# Simulation Analysis of the Four Configurations of Solar Desiccant Cooling System Using Evaporative Cooling in Tropical Weather in Malaysia

Authors: M. M. S. Dezfouli; S. Mat; G. Pirasteh; K. S. M. Sahari; K. Sopian; M. H. Ruslan
Journal: International Journal of Photoenergy
 (2014)

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## Abstract

A high demand for air conditioning systems exists in hot and humid regions because of the warm climate during the year. The high energy consumption of conventional air conditioning system is the reason for our investigation of the solar desiccant cooling system as an energy-efficient cooling system. Four model configurations were considered to determine the best configuration of a solar desiccant cooling system: one-stage ventilation, one-stage recirculation, two-stage ventilation, and two-stage recirculation. These models were stimulated for 8,760 hr of operation under hot and humid weather in Malaysia. Several parameters (i.e., coefficient of performance or COP, room temperature and humidity ratio, and the solar fraction of each system) were evaluated by detecting the temperature and humidity ratio of the different points of each configuration by TRNSYS simulation. The latent and sensible loads of the test room were 0.875 kW and 2.625 kW, respectively. By investigating the simulation results of the four systems, the ventilation modes were found to be higher than the recirculation modes in the one- and two-stage solar desiccant cooling systems. The isothermal dehumidification COP of the two-stage ventilation was higher than that of the two-stage recirculation. Hence, the two-stage ventilation mode desiccant cooling system in a hot and humid area has higher efficiency than the other configurations.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Because of the high electrical consumption of conventional vapor compression systems, the solar desiccant cooling system has been considered as one of the promising alternatives to cooling air where the sensible and latent heats of air are removed separately [1]. The first desiccant cooling system was presented by Pennington in 1955 [2]. Generally, depending on the dehumidification material used, two kinds of desiccant cooling system exist: solid and liquid. Many scientists and researchers have studied both kinds of desiccant cooling using renewable energy [3]. The common materials used in the solid and liquid desiccant cooling system were silica gel and liquid water-lithium chloride. The desiccant cooling system includes three main units, namely, desiccant, heat-source, and cooling units [4]. The elements of each unit are designed depending on the weather conditions. The components of the basic cycle consist of the solid desiccant wheel (DW) as dehumidifier, evaporative cooler as the cooling unit, and the heat recovery wheel as the heater and cooler in the regeneration and process air sides, respectively. In recent years, according to the Pennington cycle, different types of solid desiccant cooling cycles have been designed in the world by different researchers. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the desiccant cooling system, regeneration temperature, mass flow rate, fresh air, and relative humidity of the supply air are the important parameters considered by the researchers. Haddad et al. [5] studied the simulation of a desiccant-evaporative cooling system for residential buildings. They found that the use of solar energy for regeneration of the DW can provide a significant portion of the auxiliary thermal energy needed. Fong et al. [6] designed a simulation model (TRNSYS) of an integrated radiant cooling by absorption refrigeration and desiccant dehumidification. Salehi Dezfouli et al. [7] investigated the solar hybrid desiccant cooling system in hot and humid weather in Malaysia. They found that a solar hybrid solid desiccant cooling system provided considerable energy savings in comparison with the conventional vapor compression in hot and humid area.Researchers have studied and compared the COP of ventilation and recirculation cycles. Jain et al. [8] evaluated ventilation and recirculation cycles based on weather data in India to determine the effectiveness of evaporative coolers on the COP of a cooling system. Boundoukan et al. [9] evaluated a comparison between ventilation and recirculation procedure modes; critical values were achieved for cycle component performance specifics required to yield a given supply air temperature condition. Mehmet et al. [10] evaluated First low and second Low for COPs of ventilation and recirculation cycles. Panaras et al. [11] investigated the behavior of the COP of the ventilation and recirculation desiccant cooling systems in terms of the air flow rate. They found that the ventilation cycle presents a higher COP, and the required air flow rate is similar for both cycles. Sphaier et al. [12] studied the simulation of ventilation and recirculation desiccant cooling systems to analyze the impact of cycle component characteristics on the overall system performance. They concluded that, although all components can influence the COP, the COP values of the recirculation cycle are lower than the ventilation cycle.With regard to the increase in temperature of the process air after dehumidification and the limitation capacity of the dehumidification by the DW, the required regeneration temperature is high, especially in hot and humid regions [13–16]. Many researchers have attempted to determine the best solution for the high required regeneration temperature problem in one-stage desiccant cooling systems. The isothermal dehumidification process is a great solution to solve this problem. The required cool process air after dehumidification and reduced regeneration temperature can be obtained using isothermal dehumidification technology or multistage dehumidification process. Meckler [17] proposed a two-stage solid desiccant air conditioning system integrated with an HVAC system. A two-stage system was also introduced by Henning [18]. A novel rotary desiccant cooling cycle with isothermal dehumidification and regenerative evaporative cooling was proposed by La et al. [19]. They found that the isothermal dehumidification was relatively lower temperature requirement for the heat source because the regeneration temperature is reduced from 80°C to approximately 60°C. Ge et al. [20] evaluated the performance of a two-stage rotary desiccant cooling (TSRDC) system. The required regeneration temperature of the TSRDC system is low, and the COP of the system is high. La et al. [21] performed a theoretical analysis of a solar-driven TSRDC system assisted by vapor compression air conditioning. They concluded that the solar-driven two-stage desiccant cooling system is reliable and energy efficient. Li et al. [22] investigated the TSRDC/heating system driven by evacuated glass tube solar air collectors. Their experimental results indicated that the average thermal COP in the cooling cycle was 0.97, and the cooling capacity was in the range from 16.3 kW to 25.6 kW under hot and humid ambient conditions. Li et al. [23] carried out experimental investigation on a one-rotor two-stage desiccant cooling/heating system driven by solar air collectors. The average thermal COP in the cooling cycle is 0.95 in hot and humid climate conditions.Given the use of ambient air in solar desiccant cooling systems, the ambient conditions of each region have a significant impact on system performance. Although various studies and publications on the one-stage and two-stage desiccant cooling systems have been based on different weather data, no such study compares one-stage and two-stage solar cooling technologies that have been undertaken in Malaysia. The high demands of air conditioning systems because of hot and humid weather during the year, as well as the high energy consumption of conventional AC systems, have resulted in the investigation of the solar desiccant cooling system as an efficient air conditioning system in Malaysia. The present paper presents a comparison simulation study among the four configurations of solar desiccant cooling system in hot humid weather in Malaysia.


## 2. Methodology

The comparison performance between the one-stage and two-stage solar desiccant cooling systems under the ventilation and recirculation modes is used as the methodology in this study. The one-stage and two-stage desiccant cooling systems are explained in the following sections.


### 2.1. Case Study Description

Four kinds of solar desiccant cooling systems were considered to supply air for a test room in a technology park (UKM) in Malaysia. The one-stage desiccant cooling system under two modes of ventilation and recirculation and the two-stage desiccant cooling system under two modes of ventilation and recirculation were considered to evaluate the four types of desiccant cooling system. The latent and sensible loads of the test room were 0.875 and 2.625 kW, respectively. The cooling capacity was 1 ton. According to the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) comfort condition, indoor condition designs should consist of temperature of 25°C, relative humidity of 50%, and humidity ratio of 0.0098 kg/kg [24]. According to the Malaysian weather, in outdoor condition design, the temperature should be 30°C, and the humidity ratio should be 0.0200 kg/kg. The cooling system includes four main parts, namely, DW as dehumidifier, heat recovery wheel, evaporative cooler as humidifier, and solar-evacuated tube collector as heat source. Simulation design using the TRNSYS software was carried out to investigate the solar desiccant cooling in the different configurations to find the best operation of the components and the cooling system based on the hot and humid weather in Malaysia. In this study, one stage (ventilation and recirculation modes) and two stages (ventilation and recirculation modes) were simulated under the same effectiveness of the components.In the simulation process, the regeneration temperature can be detected by adjusting and setting the required humidity ratio after the dehumidification process in DW as the humidity ratio set point. Three set points (i.e., 0.0100, 0.0080, and 0.0050 kg/kg) for the humidity ratio were considered for the one-stage ventilation and recirculation modes to evaluate the behavior of regeneration temperatures and COPs. In a comparative evaluation between one-stage and two-stage solar desiccant cooling systems, the humidity ratio set points for the first and second DW in the two-stage ventilation and recirculation modes were 0.0100 kg/kg and 0.0050 kg/kg, respectively. The properties of the simulation components used in the four configurations are shown in Table1. The solar desiccant cooling system was divided into two parts, namely, the one-stage and the two-stage that are explained in Sections 2.2 and 2.3, respectively. The TRNSYS simulation was validated by the measurement data from the experimental setup of the one-stage ventilation solar desiccant cooling system. This system had been installed in the technology park at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia [7]. After the validation of TRNSYS, it was used to simulate the four configurations of the solar desiccant cooling system.Table 1
Specific assumptions used in simulation.
Item
Factor
DW
Type 683,F
1 = 0.1, F
2 = 0.07, power consumption: 0.2 kW, and speed of rotor rotation: 8 r/h
DEC
Type 506c, saturation efficiency = 0.8, and power consumption: 0.1 kW
HRW
Type 760b, sensible efficiency = 75.6%, latent efficiency = 0%, and power consumption: 0.17 kW
HX
Type 91, effectiveness = 0.7, specific heat of hot side: 4.19 kj/kg·K, and specific heat of hot side: 1.05 kj/kg·K
Pump
Type 3b, maximum power consumption: 60 W and water flow rate: 180 kg/h
Blower
Type 112a, motor efficiency = 0.85 and maximum air flow rate: 870.4 kg/h
Room (load)
Type 690, sensible load: 2.625, latent load: 0.875, SHR = 0.75
Weather data
Type 109-TMY2, all of weather data is based on Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)
Solar collector
Type 71, evacuated tube, area of collector: 20 m2 and the efficiency of collector η: 0.60
Hot water tank
Type 4c, the loss coefficient: 0.55 W/m2 K
Backup heater
Type 6, the maximum heating rate: 10 kW
G
The one year average solar radiation of Malaysia (2012): 500 W/m2


### 2.2. One-Stage Solar Desiccant Cooling System

The one-stage solar desiccant cooling includes the ventilation and recirculation modes. The components of the one-stage desiccant cooling are one DW, one heat recovery wheel, two evaporative coolers, one heat exchanger, one auxiliary heater, and an evacuated tube collector.The air flow rate of the one-stage ventilation and recirculation in the process and regeneration sides of the system was 870.4 kg/hr.


#### 2.2.1. One-Stage Ventilation Mode

Figure1 shows that the ventilation mode of the solar desiccant cooling is an open cycle that provides supply air to the room from ambient air.Figure 1
Solar desiccant cooling in ventilation mode schematic.The returning air from the room after few processes is converted to ambient temperature as exhaust air. Therefore, two kinds of air are present: the process side that produces the supply air, and the regeneration side that releases the returning air from room to ambient temperature. In the process side, first, the ambient air becomes dry because of the DW. Then, the heat recovery wheel cools the air in the process side. In the next step, the air becomes cold because of the evaporative cooler; then, the air moves into the room as supply air. In the regeneration side, the returning air whose latent and sensible loads were left in the room becomes cold because of the evaporative cooler. The heat recovery wheel acts as an energy conservation wheel in the regeneration air side. Then, the heat from the heat exchanger is transferred to the air. In the last step in the regeneration side, the hot air thus absorbed the humidity of the DW and released it outside.


#### 2.2.2. One-Stage Recirculation Mode

Figure2 shows the recirculation mode of the solar desiccant cooling system. Generally, this system is not an open cycle. The process air side in the recirculation mode is a closed loop, whereas the regeneration air side is an open cycle.Figure 2
Solar desiccant cooling in recirculation mode schematic.In the process air side, the room air that includes the sensible and latent loads moves to the DW to remove the latent load. The heat recovery wheel acts as a cooler in the process air side. In the next step, the air grows cold because of the evaporative cooler, and it moves into the room as supply air. In the regeneration side, the ambient air grows cold because of the evaporative cooler. In the next step, the heat from the solar collectors and the backup heater is transferred to the air by means of a heat exchanger. Thus, in the last step in the regeneration side, the hot air absorbs the humidity of the DW and is released as exhaust air outdoors.


### 2.3. Two-Stage Solar Desiccant Cooling System

The two-stage solar desiccant cooling includes the ventilation and recirculation modes. The components of the two-stage desiccant cooling system are two DWs, two heat recovery wheels, two evaporative coolers with different capacities, two heat exchangers, two auxiliary heaters, and an evacuated tube collector. According to the high dehumidification capacity of the two-stage DW and the humid weather in Malaysia, the set point of dehumidification was adjusted at a 0.0050 kg/kg humidity ratio. The air flow rate of the two-stage ventilation and recirculation in the process side was 870.4 kg/hr and 435.2 kg/hr in the regeneration side.


#### 2.3.1. Two-Stage Ventilation Mode

Figure3 shows the two-step dehumidification of the process air in the solar desiccant cooling system using the evaporative cooling units in ventilation mode. This mode is an open cycle. The air properties of each of the 15 points are characterized by the simulation model. The air properties are explained in Section 3.Figure 3
Schematic of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system-ventilation mode.The supply air in the process side is produced from the ambient air by undergoing a few stages, such as the two-step dehumidification in the DWs (2 and 4), two-step cooling in the heat recovery wheels (3 and 5), and one-step cooling in the direct evaporative cooler(
6
). In the regeneration air side, the returning air (
7
) is mixed with the ambient air (8) before being cooled in one direct evaporative cooler. Then, the output air from the evaporative cooler (9) is divided into two stages with the same air flow rate. In each stage, air is heated in the heat recovery wheel (10 and 13), heated in the solar heaters (11 and 14), and humidified in the DWs (12 and 15).


#### 2.3.2. Two-Stage Recirculation Mode

Figure4 shows the schematic of the two-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the recirculation mode. The process air side (1–6) is a closed loop and the regeneration side (7–14) is an open cycle. Supply air is produced from the returning air in the process air side by undergoing a few stages, such as the two-step dehumidification in the DWs (2 and 4), two step cooling in the heat recovery wheels (3 and 5), and one-step cooling in the direct evaporative cooler (
6
). In the regeneration side, ambient air (
7
) is mixed from the air in the cooler (8) and then divided into two stages for the heating and humidifying process (8–11 and 8–14). The process air under the ventilation mode is an open loop, whereas it is a closed loop under the recirculation mode.Figure 4
Schematic of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system-recirculation mode.


### 2.4. Determination of the COP of the Desiccant Cooling System

The COP of the solar desiccant cooling system can be calculated by the rate of heat extracted against the rate of the cooling system driving energy. The rate of heat extracted is the cooling capacity of the system. The rate of the cooling system driving energy is the total thermal energy requirement for the cooling system generated from solar collectors and the backup heater. Therefore, the COP of the system is obtained by the following relationship [4]:
(1)
COP
=
Q
cool
Q
T
.


#### 2.4.1. One Stage

The COP of the solar desiccant cooling system under the ventilation mode is defined as the ratio of the enthalpy change from ambient air to supply air, multiplied by the mass air flow and external heat delivered to the regeneration heat exchanger. It can be written as follows:(2)
COP
=
m
˙
s
(
h
1
-
h
4
)
m
˙
r
(
h
8
-
h
7
)
.
The COP of the solar desiccant cooling under recirculation mode can be written as
(3)
COP
=
m
˙
s
(
h
1
-
h
4
)
m
˙
r
(
h
8
-
h
7
)
,
where m
˙
s (kg/hr) is the mass flow rate of the supply air, m
˙
r (kg/hr) is the mass flow rate of the regeneration air, and h (kJ/kg) is the enthalpy of air.


#### 2.4.2. Two Stages

The COP of the two-stage solar desiccant cooling under the ventilation mode can be written as [20]
(4)
COP
=
m
˙
s
1
(
h
1
-
h
6
)
m
˙
r
13
(
h
14
-
h
13
)
+
m
˙
r
10
(
h
11
-
h
10
)
.
The COP of the two-stage solar desiccant cooling under the recirculation mode can be written as
(5)
COP
=
m
˙
s
1
(
h
1
-
h
6
)
m
˙
r
12
(
h
13
-
h
12
)
+
m
˙
r
9
(
h
10
-
h
9
)
,
where m
˙
s (kg/hr) is the mass flow rate of the supply air, m
˙
r (kg/hr) is the mass flow rate of the regeneration air, and h (KJ/kg) is the enthalpy of air.


### 2.5. Solar Fraction

Generally, solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal energy in solar cooling systems. Considering the insufficient thermal energy from solar collectors in cloudy weather, the backup heater is used to achieve the required thermal energy for the total cooling system driving energy. The percentage ratio of the thermal energy produced by the solar collectors to the total cooling system driving energy is known as the solar fraction, which can be expressed as follows [25]:
(6)
SF
=
Q
U
Q
T
,
where Q
T is the total cooling system driving energy produced by the solar collectors and the backup heater. Q
U is the thermal energy produced by the solar collectors that can be expressed as [26]
(7)
Q
U
=
A
×
η
×
G
.


## 2.1. Case Study Description

Four kinds of solar desiccant cooling systems were considered to supply air for a test room in a technology park (UKM) in Malaysia. The one-stage desiccant cooling system under two modes of ventilation and recirculation and the two-stage desiccant cooling system under two modes of ventilation and recirculation were considered to evaluate the four types of desiccant cooling system. The latent and sensible loads of the test room were 0.875 and 2.625 kW, respectively. The cooling capacity was 1 ton. According to the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) comfort condition, indoor condition designs should consist of temperature of 25°C, relative humidity of 50%, and humidity ratio of 0.0098 kg/kg [24]. According to the Malaysian weather, in outdoor condition design, the temperature should be 30°C, and the humidity ratio should be 0.0200 kg/kg. The cooling system includes four main parts, namely, DW as dehumidifier, heat recovery wheel, evaporative cooler as humidifier, and solar-evacuated tube collector as heat source. Simulation design using the TRNSYS software was carried out to investigate the solar desiccant cooling in the different configurations to find the best operation of the components and the cooling system based on the hot and humid weather in Malaysia. In this study, one stage (ventilation and recirculation modes) and two stages (ventilation and recirculation modes) were simulated under the same effectiveness of the components.In the simulation process, the regeneration temperature can be detected by adjusting and setting the required humidity ratio after the dehumidification process in DW as the humidity ratio set point. Three set points (i.e., 0.0100, 0.0080, and 0.0050 kg/kg) for the humidity ratio were considered for the one-stage ventilation and recirculation modes to evaluate the behavior of regeneration temperatures and COPs. In a comparative evaluation between one-stage and two-stage solar desiccant cooling systems, the humidity ratio set points for the first and second DW in the two-stage ventilation and recirculation modes were 0.0100 kg/kg and 0.0050 kg/kg, respectively. The properties of the simulation components used in the four configurations are shown in Table1. The solar desiccant cooling system was divided into two parts, namely, the one-stage and the two-stage that are explained in Sections 2.2 and 2.3, respectively. The TRNSYS simulation was validated by the measurement data from the experimental setup of the one-stage ventilation solar desiccant cooling system. This system had been installed in the technology park at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia [7]. After the validation of TRNSYS, it was used to simulate the four configurations of the solar desiccant cooling system.Table 1
Specific assumptions used in simulation.
Item
Factor
DW
Type 683,F
1 = 0.1, F
2 = 0.07, power consumption: 0.2 kW, and speed of rotor rotation: 8 r/h
DEC
Type 506c, saturation efficiency = 0.8, and power consumption: 0.1 kW
HRW
Type 760b, sensible efficiency = 75.6%, latent efficiency = 0%, and power consumption: 0.17 kW
HX
Type 91, effectiveness = 0.7, specific heat of hot side: 4.19 kj/kg·K, and specific heat of hot side: 1.05 kj/kg·K
Pump
Type 3b, maximum power consumption: 60 W and water flow rate: 180 kg/h
Blower
Type 112a, motor efficiency = 0.85 and maximum air flow rate: 870.4 kg/h
Room (load)
Type 690, sensible load: 2.625, latent load: 0.875, SHR = 0.75
Weather data
Type 109-TMY2, all of weather data is based on Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)
Solar collector
Type 71, evacuated tube, area of collector: 20 m2 and the efficiency of collector η: 0.60
Hot water tank
Type 4c, the loss coefficient: 0.55 W/m2 K
Backup heater
Type 6, the maximum heating rate: 10 kW
G
The one year average solar radiation of Malaysia (2012): 500 W/m2


## 2.2. One-Stage Solar Desiccant Cooling System

The one-stage solar desiccant cooling includes the ventilation and recirculation modes. The components of the one-stage desiccant cooling are one DW, one heat recovery wheel, two evaporative coolers, one heat exchanger, one auxiliary heater, and an evacuated tube collector.The air flow rate of the one-stage ventilation and recirculation in the process and regeneration sides of the system was 870.4 kg/hr.


### 2.2.1. One-Stage Ventilation Mode

Figure1 shows that the ventilation mode of the solar desiccant cooling is an open cycle that provides supply air to the room from ambient air.Figure 1
Solar desiccant cooling in ventilation mode schematic.The returning air from the room after few processes is converted to ambient temperature as exhaust air. Therefore, two kinds of air are present: the process side that produces the supply air, and the regeneration side that releases the returning air from room to ambient temperature. In the process side, first, the ambient air becomes dry because of the DW. Then, the heat recovery wheel cools the air in the process side. In the next step, the air becomes cold because of the evaporative cooler; then, the air moves into the room as supply air. In the regeneration side, the returning air whose latent and sensible loads were left in the room becomes cold because of the evaporative cooler. The heat recovery wheel acts as an energy conservation wheel in the regeneration air side. Then, the heat from the heat exchanger is transferred to the air. In the last step in the regeneration side, the hot air thus absorbed the humidity of the DW and released it outside.


### 2.2.2. One-Stage Recirculation Mode

Figure2 shows the recirculation mode of the solar desiccant cooling system. Generally, this system is not an open cycle. The process air side in the recirculation mode is a closed loop, whereas the regeneration air side is an open cycle.Figure 2
Solar desiccant cooling in recirculation mode schematic.In the process air side, the room air that includes the sensible and latent loads moves to the DW to remove the latent load. The heat recovery wheel acts as a cooler in the process air side. In the next step, the air grows cold because of the evaporative cooler, and it moves into the room as supply air. In the regeneration side, the ambient air grows cold because of the evaporative cooler. In the next step, the heat from the solar collectors and the backup heater is transferred to the air by means of a heat exchanger. Thus, in the last step in the regeneration side, the hot air absorbs the humidity of the DW and is released as exhaust air outdoors.


## 2.2.1. One-Stage Ventilation Mode

Figure1 shows that the ventilation mode of the solar desiccant cooling is an open cycle that provides supply air to the room from ambient air.Figure 1
Solar desiccant cooling in ventilation mode schematic.The returning air from the room after few processes is converted to ambient temperature as exhaust air. Therefore, two kinds of air are present: the process side that produces the supply air, and the regeneration side that releases the returning air from room to ambient temperature. In the process side, first, the ambient air becomes dry because of the DW. Then, the heat recovery wheel cools the air in the process side. In the next step, the air becomes cold because of the evaporative cooler; then, the air moves into the room as supply air. In the regeneration side, the returning air whose latent and sensible loads were left in the room becomes cold because of the evaporative cooler. The heat recovery wheel acts as an energy conservation wheel in the regeneration air side. Then, the heat from the heat exchanger is transferred to the air. In the last step in the regeneration side, the hot air thus absorbed the humidity of the DW and released it outside.


## 2.2.2. One-Stage Recirculation Mode

Figure2 shows the recirculation mode of the solar desiccant cooling system. Generally, this system is not an open cycle. The process air side in the recirculation mode is a closed loop, whereas the regeneration air side is an open cycle.Figure 2
Solar desiccant cooling in recirculation mode schematic.In the process air side, the room air that includes the sensible and latent loads moves to the DW to remove the latent load. The heat recovery wheel acts as a cooler in the process air side. In the next step, the air grows cold because of the evaporative cooler, and it moves into the room as supply air. In the regeneration side, the ambient air grows cold because of the evaporative cooler. In the next step, the heat from the solar collectors and the backup heater is transferred to the air by means of a heat exchanger. Thus, in the last step in the regeneration side, the hot air absorbs the humidity of the DW and is released as exhaust air outdoors.


## 2.3. Two-Stage Solar Desiccant Cooling System

The two-stage solar desiccant cooling includes the ventilation and recirculation modes. The components of the two-stage desiccant cooling system are two DWs, two heat recovery wheels, two evaporative coolers with different capacities, two heat exchangers, two auxiliary heaters, and an evacuated tube collector. According to the high dehumidification capacity of the two-stage DW and the humid weather in Malaysia, the set point of dehumidification was adjusted at a 0.0050 kg/kg humidity ratio. The air flow rate of the two-stage ventilation and recirculation in the process side was 870.4 kg/hr and 435.2 kg/hr in the regeneration side.


### 2.3.1. Two-Stage Ventilation Mode

Figure3 shows the two-step dehumidification of the process air in the solar desiccant cooling system using the evaporative cooling units in ventilation mode. This mode is an open cycle. The air properties of each of the 15 points are characterized by the simulation model. The air properties are explained in Section 3.Figure 3
Schematic of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system-ventilation mode.The supply air in the process side is produced from the ambient air by undergoing a few stages, such as the two-step dehumidification in the DWs (2 and 4), two-step cooling in the heat recovery wheels (3 and 5), and one-step cooling in the direct evaporative cooler(
6
). In the regeneration air side, the returning air (
7
) is mixed with the ambient air (8) before being cooled in one direct evaporative cooler. Then, the output air from the evaporative cooler (9) is divided into two stages with the same air flow rate. In each stage, air is heated in the heat recovery wheel (10 and 13), heated in the solar heaters (11 and 14), and humidified in the DWs (12 and 15).


### 2.3.2. Two-Stage Recirculation Mode

Figure4 shows the schematic of the two-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the recirculation mode. The process air side (1–6) is a closed loop and the regeneration side (7–14) is an open cycle. Supply air is produced from the returning air in the process air side by undergoing a few stages, such as the two-step dehumidification in the DWs (2 and 4), two step cooling in the heat recovery wheels (3 and 5), and one-step cooling in the direct evaporative cooler (
6
). In the regeneration side, ambient air (
7
) is mixed from the air in the cooler (8) and then divided into two stages for the heating and humidifying process (8–11 and 8–14). The process air under the ventilation mode is an open loop, whereas it is a closed loop under the recirculation mode.Figure 4
Schematic of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system-recirculation mode.


## 2.3.1. Two-Stage Ventilation Mode

Figure3 shows the two-step dehumidification of the process air in the solar desiccant cooling system using the evaporative cooling units in ventilation mode. This mode is an open cycle. The air properties of each of the 15 points are characterized by the simulation model. The air properties are explained in Section 3.Figure 3
Schematic of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system-ventilation mode.The supply air in the process side is produced from the ambient air by undergoing a few stages, such as the two-step dehumidification in the DWs (2 and 4), two-step cooling in the heat recovery wheels (3 and 5), and one-step cooling in the direct evaporative cooler(
6
). In the regeneration air side, the returning air (
7
) is mixed with the ambient air (8) before being cooled in one direct evaporative cooler. Then, the output air from the evaporative cooler (9) is divided into two stages with the same air flow rate. In each stage, air is heated in the heat recovery wheel (10 and 13), heated in the solar heaters (11 and 14), and humidified in the DWs (12 and 15).


## 2.3.2. Two-Stage Recirculation Mode

Figure4 shows the schematic of the two-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the recirculation mode. The process air side (1–6) is a closed loop and the regeneration side (7–14) is an open cycle. Supply air is produced from the returning air in the process air side by undergoing a few stages, such as the two-step dehumidification in the DWs (2 and 4), two step cooling in the heat recovery wheels (3 and 5), and one-step cooling in the direct evaporative cooler (
6
). In the regeneration side, ambient air (
7
) is mixed from the air in the cooler (8) and then divided into two stages for the heating and humidifying process (8–11 and 8–14). The process air under the ventilation mode is an open loop, whereas it is a closed loop under the recirculation mode.Figure 4
Schematic of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system-recirculation mode.


## 2.4. Determination of the COP of the Desiccant Cooling System

The COP of the solar desiccant cooling system can be calculated by the rate of heat extracted against the rate of the cooling system driving energy. The rate of heat extracted is the cooling capacity of the system. The rate of the cooling system driving energy is the total thermal energy requirement for the cooling system generated from solar collectors and the backup heater. Therefore, the COP of the system is obtained by the following relationship [4]:
(1)
COP
=
Q
cool
Q
T
.


### 2.4.1. One Stage

The COP of the solar desiccant cooling system under the ventilation mode is defined as the ratio of the enthalpy change from ambient air to supply air, multiplied by the mass air flow and external heat delivered to the regeneration heat exchanger. It can be written as follows:(2)
COP
=
m
˙
s
(
h
1
-
h
4
)
m
˙
r
(
h
8
-
h
7
)
.
The COP of the solar desiccant cooling under recirculation mode can be written as
(3)
COP
=
m
˙
s
(
h
1
-
h
4
)
m
˙
r
(
h
8
-
h
7
)
,
where m
˙
s (kg/hr) is the mass flow rate of the supply air, m
˙
r (kg/hr) is the mass flow rate of the regeneration air, and h (kJ/kg) is the enthalpy of air.


### 2.4.2. Two Stages

The COP of the two-stage solar desiccant cooling under the ventilation mode can be written as [20]
(4)
COP
=
m
˙
s
1
(
h
1
-
h
6
)
m
˙
r
13
(
h
14
-
h
13
)
+
m
˙
r
10
(
h
11
-
h
10
)
.
The COP of the two-stage solar desiccant cooling under the recirculation mode can be written as
(5)
COP
=
m
˙
s
1
(
h
1
-
h
6
)
m
˙
r
12
(
h
13
-
h
12
)
+
m
˙
r
9
(
h
10
-
h
9
)
,
where m
˙
s (kg/hr) is the mass flow rate of the supply air, m
˙
r (kg/hr) is the mass flow rate of the regeneration air, and h (KJ/kg) is the enthalpy of air.


## 2.4.1. One Stage

The COP of the solar desiccant cooling system under the ventilation mode is defined as the ratio of the enthalpy change from ambient air to supply air, multiplied by the mass air flow and external heat delivered to the regeneration heat exchanger. It can be written as follows:(2)
COP
=
m
˙
s
(
h
1
-
h
4
)
m
˙
r
(
h
8
-
h
7
)
.
The COP of the solar desiccant cooling under recirculation mode can be written as
(3)
COP
=
m
˙
s
(
h
1
-
h
4
)
m
˙
r
(
h
8
-
h
7
)
,
where m
˙
s (kg/hr) is the mass flow rate of the supply air, m
˙
r (kg/hr) is the mass flow rate of the regeneration air, and h (kJ/kg) is the enthalpy of air.


## 2.4.2. Two Stages

The COP of the two-stage solar desiccant cooling under the ventilation mode can be written as [20]
(4)
COP
=
m
˙
s
1
(
h
1
-
h
6
)
m
˙
r
13
(
h
14
-
h
13
)
+
m
˙
r
10
(
h
11
-
h
10
)
.
The COP of the two-stage solar desiccant cooling under the recirculation mode can be written as
(5)
COP
=
m
˙
s
1
(
h
1
-
h
6
)
m
˙
r
12
(
h
13
-
h
12
)
+
m
˙
r
9
(
h
10
-
h
9
)
,
where m
˙
s (kg/hr) is the mass flow rate of the supply air, m
˙
r (kg/hr) is the mass flow rate of the regeneration air, and h (KJ/kg) is the enthalpy of air.


## 2.5. Solar Fraction

Generally, solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal energy in solar cooling systems. Considering the insufficient thermal energy from solar collectors in cloudy weather, the backup heater is used to achieve the required thermal energy for the total cooling system driving energy. The percentage ratio of the thermal energy produced by the solar collectors to the total cooling system driving energy is known as the solar fraction, which can be expressed as follows [25]:
(6)
SF
=
Q
U
Q
T
,
where Q
T is the total cooling system driving energy produced by the solar collectors and the backup heater. Q
U is the thermal energy produced by the solar collectors that can be expressed as [26]
(7)
Q
U
=
A
×
η
×
G
.


## 3. Results and Discussion

The results of the four different systems were explained and then compared in the next sections. The temperature and humidity ratio against time of the specified points in the four systems were analyzed.


### 3.1. Results of the One-Stage Solar Desiccant Cooling System

#### 3.1.1. Ventilation Mode

The temperature of ambient air, process air after the DW, supply air, room (load), and regeneration temperature versus time (hr) are shown in Figure5. The temperatures at different points were specified for 8,760 h after running the solar desiccant cooling system. The regeneration temperature is one of the important parameters that play a main role in the changes in the COP of the desiccant cooling system. The regeneration temperature under the ventilation mode for 0.0100 kg/kg dehumidification (humidity ratio reduction from 0.0200 kg/kg to 0.0100 kg/kg) was almost 81.6°C (average). Figure 6 shows the humidity ratio of the ambient air, supply air, load, and process air after the DW versus time under the ventilation mode.Figure 5
Temperatures (°C) of different components versus time (hr) in ventilation desiccant cooling system.Figure 6
Humidity ratio (kg/kg) of different components versus time (hr) in ventilation desiccant cooling system.The humidity ratio of the supply air is one of the important parameters that play a main role in the amount latent load removed from the room by the desiccant cooling system, especially in hot and humid weather in Malaysia. The average temperature and humidity ratio of the specified points in the one-stage ventilation system for 8,760 h operation are shown in Table2. The temperature and humidity ratio of the supply air (point 4) are 22°C and 0.0137 kg/kg, respectively, whereas those in the room (point 5) are 30.80°C and 0.0152 kg/kg, respectively.Table 2
Air properties of one-stage solar desiccant cooling system in ventilation mode.
Points number
Temperature (°C)
Humidity ratio (kg/kg)
1
30
0.0200
2
49.5
0.0100
3
31.8
0.0100
4
22
0.0137
5
30.8
0.0152
6
24.95
0.0176
7
45.6
0.0176
8
81.6
0.0176
9
50
0.0262Figure7 shows the psychometric chart of the one-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the ventilation mode in which the air property and process air on all points are specified. The process-air and regeneration-air sides are indicated by blue and red lines, respectively. Because of the dehumidification process between points 1 and 2, the air temperature increases, whereas the humidity ratio decreases. By the cooling process between points 2 and 3, the air temperature decreases, whereas the humidity ratio of air in the heat recovery wheel remains constant. The temperature decreases, and the humidity ratio increases because of the evaporative cooling process between points 3 and 4. The line between points 4 and 5 shows that the air property changes from supply air to the returning air inside the room. The regeneration side includes the four stages, namely, the evaporative cooling process between points 5 and 6, heating between points 6 and 7, heating process between points 7 and 8, and process of exhausted air to outdoor between points 8 and 9.Figure 7
Psychometric chart of the one-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the ventilation mode.


#### 3.1.2. Recirculation Mode

Figure8 shows the temperatures (°C) of the ambient air, process air after the DW, supply air, the room, and the regeneration versus time (hr) under the recirculation mode. The regeneration temperature under the recirculation mode for 0.0100 kg/kg dehumidification (humidity ratio reduced from 0.0200 kg/kg to 0.0100 kg/kg) is almost 70.2°C (average). The humidity ratios of the ambient air and process air after DW, in the room, and the supply air versus time (hr) in the one-stage recirculation mode are shown in Figure 9.Figure 8
Temperatures (°C) of different components versus time (hr) in recirculation desiccant cooling system.Figure 9
Humidity ratio (kg/kg) of different components versus time (hr) in recirculation mode.The average temperature and humidity ratio of the specified points in the one-stage recirculation system for 8,760 h operation are shown in Table3. The temperature and humidity ratio of the supply air (point 4) are 21.4°C and 0.0136 kg/kg, respectively, whereas those for the room (point 1) are 31°C and 0.0150 kg/kg, respectively. Figure 10 shows the psychometric chart of the one-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the recirculation mode where the air property changes in the different parts of the solar desiccant cooling system are described. In the process side, the air returning from the room to the DW for dehumidification is shown between points 4 and 1. The ambient air temperature is decreased by the evaporative cooling process (5 and 6). The heating process (6 and 7), heating process (7 and 8), and process of exhausted air to outdoor (8 and 9) are performed in the regeneration side.Table 3
Air properties of one-stage solar desiccant cooling system in recirculation mode.
Points number
Temperature (°C)
Humidity ratio (kg/kg)
1
31
0.0150
2
51
0.0100
3
31.4
0.0100
4
21.4
0.0136
5
30
0.0200
6
26.4
0.0215
7
45
0.0215
8
70.2
0.0215
9
55
0.0257Figure 10
Psychometric chart of one-stage solar desiccant cooling system in recirculation mode.


### 3.2. Comparison between the One-Stage Ventilation and Recirculation Modes

Table4 shows the simulation results of the one-stage ventilation and recirculation modes in three different humidity ratio set points (i.e., 0.0050, 0.0080, and 0.0100 kg/kg). The results show that by increasing the humidity ratio set point in both modes, the trend of the regeneration temperature decreased, whereas the trend of supply air temperature, return air temperature, and COP increased. By increasing the humidity ratio set point because of the decreasing regeneration temperature, the COP of the system increased. The temperature and humidity of the room also increased. In the evolution of air conditioning system parameters, although the COP is the most important parameter, reaching the comfortable condition of the room is another important parameter that must be considered. For example, in ventilation mode, when the humidity ratio decreased from 0.00100 kg/kg to 0.0050 kg/kg, the room temperature and humidity ratio also decreased from 30.80°C to 28.22°C and from 0.0152 kg/kg to 0.0115 kg/kg, respectively. The COP decreased from 0.65 to 0.57. The set point of 0.0050 kg/kg humidity ratio in comparison with another set point thus leads the system to reach near thermal comfort conditions.Table 4
Air properties results of ventilation and recirculation modes based on different humidity ratio set points.
Humidity ratio set point(kg/kg)
Ventilation mode
Recirculation mode
RegT (°C)
SA
RA
COP
RegT (°C)
SA
RA
COP
T (°C)
HR (kg/kg)
T (°C)
HR (kg/kg)
T (°C)
HR (kg/kg)
T (°C)
HR (kg/kg)
0.0050
122.00
19.48
0.0100
28.22
0.0115
0.57
96.90
18.50
0.0100
28.50
0.0115
0.29
0.0080
98.40
20.95
0.0121
30.24
0.0136
0.61
80.30
20.80
0.0121
30.46
0.0135
0.40
0.0100
81.60
22.00
0.0137
30.80
0.0152
0.65
70.20
21.40
0.0136
31.00
0.0150
0.50By comparing the temperature results of the one-stage ventilation and recirculation in each humidity ratio set point, the regeneration temperature under the ventilation mode is found to be considerably higher than that under the recirculation mode. The temperatures of the supply air under both modes are almost the same. In addition, the room temperatures under both modes are almost the same.By comparison, the humidity ratio results of the ventilation and recirculation show that the humidity ratio of the room and the supply air under both modes are almost the same. The COPs under the ventilation and recirculation modes are calculated using (1) and (2). Therefore, the COPs of the desiccant cooling system under the ventilation mode are higher than those under the recirculation mode.


### 3.3. Result of the Two-Stage Solar Desiccant Cooling System

The simulation results of the two-stage desiccant cooling system under the two modes of ventilation and recirculation are explained in the following sections.


#### 3.3.1. Two-Stage Ventilation

Figure11 shows the temperature trend in the different points of the two-stage solar desiccant system, such as the temperatures of the regeneration of the first and second DWs, room, ambient air, and supply air versus time (hr). The first and second regeneration temperatures are approximately 80°C. The humidity ratio of the ambient air, process air after DW, room, and supply air versus time (hr) under the two-stage ventilation mode are shown in Figure 12.Figure 11
Temperatures (°C) of different components versus time (hr) in two-stage ventilation desiccant cooling system.Figure 12
Humidity ratio (kg/kg) of different components versus time (hr) in two-stage ventilation desiccant cooling system.The humidity ratios of the air after the first and second dehumidification are 0.0100 and 0.0050 kg/kg, respectively, during the 8,760 hr system operation. According to the temperature and humidity ratio results under the ventilation mode, the important points of the air property are detected and shown in Table5.Table 5
Air properties of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system in ventilation mode.
Points number
Temperature (°C)
Humidity ratio (kg/kg)
1
30
0.0200
2
53.7
0.0100
3
30.2
0.0100
4
50
0.0050
5
28.3
0.0050
6
17.62
0.0096
7
27.3
0.0109
8
29.71
0.0145
9
23.4
0.0168
10
45.1
0.0168
11
82.1
0.0168
12
41.5
0.0270
13
48.2
0.0168
14
80
0.0168
15
34
0.0280Figure13 shows the psychometric chart of the two-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the ventilation mode. The process air side of this system includes the two-step dehumidification process (1 and 2 and 3 and 4) by the two DWs, the two-step cooling process (2 and 3 and 4 and 5) by the two heat recovery wheels, and the one-stage cooling process (5 and 6) by the evaporative cooler. The process from points 1 to 5 is defined as isothermal dehumidification. The regeneration air side includes a few processes such as the mixing of ambient air and returning air process (7 and 8), evaporative cooling process (8 and 9), two-step heating process (9 and 10 and 9–13) by the heat recovery wheels, two-step heating process (10 and 11 and 13 and 14) by the solar heater, and two-step process of exhausted air outdoors (11 and 12 and 14 and 15).Figure 13
Psychometric chart of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system in ventilation mode.


#### 3.3.2. Two-Stage Recirculation

The temperature trend in various points in the two-stage recirculation solar desiccant cooling system versus time (hr) is shown in Figure14. The humidity ratio trend of the various points in the two-stage recirculation system versus time (hr) is shown in Figure 15. According to the temperature and humidity ratio results of the simulation model of the two-stage system under the recirculation mode, the important points of air properties are detected and shown in Table 6.Table 6
Air properties of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system in recirculation mode.
Points number
Temperature (°C)
Humidity ratio (kg/kg)
1
27
0.0109
2
34.82
0.0100
3
27.3
0.0100
4
49.33
0.0050
5
30.74
0.0050
6
18
0.0096
7
30
0.0200
8
26.1
0.0211
9
41.3
0.0211
10
80
0.0211
11
58.7
0.0253
12
32.9
0.0211
13
50
0.0211
14
42.6
0.0231Figure 14
Temperatures (°C) of different components versus time (hr) in two-stage recirculation desiccant cooling system.Figure 15
Humidity ratio (kg/kg) of different components versus time (hr) in two-stage recirculation mode.Figure16 shows the psychometric chart of the two-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the recirculation mode. The process air side of this system includes several processes such as the returning air process from the room to the first DW (6–1), two-step dehumidification process (1 and 2 and 3 and 4) by the two DWs, two-step cooling process (2 and 3 and 4 and 5) by the two heat recovery wheels, and one-stage cooling process (5 and 6) by the evaporative cooler. The regeneration air side includes several processes such as the evaporative cooling process (7 and 8), two-step heating process (8 and 9 and 8–12) by the heat recovery wheel, two-step heating process (9 and 10 and 12 and 13) by the solar heater, and two-step process of exhausted air to outdoor (10 and 11 and 13 and 14).Figure 16
Psychometric chart of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system in recirculation mode.


### 3.4. Comparison Results between the Two-Stage Ventilation and Recirculation Modes

The humidity ratios of the process air after the first and second DWs under both modes are 0.0100 and 0.0050 kg/kg, respectively. By comparing the temperature results of the two-stage ventilation and recirculation modes, the regeneration temperatures under the ventilation mode are found to be higher than those under the recirculation mode. The supply air temperature and humidity ratio under the ventilation mode are 17.6°C and 0.0096 kg/kg, respectively, whereas those under the recirculation mode are 18°C and 0.0096 kg/kg, respectively. The room air temperature and humidity ratio are 27.3°C and 0.0109 kg/kg, respectively, whereas those under the recirculation mode are 27°C and 0.0109 kg/kg, respectively. The COPs under the ventilation and recirculation modes are calculated by (3) and (4). The COPs of the ventilation and recirculation are 1.06 and 0.43, respectively. Although the cooling system driving energy in ventilation mode was higher than the recirculation mode, the rate of cooling capacity in ventilation mode was higher than the recirculation mode. The COPs of the one-stage and two-stage desiccant cooling systems under the ventilation mode were higher than those under the recirculation mode.


### 3.5. Comparison Results of the Four Configurations of the Solar Desiccant Cooling Systems

The regeneration temperature, supply air temperature, supply air relative humidity, supply air humidity ratio, room air temperature, room air relative humidity, room air humidity ratio, COP, and solar fraction of the four configurations of the solar desiccant cooling are shown in Table7. The values are average for one year. The final humidity ratio set point before the evaporative cooler for the four configurations is 0.005 kg/kg humidity ratio. Whereas the one-stage desiccant cooling dehumidification occurs in one step, the two-stage desiccant cooling dehumidification occurs in two steps.Table 7
Performance comparison of four desiccant cooling configurations under 0.005 kg/kg humidity ratio set point in hot and humid climate (30°C, 20 HR).
Type of configurations
T reg (°C)
SA
RA
COP
SF (%)
T (°C)
HR (kg/kg)
RH (%)
T (°C)
HR (kg/kg)
RH (%)
One-stage ventilation
122.00
19.48
0.0100
70.4
28.22
0.0115
47.9
0.57
39
One-stage recirculation
96.90
18.50
0.0100
75.0
28.50
0.0115
47.1
0.29
50
Two-stage ventilation
82.10–80.00
17.60
0.0096
76.2
27.30
0.0109
48.0
1.06
69
Two-stage recirculation
80.00–50.00
18.00
0.0096
74.3
27.00
0.0109
48.7
0.43
85The supply and return air temperatures and humidity ratios of the two-stage system are less than those of the one-stage system. Regarding the thermal comfort condition parameters, the results of the two-stage desiccant cooling system were better than the one-stage desiccant cooling system. Given the isothermal dehumidificationin process in the two stage desiccant cooling systems, the regeneration temperature of the two-stage ventilation and recirculation was lower than the one stage ventilation and recirculation. By comparing the best configuration of the one-stage and two-stage ventilation modes, the two-stage ventilation solar cooling system was selected as the best configuration among the four configurations because of its higher COP, as well as lower room temperature and humidity ratio. By comparing the solar fractions of the four configurations, the solar fraction percentage for the two-stage ventilation desiccant cooling system was 69%. The maximum and minimum solar fractions were for the two-stage recirculation and one-stage ventilation systems.


## 3.1. Results of the One-Stage Solar Desiccant Cooling System

### 3.1.1. Ventilation Mode

The temperature of ambient air, process air after the DW, supply air, room (load), and regeneration temperature versus time (hr) are shown in Figure5. The temperatures at different points were specified for 8,760 h after running the solar desiccant cooling system. The regeneration temperature is one of the important parameters that play a main role in the changes in the COP of the desiccant cooling system. The regeneration temperature under the ventilation mode for 0.0100 kg/kg dehumidification (humidity ratio reduction from 0.0200 kg/kg to 0.0100 kg/kg) was almost 81.6°C (average). Figure 6 shows the humidity ratio of the ambient air, supply air, load, and process air after the DW versus time under the ventilation mode.Figure 5
Temperatures (°C) of different components versus time (hr) in ventilation desiccant cooling system.Figure 6
Humidity ratio (kg/kg) of different components versus time (hr) in ventilation desiccant cooling system.The humidity ratio of the supply air is one of the important parameters that play a main role in the amount latent load removed from the room by the desiccant cooling system, especially in hot and humid weather in Malaysia. The average temperature and humidity ratio of the specified points in the one-stage ventilation system for 8,760 h operation are shown in Table2. The temperature and humidity ratio of the supply air (point 4) are 22°C and 0.0137 kg/kg, respectively, whereas those in the room (point 5) are 30.80°C and 0.0152 kg/kg, respectively.Table 2
Air properties of one-stage solar desiccant cooling system in ventilation mode.
Points number
Temperature (°C)
Humidity ratio (kg/kg)
1
30
0.0200
2
49.5
0.0100
3
31.8
0.0100
4
22
0.0137
5
30.8
0.0152
6
24.95
0.0176
7
45.6
0.0176
8
81.6
0.0176
9
50
0.0262Figure7 shows the psychometric chart of the one-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the ventilation mode in which the air property and process air on all points are specified. The process-air and regeneration-air sides are indicated by blue and red lines, respectively. Because of the dehumidification process between points 1 and 2, the air temperature increases, whereas the humidity ratio decreases. By the cooling process between points 2 and 3, the air temperature decreases, whereas the humidity ratio of air in the heat recovery wheel remains constant. The temperature decreases, and the humidity ratio increases because of the evaporative cooling process between points 3 and 4. The line between points 4 and 5 shows that the air property changes from supply air to the returning air inside the room. The regeneration side includes the four stages, namely, the evaporative cooling process between points 5 and 6, heating between points 6 and 7, heating process between points 7 and 8, and process of exhausted air to outdoor between points 8 and 9.Figure 7
Psychometric chart of the one-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the ventilation mode.


### 3.1.2. Recirculation Mode

Figure8 shows the temperatures (°C) of the ambient air, process air after the DW, supply air, the room, and the regeneration versus time (hr) under the recirculation mode. The regeneration temperature under the recirculation mode for 0.0100 kg/kg dehumidification (humidity ratio reduced from 0.0200 kg/kg to 0.0100 kg/kg) is almost 70.2°C (average). The humidity ratios of the ambient air and process air after DW, in the room, and the supply air versus time (hr) in the one-stage recirculation mode are shown in Figure 9.Figure 8
Temperatures (°C) of different components versus time (hr) in recirculation desiccant cooling system.Figure 9
Humidity ratio (kg/kg) of different components versus time (hr) in recirculation mode.The average temperature and humidity ratio of the specified points in the one-stage recirculation system for 8,760 h operation are shown in Table3. The temperature and humidity ratio of the supply air (point 4) are 21.4°C and 0.0136 kg/kg, respectively, whereas those for the room (point 1) are 31°C and 0.0150 kg/kg, respectively. Figure 10 shows the psychometric chart of the one-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the recirculation mode where the air property changes in the different parts of the solar desiccant cooling system are described. In the process side, the air returning from the room to the DW for dehumidification is shown between points 4 and 1. The ambient air temperature is decreased by the evaporative cooling process (5 and 6). The heating process (6 and 7), heating process (7 and 8), and process of exhausted air to outdoor (8 and 9) are performed in the regeneration side.Table 3
Air properties of one-stage solar desiccant cooling system in recirculation mode.
Points number
Temperature (°C)
Humidity ratio (kg/kg)
1
31
0.0150
2
51
0.0100
3
31.4
0.0100
4
21.4
0.0136
5
30
0.0200
6
26.4
0.0215
7
45
0.0215
8
70.2
0.0215
9
55
0.0257Figure 10
Psychometric chart of one-stage solar desiccant cooling system in recirculation mode.


## 3.1.1. Ventilation Mode

The temperature of ambient air, process air after the DW, supply air, room (load), and regeneration temperature versus time (hr) are shown in Figure5. The temperatures at different points were specified for 8,760 h after running the solar desiccant cooling system. The regeneration temperature is one of the important parameters that play a main role in the changes in the COP of the desiccant cooling system. The regeneration temperature under the ventilation mode for 0.0100 kg/kg dehumidification (humidity ratio reduction from 0.0200 kg/kg to 0.0100 kg/kg) was almost 81.6°C (average). Figure 6 shows the humidity ratio of the ambient air, supply air, load, and process air after the DW versus time under the ventilation mode.Figure 5
Temperatures (°C) of different components versus time (hr) in ventilation desiccant cooling system.Figure 6
Humidity ratio (kg/kg) of different components versus time (hr) in ventilation desiccant cooling system.The humidity ratio of the supply air is one of the important parameters that play a main role in the amount latent load removed from the room by the desiccant cooling system, especially in hot and humid weather in Malaysia. The average temperature and humidity ratio of the specified points in the one-stage ventilation system for 8,760 h operation are shown in Table2. The temperature and humidity ratio of the supply air (point 4) are 22°C and 0.0137 kg/kg, respectively, whereas those in the room (point 5) are 30.80°C and 0.0152 kg/kg, respectively.Table 2
Air properties of one-stage solar desiccant cooling system in ventilation mode.
Points number
Temperature (°C)
Humidity ratio (kg/kg)
1
30
0.0200
2
49.5
0.0100
3
31.8
0.0100
4
22
0.0137
5
30.8
0.0152
6
24.95
0.0176
7
45.6
0.0176
8
81.6
0.0176
9
50
0.0262Figure7 shows the psychometric chart of the one-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the ventilation mode in which the air property and process air on all points are specified. The process-air and regeneration-air sides are indicated by blue and red lines, respectively. Because of the dehumidification process between points 1 and 2, the air temperature increases, whereas the humidity ratio decreases. By the cooling process between points 2 and 3, the air temperature decreases, whereas the humidity ratio of air in the heat recovery wheel remains constant. The temperature decreases, and the humidity ratio increases because of the evaporative cooling process between points 3 and 4. The line between points 4 and 5 shows that the air property changes from supply air to the returning air inside the room. The regeneration side includes the four stages, namely, the evaporative cooling process between points 5 and 6, heating between points 6 and 7, heating process between points 7 and 8, and process of exhausted air to outdoor between points 8 and 9.Figure 7
Psychometric chart of the one-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the ventilation mode.


## 3.1.2. Recirculation Mode

Figure8 shows the temperatures (°C) of the ambient air, process air after the DW, supply air, the room, and the regeneration versus time (hr) under the recirculation mode. The regeneration temperature under the recirculation mode for 0.0100 kg/kg dehumidification (humidity ratio reduced from 0.0200 kg/kg to 0.0100 kg/kg) is almost 70.2°C (average). The humidity ratios of the ambient air and process air after DW, in the room, and the supply air versus time (hr) in the one-stage recirculation mode are shown in Figure 9.Figure 8
Temperatures (°C) of different components versus time (hr) in recirculation desiccant cooling system.Figure 9
Humidity ratio (kg/kg) of different components versus time (hr) in recirculation mode.The average temperature and humidity ratio of the specified points in the one-stage recirculation system for 8,760 h operation are shown in Table3. The temperature and humidity ratio of the supply air (point 4) are 21.4°C and 0.0136 kg/kg, respectively, whereas those for the room (point 1) are 31°C and 0.0150 kg/kg, respectively. Figure 10 shows the psychometric chart of the one-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the recirculation mode where the air property changes in the different parts of the solar desiccant cooling system are described. In the process side, the air returning from the room to the DW for dehumidification is shown between points 4 and 1. The ambient air temperature is decreased by the evaporative cooling process (5 and 6). The heating process (6 and 7), heating process (7 and 8), and process of exhausted air to outdoor (8 and 9) are performed in the regeneration side.Table 3
Air properties of one-stage solar desiccant cooling system in recirculation mode.
Points number
Temperature (°C)
Humidity ratio (kg/kg)
1
31
0.0150
2
51
0.0100
3
31.4
0.0100
4
21.4
0.0136
5
30
0.0200
6
26.4
0.0215
7
45
0.0215
8
70.2
0.0215
9
55
0.0257Figure 10
Psychometric chart of one-stage solar desiccant cooling system in recirculation mode.


## 3.2. Comparison between the One-Stage Ventilation and Recirculation Modes

Table4 shows the simulation results of the one-stage ventilation and recirculation modes in three different humidity ratio set points (i.e., 0.0050, 0.0080, and 0.0100 kg/kg). The results show that by increasing the humidity ratio set point in both modes, the trend of the regeneration temperature decreased, whereas the trend of supply air temperature, return air temperature, and COP increased. By increasing the humidity ratio set point because of the decreasing regeneration temperature, the COP of the system increased. The temperature and humidity of the room also increased. In the evolution of air conditioning system parameters, although the COP is the most important parameter, reaching the comfortable condition of the room is another important parameter that must be considered. For example, in ventilation mode, when the humidity ratio decreased from 0.00100 kg/kg to 0.0050 kg/kg, the room temperature and humidity ratio also decreased from 30.80°C to 28.22°C and from 0.0152 kg/kg to 0.0115 kg/kg, respectively. The COP decreased from 0.65 to 0.57. The set point of 0.0050 kg/kg humidity ratio in comparison with another set point thus leads the system to reach near thermal comfort conditions.Table 4
Air properties results of ventilation and recirculation modes based on different humidity ratio set points.
Humidity ratio set point(kg/kg)
Ventilation mode
Recirculation mode
RegT (°C)
SA
RA
COP
RegT (°C)
SA
RA
COP
T (°C)
HR (kg/kg)
T (°C)
HR (kg/kg)
T (°C)
HR (kg/kg)
T (°C)
HR (kg/kg)
0.0050
122.00
19.48
0.0100
28.22
0.0115
0.57
96.90
18.50
0.0100
28.50
0.0115
0.29
0.0080
98.40
20.95
0.0121
30.24
0.0136
0.61
80.30
20.80
0.0121
30.46
0.0135
0.40
0.0100
81.60
22.00
0.0137
30.80
0.0152
0.65
70.20
21.40
0.0136
31.00
0.0150
0.50By comparing the temperature results of the one-stage ventilation and recirculation in each humidity ratio set point, the regeneration temperature under the ventilation mode is found to be considerably higher than that under the recirculation mode. The temperatures of the supply air under both modes are almost the same. In addition, the room temperatures under both modes are almost the same.By comparison, the humidity ratio results of the ventilation and recirculation show that the humidity ratio of the room and the supply air under both modes are almost the same. The COPs under the ventilation and recirculation modes are calculated using (1) and (2). Therefore, the COPs of the desiccant cooling system under the ventilation mode are higher than those under the recirculation mode.


## 3.3. Result of the Two-Stage Solar Desiccant Cooling System

The simulation results of the two-stage desiccant cooling system under the two modes of ventilation and recirculation are explained in the following sections.


### 3.3.1. Two-Stage Ventilation

Figure11 shows the temperature trend in the different points of the two-stage solar desiccant system, such as the temperatures of the regeneration of the first and second DWs, room, ambient air, and supply air versus time (hr). The first and second regeneration temperatures are approximately 80°C. The humidity ratio of the ambient air, process air after DW, room, and supply air versus time (hr) under the two-stage ventilation mode are shown in Figure 12.Figure 11
Temperatures (°C) of different components versus time (hr) in two-stage ventilation desiccant cooling system.Figure 12
Humidity ratio (kg/kg) of different components versus time (hr) in two-stage ventilation desiccant cooling system.The humidity ratios of the air after the first and second dehumidification are 0.0100 and 0.0050 kg/kg, respectively, during the 8,760 hr system operation. According to the temperature and humidity ratio results under the ventilation mode, the important points of the air property are detected and shown in Table5.Table 5
Air properties of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system in ventilation mode.
Points number
Temperature (°C)
Humidity ratio (kg/kg)
1
30
0.0200
2
53.7
0.0100
3
30.2
0.0100
4
50
0.0050
5
28.3
0.0050
6
17.62
0.0096
7
27.3
0.0109
8
29.71
0.0145
9
23.4
0.0168
10
45.1
0.0168
11
82.1
0.0168
12
41.5
0.0270
13
48.2
0.0168
14
80
0.0168
15
34
0.0280Figure13 shows the psychometric chart of the two-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the ventilation mode. The process air side of this system includes the two-step dehumidification process (1 and 2 and 3 and 4) by the two DWs, the two-step cooling process (2 and 3 and 4 and 5) by the two heat recovery wheels, and the one-stage cooling process (5 and 6) by the evaporative cooler. The process from points 1 to 5 is defined as isothermal dehumidification. The regeneration air side includes a few processes such as the mixing of ambient air and returning air process (7 and 8), evaporative cooling process (8 and 9), two-step heating process (9 and 10 and 9–13) by the heat recovery wheels, two-step heating process (10 and 11 and 13 and 14) by the solar heater, and two-step process of exhausted air outdoors (11 and 12 and 14 and 15).Figure 13
Psychometric chart of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system in ventilation mode.


### 3.3.2. Two-Stage Recirculation

The temperature trend in various points in the two-stage recirculation solar desiccant cooling system versus time (hr) is shown in Figure14. The humidity ratio trend of the various points in the two-stage recirculation system versus time (hr) is shown in Figure 15. According to the temperature and humidity ratio results of the simulation model of the two-stage system under the recirculation mode, the important points of air properties are detected and shown in Table 6.Table 6
Air properties of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system in recirculation mode.
Points number
Temperature (°C)
Humidity ratio (kg/kg)
1
27
0.0109
2
34.82
0.0100
3
27.3
0.0100
4
49.33
0.0050
5
30.74
0.0050
6
18
0.0096
7
30
0.0200
8
26.1
0.0211
9
41.3
0.0211
10
80
0.0211
11
58.7
0.0253
12
32.9
0.0211
13
50
0.0211
14
42.6
0.0231Figure 14
Temperatures (°C) of different components versus time (hr) in two-stage recirculation desiccant cooling system.Figure 15
Humidity ratio (kg/kg) of different components versus time (hr) in two-stage recirculation mode.Figure16 shows the psychometric chart of the two-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the recirculation mode. The process air side of this system includes several processes such as the returning air process from the room to the first DW (6–1), two-step dehumidification process (1 and 2 and 3 and 4) by the two DWs, two-step cooling process (2 and 3 and 4 and 5) by the two heat recovery wheels, and one-stage cooling process (5 and 6) by the evaporative cooler. The regeneration air side includes several processes such as the evaporative cooling process (7 and 8), two-step heating process (8 and 9 and 8–12) by the heat recovery wheel, two-step heating process (9 and 10 and 12 and 13) by the solar heater, and two-step process of exhausted air to outdoor (10 and 11 and 13 and 14).Figure 16
Psychometric chart of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system in recirculation mode.


## 3.3.1. Two-Stage Ventilation

Figure11 shows the temperature trend in the different points of the two-stage solar desiccant system, such as the temperatures of the regeneration of the first and second DWs, room, ambient air, and supply air versus time (hr). The first and second regeneration temperatures are approximately 80°C. The humidity ratio of the ambient air, process air after DW, room, and supply air versus time (hr) under the two-stage ventilation mode are shown in Figure 12.Figure 11
Temperatures (°C) of different components versus time (hr) in two-stage ventilation desiccant cooling system.Figure 12
Humidity ratio (kg/kg) of different components versus time (hr) in two-stage ventilation desiccant cooling system.The humidity ratios of the air after the first and second dehumidification are 0.0100 and 0.0050 kg/kg, respectively, during the 8,760 hr system operation. According to the temperature and humidity ratio results under the ventilation mode, the important points of the air property are detected and shown in Table5.Table 5
Air properties of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system in ventilation mode.
Points number
Temperature (°C)
Humidity ratio (kg/kg)
1
30
0.0200
2
53.7
0.0100
3
30.2
0.0100
4
50
0.0050
5
28.3
0.0050
6
17.62
0.0096
7
27.3
0.0109
8
29.71
0.0145
9
23.4
0.0168
10
45.1
0.0168
11
82.1
0.0168
12
41.5
0.0270
13
48.2
0.0168
14
80
0.0168
15
34
0.0280Figure13 shows the psychometric chart of the two-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the ventilation mode. The process air side of this system includes the two-step dehumidification process (1 and 2 and 3 and 4) by the two DWs, the two-step cooling process (2 and 3 and 4 and 5) by the two heat recovery wheels, and the one-stage cooling process (5 and 6) by the evaporative cooler. The process from points 1 to 5 is defined as isothermal dehumidification. The regeneration air side includes a few processes such as the mixing of ambient air and returning air process (7 and 8), evaporative cooling process (8 and 9), two-step heating process (9 and 10 and 9–13) by the heat recovery wheels, two-step heating process (10 and 11 and 13 and 14) by the solar heater, and two-step process of exhausted air outdoors (11 and 12 and 14 and 15).Figure 13
Psychometric chart of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system in ventilation mode.


## 3.3.2. Two-Stage Recirculation

The temperature trend in various points in the two-stage recirculation solar desiccant cooling system versus time (hr) is shown in Figure14. The humidity ratio trend of the various points in the two-stage recirculation system versus time (hr) is shown in Figure 15. According to the temperature and humidity ratio results of the simulation model of the two-stage system under the recirculation mode, the important points of air properties are detected and shown in Table 6.Table 6
Air properties of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system in recirculation mode.
Points number
Temperature (°C)
Humidity ratio (kg/kg)
1
27
0.0109
2
34.82
0.0100
3
27.3
0.0100
4
49.33
0.0050
5
30.74
0.0050
6
18
0.0096
7
30
0.0200
8
26.1
0.0211
9
41.3
0.0211
10
80
0.0211
11
58.7
0.0253
12
32.9
0.0211
13
50
0.0211
14
42.6
0.0231Figure 14
Temperatures (°C) of different components versus time (hr) in two-stage recirculation desiccant cooling system.Figure 15
Humidity ratio (kg/kg) of different components versus time (hr) in two-stage recirculation mode.Figure16 shows the psychometric chart of the two-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the recirculation mode. The process air side of this system includes several processes such as the returning air process from the room to the first DW (6–1), two-step dehumidification process (1 and 2 and 3 and 4) by the two DWs, two-step cooling process (2 and 3 and 4 and 5) by the two heat recovery wheels, and one-stage cooling process (5 and 6) by the evaporative cooler. The regeneration air side includes several processes such as the evaporative cooling process (7 and 8), two-step heating process (8 and 9 and 8–12) by the heat recovery wheel, two-step heating process (9 and 10 and 12 and 13) by the solar heater, and two-step process of exhausted air to outdoor (10 and 11 and 13 and 14).Figure 16
Psychometric chart of two-stage solar desiccant cooling system in recirculation mode.


## 3.4. Comparison Results between the Two-Stage Ventilation and Recirculation Modes

The humidity ratios of the process air after the first and second DWs under both modes are 0.0100 and 0.0050 kg/kg, respectively. By comparing the temperature results of the two-stage ventilation and recirculation modes, the regeneration temperatures under the ventilation mode are found to be higher than those under the recirculation mode. The supply air temperature and humidity ratio under the ventilation mode are 17.6°C and 0.0096 kg/kg, respectively, whereas those under the recirculation mode are 18°C and 0.0096 kg/kg, respectively. The room air temperature and humidity ratio are 27.3°C and 0.0109 kg/kg, respectively, whereas those under the recirculation mode are 27°C and 0.0109 kg/kg, respectively. The COPs under the ventilation and recirculation modes are calculated by (3) and (4). The COPs of the ventilation and recirculation are 1.06 and 0.43, respectively. Although the cooling system driving energy in ventilation mode was higher than the recirculation mode, the rate of cooling capacity in ventilation mode was higher than the recirculation mode. The COPs of the one-stage and two-stage desiccant cooling systems under the ventilation mode were higher than those under the recirculation mode.


## 3.5. Comparison Results of the Four Configurations of the Solar Desiccant Cooling Systems

The regeneration temperature, supply air temperature, supply air relative humidity, supply air humidity ratio, room air temperature, room air relative humidity, room air humidity ratio, COP, and solar fraction of the four configurations of the solar desiccant cooling are shown in Table7. The values are average for one year. The final humidity ratio set point before the evaporative cooler for the four configurations is 0.005 kg/kg humidity ratio. Whereas the one-stage desiccant cooling dehumidification occurs in one step, the two-stage desiccant cooling dehumidification occurs in two steps.Table 7
Performance comparison of four desiccant cooling configurations under 0.005 kg/kg humidity ratio set point in hot and humid climate (30°C, 20 HR).
Type of configurations
T reg (°C)
SA
RA
COP
SF (%)
T (°C)
HR (kg/kg)
RH (%)
T (°C)
HR (kg/kg)
RH (%)
One-stage ventilation
122.00
19.48
0.0100
70.4
28.22
0.0115
47.9
0.57
39
One-stage recirculation
96.90
18.50
0.0100
75.0
28.50
0.0115
47.1
0.29
50
Two-stage ventilation
82.10–80.00
17.60
0.0096
76.2
27.30
0.0109
48.0
1.06
69
Two-stage recirculation
80.00–50.00
18.00
0.0096
74.3
27.00
0.0109
48.7
0.43
85The supply and return air temperatures and humidity ratios of the two-stage system are less than those of the one-stage system. Regarding the thermal comfort condition parameters, the results of the two-stage desiccant cooling system were better than the one-stage desiccant cooling system. Given the isothermal dehumidificationin process in the two stage desiccant cooling systems, the regeneration temperature of the two-stage ventilation and recirculation was lower than the one stage ventilation and recirculation. By comparing the best configuration of the one-stage and two-stage ventilation modes, the two-stage ventilation solar cooling system was selected as the best configuration among the four configurations because of its higher COP, as well as lower room temperature and humidity ratio. By comparing the solar fractions of the four configurations, the solar fraction percentage for the two-stage ventilation desiccant cooling system was 69%. The maximum and minimum solar fractions were for the two-stage recirculation and one-stage ventilation systems.


## 4. Conclusions

This paper has presented a comparison study among four configurations of a solar desiccant cooling system in the hot and humid weather in Malaysia. The four systems, namely, the one-stage ventilation, one-stage recirculation, two-stage ventilation, and two-stage recirculation, were simulated during an 8,760 hr operation by TRNSYS. The COP of the two-stage ventilation mode was higher than those of the other configurations. The two-stage ventilation produced supply air at 17.6°C and 0.0096 kg/kg to remove the sensible load of the room, whereas the supply air temperatures of the other configurations were higher. Therefore, based on the condition of ambient air (30°C and 0.0200 kg/kg), the two-stage solar desiccant cooling system under the ventilation mode is more suitable than the other configurations.



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*Source: 843617-2014-02-02.xml*