# A Wideband Printed Directional Antenna Array with Impedance Regulating Load

Authors: Chun-Ying Kang; Shu Lin; Li-Wen Jing; Yu Tian; Jia-Xin Dong; Jia Lu
Journal: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
 (2014)

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## Abstract

We proposed a broadband directional antenna array working at mobile communication frequency band, which achieves a relative bandwidth of 50.7%. This binary antenna array is fed by two branches of the balanced microstrip. To enhance the antenna bandwidth, we introduced a section of loading metal strip. The antenna prototype has aS
11 lower than −10 dB within the 1.5 GHz to 2.52 GHz frequency band, particularly from 2.01 GHz to 2.50 GHz, the S
11 is lower than −15 dB. The gain varies with relatively small variation within the working band, which is 5.4 dBi to 8.7 dBi.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Directional antenna is also called Yagi-antenna. It has features like simple structure and high directionality, but its obvious shortcoming is the narrow bandwidth. In 1998, Qian and other scientists proposed quasi-Yagi-antenna [1]. This is a kind of printed antenna with wideband balun, which reaches a relative bandwidth of 17%. Based on this breakthrough, researchers designed a series of improved printed Yagi-antennas [2, 3]. They gradually broadened the bandwidth, but the problem of low gain remained unsolved. So researchers tried adding more directors [4, 5] or setting up antenna array [6, 7] to increase the gain. Those methods, however, obtained high gain at the cost of losing bandwidth because of the mutual coupling among radiation elements or antenna elements.In this paper, we proposed a wideband antenna array. The significant broadband property is achieved by introducing a section of loading metal strip at the end of the feeding structure. The antenna prototype exhibits a working band from 1.5 GHz to 2.52 GHz, and the relative bandwidth is 50.7%. The gain varies with relatively small variation in this band. Detailed simulation and experimental results are presented in this paper.


## 2. Antenna Structure

The proposed antenna is in the form of double-side printed circuit board as shown in Figure1. It consists of two uniform antenna elements, which are fed by two branches of the balanced microstrip. Each of the antenna elements is constituted of the balanced microstrip feeding system, the loading metal strip, one reflector, one pair of active dipoles, and one director. The active dipoles are symmetrical dipoles (two metal strips in the same dimensions) printed on the same side of the substrate. The balanced microstrip is directly connected to the active dipoles and served as the feeding structure which could realize balance feed. This structure is similar to parallel double transmission line. One strip of the balanced microstrips, the active dipoles, the director, and the reflector are printed on one side of the substrate. The other strip of the balanced microstrips and the loading metal strip are printed on the opposite side of the substrate. The substrate is made of FR-4 epoxy resin lamina whose relative dielectric constant is ε
r
=
4.4, and the thickness is h
=
1.0 mm. Structure parameters of the antenna are L
=
24.7 mm; L
d
=
40 mm; L
r
=
106 mm; L
t
=
230 mm; S
d
=
8.5 mm; S
r
=
16.2 mm; W
s
=
6 mm; W
t
=
55 mm; W
=
6 mm; S
=
45.5 mm; H
s
=
34.3 mm; H
m
=
4.25 mm; L
p
=
110 mm; X
v
=
1 mm; Y
v
=
2.5 mm; R
=
1 mm; L
m
1
=
3 mm; L
m
2
=
3 mm; L
m
3
=
1 mm.A schematic of the proposed antenna.P
1 andP
2 represent two metallized via holes.
(a)
Front
(b)
Back


## 3. Analysis of the Simulation Results

### 3.1. The Effect of the Loading Metal Strip on the Antenna Bandwidth

Choosing proper length (S) of the loading metal strip can significantly improve the |
S
11
| performance of the antenna array. Comparisons among the three curves, respectively, representing S
=
35 mm, S
=
40 mm, and S
=
45 mm, indicate that the lengthening of the loading metal strip lowered the |
S
11
| and broadened the bandwidth (see Figure 2). Based on simulation analysis, the final length (S) is set as 45.5 mm. In this case, the antenna has a simulated |
S
11
| lower than −10 dB from 1.62 GHz to 2.48 GHz, including the frequency band of 1.66 GHz to 2.42 GHz when |
S
11
|
<
-
15 dB. The relative bandwidths are 42% (<−10 dB) and 37% (<−15 dB), respectively. The antenna shows broadband property.Figure 2
The effect of the loading metal strip length (S) on the antenna reflection coefficient.To explain the working principal of the loading metal strip, we simulated the surface current on the active dipoles and the loading metal strips (shown in Figure3). Probes are used to measure the current amplitude and phase. Simulation results are drawn in Figure 4.Figure 3
A diagram of the surface current on active dipoles and loading metal strips.Current distribution on active dipoles and loading metal strips (at 2.0 GHz): (a) current amplitude distribution on element 1, (b) current amplitude distribution on element 2, (c) current phase distribution on element 1, and (d) current phase distribution on element 2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)Figure4 indicates that the current on the active dipoles shows sine distribution. Specifically, the amplitudes of I
13 and I
23 are nearly equal to that of I
11, I
12, I
21, and I
22, but the phase differences are significant. In this case, if we define I
11 and I
22 as currents on resistance, then I
13 and I
23 are currents on capacitor (or inductance). The antenna’s equivalent circuit is drawn in Figure 5. The loading metal strips work as impedance regulating load. As a result of the introduction of reactance for compensation, the impedance of the antenna can keep stable within a wide bandwidth. The bandwidth of the antenna array is broadened.Figure 5
Equivalent circuit of the antenna array.Z
1 andZ
2 represent loading metal strips, andA
1 andA
2 represent active dipoles.


### 3.2. Radiation Characteristics of the Antenna

Analysis in Figure3 to Figure 4 indicates that the radiation patterns do not change after adding the impedance regulating load, because the currents distribute symmetrically on the antenna array. The simulated radiation patterns shown in Figure 6 can also prove the following.Simulated radiation patterns: (a) 2.0 GHz, (b) 2.4 GHz.
(a)
(b)According to Figure6, we can draw the following conclusions. (
1
) There is no offset of the maximum radiation direction. The antenna directly radiates towards the direction of the perpendicular bisector of two antenna elements, which means that the currents distribute symmetrically on the antenna elements. (2) The front to back ratio and the side-lobe level of the antenna are over 10 dB, which indicates that this antenna has good directional characteristics. This is because the distance between the centers of two antenna elements is L
p
-
L
m
2
=
107 mm that is approximately 0.5 times to 1 time of the working wavelength. This distance will not lead to big side lobes. (3) Gain on 2.0 GHz is 7.3 dBi, while gain on 2.4 GHz is 8.7 dBi. The increase of 1.4 dB complies with the law of gain increasing with the increase of frequency.


## 3.1. The Effect of the Loading Metal Strip on the Antenna Bandwidth

Choosing proper length (S) of the loading metal strip can significantly improve the |
S
11
| performance of the antenna array. Comparisons among the three curves, respectively, representing S
=
35 mm, S
=
40 mm, and S
=
45 mm, indicate that the lengthening of the loading metal strip lowered the |
S
11
| and broadened the bandwidth (see Figure 2). Based on simulation analysis, the final length (S) is set as 45.5 mm. In this case, the antenna has a simulated |
S
11
| lower than −10 dB from 1.62 GHz to 2.48 GHz, including the frequency band of 1.66 GHz to 2.42 GHz when |
S
11
|
<
-
15 dB. The relative bandwidths are 42% (<−10 dB) and 37% (<−15 dB), respectively. The antenna shows broadband property.Figure 2
The effect of the loading metal strip length (S) on the antenna reflection coefficient.To explain the working principal of the loading metal strip, we simulated the surface current on the active dipoles and the loading metal strips (shown in Figure3). Probes are used to measure the current amplitude and phase. Simulation results are drawn in Figure 4.Figure 3
A diagram of the surface current on active dipoles and loading metal strips.Current distribution on active dipoles and loading metal strips (at 2.0 GHz): (a) current amplitude distribution on element 1, (b) current amplitude distribution on element 2, (c) current phase distribution on element 1, and (d) current phase distribution on element 2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)Figure4 indicates that the current on the active dipoles shows sine distribution. Specifically, the amplitudes of I
13 and I
23 are nearly equal to that of I
11, I
12, I
21, and I
22, but the phase differences are significant. In this case, if we define I
11 and I
22 as currents on resistance, then I
13 and I
23 are currents on capacitor (or inductance). The antenna’s equivalent circuit is drawn in Figure 5. The loading metal strips work as impedance regulating load. As a result of the introduction of reactance for compensation, the impedance of the antenna can keep stable within a wide bandwidth. The bandwidth of the antenna array is broadened.Figure 5
Equivalent circuit of the antenna array.Z
1 andZ
2 represent loading metal strips, andA
1 andA
2 represent active dipoles.


## 3.2. Radiation Characteristics of the Antenna

Analysis in Figure3 to Figure 4 indicates that the radiation patterns do not change after adding the impedance regulating load, because the currents distribute symmetrically on the antenna array. The simulated radiation patterns shown in Figure 6 can also prove the following.Simulated radiation patterns: (a) 2.0 GHz, (b) 2.4 GHz.
(a)
(b)According to Figure6, we can draw the following conclusions. (
1
) There is no offset of the maximum radiation direction. The antenna directly radiates towards the direction of the perpendicular bisector of two antenna elements, which means that the currents distribute symmetrically on the antenna elements. (2) The front to back ratio and the side-lobe level of the antenna are over 10 dB, which indicates that this antenna has good directional characteristics. This is because the distance between the centers of two antenna elements is L
p
-
L
m
2
=
107 mm that is approximately 0.5 times to 1 time of the working wavelength. This distance will not lead to big side lobes. (3) Gain on 2.0 GHz is 7.3 dBi, while gain on 2.4 GHz is 8.7 dBi. The increase of 1.4 dB complies with the law of gain increasing with the increase of frequency.


## 4. Experimental Results

An antenna prototype is produced according to the optimized simulation model as shown in Figure7. We carried out measurements in the microwave anechoic chamber with Agilent E8363 vector network analyzer. The measurements include reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, and gain. All the experimental results are shown in Figure 8 to Figure 9 and Table 1. The antenna prototype has a reflection coefficient less than −10 dB from 1.5 GHz to 2.52 GHz, which is even wider than simulation results. The measured gain is about 1 dBi lower than simulated ones (shown in Table 1). The main lobes of the measured radiation patterns closely resemble the simulated ones, but the side lobes show great differences. The discrepancies between measured results and simulated ones can be explained as follows. (1) The dielectric slab is made of FR-4 epoxy resin lamina. This material has great loss; the loss tangent is of the order of 10
-
2; therefore, it can decrease the reflection coefficient and the gain of the antenna. (2) Welding method and fixture can bring about inaccuracy to the measurements of side lobes. (3) The instability of FR-4 material can also influence the measurement of the radiation patterns.Table 1
Simulated and measured antenna gain.
Frequency (GHz)
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.4
Simulated gain (dBi)
7.4
7.7
8.0
8.3
8.5
8.8
9.3
Measured gain (dBi)
5.4
6.4
6.9
7.3
7.6
8.0
8.7Antenna prototype: (a) front, (b) back.
(a)
(b)Figure 8
Simulated and measured|
S
11
|.Simulated and measured radiation patterns: (a) 2.0 GHz, E-plane, (b) 2.4 GHz, E-plane, (c) 2.0 GHz, H-plane, and (d) 2.4 GHz, H-plane.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)The antenna proposed in this paper performs a wide impendence bandwidth. The introduction of impedance regulating load eliminates the mutual coupling between two antenna elements, so the antenna gain and bandwidth significantly increased. Comparison results between the antenna array in this paper and those proposed in other references are shown in Table2.Table 2
Antenna performance comparison between the antennas proposed in this paper and other references.
Antenna type
Operating bandwidth
Relative bandwidth
Gain
Gain per wavelength (K)
The proposed  antenna array
1.5–2.52 GHz
50.7%
5.4–8.7 dBi
19.91 dBi/λ
Antenna array in [6]
2.9–4.3 GHz
38.9%
7.5 dBi
5.38 dBi/λ
Antenna array in [7]
5.0–5.36 GHz
6.9%
12.5–13.3 dBi
6.50 dBi/λThe parameter gain per unit length (K) mentioned in Table 2 can be used to compare the performance of different type of antennas. It is calculated by
(1)
K
=
G
L
λ
.The binary antenna array in [7] has high gain, but this antenna achieves high gain by adopting more directors. As a result, it is longer in the main radiation direction and has smaller K. The comparison results indicate that the proposed antenna has well balanced the bandwidth and gain and acquires a good performance.


## 5. Conclusion

In this paper, we proposed a Yagi-antenna array with impedance regulating load fed by balanced microstrip. The loading metal strip is equivalent to a reactive element. It could make a compensation for the resistance deviation caused by frequency offset and effectively decline the mutual coupling between antenna elements. As a result, the antenna has broadband and high gain properties. This antenna has a relative impedance bandwidth of 50.7% and gain varies with relatively small variation within this band (5.4 dBi to 8.7 dBi). It can be widely applied in mobile communication.



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*Source: 830629-2014-05-13.xml*