# Miniaturized Wide Scanning Angle Phased Array Using EBG Structure for 5G Applications

Authors: Xiumei Shen; Kun Xue; Xinggang Tang; Yuqi He
Journal: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
 (2022)

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## Abstract

This article presents a miniaturized wide-angle scanning phased array for fifth-generation (5G) application. A subarray of two closely packed patch antennas on electromagnetic bandgap structure (EBG) ground with the operating bandwidth of 26–29 GHz is used as the basic module of the linear array, which contains four equally spaced subarrays. The existence of the EBG ground enables the array to be compact in size (3.2 × 0.6 × 0.12λL3), yet the mutual coupling between each element can reach to more than 22 dB within the whole band of interest. The EBG structures also contribute to the wide element radiation pattern of the aperiodic array and consequently the wide scanning angle performance of the array. The range of the main beam scan with EBG structure can reach from −70° to 70° with more than 6 dB side lobe levels (SLLs) at 26.5 GHz with 3 dBi scanning gain loss. This proposed method enabling the array to be compact and wide in scanning angle is very attractive for 5G mobile terminal applications.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

After several decades of evolution, the wireless communication system has developed from the first generation (1G) to the current fourth generation (4G). With the everlasting demand for higher data rate, the application of the fifth-generation (5G) communication system is urgent to be applied with both sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave bands [1, 2]. Millimeter-wave technology is considered to be the most critical technique to achieve a high data rate because it has a much broader absolute bandwidth. However, millimeter-wave bands have more challenges in aspects of space, propagation loss, efficiency, and coverage compared with sub-6 GHz bands. Therefore, the antenna array will be the development trend at both the base stations and application of terminals, for its high gain and beam steering capabilities [3, 4]. In portable terminal products, there is very limited space reserved for millimeter phased arrays because of the existence of other antennas, as well as the complex electromagnetic environment. Therefore, the antenna arrays at millimeter-wave band with high gain, wide scanning angle, and compact size are highly demanded.There are two ways to generate beams with wide scanning angle, small array spacing, and wide radiation. However, the small space between elements in the antenna array will cause strong mutual coupling, which will deteriorate performance of the antenna and cause scanning blindness [5]. It is essential to reduce the coupling between antennas while reducing the spacing. Before this work, there are many mutual coupling reduction methods to be proposed, for example, decoupling networks [6, 7], periodic structures such as electromagnetic bandgap structures [8, 9], parasitic decoupling structures [10], and dummy elements [11].Many reports such as [10, 12–21] focus on reducing the profile and broadening scanning angle of antenna arrays in millimeter-wave bands. In [13], to obtain a wider coverage at 28 GHz, two subarrays of cavity-backed slot antennas placed parallelly on both sides of the phone are employed with the scan angle of ±60°. The same working mechanism is adopted in [14, 15] too, for which the switchable 3D-coverage phased arrays for 28 GHz mobile terminal applications are designed. The antenna array occupies the whole upper part of the phone box. And the impedance bandwidth of the phased array antenna [14] is quite limited (1 or 2 GHz). There are many endfire antennas preferred in the mobile handsets that have been reported in [17–19]. In [18], a compact dual-polarized endfire antenna array constructed by a compact open-ended cavity with cavity mode for vertical and horizontal polarization (VP and HP) radiation has the beam scanning coverage of ±50° with realized gain above 7 dBi at 27 GHz. Most of them suffer from complex feeding system, making them take up too much space or limited scanning angle for 5G communications.To solve the problem mentioned above, a subarray of two closely packed patch antennas on electromagnetic bandgap structure (EBG) ground with an operating bandwidth of 26–29 GHz [9] is used as the basic module to form the linear array in this paper. The periodic structure in [9] not only reduces the mutual coupling and makes the volume compact but also delivers grating lobe suppression and higher gain enhancement [22] compared to the array without EBG. All of these effects can improve the scanning angle.The remaining parts of the paper will be arranged as follows: Part II focuses on the design and analysis of the antenna array, which presents the configuration of the proposed array and the basic simulated and measured performances. The detail characteristics of wide-angle scanning will be displayed in part III. Part IV concludes the whole paper.


## 2. Optimized Parameters of Wide-Angle Scanning Phased Array

Figure1 displays the structure of the proposed wide-angle scanning phased array for fifth-generation (5G) application. As illustrated, the whole eight-element array is configured in an asymmetric manner, in which four subarrays with two elements are linearly arranged. The array is fabricated on Rogers 4003 substrate (εr = 3.557). Figures 2(a) and 2(b) show the configuration of the subarray of two closely packed patch antennas on electromagnetic bandgap structure (EBG) ground with an operating bandwidth of 26–29 GHz, which is already introduced in [9]. However, in [9], only the mutual coupling reduction property of the EBG ground is discovered. As mentioned in [23], the wide-beam of the element can expand the scanning coverage of the phased array. In order to demonstrate that the proposed EBG structure can effectively broaden its radiation pattern, the field distributions and radiation patterns in the H-plane are proposed in Figures 2(c) and 2(d). The coverage of electric field of the antenna on EBG ground is larger compared with antenna on normal ground. And the antenna on the EBG ground has a maximum gain of 6.9 dBi located at 45° and a half-power beam coverage of 115°. In contrast, the antenna on the common ground shows radiation with the main beam towards 20° and half-power beam coverage of 70°. Moreover, the Ant 1 on the left has its main beam tilt to the right side and the Ant 2 on the right radiate to the left.Figure 1
Structure of eight-element phased array antenna (La = 37 mm, Lb = 7 mm, D1 = 3.4 mm, D2 = 7.6 mm, Ta = 150 mm, and Tb = 70 mm).Figure 2
Configuration of the subarray with the EBG ground (a) top view; (b) side view [9] (Wa = 2.5 mm, Wb = 2.4 mm, G = 0.35 mm, Ea = 2.1 mm, and Eb = 1.7 m). (c) Simulated E-field distributions of the antenna (port1 excited) without and with the EBG ground. (d) Simulated radiation pattern (H-plane) of subarray when Ant 1 and Ant 2 is independently excited, respectively.
(a)(b)(c)(d)It is known from [23, 24] that aperiodic array shows the advantage of high spatial resolution and wide-angle scanning without grating lobes compared with equally spaced arrays. Then, an aperiodic linear array with 4 subarrays of two closely packed patch antennas on electromagnetic bandgap structure (EBG) ground is designed. The spacing between the subarrays is optimized (D2 = 7.6 mm) to ensure the proper matching and isolation performances of all antenna feeding ports. The simulated and measured reflection coefficients of elements in the array are given in Figures 3(b) and 3(c), respectively. Figure 3(b) presents the simulated −10 dB impedance bandwidth of the antennas covering from 26 GHz to 29 GHz. All of the simulation isolations are less than −20 dB during the working band. The measured resonant frequency of the ant1 to ant4 (at 27 GHz) in Figure 3(c) slightly deviates from the simulated result. Also, the measured S12, S23, and S34 in Figure 3(d) confirm a good isolation characteristic, which is less than 20 dB, in the operating band. The performance of the Ant5–Ant8 is similar to Ant1–Ant4 due to the distribution symmetry. All the results exhibit good impedance matching level and low mutual coupling between subarrays at operational frequency. There are small frequency shift and abnormal points at 28.5 GHz in the measurement results, which may be due to slight fabrication and cable inaccuracy.Figure 3
(a) The prototype of the fabricated antenna array; (b) simulated S-parameters of the proposed antenna array; (c) measured return loss of the proposed antenna; (d) measured isolation of the proposed antenna.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Besides, Figure3(a) shows the prototype of the fabricated antenna array. The radiation pattern of the subarrays (array 1-array 4) in the phased scanning array is shown in Figure 4(a). The proposed antenna subarrays have a wide scan angle of 115° in the H-plane with gain loss 3 dBi. The results indicate that the wide-beam pattern characteristics are relatively stable in the array.Figure 4
(a) The radiation patterns of the Array1, Array2, Array3, and Array4 in the E and H-plane. (b) The simulation 2D radiation patterns of the 8-element phased array with EBG ground in different scanning angles. (c) The simulation 2D radiation patterns of the 8-element phased array without EBG ground in different scanning angles. (d) The simulation gain comparison at different scanning angles of the array with and without EBG structures.
(a)(b)(c)(d)


## 3. Scanning Performance of the Phased Antenna Array

In general, the array factor of the uniform linear array is as follows:(1)faθ=∑N−1n=0Inejkzncosθ.For a linear array with unequal spacing [25], Z0 = 0, Z1 = d1, Z2 = d2, d1 ≠ 2d2, that is, Z2n = nd2, Z2n + 1 = nd2 + d1 in this paper. We have(2)faθ=∑N−12n=0ejknd2cosθI2n+I2n+1ejknd1cosθ.According to formula (2), the array factor of the unequal spacing array is the superposition of two isometric arrays. For phase sweep performance in this paper, the uniform input amplitudes and different phases are applied. The phase differences ∆ϕ = Φ2n − Φ2n−1 in subarrays and ∆ϕ = Φ2n+1 − Φ2n−1 during subarrays are deduced [24] and calculated phased inputs from Ant 1 to Ant 8 are optimized in Table 1.Table 1
Calculated phase inputs of the full arrays (unit: degree).
AngleФ1Ф2Ф3Ф4Ф5Ф6Ф7Ф8000000000150−25−55−80−110−135−165−14250−50−108−1581439435−27350−72−15813043−29−115173500−9215664−47−14011016650−118100−17−160−83−60−176700−14085−5517032−104115The 2D main beam steering characteristic of the phased array (without phone ground) in different scanning angles from 0° to 70° at 26 GHz is depicted in Figure4(b) with a maximum gain of 14.4 dBi. As illustrated, the gain levels are smoothly (14 dBi) in the range from 0° to 35° with less than 1 dB gain variation. In comparison, the gain levels between 35° and 70° have dropped to 12 dBi approximately. And the sidelobe levels are approximately −13 dB at angle of 0° and −6 dB at angle of 70°. It is obvious that the scan of positive and negative angles is symmetric. The 8-element phased array has demonstrated good beam steering characteristics during the range of ±70°.In order to demonstrate the influence of the EBG structure, Figure4(c) shows the 2D main beam steering characteristic of the phased array without EBG ground in different scanning angles at 26 GHz at free space. The phased array without EBG ground has the beam steering characteristic from 0° to 55° with 3 dBi gain variation. When the scanning beam reaches over 55°, the side lobe value of the scanning pattern increases more than 10 dBi. The comparison of gain performance at different steering angle of the array with and without EBG structures is given in Figure 4(d). It can be seen that the gain of the proposed phased array is higher than the array without EBG ground when the scan angle is larger than 50°.Finally, to demonstrate the advantageous performance of the proposed array, a comparison with recently research papers is tabulated in Table2. Several antenna performances, such as antenna sizes, number of arrays, the peak-gain, scanning range, distance between elements, and working band, are listed. The proposed antenna array features a lower profile, a wider wide-angle scan, and a better mutual coupling reduction in the operation frequency band.Table 2
Comparison of proposed antenna performance with recent antenna designs.
Frequency (GHz)Ant. num.Ant. size (λL3)CoverageC to C (λL)[10]27–2983.7 × 0.9 × 0.16λL370° (GV ≤ 5 dBi)0.5λL[15]21–2283.8 × 0.35 × 0.13λL360° (GV ≤ 3 dBi)0.46λL[20]24–29.585.1 × 0.64 × 0.02λL3N/A0.64λL[21]22–3241.7 × 1.5 × 0.45λL335° (GV ≤ 3 dBi)0.424λL[14]27.5–3084.6 × 0.36 × 0.14λL360° (GV ≤ 3 dBi)0.6λL[17]26–3283.8 × 0.52 × 0.14λL360° (GV ≤ 3 dBi)0.5λLProposed26–2983.2 × 0.6 × 0.12λL370° (GV ≤ 3 dBi)0.29λL and 0.36λLNotes. GV: gain variation. C to C spacing: element center to center spacing; λL is the free-space wavelength at the lowest frequency of the operating bands.


## 4. Conclusion

In this paper, a miniaturized wide-angle beam steering array is designed and investigated. The proposed antenna array is compact in size, yet the mutual coupling between each element can reach to more than 22 dB within the whole band of interest. From the scanning angle results, the proposed phased array has a superior performance of beam scanning from −70° to +70° with less than 3 dBi gain variation. The proposed low profile wide-angle beam steering array is one of the potential design methods that can be adopted for 5G applications.



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*Source: 8769164-2022-12-02.xml*