# Application of Image Processing Sensor and Pattern Recognition in Detection of Bearing Surface Defects

Authors: Qinghong Wu; Minghui Zhu
Journal: Journal of Sensors
 (2022)

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## Abstract

In order to solve the problem that the traditional detection technology can not meet the requirements of online detection, a visual detection device for bearing inner ring defects based on image processing and pattern recognition is proposed in this paper. The device systematically designs an image acquisition device of bearing inner ring based on CCD. In the hardware scheme, the appropriate lens, camera, light source, and other related hardware are selected according to the actual needs, a complete image acquisition platform of bearing inner ring is built, and the software function design is completed. The simulation results show that the qualified rate of machine detection is 98.6%, the missed detection rate is 0, and the false detection rate is 1.4%, which are better than manual detection.Conclusion. The test results show that the bearing inner ring defect detection system can detect the surface defects of bearing inner ring quickly, stably, and reliably, and the detection efficiency and accuracy are higher than the original manual detection method, so it has a good application prospect.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Bearing is the basic component of modern industry and known as the “joint” of mechanical equipment. It is widely used in automobile, household appliances, agricultural machinery, engineering machinery, heavy machinery, electric power, railway, machine tool, and other industries. Its main function is to support the rotating shaft or other moving bodies. It plays the role of fixing the rotating shaft and reducing the load friction coefficient in the process of mechanical transmission. Its accuracy, performance, service life, and reliability play a decisive role in the service performance and reliability of the main engine. Bearing industry is a national basic and strategic industry. Its development level and industrial scale reflect a country’s comprehensive industrial strength and play an important role in national economy and national defense construction [1].With the improvement of production automation level and the continuous improvement of product quality requirements and production efficiency, machine vision image processing and pattern recognition technology have received more and more attention. At present, the application field of machine vision is deep and wide, with strong practicability and real time. It is widely used in many fields such as industry, agriculture, medical treatment, and transportation [2]. In recent decades, with the continuous acceleration of industrialization and the transfer of manufacturing centers in various countries and regions to China, bearings usually need mass production with high speed and accuracy requirements. In order to comply with the development of modern bearing production mode, machine vision image processing and pattern recognition technology have important application prospects and research value in bearing detection [3]. In addition, benefiting from the continuous improvement of supporting infrastructure, the continuous expansion of the overall scale of manufacturing industry, and the continuous improvement of intelligent level, favorable policies, and other factors, the demand of China’s machine vision image processing market is growing. With the improvement of industry technology and wider product application fields, the machine vision market will further expand in the future [4].


## 2. Literature Review

In foreign countries, the monitoring and diagnosis of bearings have been started in the 1960s. After about half a world’s development, it has basically reached the period of marketization and commercialization. Boeing company in the USA uses resonance demodulation technology for fault analysis. This technology improves the signal-to-noise ratio and can well detect the fault. Resonance demodulation method is similar to impulse method, but it can also judge the existence of the fault, the location, and damage degree of the fault. Therefore, this method has been widely used [5]. Later, due to the progress of science and technology, after the 1980s, companies in some industrial developed countries began to use computers to monitor and diagnose the state of rolling bearings. For example, the USA and Russia developed ReBAM system and dream automatic diagnosis system, respectively. These systems use the combination of nonlinear signal and signal processing of rolling bearing and build an information database according to the characteristics. In this database, there is huge bearing information, which can realize intelligent classification and fault judgment and monitor the condition of bearing.At present, there are many research institutes engaged in bearing fault diagnosis, but there are relatively few research on the bearing of relevant railway freight cars, and the application is even less. In terms of image detection, Nikiforova, Z. S. and others designed the detection system according to some characteristics of brake valve surface defects, processed the corresponding defect images, and judged the corresponding level of the workpiece. In actual operation, it has some advantages of long time, good stability, and high accuracy, completely avoiding the false detection caused by manual long-time labor [6]. Urazghildiiev, I. R. and others studied the defects on the surface of steel cord by using image processing technology. In order to remove the interference of noise to the follow-up research, they denoised the collected steel curtain wire image in the first step. Secondly, the moving edge algorithm is used to extract the target area and perimeter, the gray level co-occurrence matrix is used to process the texture features of the wire, and a variety of features are used to judge the defects of the detected objects. The results show that the algorithm for feature extraction has certain value and plays a certain role in promoting the self-energy of detection [7]. Li, Z. and others have conducted preliminary discussion and research on online bearing size detection based on machine vision and designed a detection system on the flow production line [8]. The system requires the bearing to move on the conveyor belt according to a certain beat, the image capture is synchronized with the production line, and the images are captured at the same time. The collected images are processed in order, such as graying, median filtering, Laplace sharpening, threshold segmentation, and contour extraction; finally, the actual size of the bearing is obtained through calculation, and whether the bearing size is qualified is judged. Although this system replaces manual detection and reduces the detection cost, the whole system has not been completed, and there are still some problems to be solved, such as online dynamic image acquisition. This system also lays a foundation for future research. He, J. and others designed the bearing inner and outer diameter detection system [9]. When the system collects images, the CCD optical axis is collinear with the central axis of the bearing, and the ideal image can be obtained. Then, the required information can be obtained, and the bearing size can be calculated through the operations of median filter, Laplace sharpening, smoothing filter, threshold segmentation, and contour extraction. A standard sample bearing is used for system calibration, and the bearing outer diameter measurement test is carried out. The standard deviation can reach 0.015 mm, and the accuracy meets the design requirements.In this paper, combined with the quality inspection standards specified by the bearing manufacturer, a set of visual detection device for bearing inner ring defects is designed and implemented. In the hardware scheme, the appropriate lens, camera, light source, and other related hardware are selected according to the actual needs, a complete set of bearing inner ring image acquisition platform is built, and the software function design is completed to realize the test of bearing surface defect detection.


## 3. Research Methods

### 3.1. Overall Design of Detection System Scheme

In order to meet the actual needs of the bearing manufacturer, the online visual inspection system for the appearance defects of the bearing inner ring designed and developed in this paper needs to meet the following basic requirements:(1)
The system is fully automated: It can realize 100% detection of the bearings on the production line and screen the bearings according to the detection accuracy. Instead of the original manual detection method, the whole detection process is controlled by computer(2)
Accurate classification: It can correctly identify and classify defects, and the repeated detection rate is high [10, 11].(3)
High reliability: The system can operate safely and stably for a long time and ensure the corresponding accuracy. For bearings with various defects, it can also ensure reliable operationThe bearing inner ring defect visual inspection system is mainly composed of four modules: mechanical module, software module, electrical control module, and image acquisition. As shown in Figure1, the module division of the whole system and the relationship between each module are shown.Figure 1
Module structure diagram of bearing inner ring detection system.


### 3.2. Hardware Design of Bearing Inner Ring Defect Detection System

The hardware part of the visual inspection system for bearing inner ring defects mainly consists of mechanical transmission module, optical lighting module, image acquisition module, computer image processing module, and electrical PLC control module [12]. The defect detection system of bearing inner ring is controlled by an industrial computer. Four high-speed CCD cameras collect images in parallel and process them in real time. The processing results are fed back to the electrical control unit, and finally, the bearings are sorted.


#### 3.2.1. Mechanical Transmission Module

The main function of the mechanical transmission system is to pass the bearing test samples through each image acquisition station one by one at a certain rate to complete the image shooting. The uniform speed and stability of the transmission module are related to the quality of image shooting [13]. The module is mainly composed of motor, frequency converter, and encoder. While rotating, it sends pulse trigger signal to the camera.


#### 3.2.2. Optical Lighting Module

The main responsibilities of this part are to supplement the light and shield the influence of ambient light on the bearings on the production line, highlight the surface defects of the bearings, make them compare with the background, and facilitate subsequent image processing. A good lighting system can not only assist the camera to collect high-quality images, but also simplify the subsequent image processing algorithm and improve the operation efficiency of the system [14].


#### 3.2.3. Image Acquisition Module

Four industrial cameras assume that the real-time image acquisition of the bearing on the mechanical transmission device is carried out on the bearing production line, and the collected image data is transmitted to the industrial computer software system [15].


#### 3.2.4. Computer Image Processing Module

The core part of the module is the software system running on the computer, mainly including multicamera parallel control, image processing algorithm, and multistation data fusion [16].


#### 3.2.5. Electrical Control Module

The electrical control is mainly controlled by PLC to the solenoid valve. According to the results of image processing by the computer, the result data is sent by the computer to the electrical control unit, which drives the mechanical device to make corresponding actions to sort the bearings [17].In the machine vision system, the lens is an essential part. The optical lens can image the long-distance target on the CCD target surface of the camera. The appropriate lens selection will give full play to the camera. The parameters of the lens mainly consider four parameters related to the lens: focal length, field of view, working distance, and depth of field. When the size of the subject and the distance from the object to the lens are known, the focal length of the selected matching lens can be estimated according to the following formulas:(1)f=h×WDH,(2)f=v×WDV,where WD is the distance from the lens center to the subject; H and V are the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the subject, respectively; v is the imaging height of the target surface; and h is the horizontal width of target imaging. That is, focallength=objectdistance×CCDchipsizewidthorheight/fieldofviewsizewidthorheight.


### 3.3. Bearing Inner Ring Surface Defect Detection Algorithm

The image processing generally starts from extracting the region of interest (ROI). Region of interest (ROI) is an image region selected from images, which is the focus of image analysis. Delineate the area for further processing. Using ROI to delineate the area where the target to be detected is located can reduce the processing time and increase the accuracy [18].Then, locate the target to be detected in the ROI area and segment it from the image; that is, accurately locate the target on the basis of the ROI area. Through this operation, the interference of noise and the design complexity of defect identification algorithm can be greatly reduced.The defect recognition algorithm is used in the accurately located target area to segment the defect area. However, in the actual segmentation results, there are usually other nondefect regions that meet the defect characteristics. Therefore, screening links should be added to select defects and meet different testing standards [19]. The flowchart is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Flow chart of bearing inner ring defect detection algorithm.


### 3.4. Software Design of Bearing Inner Ring Defect Detection System

The bearing inner ring defect detection software is developed under Windows system based on visual studio compilation environment. The main functions of the software include camera parameter configuration of linear array camera and area array camera, camera image acquisition, image display, bearing inner ring defect detection algorithm, multistation camera parallel control, multistation processing result fusion, lower computer communication control, and other basic functions. The function is shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Software system structure.When the bearing enters the detection station from the feeding port, the sensor switch is triggered, and the two long rolling shafts take the bearing to rotate. At this time, the camera collects the image of the bearing and processes it in real time. When the outer ring of the tested bearing turns around for one week, the mechanical arm moves the tested bearing to the next station. Each bearing needs to go through the program flow as shown in Figure4: image acquisition, image display, image processing, and data fusion to the final sorting process. The overall detailed steps of the program are as follows:Figure 4
Overall flow chart of program framework.


## 3.1. Overall Design of Detection System Scheme

In order to meet the actual needs of the bearing manufacturer, the online visual inspection system for the appearance defects of the bearing inner ring designed and developed in this paper needs to meet the following basic requirements:(1)
The system is fully automated: It can realize 100% detection of the bearings on the production line and screen the bearings according to the detection accuracy. Instead of the original manual detection method, the whole detection process is controlled by computer(2)
Accurate classification: It can correctly identify and classify defects, and the repeated detection rate is high [10, 11].(3)
High reliability: The system can operate safely and stably for a long time and ensure the corresponding accuracy. For bearings with various defects, it can also ensure reliable operationThe bearing inner ring defect visual inspection system is mainly composed of four modules: mechanical module, software module, electrical control module, and image acquisition. As shown in Figure1, the module division of the whole system and the relationship between each module are shown.Figure 1
Module structure diagram of bearing inner ring detection system.


## 3.2. Hardware Design of Bearing Inner Ring Defect Detection System

The hardware part of the visual inspection system for bearing inner ring defects mainly consists of mechanical transmission module, optical lighting module, image acquisition module, computer image processing module, and electrical PLC control module [12]. The defect detection system of bearing inner ring is controlled by an industrial computer. Four high-speed CCD cameras collect images in parallel and process them in real time. The processing results are fed back to the electrical control unit, and finally, the bearings are sorted.


### 3.2.1. Mechanical Transmission Module

The main function of the mechanical transmission system is to pass the bearing test samples through each image acquisition station one by one at a certain rate to complete the image shooting. The uniform speed and stability of the transmission module are related to the quality of image shooting [13]. The module is mainly composed of motor, frequency converter, and encoder. While rotating, it sends pulse trigger signal to the camera.


### 3.2.2. Optical Lighting Module

The main responsibilities of this part are to supplement the light and shield the influence of ambient light on the bearings on the production line, highlight the surface defects of the bearings, make them compare with the background, and facilitate subsequent image processing. A good lighting system can not only assist the camera to collect high-quality images, but also simplify the subsequent image processing algorithm and improve the operation efficiency of the system [14].


### 3.2.3. Image Acquisition Module

Four industrial cameras assume that the real-time image acquisition of the bearing on the mechanical transmission device is carried out on the bearing production line, and the collected image data is transmitted to the industrial computer software system [15].


### 3.2.4. Computer Image Processing Module

The core part of the module is the software system running on the computer, mainly including multicamera parallel control, image processing algorithm, and multistation data fusion [16].


### 3.2.5. Electrical Control Module

The electrical control is mainly controlled by PLC to the solenoid valve. According to the results of image processing by the computer, the result data is sent by the computer to the electrical control unit, which drives the mechanical device to make corresponding actions to sort the bearings [17].In the machine vision system, the lens is an essential part. The optical lens can image the long-distance target on the CCD target surface of the camera. The appropriate lens selection will give full play to the camera. The parameters of the lens mainly consider four parameters related to the lens: focal length, field of view, working distance, and depth of field. When the size of the subject and the distance from the object to the lens are known, the focal length of the selected matching lens can be estimated according to the following formulas:(1)f=h×WDH,(2)f=v×WDV,where WD is the distance from the lens center to the subject; H and V are the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the subject, respectively; v is the imaging height of the target surface; and h is the horizontal width of target imaging. That is, focallength=objectdistance×CCDchipsizewidthorheight/fieldofviewsizewidthorheight.


## 3.2.1. Mechanical Transmission Module

The main function of the mechanical transmission system is to pass the bearing test samples through each image acquisition station one by one at a certain rate to complete the image shooting. The uniform speed and stability of the transmission module are related to the quality of image shooting [13]. The module is mainly composed of motor, frequency converter, and encoder. While rotating, it sends pulse trigger signal to the camera.


## 3.2.2. Optical Lighting Module

The main responsibilities of this part are to supplement the light and shield the influence of ambient light on the bearings on the production line, highlight the surface defects of the bearings, make them compare with the background, and facilitate subsequent image processing. A good lighting system can not only assist the camera to collect high-quality images, but also simplify the subsequent image processing algorithm and improve the operation efficiency of the system [14].


## 3.2.3. Image Acquisition Module

Four industrial cameras assume that the real-time image acquisition of the bearing on the mechanical transmission device is carried out on the bearing production line, and the collected image data is transmitted to the industrial computer software system [15].


## 3.2.4. Computer Image Processing Module

The core part of the module is the software system running on the computer, mainly including multicamera parallel control, image processing algorithm, and multistation data fusion [16].


## 3.2.5. Electrical Control Module

The electrical control is mainly controlled by PLC to the solenoid valve. According to the results of image processing by the computer, the result data is sent by the computer to the electrical control unit, which drives the mechanical device to make corresponding actions to sort the bearings [17].In the machine vision system, the lens is an essential part. The optical lens can image the long-distance target on the CCD target surface of the camera. The appropriate lens selection will give full play to the camera. The parameters of the lens mainly consider four parameters related to the lens: focal length, field of view, working distance, and depth of field. When the size of the subject and the distance from the object to the lens are known, the focal length of the selected matching lens can be estimated according to the following formulas:(1)f=h×WDH,(2)f=v×WDV,where WD is the distance from the lens center to the subject; H and V are the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the subject, respectively; v is the imaging height of the target surface; and h is the horizontal width of target imaging. That is, focallength=objectdistance×CCDchipsizewidthorheight/fieldofviewsizewidthorheight.


## 3.3. Bearing Inner Ring Surface Defect Detection Algorithm

The image processing generally starts from extracting the region of interest (ROI). Region of interest (ROI) is an image region selected from images, which is the focus of image analysis. Delineate the area for further processing. Using ROI to delineate the area where the target to be detected is located can reduce the processing time and increase the accuracy [18].Then, locate the target to be detected in the ROI area and segment it from the image; that is, accurately locate the target on the basis of the ROI area. Through this operation, the interference of noise and the design complexity of defect identification algorithm can be greatly reduced.The defect recognition algorithm is used in the accurately located target area to segment the defect area. However, in the actual segmentation results, there are usually other nondefect regions that meet the defect characteristics. Therefore, screening links should be added to select defects and meet different testing standards [19]. The flowchart is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Flow chart of bearing inner ring defect detection algorithm.


## 3.4. Software Design of Bearing Inner Ring Defect Detection System

The bearing inner ring defect detection software is developed under Windows system based on visual studio compilation environment. The main functions of the software include camera parameter configuration of linear array camera and area array camera, camera image acquisition, image display, bearing inner ring defect detection algorithm, multistation camera parallel control, multistation processing result fusion, lower computer communication control, and other basic functions. The function is shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Software system structure.When the bearing enters the detection station from the feeding port, the sensor switch is triggered, and the two long rolling shafts take the bearing to rotate. At this time, the camera collects the image of the bearing and processes it in real time. When the outer ring of the tested bearing turns around for one week, the mechanical arm moves the tested bearing to the next station. Each bearing needs to go through the program flow as shown in Figure4: image acquisition, image display, image processing, and data fusion to the final sorting process. The overall detailed steps of the program are as follows:Figure 4
Overall flow chart of program framework.


## 4. Result Analysis

### 4.1. Experimental Description

This test is a complete machine test on site. According to the needs of the project, the initial construction of a complete set of detection system is completed to form a complete set of bearing inner ring defect detection system. The detection object is the bearing inner ring sleeve of model IM-BBQ-3155D. The end face diameter of the bearing inner ring of this model is 39.78 mm, the width of the outer circumferential surface is 21.25 mm, and the alarm is given if there are black skin defects on the inner surface, side, and outer surface, or the size of collision defects is greater than 1 mm. Randomly select the bearing inner ring samples that have not been manually tested on site for testing [20].


### 4.2. Testing Process

Aiming at the existing detection methods of bearing inner ring defects, combined with the requirements of automatic transformation of factory production line, this paper proposes a detection method based on machine vision. The main detection process is as follows:(1)
Initialization power on: After the user opens the software system, initialize and return the whole system, confirm whether the camera is connected normally and relevant parameters of the camera, and power on the PLC to return the mechanical device to the initialization position and wait for feeding(2)
Feeding: Since the system is an initial commissioning prototype and is not combined with the production line, the inner ring of the bearing is manually placed in the feeding groove, the bearing is placed in the feeding groove, and the feeding of the inner ring of the bearing is controlled by PLC and sensor to enter the detection station(3)
Collection and detection: Run the software system. The bearing inner ring enters the detection station 1 from the feed inlet. Collect the image, and call the algorithm in the background to calculate the image and identify the defects. When the bearing inner ring rotates to a circle, it is moved horizontally to the next station. The feed from the feed inlet flows into station 1. The bearing is detected in the way of flow waterline. The bearing inner ring goes through the detection links of station 1, station 2, station 3, and station 4, respectively(4)
Sorting: When the bearing enters station 4, collect images and identify defects. After processing, fuse the results of the first three stations for sorting


### 4.3. Result Analysis

Combined with the above testing process, 1000 sets of bearing inner ring samples were selected, including 800 qualified bearings and 200 unqualified products through manual testing. The appearance of bearing inner ring is tested, and the test results are shown in Table1.Table 1
Sample test results.
Inspected quantityCorrect detection quantityFalse check quantityAccuracyQualified bearing inner race8007811997.6%Defective bearing inner race2002000100%Total10009811998.1%According to the analysis of the test results of 1000 sets of bearing inner rings, the whole system runs smoothly, and there will be false detection. After checking the test results, it is found that there are fine scratches on the bearing surface, and the scratches are intertwined too densely, which will show a shape similar to black skin defects in the image. When the algorithm is determined, it will be mistakenly detected as black skin defects, and the qualified bearing will be determined as unqualified. However, in this case, it will not be detected as defective bearing in the process of manual detection. There are also a small number of false inspections of bearings because the manual inspection standards are not well integrated with the machine vision inspection standards. The manual inspection is subjective, and the inspection standards cannot be consistent at all times because the staff will have visual fatigue after working for a long time. When using machine vision detection, the length and width of the initial standard defect are 1 mm. This standard is very small for human eyes in manual detection. After the image is collected by the camera, the details of the bearing surface are very clear, and the 1 mm appears very large. Therefore, some qualified bearing inner rings will be incorrectly detected as unqualified. Compared with the unqualified bearing inner ring, there is no false inspection in the inspection process, and the defects can be correctly detected without being wrongly identified as qualified products. In the process of the above experiment, the qualified products of the bearing inner ring will be falsely detected as unqualified due to the problem of detection scale. Next, 1000 bearing samples are randomly selected to compare the original manual detection method of the factory with the machine vision detection method. The two detection methods are carried out according to the unified standard; that is, if the defect size length exceeds 1 mm, it is unqualified. The comparison of detection results is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Comparison of detection methods.Comparing the two detection methods, the qualified rate of machine vision is higher than that of manual detection, and the time is faster than that of manual detection. Manual detection takes 58 minutes, and machine detection takes 26 minutes. In the actual test, when the manual detection standard is the same as the machine detection standard, the manual detection method will produce visual fatigue with the increase of working time, resulting in the decline of detection efficiency and detection accuracy. However, for the machine vision detection method, it is always the same, and the image processing speed is between 100 ms and 150 ms for each image. It takes about 1-2 seconds for a bearing inner ring to go through four detection stations. In terms of the accuracy of detection results, there will be missed detection in manual detection, which does not exist in machine vision detection. The reason is that in the manual detection process, people will have fatigue and subjectivity problems, which will cause inconsistency between the detection accuracy and the detection results, but the detection standard is consistent in the machine detection process. And the false detection rate of machine vision detection method is also lower than the original manual detection [21]. It is concluded that using machine vision to detect the defects of bearing inner ring is a detection method with higher efficiency and accuracy than traditional manual detection, and the test results also lay a foundation for subsequent field application.


## 4.1. Experimental Description

This test is a complete machine test on site. According to the needs of the project, the initial construction of a complete set of detection system is completed to form a complete set of bearing inner ring defect detection system. The detection object is the bearing inner ring sleeve of model IM-BBQ-3155D. The end face diameter of the bearing inner ring of this model is 39.78 mm, the width of the outer circumferential surface is 21.25 mm, and the alarm is given if there are black skin defects on the inner surface, side, and outer surface, or the size of collision defects is greater than 1 mm. Randomly select the bearing inner ring samples that have not been manually tested on site for testing [20].


## 4.2. Testing Process

Aiming at the existing detection methods of bearing inner ring defects, combined with the requirements of automatic transformation of factory production line, this paper proposes a detection method based on machine vision. The main detection process is as follows:(1)
Initialization power on: After the user opens the software system, initialize and return the whole system, confirm whether the camera is connected normally and relevant parameters of the camera, and power on the PLC to return the mechanical device to the initialization position and wait for feeding(2)
Feeding: Since the system is an initial commissioning prototype and is not combined with the production line, the inner ring of the bearing is manually placed in the feeding groove, the bearing is placed in the feeding groove, and the feeding of the inner ring of the bearing is controlled by PLC and sensor to enter the detection station(3)
Collection and detection: Run the software system. The bearing inner ring enters the detection station 1 from the feed inlet. Collect the image, and call the algorithm in the background to calculate the image and identify the defects. When the bearing inner ring rotates to a circle, it is moved horizontally to the next station. The feed from the feed inlet flows into station 1. The bearing is detected in the way of flow waterline. The bearing inner ring goes through the detection links of station 1, station 2, station 3, and station 4, respectively(4)
Sorting: When the bearing enters station 4, collect images and identify defects. After processing, fuse the results of the first three stations for sorting


## 4.3. Result Analysis

Combined with the above testing process, 1000 sets of bearing inner ring samples were selected, including 800 qualified bearings and 200 unqualified products through manual testing. The appearance of bearing inner ring is tested, and the test results are shown in Table1.Table 1
Sample test results.
Inspected quantityCorrect detection quantityFalse check quantityAccuracyQualified bearing inner race8007811997.6%Defective bearing inner race2002000100%Total10009811998.1%According to the analysis of the test results of 1000 sets of bearing inner rings, the whole system runs smoothly, and there will be false detection. After checking the test results, it is found that there are fine scratches on the bearing surface, and the scratches are intertwined too densely, which will show a shape similar to black skin defects in the image. When the algorithm is determined, it will be mistakenly detected as black skin defects, and the qualified bearing will be determined as unqualified. However, in this case, it will not be detected as defective bearing in the process of manual detection. There are also a small number of false inspections of bearings because the manual inspection standards are not well integrated with the machine vision inspection standards. The manual inspection is subjective, and the inspection standards cannot be consistent at all times because the staff will have visual fatigue after working for a long time. When using machine vision detection, the length and width of the initial standard defect are 1 mm. This standard is very small for human eyes in manual detection. After the image is collected by the camera, the details of the bearing surface are very clear, and the 1 mm appears very large. Therefore, some qualified bearing inner rings will be incorrectly detected as unqualified. Compared with the unqualified bearing inner ring, there is no false inspection in the inspection process, and the defects can be correctly detected without being wrongly identified as qualified products. In the process of the above experiment, the qualified products of the bearing inner ring will be falsely detected as unqualified due to the problem of detection scale. Next, 1000 bearing samples are randomly selected to compare the original manual detection method of the factory with the machine vision detection method. The two detection methods are carried out according to the unified standard; that is, if the defect size length exceeds 1 mm, it is unqualified. The comparison of detection results is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Comparison of detection methods.Comparing the two detection methods, the qualified rate of machine vision is higher than that of manual detection, and the time is faster than that of manual detection. Manual detection takes 58 minutes, and machine detection takes 26 minutes. In the actual test, when the manual detection standard is the same as the machine detection standard, the manual detection method will produce visual fatigue with the increase of working time, resulting in the decline of detection efficiency and detection accuracy. However, for the machine vision detection method, it is always the same, and the image processing speed is between 100 ms and 150 ms for each image. It takes about 1-2 seconds for a bearing inner ring to go through four detection stations. In terms of the accuracy of detection results, there will be missed detection in manual detection, which does not exist in machine vision detection. The reason is that in the manual detection process, people will have fatigue and subjectivity problems, which will cause inconsistency between the detection accuracy and the detection results, but the detection standard is consistent in the machine detection process. And the false detection rate of machine vision detection method is also lower than the original manual detection [21]. It is concluded that using machine vision to detect the defects of bearing inner ring is a detection method with higher efficiency and accuracy than traditional manual detection, and the test results also lay a foundation for subsequent field application.


## 5. Conclusion

As an important part of machinery, the quality of bearing is related to the reliability of mechanical operation. For a long time, bearing manufacturers mostly use manual visual inspection to detect the appearance of bearing. Due to human subjectivity and visual fatigue caused by long-term work, this detection method is not only inefficient, but also has a high rate of missed detection. Aiming at the problems of manual detection, this paper designs and implements a set of bearing inner ring defect detection system based on machine vision. In the hardware scheme, based on the actual needs, this paper selects the appropriate lens, camera, light source, and other related hardware; designs the lighting system according to the characteristics of bearing inner ring defects; and builds a complete set of bearing inner ring image acquisition platform. In the software scheme, this paper mainly includes two aspects: one is the design and implementation of software functions, and the other is the design and implementation of bearing inner ring image processing algorithm.The actual test shows that the bearing inner ring defect detection system realized in this paper has the characteristics of good real time and high detection accuracy, and can meet the requirements of industrial detection, but there are still deficiencies.(1)
Due to the complexity of the production environment, when the angle of the light source and the camera cannot be strictly aligned, the camera will collect the image and process the image, and the gray distribution of the image will be uniform, so that the recognition is inaccurate in the subsequent inspection process. Therefore, in the future optimization process, the algorithm needs to be optimized to reduce the impact of the angle of the light source and camera(2)
The detection efficiency of the system needs to be further improved. In the actual test, the detection accuracy of the system is more accurate than that of manual detection, but the running speed has not been greatly improved. Therefore, in view of this problem, the whole system needs to be further optimized in terms of machinery and algorithm, compress time, and improve the detection efficiency



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*Source: 7924982-2022-07-01.xml*