# A New Modification of Adomian Decomposition Method for Volterra Integral Equations of the Second Kind

Authors: Lie-jun Xie
Journal: Journal of Applied Mathematics
 (2013)

---

## Abstract

We propose a new modification of the Adomian decomposition method for Volterra integral equations of the second kind. By the Taylor expansion of the components apart from the zeroth term of the Adomian series solution, this new technology overcomes the problems arising from the previous decomposition method. The validity and applicability of the new technique are illustrated through several linear and nonlinear equations by comparing with the standard decomposition method and the modified decomposition method. The results obtained indicate that the new modification is effective and promising.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

The Adomian decomposition method (ADM) [1, 2] has been efficiently used to solve linear and nonlinear problems such as differential equations and integral equations. The method provides the solution as an infinite series in which each term can be easily determined. The rapid convergence of the series obtained by this method is thoroughly discussed by Cherruault et al. [3].Recently, Wazwaz [4] proposed a reliable modified technique of ADM that accelerates the rapid convergence of decomposition series solution. The modified decomposition needs only a slight variation from the standard decomposition method. Although the modified decomposition method may provide the exact solution by using two iterations only and sometimes without using the so-called Adomian polynomials, its effectiveness is based on the assumption that the function f can be divided into two parts, and thus the success of the modified method depends on the proper choice of f1 and f2.More recently, another new modification of decomposition method was proposed by Wazwaz and El-Sayed [5]. In the new modification, the process of dividing f into two components was replaced by a Taylor series of infinite components. The ideas have been shown to be computationally efficient in applying the proposed technique in several differential and integral equations. However, as will be seen from the examples below, the modified decomposition method will sometimes encounter obstacles to obtain the exact solution. After that, several authors further proposed expressing the function f by the orthogonal polynomial series, such as Chebyshev series [6], Legendre series [7, 8], and Jacobi and Gegenbauer series [9].In this paper, we introduce a new modification of decomposition method and make further progress beyond the achievements made so far in this regard. Several examples concerning integral equations are tested, and the results suggest that this new idea proposes a promising tool for the computation of integral equations both linear and nonlinear.


## 2. Description of the New Modification

Since the beginning of the 1980s, the Adomian decomposition method has been applied to a wide class of integral equations. To illustrate the procedure, consider the following Volterra integral equations of the second kind given by(1)u(x)=f(x)+λ∫axK(x,t)(L(u(t))+N(u(t)))dt,λ≠0,
where the kernel K(x,t) and the function f(x) are given real-valued functions, λ is a parameter, L(u(x)) and N(u(x)) are linear and nonlinear operators of u(x), respectively, and the unknown function u(x) is the solution to be determined.In the decomposition method, we usually express the solution of (1) in a series form defined by
(2)u(x)=∑k=0+∞uk(x).
Moreover, the decomposition method identifies the nonlinear term N(u(x)) by the decomposition series
(3)N(u(x))=∑k=0+∞Ak(x),
where Ak(x) is the so-called Adomian polynomials, which can be evaluated by the following formula [10, 11]:
(4)An=1n!dndλnN(∑i=0nλiui),n=0,1,2,….
Substituting (2) and (3) into both sides of (1) gives
(5)∑k=0+∞uk(x)=f(x)+λ∫axK(x,t)[L(∑k=0+∞uk(t))+∑k=0+∞Ak(t)]dt.
In the following we outline the basic feature of the standard decomposition method [1, 2] and the modified decomposition method [4, 5].The Standard Adomian Decomposition Method (SADM). By the standard decomposition method, the components u0(x), u1(x), u2(x),… of the solution u(x) of (1), are completely determined in the following recurrence manner:(6a)u0(x)=f(x),(6b)uk+1(x)=λ∫axK(x,t)(L(uk)+Ak)dt,k≥0.Having determined the componentsu0(x), u1(x), u2(x),…, the solution u(x) in a series form defined by (2) follows immediately.The Modified Decomposition Method 1 (MADM1). The standard decomposition method by Adomian [1, 2] was modified by Wazwaz [4]. The modification is based on the assumption that the function f(x) can be divided into two parts, namely, f1(x) and f2(x). Under this assumption we set
(7)f(x)=f1(x)+f2(x).
Accordingly, a slight variation was proposed only for the components u0(x) and u1(x). The suggestion was that only the part f1(x) will be assigned to the zeroth component u0(x), whereas the remaining part f2(x) will be combined with the other terms given into (6b) to define u1(x). Consequently, the modified recursive relation
(8)u0(x)=f1(x),u1(x)=f2(x)+λ∫axK(x,t)(L(u0)+A0)dt,uk+1(x)=λ∫axK(x,t)(L(uk)+Ak)dt,k≥1,
was developed.It is important to note here that there were some conclusions made in [4]. First, the slight variation in reducing the number of terms of u0 will result in a reduction of the computational work and will accelerate the convergence. Second, this slight variation in the definition of the components u0 and u1 may provide the solution by using two iterations only. Third, there is no need sometimes to evaluate the so-called Adomian polynomials required for the nonlinear equations.The Modified Decomposition Method 2 (MADM2). In [5], it is pointed that sometimes it may be useful to express f(x) in Taylor series as follows:
(9)f(x)=∑i=0+∞fi(x).
Meanwhile, a new recursive relationship in the following form can be obtained:
(10)u0(x)=f0(x),u1(x)=f1(x)+λ∫axK(x,t)(L(u0)+A0)dt,uk+1(x)=fk+1(x)+λ∫axK(x,t)(L(uk)+Ak)dt,k≥1.
According to (10), the terms u0(x),u1(x),u2(x),… of the solution u(x) follow immediately, and the solution u(x) can be obtained using (2).It is evident that algorithm (10) reduces the number of terms involved in each component, and hence the size of calculations is minimized compared to the standard Adomian decomposition method. Moreover, this reduction of terms in each component facilitates the construction of Adomian polynomials for nonlinear operators [5].The New Modified Decomposition Method. As indicated earlier, MADM1 may provide the exact solution by using two iterations only and sometimes without any need for Adomian polynomials, but its effectiveness depends on the proper choice of f1(x) and f2(x), which may need quite a little computational work. Regarding SADM and MADM2, sometimes one will inevitably encounter the difficulties as will be seen from the examples below. In this new modification, we obtain the first two terms by(11a)u0(x)=f(x),(11b)u1(x)=λ∫axK(x,t)(L(u0)+A0)dt,which are the same as the results bySADM. However, sometimes u1(x) is too complicated to continue or is analytically impossible. Here, we suggest that u1(x) may be expressed in Taylor series form as
(12)u1(x)=∑i=0+∞u1i(x),
next, we set
(13)u2(x)=λ∫axK(x,t)(L(u1)+A1)dt,
where the Adomian polynomial A1 can be evaluated by (4) with u0(x) and u1(x), which will be obtained by (11a) and (12), respectively. Also, we suggest that the same series expansion can be acted upon u2(x), that is,
(14)u2(x)=∑i=0+∞u2i(x).
Similarly, we set
(15)uk(x)=λ∫axK(x,t)(L(uk)+Ak)dt,k≥3,
and their Taylor expansions given by
(16)uk(x)=∑i=0+∞uki(x),k≥3.
By combining (11a), (12), (14), and (16), the solution u(x) can be obtained using the series (2).In practice, for some problems, we have to determine a few terms in the series such asu(x)=∑i=0M‍ui(x) by truncating the series at certain term, regardless of the standard decomposition method and the modified decomposition method. Because of the uniformly convergence property of the infinite series, a few terms will attain the maximum accuracy.To give a clear overview of this study, we have chosen several linear and nonlinear Volterra integral equations to testify the validity and applicability of the new modification. For comparison, examples will also be discussed by usingSADM, MADM1, and MADM2.


## 3. Application for Linear Integral Equations

Example 1.
Consider the linear Volterra integral equation [12]
(17)u(x)=sinx+e-ecosx-∫0xecostu(t)dt.
Following suggestions (6a) and (6b) of SADM, the second component u1(x) of the solution u(x) cannot be obtained because of the impossible integration, which also appears by using MADM2. If we turn to MADM1, the six different choices of f1(x) and f2(x) need quite a little computational work only if we set f1(x)=sinx and f2(x)=e-ecosx directly. In the following part, we solve (17) by the new modification with the help of computer algebraic system Maple 12.
According to suggestions (11a) and (11b), we obtain
(18)u0(x)=sinx+e-ecosx,u1(x)=-∫0xecostu0(t)dt.
We then set the Taylor expression for u1(x) by
(19)u1(x)=-12ex2-16e2x3+16ex4+112e2x5-31720ex6-⋯.
And also, we set the Taylor expansion for ui(x), i=2,3,4,… because the evaluation of integrals, obtained by applying (13) and (15) in this example, is analytically impossible. In this way, we have
(20)u2(x)=-∫0xecostu1(t)dt=16e2x3+124e3x4-112e2x5-136e3x6+⋯,u3(x)=-∫0xecostu2(t)dt=-124e3x4-1120e4x5+136e3x6+⋯,u4(x)=-∫0xecostu3(t)dt=1120e4x5+1720e5x6-⋯,u5(x)=-∫0xecostu4(t)dt=-1720e5x6-⋯,⋮
Thus, the solution in a series form is given by
(21)u(x)=sinx+e-ecosx+e(-12x2+16x4-31720x6+⋯).
Combining (21) with the Taylor expansion of
(22)e-ecosx=e(12x2-16x4+31720x6-⋯),
the solution in a closed form is given by
(23)u(x)=sinx.Example 2.
Consider the linear Volterra integral equation [5, 13]
(24)u(x)=1+sinhx-coshx+∫0xu(t)dt.
In this example, bothSADM and MADM2 can fulfil the exact solution effectively. Whereas, MADM1 needs quite a little computational work to obtain the exact solution only if we set f1(x)=sinhx and f2(x)=1-coshx directly. In the following part, we solve (24) by the new modification.
Proceeding as before, we set(25)u0(x)=1+sinhx-coshx,u1(x)=∫0xu0(t)dt=coshx-sinhx+x-1.
We then set the Taylor expression for u1(x) by
(26)u1(x)=12!x2-13!x3+14!x4-15!x5+16!x6-⋯,
and also
(27)u2(x)=∫0xu1(t)dt=13!x3-14!x4+15!x5-16!x6+17!x7-⋯,u3(x)=∫0xu2(t)dt=14!x4-15!x5+16!x6-17!x7+18!x8-⋯,u4(x)=∫0xu3(t)dt=15!x5-16!x6+17!x7-18!x8+19!x9-⋯,u5(x)=∫0xu4(t)dt=16!x6-17!x7+18!x8-19!x9+⋯,⋮
The solution in a series form is given by
(28)u(x)=sinhx-coshx+(1+12!x2+14!x4+16!x6+⋯),
and in a closed form by
(29)u(x)=sinhx.Example 3.
Consider the system of linear Volterra integral equations [12]
(30)u(x)=cosx-xsinx+∫0x(sin(x-t)u(t)+cos(x-t)v(t))dt,v(x)=sinx-xcosx+∫0x(cos(x-t)u(t)-sin(x-t)v(t))dt.
In this example, it is both difficult to obtain the exact solution by using SADM and MADM2. And also, like the problem mentioned in preceding examples, MADM1 needs much computational work to obtain the exact solution only if we set f1(x)=cosx and f2(x)=-xsinx for the first equation and f1(x)=sinx and f2(x)=-xcosx for the second equation, directly. In the following parts, we solve (30) by the new modification.
Proceeding as before, the system (30) is transformed into a set of recursive relations given by
(31)u0(x)=cosx-xsinx,v0(x)=sinx-xcosx,u1(x)=∫0x(sin(x-t)u0(t)+cos(x-t)v0(t))dt,v1(x)=∫0x(cos(x-t)u0(t)-sin(x-t)v0(t))dt.
We then set the Taylor expansion for u1(x) and v1(x) by
(32)u1(x)=12x2-112x4+1240x6-⋯,v1(x)=x-23x3+7120x5-⋯.
Similarly,
(33)u2(x)=∫0x(sin(x-t)u1(t)+cos(x-t)v1(t))dt=12x2-16x4+180x6-⋯,v2(x)=∫0x(cos(x-t)u1(t)-sin(x-t)v1(t))dt=160x5-1840x7+⋯,u3(x)=∫0x(sin(x-t)u2(t)+cos(x-t)v2(t))dt=124x4-1240x6+⋯,v3(x)=∫0x(cos(x-t)u2(t)-sin(x-t)v2(t))dt=16x3-124x5+1420x7-⋯,u4(x)=∫0x(sin(x-t)u3(t)+cos(x-t)v3(t))dt=124x4-1144x6+⋯,v4(x)=∫0x(cos(x-t)u3(t)-sin(x-t)v3(t))dt=12520x7-145360x9+⋯,u5(x)=∫0x(sin(x-t)u4(t)+cos(x-t)v4(t))dt=1720x6-110080x8+⋯,v5(x)=∫0x(cos(x-t)u4(t)-sin(x-t)v4(t))dt=1120x5-1840x7+⋯,u6(x)=∫0x(sin(x-t)u5(t)+cos(x-t)v5(t))dt=1720x6-16720x8+⋯,⋮
The solution in a series form is given by
(34)u(x)=cosx-xsinx+x(x-16x3+1120x5-⋯),v(x)=sinx-xcosx+x(1-12x2+124x4-⋯),
and in a closed form by
(35)(u(x),v(x))=(cosx,sinx).


## 4. Application for Nonlinear Integral Equations

Example 4.
Consider the nonlinear Volterra integral equation [12, 14]
(36)u(x)=ex-13xe3x+13x+∫0xxu3(t)dt.
Following suggestions (6a) and (6b) of SADM, the second component u1(x) described via the sum of twenty-seven terms is too complicated for no confidence to continue. Meanwhile, there does not exist noise terms [15], which leads to the result quickly. By MADM1, the six different choices of f1(x) and f2(x) need quite a little computational work as the examples given before, unless we set f1(x)=ex and f2(x)=-(1/3)xe3x+(1/3)x directly. The solution can be obtained by MADM2 exactly. In the following part, we solve (36) by the new modification.
According to suggestions (11a) and (11b), we obtain
(37)u0(x)=ex-13xe3x+13x,u1(x)=∫0xxu03(t)dt.
We then set the Taylor expression for u1(x) by
(38)u1(x)=x2+32x3+12x4-32x5-218x6-227120x7+⋯.
And also, we set the Taylor expansion for ui(x), i=2,3,4,… because of the complicated integration. In this way, we have
(39)u2(x)=3∫0xxu02(t)u1(t)dt=x4+218x5+2110x6-2512x7-⋯,u3(x)=3∫0xx(u02(t)u2(t)+u0(t)u12(t))dt=65x6+6916x7+⋯,⋮
where the Adomian polynomials for nonlinear term u3 were calculated by using (4). The solution in a series form is given by
(40)u(x)=(ex-13xe3x+13x)+(x2+32x3+32x4+98x5+2740x6+2780x7+⋯).
Combining (40) with the Taylor expansion of
(41)-13xe3x+13x=-x2-32x3-32x4-98x5-2740x6-2780x7-⋯,
the solution in a closed form is given by
(42)u(x)=ex.Example 5.
Consider the nonlinear Volterra integrodifferential equation of the first kind [12] (43)∫0x(x-t)u2(t)dt+∫0xex-tu′(t)dt=xex+14e2x-14-12x,u(0)=1.
By integrating the second integral by parts and using the initial conditions, (43) can be converted to Volterra integral equation of the second kind given by
(44)u(x)=ex+xex+14e2x-14-12x-∫0x((x-t)u2(t)+ex-tu(t))dt.Following suggestions (6a) and (6b) of SADM, u1(x) consists of fourteen terms and u2(x) twenty-nine terms. It is so complicated that we can give up. The similar obstacle derived from the selections of f1(x) and f2(x) will be encountered if we use MADM1. By using MADM2, it is of certain difficulty to obtain the exact solution through the first finite terms of the series solution. In the following part, we solve (43) by the new modification.Following as before, we set(45)u0(x)=ex+xex+14e2x-14-12x,u1(x)=-∫0x((x-t)u02(t)+ex-tu0(t))dt=-x-2x2-116x3-2924x4-4160x5-⋯,u2(x)=-∫0x(2(x-t)u0(t)u1(t)+ex-tu1(t))dt=12x2+76x3+43x4+⋯,u3(x)=-∫0x((x-t)(2u0(t)u2(t)+u12(t))00000000+ex-tu2(t)(2u0(t)u2(t)+u12(t)))dt=-16x3-12x4-⋯,u4(x)=-∫0x(2(x-t)(u0(t)u3(t)+u1(t)u2(t))00000000+ex-tu3(t))dt=124x4+⋯,
where Adomian polynomials for nonlinear term u2 were calculated by using (4). The solution in a series form is given by
(46)u(x)=(ex+xex+14e2x)+(-14-32x-32x2-56x3-13x4-⋯).
Combining (46) with the Taylor expansion of
(47)xex+14e2x=14+32x+32x2+56x3+13x4+⋯,
the solution in a closed form is given by
(48)u(x)=ex.


## 5. Discussion and Conclusion

In this work, we have carefully developed a new modification of Adomian decomposition method based on the Taylor expansion of the components apart from the zeroth term for Volterra integral equations. The new technology overcomes such obstacles as the complicated integrals and the impossible integrals analytically, which arise from eitherSADM or MADM2. If the exact solution exists in the zeroth component, MADM1 needs extensive workload for the suitable choice of f1(x) and f2(x), while the new modification can proceed in a fixed manner. Therefore, it is appropriate for one to implement through the mathematical software Maple without manual tedious calculations.The idea has been shown to be computationally efficient in applying the proposed technique to several linear and nonlinear Volterra integral equations and integrodifferential equations. Also, through the examples, it is seen that the new modification suits for those integral equations where the exact solution appears as part of the zeroth term. It is also interesting to point out that one can obtain the approximate solution of integral equations as mentioned in [16, 17] simply by slightly varying the new modification of this work.



---

*Source: 795015-2013-11-14.xml*