# Single Impulsive Controller for Exponential Synchronization of Stochastic Lur'e Networks with Impulsive Disturbance

Authors: Yi Zhao; Ze Tang; Jianwen Feng
Journal: Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society
 (2013)

---

## Abstract

The investigations are made on the exponential synchronization of the stochastic Lur'e system with nonlinear coupling and impulsive disturbance. The impulsive effects in complex networks could play a positive or a negative role for synchronization. For the sake of simplification and efficiency, a single impulsive controller is designed to realize the synchronization of the impulsive dynamical network with
respect to stabilizing and destabilizing impulsive effects. Sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee the realization of the exponential synchronization for all initial values by means of the Lyapunov stability
theorem, the comparison principle, and the linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Numerical simulations are given to support the validity of the analytical results.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

For reasons that the synchronization of complex dynamical networks are ubiquity in both the natural and the artificial worlds and it can interpret the essence of the collective behavior in nature, it has attracted more and more attention of scientists and engineers from various fields such as sociology, biology, mathematics, and physics [1–9]. Synchronization can be understood as the adjustment of rhythms or coherence of states by interaction and realized via a sufficient information exchange among the nodes' interconnection in dynamical networks. It has many potential applications in such areas as biological systems [1], secure communications [3], information processing, mechanical engineering, identification and pattern recognition [4], and neuronal networks [2, 6, 7, 9].Regarding the already known results on complex dynamical networks synchronization, there are three types of main communication methods between nodes normally considered: continuous coupling [7–9], intermittent communication [10], and impulsive exchange [11–14]. Impulsive exchange is a common phenomenon in many evolving networks. In the impulsive communication framework, the dynamics of each node is only affected by its neighbors at the impulsive instants and there exist impulsive effects in the dynamical behavior of nodes. For example, the states of electronic networks and biological networks are often subject to instantaneous disturbances and experience abrupt changes at certain instants, which may be caused by switching phenomenon, frequency change, or other sudden noise, which could be expressed as impulsive effects. Thus, impulsive dynamical networks, which involve sudden changes at certain discrete times, are receiving more and more attention of researchers for various fields, that is, [15]. The impulsive effects could play a positive or a negative role for synchronization of complex networks; see [13, 14] and the reference therein. Then, a natural question comes up when the researches about impulsive dynamical networks go deeper: How to design an efficient controller to make such networks achieve synchronization with respect to different types of impulsive effects? In particular, an impulsive controller, which means the information interchanging between nodes occurs impulsively only at some discrete time instants, proves that it can save the occupation of the communication channels. A rough idea is that when the impulsive effects are stabilizing, impulsive controllers could be used for synchronizing. Good prior works had been made on the synchronization of complex works with impulses controllers; see [11–13, 16] and the references therein. When the impulsive effects are destabilizing, feedback controllers should be involved to cancel some negative effects of impulsive disturbance. Mentions should be made that are in [14], the authors show that the complex networks with destabilizing impulses could reach a self-synchronized state if the impulses do not happen too frequently. However, the self-synchronized state depends on the network structure as well as the initial values of the nodes, which is difficult to predict. The previous research works motivate us to investigate the synchronization problem of complex networks via a single impulsive controller, in case the impulsive effects are stabilizing and destabilizing, respectively. With the help of a single controller, we are able to synchronize the complex networks to required states. Our work is complementary to the existing known results.In this paper, the global and exponential synchronization problem of the Lur'e system will be discussed. The Lur'e systems, including the Goodwin model [17], repressilator [18], toggle switch [19], swarm model [20] and Chua’s circuit [21], are a class of nonlinear systems which can be represented as a linear dynamical system with feedback interconnected to a nonlinearity satisfying a sector condition. Since the Lur'e system was first proposed by Lur’e and Postnikov, many researchers have attached much importance to the dynamics on such systems, and a large number of results have been obtained for the synchronization problem of the Lur'e system, such as [22–27]. Every node in the complex dynamical network studied in this paper is a Lur'e system; it has nonlinear local dynamical behaviors Axi(t)+Bf(Cxi(t)) for the ith node. Due to the instantaneous perturbations and abrupt change existing in many realistic networks, in order to fit with the real world, the stochastic phenomenon is going to be considered in the synchronization analysis; see [28]. The information interchange between each two nodes occurs impulsively at some certain impulsive instants but happens commonly at the nonimpulsive instants. Based on pinning impulsive control scheme, a single impulsive controller is imposed to the impulsive dynamical network with respect to different types of impulsive effects. Sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee the realization of the exponential synchronization pattern for all initial values by means of the Lyapunov stability theorem, the comparison principle, and linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). In addition, numerical simulations are given to support the validity of the main results.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section2, we give some preparatory works, such as definitions and lemmas and next present the impulsive stochastic dynamical Lur'e network model. In Section 3, we analyze the exponential synchronization of the impulsive network by using a single impulsive controller when the impulsive effects are stabilizing and destabilizing, respectively. A numerical simulation is given to verify our theoretical results in Section 4. We conclude the paper in Section 5.Notations. The mark AT denotes the transport of the matrix A. Rn denotes the n-dimensional Euclidean space. Rn×n are n×n real matrices. diag{⋯} stands for a diagonal matrix. The sign ∥·∥ stands for the Euclid norm of the matrix or the vector. A symmetric real matrix A is positive definite (semidefinite) if xTAx>0(≥0) for all nonzero x, we denote this as A>0(A≥0). I stands for the identity matrix with proper dimension. λmax(·) is used to denote the maximum eigenvalue of a real symmetric matrix. Let E(ζ) be the expectation value of ζ. The dimension of these vectors and matrices will be cleared in the context.


## 2. Preliminaries and Model Description

In this section, some preliminaries such as definitions and lemmas will be firstly given, which are necessary throughout the paper. Then, we will present the impulsive dynamical network model with stochastic perturbations, which is composed of the Lur'e systems; it will be converted into the error impulsive dynamical network.Definition 1.
A dynamical network is said to realize global exponential synchronization, if there existν>0,  T0>0 and θ>0 such that for any initial values ϕi(·)(i=1,2,…,N),
(1)∥xi(t)-xj(t)∥≤θe-νt
hold for all t>T0, and for any i,j=1,2,…,N.Definition 2 (see [29]).
The average impulsive interval of the impulsive sequenceζ={t1,t2,…} is less than Ta, if there exist a positive integer N0 and a positive number Ta, such that
(2)Nζ(T,t)≥T-tTa-N0,∀T≥t≥0,
where Nζ(T,t) denotes the number of impulsive times of the impulsive sequence ζ in the time interval (t,T). As a consequence, the average impulsive interval of the impulsive sequence ζ={t1,t2,…} is not less than Ta, if there exist a positive integer N0 and a positive number Ta, such that
(3)Nζ(T,t)≤T-tTa+N0,∀T≥t≥0.Lemma 3 (see [30]).
SupposeD=(dij)∈Rn×n, and it satisfies dij=dji, dii=-∑j=1,j≠in‍dij; then, for any two vectors x=(x1,x2,…,xn)T∈Rn,  y=(y1,y2,…,yn)T∈Rn, one has
(4)xTDy=-∑j>i‍dij(xj-xi)(yj-yi).Lemma 4 ([31] comparison principle).
Consider the following stochastic system with impulsive:(5)dx(t)=ϕ(t,x(t))dt+η(t,x(t))dw(t)t≥0,t≠tk,x(tk+)-x(tk-)=Uk(x(tk-))k∈N.
Assume that there exist a Lyapunov functionV(t,x(t)) and functions φ,  ψk with φ(t,0)=ψk(0)=0 for any t≥0, k∈N, such that:
(1)
there exist positive constantsc1,  c2 such that for all t≥t0,  c1∥x(t)∥≤V(t,x(t))≤c2∥x(t)∥;
(2)
there exists continuous functionφ:R+×R+→R, and φ(t,x(t)) is concave on s for each t∈R+, such that ℒV(t,x)=Vt(t,x)+Vx(t,x)φ(t,x)+(1/2)trace[ηT(t,x)Vxxη(t,x)];
(3)
there exist continuous and concave functionsψk:R+→R+,k∈N, such that V(tk+,x(tk+))≤ψk(V(tk-,x(tk-)));
then, the exponential stability of the trivial solution of the following comparison systems,(6)w˙(t)=ϕ(t,w(t))t≥0,t≠tk,w(tk+)=ψk(w(tk-))k∈N,w(t0)=E(V(t0,x0)),
implies the exponential stability of the trivial solution of the stochastic impulsive system (5).Consider the following network model with nonlinear and asymmetrical coupling, and the nodes are composed of the Lur'e system:(7)x˙i(t)=Axi(t)+Bf~(Cxi(t))+c∑j=1N‍lijΓH~(xj(t))i=1,2,…,N,
where xi(t)=[xi1(t),xi2(t),…,xin(t)]T∈Rn, for i=1,2,…,N. A∈Rn×n, B∈Rn×m, C∈Rm×n are constant matrices. The constant c>0 denotes the coupling strength and Γ=diag{γ1,γ2,…,γn}∈Rn×n is the inner-linking matrix, which is a diagonal matrix with γi≥0. Function f~:Rm→Rm is a memoryless nonlinear vector valued function which is continuously differentiable on R, f~(0)=0. Matrix L=(lij)∈RN×N is the coupling matrix, which indicates the connection topology, and it is decided by the network structure. lij>0 if there is a connection from node i to node j(i≠j), otherwise lij=0 and it satisfies zero-sum-row condition, that is, lii=-∑j≠ij=1N‍lij. We do not assume that lij=lji, which means that L is an asymmetry matrix. The nonlinear coupling function H~(xj(t))=(h~(xj1(t)),h~(xj2(t)),…,h~(xjn(t)))T satisfies the following conditions: (h~(u)-h~(v))/(u-v)≥ϑ>0 for any u,v∈R.For many realistic complex networks, the state of node always suffers from instantaneous perturbations and is subject to abrupt change at certain instants. Taking those situations into consideration, we present the following stochastic impulsive dynamical Lur'e network with nonlinear coupling:(8)dxi(t)=[Axi(t)+Bf~(Cxi(t))]dt+g~(xi(t),t)dw(t)+c∑j=1N‍lijΓH~(xj(t))dtt>0,t≠tk,xj(tk+)-xi(tk+)=μ(xj(tk-)-xi(tk-))for(i,j):lij>0,
where w(t)∈Rm is an m-dimensional Brownian motion, g~:Rn×R+→Rn×m is the noise intensity function matrix satisfying g~(t,0n)=0n×m.Remark 5.
Throughout this paper, we always assume thatxi(t) is left-hand continuous at t=tk, that is, xi(tk-)=xi(tk). Therefore, according to the above assumption, we can get that the solutions of (8) are piecewise left-hand continuous functions with discontinuities at t=tk,k=1,2,…. On the other sides, from the second equation of (5), we can get that, in this paper, we focus on the impulsive effects (sudden changing) in the process of signal exchanging rather than the impulsive effects on the nodes' states.In order to derive the main results of the stochastic impulsive dynamical Lur'e network, we make the following assumptions.Assumption 6.
The nonlinear functionf~(·) is assumed to satisfy a Lipschitz condition, that is, there exists a constant κ>0 such that ∥f~(u)-f~(v)∥≤κ∥u-v∥ holds for any u,v∈Rn.Assumption 7.
Assume that the noise intensity function matrixp~:Rn×R+→Rn×m is uniformly Lipschitz continuous in terms of the norm induced by the trace inner product on the following matrices:
(9)trace[(g~(u(t),t)-g~(v(t),t))T·(g~(u(t),t)-g~(v(t),t))]≤∥M(u(t)-v(t))∥2,
for any u,v∈Rn, where M is a known constant matrix with compatible dimensions.


## 3. Synchronization Analysis for the Stochastic Lur'e System under a Single Controller

In this section, we will investigate the global and exponential synchronization of the Lur'e system with stochastic perturbations. Define the error vectors asei(t)=xi(t)-s(t),i=1,2,…,N, where s(t)=[s1(t),s2(t),…,sn(t)]∈Rn is the solution of an isolated node in the Lur'e network satisfying
(10)ds(t)=[As(t)+Bf~(Cs(t))]dt+g~(s(t),t)dw(t),
with initial condition s0∈Rn. In this paper, s(t) is the objective trajectory that the nonlinear stochastic impulsive dynamical network (8) will be forced to.For|μ|<1 in (8), which means that the corresponding impulsive effects are synchronizing, we propose a single impulsive controller to the network. Without loss of generality, the first node is selected to be controlled. The controlled impulsive dynamical Lur'e network is obtained as follows:
(3)dei(t)=[Aei(t)+Bf(Cei(t))]dt+g(xi(t),t)dw(t)+c∑j=1N‍lijΓH(ej(t))dtt>0,t≠tk,ej(tk+)-ei(tk+)=μ(ej(tk-)-ei(tk-))for(i,j):lij>0,e1(tk+)=μe1(tk-),
where
(12)f(Cei(t))=f~(Cxi(t))-f~(Cs(t)),g(ei(t),t)=g~(xi(t),t)-g~(s(t),t),H(ei(t))=[h(ei1(t)),h(ei2(t)),…,h(ein(t))]T,h(eij(t))=h~(xij(t))-h~(s(t)),
for i=1,2,…,N;j=1,2,…,n. Since (h~(u)-h~(v))/(u-v)≥ϑ>0, we have (h(u)-h(v))/(u-v)≥ϑ>0.In the following part, we are devoted to studying the global exponential stability for the controlled impulsive stochastic dynamical Lur'e network (3). Suppose that ξ=(ξ1,ξ2,…,ξN)T is the normalized left eigenvector of the configuration matrix L with respect to the eigenvalue 0 satisfying ∥ξ∥=1. Since the coupling matrix L is irreducible, ξi>0 for i=1,2,…,N. Let Ξ=diag{ξ1,ξ2,…,ξN}>0.Theorem 8.
Consider the controlled impulsive stochastic dynamical Lur'e network (3) when |μ|<1. Suppose that Assumptions 6 and 7 hold, and the average impulsive interval of the impulsive sequence ζ={t1,t2,…} is less than Ta. Then, the controlled impulsive stochastic dynamical network (3) is globally exponentially stable if
(13)2ln(|μ|)Ta+δ<0,
where δ=λmax(A+AT+MTM)+2κλmax(BTB)λmax(CTC).Proof.
Construct a Lyapunov function candidate in the form of(14)V(t)=∑i=1N‍ξieiT(t)ei(t).
For t∈(tk-1,tk],  k=1,2,…, we have
(15)ℒV(t)=2∑i=1N‍ξieiT(t){∑j=1N‍Aei(t)+Bf(Cei(t))ℒV(t)ℒV+c∑j=1N‍lijΓH(ej(t))}+∑i=1N‍trace[gT(ei(t),t)Ξg(ei(t),t)]≤2∑i=1N‍ξieiT(t)[Aei(t)+Bf(Cei(t))]+2c∑i=1N‍ξi∑j=1N‍lijeiT(t)ΓH(ej(t))+∑i=1N‍trace[gT(ei(t),t)g(ei(t),t)].
By Assumptions 6 and 7, the following inequalities can be obtained:
(16)2eiT(t)Bf(Cei(t))≤2∥ei(t)∥·∥Bf(Cei(t))∥=2∥ei(t)∥·fT(C(ei(t)))BTBf(Cei(t))≤2∥ei(t)∥·λmax(BTB)·∥f(Cei(t))∥≤2λmax(BTB)∥ei(t)∥·κ∥Cei(t)∥2=2λmax(BTB)κ∥ei(t)∥·eiT(t)CTCei(i)≤2κλmax(BTB)λmax(CTC)eiT(t)ei(t),trace[pT(ei(t),t)p(ei(t),t)]≤∥Mei(t)∥2trace[pT(ei(t),t)p(ei(t),t)]=eiT(t)MTMei(t).
Letek(t)=[e1k(t),e2k,…,eNk(t)]T and Q=ΞL+LTΞ=(qij)N×N. Note that Q is a symmetric irreducible matrix with zero row sum. We have
(17)2c∑i=1N‍ξi∑j=1N‍lijeiT(t)ΓH(ej(t))=2c∑i=1N‍ξi∑j=1N‍lij∑k=1n‍eik(t)γkh(ejk(t))=2c∑k=1n‍γk∑i=1N‍∑j=1N‍eik(t)lijh(ejk(t))=2c∑k=1n‍γkek(t)TQh(ek(t))=-c∑k=1n‍γk∑i=1N‍∑j=1N‍qij(eik(t)-ejk(t))×h(eik(t)-h(ejk(t)))≤-cϑ∑k=1n‍γk∑i=1N‍∑j=1N‍qij(eik(t)-ejk(t))2≤0.
Combining (16) and (17) gives
(18)ℒV(t)≤δV(t)
for t∈(tk-1,tk).
In the second equation in the system (8), xj(tk+)-xi(tk+)=μ(xj(tk-)-xi(tk-)) for any pair of (i,j) which satisfies lij>0. Based on the coupling matrix L, is irreducible; we have assumed yet, for any suffix i(i≠1), there exist a reachable route between the 1-node and the i-node even though the route is not limited in one and immediate. That is, there exist suffixes τ1,τ1,…,τm such that l1,τ1>0,lτ1,τ2>0,…,lτm,i>0. Hence, from the analysis, for the pair of suffixes 1 and i(i=2,3,…,N), we obtain
(19)xi(tk+)-x1(tk+)=[xi(tk+)-xτm(tk+)]+[xτm(tk+)-xτm-1(tk+)]+⋯+[xτ1(tk+)-x1(tk+)]=μ[xi(tk-)-xτm(tk-)]+μ[xτm(tk-)-xτm-1(tk-)]+⋯+μ[xτ1(tk-)-x1(tk-)]=μ[xi(tk-)-xτm(tk-)+xτm(tk-)-xτm-1(tk-)+⋯+xτ1(tk-)-x1(tk-)]=μ[xi(tk-)-x1(tk-)].
Recall the definition of the error vectors, we get xi(tk+)-s(t)=μ(xi(tk-)-s(t)), that is
(20)ei(tk+)=μei(tk-).
Therefore, when t=tk,  k∈N, one gets that
(21)V(tk+)=∑i=1N‍eiT(tk+)ei(tk+)=μ2∑i=1N‍eiT(tk-)ei(tk-)=μ2V(tk-).
By (18) and (21), we can obtain the following comparison system for the controlled impulsive stochastic dynamical Lur'e network (3):
(22)w˙(t)=δw(t)t≥0,t≠tk,w(tk+)=μ2w(tk-)μ2∈(0,1),k∈N,w(t0)=E(V(t0)).
For t∈(t0,t1],
(23)w(t)=eδ(t-t0)w(t0+),w(t1-)=eδ(t1-t0)w(t0+).
For t∈(t1,t2],
(24)w(t1+)=μ2w(t1-)=μ2eδ(t1-t0)E(V(t0)),w(t)=eδ(t-t1)w(t1+)=eδ(t-t1)μ2w(t1-)=eδ(t-t1)eδ(t-t0)μ2w(t0+),w(t2-)=μ2eδ(t2-t0)E(V(t0)).
Similarly, for t∈(tk-1,tk],
(25)w(t)=eδ(t-tk-1)w(tk-1+)=eδ(t-tk-1)μ2w(tk-1)=eδ(t-tk-1)μ2μ2(k-1)eδ(tk-1-t0)w(t0+)=eδ(t-t0)μ2kE(V(t0)).
Based on the above analysis, for anyt>0, one has
(26)w(t)=eδ(t-t0)μ2kE(V(t0))=eδ(t-t0)μ2Nζ(t,t0)E(V(t0))≤eδ(t-t0)μ2((t-t0)/Ta)-2N0E(V(t0))=μ-2N0e((2ln|μ|/Ta)+δ)(t-t0)E(V(t0)).
By Lemma4, it can be concluded that the controlled impulsive stochastic dynamical Lur'e network (3) is exponentially stable, which can further imply that the dynamical network (7) can be exponentially stabilized to the objective trajectory s(t) by only imposing a single impulsive controller on the first node. Theorem 8 is proved completely.Remark 9.
It means that the nonlinear and asymmetric coupled impulsive stochastic dynamical Lur'e network (8) can be globally and exponentially controlled to the objective trajectory s(t) by using a single impulsive controller. In the proving process, the Lyapunov stability theorem and the comparison principle are combined to derive the synchronization criteria for the impulsive stochastic dynamical Lur'e network by using a single impulsive controller. In fact, the node to be controlled can be selected randomly. In this paper, without loss of generality, we chose the first node as the impulsive controller was imposed to. It has been proved that the impulsive stochastic dynamical Lur'e network can achieve synchronization by only applying a single controller, not to speak of more controllers.As a special case of the main result, we give the following stochastic impulsive dynamical Lur'e network with linear coupling:(27)dxi(t)=[Axi(t)+Bf~(Cxi(t))]dt+g~(xi(t),t)dw(t)+c∑j=1N‍lijΓxj(t)dtt>0,t≠tk,xj(tk+)-xi(tk+)=μ(xj(tk-)-xi(tk-))for(i,j):lij>0.
Correspondingly, we have the following conclusion for the stochastic impulsive dynamical Lur'e network with linear coupling.Corollary 10.
Consider the impulsive stochastic dynamical Lur'e network (27) under the same impulsive controller imposed on the first node. Suppose that Assumptions 6 and 7 hold, and the average impulsive interval of the impulsive sequence ζ={t1,t2,…} is less than Ta. Then, the impulsive stochastic dynamical network (27) with a single impulsive controller is globally exponentially stable, if the following condition holds:
(28)2ln|μ|Ta+λmax(A+AT+MTM)+2κλmax(BTB)λmax(CTC)<0.
This means that the impulsive stochastic dynamical Lur'e network (27) can be globally and exponentially controlled to the objective trajectory s(t) by using a single impulsive controller.If we consider the following impulsive dynamical Lur'e network with linear coupling without stochastic distortions(29)dxi(t)=[Axi(t)+Bf~(Cxi(t))]dt+c∑j=1N‍lijΓxj(t)dtt>0,t≠tk,xj(tk+)-xi(tk+)=μ(xj(tk-)-xi(tk-))for(i,j):lij>0,
we have another corollary, we give it in the form of the following.Corollary 11.
Consider the impulsive dynamical Lur'e network (29). Suppose that Assumptions 6 and 7 hold, and the average impulsive interval of the impulsive sequence ζ={t1,t2,…} is less than Ta. Then, the impulsive dynamical network (32) with a single impulsive controller is globally exponentially stable, if the following condition holds:
(30)2ln|μ|Ta+λmax(A+AT)+2κλmax(BTB)λmax(CTC)<0.
This means that the impulsive dynamical Lur'e network (29) can be globally and exponentially controlled to the objective trajectory s(t) by using a single impulsive controller.Remark 12.
From Theorem8 and its corollaries, it can be seen that condition (13), namely,
(31)2ln(|μ|)Ta+λmax(A+AT+MTM)+2κλmax(BTB)λmax(CTC)<0,
can be realized with the help of the term 2ln(|μ|)/Ta, which is negative once |μ|<1. It corresponds to the observation that the impulsive effects are synchronizing. However, sometimes impulses can play a negative role for the synchronization of dynamical networks. We label this case as |μ|>1 in (8). Then, with a rough idea, the term 2ln(|μ|)/Ta>0 can play a negative effect to realize condition (13), though a few of the systems (8) can still achieve synchronization under (13). We need to add a single feedback controller to cancel the desynchronization effects caused by impulses if |μ|>1, which is an effective way to drive the system (8) into desirable synchronization states.When|μ|>1, after adding the feedback controller u(t)=-clΓe1(t) to the first node of network (3), we have
(32)de1(t)=[Ae1(t)+Bf(Ce1(t))]dt+g(xi(t),t)dw(t)+c∑j=1N‍l1jΓH(ej(t))dt-clΓe1(t)dt,+c∑j=1N‍l1jjΓH(ej(t))dtt>0,t≠tk,dei(t)=[Aei(t)+Bf(Cei(t))]dt+g(xi(t),t)dw(t)+c∑j=1N‍lijΓH(ej(t))dt,t>0,t≠tk,i≥2,ej(tk+)-ei(tk+)=μ(ej(tk-)-ei(tk-)),for(i,j):lij>0,e1(tk+)=μe1(tk-).
Define the Laplacian matrix L~=(l~ij)N×N as follows:
(33)l~ij={lij-lϑ,i=j=1,lij,otherwise.
Let γmin=min{γ1,γ2,…,γn}, where γi is the diagonal elements of Γ, and Q~=(q~ij)N×N=ΞQ~+Q~TΞ.Theorem 13.
Consider the controlled impulsive stochastic dynamical Lur'e network (3) when |μ|>1. Suppose that Assumptions 6 and 7 hold, and the average impulsive interval of the impulsive sequence ζ={t1,t2,…} is not less than Ta. Then, the controlled impulsive stochastic dynamical network (3) is globally exponentially stable if
(34)2ln(|μ|)Ta+δ~<0,
where δ~=λmax(A+AT+MTM)+2κλmax(BTB)λmax(CTC)+cϑγminλmax(Q~).Proof.
Consider a Lyapunov function as follows:(35)V(t)=∑i=1N‍ξieiT(t)ei(t).
For t∈(tk-1,tk],k=1,2,…, we have
(36)ℒV(t)=2∑i=1N‍ξieiT(t)×{∑j=1N‍Aei(t)+Bf(Cei(t))+c∑j=1N‍lijΓH(ej(t))-clΓe1(t)}+∑i=1N‍trace[gT(ei(t),t)Ξg(ei(t),t)]≤2∑i=1N‍ξieiT(t)[Aei(t)+Bf(Cei(t))]+2c∑i=1N‍ξi∑j=1N‍lijeiT(t)ΓH(ej(t))-2c∑i=1N‍ξileiT(t)Γe1(t)+∑i=1N‍trace[gT(ei(t),t)g(ei(t),t)].
Note that all the eigenvalues ofQ~ are negative; we have
(37)2c∑i=1N‍ξi∑j=1N‍lijeiT(t)ΓH(ej(t))=2c∑i=1N‍ξi∑j=1N‍lij∑k=1n‍eik(t)γkh(ejk(t))-2c∑i=1N‍ξileiT(t)Γe1(t)=2c∑k=1n‍γk∑i=1N‍∑j=1N‍eik(t)lijh(ejk(t))-2c∑i=1N‍ξileiT(t)Γe1(t)=c∑k=1n‍γkek(t)TQh(ek(t))-2c∑i=1N‍ξileiT(t)Γe1(t)=-c∑k=1n‍γk∑i=1N‍∑j=1N‍qij(eik(t)-ejk(t))×h(eik(t)-h(ejk(t)))-2c∑i=1N‍ξileiT(t)Γe1(t)≤-cϑ∑k=1n‍γk∑i=1N‍∑j=1N‍qij(eik(t)-ejk(t))2-2c∑i=1N‍ξileiT(t)Γe1(t)=cϑ∑k=1n‍γk[ek(t)TQ~ek(t)]≤cϑλmax(Q~)∑k=1n‍γk(ek(t))Tek(t)≤cϑγminλmax(Q~)∑k=1n‍(ek(t))Tek(t)=cϑγminλmax(Q~)∑i=1N‍ei(t)Tei(t)≤cϑγminλmax(Q~)∑i=1N‍ξiei(t)Tei(t)=cϑγminλmax(Q~)V(t).
For the remaining parts in (36), we can use similar analysis in (16). Then, it could be obtained that
(38)ℒV(t)≤δ~V(t),
for t∈(tk-1,tk).
Similar procedures in (19) and (20) give
(39)V(tk+)=∑i=1N‍eiT(tk+)ei(tk+)=μ2∑i=1N‍eiT(tk-)ei(tk-)=μ2V(tk-),
when t=tk,k∈N.
By (36) and (39), we can obtain the following comparison system for the controlled impulsive stochastic dynamical Lur'e network (32):
(40)w˙(t)=δw(t)t≥0,t≠tk,w(tk+)=μ2w(tk-)μ2>1,k∈N,w(t0)=E(V(t0)).
Then, for anyt>0, we have
(41)w(t)=eδ(t-t0)μ2kE(V(t0))=eδ(t-t0)μ2Nζ(t,t0)E(V(t0))≤eδ(t-t0)μ2((t-t0)/Ta)+2N0E(V(t0))=μ2N0e((2ln|μ|/Ta)+δ~)(t-t0)E(V(t0)).
By Lemma4, it can be concluded that the controlled impulsive stochastic dynamical Lur'e network (32) is exponentially stable, which can further imply that the dynamical network (7) can be exponentially stabilized to the objective trajectory s(t) by a single controller on the first node. Theorem 13 is proved completely.Remark 14.
Considering when|μ|>1, the term 2ln(|μ|)/Ta is positive, it can be concluded from condition (34) in the Theorem 13 that the term cϑγminλmax(Q~)<0 plays an important role for the synchronization of the network (7) under a single controller. The feedback controller is added to smooth the desynchronization effects caused by impulse.


## 4. Numerical Simulation

The above criteria can be applied to networks with different topologies and sizes. We present two examples with respect to two kinds of impulsive effects for illustrating the validity of the theory in the previous sections.Example 15.
We use Chua's circuit as one of a special case of the Lur'e system to verify the results in Theorem8, namely, the impulsive effects are stabilizing. Chua's circuit has the following dimensionless equation:
(42)[x˙1(t)x˙2(t)x˙3(t)]=[α(-x1(t)+x2(t)+g(x1(t)))x1(t)-x2(t)+x3(t)-βx2(t)-γx3(t)],
where g(y)=m1y+(1/2)(m0-m1)(|y+1|-|y-1|). α, β, γ, m1, and m0 are constants. Take α=10, β=15, γ=0.0385, m0=1.27, and m1=0.68. Then, we have
(43)x=[x1x2x3],A=[-3.21001-100-15-0.0385],B=[5.900],C=[100]
and f~(Cx1(t))=(1/2)(|x1(t)+1|-|x1(t)-1|). Considering the system (42) with (43), a chaotic attractor is plotted in Figure 1(a) with initial value [0.1, 0, 0].Phase trajectories of Chua's circuit without Brownian noise (a) and the network structure (b).
(a)
(b)Chua's circuit with above permeates and Brownian noise are selected as the isolated node of the Lur'e dynamical network, and theith node is described as follows:
(44)dxi(t)=[Axi(t)+Bf~(Cxi(t))]dt+g~(xi(t),t)dw(t),i=1,2,…,100,
where dw(t) is an 3D Brownian motion, the noise intensity function matrix g~(xi(t),t)=0.5·∥xi(t)∥·I3. Then, we have κ=1 for Assumption 6 and M=0.5·I3 for Assumption 7. We consider that a network consists of 100 nodes. The network structure is shown in Figure 1(b). Define the coupling matrix as follows: if there is a connection from nodes i to j, then lij=1, otherwise lij=0. The nonlinear coupling function h(·) is selected as h(x)=8x+0.2sin(x) with ϑ=7. Let the coupling strength c=1 and the inner coupling matrix Γ=5I3. Suppose that the average impulsive interval Ta of the impulsive sequence is less than 0.1, because the impulsive strength |μ|<1; here, we assume that μ=0.23. By simple computation, it can be obtained that 2ln(|μ|)/Ta=-29.3935, δ=λmax(A+AT+MTM)+2κλmax(BTB)λmax(CTC)=28.7250. Then, we can get that 2ln|μ|/Ta+λmax(A+AT+MTM)+2κλmax(BTB)λmax(CTC)<0 for condition (13) in Theorem 8.We useei(t) which stands for the error between ith state and the synchronization goal s(t), for i=1,2,3. Figure 2 is plotted to show the ith variable state. The curves of the synchronization errors ei(t) at each state are plotted in Figure 3. It can be seen that the synchronization for the chaotic Chua's circuit is achieved because ei(t) converges to zero as t→+∞.State variablesxi(t),i=1,2,…,100 of the coupled dynamical network with impulsive disturbances when |μ|<1.
(a)
(b)
(c)Error variablesei(t)=xi(t)-s(t),  i=1,2,…,100 of the coupled dynamical network with impulsive disturbances when |μ|<1.
(a)
(b)
(c)According to this example, one can get that the synchronization of the nonlinear and asymmetric impulsive stochastic Lur'e networks can be realized by applying a single impulsive controller.Moreover, from Figure3, it can be seen that the synchronization is achieved around t=1. Compared with the numerical results obtained in [12], in which the synchronization is reached near t=0.2, we could conjecture that the stochastic term in (8), which is absent in the studies of [12], could slow down the speed of synchronization.Example 16.
We still use the complex network built in Example15 with |μ|=1.1 to verify the results in Theorem 13, namely, the impulsive effects are destabilizing. We choose the coupling strength c=87.68. Calculation shows that δ=λmax(A+AT+MTM)+2κλmax(BTB)λmax(CTC)+cϑγminλmax(Q~)=-0.2587 and 2ln(|μ|)/Ta=0.1906.We useei(t) which stands for the error between ith state and the synchronization goal s(t), for i=1,2,3. Figure 4 is plotted to show the ith variable state. The curves of the synchronization errors ei(t) at each state are plotted in Figure 5. It can be seen that the synchronization for the chaotic Chua's circuit is achieved because ei(t) converges to zero as t→+∞.State variablesxi(t),i=1,2,…,100 of the coupled dynamical network with impulsive disturbances when |μ|>1.
(a)
(b)
(c)Error variablesei(t)=xi(t)-s(t),i=1,2,…,100 of the coupled dynamical network with impulsive disturbances when |μ|>1.
(a)
(b)
(c)Compared with Figures3 and 5, it can be seen that both of them achieve synchronization around t=1. However, it should be pointed out that since the impulsive effects are destabilizing, the coupling strength is chosen to be c=87.68, which is much larger than c=1 in Example 15. Moreover, a single feedback controller is added in (32), which reflects the influence of the destabilizing impulsive effects.


## 5. Conclusion

In this paper, we investigated the impulsive stochastic dynamical network models with nonlinear and asymmetrical couplings. The nodes which consisted of the network are the Lur'e systems, and the dynamics of each node is nonlinear. The manners of communication between nodes are impulsive at some certain impulsive instants, and interconnect normally at nonimpulsive instants. Due to the instantaneous perturbations and abrupt change at certain instants, the stochastic terms are considered when we analyze the stability. We transmitted the synchronization problem into proving the stability of the error system. By using the pinning control scheme, we applied a single impulsive controller to the Lur'e network for stabilizing impulsive effects and destabilizing impulsive effects, respectively. It was proved as an effective way for the realization of the global synchronization. We also made use of two examples to illustrate the theoretical analysis.



---

*Source: 864707-2013-05-15.xml*