# Spatial Behavior of a Coupled System of Wave-Plate Type

Authors: Gusheng Tang; Yan Liu; Wenhui Liao
Journal: Abstract and Applied Analysis
 (2014)

---

## Abstract

The spatial behavior of a coupled system of wave-plate type is studied. We get the alternative results of Phragmén-Lindelöf  type in terms of an area measure of the amplitude in question based on a first-order differential inequality. We also get the spatial decay estimates based on a second-order differential inequality.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction and Preliminaries

Principle of Saint-Venant type used to be one of the most popular subjects of applied mathematics and mechanics in the 1960–1980s. A great number of investigation results have expanded enormously the classical Saint-Venant principle. For a review of recent work on Saint-Venant’s principle, one may refer to the review papers by Horgan [1, 2] and Horgan and Knowles [3]. A common feature of Saint-Venant-type theorems is to establish the exponential decay estimates of energy with axial distance from the near end of a semi-infinite strip or cylinder. Furthermore, all papers need to impose a priori decay assumption at infinity. In recent years, the investigations of Saint-Venant principle are mainly on the studies of the Phragmén-Lindelöf alternative principle. The classical Phragmén-Lindelöf theorem has also extensively extended by numerous investigation results. It shows that Phragmén-Lindelöf alternative principle is of theoretical and applied significance in physics mechanics and other applied sciences. The spatial behaviour for several types of partial differential equations and systems has been the subject of extensive investigating in the literature for close to a century and a half. These studies were motivated by a desire to formulate Saint-Venant and Phragmén-Lindelöf-type principles. Roughly speaking, these results assert that the solution of the problem decays exponentially with distance from the boundary. For a more complete view for the spatial behavior, one could refer to [4–8].A spatial behavior study for the transient heat conduction was first given by Edelstein [9]. Since then, many works have been devoted to study the spatial behaviour of parabolic equations (see [10, 11]). Little attention has been paid to the study of the hyperbolic equations. Horgan [1, 2] and Horgan and Knowles [3] point out the paucity of Saint-Venant-type results for hyperbolic system of the kind describing elastic wave propagation. The first contribution in hyperbolic equations concerning the Saint-Venant’s principle may be due to Knops and Payne [12]. In recent years, the study of end decay effects for hyperbolic and quasihyperbolic equations has grown in a relevant form. It is worth recalling some recent contributions concerning the spatial behavior of viscoelasticity equations; one could refer to [13–16].The biharmonic equation has important applications in the study of the applied mathematics and mechanics. Many studies and various methods have been proposed for researching the spatial behaviour for the solutions of the biharmonic equations in a semi-infinite strip inR
2. We mention the studies by Knowles [17, 18], Flavin [19], Flavin and Knops [20], Horgan [21], Payne and Schaefer [22], and Varlamov [23]. Additional references may be found in the review papers [1–3]. We note that some time-dependent problems concerning the biharmonic operator are considered in the literature; we mention the papers by Lin [10] and Knops and Lupoli [24] in connection with the spatial behaviour of solutions for a fourth-order transformed problem associated with the slow flow of an incompressible viscous fluid along a semi-infinite strip. In recent years, Song in his paper [25, 26] improved the result obtained by Lin in [10] for the time-dependent Stokes flow.In this paper, the spatial behavior of solutions of the fourth-order hyperbolic equations is studied. Growth and decay estimates are established associating some appropriate cross-sectional line and area integral measures. The method of the proof is based on a first-order differential inequality leading to an alternative of Phragmén-Lindelöf type in terms of an area measure of the amplitude in question. We also get the spatial decay estimates based on a second-order differential inequality, and we also indicate how to bound the total energy.In the present paper, the comma is used to indicate partial differentiation and the differentiation with respect to the directionx
k is denoted as, k; thus u
,
α denotes ∂
u
/
∂
x
α, and u
,
t denotes ∂
u
/
∂
t. The usual summation convection is employed with repeated Greek subscripts α summed from 1 to 2. Hence, u
α
,
α
=
∑
α
=
1
2
(
∂
u
α
/
∂
x
α
).


## 2. Formulation

We consider the problem on an unbounded regionΩ
0 defined by
(1)
Ω
0
:
=
{
(
x
1
,
x
2
)
∣
x
1
>
0
,
0
<
x
2
<
h
}
,
where h is a fixed constant, and we introduce the notation
(2)
L
z
=
{
(
x
1
,
x
2
)
∣
x
1
=
z
≥
0
,
0
≤
x
2
≤
h
}
.We consider the problem in the time interval[
0
,
T
], where T is a fixed positive constant.In [27], the authors studied the analytic property and the exponential stability of the C
0-semigroup associated with the following coupled system of wave-plate type with thermal effect:
(3)
ρ
1
u
,
t
t
-
Δ
u
-
μ
Δ
u
,
t
+
a
Δ
v
=
0
,
ρ
2
v
,
t
t
+
γ
Δ
2
v
+
a
Δ
u
+
m
Δ
θ
=
0
,
τ
θ
,
t
-
k
Δ
θ
-
m
Δ
v
,
t
=
0
.The above model can be used to describe the evolution of a system consisting of an elastic membrane and an elastic plate, subject to an elastic force that attracts the membrane to the plate with coefficienta, subject to a thermal effect (see [28]). Here u and v represent the vertical deflections of the membrane and of the plate, respectively. θ denotes the difference of temperature. The coefficients ρ
1, ρ
2, μ, a, γ, m, τ, and k are nonnegative constants.Their main result obtained in [27] was that the semigroup associated with the system is analytic. This is to say that the exponential stability of the associated energy and also the so-called spectrum determined growth property (SDG property) of the corresponding semigroup.In the present paper, we consider the system (4)–(6) with the case τ
=
0. The equations are
(4)
ρ
1
u
,
t
t
-
Δ
u
-
μ
Δ
u
,
t
+
a
Δ
v
=
0
,
(5)
ρ
2
v
,
t
t
+
γ
Δ
2
v
+
a
Δ
u
-
m
2
k
Δ
v
,
t
=
0
,
and the initial boundary conditions are
(6)
u
(
x
1
,
0
,
t
)
=
v
(
x
1
,
0
,
t
)
=
v
,
2
(
x
1
,
0
,
t
)
=
0
x
1
>
0
,
t
>
0
,
u
(
x
1
,
h
,
t
)
=
v
(
x
1
,
h
,
t
)
=
v
,
2
(
x
1
,
h
,
t
)
=
0
x
1
>
0
,
t
>
0
,
u
(
0
,
x
2
,
t
)
=
g
1
(
x
2
,
t
)
0
≤
x
2
≤
h
,
t
>
0
,
v
(
0
,
x
2
,
t
)
=
g
2
(
x
2
,
t
)
0
≤
x
2
≤
h
,
t
>
0
,
v
,
1
(
0
,
x
2
,
t
)
=
g
3
(
x
2
,
t
)
0
≤
x
2
≤
h
,
t
>
0
,
u
(
x
1
,
x
2
,
0
)
=
v
(
x
1
,
x
2
,
0
)
=
u
,
t
(
x
1
,
x
2
,
0
)
=
v
,
t
(
x
1
,
x
2
,
0
)
=
0
dddddddd
0
≤
x
2
≤
h
,
x
1
>
0
.HereΔ is the harmonic operator, and Δ
2 is the biharmonic operator.In this paper, we consider the classical solutions to the problem (4)–(6). g
i
(
x
2
,
t
)  i
=
1,2
,
3 are prescribed functions satisfying the compatibility:
(7)
g
1
(
0
,
t
)
=
g
1
(
h
,
t
)
=
g
1,2
(
0
,
t
)
=
g
1,2
(
h
,
t
)
=
0
,
g
2
(
0
,
t
)
=
g
2
(
h
,
t
)
=
g
2,2
(
0
,
t
)
=
g
2,2
(
h
,
t
)
=
0
,
g
3
(
0
,
t
)
=
g
3
(
h
,
t
)
=
g
3,2
(
0
,
t
)
=
g
3,2
(
h
,
t
)
=
0
,
g
1
(
x
2
,
0
)
=
g
2
(
x
2
,
0
)
=
g
3
(
x
2
,
0
)
=
0
.We will use the Poincare inequality; we recall that the estimate(8)
∫
0
h
‍
u
2
d
ξ
≤
h
2
π
2
∫
0
h
‍
(
d
u
d
ξ
)
2
d
ξ
is satisfied for smooth functions u
(
ξ
) such that u
(
0
)
=
0 (see [2]).On using the divergence theorem and the initial-boundary conditions (4)–(6), it leads to
(9)
0
=
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
η
(
ρ
1
u
,
η
η
-
u
,
α
α
-
μ
u
,
α
α
η
+
a
v
,
α
α
)
d
A
d
η
=
ρ
1
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
η
2
d
A
|
η
=
t
+
1
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
-
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
+
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
0
‍
u
,
η
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
+
μ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
η
u
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
-
μ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
u
,
1
η
d
x
2
d
η
+
μ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
0
‍
u
,
η
u
,
1
η
d
x
2
d
η
+
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
η
v
,
α
α
d
A
d
η
.We can also get(10)
0
=
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
η
(
ρ
2
v
,
η
η
+
γ
v
,
α
α
β
β
+
a
u
,
α
α
-
m
2
k
v
,
α
α
η
)
d
A
d
η
=
ρ
2
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
η
2
d
A
|
η
=
t
+
γ
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
|
η
=
t
-
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
η
v
,
1
α
d
x
2
d
η
+
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
0
‍
v
,
α
η
v
,
1
α
d
x
2
d
η
+
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
η
v
,
1
β
β
d
x
2
d
η
-
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
0
‍
v
,
η
v
,
1
β
β
d
x
2
d
η
+
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
η
u
,
α
α
d
A
d
η
+
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
α
η
v
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
-
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
η
v
,
1
η
d
x
2
d
η
+
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
0
‍
v
,
η
v
,
1
η
d
x
2
d
η
.Integrating by parts, we can get(11)
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
η
v
,
α
α
d
A
d
η
=
-
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
η
v
,
α
d
A
d
η
+
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
v
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
-
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
0
‍
u
,
η
v
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
=
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
v
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
-
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
v
,
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
+
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
v
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
-
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
0
‍
u
,
η
v
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
,
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
η
u
,
α
α
d
A
d
η
=
-
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
α
η
u
,
α
d
A
d
η
+
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
η
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
-
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
0
‍
v
,
η
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
.Combining the above computations, we define a function(12)
ϕ
1
(
z
,
t
)
=
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
+
μ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
u
,
1
η
d
x
2
d
η
-
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
v
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
+
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
η
v
,
1
α
d
x
2
d
η
-
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
η
v
,
1
β
β
d
x
2
d
η
+
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
η
v
,
1
η
d
x
2
d
η
-
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
η
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
=
ρ
1
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
η
2
d
A
|
η
=
t
+
1
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
+
μ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
η
u
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
+
ρ
2
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
η
2
d
A
|
η
=
t
+
γ
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
|
η
=
t
+
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
α
η
v
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
-
a
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
v
,
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
+
ϕ
1
(
z
0
,
t
)
.We can also get(13)
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
11
(
ρ
2
v
,
η
η
m
2
k
+
γ
v
,
α
α
β
β
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
+
a
u
,
α
α
-
m
2
k
v
,
α
α
η
)
d
A
d
η
=
0
.We have(14)
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
ρ
2
v
,
11
v
,
η
η
d
A
d
η
=
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
ρ
2
v
,
1
η
v
,
1
η
d
A
d
η
-
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
ρ
2
v
,
1
η
v
,
η
d
x
2
d
η
+
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
0
‍
ρ
2
v
,
1
η
v
,
η
d
x
2
d
η
+
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
ρ
2
v
,
11
v
,
η
d
A
|
η
=
t
,
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
11
(
γ
v
,
α
α
β
β
-
m
2
k
v
,
α
α
η
)
d
A
d
η
=
-
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
1
α
β
v
,
1
α
β
d
A
d
η
-
m
2
2
k
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
1
α
v
,
1
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
+
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
γ
v
,
α
2
v
,
1
α
2
d
x
2
d
η
+
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
12
v
,
2
η
d
x
2
d
η
+
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
11
v
,
1
β
β
d
x
2
d
η
-
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
0
‍
γ
v
,
α
2
v
,
1
α
2
d
x
2
d
η
-
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
0
‍
v
,
12
v
,
2
η
d
x
2
d
η
-
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
0
‍
v
,
11
v
,
1
β
β
d
x
2
d
η
,
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
a
v
,
11
u
,
α
α
d
A
d
η
=
-
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
a
v
,
11
α
u
,
α
d
A
d
η
+
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
a
v
,
11
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
-
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
0
‍
a
v
,
11
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
.We now define another function:(15)
ϕ
2
(
z
,
t
)
=
-
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
ρ
2
v
,
1
η
v
,
η
d
x
2
d
η
+
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
γ
v
,
α
2
v
,
1
α
2
d
x
2
d
η
+
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
12
v
,
2
η
d
x
2
d
η
+
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
11
v
,
1
β
β
d
x
2
d
η
+
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
11
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
=
-
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
ρ
2
v
,
1
η
v
,
1
η
d
A
d
η
-
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
ρ
2
v
,
11
v
,
η
d
A
|
η
=
t
+
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
1
α
β
v
,
1
α
β
d
A
d
η
+
m
2
2
k
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
1
α
v
,
1
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
+
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
a
v
,
11
α
u
,
α
d
A
d
η
+
ϕ
2
(
z
0
,
t
)
.We define a new function:(16)
Φ
(
z
,
t
)
=
ϕ
1
(
z
,
t
)
+
λ
ϕ
2
(
z
,
t
)
=
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
+
μ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
u
,
1
η
d
x
2
d
η
-
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
v
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
+
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
η
v
,
1
α
d
x
2
d
η
+
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
η
v
,
1
β
β
d
x
2
d
η
+
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
η
v
,
1
η
d
x
2
d
η
-
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
-
λ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
ρ
2
v
,
1
η
v
,
η
d
x
2
d
η
+
λ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
γ
v
,
α
2
v
,
1
α
2
d
x
2
d
η
+
λ
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
12
v
,
2
η
d
x
2
d
η
+
λ
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
11
v
,
1
β
β
d
x
2
d
η
+
a
λ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
11
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
=
ρ
1
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
η
2
d
A
|
η
=
t
+
1
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
+
μ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
η
u
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
+
ρ
2
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
η
2
d
A
|
η
=
t
+
γ
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
|
η
=
t
+
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
α
η
v
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
-
a
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
v
,
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
-
λ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
ρ
2
v
,
1
η
v
,
1
η
d
A
d
η
-
λ
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
ρ
2
v
,
11
v
,
η
d
A
|
η
=
t
+
λ
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
1
α
β
v
,
1
α
β
d
A
d
η
+
λ
m
2
2
k
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
1
α
v
,
1
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
+
λ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
a
v
,
11
α
u
,
α
d
A
d
η
+
Φ
(
z
0
,
t
)
,
where λ is a positive constant to be determined later.From (16), we can easily get
(17)
∂
Φ
(
z
,
t
)
∂
z
=
ρ
1
2
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
2
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
+
1
2
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
+
μ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
α
η
u
,
α
η
d
x
2
d
η
+
ρ
2
2
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
η
2
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
+
γ
2
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
+
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
η
v
,
α
η
d
x
2
d
η
-
a
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
α
v
,
α
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
-
λ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
ρ
2
v
,
1
η
v
,
1
η
d
x
2
d
η
-
λ
∫
L
z
‍
ρ
2
v
,
11
v
,
η
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
+
λ
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
1
α
β
v
,
1
α
β
d
x
2
d
η
+
λ
m
2
2
k
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
1
α
v
,
1
α
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
+
λ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
a
v
,
11
α
u
,
α
d
x
2
d
η
.Using the Cauchy’s inequality and the inequality (8), we have
(18)
|
λ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
a
v
,
11
α
u
,
α
d
x
2
d
η
|
≤
λ
γ
4
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
11
α
v
,
11
α
d
x
2
d
η
+
λ
a
2
t
2
π
2
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
α
η
u
,
α
η
d
x
2
d
η
,
|
a
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
α
v
,
α
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
|
≤
1
4
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
+
a
2
h
2
π
2
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
,
|
ρ
2
λ
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
11
v
,
η
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
|
≤
γ
8
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
11
2
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
+
2
ρ
2
2
λ
2
c
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
η
2
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
.For0
≤
t
≤
T, we can choose a and λ satisfying
(19)
ρ
2
λ
≤
m
2
2
k
,
λ
a
2
t
2
π
2
γ
≤
μ
2
,
a
2
h
2
π
2
≤
γ
8
,
ρ
2
λ
2
c
≤
1
8
.Combining the above discussions, we obtain(20)
∂
Φ
(
z
,
t
)
∂
z
≥
ρ
1
4
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
2
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
+
1
4
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
+
μ
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
α
η
u
,
α
η
d
x
2
d
η
+
ρ
2
4
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
η
2
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
+
γ
4
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
+
m
2
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
η
v
,
α
η
d
x
2
d
η
+
λ
γ
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
1
α
β
v
,
1
α
β
d
x
2
d
η
+
λ
m
2
4
k
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
1
α
v
,
1
α
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
.


## 3. Phragmén-Lindelöf Alternative Results

In this part, we will derive the Phragmén-Lindelöf alternative results based on a first-order differential inequality.From the definition ofΦ
(
z
,
t
) in (16), we want to give bounds for items in Φ
(
z
,
t
). Using the Schwarz’s inequality and the inequality (8), we can easily obtain
(21)
|
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
|
≤
h
2
2
π
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
2
η
2
d
x
2
d
η
+
t
2
2
π
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
1
η
2
d
x
2
d
η
,
|
μ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
u
,
1
η
d
x
2
d
η
|
≤
μ
h
2
2
π
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
2
η
2
d
x
2
d
η
+
μ
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
1
η
2
d
x
2
d
η
,
|
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
v
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
|
≤
a
h
2
2
π
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
2
η
2
d
x
2
d
η
+
a
t
2
2
π
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
1
η
2
d
x
2
d
η
,
|
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
η
v
,
1
β
β
d
x
2
d
η
|
≤
γ
h
2
2
π
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
2
η
2
d
x
2
d
η
+
γ
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
1
β
β
2
d
x
2
d
η
,
|
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
η
v
,
1
α
d
x
2
d
η
|
≤
γ
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
η
v
,
α
η
d
x
2
d
η
+
γ
h
2
2
π
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
1
β
2
v
,
1
β
2
d
x
2
d
η
,
|
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
η
v
,
1
η
d
x
2
d
η
|
≤
m
2
h
2
2
k
π
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
2
η
2
d
x
2
d
η
+
m
2
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
1
η
2
d
x
2
d
η
,
|
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
|
≤
a
h
2
2
π
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
2
η
2
d
x
2
d
η
+
a
t
2
2
π
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
1
η
2
d
x
2
d
η
,
|
λ
ρ
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
1
η
v
,
η
d
x
2
d
η
|
≤
λ
ρ
2
2
π
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
1
η
2
d
x
2
d
η
+
λ
ρ
2
h
2
2
π
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
2
η
2
d
x
2
d
η
,
|
λ
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
2
v
,
1
α
2
d
x
2
d
η
|
≤
λ
γ
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
x
2
d
η
+
λ
γ
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
1
α
β
v
,
1
α
β
d
x
2
d
η
,
|
λ
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
12
v
,
2
η
d
x
2
d
η
|
≤
λ
h
2
m
2
2
π
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
122
2
d
x
2
d
η
+
λ
m
2
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
2
η
2
d
x
2
d
η
,
|
λ
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
11
v
,
1
β
β
d
x
2
d
η
|
≤
λ
γ
h
2
2
π
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
112
2
d
x
2
d
η
+
λ
γ
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
1
β
β
2
d
x
2
d
η
,
|
a
λ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
11
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
|
≤
a
λ
h
2
2
π
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
112
2
d
x
2
d
η
+
a
λ
t
2
2
π
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
1
η
2
d
x
2
d
η
.On combining the above computations with (16), we obtain
(22)
|
Φ
(
z
,
t
)
|
≤
k
(
t
)
∂
Φ
(
z
,
t
)
∂
z
+
λ
γ
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
x
2
d
η
,
where
(23)
k
(
t
)
=
max
⁡
{
k
^
1
(
t
)
μ
,
k
^
2
(
t
)
λ
γ
}
with
(24)
k
^
1
(
t
)
=
γ
+
max
⁡
{
λ
2
+
μ
h
2
+
2
a
h
2
+
γ
h
2
+
m
2
h
2
+
λ
ρ
2
h
2
π
2
jjjjjjjjjjj
mmmm
+
λ
m
2
k
,
t
2
+
2
a
t
2
+
λ
ρ
2
+
a
λ
t
2
π
2
+
μ
+
m
2
k
}
,
k
^
2
(
t
)
=
γ
+
γ
h
2
π
2
+
2
λ
γ
+
λ
h
2
m
2
π
2
k
+
λ
γ
h
2
+
a
λ
h
2
π
2
.Using the method proposed in the paper [11], we define a new function:
(25)
M
(
z
,
t
)
=
ρ
1
4
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
2
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
+
1
4
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
+
ρ
2
4
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
η
2
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
+
γ
4
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
+
λ
m
2
4
k
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
1
α
v
,
1
α
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
.Fort
>
0, let t
~ be a value of time between 0 and t, at which function M
(
z
,
t
) gains its maximum value; that is,
(26)
M
(
z
,
t
~
)
=
ρ
1
4
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
2
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
~
+
1
4
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
~
+
ρ
2
4
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
η
2
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
~
+
γ
4
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
~
+
λ
m
2
4
k
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
1
α
v
,
1
α
d
x
2
|
η
=
t
~
=
max
⁡
0
≤
τ
≤
t
{
ρ
1
4
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
η
2
d
x
2
|
η
=
τ
+
1
4
∫
L
z
‍
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
x
2
|
η
=
τ
ggfggg
+
ρ
2
4
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
η
2
d
x
2
|
η
=
τ
hhhhfhh
+
γ
4
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
x
2
|
η
=
τ
ggfgg
+
λ
m
2
4
k
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
1
α
v
,
1
α
d
x
2
|
η
=
τ
}
.We now define(27)
t
*
=
lim
⁡
Z
→
∞
{
sup
⁡
0
≤
z
≤
Z
t
~
(
z
)
}
.From (22), we have
(28)
|
Φ
(
z
,
t
*
)
|
≤
k
(
t
*
)
∂
Φ
(
z
,
t
*
)
∂
z
+
λ
γ
2
∫
0
t
*
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
x
2
d
η
.From the definition oft
*, we have
(29)
λ
γ
2
∫
0
t
*
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
x
2
d
η
≤
2
λ
∫
0
t
*
‍
M
(
z
,
t
)
d
t
≤
2
λ
t
*
M
(
z
,
t
*
)
.On combining (20), (26), (28), and (29), we get
(30)
|
Φ
(
z
,
t
*
)
|
≤
k
(
t
*
)
∂
Φ
(
z
,
t
*
)
∂
z
+
λ
γ
2
∫
0
t
*
‍
∫
L
z
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
x
2
d
η
≤
k
(
t
*
)
∂
Φ
(
z
,
t
*
)
∂
z
+
2
λ
t
*
M
(
z
,
t
*
)
≤
(
k
(
t
*
)
+
2
λ
t
*
)
∂
Φ
(
z
,
t
*
)
∂
z
≤
(
k
(
t
)
+
2
λ
t
)
∂
Φ
(
z
,
t
*
)
∂
z
.The following discussion will be divided into two cases.Case 1.
If there exists a point(
z
1
,
t
*
) such that Φ
(
z
1
,
t
*
)
>
0, then for all z
>
z
1, Φ
(
z
,
t
*
)
>
0. An integration of (30) leads to
(31)
Φ
(
z
,
t
*
)
≥
Φ
(
z
1
,
t
*
)
exp
⁡
(
z
-
z
1
k
(
t
)
+
2
λ
t
)
.Case 2.
If there does not exist a point(
z
1
,
t
*
) such that Φ
(
z
1
,
t
*
)
>
0, then for all z
>
0, Φ
(
z
,
t
*
)
≤
0. We have, from (30),
(32)
-
Φ
(
z
,
t
*
)
≤
-
Φ
(
0
,
t
*
)
exp
⁡
[
-
(
k
(
t
)
+
2
λ
t
)
z
]
.From (31), we can get lim
⁡
z
→
∞
Φ
(
z
,
t
*
)
=
∞; that is to say, for z large enough, we can get
(33)
Φ
(
z
,
t
*
)
≥
2
Φ
(
z
0
,
t
*
)
.From (16), we get
(34)
Φ
(
z
,
t
*
)
≤
2
{
ρ
1
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
η
2
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
gg
+
1
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
hh
+
μ
∫
0
t
*
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
η
u
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
hh
+
ρ
2
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
η
2
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
hhhh
+
γ
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
hh
+
m
2
k
∫
0
t
*
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
α
η
v
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
dd
-
a
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
v
,
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
dd
-
λ
∫
0
t
*
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
ρ
2
v
,
1
η
v
,
1
η
d
A
d
η
ss
-
λ
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
ρ
2
v
,
11
v
,
η
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
ss
+
λ
γ
∫
0
t
*
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
1
α
β
v
,
1
α
β
d
A
d
η
ww
+
λ
m
2
2
k
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
1
α
v
,
1
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
ee
+
λ
∫
0
t
*
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
a
v
,
11
α
u
,
α
d
A
d
η
}
.Following the same procedure as in deriving (20), we easily get
(35)
Φ
(
z
,
t
*
)
≤
3
{
ρ
1
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
η
2
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
ggg
+
1
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
hhhh
+
μ
∫
0
t
*
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
η
u
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
hhhh
+
ρ
2
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
η
2
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
hhhh
+
γ
2
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
hhhh
+
m
2
k
∫
0
t
*
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
α
η
v
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
hhhh
+
λ
γ
∫
0
t
*
‍
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
1
α
β
v
,
1
α
β
d
A
d
η
h
h
h
h
+
λ
m
2
2
k
∫
z
0
z
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
1
α
v
,
1
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
}
=
F
1
(
z
,
t
*
)
.On combining (31) and (35), we get
(36)
exp
⁡
(
z
1
-
z
k
(
t
)
+
2
λ
t
)
F
1
(
z
,
t
*
)
≥
Φ
(
z
1
,
t
*
)
.Clearly, iflim
⁡
z
→
∞
Φ
(
z
,
t
*
)
=
0, we can easily get from (16) that
(37)
-
Φ
(
z
,
t
*
)
≥
1
2
{
ρ
1
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
η
2
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
hhh
+
1
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
hhh
+
μ
∫
0
t
*
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
η
u
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
hhh
+
ρ
2
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
η
2
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
hhhhh
+
γ
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
hhh
+
m
2
k
∫
0
t
*
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
α
η
v
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
hhh
+
λ
γ
∫
0
t
*
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
1
α
β
v
,
1
α
β
d
A
d
η
hhh
+
λ
m
2
2
k
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
1
α
v
,
1
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
}
≥
1
2
{
ρ
1
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
η
2
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
hhhhh
+
1
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
hhhhh
+
ρ
2
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
η
2
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
hhhhh
+
γ
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
h
h
h
h
h
+
λ
m
2
2
k
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
v
,
1
α
v
,
1
α
d
A
|
η
=
t
*
}
=
F
2
(
z
,
t
*
)
.
Summarizing all the results above, we conclude the following theorem.Theorem 1.
Let(
u
,
v
) be classical solution of the initial boundary value problems (4)–(6); then, either
(38)
lim
⁡
z
→
∞
exp
⁡
(
z
1
-
z
k
(
t
)
+
2
λ
t
)
F
1
(
z
,
t
*
)
≥
Φ
(
z
1
,
t
*
)
is satisfied or the “energy” function F
2
(
z
,
t
) satisfies the estimates
(39)
F
2
(
z
,
t
)
≤
F
2
(
z
,
t
*
)
≤
-
Φ
(
0
,
t
*
)
exp
⁡
[
-
(
k
(
t
)
+
2
λ
t
)
z
]
≤
-
Φ
(
0
,
t
)
exp
⁡
[
-
(
k
(
t
)
+
2
λ
t
)
z
]
,
where t
* is a value (see (27)) belonging to (0,t].


## 4. Spatial Decay Estimates

In this part, we can give the spatial decay estimates based on a second-order differential inequality.We add some conditions on the solutions(40)
u
,
u
,
η
,
u
,
α
⟶
0
as
z
⟶
∞
,
v
,
v
,
η
,
v
,
α
η
,
v
,
α
β
⟶
0
as
z
⟶
∞
.From (4), we have
(41)
0
=
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
η
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
h
g
×
(
ρ
1
u
,
η
η
-
u
,
α
α
-
μ
u
,
α
α
η
+
a
v
,
α
α
)
d
A
d
η
=
ρ
1
w
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
η
2
d
A
d
η
+
ρ
1
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
u
,
t
u
,
t
d
A
+
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
η
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
+
w
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
d
η
+
1
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
+
μ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
α
η
u
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
+
μ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
η
u
,
1
η
d
x
2
d
η
+
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
η
v
,
α
α
d
A
d
η
.From (5), we also have
(42)
0
=
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
(
ρ
2
v
,
η
η
m
2
k
+
γ
v
,
α
α
β
β
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
+
a
u
,
α
α
-
m
2
k
v
,
α
α
η
)
d
A
d
η
=
ρ
2
w
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
2
d
A
d
η
+
ρ
2
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
v
,
t
v
,
t
d
A
+
w
γ
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
d
η
+
γ
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
+
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
η
v
,
α
1
d
x
2
d
η
-
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
v
,
1
β
β
d
x
2
d
η
+
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
u
,
α
α
d
A
d
η
+
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
η
v
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
+
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
v
,
1
η
d
A
d
η
.We now tackle the item(43)
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
u
,
α
α
d
A
d
η
=
-
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
η
u
,
α
d
A
d
η
-
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
=
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
α
η
u
d
A
d
η
-
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
+
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
1
η
u
d
x
2
d
η
=
-
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
α
u
,
η
d
A
d
η
+
a
w
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
α
u
d
A
d
η
+
a
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
v
,
α
α
u
d
A
-
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
+
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
1
η
u
d
x
2
d
η
.If we define a new function(44)
E
(
z
,
t
)
=
ρ
1
w
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
η
2
d
A
d
η
+
ρ
1
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
u
,
t
u
,
t
d
A
+
w
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
d
η
+
1
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
+
μ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
α
η
u
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
+
ρ
2
w
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
2
d
A
d
η
+
ρ
2
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
v
,
t
v
,
t
d
A
+
w
γ
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
d
η
+
γ
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
+
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
η
v
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
+
a
w
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
α
u
d
A
d
η
+
a
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
v
,
α
α
u
d
A
,
on combining (44), (42), and (43), we can easily get
(45)
E
(
z
,
t
)
=
-
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
η
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
-
μ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
η
u
,
1
η
d
x
2
d
η
-
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
η
v
,
1
α
d
x
2
d
η
+
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
v
,
1
β
β
d
x
2
d
η
-
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
v
,
1
η
d
x
2
d
η
+
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
u
,
1
d
x
2
d
η
-
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
1
η
u
d
x
2
d
η
.Using the Cauchy inequality, we obtain(46)
|
a
w
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
α
u
d
A
d
η
|
≤
w
γ
8
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
d
η
+
2
a
2
w
h
2
γ
π
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
d
η
,
|
a
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
v
,
α
α
u
d
A
|
≤
γ
8
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
+
2
a
2
h
2
γ
π
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
.If we choose suitablea such that
(47)
a
2
h
2
π
2
γ
≤
1
8
,
on combining (44)–(46), we have
(48)
E
(
z
,
t
)
≥
ρ
1
w
4
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
η
2
d
A
d
η
+
ρ
1
4
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
u
,
t
u
,
t
d
A
+
w
4
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
d
η
+
1
4
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
+
μ
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
α
η
u
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
+
ρ
2
w
4
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
2
d
A
d
η
+
ρ
2
4
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
v
,
t
v
,
t
d
A
+
w
γ
4
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
d
η
+
γ
4
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
+
m
2
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
η
v
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
.We define(49)
F
(
z
,
t
)
=
∫
z
∞
‍
E
(
ξ
,
t
)
d
ξ
=
-
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
η
u
,
1
d
A
d
η
-
μ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
η
u
,
1
η
d
A
d
η
-
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
η
v
,
1
α
d
A
d
η
+
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
v
,
1
β
β
d
A
d
η
-
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
v
,
1
η
d
A
d
η
+
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
u
,
1
d
A
d
η
-
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
1
η
u
d
A
d
η
.On combining (44) and (49), we also have
(50)
F
(
z
,
t
)
=
ρ
1
w
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
η
2
d
A
d
η
+
ρ
1
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
u
,
t
u
,
t
d
A
+
w
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
d
η
+
1
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
+
μ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
α
η
u
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
+
ρ
2
w
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
2
d
A
d
η
+
ρ
2
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
v
,
t
v
,
t
d
A
+
w
γ
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
d
η
+
γ
2
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
+
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
η
v
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
+
a
w
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
α
u
d
A
d
η
+
a
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
v
,
α
α
u
d
A
.Following the Schwarz inequality, we can easily get(51)
F
(
z
,
t
)
≥
ρ
1
w
4
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
η
2
d
A
d
η
+
ρ
1
4
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
u
,
t
u
,
t
d
A
+
w
4
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
d
η
+
1
4
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
A
+
μ
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
α
η
u
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
+
ρ
2
w
4
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
2
d
A
d
η
+
ρ
2
4
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
v
,
t
v
,
t
d
A
+
w
γ
4
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
d
η
+
γ
4
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
A
+
m
2
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
(
ξ
-
z
)
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
η
v
,
α
η
d
A
d
η
and we also get
(52)
∂
F
(
z
,
t
)
∂
z
=
-
E
(
z
,
t
)
,
(53)
∂
2
F
(
z
,
t
)
∂
z
2
≥
ρ
1
w
4
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
η
2
d
A
d
η
+
ρ
1
4
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
u
,
t
u
,
t
d
x
2
+
w
4
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
x
2
d
η
+
1
4
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
u
,
α
u
,
α
d
x
2
+
μ
2
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
α
η
u
,
α
η
d
x
2
d
η
+
ρ
2
w
4
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
2
d
x
2
d
η
+
ρ
2
4
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
v
,
t
v
,
t
d
x
2
+
w
γ
4
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
x
2
d
η
+
γ
4
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
t
)
v
,
α
β
v
,
α
β
d
x
2
+
m
2
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
η
v
,
α
η
d
x
2
d
η
.Our goal in this part is to derive a differential inequality for the energyF
(
z
,
t
) of the form
(54)
∂
2
F
∂
z
2
-
γ
1
∂
F
∂
z
-
γ
2
F
≥
0
,
γ
1
,
γ
2
>
0
.From the definition ofF
(
z
,
t
) in (49), using the Schwarz inequality and (52), we can get
(55)
-
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
η
u
,
1
d
A
d
η
-
μ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
u
,
η
u
,
1
η
d
A
d
η
-
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
α
η
v
,
1
α
d
A
d
η
-
m
2
k
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
v
,
1
η
d
A
d
η
+
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
u
,
1
d
A
d
η
-
a
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
1
η
u
d
A
d
η
≤
(
-
k
1
)
∂
F
∂
z
,
where k
1 is a positive constant.In order to give a bound forF, we only need to give a bound for γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
v
,
1
β
β
d
A
d
η. We know that
(56)
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
v
,
1
β
β
d
A
d
η
=
-
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
β
η
v
,
1
β
d
A
d
η
-
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
L
z
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
v
,
11
d
x
2
d
η
.Using the Schwarz inequality (52) and (53), we obtain
(57)
|
γ
∫
0
t
‍
∫
z
∞
‍
∫
L
ξ
‍
exp
⁡
(
-
w
η
)
v
,
η
v
,
1
β
β
d
A
d
η
|
≤
(
-
k
2
)
∂
F
∂
z
+
k
3
∂
2
F
∂
z
2
,
with k
2 and k
3 being all positive constants.A combination of (55) and (57) leads to the result
(58)
F
≤
(
-
k
1
-
k
2
)
∂
F
∂
z
+
k
3
∂
2
F
∂
z
2
.If we setγ
1
=
(
k
1
+
k
2
)
/
k
3 and γ
2
=
1
/
k
3, we can get the result (54).Inequality (54) may be rewritten as
(59)
(
∂
∂
z
-
a
)
(
∂
F
(
z
,
t
)
∂
z
+
b
F
(
z
,
t
)
)
≥
0
,
where a
=
(
γ
1
2
+
4
γ
2
+
γ
1
)
/
2, b
=
(
γ
1
2
+
4
γ
2
-
γ
1
)
/
2.From (59), we have
(60)
∂
∂
z
[
e
-
a
z
(
∂
F
(
z
,
t
)
∂
z
+
b
F
(
z
,
t
)
)
]
≥
0
.Integrating (60) with respect to z from z to ∞,we obtain
(61)
∂
F
(
z
,
t
)
∂
z
+
b
F
(
z
,
t
)
≤
0
.We can easily get(62)
F
(
z
,
t
)
≤
F
(
0
,
t
)
e
-
b
z
.Theorem 2.
Let(
u
,
v
) be classical solution of the initial boundary value problems (4)–(6); the solutions satisfy conditions (40). One can get the decay estimates
(63)
F
(
z
,
t
)
≤
F
(
0
,
t
)
e
-
b
z
.



---

*Source: 853693-2014-06-23.xml*