user Uk can be expressed as(2)yk=gk∑l=1MαlPtxl+nk,where nk follows the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with the mean zero and variance σk2. For simplicity, the variance is assumed to σ12=σ22=⋯=σ2. The channel gain between the kth legitimate user and the BS can be given by gk=hkβk1/2, where hk and βkrepresent small-scale and large-scale fading, respectively, and the expression of βk is related to the distance dk. Set d1<d2<⋯<dM; according to order statistics, the probability density function (PDF) of dk from the BS to the kth nearest legitimate user is given by [9](3)fdkx=kMk∑j=0M−k−1jM−kjxx2−hz2−lz2k+j−2Ltk+j,where hz2+lz2<x≤Lt2+hz2+lz2. According to the knowledge of the successive interference cancellation (SIC) receiver [10], for the kth user, the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the kth user can be expressed as(4)γDk=ραkhk2βkρhk2βk∑l=1k−1αl+1,where Pt is the transmitted power, and ρ=Pt/σ2 is denoted as the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In equation (6), since the small-scale fading channel hk is the Rician fading channel, we define γ¯=s2+2λk2. Thus, the hk2 is the noncentral chi-square random variable with two degree of freedom, and its PDF and cumulative distribution function (CDF) are given as [11](5)fhk2y=1+Ke−Kγ¯exp−1+Kyγ¯I021+KKyγ¯,y>0,Fhk2y=1−Q12K,yλk,where I0x is the modified Bessel function of the zero kind, and Q1a,b is the first order Marcum Q-function [12]. K=s2/2λk2 denotes the Rician factor, and similar to [9], we generally set K=7dB on HSR scenario. Therefore, the conditional CDF of the Fgk2|dky|dk can be obtained as(6)Fgk2|dky|dk=1−Q12K,β−1dkyλk,where βdk=dk−χ, and χ is the path loss exponent. Since the small-scale fading and the large-scale fading are independent of each other. According to equations (3) and (6), the CDF of gk2 can be written as(7)Fgk2y=∫hz2+lz2Lt2+hz2+lz2Fgk2|dky|xfdkxdx=∫hz2+lz2Lt2+hz2+lz21−Q12K,β−1xyλkkMk∑j=0M−k−1jM−kjxx2−hz2−lz2k+j−2Ltk+jdx.Unfortunately, evaluating the integrals in equation (7) is very difficult. Thus, by using the Gauss–Chebyshev quadrature [13], equation (7) can be approximated as(8)Fgk2y=∑i=1nπk4n1−Q12K,c1yλkMk∑j=0M−k−1jM−kjti+12k+j−21−ti2,where c1=β−1ti+1/2Lt2+hz2+lz2, ti=cos2i−1/2nπ, and n is the approximate order of Chebyshev, which can be selected according to the accuracy and complexity requirements.Then, the CDF ofγDk can be readily formulated as(9)FγDkz=Pραkgk2ρgk2∑l=1k−1αl+1<zk=∑i=1nπk4n1−Q12K,1λkc1zkραk−∑l=1k−1αlzkMk∑j=0M−k−1jM−kjti+12k+j−21−ti2.


## 2.2. Eavesdropping Link

For the eavesdropper, we assume that the eavesdropper attempts to obtain the signal coming from the direct link, and the eavesdropping link is also a hybrid channel similar to the main link. Moreover, the small-scale fadingvk of eavesdropping link experiences independent Rayleigh distribution, and the received signal of an eavesdropper can be expressed as(10)yE=qk∑l=1MαlPtxl+ne,where qk=vkβek1/2 is the channel gain, βek=de−χ represents the large-scale fading, which is related to the distance de between the eavesdropper and the BS, and ne∼CN0,σe2 is the AWGN at the eavesdropper. Assuming that the eavesdropper has a strong decoding ability to the transmitted signals, the eavesdropper can decode the mixed signal s to obtain separate signals xl [14]. Hence, the received SNR of the eavesdropper is given by(11)γEk=αkρeqk2ρeqk2∑l=1k−1αl+1,where ρe=Pt/σe2 is the average SNR. Similarly, qk2 is an exponent distribution random variable with parameter ηk. For simplicity, set η1=η2=⋯=ηM. Then, the PDF of γEk can be expressed as(12)fγEky=αkηkρeβekαk−∑l=1k−1αly2e−y/ηkβekαkρe−ρeΣl=1k−1αly,y<αk∑l=1k−1αl,0,y≥αk∑l=1k−1αl.


## 3. Performance Analysis

SOP is a typical performance metrics to analyse the secrecy performance for physical layer secrecy, which is defined that the instantaneous secrecy rate is less than a certain threshold. In this section, we analyse the SOP to determine the security of using NOMA in the HSR scenario. Since the main channel and eavesdropping channel are independent, the SOP of the userUk can be expressed as [7](13)SOP=Prln1+γDk−ln1+γEk<Cth=∫0∞FγDkθγEk+θ−1fγEkγEkdγEk,where Cth is the target secrecy rate, and θ=eCth. Then, by using the Gauss–Laguerre [13] and substituting (9) and (13) into (14), we can obtain the approximate expression of SOP as(14)SOP=∑j=1m∑i=1nwxjexjπ4n1−Q12K,β−1ti+1/2Lt2+hz2+lz2θxj+θ−1λuραk−∑l=1k−1αlθxj+θ−1×ti+1/2Lt2+hz2+lz2ti+1/21−ti2αkηkρeβekαk−∑l=1k−1αlxj2e−xj/ηkβekαkρe−ρe∑l=1k−1αlxj,where N is the approximate order terms of Laguerre, wj=xj/m+12Lm+1xj2,andj<33 is the weight of Laguerre polynomial xj.


## 4. Simulation and Analysis

In this section, we present a numerical example to illustrate our analytical results, and the simulation parameters are shown in Table1 [15].Table 1
Simulation parameter configuration.
IndexVariable/UnitValueDescription1Lt/m201Train length2Hz/m30BS height3lz/m100Horizontal distance between BS and rail4K/dB7Rician channel factor5fc/MHz2.5e3Carrier frequency6v/Km/h350Speed7B/MHz10Bandwidth8Rs/KHz4.8Rate9kai/dB3Attenuation factor10SNR_SD20Legitimate user SNR11SNR_SE10Eavesdropping user SNR12M2Number of the legitimate userIn Figure2, we plot the SOP versus transmitted power Pt in the presence of an eavesdropper based on the NOMA scheme on the HSR scenario. It is observed that the analytical results match well with the simulation, which verifies the theoretical derivation. Moreover, increasing the number of Pt results in decreasing SOP for two users. As expected, we note that floors appear at relatively high Pt. Therefore, the SOP of the near user is much better than the far user based on the NOMA scheme. Finally, to improve the performance of SOP, we can increase the transmitting power which is not the only scheme but needs to be optimized together with other schemes to ensure the security of communication.Figure 2
SOP curve ofPt for near user and far user.In Figure3, we present the SOP curves for the different distances between the eavesdropper and BS. As can be observed, a better secrecy performance will be obtained with the increases of de. More specifically, the slopes of performance curves of near users are large than the far users; while de>100, the change trend of SOP is gentle. Thus, the change of the distance between the eavesdropper and BS has a greater impact on the secrecy performance of the near users than on far users.Figure 3
SOP curve ofde for near user and far user.In Figure4, we plot the SOP versus for a different power allocation coefficient α1 of near user based on the NOMA scheme. It is clearly shown that increasing α1 near users can significantly improve the near user secrecy performance, and the impact of α1 on near users is greater than that on far users from the slope of the SOP versus. Thus, it is necessary to select an appropriate α1 to ensure secure communication in both near user and far user.Figure 4
SOP curve ofα1 for near user and far user.


## 5. Conclusions

In this work, we provide secrecy performance analysis for the HSR scenario in the presence of an eavesdropper with the help of NOMA. More specially, the expression for SOP was derived and verified by simulation. Numerical results showed that the secrecy performance can be improved by choosing the appropriate power allocation coefficientα1 based on the NOMA scheme.



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*Source: 8868550-2020-12-22.xml*