# Composition and Biomass of Aquatic Vegetation in the Poyang Lake, China

Authors: Wei Du; Ziqi Li; Zengxin Zhang; Qiu Jin; Xi Chen; Shanshan Jiang
Journal: Scientifica
 (2017)

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## Abstract

The distribution of aquatic vegetation and associated community diversity and biomass in the Poyang Lake were investigated. The results showed that (1) 43 species of aquatic vascular plants were found in the Poyang Lake watershed which belonged to 22 families; (2) the vegetation of the Poyang Lake scattered in different areas which could be divided into 31 major plant communities and 5 plant zones including amphibian, emergent, floating-leaved, submerged, and floating input; (3) there were 67 aquatic plants in the lake area, and the standing stock (fresh weight) was 1519.41 t. The number of amphibians was the dominant plant species in the Poyang Lake, and the quantity and percentage of amphibians were predominant, which was far more than the other three life forms.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Aquatic plants are an important component of lake ecosystems and are often regarded as indicators of lake environmental changes; they play an important role in maintaining the structure and function of lake ecosystems [1, 2]. Aquatic plants are the primary producers of aquatic ecosystems, being a kind of food source of many kinds of fish and other aquatic animals [3, 4]. They can regulate the lake water body, degrade various pollutants, and improve the transparency [5, 6]. In addition, aquatic plants can provide habitat to many organisms and increase the spatial niche of aquatic ecosystems [7, 8]. Therefore, it is important to know the distribution of aquatic plants and their communities to analyze the status of aquatic plants in the lake area.Vegetation is an important component of wetland ecosystems, and biomass can quantify the contribution of wetland vegetation to carbon sinks and carbon sources [9]. Biomass estimation of wetlands plays an important role in understanding dynamic changes of the wetland ecosystem [10]. In previous studies, biomass estimation using indirect and direct methods has been conducted. For example, remote sensing technology and radar data have been widely used to estimate the biomass in recent years [2, 11]. Han et al. [11] investigated four decades of winter wetland changes in the Poyang Lake based on Landsat observations between 1973 and 2013. Luo et al. [2] revealed the distribution of aquatic vegetation types in Taihu Lake, China, by using a series of remotely sensed images with a resolution of 30 m (HJ-CCD and Landsat TM). Shen et al. [9] retrieved vegetation biomass in the Poyang Lake wetland by using polarimetric RADARSAT-2 data. These indirect methods offer the ability to continuously monitor growth and phenology on the same individuals over large areas but depend on the existence of strong relationships between the predictor variables and plant biomass [12–14]. Therefore, ground investigation of biomass is also very essential.Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, is well known for its ecological importance as a wetland system [9, 11]. The Poyang Lake region provides significant environmental benefits, such as supplying water resources and maintaining carbon storage and biodiversity [15, 16]. Guan et al. [17] pointed out that aquatic vegetation of Poyang Lake is very rich in number of species. The vegetation distributes in about 2262 km2 and accounts for 80.8% area of the lake. Jian et al. [18] studied the distribution area and biomass of Poyang Lake beach vegetation in the years of 1999 and 2000, and they found there were 28 families, 56 genera, 95 species, and 3 varieties. In April, 2000, they found that the total biomass of beach vegetation was 3.81 × 106 tons (fresh weight), with an average biomass of 3736 g·m−2 (fresh weight). Peng et al. [19] studied the association type diversity, community species diversity, community coverage, and biomass of aquatic plants in the fresh water lakes of the Poyang Plain District of China in 2001, and they found 42 associations of aquatic plants in the lakes, which include 11 amphibian, 6 emergent, 11 leaf-floating, and 14 submerged associations. Among all the associations,Carex cinerascens Ass. andZizania latifolia Ass. possess the highest coverage and highest biomass, respectively. Although some survey of aquatic plants in the Poyang Lake has been conducted, ground investigation of aquatic plants in Poyang Lake was very rare in recent years.In this paper, the species and biomass of aquatic plants in the Poyang Lake were investigated based on ground survey data in September, 2013. And the objective of this study is to investigate the composition of aquatic plants and community types and habitats of major aquatic plants in the Poyang Lake. This study will provide information for the monitoring and conservation of aquatic plant in the Poyang Lake.


## 2. Data and Methodology

### 2.1. Study Area and Data

Poyang Lake is located on the southern bank of the lower Yangtze reach (28° 22′~29° 45′N and 11° 47′~116° 45′E). It has five main tributary rivers: Ganjiang River, Fuhe River, Xinjiang River, Raohe River, and Xiushui River, and several smaller rivers. The basin area of the five rivers is 162,200 km2, occupying 9% of Yangtze River basin. The climate is characterized as a subtropical, humid, monsoon climate with a 1620 mm mean annual precipitation and an annual average temperature of approximately 17°C [20].The environmental conditions of the Poyang Lake are very suitable for the growth and reproduction of aquatic plants. Aquatic plants can provide habitat for many organisms, improve habitat diversity, and increase the spatial niche of aquatic ecosystem [21]. But the annual water level of the Poyang Lake changes greatly, especially in the flood season (April to November) and dry season (December to March). The characteristics of periodical variation of water level in the Poyang Lake might lead to the conversion of the lake beach and grassland.


### 2.2. Methodology

The species, community structure, coverage, and biomass of the Poyang Lake were investigated from September 7, 2013, to September 14, 2013. GPS and lake electronic map were used to set sampling points, and the samples of aquatic plants were collected at each sampling site. The category of aquatic plants in the Poyang Lake was defined according to the reference of Cook [22]. Division of “cluster” is based on the principle of dominant species, which is named as the name of the group. If a cluster is with two or more dominant species, different dominant species of the same layer were connected with “+,” and the dominant species of different layers were connected with “−.” At the sampling sites, amphibians, emergent plants, floating-leaved plants, and floating input plants were directly observed and recorded. Submerged plants were preliminarily identified with water sickle after collecting water and the characters of flowers, leaves, and fruits of each plant as well as field growth photos and accurate identification of aquatic plant species and genus [23]. For amphibian and emergent plant clusters, 6 samples of 2 m × 2 m were set randomly within 500 m2 of each sampling point, and the total biomass (fresh quality) of the aerial parts of all the plants was measured and the biomass per unit area was calculated. For plants with large plant biomass, such asPhragmites communisTrin., we could estimate the number of plants in the quadrats. After selecting the representative fresh weight of the plants, we could calculate the standing amount of the plants. As the species with smaller biomass, such asAlternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.) Griseb., all the plants in the quadrats were collected and their fresh weight was calculated, and the mean values were calculated after several measurements of plant height. The floating-leaved plant cluster, the floating input plant cluster, and the submerged plant cluster were harvested 6 times randomly in the range of 500 m2 for each sampling point with an underwater sickle with a cross-sectional area of 0.785 m2, and the plant was uprooted and then washed, removing residual sticks and other impurities. The fresh weight of each plant was weighed and the frequency, coverage area, and coverage were recorded (visual method). All the plants, together with the roots, were dug and washed, and the plant depth was measured [24].


## 2.1. Study Area and Data

Poyang Lake is located on the southern bank of the lower Yangtze reach (28° 22′~29° 45′N and 11° 47′~116° 45′E). It has five main tributary rivers: Ganjiang River, Fuhe River, Xinjiang River, Raohe River, and Xiushui River, and several smaller rivers. The basin area of the five rivers is 162,200 km2, occupying 9% of Yangtze River basin. The climate is characterized as a subtropical, humid, monsoon climate with a 1620 mm mean annual precipitation and an annual average temperature of approximately 17°C [20].The environmental conditions of the Poyang Lake are very suitable for the growth and reproduction of aquatic plants. Aquatic plants can provide habitat for many organisms, improve habitat diversity, and increase the spatial niche of aquatic ecosystem [21]. But the annual water level of the Poyang Lake changes greatly, especially in the flood season (April to November) and dry season (December to March). The characteristics of periodical variation of water level in the Poyang Lake might lead to the conversion of the lake beach and grassland.


## 2.2. Methodology

The species, community structure, coverage, and biomass of the Poyang Lake were investigated from September 7, 2013, to September 14, 2013. GPS and lake electronic map were used to set sampling points, and the samples of aquatic plants were collected at each sampling site. The category of aquatic plants in the Poyang Lake was defined according to the reference of Cook [22]. Division of “cluster” is based on the principle of dominant species, which is named as the name of the group. If a cluster is with two or more dominant species, different dominant species of the same layer were connected with “+,” and the dominant species of different layers were connected with “−.” At the sampling sites, amphibians, emergent plants, floating-leaved plants, and floating input plants were directly observed and recorded. Submerged plants were preliminarily identified with water sickle after collecting water and the characters of flowers, leaves, and fruits of each plant as well as field growth photos and accurate identification of aquatic plant species and genus [23]. For amphibian and emergent plant clusters, 6 samples of 2 m × 2 m were set randomly within 500 m2 of each sampling point, and the total biomass (fresh quality) of the aerial parts of all the plants was measured and the biomass per unit area was calculated. For plants with large plant biomass, such asPhragmites communisTrin., we could estimate the number of plants in the quadrats. After selecting the representative fresh weight of the plants, we could calculate the standing amount of the plants. As the species with smaller biomass, such asAlternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.) Griseb., all the plants in the quadrats were collected and their fresh weight was calculated, and the mean values were calculated after several measurements of plant height. The floating-leaved plant cluster, the floating input plant cluster, and the submerged plant cluster were harvested 6 times randomly in the range of 500 m2 for each sampling point with an underwater sickle with a cross-sectional area of 0.785 m2, and the plant was uprooted and then washed, removing residual sticks and other impurities. The fresh weight of each plant was weighed and the frequency, coverage area, and coverage were recorded (visual method). All the plants, together with the roots, were dug and washed, and the plant depth was measured [24].


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Characteristics of Aquatic Plants in the Poyang Lake

There were 43 species of aquatic plants in the lake area which belonged to 37 genera and 22 families according the survey in 2013 (see Figure1 and Table 1). And it could be found that there were 16, 13, and 9 species, accounting for 37.21%, 30.23%, and 20.93% of the total species for the amphibians, emergent plants, and submerged plants, respectively. However, there were only 2 and 3 species for floating input plants and floating-leaved plants in the Poyang Lake, accounting for 4.65% and 6.98% of the total species.Table 1
The composition of macrophytes in the Poyang Lake (September 7–14, 2013).
Serial number Plant community Phenological period Lifestyle 1 Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. Flowering fruit bearing stage Emerged plant 2 Trapella sinensis Oliv. Fruit period (florescence) Floating-leaved plant 3 Carex rhynchophysa C. A. Mey. Vegetative period Amphibian 4 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms Florescence Floating input plant 5 Aeschynomene indica Linn. Flowering fruit bearing stage Emerged plant 6 Sambucus chinensis Lindl. Vegetative period Amphibian 7 Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze Florescence Amphibian 8 Limnophila sessillflora (Vahl.) Bl. Vegetative period Amphibian 9 Paspalum distichum L. Vegetative period Emerged plant 10 Hydrocharis dubia(Bl.) Back. Fruit period Floating input plant 11 Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. Flowering fruit bearing stage Submerged plant 12 Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara Flowering fruit bearing stage Amphibian 13 Juncellus serotinus Flowering fruit bearing stage Amphibian 14 Blyxa japonica (Miq.) Maxim. — Submerged plant 15 Marsilea quadrifolia L. Vegetative period Amphibian 16 Nephrolepis cordifolia(L.) Presl Fruit period Amphibian 17 Carexspp. Florescence Amphibian 18 Microcarpaea minima (Koen.) Merr. Vegetative period Amphibian 19 Oryza rufipogon Griff. Flowering fruit bearing stage Amphibian 20 Myriophyllum spicatum L. Vegetative period Submerged plant 21 Typha angustifolia L. Fruit period Emerged plant 22 Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) Presl — Emerged plant 23 Rotala rotundifolia(Buch.-Ham) Koehne — Emerged plant 24 Imperata cylindrica (Linn.) Beauv Vegetative period Amphibian 25 Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. Vegetative period Emerged plant 26 Najas marina Fruit period Submerged plant 27 Triarrherca sacchariflora Vegetative period Emerged plant 28 Cynodon dactylon(Linn.) Pers. Vegetative period Amphibian 29 Zizania caduciflora(Turcz. ex Trin.) H.-M. Vegetative period Emerged plant 30 Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle Vegetative period Submerged plant 31 Utricularia aurea Lour. Florescence Submerged plant 32 Ceratophyllum demersum L. Vegetative period Submerged plant 33 Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara Flowering fruit bearing stage Submerged plant 34 Utricularia vulgarisL. Flowering fruit bearing stage Submerged plant 35 Polygonum L. Vegetative period Amphibian 36 Trapa bispinosa Roxb. Flowering fruit bearing stage Floating-leaved plant 37 Phragmites communis Trin. Vegetative period Emerged plant 38 Triarrhena lutarioriparia Vegetative period Amphibian 39 Alternanthera Philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Florescence Emerged plant 40 Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze Florescence Floating-leaved plant 41 Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth. Flowering fruit bearing stage Emerged plant 42 Myriophyllum tuberculatumRoxburgh Fruit period Emerged plant 43 Elymus dahuricus Turcz. Vegetative period AmphibianFigure 1
Location of the Poyang Lake river basin (a) and concerned distribution of the vegetation chart (b).
(a) (b)It could be seen that the distribution of all kinds of plants was different; the most extensive degrees of various classes wereCarexspp.,Eleocharis tuberosa(Roxb.) Roem. et Schult.,PolygonumL., andNymphoides peltatum(Gmel.) O. Kuntze. Most of the species were distributed in a large area or in a continuous distribution in the wetland or near shore of the lake, which were widely distributed and had strong adaptability to adversity. Most of the plants in the whole lake were in vegetative period.The survey recorded 22 families, 37 genera, and 43 aquatic plant species; the number of species was significantly lower than the survey of aquatic plant species number in Poyang Lake [3], which may be because the latter sampling sites in the Poyang Lake were a bit too much. The results of this study were compared with the results of the survey of 28 families, 56 genera, 95 species, and 3 varieties of aquatic vegetation in the Poyang Lake [18]. The number of species was different and the reason may be the strength of this investigation was not enough, and the accuracy of traditional field survey research method was much lower than that of TM Landsat remote sensing technology. In view of this survey was only a single survey in autumn and was limited to water habitat, lakeside vegetation was not a detailed investigation, and, therefore, the actual distribution of Poyang Lake aquatic plant species should be lower than the findings of Guan et al. [3] and Jian et al. [18].


### 3.2. Community Types and Habitats of Major Aquatic Plants in the Poyang Lake

The species of aquatic plants, the spatial structure, and ecological environment of the community were listed in Table2 in the Poyang Lake. There were 31 main plant clusters in the Poyang Lake.Table 2
The aquatic plant’s association types in the Poyang Lake.
Serial number Plant community 1 Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara + Carexspp. + Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl.) Bl. + Ceratophyllum demersum L. 2 Carexspp. + Elymus dahuricus Turcz. +Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara + Myriophyllum tuberculatumRoxburgh + Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze + Ceratophyllum demersum L. + Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth. + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. 3 Carexspp. 4 Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.) Griseb. + Paspalum distichum L. + Paspalum distichum L.-Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.+Typha angustifolia L.-Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. 5 Aeschynomene indica Linn. + Juncellus serotinus + Oryza rufipogon Griff. 6 Carexspp. + Polygonum L. 7 Marsilea quadrifolia L. 8 Paspalum distichum L. 9 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms + Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze 10 Trapa bispinosa Roxb. + Microcarpaea minima (Koen.) Merr. + Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze + Carexspp. 11 Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. + Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara + Elymus dahuricus Turcz.-Carexspp.+ Myriophyllum spicatum L.-Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle + Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle-Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara. 12 Carex rhynchophysa C. A. Mey. 13 Blyxa japonica (Miq.) Maxim. + Juncellus serotinus + Sagittaria pygmaea Miq.-Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle + Monochoria vaginalis(Burm.f.) Presl-Rotala rotundifolia (Buch.-Ham) Koehne. 14 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms + Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze + Marsilea quadrifolia L. + Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.-Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. 15 Hydrocharis dubia(Bl.) Back.+ Triarrherca sacchariflora + Carexspp. + Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle + Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara + Ceratophyllum demersum L. + Najas marina-Eleocharis tuberosa(Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. + Carexspp.-Triarrherca sacchariflora. 16 Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara + Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze + Carex spp. + Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth. + Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. + Trapa bispinosa Roxb.-Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. + Utricularia aurea Lour. + Hydrocharis dubia (Bl.) Back.-Trapa bispinosa Roxb. + Carex rhynchophysa C. A. Mey. + Trapella sinensis Oliv. + Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. 17 Carexspp. + Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. + Zizania caduciflora(Turcz. ex Trin.) H.-M. + Elymus dahuricus Turcz. + Phragmites communis Trin. + Ceratophyllum demersum L. 18 Carexspp. 19 Elymus dahuricus Turcz. 20 Carexspp. + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. + Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult.-Polygonum L. 21 Carexspp. + Polygonum L. + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult.-Polygonum L. + Carexspp.-Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. 22 Carexspp. + Polygonum L. 23 Carexspp. + Polygonum L. + Cynodon dactylon(Linn.) Pers. 24 Carexspp. + Elymus dahuricus Turcz. + Phragmites communis Trin.-Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. 25 Ceratophyllum demersum L. + Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze + Imperata cylindrica (Linn.) Beauv + Carexspp. + Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle + Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. 26 Carexspp. 27 Carexspp. + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. + Imperata cylindrica (Linn.) Beauv. 28 Carexspp. + Trapa bispinosa Roxb. + Ceratophyllum demersum L. + Utricularia aurea Lour. + Triarrhena lutarioriparia + Triarrherca sacchariflora. 29 Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle + Najas marina + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. + Ceratophyllum demersum L. + Carexspp. + Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze + Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara. 30 Najas marina + Trapa bispinosa Roxb. + Carexspp. + Zizania caduciflora(Turcz. ex Trin.) H.-M. + Triarrhena lutarioriparia. 31 Polygonum L. + Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl.) Bl. + Utricularia vulgarisL. + Carexspp. + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. + Elymus dahuricus Turcz. + Polygonum L.The amphibians mainly distributed in the water depth of 0.5–2.5 m meters of the beach in the flood season. The main species were amphibious plants that grew in both shallow and wetlands. There were 16 kinds of amphibians in the Poyang Lake, of which the most important and wide distribution wasCarexspp., the least distribution wasSambucus chinensisLindl.,Isachne globosa(Thunb.) Kuntze,Microcarpaea minima(Koen.) Merr., andOryza rufipogonGriff.Emergent plants were located in the 12–15 m elevation of the shoal, and the water depth was generally 0.5–3.5 m in the flood season. The main species were plants that had only the base or lower part of the plant to be submerged in water, but the upper part of the plant was quite out of water. There were 13 kinds of emergent plants in the Poyang Lake, of which the most important and wide distribution wasEleocharis tuberosa(Roxb.) Roem. et Schult.,and the least distribution wasAeschynomene indicaLinn.,Typha angustifoliaL., Monochoria vaginalis(Burm.f.) Presl,Rotala rotundifolia(Buch.-Ham) Koehne, andMyriophyllum tuberculatumRoxburgh.Floating-leaved plants were located 11–13 meters above the lake bottom, where the lake water level was generally 2.5–4.5 meters in the flood season. The main species were some plants rooted in the lake, but the leaves were floating on the surface of the water. Moreover, a large number of submerged plants could also be found in this plant belt, such asVallisneria natans(Lour.) Hara andHydrilla verticillata(L.f.) Royle. There were 3 kinds of floating-leaved plants in the Poyang Lake, of which the most important and wide distribution wasNymphoides peltatum(Gmel.) O. Kuntze, and the least distribution wasTrapella sinensisOliv.Submerged plants distributed in the 9–12 m elevation of the lake, and the lake water depth was generally 3.5–6.5 meters in the flood season. The main species were some of the plants immersed in water, such asHydrilla verticillata(L.f.) Royle,Ceratophyllum demersumL. There were 9 kinds of submerged plants in the Poyang Lake, of which the most important and wide distribution wasCeratophyllum demersumL. andVallisneria natans(Lour.) Hara, and the least distribution wasBlyxa japonica(Miq.) Maxim.,Myriophyllum spicatumL., andUtricularia vulgarisL.The distribution area for floating input plant was very small, and the floating input plant was mainly located in small patches or sporadic distribution in the bay. There were 2 kinds of floating input plant in the Poyang Lake, of which the most important and wide distribution wasEichhornia crassipes(Mart.) Solms, and the least distribution wasHydrocharis dubia(Bl.) Back.The main habitat types of aquatic macrophytes in the Poyang Lake were summarized in Table3. Among the amphibians, the coverage of the typicalCarexspp. cluster was generally 40–80%, and the plant height was about 25–100 cm. But in the lower edge of the distribution area, the growth of theCarexspp. cluster was delayed, and the plant coverage and height were relatively small. At the upper edge of the distribution area, with the increase of the elevation, the plant growth rate began to decline, and the coverage reduced accordingly. The plant height of the typicalPhragmites communisTrin.cluster in the emerged plant was 56–250 cm, and the coverage was lower and was only 10–15%. The height of submerged plant cluster was 15–70 cm, and its coverage was large and up to 90%. The coverage of floating input plant cluster was about 50–95% and the plant height was 10–55 cm. The cluster coverage of floating-leaved plants was about 60% and plant height was 3–55 cm.Table 3
The habitat profiles of main association types in macrophyte communities in the Poyang Lake.
Serial number Cluster type Sampling date Multiplicity-cluster degree Height (cm) Number of plants Coverage (%) 1 Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl.) Bl. 2013/9/7 4, 3 15–25 82 60 2013/9/14 3, 3 3-3 78 60 2 Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth. 2013/9/7 5, 4 37–45 144 90 2013/9/13 4, 4 3–10 135 50 3 Carexspp. 2013/9/7 4, 5 45–70 294 80 2013/9/7 3, 3 50–80 170 40 2013/9/8 5, 5 50–100 3600 100 2013/9/13 4, 5 25–65 300 70 4 Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara 2013/9/7 5, 3 45–70 26 90 2013/9/12 5, 3 15–30 20 90 5 Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. 2013/9/7 3, 3 20–50 850 30 2013/9/11 5, 5 30–85 1000 90 2013/9/14 1, 4 18–35 350 10 6 Phragmites communis Trin. 2013/9/7 2, 2 60–250 80 15 2013/9/14 1, 1 56–70 36 10 7 Zizania caduciflora(Turcz. ex Trin.) H.-M. 2013/9/7 4, 5 60–120 260 60 2013/9/13 5, 4 70–168 144 85 8 Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem.et Schult.-Polygonum L. 2013/9/8 3, 3 3–60 240 40 2013/9/9 5, 5 25–49 1000 95 9 Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. 2013/9/9 5, 4 10–50 900 100 2013/9/9 5, 5 42–70 672 95 10 Paspalum distichum L.-Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. 2013/9/9 4, 3 10–25 1600 70 11 Typha angustifolia L.-Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.) Griseb. 2013/9/9 4, 3 80–200 25 60 12 Paspalum distichum L. 2013/9/9 4, 5 32–55 600 80 2013/9/10 4, 5 20–35 1000 100 13 Aeschynomene indica Linn. 2013/9/9 5, 3 180–200 23 85 14 Oryza rufipogon Griff. 2013/9/9 5, 5 70–120 160 100 15 Juncellus serotinus 2013/9/9 2, 1 90–120 23 30 2013/9/10 5, 3 20–60 850 90 16 Carexspp.-Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. 2013/9/9 4, 3 43–79 640 60 17 Polygonum L. 2013/9/9 3, 4 4–10 2000 40 2013/9/10 5, 5 20–45 1000 90 2013/9/14 3, 3 20–72 57 60 18 Cynodon dactylon(Linn.) Pers. 2013/9/10 5, 5 6–10 420 90 19 Marsilea quadrifolia L. 2013/9/10 3, 2 15–25 368 40 20 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms 2013/9/10 3, 2 45–55 21 80 2013/9/11 5, 4 12–25 170 95 21 Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze 2013/9/10 5, 4 20–35 700 80 22 Elymus dahuricus Turcz.-Carexspp. 2013/9/10 2, 5 70–120 150 30 23 Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara 2013/9/10 5, 4 20–40 108 95 24 Carex rhynchophysa C. A. Mey. 2013/9/10 3, 3 100–150 750 50 25 Sagittaria pygmaea Miq.-Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle 2013/9/10 3, 3 10–17 23 40 26 Phragmites communis Trin.-Cynodon dactylon(Linn.) Pers. 2013/9/11 3, 3 30–90 95 40 27 Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze 2013/9/11 4, 3 3–8 560 60 2013/9/13 4, 3 35–55 30 60 28 Imperata cylindrica (Linn.) Beauv 2013/9/11 5, 5 35–65 2560 90 2013/9/12 5, 4 60–110 960 80 2013/9/12 5, 4 60–110 960 80 29 Triarrhena lutarioriparia 2013/9/12 5, 4 70–165 650 85 2013/9/13 5, 4 70–98 570 80 30 Triarrherca sacchariflora 2013/9/12 5, 5 80–103 200 95 31 Hydrocharis dubia(Bl.) Back. 2013/9/12 3, 3 10–15 30 50 32 Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. 2013/9/13 3, 4 15 20 80 2013/9/13 4, 4 15–30 20 80 33 Hydrocharis dubia (Bl.) Back.-Trapa bispinosa Roxb. 2013/9/13 4, 4 10–15 96 70 34 Carex rhynchophysa C. A. Mey. 2013/9/13 4, 4 60–100 350 60 35 Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. 2013/9/13 5, 3 10–20 52 75 36 Nephrolepis cordifolia(L.) Presl 2013/9/14 5, 5 13–25 500 95 2013/9/14 5, 5 13–20 400 90 37 Sambucus chinensis Lindl. 2013/9/14 2, 2 10–27 100 40 38 Elymus dahuricus Turcz. 2013/9/7 1, 2 10–30 340 10 2013/9/11 3, 3 20–70 40 50 2013/9/14 5, 4 62–131 280 80


### 3.3. Quantitative Characteristics of Aquatic Plant Communities in the Poyang Lake

The number of aquatic plants in the lake area was 67, and the total of the aquatic plants’ fresh weight was 1519.41 t. Among them, theCarexspp.,Eleocharis tuberosa(Roxb.) Roem. et Schult., and emergent plants were 919.66 t, while the submerged plants and floating-leaved plants were up to 599.75 t. The distribution of amphibians accounted for 58.21% of the total number of samples, and there were 14.93%, 16.42%, and 10.45% of the total plants number for the emergent plants, submerged plants, and floating-leaved plants in the Poyang Lake, respectively. It could be found that the number of amphibians was the dominant plant species in the Poyang Lake, and their quantity and percentage of the total biomass were predominant, which were far more than the other three life forms (Table 4).Table 4
Number of the association area and standing crop (fresh weight) in the total vegetation area and standing crop in the Poyang Lake.
Serial number Plant community Quadrat number Existing quantity (t) Fresh weight Fresh weight range Dry weight Dry weight range 1 Imperata cylindrica (Linn.) Beauv 3 38.33 35–45 10.26 9.18–10.8 2 Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. 6 94.08 11.5–380 6.285 4.62–11.34 3 Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult.-Polygonum L. 2 137.5 75–200 21.345 20.65–22.04 4 Najas marina 1 35 — 25.53 — 5 Triarrherca sacchariflora 1 40 — 9.32 — 6 Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. 1 40 — 5.8 — 7 Zizania caduciflora(Turcz. ex Trin.) H.-M. 2 99.76 9.52–190 104.08 6.46–201.7 8 Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle 2 42.5 35–50 6.195 3.61–8.78 9 Utricularia aurea Lour. 1 50 — 15.28 — 10 Elymus dahuricus Turcz. 3 148.05 14.15–340 23.86333 5.99–55 11 Ceratophyllum demersum L. 4 80 35–150 6.7775 3.07–10.08 12 Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara 2 29.75 4.5–55 3.86 3.24–4.48 13 Utricularia vulgarisL. 1 25 — 3.6 — 14 Polygonum L. 6 34.11333 10.34–50 6.218333 4.6–9.71 15 Trapa bispinosa Roxb. 2 57.5 55–60 6.35 2.93–9.77 16 Phragmites communis Trin. 1 120 — 15.43 — 17 Phragmites communis Trin.-Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. 1 20 — 9.4 — 18 Triarrhena lutarioriparia 1 27.03 — 11.73 — 19 Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume 1 12.8 — 4.29 — 20 Carexspp. 20 72.992 24.84–360 8.7425 4.22–16.96 21 Carexspp.-Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. 1 35 — 8.53 — 22 Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze 5 280 20–280 43.4 3.3–43.4Among the 16 typical cluster types, the total biomass was the highest in theCarexspp. cluster, followed by thePolygonumL. cluster, theZizania caduciflora(Turcz. ex Trin.) H.-M. cluster, and theImperata cylindrica(Linn.) Beauv cluster (Figure 2). This was in contrast to 1998 aquatic vegetation survey [25], the difference was large, and the proportion ofVallisneria natans(Lour.) Hara andHydrilla verticillata(L.f.) Royle was the largest, while the proportion ofCarexspp. andPolygonumL. was very low. In the amphibians,Carexspp. cluster was the dominant species, and the distribution number was 34. In the emergent plants,Zizania caduciflora(Turcz. ex Trin.) H.-M. cluster, andPhragmites communisTrin.cluster distribution were in large quantities, each for 2. In the submerged plants, the distribution ofCeratophyllum demersumL. cluster was the largest, with 4 species. In the floating-leaved plants, the distribution ofNymphoides peltatum(Gmel.) O. Kuntze cluster was the largest, with 4 species. This pattern of distribution was associated with its reproductive strategies. The vast majority of grassland vegetation in the Poyang Lake interrupted their breeding during the summer season, which was suitable for plant growth during the flood season. Therefore, the plant with vigorous regenerative ability, for example,Carexspp., had become the most dominant species in the Poyang Lake grassland vegetation andCarex spp. were submerged by flood and became the carp and crucian carp spawning attachment. cluster in Poyang Lake was not only beneficial to grazing firewood and green manure, but also conducive to the reproduction of grass-laying fish sand the growth of herbivorous fish. The production of carp and crucian carp in the fishery of the Poyang Lake was about half of the total output, which was closely related to the seasonal succession ofCarexspp. [26].Figure 2
The total biomass and average biomass of the typical aquatic macrophyte’s association types in the Poyang Lake.


## 3.1. Characteristics of Aquatic Plants in the Poyang Lake

There were 43 species of aquatic plants in the lake area which belonged to 37 genera and 22 families according the survey in 2013 (see Figure1 and Table 1). And it could be found that there were 16, 13, and 9 species, accounting for 37.21%, 30.23%, and 20.93% of the total species for the amphibians, emergent plants, and submerged plants, respectively. However, there were only 2 and 3 species for floating input plants and floating-leaved plants in the Poyang Lake, accounting for 4.65% and 6.98% of the total species.Table 1
The composition of macrophytes in the Poyang Lake (September 7–14, 2013).
Serial number Plant community Phenological period Lifestyle 1 Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. Flowering fruit bearing stage Emerged plant 2 Trapella sinensis Oliv. Fruit period (florescence) Floating-leaved plant 3 Carex rhynchophysa C. A. Mey. Vegetative period Amphibian 4 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms Florescence Floating input plant 5 Aeschynomene indica Linn. Flowering fruit bearing stage Emerged plant 6 Sambucus chinensis Lindl. Vegetative period Amphibian 7 Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze Florescence Amphibian 8 Limnophila sessillflora (Vahl.) Bl. Vegetative period Amphibian 9 Paspalum distichum L. Vegetative period Emerged plant 10 Hydrocharis dubia(Bl.) Back. Fruit period Floating input plant 11 Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. Flowering fruit bearing stage Submerged plant 12 Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara Flowering fruit bearing stage Amphibian 13 Juncellus serotinus Flowering fruit bearing stage Amphibian 14 Blyxa japonica (Miq.) Maxim. — Submerged plant 15 Marsilea quadrifolia L. Vegetative period Amphibian 16 Nephrolepis cordifolia(L.) Presl Fruit period Amphibian 17 Carexspp. Florescence Amphibian 18 Microcarpaea minima (Koen.) Merr. Vegetative period Amphibian 19 Oryza rufipogon Griff. Flowering fruit bearing stage Amphibian 20 Myriophyllum spicatum L. Vegetative period Submerged plant 21 Typha angustifolia L. Fruit period Emerged plant 22 Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) Presl — Emerged plant 23 Rotala rotundifolia(Buch.-Ham) Koehne — Emerged plant 24 Imperata cylindrica (Linn.) Beauv Vegetative period Amphibian 25 Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. Vegetative period Emerged plant 26 Najas marina Fruit period Submerged plant 27 Triarrherca sacchariflora Vegetative period Emerged plant 28 Cynodon dactylon(Linn.) Pers. Vegetative period Amphibian 29 Zizania caduciflora(Turcz. ex Trin.) H.-M. Vegetative period Emerged plant 30 Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle Vegetative period Submerged plant 31 Utricularia aurea Lour. Florescence Submerged plant 32 Ceratophyllum demersum L. Vegetative period Submerged plant 33 Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara Flowering fruit bearing stage Submerged plant 34 Utricularia vulgarisL. Flowering fruit bearing stage Submerged plant 35 Polygonum L. Vegetative period Amphibian 36 Trapa bispinosa Roxb. Flowering fruit bearing stage Floating-leaved plant 37 Phragmites communis Trin. Vegetative period Emerged plant 38 Triarrhena lutarioriparia Vegetative period Amphibian 39 Alternanthera Philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Florescence Emerged plant 40 Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze Florescence Floating-leaved plant 41 Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth. Flowering fruit bearing stage Emerged plant 42 Myriophyllum tuberculatumRoxburgh Fruit period Emerged plant 43 Elymus dahuricus Turcz. Vegetative period AmphibianFigure 1
Location of the Poyang Lake river basin (a) and concerned distribution of the vegetation chart (b).
(a) (b)It could be seen that the distribution of all kinds of plants was different; the most extensive degrees of various classes wereCarexspp.,Eleocharis tuberosa(Roxb.) Roem. et Schult.,PolygonumL., andNymphoides peltatum(Gmel.) O. Kuntze. Most of the species were distributed in a large area or in a continuous distribution in the wetland or near shore of the lake, which were widely distributed and had strong adaptability to adversity. Most of the plants in the whole lake were in vegetative period.The survey recorded 22 families, 37 genera, and 43 aquatic plant species; the number of species was significantly lower than the survey of aquatic plant species number in Poyang Lake [3], which may be because the latter sampling sites in the Poyang Lake were a bit too much. The results of this study were compared with the results of the survey of 28 families, 56 genera, 95 species, and 3 varieties of aquatic vegetation in the Poyang Lake [18]. The number of species was different and the reason may be the strength of this investigation was not enough, and the accuracy of traditional field survey research method was much lower than that of TM Landsat remote sensing technology. In view of this survey was only a single survey in autumn and was limited to water habitat, lakeside vegetation was not a detailed investigation, and, therefore, the actual distribution of Poyang Lake aquatic plant species should be lower than the findings of Guan et al. [3] and Jian et al. [18].


## 3.2. Community Types and Habitats of Major Aquatic Plants in the Poyang Lake

The species of aquatic plants, the spatial structure, and ecological environment of the community were listed in Table2 in the Poyang Lake. There were 31 main plant clusters in the Poyang Lake.Table 2
The aquatic plant’s association types in the Poyang Lake.
Serial number Plant community 1 Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara + Carexspp. + Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl.) Bl. + Ceratophyllum demersum L. 2 Carexspp. + Elymus dahuricus Turcz. +Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara + Myriophyllum tuberculatumRoxburgh + Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze + Ceratophyllum demersum L. + Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth. + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. 3 Carexspp. 4 Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.) Griseb. + Paspalum distichum L. + Paspalum distichum L.-Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.+Typha angustifolia L.-Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. 5 Aeschynomene indica Linn. + Juncellus serotinus + Oryza rufipogon Griff. 6 Carexspp. + Polygonum L. 7 Marsilea quadrifolia L. 8 Paspalum distichum L. 9 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms + Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze 10 Trapa bispinosa Roxb. + Microcarpaea minima (Koen.) Merr. + Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze + Carexspp. 11 Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. + Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara + Elymus dahuricus Turcz.-Carexspp.+ Myriophyllum spicatum L.-Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle + Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle-Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara. 12 Carex rhynchophysa C. A. Mey. 13 Blyxa japonica (Miq.) Maxim. + Juncellus serotinus + Sagittaria pygmaea Miq.-Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle + Monochoria vaginalis(Burm.f.) Presl-Rotala rotundifolia (Buch.-Ham) Koehne. 14 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms + Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze + Marsilea quadrifolia L. + Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.-Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. 15 Hydrocharis dubia(Bl.) Back.+ Triarrherca sacchariflora + Carexspp. + Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle + Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara + Ceratophyllum demersum L. + Najas marina-Eleocharis tuberosa(Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. + Carexspp.-Triarrherca sacchariflora. 16 Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara + Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze + Carex spp. + Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth. + Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. + Trapa bispinosa Roxb.-Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. + Utricularia aurea Lour. + Hydrocharis dubia (Bl.) Back.-Trapa bispinosa Roxb. + Carex rhynchophysa C. A. Mey. + Trapella sinensis Oliv. + Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. 17 Carexspp. + Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. + Zizania caduciflora(Turcz. ex Trin.) H.-M. + Elymus dahuricus Turcz. + Phragmites communis Trin. + Ceratophyllum demersum L. 18 Carexspp. 19 Elymus dahuricus Turcz. 20 Carexspp. + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. + Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult.-Polygonum L. 21 Carexspp. + Polygonum L. + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult.-Polygonum L. + Carexspp.-Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. 22 Carexspp. + Polygonum L. 23 Carexspp. + Polygonum L. + Cynodon dactylon(Linn.) Pers. 24 Carexspp. + Elymus dahuricus Turcz. + Phragmites communis Trin.-Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. 25 Ceratophyllum demersum L. + Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze + Imperata cylindrica (Linn.) Beauv + Carexspp. + Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle + Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. 26 Carexspp. 27 Carexspp. + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. + Imperata cylindrica (Linn.) Beauv. 28 Carexspp. + Trapa bispinosa Roxb. + Ceratophyllum demersum L. + Utricularia aurea Lour. + Triarrhena lutarioriparia + Triarrherca sacchariflora. 29 Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle + Najas marina + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. + Ceratophyllum demersum L. + Carexspp. + Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze + Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara. 30 Najas marina + Trapa bispinosa Roxb. + Carexspp. + Zizania caduciflora(Turcz. ex Trin.) H.-M. + Triarrhena lutarioriparia. 31 Polygonum L. + Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl.) Bl. + Utricularia vulgarisL. + Carexspp. + Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. + Elymus dahuricus Turcz. + Polygonum L.The amphibians mainly distributed in the water depth of 0.5–2.5 m meters of the beach in the flood season. The main species were amphibious plants that grew in both shallow and wetlands. There were 16 kinds of amphibians in the Poyang Lake, of which the most important and wide distribution wasCarexspp., the least distribution wasSambucus chinensisLindl.,Isachne globosa(Thunb.) Kuntze,Microcarpaea minima(Koen.) Merr., andOryza rufipogonGriff.Emergent plants were located in the 12–15 m elevation of the shoal, and the water depth was generally 0.5–3.5 m in the flood season. The main species were plants that had only the base or lower part of the plant to be submerged in water, but the upper part of the plant was quite out of water. There were 13 kinds of emergent plants in the Poyang Lake, of which the most important and wide distribution wasEleocharis tuberosa(Roxb.) Roem. et Schult.,and the least distribution wasAeschynomene indicaLinn.,Typha angustifoliaL., Monochoria vaginalis(Burm.f.) Presl,Rotala rotundifolia(Buch.-Ham) Koehne, andMyriophyllum tuberculatumRoxburgh.Floating-leaved plants were located 11–13 meters above the lake bottom, where the lake water level was generally 2.5–4.5 meters in the flood season. The main species were some plants rooted in the lake, but the leaves were floating on the surface of the water. Moreover, a large number of submerged plants could also be found in this plant belt, such asVallisneria natans(Lour.) Hara andHydrilla verticillata(L.f.) Royle. There were 3 kinds of floating-leaved plants in the Poyang Lake, of which the most important and wide distribution wasNymphoides peltatum(Gmel.) O. Kuntze, and the least distribution wasTrapella sinensisOliv.Submerged plants distributed in the 9–12 m elevation of the lake, and the lake water depth was generally 3.5–6.5 meters in the flood season. The main species were some of the plants immersed in water, such asHydrilla verticillata(L.f.) Royle,Ceratophyllum demersumL. There were 9 kinds of submerged plants in the Poyang Lake, of which the most important and wide distribution wasCeratophyllum demersumL. andVallisneria natans(Lour.) Hara, and the least distribution wasBlyxa japonica(Miq.) Maxim.,Myriophyllum spicatumL., andUtricularia vulgarisL.The distribution area for floating input plant was very small, and the floating input plant was mainly located in small patches or sporadic distribution in the bay. There were 2 kinds of floating input plant in the Poyang Lake, of which the most important and wide distribution wasEichhornia crassipes(Mart.) Solms, and the least distribution wasHydrocharis dubia(Bl.) Back.The main habitat types of aquatic macrophytes in the Poyang Lake were summarized in Table3. Among the amphibians, the coverage of the typicalCarexspp. cluster was generally 40–80%, and the plant height was about 25–100 cm. But in the lower edge of the distribution area, the growth of theCarexspp. cluster was delayed, and the plant coverage and height were relatively small. At the upper edge of the distribution area, with the increase of the elevation, the plant growth rate began to decline, and the coverage reduced accordingly. The plant height of the typicalPhragmites communisTrin.cluster in the emerged plant was 56–250 cm, and the coverage was lower and was only 10–15%. The height of submerged plant cluster was 15–70 cm, and its coverage was large and up to 90%. The coverage of floating input plant cluster was about 50–95% and the plant height was 10–55 cm. The cluster coverage of floating-leaved plants was about 60% and plant height was 3–55 cm.Table 3
The habitat profiles of main association types in macrophyte communities in the Poyang Lake.
Serial number Cluster type Sampling date Multiplicity-cluster degree Height (cm) Number of plants Coverage (%) 1 Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl.) Bl. 2013/9/7 4, 3 15–25 82 60 2013/9/14 3, 3 3-3 78 60 2 Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth. 2013/9/7 5, 4 37–45 144 90 2013/9/13 4, 4 3–10 135 50 3 Carexspp. 2013/9/7 4, 5 45–70 294 80 2013/9/7 3, 3 50–80 170 40 2013/9/8 5, 5 50–100 3600 100 2013/9/13 4, 5 25–65 300 70 4 Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara 2013/9/7 5, 3 45–70 26 90 2013/9/12 5, 3 15–30 20 90 5 Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. 2013/9/7 3, 3 20–50 850 30 2013/9/11 5, 5 30–85 1000 90 2013/9/14 1, 4 18–35 350 10 6 Phragmites communis Trin. 2013/9/7 2, 2 60–250 80 15 2013/9/14 1, 1 56–70 36 10 7 Zizania caduciflora(Turcz. ex Trin.) H.-M. 2013/9/7 4, 5 60–120 260 60 2013/9/13 5, 4 70–168 144 85 8 Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem.et Schult.-Polygonum L. 2013/9/8 3, 3 3–60 240 40 2013/9/9 5, 5 25–49 1000 95 9 Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. 2013/9/9 5, 4 10–50 900 100 2013/9/9 5, 5 42–70 672 95 10 Paspalum distichum L.-Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. 2013/9/9 4, 3 10–25 1600 70 11 Typha angustifolia L.-Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.) Griseb. 2013/9/9 4, 3 80–200 25 60 12 Paspalum distichum L. 2013/9/9 4, 5 32–55 600 80 2013/9/10 4, 5 20–35 1000 100 13 Aeschynomene indica Linn. 2013/9/9 5, 3 180–200 23 85 14 Oryza rufipogon Griff. 2013/9/9 5, 5 70–120 160 100 15 Juncellus serotinus 2013/9/9 2, 1 90–120 23 30 2013/9/10 5, 3 20–60 850 90 16 Carexspp.-Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. 2013/9/9 4, 3 43–79 640 60 17 Polygonum L. 2013/9/9 3, 4 4–10 2000 40 2013/9/10 5, 5 20–45 1000 90 2013/9/14 3, 3 20–72 57 60 18 Cynodon dactylon(Linn.) Pers. 2013/9/10 5, 5 6–10 420 90 19 Marsilea quadrifolia L. 2013/9/10 3, 2 15–25 368 40 20 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms 2013/9/10 3, 2 45–55 21 80 2013/9/11 5, 4 12–25 170 95 21 Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze 2013/9/10 5, 4 20–35 700 80 22 Elymus dahuricus Turcz.-Carexspp. 2013/9/10 2, 5 70–120 150 30 23 Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara 2013/9/10 5, 4 20–40 108 95 24 Carex rhynchophysa C. A. Mey. 2013/9/10 3, 3 100–150 750 50 25 Sagittaria pygmaea Miq.-Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle 2013/9/10 3, 3 10–17 23 40 26 Phragmites communis Trin.-Cynodon dactylon(Linn.) Pers. 2013/9/11 3, 3 30–90 95 40 27 Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze 2013/9/11 4, 3 3–8 560 60 2013/9/13 4, 3 35–55 30 60 28 Imperata cylindrica (Linn.) Beauv 2013/9/11 5, 5 35–65 2560 90 2013/9/12 5, 4 60–110 960 80 2013/9/12 5, 4 60–110 960 80 29 Triarrhena lutarioriparia 2013/9/12 5, 4 70–165 650 85 2013/9/13 5, 4 70–98 570 80 30 Triarrherca sacchariflora 2013/9/12 5, 5 80–103 200 95 31 Hydrocharis dubia(Bl.) Back. 2013/9/12 3, 3 10–15 30 50 32 Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. 2013/9/13 3, 4 15 20 80 2013/9/13 4, 4 15–30 20 80 33 Hydrocharis dubia (Bl.) Back.-Trapa bispinosa Roxb. 2013/9/13 4, 4 10–15 96 70 34 Carex rhynchophysa C. A. Mey. 2013/9/13 4, 4 60–100 350 60 35 Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. 2013/9/13 5, 3 10–20 52 75 36 Nephrolepis cordifolia(L.) Presl 2013/9/14 5, 5 13–25 500 95 2013/9/14 5, 5 13–20 400 90 37 Sambucus chinensis Lindl. 2013/9/14 2, 2 10–27 100 40 38 Elymus dahuricus Turcz. 2013/9/7 1, 2 10–30 340 10 2013/9/11 3, 3 20–70 40 50 2013/9/14 5, 4 62–131 280 80


## 3.3. Quantitative Characteristics of Aquatic Plant Communities in the Poyang Lake

The number of aquatic plants in the lake area was 67, and the total of the aquatic plants’ fresh weight was 1519.41 t. Among them, theCarexspp.,Eleocharis tuberosa(Roxb.) Roem. et Schult., and emergent plants were 919.66 t, while the submerged plants and floating-leaved plants were up to 599.75 t. The distribution of amphibians accounted for 58.21% of the total number of samples, and there were 14.93%, 16.42%, and 10.45% of the total plants number for the emergent plants, submerged plants, and floating-leaved plants in the Poyang Lake, respectively. It could be found that the number of amphibians was the dominant plant species in the Poyang Lake, and their quantity and percentage of the total biomass were predominant, which were far more than the other three life forms (Table 4).Table 4
Number of the association area and standing crop (fresh weight) in the total vegetation area and standing crop in the Poyang Lake.
Serial number Plant community Quadrat number Existing quantity (t) Fresh weight Fresh weight range Dry weight Dry weight range 1 Imperata cylindrica (Linn.) Beauv 3 38.33 35–45 10.26 9.18–10.8 2 Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. 6 94.08 11.5–380 6.285 4.62–11.34 3 Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult.-Polygonum L. 2 137.5 75–200 21.345 20.65–22.04 4 Najas marina 1 35 — 25.53 — 5 Triarrherca sacchariflora 1 40 — 9.32 — 6 Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. 1 40 — 5.8 — 7 Zizania caduciflora(Turcz. ex Trin.) H.-M. 2 99.76 9.52–190 104.08 6.46–201.7 8 Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle 2 42.5 35–50 6.195 3.61–8.78 9 Utricularia aurea Lour. 1 50 — 15.28 — 10 Elymus dahuricus Turcz. 3 148.05 14.15–340 23.86333 5.99–55 11 Ceratophyllum demersum L. 4 80 35–150 6.7775 3.07–10.08 12 Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara 2 29.75 4.5–55 3.86 3.24–4.48 13 Utricularia vulgarisL. 1 25 — 3.6 — 14 Polygonum L. 6 34.11333 10.34–50 6.218333 4.6–9.71 15 Trapa bispinosa Roxb. 2 57.5 55–60 6.35 2.93–9.77 16 Phragmites communis Trin. 1 120 — 15.43 — 17 Phragmites communis Trin.-Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. 1 20 — 9.4 — 18 Triarrhena lutarioriparia 1 27.03 — 11.73 — 19 Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume 1 12.8 — 4.29 — 20 Carexspp. 20 72.992 24.84–360 8.7425 4.22–16.96 21 Carexspp.-Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Roem. et Schult. 1 35 — 8.53 — 22 Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze 5 280 20–280 43.4 3.3–43.4Among the 16 typical cluster types, the total biomass was the highest in theCarexspp. cluster, followed by thePolygonumL. cluster, theZizania caduciflora(Turcz. ex Trin.) H.-M. cluster, and theImperata cylindrica(Linn.) Beauv cluster (Figure 2). This was in contrast to 1998 aquatic vegetation survey [25], the difference was large, and the proportion ofVallisneria natans(Lour.) Hara andHydrilla verticillata(L.f.) Royle was the largest, while the proportion ofCarexspp. andPolygonumL. was very low. In the amphibians,Carexspp. cluster was the dominant species, and the distribution number was 34. In the emergent plants,Zizania caduciflora(Turcz. ex Trin.) H.-M. cluster, andPhragmites communisTrin.cluster distribution were in large quantities, each for 2. In the submerged plants, the distribution ofCeratophyllum demersumL. cluster was the largest, with 4 species. In the floating-leaved plants, the distribution ofNymphoides peltatum(Gmel.) O. Kuntze cluster was the largest, with 4 species. This pattern of distribution was associated with its reproductive strategies. The vast majority of grassland vegetation in the Poyang Lake interrupted their breeding during the summer season, which was suitable for plant growth during the flood season. Therefore, the plant with vigorous regenerative ability, for example,Carexspp., had become the most dominant species in the Poyang Lake grassland vegetation andCarex spp. were submerged by flood and became the carp and crucian carp spawning attachment. cluster in Poyang Lake was not only beneficial to grazing firewood and green manure, but also conducive to the reproduction of grass-laying fish sand the growth of herbivorous fish. The production of carp and crucian carp in the fishery of the Poyang Lake was about half of the total output, which was closely related to the seasonal succession ofCarexspp. [26].Figure 2
The total biomass and average biomass of the typical aquatic macrophyte’s association types in the Poyang Lake.


## 4. Conclusions

In this study, the distribution of aquatic vegetation and associated community diversity and biomass in the Poyang Lake were investigated with the aim of getting information for the monitoring and protection of aquatic plants in the Poyang Lake. Some interesting conclusions were obtained as follows:(1)
Nine species of aquatic plants were found in the Poyang Lake andCarexspp. dominated absolutely with multi grads 58 in the Poyang Lake. Most of the aquatic plant species were amphibians and a small number of the species were found on the beach floating plants or submerged plants or emergent plants.(2)
The vegetation of the Poyang Lake scattered in different areas which could be divided into 31 major plant communities and 5 plant zones including amphibian, emergent, floating-leaved, submerged, and floating input. The majority of aquatic vegetation distribution area in the Poyang Lake wasCarexspp. cluster.(3)
There were 67 aquatic plants in the Poyang Lake, and the total of the aquatic plants’ fresh weight was 1519.41 t. Moreover, it could be found that the amphibians were the dominant plant species in the Poyang Lake.



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*Source: 8742480-2017-02-09.xml*