# A Study on the Innovative Use of Blockchain in the Human Resources Service Industry

Authors: Tao Wang
Journal: Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
 (2022)

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## Abstract

The growing maturity of block chain in the context of the big data era has provided new opportunities for the development of the human resources service industry. This paper analyses the problems of the traditional HR service industry from the emerging technology of block chain and innovatively combines block chain technology with HR service industry, conceives a HR service platform based on block chain technology, and uses this platform as the center to connect job seekers, enterprises, partners, and the government, and actively explores the innovative application of block chain technology in HR service industry. The concept of “user profiling” provides new ideas and new ways to realise precise knowledge services for innovation and entrepreneurship. Under the strategic background of the Internet +, mass entrepreneurship, and innovation, we integrate precise service elements into the field of personalised knowledge services for innovation and entrepreneurship, establish a user portrait model for innovation and entrepreneurship, dig deeper into the information resources and knowledge service needs of users for innovation and entrepreneurship from the perspective of portrait, and build a precise knowledge service model that fits the knowledge needs of users for “dual innovation.” It also proposes the implementation and guarantee strategies of the precise knowledge service model for innovation and entrepreneurship based on the dimensions of the concept, resources, users, and services.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In the context of the era of “double creation,” the core mission of knowledge services is no longer limited to knowledge and culture inheritance and information resource services but is also expanding into the field of precise and personalized services that stimulate innovation and support public entrepreneurship [1]. This model embeds the service concept of “user-centered and problem-oriented” into the process of knowledge services and allocates matching knowledge service resources for users according to their unique needs [2]. However, in the field of innovation and entrepreneurship knowledge services, the current focus is mostly on the construction of library information resources, but rarely on the personalised innovation and entrepreneurship needs of users, and the knowledge services provided by them also lack relevance; and from the perspective of the research field, few scholars have explored precise knowledge services for innovation and entrepreneurship based on user behavioural data [3]. As an increasingly mature behavioural analysis tool, user portraits provide a comprehensive and detailed picture of users, enabling timely understanding of their needs and the provision of precise and personalised services, thus providing new ideas for the realisation of precise knowledge services for innovation and entrepreneurship. In view of this, this paper constructs a user portrait model for innovation and entrepreneurship based on the demand for accurate knowledge services for users in the context of innovation and entrepreneurship, thereby designing an accurate knowledge service model for innovation and entrepreneurship based on user portraits and proposing a guarantee strategy for implementation [4].With the maturity of the Internet economy, more and more problems such as information asymmetry and trust crisis have emerged between enterprises and job seekers in the traditional human resources service industry. For them, using a human resources service platform based on block chain technology will solve the trust problem of enterprise information and personal information of job seekers and reduce the information asymmetry between enterprises and job seekers, thus guaranteeing the authenticity of information of both enterprises and job seekers and ultimately realising an effective match between people and jobs. The block chain originated from Bitcoin, and the first block with the serial number 0 was born on 3 January 2009, and the block with the serial number 1 appeared on 9 January and was connected to the serial number 0 to form a chain, marking the birth of the block chain [5]. Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralisation, immutability, openness, and traceability. If block chain technology is combined with the human resources service industry, taking advantage of the technical advantages and characteristics of block chain, the problems of low job matching rate, excessive false information, and high management and backdating costs in the human resources service industry can be well solved. Therefore, the development of the HR service industry needs the support and integration of block chain technology [6].For example, for users interested in innovation and entrepreneurship research, they are mainly concerned with academic books, thesis results, and relevant patents in innovation and entrepreneurship, while for most students, they do not have high demand in research but are more interested in satisfying their hobbies and solving real-life problems. Therefore, according to the information behaviour records of different users, we should find the demand points of innovation and entrepreneurship for users and actively and efficiently match reasonable knowledge service resources for users [7]. Accurate knowledge service for innovation and entrepreneurship is conducive to achieving a seamless connection between libraries and users of dual innovation and entrepreneurship, forming a positive interaction between them, thus comprehensively and accurately grasping users’ knowledge service needs for innovation and entrepreneurship, thereby pushing relevant knowledge to target users in a timely manner, ultimately satisfying users’ innovation and entrepreneurship needs and stimulating public enthusiasm for dual innovation; at the same time, it can also promote the dissemination of innovation and entrepreneurship knowledge and relevant. At the same time, it can also promote the dissemination of innovation and entrepreneurship knowledge and related academic exchanges, promote the efficient operation of the knowledge service platform, and facilitate the continuous optimization and deep-level development and utilization of innovation and entrepreneurship resources, thus promoting the transformation and development of China’s libraries and the innovation of personalized knowledge service mode.


## 2. The Current State of Traditional HR Services

### 2.1. No Accurate Match between Companies and Job Seekers

In the job market, when companies and job seekers post their recruitment and job search intentions on traditional HR service platforms, it becomes inefficient and difficult for both companies and job seekers to find the right talent and jobs due to the large amount of recruitment and job search information on the platforms, which is constantly changing. Secondly, in the process of sifting through the vast amount of information, both companies and job seekers want to find the talent and jobs that best meet their expectations [8]. This has led to the phenomenon that companies continue to post job information after receiving some of the job seekers’ CVs, while job seekers continue to submit their CVs to other companies after receiving notifications from them, which makes the matching process slow and inefficient. In addition, as recruitment information posted by enterprises on the HR service platform is usually in a concise and embellished form, this can easily lead to information asymmetry between enterprises and job seekers in the matching process, thus failing to achieve accurate job matching [9, 10].


### 2.2. Too Much Disinformation to Build Bridges of Trust

The recruitment process on traditional HR service platforms is not open and transparent, and the platforms have limited technical capabilities to filter out false information, so the authenticity of corporate information and personal information posted on the platforms by companies and job-seekers, respectively, cannot be guaranteed. On the one hand, although companies register on the platform with the platform’s system authentication, the recruitment information they post may still contain incomplete information, exaggerated salaries, inconsistent positions, and false addresses, which may even lead to fraud or personal injury to job-seekers. On the other hand, the low threshold for job seekers on the platform can also lead to exaggerated CVs and falsified qualifications, which increase the risk of employment for companies and leads to companies not finding genuine talent. If companies end up hiring the false “best talent,” it will also increase their management costs [11]. Therefore, traditional HR service platforms may increase the risk of job seekers, increase the cost of employment for companies, and fail to address the trust between companies and job seekers.


### 2.3. Inefficient and Time-Consuming Information Validation and Increased Backdating Costs

When companies and job seekers post their recruitment requirements and job search intentions on traditional HR service platforms, it would take a lot of manpower, money, and time to verify the information provided by both parties using traditional information verification methods. At present, most traditional HR platforms do not have a real and effective information database to directly verify the information provided by both companies and job seekers, which may lead to problems such as distorted information, insecure information storage, high access costs, and low efficiency. In addition, most traditional HR platforms do not require real-name authentication for job seekers’ registration and login [12]. For platforms without real-name authentication, the platform verifies the information provided by both parties through traditional back-checking, which not only is difficult and complicated but also increases the cost of back-checking in terms of manpower and time.


## 2.1. No Accurate Match between Companies and Job Seekers

In the job market, when companies and job seekers post their recruitment and job search intentions on traditional HR service platforms, it becomes inefficient and difficult for both companies and job seekers to find the right talent and jobs due to the large amount of recruitment and job search information on the platforms, which is constantly changing. Secondly, in the process of sifting through the vast amount of information, both companies and job seekers want to find the talent and jobs that best meet their expectations [8]. This has led to the phenomenon that companies continue to post job information after receiving some of the job seekers’ CVs, while job seekers continue to submit their CVs to other companies after receiving notifications from them, which makes the matching process slow and inefficient. In addition, as recruitment information posted by enterprises on the HR service platform is usually in a concise and embellished form, this can easily lead to information asymmetry between enterprises and job seekers in the matching process, thus failing to achieve accurate job matching [9, 10].


## 2.2. Too Much Disinformation to Build Bridges of Trust

The recruitment process on traditional HR service platforms is not open and transparent, and the platforms have limited technical capabilities to filter out false information, so the authenticity of corporate information and personal information posted on the platforms by companies and job-seekers, respectively, cannot be guaranteed. On the one hand, although companies register on the platform with the platform’s system authentication, the recruitment information they post may still contain incomplete information, exaggerated salaries, inconsistent positions, and false addresses, which may even lead to fraud or personal injury to job-seekers. On the other hand, the low threshold for job seekers on the platform can also lead to exaggerated CVs and falsified qualifications, which increase the risk of employment for companies and leads to companies not finding genuine talent. If companies end up hiring the false “best talent,” it will also increase their management costs [11]. Therefore, traditional HR service platforms may increase the risk of job seekers, increase the cost of employment for companies, and fail to address the trust between companies and job seekers.


## 2.3. Inefficient and Time-Consuming Information Validation and Increased Backdating Costs

When companies and job seekers post their recruitment requirements and job search intentions on traditional HR service platforms, it would take a lot of manpower, money, and time to verify the information provided by both parties using traditional information verification methods. At present, most traditional HR platforms do not have a real and effective information database to directly verify the information provided by both companies and job seekers, which may lead to problems such as distorted information, insecure information storage, high access costs, and low efficiency. In addition, most traditional HR platforms do not require real-name authentication for job seekers’ registration and login [12]. For platforms without real-name authentication, the platform verifies the information provided by both parties through traditional back-checking, which not only is difficult and complicated but also increases the cost of back-checking in terms of manpower and time.


## 3. The Innovative Use of Blockchain in the HR Services Industry

### 3.1. The Introduction of Blockchain

As shown in Figure1, job seekers, enterprises, the government, and partners are interconnected through the blockchain-based HR service platform, which enables job seekers and enterprises to achieve accurate job matching, the government can monitor and provide preferential policy support through the platform, and the partners provide technical and financial support for the platform to ensure the operation of the platform. There are four core technologies in the blockchain-based HR service platform: distributed ledger, consensus mechanism, cryptography, and smart contracts [13].Figure 1
Blockchain-based HR services platform.A distributed ledger is essentially a decentralised, distributed database whose main role in the block chain is to store data. At the same time, the distributed ledger is completely open and each ledger has the same privileges and can be freely joined as a node with the permission of the block chain network. Each node has an open ledger, which is updated in real time with every transaction, so that data is backed up in multiple ways to prevent loss.The consensus mechanism is a rule that every node must follow. In a distributed ledger, each node has the same rights, so the network is prone to disagreement and confusion. The consensus mechanism coordinates the consistency of the accounts of all nodes and serves to coordinate the behaviour of nodes and clarify data processing, thus maintaining the proper functioning of the block chain [14].The cryptography used in block chain mainly consists of hash algorithms and asymmetric encryption. Hash algorithms are one-way, tamper-proof, and collision-resistant, while asymmetric encryption is characterised by the generation of two keys, a private key and a public key, the core of which is the private key, which is retained by the user. The content encrypted by the private key can be deciphered by the public key, and similarly, the content encrypted by the public key can be deciphered by the private key, thus avoiding identity impersonation. HR service platforms can also use cryptography to encrypt data in the block chain, both to secure the data and to verify its ownership [15].Smart contracts are application layers built on top of distributed databases that automatically enforce agreements between users. The decentralised, nontamperable nature of the block chain allows all our contract data to be transparently recorded on the chain, thus solving the problem of trust between users. Smart contracts therefore play an important enforcement role in a block chain technology-based HR service platform.


### 3.2. Job Seekers-HR Service Platforms-Companies

In the HR service industry, companies are often plagued by falsified information about job applicants. Many companies only get a cursory glimpse of the candidates and do not detect any fictitious education and training experience, exaggerated work performance or misrepresentation of previous salary during the interview process, resulting in high screening costs and low efficiency. In addition, HR service platforms use traditional information verification methods to back check, which is a cumbersome and time-consuming process. Blockchain technology, on the other hand, is more authentic, intelligent, efficient, and fair in terms of information verification. It can be truly and effectively record a job seeker’s personal career profile and guarantee the authenticity of the job seeker’s information, thus realising a virtuous cycle of job matching between enterprises and job seekers [16].As shown in Figure2, enterprises and job seekers use the blockchain-based HR service platform as the basis, with job seekers entering their CVs and job search intentions into the HR service platform, while enterprises also enter their recruitment intentions, such as job salary and job requirements, into the HR service platform. Once both parties’ information is entered into the platform, the platform will immediately verify both parties’ information. The information provided by the job seeker is compared with his or her personal career profile, which is entered by the university he or she has attended and the company he or she has worked for, based on his or her real performance, and only the university has the right to input and modify the education and degree information on the blockchain [17]. The information recorded on the blockchain about a job seeker’s personal career profile mainly includes academic and degree certificates and past employment performance. In addition to platform verification, the verifiable and tamper-proof storage system of blockchain makes individuals become “data persons” and units become “data units,” and both parties in the recruitment and job search process have a “permanent digital ID and image” like an ID card [3]. This guarantees the authenticity of information from the source.Figure 2
Tripartite connectivity between job seekers, HR service platforms, and companies.Once the data has been verified, the HR service platform will start to analyse the recruitment intention and job search intention of both parties, respectively, and recommend the most suitable talents and positions for both enterprises and job seekers, thus achieving an accurate match between enterprises and job seekers. Once the company and the job seeker have been matched by the platform, the platform will record the transactions between them in a distributed ledger, and the transaction data will be stored in a distributed database. As the information on the block chain can be viewed by any node, companies and job seekers can access the block chain at any time through the distributed ledger to view and verify their information. With the transaction data recorded on the distributed ledger, the agreement between the company and the job seeker can be automatically enforced through the smart contract built on the platform on the basis of the distributed database, thus enabling the company not only to efficiently inspect and hire talent but also to effectively manage and validate the employment contract. In the whole process, as the data information is open, transparent, and interoperable, the execution process of the smart contract is also objective and fair, which makes all aspects of the job matching process fair, just, and open [18].


### 3.3. A Precise Knowledge Service Path for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Based on User Portraits

A user profile, also known as a user persona, is a model of a target user based on a series of real data, as well as a collection of images that best characterise the user [19]. The proposed concept helps to assist people to accurately paint a portrait of the research subject and precise use multiple data resources to solve their business challenges [20]. The key to library innovation and entrepreneurship precision knowledge services is how to push the innovation and entrepreneurship knowledge services in the subject area to the ideal realm of personalised management and precise delivery; therefore, drawing user portraits to the personalised knowledge service area can better understand user needs, so as to achieve precision marketing and the ultimate goal of transforming data into value [21]. The literatures [7–9] explored the application of user profiles in libraries, and the research results showed that user profiles have a more obvious role in improving the quality of library knowledge services, significantly improving the knowledge service experience of library users, and thus laying the foundation for the realisation of accurate library knowledge services.Based on the above analysis, this paper adopts user portrait technology to obtain users’ information search records and data footprints in the process of innovation and entrepreneurship and establish a user portrait model for innovation and entrepreneurship, so as to identify the types, forms, and expressions of users’ knowledge services for innovation and entrepreneurship, thereby gaining insights into users’ information resources and knowledge skills needs for innovation and entrepreneurship, and building a precise service model that fits users’ knowledge needs for innovation and entrepreneurship. At the same time, the portrait model can further reflect the knowledge service needs and knowledge content preferences of users in different stages of the whole life cycle of innovation and entrepreneurship, so as to provide knowledge service resources that best match the users’ innovation and entrepreneurship situations. For example, in the early exploration stage of innovation and entrepreneurship, knowledge services in literature retrieval can be provided to users; in the research and development stage of new technologies for innovation and entrepreneurship, patent search and new technology trend analysis services can be provided to users; in the application stage of new technologies, knowledge services such as effect evaluation, patent registration, and result certification can be explored in depth. From this, we can see that user profiling can deeply explore the precise knowledge service needs of innovation and entrepreneurship, match precise knowledge service contents and push them in time, and ultimately improve the utilization effect of knowledge service resources in the process of entrepreneurship and innovation.


### 3.4. Design of a Precise Knowledge Service Model for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Based on User Portraits

The user portrait model effectively integrates the user innovation and entrepreneurship behaviour data in the service system, establishes a user portrait model for innovation and entrepreneurship through statistical and classification processing of the data, and finally provides accurate knowledge services for innovation and entrepreneurship around the portrait model.In this paper, the user portrait data are mainly the data generated in the process of information retrieval, library borrowing, resource sharing, knowledge learning, and academic communication of the dual-innovation group in the network environment, such as basic user data, crowd creation data, dual-innovation interaction data, and dual-innovation conversation data. Among them, libraries and other innovation and entrepreneurship service platforms record users’ registered personal basic information and can export users’ personalised retrieval, content recommendation, online consultation, literature delivery, and other behavioural information; the Internet records information on innovation and entrepreneurship users’ website navigation, browsing history, page time, and so on; each learning platform also saves users’ downloading, collecting, browsing, tagging, and knowledge service resources in the process of learning. The learning platforms also store data on users’ behaviours such as downloading, collecting, browsing, marking, commenting, and evaluating during the learning process of knowledge service resources. The labeling characteristics of innovation and entrepreneurship users are extracted around the above dimensions and expressed in the form ofUC=User_information,User_prefer,User_interact,User_dialogue, thus building a multidimensional labeling system of innovation and entrepreneurship user profile model.
(1)
Basic user information tab: it is mainly used to describe the basic information of the innovation and entrepreneurship user, such as the user’s name, gender, age, identity, profession, title, place of origin, and contact information. The formal representation of the basic information tag is as follows:User_info=UID,Name,Gender,Age,Identity,Ranks.(2)
Crowdsource data tag: it mainly describes the online retrieval, page browsing, online reading, online reservation, renewal, collection, and other operational behaviour of users’ innovation and entrepreneurship knowledge. The formal representation of the user data tag is as follows:User‐pa=Search.Pageview,Reading,Collection,Reservation,Renewal, where Search is the user’s search; i.e., the user searches for content of interest through a certain keyword, which reflects the user’s area of interest; Pageview is the user’s browsing, the time point at which a reader browses a certain website, the length of time spent on the page (long time spent means more interest; short time spent means no interest); Reading is the content read by the user, reflecting the subject and field of interest of the user; Collection is the subject content collected by the user, i.e., the subject content that the user has collected after reading the relevant knowledge resources; Reservation represents the reservation status of the user, mainly reflecting the potential interest of the user; Renewal is the renewal status of the user; i.e., the user has borrowed a certain knowledge resource after the loan. Renewal is the continuation of the user’s interest in a knowledge resource after having borrowed it, and this interest leads to the renewal of the user’s borrowing behaviour.(3)
Innovation and entrepreneurship interactive attribute tag: it mainly describes the sharing of knowledge resources, content comments, and emotional attitudes of users with other users in the process of innovation and entrepreneurship [10]. The formal representation of the Interact tag is as follows: User‐Interact=Share,Comment,Altitude. Sharing is the sharing of resources by users. After browsing relevant knowledge materials or content, users will share the content they are interested in on social media platforms and related websites, and this label reflects the interaction between users and other users. These two indicators reflect users’ attitudinal views and behavioural tendencies towards the content shared by other users.(4)
Innovative and entrepreneurial session attributes tag: here, the innovation and entrepreneurship session attribute tag is used to reflect certain potential characteristics of innovation and entrepreneurship users, which can be analysed by the number of times users visit the page, the downloading of innovation and entrepreneurship resources, the depth of project consultation content, etc. The formal representation of the session tag is follows:User‐Dialogue=Visits,Downloads,Consultation, where Visits is the user’s login status on the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Platform, mainly reflecting the user’s login time and number of logins, and to some extent the user’s cyclical behaviour; Downloads is the download status of knowledge resources; Consultation is the project consultation status.Based on the above formal representation of user labels, this section constructs a conceptual model of user portraits for innovation and entrepreneurship, as shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Conceptual model of user profiling for innovation and entrepreneurship.


### 3.5. A Precise Knowledge Service Model for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Based on User Portraits

Based on the user portrait model of innovation and entrepreneurship, this paper designs an accurate knowledge service model for innovation and entrepreneurship based on the portrait model, as shown in Figure4.Figure 4
Accurate knowledge service model for innovation and entrepreneurship based on user portraits.From Figure4, it can be seen that the accurate knowledge service model of innovation and entrepreneurship based on user portrait consist of three components: data resource layer, data mining layer, and application service layer. Among them, the data resource layer is the premise and foundation for drawing the user portrait of innovation and entrepreneurship. It mainly obtains the innovation and entrepreneurship data generated by the innovation and entrepreneurship groups engaged in information retrieval, book lending, knowledge learning and academic exchange activities through libraries, Internet learning platforms, and information exchange platforms and then carries out pre-processing through data cleaning, data transformation, and data statute methods. The core component of the innovation and entrepreneurship accurate knowledge service model is the data mining layer. In view of the fact that the precise knowledge service for innovation and entrepreneurship is a further deepened personalized and sophisticated knowledge service, in the service process, it is necessary to mine the user’s knowledge demand with the help of technical means such as cluster analysis, association mining and deep learning, thereby realizing the acquisition, mining and reasoning of innovation, and entrepreneurship knowledge demand, so as to extract the key characteristic information of innovation and entrepreneurship users and complete the classification of user label characteristics and user identification The application service layer can draw the profile of innovation and entrepreneurship users and calculate the similarity between the target users and innovation themes and service resources through the user profile characteristics, so as to realize the accurate matching of users and personalized knowledge service resources. The main function of the application service layer is to respond to the innovation and entrepreneurship precise knowledge service requests received (such as literature guarantee, technology trend analysis, patent query and declaration, project result certification, innovation, and entrepreneurship expert consultation services) and then complete the precise matching of service resources by invoking the service interface and the user portrait model and at the same time push the final results to the target users in a timely manner to meet the users’ innovation and entrepreneurship precise. The service interface is then used to complete accurate matching of service resources by calling the service interface and the user profile model, while the final results are pushed to the target users in a timely manner to meet the users’ precise knowledge service needs for innovation and entrepreneurship [22, 23].


### 3.6. Example of Pattern Application

The innovation and entrepreneurship competition has played a positive role in promoting the education of people in universities [24] and also provided good material for the verification of the precise knowledge service model of innovation and entrepreneurship in this paper. The experiment obtained some students’ basic user data, groundsheet data, dual-innovation interaction data, and dual-innovation conversation data during the course of the three innovation competitions, selected the most frequently occurring words as the tags of the user portraits through text analysis, and used the tag cloud tool to draw the tag cloud portraits of the core members of the three provincial first prize teams and provided specific knowledge service configuration solutions according to their different knowledge contexts, as detailed in Table 1.Table 1
Configuration scheme of precise knowledge services for innovation and entrepreneurship based on tag cloud portraits.
Mass entrepreneurship and innovation usersAccurate knowledge service configuration schemeUser 1: design scheme of smart parking lotResources,technology,trainingandlectures,communication,andservices=booksrelatedtointernetofthingsandparkingequipment;Internetofthings+sensors+embedded;entrepreneurialexperienceexchange,entrepreneurialrealityshow;creativediscussionspace,navigationsearchandtextsearch,texttovoice.User 2: mental health intelligent Bracelet designResources,technology,trainingandlectures,communication,andservices=mentalhealthandconsultingbooks;appandsmartBraceletdevelopmenttechnology;entrepreneurialexperiencesharing,makerspace;campuscommunication;informationpush,situationcapture,accuratematching,timelyprovisionofnavigationsearchandtextsearch.User 3: app development of auto repair homeResources,technology,trainingandlectures,communicationandservices=APdevelopmentandknowledgesharingbooks;autorepairandAndroiddevelopmenttechnology;autorepairknowledgeandexperiencesharing,makerspace;texttovoice,capturesituation,shortvideoandcontentadaptation.Take user 1 in Table1 as an example; by checking his areas of interest, search keywords, and collection content, it shows that this user is more interested in IoT technology; for example, this user borrowed the book “Smart Parking - Urban Parking Management and Operation Model in the Context of IoT” for the first time in early February 2018 and renewed it at the end of March of the same year. For example, this user first borrowed the book “Smart Parking - Urban Parking Management and Operation Model in the Context of IoT” in the early February 2018 and renewed it at the end of March of the same year and also collected “5G IoT and NB - IoT Technology Explained” and reserved “IoT and Embedded System Application Development.”Figure5 shows the effect of the different recommendations, and the data shows that the user also participated in a discussion on IoT parking technology in the school’s marketplace. Based on the user’s innovation and entrepreneurship needs as reflected in the above data, the following knowledge service activities were allocated to the user: a creative seminar space on IoT and parking technology, experience exchange sessions with outstanding contestants from previous innovation and entrepreneurship competitions, a real-life entrepreneurship show and entrepreneurship lectures by graduating students, and service resources such as parking path navigation, text search, and text-to-speech functions. At the same time, a list of recommended books on IoT technology and innovation and entrepreneurship is provided based on its tagging profile. According to the feedback, User 1 has a strong interest in most of the books on the recommended list, indicating that the knowledge service is well received by the users.Figure 5
Different recommendation effects.As shown in Figure6, the implementation and guarantee strategies of the precise knowledge service model for innovation and entrepreneurship are proposed at the levels of concept, resources, users, and services. Precise knowledge service is a kind of point-to-point and one-to-one “targeted” service. Only by thoroughly implementing the core concept of precise service for innovation and entrepreneurship, taking the needs of dual-innovation users as the root, and shifting from the traditional “resource-oriented” to “user-oriented,” can the knowledge service needs of innovation and entrepreneurship users be truly met. As an important incubator for innovation and entrepreneurship, libraries are transforming from traditional “data collection” libraries to “people-oriented” smart libraries, and their core mission is also changing from the traditional library’s “inheriting cultural achievements and providing information, knowledge and cultural services.” The core mission of the library has also changed from the traditional library of “passing on cultural achievements and providing information, knowledge and cultural services” to “providing tools for innovation and entrepreneurship, encouraging the exchange of ideas and stimulating creativity and innovation.”Figure 6
Strength of use of different student business recommendations.As shown in Figure7, the consistency of the training model and prediction recommendation, the establishment of a “people-oriented” precise service concept centered on users’ innovation and entrepreneurship needs is the core of the future library’s innovation and entrepreneurship knowledge service activities and is the basis for reflecting the value of dual innovation services. In the process of knowledge service, we should fully explore the urgent needs and expectations of users’ innovation and entrepreneurship, truly integrate users’ dual-innovation information service into the development strategy and service planning of the library, deeply study users, understand them and serve them, and put the “people-oriented” precise knowledge service purpose into practice.Figure 7
Consistency of training patterns with predicted recommendations.As shown in Figure8 for the classification effect of different years, the data clustering from 2018 to 2021, knowledgeable service resources are the basis for providing innovation and entrepreneurship services. Accurate innovation and entrepreneurship knowledge services need to be dynamically adjusted and continuously improved according to specific knowledge service contexts and users’ innovation and entrepreneurship needs. For postgraduates, the focus should be on the literature search, literature utilisation, review report writing, patent search, and technology analysis. For social entrepreneurship users, more reference advisory services and think tank services should be provided. For example, Harvard University Library in the US provides self-help search services, reference advisory services, and value-added knowledge services according to the different levels of users. Finally, users are accurately managed according to group portraits. Through a clear division of users, the nature of various types of users can be further distinguished, and then innovation and entrepreneurship knowledge services can be designed in a targeted manner to achieve accurate knowledge pushing and tracking services, so as to assess the effectiveness of the services. In addition, data of users’ innovation and entrepreneurship portraits should be updated, mined, and analysed dynamically on a regular basis, so that users can be accurately positioned, segmented, and managed in a timely manner.Figure 8
Effect of entrepreneurship classification by year.


## 3.1. The Introduction of Blockchain

As shown in Figure1, job seekers, enterprises, the government, and partners are interconnected through the blockchain-based HR service platform, which enables job seekers and enterprises to achieve accurate job matching, the government can monitor and provide preferential policy support through the platform, and the partners provide technical and financial support for the platform to ensure the operation of the platform. There are four core technologies in the blockchain-based HR service platform: distributed ledger, consensus mechanism, cryptography, and smart contracts [13].Figure 1
Blockchain-based HR services platform.A distributed ledger is essentially a decentralised, distributed database whose main role in the block chain is to store data. At the same time, the distributed ledger is completely open and each ledger has the same privileges and can be freely joined as a node with the permission of the block chain network. Each node has an open ledger, which is updated in real time with every transaction, so that data is backed up in multiple ways to prevent loss.The consensus mechanism is a rule that every node must follow. In a distributed ledger, each node has the same rights, so the network is prone to disagreement and confusion. The consensus mechanism coordinates the consistency of the accounts of all nodes and serves to coordinate the behaviour of nodes and clarify data processing, thus maintaining the proper functioning of the block chain [14].The cryptography used in block chain mainly consists of hash algorithms and asymmetric encryption. Hash algorithms are one-way, tamper-proof, and collision-resistant, while asymmetric encryption is characterised by the generation of two keys, a private key and a public key, the core of which is the private key, which is retained by the user. The content encrypted by the private key can be deciphered by the public key, and similarly, the content encrypted by the public key can be deciphered by the private key, thus avoiding identity impersonation. HR service platforms can also use cryptography to encrypt data in the block chain, both to secure the data and to verify its ownership [15].Smart contracts are application layers built on top of distributed databases that automatically enforce agreements between users. The decentralised, nontamperable nature of the block chain allows all our contract data to be transparently recorded on the chain, thus solving the problem of trust between users. Smart contracts therefore play an important enforcement role in a block chain technology-based HR service platform.


## 3.2. Job Seekers-HR Service Platforms-Companies

In the HR service industry, companies are often plagued by falsified information about job applicants. Many companies only get a cursory glimpse of the candidates and do not detect any fictitious education and training experience, exaggerated work performance or misrepresentation of previous salary during the interview process, resulting in high screening costs and low efficiency. In addition, HR service platforms use traditional information verification methods to back check, which is a cumbersome and time-consuming process. Blockchain technology, on the other hand, is more authentic, intelligent, efficient, and fair in terms of information verification. It can be truly and effectively record a job seeker’s personal career profile and guarantee the authenticity of the job seeker’s information, thus realising a virtuous cycle of job matching between enterprises and job seekers [16].As shown in Figure2, enterprises and job seekers use the blockchain-based HR service platform as the basis, with job seekers entering their CVs and job search intentions into the HR service platform, while enterprises also enter their recruitment intentions, such as job salary and job requirements, into the HR service platform. Once both parties’ information is entered into the platform, the platform will immediately verify both parties’ information. The information provided by the job seeker is compared with his or her personal career profile, which is entered by the university he or she has attended and the company he or she has worked for, based on his or her real performance, and only the university has the right to input and modify the education and degree information on the blockchain [17]. The information recorded on the blockchain about a job seeker’s personal career profile mainly includes academic and degree certificates and past employment performance. In addition to platform verification, the verifiable and tamper-proof storage system of blockchain makes individuals become “data persons” and units become “data units,” and both parties in the recruitment and job search process have a “permanent digital ID and image” like an ID card [3]. This guarantees the authenticity of information from the source.Figure 2
Tripartite connectivity between job seekers, HR service platforms, and companies.Once the data has been verified, the HR service platform will start to analyse the recruitment intention and job search intention of both parties, respectively, and recommend the most suitable talents and positions for both enterprises and job seekers, thus achieving an accurate match between enterprises and job seekers. Once the company and the job seeker have been matched by the platform, the platform will record the transactions between them in a distributed ledger, and the transaction data will be stored in a distributed database. As the information on the block chain can be viewed by any node, companies and job seekers can access the block chain at any time through the distributed ledger to view and verify their information. With the transaction data recorded on the distributed ledger, the agreement between the company and the job seeker can be automatically enforced through the smart contract built on the platform on the basis of the distributed database, thus enabling the company not only to efficiently inspect and hire talent but also to effectively manage and validate the employment contract. In the whole process, as the data information is open, transparent, and interoperable, the execution process of the smart contract is also objective and fair, which makes all aspects of the job matching process fair, just, and open [18].


## 3.3. A Precise Knowledge Service Path for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Based on User Portraits

A user profile, also known as a user persona, is a model of a target user based on a series of real data, as well as a collection of images that best characterise the user [19]. The proposed concept helps to assist people to accurately paint a portrait of the research subject and precise use multiple data resources to solve their business challenges [20]. The key to library innovation and entrepreneurship precision knowledge services is how to push the innovation and entrepreneurship knowledge services in the subject area to the ideal realm of personalised management and precise delivery; therefore, drawing user portraits to the personalised knowledge service area can better understand user needs, so as to achieve precision marketing and the ultimate goal of transforming data into value [21]. The literatures [7–9] explored the application of user profiles in libraries, and the research results showed that user profiles have a more obvious role in improving the quality of library knowledge services, significantly improving the knowledge service experience of library users, and thus laying the foundation for the realisation of accurate library knowledge services.Based on the above analysis, this paper adopts user portrait technology to obtain users’ information search records and data footprints in the process of innovation and entrepreneurship and establish a user portrait model for innovation and entrepreneurship, so as to identify the types, forms, and expressions of users’ knowledge services for innovation and entrepreneurship, thereby gaining insights into users’ information resources and knowledge skills needs for innovation and entrepreneurship, and building a precise service model that fits users’ knowledge needs for innovation and entrepreneurship. At the same time, the portrait model can further reflect the knowledge service needs and knowledge content preferences of users in different stages of the whole life cycle of innovation and entrepreneurship, so as to provide knowledge service resources that best match the users’ innovation and entrepreneurship situations. For example, in the early exploration stage of innovation and entrepreneurship, knowledge services in literature retrieval can be provided to users; in the research and development stage of new technologies for innovation and entrepreneurship, patent search and new technology trend analysis services can be provided to users; in the application stage of new technologies, knowledge services such as effect evaluation, patent registration, and result certification can be explored in depth. From this, we can see that user profiling can deeply explore the precise knowledge service needs of innovation and entrepreneurship, match precise knowledge service contents and push them in time, and ultimately improve the utilization effect of knowledge service resources in the process of entrepreneurship and innovation.


## 3.4. Design of a Precise Knowledge Service Model for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Based on User Portraits

The user portrait model effectively integrates the user innovation and entrepreneurship behaviour data in the service system, establishes a user portrait model for innovation and entrepreneurship through statistical and classification processing of the data, and finally provides accurate knowledge services for innovation and entrepreneurship around the portrait model.In this paper, the user portrait data are mainly the data generated in the process of information retrieval, library borrowing, resource sharing, knowledge learning, and academic communication of the dual-innovation group in the network environment, such as basic user data, crowd creation data, dual-innovation interaction data, and dual-innovation conversation data. Among them, libraries and other innovation and entrepreneurship service platforms record users’ registered personal basic information and can export users’ personalised retrieval, content recommendation, online consultation, literature delivery, and other behavioural information; the Internet records information on innovation and entrepreneurship users’ website navigation, browsing history, page time, and so on; each learning platform also saves users’ downloading, collecting, browsing, tagging, and knowledge service resources in the process of learning. The learning platforms also store data on users’ behaviours such as downloading, collecting, browsing, marking, commenting, and evaluating during the learning process of knowledge service resources. The labeling characteristics of innovation and entrepreneurship users are extracted around the above dimensions and expressed in the form ofUC=User_information,User_prefer,User_interact,User_dialogue, thus building a multidimensional labeling system of innovation and entrepreneurship user profile model.
(1)
Basic user information tab: it is mainly used to describe the basic information of the innovation and entrepreneurship user, such as the user’s name, gender, age, identity, profession, title, place of origin, and contact information. The formal representation of the basic information tag is as follows:User_info=UID,Name,Gender,Age,Identity,Ranks.(2)
Crowdsource data tag: it mainly describes the online retrieval, page browsing, online reading, online reservation, renewal, collection, and other operational behaviour of users’ innovation and entrepreneurship knowledge. The formal representation of the user data tag is as follows:User‐pa=Search.Pageview,Reading,Collection,Reservation,Renewal, where Search is the user’s search; i.e., the user searches for content of interest through a certain keyword, which reflects the user’s area of interest; Pageview is the user’s browsing, the time point at which a reader browses a certain website, the length of time spent on the page (long time spent means more interest; short time spent means no interest); Reading is the content read by the user, reflecting the subject and field of interest of the user; Collection is the subject content collected by the user, i.e., the subject content that the user has collected after reading the relevant knowledge resources; Reservation represents the reservation status of the user, mainly reflecting the potential interest of the user; Renewal is the renewal status of the user; i.e., the user has borrowed a certain knowledge resource after the loan. Renewal is the continuation of the user’s interest in a knowledge resource after having borrowed it, and this interest leads to the renewal of the user’s borrowing behaviour.(3)
Innovation and entrepreneurship interactive attribute tag: it mainly describes the sharing of knowledge resources, content comments, and emotional attitudes of users with other users in the process of innovation and entrepreneurship [10]. The formal representation of the Interact tag is as follows: User‐Interact=Share,Comment,Altitude. Sharing is the sharing of resources by users. After browsing relevant knowledge materials or content, users will share the content they are interested in on social media platforms and related websites, and this label reflects the interaction between users and other users. These two indicators reflect users’ attitudinal views and behavioural tendencies towards the content shared by other users.(4)
Innovative and entrepreneurial session attributes tag: here, the innovation and entrepreneurship session attribute tag is used to reflect certain potential characteristics of innovation and entrepreneurship users, which can be analysed by the number of times users visit the page, the downloading of innovation and entrepreneurship resources, the depth of project consultation content, etc. The formal representation of the session tag is follows:User‐Dialogue=Visits,Downloads,Consultation, where Visits is the user’s login status on the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Platform, mainly reflecting the user’s login time and number of logins, and to some extent the user’s cyclical behaviour; Downloads is the download status of knowledge resources; Consultation is the project consultation status.Based on the above formal representation of user labels, this section constructs a conceptual model of user portraits for innovation and entrepreneurship, as shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Conceptual model of user profiling for innovation and entrepreneurship.


## 3.5. A Precise Knowledge Service Model for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Based on User Portraits

Based on the user portrait model of innovation and entrepreneurship, this paper designs an accurate knowledge service model for innovation and entrepreneurship based on the portrait model, as shown in Figure4.Figure 4
Accurate knowledge service model for innovation and entrepreneurship based on user portraits.From Figure4, it can be seen that the accurate knowledge service model of innovation and entrepreneurship based on user portrait consist of three components: data resource layer, data mining layer, and application service layer. Among them, the data resource layer is the premise and foundation for drawing the user portrait of innovation and entrepreneurship. It mainly obtains the innovation and entrepreneurship data generated by the innovation and entrepreneurship groups engaged in information retrieval, book lending, knowledge learning and academic exchange activities through libraries, Internet learning platforms, and information exchange platforms and then carries out pre-processing through data cleaning, data transformation, and data statute methods. The core component of the innovation and entrepreneurship accurate knowledge service model is the data mining layer. In view of the fact that the precise knowledge service for innovation and entrepreneurship is a further deepened personalized and sophisticated knowledge service, in the service process, it is necessary to mine the user’s knowledge demand with the help of technical means such as cluster analysis, association mining and deep learning, thereby realizing the acquisition, mining and reasoning of innovation, and entrepreneurship knowledge demand, so as to extract the key characteristic information of innovation and entrepreneurship users and complete the classification of user label characteristics and user identification The application service layer can draw the profile of innovation and entrepreneurship users and calculate the similarity between the target users and innovation themes and service resources through the user profile characteristics, so as to realize the accurate matching of users and personalized knowledge service resources. The main function of the application service layer is to respond to the innovation and entrepreneurship precise knowledge service requests received (such as literature guarantee, technology trend analysis, patent query and declaration, project result certification, innovation, and entrepreneurship expert consultation services) and then complete the precise matching of service resources by invoking the service interface and the user portrait model and at the same time push the final results to the target users in a timely manner to meet the users’ innovation and entrepreneurship precise. The service interface is then used to complete accurate matching of service resources by calling the service interface and the user profile model, while the final results are pushed to the target users in a timely manner to meet the users’ precise knowledge service needs for innovation and entrepreneurship [22, 23].


## 3.6. Example of Pattern Application

The innovation and entrepreneurship competition has played a positive role in promoting the education of people in universities [24] and also provided good material for the verification of the precise knowledge service model of innovation and entrepreneurship in this paper. The experiment obtained some students’ basic user data, groundsheet data, dual-innovation interaction data, and dual-innovation conversation data during the course of the three innovation competitions, selected the most frequently occurring words as the tags of the user portraits through text analysis, and used the tag cloud tool to draw the tag cloud portraits of the core members of the three provincial first prize teams and provided specific knowledge service configuration solutions according to their different knowledge contexts, as detailed in Table 1.Table 1
Configuration scheme of precise knowledge services for innovation and entrepreneurship based on tag cloud portraits.
Mass entrepreneurship and innovation usersAccurate knowledge service configuration schemeUser 1: design scheme of smart parking lotResources,technology,trainingandlectures,communication,andservices=booksrelatedtointernetofthingsandparkingequipment;Internetofthings+sensors+embedded;entrepreneurialexperienceexchange,entrepreneurialrealityshow;creativediscussionspace,navigationsearchandtextsearch,texttovoice.User 2: mental health intelligent Bracelet designResources,technology,trainingandlectures,communication,andservices=mentalhealthandconsultingbooks;appandsmartBraceletdevelopmenttechnology;entrepreneurialexperiencesharing,makerspace;campuscommunication;informationpush,situationcapture,accuratematching,timelyprovisionofnavigationsearchandtextsearch.User 3: app development of auto repair homeResources,technology,trainingandlectures,communicationandservices=APdevelopmentandknowledgesharingbooks;autorepairandAndroiddevelopmenttechnology;autorepairknowledgeandexperiencesharing,makerspace;texttovoice,capturesituation,shortvideoandcontentadaptation.Take user 1 in Table1 as an example; by checking his areas of interest, search keywords, and collection content, it shows that this user is more interested in IoT technology; for example, this user borrowed the book “Smart Parking - Urban Parking Management and Operation Model in the Context of IoT” for the first time in early February 2018 and renewed it at the end of March of the same year. For example, this user first borrowed the book “Smart Parking - Urban Parking Management and Operation Model in the Context of IoT” in the early February 2018 and renewed it at the end of March of the same year and also collected “5G IoT and NB - IoT Technology Explained” and reserved “IoT and Embedded System Application Development.”Figure5 shows the effect of the different recommendations, and the data shows that the user also participated in a discussion on IoT parking technology in the school’s marketplace. Based on the user’s innovation and entrepreneurship needs as reflected in the above data, the following knowledge service activities were allocated to the user: a creative seminar space on IoT and parking technology, experience exchange sessions with outstanding contestants from previous innovation and entrepreneurship competitions, a real-life entrepreneurship show and entrepreneurship lectures by graduating students, and service resources such as parking path navigation, text search, and text-to-speech functions. At the same time, a list of recommended books on IoT technology and innovation and entrepreneurship is provided based on its tagging profile. According to the feedback, User 1 has a strong interest in most of the books on the recommended list, indicating that the knowledge service is well received by the users.Figure 5
Different recommendation effects.As shown in Figure6, the implementation and guarantee strategies of the precise knowledge service model for innovation and entrepreneurship are proposed at the levels of concept, resources, users, and services. Precise knowledge service is a kind of point-to-point and one-to-one “targeted” service. Only by thoroughly implementing the core concept of precise service for innovation and entrepreneurship, taking the needs of dual-innovation users as the root, and shifting from the traditional “resource-oriented” to “user-oriented,” can the knowledge service needs of innovation and entrepreneurship users be truly met. As an important incubator for innovation and entrepreneurship, libraries are transforming from traditional “data collection” libraries to “people-oriented” smart libraries, and their core mission is also changing from the traditional library’s “inheriting cultural achievements and providing information, knowledge and cultural services.” The core mission of the library has also changed from the traditional library of “passing on cultural achievements and providing information, knowledge and cultural services” to “providing tools for innovation and entrepreneurship, encouraging the exchange of ideas and stimulating creativity and innovation.”Figure 6
Strength of use of different student business recommendations.As shown in Figure7, the consistency of the training model and prediction recommendation, the establishment of a “people-oriented” precise service concept centered on users’ innovation and entrepreneurship needs is the core of the future library’s innovation and entrepreneurship knowledge service activities and is the basis for reflecting the value of dual innovation services. In the process of knowledge service, we should fully explore the urgent needs and expectations of users’ innovation and entrepreneurship, truly integrate users’ dual-innovation information service into the development strategy and service planning of the library, deeply study users, understand them and serve them, and put the “people-oriented” precise knowledge service purpose into practice.Figure 7
Consistency of training patterns with predicted recommendations.As shown in Figure8 for the classification effect of different years, the data clustering from 2018 to 2021, knowledgeable service resources are the basis for providing innovation and entrepreneurship services. Accurate innovation and entrepreneurship knowledge services need to be dynamically adjusted and continuously improved according to specific knowledge service contexts and users’ innovation and entrepreneurship needs. For postgraduates, the focus should be on the literature search, literature utilisation, review report writing, patent search, and technology analysis. For social entrepreneurship users, more reference advisory services and think tank services should be provided. For example, Harvard University Library in the US provides self-help search services, reference advisory services, and value-added knowledge services according to the different levels of users. Finally, users are accurately managed according to group portraits. Through a clear division of users, the nature of various types of users can be further distinguished, and then innovation and entrepreneurship knowledge services can be designed in a targeted manner to achieve accurate knowledge pushing and tracking services, so as to assess the effectiveness of the services. In addition, data of users’ innovation and entrepreneurship portraits should be updated, mined, and analysed dynamically on a regular basis, so that users can be accurately positioned, segmented, and managed in a timely manner.Figure 8
Effect of entrepreneurship classification by year.


## 4. Conclusions

The HR service platform based on block chain technology can help job seekers find suitable jobs more efficiently and reliably through accurate matching, thus increasing the success rate of job seekers. Secondly, as block chain establishes a database of information, the authenticity of job seekers’ information is guaranteed at their CVs, qualifications and previous work experience are verified on the chain, further enhancing their professional creditworthiness. The higher the credit value of a job seeker, the more trust and praise he or she will receive from the company, and the more competition he or she will be in the job search process. Finally, after the job seeker and the company have matched, the smart contract signed between the two parties will automatically enforce the agreement between them and ensure that the implementation process is objective and fair, so as to prevent companies from exploiting loopholes and underhand operations, thus protecting the job seeker’s own labour rights and interests.



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