# Elliptic Cylinder with Slotted Antenna Coated with Magnetic Metamaterials

Authors: A. K. Hamid
Journal: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
 (2011)

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## Abstract

The radiation properties of an axially slotted elliptic antenna coated with magnetic metamaterials are investigated. The fields inside and outside the dielectric coating are expressed in terms of the Mathieu functions. The boundary conditions at various surfaces are enforced using the orthogonality property of angular Mathieu functions. Numerical results are presented graphically for the radiation pattern, aperture conductance, and antenna gain for the TM case. It was found that a slotted antenna coated with magnetic metamaterials has more gain as well as lower side lobes compared to one coated with conventional dielectric or nonmagnetic metamaterials.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Radiation properties of an axially slotted antenna are very important in communications and airplane industries. Numerous authors in the literature have investigated the radiation by dielectric-coated slotted circular and elliptical cylinders. For example, Hurd [1] studied the radiation pattern of a dielectric axially slotted cylinder. The external admittance of an axial slot on a dielectric-coated metal cylinder was investigated by Knop [2]. Shafai [3] obtained the radiation properties of an axially slotted antenna coated with a homogenous material. Wong [4, 5] investigated the radiation properties of slotted cylinder of elliptical cross-section while Richmond [6] studied the radiation from an axial slot antenna on a dielectric-coated elliptic cylinder. The analysis was later extended to the radiation by axial slots on a dielectric coated nonconfocal conducting elliptic cylinder by Ragheb et al. [7]. Hussein and Hamid [8] studied the radiation by N axially slotted cylinders of elliptical cross section coated with a lossy dielectric material.  Recently, A. K. Hamid investigated the radiation characteristics of slotted circular or elliptical cylinder coated with lossy and lossless metamaterials [9, 10].Lately, materials possessing both lossy and lossless metamaterials as well as chiral media have gained considerable attention in many researches [11–24].In this paper, a theoretical analysis based on a boundary value solution for the case of antenna radiation by an axial slot on a conducting elliptic cylinder coated with magnetic metamaterials is presented. The fields inside and outside the dielectric coating are expressed in terms of radial and angular Mathieu functions.  Numerical results are presented for the radiation pattern, aperture conductance, and antenna gain versus coating thickness as well as compared with conventionally dielectric-coated, magnetic and nonmagnetic metamaterial-coated antenna.


## 2. Problem Formulation

The geometry of the perfectly conducting elliptic cylinder with an axially slotted antenna covered with dielectric material is shown in Figure1.Figure 1
Geometry of an axially slotted antenna on elliptic cylinder coated with dielectric material.The structure is assumed to be infinite along thez-axis. The symbols ac and bc correspond to the conducting core semimajor and semiminor axes, respectively, while a and b are the semimajor and semiminor axes of the dielectric coating material. The axial slot coordinates on the conducting elliptic cylinder are denoted by ν1 and ν2.  The elliptical coordinate system (u,v,z) is assumed, and it can be represented in terms of the Cartesian coordinate system (x,y,z) as(1)x=Fcosh⁡⁡(u)cos⁡⁡(v),y=Fsinh⁡⁡(u)sin⁡(v).F is the semifocal length of the elliptical cross-section. The radiated electric field outside the dielectric coating (region I and ξ>ξ1) can be expressed in terms of the Mathieu functions as follows: (2)EzI=∑m=0∞CemRem(4)(c0,ξ)Sem(c0,η)+∑m=1∞ComRom(4)(c0,ξ)Som(c0,η),
where Cem and Com are the unknown field expansion coefficients, Sem and Som are the even odd angular Mathieu functions of order m, and Rem(4) and Rom(4) are the even and odd modified Mathieu functions of the fourth kind. It should be noted that ξ=coshu,η=cosv,c0=kF, and k=ωμε. Similarly, the electric field inside the dielectric coating (region II) for ξc<ξ<ξ1 can be expressed in terms of complex Mathieu functions as(3)EzII=∑m=0∞[AemRem(1)(c1,ξ)+BemRem(2)(c1,ξ)]Sem(c1,η)+∑m=1∞[AomRom(1)(c1,ξ)+BomRom(2)(c1,ξ)]Som(c1,η),
where c1=k1F,  k1=ωμ1ε1, Aemom and Bemom are the unknown field expansion coefficients, and Remom(1) and Remom(2) are the radial Mathieu functions of the first and second kind, respectively. The angular and the radial Mathieu functions are defined in [15]. The magnetic field component in regions (I) and (II) is obtained using Maxwell’s equations and written as(4)HvI=-jωμh{∑m=0∞CemRem(4)′(c0,ξ)Sem(c0,η)+∑m=1∞ComRom(4)′(c0,ξ)Som(c0,η)},HvII=-jωμ1h×{∑m=0∞[AemRem(1)′(c1,ξ)+BemRem(2)′(c1,ξ)]Sem(c1,η)+∑m=1∞[AomRom(1)′(c1,ξ)+BomRom(2)′(c1,ξ)]Som(c1,η)},
where h=F(cosh2u-cos2ν). The prime in (4) denotes the derivative with respect to u while μ and μ1 are the permeabilities of regions 1 and 2, respectively, and assumed to be purely real numbers.We requireEz to be continuous (EzI=EzII) a cross the interface at ξ=ξ1. Applying the orthogonality property of the angular Mathieu functions [16], leads to(5)[AenRen(1)(c1,ξ1)+BenRen(2)(c1,ξ1)]Nen(c1)=∑m=0∞CemRem(4)(c0,ξ1)Menm(c1,c0),
where(6)Nen(c1)=∫02π[Sen(c1,η)]2dv,Menm(c1,c0)=∫02πSen(c1,η)Sem(c0,η)dv.
Continuity of the tangential magnetic field components at ξ=ξ1 requires that(7)[AenRen(1)′(c1,ξ1)+BenRen(2)′(c1,ξ1)]Nen(c1)=μ1μ∑m=0∞CemRem(4)′(c0,ξ1)Menm(c1,c0).
Similar equations for the odd solution are needed and may be obtained by replacing “e” with “o” in (5) and (7). In region (II), the tangential electric field on the conducting surface (ξ=ξc) must vanish except at the slot location. This leads to(8)∑m=0∞[AemRem(1)(c1,ξc)+BemRem(2)(c1,ξc)]Sem(c1,η)+∑m=1∞[AomRom(1)(c1,ξc)+BomRom(2)(c1,ξc)]Som(c1,η)={F(v),ν1<v<ν2,0,elsewhere.F(v) represents the unknown aperture fields on the slot which are expressed in terms of sinusoidal Fourier representation of even and odd parts. The field at the slot location may be expressed as  (9)F(v)=E0cos⁡⁡[π(ν0-ν)2α],ν0=(ν1+ν2)2,α=(ν2-ν1)2.
Multiplying both sides of (8) by Sen(c1,η) and integrating over 0<v<2π, we obtain (10)[AenRen(1)(c1,ξc)+BenRen(2)(c1,ξc)]Nen(c1)=Fen=∫ν1ν2F(v)Sen(c1,η)dv.
Solving for Ben from (10) and using the result in (5) and (7) with the elimination of Aen, we obtain a system of linear equations in terms of Cenon.


## 3. Numerical Results

Once the unknown field expansion coefficientsCenon are computed, quantities of interest such as far-field radiation pattern, antenna gain, and the aperture conductance can be obtained. The far-zone radiation pattern for the electric field can be calculated using the asymptotic form of the radial Mathieu functions Remom(4). Thus the far-zone field of the slot antenna can be written as(11)EzI(ρ,φ)=jkρe-jkρ×[∑n=0∞jnCenSen(c0,cos⁡⁡φ)+∑n=1∞jnConSon(c0,cos⁡⁡φ)],
where ρ and φ denote the polar coordinates in the circular cylindrical system. The antenna gain is expressed as [6–10](12)G(φ)=1Z0kρ[|∑n=0∞jnCenSen(c0,cos⁡⁡φ)|2+|∑n=1∞jnConSon(c0,cos⁡⁡φ)|2],
where Z0 is the free space impedance. The aperture conductance per unit length of the slot antenna is defined as [6](13)Ga=2πρSav|E0|2,
where Sav is the average power density averaged over an imaginary cylinder of radius ρ and given as(14)Sav=12πZ0kρ[∑n=0∞|Cen|2Nen(c0)+∑n=1∞|Con|2Non(c0)].
The accuracy of our numerical results is verified against published results for a single slotted circular or elliptic antenna coated with a lossless conventional dielectric material [6]. The geometrical parameters of the slotted antenna used for comparison are ac=λ, bc=λ/2, b=bc+t, where t is the coating thickness, ν0=90° and α=2.8657°. Figure 2 shows the radiation pattern numerical results (gain versus φ) obtained for a conventional dielectric coating material represented by solid line, for comparison [6] (εr=4 and μr=1), nonmagnetic metamaterials coating represented by dotted line (εr=-4 and μr=-1), and magnetic metamaterial coating represented by circles (εr=-4 and μr=-1.5).  It can be seen that the magnetic metamaterials coating material reduces the side-lobes more than the nonmagnetic case. The effect of the coating thickness is illustrated in Figure 3 for the same geometrical parameters as in Figure 2.  One may notice that by increasing the thickness of the magnetic metamaterials, coating enhances the gain with a decrease in the number of side lobes.  On the other hand, it was earlier shown in [6, 8] that by increasing the thickness of the conventional dielectric, coating  (εr=4 and μr=1) results in a reduction of the main beam with an increase in the number of side lobes.Figure 2
Radiation pattern of an axially slotted elliptic cylinder coated with conventional dielectric, magnetic and nonmagnetic metamaterials.ac=λ, bc=λ, a=b=bc+0.25λ, ν0=90°, and α=2.8657°.Figure 3
Radiation pattern of an axially slotted elliptic cylinder coated with magnetic metamaterials.ac=λ,  bc=λ/2, b=bc+t, ν0=90°, α=2.8657°, εr=-4.0, and μr=-1.5.The gain versus coating thickness for a slotted elliptical antenna with the same geometrical parameters used in Figure3 is displayed in Figure 4. The gain is evaluated at   φ=90° since the slot is centered at ν=90° where the gain is expected to be maximum.Figure 4
Gain versus coating thickness for an axially slotted elliptic cylinder coated with conventional dielectric, magnetic and nonmagnetic metamaterials.ac=λ, bc=λ/2, b=bc+t, ν0=90°, and α=2.8657°.The gain versus coating layer material permeability is plotted in Figure5.  When t=0.15λ, the gain has almost constant gain  -4≤μr≤-1 and the gain oscillates when t=0.3λ.Figure 5
Gain versusμr for an axially slotted elliptic cylinder coated with magnetic metamaterials. ac=λ,  bc=λ/2, b=bc+t, ν0=90°, α=2.8657°, and εr=-4.0.


## 4. Conclusions

The radiation characteristics of an axially slotted elliptic antenna coated with magnetic metamaterials were investigated using analytic solution. It was also shown that the presence of magnetic metamaterials coating has changed significantly the characteristics of the antenna. Finally, the magnetic metamaterials can be used to enhance the antenna gain and lower the side lobes by using some specific values of  magnetic coating metamaterials.



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*Source: 842863-2011-07-03.xml*