# Commercial Bank Performance and Ownership Concentration: An Empirical Analysis of Commercial Banks from a Global Perspective

Authors: Yongsheng Fang; Zepeng Shangguan
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2022)

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## Abstract

This paper examines the relationship between ownership concentration and bank performance. In order to verify the linear or nonlinear relationship between bank performance and ownership concentration, we select the data of the top 100 commercial banks in the BVD-Bankfocus database for regression analysis. The study found that there is no significant correlation between ownership concentration and bank performance, whether it is linear or nonlinear. Besides it found that the better the economic environment, the better the performance of commercial banks; the higher the leverage ratio, the higher the profitability, and the better the bank performance. It also found there is no correlation between bank performance and bank size.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

As discussed by Iannotta et al. [1], the ownership structure of commercial banks can be determined by two dimensions: one is the ownership concentration; the other is the nature of the owner. There is no significant difference in the nature of owners in the sample relative to ownership concentration, so we consider the relationship between ownership concentration and bank performance in this paper. Most scholars’ research the impact of ownership on bank performance, often selecting commercial banks in a certain country or region [2–5], while this paper selects the top 100 commercial banks in the BVD-Bankfocus database, covering Asia, Europe, America, and Oceania.Scholars have come to different conclusions by selecting samples from different regions and different years. For instance, according to Huang [6], the higher the ownership concentration of the bank, the stronger the bank’s profitability. Ozili and Uadiale [7] found similar conclusions, with concentrated ownership of banks having higher returns on assets, higher net interest margins, and higher recurring earning power. On the contrary, there is evidence found by Riewsathirathorn et al. [8] that more concentrated ownership is linked to poorer bank performance. In addition, the view that ownership concentration has a nonlinear relationship with bank performance has also been proposed, including u-shaped correlation [9] and cubic relationship [10]. Finally, unlike the above findings, Wen [11] and Zouari and Taktak [12] found that there is no correlation between ownership concentration and bank performance. Based on the above-given situation, what this paper does is to build models to verify the relationship between ownership concentration and bank performance: linear, u-shaped, or cubic relationship.Previous studies have used a large number of performance indicators to measure bank performance. Return on assets (ROAs), return on equity (ROE), and net interest margin (NIM) are the most commonly used measures of performance in literature [13, 14]. According to Berger et al. [15], performance is measured in terms of efficiency levels and profit efficiency levels. In addition, to measure performance more comprehensively, there are several multiple indicator systems to measure bank performance. For instance, indicators used by Brean [16] include ROA, ROE, the cost/income ratio, the nonperforming asset ratio, the capital adequacy ratio, and the nonperforming loan provision coverage ratio. Based on Brean, according to the characteristics of the indicators, Boateng et al. [2] are replaced indicators by four indices, namely, performance index, the asset quality index, the profitability index, and the liquidity index. In this context, this paper classifies indicators by profitability, liquidity, safety, and growth of commercial banks, constructs a bank performance indicator system, and explores the relationship between bank performance and ownership concentration based on this system. Contrary to the conclusions of most scholars, our findings show that there is no significant correlation between bank performance and ownership concentration.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. Our Sample

The data used in this paper are balanced panel data. Select the top 100 commercial banks in the global total assets of the BVD-Bankfocus database and exclude 13 banks with incomplete data. Finally, the entire sample contains the data of 87 banks from 2016 to 2020, and a total of 435 observations are generated. Most of the data about the performance and Ownership concentration of each bank in the sample comes from the BVD-Bankfocus database, and some missing data can be filled by searching the annual report of the corresponding year.


### 2.2. Empirical Model

To examine the linear effect of ownership concentration on bank performance, we start with a fixed-effects model with heteroskedasticity and robust standard errors:(1)PERit=α1+β1SRit+λ1Controlsit+μi+τt+εit,where the dependent variable PERit represents a performance indicator that we developed based on 10 independent bank performance variables; SRit is used to indicate the meaning of ownership concentration, it is the abbreviation of shareholding Ratio, indicating the shareholding ratio of the top shareholders; Controlsit represents all control variables; μi denote the unobserved bank-fixed effects, τt denote the unobserved year-fixed effects and εit is the error term.Based on (1), consider the U-shaped effect of ownership concentration on performance. The model is as follows:(2)PERit=α2+β2SRit+β3Hfdlit+λ2Controlsit+μi+τt+εit,where Hfdlit is a variable representing the U-shaped effect of ownership concentration on bank performance [14, 17].To explore the cubic relationship between banking and performance and ownership concentration, the following model is established:(3)PERit=α3+β4SRit+β5Hfdlit+β6SRit3+λ3Controlsit+μi+τt+εit,


### 2.3. Measurement of Variables

#### 2.3.1. Dependent Variables

The dependent variablePERit in formula (3) is based on 10 performance indicators selected based on the bank’s profitability, liquidity, security, and growth, namely, return on average assets, return on average equity, cost to income ratio, net loans/total assets, liquid assets/deposit and short-term funding, tier ratio, nonperforming loans/gross loans, loan loss reserve/nonperforming loans, total asset growth rate, and gross loan growth rate. Table 1 shows the system of bank performance indicators. Using principal component analysis, the ten indicators of the appeal were reduced in dimension, and the performance score was calculated according to the variance contribution rate (see Appendix A).Table 1
Commercial bank performance evaluation indicator system.
Primary indicatorSecondary indicatorsProfitability indicatorReturn on average assets (ROAA)Return on average equity (ROAE)Cost to income ratio (CIR)Liquidity indicatorNet loans/total assets (NLTA)Liquid assets/deposit and short-term funding (LADS)Security indicatorsTier ratio (TR)Nonperforming loans/gross loans (NPL)Loan loss reserve/nonperforming loans (LLR)Growth indicatorTotal asset growth rate (TAGR)Gross loan growth rate (GLGR)


#### 2.3.2. Explanatory Variables

The ownership concentration includes two types of variables: one is the SR index, which uses SR1, SR5, and SR10 to represent the sum of the shareholding ratios of the top 1, top 5, and top 10 shareholders, respectively; the other is the Herfindahl index, which uses Hfdl1, Hfdl5 and Hfdl10 represent the square sum of the shareholding ratio of the top 1, top 5, and top 10 shareholders, respectively.


#### 2.3.3. Control Variables

As discussed by Zhou and Wong [18], banks with larger assets are less profitable because of narrow interest margins. Besides, according to Huang [6], the association between ownership concentration and bank profitability is negatively moderated by bank size. Therefore, we take the logarithm of the bank size (total assets) as the control variable. Different banks may pursue different goals, according to Nutt [19], state-owned banks may pursue social and political goals compared to other banks’ goal of maximizing shareholder wealth, in order to eliminate this effect, we take the log of bank net income as the control variable. There is often a correlation between bank leverage and profitability; Abreu and Mendes [20] found that high profitability of banks is often accompanied by low leverage, we, therefore, control the effects of the capital structure measured as equity/total assets. Taking into account the impact of macroeconomics on bank performance, the GDP growth rate of the country to which the commercial bank belongs is used as a control variable.


## 2.1. Our Sample

The data used in this paper are balanced panel data. Select the top 100 commercial banks in the global total assets of the BVD-Bankfocus database and exclude 13 banks with incomplete data. Finally, the entire sample contains the data of 87 banks from 2016 to 2020, and a total of 435 observations are generated. Most of the data about the performance and Ownership concentration of each bank in the sample comes from the BVD-Bankfocus database, and some missing data can be filled by searching the annual report of the corresponding year.


## 2.2. Empirical Model

To examine the linear effect of ownership concentration on bank performance, we start with a fixed-effects model with heteroskedasticity and robust standard errors:(1)PERit=α1+β1SRit+λ1Controlsit+μi+τt+εit,where the dependent variable PERit represents a performance indicator that we developed based on 10 independent bank performance variables; SRit is used to indicate the meaning of ownership concentration, it is the abbreviation of shareholding Ratio, indicating the shareholding ratio of the top shareholders; Controlsit represents all control variables; μi denote the unobserved bank-fixed effects, τt denote the unobserved year-fixed effects and εit is the error term.Based on (1), consider the U-shaped effect of ownership concentration on performance. The model is as follows:(2)PERit=α2+β2SRit+β3Hfdlit+λ2Controlsit+μi+τt+εit,where Hfdlit is a variable representing the U-shaped effect of ownership concentration on bank performance [14, 17].To explore the cubic relationship between banking and performance and ownership concentration, the following model is established:(3)PERit=α3+β4SRit+β5Hfdlit+β6SRit3+λ3Controlsit+μi+τt+εit,


## 2.3. Measurement of Variables

### 2.3.1. Dependent Variables

The dependent variablePERit in formula (3) is based on 10 performance indicators selected based on the bank’s profitability, liquidity, security, and growth, namely, return on average assets, return on average equity, cost to income ratio, net loans/total assets, liquid assets/deposit and short-term funding, tier ratio, nonperforming loans/gross loans, loan loss reserve/nonperforming loans, total asset growth rate, and gross loan growth rate. Table 1 shows the system of bank performance indicators. Using principal component analysis, the ten indicators of the appeal were reduced in dimension, and the performance score was calculated according to the variance contribution rate (see Appendix A).Table 1
Commercial bank performance evaluation indicator system.
Primary indicatorSecondary indicatorsProfitability indicatorReturn on average assets (ROAA)Return on average equity (ROAE)Cost to income ratio (CIR)Liquidity indicatorNet loans/total assets (NLTA)Liquid assets/deposit and short-term funding (LADS)Security indicatorsTier ratio (TR)Nonperforming loans/gross loans (NPL)Loan loss reserve/nonperforming loans (LLR)Growth indicatorTotal asset growth rate (TAGR)Gross loan growth rate (GLGR)


### 2.3.2. Explanatory Variables

The ownership concentration includes two types of variables: one is the SR index, which uses SR1, SR5, and SR10 to represent the sum of the shareholding ratios of the top 1, top 5, and top 10 shareholders, respectively; the other is the Herfindahl index, which uses Hfdl1, Hfdl5 and Hfdl10 represent the square sum of the shareholding ratio of the top 1, top 5, and top 10 shareholders, respectively.


### 2.3.3. Control Variables

As discussed by Zhou and Wong [18], banks with larger assets are less profitable because of narrow interest margins. Besides, according to Huang [6], the association between ownership concentration and bank profitability is negatively moderated by bank size. Therefore, we take the logarithm of the bank size (total assets) as the control variable. Different banks may pursue different goals, according to Nutt [19], state-owned banks may pursue social and political goals compared to other banks’ goal of maximizing shareholder wealth, in order to eliminate this effect, we take the log of bank net income as the control variable. There is often a correlation between bank leverage and profitability; Abreu and Mendes [20] found that high profitability of banks is often accompanied by low leverage, we, therefore, control the effects of the capital structure measured as equity/total assets. Taking into account the impact of macroeconomics on bank performance, the GDP growth rate of the country to which the commercial bank belongs is used as a control variable.


## 2.3.1. Dependent Variables

The dependent variablePERit in formula (3) is based on 10 performance indicators selected based on the bank’s profitability, liquidity, security, and growth, namely, return on average assets, return on average equity, cost to income ratio, net loans/total assets, liquid assets/deposit and short-term funding, tier ratio, nonperforming loans/gross loans, loan loss reserve/nonperforming loans, total asset growth rate, and gross loan growth rate. Table 1 shows the system of bank performance indicators. Using principal component analysis, the ten indicators of the appeal were reduced in dimension, and the performance score was calculated according to the variance contribution rate (see Appendix A).Table 1
Commercial bank performance evaluation indicator system.
Primary indicatorSecondary indicatorsProfitability indicatorReturn on average assets (ROAA)Return on average equity (ROAE)Cost to income ratio (CIR)Liquidity indicatorNet loans/total assets (NLTA)Liquid assets/deposit and short-term funding (LADS)Security indicatorsTier ratio (TR)Nonperforming loans/gross loans (NPL)Loan loss reserve/nonperforming loans (LLR)Growth indicatorTotal asset growth rate (TAGR)Gross loan growth rate (GLGR)


## 2.3.2. Explanatory Variables

The ownership concentration includes two types of variables: one is the SR index, which uses SR1, SR5, and SR10 to represent the sum of the shareholding ratios of the top 1, top 5, and top 10 shareholders, respectively; the other is the Herfindahl index, which uses Hfdl1, Hfdl5 and Hfdl10 represent the square sum of the shareholding ratio of the top 1, top 5, and top 10 shareholders, respectively.


## 2.3.3. Control Variables

As discussed by Zhou and Wong [18], banks with larger assets are less profitable because of narrow interest margins. Besides, according to Huang [6], the association between ownership concentration and bank profitability is negatively moderated by bank size. Therefore, we take the logarithm of the bank size (total assets) as the control variable. Different banks may pursue different goals, according to Nutt [19], state-owned banks may pursue social and political goals compared to other banks’ goal of maximizing shareholder wealth, in order to eliminate this effect, we take the log of bank net income as the control variable. There is often a correlation between bank leverage and profitability; Abreu and Mendes [20] found that high profitability of banks is often accompanied by low leverage, we, therefore, control the effects of the capital structure measured as equity/total assets. Taking into account the impact of macroeconomics on bank performance, the GDP growth rate of the country to which the commercial bank belongs is used as a control variable.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Descriptive Statistics

Table2 reports the descriptive statistics. Under the performance indicator system we constructed, the average value of performance is −6.098, the minimum value is −21.00, the maximum value is 31.69, and the variance is 6.206. It shows that the performance level of the sample commercial banks is quite different. The SR index and the Hfdl index show that there is a great difference in the ownership concentration among the sample commercial banks. In addition, we found that the average value of the growth rate of GDP was 1.639%, and the variance was 3.731, indicating that the global economic macro environment was acceptable, but it showed great differences in different countries.Table 2
Descriptive statistics.
VariableObsMeanStd. Dev.MinMaxPer435−6.0986.206−21.0031.69SR14350.2710.2560.03101SR54350.4950.2830.1071SR104350.5760.2630.1501Hfdl1 (SR1^2)4350.1390.2380.001001Hfdl54350.1690.2430.003001Hfdl104350.1710.2420.003001SR1^34350.09600.2220.000031Log (Bank size)43520.230.78618.5622.35Log (Net income)43513.776.012−16.3017.70Equity/total assets4357.1452.2223.43015.28Gdp_gr4351.6393.731−10.828.256Note. PER is the performance value obtained based on the performance indicator system in Table1; SR1, SR5, and SR10 represent the sum of the shareholding ratios of the top 1, 5, and 10 shareholders, respectively; Hfdl1, Hfdl5, and Hfdl10 represent the sum of the squares of the shareholding ratios of the top 1, 5, and 10 shareholders, respectively; SR1^3 represents the cube of the shareholding ratio of the largest shareholder; Log(Bank size) represents the logarithm of the bank’s total assets for the year; Log(Net income) represents the logarithm of the bank’s net income for the year; equity/total assets represent the bank’s leverage; Gdp_gr represents the GDP growth rate of the country to which the bank belongs in the current year.


### 3.2. Regression Results

In order to more comprehensively examine the impact of shareholder shareholding ratio, substitute SR1, SR5, and SR10 into (1), respectively, and the obtained regression results are shown in (1-1), (1-2), and (1–3) in Table 3. We find that the linear relationship between bank performance and ownership concentration is not statistically significant. That means our findings are at variance with a number of studies such as Huang [6], Ozili and Uadiale [7], and Riewsathirathorn et al. [8]. Since linear relationships are not statistically significant, what about non-linear relationships?.Table 3
Impact of ownership concentration on bank performance.
LinearU-shapeCube(1-1)(1-2)(1–3)(2-1)(2-2)(2-3)(3)VariablesPERPERPERPERPERPERPERSR10.366−12.035−16.243(0.09)(−0.99)(−0.62)SR51.7491.387(0.57)(0.41)SR10−1.006−1.642(−0.31)(−0.48)Hfdl1/SR1^211.13121.109(1.18)(0.43)Hfdl51.102(0.32)Hfdl102.689(0.77)SR1^3−6.368(−0.24)Log(Bank size)5.6515.6495.6615.6495.6485.6635.669(0.90)(0.90)(0.90)(0.90)(0.90)(0.90)(0.90)Log(Net income)0.117∗∗∗0.117∗∗∗0.116∗∗∗0.114∗∗∗0.117∗∗∗0.116∗∗∗0.113∗∗∗(2.96)(2.96)(2.93)(2.91)(2.96)(2.94)(2.91)Equity/total assets−0.912∗∗−0.930∗∗−0.904∗∗−0.901∗∗−0.928∗∗−0.903∗∗−0.906∗∗(−2.47)(−2.50)(−2.43)(−2.45)(−2.48)(−2.42)(−2.45)Gdp_gr0.279∗∗0.277∗∗0.281∗∗0.270∗∗0.278∗∗0.285∗∗0.271∗∗(2.51)(2.49)(2.54)(2.40)(2.52)(2.60)(2.41)Constant−117.279−117.896−116.837−115.412−117.897−116.980−115.421(−0.92)(−0.93)(−0.92)(−0.91)(−0.93)(−0.92)(−0.91)Observations435435435435435435435R-squared0.1500.1500.1500.1520.1510.1510.152Number of bank87878787878787r2_a0.1320.1320.1320.1320.1310.1310.130F3.7193.6594.0954.1623.6534.1136.008Note. (1–1), (1–2), and (1–3) show the regression results of equation (1); (2–1), (2–2), and (2–3) show the regression results of equation (2); (3) show the regression results of equation (3). All the models are estimated with the bank- and year-fixed effects and the robust standard errors are clustered at the bank level. t-statistics are in parenthesis. ∗, ∗∗, and ∗∗∗ indicate the significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively.In order to verify whether there is a U-shaped relationship between ownership concentration and performance, SR1, Hdfl1, SR5, Hdfl5, and SR10, Hdfl10 are, respectively, substituted into equations (2), (2-1), and (2-2), and (2-3) in Table 3 show the regression results. We also find that the U-shaped relationship between ownership concentration and performance is not statistically significant, which is contrary to Azoury [9].Finally, to examine the cubic relationship between ownership concentration and performance, (3) in Table3 shows the regression result of equation (3), which shows that there is no cubic relationship between ownership concentration and performance, that is contrary to Gutiérrez et al. [10].Taking into account the above-given results, we get results consistent with Wen [11] and Zouari et al. [12], that there is no significant relationship between ownership concentration and bank performance.For control variables, the results show that bank performance has nothing to do with bank size; bank net income is positively correlated with bank performance, and both are significant at the 1% level, with coefficients ranging from 5.648 to 5.669; equity/total assets are negatively correlated with bank performance, and all are significant at the 5% level, with coefficients ranging from −0.930 to −0.901; GDP growth rate is positively correlated with bank performance, and both are significant at the 5% level, with coefficients ranging from 0.270 to 0.285.For robustness checks, we use ROAA and ROAE as surrogate measures of bank performance, respectively and rerun the model. The results are summarized in Tables4 and 5. We find that ownership concentration is not related to ROAA or ROAE nor is it related to bank size. This result verifies the feasibility of our constructed bank performance indicator system, and at the same time validates our regression results.Table 4
Impact of ownership concentration on ROAA.
LinearU-shapeCube(1-1)(1-2)(1–3)(2-1)(2-2)(2-3)(3)VariablesROAAROAAROAAROAAROAAROAAROAASR10.2561.2991.663(1.34)(1.53)(0.83)SR5−0.103−0.079(−0.37)(−0.29)SR10−0.304−0.310(−1.33)(−1.34)Hfdl1/SR1^2−0.937−1.799(−1.42)(−0.52)Hfdl5−0.074(−0.40)Hfdl100.028(0.11)SR1^30.551(0.30)Log(Bank size)0.1710.1700.1730.1710.1700.1730.169(1.04)(1.04)(1.08)(1.04)(1.04)(1.08)(1.02)Log(Net income)0.019∗∗∗0.019∗∗∗0.019∗∗∗0.019∗∗∗0.019∗∗∗0.019∗∗∗0.019∗∗∗(5.73)(5.69)(5.74)(5.84)(5.68)(5.73)(5.96)Equity/total assets0.052∗∗0.053∗∗0.054∗∗0.051∗∗0.053∗∗0.055∗∗0.052∗∗(2.41)(2.51)(2.53)(2.35)(2.50)(2.52)(2.38)Gdp_gr0.0020.0010.0020.0030.0010.0020.002(0.23)(0.18)(0.27)(0.32)(0.17)(0.27)(0.30)Constant−3.658−3.519−3.471−3.815−3.519−3.472−3.814(−1.10)(−1.07)(−1.07)(−1.14)(−1.06)(−1.07)(−1.13)Observations435435435435435435435R-squared0.4050.4040.4070.4070.4040.4070.407Number of bank87878787878787r2_a0.3920.3920.3950.3930.3900.3930.392F15.3414.6715.4014.2013.8915.0312.90Note. (1-1), (1-2), and (1–3) show the regression results of equation (1); (2-1), (2-2), and (2-3) show the regression results of equation (2); (3) show the regression results of equation (3). All the models are estimated with the bank- and year-fixed effects and the robust standard errors are clustered at the bank level. t-statistics are in parenthesis. ∗, ∗∗, and ∗∗∗ indicate the significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively.Table 5
Impact of ownership concentration on ROAE.
LinearU-shapeCube(1-1)(1-2)(1–3)(2-1)(2-2)(2-3)(3)VariablesROAEROAEROAEROAEROAEROAEROAESR13.19311.85610.636(1.10)(0.92)(0.35)SR5−0.1420.049(−0.04)(0.01)SR10−3.846−4.190(−1.17)(−1.20)Hfdl1/SR1^2−7.776−4.885(−0.76)(−0.09)Hfdl5−0.583(−0.20)Hfdl101.454(0.38)SR1^3−1.846(−0.06)Log(Bank size)3.7913.7793.8213.7933.7793.8233.799(1.31)(1.31)(1.34)(1.31)(1.31)(1.34)(1.31)Log(Net income)0.345∗∗∗0.344∗∗∗0.342∗∗∗0.347∗∗∗0.344∗∗∗0.342∗∗∗0.347∗∗∗(6.16)(6.12)(6.13)(6.24)(6.11)(6.13)(6.36)Equity/total assets−0.295−0.298−0.266−0.303−0.299−0.266−0.304(−0.83)(−0.84)(−0.75)(−0.84)(−0.85)(−0.74)(−0.86)Gdp_gr0.0610.0550.0650.0680.0540.0670.068(0.44)(0.39)(0.46)(0.48)(0.39)(0.48)(0.48)Constant−73.927−72.680−71.571−75.231−72.680−71.649−75.234(−1.27)(−1.25)(−1.24)(−1.28)(−1.25)(−1.24)(−1.28)Observations435435435435435435435R-squared0.4290.4290.4310.4300.4290.4310.430Number of bank87878787878787r2_a0.4170.4160.4190.4160.4150.4180.415F21.2520.6423.0919.3519.4722.3117.87Note. (1-1), (1-2), and (1–3) show the regression results of equation (1); (2-1), (2-2), and (2-3) show the regression results of equation (2); (3) show the regression results of equation (3). All the models are estimated with the bank- and year-fixed effects and the robust standard errors are clustered at the bank level. t-statistics are in parenthesis. ∗, ∗∗, and ∗∗∗ indicate the significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively.


## 3.1. Descriptive Statistics

Table2 reports the descriptive statistics. Under the performance indicator system we constructed, the average value of performance is −6.098, the minimum value is −21.00, the maximum value is 31.69, and the variance is 6.206. It shows that the performance level of the sample commercial banks is quite different. The SR index and the Hfdl index show that there is a great difference in the ownership concentration among the sample commercial banks. In addition, we found that the average value of the growth rate of GDP was 1.639%, and the variance was 3.731, indicating that the global economic macro environment was acceptable, but it showed great differences in different countries.Table 2
Descriptive statistics.
VariableObsMeanStd. Dev.MinMaxPer435−6.0986.206−21.0031.69SR14350.2710.2560.03101SR54350.4950.2830.1071SR104350.5760.2630.1501Hfdl1 (SR1^2)4350.1390.2380.001001Hfdl54350.1690.2430.003001Hfdl104350.1710.2420.003001SR1^34350.09600.2220.000031Log (Bank size)43520.230.78618.5622.35Log (Net income)43513.776.012−16.3017.70Equity/total assets4357.1452.2223.43015.28Gdp_gr4351.6393.731−10.828.256Note. PER is the performance value obtained based on the performance indicator system in Table1; SR1, SR5, and SR10 represent the sum of the shareholding ratios of the top 1, 5, and 10 shareholders, respectively; Hfdl1, Hfdl5, and Hfdl10 represent the sum of the squares of the shareholding ratios of the top 1, 5, and 10 shareholders, respectively; SR1^3 represents the cube of the shareholding ratio of the largest shareholder; Log(Bank size) represents the logarithm of the bank’s total assets for the year; Log(Net income) represents the logarithm of the bank’s net income for the year; equity/total assets represent the bank’s leverage; Gdp_gr represents the GDP growth rate of the country to which the bank belongs in the current year.


## 3.2. Regression Results

In order to more comprehensively examine the impact of shareholder shareholding ratio, substitute SR1, SR5, and SR10 into (1), respectively, and the obtained regression results are shown in (1-1), (1-2), and (1–3) in Table 3. We find that the linear relationship between bank performance and ownership concentration is not statistically significant. That means our findings are at variance with a number of studies such as Huang [6], Ozili and Uadiale [7], and Riewsathirathorn et al. [8]. Since linear relationships are not statistically significant, what about non-linear relationships?.Table 3
Impact of ownership concentration on bank performance.
LinearU-shapeCube(1-1)(1-2)(1–3)(2-1)(2-2)(2-3)(3)VariablesPERPERPERPERPERPERPERSR10.366−12.035−16.243(0.09)(−0.99)(−0.62)SR51.7491.387(0.57)(0.41)SR10−1.006−1.642(−0.31)(−0.48)Hfdl1/SR1^211.13121.109(1.18)(0.43)Hfdl51.102(0.32)Hfdl102.689(0.77)SR1^3−6.368(−0.24)Log(Bank size)5.6515.6495.6615.6495.6485.6635.669(0.90)(0.90)(0.90)(0.90)(0.90)(0.90)(0.90)Log(Net income)0.117∗∗∗0.117∗∗∗0.116∗∗∗0.114∗∗∗0.117∗∗∗0.116∗∗∗0.113∗∗∗(2.96)(2.96)(2.93)(2.91)(2.96)(2.94)(2.91)Equity/total assets−0.912∗∗−0.930∗∗−0.904∗∗−0.901∗∗−0.928∗∗−0.903∗∗−0.906∗∗(−2.47)(−2.50)(−2.43)(−2.45)(−2.48)(−2.42)(−2.45)Gdp_gr0.279∗∗0.277∗∗0.281∗∗0.270∗∗0.278∗∗0.285∗∗0.271∗∗(2.51)(2.49)(2.54)(2.40)(2.52)(2.60)(2.41)Constant−117.279−117.896−116.837−115.412−117.897−116.980−115.421(−0.92)(−0.93)(−0.92)(−0.91)(−0.93)(−0.92)(−0.91)Observations435435435435435435435R-squared0.1500.1500.1500.1520.1510.1510.152Number of bank87878787878787r2_a0.1320.1320.1320.1320.1310.1310.130F3.7193.6594.0954.1623.6534.1136.008Note. (1–1), (1–2), and (1–3) show the regression results of equation (1); (2–1), (2–2), and (2–3) show the regression results of equation (2); (3) show the regression results of equation (3). All the models are estimated with the bank- and year-fixed effects and the robust standard errors are clustered at the bank level. t-statistics are in parenthesis. ∗, ∗∗, and ∗∗∗ indicate the significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively.In order to verify whether there is a U-shaped relationship between ownership concentration and performance, SR1, Hdfl1, SR5, Hdfl5, and SR10, Hdfl10 are, respectively, substituted into equations (2), (2-1), and (2-2), and (2-3) in Table 3 show the regression results. We also find that the U-shaped relationship between ownership concentration and performance is not statistically significant, which is contrary to Azoury [9].Finally, to examine the cubic relationship between ownership concentration and performance, (3) in Table3 shows the regression result of equation (3), which shows that there is no cubic relationship between ownership concentration and performance, that is contrary to Gutiérrez et al. [10].Taking into account the above-given results, we get results consistent with Wen [11] and Zouari et al. [12], that there is no significant relationship between ownership concentration and bank performance.For control variables, the results show that bank performance has nothing to do with bank size; bank net income is positively correlated with bank performance, and both are significant at the 1% level, with coefficients ranging from 5.648 to 5.669; equity/total assets are negatively correlated with bank performance, and all are significant at the 5% level, with coefficients ranging from −0.930 to −0.901; GDP growth rate is positively correlated with bank performance, and both are significant at the 5% level, with coefficients ranging from 0.270 to 0.285.For robustness checks, we use ROAA and ROAE as surrogate measures of bank performance, respectively and rerun the model. The results are summarized in Tables4 and 5. We find that ownership concentration is not related to ROAA or ROAE nor is it related to bank size. This result verifies the feasibility of our constructed bank performance indicator system, and at the same time validates our regression results.Table 4
Impact of ownership concentration on ROAA.
LinearU-shapeCube(1-1)(1-2)(1–3)(2-1)(2-2)(2-3)(3)VariablesROAAROAAROAAROAAROAAROAAROAASR10.2561.2991.663(1.34)(1.53)(0.83)SR5−0.103−0.079(−0.37)(−0.29)SR10−0.304−0.310(−1.33)(−1.34)Hfdl1/SR1^2−0.937−1.799(−1.42)(−0.52)Hfdl5−0.074(−0.40)Hfdl100.028(0.11)SR1^30.551(0.30)Log(Bank size)0.1710.1700.1730.1710.1700.1730.169(1.04)(1.04)(1.08)(1.04)(1.04)(1.08)(1.02)Log(Net income)0.019∗∗∗0.019∗∗∗0.019∗∗∗0.019∗∗∗0.019∗∗∗0.019∗∗∗0.019∗∗∗(5.73)(5.69)(5.74)(5.84)(5.68)(5.73)(5.96)Equity/total assets0.052∗∗0.053∗∗0.054∗∗0.051∗∗0.053∗∗0.055∗∗0.052∗∗(2.41)(2.51)(2.53)(2.35)(2.50)(2.52)(2.38)Gdp_gr0.0020.0010.0020.0030.0010.0020.002(0.23)(0.18)(0.27)(0.32)(0.17)(0.27)(0.30)Constant−3.658−3.519−3.471−3.815−3.519−3.472−3.814(−1.10)(−1.07)(−1.07)(−1.14)(−1.06)(−1.07)(−1.13)Observations435435435435435435435R-squared0.4050.4040.4070.4070.4040.4070.407Number of bank87878787878787r2_a0.3920.3920.3950.3930.3900.3930.392F15.3414.6715.4014.2013.8915.0312.90Note. (1-1), (1-2), and (1–3) show the regression results of equation (1); (2-1), (2-2), and (2-3) show the regression results of equation (2); (3) show the regression results of equation (3). All the models are estimated with the bank- and year-fixed effects and the robust standard errors are clustered at the bank level. t-statistics are in parenthesis. ∗, ∗∗, and ∗∗∗ indicate the significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively.Table 5
Impact of ownership concentration on ROAE.
LinearU-shapeCube(1-1)(1-2)(1–3)(2-1)(2-2)(2-3)(3)VariablesROAEROAEROAEROAEROAEROAEROAESR13.19311.85610.636(1.10)(0.92)(0.35)SR5−0.1420.049(−0.04)(0.01)SR10−3.846−4.190(−1.17)(−1.20)Hfdl1/SR1^2−7.776−4.885(−0.76)(−0.09)Hfdl5−0.583(−0.20)Hfdl101.454(0.38)SR1^3−1.846(−0.06)Log(Bank size)3.7913.7793.8213.7933.7793.8233.799(1.31)(1.31)(1.34)(1.31)(1.31)(1.34)(1.31)Log(Net income)0.345∗∗∗0.344∗∗∗0.342∗∗∗0.347∗∗∗0.344∗∗∗0.342∗∗∗0.347∗∗∗(6.16)(6.12)(6.13)(6.24)(6.11)(6.13)(6.36)Equity/total assets−0.295−0.298−0.266−0.303−0.299−0.266−0.304(−0.83)(−0.84)(−0.75)(−0.84)(−0.85)(−0.74)(−0.86)Gdp_gr0.0610.0550.0650.0680.0540.0670.068(0.44)(0.39)(0.46)(0.48)(0.39)(0.48)(0.48)Constant−73.927−72.680−71.571−75.231−72.680−71.649−75.234(−1.27)(−1.25)(−1.24)(−1.28)(−1.25)(−1.24)(−1.28)Observations435435435435435435435R-squared0.4290.4290.4310.4300.4290.4310.430Number of bank87878787878787r2_a0.4170.4160.4190.4160.4150.4180.415F21.2520.6423.0919.3519.4722.3117.87Note. (1-1), (1-2), and (1–3) show the regression results of equation (1); (2-1), (2-2), and (2-3) show the regression results of equation (2); (3) show the regression results of equation (3). All the models are estimated with the bank- and year-fixed effects and the robust standard errors are clustered at the bank level. t-statistics are in parenthesis. ∗, ∗∗, and ∗∗∗ indicate the significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively.


## 4. Conclusions

According to Earle et al. [21], the effect of ownership concentration on firm performance is “complex in theory and ambiguous in experience.” This paper studies the relationship between the Ownership concentration and bank performance of 87 commercial banks around the world from 2016 to 2020. The sample commercial banks come from many countries around the world, covering Asia, Europe, North America, South America, and Oceania.Our results indicate that the Ownership concentration and performance of commercial banks show the characteristics of irrelevance. At the macro level, we found that the better the economic environment, the better the performance of commercial banks; at the corporate level, we found that the higher the leverage ratio, the higher the profitability, and the better the bank performance. We also find there is no correlation between bank performance and bank size.



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*Source: 8082301-2022-08-09.xml*