# The Relationship between Parenting Style and Career Planning of Vocational Students by Educational Psychology under Information Technology

Authors: Qian Zhang
Journal: Occupational Therapy International
 (2022)

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## Abstract

It is aimed at studying the role of parenting style on the career planning of vocational students in the context of information technology. This design takes the first-year and second-year students of two higher vocational colleges as the survey objects. From the perspective of educational psychology, firstly, the parenting style scale of these students is constructed, and meanwhile, the dimension design of career planning is carried out. Secondly, through the questionnaire survey, the career planning of students and the status quo of parenting styles are investigated, and the sample data are statistically analyzed by data analysis methods such as standard deviation analysis, cluster analysis, and correlation analysis. Finally, hypotheses are formulated and justified. The results reveal that the total score for career planning and the average score of each dimension are more than 3 points, indicating that vocational students have certain plans for their future careers. There are great differences in the gender of parenting styles, and the parental acceptance/involvement (t=3.389, p<0.01) dimension of the parenting style of the first-year students is greatly higher than that of the second-year students. On the dimension of psychological autonomy (t=−2.066, p<0.05), the score of second-year students is distinctly higher than that of the first year. There are obvious differences in grades from the dimensions of parental acceptance/participation and psychological autonomy. There is no observable difference in whether it is an only child (p>0.05) and the place of origin (p>0.05). In terms of the total score and each dimension of career planning, the authoritative type scored the highest, and the neglect type scored the lowest. Parents’ participation and acceptance behavior of vocational students are markedly related to their career planning. Parental punishment and acceptance are distinctly positively correlated with the career planning of these students and their two dimensions. Psychological autonomy is memorably associated with the domain of exploration.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Under the background of modern information technology (IT), education is established on the basis of science, and it is the only way for its development to use scientific methods to study and solve problems in educational practice. The difficulty of finding employment for graduates of higher vocational colleges has become a major social problem in China. The existence of problems such as employment concept, professional ability, and quality of labor makes the talent surplus relative to the demand structure, and career planning is particularly important [1]. Parents’ parenting style plays an important role in their career planning and education. The poor parenting style of parents is a vital factor in the formation of some bad personality traits in their children. It directly affects the career planning of vocational students, and it plays a crucial role [2].From this, many people in the education field have gone to the road of scientific education. Hefner et al. [3] took junior high school students as the research object and found that parental rejection and parental emotional warmth both have an impact on adolescents’ social behavior [3]. To explore the correlation between parenting style and self-efficacy of vocational students, Hemati et al. [4] selected the parenting style evaluation scale and general self-efficacy scale to evaluate students in 6 vocational colleges in Anhui Province. The test reveals that the parenting style has a vital impact on self-efficacy [4]. Chan [5] explored the relationship between high school students’ parenting styles, career decision-making self-efficacy, and future career planning [5]. Housel [6] studied the psychological problems affecting the employment of vocational students and proposed some adjustment strategies [6]. Cheng et al. [7] discussed the relationship between the mental health of vocational students and parenting styles, provided new ideas and methods for family education, and found strategies to optimize parenting styles to promote the mental health development of these students [7]. Orishev and Burkhonov [8] analyzed the ability of vocational students to choose career orientation and explored the influence of parents’ occupational background on the orientation [8]. Gao [9] used data mining (DM) technology to explore the educational laws of information-based vocational students from the perspectives of students’ characteristic analysis, talent factor, employment prediction, and student source quality analysis, and established a data analysis system for vocational students [9]. The above research results denote that most scholars have conducted research on parenting styles of vocational students, discussed the relationship between parenting styles and students’ health and its influence on students in other aspects, and achieved certain results. However, based on the concept of educational psychology, there are relatively few studies analyzing the relationship between the parenting style and career planning of vocational students. Positive psychological orientation can stimulate students’ positive potential. From the perspective of educational psychology, parental education can more comprehensively cultivate students’ outlook on life, values, and worldview and cultivate a positive and healthy attitude [10]. IT has changed people’s way of life and work and also brought new opportunities to the construction of the career planning system. The clustering algorithm is the main algorithm in the DM process. It has the characteristics of no supervision, repeated iteration, and fast calculation speed. It is a statistical analysis method for research classification problems. Data samples can be clustered from different dimensions into sets with different similarities, which have good classification properties [11].Based on the above theories, firstly, the types of parenting styles and the characteristics of career planning are analyzed, and the cluster analysis method of data processing is elaborated. From the point of educational psychology, the parenting style scale and the career planning scale for vocational students are constructed, and the relationship between the two is studied by means of questionnaires. Hypotheses are made and justified. The data are analyzed using standard deviation (SD) analysis, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, and other methods. Existing research lacks the analysis of the relationship between parenting style and children’s career planning from the perspective of educational psychology. The innovation lies in examining the relationship between parenting style and career planning of vocational students from the perspective of educational psychology. Under IT, the cluster analysis method is used for a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the parenting style and career planning of vocational students. The purpose is to seek a more scientific parenting style of vocational students from the perspective of psychology by studying the relationship between the parenting style of vocational students and career planning. The main contribution is to play a certain role in promoting the construction of career planning for vocational students and provide a reference for the feasible countermeasures to promote the future career planning education of these students.


## 2. Theoretical Basis and Method

### 2.1. Structure of Parenting Style

#### 2.1.1. Definition of Parenting Style

In foreign countries, there are mainly two types of definitions of parenting styles: one type emphasizes the objective behavior of parents in raising children; the second type not only emphasizes it but also emphasizes family atmosphere and emotional communication [12]. Parenting style not only refers to the concept and specific educational behavior of parents to educate their children but also includes the actual impact on the growth and development of children. It argues that parenting style is a combination of relatively stable parenting attitudes, concepts, emotions, and behavioral styles that parents show in the process of raising and educating their children in a parent-child relationship-centered family [13].


#### 2.1.2. Type of Parenting Style

The parenting style division method is different, resulting in various results. According to the differences in parenting styles, it can be divided into laissez-faire, authoritative, and authoritarian. From an emotional perspective, it can be split into different dimensions [14], as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Classification of parenting styles.In Figure1, the authoritative parenting style is the most stable and positive, which is conducive to the establishment of children’s self-confidence and the acquisition of a sense of security. The authoritarian is not beneficial to the development of children’s initiatives. Laissez-faire can be further divided into doting and neglecting. Neglecting is not conducive to children’s acquisition of a sense of security, and doting can lead to children’s lack of empathy, excessive self-esteem, or excessive arrogance. From the emotional attitude, it is split into three types: rejection, emotional warmth, and overcontrol.


### 2.2. The Concept of Parental Education Based on Educational Psychology

#### 2.2.1. The Meaning of Educational Psychology

Educational psychology refers to the science that studies the basic psychological laws in the context of education and teaching. The main research content is the psychological process of the interaction between teacher teaching and student learning in the context of education and teaching [15]. Its task is to study and reveal the nature, characteristics, types, processes, and conditions of students learning in the educational system, so that psychology can develop longitudinally in the field of education [16]. In a word, as an educational discipline, its fundamental task is to study how to use students’ learning laws to set up educational systems, optimize educational systems, improve educational effectiveness, and accelerate talent training [17].


#### 2.2.2. The Change of Educational Concepts Based on Educational Psychology

It develops vertically in terms of research content and fields. From the perspective of educational psychology, it requires parents to change their educational concepts, pay attention to the psychological problems of students’ teaching and learning, and change their educational methods from various aspects [18]. In terms of methods, synthesis and analysis, qualitative and quantitative methods can be combined. In research vision, it can develop towards integration and interdisciplinary. In the subject system, it will develop in a more perfect and systematic direction. From the learning perspective, emphasis is placed on learning initiative [19]. From the perspective of educational psychology, it studies the relationship between different parenting styles and students’ career planning.


### 2.3. Research on DM Analysis Method-Cluster Analysis Method

Generally, cluster analysis is called swarm analysis, which is a statistical analysis method for research classification problems, and it is a main algorithm in the DM process [20]. It is based on the similarity of datasets. According to different guiding ideologies, it can be divided into six categories: partition, density, grid, model, hierarchical, and grid clustering [21]. In the actual application, different types of algorithms are used in different scenarios, and the application of the algorithm needs to be jointly selected in combination with the data type, structure, and purpose of data analysis.TheK-means algorithm is a clustering method by partition classes. For data, different clustering degrees can cluster data samples from different dimensions into sets with different degrees of similarity, which has good classification characteristics [22]. Its advantages are that it does not require supervision, can perform repeated iterations, and has a fast calculation speed, and the calculation is simple. Especially for datasets with larger memory, it indicates higher efficiency, so it has a wider range of applications and better performance [23]. The specific calculation of the K-means algorithm is as follows:Usually, the Euclidean distance between pointsax1,y1 and bx2,y2 on a two-dimensional plane is calculated, and the specific calculation is shown in
(1)d1=x1−x22+y1−y22.In the three-dimensional space, the specific calculation of the distance between pointsax1,y1,z1 and bx2,y2,z2 is written in
(2)d2=x1−x22+y1−y22+z1−z22.In multidimensional space, the expression of the distance between pointsax11,x12⋯,x1n and bx21,x22,⋯,x2n is displayed in
(3)d3=x11−x212+x12−x222+⋯+x1n−x2n2=∑k=1nx1k−x2k2.The closer the distance between two samples, the greater their similarity.Assuming that the samples are clustered intok clusters, the specific steps of K-means are that step 1 is to randomly select k clusters, and then, step 2 is to calculate the distance Ci from the sample i to the cluster and judge the sample category. Step 3 is to recalculate its clustering center for class j. The expressions of k clustering centers are μ1,μ2,⋯,μk∈Rn, and the expression of Ci is exhibited in
(4)Ci=argminjxi−μj2,i=1,2,⋯,k.Equation (5) represents the recalculation of the clustering center for class j.
(5)μj=∑i=1m1Ci=jxi∑i=1m1Ci=j.The advantage of the Balanced Iterative Reducing and Clustering Using Hierarchies (BIRCH) algorithm is that it can process more data with the same memory capacity, and speed is fast, and data analysis can be completed after one scan. The specific calculation method is as follows. The clustering feature (CF) of the cluster is a triplet CF vector. According to the given clustering dataset:n-dimensional data points, CF=n,LS,SS, where n represents the number of datasets, LS stands for the linear data sum of nd-dimensional data points, and SS is its square sum [24].For the centroidx0 of the cluster, the radius R and the diameter D are, respectively, derived from an equation. The centroid of the cluster is the quantized center point of the data in the cluster, that is, the average value of the data sum, as indicated in
(6)x0=∑i=1nxin=LSn.The diameterD means the average distance between every two points in the cluster, as illustrated in
(7)D=∑i=1n∑j=1nxi−xj2nn−1=2nSS−2LS2nn−1.Moreover, CF has an additive feature, which is also one of the reasons why the BIRCH clustering algorithm processes data quickly. Equation (8) expresses the independent feature CF1:
(8)CF1=n1,LS1,SS1.The expression ofCF2 is as follows:
(9)CF2=n2,LS2,SS2.Equation (10) demonstrates that the new CF is obtained by adding CF1 and CF2.
(10)CF=CF1+CF2=n1+n2,LS1+LS2,SS1+SS2.Both theK-means algorithm and the BIRCH algorithm have their own advantages and disadvantages. Both algorithms will be combined as a method for the statistical analysis of data. The combination of the two algorithms is used as a statistical analysis method to study the relationship between the parenting style and career planning of vocational students.


### 2.4. Career Planning Education

#### 2.4.1. Concept of Career Planning

It is an ongoing process of self-evaluation and goal setting, including the identification of career opportunities and potential career development goals, as well as the qualifications required, such as vocational training and academic credentials, to achieve the set goals [25].


#### 2.4.2. Characteristics of Career Education

Domestic and international scholars generally believe that career education is a purposeful, planned, organized, and staged training of individuals to enhance awareness of their own career planning, improve their professional skills, develop their comprehensive professional ability, and promote their career development activities [26]. Career education has many characteristics, as demonstrated in Figure 2.Figure 2
Characteristics of career education.In Figure2, career education is to identify the career goals that suit oneself after knowing oneself and familiarizing with the environment. Plan and organize actions to achieve goals. It will accompany the educated throughout his life, comprising improving knowledge, exercising ability, and enriching experience [27]. Of course, goals are not fixed, and sometimes, it is necessary to constantly adjust the goals and methods. This is a comprehensive educational activity, so it includes more content, such as self-assessment, career decision-making, goal setting, and plan formulation and implementation [28].


### 2.5. Research on Parenting Style of Vocational Students

#### 2.5.1. Research Objects, Content, and Distribution of Questionnaires

Using a random sampling method, students from two higher vocational schools in Jinan City, Shandong Province, were selected as objects, and a questionnaire survey was designed based on relevant literature and the opinions of some professionals [29]. The research was conducted in the form of random distribution, and the questionnaires were collected through the assistance of the students in the student union and the monitor of each class. After all the objects completed the questionnaires and answered the questions, they were collected by the psychological teacher for data processing and analysis.The content of the questionnaire involves the current situation of parenting styles of vocational students, including parenting attitudes, parenting behaviors, and vocational orientation tests of vocational students.300 questionnaires were distributed, 270 were returned as valid, 260 valid questionnaires, and the effective rate was 96.3%. The composition of the research objects is exhibited in Table1.Table 1
Distribution of objects.
Demographic variableCategoryFrequencyPercent (%)GenderMale15057.7Female11042.3GradeHigh school freshman14053.8High school sophomore12046.2The only child or notOnly child15559.6Not only child10540.4BirthplaceCity22385.7Rural3714.3


#### 2.5.2. Problem Research and Hypothesis

The research questions are proposed combining relevant literature and corresponding research content [30], which are (1) to examine the status quo of parenting style and career planning of vocational students and (2) to examine the relationship between the two.The hypothesis is proposed, H1: there is a significant difference in the demographic variables of the parenting style of vocational students. H2: there is a correlation between the parenting style of vocational students and career planning.


#### 2.5.3. Research Tool

(1) Parenting Style Scale. On account of the parenting style questionnaire, it was revised to form a parenting style questionnaire for higher vocational students. The questionnaire scale adopts a 5-point scoring method, with 1 point for “very inconsistent,” 2 points for “somewhat inconsistent,” 3 points for “occasionally consistent,” 4 points for “somewhat consistent,” and 5 points for “very consistent” [31]. Figure 3 manifests the specific scale.Figure 3
Parenting style scale.The questionnaire includes three aspects: acceptance/participation, severe punishment/supervision, and psychological autonomy. Acceptance/participation includes five items, namely, psychoeducation, rejection and denial, understanding, preference, and emotional warmth. Parental punishment/supervision covers 4 items, namely, punishment and harshness, excessive interference, excessive protection, and parental control. Psychological autonomy also involves 4 items, namely, self-conceived, active exploration, active thinking, and self-discovery. There are 13 items in the questionnaire.The questionnaire was tested using Cronbach’sα. Through repeated testing, the internal consistency alpha coefficient was 0.811, and the reliability was good.(2) Career Planning Scale. The future career planning subquestionnaire of the Chinese Revised Adolescent Future Orientation Questionnaire is used to investigate the future career planning of early adolescents. There are 5 items used to measure the exploration and investment in future career goals; using a 5-point score, the higher the score, the higher the level of exploration and investment. The α coefficients of career exploration and career engagement are 0.805 and 0.801, respectively. Figure 4 denotes the career planning scale.Figure 4
Career planning scale.(3) Statistical Analysis of Data. All the data in the questionnaire are sorted out using SD analysis, cluster analysis, and other data analysis methods. Data processing is done on Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 25.0 software. The calculation of SD is as follows.
(11)SD=1n∑i=1nxi−x¯2.In Equation (5), n signifies the degree of freedom, x¯ stands for the mean, and xi refers to the sample data.


## 2.1. Structure of Parenting Style

### 2.1.1. Definition of Parenting Style

In foreign countries, there are mainly two types of definitions of parenting styles: one type emphasizes the objective behavior of parents in raising children; the second type not only emphasizes it but also emphasizes family atmosphere and emotional communication [12]. Parenting style not only refers to the concept and specific educational behavior of parents to educate their children but also includes the actual impact on the growth and development of children. It argues that parenting style is a combination of relatively stable parenting attitudes, concepts, emotions, and behavioral styles that parents show in the process of raising and educating their children in a parent-child relationship-centered family [13].


### 2.1.2. Type of Parenting Style

The parenting style division method is different, resulting in various results. According to the differences in parenting styles, it can be divided into laissez-faire, authoritative, and authoritarian. From an emotional perspective, it can be split into different dimensions [14], as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Classification of parenting styles.In Figure1, the authoritative parenting style is the most stable and positive, which is conducive to the establishment of children’s self-confidence and the acquisition of a sense of security. The authoritarian is not beneficial to the development of children’s initiatives. Laissez-faire can be further divided into doting and neglecting. Neglecting is not conducive to children’s acquisition of a sense of security, and doting can lead to children’s lack of empathy, excessive self-esteem, or excessive arrogance. From the emotional attitude, it is split into three types: rejection, emotional warmth, and overcontrol.


## 2.1.1. Definition of Parenting Style

In foreign countries, there are mainly two types of definitions of parenting styles: one type emphasizes the objective behavior of parents in raising children; the second type not only emphasizes it but also emphasizes family atmosphere and emotional communication [12]. Parenting style not only refers to the concept and specific educational behavior of parents to educate their children but also includes the actual impact on the growth and development of children. It argues that parenting style is a combination of relatively stable parenting attitudes, concepts, emotions, and behavioral styles that parents show in the process of raising and educating their children in a parent-child relationship-centered family [13].


## 2.1.2. Type of Parenting Style

The parenting style division method is different, resulting in various results. According to the differences in parenting styles, it can be divided into laissez-faire, authoritative, and authoritarian. From an emotional perspective, it can be split into different dimensions [14], as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Classification of parenting styles.In Figure1, the authoritative parenting style is the most stable and positive, which is conducive to the establishment of children’s self-confidence and the acquisition of a sense of security. The authoritarian is not beneficial to the development of children’s initiatives. Laissez-faire can be further divided into doting and neglecting. Neglecting is not conducive to children’s acquisition of a sense of security, and doting can lead to children’s lack of empathy, excessive self-esteem, or excessive arrogance. From the emotional attitude, it is split into three types: rejection, emotional warmth, and overcontrol.


## 2.2. The Concept of Parental Education Based on Educational Psychology

### 2.2.1. The Meaning of Educational Psychology

Educational psychology refers to the science that studies the basic psychological laws in the context of education and teaching. The main research content is the psychological process of the interaction between teacher teaching and student learning in the context of education and teaching [15]. Its task is to study and reveal the nature, characteristics, types, processes, and conditions of students learning in the educational system, so that psychology can develop longitudinally in the field of education [16]. In a word, as an educational discipline, its fundamental task is to study how to use students’ learning laws to set up educational systems, optimize educational systems, improve educational effectiveness, and accelerate talent training [17].


### 2.2.2. The Change of Educational Concepts Based on Educational Psychology

It develops vertically in terms of research content and fields. From the perspective of educational psychology, it requires parents to change their educational concepts, pay attention to the psychological problems of students’ teaching and learning, and change their educational methods from various aspects [18]. In terms of methods, synthesis and analysis, qualitative and quantitative methods can be combined. In research vision, it can develop towards integration and interdisciplinary. In the subject system, it will develop in a more perfect and systematic direction. From the learning perspective, emphasis is placed on learning initiative [19]. From the perspective of educational psychology, it studies the relationship between different parenting styles and students’ career planning.


## 2.2.1. The Meaning of Educational Psychology

Educational psychology refers to the science that studies the basic psychological laws in the context of education and teaching. The main research content is the psychological process of the interaction between teacher teaching and student learning in the context of education and teaching [15]. Its task is to study and reveal the nature, characteristics, types, processes, and conditions of students learning in the educational system, so that psychology can develop longitudinally in the field of education [16]. In a word, as an educational discipline, its fundamental task is to study how to use students’ learning laws to set up educational systems, optimize educational systems, improve educational effectiveness, and accelerate talent training [17].


## 2.2.2. The Change of Educational Concepts Based on Educational Psychology

It develops vertically in terms of research content and fields. From the perspective of educational psychology, it requires parents to change their educational concepts, pay attention to the psychological problems of students’ teaching and learning, and change their educational methods from various aspects [18]. In terms of methods, synthesis and analysis, qualitative and quantitative methods can be combined. In research vision, it can develop towards integration and interdisciplinary. In the subject system, it will develop in a more perfect and systematic direction. From the learning perspective, emphasis is placed on learning initiative [19]. From the perspective of educational psychology, it studies the relationship between different parenting styles and students’ career planning.


## 2.3. Research on DM Analysis Method-Cluster Analysis Method

Generally, cluster analysis is called swarm analysis, which is a statistical analysis method for research classification problems, and it is a main algorithm in the DM process [20]. It is based on the similarity of datasets. According to different guiding ideologies, it can be divided into six categories: partition, density, grid, model, hierarchical, and grid clustering [21]. In the actual application, different types of algorithms are used in different scenarios, and the application of the algorithm needs to be jointly selected in combination with the data type, structure, and purpose of data analysis.TheK-means algorithm is a clustering method by partition classes. For data, different clustering degrees can cluster data samples from different dimensions into sets with different degrees of similarity, which has good classification characteristics [22]. Its advantages are that it does not require supervision, can perform repeated iterations, and has a fast calculation speed, and the calculation is simple. Especially for datasets with larger memory, it indicates higher efficiency, so it has a wider range of applications and better performance [23]. The specific calculation of the K-means algorithm is as follows:Usually, the Euclidean distance between pointsax1,y1 and bx2,y2 on a two-dimensional plane is calculated, and the specific calculation is shown in
(1)d1=x1−x22+y1−y22.In the three-dimensional space, the specific calculation of the distance between pointsax1,y1,z1 and bx2,y2,z2 is written in
(2)d2=x1−x22+y1−y22+z1−z22.In multidimensional space, the expression of the distance between pointsax11,x12⋯,x1n and bx21,x22,⋯,x2n is displayed in
(3)d3=x11−x212+x12−x222+⋯+x1n−x2n2=∑k=1nx1k−x2k2.The closer the distance between two samples, the greater their similarity.Assuming that the samples are clustered intok clusters, the specific steps of K-means are that step 1 is to randomly select k clusters, and then, step 2 is to calculate the distance Ci from the sample i to the cluster and judge the sample category. Step 3 is to recalculate its clustering center for class j. The expressions of k clustering centers are μ1,μ2,⋯,μk∈Rn, and the expression of Ci is exhibited in
(4)Ci=argminjxi−μj2,i=1,2,⋯,k.Equation (5) represents the recalculation of the clustering center for class j.
(5)μj=∑i=1m1Ci=jxi∑i=1m1Ci=j.The advantage of the Balanced Iterative Reducing and Clustering Using Hierarchies (BIRCH) algorithm is that it can process more data with the same memory capacity, and speed is fast, and data analysis can be completed after one scan. The specific calculation method is as follows. The clustering feature (CF) of the cluster is a triplet CF vector. According to the given clustering dataset:n-dimensional data points, CF=n,LS,SS, where n represents the number of datasets, LS stands for the linear data sum of nd-dimensional data points, and SS is its square sum [24].For the centroidx0 of the cluster, the radius R and the diameter D are, respectively, derived from an equation. The centroid of the cluster is the quantized center point of the data in the cluster, that is, the average value of the data sum, as indicated in
(6)x0=∑i=1nxin=LSn.The diameterD means the average distance between every two points in the cluster, as illustrated in
(7)D=∑i=1n∑j=1nxi−xj2nn−1=2nSS−2LS2nn−1.Moreover, CF has an additive feature, which is also one of the reasons why the BIRCH clustering algorithm processes data quickly. Equation (8) expresses the independent feature CF1:
(8)CF1=n1,LS1,SS1.The expression ofCF2 is as follows:
(9)CF2=n2,LS2,SS2.Equation (10) demonstrates that the new CF is obtained by adding CF1 and CF2.
(10)CF=CF1+CF2=n1+n2,LS1+LS2,SS1+SS2.Both theK-means algorithm and the BIRCH algorithm have their own advantages and disadvantages. Both algorithms will be combined as a method for the statistical analysis of data. The combination of the two algorithms is used as a statistical analysis method to study the relationship between the parenting style and career planning of vocational students.


## 2.4. Career Planning Education

### 2.4.1. Concept of Career Planning

It is an ongoing process of self-evaluation and goal setting, including the identification of career opportunities and potential career development goals, as well as the qualifications required, such as vocational training and academic credentials, to achieve the set goals [25].


### 2.4.2. Characteristics of Career Education

Domestic and international scholars generally believe that career education is a purposeful, planned, organized, and staged training of individuals to enhance awareness of their own career planning, improve their professional skills, develop their comprehensive professional ability, and promote their career development activities [26]. Career education has many characteristics, as demonstrated in Figure 2.Figure 2
Characteristics of career education.In Figure2, career education is to identify the career goals that suit oneself after knowing oneself and familiarizing with the environment. Plan and organize actions to achieve goals. It will accompany the educated throughout his life, comprising improving knowledge, exercising ability, and enriching experience [27]. Of course, goals are not fixed, and sometimes, it is necessary to constantly adjust the goals and methods. This is a comprehensive educational activity, so it includes more content, such as self-assessment, career decision-making, goal setting, and plan formulation and implementation [28].


## 2.4.1. Concept of Career Planning

It is an ongoing process of self-evaluation and goal setting, including the identification of career opportunities and potential career development goals, as well as the qualifications required, such as vocational training and academic credentials, to achieve the set goals [25].


## 2.4.2. Characteristics of Career Education

Domestic and international scholars generally believe that career education is a purposeful, planned, organized, and staged training of individuals to enhance awareness of their own career planning, improve their professional skills, develop their comprehensive professional ability, and promote their career development activities [26]. Career education has many characteristics, as demonstrated in Figure 2.Figure 2
Characteristics of career education.In Figure2, career education is to identify the career goals that suit oneself after knowing oneself and familiarizing with the environment. Plan and organize actions to achieve goals. It will accompany the educated throughout his life, comprising improving knowledge, exercising ability, and enriching experience [27]. Of course, goals are not fixed, and sometimes, it is necessary to constantly adjust the goals and methods. This is a comprehensive educational activity, so it includes more content, such as self-assessment, career decision-making, goal setting, and plan formulation and implementation [28].


## 2.5. Research on Parenting Style of Vocational Students

### 2.5.1. Research Objects, Content, and Distribution of Questionnaires

Using a random sampling method, students from two higher vocational schools in Jinan City, Shandong Province, were selected as objects, and a questionnaire survey was designed based on relevant literature and the opinions of some professionals [29]. The research was conducted in the form of random distribution, and the questionnaires were collected through the assistance of the students in the student union and the monitor of each class. After all the objects completed the questionnaires and answered the questions, they were collected by the psychological teacher for data processing and analysis.The content of the questionnaire involves the current situation of parenting styles of vocational students, including parenting attitudes, parenting behaviors, and vocational orientation tests of vocational students.300 questionnaires were distributed, 270 were returned as valid, 260 valid questionnaires, and the effective rate was 96.3%. The composition of the research objects is exhibited in Table1.Table 1
Distribution of objects.
Demographic variableCategoryFrequencyPercent (%)GenderMale15057.7Female11042.3GradeHigh school freshman14053.8High school sophomore12046.2The only child or notOnly child15559.6Not only child10540.4BirthplaceCity22385.7Rural3714.3


### 2.5.2. Problem Research and Hypothesis

The research questions are proposed combining relevant literature and corresponding research content [30], which are (1) to examine the status quo of parenting style and career planning of vocational students and (2) to examine the relationship between the two.The hypothesis is proposed, H1: there is a significant difference in the demographic variables of the parenting style of vocational students. H2: there is a correlation between the parenting style of vocational students and career planning.


### 2.5.3. Research Tool

(1) Parenting Style Scale. On account of the parenting style questionnaire, it was revised to form a parenting style questionnaire for higher vocational students. The questionnaire scale adopts a 5-point scoring method, with 1 point for “very inconsistent,” 2 points for “somewhat inconsistent,” 3 points for “occasionally consistent,” 4 points for “somewhat consistent,” and 5 points for “very consistent” [31]. Figure 3 manifests the specific scale.Figure 3
Parenting style scale.The questionnaire includes three aspects: acceptance/participation, severe punishment/supervision, and psychological autonomy. Acceptance/participation includes five items, namely, psychoeducation, rejection and denial, understanding, preference, and emotional warmth. Parental punishment/supervision covers 4 items, namely, punishment and harshness, excessive interference, excessive protection, and parental control. Psychological autonomy also involves 4 items, namely, self-conceived, active exploration, active thinking, and self-discovery. There are 13 items in the questionnaire.The questionnaire was tested using Cronbach’sα. Through repeated testing, the internal consistency alpha coefficient was 0.811, and the reliability was good.(2) Career Planning Scale. The future career planning subquestionnaire of the Chinese Revised Adolescent Future Orientation Questionnaire is used to investigate the future career planning of early adolescents. There are 5 items used to measure the exploration and investment in future career goals; using a 5-point score, the higher the score, the higher the level of exploration and investment. The α coefficients of career exploration and career engagement are 0.805 and 0.801, respectively. Figure 4 denotes the career planning scale.Figure 4
Career planning scale.(3) Statistical Analysis of Data. All the data in the questionnaire are sorted out using SD analysis, cluster analysis, and other data analysis methods. Data processing is done on Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 25.0 software. The calculation of SD is as follows.
(11)SD=1n∑i=1nxi−x¯2.In Equation (5), n signifies the degree of freedom, x¯ stands for the mean, and xi refers to the sample data.


## 2.5.1. Research Objects, Content, and Distribution of Questionnaires

Using a random sampling method, students from two higher vocational schools in Jinan City, Shandong Province, were selected as objects, and a questionnaire survey was designed based on relevant literature and the opinions of some professionals [29]. The research was conducted in the form of random distribution, and the questionnaires were collected through the assistance of the students in the student union and the monitor of each class. After all the objects completed the questionnaires and answered the questions, they were collected by the psychological teacher for data processing and analysis.The content of the questionnaire involves the current situation of parenting styles of vocational students, including parenting attitudes, parenting behaviors, and vocational orientation tests of vocational students.300 questionnaires were distributed, 270 were returned as valid, 260 valid questionnaires, and the effective rate was 96.3%. The composition of the research objects is exhibited in Table1.Table 1
Distribution of objects.
Demographic variableCategoryFrequencyPercent (%)GenderMale15057.7Female11042.3GradeHigh school freshman14053.8High school sophomore12046.2The only child or notOnly child15559.6Not only child10540.4BirthplaceCity22385.7Rural3714.3


## 2.5.2. Problem Research and Hypothesis

The research questions are proposed combining relevant literature and corresponding research content [30], which are (1) to examine the status quo of parenting style and career planning of vocational students and (2) to examine the relationship between the two.The hypothesis is proposed, H1: there is a significant difference in the demographic variables of the parenting style of vocational students. H2: there is a correlation between the parenting style of vocational students and career planning.


## 2.5.3. Research Tool

(1) Parenting Style Scale. On account of the parenting style questionnaire, it was revised to form a parenting style questionnaire for higher vocational students. The questionnaire scale adopts a 5-point scoring method, with 1 point for “very inconsistent,” 2 points for “somewhat inconsistent,” 3 points for “occasionally consistent,” 4 points for “somewhat consistent,” and 5 points for “very consistent” [31]. Figure 3 manifests the specific scale.Figure 3
Parenting style scale.The questionnaire includes three aspects: acceptance/participation, severe punishment/supervision, and psychological autonomy. Acceptance/participation includes five items, namely, psychoeducation, rejection and denial, understanding, preference, and emotional warmth. Parental punishment/supervision covers 4 items, namely, punishment and harshness, excessive interference, excessive protection, and parental control. Psychological autonomy also involves 4 items, namely, self-conceived, active exploration, active thinking, and self-discovery. There are 13 items in the questionnaire.The questionnaire was tested using Cronbach’sα. Through repeated testing, the internal consistency alpha coefficient was 0.811, and the reliability was good.(2) Career Planning Scale. The future career planning subquestionnaire of the Chinese Revised Adolescent Future Orientation Questionnaire is used to investigate the future career planning of early adolescents. There are 5 items used to measure the exploration and investment in future career goals; using a 5-point score, the higher the score, the higher the level of exploration and investment. The α coefficients of career exploration and career engagement are 0.805 and 0.801, respectively. Figure 4 denotes the career planning scale.Figure 4
Career planning scale.(3) Statistical Analysis of Data. All the data in the questionnaire are sorted out using SD analysis, cluster analysis, and other data analysis methods. Data processing is done on Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 25.0 software. The calculation of SD is as follows.
(11)SD=1n∑i=1nxi−x¯2.In Equation (5), n signifies the degree of freedom, x¯ stands for the mean, and xi refers to the sample data.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Current Status of Career Planning for Vocational Students

Descriptive statistics are carried out on career planning and the average score of each dimension of vocational students, and descriptive statistical analysis is performed on the average score of career planning and the current two dimensions of career exploration and investment. Figure5 implies the results.Figure 5
Descriptive statistics of career planning and various dimensions.In Figure5, the average score of career exploration is 3.073, the average score of career investment is 3.271, and the total score of career planning is 3.189. The total score for career planning and the average score of each dimension is more than 3 points, and the SD also meets the requirements. It means that vocational students have certain plans for their future careers.


### 3.2. Status and Characteristics of Parenting Style

#### 3.2.1. Difference Analysis of Parenting Style in Gender and Grade

Differences in parenting style are analyzed in terms of gender and grade, and the results are demonstrated in Figure6.Figure 6
Difference analysis of parenting style in gender and grade. (a) Difference analysis of parenting style in gender; (b) difference analysis of parenting style in grade; (c)t-test of parenting style on gender and grade.
(a)(b)(c)In Figure6, A represents parental acceptance/participation, B refers to parental punishment/supervision, and C means psychological autonomy. In terms of gender, parental acceptance/participation dimension p=0.0089, parental punishment/supervision dimension p=0.0095, and psychological autonomy dimension p=0.0087. There are observable differences in parental acceptance/participation (t=−3.121, p<0.01), parental punishment/supervision (t=−8.241, p<0.001), and psychological autonomy (t=−5.267, p<0.001). The score of girls is notably higher than boys. An independent sample t-test is conducted on the parenting style of high school students in grade level, p=0.0087 in the dimension of parental acceptance/participation, and p=0.049 in the dimension of psychological autonomy. The parental acceptance/involvement (t=3.389, p<0.01) dimension of the parenting style of the first-year students is greatly higher than that of the second-year students. On the dimension of psychological autonomy (t=−2.066, p<0.05), the score of second-year students is distinctly higher than that of the first-year. Therefore, there are significant differences in grades in parenting style in terms of parental acceptance/involvement and psychological autonomy.


#### 3.2.2. Difference Analysis of Parenting Style in the Birthplace and Only Child

Figure7 expresses the results of difference analysis of parenting style in the birthplace and whether it is an only child.Figure 7
Difference analysis of parenting style in the birthplace and whether or not it is an only child. (a) Difference analysis of parenting style in birthplace; (b) difference analysis of parenting style in whether or not the only child; (c)t-test of parenting style on birthplace and only child.
(a)(b)(c)In Figure7, A stands for parental acceptance/participation, B shows parental punishment/supervision, and C indicates psychological autonomy. In terms of birthplace, p=0.068 in the dimension of parental acceptance/participation, p=0.071 in the dimension of parental punishment/supervision, and p=0.078 in the dimension of psychological autonomy. There is no obvious difference in parenting style among the three dimensions of being an only child (p>0.05), and the same is true for the birthplace (p>0.05).


### 3.3. Differences in Career Planning under Different Parenting Styles

The differences in career planning scores of vocational students under different parenting styles are analyzed, and multivariate analysis of variance is conducted on the total score of career planning, career exploration, and career investment dimensions. The results are illustrated in Figure8.Figure 8
Difference analysis of career planning under different parenting styles.In Figure8, the abscissa represents the three-dimensional analysis level of career exploration, career investment, and total score of career planning. The scores of the four parenting styles in career planning are analyzed. The four parenting styles include authoritarian, authoritative, doting, and neglecting. In Figure 8, on the total score of career planning, the main effect of parenting type is significant (F=10.922), and the score of authoritative type in career planning is markedly higher than that of authoritarian, doting, and neglecting type. In the dimension of career exploration, the main effect of the parenting type is distinct (F=11.091), the score of the authoritative type is higher than the doting, the doting is higher than the authoritarian, and the authoritarian is higher than the neglecting type. In the dimension of career engagement, the main effect of parenting type is obvious (F=7.421). The same authoritative type scored the highest, followed by doting and authoritarian, and finally, ignoring. Neglecting style is the most unfavorable for children’s career planning. In terms of educational methods, parents should keep pace with the times, use IT to improve their literacy, constantly learn to improve themselves, and provide scientific and comprehensive education to their children.


### 3.4. Correlation Analysis between Parenting Style and Career Planning

Figure9 refers to the results of the Pearson correlation test on the dimensions of parenting style and career planning for vocational students. Each dimension includes three aspects: career exploration, career engagement, and the total score of career planning.Figure 9
Correlation analysis between parenting style and variables.In Figure9, A denotes parental acceptance/participation, B implies parental punishment/supervision, and C stands for psychological autonomy. The trends in the figure represent different p values. The dimension of parental acceptance/participation has a marked positive correlation with the total score of career planning, and it also has a remarkable positive correlation with career exploration and investment. The dimension of parental punishment/supervision has an observable positive correlation with the total score of career planning, and it also has a distinct positive correlation with career exploration and investment. Therefore, parental acceptance/participation in vocational students are remarkably related to their career planning, and it can predict the development of students’ future career planning. Parental punishment and acceptance are obviously positively correlated with the career planning of these students and their two dimensions. Psychological autonomy is notably associated with the domain of exploration. Parents who adopt an accepting, warm, and tolerant parenting style for their children can promote active exploration and investment in one’s future careers. Severe parental punishment is also positively related to the children’s future career planning, which indicates that parents who appropriately show severe parenting style to their children can also promote the career planning of vocational students. Meanwhile, it is suggested that parents should adopt modern education methods, use IT, continuously improve themselves, improve their educational quality, and provide scientific guidance for their children’s career planning.


## 3.1. Current Status of Career Planning for Vocational Students

Descriptive statistics are carried out on career planning and the average score of each dimension of vocational students, and descriptive statistical analysis is performed on the average score of career planning and the current two dimensions of career exploration and investment. Figure5 implies the results.Figure 5
Descriptive statistics of career planning and various dimensions.In Figure5, the average score of career exploration is 3.073, the average score of career investment is 3.271, and the total score of career planning is 3.189. The total score for career planning and the average score of each dimension is more than 3 points, and the SD also meets the requirements. It means that vocational students have certain plans for their future careers.


## 3.2. Status and Characteristics of Parenting Style

### 3.2.1. Difference Analysis of Parenting Style in Gender and Grade

Differences in parenting style are analyzed in terms of gender and grade, and the results are demonstrated in Figure6.Figure 6
Difference analysis of parenting style in gender and grade. (a) Difference analysis of parenting style in gender; (b) difference analysis of parenting style in grade; (c)t-test of parenting style on gender and grade.
(a)(b)(c)In Figure6, A represents parental acceptance/participation, B refers to parental punishment/supervision, and C means psychological autonomy. In terms of gender, parental acceptance/participation dimension p=0.0089, parental punishment/supervision dimension p=0.0095, and psychological autonomy dimension p=0.0087. There are observable differences in parental acceptance/participation (t=−3.121, p<0.01), parental punishment/supervision (t=−8.241, p<0.001), and psychological autonomy (t=−5.267, p<0.001). The score of girls is notably higher than boys. An independent sample t-test is conducted on the parenting style of high school students in grade level, p=0.0087 in the dimension of parental acceptance/participation, and p=0.049 in the dimension of psychological autonomy. The parental acceptance/involvement (t=3.389, p<0.01) dimension of the parenting style of the first-year students is greatly higher than that of the second-year students. On the dimension of psychological autonomy (t=−2.066, p<0.05), the score of second-year students is distinctly higher than that of the first-year. Therefore, there are significant differences in grades in parenting style in terms of parental acceptance/involvement and psychological autonomy.


### 3.2.2. Difference Analysis of Parenting Style in the Birthplace and Only Child

Figure7 expresses the results of difference analysis of parenting style in the birthplace and whether it is an only child.Figure 7
Difference analysis of parenting style in the birthplace and whether or not it is an only child. (a) Difference analysis of parenting style in birthplace; (b) difference analysis of parenting style in whether or not the only child; (c)t-test of parenting style on birthplace and only child.
(a)(b)(c)In Figure7, A stands for parental acceptance/participation, B shows parental punishment/supervision, and C indicates psychological autonomy. In terms of birthplace, p=0.068 in the dimension of parental acceptance/participation, p=0.071 in the dimension of parental punishment/supervision, and p=0.078 in the dimension of psychological autonomy. There is no obvious difference in parenting style among the three dimensions of being an only child (p>0.05), and the same is true for the birthplace (p>0.05).


## 3.2.1. Difference Analysis of Parenting Style in Gender and Grade

Differences in parenting style are analyzed in terms of gender and grade, and the results are demonstrated in Figure6.Figure 6
Difference analysis of parenting style in gender and grade. (a) Difference analysis of parenting style in gender; (b) difference analysis of parenting style in grade; (c)t-test of parenting style on gender and grade.
(a)(b)(c)In Figure6, A represents parental acceptance/participation, B refers to parental punishment/supervision, and C means psychological autonomy. In terms of gender, parental acceptance/participation dimension p=0.0089, parental punishment/supervision dimension p=0.0095, and psychological autonomy dimension p=0.0087. There are observable differences in parental acceptance/participation (t=−3.121, p<0.01), parental punishment/supervision (t=−8.241, p<0.001), and psychological autonomy (t=−5.267, p<0.001). The score of girls is notably higher than boys. An independent sample t-test is conducted on the parenting style of high school students in grade level, p=0.0087 in the dimension of parental acceptance/participation, and p=0.049 in the dimension of psychological autonomy. The parental acceptance/involvement (t=3.389, p<0.01) dimension of the parenting style of the first-year students is greatly higher than that of the second-year students. On the dimension of psychological autonomy (t=−2.066, p<0.05), the score of second-year students is distinctly higher than that of the first-year. Therefore, there are significant differences in grades in parenting style in terms of parental acceptance/involvement and psychological autonomy.


## 3.2.2. Difference Analysis of Parenting Style in the Birthplace and Only Child

Figure7 expresses the results of difference analysis of parenting style in the birthplace and whether it is an only child.Figure 7
Difference analysis of parenting style in the birthplace and whether or not it is an only child. (a) Difference analysis of parenting style in birthplace; (b) difference analysis of parenting style in whether or not the only child; (c)t-test of parenting style on birthplace and only child.
(a)(b)(c)In Figure7, A stands for parental acceptance/participation, B shows parental punishment/supervision, and C indicates psychological autonomy. In terms of birthplace, p=0.068 in the dimension of parental acceptance/participation, p=0.071 in the dimension of parental punishment/supervision, and p=0.078 in the dimension of psychological autonomy. There is no obvious difference in parenting style among the three dimensions of being an only child (p>0.05), and the same is true for the birthplace (p>0.05).


## 3.3. Differences in Career Planning under Different Parenting Styles

The differences in career planning scores of vocational students under different parenting styles are analyzed, and multivariate analysis of variance is conducted on the total score of career planning, career exploration, and career investment dimensions. The results are illustrated in Figure8.Figure 8
Difference analysis of career planning under different parenting styles.In Figure8, the abscissa represents the three-dimensional analysis level of career exploration, career investment, and total score of career planning. The scores of the four parenting styles in career planning are analyzed. The four parenting styles include authoritarian, authoritative, doting, and neglecting. In Figure 8, on the total score of career planning, the main effect of parenting type is significant (F=10.922), and the score of authoritative type in career planning is markedly higher than that of authoritarian, doting, and neglecting type. In the dimension of career exploration, the main effect of the parenting type is distinct (F=11.091), the score of the authoritative type is higher than the doting, the doting is higher than the authoritarian, and the authoritarian is higher than the neglecting type. In the dimension of career engagement, the main effect of parenting type is obvious (F=7.421). The same authoritative type scored the highest, followed by doting and authoritarian, and finally, ignoring. Neglecting style is the most unfavorable for children’s career planning. In terms of educational methods, parents should keep pace with the times, use IT to improve their literacy, constantly learn to improve themselves, and provide scientific and comprehensive education to their children.


## 3.4. Correlation Analysis between Parenting Style and Career Planning

Figure9 refers to the results of the Pearson correlation test on the dimensions of parenting style and career planning for vocational students. Each dimension includes three aspects: career exploration, career engagement, and the total score of career planning.Figure 9
Correlation analysis between parenting style and variables.In Figure9, A denotes parental acceptance/participation, B implies parental punishment/supervision, and C stands for psychological autonomy. The trends in the figure represent different p values. The dimension of parental acceptance/participation has a marked positive correlation with the total score of career planning, and it also has a remarkable positive correlation with career exploration and investment. The dimension of parental punishment/supervision has an observable positive correlation with the total score of career planning, and it also has a distinct positive correlation with career exploration and investment. Therefore, parental acceptance/participation in vocational students are remarkably related to their career planning, and it can predict the development of students’ future career planning. Parental punishment and acceptance are obviously positively correlated with the career planning of these students and their two dimensions. Psychological autonomy is notably associated with the domain of exploration. Parents who adopt an accepting, warm, and tolerant parenting style for their children can promote active exploration and investment in one’s future careers. Severe parental punishment is also positively related to the children’s future career planning, which indicates that parents who appropriately show severe parenting style to their children can also promote the career planning of vocational students. Meanwhile, it is suggested that parents should adopt modern education methods, use IT, continuously improve themselves, improve their educational quality, and provide scientific guidance for their children’s career planning.


## 4. Conclusion

In the era of rapid development of IT, parental education should be more information-based and scientific. The future career planning of higher vocational students is directly related to the parenting style of their parents, and the parenting style directly affects the children’s career planning. Analysis of the relationship between the two is of great significance to the career planning education and system construction of vocational students. From the perspective of educational psychology, the parenting style scale and the career planning scale for vocational students is constructed. Through a questionnaire survey of students in two colleges, the current situation of career planning and parenting style of vocational students is investigated, and the sample data are statistically analyzed by data analysis methods such as SD analysis, cluster analysis, and correlation analysis. Two hypotheses, “the parenting style of vocational students are signally different in population variables” and “there is a correlation between the parenting style of vocational students and career planning” are put forward, and the following conclusions are drawn after analysis and demonstration.Through descriptive statistical analysis of career planning and current average scores in the two dimensions of career exploration and career investment, it is concluded that vocational students can basically plan their own careers to a certain extent. There are remarkable gender differences in the parenting style of vocational students in three dimensions: parental acceptance/participation, parental punishment/supervision, and psychological autonomy. The parenting style has notable differences in grades from the dimensions of parental acceptance/participation and psychological autonomy. There is no conspicuous difference in whether parenting style is an only child from the three dimensions, nor does it differ memorably in birthplace. In terms of the total score of career planning and each dimension, the main effect of parenting style is significant, the authoritative style has the highest score in each dimension of career planning, and the neglected style has the lowest score. Parental acceptance/participation in vocational students are notably related to their career planning. Parental punishment and acceptance are remarkably positively correlated with the career planning of these students and their two dimensions. Psychological autonomy is obviously associated with the field of exploration. This research also has certain limitations. The sample size of the selected vocational students is limited, and the data collection is not comprehensive. And the subjects are from two vocational schools. Due to the different emphasis on career education in different regions, the representativeness of the selected samples is weak. In future research, the categories of students will continue to be expanded, and variables such as parents’ gender, educational level, and occupation can be added to the demographic variables for more detailed exploration.



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*Source: 8274445-2022-08-18.xml*