# The Creep Parameters of SAC305 Unleaded Solders

Authors: Chao-Ming Hsu; Ah-Der Lin; Jao-Hwa Kuang
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2013)

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## Abstract

The tensile and shear loading creep parameters of unleaded Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solders are extracted from the proposed tensile and shear creep tests in this work. Four creep loading temperatures, that is,120°, 135°, 150°, and 165°C, are employed to extract the corresponding parameters. The creep parameters for tensile and shear loading models, that is, stress exponent, material constant, and activation energy, are curve-fitted by using the least square error and simplex optimization algorithms. The accuracy of the extracted parameters correlated with the measured strain rate versus temperature curves. Results indicate that the proposed measurement setup and extraction algorithm is feasible to extract the tensile and shear type creep parameters with good accuracy.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The unleaded Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solders have been used widely in electronic and photonic device packaging. The high operation temperature and on-off thermal cycling introduced in the electronic and photonic devices may introduce the serve thermal creep deformation. The creep deformation may lead to fiber alignment shifts in the transceiver module connectors and reduce the signal efficiency dramatically in the optical communication system. Damage to the encapsulation of electronic components may also be caused by thermal mechanical fatigue (TMF) at the welding point due to creep of the intermetallic compound. Various electronic component materials have different mechanical and thermal properties. Correspondingly, the creep deformation introduced from various temperature distributions may facilitate a redistribution of the stress status around a weld, which may eventually lead to a fatigue failure. A number of studies have investigated thermal stress to make predictions for the time-span of thermal fatigue at the welding areas of components under various thermal cycle loads.Damage to electronic encapsulations occurs frequently near the solder joint due to thermal fatigue and creep. Creep only occurs when an object is subjected to high temperatures for a prolonged period of time, and creep deformation is generally induced mainly by two factors: temperature and stress. Developing a creep model for electronic encapsulation materials is a very important issue. This study proposed two creep experiments, that is, the tensile and the shear loading creep tests, to derive the corresponding creep equations. Different loading temperatures are applied to initiate the creep for different Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder specimens.From 1990 to 2002, Lau et al. [1–7] published a number of papers to consolidate the temperature change correlations associated with electronic packaging materials and explored the relationships between the materials and the stress/strain. Morris Jr. et al. [8] discussed the properties of melting point of two alloys, tin-beryllium (Sn-Bi) and tin-lead (60 Sn/40 Pb), used in electronic packaging engineering. Yang et al. [9–11] found that the eutectic microstructure of Sn/3.5Ag solder balls works better in laser reflow welding than in the infrared reflow process. Vianco [12–16] studied the stress-strain and creep effects in various tin-ball materials, including tin-lead (Sn63/Pb37), tin-silver-beryllium (Sn-Ag-Bi), and tin-silver-copper-antimony (Sn-Ag-Cu-Sb), used in encapsulation. Recently, the unleaded solder materials have been of interest for all electronic device manufacturers. The unleaded Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder is the most popular one.


## 2. Creep Experiments on Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu Solder Material

Creep deformation and its induced strain and strain rate are tested with a constant loading temperature. The loading temperature is higher than one half of the melting temperature of the specimen material. As noted in many textbooks, the creep deformation can be divided in three stages. In the first stage, that is, the primary creep stage, the more active dislocation sources in the material continue their activities, but they will gradually be blocked thus gradually reducing the strain rate. In the second stage, that is, the secondary creep stage, the strain hardening and recovery achieve equilibrium, so that the strain rate is maintained at a constant value; the minimum creep rate is reached at this stage. In the third stage, that is, the so-called tertiary creep stage [17], necking, voids, or cracks appear and the material is weakened by overaging and high temperature oxidation, thus increasing the strain rate. The creep rate increases with temperature and stress.In this study two specimens of Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder material are used to test the creep phenomena in tensile and shear loading conditions. Four loading temperatures have been applied to measure the elongation variation with a constant load. The corresponding strain and strain rate variations have also been derived.


### 2.1. Creep Model

As noted [17], the creep strain (ε) in the material is dominated by the loading stress (σ), stress time (t), and temperature (T); that is,
(1)ε=ε(σ,T,t).
For simplicity, the interaction between these parameters is ignored.The Norton power law has been used widely to describe the secondary stage creep deformation. In this study, the Norton model has also been employed to describe the secondary stage creep phenomena as the specimen subjected to a tensile or shear type loading. The tensile and shear type creep models are(2)ε˙=Aσne-Q/RT,(3)γ˙=Bτme-Q/RT,
where A and B are the material constant, σ is the average normal stress (MPa), τ is the average shear stress (MPa), Q is the activation energy (J/mol), R is the gas constant (8.3 mol−1 K−1), T is the absolute temperature (K), and n and m are the stress exponent under tensile and shear loads, respectively.Taking the logarithm on both sides of (2), it leads to a linear relation between the lnε˙ and lnσ for a constant loading temperature:
(4)lnε˙=(lnA-QRT)+nlnσ.
Similarly, the shear strain rate can be derived as
(5)lnγ˙=(lnB-QRT)+mlnτ.
In the equations, A and B are temperature functions:
(6)A=α+βeωT,B=κ+ζeδT,
where (α,β,ω, and n)and(κ,ζ,δ, and m) are creep parameter sets of the tensile and shear models, respectively. Q and R are the activation energy and gas constant of the solder. From (4) and (5), it is observed that the logarithm lnε˙ (orlnγ˙) of strain rate assumes a linear relationship with the logarithm value of average stress lnσ(orlnτ). The constant slopes of lnε˙versuslnσ and lnγ˙versuslnτ are the respective stress exponents n, and m. The natural logarithm of strain rate (lnε˙,lnγ˙) is proportional to the reciprocal of loading temperature (1/T) [18]. Therefore, the activation energy parameter Q can then be derived from the relationship between the natural logarithm of the strain rate and the reciprocal of the temperature.Based on the extraction algorithm mentioned in the previous section, the values of creep parametersα,β,ω,κ,ζ,δ,n,m, and Q can be extracted from the measured strain rate and loading stress by employing the simplex optimization method in this work.


### 2.2. Creep Experiment Setup and Specimens

The tensile and shear creep specimens are illustrated in Figures1(a) and 1(b). Two round copper solid bars are welded with the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder between the orthogonal or parallel connecting surfaces. Figures 2(a) and 2(b) show the preparation and geometries of the specimens used in the tensile and shear creep tests. An appropriate amount of the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder paste was placed at the middle section of two 5 mm in diameter copper rods. About 3-4 mm gap is designed for the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder layer. These two copper rods were then, respectively, placed on a vertical clamp or a “V” shape bed, as shown in Figure 1(a) or Figure 1(b), respectively. A torch was then used to heat the area around the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder paste until it was completely molten. Extra care was taken not to directly expose the solder paste to the flame. The dimensions of eight Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder specimens are listed in Table 1. The size parameters A, B, C, and D of eight solder specimens (specimens numbers 1a~8a) indicate the diameters of top, bottom, waist, and the height of the solder layer in the tensile specimens. Due to the surface tension introduced in the melting process, the waist diameter C in the tensile specimens always has the smallest value. The corresponding size parameters E, F, and G for the eight shear specimens (specimens numbers 1b~8b) values, respectively, indicate the length, width, and height of the solidified solder paste. Two constant loads, that is, 7.35 and 29.4 N, are applied for the tensile and shear creep tests, and four loading temperatures, that is, 120, 135, 150, and 165°C (393, 408, 423, and 438 K), are measured in this study. Since the melting temperature of the copper is much higher than that of the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder, the creep deformation of the copper bar can be ignored in these measurements. In other words, the measured end displacements are considered to be introduced from the creep deformation of the solder layer.Table 1
Creep specimen parameters.
Specimens no.
Load (N)
Temp. (K)
Dimensions of Specimens (mm)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
1a, 1b
7.35
393
4.4
4.2
3.7
4.0
1.6
0.7
4.7
2a, 2b
405
3.9
4.0
2.9
4.0
2.2
0.6
4.7
3a, 3b
423
4.0
3.8
3.0
3.6
1.8
0.6
4.0
4a, 4b
438
4.8
4.5
2.7
3.8
1.4
0.6
4.4
5a, 5b
29.4
393
3.8
3.8
3.2
3.4
1.8
0.8
2.2
6a, 6b
405
4.4
3.9
3.5
3.2
1.8
0.7
2.6
7a, 7b
423
4.8
4.6
3.6
3.2
2.2
0.8
2.2
8a, 8b
438
4.8
4.4
3.6
3.4
2.1
0.8
2.4Creep experiment setup and specimens arrangement: (a) tensile creep specimen, (b) shear creep specimen, and (c) creep experiment setup.
(a)
(b)
(c)Creep experiment specimen and equipment: (a) tensile creep experiment specimen, (b) shear creep experiment specimen, and (c) creep experiment equipment.
(a)
(b)
(c)Figure2(c) is the scheme of the creep test setup. The specimens are arranged in a temperature controlled box and loaded vertically with a constant disc weight. Three displacement sensors are located at three measured points. The measured elongation variation in the loading direction is recorded periodically. The corresponding true stress, strain, and strain rate are calculated simultaneously.


## 2.1. Creep Model

As noted [17], the creep strain (ε) in the material is dominated by the loading stress (σ), stress time (t), and temperature (T); that is,
(1)ε=ε(σ,T,t).
For simplicity, the interaction between these parameters is ignored.The Norton power law has been used widely to describe the secondary stage creep deformation. In this study, the Norton model has also been employed to describe the secondary stage creep phenomena as the specimen subjected to a tensile or shear type loading. The tensile and shear type creep models are(2)ε˙=Aσne-Q/RT,(3)γ˙=Bτme-Q/RT,
where A and B are the material constant, σ is the average normal stress (MPa), τ is the average shear stress (MPa), Q is the activation energy (J/mol), R is the gas constant (8.3 mol−1 K−1), T is the absolute temperature (K), and n and m are the stress exponent under tensile and shear loads, respectively.Taking the logarithm on both sides of (2), it leads to a linear relation between the lnε˙ and lnσ for a constant loading temperature:
(4)lnε˙=(lnA-QRT)+nlnσ.
Similarly, the shear strain rate can be derived as
(5)lnγ˙=(lnB-QRT)+mlnτ.
In the equations, A and B are temperature functions:
(6)A=α+βeωT,B=κ+ζeδT,
where (α,β,ω, and n)and(κ,ζ,δ, and m) are creep parameter sets of the tensile and shear models, respectively. Q and R are the activation energy and gas constant of the solder. From (4) and (5), it is observed that the logarithm lnε˙ (orlnγ˙) of strain rate assumes a linear relationship with the logarithm value of average stress lnσ(orlnτ). The constant slopes of lnε˙versuslnσ and lnγ˙versuslnτ are the respective stress exponents n, and m. The natural logarithm of strain rate (lnε˙,lnγ˙) is proportional to the reciprocal of loading temperature (1/T) [18]. Therefore, the activation energy parameter Q can then be derived from the relationship between the natural logarithm of the strain rate and the reciprocal of the temperature.Based on the extraction algorithm mentioned in the previous section, the values of creep parametersα,β,ω,κ,ζ,δ,n,m, and Q can be extracted from the measured strain rate and loading stress by employing the simplex optimization method in this work.


## 2.2. Creep Experiment Setup and Specimens

The tensile and shear creep specimens are illustrated in Figures1(a) and 1(b). Two round copper solid bars are welded with the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder between the orthogonal or parallel connecting surfaces. Figures 2(a) and 2(b) show the preparation and geometries of the specimens used in the tensile and shear creep tests. An appropriate amount of the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder paste was placed at the middle section of two 5 mm in diameter copper rods. About 3-4 mm gap is designed for the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder layer. These two copper rods were then, respectively, placed on a vertical clamp or a “V” shape bed, as shown in Figure 1(a) or Figure 1(b), respectively. A torch was then used to heat the area around the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder paste until it was completely molten. Extra care was taken not to directly expose the solder paste to the flame. The dimensions of eight Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder specimens are listed in Table 1. The size parameters A, B, C, and D of eight solder specimens (specimens numbers 1a~8a) indicate the diameters of top, bottom, waist, and the height of the solder layer in the tensile specimens. Due to the surface tension introduced in the melting process, the waist diameter C in the tensile specimens always has the smallest value. The corresponding size parameters E, F, and G for the eight shear specimens (specimens numbers 1b~8b) values, respectively, indicate the length, width, and height of the solidified solder paste. Two constant loads, that is, 7.35 and 29.4 N, are applied for the tensile and shear creep tests, and four loading temperatures, that is, 120, 135, 150, and 165°C (393, 408, 423, and 438 K), are measured in this study. Since the melting temperature of the copper is much higher than that of the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder, the creep deformation of the copper bar can be ignored in these measurements. In other words, the measured end displacements are considered to be introduced from the creep deformation of the solder layer.Table 1
Creep specimen parameters.
Specimens no.
Load (N)
Temp. (K)
Dimensions of Specimens (mm)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
1a, 1b
7.35
393
4.4
4.2
3.7
4.0
1.6
0.7
4.7
2a, 2b
405
3.9
4.0
2.9
4.0
2.2
0.6
4.7
3a, 3b
423
4.0
3.8
3.0
3.6
1.8
0.6
4.0
4a, 4b
438
4.8
4.5
2.7
3.8
1.4
0.6
4.4
5a, 5b
29.4
393
3.8
3.8
3.2
3.4
1.8
0.8
2.2
6a, 6b
405
4.4
3.9
3.5
3.2
1.8
0.7
2.6
7a, 7b
423
4.8
4.6
3.6
3.2
2.2
0.8
2.2
8a, 8b
438
4.8
4.4
3.6
3.4
2.1
0.8
2.4Creep experiment setup and specimens arrangement: (a) tensile creep specimen, (b) shear creep specimen, and (c) creep experiment setup.
(a)
(b)
(c)Creep experiment specimen and equipment: (a) tensile creep experiment specimen, (b) shear creep experiment specimen, and (c) creep experiment equipment.
(a)
(b)
(c)Figure2(c) is the scheme of the creep test setup. The specimens are arranged in a temperature controlled box and loaded vertically with a constant disc weight. Three displacement sensors are located at three measured points. The measured elongation variation in the loading direction is recorded periodically. The corresponding true stress, strain, and strain rate are calculated simultaneously.


## 3. Experimental Results and Creep Parameters Extraction

Two sets of creep specimens, that is, eight specimens for the tensile creep test and the other eight specimens for the shear creep test, are measured with two constant loads (7.53 and 29.4 N) and four loading temperatures (393, 408, 423, and 438 K). Since the specimens’ sizes are not identical, each specimen has a different sectional dimension. The corresponding loading stress should also be different; therefore, the experiment was expected to record a set of primary data with different values for stress, temperature, and time-shift. To compensate the possible displacement measurement error, the vertical displacementsdA, dB, and dC measured at disk rim as shown in Figure 3 are averaged. The vertical displacement of the specimens is averaged as
(7)d=(dA+dB+dC)3.Figure 3
Measuring displacement.


### 3.1. Tensile Creep Experiment

Figure4 shows the variation of displacement of tensile specimens subjected to the loads of 7.35 and 29.4 N. For the case of specimens subjected to a load of 7.35 N with a loading temperature 438 K as shown in Figure 4, the specimens took about 0.45 hour to go through the primary creep stage. The two levels of loadings are chosen to make sure that the tested specimens can reach the state of secondary creep. For example, the normal stress induced in the specimens with a 29.4 N loading is 26.8 MPa, which is about 60% of the yielding strength of the tested solder. The end of tested specimens was measured to have a displacement of 0.02 mm in this period. The measured results for the same specimens reveal a secondary creep stage from loading time 0.45 to 20.83 hours. The extension displacement increases from 0.2 mm to 0.024 mm with an almost constant speed. The third stage creep occurred after 20.83 hours. The measured results indicate that the creep deformation of the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder is quite sensitive to the loading temperature. Figure 5 shows the corresponding variation curves of strain and strain rate of the tensile specimens with a loading condition of 7.35 N and 438 K during the creep test. An average strain rate of 7.95 × 10−7 1/sec was measured for the specimens in the secondary creep stage. Table 2 lists the measured average strain rates ε˙ of these eight measured tensile specimens, that is, tensile specimens numbers 1(a) to 8(a), in this work.Table 2
Results of tensile creep specimen experiment.
No.
Load (N)
Temp. (K)
Average stress (MPa)
Strain rate (×10−6 1/sec)
1
7.35
393
0.669
0.0854
2
405
1.145
0.336
3
423
1.076
0.506
4
438
1.266
0.795
5
29.4
393
3.657
1.28
6
405
3.057
2.10
7
423
2.890
3.87
8
438
3.057
6.12Correlation of displacement-time in the tensile creep experiment under different loads: (a) 7.35 N load disc and (b) 29.4 N load disc.
(a)
(b)Figure 5
Correlation of strain-time and strain rate in the tensile creep experiment under a temperature of 438 K and a load of 7.34N.Equation (4) reveals that the creep parameter of activation energy Q can be derived from the slope of algorithm value (lnε˙) and (1/T) diagram. Results in Figure 6 show the correlation between lnε˙ and 1/T of tested specimens under the loads of 7.35 N and 29.4 N. Based on Norton power law, that is, (4), the slope value is equal to -Q/R. By applying the least square error method, the linear slope values of measured specimens under loads of 7.35 N and 29.4 N can be derived as −8318.02 and −7257.00, respectively. The average value −7737.51 of these two slopes and an activation energy value 64221.32 (J/mol) can be derived with the gas constant (8.3 mol−1K−1).Figure 6
Natural logarithm of the tensile creep experiment strain rate and reciprocal to temperature.Figure7 shows the correlation between the logarithm strain rate (lnε˙) and the logarithm stress (lnσ) in the tensile creep experiment. The four left points and the four right points in this figure are related to the measured data for the load of 7.35 N and 29.4 N, respectively. Therefore, four linear equations can be derived for these tensile specimens to describe the power law relation between the strain rate and average stress with different loading temperatures. They are
(8)lnε˙=1.59(lnσ)-14.94whenT=393K,lnε˙=1.87(lnσ)-14.46whenT=408K,lnε˙=2.06(lnσ)-13.95whenT=423K,lnε˙=2.30(lnσ)-13.59whenT=438K.Figure 7
The correlation between logarithm strain rate and logarithm stress.Initially, an average slope value ofn(1.954) is approximated from these four equations by ignoring its loading temperature effect. Similarly, a constant value of −14.22 is approximated by averaging the four constant values in (8). Then an approximated initial trial power relation for these tensile specimens is proposed; that is,
(9)lnε˙=1.954lnσ-14.22.From (4) and (9) and the approximated activation energy value 64221.32 (J/mol) mentioned previously, the relationship between the material constant A and temperature can be derived in Figure 8. By using the least square error method and the definition of material constant A in (6), the set of parameters in the tensile creep equation can be derived as α=15.40, β=6.39×1011, and ω=(-1/18.04). To improve the accuracy of these extracted parameters, the simplex optimization algorithm has been employed in this study to minimize the difference between measured strain rate and the strain rate data estimated from the initial trial parameters. All the extracted creep parameters mentioned previously are considered as the initial trial parameters in the optimization process. In the optimization procedure the following is assumed:
(10)strainrate:ε˙=(Q,n,α,β,ω),leastsquareerror:Δ2=∑i=18(ε˙i-ε˙ie)2,object function: min.(Δ2),Δ: deviation between the estimated and experimental values,ε˙i: estimated tensile strain rate,ε˙ie: measured tensile strain rate,initial trial point:(11)Q=64221.32,n=1.954,α=15.40,β=6.39×1011,ω=(-118.04).Figure 8
Correlation between tensile creep material constant and temperature.The tensile creep parameters, that is,n,Q,α,β, and ω, for the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder specimens converged from the simplex optimization method are n=1.8640, Q=52154.52, α=1.2507, β=6.3131×1011, and ω=(-1/8.19). Based on the proposed algorithm and the measured creep data, the tensile creep equation for the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder can be derived as
(12)ε˙=[1.25074+6.3131×1011×e-T/8.19]×σ1.864e-52154.52/RT.A comparison between the temperature and estimated strain rate results for the specimens 1(a) to 8(a) reveals a difference between 0.19% and 43.6% for the specimens with a loading of 7.35 N and a difference between 2.1% and 17.3% for the specimens with a loading of 29.4 N as shown in Figure9.Figure 9
Correlation between strain rate and temperature in the tensile creep equation.


### 3.2. Shear Creep Experiment

Figure10 shows the measured results of the shear creep specimens under the same creep loading condition as mentioned in the previous tensile test. For the specimens subjected to a load of 29.4 N with a loading temperature of 438 K, the secondary creep stage occurs between 4.95 and 194 hours, and the creep extension of the shear specimens increases from 0.136 mm to 0.285 mm. Figure 11 shows the variation of corresponding strain and strain rate with respect to loading time. The final secondary creep strain rate at the second stage is approximately 6.29×10-8 1/sec. The recorded results of specimens 1(b) to 8(b) in the shear creep tests are listed in Table 3. Similarly, the correlation between lnγ˙ and 1/T under loads of 7.35 N and 29.4 N is shown in Figure 12. From the slope values the -Q/R values can be derived as −6879.823 and −5569.58. And the average value is −6224.68. Just by following the calculation used in the tensile test, an activation energy value of 51664.84 (J/mol) is derived.Table 3
Results of the shear creep specimen experiment.
No.
Load (N)
Temp. (K)
Average stress (MPa)
Strain rate(×10−61/sec)
1
7.35
393
0.977
0.0550
2
405
0.711
0.0629
3
423
1.021
0.154
4
438
1.193
0.295
5
29.4
393
7.424
0.352
6
405
6.282
0.485
7
423
6.074
0.869
8
438
5.833
1.43Correlation of displacement-time in the shear creep experiment under different loads: (a) 7.35 N load disc and (b) 29.4 N load disc.
(a)
(b)Figure 11
Correlation between strain-time and strain rate under a temperature of 408 K and a load of 7.35 N in the shear creep experiment.Figure 12
Correlation between the natural logarithm of the strain rate and the reciprocal of temperature in the shear creep experiment.Figure13 shows the correlation between the strain rate in the shear creep tests and the average shear stress. Four linear equations can be derived for the shear creep test results. They are
(13)lnγ˙=0.92lnτ-16.00whenT=393K,lnγ˙=0.94lnτ-15.57whenT=408K,lnγ˙=0.97lnτ-15.01whenT=423K,lnγ˙=0.99lnτ-14.52whenT=438K.Figure 13
The correlation between the logarithm of strain rate and average stress for the shear creep test.Figure14 shows the correlation between shear creep material constant and temperature. Following the process mentioned in the tensile creep test, the creep parameters in the shear creep equation can be approximated as K=0.084,  ζ=7.27, and δ=(-1/21.47). All these approximated parameter values are considered as the initial trial values in the simplex optimization process to minimize the difference between the measured and estimated shear strain rates. The following is assumed:
(14)γ˙=γ˙(Q,m,K,ζ,δ),Δ2=∑i=18(γ˙i-γ˙ie)2,object function: min.(Δ2),γ˙i: estimated shear strain rate,γ˙ie: shear strain rate from the experimental results.Figure 14
Correlation between shear creep material constant and temperature.A set of parameters is generated from the simplex optimization method; they arem=0.9515, Q=58494.91, K=2.3705, ζ=2.4639×109, and δ=(-1/17.99). Therefore, the following shear creep equation for the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder can be derived:
(15)γ˙=[2.3705+2.4639×109×e-T/17.99]×τ0.9515e-58494.91/RT.From a comparison between the experimental and the estimated strain rates for the shear creep specimens, that is, 1(b) to 8(b), a difference between 0.43 and 8.1% is found for the specimens with a load of 7.35 N as shown in Figure15. A difference between 1 and 6% has been found for the specimens with a load of 29.4 N.Figure 15
Correlation between shear creep equations strain rate and temperature.


## 3.1. Tensile Creep Experiment

Figure4 shows the variation of displacement of tensile specimens subjected to the loads of 7.35 and 29.4 N. For the case of specimens subjected to a load of 7.35 N with a loading temperature 438 K as shown in Figure 4, the specimens took about 0.45 hour to go through the primary creep stage. The two levels of loadings are chosen to make sure that the tested specimens can reach the state of secondary creep. For example, the normal stress induced in the specimens with a 29.4 N loading is 26.8 MPa, which is about 60% of the yielding strength of the tested solder. The end of tested specimens was measured to have a displacement of 0.02 mm in this period. The measured results for the same specimens reveal a secondary creep stage from loading time 0.45 to 20.83 hours. The extension displacement increases from 0.2 mm to 0.024 mm with an almost constant speed. The third stage creep occurred after 20.83 hours. The measured results indicate that the creep deformation of the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder is quite sensitive to the loading temperature. Figure 5 shows the corresponding variation curves of strain and strain rate of the tensile specimens with a loading condition of 7.35 N and 438 K during the creep test. An average strain rate of 7.95 × 10−7 1/sec was measured for the specimens in the secondary creep stage. Table 2 lists the measured average strain rates ε˙ of these eight measured tensile specimens, that is, tensile specimens numbers 1(a) to 8(a), in this work.Table 2
Results of tensile creep specimen experiment.
No.
Load (N)
Temp. (K)
Average stress (MPa)
Strain rate (×10−6 1/sec)
1
7.35
393
0.669
0.0854
2
405
1.145
0.336
3
423
1.076
0.506
4
438
1.266
0.795
5
29.4
393
3.657
1.28
6
405
3.057
2.10
7
423
2.890
3.87
8
438
3.057
6.12Correlation of displacement-time in the tensile creep experiment under different loads: (a) 7.35 N load disc and (b) 29.4 N load disc.
(a)
(b)Figure 5
Correlation of strain-time and strain rate in the tensile creep experiment under a temperature of 438 K and a load of 7.34N.Equation (4) reveals that the creep parameter of activation energy Q can be derived from the slope of algorithm value (lnε˙) and (1/T) diagram. Results in Figure 6 show the correlation between lnε˙ and 1/T of tested specimens under the loads of 7.35 N and 29.4 N. Based on Norton power law, that is, (4), the slope value is equal to -Q/R. By applying the least square error method, the linear slope values of measured specimens under loads of 7.35 N and 29.4 N can be derived as −8318.02 and −7257.00, respectively. The average value −7737.51 of these two slopes and an activation energy value 64221.32 (J/mol) can be derived with the gas constant (8.3 mol−1K−1).Figure 6
Natural logarithm of the tensile creep experiment strain rate and reciprocal to temperature.Figure7 shows the correlation between the logarithm strain rate (lnε˙) and the logarithm stress (lnσ) in the tensile creep experiment. The four left points and the four right points in this figure are related to the measured data for the load of 7.35 N and 29.4 N, respectively. Therefore, four linear equations can be derived for these tensile specimens to describe the power law relation between the strain rate and average stress with different loading temperatures. They are
(8)lnε˙=1.59(lnσ)-14.94whenT=393K,lnε˙=1.87(lnσ)-14.46whenT=408K,lnε˙=2.06(lnσ)-13.95whenT=423K,lnε˙=2.30(lnσ)-13.59whenT=438K.Figure 7
The correlation between logarithm strain rate and logarithm stress.Initially, an average slope value ofn(1.954) is approximated from these four equations by ignoring its loading temperature effect. Similarly, a constant value of −14.22 is approximated by averaging the four constant values in (8). Then an approximated initial trial power relation for these tensile specimens is proposed; that is,
(9)lnε˙=1.954lnσ-14.22.From (4) and (9) and the approximated activation energy value 64221.32 (J/mol) mentioned previously, the relationship between the material constant A and temperature can be derived in Figure 8. By using the least square error method and the definition of material constant A in (6), the set of parameters in the tensile creep equation can be derived as α=15.40, β=6.39×1011, and ω=(-1/18.04). To improve the accuracy of these extracted parameters, the simplex optimization algorithm has been employed in this study to minimize the difference between measured strain rate and the strain rate data estimated from the initial trial parameters. All the extracted creep parameters mentioned previously are considered as the initial trial parameters in the optimization process. In the optimization procedure the following is assumed:
(10)strainrate:ε˙=(Q,n,α,β,ω),leastsquareerror:Δ2=∑i=18(ε˙i-ε˙ie)2,object function: min.(Δ2),Δ: deviation between the estimated and experimental values,ε˙i: estimated tensile strain rate,ε˙ie: measured tensile strain rate,initial trial point:(11)Q=64221.32,n=1.954,α=15.40,β=6.39×1011,ω=(-118.04).Figure 8
Correlation between tensile creep material constant and temperature.The tensile creep parameters, that is,n,Q,α,β, and ω, for the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder specimens converged from the simplex optimization method are n=1.8640, Q=52154.52, α=1.2507, β=6.3131×1011, and ω=(-1/8.19). Based on the proposed algorithm and the measured creep data, the tensile creep equation for the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder can be derived as
(12)ε˙=[1.25074+6.3131×1011×e-T/8.19]×σ1.864e-52154.52/RT.A comparison between the temperature and estimated strain rate results for the specimens 1(a) to 8(a) reveals a difference between 0.19% and 43.6% for the specimens with a loading of 7.35 N and a difference between 2.1% and 17.3% for the specimens with a loading of 29.4 N as shown in Figure9.Figure 9
Correlation between strain rate and temperature in the tensile creep equation.


## 3.2. Shear Creep Experiment

Figure10 shows the measured results of the shear creep specimens under the same creep loading condition as mentioned in the previous tensile test. For the specimens subjected to a load of 29.4 N with a loading temperature of 438 K, the secondary creep stage occurs between 4.95 and 194 hours, and the creep extension of the shear specimens increases from 0.136 mm to 0.285 mm. Figure 11 shows the variation of corresponding strain and strain rate with respect to loading time. The final secondary creep strain rate at the second stage is approximately 6.29×10-8 1/sec. The recorded results of specimens 1(b) to 8(b) in the shear creep tests are listed in Table 3. Similarly, the correlation between lnγ˙ and 1/T under loads of 7.35 N and 29.4 N is shown in Figure 12. From the slope values the -Q/R values can be derived as −6879.823 and −5569.58. And the average value is −6224.68. Just by following the calculation used in the tensile test, an activation energy value of 51664.84 (J/mol) is derived.Table 3
Results of the shear creep specimen experiment.
No.
Load (N)
Temp. (K)
Average stress (MPa)
Strain rate(×10−61/sec)
1
7.35
393
0.977
0.0550
2
405
0.711
0.0629
3
423
1.021
0.154
4
438
1.193
0.295
5
29.4
393
7.424
0.352
6
405
6.282
0.485
7
423
6.074
0.869
8
438
5.833
1.43Correlation of displacement-time in the shear creep experiment under different loads: (a) 7.35 N load disc and (b) 29.4 N load disc.
(a)
(b)Figure 11
Correlation between strain-time and strain rate under a temperature of 408 K and a load of 7.35 N in the shear creep experiment.Figure 12
Correlation between the natural logarithm of the strain rate and the reciprocal of temperature in the shear creep experiment.Figure13 shows the correlation between the strain rate in the shear creep tests and the average shear stress. Four linear equations can be derived for the shear creep test results. They are
(13)lnγ˙=0.92lnτ-16.00whenT=393K,lnγ˙=0.94lnτ-15.57whenT=408K,lnγ˙=0.97lnτ-15.01whenT=423K,lnγ˙=0.99lnτ-14.52whenT=438K.Figure 13
The correlation between the logarithm of strain rate and average stress for the shear creep test.Figure14 shows the correlation between shear creep material constant and temperature. Following the process mentioned in the tensile creep test, the creep parameters in the shear creep equation can be approximated as K=0.084,  ζ=7.27, and δ=(-1/21.47). All these approximated parameter values are considered as the initial trial values in the simplex optimization process to minimize the difference between the measured and estimated shear strain rates. The following is assumed:
(14)γ˙=γ˙(Q,m,K,ζ,δ),Δ2=∑i=18(γ˙i-γ˙ie)2,object function: min.(Δ2),γ˙i: estimated shear strain rate,γ˙ie: shear strain rate from the experimental results.Figure 14
Correlation between shear creep material constant and temperature.A set of parameters is generated from the simplex optimization method; they arem=0.9515, Q=58494.91, K=2.3705, ζ=2.4639×109, and δ=(-1/17.99). Therefore, the following shear creep equation for the Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder can be derived:
(15)γ˙=[2.3705+2.4639×109×e-T/17.99]×τ0.9515e-58494.91/RT.From a comparison between the experimental and the estimated strain rates for the shear creep specimens, that is, 1(b) to 8(b), a difference between 0.43 and 8.1% is found for the specimens with a load of 7.35 N as shown in Figure15. A difference between 1 and 6% has been found for the specimens with a load of 29.4 N.Figure 15
Correlation between shear creep equations strain rate and temperature.


## 4. Conclusions

The solder joint reliability is strongly affected by creep. This was validated by both simulation and experimental results, which show significantly higher occurrence of thermal failures of solder joints in high temperature aging tests. The high operation temperature induced creep phenomenon is the major cause of solder joint failure. Therefore, the reliability of solder packages under high operation temperature is highly dependent on solder joint creep property. The tensile and shear creep models of lead-free Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder material have been proposed in this study. Simplified tensile and shear tests can be used as a quick way of modeling the lead-free solder. Due to the diversity of the measured data, an optimization algorithm is proposed to extract the creep parameters in these creep equations. Experimental measurements and estimated strain rate results reveal that the proposed creep equations can provide reasonable accuracy.The processes of extracting the creep parameters are specifically presented for illustrating the versatility of creep equation formulation. This result is useful for packaging reliable lead-free solder jointed assembly of high power laser or LED module packages. A wide variety of other applications of this proposed lead-free Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu solder creep model are expected.



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*Source: 838075-2013-11-24.xml*