# A Compact Planar UWB Antenna with Triple Controllable Band-Notched Characteristics

Authors: Chaabane Abdelhalim; Djahli Farid
Journal: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
 (2014)

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## Abstract

A modified compact planar ultrawideband (UWB) monopole antenna with triple controllable band-notched characteristics is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna consists of a modified stair cased V-shaped radiating element and partial ground plane. The triple band-notched characteristics are achieved by embedding two different vertical up C-shaped slots with a vertical down C-shaped slot in the radiating patch and in the ground plane, respectively. Besides, the bandwidth of each rejected band can be independently controlled by adjusting the dimensions of the corresponding band notched structure. The proposed antenna with rejected bands characteristics is successfully simulated, prototyped, and measured. The measured results show that the antenna operates until upper 11 GHz for voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is less than 2, and exhibits bands rejection of 1.6–2.66 GHz (49.76%), 3-4 GHz (28.57%), and 5.13–6.03 GHz (16.12%). Moreover, the proposed antenna shows a near omnidirectional radiation patterns, stable peak gain, and with small group delay and transfer function variation on the whole UWB frequency range except in the notched frequency bands, which makes it suitable for being used in the future UWB applications.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Ultrawideband (UWB) is specified in the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) [1] as the frequency band that ranges from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz, which is a 7.5 GHz bandwidth (BW). Several planar UWB monopole antennas, which have the potential to meet such requirements, were reported in [2–5]. Due to the overlap of the currently allocated UWB frequency band with the communication systems such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) bands in the 2.4 GHz (2.4–2.484 GHz), 5.2 GHz (5.15–5.35 GHz), and 5.8 GHz (5.725–5.825 GHz) bands, and the World Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) system bands 2.5 GHz (2.5–2.69 GHz), 3.5 GHz (3.4–3.69 GHz), and 5.8 GHz (5.25–5.825 GHz) [6]. Now, many systems operate across several frequency bands, requiring a band-notched or band-rejected function. Thus, it is desirable to design UWB antennas with band notch characteristics to avoid potential interferences from the other frequency bands. To overcome problems caused by this electromagnetic interference, several designs of UWB antennas with single or multiple notch functions have been proposed in recent literature [6–39]. Reviewing the literature shows that there are few ways for monopole planar antennas to achieve band-notched characteristics. The most popular approach is cutting different shaped slots from the radiating patch, from the ground plane, or from the feed line, that is, U-shaped slot [7], a Hilbert-curve shaped slot [8], cutting a wide line [9], T-shaped slot [10], defected ground structure (DGS) [11], semicircular slot [12], a bent slot or C-shaped slot [13–15], split ring in the ground plane [16], and slot line in the feed line [17]). Another way consists of loading diverse parasitic elements on the antenna, such as parasitic elements rear or near the radiating element [18–23], and near the feed line [24–33], to generate the band-notched feature, which acts as resonator when the length of strip is about a half or a quarter of the guided wavelength at the desired notch frequency. In reference [31], a band-notched characteristic has been achieved by coupling a pair of open-loop resonators beside the feed line, in this reference, the author just notched the band for WLAN system. In reference [32], one set of band rejected structure with two C-shaped slots has been adopted to reject the lower WLAN band (5.15–5.35 GHz) and another one with two splits inverted resonators has been employed to reject the upper WLAN band (5.725–5.825 GHz). In reference [33], two splits rectangular ring resonators have been placed close to the microstrip line to reject the band 5.02–6.05 GHz. Additionally, a straight line slit has been etched on the radiating patch to reject the band 2.52–3.66 GHz; by using this technique, the control of this rejected band is limited by few key design parameters, and by the space restriction of the radiating patch to avoid this drawback and to get more freedom in designing, it is better to use another shape slit. In reference [34], only one notched band centered at 5.5 GHz is achieved by etching a partial annular slot in the lower portion of a ring radiator. Most of UWB antennas have no more than two notched bands, and few of them have three notched bands [35–37], which reveal that potential interference from other narrow bands may still exist. So, to design an antenna for UWB applications with notching all the bands for WiMAX and WLAN systems is necessary. In reference [35], three parasitic resonant elements are placed near the ground plane to generate three notch frequency bands 3.26–3.71 GHz, 5.15–5.37 GHz, and 5.78–5.95 GHz; in this reference, the bands 2.4/2.5 GHz corresponding to WLAN and WiMAX have not been rejected, and the use of parasitic resonators leads to a more complex structure. In reference [36], a compact UWB antenna with triple band rejected characteristics is achieved with using a meander line split ring resonator, with using this technique three bands 3.15–3.75, 4.85–6.08, and 7.98–8.56 GHz are rejected. The meander line split ring resonator used in this reference is complex compared to a conventional C-shaped slot structure. In reference [37], a pair of spiral loop resonators have been merged with radiating patch to create the first notched band in 3.3–3.7 GHz, in addition, two integrated microstrip resonators have been coupled with ground plane to generate the second and the third-notched bands in 5.2–5.4 GHz and 5.7–6 GHz. All the techniques can achieve good band notch characteristics, but some of the notched band structures are complex and difficult to design. In the designing of triple or multiband notch antenna, it is difficult to adjust and to control the frequency center of the notch bands in a limited space. Moreover, strong couplings between the band-notched characteristics designs for adjacent frequencies are the complication in achieving efficient triple band-notched UWB antenna. There are a lot of researches on UWB antennas with band-notched characteristics [6–39], but how to obtain high efficient band-notched characteristics is still a challenging issue. The main problem of the band rejected function design is the difficulty of controlling bandwidth and the shifting of the notched band, especially for the case of antennas with several rejected band structures, without infecting other rejected bands. In the future, we expect that the shifting and the control of the frequency center and the bandwidth of the band-notched frequency can be both important and useful in wireless communication systems. So, the aim of this paper is to design a low cost and simple structure UWB antenna with controllable triple band-notched characteristics and an independent control of the width and the shifting of the rejected bands. We propose a compact microstrip-fed planar UWB antenna with modified stair cased V-shaped radiating elements and partial ground plane. To simplify the adjustment of the parameters of the rejected band structures and to obtain high efficient band-notched characteristics, three simple rejected band structures are investigated in this paper. So, three frequency bands notched are achieved with the investigation of these structures; the first rejected band (1.6–2.66 GHz) is achieved by inserting the vertical down C-shaped slot in the ground plane, two others rejected bands (3-4 GHz and 5.13–6.03 GHz) are realized by inserting two vertical up C-shaped slots in the radiator patch. The desired frequency notched bands can be easily achieved and flexibly controlled by adjusting the total length of the corresponding band-notched structure. The designed antenna with optimal dimensions was prototyped and measured. A comparison between experimental and simulated results of the voltage standing wave ratio is achieved. The remaining of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the configuration of the proposed antenna; parametric study is investigated in Section 3. The simulated and measured results are discussed in Section 4, and finally the conclusion is provided in Section 5.


## 2. Antenna Configuration

Figure1 shows the geometry of the proposed compact planar UWB monopole antenna without rejecting band structures. The proposed UWB antenna is located on the x–y plane and the normal direction is parallel to z-axis. This antenna is fabricated on a low-cost FR4 epoxy substrate with the thickness of 1.6 mm, relative dielectric constant of 4.4, and loss tangent of 0.008. On the front surface of the substrate of each UWB antenna, a modified stair cased V-shaped radiating element is printed, fed by a microstrip line 50 Ω with 3 mm of width. The ground plane size is 31 × 11.5 mm2, and the distance between the radiating patch to the ground plane printed on the back surface substrate is 0.5 mm.Figure 1
Geometry of the proposed UWB antenna without band rejected structure.The simulated voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of the reference UWB antenna without band-rejected is presented in Figure2. The parameters of the reference antenna are optimized to get a VSWR that is less than 2 and to get stable radiation characteristics throughout the frequency band 2.1 GHz to upper than 30 GHz.Figure 2
Simulated VSWR of the reference antenna without band-rejected characteristics.To overcome the unwanted electromagnetic interferences of UWB communication systems with WLAN and WiMAX frequencies band, two half wavelength vertical up C-shaped slots are inserted in the radiating patch with a half wavelength vertical down C-shaped slot that is embedded in the ground plane. The geometry of the proposed triple band-notched antenna is depicted in Figure3. The HFSS software is employed to perform the design process.The geometry of the proposed triple band-notched antenna: (a) top view and (b) bottom view.
(a)
(b)The total length of each slot can be deduced by (1), which is based on the author’s previous works like in [18]. The slots resonate at the corresponding band notching frequency, where its total length is equal to a half wavelength as follows:
(1)LTotal=c2fnotchεeff,
where
(2)εeff=εr+12.AndLTotal denotes the total length of the corresponding slot; εeff is the effective dielectric constant of the substrate; and c is the speed of light in free space.


## 3. Parametric Study

A parametric study of the proposed triple band-notched UWB antenna was carried out in order to control the band rejection operation. It is necessary to control the notched bandwidths in practical application to obtain an effective band-notched UWB antenna. Therefore, the rejected bandwidths based on the dimensions of the corresponding notched band structure are studied. By adjusting the total length of each slot to be about a half-wavelength at the desired notched frequency, a destructive interference can take place, and triple band-notched characteristics at 2.2/3.54/5.68 GHz frequencies center are achieved. Details of the influence of each parameter on the proposed triple band-notched antenna will be studied in this section. The discussed parameter is changed, and the other parameters are kept unchanged.


### 3.1. Controlling the First Rejected Band Generated by the Vertical down C-Shaped Slot

Figures5(a), 5(b), and 5(c) show the simulated VSWR with changing WS13, LS11, and WS11 on the 2.2 GHz frequency center band. When WS13 increases, the center of the first rejected band 2.2 GHz shifts slightly for lower frequencies side: from 2.37 GHz for WS13 = 2.5 mm to 2.1 GHz for WS13 = 4 mm. We observe the same effect when LS11 increases: the center of the first rejected band shifts slightly from 2.2 GHz for LS11 = 9.5 mm to 2.16 GHz for LS11 = 10.6 mm. In addition, the lower rejected bandwidth shifts slightly for lower frequencies side with increasing WS11: from 2.2 GHz for WS11 = 13 mm to 2 GHz for WS11 = 16.2 mm. The first notched band width is decided by WS13, LS11, and WS11. On the other hand, we can observe that the parameters WS13, LS11, and WS11 have small influences for the two other rejected bands 3.54 GHz and 5.68 GHz.


### 3.2. Controlling the Second Rejected Band Generated by the Upper Vertical up C-Shaped Slot

Figures6(a), 6(b), and 6(c) show the simulated VSWR with changing WS21, LS21, and WS23 on the second rejected band 3.54 GHz. When WS21 increases, the center of the second rejected band 3.54 GHz shifts for lower frequencies side: from 3.54 GHz for WS21 = 1.4 mm to 2.6 GHz for WS21 = 5.9 mm. We observe the same effect when LS21 increases: the center of the second rejected band 3.54 GHz shifts from 3.9 GHz for LS21 = 2.2 mm to 3.54 GHz for LS21 = 4.7 mm. In addition, the second rejected bandwidth becomes wider when WS23 increases, and the center of the lower rejected band shifts for lower frequencies side: the width of the lower rejected band increases from 0.45 GHz for WS23 = 10.8 mm to 1 GHz for WS23 = 13.8 mm. From the discussion above, the parameters WS21, LS21, and WS23 are the most important parameters of second notched bandwidth 3.54 GHz, and it can be independently adjusted by changing these three parameters. On the other hand, we can observe that the parameters WS21, LS21, and WS23 have very small influences for the 2.2 GHz and 5.68 GHz rejected bands.


### 3.3. Controlling the Third Rejected Band Generated by the Lower Vertical up C-Shaped Slots

Figures7(a), 7(b), and 7(c) show the simulated VSWR with changing WS31, LS31, and WS33 on the third rejected band 5.68 GHz. When WS31 increases the center of the third rejected band shifts for lower frequencies side: from 5.91 GHz for WS31 = 2.4 mm to 5.48 GHz for WS31 = 3 mm. We observe the same effect when LS31 increases: the center of the third rejected band shifts from 5.82 GHz for LS31 = 0.65 mm to 5.42 GHz for LS31 = 1.55 mm. In addition, the third rejected bandwidth becomes wider when WS33 increases, and the center of the third rejected band shifts for lower frequencies side: the width of the lower rejected band increases from 0.44 GHz for WS33 = 7.3 mm to 1.18 GHz for WS33 = 8.3 mm. From the discussion above, we can control the shifted band-notched frequency and the enhanced width of the third band notch 5.68 GHz by varying the parameters WS31, LS31, and WS33, and it can be independently adjusted by changing these parameters. On the other hand, we can observe that the parameters WS31, LS31, and WS33 have very small influences for the two lower rejected bands 2.2 GHz and 3.54 GHz. In summary, the longer the length of the slots and resonators gets, the lower the notched band frequency becomes.


## 3.1. Controlling the First Rejected Band Generated by the Vertical down C-Shaped Slot

Figures5(a), 5(b), and 5(c) show the simulated VSWR with changing WS13, LS11, and WS11 on the 2.2 GHz frequency center band. When WS13 increases, the center of the first rejected band 2.2 GHz shifts slightly for lower frequencies side: from 2.37 GHz for WS13 = 2.5 mm to 2.1 GHz for WS13 = 4 mm. We observe the same effect when LS11 increases: the center of the first rejected band shifts slightly from 2.2 GHz for LS11 = 9.5 mm to 2.16 GHz for LS11 = 10.6 mm. In addition, the lower rejected bandwidth shifts slightly for lower frequencies side with increasing WS11: from 2.2 GHz for WS11 = 13 mm to 2 GHz for WS11 = 16.2 mm. The first notched band width is decided by WS13, LS11, and WS11. On the other hand, we can observe that the parameters WS13, LS11, and WS11 have small influences for the two other rejected bands 3.54 GHz and 5.68 GHz.


## 3.2. Controlling the Second Rejected Band Generated by the Upper Vertical up C-Shaped Slot

Figures6(a), 6(b), and 6(c) show the simulated VSWR with changing WS21, LS21, and WS23 on the second rejected band 3.54 GHz. When WS21 increases, the center of the second rejected band 3.54 GHz shifts for lower frequencies side: from 3.54 GHz for WS21 = 1.4 mm to 2.6 GHz for WS21 = 5.9 mm. We observe the same effect when LS21 increases: the center of the second rejected band 3.54 GHz shifts from 3.9 GHz for LS21 = 2.2 mm to 3.54 GHz for LS21 = 4.7 mm. In addition, the second rejected bandwidth becomes wider when WS23 increases, and the center of the lower rejected band shifts for lower frequencies side: the width of the lower rejected band increases from 0.45 GHz for WS23 = 10.8 mm to 1 GHz for WS23 = 13.8 mm. From the discussion above, the parameters WS21, LS21, and WS23 are the most important parameters of second notched bandwidth 3.54 GHz, and it can be independently adjusted by changing these three parameters. On the other hand, we can observe that the parameters WS21, LS21, and WS23 have very small influences for the 2.2 GHz and 5.68 GHz rejected bands.


## 3.3. Controlling the Third Rejected Band Generated by the Lower Vertical up C-Shaped Slots

Figures7(a), 7(b), and 7(c) show the simulated VSWR with changing WS31, LS31, and WS33 on the third rejected band 5.68 GHz. When WS31 increases the center of the third rejected band shifts for lower frequencies side: from 5.91 GHz for WS31 = 2.4 mm to 5.48 GHz for WS31 = 3 mm. We observe the same effect when LS31 increases: the center of the third rejected band shifts from 5.82 GHz for LS31 = 0.65 mm to 5.42 GHz for LS31 = 1.55 mm. In addition, the third rejected bandwidth becomes wider when WS33 increases, and the center of the third rejected band shifts for lower frequencies side: the width of the lower rejected band increases from 0.44 GHz for WS33 = 7.3 mm to 1.18 GHz for WS33 = 8.3 mm. From the discussion above, we can control the shifted band-notched frequency and the enhanced width of the third band notch 5.68 GHz by varying the parameters WS31, LS31, and WS33, and it can be independently adjusted by changing these parameters. On the other hand, we can observe that the parameters WS31, LS31, and WS33 have very small influences for the two lower rejected bands 2.2 GHz and 3.54 GHz. In summary, the longer the length of the slots and resonators gets, the lower the notched band frequency becomes.


## 4. Results and Discussion

The proposed UWB antenna with triple band-notched characteristics has been fabricated and measured. The photograph of the prototyped antenna is shown in Figure4. The optimized dimensions of the band-notched structures used in measurement are depicted in Table 1.Table 1
The optimized dimensions of the slots investigated in the proposed antenna.
Parameter
WS13
LS11
WS11
WS21
LS21
WS23
WS31
LS31
WS33
Value (mm)
3.4
10
13
1.4
4.7
13.8
2.7
1.25
8.3Figure 4
Top and bottom view of the fabricated sample of the proposed antenna.The simulated VSWR of the proposed antenna: effects of some parameters on the 2.2 GHz band-notched function, (a) WS13, (b) LS11, (c) WS11.
(a)
(b)
(c)The simulated VSWR of the proposed antenna: effects of some parameters on the 3.54 GHz band-notched function, (a) WS21, (b) LS21, (c) WS23.
(a)
(b)
(c)The simulated VSWR of the proposed antenna: effects of some parameters on the 5.68 GHz band-notched function, (a) WS31, (b) LS31, (c) WS33.
(a)
(b)
(c)


### 4.1. VSWR Measurement

Figure8 shows the measured and simulated voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) results for the proposed antenna with bands notched characteristics, an excellent agreement between them is observed. It can be seen that the measured notched frequencies and the bandwidths for each of the notched band are very suitable to suppress the disturbances from WLAN and WiMAX systems. The measured frequency range covers commercial UWB band (3.1–10.6 GHz) and rejects three frequencies bands 1.6–2.66 GHz (49.76%), 3-4 GHz (28.57%), and 5.13–6.03 GHz (16.12%); see Table 2.Table 2
The rejected bands achieved with the proposed antenna.
Results
Frequency bands
1st rejected band
2nd rejected band
3rd rejected band
Simulated
1.7–2.7 GHz
3.04–4.04 GHz
5.09–6.27 GHz
Measured
1.6–2.66 GHz
3-4 GHz
5.13–6.03 GHzFigure 8
The measured and simulated VSWR of the proposed triple band-notched antenna.


### 4.2. Current Distribution

Figures9(a), 9(b), and 9(c) show the current distribution on our proposed antenna with triple band-notched characteristics at frequencies 2.2 GHz, 3.54 GHz, and 5.68 GHz for the optimal design. A large current distribution around the edges of the slots is observed. In this case, destructive interference for the excited surface currents in the antenna will occur, which causes the antenna to be nonresponsive at those frequencies. At 2.2 GHz, a large current that is distributed around the vertical down C-shaped slot and a very small current that flowed along the two other slots with vertical up C-shaped are seen, which indicates that the changed dimensions of the vertical down C-shaped slot embedded in the ground plane have no effects on the two other upper rejected bands 3.54 GHz and 5.68 GHz. At 3.54 GHz, the current distribution mainly flows along the longest vertical up C-shaped slot embedded in the radiating element, while the currents around the two other slots are very small. In this way, the adjusted size for the longest vertical up C-shaped slot embedded in the radiating element does not affect the 2.2 GHz and 5.68 GHz frequency bands. At 5.68 GHz, the current distributions mainly flow along the shortest vertical up C-shaped slot embedded in the radiating element, while the currents around the other two are very small. In this way, the adjusted size for the shortest vertical up C-shaped slot embedded in the radiating element does not affect the 2.2 GHz and 3.54 GHz frequency bands.The current distribution on the proposed antenna at (a) 2.2 GHz, (b) 3.54 GHz, (c) 5.68 GHz.
(a)
(b)
(c)


### 4.3. Radiation Pattern

Figure10 shows the normalized far-field radiation patterns for the proposed antenna in two principle planes at different operating frequencies 1.5 GHz, 4.5 GHz, 7.5 GHz, 8.5 GHz, and 10 GHz. At higher frequencies, the radiation pattern deteriorates because the equivalent radiating area changes with frequency over UWB; unequal phase distribution and significant magnitude of higher order modes also play a part in the deterioration of the radiation pattern. Omnidirectional characteristics and radiation bandwidth can be improved if the ground plane length is approximately the same size as that of the radiating structure width. Also they can be further improved by using a thin substrate or a substrate with low dielectric constant [38]. The proposed triple band-notched antenna has nearly omnidirectional radiation characteristic in the H plane copolar radiation pattern and becomes faintly directional with increasing the frequency. The E-plane copolar radiation patterns over operating frequencies are roughly symmetric and have two main lobes. In addition, we can note that the cross-polarization level plane increases marginally with increasing the frequency.Radiation patterns at some frequencies: (a)x-z plane (H plane) and (b) y-z plane (E plane).
(a)
(b)


### 4.4. Peak Gain

The comparison of the peak gain of the proposed antenna with that of the one without band-notched structures is shown in Figure11. The peak gain of the proposed triple band-notched antenna almost follows the peak gain of the reference antenna without band-notched structures over the UWB frequency band, except in the notched bands. Three significant drops of the peak gain can be observed in the operating frequency. The peak gain decreases drastically to −6.23/−5.06/−3.20 dBi at around the notched bands which demonstrates that the band-notched function is good.Figure 11
Peak gain of the proposed antenna with and without notched band structure.


### 4.5. Group Delay and Transfer Function

Group delay is an important parameter to characterize the degree of distortion of the pulse signal for UWB impulse-based system. It is desired that the group delay response is stable over the UWB frequency band. In addition, the shape of the transmitted pulse should not be distorted [39]. Two identical antennas are arranged face to face at a distance of 30 cm which achieves the far-field condition of the antenna. The group delay of the antenna system is shown in Figure 12. The group delay variation of the proposed antenna is very small, which is less than 1 ns in the pass band. However, in the notched bands, the group delay exceeds 5.5 ns. The characteristic of the group delay indicates that the phase of the antenna is linear in the far field and the pulse signal is not distorted between transmitting and receiving antennas in the pass band. The magnitude of the transfer function has also little variation over the operating band except in the notched bands, as shown in Figure 13. Apart from the notched bands, the group delay and transfer function show slightly small variations, indicating that the proposed design is suitable for UWB applications.Figure 12
Group delay of the proposed triple band-notched antenna.Figure 13
Transfer function of the proposed triple band-notched antenna.At last, in order to reduce potential interferences between UWB systems with WiMAX and WLAN systems, we have exploited three notched bands structures in a proposed UWB antenna for rejecting three frequency bands and adjusting of their parameters influencing only the related rejected band; the rest of the UWB frequency band remains unaffected which offers an autonomous selection and control of the rejected band and bandwidth.


## 4.1. VSWR Measurement

Figure8 shows the measured and simulated voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) results for the proposed antenna with bands notched characteristics, an excellent agreement between them is observed. It can be seen that the measured notched frequencies and the bandwidths for each of the notched band are very suitable to suppress the disturbances from WLAN and WiMAX systems. The measured frequency range covers commercial UWB band (3.1–10.6 GHz) and rejects three frequencies bands 1.6–2.66 GHz (49.76%), 3-4 GHz (28.57%), and 5.13–6.03 GHz (16.12%); see Table 2.Table 2
The rejected bands achieved with the proposed antenna.
Results
Frequency bands
1st rejected band
2nd rejected band
3rd rejected band
Simulated
1.7–2.7 GHz
3.04–4.04 GHz
5.09–6.27 GHz
Measured
1.6–2.66 GHz
3-4 GHz
5.13–6.03 GHzFigure 8
The measured and simulated VSWR of the proposed triple band-notched antenna.


## 4.2. Current Distribution

Figures9(a), 9(b), and 9(c) show the current distribution on our proposed antenna with triple band-notched characteristics at frequencies 2.2 GHz, 3.54 GHz, and 5.68 GHz for the optimal design. A large current distribution around the edges of the slots is observed. In this case, destructive interference for the excited surface currents in the antenna will occur, which causes the antenna to be nonresponsive at those frequencies. At 2.2 GHz, a large current that is distributed around the vertical down C-shaped slot and a very small current that flowed along the two other slots with vertical up C-shaped are seen, which indicates that the changed dimensions of the vertical down C-shaped slot embedded in the ground plane have no effects on the two other upper rejected bands 3.54 GHz and 5.68 GHz. At 3.54 GHz, the current distribution mainly flows along the longest vertical up C-shaped slot embedded in the radiating element, while the currents around the two other slots are very small. In this way, the adjusted size for the longest vertical up C-shaped slot embedded in the radiating element does not affect the 2.2 GHz and 5.68 GHz frequency bands. At 5.68 GHz, the current distributions mainly flow along the shortest vertical up C-shaped slot embedded in the radiating element, while the currents around the other two are very small. In this way, the adjusted size for the shortest vertical up C-shaped slot embedded in the radiating element does not affect the 2.2 GHz and 3.54 GHz frequency bands.The current distribution on the proposed antenna at (a) 2.2 GHz, (b) 3.54 GHz, (c) 5.68 GHz.
(a)
(b)
(c)


## 4.3. Radiation Pattern

Figure10 shows the normalized far-field radiation patterns for the proposed antenna in two principle planes at different operating frequencies 1.5 GHz, 4.5 GHz, 7.5 GHz, 8.5 GHz, and 10 GHz. At higher frequencies, the radiation pattern deteriorates because the equivalent radiating area changes with frequency over UWB; unequal phase distribution and significant magnitude of higher order modes also play a part in the deterioration of the radiation pattern. Omnidirectional characteristics and radiation bandwidth can be improved if the ground plane length is approximately the same size as that of the radiating structure width. Also they can be further improved by using a thin substrate or a substrate with low dielectric constant [38]. The proposed triple band-notched antenna has nearly omnidirectional radiation characteristic in the H plane copolar radiation pattern and becomes faintly directional with increasing the frequency. The E-plane copolar radiation patterns over operating frequencies are roughly symmetric and have two main lobes. In addition, we can note that the cross-polarization level plane increases marginally with increasing the frequency.Radiation patterns at some frequencies: (a)x-z plane (H plane) and (b) y-z plane (E plane).
(a)
(b)


## 4.4. Peak Gain

The comparison of the peak gain of the proposed antenna with that of the one without band-notched structures is shown in Figure11. The peak gain of the proposed triple band-notched antenna almost follows the peak gain of the reference antenna without band-notched structures over the UWB frequency band, except in the notched bands. Three significant drops of the peak gain can be observed in the operating frequency. The peak gain decreases drastically to −6.23/−5.06/−3.20 dBi at around the notched bands which demonstrates that the band-notched function is good.Figure 11
Peak gain of the proposed antenna with and without notched band structure.


## 4.5. Group Delay and Transfer Function

Group delay is an important parameter to characterize the degree of distortion of the pulse signal for UWB impulse-based system. It is desired that the group delay response is stable over the UWB frequency band. In addition, the shape of the transmitted pulse should not be distorted [39]. Two identical antennas are arranged face to face at a distance of 30 cm which achieves the far-field condition of the antenna. The group delay of the antenna system is shown in Figure 12. The group delay variation of the proposed antenna is very small, which is less than 1 ns in the pass band. However, in the notched bands, the group delay exceeds 5.5 ns. The characteristic of the group delay indicates that the phase of the antenna is linear in the far field and the pulse signal is not distorted between transmitting and receiving antennas in the pass band. The magnitude of the transfer function has also little variation over the operating band except in the notched bands, as shown in Figure 13. Apart from the notched bands, the group delay and transfer function show slightly small variations, indicating that the proposed design is suitable for UWB applications.Figure 12
Group delay of the proposed triple band-notched antenna.Figure 13
Transfer function of the proposed triple band-notched antenna.At last, in order to reduce potential interferences between UWB systems with WiMAX and WLAN systems, we have exploited three notched bands structures in a proposed UWB antenna for rejecting three frequency bands and adjusting of their parameters influencing only the related rejected band; the rest of the UWB frequency band remains unaffected which offers an autonomous selection and control of the rejected band and bandwidth.


## 5. Conclusion

To minimize the potential interferences between the UWB communication systems with the WiMAX and WLAN systems, simple, low cost, and compact printed monopole antenna with controllable triple band-notched characteristics is proposed and investigated. Two different vertical up C-shaped slots with a vertical down C-shaped slot are embedded in the radiating patch and in the ground plane, respectively, for rejecting WiMAX and WLAN frequency bands. By simply adjusting the total length and width of the corresponding band-notched structure, the rejected frequency bands can be independently controlled. Finally, a UWB antenna with controllable triple band rejected characteristics is successfully simulated, prototyped, and measured, showing a near omnidirectional radiation pattern, a stable peak gain, and small group delay and transfer function variation over the whole band except in the notched frequency bands. Consequently, the advantages of simple structure, compact size, easy to fabricate, and excellent performances make this antenna a good candidate for practical UWB applications.



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*Source: 848062-2014-02-06.xml*