# Numerical Identification of Key Design Parameters Enhancing the Centrifugal Pump Performance: Impeller, Impeller-Volute, and Impeller-Diffuser

Authors: Massinissa Djerroud; Guyh Dituba Ngoma; Walid Ghie
Journal: ISRN Mechanical Engineering
 (2011)

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## Abstract

This paper presents the numerical investigation of the effects that the pertinent design parameters, including the blade height, the blade number, the outlet blade angle, the blade width, and the impeller diameter, have on the steady state liquid flow in a three-dimensional centrifugal pump. Three cases were considered for this study: impeller, combined impeller and volute, and combined impeller and diffuser. The continuity and Navier-Stokes equations with thek-ε turbulence model and the standard wall functions were used by means of ANSYS-CFX code. The results achieved reveal that the selected key design parameters have an impact on the centrifugal pump performance describing the pump head, the brake horsepower, and the overall efficiency. To valid the developed approach, the results of numerical simulation were compared with the experimental results considering the case of combined impeller and diffuser.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

At the present time, single and multistage centrifugal pumps are widely used in industrial and mining enterprises. One of the most important components of a centrifugal pump [1] is the impeller. The performance characteristics related to the pump comprising the head, the brake horsepower, and the overall efficiency rely a great deal on the impeller. To achieve better performance for a centrifugal pump, design parameters such as the number of blades for the impeller and the diffuser, the impeller blade angle, the blade height for the impeller and the diffuser, the impeller blade width, the impeller diameter, and the volute radius must be accurately determined, due to the complex liquid flow through a centrifugal pump. This liquid flow is three-dimensional and turbulent. It is therefore important to be aware of the liquid flow’s behavior when traveling through an impeller. This can be done by accounting for the volute and/or the diffuser in the planning, design, and optimization phases at conditions of design and off-design. Many experimental and numerical studies have been carried out on the liquid flow through a centrifugal pump [2–21], where the effects of the number of impeller blades on the pump’s performance were examined experimentally in [11, 12]. The effects of the impeller outlet blade angle on the pump’s performance were also investigated numerically [13, 14], using a CFD code and experimentally in [15]. In [16] the dynamic effects due to the impeller-volute interaction within a centrifugal pump were numerically investigated, whereas the effects of the volute on velocity and pressure fields were examined in [17, 18]. Additional experimental investigation carried out [19] consisted of measuring unsteady velocity, the pressure and flow angle at the centrifugal pump’s impeller outlet, with and without volute casing. The liquid flow and head distribution within a centrifugal pump’s volute were compared with the impeller’s characteristics, without the volute casing. Moreover, two centrifugal pump impellers with different outlet diameters for the same volute were examined both experimentally and numerically [20], to evaluate the influence the radial gap between the impeller exit and the volute tongue had on the unsteady radial forces acting upon the impeller of a centrifugal pump with volute casing. Additionally, the effects of flow behavior in a centrifugal pump, whose diffuser was subjected to different radial gaps, were investigated numerically in [21] using a CFD code. The analysis of previous works clearly demonstrated that research results obtained are specific to the centrifugal pump design parameter values and thus cannot be generalized. In this work therefore a numerical study was performed using a finite volume method according to the CFX code [22] to gain further insight into the characteristics of the three-dimensional turbulent liquid flow through an impeller, a combined impeller and volute, and a combined impeller and diffuser, while also considering various flow conditions and pump design parameters: blade heights of 12 mm, 18 mm, and 24 mm; blade numbers of 5, 7, and 9 for the impeller and 5, 8, and 12 for the diffuser; outlet blade angles of 9°, 28°, and 60°, blade widths of 4 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm; impeller outer diameters of 285 mm and 320 mm. The reference dimensions selected for the impeller and diffuser were based on the existing impeller and diffuser [23]. Upon applying the continuity and Navier-Stokes equations, the liquid flow velocity and the liquid pressure distributions in an impeller, a combined impeller and volute, and a combined impeller and diffuser were determined, while accounting for boundary conditions. Since the rotating speed of the centrifugal pump under consideration was constant a valve installed on the pump’s discharge side was used to regulate the volume flow rate. We accounted for suction pressure variation as a function of the valve volume flow rate in the numerical simulations being run. The pump head, brake horsepower, and efficiency were represented as a function of the volume flow rate, where the objective was to identify the values of selected key design parameter that might improve pump performance with respect to their value ranges.


## 2. Mathematical Formulation

Figure1 shows a centrifugal pump consisting of three components, including an impeller, a diffuser, and a volute [24]. The models selected for the liquid flow in an impeller, a combined impeller and volute, and a combined impeller and diffuser are depicted in Figure 2, placing greater emphasis on the fluid domain.Figure 1
Centrifugal pump.Figure 2
Models of centrifugal pump components.In the governing equations for liquid flow in the centrifugal pump components, the following assumptions were made: (i) a steady state, three-dimensional, and turbulence flow using thek-ε model; (ii) it was an incompressible liquid; (iii) it was a Newtonian liquid; (iv) the liquid’s thermophysical properties were constant with temperature.To account for these assumptions, the theoretical analysis of the liquid flow in an impeller, a combined impeller and volute, and a combined impeller and diffuser was based on the continuity and Navier-Stokes [22] equations. For the three-dimensional liquid flow through the components of a centrifugal pump as shown in Figure 2, the continuity equations are expressed by
(1)∇⋅U⃗=0,
and the Navier-Stokes equations are given by
(2)ρ∇⋅(U⃗⊗U⃗)=-∇p+μeff∇⋅(∇U⃗+(∇U⃗)T)+B,
where U⃗=U⃗(u(x,y,z),v(x,y,z),w(x,y,z)) is the liquid flow velocity vector, p is the pressure, ρ is the density, μeff is the effective viscosity accounting for turbulence, ⊗ is a tensor product, and B is the source term. More particularly, for flows in an impeller rotating at a constant speed ω, the source term can be written as follows:
(3)B=-ρ(2ω⃗xU⃗+ω⃗x(ω⃗xr⃗)),
where r⃗ is the location vector.In addition,μeffis defined as
(4)μeff=μ+μt,
where μ is the dynamic viscosity and μt is the turbulence viscosity.Since thek-ε turbulence model is used in this work because convergence is better than with other turbulence models, μtis linked to turbulence kinetic energy k, equation (6), and dissipation ε, equation (7), via the relationship
(5)μt=Cμρk2ε-1,
where Cμ is a constant.The values fork and ε come directly from the differential transport equations for turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence dissipation rates:
(6)∇⋅(ρU⃗k)=∇⋅[(μ+μtσk)∇k]+pk-ρε,(7)∇⋅(ρU⃗ε)=∇⋅[(μ+μtσε)∇ε]+εk(Cε1pk-Cε2ρε),
where Cε1, Cε2, andσεare constants. pk is the turbulence production due to viscous and buoyancy forces, which is modeled using:
(8)pk=μt∇U⃗⋅(∇U⃗+∇U⃗T)-23∇⋅U(3μt∇⋅U⃗+ρk)+pkb,pkb=-μtρσρg⋅∇ρ,
where pkb can be neglected for the k-ε turbulence model.Moreover, for the modeling of flow near the wall, the logarithmic wall function is used to model the viscous sublayer [22].


### 2.1. Impeller

Three velocity types are involved when considering the flow through a centrifugal pump impeller: the tangential velocityU=rω, the relative velocity W, and the absolute velocity V. The last is expressed in vector format as follows:
(9)V⃗=U⃗+W⃗.
Figure 3 shows the velocity triangles at the impeller inlet and outlet at the design conditions where the liquid enters and leaves the impeller at the blade angles βb1 and βb2, respectively. The components of V⃗and W⃗in the direction ofU⃗ are Vu (swirl velocity) and Wu, respectively, while those normal to U⃗are Vr and Wr.Figure 3
Velocity triangles.Moreover, according to the Euler equation [1], the energy transfer per unit mass of flow for a centrifugal pump can be formulated as
(10)gHi=U2Vu2-U1Vu1,
where Hi is the ideal pump total head.Neglecting the swirl velocity at the impeller inlet, (10) can be expressed as follows:
(11)gHi=U2Vu2.
When accounting for the hydraulic efficiency, ηh, the actual pump head rise is given by
(12)H=ηhHi.
Also, the hydraulic efficiency can be calculated using the following empirical formula [1]:
(13)ηh=1-0.8(15859.03Q)0.25,
where Q is the volume flow rate in m3/s. It is given by Q=VrA with A as the flow passage area normal to the meridional direction.Since in reality the flow through a centrifugal pump is turbulent and three-dimensional, the actual relative flow direction at the impeller exit is different from that of the blade angle. As depicted in Figure4, the flow angle βf2 is always less than the blade angle βb2. This can lead to secondary flows in the flow passage, from the pump inlet to discharge [1].Figure 4
Flow angle and blade angle.As such, the slip factorμs is used to take into account the difference between βb2 and βf2, which is formulated as
(14)μs=Vu2Vu2′,
where Vu2 is the actual swirl flow velocity at the impeller exit and Vu2′ is the ideal swirl flow velocity at the impeller exit.In addition, the slip velocity is given by(15)ΔVs=Vu2′-Vu2=Wu2-Wu2′.
Taking into account the slip factor, (12) can be expressed as
(16)H=ηhμs(U2g)(U2-QA2tanβ2).
Moreover, to account for the leakage flow from the impeller, the volumetric efficiency is defined by
(17)ηv=Q+QLQL,
where QL is the leakage flow from the impeller exit back to the inlet through the clearance.In addition, the pump’s mechanical efficiency is formulated as follows:(18)ηm=PimpPs,
where Ps is the brake horsepower and Pimp the power delivered by the impeller to the fluid.Ps is globally expressed by
(19)Ps=Ph+Pf+PL+Pm+Pdf=Cω,
where C is the pump shaft torque, Ph is the centrifugal pump horsepower. It is expressed as
(20)Ph=ρQgH.Pf is the loss power due to the friction, which is given by
(21)Pf=ρQg(Hi-H).PL is the loss power due to leakage, which is defined as:
(22)PL=ρQLgHi.Pm is the friction loss power in bearings and seals, and Pdf is the disk friction power due to impeller shrouds.Pimp in (18) can be formulated as follows:
(23)Pimp=Ps-Pm-Pdf.
Furthermore, (23) can be rewritten as
(24)Pimp=ρ(Q+QL)gHi.
Accounting for (23), (18) can be expressed as
(25)ηm=Ps-Pm-PdfPs.
Thus, the overall efficiency of a centrifugal pump can be formulated as
(26)η=PhPs.
Finally, the overall efficiency can also be formulated in terms of the other efficiencies as
(27)η=ηhηvηm.


### 2.2. Volute Parameters

Figure5 shows the parameters of a volute without diffuser defined by the radius of volute basic circle r3, the radius of volute cut water circle rv, the volute angle αv, the volute cross-sectional area Aθ, which depends on the angle Θ, and the volute outlet cross-sectional area At [1].Figure 5
Impeller-volute without diffuser.The average flow velocity at the volute outlet is given by(28)V3=K32gH,
where the volute velocity constant K3 is an empirical parameter correlated with the specific speed, as shown in Figure 6 along with other volute parameters such as the volute angle αv and the volute basic circle diameter D3 [1].Figure 6
Volute velocity constant, volute angle, and diameter of volute basic circle versus specific speed.In addition, the volute cross-sectional areaAθ can be formulated as
(29)Aθ=Qθ2πCLrc,
where rc is the centroid radius of the volute cross-sectional area, L is the angular momentum of flow at the impeller outlet, it is expressed as L=r2Vu2, and C≅0.95 to account for friction loss.


### 2.3. Diffuser Velocity and Pressure Difference

Figure7 shows the velocities at the inlet and the outlet of a vaned diffuser immediately downstream from the impeller.Figure 7
Velocities at the diffuser inlet and outlet.The outlet velocityV3 can be determined using [24]
(30)V3=Vu32+Vm32,
where
(31)Vu3=r2Vu2r3,Vr3=QA3,
where A3 is the flow passage area normal to the meridional direction at the diffuser outlet.Finally, the pressure difference between the diffuser outlet and inlet is given by(32)p3-p2=ρ2(V22-V32).
To solve (1) and (2) numerically while accounting for the boundary conditions and the turbulence model k-ε, the computational fluid dynamics ANSYS-CFX code, based on the finite volume method, was used to obtain the liquid flow velocity and the pressure distributions. In the cases examined involving the impeller, combined impeller and volute, and combined impeller and diffuser, the boundary conditions were formulated as follows: the static pressure provided was given at the inlet, while the flow rate provided was specified at the outlet. The frozen rotor condition was used for both the impeller-volute and the impeller-diffuser interfaces. A no-slip condition was set for the flow at the wall boundaries. Figure 8 shows the inlet, outlet, and interface domains for the selected centrifugal pump components.Figure 8
Domains of inlet, outlet, and interface.Accounting for the fact that the pump rotating speed was constant, the volume flow rate was controlled by a regulator valve, which had an influence on the pressure at the pump inlet as indicated in Figure9 [23]. This was accounted for in the numerical simulations performed.Figure 9
Pressure at the pump inlet versus valve volume flow rate regulation.Furthermore, the ANSYS-CFX code comprises by geometry (DesignModeler), CFX-pre, CFX-solver, and CFX-post modules. According to the applied ANSYS-CFX code, Figure10 depicts the steps specifically used to obtain the numerical simulation results from the geometry models to the numerical models for the impeller, the combined impeller and volute, and the combined impeller and diffuser.Figure 10
Steps from 3D geometry model to 3D numerical model and to numerical simulation results.


## 2.1. Impeller

Three velocity types are involved when considering the flow through a centrifugal pump impeller: the tangential velocityU=rω, the relative velocity W, and the absolute velocity V. The last is expressed in vector format as follows:
(9)V⃗=U⃗+W⃗.
Figure 3 shows the velocity triangles at the impeller inlet and outlet at the design conditions where the liquid enters and leaves the impeller at the blade angles βb1 and βb2, respectively. The components of V⃗and W⃗in the direction ofU⃗ are Vu (swirl velocity) and Wu, respectively, while those normal to U⃗are Vr and Wr.Figure 3
Velocity triangles.Moreover, according to the Euler equation [1], the energy transfer per unit mass of flow for a centrifugal pump can be formulated as
(10)gHi=U2Vu2-U1Vu1,
where Hi is the ideal pump total head.Neglecting the swirl velocity at the impeller inlet, (10) can be expressed as follows:
(11)gHi=U2Vu2.
When accounting for the hydraulic efficiency, ηh, the actual pump head rise is given by
(12)H=ηhHi.
Also, the hydraulic efficiency can be calculated using the following empirical formula [1]:
(13)ηh=1-0.8(15859.03Q)0.25,
where Q is the volume flow rate in m3/s. It is given by Q=VrA with A as the flow passage area normal to the meridional direction.Since in reality the flow through a centrifugal pump is turbulent and three-dimensional, the actual relative flow direction at the impeller exit is different from that of the blade angle. As depicted in Figure4, the flow angle βf2 is always less than the blade angle βb2. This can lead to secondary flows in the flow passage, from the pump inlet to discharge [1].Figure 4
Flow angle and blade angle.As such, the slip factorμs is used to take into account the difference between βb2 and βf2, which is formulated as
(14)μs=Vu2Vu2′,
where Vu2 is the actual swirl flow velocity at the impeller exit and Vu2′ is the ideal swirl flow velocity at the impeller exit.In addition, the slip velocity is given by(15)ΔVs=Vu2′-Vu2=Wu2-Wu2′.
Taking into account the slip factor, (12) can be expressed as
(16)H=ηhμs(U2g)(U2-QA2tanβ2).
Moreover, to account for the leakage flow from the impeller, the volumetric efficiency is defined by
(17)ηv=Q+QLQL,
where QL is the leakage flow from the impeller exit back to the inlet through the clearance.In addition, the pump’s mechanical efficiency is formulated as follows:(18)ηm=PimpPs,
where Ps is the brake horsepower and Pimp the power delivered by the impeller to the fluid.Ps is globally expressed by
(19)Ps=Ph+Pf+PL+Pm+Pdf=Cω,
where C is the pump shaft torque, Ph is the centrifugal pump horsepower. It is expressed as
(20)Ph=ρQgH.Pf is the loss power due to the friction, which is given by
(21)Pf=ρQg(Hi-H).PL is the loss power due to leakage, which is defined as:
(22)PL=ρQLgHi.Pm is the friction loss power in bearings and seals, and Pdf is the disk friction power due to impeller shrouds.Pimp in (18) can be formulated as follows:
(23)Pimp=Ps-Pm-Pdf.
Furthermore, (23) can be rewritten as
(24)Pimp=ρ(Q+QL)gHi.
Accounting for (23), (18) can be expressed as
(25)ηm=Ps-Pm-PdfPs.
Thus, the overall efficiency of a centrifugal pump can be formulated as
(26)η=PhPs.
Finally, the overall efficiency can also be formulated in terms of the other efficiencies as
(27)η=ηhηvηm.


## 2.2. Volute Parameters

Figure5 shows the parameters of a volute without diffuser defined by the radius of volute basic circle r3, the radius of volute cut water circle rv, the volute angle αv, the volute cross-sectional area Aθ, which depends on the angle Θ, and the volute outlet cross-sectional area At [1].Figure 5
Impeller-volute without diffuser.The average flow velocity at the volute outlet is given by(28)V3=K32gH,
where the volute velocity constant K3 is an empirical parameter correlated with the specific speed, as shown in Figure 6 along with other volute parameters such as the volute angle αv and the volute basic circle diameter D3 [1].Figure 6
Volute velocity constant, volute angle, and diameter of volute basic circle versus specific speed.In addition, the volute cross-sectional areaAθ can be formulated as
(29)Aθ=Qθ2πCLrc,
where rc is the centroid radius of the volute cross-sectional area, L is the angular momentum of flow at the impeller outlet, it is expressed as L=r2Vu2, and C≅0.95 to account for friction loss.


## 2.3. Diffuser Velocity and Pressure Difference

Figure7 shows the velocities at the inlet and the outlet of a vaned diffuser immediately downstream from the impeller.Figure 7
Velocities at the diffuser inlet and outlet.The outlet velocityV3 can be determined using [24]
(30)V3=Vu32+Vm32,
where
(31)Vu3=r2Vu2r3,Vr3=QA3,
where A3 is the flow passage area normal to the meridional direction at the diffuser outlet.Finally, the pressure difference between the diffuser outlet and inlet is given by(32)p3-p2=ρ2(V22-V32).
To solve (1) and (2) numerically while accounting for the boundary conditions and the turbulence model k-ε, the computational fluid dynamics ANSYS-CFX code, based on the finite volume method, was used to obtain the liquid flow velocity and the pressure distributions. In the cases examined involving the impeller, combined impeller and volute, and combined impeller and diffuser, the boundary conditions were formulated as follows: the static pressure provided was given at the inlet, while the flow rate provided was specified at the outlet. The frozen rotor condition was used for both the impeller-volute and the impeller-diffuser interfaces. A no-slip condition was set for the flow at the wall boundaries. Figure 8 shows the inlet, outlet, and interface domains for the selected centrifugal pump components.Figure 8
Domains of inlet, outlet, and interface.Accounting for the fact that the pump rotating speed was constant, the volume flow rate was controlled by a regulator valve, which had an influence on the pressure at the pump inlet as indicated in Figure9 [23]. This was accounted for in the numerical simulations performed.Figure 9
Pressure at the pump inlet versus valve volume flow rate regulation.Furthermore, the ANSYS-CFX code comprises by geometry (DesignModeler), CFX-pre, CFX-solver, and CFX-post modules. According to the applied ANSYS-CFX code, Figure10 depicts the steps specifically used to obtain the numerical simulation results from the geometry models to the numerical models for the impeller, the combined impeller and volute, and the combined impeller and diffuser.Figure 10
Steps from 3D geometry model to 3D numerical model and to numerical simulation results.


## 3. Results and Discussion

Water was used as the working liquid for all simulations run and for use in this study considered to have the following reference values: temperature of 25°C for water, density ofρ = 997 kg/m³, and dynamic viscosity of μ = 8.899 × 10−4 Pa s. The main data for the reference impeller, volute, and diffuser are given in Tables 1, 2, and 3.Table 1
Main data of the reference impeller [23].
Inlet diameter (mm)145Outlet diameter (mm)320Inlet blade angle (degree)11.69Outlet blade angle (degree)28Inlet blade width (mm)12Blade thickness (mm)4Number of blades7Rotating speed (rpm)1800Table 2
Main data of the reference volute [1].
Volute angle (degree)Volute radius (mm)Volute angle (degree)Volute radius (mm)0165225278.9645183.79270302.7690207.58315326.55135231.38360350.35180255.17Table 3
Main data of the diffuser [23].
Inlet diameter (mm)321.536Outlet diameter (mm)441.77Blade width (mm)12Blade thickness (mm)3.401Inlet blade angle (degree)11.07Outlet blade angle (degree)39.42Number of blades8


### 3.1. Case Studies

Six key design parameters of a centrifugal pump were selected for an examination of their effects mainly on the pump performance: impeller blade height without volute, impeller blade width without volute, impeller blade angle without volute, impeller blade number with volute, impeller diameter with volute, and diffuser blade number with impeller. For the highest accuracy of numerical simulation results, mesh-independent solution tests were conducted in each case study by varying the number of mesh elements. Table4 indicates the required number of mesh elements to achieve mesh-independent results.Table 4
Number of mesh elements.
Case studyMesh element numberImpeller outlet blade height (b2 in mm)124338018487762474210Impeller blade width (e in mm)443380107584115119945Impeller outlet blade angle (β2 in degree)93850828433806042288Impeller blade number when accounting for volute5282877479799132852Impeller diameter when accounting for volute (D2 in mm)2854737732047979Diffuser blade number5391268433801245117


#### 3.1.1. Effect of Impeller Outlet Blade Height

To analyze the outlet blade height’s effect on the pump head, the pump brake horsepower, and the overall pump efficiency, the values 0.012 m, 0.018 m, and 0.024 m were selected for outlet blade height, while keeping the other parameters constant. Figure11 shows the pump head as a function of the volume flow rate with the outlet blade height as a parameter. There, it can be clearly observed that the pump head decreases with increasing volume flow rate due to decreasing liquid pressure. In addition, the pump head increases with increasing outlet blade height. This can be explained by the fact that, when the volume flow rate is kept constant, the increased outlet blade height leads to the decreasing meridional velocity, which increases the pump head since the outlet tangential velocity and the outlet blade angle remain constant. In other words, the liquid pressure drop in the impeller decreases as a function of the increase in outlet blade height.Figure 11
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade height).The curves expressing the pump brake horsepower as a function of the volume flow rate are shown in Figure12, illustrating that the brake horsepower increases with increasing volume flow rate. This can be explained by the additional decrease in liquid pressure relative to the volume flow rate. Also, the brake horsepower increases relative to the impeller blade height due to the requested increase in pump shaft torque relative to the increased blade height.Figure 12
Brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade height).As depicted in Figure13, the curves representing overall pump efficiency as a function of volume flow rate illustrate that the overall efficiency for b2 = 12 mm decreases rapidly to the right of the best efficiency point (BEP). The overall efficiency for b2 = 18 is highest when the volume flow rate reaches 0.08 m³/s.Figure 13
Overall efficiency versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade height).Figures14, 15, and 16 show the corresponding contours for static pressure, liquid flow velocity vectors, and streamlined liquid flow velocities for Q = 0.065 m3/s. From these figures it can be observed that the static pressure is higher at the impeller outlet than at the impeller inlet. This is due to the decrease in liquid flow velocity at the impeller outlet. As such these figures clearly illustrate the correlation between variations in liquid flow velocity and static pressure. Moreover, Figures 14–16 illustrate the impact of variations in blade height on static pressure, liquid flow velocity, and streamlined liquid velocity, respectively, where average liquid flow velocities at the impeller outlet were 15.92 m/s, 12.64 m/s, and 10.56 m/s for b2 = 12 mm, b2 = 18 mm, and b2 = 24 mm, respectively.Static pressure contour.
(a)
b2=12 mm Δp=3.292×105 Pa(b)
b2=18 mmΔp=4.051×105 Pa(c)
b2=24 mmΔp=4.347×105 PaLiquid flow velocity vector.
(a)
b2=12 mm(b)
b2=18 mm(c)
b2=24 mmStreamlines of liquid flow velocity.
(a)
b2=12 mm(b)
b2=18 mm(c)
b2=24 mm


#### 3.1.2. Effect of Impeller Blade Width

To investigate the effect that the impeller blade width has on the pump head, the pump brake horsepower, and the pump overall efficiency, the blade widths of 4 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm were selected, while the other parameters were keep constant. Figure17 shows the pump head as a function of the volume flow rate, illustrating that the pump head decreases with increased blade width. This is due to augmenting the liquid pressure drop with increasing blade width. Also, the required pump brake horsepower decreases when the blade width rises, as indicated in Figure 18. The corresponding overall efficiency curves are shown in Figure 19, illustrating that the blade width’s impact on the overall efficiency is more pronounced in at high volume flow rates. In other words, the overall efficiencies for the three blade widths decrease rapidly to the right side of the BEP and the lowest overall efficiency is obtained when e = 15 mm.Figure 17
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade width).Figure 18
Pump brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade width).Figure 19
Overall efficiency versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade width).


#### 3.1.3. Effect of Impeller Outlet Blade Angle

Three impeller outlet blade angle values of 9°, 28°, and 60° were selected to investigate their influence on the pump head, the pump brake horsepower, and the pump’s overall efficiency. Figure20 depicts the distribution of the pump head as a function of volume flow rate and with outlet blade angle as a parameter. This figure thus shows that the pump head increases with increasing outlet blade angle, which can be explained by the increased outlet cross-section size relative to the increased outlet blade angle, thus leading to diminution of liquid pressure drop in flow passage between blades.Figure 20
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: outlet blade angle).In addition, Figure21 depicts the corresponding brake horsepower curves as a function of the volume flow rate, illustrating that the pump brake horsepower increases relative to the augmenting outlet blade angle. This is due to the increase in the requested shaft torque, along with the augmented outlet blade angle.Figure 21
Brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: outlet blade angle).Moreover, the efficiency curves shown in Figure22 illustrate that the overall efficiency for β2=9° decreases rapidly to the right of the BEP.Figure 22
Overall efficiency versus volume flow rate (parameter: outlet blade angle).Additionally, Figures23 and 24 show the static pressure contour and the liquid flow velocity vector for Q = 0.065 m3/s. From these figures, it can be observed that the static pressure difference between the impeller outlet and inlet increases with the augmented blade angle, due to a decrease in the liquid flow velocity at the impeller outlet, as indicated in Figure 26. The average liquid flow velocities at the impeller outlet are 21.06 m/s, 15.92 m/s, and 10.09 m/s for β2=9°,β2=28°, and β2=60°, respectively.Static pressure contour.
(a)
β2=9°ΔP=2.071×105 Pa(b)
β2=28°ΔP=3.292×105 Pa(c)
β2=60°ΔP=3.960×105 PaLiquid flow velocity vector.
(a)
β2=9°(b)
β2=28°(c)
β2=60°


#### 3.1.4. Effect of Impeller Blade Number When Accounting for Volute

To investigate the effect of the impeller blade number on the pump head, the pump brake horsepower and the overall pump efficiency, three impellers whose blade number were 5, 7, and 9 were selected, while the other parameters were kept constant. Figure25 shows the pump head as a function of the volume flow rate, illustrating that the pump head increases with a greater blade number. This is explained by the decrease in the liquid pressure drop in the flow passage with an augmented impeller blade number, keeping the same total volume flow rate. Also, as shown in Figure 26, the pump brake horsepower increases relatively with the augmented blade number. This is due to the increase in the request pump shaft torque, as the pump blade number also increases.Figure 25
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: impeller blade number).Figure 26
Brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: impeller blade number).In addition, Figure27 shows the overall efficiency curves, showing that the impeller having 5 blades has the lowest overall efficiency.Figure 27
Overall efficient versus blade number (parameter: blade number).Moreover, Figures28 and 29 depict the corresponding static pressure contour and liquid flow velocity vector for Q = 0.065 m3/s, respectively. These figures thus clearly show the increased static pressure difference between the volute outlet and the impeller inlet relative to the increasing blade number. This confirms the reduction in the liquid flow velocity at the impeller outlet relative to the greater blade number, as represented in Figure 29, where the average liquid flow velocities at the impeller outlet were 16.06 m/s, 15.40 m/s, and 12.53 m/s for 5 blades, 7 blades, and 9 blades, respectively.Static pressure contour.
(a)
5 bladesΔP=3.096×105 Pa(b)
7 bladesΔP=3.605×105 Pa(c)
9 bladesΔP=4.223×105 PaVectors of liquid flow velocity contour.
(a)
5 blades(b)
7 blades(c)
9 blades


#### 3.1.5. Effect of Impeller Diameter When Accounting for Volute

The impeller outlet diameter values of 285 mm and 320 mm were selected to investigate their effects on pump performance when keeping the other parameters constant. Figure30 shows that the pump head increases with increasing impeller diameter, which can be explained by the fact that the liquid static pressure drop in impeller decreases with increasing impeller diameter. In other words, for a given volume flow rate, the pressure difference between the volute outlet and the impeller inlet is higher for an impeller with a greater diameter. In addition, Figure 31 shows that the brake horsepower increases relative to the increasing impeller diameter, due to the requested augmented impeller shaft torque relative to the size of the impeller diameter.Figure 30
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: impeller diameter).Figure 31
Brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: impeller diameter).Moreover, the corresponding overall efficiency curves shown in Figure32 indicate that the impeller having a great diameter has better overall efficiency with volume flow rates greater than 0.02 m3/s.Figure 32
Overall efficiency versus volume flow rate (parameter: impeller diameter).


#### 3.1.6. Effect of Diffuser Blade Number

To analyze the effect the diffuser blade number has on the pump head, the pump brake horsepower, and the overall pump efficiency, three diffuser models with blade numbers of 5, 8, and 12 were selected, while the other parameters were kept constant. Figure33 shows the pump head as a function of the volume flow rate, where it is observed that the impact of the diffuser number on the pump head is small, even if the pump head for the diffuser blade number of 8 is highest for the Q between 0.012 m3/s and 0.055 m3/s. As depicted in Figure 34, the variation in brake horsepower due to diffuser blade number is also small, even if the diffuser blade number of 12 corresponds to a lowest brake horsepower.Figure 33
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: diffuser blade number).Figure 34
Brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: diffuser blade number).Furthermore, Figure35 shows that, for the low and the high volume flow rates, the overall efficiency for the diffuser blade number 12 is highest whereas the overall efficiencies for diffuser blade numbers of 5 and 8 are nearly the same. This figure also indicates that the overall efficiency is lowest for diffuser blade number 5.Figure 35
Overall efficiency versus volume flow rate (parameter: diffuser blade number).Additionally, Figures36 and 37 depict the corresponding static pressure contour and the liquid flow velocity vector for Q = 0.065, respectively, clearly showing for these figures the correlation between the increased static pressure difference and decreased liquid flow velocity at the diffuser outlet, with augmented diffuser blade number. Thus, the average values obtained for the static pressure difference between the diffuser outlet and the impeller inlet are 3.428 × 105 Pa, 3.49 × 105 Pa, and 3.65 × 105 Pa for blade numbers of 5, 8, and 12, respectively, as represented in Figure 36. Also, the average liquid flow velocity values at the diffuser outlet of 15.13 m/s, 12.22 m/s, and 9.06 m/s were found for the blade numbers of 5, 8, and 12, respectively, as shown in Figure 37.Static pressure contour.
(a)
5 bladesΔP=3.428×105 Pa(b)
8 bladesΔP=3.49×105 Pa(c)
12 bladesΔP=3.65×105 PaVectors of liquid flow velocity.
(a)
5 blades(b)
8 blades(c)
12 blades


### 3.2. Model Comparison

The impeller and diffuser combination was selected to validate the numerical approach developed, since the experimental results of this case were available from Technosub Inc. When accounting for experimental boundary conditions for the numerical simulations run, Figures38–40 show the comparison between the experimental and the numerical results for the pump head, the brake horsepower, and the overall efficiency. The discrepancies observed could be explained by the fact that lost mechanical power, power lost due to leakage, and the pump casing were not taken into account in the numerical simulations carried out. The horsepower for experimental pump brake was therefore higher than the numerical brake horsepower obtained, as illustrated in Figure 39.Figure 38
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: numerical and experimental results).Figure 39
Brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: numerical and experimental results).Figure 40
Overall efficiency versus volume flow rate (parameter: numerical and experimental results).


## 3.1. Case Studies

Six key design parameters of a centrifugal pump were selected for an examination of their effects mainly on the pump performance: impeller blade height without volute, impeller blade width without volute, impeller blade angle without volute, impeller blade number with volute, impeller diameter with volute, and diffuser blade number with impeller. For the highest accuracy of numerical simulation results, mesh-independent solution tests were conducted in each case study by varying the number of mesh elements. Table4 indicates the required number of mesh elements to achieve mesh-independent results.Table 4
Number of mesh elements.
Case studyMesh element numberImpeller outlet blade height (b2 in mm)124338018487762474210Impeller blade width (e in mm)443380107584115119945Impeller outlet blade angle (β2 in degree)93850828433806042288Impeller blade number when accounting for volute5282877479799132852Impeller diameter when accounting for volute (D2 in mm)2854737732047979Diffuser blade number5391268433801245117


### 3.1.1. Effect of Impeller Outlet Blade Height

To analyze the outlet blade height’s effect on the pump head, the pump brake horsepower, and the overall pump efficiency, the values 0.012 m, 0.018 m, and 0.024 m were selected for outlet blade height, while keeping the other parameters constant. Figure11 shows the pump head as a function of the volume flow rate with the outlet blade height as a parameter. There, it can be clearly observed that the pump head decreases with increasing volume flow rate due to decreasing liquid pressure. In addition, the pump head increases with increasing outlet blade height. This can be explained by the fact that, when the volume flow rate is kept constant, the increased outlet blade height leads to the decreasing meridional velocity, which increases the pump head since the outlet tangential velocity and the outlet blade angle remain constant. In other words, the liquid pressure drop in the impeller decreases as a function of the increase in outlet blade height.Figure 11
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade height).The curves expressing the pump brake horsepower as a function of the volume flow rate are shown in Figure12, illustrating that the brake horsepower increases with increasing volume flow rate. This can be explained by the additional decrease in liquid pressure relative to the volume flow rate. Also, the brake horsepower increases relative to the impeller blade height due to the requested increase in pump shaft torque relative to the increased blade height.Figure 12
Brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade height).As depicted in Figure13, the curves representing overall pump efficiency as a function of volume flow rate illustrate that the overall efficiency for b2 = 12 mm decreases rapidly to the right of the best efficiency point (BEP). The overall efficiency for b2 = 18 is highest when the volume flow rate reaches 0.08 m³/s.Figure 13
Overall efficiency versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade height).Figures14, 15, and 16 show the corresponding contours for static pressure, liquid flow velocity vectors, and streamlined liquid flow velocities for Q = 0.065 m3/s. From these figures it can be observed that the static pressure is higher at the impeller outlet than at the impeller inlet. This is due to the decrease in liquid flow velocity at the impeller outlet. As such these figures clearly illustrate the correlation between variations in liquid flow velocity and static pressure. Moreover, Figures 14–16 illustrate the impact of variations in blade height on static pressure, liquid flow velocity, and streamlined liquid velocity, respectively, where average liquid flow velocities at the impeller outlet were 15.92 m/s, 12.64 m/s, and 10.56 m/s for b2 = 12 mm, b2 = 18 mm, and b2 = 24 mm, respectively.Static pressure contour.
(a)
b2=12 mm Δp=3.292×105 Pa(b)
b2=18 mmΔp=4.051×105 Pa(c)
b2=24 mmΔp=4.347×105 PaLiquid flow velocity vector.
(a)
b2=12 mm(b)
b2=18 mm(c)
b2=24 mmStreamlines of liquid flow velocity.
(a)
b2=12 mm(b)
b2=18 mm(c)
b2=24 mm


### 3.1.2. Effect of Impeller Blade Width

To investigate the effect that the impeller blade width has on the pump head, the pump brake horsepower, and the pump overall efficiency, the blade widths of 4 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm were selected, while the other parameters were keep constant. Figure17 shows the pump head as a function of the volume flow rate, illustrating that the pump head decreases with increased blade width. This is due to augmenting the liquid pressure drop with increasing blade width. Also, the required pump brake horsepower decreases when the blade width rises, as indicated in Figure 18. The corresponding overall efficiency curves are shown in Figure 19, illustrating that the blade width’s impact on the overall efficiency is more pronounced in at high volume flow rates. In other words, the overall efficiencies for the three blade widths decrease rapidly to the right side of the BEP and the lowest overall efficiency is obtained when e = 15 mm.Figure 17
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade width).Figure 18
Pump brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade width).Figure 19
Overall efficiency versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade width).


### 3.1.3. Effect of Impeller Outlet Blade Angle

Three impeller outlet blade angle values of 9°, 28°, and 60° were selected to investigate their influence on the pump head, the pump brake horsepower, and the pump’s overall efficiency. Figure20 depicts the distribution of the pump head as a function of volume flow rate and with outlet blade angle as a parameter. This figure thus shows that the pump head increases with increasing outlet blade angle, which can be explained by the increased outlet cross-section size relative to the increased outlet blade angle, thus leading to diminution of liquid pressure drop in flow passage between blades.Figure 20
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: outlet blade angle).In addition, Figure21 depicts the corresponding brake horsepower curves as a function of the volume flow rate, illustrating that the pump brake horsepower increases relative to the augmenting outlet blade angle. This is due to the increase in the requested shaft torque, along with the augmented outlet blade angle.Figure 21
Brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: outlet blade angle).Moreover, the efficiency curves shown in Figure22 illustrate that the overall efficiency for β2=9° decreases rapidly to the right of the BEP.Figure 22
Overall efficiency versus volume flow rate (parameter: outlet blade angle).Additionally, Figures23 and 24 show the static pressure contour and the liquid flow velocity vector for Q = 0.065 m3/s. From these figures, it can be observed that the static pressure difference between the impeller outlet and inlet increases with the augmented blade angle, due to a decrease in the liquid flow velocity at the impeller outlet, as indicated in Figure 26. The average liquid flow velocities at the impeller outlet are 21.06 m/s, 15.92 m/s, and 10.09 m/s for β2=9°,β2=28°, and β2=60°, respectively.Static pressure contour.
(a)
β2=9°ΔP=2.071×105 Pa(b)
β2=28°ΔP=3.292×105 Pa(c)
β2=60°ΔP=3.960×105 PaLiquid flow velocity vector.
(a)
β2=9°(b)
β2=28°(c)
β2=60°


### 3.1.4. Effect of Impeller Blade Number When Accounting for Volute

To investigate the effect of the impeller blade number on the pump head, the pump brake horsepower and the overall pump efficiency, three impellers whose blade number were 5, 7, and 9 were selected, while the other parameters were kept constant. Figure25 shows the pump head as a function of the volume flow rate, illustrating that the pump head increases with a greater blade number. This is explained by the decrease in the liquid pressure drop in the flow passage with an augmented impeller blade number, keeping the same total volume flow rate. Also, as shown in Figure 26, the pump brake horsepower increases relatively with the augmented blade number. This is due to the increase in the request pump shaft torque, as the pump blade number also increases.Figure 25
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: impeller blade number).Figure 26
Brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: impeller blade number).In addition, Figure27 shows the overall efficiency curves, showing that the impeller having 5 blades has the lowest overall efficiency.Figure 27
Overall efficient versus blade number (parameter: blade number).Moreover, Figures28 and 29 depict the corresponding static pressure contour and liquid flow velocity vector for Q = 0.065 m3/s, respectively. These figures thus clearly show the increased static pressure difference between the volute outlet and the impeller inlet relative to the increasing blade number. This confirms the reduction in the liquid flow velocity at the impeller outlet relative to the greater blade number, as represented in Figure 29, where the average liquid flow velocities at the impeller outlet were 16.06 m/s, 15.40 m/s, and 12.53 m/s for 5 blades, 7 blades, and 9 blades, respectively.Static pressure contour.
(a)
5 bladesΔP=3.096×105 Pa(b)
7 bladesΔP=3.605×105 Pa(c)
9 bladesΔP=4.223×105 PaVectors of liquid flow velocity contour.
(a)
5 blades(b)
7 blades(c)
9 blades


### 3.1.5. Effect of Impeller Diameter When Accounting for Volute

The impeller outlet diameter values of 285 mm and 320 mm were selected to investigate their effects on pump performance when keeping the other parameters constant. Figure30 shows that the pump head increases with increasing impeller diameter, which can be explained by the fact that the liquid static pressure drop in impeller decreases with increasing impeller diameter. In other words, for a given volume flow rate, the pressure difference between the volute outlet and the impeller inlet is higher for an impeller with a greater diameter. In addition, Figure 31 shows that the brake horsepower increases relative to the increasing impeller diameter, due to the requested augmented impeller shaft torque relative to the size of the impeller diameter.Figure 30
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: impeller diameter).Figure 31
Brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: impeller diameter).Moreover, the corresponding overall efficiency curves shown in Figure32 indicate that the impeller having a great diameter has better overall efficiency with volume flow rates greater than 0.02 m3/s.Figure 32
Overall efficiency versus volume flow rate (parameter: impeller diameter).


### 3.1.6. Effect of Diffuser Blade Number

To analyze the effect the diffuser blade number has on the pump head, the pump brake horsepower, and the overall pump efficiency, three diffuser models with blade numbers of 5, 8, and 12 were selected, while the other parameters were kept constant. Figure33 shows the pump head as a function of the volume flow rate, where it is observed that the impact of the diffuser number on the pump head is small, even if the pump head for the diffuser blade number of 8 is highest for the Q between 0.012 m3/s and 0.055 m3/s. As depicted in Figure 34, the variation in brake horsepower due to diffuser blade number is also small, even if the diffuser blade number of 12 corresponds to a lowest brake horsepower.Figure 33
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: diffuser blade number).Figure 34
Brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: diffuser blade number).Furthermore, Figure35 shows that, for the low and the high volume flow rates, the overall efficiency for the diffuser blade number 12 is highest whereas the overall efficiencies for diffuser blade numbers of 5 and 8 are nearly the same. This figure also indicates that the overall efficiency is lowest for diffuser blade number 5.Figure 35
Overall efficiency versus volume flow rate (parameter: diffuser blade number).Additionally, Figures36 and 37 depict the corresponding static pressure contour and the liquid flow velocity vector for Q = 0.065, respectively, clearly showing for these figures the correlation between the increased static pressure difference and decreased liquid flow velocity at the diffuser outlet, with augmented diffuser blade number. Thus, the average values obtained for the static pressure difference between the diffuser outlet and the impeller inlet are 3.428 × 105 Pa, 3.49 × 105 Pa, and 3.65 × 105 Pa for blade numbers of 5, 8, and 12, respectively, as represented in Figure 36. Also, the average liquid flow velocity values at the diffuser outlet of 15.13 m/s, 12.22 m/s, and 9.06 m/s were found for the blade numbers of 5, 8, and 12, respectively, as shown in Figure 37.Static pressure contour.
(a)
5 bladesΔP=3.428×105 Pa(b)
8 bladesΔP=3.49×105 Pa(c)
12 bladesΔP=3.65×105 PaVectors of liquid flow velocity.
(a)
5 blades(b)
8 blades(c)
12 blades


## 3.1.1. Effect of Impeller Outlet Blade Height

To analyze the outlet blade height’s effect on the pump head, the pump brake horsepower, and the overall pump efficiency, the values 0.012 m, 0.018 m, and 0.024 m were selected for outlet blade height, while keeping the other parameters constant. Figure11 shows the pump head as a function of the volume flow rate with the outlet blade height as a parameter. There, it can be clearly observed that the pump head decreases with increasing volume flow rate due to decreasing liquid pressure. In addition, the pump head increases with increasing outlet blade height. This can be explained by the fact that, when the volume flow rate is kept constant, the increased outlet blade height leads to the decreasing meridional velocity, which increases the pump head since the outlet tangential velocity and the outlet blade angle remain constant. In other words, the liquid pressure drop in the impeller decreases as a function of the increase in outlet blade height.Figure 11
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade height).The curves expressing the pump brake horsepower as a function of the volume flow rate are shown in Figure12, illustrating that the brake horsepower increases with increasing volume flow rate. This can be explained by the additional decrease in liquid pressure relative to the volume flow rate. Also, the brake horsepower increases relative to the impeller blade height due to the requested increase in pump shaft torque relative to the increased blade height.Figure 12
Brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade height).As depicted in Figure13, the curves representing overall pump efficiency as a function of volume flow rate illustrate that the overall efficiency for b2 = 12 mm decreases rapidly to the right of the best efficiency point (BEP). The overall efficiency for b2 = 18 is highest when the volume flow rate reaches 0.08 m³/s.Figure 13
Overall efficiency versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade height).Figures14, 15, and 16 show the corresponding contours for static pressure, liquid flow velocity vectors, and streamlined liquid flow velocities for Q = 0.065 m3/s. From these figures it can be observed that the static pressure is higher at the impeller outlet than at the impeller inlet. This is due to the decrease in liquid flow velocity at the impeller outlet. As such these figures clearly illustrate the correlation between variations in liquid flow velocity and static pressure. Moreover, Figures 14–16 illustrate the impact of variations in blade height on static pressure, liquid flow velocity, and streamlined liquid velocity, respectively, where average liquid flow velocities at the impeller outlet were 15.92 m/s, 12.64 m/s, and 10.56 m/s for b2 = 12 mm, b2 = 18 mm, and b2 = 24 mm, respectively.Static pressure contour.
(a)
b2=12 mm Δp=3.292×105 Pa(b)
b2=18 mmΔp=4.051×105 Pa(c)
b2=24 mmΔp=4.347×105 PaLiquid flow velocity vector.
(a)
b2=12 mm(b)
b2=18 mm(c)
b2=24 mmStreamlines of liquid flow velocity.
(a)
b2=12 mm(b)
b2=18 mm(c)
b2=24 mm


## 3.1.2. Effect of Impeller Blade Width

To investigate the effect that the impeller blade width has on the pump head, the pump brake horsepower, and the pump overall efficiency, the blade widths of 4 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm were selected, while the other parameters were keep constant. Figure17 shows the pump head as a function of the volume flow rate, illustrating that the pump head decreases with increased blade width. This is due to augmenting the liquid pressure drop with increasing blade width. Also, the required pump brake horsepower decreases when the blade width rises, as indicated in Figure 18. The corresponding overall efficiency curves are shown in Figure 19, illustrating that the blade width’s impact on the overall efficiency is more pronounced in at high volume flow rates. In other words, the overall efficiencies for the three blade widths decrease rapidly to the right side of the BEP and the lowest overall efficiency is obtained when e = 15 mm.Figure 17
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade width).Figure 18
Pump brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade width).Figure 19
Overall efficiency versus volume flow rate (parameter: blade width).


## 3.1.3. Effect of Impeller Outlet Blade Angle

Three impeller outlet blade angle values of 9°, 28°, and 60° were selected to investigate their influence on the pump head, the pump brake horsepower, and the pump’s overall efficiency. Figure20 depicts the distribution of the pump head as a function of volume flow rate and with outlet blade angle as a parameter. This figure thus shows that the pump head increases with increasing outlet blade angle, which can be explained by the increased outlet cross-section size relative to the increased outlet blade angle, thus leading to diminution of liquid pressure drop in flow passage between blades.Figure 20
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: outlet blade angle).In addition, Figure21 depicts the corresponding brake horsepower curves as a function of the volume flow rate, illustrating that the pump brake horsepower increases relative to the augmenting outlet blade angle. This is due to the increase in the requested shaft torque, along with the augmented outlet blade angle.Figure 21
Brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: outlet blade angle).Moreover, the efficiency curves shown in Figure22 illustrate that the overall efficiency for β2=9° decreases rapidly to the right of the BEP.Figure 22
Overall efficiency versus volume flow rate (parameter: outlet blade angle).Additionally, Figures23 and 24 show the static pressure contour and the liquid flow velocity vector for Q = 0.065 m3/s. From these figures, it can be observed that the static pressure difference between the impeller outlet and inlet increases with the augmented blade angle, due to a decrease in the liquid flow velocity at the impeller outlet, as indicated in Figure 26. The average liquid flow velocities at the impeller outlet are 21.06 m/s, 15.92 m/s, and 10.09 m/s for β2=9°,β2=28°, and β2=60°, respectively.Static pressure contour.
(a)
β2=9°ΔP=2.071×105 Pa(b)
β2=28°ΔP=3.292×105 Pa(c)
β2=60°ΔP=3.960×105 PaLiquid flow velocity vector.
(a)
β2=9°(b)
β2=28°(c)
β2=60°


## 3.1.4. Effect of Impeller Blade Number When Accounting for Volute

To investigate the effect of the impeller blade number on the pump head, the pump brake horsepower and the overall pump efficiency, three impellers whose blade number were 5, 7, and 9 were selected, while the other parameters were kept constant. Figure25 shows the pump head as a function of the volume flow rate, illustrating that the pump head increases with a greater blade number. This is explained by the decrease in the liquid pressure drop in the flow passage with an augmented impeller blade number, keeping the same total volume flow rate. Also, as shown in Figure 26, the pump brake horsepower increases relatively with the augmented blade number. This is due to the increase in the request pump shaft torque, as the pump blade number also increases.Figure 25
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: impeller blade number).Figure 26
Brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: impeller blade number).In addition, Figure27 shows the overall efficiency curves, showing that the impeller having 5 blades has the lowest overall efficiency.Figure 27
Overall efficient versus blade number (parameter: blade number).Moreover, Figures28 and 29 depict the corresponding static pressure contour and liquid flow velocity vector for Q = 0.065 m3/s, respectively. These figures thus clearly show the increased static pressure difference between the volute outlet and the impeller inlet relative to the increasing blade number. This confirms the reduction in the liquid flow velocity at the impeller outlet relative to the greater blade number, as represented in Figure 29, where the average liquid flow velocities at the impeller outlet were 16.06 m/s, 15.40 m/s, and 12.53 m/s for 5 blades, 7 blades, and 9 blades, respectively.Static pressure contour.
(a)
5 bladesΔP=3.096×105 Pa(b)
7 bladesΔP=3.605×105 Pa(c)
9 bladesΔP=4.223×105 PaVectors of liquid flow velocity contour.
(a)
5 blades(b)
7 blades(c)
9 blades


## 3.1.5. Effect of Impeller Diameter When Accounting for Volute

The impeller outlet diameter values of 285 mm and 320 mm were selected to investigate their effects on pump performance when keeping the other parameters constant. Figure30 shows that the pump head increases with increasing impeller diameter, which can be explained by the fact that the liquid static pressure drop in impeller decreases with increasing impeller diameter. In other words, for a given volume flow rate, the pressure difference between the volute outlet and the impeller inlet is higher for an impeller with a greater diameter. In addition, Figure 31 shows that the brake horsepower increases relative to the increasing impeller diameter, due to the requested augmented impeller shaft torque relative to the size of the impeller diameter.Figure 30
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: impeller diameter).Figure 31
Brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: impeller diameter).Moreover, the corresponding overall efficiency curves shown in Figure32 indicate that the impeller having a great diameter has better overall efficiency with volume flow rates greater than 0.02 m3/s.Figure 32
Overall efficiency versus volume flow rate (parameter: impeller diameter).


## 3.1.6. Effect of Diffuser Blade Number

To analyze the effect the diffuser blade number has on the pump head, the pump brake horsepower, and the overall pump efficiency, three diffuser models with blade numbers of 5, 8, and 12 were selected, while the other parameters were kept constant. Figure33 shows the pump head as a function of the volume flow rate, where it is observed that the impact of the diffuser number on the pump head is small, even if the pump head for the diffuser blade number of 8 is highest for the Q between 0.012 m3/s and 0.055 m3/s. As depicted in Figure 34, the variation in brake horsepower due to diffuser blade number is also small, even if the diffuser blade number of 12 corresponds to a lowest brake horsepower.Figure 33
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: diffuser blade number).Figure 34
Brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: diffuser blade number).Furthermore, Figure35 shows that, for the low and the high volume flow rates, the overall efficiency for the diffuser blade number 12 is highest whereas the overall efficiencies for diffuser blade numbers of 5 and 8 are nearly the same. This figure also indicates that the overall efficiency is lowest for diffuser blade number 5.Figure 35
Overall efficiency versus volume flow rate (parameter: diffuser blade number).Additionally, Figures36 and 37 depict the corresponding static pressure contour and the liquid flow velocity vector for Q = 0.065, respectively, clearly showing for these figures the correlation between the increased static pressure difference and decreased liquid flow velocity at the diffuser outlet, with augmented diffuser blade number. Thus, the average values obtained for the static pressure difference between the diffuser outlet and the impeller inlet are 3.428 × 105 Pa, 3.49 × 105 Pa, and 3.65 × 105 Pa for blade numbers of 5, 8, and 12, respectively, as represented in Figure 36. Also, the average liquid flow velocity values at the diffuser outlet of 15.13 m/s, 12.22 m/s, and 9.06 m/s were found for the blade numbers of 5, 8, and 12, respectively, as shown in Figure 37.Static pressure contour.
(a)
5 bladesΔP=3.428×105 Pa(b)
8 bladesΔP=3.49×105 Pa(c)
12 bladesΔP=3.65×105 PaVectors of liquid flow velocity.
(a)
5 blades(b)
8 blades(c)
12 blades


## 3.2. Model Comparison

The impeller and diffuser combination was selected to validate the numerical approach developed, since the experimental results of this case were available from Technosub Inc. When accounting for experimental boundary conditions for the numerical simulations run, Figures38–40 show the comparison between the experimental and the numerical results for the pump head, the brake horsepower, and the overall efficiency. The discrepancies observed could be explained by the fact that lost mechanical power, power lost due to leakage, and the pump casing were not taken into account in the numerical simulations carried out. The horsepower for experimental pump brake was therefore higher than the numerical brake horsepower obtained, as illustrated in Figure 39.Figure 38
Pump head versus volume flow rate (parameter: numerical and experimental results).Figure 39
Brake horsepower versus volume flow rate (parameter: numerical and experimental results).Figure 40
Overall efficiency versus volume flow rate (parameter: numerical and experimental results).


## 4. Conclusion

In this study, a steady-state liquid flow in a three-dimensional centrifugal pump was numerically investigated. Models of impeller, combined impeller and volute, and combined impeller and diffuser were developed to analyze the effects the key design parameters, including the blade height, the outlet blade angle, the blade width, the blade number, and the impeller outer diameter, had on the pump head, the brake horse power, and the overall efficiency. The obtained results demonstrate, among others, that the pump head and the brake horsepower increase with increasing impeller blade number and impeller blade height, while they decrease with increasing impeller blade width. Also, the interaction between the impeller and the volute reveals that the decrease of the impeller outer diameter keeping the volute dimensions constant leads to the reduction of the pump head and the brake horsepower. The pump overall efficiency is also influenced by the selected key design parameter. A relatively good agreement was observed comparing the developed numerical approach with the experimental results for the case of the combined impeller and diffuser obtained from a pump manufacturer.



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*Source: 794341-2011-11-16.xml*