# Impacts of Limestone Particle Size on the Performance of Flexible Wood Fiber Composite Floor

Authors: Hongcheng He; Jinling Nie; Jing Wang
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2015)

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## Abstract

Sustainable wood floor (WFF), produced from natural plants, is a sort of novel green and ecofriendly composite floor, which has been attracting more and more attention in the world. WFF also gives a solution of utilizations of agricultural wastes, such as bamboo mats and hemp hurd. The additive limestone powder plays key role in the performance of flexible bamboo composite floor, so, in this paper, the effects of limestone size and size distributions were investigated. The best particle size distributions of limestone are 25 wt% of 48μm, 25 wt% of 106 μm, and 50 wt% of 160 μm. The as-obtained WFF has good elasticity, good affinity, and strong comfortableness as well as free formaldehyde release.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

With globally rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, energy saving and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation have become ones of the most extensive issues [1–5]. Flexible wood fiber floor, prepared by special processing technology using nature fibers (such as bamboo, hemp, cotton, and other woods), PVC, limestone powders, flexible agent, and raw materials, is one kind of new green and environmental protection composite floors [6]. Natural fibres can also be widely applied furniture veneer, integral cupboard, and decorative materials [7, 8].The natural fibre reinforced composites have competitive advantages, such as (i) being green and ecofriendly: the products do not contain urea formaldehyde, phenolic aldehyde, or aldehydes resin and are free of formaldehyde [9] and it is also free of wastewater and exhaust gas release during the manufacturing process; (ii) having excellent abrasive resistance [10]: the wear-resisting revolution is as high as 300,000, compared with traditional floor materials 13,000 and the high-performance aggrandizement wood floor 20,000; (iii) having higher quality and better elasticity [11]: this product could become thinner, lighter, and stronger than conventional materials, so that it enables the modern high buildings weight-bearing and space saving [8] and due to the good elastic recovery under heavy shock load, the work-related injury can be dramatically reduced and, at the same time, the elastic recovery may reduce the damage to the floor; (iv) being waterproof, antiskid, antibacterial and [12–14]: the natural fibres are easily modified and treated to change their surface physical and chemical structure, so this composite floor has excellent waterproof and antibacterial properties and the flame retardant can reach the B1 level of GB8624-1997 [15]; (v) being antistatic: due to the natural characteristic of natural fibers and limestone, the floor can be permanently antistatic [16]; (vi) being mute and noise reducing [17]: WFF contains abundant wood fibers which have good sound absorbability, so this composite could be utilized to produce sound absorbing decorative board [18].During the development of wood fibre floor, the addition of limestone is a must to enhance the mechanical properties and improve other functional features. However, the impacts of limestone particle size and the size distribution on the performance of composite floor are still not clear. This paper is the first to systematically investigate those impact factors.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. Materials

Bamboo fiber (moisture 8%, ash less than 3%) was obtained from Shandong Xincheng Wood Fiber Powder Corporation (China). PVC was received from Qilu Petrochemical Company (China). Limestone powder (particle size 48μm, 106 μm, and 160 μm) was supplied by Hebei Lingshou Tianhao Minerals Processing Factory. Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA-1) was purchased from Beijing Hua’er Corporation. The polar fibre dimension is shown in Table 1 and the fibre was used as received.Table 1
The dimension of bamboo fibre.
Length,μm
Width,μm
Inner diameter,μm
Length-width ratio
Average
89.84
36.60
29.42
2.45
Coefficient of variation
24%
13%
14%
27%


### 2.2. Equipment and Instruments

WFF was carried out by using independent flexible bamboo fiber floor production line; the mechanic properties were tested by WDT-5 tension and compression spring tester; DMA242 was applied to characterize the mechanical properties of materials as a function of time and temperature.


### 2.3. Test Methodologies of Mechanical Properties

To test modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE), samples were prepared according to the standard of GB/T9341-2000. Standard of ASTM D 256-06 was applied to measure shock strength. Other properties such as the internal bond (IB) strength, sample density, the thickness swelling (TS) rate of water absorption, and the hold screw force were carried out referring to the standard of GB-T 117718-2009, GB/T1033.1-2008 GB/T1034-1998, and GB 11718.9-1989, respectively. The thickness swelling ratio was tested at 20°C for 24 hours.


### 2.4. Preparation of Wood Floor

#### 2.4.1. Technological Process

See Figure1.Figure 1
The strategy of wood composite panel preparation.


#### 2.4.2. Main Process Parameters and Facilities

Figure2 shows the main preparing process of wood floor and wooden homogeneity hollow coiling molding. The main facilities required in those process are listed as powder microwave dryer, mixing agitator, kneading extruder, high sheeting open miller, high calendaring and coating machine, oil pressure cooling and shaping machine, traction and cutting machine, mould press machine, edge cutter, and coater.Figure 2
Wood floor and wooden fiber homogeneity hollow coiling molding process.To prepare wood floor, wood powder was milled to 80–120 mesh in size and dried at 100°C for 1 hour, with the moisture being less than 8%. The dried powder then was mixed with EVA-1, PVC, and limestone for 30 min and cured at 100–180°C for 15–20 min, 80–120°C for 5–10 min, 60–100°C for 3–5 min, and 30–50°C for 3–5 min, respectively, followed by edge cutting and polishing. In all samples preparation, the ratio of bamboo fiber powder, limestone, PVC resin, and accessories is 30 : 40 : 25 : 5.


## 2.1. Materials

Bamboo fiber (moisture 8%, ash less than 3%) was obtained from Shandong Xincheng Wood Fiber Powder Corporation (China). PVC was received from Qilu Petrochemical Company (China). Limestone powder (particle size 48μm, 106 μm, and 160 μm) was supplied by Hebei Lingshou Tianhao Minerals Processing Factory. Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA-1) was purchased from Beijing Hua’er Corporation. The polar fibre dimension is shown in Table 1 and the fibre was used as received.Table 1
The dimension of bamboo fibre.
Length,μm
Width,μm
Inner diameter,μm
Length-width ratio
Average
89.84
36.60
29.42
2.45
Coefficient of variation
24%
13%
14%
27%


## 2.2. Equipment and Instruments

WFF was carried out by using independent flexible bamboo fiber floor production line; the mechanic properties were tested by WDT-5 tension and compression spring tester; DMA242 was applied to characterize the mechanical properties of materials as a function of time and temperature.


## 2.3. Test Methodologies of Mechanical Properties

To test modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE), samples were prepared according to the standard of GB/T9341-2000. Standard of ASTM D 256-06 was applied to measure shock strength. Other properties such as the internal bond (IB) strength, sample density, the thickness swelling (TS) rate of water absorption, and the hold screw force were carried out referring to the standard of GB-T 117718-2009, GB/T1033.1-2008 GB/T1034-1998, and GB 11718.9-1989, respectively. The thickness swelling ratio was tested at 20°C for 24 hours.


## 2.4. Preparation of Wood Floor

### 2.4.1. Technological Process

See Figure1.Figure 1
The strategy of wood composite panel preparation.


### 2.4.2. Main Process Parameters and Facilities

Figure2 shows the main preparing process of wood floor and wooden homogeneity hollow coiling molding. The main facilities required in those process are listed as powder microwave dryer, mixing agitator, kneading extruder, high sheeting open miller, high calendaring and coating machine, oil pressure cooling and shaping machine, traction and cutting machine, mould press machine, edge cutter, and coater.Figure 2
Wood floor and wooden fiber homogeneity hollow coiling molding process.To prepare wood floor, wood powder was milled to 80–120 mesh in size and dried at 100°C for 1 hour, with the moisture being less than 8%. The dried powder then was mixed with EVA-1, PVC, and limestone for 30 min and cured at 100–180°C for 15–20 min, 80–120°C for 5–10 min, 60–100°C for 3–5 min, and 30–50°C for 3–5 min, respectively, followed by edge cutting and polishing. In all samples preparation, the ratio of bamboo fiber powder, limestone, PVC resin, and accessories is 30 : 40 : 25 : 5.


## 2.4.1. Technological Process

See Figure1.Figure 1
The strategy of wood composite panel preparation.


## 2.4.2. Main Process Parameters and Facilities

Figure2 shows the main preparing process of wood floor and wooden homogeneity hollow coiling molding. The main facilities required in those process are listed as powder microwave dryer, mixing agitator, kneading extruder, high sheeting open miller, high calendaring and coating machine, oil pressure cooling and shaping machine, traction and cutting machine, mould press machine, edge cutter, and coater.Figure 2
Wood floor and wooden fiber homogeneity hollow coiling molding process.To prepare wood floor, wood powder was milled to 80–120 mesh in size and dried at 100°C for 1 hour, with the moisture being less than 8%. The dried powder then was mixed with EVA-1, PVC, and limestone for 30 min and cured at 100–180°C for 15–20 min, 80–120°C for 5–10 min, 60–100°C for 3–5 min, and 30–50°C for 3–5 min, respectively, followed by edge cutting and polishing. In all samples preparation, the ratio of bamboo fiber powder, limestone, PVC resin, and accessories is 30 : 40 : 25 : 5.


## 3. Results and Discussion

The impacts of limestone particle size and size distribution on the performance of wood fibre reinforced composite floor are shown in Table2 and Figure 3. All results are average values tested three times. Table 2 shows that all features improved after limestone particle was added to the composites. During the manufacturing of flexible bamboo fiber composite floor, the size of limestone and the size distribution play key role on the mechanical properties of obtained composites. It is clear from Figures 3(a), 3(b), and 3(c) that composites reinforced with smaller sized limestone have lower modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE), meanwhile, the internal bonding (IB) strength shows decreasing trend with the increase of limestone size. Because the smaller sized powders have larger specific surface area (porosity), the smaller sized limestone has better adhesion strength with resin. As a result, its physical property is closer to plastic with better flexibility. The larger sized limestone contributes higher MOR and MOE to the composite.Table 2
Effects of limestone particle size and size distribution on the performance of wood composite floor.
Number
Size/mesh  (portion)
MOR/MPa
MOE/MPa
Shock strength/MPa
IB/MPa
Density/g/cm3
TS/%
Thermal expansion ratio/%
1
No limestone added
16.6
1396
10.9
2.98
1.18
1.55
1.83
2
48 (100)
18.7
1436
11.9
2.35
1.13
0.56
1.33
3
106 (100)
20.6
1723
13.6
1.98
0.98
0.78
1.16
4
160 (100)
28.3
1950
19.9
1.26
0.75
1.69
0.92
5
48 (25)106 (25)160 (50)
27.2
1679
13.6
1.68
0.72
1.56
0.98
6
48 (30)106 (25)160 (45)
23.5
1586
13.1
1.76
0.65
1.38
1.13
7
48 (35)106 (25)160 (40)
21.6
1532
12.5
1.81
0.61
1.33
1.21Figure 3
Effects of limestone particle size and size distribution on (a) MOR; (b) MOE; (c) IB; (d) shock strength; (e) density; (f) TS; and (g) thermo expansion rate.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)To carry out better composite floor, different sized limestone powder was mixed to reinforce composite mats. When the ratio of different sized limestone powder 48μm/106 μm/160 μm is 25/25/50, the obtained composite mats have not only optimum MOR, MOE, and internal bonding strength, but also better flexibility and enough strength, which makes it a great potential in the application as composite floor.Figure3(d) shows that the shock strength of WFF increases with the increase of particle size. The shock strength reaches the largest value when the limestone particle size is 160 μm. However, for the mixture limestone powder, the content increase of large sized particle results in the decrease of shock strength. Meanwhile, the high ratio of big sized limestone powder leads to the density declining (Figure 3(e)). This is because that with the increase of large sized powder content/distribution, the number of pores and fibres in the composite will increase so that the interface bonding strength will decrease.Figures3(f) and 3(g) reveal the effects of limestone size and size distribution on the TS and thermo expansion ratio. They state that the increase of small sized powder ratio leads to the increase of TS and thermal expansion rate of obtained composites. The reason is that the smaller sized particle has better combination dens which will decrease the swelling ratio of water absorption. On the other hand, with the increase of particle size (or large sized particle distribution), the lattice distortion at the interfacial zone will become harder because large limestone requires higher thermally deforming; as a result, the thermal expansion becomes lower [19].


## 4. Conclusions

The optimum features of flexible bamboo fiber composite floor prepared in this paper were tested as follows: bending strength 28.3 MPa, MOE 1950 MPa, shock strength 19.9 KJ/m2, internal bonding strength 2.35 MPa, TS 0.56%, thermal expansion rate 0.92, and density 0.61 g/cm3.The performance of wood composite floor was affected by the limestone size and size distribution. Considering and comparing all impact factors, the optimum limestone powder size ratio is concluded as 48μm (25 portion), 106 μm (25 portion), and 160 μm (50 portion).The as-prepared wood composite floor material has good elasticity, affinity, and strong comfortableness. This composite was tested to match the China national standards requirement for man-made floor materials and has potential commercialization.



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*Source: 804729-2015-06-14.xml*