# Comparative Performance Analysis of Grid-Connected PV Power Systems with Different PV Technologies in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone

Authors: Chong Li
Journal: International Journal of Photoenergy
 (2018)

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## Abstract

The objective of this paper is to establish the performance of 8 kWp grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power systems based on different PV module technologies in Nanjing, China. Nanjing has a hot summer and a cold winter which are considered based on monthly average solar irradiation and ambient temperature specifically for the deployment of grid-connected PV systems. The study focuses on performance assessment of grid-connected PV systems using typical PV modules made of monocrystalline silicon (m-Si), polycrystalline silicon (p-Si), edge-defined film-fed growth silicon (EFG-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin film, copper indium selenide (CIS) thin film, heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT), and hydrogenated amorphous silicon single-junction (a-Si:H single-PV) installed on location. The yearly average energy output, PV module and system efficiency, array yield, final yield, reference yield, performance ratio, monthly average array capture losses, and system losses of seven PV module technologies are all analyzed. The results show that grid-connected PV power system performance depends on geographical location, PV module types, and climate conditions such as solar radiation and ambient temperature. In addition, based on energy output and efficiency, the HIT PV power technology can be considered as the best option and CdTe and p-Si as the least suitable options for this area. The monthly average performance ratio of the CdTe technology was higher than those of other technologies over the monitoring period in Nanjing.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Thermal power generation has a number of shortcomings, including consumption of coal, oil, and natural gas resources, serious environmental pollution, and low utilization rate. Solar energy is universal, nonpolluting, vast, noiseless, safe, and inexhaustible. So far, solar energy has experienced vigorous growth around the world and is one of the most prominent renewable energy sources. Therefore, more attention has been paid recently to solar PV power generation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The global cumulative installed capacity of solar PV power systems has increased rapidly over the past decade [1–3].Nanjing (32°02′38″N, 118°46′43″E, approximately 67.9 m above sea level) is the capital of Jiangsu province of China and is located in the southwestern part of Jiangsu province, close to Anhui province, as shown in Figure 1 [4, 5]. The city covers a total land area of 6597 square kilometers with an estimated population of 8.23 million. Nanjing has a hot summer and a cold winter with a north subtropical monsoon climate with distinct seasons, plentiful sunshine, and rain. The four seasons are distinct in this region, with hot summers and cold winters. The average annual temperature is about 17.8°C, and precipitation is about 1106 millimeters per year. The annual sunshine is about 2200–3000 hours in Nanjing, and the city has good light conditions, making this region suitable to build a certain capacity of PV power stations. The chemical industry is the main component of heavy industry in Nanjing, creating high energy demand and environmental pressures. In the long term, Nanjing should develop renewable energy sources such as solar energy [6–8].Figure 1
Geographical location of Nanjing, China [5].In recent years, many researchers have studied the performance of grid-connected solar PV power systems in different locations. Kymakis et al. [9] analyzed the performance of a grid-connected PV park on the island of Crete. The performance parameters that were calculated included reference yield, array yield, final array yield, capture losses, system losses, and performance ratio. Ayompe et al. [10] analyzed the performance of a 1.72 kWp grid-connected PV system installed in Dublin, Ireland, and its performance parameters were evaluated on a monthly, seasonal, and annual basis. Wittkopf et al. [11] assessed the performance of a 142.5 kWp grid-connected BIPV system on the roof of a zero-energy building in Singapore. They found that the performance ratio was lowest for clear days, with high irradiance fluctuations due to higher capture rates and system losses. Al-Sabounchi et al. [12] evaluated the performance of a distributed PV generation system rated at 36 kW and installed at ground level in the Abu Dhabi industrial area. Results showed that the amount of accumulated dust deposition affected the system seriously. Padmavathi and Daniel [13] examined the performance of a 3 MW grid-connected solar PV plant located in Karnataka State, India. Energy yields, system losses, and component efficiencies were discussed in detail. Farhoodnea et al. [14] presented the performance of an in-campus 3 kWp grid-connected polycrystalline silicon PV system using experimental data. Six-month performance data for the system installed at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia campus were used. Sundaram and Babu [15] analyzed the performance of a 5 MWp grid-connected PV system using the RETscreen software in Sivagangai, India. The annual average daily array yield, reference yield, final yield, module efficiency, inverter efficiency, system efficiency, capture loss, and system loss were discussed. Okello et al. [16] analyzed the performance of a 3.2 kWp grid-connected PV system at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa. System performance was simulated using PVsyst software with measured and Meteonorm-derived climate data sets. Mpholo et al. [17] evaluated the performance of a newly installed 281 kWp first grid-connected solar PV farm in Lesotho. The results showed that the area was suitable for grid-connected PV systems. Sidi et al. [18] analyzed the performance of the first large-scale solar PV plant in Mauritania. Some performance indices such as reference yield, array yield, system yield, performance ratio, capacity factor, and array capture losses were calculated. The results showed that the PV plant performance depended on both insolation and environmental conditions. Dabou et al. [19] presented the effect of weather conditions on the performance of a 1.75 kWp grid-connected PV system installed in southern Algeria. The final yield, reference yield, performance ratio, and system efficiency were discussed. Allouhi et al. [20] assessed the performance of two 2 kWp grid-connected PV systems in Meknes. Monthly and annual performance indicators such as total energy generated, final yield, capacity factor, and overall system efficiency were evaluated and compared for mono-Si and poly-Si PV technologies using the PVsyst software. Maammeur et al. [21] investigated the performance of a grid-connected PV system for family farms in northwestern Algeria. They found that 49% of total on-farm electricity consumption came from renewable energy. Lima et al. [22] carried out a performance analysis of a 2.2 kWp PV system installed at the State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. The results showed that the PV systems performed well.Up to now, few researchers have focused on the comparative performance of grid-connected solar PV power systems with different PV modules under hot summer and cold winter conditions. There are two main research methodologies available to study the performance of grid-connected PV systems: numerical simulation and experimental investigation methods. The advantages of the numerical simulation method are that it is convenient, quick, low cost, etc. [14, 23–25]. Therefore, this study compares the performance of seven PV technologies under this climate condition using the PVsyst V5.74 tool [26]. Simulations were carried out on the performance of different PV modules, taking into account the solar radiation and ambient temperature of Nanjing.


## 2. Description of the Grid-Connected Solar PV Power System

Figure2 shows the proposed grid-connected solar PV system. Its main components are PV arrays, DC/DC converters, DC/AC inverters, a transformer, DC and AC cables, and other accessory devices. In this study, the grid-connected PV system was used without batteries. The PV system consisted of 806 modules covering a total area of 77 m2 with an installed capacity of 8 kWp. HB-1210 10 Wp modules were used. The modules were tilted at a fixed angle of 23° facing south. The Sunway TG 10-600V inverter was used to transform the voltage from DC to AC and was connected to the utility grid. The inverter had a rated maximum efficiency of 95.3% and maximum AC power of 8.7 kW [27–29].Figure 2
Grid-connected PV power system.


### 2.1. PV Modules

The m-Si, p-Si, EFG-Si, CdTe thin-film, CIS thin-film, HIT, and a-Si:H single-PV modules were chosen from the PVsyst product database. Table1 shows the main specifications of the PV module types at standard testing conditions (STC): 1 kW/m2 solar irradiance, 25°C cell temperature, and 1.5 air mass (AM) [18].Table 1
Main characteristics of the PV module types in the proposed system.
PV module type
m-Si
p-Si
EFG-Si
CdTe
CIS
HIT
a-Si:H single-PV
Model
GES-5 M5
HB_1210
DSM 24
CX-50
WSK 0001
VBHN230SE51
Flexcell 27 W
Manufacturer
GESOLAR
HBL Power Systems Ltd
Van de Loo
Calyxo
Wurth Solar
Panasonic
VHF Technologies
Nominal power at STC (Wp)
5
10
24
50
5.5
230
27
Module dimensions (L × W × T)
0.306 × 0.216 × 0.018 m
0.28 × 0.34 × 0.022 m
0.546 × 0.452 × 0.052 m
1.2 × 0.6 × 0.069 m
0.305 × 0.205 × 0.031 m
1.58 × 0.798 × 0.035 m
1.22 × 0.548 × 0.0012 m
Area (m2)
0.066
0.095
0.247
0.72
0.063
1.261
0.669
Weight (kg)
0.8
2
3.5
12
1
15
1.5
Modules in series
29
31
30
7
29
12
27
Modules in parallel
55
26
11
23
50
3
11
Short circuit current (A)
0.32
0.67 A
1.57
1.06
0.37
5.78
2.4
Open circuit voltage (V)
21.6
21
21
86.5
22
52.1
23
Maximum power current (A)
0.29
0.588
1.43
0.83
0.34
5.42
1.8
Maximum power voltage (V)
17.4
17
16.8
60
16.5
42.5
15
Temperature coefficient of maximum power (%/°C)
−0.031
−0.666
−0.06
−0.021
−0.051
−0.03
−0.07


## 2.1. PV Modules

The m-Si, p-Si, EFG-Si, CdTe thin-film, CIS thin-film, HIT, and a-Si:H single-PV modules were chosen from the PVsyst product database. Table1 shows the main specifications of the PV module types at standard testing conditions (STC): 1 kW/m2 solar irradiance, 25°C cell temperature, and 1.5 air mass (AM) [18].Table 1
Main characteristics of the PV module types in the proposed system.
PV module type
m-Si
p-Si
EFG-Si
CdTe
CIS
HIT
a-Si:H single-PV
Model
GES-5 M5
HB_1210
DSM 24
CX-50
WSK 0001
VBHN230SE51
Flexcell 27 W
Manufacturer
GESOLAR
HBL Power Systems Ltd
Van de Loo
Calyxo
Wurth Solar
Panasonic
VHF Technologies
Nominal power at STC (Wp)
5
10
24
50
5.5
230
27
Module dimensions (L × W × T)
0.306 × 0.216 × 0.018 m
0.28 × 0.34 × 0.022 m
0.546 × 0.452 × 0.052 m
1.2 × 0.6 × 0.069 m
0.305 × 0.205 × 0.031 m
1.58 × 0.798 × 0.035 m
1.22 × 0.548 × 0.0012 m
Area (m2)
0.066
0.095
0.247
0.72
0.063
1.261
0.669
Weight (kg)
0.8
2
3.5
12
1
15
1.5
Modules in series
29
31
30
7
29
12
27
Modules in parallel
55
26
11
23
50
3
11
Short circuit current (A)
0.32
0.67 A
1.57
1.06
0.37
5.78
2.4
Open circuit voltage (V)
21.6
21
21
86.5
22
52.1
23
Maximum power current (A)
0.29
0.588
1.43
0.83
0.34
5.42
1.8
Maximum power voltage (V)
17.4
17
16.8
60
16.5
42.5
15
Temperature coefficient of maximum power (%/°C)
−0.031
−0.666
−0.06
−0.021
−0.051
−0.03
−0.07


## 3. Methodology

### 3.1. Meteorological Data for Nanjing

Local meteorological data, such as solar irradiation and ambient temperature, are important factors for estimating solar PV power system performance. Monthly meteorological data for Nanjing were available with the help of the METEONORM V7.0 software, which was used to generate hourly synthetic meteorological data [30].Figure3 shows monthly average solar irradiation parameters for horizontal global irradiation, horizontal diffuse irradiation, global incident irradiation in the collector plane (tilt angle = 23°, azimuth angle = 0°, albedo = 20%), and ambient temperature for Nanjing. Monthly average horizontal global irradiation varied from 61 kWh/m2 in January and December to 145 kWh/m2 in July. Monthly average horizontal diffuse irradiation varied from 37 kWh/m2 in January to 95 kWh/m2 in May and July. Monthly average direct normal radiation varied from 35 kWh/m2 in May to 72 kWh/m2 in July. Monthly average ambient temperature varied from 3°C in January to 28.7°C in July, and the average ambient temperature over the whole year was 16.4°C.Figure 3
Mean monthly solar radiation and ambient temperature for Nanjing.


### 3.2. Performance Parameters

#### 3.2.1. Energy Generated by the Solar PV System

The total daily, monthly, and yearly alternating current (AC) energy generated by the solar PV system over a given period can be obtained as [22, 31]
(1)EAC,d=∑h=124EAC,h,EAC,m=∑d=1nEAC,d,EAC,y=∑m=112EAC,m,where EAC,h is the hourly AC energy output at time h (kWh), EAC,d is the daily AC energy output (kWh), EAC,m is the monthly AC energy output (kWh), EAC,y is the yearly AC energy output (kWh), and n is the number of days in one month.


#### 3.2.2. Array Yield (YA)

The array yield is the ratio of daily, monthly, or yearly direct current (DC) energy output from a PV array to the rated PV array power and is given by [10]
(2)YA=EDCPPV,rated,where EDC is the total DC energy output from the PV arrays (kWh) and PPV,rated is the rated output power of the PV system (kWp).


#### 3.2.3. Final Yield (YF)

The final yield can be defined as the total AC energy during a given period divided by the rated PV array power and is given by [18]
(3)YF=EACPPV,rated,where EAC is the total AC energy output from the inverter generated by the PV power system for a specific period (kWh).


#### 3.2.4. Reference Yield (YR)

The reference yield is the ratio of total in-plane solar radiation to the reference irradiance at standard test conditions (STC). It represents the total in-plane solar radiation or an equivalent number of hours at the reference irradiance and is given by [10, 18]
(4)YR=SRHR,where SR is the total in-plane solar radiation (kWh/m2) and HR is the array reference irradiance at STC (1 kW/m2).


#### 3.2.5. Performance Ratio (PR)

The performance ratio (PR) is the ratio of the final energy yield of the PV system to the reference yield. It provides information about the overall losses incurred in converting DC to AC power. Therefore, it represents the percentage of energy actually available after deducting energy losses [29, 32, 33]:
(5)PR=YFYR.


#### 3.2.6. PV Module Efficiency (ηPV)

The PV module efficiency is calculated as [10]
(6)ηPV=EDCSRAPV×100%,where APV is the PV module total area (m2).


#### 3.2.7. PV System Efficiency (ηS)

The overall PV system conversion efficiency is defined as the energy output from a PV array divided by the total in-plane solar insolation and is given as [10]
(7)ηS=EACSRAPV×100%.


#### 3.2.8. Array Capture Loss

Array capture loss (LA) is due to PV array losses and is given as [10, 18]
(8)LA=YR−YA.


#### 3.2.9. System Loss

System loss (Ls) is due to inverter inefficiencies and is calculated as [10, 18]
(9)LS=YA−YF.


## 3.1. Meteorological Data for Nanjing

Local meteorological data, such as solar irradiation and ambient temperature, are important factors for estimating solar PV power system performance. Monthly meteorological data for Nanjing were available with the help of the METEONORM V7.0 software, which was used to generate hourly synthetic meteorological data [30].Figure3 shows monthly average solar irradiation parameters for horizontal global irradiation, horizontal diffuse irradiation, global incident irradiation in the collector plane (tilt angle = 23°, azimuth angle = 0°, albedo = 20%), and ambient temperature for Nanjing. Monthly average horizontal global irradiation varied from 61 kWh/m2 in January and December to 145 kWh/m2 in July. Monthly average horizontal diffuse irradiation varied from 37 kWh/m2 in January to 95 kWh/m2 in May and July. Monthly average direct normal radiation varied from 35 kWh/m2 in May to 72 kWh/m2 in July. Monthly average ambient temperature varied from 3°C in January to 28.7°C in July, and the average ambient temperature over the whole year was 16.4°C.Figure 3
Mean monthly solar radiation and ambient temperature for Nanjing.


## 3.2. Performance Parameters

### 3.2.1. Energy Generated by the Solar PV System

The total daily, monthly, and yearly alternating current (AC) energy generated by the solar PV system over a given period can be obtained as [22, 31]
(1)EAC,d=∑h=124EAC,h,EAC,m=∑d=1nEAC,d,EAC,y=∑m=112EAC,m,where EAC,h is the hourly AC energy output at time h (kWh), EAC,d is the daily AC energy output (kWh), EAC,m is the monthly AC energy output (kWh), EAC,y is the yearly AC energy output (kWh), and n is the number of days in one month.


### 3.2.2. Array Yield (YA)

The array yield is the ratio of daily, monthly, or yearly direct current (DC) energy output from a PV array to the rated PV array power and is given by [10]
(2)YA=EDCPPV,rated,where EDC is the total DC energy output from the PV arrays (kWh) and PPV,rated is the rated output power of the PV system (kWp).


### 3.2.3. Final Yield (YF)

The final yield can be defined as the total AC energy during a given period divided by the rated PV array power and is given by [18]
(3)YF=EACPPV,rated,where EAC is the total AC energy output from the inverter generated by the PV power system for a specific period (kWh).


### 3.2.4. Reference Yield (YR)

The reference yield is the ratio of total in-plane solar radiation to the reference irradiance at standard test conditions (STC). It represents the total in-plane solar radiation or an equivalent number of hours at the reference irradiance and is given by [10, 18]
(4)YR=SRHR,where SR is the total in-plane solar radiation (kWh/m2) and HR is the array reference irradiance at STC (1 kW/m2).


### 3.2.5. Performance Ratio (PR)

The performance ratio (PR) is the ratio of the final energy yield of the PV system to the reference yield. It provides information about the overall losses incurred in converting DC to AC power. Therefore, it represents the percentage of energy actually available after deducting energy losses [29, 32, 33]:
(5)PR=YFYR.


### 3.2.6. PV Module Efficiency (ηPV)

The PV module efficiency is calculated as [10]
(6)ηPV=EDCSRAPV×100%,where APV is the PV module total area (m2).


### 3.2.7. PV System Efficiency (ηS)

The overall PV system conversion efficiency is defined as the energy output from a PV array divided by the total in-plane solar insolation and is given as [10]
(7)ηS=EACSRAPV×100%.


### 3.2.8. Array Capture Loss

Array capture loss (LA) is due to PV array losses and is given as [10, 18]
(8)LA=YR−YA.


### 3.2.9. System Loss

System loss (Ls) is due to inverter inefficiencies and is calculated as [10, 18]
(9)LS=YA−YF.


## 3.2.1. Energy Generated by the Solar PV System

The total daily, monthly, and yearly alternating current (AC) energy generated by the solar PV system over a given period can be obtained as [22, 31]
(1)EAC,d=∑h=124EAC,h,EAC,m=∑d=1nEAC,d,EAC,y=∑m=112EAC,m,where EAC,h is the hourly AC energy output at time h (kWh), EAC,d is the daily AC energy output (kWh), EAC,m is the monthly AC energy output (kWh), EAC,y is the yearly AC energy output (kWh), and n is the number of days in one month.


## 3.2.2. Array Yield (YA)

The array yield is the ratio of daily, monthly, or yearly direct current (DC) energy output from a PV array to the rated PV array power and is given by [10]
(2)YA=EDCPPV,rated,where EDC is the total DC energy output from the PV arrays (kWh) and PPV,rated is the rated output power of the PV system (kWp).


## 3.2.3. Final Yield (YF)

The final yield can be defined as the total AC energy during a given period divided by the rated PV array power and is given by [18]
(3)YF=EACPPV,rated,where EAC is the total AC energy output from the inverter generated by the PV power system for a specific period (kWh).


## 3.2.4. Reference Yield (YR)

The reference yield is the ratio of total in-plane solar radiation to the reference irradiance at standard test conditions (STC). It represents the total in-plane solar radiation or an equivalent number of hours at the reference irradiance and is given by [10, 18]
(4)YR=SRHR,where SR is the total in-plane solar radiation (kWh/m2) and HR is the array reference irradiance at STC (1 kW/m2).


## 3.2.5. Performance Ratio (PR)

The performance ratio (PR) is the ratio of the final energy yield of the PV system to the reference yield. It provides information about the overall losses incurred in converting DC to AC power. Therefore, it represents the percentage of energy actually available after deducting energy losses [29, 32, 33]:
(5)PR=YFYR.


## 3.2.6. PV Module Efficiency (ηPV)

The PV module efficiency is calculated as [10]
(6)ηPV=EDCSRAPV×100%,where APV is the PV module total area (m2).


## 3.2.7. PV System Efficiency (ηS)

The overall PV system conversion efficiency is defined as the energy output from a PV array divided by the total in-plane solar insolation and is given as [10]
(7)ηS=EACSRAPV×100%.


## 3.2.8. Array Capture Loss

Array capture loss (LA) is due to PV array losses and is given as [10, 18]
(8)LA=YR−YA.


## 3.2.9. System Loss

System loss (Ls) is due to inverter inefficiencies and is calculated as [10, 18]
(9)LS=YA−YF.


## 4. Results and Discussion

In this section, the results of yearly average energy output, PV module and system efficiency, array yield, final yield, reference yield, performance ratio, monthly average array capture losses, and system losses for seven different PV module technologies are discussed.Figure4 shows the effective energy output as well as PV array and system efficiency. The yearly average energy outputs of the systems were 8831.1 kWh, 9556 kWh, 8584.4 kWh, 9570 kWh, 9411.2 kWh, 9606 kWh, and 8424.1 kWh for m-Si, p-Si, EFG-Si, CdTe, CIS, HIT, and a-Si:H systems, respectively. The energy output from the p-Si PV system was similar to those from the CdTe and HIT PV systems. The maximum PV module and system efficiencies were 15.7% and 14.73%, respectively, for the HIT PV module, whereas the minimum efficiencies were 3.15% and 2.95%, respectively, for the a-Si:H single-PV module system. Therefore, based on energy output and efficiency, HIT PV systems can be considered as the best option and CdTe and p-Si the least suitable options for this location [34].Figure 4
Yearly average energy output, PV array, and system efficiency of seven PV module technologies.Figure5 shows that the monthly array yields for different PV module technologies were different for different months. The array yields of these power systems varied from a minimum value of 2.17 h/d in January for an a-Si:H single-PV module system to a maximum value of 4.18 h/d in August for a p-Si PV module system.Figure 5
Monthly average array yield of seven PV module technologies compared with the reference yield.Figure6 shows the monthly average final yield of the PV module technologies tested. The AC energy fed to the grid is indicated by the final yield [29]. The a-Si:H single-PV technology had the lowest monthly average final yield in January, with a value of 2.03 h/d, and a high value of 3.38 h/d in August. The p-Si PV technology has the highest monthly average final yield in August, with a value of 3.93 h/d, and a low value of 2.17 h/d in January.Figure 6
Monthly average final yield of seven PV module technologies compared with the reference yield.Figure7 shows the monthly average performance ratio of each PV module technology. The monthly average performance ratio of the CdTe technology was higher than that of the other technologies over the monitored period. However, the monthly average performance ratio of the a-Si:H single-PV technology was lower than that of the other technologies over the twelve months. Note that the monthly average performance ratios of the m-Si, EFG-Si, CdTe, CIS, and HIT modules decreased from January to July but increased from July to December. It is clear that the PRs of the m-Si, EFG-Si, CdTe, CIS, and HIT were lowest in July. The variation in the monthly average performance ratio of the a-Si:H single-PV module is similar to the variation in the m-Si, EFG-Si, CdTe, CIS, and HIT modules. However, the monthly average performance ratio of the p-Si increased from January to May, remained basically identical from May to July, and then decreased from August to December.Figure 7
Monthly average performance ratio of seven PV module technologies.Figure8 shows the monthly average array capture losses of each PV module technology. The monthly average array capture losses of the a-Si:H single-PV module were higher than those of the other technologies over the monitored period. Monthly array capture losses were relatively higher in summer (June to August) than in other seasons. This may have been due to high solar irradiation and air temperature.Figure 8
Monthly average array losses of seven PV module technologies.Figure9 shows the monthly average system losses of each PV module technology. The monthly average system losses of the p-Si module were higher than those of the other technologies over the monitored period. Monthly array system losses were also higher in summer and lower in winter (December to February). The maximum monthly array system loss for the p-Si module due to the temperature effect was 0.247 h/d, which occurred in August, whereas the minimum value for the a-Si:H single-PV module was 0.14 h/d, which occurred in December.Figure 9
Monthly average system losses of seven PV module technologies.


## 5. Conclusions

The performance of 8 kWp grid-connected solar PV power systems based on seven PV module technologies (m-Si, p-Si, EFG-Si, CdTe, CIS, HIT, and a-Si:H single-PV) installed in Nanjing, China, has been investigated.The yearly average energy output of the seven PV systems was 8831.1 kWh, 9556 kWh, 8584.4 kWh, 9570 kWh, 9411.2 kWh, 9606 kWh, and 8424.1 kWh for m-Si, p-Si, EFG-Si, CdTe, CIS, HIT, and a-Si:H single-PV, respectively. The maximum PV module and system efficiencies were 15.7% and 14.73%, respectively, for the HIT PV module, whereas the minimum efficiencies were 3.15% and 2.95%, respectively, for the a-Si:H single-PV module system. The array yield of these PV systems varied from a low value of 2.17 h/d in January for the a-Si:H single-PV system to a high value of 4.18 h/d in August for the p-Si PV system. The a-Si:H single-PV technology has the lowest monthly average final yield in January, with a value of 2.03 h/d, and a high value of 3.38 h/d in August. The p-Si technology had the highest monthly average final yield in August, with a value of 3.93 h/d, and a low value of 2.17 h/d in January.The monthly average performance ratio of the CdTe technology was higher than those of the other technologies over the monitored period. However, the monthly average performance ratio of the a-Si:H single-PV technology was lower than those of the other technologies over the twelve months. The monthly average array capture losses of the a-Si:H single-PV module were higher than those of the other technologies over the monitored period. Monthly array capture losses were higher in summer (June to August) than in other seasons. The maximum monthly array system loss for the p-Si module due to temperature was 0.247 h/d and occurred in August, whereas the minimum value for the a-Si:H single-PV module was 0.14 h/d and occurred in December.



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*Source: 8307563-2018-10-14.xml*