# Effect of Harvest Year and Altitude on Nutritional and Biometric Characteristics of Blueberry Cultivars

Authors: Sofia Correia; Berta Gonçalves; Alfredo Aires; Ademar Silva; Luís Ferreira; Rosa Carvalho; Hortense Fernandes; Cândida Freitas; Valdemar Carnide; Ana Paula Silva
Journal: Journal of Chemistry
 (2016)

---

## Abstract

In recent years the consumption of small fruits has increased continuously and knowledge about the more suitable production requirements is essential. This study aims to evaluate the influence of harvest year and altitude on chemical composition of four blueberry cultivars, in order to create rentable opportunities for producers and minimize eventual losses in quality fruits. Dry mass, protein, fat, energy, free sugars, organic acids, and vitamin C contents were determined using HPLC-UV-DAD and spectrophotometric methods. Differences (p
<
0.05) in the concentrations of free sugars, organic acids, and vitamin C were found among years, while the altitude had no (p
>
0.05) influence. Citric acid was the main organic acid and fructose the most abundant sugar in blueberries. Fruits of “Ozarkblue” had the highest mass and volume whilst the “Bluecrop” was the cultivar with highest crude protein and fat contents. “Goldtraube” showed the highest content of sucrose and organic acids and “Duke” had the highest content of fructose.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

Highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) are originated from North America and are cultivated for many years in USA [1]. The area dedicated to this crop in Europe has increased particularly in countries such as Italy, France, Germany, and Netherlands and the greatest growth in the last five years has been in Poland, Spain, and Portugal [2]. The actual tendency in the world is permanent increasing of production of small fruits, such as blueberries.Consumer interest in food composition has intensified as it allows them to choose fruits and vegetables with greater nutrient contents, particularly those related to beneficial biological properties such as antiaging, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer [3, 4]. Berry fruits have been gradually recognized as a rich source of bioactive compounds also known as phytochemicals, including phenolics, vitamin C, free sugars, and organic acids [3, 4]. Some of these compounds have shown high antioxidant potential, particularly phenolics [5, 6]. Other important compound largely studied in different crops and food matrices is the ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Vitamin C is a bioactive compound which in combination with other compounds is responsible for antioxidant proprieties [7]. Prior et al. [8] indicated that highbush blueberry has high levels of vitamin C and reported a significant variability between cultivars and species ofVaccinium. The vitamin C content seems to be mainly affected by high light intensity and high temperature before harvest [9]. Thus, the assessment of the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the chemical composition of blueberries is needed.The quality attributes of blueberries (and other berries) and their content on nutraceutical substances are dependent on different factors such as cultivar or genotype, growing and environmental conditions, ripening stage, agricultural practices, postharvest conditions, and processing procedures [10]. Several studies have characterized the physical, morphological, and chemical properties of different cultivars of blueberries [11]. Fruit size and ripeness seem to be correlated, but other traits, such as number of seeds, number of fruits per shoot, crop load, and water status, can also affect the fruit size [12]. Fruit weight shows a great variation within cultivars, whilst the fruit firmness seems to be directly related either to the harvest time or to cultivar and season [13]. The berry moisture content as well as its dry mass is significantly influenced by growing environmental conditions as reported by Starast et al. [14]. The ripeness stage seems to be fundamental for the fruit quality. Changes in organic acids and sugars’ contents during ripeness process are important factors in flavor development and sensory characteristics of fruits [15–17]. They are the main soluble constituents of strawberry, sweet cherry, and mulberry fruits and organoleptic assessment is greatly influenced by their contents [18, 19]. One important characteristic in highbush blueberries is its colour that is dependent on the accumulation of anthocyanins, pH, and maturity stage [20]. In general, the dominant individual sugar of blueberry fruits is fructose, followed by glucose and sucrose [12]. The predominant organic acid is usually citric acid followed by small concentrations of succinic, quinic, and malic acids [21].The nutritional composition and content of bioactive compounds in blueberries vary widely with the cultivar, season, and growing location. Several studies have been dedicated to the study of phenolics variation with year and cultivar [8, 22, 23], but the effect of altitude and climate conditions throughout the years on the nutritional quality of blueberries has been scarcely studied. The study of climatic variations associated with geographic conditions in blueberry production is important to understand the differences that occurred in their quality and to decide how to optimize the ripeness stage, which is an essential key factor for the fruits quality. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional and chemical composition of four highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars recently introduced in Portugal, namely, “Duke,” “Bluecrop,” “Goldtraube,” and “Ozarkblue.” Cultivars were harvested in three consecutive years at two different altitudes to evaluate the impact of the year and, consequently, the climate and the altitude on free sugars, organic acids, and vitamin C of blueberries produced in Central Portugal.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. Sample Collection

The northern highbush blueberry cultivars (“Duke,” “Bluecrop,” “Goldtraube,” and “Ozarkblue”) were harvested in Sever do Vouga region (40° 44′ 0′′ N, 8° 22′ 9′′ W) at two different altitudes: up to 217 meters (considered low altitude) and up to 636 meters (considered high altitude). Blueberries bush cultivars were planted between 2000 and 2003. Plant spacing was 1.5 m within the rows and 2.0 m between rows. The irrigation regime was performed dropwise. Blueberries were harvested from the middle of May to the end of July in three consecutive years (2011–2013). The harvesting dates are listed in Supporting Information Table  1 (see Supplementary Material available online athttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8648609). Fruits were selected at commercial maturity stage, based on their color, flavor, and texture. From each altitude and at the same stage of ripeness 1 kg of fruits per cultivar was collected. Immediately after harvest, fruits were transferred to laboratory to start the analytic procedure, including biometric measurements, mass, and volume. Blueberries were then divided into 100 g portions into plastic food bags, sealed, and stored at −20°C until further chemical analysis.


### 2.2. Climate Conditions

Data on weather conditions were provided by the National Information System for Hydric Resources (SNIRH) and Portuguese Institute of the Sea and the Atmosphere (IPMA). Data were recorded at weather stations of these institutes, near the experimental fields, during the 3 years of experiments. Weather parameters (i.e., temperature and precipitation) in the years 2011, 2012, and 2013 are presented in Table1. The climate is characterized as a transition from Csb to Csa (mesothermic climate with a partially dry summer) of Köpen.Table 1
Monthly acquired meteorological data in the growing season from March to July for Sever do Vouga in the period 2011–13.
Year
Month
T
m (°C)
TOD (°C)
Ppt (mm)
RP (%)
RO (MJ·m−2)
2011
March
11.2
0.2
60
75
500
April
17.2
5.2
45
45
600
May
17.8
3.8
30
50
700
June
18.2
1.7
10
25
750
July
19.3
0.8
5
25
700
Average
14.7
2.3
30.0
44.0
683.3
2012
March
13.3
2.3
25
30
500
April
10.0
−2.0
100
100
400
May
15.5
1.5
60
100
600
June
17.5
1.0
45
115
700
July
18.4
−0.1
5
25
800
Average
14.9
2.7
47.0
74.0
600.0
2013
March
10.1
−0.9
280
350
300
April
12.2
0.2
100
100
550
May
13.1
−0.9
50
80
650
June
17.9
1.4
50
125
700
July
21.0
3.5
10
50
900
Average
14.8
3.3
98.0
141.0
620.0
T
m: mean monthly air temperature (°C); TOD: temperature deviation from
the long-year average (1971 to 2000) (°C); Ppt: quantity of rainfall (mm);
RP: quantify of rainfall in % from the long-year average (1971 to 2000);
RO: mean monthly sunshine irradiation (MJ·m−2).


### 2.3. Determination of Fresh Mass and Volume, Dry Mass, Crude Protein, Crude Fat, and Energy

For fresh mass determination, 30 fruits of each cultivar were weighed. The volume of these fruits was measured using a beaker with 100 mL of water. The average blueberry fresh mass (g) and fresh volume (mL) were calculated.Blueberries of each cultivar (100 g) were immediately dried on the harvest day, using a forced-air oven at 60°C during 72 h, for dry mass (DM) determination. Total nitrogen was determined as KjeldahlN (number 954.01, AOAC, 1990) using Kjeltec System 1026 Distillation Unit. Crude protein (CP) was calculated as KjeldahlN × 6.25. The crude fat (CF) was extracted using the organic solvent (petroleum ether) according to the procedures of the Soxtec System HT equipment. The energy content of the samples was determined using an adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter (Parr 6300, Moline, IL, USA). DM was expressed as percentage (%) and CP and CF were expressed as g·100 g−1 DM. Energy content was expressed as MJ·kg−1 DM. All determinations were made in triplicate [24].


### 2.4. Extraction of Sugars and Organic Acids

For sugars and organic acids determinations, each freeze-dried sample was ground to a fine powder using a blender (model BL41, Waring Commercial, Torrington, CT, USA).For the sugars’ extraction, the benzoyl chloride derivatization method adapted from Daniel et al. [25] was used. From each cultivar 100 mg of DM was extracted with 80% aqueous ethanol (5 mL) and placed at 20°C during 2 h. After that, 1 mL of extract was transferred to another vial and all extracts were centrifuged at 13000 rpm during 10 min, at 4°C (model 2-16K, Sigma, Germany). 100 μL of supernatant was placed in another vial and was dried with liquid nitrogen until complete evaporation. 500 μL of derivatization reagent (10% benzoyl in pyridine) was added and the mixture was heated at 37°C during 16 h. After this, 1 mL of diethyl ether was added with agitation. All extracts were centrifuged at 13000 rpm during 20 min, at 4°C. Then, 750 μL of supernatant was placed in another vial and was dried with liquid nitrogen until complete evaporation. 750 μL of 100% methanol was added and the extract was transferred into a vial and kept in −20°C until being used in determination of free sugars by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The extraction procedure was repeated two times more for each cultivar.For the organic acids determinations, the method suggested by Phillips et al. [26] was used. One gram of DM was homogenized into 10 mL of bidistilled water using a commercial sonicator (model Sonorex RK 100, Bandelin, Germany). After the extraction, the homogenate was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 15 min (model 2100 Kubota, Tokyo, Japan). The supernatant was filtered through a 0.20 μm cellulose ester filter (Whatman™, Spartan 13/0.2 RC), transferred 1 mL into a vial, and kept in −20°C until use in determination of organic acids by HPLC. The extraction procedure was repeated two times more for each cultivar.


### 2.5. Determination of Free Sugars and Organic Acids

The quantification of free sugars and organic acids was performed by HPLC analysis, using a HPLC system, equipped with a UV detector, mixing chamber (Gilson-mod. 811A, Middleton, WI, USA), two high pressure pumps (Gilson-mod. 305 and 306), automatic injector (Gilson-mod. 231XL, Middleton, WI, USA), injection unit (Gilson-mod. 402, Middleton, WI, USA), column chamber with controlled temperature (Jones Chromatography, Columbus, OH, USA), and a reverse phase column (C18 Spherisorb ODS2, 250 mm × 4.6 mm). For the free sugars, the eluent was constituted by water with 1% of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (solvent A) and acetonitrile with 1% TFA (solvent B). Elution was performed at a flow rate of solvent of 1 mL·min−1, with a gradient starting with 100% of water, and the injection volume of 20 μL. The identification was made comparing with external standards (Sigma-Aldrich) and based on their retention time and UV spectra. The chromatograms were recorded at 270 nm. Three replicates were done for each cultivar. For the organic acids, the eluent was constituted by potassium dihydrogen phosphate (6.8 g/L) with 85% orthophosphoric acid with pH adjusted to 2.1, under isocratic conditions. The flow rate was set to 0.8 mL·min−1 and the sample injection volume was 20 μL. The identification was made comparing with external standards (Sigma-Aldrich) and based on their retention times and UV spectra. The chromatograms were recorded at 210 nm. Three replicates were done for each cultivar.


### 2.6. Determination of Vitamin C

For vitamin C determination, each freeze-dried sample was ground to a fine powder using a blender (model BL41, Waring Commercial, Torrington, CT, USA).The vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content was analyzed by spectrophotometry based on the methods of Chun et al. [27], Sousa [28], and Barros et al. [29]. Twenty mg DM were extracted with 5% metaphosphoric acid (Fluka) and placed under agitation at room temperature for 45 min. All extracts were filtered (Whatman™ No. 1, 90 mm), and 1 mL of each extract was transferred to 10 mL tubes. Finally, to each extract 9 mL of 2.6 dichloroindophenol (Fluka), previously prepared, was added. Simultaneously a blank standard was prepared, which was made replacing vitamin C by 1 mL of 5% metaphosphoric acid. The absorbance of each reaction mixture was immediately measured in UV spectrophotometer (U-2000, serial 121-0120, Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at 515 nm. The vitamin C standard curve was obtained (y
=
-
4.7914
x
+
0.908, R
2
=
0.977) for the calculation of vitamin C content. Vitamin C content was expressed as mg of vitamin C equivalent per 100 g−1 DM. The determination was made in triplicate for each cultivar.


### 2.7. Statistical Analysis

The data was statistically analyzed performing an analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant differences were assessed with Duncan’s multiple range test (p
<
0.05). Pearson’s correlation coefficients were estimated between climatic factors and quality parameters of the fruit and correlation plot was displayed in the circle of correlations. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was also performed. Statistics were performed using PC software package SPSS (version 13.0; SPSS Inc.).


## 2.1. Sample Collection

The northern highbush blueberry cultivars (“Duke,” “Bluecrop,” “Goldtraube,” and “Ozarkblue”) were harvested in Sever do Vouga region (40° 44′ 0′′ N, 8° 22′ 9′′ W) at two different altitudes: up to 217 meters (considered low altitude) and up to 636 meters (considered high altitude). Blueberries bush cultivars were planted between 2000 and 2003. Plant spacing was 1.5 m within the rows and 2.0 m between rows. The irrigation regime was performed dropwise. Blueberries were harvested from the middle of May to the end of July in three consecutive years (2011–2013). The harvesting dates are listed in Supporting Information Table  1 (see Supplementary Material available online athttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8648609). Fruits were selected at commercial maturity stage, based on their color, flavor, and texture. From each altitude and at the same stage of ripeness 1 kg of fruits per cultivar was collected. Immediately after harvest, fruits were transferred to laboratory to start the analytic procedure, including biometric measurements, mass, and volume. Blueberries were then divided into 100 g portions into plastic food bags, sealed, and stored at −20°C until further chemical analysis.


## 2.2. Climate Conditions

Data on weather conditions were provided by the National Information System for Hydric Resources (SNIRH) and Portuguese Institute of the Sea and the Atmosphere (IPMA). Data were recorded at weather stations of these institutes, near the experimental fields, during the 3 years of experiments. Weather parameters (i.e., temperature and precipitation) in the years 2011, 2012, and 2013 are presented in Table1. The climate is characterized as a transition from Csb to Csa (mesothermic climate with a partially dry summer) of Köpen.Table 1
Monthly acquired meteorological data in the growing season from March to July for Sever do Vouga in the period 2011–13.
Year
Month
T
m (°C)
TOD (°C)
Ppt (mm)
RP (%)
RO (MJ·m−2)
2011
March
11.2
0.2
60
75
500
April
17.2
5.2
45
45
600
May
17.8
3.8
30
50
700
June
18.2
1.7
10
25
750
July
19.3
0.8
5
25
700
Average
14.7
2.3
30.0
44.0
683.3
2012
March
13.3
2.3
25
30
500
April
10.0
−2.0
100
100
400
May
15.5
1.5
60
100
600
June
17.5
1.0
45
115
700
July
18.4
−0.1
5
25
800
Average
14.9
2.7
47.0
74.0
600.0
2013
March
10.1
−0.9
280
350
300
April
12.2
0.2
100
100
550
May
13.1
−0.9
50
80
650
June
17.9
1.4
50
125
700
July
21.0
3.5
10
50
900
Average
14.8
3.3
98.0
141.0
620.0
T
m: mean monthly air temperature (°C); TOD: temperature deviation from
the long-year average (1971 to 2000) (°C); Ppt: quantity of rainfall (mm);
RP: quantify of rainfall in % from the long-year average (1971 to 2000);
RO: mean monthly sunshine irradiation (MJ·m−2).


## 2.3. Determination of Fresh Mass and Volume, Dry Mass, Crude Protein, Crude Fat, and Energy

For fresh mass determination, 30 fruits of each cultivar were weighed. The volume of these fruits was measured using a beaker with 100 mL of water. The average blueberry fresh mass (g) and fresh volume (mL) were calculated.Blueberries of each cultivar (100 g) were immediately dried on the harvest day, using a forced-air oven at 60°C during 72 h, for dry mass (DM) determination. Total nitrogen was determined as KjeldahlN (number 954.01, AOAC, 1990) using Kjeltec System 1026 Distillation Unit. Crude protein (CP) was calculated as KjeldahlN × 6.25. The crude fat (CF) was extracted using the organic solvent (petroleum ether) according to the procedures of the Soxtec System HT equipment. The energy content of the samples was determined using an adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter (Parr 6300, Moline, IL, USA). DM was expressed as percentage (%) and CP and CF were expressed as g·100 g−1 DM. Energy content was expressed as MJ·kg−1 DM. All determinations were made in triplicate [24].


## 2.4. Extraction of Sugars and Organic Acids

For sugars and organic acids determinations, each freeze-dried sample was ground to a fine powder using a blender (model BL41, Waring Commercial, Torrington, CT, USA).For the sugars’ extraction, the benzoyl chloride derivatization method adapted from Daniel et al. [25] was used. From each cultivar 100 mg of DM was extracted with 80% aqueous ethanol (5 mL) and placed at 20°C during 2 h. After that, 1 mL of extract was transferred to another vial and all extracts were centrifuged at 13000 rpm during 10 min, at 4°C (model 2-16K, Sigma, Germany). 100 μL of supernatant was placed in another vial and was dried with liquid nitrogen until complete evaporation. 500 μL of derivatization reagent (10% benzoyl in pyridine) was added and the mixture was heated at 37°C during 16 h. After this, 1 mL of diethyl ether was added with agitation. All extracts were centrifuged at 13000 rpm during 20 min, at 4°C. Then, 750 μL of supernatant was placed in another vial and was dried with liquid nitrogen until complete evaporation. 750 μL of 100% methanol was added and the extract was transferred into a vial and kept in −20°C until being used in determination of free sugars by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The extraction procedure was repeated two times more for each cultivar.For the organic acids determinations, the method suggested by Phillips et al. [26] was used. One gram of DM was homogenized into 10 mL of bidistilled water using a commercial sonicator (model Sonorex RK 100, Bandelin, Germany). After the extraction, the homogenate was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 15 min (model 2100 Kubota, Tokyo, Japan). The supernatant was filtered through a 0.20 μm cellulose ester filter (Whatman™, Spartan 13/0.2 RC), transferred 1 mL into a vial, and kept in −20°C until use in determination of organic acids by HPLC. The extraction procedure was repeated two times more for each cultivar.


## 2.5. Determination of Free Sugars and Organic Acids

The quantification of free sugars and organic acids was performed by HPLC analysis, using a HPLC system, equipped with a UV detector, mixing chamber (Gilson-mod. 811A, Middleton, WI, USA), two high pressure pumps (Gilson-mod. 305 and 306), automatic injector (Gilson-mod. 231XL, Middleton, WI, USA), injection unit (Gilson-mod. 402, Middleton, WI, USA), column chamber with controlled temperature (Jones Chromatography, Columbus, OH, USA), and a reverse phase column (C18 Spherisorb ODS2, 250 mm × 4.6 mm). For the free sugars, the eluent was constituted by water with 1% of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (solvent A) and acetonitrile with 1% TFA (solvent B). Elution was performed at a flow rate of solvent of 1 mL·min−1, with a gradient starting with 100% of water, and the injection volume of 20 μL. The identification was made comparing with external standards (Sigma-Aldrich) and based on their retention time and UV spectra. The chromatograms were recorded at 270 nm. Three replicates were done for each cultivar. For the organic acids, the eluent was constituted by potassium dihydrogen phosphate (6.8 g/L) with 85% orthophosphoric acid with pH adjusted to 2.1, under isocratic conditions. The flow rate was set to 0.8 mL·min−1 and the sample injection volume was 20 μL. The identification was made comparing with external standards (Sigma-Aldrich) and based on their retention times and UV spectra. The chromatograms were recorded at 210 nm. Three replicates were done for each cultivar.


## 2.6. Determination of Vitamin C

For vitamin C determination, each freeze-dried sample was ground to a fine powder using a blender (model BL41, Waring Commercial, Torrington, CT, USA).The vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content was analyzed by spectrophotometry based on the methods of Chun et al. [27], Sousa [28], and Barros et al. [29]. Twenty mg DM were extracted with 5% metaphosphoric acid (Fluka) and placed under agitation at room temperature for 45 min. All extracts were filtered (Whatman™ No. 1, 90 mm), and 1 mL of each extract was transferred to 10 mL tubes. Finally, to each extract 9 mL of 2.6 dichloroindophenol (Fluka), previously prepared, was added. Simultaneously a blank standard was prepared, which was made replacing vitamin C by 1 mL of 5% metaphosphoric acid. The absorbance of each reaction mixture was immediately measured in UV spectrophotometer (U-2000, serial 121-0120, Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at 515 nm. The vitamin C standard curve was obtained (y
=
-
4.7914
x
+
0.908, R
2
=
0.977) for the calculation of vitamin C content. Vitamin C content was expressed as mg of vitamin C equivalent per 100 g−1 DM. The determination was made in triplicate for each cultivar.


## 2.7. Statistical Analysis

The data was statistically analyzed performing an analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant differences were assessed with Duncan’s multiple range test (p
<
0.05). Pearson’s correlation coefficients were estimated between climatic factors and quality parameters of the fruit and correlation plot was displayed in the circle of correlations. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was also performed. Statistics were performed using PC software package SPSS (version 13.0; SPSS Inc.).


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Biometric and Nutritional Parameters in Blueberry Cultivars

Results showed that the biometric and nutritional parameters (i.e., fresh mass, fresh volume, dry mass, crude protein, crude fat, and energy) did not differ between the blueberry cultivars and were not influenced by the growing sites’ altitude.However, the fruit fresh mass, fresh volume, crude protein, and crude fat varied significantly (p
<
0.0001) among cultivars although their dry mass and energy content were very similar (Table 2). The fruit fresh mass varied between 1.4 g in “Goldtraube” and 2.4 g in “Ozarkblue.” As expected, the fruit mass was positively correlated with volume (data not shown). Similar tendency and average values of fresh mass were found by Giovanelli and Buratti [11] for “Bluecrop” (0.8 g) and “Goldtraube” (1.2 g) cultivars. Parra et al. [30] found variations between 0.8 g and 2.3 g of fruit weight in nine different highbush cultivars from 14 in southwest Spain. These authors related the variability to climate conditions and soil composition. Dry mass values ranged from 12.9 in “Duke” to 14.7 g·100 g−1 DM in “Bluecrop” fruits, corresponding to moisture content of 87.1% and 85.3%, respectively. The variation detected among cultivars, although not statistically different, could be related to variations of the climate conditions throughout the years or could also depend on the genotype itself. Similarly, Prior et al. [8] and Starast et al. [14] also reported a significant influence of growing environmental conditions in berry moisture contents particularly immediately before the harvest that overlap the cultivar effect.Table 2
Means of three years and two altitudes for fresh mass, volume, dry mass, crude protein, crude fat, and energy in four blueberry cultivars. Means (n
=
36) ± SEM (standard error of the mean).
Cultivar
Fresh mass (g)
Fresh volume (mL)
Dry mass (g·100 g−1 DM)
Crude protein (g·100 g−1 DM)
Crude fat (g·100 g−1 DM)
Energy (MJ·kg−1 DM)
Duke
1.96 ± 0.05b
1.95 ± 0.05b
12.91 ± 0.74a
4.39 ± 0.18b
1.85 ± 0.10b
13.09 ± 0.13a
Bluecrop
1.93 ± 0.05b
1.87 ± 0.07b
14.74 ± 0.21a
5.33 ± 0.23c
2.37 ± 0.15c
13.10 ± 0.08a
Goldtraube
1.36 ± 0.05a
1.48 ± 0.13a
14.54 ± 0.27a
3.32 ± 0.15a
1.30 ± 0.03a
12.83 ± 0.08a
Ozarkblue
2.37 ± 0.08c
2.35 ± 0.08c
13.80 ± 0.18a
3.90 ± 0.20a
b
1.70 ± 0.11b
12.89 ± 0.13a
p
0.0001
0.0001
0.1366
0.0001
0.0001
0.3912
Different letters indicate significantly different values atp
<
0.05.The crude protein content of the blueberries ranged from 3.3 g·100 g−1 DM in “Goldtraube” to 5.3 g·100 g−1 DM in “Bluecrop” (Table 2) and was higher than that reported (0.5–0.7 g·100 g−1) in previous studies [31]. The values founded in present study suggest that our climate and geographic conditions favored the accumulation of crude protein in blueberries, which is very interesting compared with the studies on “Duke” and “Bluecrop” cultivars carried out by Starast et al. [14] in Estonia.The other parameter studied was the crude fat that varied between 1.3 and 2.4 g·100 g−1 DM in “Goldtraube” and “Bluecrop” cultivars, respectively (Table 2). The scatter diagram of Figure 1 shows a significant positive relationship between crude protein and crude fat in the four blueberry cultivars, harvested in three years and different growth altitudes (y
=
1.64
+
1.46
x; R
2
=
0.70, p
<
0.05). The amounts of crude protein and crude fat as well as the total energy values obtained in our study are approximately 8-fold higher than so far described in literature [14]. This tendency can be explained by the good adaptation of these highbush blueberries cultivars to the climatic conditions, soil composition, and altitude of the region where they are cultivated.Figure 1
Correlation (p
<
0.05) between the content of crude fat and crude protein (g·100 g−1 DM) in four blueberry cultivars in three harvest years.


### 3.2. Free Sugars in Blueberry Cultivars

The predominant free sugars for each blueberry cultivars were fructose (68.5%), follow by galactose (15.5%) and glucose (14.3%) and traces of sucrose (1.6%). Our data are in accordance with results reported by Kalt and McDonald [12]. The low sucrose content in the blueberries is probably due to either the enzymatic hydrolysis or its conversion into other sugars during the ripening process.The contents of glucose, galactose, fructose, sucrose, and total free sugars for each blueberry cultivar in each harvest year and altitude were evaluated (Table3). No significant differences (p
>
0.05) were found among cultivars for glucose, galactose, and total free sugars contents (Table 4). The “Ozarkblue” cultivar showed the highest total sugar content (253.8 mg·g−1 DM), namely, the high glucose and galactose amounts, while “Bluecrop” cultivar had the lowest value (238.1 mg·g−1 DM). Fructose ranged from 162.0 mg·g−1 DM in “Goldtraube” to 178.2 mg·g−1 DM in “Duke” and sucrose was the individual sugar present in lower amount in all cultivars, ranging from 3.3 mg·g−1 DM in “Ozarkblue” to 5.6 mg·g−1 DM in “Goldtraube.” Wang et al. [32] evaluated forty-two blueberry cultivars, including “Bluecrop” and “Duke” cultivars, and mentioned that there was a wide variation in sugar values between different growing seasons. In 2008 the main sugar content, fructose, ranged from 56.2 mg·g−1 FW in “Bluecrop” to 62.2 mg·g−1 FW in “Duke,” whereas, in 2009, the fructose content varied between 43.1 mg·g−1 FW in “Bluecrop” and 49.2 mg·g−1 FW in “Duke” [32]. In our study, the levels of free sugars were higher than those reported by Wang et al. [32] which may be due to the involvement of sugars in ripening process with a large environmental component.Table 3
Free sugars, organic acids, and vitamin C contents (mg·g−1 DM) for four blueberry cultivars in the period 2011–13 in two altitudes. Means (n
=
6) ± SEM (standard error of the mean).
Cultivar (Cv)
Years (Y)
Altitude (A)
Free sugars
Organic acids
Vitamin C
Fructose
Glucose
Galactose
Sucrose
Total free sugars
Citric acid
Quinic acid
Malic acid
Total organic acids
Duke
2011
High
155.88 ± 15.19
51.52 ± 2.93
51.15 ± 13.25
1.70 ± 0.19
260.25 ± 29.23
53.38 ± 5.00
10.73 ± 0.28
1.27 ± 0.06
65.37 ± 4.87
1.03 ± 0.03
Low
212.07 ± 43.65
57.36 ± 4.48
58.24 ± 5.65
1.58 ± 0.13
329.25 ± 35.61
47.50 ± 0.72
9.14 ± 0.16
1.36 ± 0.10
58.01 ± 0.79
1.10 ± 0.03
2012
High
272.64 ± 8.04
47.19 ± 4.19
50.11 ± 2.19
5.48 ± 0.40
375.43 ± 11.31
19.37 ± 2.87
4.31 ± 0.38
3.23 ± 0.22
26.90 ± 2.42
1.54 ± 0.03
Low
270.87 ± 9.53
44.74 ± 3.83
45.75 ± 2.43
3.86 ± 0.19
365.22 ± 13.38
24.49 ± 0.93
3.32 ± 0.18
7.21 ± 1.09
35.01 ± 1.80
1.62 ± 0.02
2013
High
87.34 ± 3.01
17.29 ± 0.68
19.13 ± 0.96
2.83 ± 0.08
126.58 ± 4.49
14.11 ± 2.84
5.39 ± 0.84
4.17 ± 1.63
23.67 ± 3.00
0.14 ± 0.01
Low
74.42 ± 5.72
14.36 ± 0.70
16.52 ± 0.84
2.61 ± 0.11
107.91 ± 6.51
47.12 ± 5.68
14.78 ± 2.29
1.67 ± 0.14
63.57 ± 8.01
0.07 ± 0.01
Bluecrop
2011
High
143.98 ± 6.59
45.68 ± 3.12
54.16 ± 1.24
0.56 ± 0.02
244.38 ± 6.69
60.98 ± 1.27
5.44 ± 0.12
2.00 ± 0.21
68.42 ± 1.24
1.02 ± 0.04
Low
151.49 ± 5.79
51.32 ± 2.00
49.18 ± 4.62
0.40 ± 0.06
252.39 ± 12.09
51.85 ± 2.11
4.73 ± 0.19
1.55 ± 0.08
58.14 ± 2.28
1.08 ± 0.06
2012
High
281.50 ± 7.80
46.12 ± 2.98
53.66 ± 2.54
5.99 ± 0.31
387.27 ± 10.30
25.27 ± 1.60
3.79 ± 0.40
3.00 ± 0.39
32.06 ± 1.77
1.60 ± 0.03
Low
235.51 ± 4.92
37.63 ± 3.25
42.97 ± 4.87
4.79 ± 0.33
320.90 ± 6.02
31.03 ± 1.27
3.72 ± 0.19
6.92 ± 2.38
41.67 ± 3.34
1.70 ± 0.06
2013
High
77.93 ± 3.71
16.37 ± 0.58
16.87 ± 0.87
3.46 ± 0.14
114.62 ± 4.57
55.27 ± 3.97
7.22 ± 0.51
2.15 ± 0.28
64.64 ± 4.43
0.19 ± 0.01
Low
73.53 ± 5.20
14.24 ± 1.22
16.07 ± 1.41
2.80 ± 0.09
106.64 ± 7.50
69.65 ± 7.06
6.95 ± 1.36
1.19 ± 0.32
77.79 ± 8.69
0.19 ± 0.02
Goldtraube
2011
High
154.37 ± 4.89
52.35 ± 4.67
52.16 ± 3.59
7.90 ± 0.47
266.77 ± 12.82
57.73 ± 1.83
3.61 ± 0.13
1.02 ± 0.09
62.36 ± 1.88
1.27 ± 0.06
Low
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
2012
High
256.44 ± 12.02
38.71 ± 2.32
45.83 ± 1.62
6.06 ± 0.28
346.89 ± 13.95
38.86 ± 1.96
2.93 ± 0.33
2.45 ± 0.65
44.24 ± 1.19
1.58 ± 0.08
Low
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
2013
High
75.28 ± 4.33
14.57 ± 1.09
17.42 ± 1.75
2.92 ± 0.31
110.19 ± 7.18
87.81 ± 4.69
12.05 ± 1.08
4.49 ± 1.30
104.35 ± 6.94
0.15 ± 0.05
Low
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Ozarkblue
2011
High
146.74 ± 14.89
53.94 ± 1.33
54.62 ± 5.59
3.17 ± 0.33
258.48 ± 21.97
44.00 ± 0.37
3.12 ± 0.43
1.90 ± 0.24
49.00 ± 0.33
1.43 ± 0.20
Low
150.80 ± 2.55
54.25 ± 0.66
58.52 ± 2.14
4.47 ± 0.07
268.04 ± 5.42
48.17 ± 0.10
2.86 ± 0.12
1.46 ± 0.02
52.49 ± 0.10
1.26 ± 0.06
2012
High
282.79 ± 2.52
45.05 ± 1.50
54.84 ± 3.56
4.24 ± 0.18
386.9 ± 3.80
35.60 ± 1.16
3.19 ± 0.33
4.28 ± 0.45
43.07 ± 1.46
1.36 ± 0.02
Low
304.52 ± 6.51
49.46 ± 3.86
55.66 ± 4.98
4.17 ± 0.36
413.81 ± 9.49
13.34 ± 0.53
3.30 ± 0.20
1.66 ± 0.26
18.30 ± 0.96
1.47 ± 0.06
2013
High
70.40 ± 1.38
13.86 ± 0.25
11.40 ± 0.98
1.70 ± 0.80
97.36 ± 1.69
74.92 ± 2.97
8.43 ± 1.18
1.85 ± 0.40
85.19 ± 4.47
0.32 ± 0.01
Low
64.06 ± 1.86
15.36 ± 0.78
16.58 ± 0.13
2.08 ± 0.02
98.07 ± 1.19
75.11 ± 2.34
11.56 ± 1.07
5.61 ± 0.70
92.29 ± 2.57
0.06 ± 0.01
p (C
v
∗
Y)
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
p (C
v
∗
A)
0.0676
0.8336
0.1469
0.0012
0.0475
0.0024
0.0196
0.7237
0.0027
0.0623
p (C
v
∗
Y
∗
A)
0.0012
0.3242
0.3468
0.0216
0.0006
0.0001
0.0001
0.0004
0.0001
0.0133
nd, not determined.Table 4
Effect of cultivar, harvest year, and altitude on free sugars, organic acids, and vitamin C (mg·g−1 DM) for blueberry cultivars. Means (n
=
6) ± SEM (standard error of the mean).
Free sugars
Organic acids
Vitamin C
Fructose
Glucose
Galactose
Sucrose
Total free sugars
Citric acid
Quinic acid
Malic acid
Total organic acids
Cultivar (Cv)
Duke
178.21 ± 15.37b
35.04 ± 3.03a
36.81 ± 2.98a
3.43 ± 0.25a
253.48
±
20.48
a
28.71
±
2.82
a
7.10 ± 0.80b
3.55 ± 0.54a
39.36 ± 3.28a
0.88 ± 0.11a
Bluecrop
165.99 ± 14.90a
32.35 ± 2.65a
36.08 ± 3.05a
3.71 ± 0.33a
238.13
±
19.84
a
46.32
±
3.21
b
5.39 ± 0.37a
2.93 ± 0.50a
54.63 ± 3.37b
0.94 ± 0.11a
Goldtraube
161.98 ± 18.47a
35.21 ± 4.14a
38.47 ± 3.91a
5.63 ± 0.54b
241.28
±
24.67
a
61.47
±
5.17
c
6.20 ± 1.07a
b
2.65 ± 0.57a
70.31 ± 6.52c
1.00 ± 0.15a
Ozarkblue
169.88 ± 22.89a
b
38.65 ± 4.24a
41.94 ± 4.97a
3.31 ± 0.27a
253.78
±
30.28
a
48.52
±
5.30
b
5.41 ± 0.85a
2.79 ± 0.41a
56.73 ± 6.16b
0.98 ± 0.14a
p (C
v)
0.0193
0.1215
0.4659
0.0001
0.0685
0.0001
0.0054
0.9234
0.0001
0.0516
Year (Y)
2011
158.71 ± 6.79b
52.35 ± 1.45c
53.77 ± 2.00c
3.46
±
0.61
b
268.29
±
8.08
b
52.67
±
1.36
b
5.40 ± 0.58b
1.45 ± 0.08a
59.52 ± 1.46b
1.18 ± 0.04b
2012
269.65 ± 4.22c
44.04 ± 1.44b
49.35 ± 1.27b
5.16 ± 0.18c
368.20
±
5.75
c
26.54 ± 1.38a
3.62 ± 0.15a
4.13 ± 0.48c
34.29 ± 1.39a
1.58 ± 0.02c
2013
76.91 ± 1.83a
15.47 ± 0.36a
16.85 ± 0.51a
2.81 ± 0.09a
112.04
±
2.53
a
54.81 ± 4.21b
8.96 ± 0.67c
2.94 ± 0.47b
66.70 ± 4.63b
0.16 ± 0.01a
p (Y)
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0049
0.0001
0.0001
Altitude (A)
High
170.87 ± 10.69a
34.88 ± 2.05a
38.10 ± 2.20a
4.28 ± 0.25b
248.12
±
14.27
a
42.60 ± 2.86a
5.66 ± 0.38a
2.82 ± 0.28a
51.08 ± 3.09a
0.94 ± 0.08a
Low
168.58 ± 14.46a
34.59 ± 2.85a
37.00 ± 2.94a
3.14 ± 0.22a
243.30
±
19.10
a
44.66 ± 3.27a
6.86 ± 0.79a
3.51 ± 0.57a
55.02 ± 3.65a
0.93 ± 0.11a
p (A)
0.8988
0.9338
0.7621
0.0026
0.8427
0.6500
0.1250
0.2217
0.0729
0.9730
Different letters indicate significantly different values atp
<
0.05.Fructose is more than 1.5 times sweeter than sucrose and is the sweetest of all naturally occurring carbohydrates and is the most water soluble of all sugars [33]. Although not as sweet as fructose, glucose is the primary energy source and is the main sugar used as precursor in biosynthesis of several important substances such as vitamins, proteins, and lipids.Significant differences (p
<
0.0001) in all free sugars were found within the 3 consecutive years (Table 4). The accumulation of total free sugars was higher in 2012 (368.2 mg·g−1 DM) and the lowest contents of all free sugars were observed in 2013 (Table 4). The year 2011 promoted the accumulation of glucose and galactose (52.4 and 53.8 mg·g−1 DM, resp.) in blueberry cultivars and in the year 2012 the contents of fructose and sucrose (269.7 and 5.2 mg·g−1 DM, resp.) were higher.Seasonal differences in temperature and rainfall had large impact on the accumulation of sugars and other compounds [34, 35]. The period between March and July 2011 showed similar values of temperature but lower rates of precipitation compared to the same period of 2012 and 2013 (Table 1), particularly near to the crop harvesting (June-July), which could explain the variations found in free sugars among the years and cultivars (Tables 3 and 4). Based on our results it seems that lower rainfall associated with higher solar radiation RO (Table 1) seems to favour the accumulation of free sugars. A linear tendency among years was not found but if the first and the third year of production are compared a decrease in glucose, galactose, and fructose can be observed in all cultivars in both altitudes. A similar trend was registered for sucrose in “Goldtraube” cultivar in high altitude (missing data in low altitude) and “Ozarkblue” cultivar in both altitudes (Table 3). These results suggest that the climate factors, rainfall, and temperature associated with radiation affect free sugars content.In general, the altitude did not play an important role (Table4) as it appears to affect only the sucrose content (p
<
0.05) that was higher at higher altitude (4.3 mg·g−1 DM) than at lower altitude (3.1 mg·g−1 DM). Recent study verified that the altitude did not affect the soluble solid content (SSC) in strawberry as proposed by Guerrero-Chavez et al. [36]. Nevertheless, Mikulic-Petkovsek et al. [37] mentioned that bilberries growing in sites in low altitude contained higher levels of total sugars, compared with bilberry fruit in high altitude, which can be related to high light intensity of the location, contributing to increased photosynthetic activity and primary metabolite accumulation.The interactions between the origins of variation cultivar (Cv), years (Y), and altitude (A) were significantly different (p
<
0.0001) for the interaction Cv ∗ Y in all free sugars and in total free sugars. The interaction Cv ∗ A was significant (p
<
0.05) only for sucrose and total free sugars. A significant (p
<
0.05) interaction between cultivar, harvest year, and altitude on fructose, sucrose, and total free sugars contents was found (Table 3). For these parameters the highest fructose content and the highest total free sugars were found in the “Ozarkblue” cultivar in 2012 at low altitude (304.5 mg·g−1 DM and 413.8 mg·g−1 DM, resp.) and the highest amount of sucrose in the “Goldtraube” cultivar in 2011 at high altitude (missing data in low altitude) (7.9 mg·g−1 DM).


### 3.3. Organic Acids in Blueberry Cultivars

The contents of quinic acid, malic acid, citric acid, and total organic acids in the four blueberry cultivars grown at two altitudes and harvest in three years are presented in Table3. The mean organic acid composition for the four blueberry cultivars was citric acid 83.7%, quinic acid 10.9%, and malic acid 5.4%. Ehlenfeldt et al. [21] reported that highbush blueberries are characterized by high citric acid values (around 80%) and a small concentration of succinic, quinic, and malic acids.Significant differences (p
>
0.05) among cultivars in the contents of quinic acid, citric, acid and total organic acid were found (Table 4). The “Duke” cultivar had the highest quinic acid content (7.1 mg·g−1 DM) and the “Bluecrop” cultivar had the lowest one (5.4 mg·g−1 DM). Citric acid ranged from 28.7 mg·g−1 DM in “Duke” to 61.5 mg·g−1 DM in “Goldtraube.” The total organic acids content ranged from 39.4 mg·g−1 DM in “Duke” to 70.3 mg·g−1 DM in “Goldtraube.” The amounts of organic acids such as citric and malic acid described for cultivars “Duke” and “Bluecrop” by Wang et al. [32] are lower than that obtained in our work and in general for highbush blueberries [17]. Organic acids are related to maturation, in particular malic acid, which confers the bitter taste, although the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness. Previous studies done by Kafkas et al. [38] reported in blackberries values of malic acid content (4.0 mg·g−1 DM) similar to our results.Significant differences (p
<
0.05) in all organic acids were found within years (Table 4). As climate conditions seem to have influence on the accumulation of sugars in blueberries, also organic acids appear to be affected by the harvest year. The contents of quinic and citric acids were higher in 2013 (9.0 and 54.8 mg·g−1 DM, resp.) when comparing with the other two years of harvest (2011 and 2012). In the year 2012 the content of malic acid was the highest (4.1 mg·g−1 DM) but the higher accumulation of total organic acids was in 2013 (66.7 mg·g−1 DM). The citric acid was negatively correlated with fructose which was expected as during ripeness stage the sugar contents increase and organic acids contents decrease (data not shown [39, 40]).No significant impact of two different altitudes on three-year mean values of the studied chemical parameters was found (Table4). Conversely, Mikulic-Petkovsek et al. [37] reported that bilberry fruits from high altitude had more organic acids content, compared with bilberry fruit from in low altitude.When evaluating the interactions between different origins of variation (Cv, Y, and A), a significant influence of the Cv∗ Y interaction on single as well as total organic acids contents was observed (Table 3). Indeed, in 2012 the “Goldtraube” cultivar grown at higher altitude showed the highest values of citric acids and total organic acids (87.8 and 104.4 mg·g−1 DM, resp.) while the “Ozarkblue” cultivar, at lower altitude, showed the lowest values (13.3 mg·g−1 DM to citric acid and 18.3 mg·g−1 DM to total acids).


### 3.4. Vitamin C in Blueberry Cultivars

The vitamin C was detected in all cultivars and its content ranged from 0.88 mg·g−1 DM in “Duke” to 1.0 mg·g−1 DM in “Goldtraube” (Table 4). There were no significant differences (p
>
0.05) in the concentration of vitamin C among the four blueberry cultivars. Prior et al. [8] found vitamin C content of 7.2 mg·100 g−1 DM in “Duke” and 8.1 mg·100 g−1 DM in “Bluecrop” while Sinelli et al. [41] referred values of vitamin C between 0.05 and 8.0 mg·100 g−1 DM in highbush blueberries. Kafkas et al. [38] evaluated the content of vitamin C in five blackberry cultivars and its concentration varied between 2.5 and 14.9 mg·g−1 DM. In all of these studies, a significant variability among cultivars was observed.The content of vitamin C was also evaluated over the three years at the different altitudes (Table4). Results showed a higher variation in vitamin C content with the year of harvest (p
<
0.0001) than with altitudes (p
>
0.05). The content of vitamin C (1.6 mg·g−1 DM) was higher in 2012 comparing with the other two years (2011 and 2013). In general, in horticultural crops, light intensities increase the content of vitamin C [9]. In 2011 and 2012 there was, on average, a higher value of millijoule per square meter for solar radiation and bright sunshine duration in hours than in 2013 (Table 1).These results seem to confirm that altitude did not play an important role in vitamin C synthesis and for other organic compounds, whilst light, temperature, and precipitation (climate conditions) seem to have more influence.Results showed significant interactions between different origins of variation (Cv, Y, and A), Cv∗ Y ∗ A and Cv ∗ Y on vitamin C content (Table 3). In fact, the highest content of vitamin C (1.7 mg·g−1 DM in “Bluecrop” cultivar in 2012) and the lowest one (0.06 mg·g−1 DM in “Ozarkblue” cultivar in 2013) were obtained at low altitude.


### 3.5. Principal Component Analysis

All the nutritional and chemical composition data of the four blueberry cultivars in the three consecutive years of study in the two altitudes and climatic factors were evaluated using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This analysis allowed us to correlate the climatic factors and quality parameters of the fruits. In a PCA, if the first three components accumulate a percentage, in general above 70% of the total variation, they satisfactorily explain the variability among the samples tested [42].The two first components of PCA showed that fructose, glucose, galactose, and vitamin C were positively connected (Figure2(a)) in a 77.4% of probability. Galdón et al. [39] and Ramaiya et al. [43] have also reported a high and positive correlation between sugars and vitamin C. Citric and quinic acids were negatively correlated in principal component 1 (PC1), while the malic acid was positively correlated with PC1 and PC2. The correlation between malic acid and other acids was negative. These results showed a direct association between free sugars and vitamin C contents and between citric and quinic acids. Free sugars were in general positively correlated with each other and negatively associated with organic acids. This tendency confirms the idea that, with fruit growth, organic acids are degraded and sourness decreases, while sugars are synthesized and sweetness increases.Figure 2
(a) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) obtained by analysis of free sugars, organic acids, and vitamin C data for four blueberry cultivars harvested in 2011–13. ((b) and (c)) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) obtained by analysis of total free sugars, total organic acids, fresh volume, Ppt (quantity of rainfall),T
m (mean temperature), T
m
a
x (maximum temperature), and T
m
i
n (minimum temperature) data for four blueberry cultivars harvested in 2011–13.
(a)
(b)
(c)A PCA (Figure2(b)) integrating total free sugars, total organic acids, fresh volume, quantity of rainfall (Ppt), mean temperature (T
m), maximum temperature (T
m
a
x), and minimum temperature (T
m
i
n) was performed. In this analysis, the first component accounted for 36.6% of the total variance and the second for 28.2%, representing the first two factorial axes (PC1 and PC2) 64.8% of the total variance (Figure 2(b)). Since this value was lower than 70%, the analysis including the PC3 was also performed (Figure 2(c)). In Figures 2(b) and 2(c), it was possible to verify the formation of three groups. The correlation between total free sugars with energy was positive. This could explain why the major source of energy in blueberries is sugars. This is very important from nutritional point of view because blueberries can have content of energy with low content of crude fat. Total free sugars, energy, and temperature were positively correlated in PC1 which could explain the association between the temperatures increase with the accumulation of free sugars (Figure 2(b)). The quantity of rainfall and fruit fresh volume was positively correlated in PC2 and PC3 (Figures 2(b) and 2(c)) that showed a direct association between the precipitation and blueberries’ volume. The total free sugars were positively correlated in PC1 and PC2 but negatively in PC3 and the total organic acids were negatively correlated in PC1 and PC2 and positively in PC3 (Figures 2(b) and 2(c)).Studies related to altitude have given contradictory results in terms of fruit quality as phenolic compounds content [44–46]. Rieger et al. [44] mentioned that the content of anthocyanins in bilberries decreased alongside increasing altitude. Conversely, Martz et al. [45] reported that leaves of plants growing in higher altitudes (high-light-intensity sites) accumulate more total phenolics than plants growing in lower altitudes (low-light-intensity sites). Zoratti et al. [46] reported that there was an increasing accumulation of anthocyanins in wild bilberries and highbush blueberry alongside increasing altitude. However, the accumulation was due to a significant increase in delphinidin and malvidin glycosides, whereas the accumulation of cyanidin and peonidin glycosides was not affected by altitude. Nevertheless, seasonal differences, especially temperature, had a major influence on the accumulation of sugar, organic acids, and anthocyanins in blueberries.In conclusion, the blueberries are exceptionally rich sources of vitamin C and organic acids and poor in fat presenting an interesting nutritional alternative. The fructose and the glucose were the predominant sugars and citric acid was the major organic acid. The “Ozarkblue” cultivar had higher mass and volume and the “Bluecrop” cultivar was the richest in protein and fat. The fructose sugar was present in greater amounts in “Duke” cultivar and the “Goldtraube” cultivar (missing data in low altitude) features more sucrose and organic acids. Free sugars, organic acids, and vitamin C contents were significantly influenced by the harvest year and climate conditions but the altitude did not seem to have much influence on blueberry quality. Based on PCA, free sugars were positively correlated each other with vitamin C and energy and showed a negative correlation with organic acids (citric and quinic acids). In blueberries, the accumulation of free sugars and the energy content increase with the temperature and the fresh volume increases with the rainfall. Blueberry fruits have vitamin C, since it in combination with other compounds, namely, phenolics, is responsible for the fruit antioxidant proprieties. These quality attributes present a great opportunity for genetic improvement of blueberries through breeding programs. Our findings together with several reports [47–51] on berry primary and secondary metabolites reinforce the knowledge about the nutritional value of blueberries as acting as natural antimicrobial and health protect agents which could offer many new applications as functional foods for the consumers, in food industry and medicine.


## 3.1. Biometric and Nutritional Parameters in Blueberry Cultivars

Results showed that the biometric and nutritional parameters (i.e., fresh mass, fresh volume, dry mass, crude protein, crude fat, and energy) did not differ between the blueberry cultivars and were not influenced by the growing sites’ altitude.However, the fruit fresh mass, fresh volume, crude protein, and crude fat varied significantly (p
<
0.0001) among cultivars although their dry mass and energy content were very similar (Table 2). The fruit fresh mass varied between 1.4 g in “Goldtraube” and 2.4 g in “Ozarkblue.” As expected, the fruit mass was positively correlated with volume (data not shown). Similar tendency and average values of fresh mass were found by Giovanelli and Buratti [11] for “Bluecrop” (0.8 g) and “Goldtraube” (1.2 g) cultivars. Parra et al. [30] found variations between 0.8 g and 2.3 g of fruit weight in nine different highbush cultivars from 14 in southwest Spain. These authors related the variability to climate conditions and soil composition. Dry mass values ranged from 12.9 in “Duke” to 14.7 g·100 g−1 DM in “Bluecrop” fruits, corresponding to moisture content of 87.1% and 85.3%, respectively. The variation detected among cultivars, although not statistically different, could be related to variations of the climate conditions throughout the years or could also depend on the genotype itself. Similarly, Prior et al. [8] and Starast et al. [14] also reported a significant influence of growing environmental conditions in berry moisture contents particularly immediately before the harvest that overlap the cultivar effect.Table 2
Means of three years and two altitudes for fresh mass, volume, dry mass, crude protein, crude fat, and energy in four blueberry cultivars. Means (n
=
36) ± SEM (standard error of the mean).
Cultivar
Fresh mass (g)
Fresh volume (mL)
Dry mass (g·100 g−1 DM)
Crude protein (g·100 g−1 DM)
Crude fat (g·100 g−1 DM)
Energy (MJ·kg−1 DM)
Duke
1.96 ± 0.05b
1.95 ± 0.05b
12.91 ± 0.74a
4.39 ± 0.18b
1.85 ± 0.10b
13.09 ± 0.13a
Bluecrop
1.93 ± 0.05b
1.87 ± 0.07b
14.74 ± 0.21a
5.33 ± 0.23c
2.37 ± 0.15c
13.10 ± 0.08a
Goldtraube
1.36 ± 0.05a
1.48 ± 0.13a
14.54 ± 0.27a
3.32 ± 0.15a
1.30 ± 0.03a
12.83 ± 0.08a
Ozarkblue
2.37 ± 0.08c
2.35 ± 0.08c
13.80 ± 0.18a
3.90 ± 0.20a
b
1.70 ± 0.11b
12.89 ± 0.13a
p
0.0001
0.0001
0.1366
0.0001
0.0001
0.3912
Different letters indicate significantly different values atp
<
0.05.The crude protein content of the blueberries ranged from 3.3 g·100 g−1 DM in “Goldtraube” to 5.3 g·100 g−1 DM in “Bluecrop” (Table 2) and was higher than that reported (0.5–0.7 g·100 g−1) in previous studies [31]. The values founded in present study suggest that our climate and geographic conditions favored the accumulation of crude protein in blueberries, which is very interesting compared with the studies on “Duke” and “Bluecrop” cultivars carried out by Starast et al. [14] in Estonia.The other parameter studied was the crude fat that varied between 1.3 and 2.4 g·100 g−1 DM in “Goldtraube” and “Bluecrop” cultivars, respectively (Table 2). The scatter diagram of Figure 1 shows a significant positive relationship between crude protein and crude fat in the four blueberry cultivars, harvested in three years and different growth altitudes (y
=
1.64
+
1.46
x; R
2
=
0.70, p
<
0.05). The amounts of crude protein and crude fat as well as the total energy values obtained in our study are approximately 8-fold higher than so far described in literature [14]. This tendency can be explained by the good adaptation of these highbush blueberries cultivars to the climatic conditions, soil composition, and altitude of the region where they are cultivated.Figure 1
Correlation (p
<
0.05) between the content of crude fat and crude protein (g·100 g−1 DM) in four blueberry cultivars in three harvest years.


## 3.2. Free Sugars in Blueberry Cultivars

The predominant free sugars for each blueberry cultivars were fructose (68.5%), follow by galactose (15.5%) and glucose (14.3%) and traces of sucrose (1.6%). Our data are in accordance with results reported by Kalt and McDonald [12]. The low sucrose content in the blueberries is probably due to either the enzymatic hydrolysis or its conversion into other sugars during the ripening process.The contents of glucose, galactose, fructose, sucrose, and total free sugars for each blueberry cultivar in each harvest year and altitude were evaluated (Table3). No significant differences (p
>
0.05) were found among cultivars for glucose, galactose, and total free sugars contents (Table 4). The “Ozarkblue” cultivar showed the highest total sugar content (253.8 mg·g−1 DM), namely, the high glucose and galactose amounts, while “Bluecrop” cultivar had the lowest value (238.1 mg·g−1 DM). Fructose ranged from 162.0 mg·g−1 DM in “Goldtraube” to 178.2 mg·g−1 DM in “Duke” and sucrose was the individual sugar present in lower amount in all cultivars, ranging from 3.3 mg·g−1 DM in “Ozarkblue” to 5.6 mg·g−1 DM in “Goldtraube.” Wang et al. [32] evaluated forty-two blueberry cultivars, including “Bluecrop” and “Duke” cultivars, and mentioned that there was a wide variation in sugar values between different growing seasons. In 2008 the main sugar content, fructose, ranged from 56.2 mg·g−1 FW in “Bluecrop” to 62.2 mg·g−1 FW in “Duke,” whereas, in 2009, the fructose content varied between 43.1 mg·g−1 FW in “Bluecrop” and 49.2 mg·g−1 FW in “Duke” [32]. In our study, the levels of free sugars were higher than those reported by Wang et al. [32] which may be due to the involvement of sugars in ripening process with a large environmental component.Table 3
Free sugars, organic acids, and vitamin C contents (mg·g−1 DM) for four blueberry cultivars in the period 2011–13 in two altitudes. Means (n
=
6) ± SEM (standard error of the mean).
Cultivar (Cv)
Years (Y)
Altitude (A)
Free sugars
Organic acids
Vitamin C
Fructose
Glucose
Galactose
Sucrose
Total free sugars
Citric acid
Quinic acid
Malic acid
Total organic acids
Duke
2011
High
155.88 ± 15.19
51.52 ± 2.93
51.15 ± 13.25
1.70 ± 0.19
260.25 ± 29.23
53.38 ± 5.00
10.73 ± 0.28
1.27 ± 0.06
65.37 ± 4.87
1.03 ± 0.03
Low
212.07 ± 43.65
57.36 ± 4.48
58.24 ± 5.65
1.58 ± 0.13
329.25 ± 35.61
47.50 ± 0.72
9.14 ± 0.16
1.36 ± 0.10
58.01 ± 0.79
1.10 ± 0.03
2012
High
272.64 ± 8.04
47.19 ± 4.19
50.11 ± 2.19
5.48 ± 0.40
375.43 ± 11.31
19.37 ± 2.87
4.31 ± 0.38
3.23 ± 0.22
26.90 ± 2.42
1.54 ± 0.03
Low
270.87 ± 9.53
44.74 ± 3.83
45.75 ± 2.43
3.86 ± 0.19
365.22 ± 13.38
24.49 ± 0.93
3.32 ± 0.18
7.21 ± 1.09
35.01 ± 1.80
1.62 ± 0.02
2013
High
87.34 ± 3.01
17.29 ± 0.68
19.13 ± 0.96
2.83 ± 0.08
126.58 ± 4.49
14.11 ± 2.84
5.39 ± 0.84
4.17 ± 1.63
23.67 ± 3.00
0.14 ± 0.01
Low
74.42 ± 5.72
14.36 ± 0.70
16.52 ± 0.84
2.61 ± 0.11
107.91 ± 6.51
47.12 ± 5.68
14.78 ± 2.29
1.67 ± 0.14
63.57 ± 8.01
0.07 ± 0.01
Bluecrop
2011
High
143.98 ± 6.59
45.68 ± 3.12
54.16 ± 1.24
0.56 ± 0.02
244.38 ± 6.69
60.98 ± 1.27
5.44 ± 0.12
2.00 ± 0.21
68.42 ± 1.24
1.02 ± 0.04
Low
151.49 ± 5.79
51.32 ± 2.00
49.18 ± 4.62
0.40 ± 0.06
252.39 ± 12.09
51.85 ± 2.11
4.73 ± 0.19
1.55 ± 0.08
58.14 ± 2.28
1.08 ± 0.06
2012
High
281.50 ± 7.80
46.12 ± 2.98
53.66 ± 2.54
5.99 ± 0.31
387.27 ± 10.30
25.27 ± 1.60
3.79 ± 0.40
3.00 ± 0.39
32.06 ± 1.77
1.60 ± 0.03
Low
235.51 ± 4.92
37.63 ± 3.25
42.97 ± 4.87
4.79 ± 0.33
320.90 ± 6.02
31.03 ± 1.27
3.72 ± 0.19
6.92 ± 2.38
41.67 ± 3.34
1.70 ± 0.06
2013
High
77.93 ± 3.71
16.37 ± 0.58
16.87 ± 0.87
3.46 ± 0.14
114.62 ± 4.57
55.27 ± 3.97
7.22 ± 0.51
2.15 ± 0.28
64.64 ± 4.43
0.19 ± 0.01
Low
73.53 ± 5.20
14.24 ± 1.22
16.07 ± 1.41
2.80 ± 0.09
106.64 ± 7.50
69.65 ± 7.06
6.95 ± 1.36
1.19 ± 0.32
77.79 ± 8.69
0.19 ± 0.02
Goldtraube
2011
High
154.37 ± 4.89
52.35 ± 4.67
52.16 ± 3.59
7.90 ± 0.47
266.77 ± 12.82
57.73 ± 1.83
3.61 ± 0.13
1.02 ± 0.09
62.36 ± 1.88
1.27 ± 0.06
Low
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
2012
High
256.44 ± 12.02
38.71 ± 2.32
45.83 ± 1.62
6.06 ± 0.28
346.89 ± 13.95
38.86 ± 1.96
2.93 ± 0.33
2.45 ± 0.65
44.24 ± 1.19
1.58 ± 0.08
Low
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
2013
High
75.28 ± 4.33
14.57 ± 1.09
17.42 ± 1.75
2.92 ± 0.31
110.19 ± 7.18
87.81 ± 4.69
12.05 ± 1.08
4.49 ± 1.30
104.35 ± 6.94
0.15 ± 0.05
Low
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Ozarkblue
2011
High
146.74 ± 14.89
53.94 ± 1.33
54.62 ± 5.59
3.17 ± 0.33
258.48 ± 21.97
44.00 ± 0.37
3.12 ± 0.43
1.90 ± 0.24
49.00 ± 0.33
1.43 ± 0.20
Low
150.80 ± 2.55
54.25 ± 0.66
58.52 ± 2.14
4.47 ± 0.07
268.04 ± 5.42
48.17 ± 0.10
2.86 ± 0.12
1.46 ± 0.02
52.49 ± 0.10
1.26 ± 0.06
2012
High
282.79 ± 2.52
45.05 ± 1.50
54.84 ± 3.56
4.24 ± 0.18
386.9 ± 3.80
35.60 ± 1.16
3.19 ± 0.33
4.28 ± 0.45
43.07 ± 1.46
1.36 ± 0.02
Low
304.52 ± 6.51
49.46 ± 3.86
55.66 ± 4.98
4.17 ± 0.36
413.81 ± 9.49
13.34 ± 0.53
3.30 ± 0.20
1.66 ± 0.26
18.30 ± 0.96
1.47 ± 0.06
2013
High
70.40 ± 1.38
13.86 ± 0.25
11.40 ± 0.98
1.70 ± 0.80
97.36 ± 1.69
74.92 ± 2.97
8.43 ± 1.18
1.85 ± 0.40
85.19 ± 4.47
0.32 ± 0.01
Low
64.06 ± 1.86
15.36 ± 0.78
16.58 ± 0.13
2.08 ± 0.02
98.07 ± 1.19
75.11 ± 2.34
11.56 ± 1.07
5.61 ± 0.70
92.29 ± 2.57
0.06 ± 0.01
p (C
v
∗
Y)
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
p (C
v
∗
A)
0.0676
0.8336
0.1469
0.0012
0.0475
0.0024
0.0196
0.7237
0.0027
0.0623
p (C
v
∗
Y
∗
A)
0.0012
0.3242
0.3468
0.0216
0.0006
0.0001
0.0001
0.0004
0.0001
0.0133
nd, not determined.Table 4
Effect of cultivar, harvest year, and altitude on free sugars, organic acids, and vitamin C (mg·g−1 DM) for blueberry cultivars. Means (n
=
6) ± SEM (standard error of the mean).
Free sugars
Organic acids
Vitamin C
Fructose
Glucose
Galactose
Sucrose
Total free sugars
Citric acid
Quinic acid
Malic acid
Total organic acids
Cultivar (Cv)
Duke
178.21 ± 15.37b
35.04 ± 3.03a
36.81 ± 2.98a
3.43 ± 0.25a
253.48
±
20.48
a
28.71
±
2.82
a
7.10 ± 0.80b
3.55 ± 0.54a
39.36 ± 3.28a
0.88 ± 0.11a
Bluecrop
165.99 ± 14.90a
32.35 ± 2.65a
36.08 ± 3.05a
3.71 ± 0.33a
238.13
±
19.84
a
46.32
±
3.21
b
5.39 ± 0.37a
2.93 ± 0.50a
54.63 ± 3.37b
0.94 ± 0.11a
Goldtraube
161.98 ± 18.47a
35.21 ± 4.14a
38.47 ± 3.91a
5.63 ± 0.54b
241.28
±
24.67
a
61.47
±
5.17
c
6.20 ± 1.07a
b
2.65 ± 0.57a
70.31 ± 6.52c
1.00 ± 0.15a
Ozarkblue
169.88 ± 22.89a
b
38.65 ± 4.24a
41.94 ± 4.97a
3.31 ± 0.27a
253.78
±
30.28
a
48.52
±
5.30
b
5.41 ± 0.85a
2.79 ± 0.41a
56.73 ± 6.16b
0.98 ± 0.14a
p (C
v)
0.0193
0.1215
0.4659
0.0001
0.0685
0.0001
0.0054
0.9234
0.0001
0.0516
Year (Y)
2011
158.71 ± 6.79b
52.35 ± 1.45c
53.77 ± 2.00c
3.46
±
0.61
b
268.29
±
8.08
b
52.67
±
1.36
b
5.40 ± 0.58b
1.45 ± 0.08a
59.52 ± 1.46b
1.18 ± 0.04b
2012
269.65 ± 4.22c
44.04 ± 1.44b
49.35 ± 1.27b
5.16 ± 0.18c
368.20
±
5.75
c
26.54 ± 1.38a
3.62 ± 0.15a
4.13 ± 0.48c
34.29 ± 1.39a
1.58 ± 0.02c
2013
76.91 ± 1.83a
15.47 ± 0.36a
16.85 ± 0.51a
2.81 ± 0.09a
112.04
±
2.53
a
54.81 ± 4.21b
8.96 ± 0.67c
2.94 ± 0.47b
66.70 ± 4.63b
0.16 ± 0.01a
p (Y)
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0049
0.0001
0.0001
Altitude (A)
High
170.87 ± 10.69a
34.88 ± 2.05a
38.10 ± 2.20a
4.28 ± 0.25b
248.12
±
14.27
a
42.60 ± 2.86a
5.66 ± 0.38a
2.82 ± 0.28a
51.08 ± 3.09a
0.94 ± 0.08a
Low
168.58 ± 14.46a
34.59 ± 2.85a
37.00 ± 2.94a
3.14 ± 0.22a
243.30
±
19.10
a
44.66 ± 3.27a
6.86 ± 0.79a
3.51 ± 0.57a
55.02 ± 3.65a
0.93 ± 0.11a
p (A)
0.8988
0.9338
0.7621
0.0026
0.8427
0.6500
0.1250
0.2217
0.0729
0.9730
Different letters indicate significantly different values atp
<
0.05.Fructose is more than 1.5 times sweeter than sucrose and is the sweetest of all naturally occurring carbohydrates and is the most water soluble of all sugars [33]. Although not as sweet as fructose, glucose is the primary energy source and is the main sugar used as precursor in biosynthesis of several important substances such as vitamins, proteins, and lipids.Significant differences (p
<
0.0001) in all free sugars were found within the 3 consecutive years (Table 4). The accumulation of total free sugars was higher in 2012 (368.2 mg·g−1 DM) and the lowest contents of all free sugars were observed in 2013 (Table 4). The year 2011 promoted the accumulation of glucose and galactose (52.4 and 53.8 mg·g−1 DM, resp.) in blueberry cultivars and in the year 2012 the contents of fructose and sucrose (269.7 and 5.2 mg·g−1 DM, resp.) were higher.Seasonal differences in temperature and rainfall had large impact on the accumulation of sugars and other compounds [34, 35]. The period between March and July 2011 showed similar values of temperature but lower rates of precipitation compared to the same period of 2012 and 2013 (Table 1), particularly near to the crop harvesting (June-July), which could explain the variations found in free sugars among the years and cultivars (Tables 3 and 4). Based on our results it seems that lower rainfall associated with higher solar radiation RO (Table 1) seems to favour the accumulation of free sugars. A linear tendency among years was not found but if the first and the third year of production are compared a decrease in glucose, galactose, and fructose can be observed in all cultivars in both altitudes. A similar trend was registered for sucrose in “Goldtraube” cultivar in high altitude (missing data in low altitude) and “Ozarkblue” cultivar in both altitudes (Table 3). These results suggest that the climate factors, rainfall, and temperature associated with radiation affect free sugars content.In general, the altitude did not play an important role (Table4) as it appears to affect only the sucrose content (p
<
0.05) that was higher at higher altitude (4.3 mg·g−1 DM) than at lower altitude (3.1 mg·g−1 DM). Recent study verified that the altitude did not affect the soluble solid content (SSC) in strawberry as proposed by Guerrero-Chavez et al. [36]. Nevertheless, Mikulic-Petkovsek et al. [37] mentioned that bilberries growing in sites in low altitude contained higher levels of total sugars, compared with bilberry fruit in high altitude, which can be related to high light intensity of the location, contributing to increased photosynthetic activity and primary metabolite accumulation.The interactions between the origins of variation cultivar (Cv), years (Y), and altitude (A) were significantly different (p
<
0.0001) for the interaction Cv ∗ Y in all free sugars and in total free sugars. The interaction Cv ∗ A was significant (p
<
0.05) only for sucrose and total free sugars. A significant (p
<
0.05) interaction between cultivar, harvest year, and altitude on fructose, sucrose, and total free sugars contents was found (Table 3). For these parameters the highest fructose content and the highest total free sugars were found in the “Ozarkblue” cultivar in 2012 at low altitude (304.5 mg·g−1 DM and 413.8 mg·g−1 DM, resp.) and the highest amount of sucrose in the “Goldtraube” cultivar in 2011 at high altitude (missing data in low altitude) (7.9 mg·g−1 DM).


## 3.3. Organic Acids in Blueberry Cultivars

The contents of quinic acid, malic acid, citric acid, and total organic acids in the four blueberry cultivars grown at two altitudes and harvest in three years are presented in Table3. The mean organic acid composition for the four blueberry cultivars was citric acid 83.7%, quinic acid 10.9%, and malic acid 5.4%. Ehlenfeldt et al. [21] reported that highbush blueberries are characterized by high citric acid values (around 80%) and a small concentration of succinic, quinic, and malic acids.Significant differences (p
>
0.05) among cultivars in the contents of quinic acid, citric, acid and total organic acid were found (Table 4). The “Duke” cultivar had the highest quinic acid content (7.1 mg·g−1 DM) and the “Bluecrop” cultivar had the lowest one (5.4 mg·g−1 DM). Citric acid ranged from 28.7 mg·g−1 DM in “Duke” to 61.5 mg·g−1 DM in “Goldtraube.” The total organic acids content ranged from 39.4 mg·g−1 DM in “Duke” to 70.3 mg·g−1 DM in “Goldtraube.” The amounts of organic acids such as citric and malic acid described for cultivars “Duke” and “Bluecrop” by Wang et al. [32] are lower than that obtained in our work and in general for highbush blueberries [17]. Organic acids are related to maturation, in particular malic acid, which confers the bitter taste, although the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness. Previous studies done by Kafkas et al. [38] reported in blackberries values of malic acid content (4.0 mg·g−1 DM) similar to our results.Significant differences (p
<
0.05) in all organic acids were found within years (Table 4). As climate conditions seem to have influence on the accumulation of sugars in blueberries, also organic acids appear to be affected by the harvest year. The contents of quinic and citric acids were higher in 2013 (9.0 and 54.8 mg·g−1 DM, resp.) when comparing with the other two years of harvest (2011 and 2012). In the year 2012 the content of malic acid was the highest (4.1 mg·g−1 DM) but the higher accumulation of total organic acids was in 2013 (66.7 mg·g−1 DM). The citric acid was negatively correlated with fructose which was expected as during ripeness stage the sugar contents increase and organic acids contents decrease (data not shown [39, 40]).No significant impact of two different altitudes on three-year mean values of the studied chemical parameters was found (Table4). Conversely, Mikulic-Petkovsek et al. [37] reported that bilberry fruits from high altitude had more organic acids content, compared with bilberry fruit from in low altitude.When evaluating the interactions between different origins of variation (Cv, Y, and A), a significant influence of the Cv∗ Y interaction on single as well as total organic acids contents was observed (Table 3). Indeed, in 2012 the “Goldtraube” cultivar grown at higher altitude showed the highest values of citric acids and total organic acids (87.8 and 104.4 mg·g−1 DM, resp.) while the “Ozarkblue” cultivar, at lower altitude, showed the lowest values (13.3 mg·g−1 DM to citric acid and 18.3 mg·g−1 DM to total acids).


## 3.4. Vitamin C in Blueberry Cultivars

The vitamin C was detected in all cultivars and its content ranged from 0.88 mg·g−1 DM in “Duke” to 1.0 mg·g−1 DM in “Goldtraube” (Table 4). There were no significant differences (p
>
0.05) in the concentration of vitamin C among the four blueberry cultivars. Prior et al. [8] found vitamin C content of 7.2 mg·100 g−1 DM in “Duke” and 8.1 mg·100 g−1 DM in “Bluecrop” while Sinelli et al. [41] referred values of vitamin C between 0.05 and 8.0 mg·100 g−1 DM in highbush blueberries. Kafkas et al. [38] evaluated the content of vitamin C in five blackberry cultivars and its concentration varied between 2.5 and 14.9 mg·g−1 DM. In all of these studies, a significant variability among cultivars was observed.The content of vitamin C was also evaluated over the three years at the different altitudes (Table4). Results showed a higher variation in vitamin C content with the year of harvest (p
<
0.0001) than with altitudes (p
>
0.05). The content of vitamin C (1.6 mg·g−1 DM) was higher in 2012 comparing with the other two years (2011 and 2013). In general, in horticultural crops, light intensities increase the content of vitamin C [9]. In 2011 and 2012 there was, on average, a higher value of millijoule per square meter for solar radiation and bright sunshine duration in hours than in 2013 (Table 1).These results seem to confirm that altitude did not play an important role in vitamin C synthesis and for other organic compounds, whilst light, temperature, and precipitation (climate conditions) seem to have more influence.Results showed significant interactions between different origins of variation (Cv, Y, and A), Cv∗ Y ∗ A and Cv ∗ Y on vitamin C content (Table 3). In fact, the highest content of vitamin C (1.7 mg·g−1 DM in “Bluecrop” cultivar in 2012) and the lowest one (0.06 mg·g−1 DM in “Ozarkblue” cultivar in 2013) were obtained at low altitude.


## 3.5. Principal Component Analysis

All the nutritional and chemical composition data of the four blueberry cultivars in the three consecutive years of study in the two altitudes and climatic factors were evaluated using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This analysis allowed us to correlate the climatic factors and quality parameters of the fruits. In a PCA, if the first three components accumulate a percentage, in general above 70% of the total variation, they satisfactorily explain the variability among the samples tested [42].The two first components of PCA showed that fructose, glucose, galactose, and vitamin C were positively connected (Figure2(a)) in a 77.4% of probability. Galdón et al. [39] and Ramaiya et al. [43] have also reported a high and positive correlation between sugars and vitamin C. Citric and quinic acids were negatively correlated in principal component 1 (PC1), while the malic acid was positively correlated with PC1 and PC2. The correlation between malic acid and other acids was negative. These results showed a direct association between free sugars and vitamin C contents and between citric and quinic acids. Free sugars were in general positively correlated with each other and negatively associated with organic acids. This tendency confirms the idea that, with fruit growth, organic acids are degraded and sourness decreases, while sugars are synthesized and sweetness increases.Figure 2
(a) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) obtained by analysis of free sugars, organic acids, and vitamin C data for four blueberry cultivars harvested in 2011–13. ((b) and (c)) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) obtained by analysis of total free sugars, total organic acids, fresh volume, Ppt (quantity of rainfall),T
m (mean temperature), T
m
a
x (maximum temperature), and T
m
i
n (minimum temperature) data for four blueberry cultivars harvested in 2011–13.
(a)
(b)
(c)A PCA (Figure2(b)) integrating total free sugars, total organic acids, fresh volume, quantity of rainfall (Ppt), mean temperature (T
m), maximum temperature (T
m
a
x), and minimum temperature (T
m
i
n) was performed. In this analysis, the first component accounted for 36.6% of the total variance and the second for 28.2%, representing the first two factorial axes (PC1 and PC2) 64.8% of the total variance (Figure 2(b)). Since this value was lower than 70%, the analysis including the PC3 was also performed (Figure 2(c)). In Figures 2(b) and 2(c), it was possible to verify the formation of three groups. The correlation between total free sugars with energy was positive. This could explain why the major source of energy in blueberries is sugars. This is very important from nutritional point of view because blueberries can have content of energy with low content of crude fat. Total free sugars, energy, and temperature were positively correlated in PC1 which could explain the association between the temperatures increase with the accumulation of free sugars (Figure 2(b)). The quantity of rainfall and fruit fresh volume was positively correlated in PC2 and PC3 (Figures 2(b) and 2(c)) that showed a direct association between the precipitation and blueberries’ volume. The total free sugars were positively correlated in PC1 and PC2 but negatively in PC3 and the total organic acids were negatively correlated in PC1 and PC2 and positively in PC3 (Figures 2(b) and 2(c)).Studies related to altitude have given contradictory results in terms of fruit quality as phenolic compounds content [44–46]. Rieger et al. [44] mentioned that the content of anthocyanins in bilberries decreased alongside increasing altitude. Conversely, Martz et al. [45] reported that leaves of plants growing in higher altitudes (high-light-intensity sites) accumulate more total phenolics than plants growing in lower altitudes (low-light-intensity sites). Zoratti et al. [46] reported that there was an increasing accumulation of anthocyanins in wild bilberries and highbush blueberry alongside increasing altitude. However, the accumulation was due to a significant increase in delphinidin and malvidin glycosides, whereas the accumulation of cyanidin and peonidin glycosides was not affected by altitude. Nevertheless, seasonal differences, especially temperature, had a major influence on the accumulation of sugar, organic acids, and anthocyanins in blueberries.In conclusion, the blueberries are exceptionally rich sources of vitamin C and organic acids and poor in fat presenting an interesting nutritional alternative. The fructose and the glucose were the predominant sugars and citric acid was the major organic acid. The “Ozarkblue” cultivar had higher mass and volume and the “Bluecrop” cultivar was the richest in protein and fat. The fructose sugar was present in greater amounts in “Duke” cultivar and the “Goldtraube” cultivar (missing data in low altitude) features more sucrose and organic acids. Free sugars, organic acids, and vitamin C contents were significantly influenced by the harvest year and climate conditions but the altitude did not seem to have much influence on blueberry quality. Based on PCA, free sugars were positively correlated each other with vitamin C and energy and showed a negative correlation with organic acids (citric and quinic acids). In blueberries, the accumulation of free sugars and the energy content increase with the temperature and the fresh volume increases with the rainfall. Blueberry fruits have vitamin C, since it in combination with other compounds, namely, phenolics, is responsible for the fruit antioxidant proprieties. These quality attributes present a great opportunity for genetic improvement of blueberries through breeding programs. Our findings together with several reports [47–51] on berry primary and secondary metabolites reinforce the knowledge about the nutritional value of blueberries as acting as natural antimicrobial and health protect agents which could offer many new applications as functional foods for the consumers, in food industry and medicine.



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*Source: 8648609-2016-05-09.xml*