# An Iterative Decomposed Piecewise-Linear Model Description

Authors: Victor Jimenez-Fernandez; Luis Hernandez-Martinez; Arturo Sarmiento-Reyes
Journal: Active and Passive Electronic Components
 (2009)

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## Abstract

A model description for the representation of one-dimensional piecewise-linear characteristics is
presented. The model can be denoted as a decomposed one, because the independent and dependent variables of
the PWL characteristic are treated separately. It is also called iterative, because the particular representation of
each segment of the PWL characteristic depends on the value of only one parameter included in the mathematical
formulation, it gives the possibility of modeling both, univalued and multivalued PWL characteristics.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In order to be able to simulate nonlinear networks, the nonlinear behavior of the components must be modeled first. The nonlinear behavior cannot exactly be described by familiar analytical nonlinear functions, so it must be approximated by a known function. Some approaches to overcome this problems are the polynomial approximation, table-look-up technique, and PWL approximation.A lot of research has been done in the area of approximating nonlinear functions using polynomials as well as in the field of calculating transcendental functions. Applying such methods leads to simulators like SPICE [1].The techniquealá  table-look-up consisting in storing several sample points of a nonlinear function in a table. If a function value is needed, the entry in the table is used or interpolated.In PWL approximation, the nonlinear function is repeatedly approximated locally by a linear mapping. This results in a large collection of linear mappings which can be stored in a compact closed form model [2, 3]. These models have been applied in the so-called PWL simulators [4–6].There are many important proposals in the area of PWL modeling, but no best model description can be found because the advantages or disadvantages of any PWL model depends on its application [7].The main contributions of the PWL model, which in Section2 will be exposed, are the possibility of describing all kinds of one-dimensional PWL characteristics (univalued and multivalued) having mathematical formulation which is not so heavy to be computed because it is based on an iterative system of linear equations, the advantage of obtaining the model parameters directly from the graphic coordinates and the simulation capability of the model, because it is compatible with iterative simulation techniques [8].The model is denoted as decomposed, because the independent variablex and the dependent variable y=f(x) are included separately in a system of linear equations. The model is also denoted as iterative, because there is a parameter k, which selects a specific segment from the set of L-segments that constitutes the complete PWL characteristic.


## 2. Model Description

The PWL characteristic, depicted in Figure1, represents a general one-dimensional function y=f(x) characterized by L linear segments and L+1 coordinates: (X1,Y1),(X2,Y2),…,(XL+1,YL+1).Figure 1
PWL characteristic and its graphic coordinates.An iterative decomposed formulation for this characteristic can be obtained as follows.Firstly, the particular problem of obtaining the line equation for any of thekth segments included in the PWL characteristic is analyzed. The graphic exposition of this problem is depicted in Figure 2.Figure 2
Akth segment belonging to a PWL characteristic.The line equation for thekth segment is given as
(1)yk=(Yk+1-YkXk+1-Xk)x+(YkXk+1-Yk+1XkXk+1-Xk).
Then, (1) is factored into the form
(2)yk=PkYk+QkYk+1,
where Pk and Qk are variables defined by the determinant relations:
(3)Pk=|xXk+111||XkXk+111|,Qk=|Xkx11||XkXk+111|.
The relation between (2) and (3) is expressed as the system of linear equations given in
(4)[ykx1]=[YkYk+1XkXk+111][PkQk].
The above linear system represents the kth line equation included in the PWL characteristic to be modeled. Finally, a complete mathematical expression which assures a description for the PWL characteristic depicted in Figure 1 is obtained if (4) is generalized for all L segments. Thus, the parametric model description can be written:
(5)[yx1]=∑i=1L[YiYi+1XiXi+111][PiQi]Ci(k)
with the condition
(6)Qi(x),Pi(x),Qi(y),Pi(y)≥0,
where Ci(k) is denoted as activation vector and it is defined as follows:
(7)Ci(k)=1i!(L-i)!∏m=0i-1|k-m|∏n=1L-i|k-(i+n)|
for i=1,…,L-1, and
(8)Ci(k)=1L!∏r=0L-1|k-r|
for i=L.The variablesQi and Pi in (5) have an important function because they control the interval where a kth line equation exists. This is expressed in the condition (6) and it is demonstrated as follows.Firsty, the notationsΔXi and ΔYi are defined as
(9)ΔXi=Xi+1-Xi,ΔYi=Yi+1-Yi.
Then, mathematical expressions, for the variables Pi and Qi, can be obtained if the following decomposed linear equations, which are included in (5), are algebraically manipulated:
(10)y=YiPi+Yi+1Qi,(11)x=XiPi+Xi+1Qi,(12)1=Pi+Qi.IsolatingPi from (12) and substituting it into (10), (11), Qi can be expressed as
(13)Qi(x)=xΔXi-XiΔXi,Qi(y)=yΔYi-YiΔYi.A similar analysis whereQi is isolated from (12) and then susbstituted into (10), (11) yields
(14)Pi(x)=-xΔXi+Xi+1ΔXi,Pi(y)=-yΔYi+Yi+1ΔYi.If (13) and (14) are subjected to the exposed condition in (6) results
(15)ΔXiQi(x)=x-Xi≥0,x≥Xi,ΔYiQi(y)=y-Yi≥0,y≥Yi,ΔXiPi(x)=Xi+1-x≥0,x≤Xi+1,ΔXiPi(y)=Yi+1-y≥0,y≤Yi+1.
The inequations (15) indicate the intervals where a linear segment belonging to a PWL characteristic exists. The shadow area depicted in Figure 2 results by the intersection of these intervals for the kth PWL segment.


## 3. Electrical Model

The linear system in (5) can be electrically modeled by the circuit shown in Figure 3. In this circuit, the variables Qi and Pi have a physical meaning, and represent the current flow through the conductances whose values are (ΔXi)-1 and -(ΔXi)-1, respectively. The electrical diagram includes two switches which are controlled simultaneously by Ci(k). Figure 4 shows the symbol used to represent them. On the one hand, it can be seen that when the switches are open, these variables are equal to zero, it occurs when Ci(k)=0, on the other hand, when Ci(k)=1 the switches are closed and the variables (currents Qi and Pi) are different to zero.Figure 3
Equivalent circuit for a PWL segment.Figure 4
Switch symbol included in the equivalent circuit diagram.


## 4. Example

Consider the theoretical nonlinear element and its PWL characteristic depicted in Figure5. Determine their iterative decomposed model description.(a) Nonlinear element, (b) PWL characteristic for the nonlinear element.
(a)(b)An analysis from Figure5(b) shows the existence of three linear equations labeled as (1), (2), and (3). The four graphic coordinates are designated as B1, B2, B3, and B4, and summarized in Table 1.Table 1
(Vi,Ii) coordinates for the PWL characteristic of Figure 5(b).
iCoordinatesViIi1B1002B2333B3144B441There are three segments, thereforeL=3 and k=1,2,3. Substituting L and the (Vi,Ii) coordinates of Table 1 into (5), results:
(16)[ju1]=∑i=13[IiIi+1ViVi+111][PiQi]Ci(k)=[030311][P1Q1]C1(k)+[343111][P2Q2]C2(k)+[411411][P3Q3]C3(k).
Substituting L in (7) and (8), the terms of the activation vector Ci(k) are given by
(17)C1(k)=k|k-2||k-3|2,C2(k)=k|k-1||k-3|2,C3(k)=k|k-1||k-2|6.
Figure 6 shows the electrical circuit which models the PWL characteristic analyzed in this example. Each jkth Block is a simplified representation of the circuit shown in Figure 3.Figure 6
Electrical circuit model for the Example.Whenk=1, C1(k)=1, C2(k)=0, C3(k)=0, and the resulting linear system is
(18)[ju1]=[030311][P1Q1]+0+0.
The line equation is j=u bounded by the intervals u=[0,3] and j=[0,3].Whenk=2, C1(k)=0, C2(k)=1, C3(k)=0, and the resulting linear system is
(19)[ju1]=0+[343111][P2Q2]+0.
The line equation is j=-0.5u+4.5 bounded by the intervals u=[1,3] and j=[3,4].Whenk=3, C1(k)=0, C2(k)=0, C3(k)=1, and the resulting linear system is
(20)[ju1]=0+0+[411411][P3Q3].The line equation isj=-u+5 bounded by the intervals u=[1,4] and j=[1,4].The above results are summarized in Table2 and Figures 7, 8, and 9.Table 2
Qk and Pk variables subjected by the conditions (6).
kQkPkInterval1u/3≥01-u/3≥00≤u≤3j/3≥01-j/3≥00≤j≤32-u/2+3/2≥0u/2-1/2≥01≤u≤3j-3≥0-j+4≥03≤j≤43u/3-1/3≥0-u/3+4/3≥01≤u≤4-j/3+4/3≥0j/3-1/3≥01≤j≤4Figure 7
Interval intersection fork=1.Figure 8
Interval intersection fork=2.Figure 9
Interval intersection fork=3.


## 5. Conclusions

The proposed iterative and decomposed model can describe any arbitrary PWL function (univalued or multivalued) by considering as model parameters its graphic coordinates. The interval in the model bounds the range where a linear segment is valid and it is determined by the variablesQi and Pi. These variables have a physical meaning (currents) in the electrical model. The equivalent circuit, of the proposed PWL description, has simulation capability because it is compatible with iterative simulation techniques.



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*Source: 824531-2009-08-11.xml*