# The Impact of the Rotor Slot Number on the Behaviour of the Induction Motor

Authors: Konstantinos N. Gyftakis; Joya Kappatou
Journal: Advances in Power Electronics
 (2013)

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## Abstract

The impact of the rotor slot number selection on the induction motors is investigated. Firstly, analytical equations will reveal the spatial harmonic index of the air gap magnetic flux density, connected to the geometrical features and the saturation of the induction motor. Then, six motors with different rotor slot numbers are simulated and studied with FEM. The stator is identical in all motors. The motors are examined under time-harmonic analysis at starting and at 1440 rpm. Their electromagnetic characteristics, such as electromagnetic torque, stator current, and magnetic flux density, are extracted and compared to each other. The analysis will reveal that the proper rotor slot number selection has a strong impact on the induction motor performance.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

During the last years, ships have become increasingly dependent on electricity. The new trend to the electric ship design, the integrated electric ship, combines the propulsion system and the ship service electrical system, into a single power system. In this system, the induction motor is used in several applications. Such applications are the propulsion motor, the thrusters, and other various drives, such as pumps and hoists [1].It is known that the application of electric machines in an electric ship should meet special requirements [2]. Reliability and improved efficiency come first, where there is also a great need for low-noise operation.In the past, the design and analysis of electric machines were carried out with the use of equivalent circuits and analytical equations. Those methods did offer sufficiently accurate results for a reasonable amount of time. Despite that, those methods did not take into consideration the geometric features of the machine, as well as the complex nonlinear behavior of the magnetic materials.The rapid advance in computer science, in the last years, gave the opportunity for computational methods to evolve. One of those methods is the finite-element method (FEM). With the aid of a FEM software, an engineer can design accurately the machine, by also providing the conducting and magnetic properties of the materials used. Then, the simulation carried out solves the Maxwell equations, in space and time, offering a much more accurate solution than the classical methods.The induction motor design is strongly connected to the power electronics design, since different motor configurations strongly affect its electromagnetic characteristics. This is the reason for extensive research worldwide [3, 4].This paper constitutes a study of the impact of the rotor slot selection on the electromagnetic characteristics of the 4-pole, 3-phase, and aluminum cage induction motor, with the use of FEM. In the past, with the aid of analytical calculations and experimental results, many empirical formulas have been proposed concerning the proper selection of the rotor slot number and its influence on cage induction motors [5–7]. The use of FEM offers an insight into the motors' electromagnetic behavior as well as a quantitative representation of their electromagnetic variables and puts the analytical methods under test.In order to perform a realistic comparison between the designed motors, several aspects had to be taken into consideration.Firstly, the stator of all simulated motors should be exactly the same. Secondly, most geometrical rotor variables had to be intact in all motors. So, the rotor shaft diameter, the depth of the rotor bars, and the air gap length are the same in every case. Furthermore, there should be an analogy between the number of the rotor slots and their surface as well as their slot openings. For example, if one doubles the number of rotor slots, he should also have half the slot opening as well as half the bar surface. In this way, the motors have equal rotor resistance and at the same time equal equivalent air gap.It is obvious that the rotors should be parameterized. For this purpose, a code was written and implemented in the design software. The code was transformed from a previous version [8], which was created in the Laboratory of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, in order to serve this study's requirements.The stator used for the simulations is chosen from a real motor in the Laboratory, whose resistance was calculated through DC current injection and also whose geometrical variables were known. The used motor is a 3-phase, 4-pole, 4 kW, and 400 V aluminum cast-cage induction motor.The simulations carried out are AC time-harmonic and take into account the nonlinear magnetic characteristic of the rotor and stator iron core.In this work, the authors will firstly present the harmonic index of the radial component of the air gap magnetic flux density with analytical calculations, in a 3-phase induction motor. Then, with the aid of FEM, the results from six simulated induction motors with different rotor slot numbers will be shown and discussed. Five of the motors have even rotor slot numbers, where one has odd. The selected numbers are 24, 28, 30, 40, 41, and 48. The motors are considered to be unskewed for every case.


## 2. Analytical Calculations

The following calculations will lead to a precise formula of the harmonic content of the magnetic flux density in the induction motor’s air gap. The identification of each harmonic's origin is of great value, as it will offer an insight of the air gap magnetic flux density, as well as it will be used later in this work, in order to validate the FEM results.According to [9], when q is an integer, then the stator’s MMF presents space harmonics of rank ν, where,
(1)ν=6κ±1,
and so, the stator MMF can be written as
(2)F1(a,t)=∑ν=6κ±1∞Fmνcos(νpα∓ωt).
Also, for the rotor MMF there is
(3)F2(a,t)=∑μ=1∞Fmμcos(μpα∓ωt-φ),
where
(4)μ=κs2p±1,
and α is the geometrical angle:
(5)a=1pπτx.According to [10], the air gap relative permeance is given by
(6)Λg(α)=Λg0λg1(α)λg2(α),
where
(7)Λg0=μ0kcg=μ0g′,(8)λg1(α)=1+∑k=1,2,3∞Akcos(ks1α),(9)λg2(α)=1+∑l=1,2,3∞Alcos[ls2(α-ω2t)],(10)ω2=2π(1-s)f=2π(1-s)nsp=2πnmp=pΩm.Ak and Al are related to the stator and rotor slot geometrical variables. Two analytical formulas have been proposed to describe them. The first one is by Dabrowski [11] and Voldek [12] and the second by Heller and Hamata [13] and Weber [14].So if we introduce (7), (8), and (9) into (6), then
(11)Λg(α,t)=Λg0λg(α,t)=μ0kCgλg(α,t),
where
(12)λg(α,t)=1+∑k=1,2,3∞Akcos(ks1α)+∑l=1,2,3∞Alcos[ls2(α-ω2t)]+12∑k=1,2,3∞∑l=1,2,3∞AkAl{cos[(ls2+ks1)α-ls2ω2t]+cos[(ls2-ks1)α-ls2ω2t]}.The first term of (12) describes the equivalent uniform air gap’s permeance, the second and third terms describe the harmonics of the stator and rotor permeance, respectively, and the last term represents the harmonics of the permeance due to the reciprocal effect of the stator and rotor.The radial component of the air gap magnetic flux density can be calculated by(13)b(α,t)=[F1(α,t)+F2(α,t)]Λg(α,t)
or if  b(α,t) is divided into the stator and rotor MMF contribution to the magnetic flux density:
(14)b(α,t)=b1(α,t)+b2(α,t),
where
(15)b1(α,t)=F1(α,t)Λg(α,t),b2(α,t)=F2(α,t)Λg(α,t).In order to examine each term of (12), b1(α,t) is divided into four components:
(16)b1(α,t)=b11(α,t)+b12(α,t)+b13(α,t)+b14(α,t),
and each individual term of (16) is
(17)b11(α,t)=μ0kCg[∑ν=6κ±1∞Fmνcos(νpα∓ωt)],b12(α,t)=12μ0kCg∑ν=6κ±1∞∑k=1,2,3∞FmνAk×{cos[(νp+ks1)α∓ωt]+cos[(νp-ks1)α∓ωt]},b13=12μ0kCg∑ν=6κ±1∞∑l=1,2,3∞FmνAl×{cos[(νp+ls2)α-(ls2ω2±ω)t]+cos[(νp-ls2)α+(ls2ω2∓ω)t]},b14=14μ0kCg∑ν=6κ±1∞∑k=1,2,3∞∑l=1,2,3∞FmνAkAl×{cos[(νp+ls2+ks1)α-(ls2ω2±ω)t]+cos[(νp-ls2-ks1)α+(ls2ω2∓ω)t]+cos[(νp+ls2-ks1)α-(ls2ω2±ω)t]+cos[(νp-ls2+ks1)α+(ls2ω2∓ω)t]}.
The same is for the rotor MMF contribution to the magnetic flux density term:
(18)b2(α,t)=b21(α,t)+b22(α,t)+b23(α,t)+b24(α,t),
and each individual term of (18) is
(19)b21(α,t)=μ0kCg[∑μ=1∞Fmμcos(μpα∓ωt-φ)],b22=12μ0kCg∑μ=1∞∑k=1,2,3∞FmμAk×{cos[(μp+ks1)α∓ωt-φ]+cos[(μp-ks1)α∓ωt-φ]},b23=12μ0kCg∑μ=1∞∑l=1,2,3∞FmμAl×{cos[(μp+ls2)α-(ls2ω2±ω)t-φ]+cos[(μp-ls2)α+(ls2ω2∓ω)t-φ]},b24=14μ0kCg∑μ=1∞∑k=1,2,3∞∑l=1,2,3∞FmμAkAl×{cos[μpα∓ωt-φ+(ls2+ks1)α-ls2ω2t]+cos[μpα∓ωt-φ-(ls2+ks1)α+ls2ω2t]+cos[μpα∓ωt-φ+(ls2-ks1)α-ls2ω2t]+cos[μpα∓ωt-φ+(ls2-ks1)α+ls2ω2t]}.From (17) and (19), the space harmonics which depend on the stator and rotor MMF and the rotor and stator slot numbers s1,s2, are presented, respectively,
(20){ν,ν±ks1p,ν±ls2p,ν±(ls2±ks1)p,μ,μ±ks1p,μ±ls2p,μ±(ls2±ks1)p}∀ν=6κ±1,μ=κs2p±1,κ,k,l∈ℕ.The equations shown in (20) offer useful information about the magnetic field's distribution. The motors that will be simulated have 4 magnetic poles and 36 stator slots. As a consequence, p=2 and s1=36, which is a multiple of 3 and 4. So, if the number of rotor slots is also a multiple of 4, there will be only odd harmonic rank numbers in the magnetic flux density. If the number of rotor slots is a multiple of 2 (e.g., 30), then the magnetic flux density would be characterized by both even and odd harmonic rank numbers.According to [15, 16], the air gap relative permeance takes the following form in order to take into account the iron core saturation, considering the fundamental harmonic:
(21)Λ(α)≈Λ0+Λsat(α,t),
where
(22)Λsat(α,t)=-Λsatcos(2pα-2ω1t-2φs).So, the influence of the rotor and stator MMF on the magnetic flux density due to the saturation will be(23)bsat(α,t)=[F1(α,t)+F2(α,t)]Λsat(α,t).Equation (23) due to (22) results in
(24)bsat(α,t)=-Λsat12×[∑ν=6κ±1∞Fmν{cos[(ν+2)pα-(2ω1±ω)t-2φs]+cos[(ν-2)pα+(2ω1∓ω)t+2φs]}+∑μ=1∞Fmμ{cos[(μ+2)pα-(2ω1±ω)t-(φ+2φs)]+cos[(μ-2)pα+(2ω1∓ω)t-(φ-2φs)]}].From (24), one may observe that the harmonic ranks of the air gap magnetic flux density due to saturation obey to
(25){(ν±2),(μ±2)}∀ν=6κ±1,μ=14k±1,κ∈ℕ.From (20) and (25), we get that harmonic numbers such as 3, 5, and 9 are produced from both the stator slots existence and the iron core magnetic saturation. Furthermore, the analytical solution leads to the result that the space harmonic rank of the air gap magnetic flux density, because of saturation, is always an odd number, as expected.


## 3. Creating the Models

The six simulated motors have the same stator, whose geometrical and electromagnetic variables are known as it is a real stator. The simulated stator is presented in Figure1. It has 36 stator slots and the 3 phases are delta connected. The stator, for all cases, is fed by symmetrical 3-phase sinusoidal voltage 380 V.Figure 1
The simulated stator.The rotors are created using a parameterized code developed in the Laboratory. The selected rotor slot numbers are 24, 28, 30, 40, 41, and 48. The shape of the bars is chosen to belong to NEMA’s class A design specification. The numbers are selected after a research with analytical equations and previously published works [17]. The created rotors are presented in Figure 2. One can see that the rotor shaft is intact for all cases along with the bars’ depth. Also, the slot opening and the surface of the bars are inversely proportional to the rotor slot number. As a consequence, the different motors have equal rotor resistance and equivalent air gap.The simulated rotors with: (a) 24, (b) 28, (c) 30, (d) 40, (e) 41, and (f) 48 rotor slots.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)For the appropriate meshing of the models, the skin and proximity effects are taken into consideration. The mesh for the motor with 28 rotor slots is presented in Figure3. The mesh distribution is similar to that of the other models. The numbers of nodes and elements are about 81000 and 161000, respectively, in all models.Figure 3
The mesh distribution in the motor with 28 rotor slots.


## 4. The Starting Behavior

The simulated motors are studied in this paragraph at their starting. The magnetic flux lines distribution is presented in Figure4. One may observe that the magnetic flux lines do not penetrate deep into the rotor core, as a consequence of the increased leakage flux.  It is quite obvious that for the motor with 41 rotor slots, the magnetic flux lines penetrate the least into the rotor core, whereas in the motor with 24 slots they penetrate the most. Moreover, the increase of the rotor slot number has as an impact the stronger magnetization of the rotor parts close to the neutral zones of the magnetic field. If one compares the motor with 24 rotor slots (Figure 4(a)) with the one having 48 rotor slots (Figure 4(f)), he will come to the conclusion that in the later the magnetic flux lines do not penetrate as deep into the rotor core, as the first one. On the other hand, the motor with 48 rotor slots presents greater magnetic flux density on the surface of the rotor core opposite to the neutral zones of the magnetic field, compared to the motor with 24 rotor slots.The magnetic flux lines distribution at starting for the motor with: (a) 24, (b) 28, (c) 30, (d) 40, (e) 41, and (f) 48 rotor slots.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)In order to sufficiently compare the starting behavior of the motors, the starting torque and stator current were extracted for each case and they are presented in Table1. The motor with 24 rotor slots is characterized by the least starting torque, whereas the motor with 30 rotor slots has the greatest. The model with 30 rotor slots is also characterized by the least starting stator current amplitude. The motor with 28 rotor slots draws the greatest starting current. It is also remarkable that the motor with 48 rotor slots has the second greater starting torque for practically the same stator current with the other motors except the one with 28 rotor slots.Table 1
The starting torque and starting current for all studied cases.
Rotor slotnumber
Startingtorque (N*m)
Startingcurrent (A)
24
66.3
65.6
28
73.3
67.2
30
76.4
65.3
40
72.4
65.6
41
71.9
65.7
48
74.4
65.7


## 5. Behavior at Nominal Speed

### 5.1. Air Gap Space Harmonics

In this paragraph, the authors will show the air gap harmonic content for every case at 1440 rpm. The spatial harmonic content is the result of the stator and rotor MMF harmonics index, the slot existence, and the saturation of the iron cores. The magnitude of the air gap magnetic flux density is presented for every case in dB in Figure5.The magnitude of the air gap magnetic flux density at 1440 rpm for the motor with: (a) 24, (b) 28, (c) 30, (d) 40, (e) 41, and (f) 48 rotor slots.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)Firstly, it is obvious that there is a resemblance between Figures5(a), 5(c), and 5(f). In those cases, the multiples of 3 harmonics are absent. This happens because the rotor slots in those cases are 24, 30, and 48, numbers which are multiples of 3. In all motors, the stator MMF and stator-slot-related harmonics (such as 5, 7, 11, and 13) are characterized by similar amplitudes. In order to have a better overview of the higher harmonic content, in every case the (total harmonic distortion) THD was calculated as an amplitude ratio. The results are presented in Table 2.Table 2
The THD for every studied case.
Rotor slotnumber
THD (%)
24
25.75
28
22.64
30
24.23
40
18.4
41
25.34
48
19.03From Table2, one can see that the worst cases are those with 24 and 41 rotor slots. In the case of the motor with 24 rotor slots, the result is easily explicable. The low rotor slot number has the impact of more and stronger rotor-slot-related harmonics (such as 23 and 25).The motor with 41 rotor slots is obviously a motor with odd rotor slot number. As a consequence, the even higher harmonics have increased amplitudes. This agrees with ignore. Previous work state that motors manufactured with odd rotor slot number are very noisy and have increased mechanical oscillations [18].Best cases seem to be the motors with 40 and 48 rotor slots. Their rotors have many slots, and as a consequence their rotor-slot-related harmonics are met in higher ranks and so they have less impact. Also, both numbers are multiples of 4, a fact that has strong impact on the reduction of the rotor and stator-MMF-related higher harmonics, since the motors have four magnetic poles, as already mentioned in Paragraph 2.


### 5.2. Characteristics at 1440 rpm

In this paragraph, the characteristics of the six motors are presented for speed 1440 rpm. This speed is chosen as a typical value for motors of this size and characteristics. The calculated results are shown in Table3. The motor with 24 rotor slots has the worst behavior since it presents the least output power together with the least efficiency, and at the same time draws the highest current. Generally, one can claim that for the motors with even rotor slot number, while the slot number increases, their electromagnetic torque and as a consequence their output power, increase also.Table 3
Characteristics of the motors at 1440 rpm.
Rotor slots
Torque (N*m)
Current (A)
Cosφ
Pin (W)
Pout (W)
η (%)
24
44.93
12.79
0.85
8764
6772
77.3
28
48.2
12.61
0.81
8201
7264
88.6
30
48.52
12.61
0.85
8693
7313
84.1
40
49.09
12.55
0.87
8770
7399
84.3
41
48.95
12.53
0.86
8713
7378
84.7
48
50.73
12.49
0.86
8704
7646
87.8Moreover, the motor with 28 rotor slots is characterized by the highest efficiency but on the other hand by a poor power factor.Furthermore, the motor with 41 rotor slots has an acceptable behavior, since its characteristics are literally an average as compared to the others.The motor with 40 rotor slots is characterized by the greatest power factor, but by lower efficiency than the motors with 28 and 48 rotor slots.Finally, the motor with 48 rotor slots presents the greatest electromagnetic torque and output power. At the same time, this motor draws the least stator current. The power factor and the efficiency are the second best. If one takes into consideration the results from the previous paragraphs, it is reasonable to claim that for the stator used, the rotor slot number 48 offers the best motor behavior in general, which means good starting characteristics, high efficiency and power factor, low stator current, and less vibrations and mechanical oscillations at nominal speed.


### 5.3. Spatial Distribution of the Magnetic Flux Density

In order to gain insight of the numerical results presented in Sections5.1 and 5.2, the magnetic flux density amplitude has been charted for all models and the results are presented in Figure 6.The spatial distribution of the amplitude of the magnetic flux density for the motor with: (a) 24, (b) 28, (c) 30, (d) 40, (e) 41, and (f) 48 rotor slots.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)It is clear that the motor with 40 rotor slots presents the greatest amplitude of the magnetic flux density, where the motor with 24 rotor slots presents the least. Moreover, the motor with 24 rotor slots seems to be more saturated and especially at the tooth tips. Furthermore, in the motors whose numbers are not a multiple of 4, such as in Figures6(c) and 6(e), it is clear that there exists an asymmetry on the stator teeth magnetic flux density distribution. This is the reason why these motors, with 30 and 41 rotor slots, were characterized by increased THD in Table 2.


## 5.1. Air Gap Space Harmonics

In this paragraph, the authors will show the air gap harmonic content for every case at 1440 rpm. The spatial harmonic content is the result of the stator and rotor MMF harmonics index, the slot existence, and the saturation of the iron cores. The magnitude of the air gap magnetic flux density is presented for every case in dB in Figure5.The magnitude of the air gap magnetic flux density at 1440 rpm for the motor with: (a) 24, (b) 28, (c) 30, (d) 40, (e) 41, and (f) 48 rotor slots.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)Firstly, it is obvious that there is a resemblance between Figures5(a), 5(c), and 5(f). In those cases, the multiples of 3 harmonics are absent. This happens because the rotor slots in those cases are 24, 30, and 48, numbers which are multiples of 3. In all motors, the stator MMF and stator-slot-related harmonics (such as 5, 7, 11, and 13) are characterized by similar amplitudes. In order to have a better overview of the higher harmonic content, in every case the (total harmonic distortion) THD was calculated as an amplitude ratio. The results are presented in Table 2.Table 2
The THD for every studied case.
Rotor slotnumber
THD (%)
24
25.75
28
22.64
30
24.23
40
18.4
41
25.34
48
19.03From Table2, one can see that the worst cases are those with 24 and 41 rotor slots. In the case of the motor with 24 rotor slots, the result is easily explicable. The low rotor slot number has the impact of more and stronger rotor-slot-related harmonics (such as 23 and 25).The motor with 41 rotor slots is obviously a motor with odd rotor slot number. As a consequence, the even higher harmonics have increased amplitudes. This agrees with ignore. Previous work state that motors manufactured with odd rotor slot number are very noisy and have increased mechanical oscillations [18].Best cases seem to be the motors with 40 and 48 rotor slots. Their rotors have many slots, and as a consequence their rotor-slot-related harmonics are met in higher ranks and so they have less impact. Also, both numbers are multiples of 4, a fact that has strong impact on the reduction of the rotor and stator-MMF-related higher harmonics, since the motors have four magnetic poles, as already mentioned in Paragraph 2.


## 5.2. Characteristics at 1440 rpm

In this paragraph, the characteristics of the six motors are presented for speed 1440 rpm. This speed is chosen as a typical value for motors of this size and characteristics. The calculated results are shown in Table3. The motor with 24 rotor slots has the worst behavior since it presents the least output power together with the least efficiency, and at the same time draws the highest current. Generally, one can claim that for the motors with even rotor slot number, while the slot number increases, their electromagnetic torque and as a consequence their output power, increase also.Table 3
Characteristics of the motors at 1440 rpm.
Rotor slots
Torque (N*m)
Current (A)
Cosφ
Pin (W)
Pout (W)
η (%)
24
44.93
12.79
0.85
8764
6772
77.3
28
48.2
12.61
0.81
8201
7264
88.6
30
48.52
12.61
0.85
8693
7313
84.1
40
49.09
12.55
0.87
8770
7399
84.3
41
48.95
12.53
0.86
8713
7378
84.7
48
50.73
12.49
0.86
8704
7646
87.8Moreover, the motor with 28 rotor slots is characterized by the highest efficiency but on the other hand by a poor power factor.Furthermore, the motor with 41 rotor slots has an acceptable behavior, since its characteristics are literally an average as compared to the others.The motor with 40 rotor slots is characterized by the greatest power factor, but by lower efficiency than the motors with 28 and 48 rotor slots.Finally, the motor with 48 rotor slots presents the greatest electromagnetic torque and output power. At the same time, this motor draws the least stator current. The power factor and the efficiency are the second best. If one takes into consideration the results from the previous paragraphs, it is reasonable to claim that for the stator used, the rotor slot number 48 offers the best motor behavior in general, which means good starting characteristics, high efficiency and power factor, low stator current, and less vibrations and mechanical oscillations at nominal speed.


## 5.3. Spatial Distribution of the Magnetic Flux Density

In order to gain insight of the numerical results presented in Sections5.1 and 5.2, the magnetic flux density amplitude has been charted for all models and the results are presented in Figure 6.The spatial distribution of the amplitude of the magnetic flux density for the motor with: (a) 24, (b) 28, (c) 30, (d) 40, (e) 41, and (f) 48 rotor slots.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)It is clear that the motor with 40 rotor slots presents the greatest amplitude of the magnetic flux density, where the motor with 24 rotor slots presents the least. Moreover, the motor with 24 rotor slots seems to be more saturated and especially at the tooth tips. Furthermore, in the motors whose numbers are not a multiple of 4, such as in Figures6(c) and 6(e), it is clear that there exists an asymmetry on the stator teeth magnetic flux density distribution. This is the reason why these motors, with 30 and 41 rotor slots, were characterized by increased THD in Table 2.


## 6. Conclusions

This work studies the influence of several rotor slot numbers on the behavior of the induction motor. FEM analysis indicates that for the selected number of stator slots and number of magnetic poles, the rotors with slot number multiple of 3, do not have higher harmonics multiples of 3 in the air gap magnetic flux density. Also, the extracted results lead to the conclusion that the motor with 48 rotor slots is the best case, while it presents good starting behavior along with low air gap magnetic flux density harmonic content and improved characteristics at nominal speed.



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*Source: 837010-2013-02-19.xml*