# A Novel Measurement Matrix Optimization Approach for Hyperspectral Unmixing

Authors: Su Xu; Xiping He
Journal: Journal of Control Science and Engineering
 (2017)

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## Abstract

Each pixel in the hyperspectral unmixing process is modeled as a linear combination of endmembers, which can be expressed in the form of linear combinations of a number of pure spectral signatures that are known in advance. However, the limitation of Gaussian random variables on its computational complexity or sparsity affects the efficiency and accuracy. This paper proposes a novel approach for the optimization of measurement matrix in compressive sensing (CS) theory for hyperspectral unmixing. Firstly, a new Toeplitz-structured chaotic measurement matrix (TSCMM) is formed by pseudo-random chaotic elements, which can be implemented by a simple hardware; secondly, rank revealing QR factorization with eigenvalue decomposition is presented to speed up the measurement time; finally, orthogonal gradient descent method for measurement matrix optimization is used to achieve optimal incoherence. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can lead to better CS reconstruction performance with low extra computational cost in hyperspectral unmixing.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Compressive sensing (CS) theory [1, 2] is a new developed theoretical framework on signal sampling and data compression, which indicates that if a signal is sparse or compressible in a certain transform domain, the transformed higher-dimensional signal can be projected onto a lower dimensional space by a measurement matrix. It leads to nonadaptive measurement encoding on the signal at a rate far below the Nyquist sampling rate, converting from sampling the signal itself to sampling the information contained in the signal. Therefore it has recently gained more and more attention in various areas of applied mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering.Design of measurement matrix is a research hotspot in CS, and measurement matrix optimization has become an inevitable trend to construct a new measurement matrix system. In recent years, scholars have yielded many optimization methods [3–22] to design measurement matrix to reduce the minimum coherence of Gram matrix. These are typically fallen into three categories: iterative thresholding method [3–14], gradient iteration process [15–19], and Tensor product [20–22].Zhang et al. [6] proposed that the Kronecker product measurement matrix based on orthogonal basis can maintain nonlinear correlation between columns’ vector from high-dimensional data. But Kronecker product [5, 6] leads to low sampling efficiency and poor computational complexity, which limit the deep study for measurement matrix.By using iterative thresholding method, Elad [7] iteratively reduces the average mutual coherence using a shrinkage operation followed by singular value decomposition (SVD) step and shrinks the elements of Gram matrix. Lustig et al. [8] defined an incoherence criterion and proposed a Monte Carlo scheme for random incoherent sampling. Abolghasemi et al. [9] attempted a kind of nonuniform sampling by segmenting the input signal and taking samples with different rates from each segment. Duarte-Carvajalino and Sapiro [10] take advantage of an eigenvalue decomposition process followed by a KSVD-based algorithm to optimize measurement matrix and learn dictionary basis, respectively. Wang et al. [11] propose to generate colored random projections using an adaptive scheme. Next they [12] propose a variable density sampling strategy by exploiting the prior information about the statistical distributions of natural images in the wavelet domain. Although the algorithm is simple and easy to understand, the research [13, 14] found that iterative thresholding method has slow convergence speed and is easy to fall into local minimum problems in practical application. Meanwhile it damages Restricted Isometric Property (RIP) and eventually may cause the collapse of the BP algorithm.By using gradient iteration process, Xu et al.’s algorithm [15] first shrinks and updates elements in Gram matrix with Equiangular Tight Frame (ETF). Li et al. [18] constructs the dimensional orthogonal matrix in SVD; Abolghasemi et al.’s algorithm [16] lies in the innovation of the gradient iteration process to obtain measurement matrix. Zhang et al.’s algorithm [17] adopts the spherical search steepest descent method. Tian et al.’s algorithm [19] shrinks Gram matrix with the orthogonal gradient factor matrix to reduce the maximum and average mutual coherence of measurement matrix. The appearance of different pursuit rates brings about the saddle-point steady-state solution, which only guarantees a local minimum solution.Unfortunately, most algorithms neglect intrasensor correlations between the samples of high-dimensional data like 3D color image, video, and hyperspectral image; it may affect the multispectral features excessively and destroy the original structure of high-dimensional data and it ultimately affects the precision of hyperspectral unmixing.Toeplitz-structured chaotic measurement matrix is one of deterministic measurement matrices in CS, which requires onlyO(M) independent variables and O(Mlog2M) operations. But it still has three attractive weaknesses: optimal incoherence being unachieved, reconstruction precision being insufficient, and measurement time being unbearable.To eliminate the weaknesses, we are inspired to work on optimizing the Toeplitz-structured chaotic measurement matrix to obtain better results from high-dimensional signals. Meanwhile, the possibility of fusing these two attractive optimized methods is certain: rank revealing QR factorization with eigenvalue decomposition from Xu et al.’s algorithm [15] and orthogonal gradient descent approach from Tian et al.’s algorithm [19] to obtain a new optimized method to overcome the computational complexity. This is my intuitive idea of this paper.The key contribution of this work can be elaborated as follows:(1)
In the domain of designing the measurement matrix, it is crucial to achieve high quality with implementing effective hardware. In this work, some pseudo-random chaotic elements can approximate the random structure component, which satisfies RIP property with overwhelming probability. So these pseudo-random chaotic elements are applied to Toeplitz-structured chaotic measurement matrix, which forms a new measurement matrix (TSCMM). Compared with the others, we attempt to prove that it satisfies RIP conditions.(2)
According to the properties of the separated contents, Gram matrix is improved by a rank revealing QR factorization with eigenvalue decomposition to speed up convergence rate. The results of experiments show that the proposed methods can greatly reduce computation complexity building on the convergence and robustness.(3)
From a practical point of view, high computational complexity imposes restrictions on achieving optimal incoherence; orthogonal gradient descent approach is proposed to acquire measurement matrix optimization. The improved scheme can effectively reduce the reconstruction error and acquire satisfied image quality compared to other conventional methods.The rest of this paper is organized as follows. The main part of this paper starts with review of some measuring coherence criteria and develops to RIP in Section2. Based on the previous analysis, the proposed approach for measurement matrix optimization in Section 3 is developed. Particularly motivated by TSCMM, QR factorization with eigenvalue decomposition and improved gradient descent approach is then suggested in the following three subsections, starting with Toeplitz-structured chaotic measurement matrix in Section 3.1, followed by QR factorization algorithm in Section 3.2 and an orthogonal gradient descent approach for measurement matrix optimization in Section 3.3. Experimental results in Section 4 and conclusions in Section 5 are presented.


## 2. Problem Formulation and Analysis

From the viewpoint of mathematics, CS sample procession is approximated by recoveringx from far incomplete measurements: (1)y=Φx=ΦΨθ,where θ in some basis Ψ is sparse or compressible representation, while Φ∈RK×N is so-called CS measurement matrix. Because of K≪N, the signal is measured through the projection by the measurement matrix Φ which leads to being highly underdetermined.If theD-dimensional sample signal X=x1T,x2T,…,xDT and independent measurements result Y=y1T,y2T,…,yDT are unknown, the Kronecker product measurement matrix [5] can be expressed as Φ-=Φ1⊗Φ2⊗⋯⊗ΦD. When each sensor obtaining its independent measurements is the same measurement matrix ΦD=Φ′, the joint measurement matrix can be expressed as Φ-=ID⊗Φ′, where ID denotes the D×D identity matrix, as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
The diagram of the joint measurement matrix in Duarte’s method.The constantsδK for the matrix Φ are intrinsically tied to the singular values of all column submatrices of a certain size. If Φ1,Φ2,…,ΦD are matrices with restricted isometry constants (RIP) δKΦ1,δKΦ2,…,δKΦD, the structure of Kronecker product matrices yields simple bounds for their RIP that can be expressed as(2)δKΦ1⊗Φ2⊗⋯⊗ΦD≤∏d=1D1+δKΦd-1.Considering theD-dimensional Kronecker sparsifying basis Ψ-=Ψ1⊗Ψ2⊗⋯⊗ΨD and a global measurement basis or frames obtained through a Kronecker product of individual measurement bases, the definition of mutual coherence is presented as (3)μΦ1⊗Φ2⊗⋯⊗ΦD,Ψ1⊗Ψ2⊗⋯⊗ΨD=∏d=1DμΦd,Ψd.High-dimensional Kronecker compressive sensing (HKCS) [6] proposed the optimal synthetic sensing matrix by taking Kronecker products of individual optimal sensing matrix in each dimension. The optimal sensing matrix that minimizes the mutual coherence of the projection matrix can be expressed as(4)Φ-′=Φt⊗Φs.With the same sampling rate, matrices of HKCS have relatively smaller mutual coherence. It can be written as(5)μΦ-,Ψ-≤μΦ-′,Ψ-.It also indicates that the optimization process is dividable, which preserves the block feature of Kronecker product matrix and enables fast low-scale matrix computation. The overall video acquisition is decomposed as shown in Figure2.Figure 2
The proposed multidimensional compressive sensing for video acquisition.The high-dimensional Kronecker products measurement matrix is our optimization goal, as shown in Figure3.Figure 3
The diagram of the joint measurement matrix in HKCS.IfAcs=Ψt⊗Φs is defined as Gram matrix and minimum square error cost function is defined as E, the optimization problem can be written as (6)E≜MSE=AcsTAcs-IF2s.t.Acs=Ψt⊗Φs.The goal of eliminating the correlation is to minimize the difference between Gram matrix and identity matrix in the form of Frobenius norm. Considering Kronecker product properties,(7)E≜MSE=ΨtTΨt⊗ΦtTΦt-IF2.If the valueΘTΘ=VTΛV can be replaced with its corresponding eigenvalue decomposition and ΦtTΦt=8/m∑i=0nx(i)Tx(n-i), (7) can then become as follows:(8)E≜MSE=∧-∧VT8m∑i=0nxiTxn-iV∧F2.Because∧ is real diagonal matrices, ∧VTV∧=V∧TV∧. If B=V∧, then B-≔Bij2.Here, (8) can be reduced to (9)E≜MSE=∧-BT8m∑i=0nxiTxn-iBF2.Supposing thatBij is the elements in B, gradient decrease iteration method is used to minimize mean square error (MSE). Bij←Bij-ρ∇E, where ρ is step size and ρ>0.  ∇E≡∂E/∂Bij is gradient value of E; then Bi+1=Bi-ηBi(BiT8/m∑i=0nx(i)Tx(n-i)Bi). According to Gerschgorin theorem, the column coherence of φi can be deduced as follows:(10)μ=max1≤i,j≤N,i≠jφi,Ψj.IfN≤MM+1/2, the infimum of the column coherence is called Welch bound:(11)μ≥μw=N-MN-1M.Equiangular Tight Frame (ETF) is derived from (11) if the constraints are equality.


## 3. The Proposed Approach

Based on previous conclusions, the proposed algorithm aims to optimize the Toeplitz-structured chaotic measurement matrix to obtain better results from hyperspectral unmixing. Therefore, the research content in this paper mainly consists of three parts: designed TSCMM, optimized Gram matrix, and orthogonal gradient descent approach, as shown in Figure4.Figure 4
The improved scheme by different methods.The study is given by taking the following methods: firstly, to obtain easy hardware implemented, pseudo-random chaotic elements are used to form a new Toeplitz-structured chaotic measurement matrix (TSCMM), as discussed in Section3.1; to overcome unbearable Cost Time, Gram matrix is improved by a rank revealing QR factorization with eigenvalue decomposition as discussed in Section 3.2; to achieve optimal incoherence, orthogonal gradient descent method for measurement matrix optimization is presented in Section 3.3. Finally, the improved scheme is presented through explicit analysis and discussion.


### 3.1. Xu-TSCMM

Recently, [23] is written by myself completely and probed into its initial theory and research. Discrete chaotic system function is proposed to generate a series of pseudo-random numbers. Based on those elements, Toeplitz-structured chaotic measurement matrix (TSCMM) is produced to guarantee the incoherence criterion. To reduce the building time of TSCMM, Circulant/block-diagonal splitting structure is attached on TSCMM. Although about one-third of matrix values are eliminated, the measurement matrix is proved to satisfy Johnson-Lindenstrauss (J-L) lemma and achieves the goal of satisfying RIP. Logistic map [24], as the simplest dynamic systems evidencing chaotic behavior, is described as follows:(12)xn+1=μxn1-xn,μ∈0,4,xn∈0,1⊂R,where μ∈(3.5699,4]⊂R is the discrete state. While parameter μ is 4, the sequence xn(t) satisfies beta distribution with α=0.5 and β=0.5, and the next probability density function f(x;0.5,0.5)=1/π(x-x2)-1/2 has been used for simulation.Setzi(t) as the output sequence generated by (12) with initial condition zi(0), and let xi(t) denote the regularization of zi(t) as the following form: xit=zit-0.5i=0,1,2,….Approximately,xi(t) can be considered as random variable, and it satisfies the following distribution: f(x)=1/π(0.25-x2)-1/2. Then, by selecting m different initial conditions z(0)∈[0,1]m⊂Rm, one can obtain m vectors with dimension R, which enables us to construct the following matrix Φ scaled by8/m:(13)Φ=8mx00⋯x0n-1⋮⋱⋮xm0⋯xmn-1.Here, (13) is called the beta-like matrix.According to (13), set one initial condition z∈0∈R, and generate a sequence x∈Rn in the chaotic system. Then, Toeplitz-structured matrix Φ=Rm×n is constructed in the following form:(14)Φ=8mxn-1xn-2⋯x0x0xn-1x1⋮⋮⋱⋮xm-2xm-3⋯xm-1.Here,8/m is for normalization and Φ is called Toeplitz-structured chaotic measurement matrix (TSCMM), which meets J-L theorem.


### 3.2. Duarte-ETF Method

Minimum coherence property of ETF has been the main target to find a feasible solution. It is impossible to solve the problem exactly because of the complexity, while the structure of Gram matrix has changed so much that the selection of new units in the following step is very difficult.To minimize (14), an optimization approach is adopted to reduce the maximum and average mutual coherence of measurement matrix. It shrinks Gram matrix based on ETF theory. The method can minimize the global mutual coherent coefficient of TSCMM by adjusting the eigenvalues above zero to the average value of the sum of these eigenvalues without changing the sum. After performing alternating minimization, the optimized measurement matrix can be constructed from the output Gram matrix with a rank revealing QR factorization with eigenvalue decomposition.Theorem 1.
Given a measurement matrixΦ=Rm×L and representing matrix Θ=Rn×m, there exists a matrix D=ΘΦ and Gram matrix G=D⌢TD⌢, where D⌢ is the column normalization from D. If the real positive definite matrix G has λk>0k=1~m, the following equality ∑k=1mλk=n and ∑k=1mλk2=∑i,j=1nd~i,d~j2, where d~ii=1~n is the column of D⌢ which is obtained.Based on Theorem1, to minimize the largest absolute values of the off-diagonals in the corresponding Gram matrix, we can determine the eigenvalues of Gram matrix by solving the following optimization problems:(15)min∑i≠jgij2=∑k=1mλk2-∑i=1ngij2s.t.∑k=1mλk=n,where gij is the element of Gram matrix. The optimization problem (15) is to minimize the square sum of the element of Gram matrix if the sum of the characteristic value λk remains constant. Though the eigenvalue decomposition of Gram matrix has λk>0, the value n/m has been gradually approaching to minimize the square sum of ∑k=1mλk2. Because real symmetric matrix eigenvalue decomposition is orthogonal, the square sum of nondiagonal elements from Gram matrix gradually decreases and further it attains the effect as follows:(16)min∑i≠jgij2=∑k=1mnm2=n.Finally,D⌢ is obtained after several iterations, which is also the optimal Gram matrix Gbest.


### 3.3. The Orthogonal Gradient Descent Approach

According to the definition of Gram matrix, Gram matrix is the product of measurement matrix and sparse matrix. Therefore, the optimal measurement matrix can be directly derived from the optimal Gram matrix. However, as for overcomplete sparse representation based on redundant dictionary, it is very hard to design an effective algorithm to construct measurement matrix. In order to solve this problem, orthogonal gradient descent method is employed to get the optimal measurement matrixΘbest.If the optimal Gram matrixGbest is obtained, the optimal measurement matrix Θbest is as follows: (17)Θbest=argminGbest-ΘTΘF≜FΘ.And then the complex problem from optimal Gram matrixGbest is transformed into simple minimum of FΘ. By determining the derivative of FΘ, a skew-symmetric matrix W with the measurement matrix Θ and the gradient matrix ∇F is used to obtain revision factor:(18)∇FΘ=ΘΘTΘ-Gbest,WΘ,∇F=ΘT∇F-∇FTΘ.Next, ifI is identity matrix, the orthogonal matrix S can be expressed through the Cayley transform to ensure the positive definiteness of the revision factor:(19)S=I-WI+W-1.The orthogonal gradient factor matrixΔ can be obtained to update the gradient direction:(20)Δ=∇F+∇FS=∇FS+I.Combining (19) and (20), (21) can be rewritten as follows:(21)Δ=∇FI+I-WI+W-1,(22)Δ=2∇FI+W-1.Finally, update measurement matrixΘ with the orthogonal gradient factor matrix Δ: (23)Θ⟵Θ-ηΔ.Becauseη is updating ratio, FΘ gradually converges at the minimum value. Then the optimal measurement matrix Θ is the goal of our pursuit. According to the linearity property of Toeplitz measurement matrix [25], Θ satisfies J-L property with overwhelming probability. From Theorem 1, it has been proven that J-L condition can replace RIP condition. So Θ also satisfies RIP property with overwhelming probability.The flow diagram of the proposed method will be given as shown in Algorithm1.Algorithm 1:The flow diagram of the proposed method. Optimization of TSCMM.
Input: number of measurementsM, dictionary ΨL×N, threshold ξ=L-N/NL-1
updating ratioη, number of iterations Iter1,Iter2
Initialization: SetΦM×N to be TSCMM.
Update:(1)  Set the initial value of iteration k1=0.
(2)  Optimize Gram matrix
(a) Compute Gram matrix:G=ΘTΘ=ΨTΦk1TΦk1Ψ;
(b) Normalize:G⌢=diag1/diagG∗G∗diag1/diagG;
(c) Update the elements of Gram matrixG⌢;
(3)   Optimize measurement matrix
(a) Set the initial value of iterationk2=0;
(b) Compute the orthogonal gradient factor matrixΔk2;
(c) Update measurement matrix:Θk2:Θk2=Θk2-ηΔk2;
(d)k2=k2+1, if k2=Iter2, stop; else, return to Step  3.2);
(4)  Compute measurement matrix Φk1;
(5)  k1=k1+1, if k1=Iter1, stop; else, return to Step  (2).
Output:Φbest is the optimal measurement matrix ΦIter1-1.
Further, SNR and reconstructed signal.


## 3.1. Xu-TSCMM

Recently, [23] is written by myself completely and probed into its initial theory and research. Discrete chaotic system function is proposed to generate a series of pseudo-random numbers. Based on those elements, Toeplitz-structured chaotic measurement matrix (TSCMM) is produced to guarantee the incoherence criterion. To reduce the building time of TSCMM, Circulant/block-diagonal splitting structure is attached on TSCMM. Although about one-third of matrix values are eliminated, the measurement matrix is proved to satisfy Johnson-Lindenstrauss (J-L) lemma and achieves the goal of satisfying RIP. Logistic map [24], as the simplest dynamic systems evidencing chaotic behavior, is described as follows:(12)xn+1=μxn1-xn,μ∈0,4,xn∈0,1⊂R,where μ∈(3.5699,4]⊂R is the discrete state. While parameter μ is 4, the sequence xn(t) satisfies beta distribution with α=0.5 and β=0.5, and the next probability density function f(x;0.5,0.5)=1/π(x-x2)-1/2 has been used for simulation.Setzi(t) as the output sequence generated by (12) with initial condition zi(0), and let xi(t) denote the regularization of zi(t) as the following form: xit=zit-0.5i=0,1,2,….Approximately,xi(t) can be considered as random variable, and it satisfies the following distribution: f(x)=1/π(0.25-x2)-1/2. Then, by selecting m different initial conditions z(0)∈[0,1]m⊂Rm, one can obtain m vectors with dimension R, which enables us to construct the following matrix Φ scaled by8/m:(13)Φ=8mx00⋯x0n-1⋮⋱⋮xm0⋯xmn-1.Here, (13) is called the beta-like matrix.According to (13), set one initial condition z∈0∈R, and generate a sequence x∈Rn in the chaotic system. Then, Toeplitz-structured matrix Φ=Rm×n is constructed in the following form:(14)Φ=8mxn-1xn-2⋯x0x0xn-1x1⋮⋮⋱⋮xm-2xm-3⋯xm-1.Here,8/m is for normalization and Φ is called Toeplitz-structured chaotic measurement matrix (TSCMM), which meets J-L theorem.


## 3.2. Duarte-ETF Method

Minimum coherence property of ETF has been the main target to find a feasible solution. It is impossible to solve the problem exactly because of the complexity, while the structure of Gram matrix has changed so much that the selection of new units in the following step is very difficult.To minimize (14), an optimization approach is adopted to reduce the maximum and average mutual coherence of measurement matrix. It shrinks Gram matrix based on ETF theory. The method can minimize the global mutual coherent coefficient of TSCMM by adjusting the eigenvalues above zero to the average value of the sum of these eigenvalues without changing the sum. After performing alternating minimization, the optimized measurement matrix can be constructed from the output Gram matrix with a rank revealing QR factorization with eigenvalue decomposition.Theorem 1.
Given a measurement matrixΦ=Rm×L and representing matrix Θ=Rn×m, there exists a matrix D=ΘΦ and Gram matrix G=D⌢TD⌢, where D⌢ is the column normalization from D. If the real positive definite matrix G has λk>0k=1~m, the following equality ∑k=1mλk=n and ∑k=1mλk2=∑i,j=1nd~i,d~j2, where d~ii=1~n is the column of D⌢ which is obtained.Based on Theorem1, to minimize the largest absolute values of the off-diagonals in the corresponding Gram matrix, we can determine the eigenvalues of Gram matrix by solving the following optimization problems:(15)min∑i≠jgij2=∑k=1mλk2-∑i=1ngij2s.t.∑k=1mλk=n,where gij is the element of Gram matrix. The optimization problem (15) is to minimize the square sum of the element of Gram matrix if the sum of the characteristic value λk remains constant. Though the eigenvalue decomposition of Gram matrix has λk>0, the value n/m has been gradually approaching to minimize the square sum of ∑k=1mλk2. Because real symmetric matrix eigenvalue decomposition is orthogonal, the square sum of nondiagonal elements from Gram matrix gradually decreases and further it attains the effect as follows:(16)min∑i≠jgij2=∑k=1mnm2=n.Finally,D⌢ is obtained after several iterations, which is also the optimal Gram matrix Gbest.


## 3.3. The Orthogonal Gradient Descent Approach

According to the definition of Gram matrix, Gram matrix is the product of measurement matrix and sparse matrix. Therefore, the optimal measurement matrix can be directly derived from the optimal Gram matrix. However, as for overcomplete sparse representation based on redundant dictionary, it is very hard to design an effective algorithm to construct measurement matrix. In order to solve this problem, orthogonal gradient descent method is employed to get the optimal measurement matrixΘbest.If the optimal Gram matrixGbest is obtained, the optimal measurement matrix Θbest is as follows: (17)Θbest=argminGbest-ΘTΘF≜FΘ.And then the complex problem from optimal Gram matrixGbest is transformed into simple minimum of FΘ. By determining the derivative of FΘ, a skew-symmetric matrix W with the measurement matrix Θ and the gradient matrix ∇F is used to obtain revision factor:(18)∇FΘ=ΘΘTΘ-Gbest,WΘ,∇F=ΘT∇F-∇FTΘ.Next, ifI is identity matrix, the orthogonal matrix S can be expressed through the Cayley transform to ensure the positive definiteness of the revision factor:(19)S=I-WI+W-1.The orthogonal gradient factor matrixΔ can be obtained to update the gradient direction:(20)Δ=∇F+∇FS=∇FS+I.Combining (19) and (20), (21) can be rewritten as follows:(21)Δ=∇FI+I-WI+W-1,(22)Δ=2∇FI+W-1.Finally, update measurement matrixΘ with the orthogonal gradient factor matrix Δ: (23)Θ⟵Θ-ηΔ.Becauseη is updating ratio, FΘ gradually converges at the minimum value. Then the optimal measurement matrix Θ is the goal of our pursuit. According to the linearity property of Toeplitz measurement matrix [25], Θ satisfies J-L property with overwhelming probability. From Theorem 1, it has been proven that J-L condition can replace RIP condition. So Θ also satisfies RIP property with overwhelming probability.The flow diagram of the proposed method will be given as shown in Algorithm1.Algorithm 1:The flow diagram of the proposed method. Optimization of TSCMM.
Input: number of measurementsM, dictionary ΨL×N, threshold ξ=L-N/NL-1
updating ratioη, number of iterations Iter1,Iter2
Initialization: SetΦM×N to be TSCMM.
Update:(1)  Set the initial value of iteration k1=0.
(2)  Optimize Gram matrix
(a) Compute Gram matrix:G=ΘTΘ=ΨTΦk1TΦk1Ψ;
(b) Normalize:G⌢=diag1/diagG∗G∗diag1/diagG;
(c) Update the elements of Gram matrixG⌢;
(3)   Optimize measurement matrix
(a) Set the initial value of iterationk2=0;
(b) Compute the orthogonal gradient factor matrixΔk2;
(c) Update measurement matrix:Θk2:Θk2=Θk2-ηΔk2;
(d)k2=k2+1, if k2=Iter2, stop; else, return to Step  3.2);
(4)  Compute measurement matrix Φk1;
(5)  k1=k1+1, if k1=Iter1, stop; else, return to Step  (2).
Output:Φbest is the optimal measurement matrix ΦIter1-1.
Further, SNR and reconstructed signal.


## 4. Experiments and Result Analysis

To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the most widely used hyperspectral images in unmixing, such as Cuprite, Urban, and Jasper Ridge, were selected in the spectral range from 380 nm to 2500 nm; each channel band width is up to 9.46 nm. All high-dimensional data is provided by the standard hyperspectral library of 224 bands which comes from [26]. To reduce complexity, there are only 128 × 128 pixel blocks of original image which starts from the (0,0)th pixel. Further, only 8 channels (from 11 to 81 bands every 10 bands) were remained due to dense water vapor and atmospheric effects.In the course of the experiment, the signal sparsity method is Fourier basis and reconstruction algorithm is Stagewise Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (StOMP) [27]. Various kinds of measurement matrix (Circulant, Toeplitz, Toeplitz-structured chaotic measurement matrix (TSCMM) [23], Elad-Optimization Method (EOM) [7], and Duarte-Carvajalino and Sapiro’s Method (Duarte-ETF) [10]) are employed to illustrate the effectiveness of proposed approach for hyperspectral unmixing.To demonstrate the efficiency of these methods, traditional evaluation methods can generally be divided into two categories:(1) subjective assessment and (2) objective evaluation. Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) as one of the most important indices from objective evaluation determine the quality of recovery image, while Cost Time (CT) verifies the efficiency of the proposed approach. They all testify experiment results of recovery signals, built on laptop with AthlonTM Processor 1.60 G HZ, 1 GB RAM, Matlab 7.0, and Windows XP operation platform.


### 4.1. Cuprite

To illustrate the use of the hyperspectral analysis process, a sample scene covers the Cuprite mining district in western Nevada, USA, from NASA’s Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) is provided. The data provided here is one of the most widely used hyperspectral images in unmixing study. There are 210 wavelengths ranging from 400 nm to 2500 nm, resulting in a spectral resolution of 10 nm.In Figure5, the first image (Top) was taken in blue light, the second image (middle) was taken in red light, and the third image (bottom) was taken in near infrared light centered at a wavelength of 750 nanometers.Figure 5
The subjective quality of different CS measurement matrices, from left to right: (a) original, (b) Circulant, (c) Toeplitz, (d) TSCMM, (e) EOM, (f) Duarte-ETF, and (g) proposed method.Figure5 presents the subjective evaluation by Circulant, Toeplitz, TSCMM, EOM, Duarte-ETF, and proposed method. Compared with other results, the performance from Figure 5(b) is the worst. The reason is that the elements from Circulant measurement matrix follow periodic repetition permutation, which does not satisfy RIP property with overwhelming probability. Figure 5(c) clearly demonstrates that Toeplitz measurement matrix can avoid the problem well. Because of the property of pseudo-random of chaotic sequence, the performance from TSCMM has further improved, as shown in Figure 5(d). The result from Figures 5(e)–5(g) shows that there is a significant impact on different bands using different optimization methods. Near infrared image is less affected by dust and gas. Visible blue channel has strong capability to penetrate water and visible red channel can reflect the health status of plants. Therefore, the sorted off-diagonal entries of the measurement matrix from EOM are likely more sparse and diagonal entries are more concentrated. The results are clearly shown in Figure 5(g) that the proposed approach had a significant performance compared to any others and closely resembles original image. Furthermore, the objective evaluations, which include Mean Squared Error (MSE), Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and Cost Time (CT), can avoid artificial error and draw compelling conclusion. The results can be clearly seen from different methods on recovery Cuprite, as shown in Table 1.Table 1
MSE and PSNR of different matrixes of recovery Cuprite.
Algorithm
11 bands (64 × 64 pixels)
41 bands (64 × 64 pixels)
81 bands (64 × 64 pixels)
PSNR
MSE
PSNR
MSE
PSNR
MSE
CT
Circulate
59.9634
0.0656
60.9680
0.0520
61.5821
0.0452
5.1070
Toeplitz
59.9634
0.0656
61.9375
0.0416
63.3173
0.0303
3.5506
TSCMM
60.0696
0.0640
61.9783
0.0412
63.3462
0.0301
1.7624
EOM
60.2806
0.0610
62.2337
0.0389
63.3962
0.0297
245.4345
Duarte-ETF
60.6304
0.0562
62.3788
0.0376
63.4082
0.0297
116.5994
Proposed
64.3532
0.0239
63.8856
0.0266
63.7179
0.0276
51.6191Figure5 and Table 1 report the recovery quality of the proposed method on recovery Cuprite. The following observations are summarized: (1) of all evaluating indicators considered here, traditional Circulant had the worst performance in both subjective and objective evaluations; (2) since the introduction of Toeplitz, the performance gets major improvement on image quality while improved Toeplitz-structured matrix method (TSCMM) is slightly better than classical Toeplitz matrix method; (3) EOM has significant performance in image quality; however, the optimization process is usually an iterative process, which is also a very complicated and time-consuming process; (4) Duarte-ETF has better contrast and lower computational complexity; (5) the proposed method takes advantage of improved Toeplitz-structured matrix to speed up the convergence speed and improve traditional optimization method to better recovery high-dimensional image. Experimental results show that the proposed method has a better overall performance.


### 4.2. Urban

University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) built an urban spectral library for the Goleta/Santa Barbara area. The hyperspectral data of Urban were acquired between late May and early June, 2001, using an ASD full range instrument on loan from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. These spectra of Urban are characterized by 499 roofs, 179 roads, 66 sidewalks, 56 parking lots, 40 road paints, 37 types of vegetation, 47 types of nonphotosynthetic vegetation, 88 bare soil and beach spectra, 27 acquired from tennis courts, and 50 more from miscellaneous surfaces.Experiments on the hyperspectral data of Urban demonstrate that the proposed scheme substantially improves the reconstruction accuracy. Clearly it comes to the same conclusion from Figure6 that, compared with the previous five methods, the effect of proposed approach is obviously superior to any other methods and is the most similar to original image.Figure 6
The subjective quality of different CS measurement matrices, from left to right: (a) original, (b) Circulant, (c) Toeplitz, (d) TSCMM, (e) EOM, (f) Duarte-ETF, and (g) proposed method.To evaluate and compare the proposed method, the following performance indices, such as Average Gradient (AG), Edge-Intensity (EI), Figure Definition (FD), Gray Mean (GM), Standard Deviation (SD), Space Frequency (SF), Variance (VAR), and Structural Similarity (SSIM), were used. It shows that the objective evaluation indices enhance the experiment rigor and convincing. The results are shown in Table2.Table 2
Objective evaluation of typical methods and proposed method from recovery Urban.
Bands
Algorithm
The objective evaluation indices
AG
EI
FD
GM
SD
MSE
PSNR
SF
SSI
VAR
CT
11
Circulate
0.070476
0.48360
0.12231
0.4106
0.1197
0.0929
58.4508
0.2034
0.98826
0.11972
1.7379
Toeplitz
0.047687
0.34172
0.10125
0.32796
0.1137
0.0610
60.2804
0.18949
0.99361
0.11366
1.8706
TSCMM
0.054635
0.38647
0.11414
0.35344
0.1162
0.0686
59.7658
0.19866
0.99254
0.11624
1.5146
EOM
0.056608
0.40032
0.11519
0.35809
0.1172
0.0708
59.6279
0.20025
0.99226
0.11720
305.1965
Duarte-ETF
0.047687
0.34172
0.10125
0.32796
0.1137
0.0610
60.2804
0.18949
0.99361
0.11366
136.6804
Proposed
0.046138
0.29123
0.06690
0.23194
0.1197
0.0434
61.7586
0.11956
0.99537
0.11980
16.5975
41
Circulate
0.072566
0.51888
0.12438
0.37371
0.1363
0.0631
60.1316
0.20690
0.99349
0.13626
1.6382
Toeplitz
0.058448
0.41868
0.12772
0.40138
0.1390
0.0786
59.1767
0.22932
0.99207
0.13897
1.8069
TSCMM
0.061306
0.43672
0.13128
0.39347
0.1362
0.0744
59.4172
0.22736
0.99259
0.13620
1.5381
EOM
0.060340
0.43408
0.12941
0.40222
0.1353
0.0771
59.2609
0.22536
0.99215
0.13529
81.3160
Duarte-ETF
0.062241
0.44182
0.13123
0.42482
0.1402
0.0873
58.7190
0.23610
0.99089
0.14018
59.7419
Proposed
0.050626
0.40358
0.07196
0.24426
0.1307
0.0452
61.5816
0.12782
0.99561
0.13068
24.3532
81
Circulate
0.082530
0.6279
0.13639
0.49357
0.1449
0.0635
60.1019
0.22630
0.99397
0.14492
1.5829
Toeplitz
0.077269
0.47993
0.14082
0.44812
0.1390
0.0535
60.8442
0.23904
0.99484
0.13905
1.8284
TSCMM
0.070612
0.50737
0.14828
0.51106
0.1496
0.0716
59.5790
0.25291
0.99353
0.14958
1.5702
EOM
0.070821
0.51006
0.14940
0.50827
0.1503
0.0707
59.6361
0.25447
0.99369
0.15030
97.3153
Duarte-ETF
0.074147
0.52535
0.14946
0.48963
0.1499
0.0652
59.9890
0.25959
0.99450
0.14986
59.0915
Proposed
0.068955
0.42678
0.09339
0.40915
0.1571
0.0484
61.2814
0.16485
0.99580
0.15708
28.7426The results of Table2 show that the method has a higher performance than traditional Toeplitz or Circulant matrix method. Although improved Toeplitz-structured matrix method (TSCMM) is slightly better than classical Toeplitz, both classical optimization measurement matrix method (EOM) and proposed method have significant performance in image quality. Furthermore, the proposed method takes advantage of improved Toeplitz-structured matrix to speed up the convergence speed and improve traditional optimization method to recover better high-dimensional image. Experimental results show that the proposed method has a better overall performance.


### 4.3. Jasper Ridge

The hyperspectral image of Jasper Ridge was obtained on June 2, September 4, and October 6, 1992, which was calibrated to surface reflectance. The image was the most popular source to analyze with spectral mixture analysis using library endmembers representing green foliage, nonphotosynthetic vegetation, and soils characteristic of the site. Field-based vegetation was obtained from US Geological Service.From Figure7, it is obvious that the worst effects from traditional Circulant have reached being almost intolerable. While the results from TSCMM and Toeplitz are almost similar, the former has only slight improvement compared to the latter. On the other hand, the performance of the proposed approach was significantly improved compared to that of EOM or Duarte-ETF. The study concluded that the proposed approach had a significant performance compared to that of others. Furthermore, the objective evaluations are shown in Table 3. The results can be clearly seen from different methods on recovery Jasper Ridge.Table 3
The objective evaluations of different matrixes of recovery Jasper Ridge.
Algorithm
11 bands (64 × 64)
81 bands (64 × 64)
151 bands (64 × 64)
SNR
PSNR
MSE
SNR
PSNR
MSE
SNR
PSNR
MSE
CT
Circulate
−6.0698
57.3412
0.1199
11.6699
60.0402
0.0644
3.3299
60.3823
0.0595
1.5304
Toeplitz
24.7566
70.7289
0.0055
29.4215
67.7497
0.0109
15.7386
65.7714
0.0172
1.5519
TSCMM
15.3473
66.6425
0.0141
33.9793
69.7291
0.0069
20.0693
67.6521
0.0112
1.4869
EOM
4.4853
61.9252
0.0417
35.0894
70.2112
0.0062
21.6750
68.3495
0.0095
78.8838
Duarte-ETF
24.7566
70.7289
0.0055
33.3205
69.4430
0.0074
17.2452
66.4257
0.0148
66.5711
Proposed
21.0504
69.1193
0.0080
54.9719
78.8460
8.48
e
-
04
42.2277
77.2754
0.0012
34.5743Figure 7
The subjective quality of different CS measurement matrices, from left to right: (a) original, (b) Circulant, (c) Toeplitz, (d) TSCMM, (e) EOM, (f) Duarte-ETF, and (g) proposed method.The results of Table3 show that the proposed method has a higher performance than traditional Toeplitz or Circulant matrix method. TSCMM takes advantage of improved Toeplitz-structured matrix to speed up the convergence speed and improve traditional Toeplitz or Circulant matrix method to recover better high-dimensional data. Although EOM has the lower column coherence and faster convergence, it weakens RIP condition and causes recovery performance degradation. While the absolute values from Duarte-ETF concentrate around mutual coherence, this can make the equivalent dictionary as close as possible to an ETF. But this algorithm has high computational complexity. Furthermore, experimental results from the proposed method show that the proposed method has a better overall performance.


### 4.4. Hyperspectral Unmixing

The fourth experiment performs an experimental evaluation of the accuracy of the standard hyperspectral unmixing districts known as Cuprite [28]. To reduce complexity, there are only 188 channels (3–103, 114–147, and 168–220 bands) that were remained due to dense water vapor and atmospheric effects. In the course of the experiment, the signal sparsity method is Fourier basis and reconstruction algorithm is StOMP.The results are shown in Figure8 for hyperspectral unmixing and closely resemble those obtained from hyperspectral data. Figure 8 compares the unmixing performance of the proposed method with different endmembers and the abundance from different endmembers is totally dissimilar. These features from the proposed method ensure clear and accurate the abundances.Figure 8
The results from different elements abundance in hyperspectral unmixing schemes.
(a)
Alunite
(b)
Andradite
(c)
Pyrope
(d)
Nontronite
(e)
Dumortierite
(f)
Kaolinite
(g)
Chalcedony
(h)
Kaolinite
(i)
BuddingtoniteBy accessing information from USGS Digital Spectral Library [29], the unmixing performance has been almost correct. Furthermore, different endmembers from USGS_1995_Library [30] are used to verify that the prediction model of hyperspectral unmixing scheme is accurate in Figure 8.Apparently, the proposed unmixing results (blue thin thread) have a strong correlation with these endmembers (red thin thread) from USGS_1995_Library. From Figure9(a), a steep sloping line from Alunite suggests that the unmixing endmember (blue thin thread) has remarkable similarity. This same conclusion has been made in studies from Figures 9(d)–9(h). On the other hand, the unsatisfied results from Figures 9(b) and 9(c) have been caused by smooth curve. The proposed method has good accuracy and is robust to traditional filtering, compression, cutting, and noise attack.Figure 9
The comparison map between actual unmixing effect and endmember library.
(a)
Alunite
(b)
Andradite
(c)
Pyrope
(d)
Nontronite
(e)
Dumortierite
(f)
Kaolinite
(g)
Chalcedony
(h)
Kaolinite
(i)
Buddingtonite


## 4.1. Cuprite

To illustrate the use of the hyperspectral analysis process, a sample scene covers the Cuprite mining district in western Nevada, USA, from NASA’s Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) is provided. The data provided here is one of the most widely used hyperspectral images in unmixing study. There are 210 wavelengths ranging from 400 nm to 2500 nm, resulting in a spectral resolution of 10 nm.In Figure5, the first image (Top) was taken in blue light, the second image (middle) was taken in red light, and the third image (bottom) was taken in near infrared light centered at a wavelength of 750 nanometers.Figure 5
The subjective quality of different CS measurement matrices, from left to right: (a) original, (b) Circulant, (c) Toeplitz, (d) TSCMM, (e) EOM, (f) Duarte-ETF, and (g) proposed method.Figure5 presents the subjective evaluation by Circulant, Toeplitz, TSCMM, EOM, Duarte-ETF, and proposed method. Compared with other results, the performance from Figure 5(b) is the worst. The reason is that the elements from Circulant measurement matrix follow periodic repetition permutation, which does not satisfy RIP property with overwhelming probability. Figure 5(c) clearly demonstrates that Toeplitz measurement matrix can avoid the problem well. Because of the property of pseudo-random of chaotic sequence, the performance from TSCMM has further improved, as shown in Figure 5(d). The result from Figures 5(e)–5(g) shows that there is a significant impact on different bands using different optimization methods. Near infrared image is less affected by dust and gas. Visible blue channel has strong capability to penetrate water and visible red channel can reflect the health status of plants. Therefore, the sorted off-diagonal entries of the measurement matrix from EOM are likely more sparse and diagonal entries are more concentrated. The results are clearly shown in Figure 5(g) that the proposed approach had a significant performance compared to any others and closely resembles original image. Furthermore, the objective evaluations, which include Mean Squared Error (MSE), Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and Cost Time (CT), can avoid artificial error and draw compelling conclusion. The results can be clearly seen from different methods on recovery Cuprite, as shown in Table 1.Table 1
MSE and PSNR of different matrixes of recovery Cuprite.
Algorithm
11 bands (64 × 64 pixels)
41 bands (64 × 64 pixels)
81 bands (64 × 64 pixels)
PSNR
MSE
PSNR
MSE
PSNR
MSE
CT
Circulate
59.9634
0.0656
60.9680
0.0520
61.5821
0.0452
5.1070
Toeplitz
59.9634
0.0656
61.9375
0.0416
63.3173
0.0303
3.5506
TSCMM
60.0696
0.0640
61.9783
0.0412
63.3462
0.0301
1.7624
EOM
60.2806
0.0610
62.2337
0.0389
63.3962
0.0297
245.4345
Duarte-ETF
60.6304
0.0562
62.3788
0.0376
63.4082
0.0297
116.5994
Proposed
64.3532
0.0239
63.8856
0.0266
63.7179
0.0276
51.6191Figure5 and Table 1 report the recovery quality of the proposed method on recovery Cuprite. The following observations are summarized: (1) of all evaluating indicators considered here, traditional Circulant had the worst performance in both subjective and objective evaluations; (2) since the introduction of Toeplitz, the performance gets major improvement on image quality while improved Toeplitz-structured matrix method (TSCMM) is slightly better than classical Toeplitz matrix method; (3) EOM has significant performance in image quality; however, the optimization process is usually an iterative process, which is also a very complicated and time-consuming process; (4) Duarte-ETF has better contrast and lower computational complexity; (5) the proposed method takes advantage of improved Toeplitz-structured matrix to speed up the convergence speed and improve traditional optimization method to better recovery high-dimensional image. Experimental results show that the proposed method has a better overall performance.


## 4.2. Urban

University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) built an urban spectral library for the Goleta/Santa Barbara area. The hyperspectral data of Urban were acquired between late May and early June, 2001, using an ASD full range instrument on loan from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. These spectra of Urban are characterized by 499 roofs, 179 roads, 66 sidewalks, 56 parking lots, 40 road paints, 37 types of vegetation, 47 types of nonphotosynthetic vegetation, 88 bare soil and beach spectra, 27 acquired from tennis courts, and 50 more from miscellaneous surfaces.Experiments on the hyperspectral data of Urban demonstrate that the proposed scheme substantially improves the reconstruction accuracy. Clearly it comes to the same conclusion from Figure6 that, compared with the previous five methods, the effect of proposed approach is obviously superior to any other methods and is the most similar to original image.Figure 6
The subjective quality of different CS measurement matrices, from left to right: (a) original, (b) Circulant, (c) Toeplitz, (d) TSCMM, (e) EOM, (f) Duarte-ETF, and (g) proposed method.To evaluate and compare the proposed method, the following performance indices, such as Average Gradient (AG), Edge-Intensity (EI), Figure Definition (FD), Gray Mean (GM), Standard Deviation (SD), Space Frequency (SF), Variance (VAR), and Structural Similarity (SSIM), were used. It shows that the objective evaluation indices enhance the experiment rigor and convincing. The results are shown in Table2.Table 2
Objective evaluation of typical methods and proposed method from recovery Urban.
Bands
Algorithm
The objective evaluation indices
AG
EI
FD
GM
SD
MSE
PSNR
SF
SSI
VAR
CT
11
Circulate
0.070476
0.48360
0.12231
0.4106
0.1197
0.0929
58.4508
0.2034
0.98826
0.11972
1.7379
Toeplitz
0.047687
0.34172
0.10125
0.32796
0.1137
0.0610
60.2804
0.18949
0.99361
0.11366
1.8706
TSCMM
0.054635
0.38647
0.11414
0.35344
0.1162
0.0686
59.7658
0.19866
0.99254
0.11624
1.5146
EOM
0.056608
0.40032
0.11519
0.35809
0.1172
0.0708
59.6279
0.20025
0.99226
0.11720
305.1965
Duarte-ETF
0.047687
0.34172
0.10125
0.32796
0.1137
0.0610
60.2804
0.18949
0.99361
0.11366
136.6804
Proposed
0.046138
0.29123
0.06690
0.23194
0.1197
0.0434
61.7586
0.11956
0.99537
0.11980
16.5975
41
Circulate
0.072566
0.51888
0.12438
0.37371
0.1363
0.0631
60.1316
0.20690
0.99349
0.13626
1.6382
Toeplitz
0.058448
0.41868
0.12772
0.40138
0.1390
0.0786
59.1767
0.22932
0.99207
0.13897
1.8069
TSCMM
0.061306
0.43672
0.13128
0.39347
0.1362
0.0744
59.4172
0.22736
0.99259
0.13620
1.5381
EOM
0.060340
0.43408
0.12941
0.40222
0.1353
0.0771
59.2609
0.22536
0.99215
0.13529
81.3160
Duarte-ETF
0.062241
0.44182
0.13123
0.42482
0.1402
0.0873
58.7190
0.23610
0.99089
0.14018
59.7419
Proposed
0.050626
0.40358
0.07196
0.24426
0.1307
0.0452
61.5816
0.12782
0.99561
0.13068
24.3532
81
Circulate
0.082530
0.6279
0.13639
0.49357
0.1449
0.0635
60.1019
0.22630
0.99397
0.14492
1.5829
Toeplitz
0.077269
0.47993
0.14082
0.44812
0.1390
0.0535
60.8442
0.23904
0.99484
0.13905
1.8284
TSCMM
0.070612
0.50737
0.14828
0.51106
0.1496
0.0716
59.5790
0.25291
0.99353
0.14958
1.5702
EOM
0.070821
0.51006
0.14940
0.50827
0.1503
0.0707
59.6361
0.25447
0.99369
0.15030
97.3153
Duarte-ETF
0.074147
0.52535
0.14946
0.48963
0.1499
0.0652
59.9890
0.25959
0.99450
0.14986
59.0915
Proposed
0.068955
0.42678
0.09339
0.40915
0.1571
0.0484
61.2814
0.16485
0.99580
0.15708
28.7426The results of Table2 show that the method has a higher performance than traditional Toeplitz or Circulant matrix method. Although improved Toeplitz-structured matrix method (TSCMM) is slightly better than classical Toeplitz, both classical optimization measurement matrix method (EOM) and proposed method have significant performance in image quality. Furthermore, the proposed method takes advantage of improved Toeplitz-structured matrix to speed up the convergence speed and improve traditional optimization method to recover better high-dimensional image. Experimental results show that the proposed method has a better overall performance.


## 4.3. Jasper Ridge

The hyperspectral image of Jasper Ridge was obtained on June 2, September 4, and October 6, 1992, which was calibrated to surface reflectance. The image was the most popular source to analyze with spectral mixture analysis using library endmembers representing green foliage, nonphotosynthetic vegetation, and soils characteristic of the site. Field-based vegetation was obtained from US Geological Service.From Figure7, it is obvious that the worst effects from traditional Circulant have reached being almost intolerable. While the results from TSCMM and Toeplitz are almost similar, the former has only slight improvement compared to the latter. On the other hand, the performance of the proposed approach was significantly improved compared to that of EOM or Duarte-ETF. The study concluded that the proposed approach had a significant performance compared to that of others. Furthermore, the objective evaluations are shown in Table 3. The results can be clearly seen from different methods on recovery Jasper Ridge.Table 3
The objective evaluations of different matrixes of recovery Jasper Ridge.
Algorithm
11 bands (64 × 64)
81 bands (64 × 64)
151 bands (64 × 64)
SNR
PSNR
MSE
SNR
PSNR
MSE
SNR
PSNR
MSE
CT
Circulate
−6.0698
57.3412
0.1199
11.6699
60.0402
0.0644
3.3299
60.3823
0.0595
1.5304
Toeplitz
24.7566
70.7289
0.0055
29.4215
67.7497
0.0109
15.7386
65.7714
0.0172
1.5519
TSCMM
15.3473
66.6425
0.0141
33.9793
69.7291
0.0069
20.0693
67.6521
0.0112
1.4869
EOM
4.4853
61.9252
0.0417
35.0894
70.2112
0.0062
21.6750
68.3495
0.0095
78.8838
Duarte-ETF
24.7566
70.7289
0.0055
33.3205
69.4430
0.0074
17.2452
66.4257
0.0148
66.5711
Proposed
21.0504
69.1193
0.0080
54.9719
78.8460
8.48
e
-
04
42.2277
77.2754
0.0012
34.5743Figure 7
The subjective quality of different CS measurement matrices, from left to right: (a) original, (b) Circulant, (c) Toeplitz, (d) TSCMM, (e) EOM, (f) Duarte-ETF, and (g) proposed method.The results of Table3 show that the proposed method has a higher performance than traditional Toeplitz or Circulant matrix method. TSCMM takes advantage of improved Toeplitz-structured matrix to speed up the convergence speed and improve traditional Toeplitz or Circulant matrix method to recover better high-dimensional data. Although EOM has the lower column coherence and faster convergence, it weakens RIP condition and causes recovery performance degradation. While the absolute values from Duarte-ETF concentrate around mutual coherence, this can make the equivalent dictionary as close as possible to an ETF. But this algorithm has high computational complexity. Furthermore, experimental results from the proposed method show that the proposed method has a better overall performance.


## 4.4. Hyperspectral Unmixing

The fourth experiment performs an experimental evaluation of the accuracy of the standard hyperspectral unmixing districts known as Cuprite [28]. To reduce complexity, there are only 188 channels (3–103, 114–147, and 168–220 bands) that were remained due to dense water vapor and atmospheric effects. In the course of the experiment, the signal sparsity method is Fourier basis and reconstruction algorithm is StOMP.The results are shown in Figure8 for hyperspectral unmixing and closely resemble those obtained from hyperspectral data. Figure 8 compares the unmixing performance of the proposed method with different endmembers and the abundance from different endmembers is totally dissimilar. These features from the proposed method ensure clear and accurate the abundances.Figure 8
The results from different elements abundance in hyperspectral unmixing schemes.
(a)
Alunite
(b)
Andradite
(c)
Pyrope
(d)
Nontronite
(e)
Dumortierite
(f)
Kaolinite
(g)
Chalcedony
(h)
Kaolinite
(i)
BuddingtoniteBy accessing information from USGS Digital Spectral Library [29], the unmixing performance has been almost correct. Furthermore, different endmembers from USGS_1995_Library [30] are used to verify that the prediction model of hyperspectral unmixing scheme is accurate in Figure 8.Apparently, the proposed unmixing results (blue thin thread) have a strong correlation with these endmembers (red thin thread) from USGS_1995_Library. From Figure9(a), a steep sloping line from Alunite suggests that the unmixing endmember (blue thin thread) has remarkable similarity. This same conclusion has been made in studies from Figures 9(d)–9(h). On the other hand, the unsatisfied results from Figures 9(b) and 9(c) have been caused by smooth curve. The proposed method has good accuracy and is robust to traditional filtering, compression, cutting, and noise attack.Figure 9
The comparison map between actual unmixing effect and endmember library.
(a)
Alunite
(b)
Andradite
(c)
Pyrope
(d)
Nontronite
(e)
Dumortierite
(f)
Kaolinite
(g)
Chalcedony
(h)
Kaolinite
(i)
Buddingtonite


## 5. Conclusions

In this paper, to overcome the limitation of Toeplitz-structured chaotic measurement matrix, an improved measurement matrix has been carried out in the hyperspectral unmixing process to achieve multiple endmembers of hyperspectral image. And in theory, it proves that this matrix has retained the RIP property with overwhelming probability. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method to design of measurement matrix leads to better CS reconstruction performance with low extra computational cost. Compared with some traditional measurement matrix, an improved method has highest technical feasibility, lowest computational complexity, and least computation time consumption in the same recovery quality. The proposed method can take the special advantage in hyperspectral unmixing process and explore the practical satellite system to remote sensing.



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*Source: 8471024-2017-07-03.xml*