# Remote Calibration Technology in Target RCS Time Domain Outfield Measurement

Authors: Ming-Hao Gong; Yi-Wen Li; Bing Wei; Xiao-Long Wei
Journal: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
 (2022)

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## Abstract

In this paper, a new method of remote calibration in time domain measurement of outfield RCS is proposed. Based on the basic principle of RCS time domain measurement and the characteristics of time domain system, the difference in time and frequency domain measurement is analyzed. The frequency domain remote calibration formula is extended to the time domain by time-frequency transform. Through the analysis of the time domain echo signal of the calibration body in the correction formula and the experimental verification of the calibration sphere echo signal, the influence of the calibration body size and measurement distance on the time domain echo signal and spectrum of the calibration body is given. The typical targets are measured by using the time domain system, and the results of time domain remote calibration, theoretical simulation, and frequency domain measurement are compared. The results show that the error between the time domain remote calibration results and the theoretical simulation results is not more than 1 dB at the −25 dB level. In the outfield measurement, this scheme can fully reflect the advantages of time domain measurement of wide frequency bands and low environmental requirements.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Radar cross-section (RCS) measurement is one of the important ways to accurately understand the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of complex targets [1]. It has important applications in target identification and classification, imaging, radar countermeasures, stealth design, etc. [2–4]. Target RCS measurement methods include microwave anechoic chamber measurement in time-frequency domain and standard field measurement in the time-frequency domain [5–7]. The frequency domain RCS measurement method is relatively perfect in several decades of research. With the development of ultra-wide-band pulse power technology, ultra-wide-band antenna technology, and data acquisition technology [8–10], time domain measurement technology has been widely applied in imaging and electromagnetic interference (EMI) measurement due to its broadband characteristics and good time-space resolution [11–13]. Time domain narrow pulse RCS measurement technology is also attracting more and more attention. References [14, 15] describe the principle of electromagnetic scattering measurement using time domain tools and the RCS of typical targets. The time domain response of UWB radar signals from scattering targets is analyzed in [16]. The time domain description of the general scattering process is described mathematically. However, the measurement frequency band is lower than 1 GHz and the influence of environment and calibration volume in the actual measurement process is not discussed.In RCS measurement, calibration is a key issue. It can be divided into relative calibration and absolute calibration [17]. At present, the research of calibration theory mainly focuses on the relative calibration method [18, 19]. To establish a strict correspondence between the known RCS and the physical quantity (voltage or power) output by the radar receiver, the RCS value of the unknown target can be obtained from the measured value of the receiver. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately measure the echo signal of the calibration body and calculate its theoretical value [20]. The measurement scheme adopted in the research is mainly the frequency sweep of the external field, focusing on the selection of the calibration body and the analysis of errors [21–25]. However, the research literature and measurement related to RCS time domain measurement are mainly carried out in the anechoic chamber, and the research mainly focuses on radar link analysis and simulation [26–28]. The research on field measurement is less, and the relevant theoretical and experimental research on the calibration scheme in field measurement is even less. When the distance between the field measurement and the target measurement is far away, the acquisition scheme and accuracy of the signal received by the standard body have not been discussed yet.In this paper, a new method of remote calibration in field RCS time domain measurement is presented. Firstly, the basic principle of RCS measurement in time domain and its difference with frequency domain measurement are analyzed. Based on the principle of frequency domain horizontal field remote calibration, the measurement correction equation of time domain remote calibration is derived. Then, through experimental measurement and theoretical analysis, the influence of calibration parameters such as size and measurement distance on the echo signal and spectrum of the calibration body in time domain external field measurement is studied. Finally, the time domain RCS measurement system was used to carry out a typical target RCS remote measurement experiment. The results show that the error between the time domain remote calibration results and the theoretical simulation results is not more than 1 dB at the −25 dB level. In the field measurement, this scheme can fully reflect the advantages of time-domain measurement of wide frequency bands and low environmental requirements.


## 2. RCS Time Domain Measurement Principle and System

### 2.1. RCS Time Domain Measurement Principle

In electromagnetic scattering, the mathematical expression of RCS is shown as follows [1]:(1)σφi,θi;φs,θs=limr⟶∞4πR2Es2Ei2sm,where R is the distance from the target to the radar, Ei and Es are the intensity of incident and scattering electric fields, respectively, φi,θi is the direction of incident wave, and φs,θs is the direction of scattering observed. When the observation direction of the scattered field is opposite to the direction of the incident field, the radar cross section is called the single-station RCS. Through the derivation of the radar equation, the RCS definition can be transformed into the following [15]:(2)σ=ξ⋅Pr,ξ=4π1PtGt1Grλ02/4πR22⋅L,where Pt and Pr are the transmitting power and receiving power of radar, respectively; Gt and Gr are the gains of transmitting antenna and receiving antenna, respectively; R is the distance from the transceiver antenna to the target; λ0 is the wavelength of electromagnetic wave, L is the comprehensive influence of various losses in propagation.In actual RCS measurement, if the measurement environment and conditions are guaranteed to be consistent,ξ can be approximately considered unchanged, and then [15],(3)σ1=ξ⋅Pr1σ2=ξ⋅Pr2,σ2=Pr2Pr1σ1=Er22Er12σ1,where Er1 and Er2 are the scattered signal intensity of target 1 and target 2, respectively. If target 1 is a standard model, its theoretical value σ1 can be obtained directly by numerical calculation.RCS time domain measurement is used to measure the scattering characteristics of the target by using narrow pulse and ultra-wide-band (UWB) radar [6]. Among them, the narrow pulse in time domain is used as the excitation source, the ultra-wide-band radar is used as the transceiver, and the oscilloscope receives the time-domain scattering signal of the target. For the time domain measurement system, the received signal is the time domain pulse waveform that shows the real-time echo position and strength of the target. The RCS result of the measured target can be obtained by transforming it into the frequency domain representation through Fourier transform. If the time domain signal is represented as ft, its spectrum can be expressed as [29](4)Fω=FFTft=∫−∞∞fte−iwtdt.The time domain expression of the target RCS to be tested is(5)σ2θ,f=σ1θ,f⋅FFTEr2θ,t2/FFTEr1θ,t2,where θ is the azimuth angle, Er1θ,t and Er1θ,t are the time domain responses of the calibration body and the target at the same position, respectively; σ1θ,f and σ2θ,f are functions of azimuth angle and frequency, respectively.The common unit of RCS ism2. After expressing equation (5) in decibels, equation (6) can be obtained as follows:(6)σ2dBsm=10logFFTEr2θ,t2−10logFFTEr1θ,t2+10logσ1.In RCS time domain measurement, it is necessary to measure the time domain echo response of all angles when no target is placed and the target is placed by rotating the low-scattering bracket through the stepped axis. Then, the time domain response of the calibration body in the same state is measured and its theoretical RCS is calculated. Finally, the RCS of all azimuth angles of target to be measured can be obtained by post-processing the data. Therefore, the accuracy of time domain measurement mainly depends on the accuracy of target time domain echo signal.


### 2.2. RCS Time Domain Measurement System

The RCS time domain measurement system consists of software and hardware. The system software is mainly used to display real-time signals, set measurement parameters, calibrate and process signals through programming, and display, record, and output measurement results. The hardware block diagram of the system is shown in Figure1. The working principle is as follows: the time domain pulse excitation is provided by the pulse source; the scattering field of target is generated under the irradiation of incident plane wave (far-field approximation); the receiving antenna receives the target scattering field and passes the sampling receiver synchronized with the signal source to obtain the real-time scattering signal of the target; after data processing and analysis, the broadband electromagnetic characteristics of the target are obtained. The measurement accuracy and measurement range of the time domain system are determined by the system hardware parameters. For the pulse provided by the time domain pulse source, the higher the amplitude and the narrower the width of the pulse, the wider the spectrum that can be covered after the Fourier transform, and the higher the requirement for the accuracy and bandwidth of oscilloscope data acquisition. Due to the relatively low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bandwidth of real-time oscilloscope, sampling oscilloscope is used in RCS time domain measurements. Sampling oscilloscope requires strict synchronization between the acquisition trigger signal and scattering echo signal. Therefore, the synchronous trigger signal is directly provided by the pulse source. Meanwhile, the spectrum of the incident wave is related to the transceiver antenna. In order to match the pulse source, the transceiver antenna adapts the same type of time domain ultra-wide-band antenna.Figure 1
Time domain measurement system hardware block diagram.The time domain pulse source and equivalent sampling receiver used in the time domain system in this article are provided by GEOZONDAS. The time domain pulse waveform generated by the pulse source and its Fourier transform spectrum are shown in Figure2. The time domain signal amplitude is 25 V, the full width at half maxima (FWHM) is less than (30 ± 2) ps, the maximum repetition frequency is 1 MHz, and the output pulse jitter is less than 2.5 ps. The energy of pulse is different at different frequencies, and the power of all frequency points is higher than 45 dBm in the range of 2–18 GHz. The high-precision sampling receiver SD203TMS synchronized with the pulse source adopts equivalent sampling technology. It records and saves the signals received by the antenna and cooperates with the software function to obtain the target’s time domain and frequency domain response data. The receiver bandwidth is 0.1–26 GHz, the sampling rate is 1 MHz, the root mean squared (RMS) noise factor is −60 dB, the minimum time axis length is 0.02 ns, and the maximum time axis sampling points is 4096.Figure 2
Pulse source time domain waveform and frequency spectrum. (a) Time domain pulse waveform and (b) pulse spectrum.
(a)(b)The time domain measurement mainly adopts “time window” filtering and background cancellation technology to reduce the measurement errors. “Time window” filtering means to remove multipath effect and antenna coupling interference in the measurement environment by selecting the size of time window and moving the position of time window. The multiple reflection signals and interference signals are isolated from the time window, and only the target signal is retained in the measurement time window. For example, in Figure1, signal 2 is included in the time window. For different research targets and measurement scenarios, the position and size of time window for echo signal extraction are different, which needs to be analyzed and tested according to the actual situation. Figure 3 shows the schematic diagram of time window selection in time domain measurement. Wherein, 0-T1 represents the time delay of the time domain measurement system, which is a constant value for the equipment stabilization system; T1-T2 indicates the main region of antenna coupling signal. The duration of the coupled signal lasts for a long time, but it gradually decreases with time, which reduces the impact on the target signal; T2-T3 represents the time difference between the antenna coupling signal and the target main echo signal. T3 can be estimated by measuring the distance between the transceiver antenna and the target; T3-T4 represents the target direct echo signal region, and the echo signal duration is calculated from the target size and approximate exposure range of the system plane wave; T5-T6 represents the background echo signal, which lags behind the direct main signal in time due to its long path. In time domain measurement, time window is usually selected with T3 as the starting position and T4 as the cut-off position. In the actual measurement of target RCS, the appropriate time window can be selected by modeling the site and target.Figure 3
Schematic diagram of time window selection.Background cancellation refers to taking the environment echo without target as signal background and subtracting the background signal from the real-time signal received by the system as the target echo signal in measurement. Both of these techniques can effectively reduce the time domain measurement errors. However, there are still many errors that cannot be filtered and canceled in the actual measurement, such as: the coupled signal between the target and the scattering bracket and the signal jitter in the delay measurement. Therefore, in the time domain RCS measurement, it is also necessary to improve the signal accuracy through repeated measurement of echo signal at the same angle and to improve the system sensitivity through coherent averaging of data. The improvement degree is10logN, N is the average times. However, the average method will increase the measurement time, which needs to be selected according to the measurement accuracy requirements and measurement time.


### 2.3. RCS Time Domain Remote Calibration Principle

The RCS time domain measurement remote calibration equation is basically the same as the derivation process of the ground plane field remote calibration in the traditional frequency domain RCS measurement and is also derived from the simplified radar transmission equation [20]. When the same system is used to measure the target and the calibration body installed in different positions, the equation (3) can be rewritten as [21].(7)σ2=ξ0⋅Pr2Pr1⋅σ1=ξ0⋅Er2Er12⋅σ1.In the equation,ξ0 is the calibration constant. According to equation (2), (8)ξ0=Rt/Rc4⋅Lt/Lc,where Rt and Rc are the distances from target and the calibration body to the radar, espectively; Lt and Lc are the total loss caused by system and atmospheric transmission in the measurement of target and calibration body, respectively. It is worth noting that the influence of various factors such as background clutter is ignored during the measurement.In addition, in the remote calibration, it is also necessary to consider the influence caused by the difference between the target and the calibration body transmitting powerPm in the test field and their transmitting echo power Pr in free space, namely,(9)PmPr=Em2Er2=ξ,where ξ is called the multipath gain factor generated by the geometric relationship of the test field and the antenna directivity. In actual measurement, due to the different placement positions of the calibration body and the target, the multipath gain factor at the calibration body ξ2 is usually not completely consistent with the multipath gain factor at the target ξ1. Therefore, under the condition of remote measurement, the relationship between target RCS and calibration body RCS is(10)σ2=Pm2/ξ2Pm1/ξ1⋅RtRc4⋅LtLc⋅σ1=Em22Em12⋅ξ1ξ2⋅RtRc4⋅LtLc⋅σ1,where the target echo intensity Em2 and the calibration body echo intensity Em1 received by the radar under remote conditions are measured known quantities; for the same system, Rt/Rc4 is only related to the position of target and calibration body; Lt/Lc is only needed to calculate the atmospheric transmission loss; only the multipath gain factor term ξ1/ξ2 is difficult to estimate accurately.In RCS time domain measurement, the multipath interference termξ1/ξ2 can be reduced by the limitation of the transmit and receive antenna beam width and the high range resolution of ps-level narrow pulses. In the current application range of the time domain system, after a reasonable time window is selected, the influence of the multipath term in equation (10) is not considered for the moment. In the case of only considering the atmospheric transmission loss term Lt/Lc and the off-site distance term Rt/Rc4, the time domain remote calibration equation is(11)σ2dBsm=10logFFTEm2θ,t2−10logFFTEm1θ,t2+10logσ1=10logFFTEm2θ,t2+10logσ1−10logFFTEm1′θ,t2+10logRtRc4⋅LtLc.In the equation,Em1θ,t and Em2θ,t are, respectively, the time domain responses of the calibration body and target at the same location, and Em1′θ,t represents the time domain response of the calibration body when the calibration body and the target are in different places. The core idea of RCS time domain remote measurement is to correct the spectrum of echo signals at different distances from the calibration body. Equation (11) is verified by comparing the analysis of the time domain echo signals of the calibration volume under the conditions of different sizes and distances and the RCS measurement results of typical targets.


## 2.1. RCS Time Domain Measurement Principle

In electromagnetic scattering, the mathematical expression of RCS is shown as follows [1]:(1)σφi,θi;φs,θs=limr⟶∞4πR2Es2Ei2sm,where R is the distance from the target to the radar, Ei and Es are the intensity of incident and scattering electric fields, respectively, φi,θi is the direction of incident wave, and φs,θs is the direction of scattering observed. When the observation direction of the scattered field is opposite to the direction of the incident field, the radar cross section is called the single-station RCS. Through the derivation of the radar equation, the RCS definition can be transformed into the following [15]:(2)σ=ξ⋅Pr,ξ=4π1PtGt1Grλ02/4πR22⋅L,where Pt and Pr are the transmitting power and receiving power of radar, respectively; Gt and Gr are the gains of transmitting antenna and receiving antenna, respectively; R is the distance from the transceiver antenna to the target; λ0 is the wavelength of electromagnetic wave, L is the comprehensive influence of various losses in propagation.In actual RCS measurement, if the measurement environment and conditions are guaranteed to be consistent,ξ can be approximately considered unchanged, and then [15],(3)σ1=ξ⋅Pr1σ2=ξ⋅Pr2,σ2=Pr2Pr1σ1=Er22Er12σ1,where Er1 and Er2 are the scattered signal intensity of target 1 and target 2, respectively. If target 1 is a standard model, its theoretical value σ1 can be obtained directly by numerical calculation.RCS time domain measurement is used to measure the scattering characteristics of the target by using narrow pulse and ultra-wide-band (UWB) radar [6]. Among them, the narrow pulse in time domain is used as the excitation source, the ultra-wide-band radar is used as the transceiver, and the oscilloscope receives the time-domain scattering signal of the target. For the time domain measurement system, the received signal is the time domain pulse waveform that shows the real-time echo position and strength of the target. The RCS result of the measured target can be obtained by transforming it into the frequency domain representation through Fourier transform. If the time domain signal is represented as ft, its spectrum can be expressed as [29](4)Fω=FFTft=∫−∞∞fte−iwtdt.The time domain expression of the target RCS to be tested is(5)σ2θ,f=σ1θ,f⋅FFTEr2θ,t2/FFTEr1θ,t2,where θ is the azimuth angle, Er1θ,t and Er1θ,t are the time domain responses of the calibration body and the target at the same position, respectively; σ1θ,f and σ2θ,f are functions of azimuth angle and frequency, respectively.The common unit of RCS ism2. After expressing equation (5) in decibels, equation (6) can be obtained as follows:(6)σ2dBsm=10logFFTEr2θ,t2−10logFFTEr1θ,t2+10logσ1.In RCS time domain measurement, it is necessary to measure the time domain echo response of all angles when no target is placed and the target is placed by rotating the low-scattering bracket through the stepped axis. Then, the time domain response of the calibration body in the same state is measured and its theoretical RCS is calculated. Finally, the RCS of all azimuth angles of target to be measured can be obtained by post-processing the data. Therefore, the accuracy of time domain measurement mainly depends on the accuracy of target time domain echo signal.


## 2.2. RCS Time Domain Measurement System

The RCS time domain measurement system consists of software and hardware. The system software is mainly used to display real-time signals, set measurement parameters, calibrate and process signals through programming, and display, record, and output measurement results. The hardware block diagram of the system is shown in Figure1. The working principle is as follows: the time domain pulse excitation is provided by the pulse source; the scattering field of target is generated under the irradiation of incident plane wave (far-field approximation); the receiving antenna receives the target scattering field and passes the sampling receiver synchronized with the signal source to obtain the real-time scattering signal of the target; after data processing and analysis, the broadband electromagnetic characteristics of the target are obtained. The measurement accuracy and measurement range of the time domain system are determined by the system hardware parameters. For the pulse provided by the time domain pulse source, the higher the amplitude and the narrower the width of the pulse, the wider the spectrum that can be covered after the Fourier transform, and the higher the requirement for the accuracy and bandwidth of oscilloscope data acquisition. Due to the relatively low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bandwidth of real-time oscilloscope, sampling oscilloscope is used in RCS time domain measurements. Sampling oscilloscope requires strict synchronization between the acquisition trigger signal and scattering echo signal. Therefore, the synchronous trigger signal is directly provided by the pulse source. Meanwhile, the spectrum of the incident wave is related to the transceiver antenna. In order to match the pulse source, the transceiver antenna adapts the same type of time domain ultra-wide-band antenna.Figure 1
Time domain measurement system hardware block diagram.The time domain pulse source and equivalent sampling receiver used in the time domain system in this article are provided by GEOZONDAS. The time domain pulse waveform generated by the pulse source and its Fourier transform spectrum are shown in Figure2. The time domain signal amplitude is 25 V, the full width at half maxima (FWHM) is less than (30 ± 2) ps, the maximum repetition frequency is 1 MHz, and the output pulse jitter is less than 2.5 ps. The energy of pulse is different at different frequencies, and the power of all frequency points is higher than 45 dBm in the range of 2–18 GHz. The high-precision sampling receiver SD203TMS synchronized with the pulse source adopts equivalent sampling technology. It records and saves the signals received by the antenna and cooperates with the software function to obtain the target’s time domain and frequency domain response data. The receiver bandwidth is 0.1–26 GHz, the sampling rate is 1 MHz, the root mean squared (RMS) noise factor is −60 dB, the minimum time axis length is 0.02 ns, and the maximum time axis sampling points is 4096.Figure 2
Pulse source time domain waveform and frequency spectrum. (a) Time domain pulse waveform and (b) pulse spectrum.
(a)(b)The time domain measurement mainly adopts “time window” filtering and background cancellation technology to reduce the measurement errors. “Time window” filtering means to remove multipath effect and antenna coupling interference in the measurement environment by selecting the size of time window and moving the position of time window. The multiple reflection signals and interference signals are isolated from the time window, and only the target signal is retained in the measurement time window. For example, in Figure1, signal 2 is included in the time window. For different research targets and measurement scenarios, the position and size of time window for echo signal extraction are different, which needs to be analyzed and tested according to the actual situation. Figure 3 shows the schematic diagram of time window selection in time domain measurement. Wherein, 0-T1 represents the time delay of the time domain measurement system, which is a constant value for the equipment stabilization system; T1-T2 indicates the main region of antenna coupling signal. The duration of the coupled signal lasts for a long time, but it gradually decreases with time, which reduces the impact on the target signal; T2-T3 represents the time difference between the antenna coupling signal and the target main echo signal. T3 can be estimated by measuring the distance between the transceiver antenna and the target; T3-T4 represents the target direct echo signal region, and the echo signal duration is calculated from the target size and approximate exposure range of the system plane wave; T5-T6 represents the background echo signal, which lags behind the direct main signal in time due to its long path. In time domain measurement, time window is usually selected with T3 as the starting position and T4 as the cut-off position. In the actual measurement of target RCS, the appropriate time window can be selected by modeling the site and target.Figure 3
Schematic diagram of time window selection.Background cancellation refers to taking the environment echo without target as signal background and subtracting the background signal from the real-time signal received by the system as the target echo signal in measurement. Both of these techniques can effectively reduce the time domain measurement errors. However, there are still many errors that cannot be filtered and canceled in the actual measurement, such as: the coupled signal between the target and the scattering bracket and the signal jitter in the delay measurement. Therefore, in the time domain RCS measurement, it is also necessary to improve the signal accuracy through repeated measurement of echo signal at the same angle and to improve the system sensitivity through coherent averaging of data. The improvement degree is10logN, N is the average times. However, the average method will increase the measurement time, which needs to be selected according to the measurement accuracy requirements and measurement time.


## 2.3. RCS Time Domain Remote Calibration Principle

The RCS time domain measurement remote calibration equation is basically the same as the derivation process of the ground plane field remote calibration in the traditional frequency domain RCS measurement and is also derived from the simplified radar transmission equation [20]. When the same system is used to measure the target and the calibration body installed in different positions, the equation (3) can be rewritten as [21].(7)σ2=ξ0⋅Pr2Pr1⋅σ1=ξ0⋅Er2Er12⋅σ1.In the equation,ξ0 is the calibration constant. According to equation (2), (8)ξ0=Rt/Rc4⋅Lt/Lc,where Rt and Rc are the distances from target and the calibration body to the radar, espectively; Lt and Lc are the total loss caused by system and atmospheric transmission in the measurement of target and calibration body, respectively. It is worth noting that the influence of various factors such as background clutter is ignored during the measurement.In addition, in the remote calibration, it is also necessary to consider the influence caused by the difference between the target and the calibration body transmitting powerPm in the test field and their transmitting echo power Pr in free space, namely,(9)PmPr=Em2Er2=ξ,where ξ is called the multipath gain factor generated by the geometric relationship of the test field and the antenna directivity. In actual measurement, due to the different placement positions of the calibration body and the target, the multipath gain factor at the calibration body ξ2 is usually not completely consistent with the multipath gain factor at the target ξ1. Therefore, under the condition of remote measurement, the relationship between target RCS and calibration body RCS is(10)σ2=Pm2/ξ2Pm1/ξ1⋅RtRc4⋅LtLc⋅σ1=Em22Em12⋅ξ1ξ2⋅RtRc4⋅LtLc⋅σ1,where the target echo intensity Em2 and the calibration body echo intensity Em1 received by the radar under remote conditions are measured known quantities; for the same system, Rt/Rc4 is only related to the position of target and calibration body; Lt/Lc is only needed to calculate the atmospheric transmission loss; only the multipath gain factor term ξ1/ξ2 is difficult to estimate accurately.In RCS time domain measurement, the multipath interference termξ1/ξ2 can be reduced by the limitation of the transmit and receive antenna beam width and the high range resolution of ps-level narrow pulses. In the current application range of the time domain system, after a reasonable time window is selected, the influence of the multipath term in equation (10) is not considered for the moment. In the case of only considering the atmospheric transmission loss term Lt/Lc and the off-site distance term Rt/Rc4, the time domain remote calibration equation is(11)σ2dBsm=10logFFTEm2θ,t2−10logFFTEm1θ,t2+10logσ1=10logFFTEm2θ,t2+10logσ1−10logFFTEm1′θ,t2+10logRtRc4⋅LtLc.In the equation,Em1θ,t and Em2θ,t are, respectively, the time domain responses of the calibration body and target at the same location, and Em1′θ,t represents the time domain response of the calibration body when the calibration body and the target are in different places. The core idea of RCS time domain remote measurement is to correct the spectrum of echo signals at different distances from the calibration body. Equation (11) is verified by comparing the analysis of the time domain echo signals of the calibration volume under the conditions of different sizes and distances and the RCS measurement results of typical targets.


## 3. Experimental Results and Analysis

### 3.1. Time Domain Echo Signal Analysis of Calibration Sphere

As one of the most widely used RCS scales, metal spheres have the main advantage that the theoretical value of RCS can be simply calculated by MIE series expansion [1]. RCS is not affected by attitude angle, and it is relatively easy to manufacture. Therefore, metal spheres were selected as the calibration body for remote calibration in the measurement in this paper, and the feasibility of time domain remote calibration was verified by comparing the time domain pulse echo signal and its spectrum under different sizes and backgrounds. Figure 4 is the physical picture of metal spheres with different sizes.Figure 4
The physical map of the calibration sphere.Figure5 shows the echo responses of the calibration sphere after “time window” filtering and background cancellation under different conditions. Figure 5(a) shows the comparison of the echoes of calibration spheres of different sizes when the spherical center is 3.0 m away from the radar. Figure 5(b) is a comparison of echoes of a 200 mm diameter calibration sphere at different distances of the spherical center distance radar. As can be seen from Figure 5, the echoes of the calibration spheres of different sizes and distances have the same echo characteristics, and the main energy of the echo signal is concentrated in the range of 1 ns in the main echo region. The research [28, 29] shows that the horn antenna produces differential effect when radiating pulse signals. The calibration sphere signal received by the transceiver antenna in the system should be the second order differential of the pulse source signal. The calibration sphere echo in Figure 5 shows obvious second-order differential characteristics of the incident pulse under different conditions. At the same time, because the pulse source signal used in this system is a Gaussian-like pulse signal, there is obvious tailing and the influence of radio-frequency (RF) cable on the pulse shape cannot be completely ignored. Therefore, the differential waveform is distorted. Figure 6 shows the spectrum amplitude after the Fourier transform of the time domain signal at different distances from the 200 mm calibration sphere. The second order differential characteristics of the transceiver antenna to the incident pulse can also be seen from the spectrum characteristics.Figure 5
Time domain echo response of calibration sphere. (a) Time domain echo of different size calibration sphere and (b) time domain echo of calibration sphere at different distances.
(a)(b)Figure 6
Spectral amplitude of calibration sphere echo.Equation (11) can be used to calibrate the time domain echo signal and spectrum of the calibration ball at different distances, that is, the time domain signal of the calibration sphere at a distance of 2.0 m can be used to reversely deduce the time domain signal and spectrum of the same size calibration sphere at other distances. When the multipath effect is not considered, the calibration sphere time domain signal at the same distance as the target can be obtained in the case of remote measurement, and the target RCS can be calculated by equation (6).


### 3.2. Typical Target Experimental Results Analysis

In order to verify the effectiveness of the RCS remote calibration method, a typical target RCS measurement experiment was carried out using the time domain system. In the experiment, a metal sphere was used as the calibration body, and a metal plate and a graphite cube were used as the targets to be measured. The results of remote calibration of metal plate are compared with the on-site calibration and theoretical simulation results; and the results of different calibration of graphite cube are compared with the on-site calibration and frequency domain anechoic chamber measurements. The frequency band measured in this paper is 2–18 GHz. Therefore, the transmitter and receiver antennas in the time domain measurement system are selected as a double-ridged horn antenna with a bandwidth of 2–20 GHz, and the polarization mode is vertical polarization. Figure7 shows the indoor and outdoor calibration scenes in this measurement. The time domain measurement process is consistent with the frequency domain measurement. In Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, the local calibration data were obtained by measuring the echo signals of the calibration sphere and the target to be measured simultaneously outdoors in the same place, and the remote calibration data were obtained by modifying the time domain echo signals of the indoor calibration sphere and the target to be measured outdoors. The received echo signal was coherently averaged 30 times in each measurement.Experiment 1: Figures8 and 9 show the RCS measurement results of a metal plate with a size of 10 cm × 10 cm. Figure 8 shows the measurement results of background level RCS in the outdoor field measurement. It can be seen that it is lower than −45 dB within the measurement frequency range, which meets the measurement requirements of the signal-to-noise ratio. Figure 9 shows the comparison of the theoretical value of the RCS of the metal plate with frequency when the electromagnetic wave is vertically incident on the surface of the metal plate and the measurement results in the two cases. The theoretical value is obtained through MATLAB simulation calculation, which is consistent with the reference [14]. The mean error between the measurement results and the theoretical value in the whole frequency band is less than 1 dB. The large error at the low frequency end is caused by the poor low frequency performance of the antenna and the scattering bracket, and the system time domain waveform is greatly interfered by the environment in the low frequency band. Compared with the theoretical value, the root mean squared (RMS) error of indoor calibration is 0.54 dB, and the RMS error of outdoor calibration is 0.77 dB.Experiment 2: RCS measurement of 20 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm graphite cube. 3 GHz, 10 GHz, and 15 GHz were measured in the frequency domain darkroom by the point frequency measurement method. Figure10 shows the comparison of the measurement results in the frequency domain anechoic chamber and the time domain at three frequency points. The frequency domain anechoic chamber results are obtained by using standard instruments in an authoritative measuring institution. The errors of the three methods at different angles are all less than 1 dB at high frequency and high level. The remote calibration error obviously increases at the low level of 3 GHz, which is considered to be due to the increasing multipath coupling interference that cannot be removed in the time domain echo signals received by the system in the same and remote calibration at low frequencies. Compared with the measurement results in frequency domain, the RMS errors of indoor calibration and outdoor calibration measurements in time domain at different frequencies are shown in Table 1. It can be seen from the table that the RMS error of outdoor calibration has a certain increase compared with that of indoor calibration. This is caused by the large interference of outdoor environment.Figure 7
Calibration sphere time domain remote measurement chart.Figure 8
Background level RCS measurement results.Figure 9
Metal plate RCS measurement results.Figure 10
Graphite cube RCS measurement results. (a) Different angle RCS at 3 GHz, (b) different angle RCS at 10 GHz, (c) different angle RCS at 15 GHz.
(a)(b)(c)Table 1
RMS errors of the graphite cube measurement results at different frequencies.
3 GHz5.6 GHz10 GHz12.4 GHz15 GHzIndoor calibration1.32 dB1.21 dB0.91 dB0.54 dB0.79 dBOutdoor calibration2.59 dB1.56 dB1.53 dB1.42 dB1.30 dBFrom the measurement results of two typical targets, it can be seen that it is feasible to extend the frequency domain off-site calibration theory to the time domain through time-frequency transformation. In time domain measurement, the time domain echoes at different positions of the calibration body can be modified into the calculation formula to obtain the accurate RCS of the target. The measurement results are consistent with the theoretical value or the measurement in frequency domain. However, the current measurement is mainly aimed at typical simple targets, and the measurement of complex targets requires further experiments. At the same time, due to the mutual limitation of measurement bandwidth and the transmission power of the pulse source in the current time domain system, the maximum measurement distance of the system is small. In frequency domain RCS measurement, the maximum measurement distance is usually determined by radar link budget analysis. However, in time domain measurement, because the waveform of its transmission signal source is fixed (the energy of signals at different frequencies in the measurement is different), the gain of the transceiver antenna at different frequencies is different. Therefore, when analyzing the maximum test distance through the radar link, the maximum distance that can receive the distinguishable target signal shall prevail. For the signal source and measurement system in this paper, we take the 200 mm metal ball in Figure5(b) as an example. When it is 10 m away from the transceiver antenna, it is impossible to accurately obtain the target signal. Therefore, the maximum measurement distance (−30 dB) of the system is 10 m. The measurement does not take into account the error caused by dispersion effect, which needs further study.


## 3.1. Time Domain Echo Signal Analysis of Calibration Sphere

As one of the most widely used RCS scales, metal spheres have the main advantage that the theoretical value of RCS can be simply calculated by MIE series expansion [1]. RCS is not affected by attitude angle, and it is relatively easy to manufacture. Therefore, metal spheres were selected as the calibration body for remote calibration in the measurement in this paper, and the feasibility of time domain remote calibration was verified by comparing the time domain pulse echo signal and its spectrum under different sizes and backgrounds. Figure 4 is the physical picture of metal spheres with different sizes.Figure 4
The physical map of the calibration sphere.Figure5 shows the echo responses of the calibration sphere after “time window” filtering and background cancellation under different conditions. Figure 5(a) shows the comparison of the echoes of calibration spheres of different sizes when the spherical center is 3.0 m away from the radar. Figure 5(b) is a comparison of echoes of a 200 mm diameter calibration sphere at different distances of the spherical center distance radar. As can be seen from Figure 5, the echoes of the calibration spheres of different sizes and distances have the same echo characteristics, and the main energy of the echo signal is concentrated in the range of 1 ns in the main echo region. The research [28, 29] shows that the horn antenna produces differential effect when radiating pulse signals. The calibration sphere signal received by the transceiver antenna in the system should be the second order differential of the pulse source signal. The calibration sphere echo in Figure 5 shows obvious second-order differential characteristics of the incident pulse under different conditions. At the same time, because the pulse source signal used in this system is a Gaussian-like pulse signal, there is obvious tailing and the influence of radio-frequency (RF) cable on the pulse shape cannot be completely ignored. Therefore, the differential waveform is distorted. Figure 6 shows the spectrum amplitude after the Fourier transform of the time domain signal at different distances from the 200 mm calibration sphere. The second order differential characteristics of the transceiver antenna to the incident pulse can also be seen from the spectrum characteristics.Figure 5
Time domain echo response of calibration sphere. (a) Time domain echo of different size calibration sphere and (b) time domain echo of calibration sphere at different distances.
(a)(b)Figure 6
Spectral amplitude of calibration sphere echo.Equation (11) can be used to calibrate the time domain echo signal and spectrum of the calibration ball at different distances, that is, the time domain signal of the calibration sphere at a distance of 2.0 m can be used to reversely deduce the time domain signal and spectrum of the same size calibration sphere at other distances. When the multipath effect is not considered, the calibration sphere time domain signal at the same distance as the target can be obtained in the case of remote measurement, and the target RCS can be calculated by equation (6).


## 3.2. Typical Target Experimental Results Analysis

In order to verify the effectiveness of the RCS remote calibration method, a typical target RCS measurement experiment was carried out using the time domain system. In the experiment, a metal sphere was used as the calibration body, and a metal plate and a graphite cube were used as the targets to be measured. The results of remote calibration of metal plate are compared with the on-site calibration and theoretical simulation results; and the results of different calibration of graphite cube are compared with the on-site calibration and frequency domain anechoic chamber measurements. The frequency band measured in this paper is 2–18 GHz. Therefore, the transmitter and receiver antennas in the time domain measurement system are selected as a double-ridged horn antenna with a bandwidth of 2–20 GHz, and the polarization mode is vertical polarization. Figure7 shows the indoor and outdoor calibration scenes in this measurement. The time domain measurement process is consistent with the frequency domain measurement. In Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, the local calibration data were obtained by measuring the echo signals of the calibration sphere and the target to be measured simultaneously outdoors in the same place, and the remote calibration data were obtained by modifying the time domain echo signals of the indoor calibration sphere and the target to be measured outdoors. The received echo signal was coherently averaged 30 times in each measurement.Experiment 1: Figures8 and 9 show the RCS measurement results of a metal plate with a size of 10 cm × 10 cm. Figure 8 shows the measurement results of background level RCS in the outdoor field measurement. It can be seen that it is lower than −45 dB within the measurement frequency range, which meets the measurement requirements of the signal-to-noise ratio. Figure 9 shows the comparison of the theoretical value of the RCS of the metal plate with frequency when the electromagnetic wave is vertically incident on the surface of the metal plate and the measurement results in the two cases. The theoretical value is obtained through MATLAB simulation calculation, which is consistent with the reference [14]. The mean error between the measurement results and the theoretical value in the whole frequency band is less than 1 dB. The large error at the low frequency end is caused by the poor low frequency performance of the antenna and the scattering bracket, and the system time domain waveform is greatly interfered by the environment in the low frequency band. Compared with the theoretical value, the root mean squared (RMS) error of indoor calibration is 0.54 dB, and the RMS error of outdoor calibration is 0.77 dB.Experiment 2: RCS measurement of 20 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm graphite cube. 3 GHz, 10 GHz, and 15 GHz were measured in the frequency domain darkroom by the point frequency measurement method. Figure10 shows the comparison of the measurement results in the frequency domain anechoic chamber and the time domain at three frequency points. The frequency domain anechoic chamber results are obtained by using standard instruments in an authoritative measuring institution. The errors of the three methods at different angles are all less than 1 dB at high frequency and high level. The remote calibration error obviously increases at the low level of 3 GHz, which is considered to be due to the increasing multipath coupling interference that cannot be removed in the time domain echo signals received by the system in the same and remote calibration at low frequencies. Compared with the measurement results in frequency domain, the RMS errors of indoor calibration and outdoor calibration measurements in time domain at different frequencies are shown in Table 1. It can be seen from the table that the RMS error of outdoor calibration has a certain increase compared with that of indoor calibration. This is caused by the large interference of outdoor environment.Figure 7
Calibration sphere time domain remote measurement chart.Figure 8
Background level RCS measurement results.Figure 9
Metal plate RCS measurement results.Figure 10
Graphite cube RCS measurement results. (a) Different angle RCS at 3 GHz, (b) different angle RCS at 10 GHz, (c) different angle RCS at 15 GHz.
(a)(b)(c)Table 1
RMS errors of the graphite cube measurement results at different frequencies.
3 GHz5.6 GHz10 GHz12.4 GHz15 GHzIndoor calibration1.32 dB1.21 dB0.91 dB0.54 dB0.79 dBOutdoor calibration2.59 dB1.56 dB1.53 dB1.42 dB1.30 dBFrom the measurement results of two typical targets, it can be seen that it is feasible to extend the frequency domain off-site calibration theory to the time domain through time-frequency transformation. In time domain measurement, the time domain echoes at different positions of the calibration body can be modified into the calculation formula to obtain the accurate RCS of the target. The measurement results are consistent with the theoretical value or the measurement in frequency domain. However, the current measurement is mainly aimed at typical simple targets, and the measurement of complex targets requires further experiments. At the same time, due to the mutual limitation of measurement bandwidth and the transmission power of the pulse source in the current time domain system, the maximum measurement distance of the system is small. In frequency domain RCS measurement, the maximum measurement distance is usually determined by radar link budget analysis. However, in time domain measurement, because the waveform of its transmission signal source is fixed (the energy of signals at different frequencies in the measurement is different), the gain of the transceiver antenna at different frequencies is different. Therefore, when analyzing the maximum test distance through the radar link, the maximum distance that can receive the distinguishable target signal shall prevail. For the signal source and measurement system in this paper, we take the 200 mm metal ball in Figure5(b) as an example. When it is 10 m away from the transceiver antenna, it is impossible to accurately obtain the target signal. Therefore, the maximum measurement distance (−30 dB) of the system is 10 m. The measurement does not take into account the error caused by dispersion effect, which needs further study.


## 4. Conclusion

Aiming at the problem that target the calibration body and cannot be measured simultaneously in RCS time domain measurement, a new method of time domain remote calibration is proposed. The equation of remote calibration using echo of the calibration body is derived by studying the theory of RCS time domain measurement and analyzing the target echo signal. The RCS measurement experiments of typical targets show that the RCS measurement technique based on radar equation and time domain echo analysis can be applied to the calibration in time domain field. As shown in Table2, compared with the systems in other literature, the time domain system using the calibration theory in this paper can uses a simple calibration body to achieve target RCS measurement in the free space field.Table 2
Compare the performance of different systems.
Measuring environmentCalibration volume & calibration theoryMaximum measurement distanceRemote calibration system in paperFree spaceSimpleTens of metersTime domain system in [30]Microwave anechoic chamberSimpleTens of metersFrequency domain system in [25]Wave-absorbing materials are neededComplexSeveral hundred metersThis scheme can fully reflect the advantages of time-domain measurement of wide frequency band and low environmental requirements. It has certain practical value in engineering application.



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