# Solution of Nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm Integrodifferential Equations via Hybrid of Block-Pulse Functions and Lagrange Interpolating Polynomials

Authors: Hamid Reza Marzban; Sayyed Mohammad Hoseini
Journal: Advances in Numerical Analysis
 (2012)

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## Abstract

An efficient hybrid method is developed to approximate the solution of the high-order nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integro-differential equations. The properties of hybrid functions consisting of block-pulse functions and Lagrange interpolating polynomials are first presented. These properties are then used to reduce the solution of the nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integro-differential equations to the solution of algebraic equations whose solution is much more easier than the original one. The validity and applicability of the proposed method are demonstrated through illustrative examples. The method is simple, easy to implement and yields very accurate results.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Integral and integrodifferential equations have many applications in various fields of science and engineering such as biological models, industrial mathematics, control theory of financial mathematics, economics, electrostatics, fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer, oscillation theory, queuing theory, and so forth [1].It is well known that it is extremely difficult to analytically solve nonlinear integrodifferential equations. Indeed, few of these equations can be solved explicitly. So it is required to devise an efficient approximation scheme for solving these equations. So far, several numerical methods are developed. The solution of the first order integrodifferential equations has been obtained by the numerical integration methods such as Euler-Chebyshev [2] and Runge-Kutta methods [3].Moreover, a differential transform method for solving integrodifferential equations was introduced in [4]. Shidfar et al. [5] applied the homotopy analysis method for solving the nonlinear Volterra and Fredholm integrodifferential equations. As a concrete example, we can express the mathematical model of cell-to-cell spread of HIV-1 in tissue cultures considered by Mittler et al. [6]. Yalcinbas and Sezer [7] proposed an approximation scheme based on Taylor polynomials for solving the high-order linear Volterra-Fredholm integrodifferential equations of the following form:
(1.1)∑j=0qfj(t)y(j)(t)=f(t)+λ1∫0tk1(t,s)y(s)ds+λ2∫0tfk2(t,s)y(s)ds,0≤t,s≤tf.
Maleknejad and Mahmoudi [8] developed a numerical method by using Taylor polynomials to solve the following type of nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integrodifferential equations:
(1.2)∑j=0qfj(t)y(j)(t)=f(t)+λ1∫0tk1(t,s)[y(s)]pds+λ2∫0tfk2(t,s)y(s)ds,0≤t,s≤tf.
Darania and Ivaz [9] suggested an efficient analytical and numerical procedure for solving the most general form of nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integrodifferential equations
(1.3)∑j=0qfj(t)y(j)(t)=f(t)+λ1∫0tk1(t,s)g1(s,y(s))ds+λ2∫0tfk2(t,s)g2(s,y(s))ds,
under the mixed conditions
(1.4)∑j=0q-1(αijy(j)(0)+βijy(j)(tf))=μi,i=0,1,…,q-1,
where λ1 and λ2 are constants and 0≤t,s≤tf. Moreover, f(t), k1(t,s), k2(t,s), g1(s,y(s)), g2(s,y(s)), and fj(t), j=0,1,…,q, are functions that have suitable derivatives on the interval 0≤t,s≤tf.These kinds of equations can be found in numerous applications such as electrodynamics, electromagnetic, biomechanics, and elasticity [10–12]. Akyüz and Sezer [13] presented a Taylor polynomial approach for solving high-order linear Fredholm integrodifferential equations in the most general form. Streltsov [14] developed an effective numerical method based on the use of Chebyshev and Legendre polynomials for solving Fredholm integral equations. Babolian et al. [15] suggested an effective direct method to determine the numerical solution of the specific nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integrodifferential equations. Their approach was based on triangular functions. In [16, 17], the variational iteration method (VIM) was employed for solving integral and integrodifferential equations. In addition, iterative and noniterative methods for the solution of nonlinear Volterra integrodifferential equations were presented and their local convergence was proved. The iterative methods provide a sequence solution and make use of fixed-point theory whereas the noniterative ones result in series solutions and also make use of the fixed-point principles [18]. In recent years, the meshless methods have gained more attention not only by mathematicians but also in the engineering community. In [19], the meshless moving least square method was employed for solving nonlinear Fredholm integrodifferential equations.In the present paper, we introduce a new numerical method for solving (1.3) with the mixed conditions (1.4). The method is based on a hybrid of block-pulse functions and Lagrange interpolating polynomials. The associated operational matrices of integration and product together with the Kronecker property of hybrid functions are then used to reduce the solution of (1.3) and (1.4) to the solution of nonlinear algebraic equations whose solution is much more easier than the original one.The paper is organized as follows. In Section2, we describe the basic properties of hybrid functions. Section 3 is devoted to the solution of the nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integrodifferential equations. Finally, in Section 4, various types of integrodifferential equations are given to demonstrate the efficiency and the accuracy of the proposed method.


## 2.  Hybrid Functions

### 2.1.  Properties of Hybrid Functions

In order to define hybrid functions, we first divide the interval[0,tf) into N equidistant subintervals [((n-1)/N)tf,(n/N)tf), for n=1,2,…,N. The hybrid of block-pulse functions and Lagrange interpolating polynomials, bnm(t), n=1,2,…,N, m=0,1,…,M-1, are defined on the interval [0,tf) as, [20],
(2.1)bnm(t)={Lm(2Ntft-2n+1),t∈[(n-1N)tf,nNtf),0,otherwise,
where n and m are the orders of block-pulse functions and Lagrange interpolating polynomials, respectively. Here, Lm(t) are defined in [21] as
(2.2)Lm(t)=∏i=0i≠mM-1(t-τiτm-τi),m=0,1,…,M-1,
in which τi, i=0,1,…,M-1 are the zeros of Legendre polynomial of order M, with the Kronecker property
(2.3)Lm(τi)=δmi={1,ifi=m,0,ifi≠m.
where δmi is the Kronecker delta function. No explicit formulas are known for the points τi. However, they can be computed numerically using existing subroutines [21]. Since bnm(t) consists of block-pulse functions and Lagrange interpolating polynomials, which are both complete and orthogonal, the set of hybrid of block-pulse functions and Lagrange interpolating polynomials is a complete orthogonal set in the Hilbert space ℒ2[0,tf). A more detailed error analysis concerning this type of hybrid functions was discussed in [22].


### 2.2.  Function Approximation

A functionf(t)∈ℒ2[0,tf) may be expanded as
(2.4)f(t)=∑n=1∞∑m=0∞fnmbnm(t).If the infinite series in (2.4) is truncated, then (2.4) can be written as
(2.5)f(t)≃∑n=1N∑m=0M-1fnmbnm(t)=FTB(t),
where
(2.6)F=[f10,…,f1(M-1),…,fN0,…,fN(M-1)]T,B(t)=[b10(t),…,b1(M-1)(t),…,bN0(t),…,bN(M-1)(t)]T.
In (2.6), fnm, n=1,2,…,N, m=0,1,…,M-1 are the expansion coefficients of the function f(t) in the nth subinterval [((n-1)/N)tf,(n/N)tf), and bnm(t), n=1,2,…,N, m=0,1,…,M-1 are defined in (2.1). In order to evaluate the coefficients fnm, we use Gaussian nodes which are the zeros of Legendre polynomial of order M. Let τm, m=0,1,…,M-1 be the Gaussian nodes which are defined in [-1,1] and let tnm, n=1,2,…,N, m=0,1,…,M-1 be the corresponding Gaussian nodes in the nth subinterval [((n-1)/N)tf,(n/N)tf]. The relation between τm and tnm is given by
(2.7)tnm=tf2N(τm+2n-1).
With the aid of (2.3) we have
(2.8)bnm(tij)={1,ifi=n,j=m,0,otherwise.
Using (2.8), the coefficients fnm, can be obtained as
(2.9)fnm=f(tnm).Now, letg(t,s) be a function of two independent variables defined for t∈[0,tf] and s∈[0,sf]. Then g(t,s) can be expanded in terms of hybrid functions as follows:
(2.10)g(t,s)≃BT(t)GB(s),
where G is a matrix of order NM×NM whose elements can be calculated for i,n=1,2,…,N, and j,m=0,1,…,M-1 as follows:
(2.11)G(n-1)M+m,(i-1)M+j=g(tnm,sij),
in which sij can be determined by the following relation:
(2.12)sij=sf2N(τj+2i-1).
The integration of the vector B(t) can also be expanded in terms of hybrid functions as
(2.13)∫0tB(s)ds≃PB(t),
where P is the NM×NM operational matrix of integration and given by, [20],
(2.14)P=[EHH⋯H0EH⋯H00E⋯H⋮⋮⋮⋮000⋯E],
in which E and H can be obtained in the following manner.Let(2.15)E=(eij),H=(hij),
then, for i,j=0,1,…,M-1, we have
(2.16)eij=tf2N∫-1τjLi(t)dt,hij=tf2N∫-11Li(t)dt,
where τj, j=0,1,…,M-1 are the zeros of Legendre polynomial of order M. It is noted that E is the associated operational matrix of integration for Lagrange interpolating polynomials on interval [((n-1)/N)tf,(n/N)tf].Integrating (2.5) from 0 to t and using (2.13) imply
(2.17)∫0tf(s)ds≃FTPB(t).
From (2.13), by using the interpolating property of hybrid functions we get
(2.18)∫0tnmf(s)ds≃FTPB(tnm)=∑i=1n-1∑j=0M-1fijhjm+∑j=0M-1fnjejm.


### 2.3. The Integration of the Cross-Product of Two Hybrid Function Vectors

The following property of the cross-product of two hybrid function vectors will also be used. Integrating the square matrixB(t)BT(t) from 0 to tf, and using the orthogonality of hybrid functions, we get
(2.19)W=∫0tf‍B(t)BT(t)dt,
where W is a block diagonal matrix of order NM×NM given by
(2.20)W=[A0⋯00A⋯0⋮⋮⋱⋮00⋯A],
moreover A is also a diagonal matrix of order M×M given as
(2.21)A=diag[a0,a1,…,aM-1].
According to the orthogonality of hybrid functions, the values of am, for m=0,1,…,M-1, can be computed as follows:
(2.22)am=tf2N∫-11Lm2(t)dt.


### 2.4. The Operational Matrix of Derivative

Letd/dt denote the derivative operator. By expanding (d/dt)B(t) in terms of B(t) we get
(2.23)ddtB(t)=D*B(t).
In (2.23), D* is called the operational matrix of derivative for hybrid functions which is a block diagonal matrix of order NM×NM and is given by
(2.24)D*=[D0⋯00D⋯0⋮⋮⋱⋮00⋯D],
where D is also a matrix of order M×M and the (i,j) th element of this matrix denoted by [D]ij for i,j=0,1,…,M-1 can be calculated as follows:
(2.25)[D]ij=dLidt(tij)=2NtfLi′(2Ntftij-2j+1)=2NtfLi′(τj).
Let f(1)(t) denote the first derivative of f(t) with respect to t. By expanding f(1)(t) in terms of hybrid functions and using (2.5) and (2.23) we obtain
(2.26)f(1)(t)≃∑n=1N∑m=0M-1f(1)(tnm)bnm(t)=FTD*B(t).
According to (2.8) we get
(2.27)f(1)(tnm)=FTD*B(tnm)=∑l=0M-1‍fnl[D]lm.
Let f(j)(t) denote the jth derivative of f(t) with respect to t. In order to obtain the relation between the expansion coefficients of f(j)(t) and f(t), we use the following fact:
(2.28)djdtjB(t)=(D*)jB(t),
where (D*)j is the jth power of the matrix D* given in (2.23). Equation (2.28) can easily be obtained from (2.23) by differentiating f(t), j times with respect to t, j=2,3,…,q. It should be noted that the matrix (D*)j has the following structure:
(2.29)(D*)j=[Dj0⋯00Dj⋯0⋮⋮⋱⋮00⋯Dj].
By expanding f(j)(t) in terms of hybrid functions and using (2.5) and (2.28) we get
(2.30)f(j)(t)≃∑n=1N∑m=0M-1f(j)(tnm)bnm(t)=FT(D*)jB(t).
According to (2.8) it immediately follows that
(2.31)f(j)(tnm)=FT(D*)jB(tnm)=∑l=0M-1fnl[Dj]lm.
where [Dj]lm denotes the (l,m) th element of the matrix Dj.


## 2.1.  Properties of Hybrid Functions

In order to define hybrid functions, we first divide the interval[0,tf) into N equidistant subintervals [((n-1)/N)tf,(n/N)tf), for n=1,2,…,N. The hybrid of block-pulse functions and Lagrange interpolating polynomials, bnm(t), n=1,2,…,N, m=0,1,…,M-1, are defined on the interval [0,tf) as, [20],
(2.1)bnm(t)={Lm(2Ntft-2n+1),t∈[(n-1N)tf,nNtf),0,otherwise,
where n and m are the orders of block-pulse functions and Lagrange interpolating polynomials, respectively. Here, Lm(t) are defined in [21] as
(2.2)Lm(t)=∏i=0i≠mM-1(t-τiτm-τi),m=0,1,…,M-1,
in which τi, i=0,1,…,M-1 are the zeros of Legendre polynomial of order M, with the Kronecker property
(2.3)Lm(τi)=δmi={1,ifi=m,0,ifi≠m.
where δmi is the Kronecker delta function. No explicit formulas are known for the points τi. However, they can be computed numerically using existing subroutines [21]. Since bnm(t) consists of block-pulse functions and Lagrange interpolating polynomials, which are both complete and orthogonal, the set of hybrid of block-pulse functions and Lagrange interpolating polynomials is a complete orthogonal set in the Hilbert space ℒ2[0,tf). A more detailed error analysis concerning this type of hybrid functions was discussed in [22].


## 2.2.  Function Approximation

A functionf(t)∈ℒ2[0,tf) may be expanded as
(2.4)f(t)=∑n=1∞∑m=0∞fnmbnm(t).If the infinite series in (2.4) is truncated, then (2.4) can be written as
(2.5)f(t)≃∑n=1N∑m=0M-1fnmbnm(t)=FTB(t),
where
(2.6)F=[f10,…,f1(M-1),…,fN0,…,fN(M-1)]T,B(t)=[b10(t),…,b1(M-1)(t),…,bN0(t),…,bN(M-1)(t)]T.
In (2.6), fnm, n=1,2,…,N, m=0,1,…,M-1 are the expansion coefficients of the function f(t) in the nth subinterval [((n-1)/N)tf,(n/N)tf), and bnm(t), n=1,2,…,N, m=0,1,…,M-1 are defined in (2.1). In order to evaluate the coefficients fnm, we use Gaussian nodes which are the zeros of Legendre polynomial of order M. Let τm, m=0,1,…,M-1 be the Gaussian nodes which are defined in [-1,1] and let tnm, n=1,2,…,N, m=0,1,…,M-1 be the corresponding Gaussian nodes in the nth subinterval [((n-1)/N)tf,(n/N)tf]. The relation between τm and tnm is given by
(2.7)tnm=tf2N(τm+2n-1).
With the aid of (2.3) we have
(2.8)bnm(tij)={1,ifi=n,j=m,0,otherwise.
Using (2.8), the coefficients fnm, can be obtained as
(2.9)fnm=f(tnm).Now, letg(t,s) be a function of two independent variables defined for t∈[0,tf] and s∈[0,sf]. Then g(t,s) can be expanded in terms of hybrid functions as follows:
(2.10)g(t,s)≃BT(t)GB(s),
where G is a matrix of order NM×NM whose elements can be calculated for i,n=1,2,…,N, and j,m=0,1,…,M-1 as follows:
(2.11)G(n-1)M+m,(i-1)M+j=g(tnm,sij),
in which sij can be determined by the following relation:
(2.12)sij=sf2N(τj+2i-1).
The integration of the vector B(t) can also be expanded in terms of hybrid functions as
(2.13)∫0tB(s)ds≃PB(t),
where P is the NM×NM operational matrix of integration and given by, [20],
(2.14)P=[EHH⋯H0EH⋯H00E⋯H⋮⋮⋮⋮000⋯E],
in which E and H can be obtained in the following manner.Let(2.15)E=(eij),H=(hij),
then, for i,j=0,1,…,M-1, we have
(2.16)eij=tf2N∫-1τjLi(t)dt,hij=tf2N∫-11Li(t)dt,
where τj, j=0,1,…,M-1 are the zeros of Legendre polynomial of order M. It is noted that E is the associated operational matrix of integration for Lagrange interpolating polynomials on interval [((n-1)/N)tf,(n/N)tf].Integrating (2.5) from 0 to t and using (2.13) imply
(2.17)∫0tf(s)ds≃FTPB(t).
From (2.13), by using the interpolating property of hybrid functions we get
(2.18)∫0tnmf(s)ds≃FTPB(tnm)=∑i=1n-1∑j=0M-1fijhjm+∑j=0M-1fnjejm.


## 2.3. The Integration of the Cross-Product of Two Hybrid Function Vectors

The following property of the cross-product of two hybrid function vectors will also be used. Integrating the square matrixB(t)BT(t) from 0 to tf, and using the orthogonality of hybrid functions, we get
(2.19)W=∫0tf‍B(t)BT(t)dt,
where W is a block diagonal matrix of order NM×NM given by
(2.20)W=[A0⋯00A⋯0⋮⋮⋱⋮00⋯A],
moreover A is also a diagonal matrix of order M×M given as
(2.21)A=diag[a0,a1,…,aM-1].
According to the orthogonality of hybrid functions, the values of am, for m=0,1,…,M-1, can be computed as follows:
(2.22)am=tf2N∫-11Lm2(t)dt.


## 2.4. The Operational Matrix of Derivative

Letd/dt denote the derivative operator. By expanding (d/dt)B(t) in terms of B(t) we get
(2.23)ddtB(t)=D*B(t).
In (2.23), D* is called the operational matrix of derivative for hybrid functions which is a block diagonal matrix of order NM×NM and is given by
(2.24)D*=[D0⋯00D⋯0⋮⋮⋱⋮00⋯D],
where D is also a matrix of order M×M and the (i,j) th element of this matrix denoted by [D]ij for i,j=0,1,…,M-1 can be calculated as follows:
(2.25)[D]ij=dLidt(tij)=2NtfLi′(2Ntftij-2j+1)=2NtfLi′(τj).
Let f(1)(t) denote the first derivative of f(t) with respect to t. By expanding f(1)(t) in terms of hybrid functions and using (2.5) and (2.23) we obtain
(2.26)f(1)(t)≃∑n=1N∑m=0M-1f(1)(tnm)bnm(t)=FTD*B(t).
According to (2.8) we get
(2.27)f(1)(tnm)=FTD*B(tnm)=∑l=0M-1‍fnl[D]lm.
Let f(j)(t) denote the jth derivative of f(t) with respect to t. In order to obtain the relation between the expansion coefficients of f(j)(t) and f(t), we use the following fact:
(2.28)djdtjB(t)=(D*)jB(t),
where (D*)j is the jth power of the matrix D* given in (2.23). Equation (2.28) can easily be obtained from (2.23) by differentiating f(t), j times with respect to t, j=2,3,…,q. It should be noted that the matrix (D*)j has the following structure:
(2.29)(D*)j=[Dj0⋯00Dj⋯0⋮⋮⋱⋮00⋯Dj].
By expanding f(j)(t) in terms of hybrid functions and using (2.5) and (2.28) we get
(2.30)f(j)(t)≃∑n=1N∑m=0M-1f(j)(tnm)bnm(t)=FT(D*)jB(t).
According to (2.8) it immediately follows that
(2.31)f(j)(tnm)=FT(D*)jB(tnm)=∑l=0M-1fnl[Dj]lm.
where [Dj]lm denotes the (l,m) th element of the matrix Dj.


## 3.  Solution of the Nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm Integrodifferential Equations

Consider the nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integrodifferential equation given in (1.3). Since the set of hybrid functions is a complete orthogonal set in the Hilbert space ℒ2[0,tf), we can expand any function in this space in terms of hybrid functions.Let(3.1)y(t)=∑n=1N∑m=0M-1ynmbnm(t)=YTB(t),
where
(3.2)ynm=y(tnm).
Using (2.30), for j=1,2,…,q, we have
(3.3)y(j)(t)=∑n=1N∑m=0M-1y(j)(tnm)bnm(t).
where
(3.4)y(j)(tnm)=∑l=0M-1ynl[Dj]lm.
Moreover, by expanding k2(t,s) in terms of hybrid functions we get
(3.5)k2(t,s)=BT(t)K2B(s),
where K2 is a matrix of order NM×NM and can be calculated similar to matrix G in (2.10). From (2.5) and (2.9) we obtain
(3.6)g2(t,y(t))=∑n=1N∑m=0M-1g2(tnm,y(tnm))bnm(t)=∑n=1N∑m=0M-1g2(tnm,ynm)bnm(t)=BT(t)G2,
where G2 is a vector of order NM×1. From (2.19), (3.5) and (3.6), we have
(3.7)∫01k2(t,s)g2(s,y(s))ds=∫01BT(t)K2B(s)BT(s)G2ds=BT(t)V,
where
(3.8)V=K2WG2.
It should be noted that V is a vector of order NM×1. Substituting (3.1)–(3.7) in (1.3) yields
(3.9)∑j=0qfj(t)y(j)(t)=f(t)+λ1∫0tk1(t,s)g1(s,y(s))ds+λ2BT(t)V.
We now collocate (1.3) at NM points. For a suitable collocation points, we use Gaussian nodes tnm,n=1,2,…,N, m=0,1,…,M-1, which are introduced in (2.7). Therefore we have
(3.10)∑j=0qfj(tnm)y(j)(tnm)=f(tnm)+λ1∫0tnmk1(tnm,s)g1(s,y(s))ds+λ2BT(tnm)V.
Also, using (2.8) we get
(3.11)BT(tnm)V=V(n-1)M+m,
where V(n-1)M+m denotes the ((n-1)M+m)th element of vector V. Consequently, with the aid of (2.18) and (3.10) we obtain
(3.12)∑j=0qfj(tnm)y(j)(tnm)=f(tnm)+λ2V(n-1)M+m+λ1(∑i=1n-1∑j=0M-1k1(tnm,sij)g1(sij,yij)hjmasdasdaasdasda+∑j=0M-1k1(tnm,snj)g1(snj,ynj)ejm),
where y(j)(tnm) for n=1,2,…,N, m=0,1,…,M-1 can be calculated from (3.4).  Equation (3.12) gives NM nonlinear equations. Finally, we approximate the mixed conditions given in (1.4). From (1.4), (3.1), (3.3), and the definition of hybrid functions we obtain
(3.13)∑j=0q-1(αij∑m=0M-1y(j)(t1m)b1m(0)+βij∑m=0M-1y(j)(tNm)bNm(tf))=μi,i=0,1,…,q-1.In order that the approximate solution obtained by the present method be continuous, we impose the continuity condition at the points(n/N)tf, n=1,2,…,N-1. Equations. (3.12)-(3.13) together with the continuity conditions give N(M+1)+q-1, nonlinear equations that can be solved by using the well-known Tau method [23] for the unknown coefficients ynm, n=1,2,…,N, m=0,1,…M-1.


## 4. Illustrative Examples

In this section, four examples are given to demonstrate the efficiency, the accuracy, and the applicability of the proposed method.Example 4.1.
Consider the nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integrodifferential equation(4.1)t2y′′(t)+2y′(t)=2-56t+12te-t2+∫0ttse-y2(s)ds+∫01ty2(s)ds,y(0)=0,y′(0)=1,
whose exact solution is given in [9] as y(t)=t. We applied the present method to solve this problem.
Let us define(4.2)E=(∫0tf‍(ye(t)-y(t))2dt)1/2,
where y(t) and ye(t) denote the approximate solution obtained by the present method and the exact solution, respectively. In Table 1, the computational results of the ℒ2-norm error denoted by E between the approximate solution and the exact solution for different values of N and M are given. The simulation results reported in Table 1, indicate that there is an excellent agreement between the approximate and exact solution.Table 1
The computational results ofℒ2-norm error for Example 4.1.
Present method
E
N
=
2,  M=8
9.28
e
-
12
N
=
2,  M=9
6.32
e
-
12
N
=
2,  M=10
1.85
e
-
13
N
=
4,  M=8
1.11
e
-
13
N
=
4,  M=9
6.26
e
-
15
N
=
4,  M=10
9.29
e
-
17Example 4.2.
As the second example, consider the nonlinear Volterra integrodifferential equation(4.3)y′(t)=2t-12sin(t4)+∫0tt2scos(t2y(s))ds,y(0)=0,whose exact solution is given in [19] as y(t) = t2. We applied the present method to solve this problem. In Table 2, the computational results of the ℒ2-norm error between the approximate solution and the exact solution for different values of N and M are summarized. The simulation results obtained by the present method are superior to those reported in [19].Table 2
The computational results ofℒ2-norm error for Example 4.2.
Present method
E
N
=
2,  M=8
8.83
e
-
12
N
=
2,  M=9
3.37
e
-
12
N
=
2,  M=10
2.15
e
-
13
N
=
4,  M=8
7.00
e
-
14
N
=
4,  M=9
4.63
e
-
15
N
=
4,  M=10
9.70
e
-
17Example 4.3.
Let us consider the nonlinear Volterra integrodifferential equation(4.4)y(4)(t)=1+∫0te-sy2(s)ds,t∈[0,1],y(0)=1,y′(0)=1,y(1)=e,y′(1)=e,whose exact solution is given in [24] as y(t)=et. We solved this problem by using hybrid functions. In Table 3, the computational results of y(t) obtained by the present method with N=2 and M=10 together with the exact solution and the solution determined by the Tau method [24] are summarized. The computational results obtained by the present method are superior to that reported in [24]. Moreover in Table 4, the ℒ2-norm error between the approximate solution obtained by the present method and the exact solution for different values of N and M is given. It should be pointed out that only a very small numbers of hybrid basis functions are needed to obtain a quite satisfactory approximation to the exact solution.Table 3
The computational results ofy(t) for Example 4.3.
t
Tau method
Present method
Exact
n
=
10
N
=
2, M=10
0.0
1.0000000000
1.0000000000
1.0000000000
0.2
1.2214027513
1.2214027582
1.2214027582
0.4
1.4918246782
1.4918246976
1.4918246976
0.6
1.8221187743
1.8221188004
1.8221188004
0.8
2.2255409119
2.2255409285
2.2255409285
1.0
2.7182818285
2.7182818284
2.7182818284Table 4
The computational results ofℒ2-norm error for Example 4.3.
Present method
E
N
=
2,  M=8
4.64
e
-
08
N
=
2,  M=9
2.94
e
-
10
N
=
2,  M=10
3.68
e
-
11
N
=
4,  M=8
3.01
e
-
09
N
=
4,  M=9
4.52
e
-
12
N
=
4,  M=10
5.96
e
-
13Example 4.4.
As the last example, consider the nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integrodifferential equation(4.5)y′′′(t)-ty′′(t)=13t3-2t+1-∫0tsy(s)ds+∫01‍2tesy(s)-sds,y(0)=1,y′(0)=1,y(1)=1+e,
which has the exact solution y(t)=t+et. To measure the accuracy of proposed approach, the ℒ2-norm error between the approximate solution obtained by the present method for different values of N and M and the exact solution is given in Table 5. The computational results reveal that the method is convergent.Table 5
The computational results ofℒ2-norm error for Example 4.4.
Present method
E
N
=
2, M=8
2.18
e
-
08
N
=
2, M=9
6.15
e
-
10
N
=
2, M=10
1.31
e
-
11
N
=
4, M=8
6.42
e
-
10
N
=
4, M=9
9.28
e
-
12
N
=
4, M=10
9.82
e
-
14


## 5.  Conclusion

In the present work, a hybrid approximation method was developed for solving the high-order nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integrodifferential equations. The nice properties of hybrid functions together with the associated operational matrices of integration, derivative, and cross-product are used to reduce the solution of problem to the solution of nonlinear algebraic equations whose solution is much more easier than the original one. The matricesP, C, and D* are sparse, hence making the method computationally attractive without sacrificing the accuracy of the solution. Moreover, It was shown that small values for N and M are needed to achieve high accuracy and a satisfactory convergence. The numerical results support this claim. The method is general, easy to implement and yields the desired accuracy in a few terms of hybrid basis functions. The simulation results indicate the convergence and the effectiveness of the proposed approach.



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*Source: 868279-2012-12-10.xml*