# Nonlinear Dynamics of a Power-Split Transmission Unit with a Planetary Gear Train and Selectable One-Way Clutches

Authors: Zhizhou Jia; Pingkang Li
Journal: Complexity
 (2020)

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## Abstract

A Planetary Gear Train (PGT) can be used in series-parallel transmission to redistribute powers. Selectable one-way clutches (SOWCs), compared with traditional friction clutches, can simplify controls and diversify patterns especially for hybrid transmissions. In this paper, a nonlinear torsional model of a power-split PGT coupled with three SOWCs is proposed. Piecewise nonlinearities of SOWCs as well as clearance, time-varying mesh stiffness, and synthetic transmission error of the PGT are considered. With a specified group of comprehensive evaluation indices, influences of piecewise nonlinearities of SOWCs are explored. Simulation results show that the piecewise nonlinearities of SOWCs can diminish collision range and reduce resonances of the PGT. Further research studies on parameter configurations of each SOWC reveal that of the three SOWCs, stiffness and radius of the SOWC connected to the sun gear of the PGT are dominant factors. Large stiffness and effective radius of the SOWC render the PGT fall into chaos on lower meshing frequencies; however, enormous impact vibrations occur to the SOWC if it gets too soft. Additionally, the increase of the damping ratio of the SOWC connected to sun gear can distinctly reduce the vibration and maximum dynamic load of the system on the entire working range.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Friction clutches, as common executive mechanisms, are widely used in vehicle transmissions. Features of the friction engagement governed by diaphragm springs in general, and problems such as friction, wear, temperature, sliding speed, and contact pressure [1–3] in particular, have rendered high energy consumption, control complexity, and slow response speed that prevent the existing vehicle transmissions from upgrading.One-way clutches (OWCs), in contrast, have the superiorities of simpler structure, faster response speed, and lower energy consumption. To resolve the defect of single direction transmission of OWCs, controllable transformations, which add assembly elements to manage the trigger of engagement, reinforce SOWCs by providing options of transferring torque in neither direction, either direction, or both directions. Manufacturers such as General Motors [4], Ford [5], Toyota [6], Magna [7], Allison Transmission [8], and Means Industries [9] owned large amount of recent granted patents related to SOWCs. Samie et al. [10] applied a SOWC in a 6-speed automatic transmission and demonstrated its potential capabilities to save cost, cut weight, and improve fuel economy. Bird et al. [11] proposed an electrical SOWC in a hybrid transmission and introduced challenges and benefits associated with SOWC. Zhao et al. [12] designed an uninterrupted gearshift transmission with SOWCs to alleviated shocks or jerks in shift process. It is reasonable to infer that SOWCs will play important roles in future vehicle transmissions.Associated with the trend of applications, piecewise nonlinearities of SOWCs and their influences on dynamics call for more attention. Research studies on belt-pulley systems [13–15] have demonstrated OWCs’ potential capabilities of reducing noises and vibrations. As key ingredients of a transmission, gears also suffer from multiple nonlinearities. Though plenty of research studies have been published on nonlinear dynamics of PGT [16–20], most of them have one element of the PGT fixed to construct a single-input single-output transmission, and OWCs are not commonly considered because of their application limitations in the past days. Gill-Jeong [21] validated OWCs’ function of reducing vibration and pointed out that stiffness of the OWC had great effects on the behavior of a gear pair. Liu et al. [22] concluded that the system was prone to involve chaotic motions with higher excitation frequencies and larger torsional stiffness of OWCs. However, whether these results are consecutive with PGT is not clear. Nonlinear dynamics of PGT with piecewise nonlinearities of SOWCs under the influences of floating sun gear, floating planet carrier, and floating ring gear of the PGT are unknown. Additionally, attenuation of torsional oscillations is important in automotive powertrains [23–26]. Optimal design of the stiffness and damping of a clutch is one method to reduce torsional oscillations [27–29]. Nevertheless, those research studies focus mainly on friction clutches. Parameter configurations of SOWCs and their influences on torsional oscillations need further research.In the series-parallel transsion, PGT is the key component to redistribute powers. Combination of the power-split PGT with SOWCs empowers the transmission system with more flexibilities. However, multiple nonlinearities of PGT and SOWCs render complex dynamic behaviors that greatly affect the transmission quality and reliability. Although several research studies have been proposed with gears and OWCs, the dynamic behaviors of PGT with three SWOCs under the influences of the floating ring gear, sun gear, and carrier of the PGT are not clear. Parameter influences of each SOWC are unknown. This paper establishes a nonlinear torsional model of a two DOF single-stage PGT coupled with three SOWCs. Gear clearance, time-varying mesh stiffness, synthetic transmission error, and piecewise characteristic of SOWCs are considered. To better analyze the system, comprehensive evaluation indices from bifurcation, vibration, load, and collision aspects are drawn. Nonlinear characteristics of the system and parameter configuration impacts of each SOWC are analyzed. Complex dynamic behaviors are revealed. The research results can be used to guide the parameter configurations of SOWCs.


## 2. Modeling of the Transmission Unit

When a single-stage PGT with a sun gear, a ring gear, and a carrier is to be connected into a transmission, after the input and the output are chosen, the remaining element can either be fixed, which forms a fixed ratio transmission, or connected to a controlled object, which forms a power-split transmission. In the classic power-split structure of a PGT, the carrier is connected to the main input; the ring gear is connected to the main output; and the sun gear serves as either input terminal or output terminal to balance the lever inside the PGT and the power demand of the system. Meanwhile, another power source should be connected to the ring gear in series to form a series-parallel structure. This configuration decouples the movement of the main input from the main output and is flexible with dynamic power allocation. The transmission unit proposed in this paper introduces three SOWCs in a power-split transmission. The three SOWCs are connected to the sun gear of the PGT (SOWC-S), the carrier of the PGT (SOWC-C), and the ring gear of the PGT (SOWC-R) respectively, as shown in Figure1.Figure 1
Configurations of the transmission unit.SOWC can insulate the transmission from unwelcomed rotation direction and switch between models of fixed ratio transmission and power-split transmission. In the power-split series-parallel structure, SOWC-R can separate the system into two subsystems by fixing the ring gear and setting free the other terminal. A graded recovery of energy can also be achieved by fixing the carrier and choosing to actuate one or more generators. This paper focuses on the power-split model and the following assumptions are specified:(1)
Each SOWC and all components of the PGT, including a ring gear, a sun gear, a carrier andi planet gears, are assumed to rotate only in θ direction (positive clockwise). Hence, the dynamic model has 6 + i degrees of freedom.(2)
Bodies of the gears and the connections between gear and SOWC are considered rigid.(3)
The carrier is defined to rotate only in clockwise direction.Symbols are introduced as follows.S, R, and C represent the sun gear, the ring gear, and the carrier, respectively. Pi stands for the ith planet gear, where i = 1, 2, 3. OC-p stands for the SOWC connected with p, where p = S, R, and C. PC stands for the combination of the carrier and 3 planet gears. Z is the number of teeth. SPi and RPi represent corresponding physical quantity between S and Pi and R and Pi, respectively. For physical quantities, I is rotational inertia. m is equivalent mass. θ is angular displacement. u stands for the absolute displacement, where uj = θj·rbj, and rb is the effective radius, j = S, Pi, R, C, OC-p. F is the effective force related to torque T and effective radius. ω is rotational speed. ωm is the rotational speed of mesh that correlates to the mesh frequency fm. k is stiffness. c is damping. t is time. Schematic representation of the power-split PGT is shown in Figure 2, where gear clearance, time-varying mesh stiffness, and synthetic transmission error are considered.Figure 2
Schematic representation of the power-split PGT.Relative displacements of PGT, which are also the dynamic transmission errors (DTEs), are defined as follows:(1)uSPi=θC−θS⋅rS−uPi−eSPi,uRPi=uPi−θR−θC⋅rR−eRPi,where eq(t) is synthetic transmission error and q = SPi, RPi. The machining error and assembly error cause a contour deviation from the theoretical position; hence, a displacement excitation is generated. Assuming this excitation is related with ωm and has a phase of φeq, the synthetic transmission error is(2)eqt=eqcosωmt+φeq.As shown in Figure2, a gear clearance of 2b is considered (assuming that bSPi = bRPi = b). Therefore, a nonlinear function of g⋅ is used to describe the relationship of gear mesh displacement with relative displacement u and backlash 2b:(3)gu=u−b,u>b,0,u≤b,u+b,u<−b.Since the number of teeth that involves in the transmission varies with time, a time-varying mesh stiffness must be considered. Based on the research studies of [30, 31], in this paper, the time-varying mesh stiffness is defined as(4)kqt=kaq1+∑s=1NAscossωmt−φkq+Bssinsωmt−φkq,where As=1/sπεqsin2πsεq;Bs=1/sπεq1−cos2πsεq; kaq is the average mesh stiffness; φkq is mesh phase; εq is contact ratio; and q = SPi, RPi.The equations of motion for the coupled system can be governed by(5)ISθ¨S=∑i=13kSPitguSPirbS+∑i=13cSPiu˙SPirbS−TOC−S,IPiθ¨Pi=kSPitguSPirbPi+cSPiu˙SPirbPi−kRPitguRPirbPi−cRPiu˙RPirbPi,IPCθ¨C=TOC−C−∑i=13kSPitguSPirbC−∑i=13cSPiu˙SPirbC−∑i=13kRPitguRPirbC−∑i=13cRPiu˙RPirbC,IRθ¨R=∑i=13kRPitguRPirbR+∑i=13cRPiu˙RPirbR−TOC−R,IOC−Cθ¨OC−C=T1−TOC−C,IOC−Sθ¨OC−S=TOC−S−T2,IOC−Rθ¨OC−R=TOC−R−T3,where cSPi=2ζSPimSmPkaSPi/mS+mP;cRPi=2ζRPimRmPkaRPi/mR+mP; ζSPi and ζRPi are damping ratios; IPC=IC+∑i=03mPirbC2; TOC-C, TOC-S, and TOC-R stand for the math model for each SOWC; and T1 is the input, T2 is the output, and T3 can either input power or output power depending on the sun gear’s rotation direction.Schematic diagram of the proposed SOWC is illustrated in Figure3(a). It uses self-locking principle of friction to achieve torque transmissions. The preloaded spring is used to diminish idle angle during model switch. Different from traditional roller type OWC, it transforms radial arrangement into axial arrangement and adds control ring to select transmission directions. The actual structure is shown in Figure 3(b).Figure 3
The roller type SOWC. (a) Schematic diagram. (b) Actual structure.
(a)
(b)When working under a stable environment of a specific one-way model, a SOWC is a OWC. It can be governed using a nonlinear spring-damper model:(6)TOC=kOCfcΔθ+cOCf˙cΔθ,where cOC=2ζOCkOCIOC; ζOC stands for the damping ratio of SOWC; and fc(·) is used to describe the piecewise nonlinearity of SOWC.(7)fcΔθ=Δθ,Δθ>0,0,Δθ≤0,and for each SOWC,(8)ΔθCOC=θOC−C−θC,ΔθSOC=θS−θOC−S,ΔθROC=θR−θOC−R.To deal with the enormous differences in magnitude of physical quantities, define characteristic lengthba and characteristic frequency ωa. Setting ba = 1e−6 m and ωa=kaSPimS+mP/mSmP, the relationships can be described as(9)uj=δjba,τ=tωa.The dimensionless model is(10)δ¨S=∑i=13κSPiτGδSPi+ξSPiδ˙SPi−mOC−SmSκOC−SfcΔδSOC+ξOC−Sf˙cΔδSOC,δ¨Pi=mSmPiκSPiτGδSPi+ξSPiδ˙SPi−mRmPiκRPiτGδRPi+ξRPiδ˙RPi,δ¨C=−mSmPC∑i=13κSPiτGδSPi+ξSPiδ˙SPi−mRmPC∑i=13κRPiτGδRPi+ξRPiδ˙RPi+mOC−CmPCκOC−CfcΔδCOC+ξOC−Cf˙cΔδ˙COC,δ¨R=∑i=13κRPiτGδRPi+ξRPiδ˙RPi−mOC−RmRκOC−RfcΔδROC+ξOC−Rf˙cΔδ˙ROC,δ¨OC−C=−κOC−CfcΔδCOC−ξOC−Cf˙cΔδ˙COC+P1,δ¨OC−S=κOC−SfcΔδSOC+ξOC−Sf˙cΔδ˙SOC−P2,δ¨OC−R=κOC−RfcΔδROC+ξOC−Rf˙cΔδ˙ROC−P3,where κSPiτ=kSPit/mSωa2, κRPiτ=kRPit/mRωa2, ξSPi=cSPi/mSωa, ξRPi=cRPi/mRωa, κOC−C=kOC−C/mOC−CrbOC−C2ωa2, κOC−S=kOC−S/mOC−SrbOC−S2ωa2, κOC−R=kOC−R/mOC−RrbOC−R2ωa2, ξOC−C=cOC−C/mOC−CrbOC−C2ωa, ξOC−S=cOC−S/mOC−SrbOC−S2ωa, ξOC−R=cOC−R/mOC−RrbOC−R2ωa, P1=T1/mOC−CrbOC−Cbaωa2, P2=T2/mOC−SrbOC−Sbaωa2, P3=T3/mOC−RrbOC−Rbaωa2, ΔδCOC=δOC−C−rbOC−C/rbCδC, ΔδSOC=rbOC−S/rbSδS−δOC−S, ΔδROC=rbOC−R/rbRδR−δOC−R, and the nonlinear function(11)Gδ=δ−bba,δ>bba,0,δ≤bba,δ+bba,δ<−bba.


## 3. Evaluation Indices and Nonlinear Dynamics

Under the power-split model, speed control of the sun gear is essential to allocate power dynamically. Nevertheless, when the steady-state nonlinear dynamics are studied, meshing frequency defined byfm=ZPωP/2π is the key parameter to classify the unit. Considering that most power sources adopted in vehicle have output speeds lower than 8000 rpm, combined with the power-split working mode, the excitation frequencies are set below 1600 Hz. Dynamic characteristics of the system are relatively simple on the range of 0–600 Hz, and this paper focuses on a meshing frequency range of 600–1600 Hz.A specified group of comprehensive evaluation indices is firstly introduced in this section. Based on the indices, two cases are interweaved in the paper. To investigate the influences of SOWC on each position and avoid synchronies, three theoretically different SOWCs are used in Case A. They have same parameters except for their radius. Case B uses three identical SOWCs, which is more in accordance with the application, and their responses are used to determine parameters of SOWCs.(i)
Case A:rbOC-S = rbS, rbOC-C = rbC, rbOC-R = rbR.(ii)
Case B:rbOC-S = rbOC-C = rbOC-R = rbOC.Parameters of the system are shown in Table1. SOWCs are not adapted for heavy loads. For light vehicles, the maximum output torque for the engine is around 200 Nm. The input torque T1 in the simulation is 60 Nm. This paper chooses a nominal stiffness of SOWC 15000 Nm/rad. Nominal parameters of radius, stiffness, and damping of SOWCs may be proportionally changed in Section 4 to reveal parameters’ effects of each SOWC.Table 1
Parameters of the system.
Parameter
Value
Parameter
Value
Z
S
15
ζ
SPi = ζRPi
0.02
Z
R
51
k
aSPi
2.8783e8 N/m
Z
Pi
18
k
aRPi
3.6050e8 N/m
Pressure angle
20 deg
b
50e − 6 m
Module
3 mm
e
20e − 6 m
m
S
0.10618 kg
ζ
OC
0.01
m
R
1.2274 kg
k
OC
1.50e4 Nm/rad
m
Pi
0.15289 kg
m
OC
0.10618 kg


### 3.1. Comprehensive Evaluation Indices

To better understand the system and evaluate dynamic performances, comprehensive evaluation indices from bifurcation, vibration, load, and collision aspects are specified.


#### 3.1.1. Bifurcation Characteristics

Bifurcation theory is the mathematical study of changes in one parameter and the solutions of the differential equations. Bifurcation diagrams are applied to describe the structure and stability of the system as meshing frequency or radius of SOWCs changed.


#### 3.1.2. Vibration Characteristics

Vibration characteristics of the system can be achieved by analyzing DTE. DTE of the PGT and SOWCs is given in equation (1) and (8), respectively. Root mean square of DTE (RMS-DTE),(12)RMS‐DTE=1N∑i=1NDTEi2,and oscillating DTE (ODTE),(13)ODTE=1N∑i=1NDTEi+1−DTEi2,are used to describe the average transmission error and vibration situation, respectively.


#### 3.1.3. Load Characteristics

Dynamic load coefficient is adopted to describe load characteristics, which is the ratio of maximum dynamic normal direction loadFn−dmax and static normal direction load Fn−s.(14)Kv=Fn−dmaxFn−s.


#### 3.1.4. Collision Characteristics

A SOWC under one-way model can be in either a noncollision state or a collision state, whereas gears have three states known as noncollision, unilateral collision, and bilateral collision. Discriminants of each collision status are shown in Table2.Table 2
Discriminant of collisions.
SOWC discriminant
SOWC state
PGT discriminant
PGT state
Δθ
min ≥ 0
Noncollision
DTEmin > b
Noncollision
Δθ
min < 0
Collision
|DTEmin| ≤ b
Unilateral collision
—
—
DTEmin < −b
Bilateral collision


### 3.2. Nonlinear Dynamics of the Unit

WhenωC≈ωS, the sun gear, the ring gear, and the carrier have almost the same speed and fm approaches to zero. Simulation results show that serious vibrations occur under this situation; therefore, homogenous speed of the sun gear and the carrier should be avoided and should be stepped over as fast as possible.WhenωS > ωC, the sun gear outputs power and functions on a relatively higher speed on positive direction; meanwhile, ωPi < 0.WhenωS < ωC, the sun gear functions either on a relatively lower speed on positive direction (outputing power) or on any speed on negative direction (inputing power); meanwhile, ωPi > 0. Nonlinear characteristics are similar for identical absolute value of ωPi with different signs.Case A is applied in this section. To work out influences of SOWCs, a rigid load model that reveals pure PGT dynamics by treating SOWCs as rigid loads is firstly portrayed in Figure4. As shown in the collision diagram in Figure 4(a), RP has wider ranges of collisions, compared to SP, and falls into bilateral collisions after 1525 Hz. Before 1250 Hz, simultaneous collisions of SP and RP happen on ranges of 717.5–730 Hz and 882.5–1022.5 Hz and trigger several jump points; however, no serious vibration occurs. Collisions of SP and RP on 1250 Hz stimulate a jump on their bifurcation diagrams. Afterwards, period-doubling bifurcations of 1T-2T happen on range of 1251–1256 Hz and evolve into 4T bifurcation from 1256 Hz to 1268 Hz. The system returns to single period solution for a very small range of 1301 Hz to 1303 Hz. After that, period-doubling bifurcations occur and evolve into chaos through quasiperiodic bifurcations. Phase diagrams and Poincaré maps of RP on 1250 Hz, 1260 Hz, and 1317 Hz are illustrated in Figure 4(b), revealing the 1T solution on the jump point, 4T solutions on the range of 1256 Hz to 1268 Hz, and quasiperiodic solutions before the final chaos.Figure 4
Nonlinear dynamics of the coupled system of the PGT and the SOWCs as rigid loads. (a) Bifurcation and collision diagrams of RP and SP. (b) Phase diagrams and Poincaré maps of RP on key mesh frequencies.
(a)
(b)Figure5 depicts the nonlinear dynamics of the PGT under the influences of SOWCs’ one-way model. Collision comparisons of the one-way model and the rigid load model in Figure 5(a) show that the collision range in lower region of frequencies is narrowed; nevertheless, deteriorated bilateral collisions of PGT occurred when mesh frequency gets higher than 1500 Hz. Bifurcation diagram shows that the jump does not happen for the one-way model at 1250 Hz. Instead, the system quickly falls into chaos at the range of 1255–1277.5 Hz through 2T, 4T, and quasiperiodic bifurcations. After 1277.5 Hz, SP suddenly quits the collisions and returns to single period solutions until 1360 Hz. During the range of 1360–1455 Hz, the system experiences evolutions from single period solution to chaos and back to single period solution both through quasiperiodic bifurcations. From 1472 Hz, the system falls into chaos rapidly through quasiperiodic bifurcations and evolves to bilateral collisions after 1500 Hz.Figure 5
Nonlinear dynamics of the coupled system when SOWCs work as rigid loads or in one-way model. (a) Bifurcation and collision diagrams. (b) Phase diagrams and Poincaré maps of RP on key mesh frequencies when SOWCs work in one-way model.
(a)
(b)Detailed differences can be observed by comparing phase diagrams and Poincaré maps of RP under the rigid model in Figure4(b) and the one-way model in Figure 5(b). Comparisons of phase diagrams on 1250 Hz show that solution with one-way model of SOWCs is more convoluted; however, the collision is slightly alleviated based on the minimum displacement, which is larger than 49.5e−6 m for the one-way model solution. Phase diagram on 1317 Hz shows one solution on range 1277.5 Hz to 1360 Hz. This range, standing for the sudden termination of previous range of chaos, overlaps with the point when SOWC-C begins to fall into collision (introduced in the next paragraph). Phase diagram on 1472 Hz and 1500 Hz illustrates the quasiperiodic solutions and bilateral collision solutions of the system, respectively.To further work out the influences associated with SOWCs, an engaged model is compared with the one-way model in Figure6. The engaged model stands for the idealized two-way transmission by neglecting the idle angle. In other words, the engaged model assumes that direction switches during transmissions of the SOWCs have no interruptions. Figure 6(a) illustrates the vibration characteristics of SP and collision status of each SOWCs under both models. The engaged model can delay the bilateral collisions of PGT on 1500 Hz; however, the price is the exaggerated vibration during the bilateral collisions. Besides, series vibrations occur under engaged model on ranges of 852.5–862.5 Hz and 1277.5–1305 Hz, associated with the shorter range of collisions on SOWC-C and SOWC-R.Figure 6
Comparisons of the engaged model and the one-way model. (a) Vibration characteristics of SP and collision status of SOWCs. (b) Bifurcation diagrams of each SOWC.
(a)
(b)Bifurcation diagrams of SOWCs are illustrated in Figure6(b). Bifurcation diagrams of SOWC-C and SOWC-R show the jumping phenomenon of SOWCs and reveal similar responses on belt-drive dynamic systems with a one-way clutch [13, 14]. Additionally, resonance responses of PGT on range 1277.5–1318 Hz of one-way model disappear in accordance with the jump point and collision of SOWC-C on range 1277.5–1318 Hz. Similar responses happen to SOWC-R. The resonance area moves right side as dimensionless stiffness kOC/mOCrOC2 increases. It is worth noticing that responses of SOWC connected to the sun gear are always more in accordance with the PGT.Influences of the planet quantities in the PGT are revealed in Figure7. PGTs with two planetary gears, three planetary gears, and four planetary gears are compared. Planet quantity’s influences to the overall bifurcation structure of the PGT are limited; however, vibrations and maximum dynamic loads decrease with the increasing number of the planet gear. Besides, the range of severe vibrations can also be diminished with more planets.Figure 7
Influences of planet quantities. (a) Vibration characteristics of SP. (b) Load characteristics of SP.
(a)
(b)


## 3.1. Comprehensive Evaluation Indices

To better understand the system and evaluate dynamic performances, comprehensive evaluation indices from bifurcation, vibration, load, and collision aspects are specified.


### 3.1.1. Bifurcation Characteristics

Bifurcation theory is the mathematical study of changes in one parameter and the solutions of the differential equations. Bifurcation diagrams are applied to describe the structure and stability of the system as meshing frequency or radius of SOWCs changed.


### 3.1.2. Vibration Characteristics

Vibration characteristics of the system can be achieved by analyzing DTE. DTE of the PGT and SOWCs is given in equation (1) and (8), respectively. Root mean square of DTE (RMS-DTE),(12)RMS‐DTE=1N∑i=1NDTEi2,and oscillating DTE (ODTE),(13)ODTE=1N∑i=1NDTEi+1−DTEi2,are used to describe the average transmission error and vibration situation, respectively.


### 3.1.3. Load Characteristics

Dynamic load coefficient is adopted to describe load characteristics, which is the ratio of maximum dynamic normal direction loadFn−dmax and static normal direction load Fn−s.(14)Kv=Fn−dmaxFn−s.


### 3.1.4. Collision Characteristics

A SOWC under one-way model can be in either a noncollision state or a collision state, whereas gears have three states known as noncollision, unilateral collision, and bilateral collision. Discriminants of each collision status are shown in Table2.Table 2
Discriminant of collisions.
SOWC discriminant
SOWC state
PGT discriminant
PGT state
Δθ
min ≥ 0
Noncollision
DTEmin > b
Noncollision
Δθ
min < 0
Collision
|DTEmin| ≤ b
Unilateral collision
—
—
DTEmin < −b
Bilateral collision


## 3.1.1. Bifurcation Characteristics

Bifurcation theory is the mathematical study of changes in one parameter and the solutions of the differential equations. Bifurcation diagrams are applied to describe the structure and stability of the system as meshing frequency or radius of SOWCs changed.


## 3.1.2. Vibration Characteristics

Vibration characteristics of the system can be achieved by analyzing DTE. DTE of the PGT and SOWCs is given in equation (1) and (8), respectively. Root mean square of DTE (RMS-DTE),(12)RMS‐DTE=1N∑i=1NDTEi2,and oscillating DTE (ODTE),(13)ODTE=1N∑i=1NDTEi+1−DTEi2,are used to describe the average transmission error and vibration situation, respectively.


## 3.1.3. Load Characteristics

Dynamic load coefficient is adopted to describe load characteristics, which is the ratio of maximum dynamic normal direction loadFn−dmax and static normal direction load Fn−s.(14)Kv=Fn−dmaxFn−s.


## 3.1.4. Collision Characteristics

A SOWC under one-way model can be in either a noncollision state or a collision state, whereas gears have three states known as noncollision, unilateral collision, and bilateral collision. Discriminants of each collision status are shown in Table2.Table 2
Discriminant of collisions.
SOWC discriminant
SOWC state
PGT discriminant
PGT state
Δθ
min ≥ 0
Noncollision
DTEmin > b
Noncollision
Δθ
min < 0
Collision
|DTEmin| ≤ b
Unilateral collision
—
—
DTEmin < −b
Bilateral collision


## 3.2. Nonlinear Dynamics of the Unit

WhenωC≈ωS, the sun gear, the ring gear, and the carrier have almost the same speed and fm approaches to zero. Simulation results show that serious vibrations occur under this situation; therefore, homogenous speed of the sun gear and the carrier should be avoided and should be stepped over as fast as possible.WhenωS > ωC, the sun gear outputs power and functions on a relatively higher speed on positive direction; meanwhile, ωPi < 0.WhenωS < ωC, the sun gear functions either on a relatively lower speed on positive direction (outputing power) or on any speed on negative direction (inputing power); meanwhile, ωPi > 0. Nonlinear characteristics are similar for identical absolute value of ωPi with different signs.Case A is applied in this section. To work out influences of SOWCs, a rigid load model that reveals pure PGT dynamics by treating SOWCs as rigid loads is firstly portrayed in Figure4. As shown in the collision diagram in Figure 4(a), RP has wider ranges of collisions, compared to SP, and falls into bilateral collisions after 1525 Hz. Before 1250 Hz, simultaneous collisions of SP and RP happen on ranges of 717.5–730 Hz and 882.5–1022.5 Hz and trigger several jump points; however, no serious vibration occurs. Collisions of SP and RP on 1250 Hz stimulate a jump on their bifurcation diagrams. Afterwards, period-doubling bifurcations of 1T-2T happen on range of 1251–1256 Hz and evolve into 4T bifurcation from 1256 Hz to 1268 Hz. The system returns to single period solution for a very small range of 1301 Hz to 1303 Hz. After that, period-doubling bifurcations occur and evolve into chaos through quasiperiodic bifurcations. Phase diagrams and Poincaré maps of RP on 1250 Hz, 1260 Hz, and 1317 Hz are illustrated in Figure 4(b), revealing the 1T solution on the jump point, 4T solutions on the range of 1256 Hz to 1268 Hz, and quasiperiodic solutions before the final chaos.Figure 4
Nonlinear dynamics of the coupled system of the PGT and the SOWCs as rigid loads. (a) Bifurcation and collision diagrams of RP and SP. (b) Phase diagrams and Poincaré maps of RP on key mesh frequencies.
(a)
(b)Figure5 depicts the nonlinear dynamics of the PGT under the influences of SOWCs’ one-way model. Collision comparisons of the one-way model and the rigid load model in Figure 5(a) show that the collision range in lower region of frequencies is narrowed; nevertheless, deteriorated bilateral collisions of PGT occurred when mesh frequency gets higher than 1500 Hz. Bifurcation diagram shows that the jump does not happen for the one-way model at 1250 Hz. Instead, the system quickly falls into chaos at the range of 1255–1277.5 Hz through 2T, 4T, and quasiperiodic bifurcations. After 1277.5 Hz, SP suddenly quits the collisions and returns to single period solutions until 1360 Hz. During the range of 1360–1455 Hz, the system experiences evolutions from single period solution to chaos and back to single period solution both through quasiperiodic bifurcations. From 1472 Hz, the system falls into chaos rapidly through quasiperiodic bifurcations and evolves to bilateral collisions after 1500 Hz.Figure 5
Nonlinear dynamics of the coupled system when SOWCs work as rigid loads or in one-way model. (a) Bifurcation and collision diagrams. (b) Phase diagrams and Poincaré maps of RP on key mesh frequencies when SOWCs work in one-way model.
(a)
(b)Detailed differences can be observed by comparing phase diagrams and Poincaré maps of RP under the rigid model in Figure4(b) and the one-way model in Figure 5(b). Comparisons of phase diagrams on 1250 Hz show that solution with one-way model of SOWCs is more convoluted; however, the collision is slightly alleviated based on the minimum displacement, which is larger than 49.5e−6 m for the one-way model solution. Phase diagram on 1317 Hz shows one solution on range 1277.5 Hz to 1360 Hz. This range, standing for the sudden termination of previous range of chaos, overlaps with the point when SOWC-C begins to fall into collision (introduced in the next paragraph). Phase diagram on 1472 Hz and 1500 Hz illustrates the quasiperiodic solutions and bilateral collision solutions of the system, respectively.To further work out the influences associated with SOWCs, an engaged model is compared with the one-way model in Figure6. The engaged model stands for the idealized two-way transmission by neglecting the idle angle. In other words, the engaged model assumes that direction switches during transmissions of the SOWCs have no interruptions. Figure 6(a) illustrates the vibration characteristics of SP and collision status of each SOWCs under both models. The engaged model can delay the bilateral collisions of PGT on 1500 Hz; however, the price is the exaggerated vibration during the bilateral collisions. Besides, series vibrations occur under engaged model on ranges of 852.5–862.5 Hz and 1277.5–1305 Hz, associated with the shorter range of collisions on SOWC-C and SOWC-R.Figure 6
Comparisons of the engaged model and the one-way model. (a) Vibration characteristics of SP and collision status of SOWCs. (b) Bifurcation diagrams of each SOWC.
(a)
(b)Bifurcation diagrams of SOWCs are illustrated in Figure6(b). Bifurcation diagrams of SOWC-C and SOWC-R show the jumping phenomenon of SOWCs and reveal similar responses on belt-drive dynamic systems with a one-way clutch [13, 14]. Additionally, resonance responses of PGT on range 1277.5–1318 Hz of one-way model disappear in accordance with the jump point and collision of SOWC-C on range 1277.5–1318 Hz. Similar responses happen to SOWC-R. The resonance area moves right side as dimensionless stiffness kOC/mOCrOC2 increases. It is worth noticing that responses of SOWC connected to the sun gear are always more in accordance with the PGT.Influences of the planet quantities in the PGT are revealed in Figure7. PGTs with two planetary gears, three planetary gears, and four planetary gears are compared. Planet quantity’s influences to the overall bifurcation structure of the PGT are limited; however, vibrations and maximum dynamic loads decrease with the increasing number of the planet gear. Besides, the range of severe vibrations can also be diminished with more planets.Figure 7
Influences of planet quantities. (a) Vibration characteristics of SP. (b) Load characteristics of SP.
(a)
(b)


## 4. Parameter Configurations of SOWCs

Attenuation of torsional oscillations is important in automotive powertrains. Parameters of SOWCs can also have great effects on the transmission quality. The influences of SOWCs’ radius and stiffness are firstly investigated using three identical SOWCs. To further investigate parameter influences of each SOWC, 0.1 times, 10 times of the nominal stiffness and 10 times, 50 times of the nominal damping ratio are applied under case A.


### 4.1. Overall Influences of Radius and Stiffness

The stiffness for a roller type SOWC changes with material, size, and other factors. This paper focuses on the stiffness range from 0.5e4 to 3e4 Nm/rad. On the other hand, simulation results show that radius of SOWCs can also have great effects on the dynamic of the transmission unit. bifurcation structures of different stiffness and radius of all the SOWCs under Case B are firstly explored in Figure  8(a) and 8(b) Bifurcation characteristics with the changing radius of different stiffness on different frequencies are studied in Figures 8(c) and 8(d).Figure 8
Stiffness and radius effects under Case B. (a) RP bifurcation diagrams whenrbOC = rbS. (b) RP bifurcation diagrams when rbOC = rbC and RP bifurcation diagrams with the changing radius at the mesh frequency (c) at 800 Hz and (d) at 1200 Hz.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)As shown in Figure8(a), where rbS is applied to each SOWC, increase of the stiffness of SWOCs has little influence to the bifurcation structure to RP on frequencies below 1200 Hz. After 1200 Hz, the resonances on range 1260–1285 Hz for kOC = 0.5e4 Nm/rad do not apply to responses when kOC = 3e4 Nm/rad. However, the increase of kOC renders the PGT fall into chaos after 1400 Hz and intensify into bilateral collisions after 1570 Hz. Similar qualitative conclusions can also be drawn from Figure 8(b) that the increasing of the stiffness of SOWCs render the PGT fall into chaos on lower range of frequencies and aggregate the vibrations. Comparisons from Figure 8(a) and 8(b) show that the increase of radius of SOWCs renders discontinuous quasiperiodic or chaos solutions on lower ranges of frequency and intensifies vibrations with wider unstable solution scopes and severe collisions on high frequency ranges. This trend gets more distinct when kOC is increased from 0.5e4 Nm/rad to 3e4 Nm/rad.Bifurcation diagrams with the changing radius on 800 Hz in Figure8(c) show that on relatively lower frequency, the increase of radius of SOWCs has limited effects to the PGT, even for the resonance oscillations within the range of 1.6 to 1.8 times of rbS. This situation changes when the mesh frequency turns higher. As shown in Figure 8(d) on 1200 Hz, for the system with harder SOWCs, RP falls into chaos and severe vibrations after 1.6 times of rbS through quasiperiodic bifurcations. Though the PGT seems to be insensitive with the increasing radius of SOWCs when stiffness of SOWCs is low, vibration and load characteristics of SOWCs get deteriorated. Furthermore, detailed comparisons among Figures 5(a), 8(a), and 8(b) reveal that of the three SOWCs, radius of SOWC-S acts as the main factor to the overall structure of the PGT bifurcations.


### 4.2. Stiffness Effects of Each SOWC

Stiffness effects of the SOWC-S are illustrated in Figure9. As shown in Figure 9(d), the effects to the PGT seem to be convoluted on lower frequency range below 1200 Hz; nevertheless, it is straightforward on higher frequency range above 1200 Hz that the increase of kOC-S deteriorated load characteristics of the PGT. Dynamic loads get larger, and resonance responses get wider for the resonance responses of PGT on range 1277.5–1318 Hz of the original system. The PGT also gets easier to fall into chaos with larger kOC-S on meshing frequencies higher than 1400 Hz. In addition, a wider range of oscillations is stimulated for SOWC-S because of the deteriorated vibrations as shown in Figure 9(c).Figure 9
Nonlinear dynamics of the unit as stiffness of SOWC-S changed. (a) Load characteristics of SOWC-S. (b) Load characteristics of SOWC-R. (c) Collision of each SOWC. (d) Load characteristics of RP.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)On the range below 1200 Hz, maximum dynamic load of SOWC-S increases and they are reflected on the PGT. However, the influences can hardly be observed on SOWC-R (shown in Figure9(b)) or SOWC-C (reflected in Figure 9(c) through the collision of SOWC-C). . When SOWC-S gets too soft, the decrease of kOC-S enlarges the DTE and renders larger dynamic loads and series vibrations to itself. Resonances of SOWC-R get intensified because of the direct transmission of DTE through planetary gears. Howbeit, resonances of SOWC-C are weakened.Stiffness effects of the SOWC-C are illustrated in Figure10. Different from stiffness influences of SOWC-S to itself illustrated in Figure 9(a), the increased stiffness of SOWC-C decreases the dynamic loads of itself below 1277.5 Hz, as shown in Figure 10(a). On the same range, load characteristics of SOWC-C deteriorate when SOWC-C gets too soft. However, none of these situations evidently influences the dynamics of the PGT, the SOWC-S, or the SOWC-R on the range (the changing of resonance region with different stiffness shall be excluded).Figure 10
Nonlinear dynamics of the unit as stiffness of SOWC-C changed. (a) Load characteristics of SOWC-C. (b) Load characteristics of SOWC-S. (c) Collision of each SOWC. (d) Load characteristics of RP.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)On the chaos ranges of the PGT, despite the stiffness influences to the resonance frequency, increase ofkOC-C intensifies the vibration of SOWC-C, but mitigates the vibration of the PGT. This situation is in accordance with the collision of SOWC-C as shown in Figure 10(c).Stiffness effects of the SOWC-R are illustrated in Figure11. When SOWC-R gets too soft, load characteristics of SOWC-R are deteriorated. The increased stiffness of SOWC-R decreases the dynamic loads of itself on nonchaos regions of the PGT. This trend, the influence of the changed object to the dynamics of itself, are accordant with the effcets of SOWC-C, but opposite to the effects of SOWC-S. Stiffness effects of SOWC-R to the PGT on the steady region are similar with the effects of SOWC-C that the PGT are seldomly affected. However, the influences on the chaos region are different.Figure 11
Nonlinear dynamics of the unit as stiffness of SOWC-R changed. (a) Load characteristics of SOWC-R. (b) Load characteristics of SOWC-S. (c) Collision of each SOWC. (d) Load characteristics of RP.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)As shown in Figures11(a) and 11(d), on the range of 1255–1277.5 Hz where chaos occurs to the PGT, the augment of stiffness of SOWC-R enlarges the dynamic loads of the PGT and SOWC-R. Similar responses happen on the range of 1332.5–1482.5 Hz. On the higher frequency region where the PGT involves into serious bilateral collisions, the augment of stiffness of SOWC-R inconsecutively decrease the vibration of the PGT because of the transitory interruption of the torque transmission (as shown in the collision diagram of SOWC-R in Figure 11(c)). Nevertheless, the solutions are unstable within the range, and load characteristics of SOWC-R are enormously exasperated.


### 4.3. Damping Ratio Effects of Each SOWC

Damping ratio effects of the SOWC-S are shown in Figure12. As shown in Figure 12(a), the increase of ζOC-S decreases the DTE and vibration characteristics of SOWC-S and hence the possibility of its collision. The diminishments are remarkable especially near resonance points or during chaos. However, the load characteristics of SOWC-S are enlarged integrally as shown in Figure 12(b). Similar load characteristics work to SOWC-C and SOWC-R when their damping ratios are increased. Effects of ζOC-S on the PGT are illustrated in Figure 12(c). As mentioned previously that responses of SOWC connected to the sun gear are always more in accordance with the PGT, consequently, the increase of ζOC-S diminishes the ODTE of the PGT within the entire range. Collisions of the PGT are also alleviated with larger ζOC-S as shown in Figure 12(d).Figure 12
Nonlinear dynamics of the unit as damping ratio of SOWC-S changed. (a) Vibration characteristics of SOWC-S. (b) Load characteristics of SOWC-S. (c) Vibration characteristics of RP. (d) Collision of RP.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)Damping ratio effects of the SOWC-C are shown in Figure13. Different from the responses of SOWC-S, the increase of ζOC-C only diminishes the vibrations near resonance point and their effects to the PGT are limited. As shown in Figure 13(b), the chaos on the range of 1255–1277.5 Hz disappears because of the diminishment effects of larger damping ratio as shown in Figure 13(a).Figure 13
Nonlinear dynamics of the unit as damping ratio of SOWC-C changed: vibration characteristics of (a) SOWC-C and (b) RP.
(a)
(b)Damping ratio effects of SOWC-R are shown in Figure14. The damping ratio effects of SOWC-R are similar with that of SOWC-C that influences can only be observed near the resonance point. Effects of the increasing ζOC-R can hardly be observed as shown in Figure 14(b).Figure 14
Nonlinear dynamics of the unit as damping ratio of SOWC-R changed: vibration characteristics of (a) SOWC-R and (b) RP.
(a)
(b)


## 4.1. Overall Influences of Radius and Stiffness

The stiffness for a roller type SOWC changes with material, size, and other factors. This paper focuses on the stiffness range from 0.5e4 to 3e4 Nm/rad. On the other hand, simulation results show that radius of SOWCs can also have great effects on the dynamic of the transmission unit. bifurcation structures of different stiffness and radius of all the SOWCs under Case B are firstly explored in Figure  8(a) and 8(b) Bifurcation characteristics with the changing radius of different stiffness on different frequencies are studied in Figures 8(c) and 8(d).Figure 8
Stiffness and radius effects under Case B. (a) RP bifurcation diagrams whenrbOC = rbS. (b) RP bifurcation diagrams when rbOC = rbC and RP bifurcation diagrams with the changing radius at the mesh frequency (c) at 800 Hz and (d) at 1200 Hz.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)As shown in Figure8(a), where rbS is applied to each SOWC, increase of the stiffness of SWOCs has little influence to the bifurcation structure to RP on frequencies below 1200 Hz. After 1200 Hz, the resonances on range 1260–1285 Hz for kOC = 0.5e4 Nm/rad do not apply to responses when kOC = 3e4 Nm/rad. However, the increase of kOC renders the PGT fall into chaos after 1400 Hz and intensify into bilateral collisions after 1570 Hz. Similar qualitative conclusions can also be drawn from Figure 8(b) that the increasing of the stiffness of SOWCs render the PGT fall into chaos on lower range of frequencies and aggregate the vibrations. Comparisons from Figure 8(a) and 8(b) show that the increase of radius of SOWCs renders discontinuous quasiperiodic or chaos solutions on lower ranges of frequency and intensifies vibrations with wider unstable solution scopes and severe collisions on high frequency ranges. This trend gets more distinct when kOC is increased from 0.5e4 Nm/rad to 3e4 Nm/rad.Bifurcation diagrams with the changing radius on 800 Hz in Figure8(c) show that on relatively lower frequency, the increase of radius of SOWCs has limited effects to the PGT, even for the resonance oscillations within the range of 1.6 to 1.8 times of rbS. This situation changes when the mesh frequency turns higher. As shown in Figure 8(d) on 1200 Hz, for the system with harder SOWCs, RP falls into chaos and severe vibrations after 1.6 times of rbS through quasiperiodic bifurcations. Though the PGT seems to be insensitive with the increasing radius of SOWCs when stiffness of SOWCs is low, vibration and load characteristics of SOWCs get deteriorated. Furthermore, detailed comparisons among Figures 5(a), 8(a), and 8(b) reveal that of the three SOWCs, radius of SOWC-S acts as the main factor to the overall structure of the PGT bifurcations.


## 4.2. Stiffness Effects of Each SOWC

Stiffness effects of the SOWC-S are illustrated in Figure9. As shown in Figure 9(d), the effects to the PGT seem to be convoluted on lower frequency range below 1200 Hz; nevertheless, it is straightforward on higher frequency range above 1200 Hz that the increase of kOC-S deteriorated load characteristics of the PGT. Dynamic loads get larger, and resonance responses get wider for the resonance responses of PGT on range 1277.5–1318 Hz of the original system. The PGT also gets easier to fall into chaos with larger kOC-S on meshing frequencies higher than 1400 Hz. In addition, a wider range of oscillations is stimulated for SOWC-S because of the deteriorated vibrations as shown in Figure 9(c).Figure 9
Nonlinear dynamics of the unit as stiffness of SOWC-S changed. (a) Load characteristics of SOWC-S. (b) Load characteristics of SOWC-R. (c) Collision of each SOWC. (d) Load characteristics of RP.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)On the range below 1200 Hz, maximum dynamic load of SOWC-S increases and they are reflected on the PGT. However, the influences can hardly be observed on SOWC-R (shown in Figure9(b)) or SOWC-C (reflected in Figure 9(c) through the collision of SOWC-C). . When SOWC-S gets too soft, the decrease of kOC-S enlarges the DTE and renders larger dynamic loads and series vibrations to itself. Resonances of SOWC-R get intensified because of the direct transmission of DTE through planetary gears. Howbeit, resonances of SOWC-C are weakened.Stiffness effects of the SOWC-C are illustrated in Figure10. Different from stiffness influences of SOWC-S to itself illustrated in Figure 9(a), the increased stiffness of SOWC-C decreases the dynamic loads of itself below 1277.5 Hz, as shown in Figure 10(a). On the same range, load characteristics of SOWC-C deteriorate when SOWC-C gets too soft. However, none of these situations evidently influences the dynamics of the PGT, the SOWC-S, or the SOWC-R on the range (the changing of resonance region with different stiffness shall be excluded).Figure 10
Nonlinear dynamics of the unit as stiffness of SOWC-C changed. (a) Load characteristics of SOWC-C. (b) Load characteristics of SOWC-S. (c) Collision of each SOWC. (d) Load characteristics of RP.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)On the chaos ranges of the PGT, despite the stiffness influences to the resonance frequency, increase ofkOC-C intensifies the vibration of SOWC-C, but mitigates the vibration of the PGT. This situation is in accordance with the collision of SOWC-C as shown in Figure 10(c).Stiffness effects of the SOWC-R are illustrated in Figure11. When SOWC-R gets too soft, load characteristics of SOWC-R are deteriorated. The increased stiffness of SOWC-R decreases the dynamic loads of itself on nonchaos regions of the PGT. This trend, the influence of the changed object to the dynamics of itself, are accordant with the effcets of SOWC-C, but opposite to the effects of SOWC-S. Stiffness effects of SOWC-R to the PGT on the steady region are similar with the effects of SOWC-C that the PGT are seldomly affected. However, the influences on the chaos region are different.Figure 11
Nonlinear dynamics of the unit as stiffness of SOWC-R changed. (a) Load characteristics of SOWC-R. (b) Load characteristics of SOWC-S. (c) Collision of each SOWC. (d) Load characteristics of RP.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)As shown in Figures11(a) and 11(d), on the range of 1255–1277.5 Hz where chaos occurs to the PGT, the augment of stiffness of SOWC-R enlarges the dynamic loads of the PGT and SOWC-R. Similar responses happen on the range of 1332.5–1482.5 Hz. On the higher frequency region where the PGT involves into serious bilateral collisions, the augment of stiffness of SOWC-R inconsecutively decrease the vibration of the PGT because of the transitory interruption of the torque transmission (as shown in the collision diagram of SOWC-R in Figure 11(c)). Nevertheless, the solutions are unstable within the range, and load characteristics of SOWC-R are enormously exasperated.


## 4.3. Damping Ratio Effects of Each SOWC

Damping ratio effects of the SOWC-S are shown in Figure12. As shown in Figure 12(a), the increase of ζOC-S decreases the DTE and vibration characteristics of SOWC-S and hence the possibility of its collision. The diminishments are remarkable especially near resonance points or during chaos. However, the load characteristics of SOWC-S are enlarged integrally as shown in Figure 12(b). Similar load characteristics work to SOWC-C and SOWC-R when their damping ratios are increased. Effects of ζOC-S on the PGT are illustrated in Figure 12(c). As mentioned previously that responses of SOWC connected to the sun gear are always more in accordance with the PGT, consequently, the increase of ζOC-S diminishes the ODTE of the PGT within the entire range. Collisions of the PGT are also alleviated with larger ζOC-S as shown in Figure 12(d).Figure 12
Nonlinear dynamics of the unit as damping ratio of SOWC-S changed. (a) Vibration characteristics of SOWC-S. (b) Load characteristics of SOWC-S. (c) Vibration characteristics of RP. (d) Collision of RP.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)Damping ratio effects of the SOWC-C are shown in Figure13. Different from the responses of SOWC-S, the increase of ζOC-C only diminishes the vibrations near resonance point and their effects to the PGT are limited. As shown in Figure 13(b), the chaos on the range of 1255–1277.5 Hz disappears because of the diminishment effects of larger damping ratio as shown in Figure 13(a).Figure 13
Nonlinear dynamics of the unit as damping ratio of SOWC-C changed: vibration characteristics of (a) SOWC-C and (b) RP.
(a)
(b)Damping ratio effects of SOWC-R are shown in Figure14. The damping ratio effects of SOWC-R are similar with that of SOWC-C that influences can only be observed near the resonance point. Effects of the increasing ζOC-R can hardly be observed as shown in Figure 14(b).Figure 14
Nonlinear dynamics of the unit as damping ratio of SOWC-R changed: vibration characteristics of (a) SOWC-R and (b) RP.
(a)
(b)


## 5. Conclusions

A nonlinear torsional model of a single-stage PGT coupled with three SOWCs is proposed. Piecewise nonlinearities of SOWCs associated with gear clearance, time-varying mesh stiffness, and synthetic transmission error are considered in the model. Different from most of the research studies on PGT that have one element fixed, the proposed PGT contains two DOF to reflect the power-split working condition of a hybrid transmission. Based on the specified group of comprehensive evaluation indices, nonlinear dynamics of the system and the influences of piecewise nonlinearities of the SOWCs are studied. Parameter influences of each of the three SOWCs are investigated. The main conclusions are as follows:(1)
One-way model of the SOWCs aggravates bilateral vibrations on high frequency range, but it also contributes to diminish the collision range of the PGT and oscillations. Additionally, transitory interruption of transmission of the one-way model contributes to reduce resonances and vibrations of bilateral collisions of the PGT.(2)
Influences of the planet quantity to the overall bifurcation structure of the unit are limited; however, vibration range and intensity decrease with the increasing number of the planet gear.(3)
Stiffness and radius of SOWCs greatly affect the bifurcation structure of the PGT. Increase of stiffness and radius renders series vibrations especially on higher frequencies. Of the three SOWCs, radius effects of the SOWC connected to the sun gear of the PGT dominate. Besides, for all three SOWCs, load characteristics of the SOWC deteriorate when the SOWC gets too soft.(4)
The increase of stiffness of the SOWC connected to the sun gear of the PGT deteriorates load characteristics of the SOWC and the PGT and renders the PGT fall into chaos on lower frequencies.(5)
The increase of stiffness of the SOWC connected to the carrier of the PGT mitigates the maximum dynamic loads of itself on low frequency range; however, the influences to the PGT are limited. On high frequency range, although the collisions of the SOWC stimulated by the larger stiffness decrease the maximum dynamic loads of the PGT, the influences are weak.(6)
The influences of increased stiffness of the SOWC connected to the ring gear of the PGT are similar with the influences connected to the carrier. Although the transitory interruption of transmission caused by collisions of the SOWC decreases the vibration of the PGT obviously, the solutions are unstable within the range, and load characteristics of the SOWC are enormously exasperated.(7)
Increase of the damping ratio of the SOWC connected to sun gear can distinctly reduce the vibration and maximum load of the PGT on the entire working range.



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*Source: 8729365-2020-03-30.xml*