# Sexually Dimorphic Morphological Characters in Five North Atlantic Deepwater Skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes)

Authors: Alexei M. Orlov; Charles F. Cotton
Journal: Journal of Marine Biology
 (2011)

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## Abstract

Skates exhibit a variety of manifestations of sexual dimorphism. However, this phenomenon has been poorly documented in deepwater species. New data on the sexual dimorphism of five species of deepwater skates from the North Atlantic Ocean are presented:Amblyraja jenseni, Bathyraja pallida, Bathyraja richardsoni, Rajella bigelowi, and R. kukujevi. These skates exhibit sexual dimorphism most frequently in interorbital width, disc length and width, length of the third gill slit, horizontal diameter of the orbit, length of the fifth gill slit, space between the first and fifth gill slits, length of the second dorsal fin base, mouth width, length and width of each lobe of the nasal curtain, distance from the snout to the center of anus, distance from the snout tip to the point of maximum disc width, length of the lateral fold, length of the orbit + spiracle (measured together), tail height at the pelvic fin tips, and the number of median thorns.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Skates (Rajoidei) comprise an important component of shelf and continental slope benthic communities of the world’s oceans. They are major consumers of cephalopods, decapods, and fishes, often utilizing the same food resources as the apex predators, such as sea birds, marine mammals, and sharks [1]. Skates, like all chondrichthyan fishes, exhibit sexual dimorphism in the structure of the pelvic fins, which in males are modified to act as copulatory organs, or claspers [2]. Also, mature male skates have alar thorns on the edges of the disc, which help to grasp the female during copulation [3–5]. In many species sexual differences have been reported in length, body mass, size and age of sexual maturity, other external morphological features, and diet [3, 5–16]. Mature females and males of several skate species exhibit differences in the form and length of the teeth [3, 15, 17–23]. In one species, differences were observed in the shape and size of the shoulder and pelvic girdle [24]. Sexual differences in size and shape of the olfactory and electrical organs have also been found in some skates [3, 25–27]. Even with this variety of manifestations of sexual dimorphism in skates, the phenomenon has been poorly documented in deepwater species. This study presents new data on sexually dimorphic morphological characters of five deepwater skate species from the North Atlantic Ocean: Jensen's skate, Amblyraja jenseni [28]; pale ray, Bathyraja pallida [29]; Richardson's ray, Bathyraja richardsoni [30]; Bigelow's ray, Rajella bigelowi [31]; Mid-Atlantic skate, R. kukujevi [32].


## 2. Materials and Methods

Our comparative analysis of skate morphology was based on the measurement of 45–47 morphometric and 2–15 meristic characters, according to protocols used in recent years [33–35]. For some meristic characters (preorbital thorns, postorbital thorns, orbital thorns, interspiracular thorns, and scapular thorns) we observed differences in thorn counts on the left and right side of each specimen. Therefore, we present maximum, minimum, and mean values for one side for each character. The material examined by the authors during 2005-2006 consisted of the majority of specimens of five deepwater skate species available from ichthyological collections worldwide (MCZ-Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; ZMUB-Zoological Museum, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; USNM-National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institute, Washington DC, USA; VIMS-Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA; NMSZ-National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland; BMNH-British Museum of Natural History, London, Great Britain; NMHN-Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; ZISP-Zoological Institute, Sankt-Peterburg, Russia). All measurements were conducted in accordance with conventional procedures [3, 36–38]. The following juvenile, adolescent, and mature specimens were examined (the numbers of females and males, resp., of each species are indicated in parenthesis).Amblyraja jenseni   (7/6)—MCZ 37899, 38354, 55011, 138020-1, 138020-2, 155628; ZMUB 19529, 19462, 19463; VIMS 11757; USNM 35592, 23483, 33457. The USNM specimens were not examined in this study but the morphological data were taken from Bigelow and Schroeder [28, 36, 39].Bathyraja pallida    (3/7)—ZMUB 19465, VIMS 11577, VIMS 11758, NMSZ 2000.130.462, NMSZ 2000.130.80, BMNH 1967.2.13.2, BMNH 1985.11.14.1, BMNH 1985.11.14.2, BMNH 1985.11.14.3, BMNH 1985.11.14.4.Bathyraja richardsoni  (14/13)—BMNH 1999.2.2.1, BMNH 1999.2.2.2, BMNH 1999.2.2.3, BMNH 1999.2.2.4, BMNH 1999.10.1.1, BMNH 1999.10.1.2, NMHN 1999-1156, NMSZ 2000.130.260, ZMUB 19522-1, ZMUB 19522-2, ZMUB 19522-3, ZMUB 19514-1, ZMUB 19514-2, ZMUB 19514-3, ZMUB 19514-4, ZMUB 19476, ZMUB 17600, ZMUB 19448, ZMUB 19464, ZMUB 19364, ZMUB 19446, ZMUB 19528, ZMUB 19535, VIMS 11756.Rajella bigelowi  (8/10)—NMHN 1988-361, NMHN 1987-482, NMHN 1999-1162; ZMUB 18406, ZMUB 18405; MCZ 55316(A), MCZ 55316(B), MCZ 55316(C), MCZ 58444, MCZ 55314, MCZ 158964, MCZ 57327, VIMS 5562 (n=3), VIMS 8444, VIMS 3347, VIMS 5424.Rajella kukujevi  (2/6)—ZISP 46195, ZMUB 15709, NMHN 1998-0727, NMHN 1999-1165, NMHN 1996-1157, NMHN 1996-1153, NMHN 1996-235, NMHN 1996-1154.Furthermore, for our comparative analyses ofB. richardsoni and A. jenseni, we also included published data [28, 30, 36, 39, 40]. We used conventional abbreviations to denote museum collections [41, 42].Because of the small number of deepwater skates available in ichthyological collections we had an opportunity to examine only 13 specimens ofA. jenseni, 10 specimens of B. pallida, 27 specimens of B. richardsoni, 12 specimens of R. bigelowi, and eight specimens of R. kukujevi.Since sample size was too small, the statistical significance of the compared material was not evaluated using standard statistical tests. Instead, we evaluated the significance of variation in morphological characters between males and females by comparing the mean (M) and standard error (m) for each set of measurements. If the standard errors of the means did not overlap (M±m) between males and females, such differences were considered significant.


## 3. Results and Discussion

Amblyraja jenseni was described in the middle of the past century [28] and since then, several records of this skate have been reported from the North Atlantic [43–47]. Until recently, morphometric and meristic data were limited to three specimens [28, 36, 39]. Although a recent study [35] considerably expanded the knowledge of morphological features of A. jenseni, information about sexual dimorphism of this species, until now, was absent.Our results show that the greatest differences in male and femaleA. jenseni are found in the disc length, horizontal diameter of the orbit, height of the tail at the pelvic fin tips, length of the third gill slit, space between the fifth gill slits, distances from the center of the anus to the first and second dorsal fins (Table 1).Table 1
Morphometrics and meristics of male and female Jensen’s ray Amblyraja jenseni from different areas of the North Atlantic (significant differences are given in bold, number of specimens examined are shown in parentheses, m = standard error).
Females (7)Males (6)CharacterAbsolute% TLAbsolute% TLMinMaxMeanMinMaxMean ±mMinMaxMeanMinMaxMean ±mTL, mm369.01065.0686.6223.01113.0635.0Disc width264.0795.0510.469.581.374.2 ± 1.51156.5837.0466.470.275.573.3 ± 0.91length207.0593.0390.555.760.057.1
±
0.60119.8632.0351.551.956.855.1
±
0.79Snout length, preorbital61.2157.0103.314.016.615.2 ± 0.3132.1174.089.610.315.814.2±0.84preoral54.9135.092.911.616.313.6 ± 0.7137.1149.088.712.616.914.5 ± 0.65prenasal38.780.365.07.510.69.7 ± 0.7229.9115.066.87.411.19.7 ± 0.81Orbit, horizontal diameter10.640.027.02.55.84.2
±
0.529.222.016.11.84.73.1
±
0.52Interorbital width27.868.146.16.07.86.8 ± 0.2613.877.247.46.211.17.5 ± 0.75Spiracle length11.234.419.62.33.43.0 ± 0.165.637.320.42.53.83.1 ± 0.18Interspiracular width40.8110.075.810.312.011.1 ± 0.1923.6115.074.410.215.811.7 ± 0.85Orbit + spiracle length20.956.342.25.36.96.2 ± 0.3316.260.039.94.87.25.8 ± 0.41D1, height6.042.017.31.54.92.3 ± 0.463.825.613.21.72.32.0 ± 0.10base length17.847.030.74.35.44.7 ± 0.1611.248.928.43.95.04.6 ± 0.16D2, height5.628.014.41.33.32.0 ± 0.253.330.413.81.52.72.0 ± 0.18base length19.744.632.34.25.85.0 ± 0.278.853.029.83.35.24.5 ± 0.29Interdorsal space0.029.06.30.03.40.9 ± 0.440.03.11.30.01.10.4 ± 0.20C, base length13.128.320.12.43.63.0 ± 0.2810.925.018.02.24.02.7 ± 0.34Tail, postdorsal length14.145.023.92.45.33.5 ± 0.498.730.018.12.25.53.3 ± 0.51height at V-tips8.925.317.02.42.72.5
±
0.066.823.015.92.02.52.3
±
0.10width at V-tips11.430.321.12.73.63.1 ± 0.188.131.721.52.83.63.1 ± 0.14height at D1 origin4.29.87.00.91.21.0 ± 0.063.011.07.20.81.31.0 ± 0.07width at D1 origin4.913.58.50.91.61.3 ± 0.124.214.39.11.11.61.3 ± 0.08lateral fold length143.0337.0243.031.638.836.4 ± 1.62107.0345.0235.630.539.634.2 ± 1.81Head length, ventrally105.3281.0205.326.433.330.4 ± 1.3277.9309.0212.427.834.530.2 ± 1.22Mouth width45.5157.093.311.915.913.3 ± 0.5827.9150.084.712.314.513.0 ± 0.35Internasal width46.6126.084.111.813.012.4 ± 0.2228.5133.076.511.113.712.3 ± 0.36Nasal curtain, length20.556.434.63.75.65.1 ± 0.3518.065.336.33.46.75.4 ± 0.56width each lobe10.023.613.81.52.82.1 ± 0.246.829.018.51.94.22.6 ± 0.41space between lobes30.4107.065.78.210.19.4 ± 0.3421.8115.070.57.812.19.7 ± 0.85Gill slit length, first5.214.28.71.31.41.3 ± 0.022.918.59.61.31.71.4 ± 0.09third5.416.89.91.31.61.5
±
0.053.622.512.11.62.01.7
±
0.07fifth4.414.97.30.91.41.1 ± 0.082.216.98.20.91.51.2 ± 0.12Space btwn first gill slits68.7186.0137.517.522.120.2 ± 0.6242.1225.0135.116.324.820.4 ± 1.43fifth gill slits52.3139.0104.913.118.115.6
±
0.7431.2170.087.210.516.413.4
±
1.10V-length, anterior lobe55.7123.081.011.515.112.5 ± 0.5423.9143.078.210.715.212.4 ± 0.63posterior lobe74.6206.0131.518.120.219.3 ± 0.3654.0229.0138.316.720.619.0 ± 0.81Clasper, postanus lengthnananananana20.5240.0116.97.623.213.5 ± 3.51Snout tip to center of anus196.0625.0367.852.858.755.2 ± 1.02114.8678.0359.151.160.954.8 ± 1.65to max. disc width142.0358.0259.233.642.638.6 ± 1.44105.0400.0255.831.439.736.5 ± 1.63Center of anus to D1121.0356.0223.830.434.832.5
±
0.5274.9349.0180.817.133.629.3
±
2.52to D2139.0398.0264.335.439.737.2
±
0.59104.0390.0246.430.238.534.9
±
1.39to tail tip175.0470.0306.742.747.445.0 ± 0.81108.2475.0270.538.148.543.7 ± 1.47Snout angle859188.0 ± 3.008910394.0 ± 4.51No. preorbital thorns121.6 ± 0.24132.0 ± 0.32No. postorbital thorns121.8 ± 0.20121.8 ± 0.20No. interspiracular thorns121.6 ± 0.24121.4 ± 0.24No. scapular thorns354.0 ± 0.45364.0 ± 0.63No. nuchal thorns121.6 ± 0.24021.6 ± 0.40No. interscapular thorns111.0 ± 0.00131.4 ± 0.40No. median thorns232825.0 ± 0.95203124.4 ± 1.91No. middorsal thorns010.2 ± 0.20010.2 ± 0.20Tooth rows upper jaw526358.5 ± 2.53596461.3 ± 1.11lower jaw546157.3 ± 1.89526457.8 ± 2.53Bathyraja pallida was described in the second half of the past century [29]. Although there have been eight subsequent specimens collected [34, 45, 48–50], morphometric and meristic data are limited to two specimens, and these accompanied the original description of the species [29]. A recent publication [35] contributed to the existing morphological data available for this species; however, that study did not include information about sexual dimorphism. Furthermore, these data were based on the examination of only three specimens.Maximum differences between male and femaleB. pallida were found in the following characters (Table 2): interorbital width, interspiracular width, height of the first dorsal fin, lengths of the first and second dorsal fin bases, tail height at the pelvic fin tips, mouth width, nasal curtain length and width, width of each lobe of the nasal curtain, length of first gill slit, space between the first gill slits and the fifth gill slits, distance from the snout tip to the center of the anus, distance from the center of the anus to the tail tip, and the number of teeth in the lower jaw.Table 2
Morphometrics and meristics of male and female pale ray Bathyraja pallida from different areas of the North Atlantic (significant differences are given in bold, number of specimens examined are shown in parentheses, m = standard error, na = not available).
Females (3)Males (7)CharacterAbsolute% TLAbsolute% TLMinMaxMeanMinMaxMean± mMinMaxMeanMinMaxMean ±mTL, mm1285.01565.01437.0311.01490.0948.3Disc, width845.01015.7932.264.065.864.9 ± 0.50197.01050.0623.060.570.565.5 ± 1.19length672.0859.0791.052.358.855.0 ± 1.95174.0851.0531.754.257.156.1 ± 0.48Snout length, preorbital246.0261.4253.716.716.816.8 ± 0.0655.4215.0132.814.019.216.1 ± 0.89preoral228.5228.5228.514.614.614.6 ± na54.3285.0143.113.219.216.8 ± 1.13prenasalnananananana45.8184.0111.812.115.713.5±0.66Orbit, horizontal diameter36.068.456.42.35.14.0 ± 0.8613.563.934.31.84.73.9 ± 0.49Interorbital width81.494.087.15.27.36.1
±
0.6218.680.447.74.26.05.3
±
0.21Spiracle length38.539.939.22.73.02.9 ± 0.138.350.526.62.43.42.8 ± 0.13Interspiracular width125.2161.0138.78.012.59.8
±
1.3925.3127.073.06.68.87.9
±
0.27Orbit + spiracle length83.691.587.65.77.16.4 ± 0.7017.185.749.94.36.15.5 ± 0.29D1, height23.926.625.31.61.71.7
±
0.036.433.517.71.52.21.9±0.12base length45.951.648.83.13.33.2
±
0.0812.256.534.23.44.33.8
±
0.15D2, height25.732.929.31.82.11.9 ± 0.176.732.419.31.82.42.0 ± 0.07base length42.653.247.92.93.43.2
±
0.2412.153.933.13.24.63.6
±
0.24Interdorsal space9.923.516.70.71.51.1 ± 0.416.427.814.20.92.41.7 ± 0.27C, base length21.9nana1.5na1.5 ± na12.234.518.81.03.92.2±0.59Tail, postdorsal length34.4nana2.2na2.2 ± na17.032.124.62.22.72.4 ± 0.26height at V-tips32.936.834.92.52.62.5
±
0.026.836.322.21.92.52.3
±
0.05width at V-tips38.243.941.12.63.43.0 ± 0.408.552.028.71.63.62.9 ± 0.15height at D1 origin16.1nana1.1na1.1 ± na3.417.110.30.91.21.1 ± 0.04width at D1 origin22.4nana1.5na1.5 ± na3.225.313.00.91.71.2 ± 0.13lateral fold length455.0nana31.1na31.1 ± na129.0544.0360.025.241.535.1 ± 3.15Head length, ventrally351.0455.0403.027.331.129.2 ± 1.9092.5429.0276.728.230.729.5 ± 0.34Mouth width140.0170.6150.99.710.910.5
±
0.3923.1142.087.47.49.58.8
±
0.44Internasal width134.6147.0140.08.610.89.8 ± 0.6426.6157.086.68.210.59.0 ± 0.37Nasal curtain, length44.245.644.93.03.53.3
±
0.2614.170.637.43.54.74.0
±
0.24width145.0149.0147.010.211.310.7
±
0.5528.9155.087.99.210.89.7
±
0.37width each lobe24.433.729.11.92.32.1
±
0.205.028.217.00.82.51.8
±
0.12space between lobesnananananana10.086.348.21.65.83.7 ± 0.26Gill slit length, first21.825.124.01.61.71.7
±
0.044.229.014.81.31.91.5
±
0.10third23.730.427.41.82.11.9 ± 0.095.037.218.11.42.51.8 ± 0.16fifth17.123.520.31.31.61.4 ± 0.103.623.912.80.91.61.3 ± 0.07Space between first gill slits246.0270.7256.917.319.117.9
±
0.6048.6241.0141.812.616.715.0
±
0.63fifth gill slits186.0190.9188.012.214.613.2
±
0.7134.2166.099.38.711.510.7
±
0.45V-length, anterior lobe87.0167.0127.06.811.49.1 ± 2.3343.9177.0106.89.915.412.2 ± 0.98posterior lobe174.0255.0214.513.517.415.5 ± 1.9546.3269.0156.614.518.116.1 ± 0.51Clasper, postanus lengthnananananana24.5402.0212.37.927.617.3 ± 4.20Snout tip to center of anus702.0890.5812.554.657.856.4
±
0.94151.1855.0504.648.657.452.2±1.51to max. disc width435.0539.0487.033.936.935.4 ± 1.51110.3545.0331.831.837.535.4 ± 0.88Center of anus to D1505.0519.6512.333.234.533.9 ± 0.67109.0529.0332.532.636.935.2 ± 0.69to D2599.0nana41.0na41.0 ± na129.0602.0378.036.942.740.4 ± 0.90to tail tip621.0694.9657.942.544.443.4
±
0.96156.0674.0490.244.350.246.7
±
1.09No median thorns16na16.0 ± na161917.6 ± 0.60No middorsal thorns1na1.0 ± na020.8 ± 0.31Tooth rows upper jaw253128.0 ± 3.00243026.2 ± 0.95lower jaw253530.0
±
5.00222624.0
±
0.73The morphological and meristic characters ofBathyraja richardsoni have been examined more thoroughly than most other species in our study. Information on the morphology of 16 mature individuals of this species has been published in several early papers [30, 40, 51, 52]. However, these studies omitted many of the morphometric and meristic characters used in our study. More recently [34], a similar measurement scheme on four advanced embryos of this species was used, and the same measurement scheme was used on several specimens caught on the Mid-Atlantic ridge during the MAR-ECO expedition (http://www.mar-eco.no/), as well as material from the BMNH and MNHN collections [35]. Nevertheless, none of these prior studies offer information about sexual dimorphism ofB. richardsoni.Our results showB. richardsoni to be sexually dimorphic in the following characters (Table 3): disc width, disc length, horizontal diameter of the orbit, length of the orbit + spiracle (measured together), tail width at the pelvic fin tips, length of the lateral fold, mouth width, lengths of the third and fifth gill slits, distance from the snout tip to the center of the anus, distance from the snout tip to the line of maximum disk width, and the number of median thorns.Table 3
Morphometrics and meristics of male and female Richardson’s ray Bathyraja richardsoni from different areas of the North Atlantic (significant differences are given in bold, number of specimens examined are shown in parentheses, m = standard error).
Females (14)Males (13)CharacterAbsolute% TLAbsolute% TLMinMaxMeanMinMaxMean ±mMinMaxMeanMinMaxMean ±  mTL, mm240.01530.0924.0182.01133.0570.2Disc, width159.11042.0626.664.472.368.1
±
0.5693.9784.0382.551.670.365.7
±
1.45length121.0922.0525.650.460.356.2
±
0.6576.1637.9314.541.859.953.1
±
1.59Snout length, preorbital21.6211.0118.39.015.412.9 ± 0.5314.6145.074.57.515.312.2 ± 0.78preoral24.5206.6120.510.214.513.2 ± 0.3814.9147.376.18.216.312.7 ± 0.72prenasal15.4139.076.36.411.59.4 ± 0.5612.0102.052.05.911.99.2 ± 0.62Orbit, horizontal diameter11.331.120.41.75.02.6
±
0.308.728.717.41.95.63.7
±
0.40Interorbital width16.8161.570.55.211.17.5 ± 0.459.6117.841.75.310.46.9 ± 0.34Spiracle length5.353.323.22.03.52.6 ± 0.154.020.011.91.83.42.4 ± 0.15Interspiracular width28.8180.4104.79.012.811.3 ± 0.2523.5122.463.910.214.111.3 ± 0.27Orbit + spiracle length15.470.042.14.46.85.2
±
0.2111.552.428.54.87.55.7
±
0.27D1, height5.820.513.81.12.41.6 ± 0.104.216.69.11.32.81.8 ± 0.13base length10.150.930.82.84.63.4 ± 0.129.538.319.82.85.43.7 ± 0.21D2, height5.020.412.71.02.11.6 ± 0.104.420.49.81.42.51.8 ± 0.11base length10.345.028.42.94.33.5 ± 0.129.136.019.62.85.03.8 ± 0.23Interdorsal space0.014.55.20.01.00.6 ± 0.080.07.93.60.01.00.6 ± 0.08C, base length11.444.227.12.85.53.8 ± 0.2711.832.819.72.97.04.4 ± 0.43Tail, postdorsal length0.052.429.10.07.94.0 ± 0.650.044.221.90.08.14.4 ± 0.68height at V-tips8.647.725.12.53.62.9 ± 0.107.838.815.72.44.33.1 ± 0.16width at V-tips7.664.032.32.64.83.7
±
0.1810.245.121.63.55.64.3
±
0.17height at D1 origin3.818.810.01.01.71.2 ± 0.063.313.46.30.92.01.3 ± 0.08width at D1 origin3.320.311.11.12.31.3 ± 0.104.015.17.11.02.71.5 ± 0.16lateral fold length111.1481.0274.030.946.336.5
±
1.5898.8384.0196.833.954.340.1
±
1.97Head length, ventrally53.3413.0221.322.228.326.0 ± 0.5344.4264.0133.620.028.725.1 ± 0.78Mouth width22.1197.0103.09.212.910.8
±
0.2914.4130.358.87.911.59.9
±
0.32Internasal width26.4174.699.68.012.811.0 ± 0.3116.0124.662.68.814.210.9 ± 0.37Nasal curtain, length11.870.637.33.05.54.6 ± 0.176.637.624.63.412.05.0 ± 0.65width each lobe5.077.722.01.612.42.9 ± 0.872.220.710.31.22.42.0 ± 0.1space between lobes13.8117.761.02.28.57.0 ± 0.4812.784.442.25.88.37.2 ± 0.28Gill slit length, first2.626.214.91.11.91.5 ± 0.062.020.48.70.91.81.4 ± 0.08third3.130.217.31.32.21.8
±
0.082.223.89.51.02.11.6
±
0.08fifth2.225.514.00.81.91.5
±
0.091.319.38.10.71.71.3
±
0.10Space between first gill slits46.6308.5171.713.621.418.5 ± 0.5927.5235.7102.814.820.817.9 ± 0.56fifth gill slits36.5227.2129.910.316.614.2 ± 0.5120.9174.580.211.115.913.9 ± 0.40V-length, anterior lobe19.2149.077.96.210.18.7 ± 0.3811.5118.355.26.111.79.2 ± 0.59posterior lobe33.4238.0132.512.918.715.6 ± 0.5620.7147.079.511.018.614.4 ± 0.77Clasper, postanus lengthnananananana12.2127.748.66.412.08.6 ± 0.47Snout tip to center of anus113.81010.0539.946.166.056.0
±
1.5675.0691.1299.132.561.049.6
±
2.05to max. disc width91.0570.0293.931.039.035.0
±
0.7432.4386.0170.29.036.431.1
±
2.20Center of anus to D190.5566.0298.125.137.731.5 ± 0.9668.4362.6171.925.738.231.5 ± 1.22to D2103.0471.0276.429.342.935.3 ± 1.2280.4358.0176.329.144.235.6 ± 1.54to tail tip129.1601.0358.437.453.843.1 ± 1.42109.6471.3236.736.260.244.3 ± 2.15Number of median thorns122116.5
±
0.74131815.2
±
0.46Snout angle7012090.8 ± 3.697013396.4 ± 5.41The morphology ofRajella bigelowi has been documented better than all the other species in our study, with published data on 30 specimens [31, 33]. In a recent study, additional data on the morphology and meristics of R. bigelowi from the North Atlantic was provided [35], based on specimens from the MCZ and MHNH and two neonates collected from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (ZMUB). However, there have been no investigations concerning the sexual dimorphism of this species. Our analysis of 18 specimens of R. bigelowishowed that males and females of this species differ significantly in the following characters (Table 4): interorbital width, length of the orbit + spiracle (measured together), head length, length of the nasal curtain, width of each nasal curtain lobe, length of the third and fifth gill slits, and the number of preorbital thorns. Some of the thorn counts for this species varied on the left and right sides of the specimen (i.e., orbital thorns, scapular thorns, etc.). Therefore, the maximum, minimum, and mean values for these characters are shown for one side of the animal. Apparent sexual dimorphism of meristic characters could be due to our small sample size or low variation among the specimens observed.Table 4
Morphometrics and meristics of male and female Bigelow’s ray Rajella bigelowi from different areas of the North Atlantic (significant differences are given in bold, number of specimens examined are shown in parentheses, m = standard error, na = not available).
Females (4)Males (8)CharacterAbsolute% TLAbsolute% TLMinMaxMeanMinMaxMean ±mMinMaxMeanMinMaxMean ±mTL, mm102.0453.0283.8101.0436.0231.0Disc width57.0234.0144.347.955.951.3 ± 0.8754.0215.0116.147.854.350.6 ± 0.70length43.0209.0128.940.647.144.8 ± 0.8246.0196.0102.841.349.044.5 ± 0.72Snout length, preorbital10.555.331.59.413.411.0 ± 0.448.041.023.17.912.710.2 ± 0.45preoral10.556.433.510.314.411.7 ± 0.4811.044.526.610.214.811.8 ± 0.44prenasal8.546.028.58.312.710.0 ± 0.468.037.021.87.911.89.5 ± 0.35Orbit, horizontal diameter4.219.011.83.84.74.2 ± 0.124.017.09.43.15.34.1 ± 0.19Interorbital width5.016.510.53.44.93.8
±
0.175.016.09.33.25.34.3±0.21Spiracle length2.212.66.72.02.82.3 ± 0.102.011.55.72.03.02.4 ± 0.10Interspiracular width7.229.919.56.67.16.9 ± 0.068.030.014.96.48.07.1 ± 0.19Orbit + spiracle length5.021.513.14.15.24.7
±
0.115.521.511.44.19.15.3 ± 0.45D1, height1.412.06.51.42.62.1 ± 0.182.012.05.41.73.22.2 ± 0.15base length7.723.815.34.17.55.5 ± 0.365.024.012.44.16.15.1 ± 0.19D2, height1.612.16.31.42.72.1 ± 0.192.013.05.41.73.02.2 ± 0.15base length6.221.013.93.56.25.0 ± 0.345.522.012.44.75.95.4 ± 0.15Interdorsal space0.05.01.10.02.80.6 ± 0.370.03.00.70.01.90.5±0.20C, base length3.912.08.91.95.93.4 ± 0.573.014.06.71.63.62.9 ± 0.21Tail, postdorsal length4.012.08.61.95.93.4 ± 0.503.014.07.02.13.93.1 ± 0.18height at V-tips3.212.58.22.63.12.9 ± 0.073.511.56.42.33.52.8 ± 0.10width at V-tips4.518.711.43.24.64.0 ± 0.154.019.59.33.14.54.0 ± 0.14height at D1 origin1.44.83.01.01.41.1 ± 0.041.55.02.71.01.81.2 ± 0.09width at D1 origin1.88.04.41.11.81.5 ± 0.121.88.33.61.12.01.6 ± 0.09lateral fold length21.3122.066.112.129.020.5 ± 2.5917.0106.055.714.027.020.6 ± 1.72Head length, ventrally21.5109.267.021.125.623.4
±
0.4722.091.050.720.425.622.3
±
0.53Mouth width8.328.317.04.98.16.3 ± 0.327.035.015.45.98.06.7 ± 0.22Internasal width7.233.219.05.87.36.7 ± 0.178.029.014.55.57.96.9 ± 0.23Nasal curtain, length3.115.38.72.63.73.0
±
0.162.013.06.02.03.32.5
±
0.14width each lobe1.67.74.61.41.91.7
±
0.061.06.53.20.82.01.4
±
0.11space between lobes5.213.09.82.95.74.1 ± 0.494.816.09.63.05.94.6 ± 0.44Gill slit length, first1.08.84.21.01.91.4
±
0.111.55.02.80.91.61.3
±
0.07third0.79.34.40.72.11.5
±
0.141.06.03.00.91.61.2
±
0.08fifth1.07.13.31.01.61.1 ± 0.071.04.82.30.71.60.9 ± 0.09Space between first gill slits13.862.937.612.414.013.2 ± 0.2114.058.030.512.314.213.3± 0.19fifth gill slits9.738.624.37.79.58.6 ± 0.219.035.018.46.89.18.2 ± 0.23V-length, anterior lobe11.062.336.210.713.812.5 ± 0.4213.056.029.711.513.812.8 ± 0.25posterior lobe14.581.243.012.817.914.7 ± 0.5513.061.032.611.916.013.8 ± 0.42Clasper, postanus lengthnananananana7.045.017.75.410.37.2 ± 0.43Snout tip to center of anus38.0195.0116.137.343.440.3 ± 0.8539.0180.091.336.041.339.4 ± 0.49to max. disc width31.5125.073.112.532.827.2 ± 2.2323.3130.056.510.230.124.5 ± 2.30Center of anus to D140.0199.0128.939.248.545.2 ± 0.9947.0190.0106.543.048.946.1 ± 0.61to D246.0222.0144.545.153.650.9 ± 1.0053.0215.0119.549.354.551.9 ± 0.43to tail tip62.0254.0166.256.163.259.2 ± 0.8259.0249.0137.457.161.759.5 ± 0.50Snout angle106.0111.0108.5 ± 2.50107.0110.0108.3 ± 0.88No. preorbital thorns263.1
±
0.52152.1
±
0.39No. postorbital thorns242.4 ± 0.26142.1 ± 0.26No. interspiracular thorns041.3 ± 0.53030.8 ± 0.42No. scapular thorns284.6 ± 0.752103.6 ± 0.79No. nuchal thorns242.6 ± 0.32242.4 ± 0.22No. interscapular thorns111.0 ± na111.0 ± naNo. median thorns253329.4 ± 0.96263328.6 ± 0.69No. middorsal thorns010.1 ± 0.13010.1 ± 0.10Tooth rows upper jaw223830.7 ± 2.35224032.3 ± 2.63lower jaw243629.2 ± 2.15223830.3 ± 2.60Morphometric and meristic data fromRajella kukujevi are published in a single paper, which is the original description of the species [32]. Unfortunately the description of this species included only a small number of characters. Since then, only three specimens have been collected [50, 53], but these subsequent records lack any reporting of morphometric or meristic data. Therefore, the morphology of this species has been scantly reported and no data on sexual dimorphism are available.The males and females we examined differ in the following characters (Table5): disc width, interorbital width, length of the second dorsal fin base, lateral fold length, space between the first gill slits, distance between the snout and the point of maximum disc width, number of interspiracular and median thorns, number of lateral spines on the right and left sides of the tail, and the number of trunk vertebrae. Like R. bigelowi, the apparent sexual dimorphism of meristic characters could be due to our small sample size (only two females examined) or low variation among the specimens observed. Conversely, other characters might be sexually dimorphic but not detected by our analysis, owing to very high variation in some characters (i.e., median thorns and lateral spines). Also, like R. bigelowi, the maximum, minimum, and mean values for some of the thorn counts were given for one side of the animal.Table 5
Morphometrics and meristics of male and female Mid-Atlantic skate Rajella kukujevi from different areas of the North Atlantic (significant differences are given in bold, number of specimens examined are shown in parentheses, m = standard error, na = not available).
Females (2)Males (6)CharacterAbsolute% TLAbsolute% TLMinMaxMeanMinMaxMean ± mMinMaxMeanMinMaxMean ±  mTL, mm602.0604.0603.0597.0757.0716.2Disc, width335.0340.0337.555.656.356.0
±
0.32337.0442.0412.256.058.557.5
±
0.44length301.0308.0304.550.051.050.5 ± 0.50299.0394.0366.550.152.351.1 ± 0.35Snout length, preorbital83.386.685.013.814.314.1 ± 0.2583.8111.099.413.215.013.9 ± 0.26preoral85.790.788.214.215.014.6 ± 0.3994.2111.5103.913.216.014.6 ± 0.48prenasal74.581.277.912.413.412.9 ± 0.5380.196.989.111.813.412.5 ± 0.27Orbit, horizontal diameter21.827.524.73.64.64.1 ± 0.4724.037.229.03.24.94.1 ± 0.26Interorbital width24.225.424.84.04.24.1
±
0.0923.932.127.73.74.23.9
±
0.09Spiracle length15.717.816.82.62.92.8 ± 0.1714.021.719.11.83.12.7 ± 0.19Interspiracular width40.842.541.76.87.06.9 ± 0.1342.456.851.06.77.57.1 ± 0.14Orbit + spiracle length28.630.929.84.85.14.9 ± 0.1833.342.936.34.55.75.1 ± 0.19D1, height14.718.316.52.43.02.7 ± 0.3014.027.622.22.33.73.1 ± 0.19base length29.031.630.34.85.25.0 ± 0.2231.038.034.64.15.94.9 ± 0.24D2, height17.118.217.72.83.02.9 ± 0.1017.928.622.02.73.83.1 ± 0.16base length33.336.234.85.56.05.8
±
0.2527.342.336.14.65.65.0
±
0.15Interdorsal space0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0C, base length8.910.89.91.51.81.6 ± 0.168.212.010.21.21.61.4 ± 0.06Tail, postdorsal length8.910.89.91.51.81.6 ± 0.168.212.010.21.21.61.4 ± 0.06height at V-tips17.217.417.32.82.92.9 ± 0.0215.923.020.22.43.02.8 ± 0.10width at V-tips25.226.025.64.24.34.2 ± 0.0620.738.929.13.05.14.0 ± 0.34height at D1 origin6.77.27.01.11.21.2 ± 0.046.211.08.01.01.51.1 ± 0.07width at D1 origin11.311.411.41.91.91.9 ± 0.019.216.413.31.52.21.8 ± 0.12lateral fold length124.0128.0126.020.621.220.9
±
0.3078.6170.0133.113.222.518.4
±
1.47Head length, ventrally151.4162.0156.725.126.826.0 ± 0.84156.6203.5182.922.826.925.6 ± 0.63Mouth width45.045.845.47.57.67.5 ± 0.0545.557.854.47.37.87.6 ± 0.06Internasal width58.064.261.19.610.610.1 ± 0.5058.079.067.67.710.59.5 ± 0.44Nasal curtain, length25.626.926.34.24.54.4 ± 0.1222.935.931.13.84.84.3 ± 0.13width48.450.649.58.08.48.2 ± 0.1742.567.557.47.19.08.2 ± 0.40width each lobe11.212.912.11.92.12.0 ± 0.148.616.013.91.42.11.9 ± 0.11space between lobesnananananana33.033.733.44.44.54.5 ± 0.09Gill slit length, first8.59.89.21.41.61.5 ± 0.118.912.810.81.31.71.5 ± 0.06third8.812.210.51.52.01.7 ± 0.289.013.111.71.21.81.6 ± 0.10fifth7.09.68.31.21.61.4 ± 0.217.010.58.51.01.41.2 ± 0.06Space between first gill slits82.084.983.513.614.113.8
±
0.2280.5103.592.911.413.713.0
±
0.35fifth gill slits51.453.852.68.58.98.7 ± 0.1862.968.764.98.310.69.1 ± 0.33V-length, anterior lobe79.483.281.313.113.813.5 ± 0.3485.0109.198.411.214.913.8 ± 0.56posterior lobe103.0105.2104.117.117.517.3 ± 0.21101.2149.0129.615.219.818.1±0.71Clasper, postanus lengthnananananana49.9168.0118.48.422.216.2 ± 2.43Snout tip to center of anus275.0283.0279.045.746.946.3 ± 0.59276.0367.0335.744.948.746.9 ± 0.53to max. disc width87.490.088.714.515.014.7
±
0.2478.2244.0150.711.332.220.9
±
3.29Center of anus to D1237.0248.0242.539.241.240.2 ± 0.98243.0317.0289.539.041.940.4±0.38to D2269.0279.0274.044.546.345.4 ± 0.90273.0351.0322.543.446.445.0 ± 0.43to tail tip311.0321.0316.051.553.352.4 ± 0.92315.0403.0364.547.253.251.0± 0.88Snout angle87.091.089.0 ± 2.0079.096.087.0 ± 2.44No. of preorbital thorns263.5 ± 1.00364.1 ± 0.54No. of postorbital thorns242.8 ± 0.75053.0 ± 0.79No. of orbital thorns586.3 ± 0.252106.6 ± 1.21No. of interspiracular thorns121.8
±
0.25021.2
±
0.17No. of nuchal thorns486.0 ± 2.00253.8 ± 0.54No. of scapular thorns243.0 ± 1.00052.4 ± 0.62No. of interscapular thorns021.0 ± 1.00042.0 ± 0.63Total no. of median thorns212925.0
±
4.0002514.0 ± 3.79Lateral spines right575857.5
±
0.50557966.3
±
3.55Lateral spines left395647.5
±
8.50578968.8
±
5.09No. trunk vertebrae252525.0
±
0.00252826.2
±
0.58No. caudal vertebrae105113109.0 ± 4.0099118106.4 ± 3.44Tooth rows upper jaw40na40.0 ± na354338.7 ± 1.17Tooth rows lower jaw384039.0 ± 1.00314439.7 ± 1.91Studies of sexual dimorphism in batoids are limited. However, these previous studies found sexual dimorphism in various morphological characters. For example, males and females of the South American apron ray,Discopyge tschudii, and Patagonian skate, Bathyraja macloviana, differ in disc length [15, 26]. Male and female zipper sand skates, Psammobatis extenta, from Argentinean waters exhibit sexual dimorphism in the prenasal snout length, distance between the anus and tail tip, and distance between the snout tip and anus [14]. The thorny skate, Raja clavata, from the Adriatic Sea exhibits sexual dimorphism in the disc length and maximum eye diameter [6]. Also, many North Pacific skate species from Japanese waters have shown sexual dimorphism in snout lengths, lengths of the pelvic fins, and tail lengths [3].Our study shows that North Atlantic deepwater skates from the generaAmblyraja, Bathyraja, and Rajella exhibit sexual dimorphism most frequently in the following characters: interorbital width and length of the third gill slit (three of five species), disc length and width, horizontal diameter of the orbit, length of the fifth gill slit, space between first gill slits, space between fifth gill slits, length of the second dorsal fin base, mouth width, length and width of each lobe of the nasal curtain, distance from the snout tip to the center of the anus, distance from the snout to the point of maximum disc width, length of lateral fold, length of the orbit + spiracle (measured together), tail height at the pelvic fin tips, and the number of median thorns (two of five species).Sexual dimorphism in disc length and the distance from the snout tip to the anus has been noted for other skate species [6, 14, 15, 26]. This is probably due to the larger size attained by females, compared to males of the same age [8–11, 16]. The same reason may cause differences between males and females in the length of the lateral fold, distance from the snout tip to the point of maximum disc width, and the number of median thorns.Our study shows that females of some species have a relatively wider disc compared to males and this is likely responsible for the observed differences in interorbital width, length of gill slits, length of the orbit + spiracle (measured together), and the space between the gill slits. Differences in mouth width in some species may be caused by sexual dimorphism of the shape and number of teeth in adult skates, as well as differences in diet [3, 9–11, 15, 17–23]. The same cause might be responsible for differences between males and females in size of the nasal curtain.We also observed differences between males and females in the tail height at the tips of pelvic fins. Since the tail is used in courtship and copulation, it is reasonable to assume that these differences can be attributed to reproductive behaviour.Forster [37] noted the existence of minor sexual differences in colour patterns of Bathyraja richardsoni that may be related to limited observations (single male and single female examined) and is likely attributable to individual variation. Our study did not reveal significant differences in colouration between males and females in any of the five species examined. However, ontogenetic changes in colour pattern were observed in four of the five species (A. jenseni, B. pallida, B. richardsoni, R. bigelowi), while R. kukujevi demonstrated considerable individual variation in colouration.



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*Source: 842821-2011-09-06.xml*