# Impulsive Fractional Integrodifferential Equations and Lyapunov Method for Existence of Almost Periodic Solutions

Authors: Gani Tr. Stamov
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2015)

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## Abstract

The plan of this paper is to find conditions for the existence of almost periodic solutions for a class of impulsive fractional integrodifferential equations. The investigations are carried out by using a new fractional comparison principle, coupled with the fractional Lyapunov method. The stability behavior of the almost periodic solutions is also considered, extending the corresponding theory of impulsive integrodifferential equations.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The states of many evolutionary processes are often subject to instantaneous perturbations and experience abrupt changes at certain moments of time. The duration of the changes is very short and negligible in comparison with the duration of the process considered and can be thought of as “momentarily” changes or as impulses. Systems with short-term perturbations are often naturally described by impulsive differential equations. Such equations have become an active research subject in nonlinear science and have attracted more attention in many fields due to their importance in many branches of science and industry [1–3]. A great progress in studying impulsive integrodifferential equations has also been made. See, for example, [4–8] and the references therein. Indeed, impulsive integrodifferential systems played a very important role in modern applied mathematical models of real processes arising in phenomena studied in diverse disciplines.Since the tools of impulsive fractional differential equations are applicable to various fields of study, the investigation of the theory of such equations has been started quite recently. In a series of papers different questions of the fundamental and qualitative theories of such equations have been investigated [9–14].Additionally, in relation to the mathematical simulation in chaos, fluid dynamics, and many physical systems, recently the investigation of impulsive fractional functional differential equations began. Fractional-order impulsive functional differential equations are found to be more adequate than integer-order models in many applications and real-world phenomena studying in physics, mechanics, chemistry, engineering, and finance [15–18].The problems of existence and uniqueness of the solutions of impulsive integrodifferential systems of fractional order have been studied by several authors. For example, Anguraj and Maheswari [19] proved the existence and uniqueness results for a fractional impulsive neutral integrodifferential system with infinite delay. By using Schaefer fixed point theorem, Gao et al. [20] established sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a class of impulsive integrodifferential equations with nonlocal conditions involving the Caputo fractional derivative. In the paper [21] Xie investigated the existence and uniqueness of mild solutions for impulsive fractional integrodifferential evolution equations with infinite delay in Banach spaces. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has not been any work so far considering the qualitative theory of such equations, and our aim here is mainly to fill the gap.In the present paper, the problems of existence and stability of almost periodic solutions of impulsive integrodifferential equations of Caputo fractional order with impulse effect at fixed moments are considered by means of Lyapunov direct method. The paper is organized as follows. In Section2 we give some notations, the problem investigated in this paper is formulated, and some definitions are presented. In Section 3, we state and prove our main almost periodicity results, extending the corresponding theory of Caputo fractional order systems. We also establish stability criteria for the almost periodic solutions using the new fractional Lyapunov method. In Section 4 a fractional neural network system is considered as an example to demonstrate the application of our results. The concluding remarks are made in Section 5.


## 2. Preliminaries

LetR
n be the n-dimensional Euclidean space with norm ∥
·
∥, R
=
(
-
∞
,
∞
), R
+
=
[
0
,
∞
), and B
α
=
{
x
∈
R
n
:
x
≤
α
}, α
=
const
>
0. By B
,
B
=
{
{
t
k
}: t
k
∈
(
-
∞
,
∞
)
,
t
k
<
t
k
+
1, k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…, l
i
m
k
→
±
∞
t
k
=
±
∞
} we denote the set of all sequences unbounded and strictly increasing with distance ρ
(
{
t
k
(
1
)
}
,
{
t
k
(
2
)
}
).Definition 1 (see [22]).
For anyt
≥
t
0, t
0
∈
R,Caputo’s fractional derivative of order
q, 0
<
q
<
1 with the lower limit t
0 for a function l
∈
C
1
[
[
t
0
,
b
]
,
R
n
], b
>
t
0, is defined as (1)
D
t
q
t
0
c
l
t
=
1
Γ
1
-
q
∫
t
0
t
l
′
s
t
-
s
q
d
s
.
Here and in what followsΓ denotes the Gamma function.Consider the following system of impulsive fractional integrodifferential equations:(2)
D
t
q
t
0
c
x
t
=
f
t
,
x
t
,
∫
t
0
t
K
t
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
,
t
≠
t
k
,
Δ
x
t
k
=
I
k
x
t
k
,
k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…
,where t
0
∈
R, f
∈
C
[
R
×
R
n
×
R
n
,
R
n
], K
∈
[
R
×
R
×
R
n
,
R
n
], {
t
k
}
∈
B, Δ
x
(
t
k
)
=
x
(
t
k
+
)
-
x
(
t
k
), and I
k
:
R
n
→
R
n, k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
….Letx
0
∈
R
n. Denote by x
(
t
)
=
x
(
t
;
t
0
,
x
0
) the solution of system (2), satisfying the initial condition: (3)
x
t
0
+
=
x
0
.The solutionx
(
t
)
=
x
(
t
;
t
0
,
x
0
) of problem (2), (3) is a piecewise continuous function [18] with points of discontinuity at the moments t
k, k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
… at which it is continuous from the left; that is, the following relations are valid: (4)
x
t
k
-
=
x
t
k
,
x
t
k
+
=
x
t
k
+
I
k
x
t
k
,
k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…
.For some basic concepts and theorems of the solutions of impulsive fractional integrodifferential systems, we refer the reader to [19–21] and the references therein.LetP
C
=
P
C
[
R
,
R
n
]
=
{
ψ
:
R
→
R
n, φ is piecewise continuous function with points of discontinuity of the first kind t
k, {
t
k
}
∈
B at which ψ
(
t
k
-
) and ψ
(
t
k
+
) exist, and ψ
(
t
k
-
)
=
ψ
(
t
k
)
}.Since the solutions of (2) belong to the space P
C, what follows are definitions for almost periodicity [6]. Before stating these definitions, here are some essential notations.ForT
¯
,
P
¯
∈
B, let seq
(
T
¯
∪
P
¯
)
:
B
→
B be a map such that the set seq
(
T
¯
∪
P
¯
) forms a strictly increasing sequence. For D
⊂
R, let θ
ɛ
(
D
)
=
{
t
+
ɛ
,
t
∈
D
} and F
ɛ
(
D
)
=
∩
{
θ
ɛ
(
D
)
} for ɛ
>
0. By Ψ
=
(
ψ
(
t
)
,
T
¯
), we shall denote the element from the space P
C
×
B. For every sequence of real numbers {
s
n
}, n
=
1,2
,
…, θ
s
n
Ψ mean the sets {
ψ
(
t
+
s
n
)
,
T
¯
-
s
n
}
⊂
P
C
×
B, where T
¯
-
s
n
=
{
t
k
-
s
n, k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…
,
n
=
1,2
,
…
}.Definition 2 (see [6]).
Let{
t
k
}
∈
B.
(1) The set of sequences{
t
k
l
}
,
t
k
l
=
t
k
+
l
-
t
k, k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…, l
=
1,2
,
…, is said to beuniformly almost periodic, if from each infinite sequence of shifts t
k
-
s
n, k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…, n
=
1,2
,
…
,
s
n
∈
R we can choose a subsequence convergent in B.
(2) The sequence{
Ψ
n
}, Ψ
n
=
(
ψ
n
(
t
)
,
T
¯
n
)
∈
P
C
[
R
,
R
n
]
×
B, isconvergent to
Ψ, where Ψ
=
(
ψ
(
t
)
,
T
¯
) and (
ψ
(
t
)
,
T
¯
)
∈
P
C
[
R
,
R
n
]
×
B, if and only if for any ɛ
>
0 there exists n
0
>
0 such that for n
≥
n
0 it follows that (5)
ρ
T
¯
,
T
¯
n
<
ɛ
,
ψ
n
t
-
ψ
t
<
ɛhold uniformly for t
∈
R
∖
F
ɛ
(
seq
(
T
¯
n
∪
T
¯
)
)
.
(3) The functionψ
∈
P
C
[
R
,
R
n
] is said to be analmost periodic piecewise continuous function with points of discontinuity of the first kind t
k, if for every sequence of real numbers {
s
m
′
} it follows that there exists a subsequence {
s
n
}, s
n
=
s
m
n
′, such that θ
s
n
Ψ is compact in P
C
[
R
,
R
n
]
×
B.By the specific character of system (2) we need the next definition.Definition 3 (see [6]).
The functionK
∈
C
[
R
×
R
×
R
n
,
R
n
] is said to beintegro-almost periodic in t
∈
R uniformly for x
∈
R
n, if for every sequence of real numbers {
s
m
′
} there exists a subsequence {
s
n
}
,
s
n
=
s
m
n
′, such that the sequence (6)
∫
t
0
t
+
s
n
K
t
+
s
n
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τconverges uniformly with respect to n
→
∞.LetG
k
=
(
t
k
-
1
,
t
k
)
×
R
n
×
R
n, k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…, and G
=
∪
k
=
-
∞
∞
G
k. In the further considerations, we shall use piecewise continuous auxiliary functions, which are analogous of the classical Lyapunov functions.Definition 4.
A functionV
:
R
×
R
n
×
R
n
→
R
+
belongs to the class
V
0, if one has the following:
(1)V
(
t
,
x
,
y
) is continuous in G and locally Lipschitz continuous with respect to its second and third arguments on each of the sets G
k with a Lipschitz constant L
>
0; that is, for x
1
,
x
2
∈
R
n, y
1
,
y
2
∈
R
n and for t
∈
R it follows that (7)
V
t
,
x
1
,
y
1
-
V
t
,
x
2
,
y
2
≤
L
x
1
-
x
2
+
y
1
-
y
2
.
(2) For eachk
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
… and x
,
y
∈
R
n, there exist the finite limits (8)
V
t
k
-
,
x
,
y
=
lim
t
→
t
k
t
<
t
k
⁡
V
t
,
x
,
y
,
V
t
k
+
,
x
,
y
=
lim
t
→
t
k
t
>
t
k
⁡
V
t
,
x
,
y
,and V
(
t
k
-
,
x
,
y
)
=
V
(
t
k
,
x
,
y
)
.For a functionV
∈
V
0 we define the following fractional order derivative (Dini-like derivative) in Caputo’s sense.Definition 5.
Given a functionV
∈
V
0, for t
∈
[
t
k
-
1
,
t
k
), k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…, and x
,
y
∈
R
n, theupper right-hand derivative of
V
in Caputo’s sense of order
q, 0
<
q
<
1, with respect to system (2) is defined by (9)
D
+
q
c
V
t
,
x
,
y
=
lim
χ
→
0
+
⁡
sup
⁡
1
χ
q
V
t
,
x
,
y
-
V
t
-
χ
,
x
-
χ
q
f
t
,
x
,
∫
t
0
t
K
t
,
τ
,
x
d
τ
,
y
-
χ
q
f
t
,
y
,
∫
t
0
t
K
t
,
τ
,
y
d
τ
.
We shall also use the following class of functions:
K
=
{
a
∈
C
[
R
+
,
R
+
]
:
a
(
r
) is strictly increasing and a
(
0
)
=
0
}.Introduce the following conditions:(H2.1) The functionK
(
t
,
τ
,
x
) is integro-almost periodic in t
∈
R uniformly on τ
∈
R and x
∈
R
n.(H2.2) The functionf
(
t
,
x
,
∫
t
0
t
‍
K
(
t
,
τ
,
x
)
d
τ
) is almost periodic in t
∈
R uniformly with respect to x
∈
R
n.(H2.3) The sequence{
I
k
(
x
)
}, k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
… is almost periodic uniformly with respect to x
∈
R
n.(H2.4) The set of sequences{
t
k
l
}, t
k
l
=
t
k
+
l
-
t
k, k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…, l
=
1,2
,
…, is uniformly almost periodic, and i
n
f
k
{
t
k
1
}
=
θ
>
0.Let conditions (H2.1)–(H2.4) hold, and let{
s
m
′
} be an arbitrary sequence of real numbers. Then, there exists a subsequence {
s
n
}, s
n
=
s
m
n
′ such that system (2) moves to system (10)
D
t
q
t
0
c
x
t
=
f
s
t
,
x
t
,
∫
t
0
t
K
s
t
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
,
t
≠
t
k
s
,
Δ
x
t
k
s
=
I
k
s
x
t
k
s
,
k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…
. We shall denote the set of systems of the type (10) by H
(
f
,
K
,
I
k
,
t
k
).Now, we need a class of Lyapunov function connected with system (10).Definition 6.
The functionW
:
R
×
R
n
→
R
+
belongs to class
W
0; if W
(
t
,
x
) is continuous on (
t
,
x
)
∈
R
×
R
n
,
t
≠
t
k
s, k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…, and W
(
t
,
0
)
=
0, t
∈
R and W
(
t
,
x
) is locally Lipschitz continuous with respect to its second argument, for k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…, and x
∈
R
n, there exist the finite limits (11)
W
t
k
s
-
,
x
=
lim
t
→
t
k
s
t
<
t
k
s
⁡
W
t
,
x
,
W
t
k
s
+
,
x
=
lim
t
→
t
k
s
t
>
t
k
s
⁡
W
t
,
xand the equality W
(
t
k
s
-
,
x
)
=
W
(
t
k
s
,
x
) holds.In the same way we can define a fractional order derivative (Dini-like derivative) in Caputo’s sense forW
∈
W
0 as follows:(12)
D
+
q
c
W
t
,
x
=
lim
χ
→
0
+
⁡
sup
⁡
1
χ
q
W
t
,
x
-
W
t
-
χ
,
x
-
χ
q
f
s
t
,
x
,
∫
t
0
t
K
s
t
,
τ
,
x
d
τ
.Letx
1
∗
∈
R
n. Denote by x
1
(
t
)
=
x
1
(
t
;
t
0
,
x
1
∗
) the solution of system (2), satisfying the initial condition x
1
(
t
0
+
)
=
x
1
∗
. The next definitions are related to the stability of the solution of system (2).Definition 7.
The solutionx
1
(
t
) of system (2) is said to be
(a)stable, if (13)
∀
t
0
∈
R
∀
ɛ
>
0
∃
δ
>
0
∀
x
0
∈
R
n
:
x
0
-
x
1
∗
<
δ
∀
t
≥
t
0
:
x
t
;
t
0
,
x
0
-
x
1
t
;
t
0
,
x
1
∗
<
ɛ
;
(b)uniformly stable, if the number δ in (a) is independent of t
0
∈
R;
(c)attractive, if (14)
∀
t
0
∈
R
∃
λ
>
0
∀
x
0
∈
R
n
:
x
0
-
x
1
∗
<
λ
lim
t
→
∞
⁡
x
t
;
t
0
,
x
0
=
x
1
t
;
t
0
,
x
1
∗
;
(d)equiattractive, if (15)
∀
t
0
∈
R
∃
λ
>
0
∀
ɛ
>
0
∃
T
>
0
∀
x
0
∈
R
n
:
x
0
-
x
1
∗
<
λ
∀
t
≥
t
0
+
T
:
x
t
;
t
0
,
x
0
-
x
1
t
;
t
0
,
x
1
∗
<
ɛ
;
(e)uniformly attractive, if the numbers λ and T in (d) are independent of t
0
∈
R;
(f)asymptotically stable, if it is stable and attractive;
(g)uniformly asymptotically stable, if it is uniformly stable and uniformly attractive;
(h)globally quasi-equiasymptotically stable, if (16)
∀
λ
>
0
∀
ɛ
>
0
∀
t
0
∈
R
∃
T
>
0
∀
x
0
∈
R
n
:
x
0
-
x
1
∗
<
λ
∀
t
≥
t
0
+
T
:
x
t
;
t
0
,
x
0
-
x
1
t
;
t
0
,
x
1
∗
<
ɛ
.Definition 8.
The solutions of system (2) are
(a)equibounded, if (17)
∀
A
>
0
∀
t
0
∈
R
∃
B
>
0
∀
x
0
∈
R
n
:
x
0
<
A
∀
t
≥
t
0
:
x
t
;
t
0
,
x
0
<
B
;
(b)uniformly bounded, if the number B in (a) is independent of t
0
∈
R.Definition 9.
The solutionx
1
(
t
) of (2) is said to beglobally perfectly uniform-asymptotically stable, if it is uniformly stable, the number T in Definition 7(h) is independent of t
0
∈
R, and the solutions of (2) are uniformly bounded.In the proof of the main results we shall use the following comparison lemma. As the proof is similar to that of Theorem3.1 in [18], we omit it.Lemma 10.
Assume the following:
(1) The functiong
:
[
t
0
,
∞
)
×
R
+
→
R is continuous in each of the sets (
t
k
-
1
,
t
k
]
×
R
+, k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
….
(2)B
k
∈
C
[
R
+
,
R
+
] and ψ
k
(
u
)
=
u
+
B
k
(
u
)
≥
0, k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…, are nondecreasing with respect to u.
(3) The maximal solutionu
+
(
t
;
t
0
,
u
0
) of the scalar problem (18)
D
t
q
t
0
c
u
t
=
g
t
,
u
t
,
t
≠
t
k
,
u
t
0
=
u
0
≥
0
,
Δ
u
t
k
=
B
k
u
t
k
,
k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…
,is defined in the interval [
t
0
,
∞
).
(4) The functionV
∈
V
0 is such that, for t
∈
[
t
0
,
∞
), (19)
V
t
+
,
x
+
I
k
x
,
y
+
I
k
y
≤
ψ
k
V
t
,
x
,
y
,
t
=
t
k
,
k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…
,
D
+
q
c
V
t
,
x
,
y
≤
g
t
,
V
t
,
x
,
y
,
t
≠
t
k
,
k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…
.
Then
V
(
t
0
,
x
0
,
y
0
)
≤
u
0
implies
(20)
V
t
,
x
t
;
t
0
,
x
0
,
y
t
;
t
0
,
y
0
≤
u
+
t
;
t
0
,
u
0
,
t
∈
t
0
,
∞
,where x
=
x
(
t
;
t
0
,
x
0
)
,
y
=
y
(
t
;
t
0
,
y
0
) are two solutions of (2), x
0
,
y
0
∈
R
n, existing on [
t
0
,
∞
).


## 3. Main Results

Theorem 11.
Assume the following:
(1) Conditions (H2.1)–(H2.4) are met.
(2) There exist functionsV
∈
V
0 and a
,
b
∈
K such that (21)
a
x
-
y
≤
V
t
,
x
,
y
≤
b
x
-
y
,
t
,
x
,
y
∈
R
×
R
n
×
R
n
,
(22)
V
t
k
+
,
x
+
I
k
x
,
y
+
I
k
y
≤
V
t
k
,
x
,
y
,
x
,
y
∈
R
n
×
R
n
,
k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…
,
D
+
q
c
V
t
,
x
,
y
≤
-
M
V
t
,
x
,
y
,
t
,
x
,
y
∈
G
,
M
>
0
.
(3) There exists a solutionx
(
t
)
=
x
(
t
;
t
0
,
x
0
) of (2) such that x
(
t
)
∈
B
α, where t
≥
t
0, α
>
0.
Then for system (2) there exists a unique almost periodic solution ω
(
t
) such that
(1)ω
(
t
)
∈
B
α
1, α
1
<
α.
(2)ω
(
t
) is globally perfectly uniform-asymptotically stable.
(3)H
(
ω
,
t
k
)
⊂
H
(
f
,
K
,
I
k
,
t
k
).Proof.
Lett
0
∈
R and let {
s
p
} be any sequence of real numbers such that s
p
→
∞ as p
→
∞ and {
s
p
} moves system (2), (3) to a system at H
(
f
,
K
,
I
k
,
t
k
).
For any real numberβ, let p
0
=
p
0
(
β
) be the smallest value of p, such that s
p
0
+
β
≥
t
0. Since x
(
t
)
∈
B
α
1, α
1
<
α, for all t
≥
t
0, then x
(
t
+
s
p
)
∈
B
α
1 for t
≥
β, p
≥
p
0.
LetU, U
⊂
(
β
,
∞
) be a compact. Then, for any ɛ
>
0, choose an integer n
0
(
ɛ
,
β
)
≥
p
0
(
β
) so large that, for l
≥
p
≥
n
0
(
ɛ
,
β
) and t
>
t
0, t
≠
t
k, it follows that (23)
b
2
α
1
E
q
-
M
β
+
s
p
-
t
0
q
≤
a
ɛ
2
,
(24)
f
t
+
s
l
,
x
,
∫
t
0
t
+
s
l
K
t
+
s
l
,
τ
,
x
d
τ
-
f
t
+
s
p
,
x
,
∫
t
0
t
+
s
p
K
t
+
s
p
,
τ
,
x
d
τ
≤
a
ɛ
M
2
L
,where E
q
(
·
) is the corresponding Mittag-Leffler function [22].
Now, following [23], we shall set m
(
σ
)
=
V
(
σ
,
x
(
σ
)
,
x
(
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
)
) and S
(
x
,
χ
,
r
,
q
)
=
∑
r
=
1
n
‍
(
-
1
)
r
+
1
q
r
x
(
t
-
r
χ
). Then, for small χ
>
0, we have (25)
V
σ
,
x
σ
,
x
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
-
V
σ
-
χ
,
S
1
,
S
2
=
V
σ
,
x
σ
,
x
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
-
V
σ
-
χ
,
x
σ
-
χ
q
f
σ
,
x
σ
,
∫
t
0
σ
K
σ
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
,
x
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
-
χ
q
f
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
x
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
∫
t
0
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
K
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
+
V
σ
-
χ
,
x
σ
-
χ
q
f
σ
,
x
σ
,
∫
t
0
σ
K
σ
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
,
x
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
-
χ
q
f
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
x
τ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
∫
t
0
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
K
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
-
V
σ
-
χ
,
S
1
,
S
2
,where S
1
=
S
(
x
(
σ
)
,
χ
,
r
,
q
) and S
2
=
S
(
x
(
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
)
,
χ
,
r
,
q
).
Then by using the fractional order derivative ofV in Caputo’s sense and (24) we obtain (26)
D
+
q
c
m
σ
=
lim
χ
→
0
n
χ
=
t
-
t
0
⁡
sup
⁡
1
χ
q
V
σ
,
x
σ
,
x
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
-
V
σ
-
χ
,
x
σ
-
χ
q
f
σ
,
x
σ
,
∫
t
0
σ
K
σ
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
,
x
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
-
χ
q
f
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
x
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
∫
t
0
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
K
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
+
V
σ
-
χ
,
x
σ
-
χ
q
f
σ
,
x
σ
,
∫
t
0
σ
K
σ
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
,
x
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
-
χ
q
f
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
x
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
∫
t
0
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
K
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
-
V
σ
-
χ
,
S
1
,
S
2
≤
-
M
V
σ
,
x
σ
,
x
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
+
L
f
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
x
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
∫
t
0
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
K
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
-
f
σ
,
x
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
∫
t
0
σ
K
σ
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
.
Setζ
=
σ
-
s
p. Then, (27)
f
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
x
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
∫
t
0
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
K
t
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
-
f
σ
,
x
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
,
∫
t
0
σ
K
t
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
=
f
ζ
+
s
l
,
x
ζ
+
s
l
,
∫
t
0
ζ
+
s
l
K
ζ
+
s
l
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
-
f
ζ
+
s
p
,
x
ζ
+
s
p
,
∫
t
0
ζ
+
s
p
K
ζ
+
s
p
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τand by (24) (28)
D
+
q
c
V
σ
,
x
σ
,
x
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
≤
-
M
V
σ
,
x
σ
,
x
σ
+
s
p
-
s
l
+
a
ɛ
M
2
.
On the other hand, fromσ
=
t
k
-
(
s
l
-
s
p
), it follows that(29)
V
σ
,
x
σ
+
I
k
x
σ
,
x
σ
+
s
l
-
s
p
+
I
k
x
σ
+
s
l
-
s
p
≤
V
σ
,
x
σ
,
x
σ
+
s
l
-
s
p
.
Then from (28) and (29) it follows that the conditions of Lemma 10 are fulfilled and consequently, for p
,
l
≥
n
0
(
ɛ
,
β
) and any t
∈
U, (30)
V
t
+
s
p
,
x
t
+
s
p
,
x
t
+
s
l
≤
E
q
-
M
t
+
s
p
-
s
l
q
V
t
0
,
x
t
0
+
s
p
,
x
t
0
+
s
l
+
a
ɛ
2
≤
a
ɛ
.
Finally, from (21) for any t
∈
U, we get (31)
x
t
+
s
p
-
x
t
+
s
l
<
ɛ
.
Consequently, there exists a functionω
(
t
), such that x
(
t
+
s
p
)
-
ω
(
t
)
→
∞ for p
→
∞. Since β is arbitrary, it follows that ω
(
t
) is defined uniformly on t
∈
R. Next, we shall show that ω
(
t
) is a solution of (10).
Sincex
(
t
;
t
0
,
x
0
) is a solution of (2), (3), we have (32)
D
t
q
t
0
c
x
t
+
s
p
-
D
t
q
t
0
c
x
t
+
s
l
≤
f
t
+
s
p
,
x
t
+
s
p
,
∫
t
0
t
+
s
p
K
t
+
s
p
,
τ
,
x
d
τ
-
f
t
+
s
l
,
x
t
+
s
p
,
∫
t
0
t
+
s
l
K
t
+
s
l
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
+
f
t
+
s
l
,
x
t
+
s
p
,
∫
t
0
t
+
s
l
K
t
+
s
l
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
-
f
t
+
s
l
,
x
t
+
s
l
,
∫
t
0
t
+
s
l
K
t
+
s
l
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
,for t
+
s
κ
≠
t
k, κ
=
p
,
l; k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
….
Asx
(
t
+
s
p
)
∈
B
α
1 for large s
p and for each compact subset of R there exists n
1
(
ɛ
)
>
0 such that if l
≥
p
≥
n
1
(
ɛ
), then (33)
f
t
+
s
p
,
x
t
+
s
p
,
∫
t
0
t
+
s
p
K
t
+
s
p
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
-
f
t
+
s
l
,
x
t
+
s
p
,
∫
t
0
t
+
s
l
K
t
+
s
l
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
<
ɛ
2
.
Sincex
(
t
+
s
κ
)
∈
B
β
(
α
), κ
=
p
,
l, then it follows that there exists n
2
(
ɛ
)
>
0 such that if l
≥
p
≥
n
2
(
ɛ
), then (34)
f
t
+
s
l
,
x
t
+
s
p
,
∫
t
0
t
+
s
l
K
t
+
s
l
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
-
f
t
+
s
l
,
x
t
+
s
l
,
∫
t
0
t
+
s
l
K
t
+
s
l
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
<
ɛ
2
.
Forl
≥
p
≥
n
(
ɛ
), n
(
ɛ
)
=
m
a
x
{
n
1
(
ɛ
)
,
n
2
(
ɛ
)
}, we obtain (35)
D
t
q
t
0
c
x
t
+
s
p
-
D
t
q
t
0
c
x
t
+
s
l
≤
ɛ
,where t
+
s
κ
≠
t
k
s, which shows that l
i
m
p
→
∞
D
t
q
t
0
c
x
(
t
+
s
p
) exists uniformly on all compact subsets of R.
Let nowl
i
m
p
→
∞
D
t
q
t
0
c
x
(
t
+
s
p
)
=
D
t
q
t
0
c
ω
(
t
), and (36)
D
t
q
t
0
c
ω
t
=
lim
p
→
∞
⁡
f
t
+
s
p
,
x
t
+
s
p
,
∫
t
0
t
+
s
p
K
t
+
s
p
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
-
f
t
+
s
p
,
ω
t
,
∫
t
0
t
+
s
l
K
t
+
s
p
,
τ
,
ω
τ
d
τ
+
f
t
+
s
p
,
ω
t
,
∫
t
0
t
+
s
p
K
t
+
s
p
,
τ
,
ω
τ
d
τ
=
f
s
t
,
ω
t
,
∫
t
0
t
K
s
t
,
τ
,
ω
τ
d
τ
,where t
≠
t
k
s, t
k
s
=
l
i
m
p
→
∞
t
k
+
p
(
s
).
On the other hand, fort
+
s
p
=
t
k
s, it follows that(37)
ω
t
k
s
+
-
ω
t
k
s
-
=
lim
p
→
∞
⁡
x
t
k
s
+
s
p
+
0
-
x
t
k
s
+
s
p
-
0
=
lim
p
→
∞
⁡
I
k
s
x
t
k
s
+
s
p
=
I
k
s
ω
t
k
s
.
From (36) and (37), we get that ω
(
t
) is a solution of (10).
We shall show thatω
(
t
) is an almost periodic function.
Let the sequence{
s
p
} move system (2) to H
(
f
,
K
,
I
k
,
t
k
). For any ɛ
>
0, there exists m
0
(
ɛ
)
>
0 such that if l
≥
p
≥
m
0
(
ɛ
), then (38)
E
q
-
M
s
p
q
b
2
α
1
<
a
ɛ
4
,
f
σ
+
s
p
,
x
σ
+
s
p
,
∫
t
0
σ
+
s
p
K
σ
+
s
p
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
-
f
σ
+
s
l
,
x
σ
+
s
l
,
∫
t
0
σ
+
s
l
K
σ
+
s
l
,
τ
,
x
τ
d
τ
<
a
ɛ
4
L
.
For each fixedt
∈
R let τ
ɛ
=
a
(
ɛ
)
/
4
L be a translation number of f such that t
+
τ
ɛ
≥
0. Consider the function (39)
V
τ
ɛ
+
σ
,
ω
σ
,
ω
σ
+
s
l
-
s
p
,where t
≤
σ
≤
t
+
s
p.
Then, in the same way like above, we have(40)
D
+
q
c
V
τ
ɛ
+
σ
,
ω
σ
,
ω
σ
+
s
l
-
s
p
≤
-
M
V
τ
ɛ
+
σ
,
ω
σ
,
ω
σ
+
s
l
-
s
p
+
L
f
s
σ
,
ω
σ
,
∫
t
0
σ
K
s
σ
,
τ
,
ω
τ
d
τ
-
f
s
τ
ɛ
+
σ
,
ω
σ
,
∫
t
0
τ
ɛ
+
σ
K
s
τ
ɛ
+
σ
,
τ
,
ω
τ
d
τ
+
L
f
s
σ
+
s
l
-
s
i
,
ω
σ
+
s
l
-
s
p
,
∫
t
0
σ
+
s
l
-
s
p
K
s
σ
+
s
l
-
s
p
,
τ
,
ω
τ
d
τ
-
f
s
τ
ɛ
+
σ
,
ω
σ
+
s
l
-
s
p
,
∫
t
0
τ
ɛ
+
σ
K
s
τ
ɛ
+
σ
,
τ
,
ω
τ
d
τ
≤
-
M
V
τ
ɛ
+
σ
,
ω
σ
,
ω
σ
+
s
l
-
s
p
+
3
a
ɛ
4
.
On the other hand,(41)
V
τ
ɛ
+
t
k
s
,
ω
t
k
s
+
I
k
s
ω
t
k
s
,
ω
t
k
s
+
s
l
-
s
p
+
I
k
s
ω
t
k
s
+
s
l
-
s
p
≤
V
τ
ɛ
+
t
k
s
,
ω
t
k
s
,
ω
t
k
s
+
s
l
-
s
p
.
From (40), (41), and Lemma 10 it follows that (42)
V
τ
ɛ
+
t
+
s
p
,
ω
t
+
s
p
,
ω
t
+
s
l
≤
E
q
-
M
s
p
q
V
τ
ɛ
+
t
,
ω
t
,
ω
t
+
s
p
-
s
l
+
3
a
ɛ
4
<
a
ɛ
.
Then, from (42), for l
≥
p
≥
m
0
(
ɛ
), we have (43)
ω
t
+
s
p
-
ω
t
+
s
l
<
ɛ
.
Now, from definitions of the sequence{
s
p
} and for l
≥
p
≥
m
0
(
ɛ
) it follows that ρ
(
t
k
+
s
p
,
t
k
+
s
l
)
<
ɛ.
Then from (43) and the last inequality we obtain that the sequence ω
(
t
+
s
p
) is convergent uniformly to the function ω
(
t
). Assertions (1) and (3) of the theorem follow immediately. We shall prove assertion (2).
Letω
¯
(
t
) be an arbitrary solution of (10).
Set(44)
u
t
=
ω
¯
t
-
ω
t
,
g
s
t
,
u
t
,
∫
t
0
t
K
s
t
,
τ
,
u
τ
d
τ
=
f
s
t
,
u
t
+
ω
t
,
∫
t
0
t
K
s
t
,
τ
,
u
τ
+
ω
τ
d
τ
-
f
s
t
,
ω
t
,
∫
t
0
t
K
s
t
,
τ
,
ω
τ
d
τ
,
B
k
s
u
=
I
k
s
u
+
ω
-
I
k
s
ω
.
Now we consider system(45)
D
t
q
t
0
c
u
=
g
s
t
,
u
t
,
t
≠
t
k
s
,
Δ
u
t
k
s
=
B
k
s
u
t
k
s
,
k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…
,and let W
(
t
,
u
(
t
)
)
=
V
(
t
,
ω
(
t
)
,
ω
(
t
)
+
u
(
t
)
). Then, from Lemma 10 it follows that zero solution u
(
t
)
=
0 of (45) is globally perfectly uniform-asymptotically stable, and consequently ω
(
t
) is globally perfectly uniform-asymptotically stable.


## 4. An Example

Consider the following impulsive integrodifferential fractional-order cellular neural network (CNN):(46)
D
t
q
t
0
c
x
i
t
=
-
c
i
x
i
t
+
∑
j
=
1
n
a
i
j
t
f
j
x
j
t
+
∑
j
=
1
n
∫
t
0
t
k
i
j
t
,
τ
x
j
τ
d
τ
+
I
i
,
t
≠
t
k
,
Δ
x
i
t
k
=
P
i
k
x
i
t
k
,
k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
…
,where i
=
1,2
,
…
,
n. The study of impulsive CNNs and its applications can be found, for example, in [6, 7].We suppose that for system (46) there exists a bounded solution and the following conditions are met:(H4.1) The functionsa
i
j
(
t
) are almost periodic on t in sense of Bohr, k
i
j
(
t
,
τ
), i
,
j
=
1,2
,
…
,
n, are integro-almost periodic in t
∈
R, and there exist constants L
i
>
0 and H
i
>
0 such that (47)
f
i
u
-
f
i
v
≤
L
i
u
-
v
,
f
i
u
≤
H
i
,
u
,
v
∈
R
,
i
=
1,2
,
…
,
n
,
min
1
≤
i
≤
n
⁡
c
i
-
L
i
∑
j
=
1
n
a
i
j
=
A
>
0for t
>
t
0.(H4.2) The sequences of constants{
P
i
k
} are almost periodic uniformly with i
=
1,2
,
…
,
n and (48)
-
1
<
P
i
k
≤
0for i
=
1,2
,
…
,
n, k
=
±
1
,
±
2
,
….Suppose thatt
0
∈
R
+ and let {
s
p
} be a sequence of real numbers defined as in the proof of Theorem 11. We define a Lyapunov function in the form (49)
V
x
,
y
=
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
-
y
i
.Now, whent
=
t
k by condition (H4.2) it follows that(50)
V
x
t
k
+
+
s
p
,
x
t
k
+
+
s
l
=
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
t
k
+
+
s
p
-
x
i
t
k
+
+
s
l
=
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
t
k
+
s
p
+
P
i
k
x
i
t
k
+
s
p
-
x
i
t
k
+
s
l
-
P
i
k
x
i
t
k
+
s
l
≤
∑
i
=
1
n
1
+
P
i
k
x
i
t
k
+
s
p
-
x
i
t
k
+
s
l
≤
V
x
t
k
+
s
p
,
x
t
k
+
s
l
.On the other hand by the definition of{
s
p
} it follows that ∑
i
=
1
n
‍
|
x
i
(
t
+
s
p
)
-
x
i
(
t
k
+
s
l
)
|
=
ν
>
0. Then, for M
∈
(
0
,
A
) and for any ɛ
,
0
<
ɛ
<
A
-
M
ν
/
1
+
n
2, let (51)
a
i
j
t
+
s
p
-
a
i
j
t
+
s
l
≤
ɛ
n
∑
j
=
1
n
H
j
-
1
,
∫
t
0
t
+
s
p
k
i
j
t
+
s
p
,
τ
x
j
τ
d
τ
-
∫
t
0
t
+
s
l
k
i
j
t
+
s
l
,
τ
x
j
τ
d
τ
<
ɛ
.Now, ift
≥
t
0 and t
∈
[
t
k
-
1
,
t
k
) for the upper right-hand derivative c
D
+
q
V
(
x
(
t
+
s
p
)
,
x
(
t
+
s
l
)
) along the solutions of system (46), we have (52)
D
+
q
c
V
x
t
+
s
p
,
x
t
+
s
l
≤
-
∑
i
=
1
n
c
i
-
L
i
∑
j
=
1
n
a
j
i
t
+
s
p
x
i
t
+
s
p
-
x
i
t
+
s
l
+
∑
j
=
1
n
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
j
t
+
s
p
-
a
i
j
t
+
s
l
H
j
+
∑
j
=
1
n
∑
i
=
1
n
∫
t
0
t
+
s
p
k
i
j
t
+
s
p
,
τ
x
j
τ
d
τ
-
∫
t
0
t
+
s
l
k
i
j
t
+
s
l
,
τ
x
j
τ
d
τ
≤
-
M
V
x
t
+
s
p
,
x
t
+
s
l
.Finally, by (50) and (52) it follows that all conditions of Theorem 11 are met. This means that for the impulsive CNN fractional-order integrodifferential system (46) there exists a unique globally perfectly uniform-asymptotically stable almost periodic solution.


## 5. Conclusions

We have considered an impulsive fractional-order integrodifferential system which has a major role in various fields of science and engineering. We first discuss the application of the fractional Lyapunov method in investigations of the existence of almost periodic solutions for such systems. By using a new fractional comparison principle the stability behavior of the almost periodic solution is studied. Some known results are improved and generalized. The demonstrated techniques are applied in studying of qualitative properties of a fractional integrodifferential neural network system.



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*Source: 861039-2015-11-08.xml*