# Analytical Solutions of Fractional Walter’s B Fluid with Applications

Authors: Qasem Al-Mdallal; Kashif Ali Abro; Ilyas Khan
Journal: Complexity
 (2018)

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## Abstract

Fractional Walter’s Liquid Model-B has been used in this work to study the combined analysis of heat and mass transfer together with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow over a vertically oscillating plate embedded in a porous medium. A newly defined approach of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative (CFFD) has been used in the mathematical formulation of the problem. By employing the dimensional analysis, the dimensional governing partial differential equations have been transformed into dimensionless form. The problem is solved analytically and solutions of mass concentration, temperature distribution, and velocity field are obtained in the presence and absence of porous and magnetic field impacts. The general solutions are expressed in the format of generalized Mittag-Leffler functionMΩ2,Ω3Ω1χ and Fox-H function Hp,q+11,p satisfying imposed conditions on the problem. These solutions have combined effects of heat and mass transfer; this is due to free convections differences between mass concentration and temperature distribution. Graphical illustration is depicted in order to bring out the effects of various physical parameters on flow. From investigated general solutions, the well-known previously published results in the literature have been recovered. Graphs are plotted and discussed for rheological parameters.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The liquids related to non-Newtonian behavior have diverted the attention of various researchers, due to the involvement of non-Newtonian fluids in industrial processes and engineering. The prominent non-Newtonian liquids are liquid detergents, polymers, shampoos, cosmetic products, printer inks, blood at low shear rate, paints, colloidal fluids, mud, ice cream, suspension fluids, and several others. Due to diverse rheological characteristics in non-Newtonians liquids, no constitutive relation is present in literature. The investigators and scientists have recommended many models of non-Newtonian liquids due to nonlinearity between the shear rate and shear stress, such as Sisko’s model [1], Jeffery’s model [2], Oldroyd-B fluid model [3], Burgers elasto-viscous fluid model [4], Maxwell fluid model [5], differential third- and second-grade models [6, 7], and several others. Other than those, Walter’s Liquid Model-B is a non-Newtonian model commonly known as viscoelastic model suggested by Walter [8]. The complex flow behavior of many industrial liquids can accurately be simulated by this viscoelastic model. The elastic properties and extensional polymer’s behavior are also handled by Walter’s Liquid Model-B, even it generates extremely nonlinear equations. Walter’s Liquid Model-B problems using classical derivatives approach have been solved in numerous studies. However, Walter’s Liquid Model-B problem with combined analysis of heat and mass transfer using fractional derivatives approach has not been investigated.Factional calculus is the subject of science of differentiation and it was originated in 1695, while L’Hospital questioned Leibniz what would be the explanation ofd1/2/dx1/2. This question led to a fruitful journey in the area of fractional calculus to study various fractional operators in which definitions of fractional operator along with significant properties have been studied by several mathematicians and scientists, for instance, Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, Caputo fractional derivative, Caputo-Erdelyi-Kober fractional derivative, Caputo-Hadamard fractional derivative, and Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives [9–18]. Due to distinct kernel representations in distinct function spaces generate diversity of definitions for fractional derivatives. These types of derivatives reveal few complications in applications; for instance, the Laplace transform of Riemann-Liouville derivative consists of terms without physical signification and its constant is not zero. These difficulties were eradicated by Caputo fractional derivative but they involve singular kernel. In order to avoid singularities, Caputo and Fabrizio have presented new fractional derivative, namely, Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives based on exponential kernel [9, 11]. Based on the exponential kernel with no singularity, this article is proposed to analyze the viscoelastic Walter’s Liquid Model-B [19]. Atangana and Alqahtani [20] have analyzed the groundwater pollution by employing Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives with numerical approximation. Alkahtani and Atangana [21] investigated the effect of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives on the surface of shallow water for controlling the wave movement. Hristov [22] has traced out the analytical solution for steady-state heat conduction using Caputo-Fabrizio space-fractional derivative with nonsingular fading memory. Atangana and Baleanu [23] presented a heat transfer model by implementing Caputo-Fabrizio space-fractional derivative. Nadeem et al. [24] observed the effects of two types of fractional derivatives, namely, Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) fractional operator and Atangana-Baleanu (AB) fractional operator for free convection flow of generalized Casson fluid. They suggested that the velocities obtained via Atangana-Baleanu (AB) fractional operator and Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) fractional operator are identical. Nadeem et al. [25] investigated MHD flow of a second-grade fluid via Caputo-Fabrizio derivatives of fractional order by invoking integral transform over an oscillating boundary. Kashif and Muhammad [26] observed heat transfer analysis for the flow of a second-grade fluid using Caputo-Fabrizio derivatives in which they presented analytic solutions using Mittag-Leffler function and Fox-H function. Nadeem et al. [27] presented a comparative study for generalized Casson fluid by implementing Atangana-Baleanu (AB) fractional operator and Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) fractional operator. For the sake of simplicity, we include here few very recent attempts on Atangana-Baleanu (AB) fractional operator and Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) fractional operator as well [28–30]. In brevity, some recent studies regarding fractional derivatives can be found in [11, 31–34]. Our aim is to analyze MHD flow of fractionalized Walter’s Liquid Model-B with heat and mass transfer in porous medium analytically using newly defined approach of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative. By employing dimensional analysis, the dimensional governing partial differential equations have been reduced in terms of dimensionless form. The analytical investigation is performed for the solutions of mass concentration, temperature distribution, and velocity profile in presence and absence of porous and magnetic field impacts. The general solutions are expressed in the format of generalized Mittag-Leffler function MΩ2,Ω3Ω1χ and Fox-H function Hp,q+11,p satisfying imposed conditions on the problem. These solutions have combined effects of heat and mass transfer; this is due to free convections differences between mass concentration and temperature distribution. Graphical illustration is depicted in order to bring out the effects of various physical parameters on flow.


## 2. Preliminaries

In this section, we present some essential information about the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative that will be used in this paper. Firstly, we introduce the definition of the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative of orderψ.Definition 1.
The Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative of orderψ∈(0,1] is defined as in the following [9–11]: (1)∂ψ∂tψpt=∫p′δ1-ψexp⁡-t-δψ1-ψdδ,where the fractional operator ∂ψ/∂tψ is the so-called Caputo-Fabrizio fractional operator. It is well-known that the Laplace transform of the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative is given by(2)L∂ψpt∂tψ=ηLpη-p0η1-ψ+ψ.On the other hand, it essential to note that Caputo-Fabrizio fractional operator can be extended significantly by letting ψ=1 in (2); we arrive at (3)limψ→1⁡L∂ψpt∂tψ=limψ→1⁡ηLpη-p0η1-ψ+ψ=ηLpη-p0=Lp′η.


## 3. Governing Equations

The constitutive equations govern the flow of Walters’-B fluid are(4a)div⁡V→=0,(4b)ρdV→dt+grad⁡p-ρg-div⁡T,T=k1A12-k0A2+μA1-pI,where T, k1, k0, A1, A2, μ, I, p are Cauchy stress tensor, cross viscosity and viscosity of the fluid, kinematic tensors, coefficient of viscosity, identity tensor, and scalar part of the pressure, respectively. In addition, A2 is defined as follows:(5)A2=dA1dt+A1grad⁡V→T+A1grad⁡V→,A1=grad⁡V→T+grad⁡V→,where dA1/dt is the material time derivative and V→ is the velocity vector. According to the condition of Walters’-B fluid as k0<0, k1,μ>0, A1 is taken same for generalized Walters’-B fluid and A2 takes place as(6)A2=A1grad⁡V→T+A1grad⁡V→+∂ψ∂tψA1;0<ψ<1,where the fractional operator ∂ψ/∂tψ is the so-called Caputo-Fabrizio fractional operator of order 0<ψ<1 as previously published papers in open literature [9, 11] defined as(7)∂ψ∂tψpt=∫p′t1-ψexp⁡-t-δψ1-ψdδ,0<ψ<1.For the problem with above assumption, the velocity field for oscillating flow is assumed as follows:(8)V→=uy,t,0,0.In (8), u(y,t) is the velocity field in the x direction and (4a) and (4b) are identically fulfilled due to constrain of the incompressibility and balance of the linear momentum, respectively, while without external pressure gradient in flow produces the partial differential equations for the Walters’-B fluid as follows [19]:(9)λψ∂ψu∗y∗,t∗∂tψ∗=νλ∂2u∗y∗,t∗∂y∗2-λψk0ρ∂ψ∂tψ∗∂2u∗y∗,t∗∂2y∗+g→ρ.


## 4. Mathematical Model of Fractional Walter’s-B Liquid

Assume an unsteady electrically conducting incompressible free convection porous flow of a Walters’-B fluid over an oscillating plate. As described in the geometry Figure1, the y-axis is normal to the plate and the x-axis is taken parallel to the plate. In the start, the plate and fluid both are at rest at uniform concentration C∞ and temperature T∞. At the time t=0+, concentration and temperature rise up to Cw and Tw, respectively. For such fluid motion, the governing partial differential equations for velocity profile, mass concentration, and temperature distribution are as follows:(10)λψ∂ψuy,t∂tψ=νλ∂2uy,t∂y2-λψk0ρ∂ψ∂tψ∂2uy,t∂2y+C-C∞βCλg+T-T∞βTλg-Φλρ+B02σλρuy,t,λψ∂ψCy,t∂tψ=Dλ∂2Cy,t∂y2,λψ∂ψTy,t∂tψ=λkcpρ∂2Ty,t∂y2,corresponding to initial and boundary conditions as(11)uy,0=0,Cy,0=C∞,Ty,0=T∞,t≤0,y>0,u0,t=UHtcos⁡ωt,C0,t=Cw,T0,t=Tw,t>0,u∞,t=0,C∞,t=C∞,T∞,t=T∞.Here, k0, ρ, u(y,t), ν, βC, βT, Φ, g, k, D, cp, C(y,t), T(y,t) are the Walters’-B viscoelasticity parameter, fluid density, velocity of fluid, the kinematic viscosity, the volumetric mass coefficient of expansion, the volumetric thermal coefficient of expansion, porosity, the gravitational acceleration, the thermal conductivity of the fluid, the mass diffusivity, the specific heat of the fluid at constant pressure, the species concentration, and the fluid temperature, respectively.Figure 1
Geometry of the model.Meanwhile, we introduce the nondimensional parameters in (10)-(11) in the following manners:(12)u∗=uU0,y∗=U0yv,t∗=tλ,C=C-C∞Cw-C∞,T=T-T∞Tw-T∞.Omitting∗ symbol for simplicity, we arrive at governing equations and imposed conditions as follows:(13)∂ψuy,t∂tψ=Re-Γ∂ψ∂tψ∂2uy,t∂y2-Φuy,t-Muy,t+GrTy,t+GmCy,t,(14)Sceff∂ψCy,t∂tψ=∂2Cy,t∂y2,(15)Preff∂ψTy,t∂tψ=∂2Ty,t∂y2,with initial and boundary conditions:(16)uy,0=Cy,0=Ty,0=0,u0,t=UHtcos⁡ωt,C0,t=T0,t=1,u∞,t=C∞,t=T∞,t=0.Here, Reynold number is Re=U2λ/ν, Schmidt number is Sc=ν/D, Prandtl number is Pr=cpμ/k, thermal Grashof number is Gr=Tw-T∞βTλg/U0, Mass Grashof number is Gr=Cw-C∞βCλg/U0, effective Schmidt number is Sceff=Re/Sc, effective Prandtl number is Preff=Re/Pr, porosity is Φ=λφ/K, and Γ=U02k0/ν2ρ.


## 5. Solution of Problem

### 5.1. Analytic Solution of Temperature and Concentration Distribution

Employing Laplace transform on (14) and (15) along with initial and boundary conditions (16) and by substituting ξ=1/(1-ψ), we find that(17)C-y,η=1ηexp⁡-ySceffψηη+ψξ,T-y,η=1ηexp⁡-yPreffψηη+ψξ.Expanding (17) in terms of series form, we arrive at (18)C-y,η=1η+∑p=1∞-yψSceffpp!∑q=0∞-ψξqΓq+p/2q!Γp/21ηq+1,T-y,η=1η+∑p=1∞-yψPreffpp!∑q=0∞-ψξqΓq+p/2q!Γp/21ηq+1.Apply inverse Laplace transform on (18) and express mass concentration and temperature distribution in terms of generalized Mittag-Leffler function as (19)Cy,t=1+∑p=1∞-yψSceffpp!M1,1p/2-ξψt,(20)Ty,t=1+∑p=1∞-yψPreffpp!M1,1p/2-ξψt.Here, the property of Mittag-Leffler function is defined as follows [33]:(21)MΩ2,Ω3Ω1χ=tΩ3-1EΩ2,Ω3Ω1χ=∑f∞χfΓΩ1+ftΩ3-1f!ΓΩ1ΓΩ3+Ω2f,ReΩ2>0,ReΩ3>0.


### 5.2. Analytic Solution of Velocity Field

Employing Laplace transform on (14) along with initial and boundary conditions (16) and by substituting ξ=1/(1-ψ), we find that(22)∂2w-y,η∂y2-M+ϕη+ξ+ψηRe⁡η+ψξ-ψξΓw-y,η+η+ψξGmC-y,η+GrT-y,ηRe⁡η+ψξ-ψξΓ=0,and, by simplifying (22) and using imposed conditions, we get(23)wy,η=Uηη2+ω2exp⁡-yψη+M+ϕη+ψξReη+ψξ-ψξΓ-GmRe21ηexp⁡-ySceffηψη+ψξΛ1η2+Λ2η+Λ3η2+2Λ4η+Λ42-GrRe1ηexp⁡-yPreffηψη+ψξΛ5η2+Λ6η+Λ3η2+2Λ4η+Λ42,(24)Λ1=Re⁡Sceffψ-ψ2-M-Φ,Λ2=Re⁡Sceffψ2ξ-ξψ2-2ψMξ-2Φξψ-Sceffξψ2,Λ3=-Mψ2ξ2-Φψ2ξ2,Λ4=ψξ-ψξΓRe,Λ5=Re⁡Preffψ-ψ2-M-Φ,Λ6=Re⁡Preffψ2ξ-ξψ2-2ψMξ-2Φξψ-Preffξψ2.Expressing (23) in more suitable form, we obtain(25)wy,η=Uηη2+ω2+Uηη2+ω2∑p=1∞1p!-yψ+M+ΦRep∑q=0∞1q!-ψξM-ψξΦψ+M+Φq×∑m=0∞Re⁡ψξΓ-Re2⁡ψξmΓp/2+1Γp/2+mm!Γp/2Γp/2-q+1ηq-p-m-GmRe21ηexp⁡-ySceffηψη+ψξη-η1η-η2η-η3η-η4-GrRe1ηexp⁡-yPreffηψη+ψξη-η5η-η6η-η3η-η4,(26)Λ1η2+Λ2η+Λ3=η-η1η-η2,η2+2Λ4η+Λ42=η-η3η-η4,Λ5η2+Λ6η+Λ3=η-η5η-η6.Applying inverse Laplace transform on (25) and expressing velocity field in terms of generalized special functions and Fox-H function, we arrive at(27)wy,t=UHtcos⁡ωt+UHt∑p=1∞1p!-yψ+M+ΦRep∑q=0∞1q!-ψξM-ψξΦψ+M+Φq∫0tcos⁡ωt-τ×H2,41,2t1t-p2,0,1-p2,-10,1,1-p2,0,q-p2,0,p-q+1,-1tq-p-1dτ-GmRe2∫0tφy,t,ψSceff,ψξ×η1η2-η1η3-η2η3+η32η3-η4exp⁡η3t-τ-η1η2-η1η4-η2η4+η42η3-η4exp⁡η4t-τdτ-GrRe∫0tφy,t,ψPreff,ψξη5η6-η5η3-η6η3+η32η3-η4exp⁡η3t-τ-η5η6-η5η4-η6η4+η42η3-η4exp⁡η4t-τdτ,where t1=Re⁡ψξΓ-Re2⁡ψξ and the property of Fox-H function is as follows [33, 35]: (28)∑a∞-Δa∏j=1pΓuj+Ujaa!∏j=1qΓvj+Vja=Hp,q+11,pΔ1-u1,U1,1-u2,U2,1-u3,U3,…,1-up,Up0,1,1-v1,V1,1-v2,V2,1-v3,V3,…,1-vq,Vq,L-11ηexp⁡-ySceffηψη+ψξ=φy,t,ψSceff,ψξ.Equations (19), (20), and (27) are the general solutions of mass concentration, temperature distribution, and velocity profile, respectively. From our general solutions, various solutions have recovered. When Φ=0, the solutions are termed in the absence of porous effects, such solutions are obtained by Farhad et al. [16, see equation (28)]. Furthermore, setting Gm=M=0 and Re=1 the solutions are explored in the absence of magnetic field and mass transfer; such solutions are quite identical obtained by Khan et al. [36]. Newtonian behavior of the solutions can also be achieved by employing Γ=0. It is worth pointing out that our analytical solutions are approached in terms of newly defined Caputo-Fabrizio fractionalized solutions and can be converted for ordinary differential operator by setting ψ=1.


## 5.1. Analytic Solution of Temperature and Concentration Distribution

Employing Laplace transform on (14) and (15) along with initial and boundary conditions (16) and by substituting ξ=1/(1-ψ), we find that(17)C-y,η=1ηexp⁡-ySceffψηη+ψξ,T-y,η=1ηexp⁡-yPreffψηη+ψξ.Expanding (17) in terms of series form, we arrive at (18)C-y,η=1η+∑p=1∞-yψSceffpp!∑q=0∞-ψξqΓq+p/2q!Γp/21ηq+1,T-y,η=1η+∑p=1∞-yψPreffpp!∑q=0∞-ψξqΓq+p/2q!Γp/21ηq+1.Apply inverse Laplace transform on (18) and express mass concentration and temperature distribution in terms of generalized Mittag-Leffler function as (19)Cy,t=1+∑p=1∞-yψSceffpp!M1,1p/2-ξψt,(20)Ty,t=1+∑p=1∞-yψPreffpp!M1,1p/2-ξψt.Here, the property of Mittag-Leffler function is defined as follows [33]:(21)MΩ2,Ω3Ω1χ=tΩ3-1EΩ2,Ω3Ω1χ=∑f∞χfΓΩ1+ftΩ3-1f!ΓΩ1ΓΩ3+Ω2f,ReΩ2>0,ReΩ3>0.


## 5.2. Analytic Solution of Velocity Field

Employing Laplace transform on (14) along with initial and boundary conditions (16) and by substituting ξ=1/(1-ψ), we find that(22)∂2w-y,η∂y2-M+ϕη+ξ+ψηRe⁡η+ψξ-ψξΓw-y,η+η+ψξGmC-y,η+GrT-y,ηRe⁡η+ψξ-ψξΓ=0,and, by simplifying (22) and using imposed conditions, we get(23)wy,η=Uηη2+ω2exp⁡-yψη+M+ϕη+ψξReη+ψξ-ψξΓ-GmRe21ηexp⁡-ySceffηψη+ψξΛ1η2+Λ2η+Λ3η2+2Λ4η+Λ42-GrRe1ηexp⁡-yPreffηψη+ψξΛ5η2+Λ6η+Λ3η2+2Λ4η+Λ42,(24)Λ1=Re⁡Sceffψ-ψ2-M-Φ,Λ2=Re⁡Sceffψ2ξ-ξψ2-2ψMξ-2Φξψ-Sceffξψ2,Λ3=-Mψ2ξ2-Φψ2ξ2,Λ4=ψξ-ψξΓRe,Λ5=Re⁡Preffψ-ψ2-M-Φ,Λ6=Re⁡Preffψ2ξ-ξψ2-2ψMξ-2Φξψ-Preffξψ2.Expressing (23) in more suitable form, we obtain(25)wy,η=Uηη2+ω2+Uηη2+ω2∑p=1∞1p!-yψ+M+ΦRep∑q=0∞1q!-ψξM-ψξΦψ+M+Φq×∑m=0∞Re⁡ψξΓ-Re2⁡ψξmΓp/2+1Γp/2+mm!Γp/2Γp/2-q+1ηq-p-m-GmRe21ηexp⁡-ySceffηψη+ψξη-η1η-η2η-η3η-η4-GrRe1ηexp⁡-yPreffηψη+ψξη-η5η-η6η-η3η-η4,(26)Λ1η2+Λ2η+Λ3=η-η1η-η2,η2+2Λ4η+Λ42=η-η3η-η4,Λ5η2+Λ6η+Λ3=η-η5η-η6.Applying inverse Laplace transform on (25) and expressing velocity field in terms of generalized special functions and Fox-H function, we arrive at(27)wy,t=UHtcos⁡ωt+UHt∑p=1∞1p!-yψ+M+ΦRep∑q=0∞1q!-ψξM-ψξΦψ+M+Φq∫0tcos⁡ωt-τ×H2,41,2t1t-p2,0,1-p2,-10,1,1-p2,0,q-p2,0,p-q+1,-1tq-p-1dτ-GmRe2∫0tφy,t,ψSceff,ψξ×η1η2-η1η3-η2η3+η32η3-η4exp⁡η3t-τ-η1η2-η1η4-η2η4+η42η3-η4exp⁡η4t-τdτ-GrRe∫0tφy,t,ψPreff,ψξη5η6-η5η3-η6η3+η32η3-η4exp⁡η3t-τ-η5η6-η5η4-η6η4+η42η3-η4exp⁡η4t-τdτ,where t1=Re⁡ψξΓ-Re2⁡ψξ and the property of Fox-H function is as follows [33, 35]: (28)∑a∞-Δa∏j=1pΓuj+Ujaa!∏j=1qΓvj+Vja=Hp,q+11,pΔ1-u1,U1,1-u2,U2,1-u3,U3,…,1-up,Up0,1,1-v1,V1,1-v2,V2,1-v3,V3,…,1-vq,Vq,L-11ηexp⁡-ySceffηψη+ψξ=φy,t,ψSceff,ψξ.Equations (19), (20), and (27) are the general solutions of mass concentration, temperature distribution, and velocity profile, respectively. From our general solutions, various solutions have recovered. When Φ=0, the solutions are termed in the absence of porous effects, such solutions are obtained by Farhad et al. [16, see equation (28)]. Furthermore, setting Gm=M=0 and Re=1 the solutions are explored in the absence of magnetic field and mass transfer; such solutions are quite identical obtained by Khan et al. [36]. Newtonian behavior of the solutions can also be achieved by employing Γ=0. It is worth pointing out that our analytical solutions are approached in terms of newly defined Caputo-Fabrizio fractionalized solutions and can be converted for ordinary differential operator by setting ψ=1.


## 6. Numerical Results and Discussion

The purpose of present analysis is to highlight the effects of fractionalized Walter’s Liquid Model-B with heat and mass transfer in a porous medium analytically using newly defined approach of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative. The analytical investigation is performed for the solutions of mass concentration, temperature distribution, and velocity profile in the presence and absence of porous medium and magnetic field effects. The general solutions are expressed in the form of generalized Mittag-Leffler functionMΩ2,Ω3Ω1χ and Fox-H function Hp,q+11,p satisfying imposed conditions on the problem. Figure 1 shows the physical model of the problem. The graphical illustration is depicted in order to bring out the effects of various physical parameters on flow as enumerated below in Figures 2–9.(i)
Figure2 shows the effects of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative for three different values α=0.3,0.5,0.7 on the profiles of the mass concentration. It is found that increasing Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative parameter increases the concentration profile.(ii)
Influence of the Schmidt number on the mass concentration is observed in Figure3. It is noted that the increase in Schmidt number causes decrease in mass concentration.(iii)
Figure4 emphasizes the effect of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative for three different values α=0.3,0.5,0.7 on the profiles of the temperature distribution. It is noted that increase in Caputo-Fabrizio fractional parameter increases the temperature distribution.(iv)
Figure5 depicts the effect of Prandtl number for three different values Pr=10,12,14 on the profiles of the temperature distribution. Increasing Prandtl number causes decrease in the temperature distribution which is due to the fact that an increase in the Prandtl number generates slow rate of thermal diffusion over the whole domain of boundary.(v)
Figure6 is portrayed to display the impacts of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative α=0.2,0.4,0.6 on velocity. It is found that velocity decreases with increasing values of fractional parameter.(vi)
The influence of Reynold number is depicted in Figure7. It is noted that increasing values of Reynold numbers causes the velocity to decrease.(vii)
The influences of magnetic and porous parameters are demonstrated in Figures8 and 9, respectively. As expected, flow of magnetohydrodynamic and porous flows have opposite effects on fluid on the whole domain of plate. It is also noted that both pertinent parameters have quite similar effects on fluid flow reciprocally.Figure 2
Plot of mass concentration for different values of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional parameterα.Figure 3
Plot of mass concentration for different values of Schmidt numberSc.Figure 4
Plot of temperature distribution for different values of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional parameterα.Figure 5
Plot of temperature distribution for different values of Prandtl numberPr.Figure 6
Plot of velocity field for different values of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional parameterα.Figure 7
Plot of velocity field for different values of Reynold numberRe.Figure 8
Plot of velocity field for different values of magnetic parameterM.Figure 9
Plot of velocity field for different values of porous mediumϕ.



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