# Sensitivity Analysis of the TRIGA IPR-R1 Reactor Models Using the MCNP Code

Authors: C. A. M. Silva; J. A. D. Salomé; B. T. Guerra; C. Pereira; A. L. Costa; M. A. F. Veloso; M. A. B. C. Menezes; H. M. Dalle
Journal: International Journal of Nuclear Energy
 (2014)

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## Abstract

In the process of verification and validation of code modelling, the sensitivity analysis including systematic variations in code input variables must be used to help identifying the relevant parameters necessary for a determined type of analysis. The aim of this work is to identify how much the code results are affected by two different types of the TRIGA IPR-R1 reactor modelling processes performed using the MCNP (Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport) code. The sensitivity analyses included small differences of the core and the rods dimensions and different levels of model detailing. Four models were simulated and neutronic parameters such as effective multiplication factor (keff), reactivity (ρ), and thermal and total neutron flux in central thimble in some different conditions of the reactor operation were analysed. The simulated models presented good agreement between them, as well as in comparison with available experimental data. In this way, the sensitivity analyses demonstrated that simulations of the TRIGA IPR-R1 reactor can be performed using any one of the four investigated MCNP models to obtain the referenced neutronic parameters.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The TRIGA IPR-R1 research reactor, located at the Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN) sponsored by Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN) in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, operates since 1960 and it has been an important source of experimental data used in the processes of verification and qualification of several modelling processes of neutronic and thermal-hydraulic codes. Furthermore, the Laboratory for Neutron Activation Analysis of CDTN has been responsible for 70% of the analytical demand using thek0 method of neutron activation analysis, established since 1995. Tests confirmed that the TRIGA IPR-RI reactor presented suitable characteristics to apply the method, mainly due to its stable and homogenous neutron fluxes. At that time, due to the symmetry of the core configuration and the rotary rack, no variations in neutron flux distribution in different channels were taken into account. The average thermal and epithermal fluxes were determined in the reactor rotating carousel facility (CF) [1, 2]. However, the reactor core configuration was changed in 2001 to enable a future power increase from 100 to 250 kW. This change consisted of four fuel rods added to the core, replacing the graphite dummy elements in the circular TRIGA core configuration [3]. In this configuration, the axial and radial neutron fluxes have not been measured and there are no experimental data about these parameters.Previous studies evaluated the neutron flux in eleven irradiation channels of TRIGA comparing the estimated values by MCNP with experimental data [4–6]. The results presented good agreement when compared with experimental data.Another previous work [7] investigated two modelling processes using MCNP code for the TRIGA IPR-R1 reactor. It presented some differences in the core elements dimensions according to technical documents used to perform such models. Moreover, one of them presented more geometrical detailing in relation to the other. Both models presented good agreement with respect to the experimental data and they were verified in relation to the criticality calculation and reactivity changes.During the modelling processes, there is not a fixed rule to perform it and then a large responsibility is passed to the code user in order to develop an adequate model scheme and each code user can model the same system, with the same code, in different ways. Therefore, sensitivity analysis including systematic variations in code input variables or modelling parameters must be used to help identify the relevant parameters necessary for a determined type of analysis, that is, to determine how “sensitive” a model is considering changes in the parameters values or structure model.Now, to complete the process of sensitivity analysis, reactivity data to different control rod positions were obtained and compared with experimental available data. Furthermore, thermal and total neutron flux in the central thimble were calculated to be used and compared with experimental data in future works.


## 2. Methodology

### 2.1. TRIGA IPR-R1 Configurations

Detailed description of the TRIGA IPR-R1 reactor characteristics used to model such system in the MCNP5 code and the models developed can be found in [7]. The two models were identified as Model  1 and Model  2. The main difference between them is the degree of the geometry detailing, Model  2 being geometrically more detailed than Model  1. The main details added in Model  2 in relation to Model  1 are as follows.(i)
The active length of fuel element was discretized in 36 nodes.(ii)
The superior grid, inferior grid, and pneumatic tube were configured in this model.(iii)
Control rods guide tube is present.(iv)
The rotary rack groove is coated by aluminium layer.(v)
The samples of irradiation can be inserted in the rotary rack or in the central thimble or in the pneumatic tubes.As described before, the differences between the models are in the geometry detailing. These models have the same materials composition obtained from [8] and they were configured according to the characteristics of TRIGA IPR-R1 [7]. In both models, the core was configured in the MCNP5 using a cylinder that contains water, fuel elements, radial reflectors, central tube, control rods, and neutron source. Each rod has a coordinate value. In these models, the rods were filled according to their individual characteristics. Around the core is the rotary rack with adequate groove to insert the samples to irradiation. The reactor was configured inside the pool where water surrounds the core and the rotary rack.Beyond the detailing in the geometry for the two MCNP5 models analysed, there is a small divergence with respect to elements dimensions according to [8–10]. Therefore, the aim of this investigation is to identify how much the code results are affected by the different detailing and elements dimensions of the models analysing four different cases.(i)
Case  1—Model  1 and Dimension  1.(ii)
Case  2—Model  1 and Dimension  2.(iii)
Case  3—Model  2 and Dimension  1.(iv)
Case  4—Model  2 and Dimension  2.In the simulations, Dimension  1 has the geometric values of previous studies [8, 9] and Dimension  2 presents the geometric values of the technical report [10]. Table 1 shows the core elements dimensions of the simulated models and information about criticality calculation simulations.Table 1
Main data of simulated models.
Modified elements description
Dimension 1 (cm)
Dimension 2 (cm)
Active core
Outer radius
22.098
22.060
Annular reflector
Inner radius
22.730
23.050
Outer radius
53.140
53.500
Height
53.950
56.000
Annular reflector cladding
Inner radius
22.098
22.060
Outer radius
54.410
54.500
Height
55.855
58.000
Rotary rack groove
Inner radius
29.883
29.050
Outer radius
36.957
38.509
Graphite element
Graphite radius
1.799
1.789
Aluminium fuel element
Fuel radius
1.790
1.780
Cladding inner radius
1.799
1.789
Stainless steel fuel element
Central zirconium radius
0.286
0.318
Cladding outer radius
1.865
1.880
Control rods
Cladding inner radius
1.060
0.965
Cladding outer radius
1.111
1.110
Information of criticality calculation
Dimensions 1 and 2
kcode particles number
100,000
Simulated cycles number (skipped)
515 (15)
Fission source
Punctual source at origin of system
System: OpenSUSE 12.1
Total memory (RAM): 94.5 GB
Machine processor
Processor Intel (R) Xeon (R) CPU X5690 @ 3.47
Speed: 1,596 MHz
Core number: 24


### 2.2. Evaluated Neutronic Parameters

To the sensitivity analyses, the neutronic parameters evaluated were the effective multiplication factor (keff), the reactivity (ρ), and the thermal and total neutron flux in central thimble as described in detail in the next subsections.


#### 2.2.1. Effective Multiplication Factor (keff) and Reactivity

There are three control rods types in the reactor core: regulating rod, safety rod, and shim rod. Each control rod has a specific position according to its function [7]. The regulating rod provides fine reactivity control; the shim rod provides crude reactivity control; and the safety rod is used for reactor shutdown. Thus, the insertion of each control rod type generates different contributions to the core reactivity. In the simulations, each control rod type was individually inserted into the core where the keff was estimated for each 1.0 cm of control rod insertion. As the active length of control rods is 38 cm, there are 39 keff values to shim, safety, and regulating rod. In addition, the reactivity effects on total control rod insertion were compared with experimental data obtained from [11]. Therefore, the following core conditions were evaluated:(a)
all control rods withdrawn;(b)
individual and gradual insertion of shim rod;(c)
individual and gradual insertion of safety rod;(d)
individual and gradual insertion of regulating rod;Experimental data with all control rods withdrawn can be obtained because TRIGA is the only nuclear reactor in this category that offers inherent safety. The safety of the reactor would be guaranteed even if the engineered features were bypassed and the control rods were rapidly removed. TRIGA is not ordinary light water reactor because much of its moderation of neutrons is due to the hydrogen that is mixed in with the fuel itself. Therefore, as the fuel temperature increases when the control rods are suddenly removed, the neutrons inside the hydrogen-containing fuel rod become faster than the neutrons outside in the cold water. These fast neutrons inside the fuel cause less fission and escape into the surrounding water. The end result is that the reactor automatically reduces the power in a few milliseconds [10, 11].The MCNP5 estimateskeff values. The keff variation (Δkeff), reactivity (ρ), and control rods reactivity worth (Δρ) were calculated using the following equations [7]:
(1)Δkeff=keff2-keff1;(2)ρ=keff-1keff;(3)Δρ=ρ2-ρ1=1keff1-1keff2,
where the keff1 and the keff2 are the effective multiplication factors to all control rods withdrawn and inserted into the reactor core, respectively. As MCNP5 is a stochastic code, the standard deviation (σST) estimated by this code is printed in the output file with the respective keff values. The relative error R was calculated using the following equation:
(4)R=σSTkeff.


#### 2.2.2. Neutron Flux into Central Thimble

Central thimble presents the maximum neutron flux due to its central position [8]. This tube is very important due to its application to sample irradiation. In the simulations, it was represented by a cylindrical cell where the neutron flux inside this cell was performed using the FMESH card of MCNP5 code. This feature allows the user to tally particles on a mesh independent of the problem geometry [12]. In the models, there are 56 cylindrical meshes with the same diameter of central thimble inside the cylindrical cell to estimate the neutron flux inside each mesh. For neutron flux analysis in the central thimble, the following core conditions were studied:(a)
all control rods withdrawn;(b)
only the shim rod totally inserted into the core;(c)
only the safety rod totally inserted into the core;(d)
only the regulating rod totally inserted into the core.The MCNP5 estimates the flux using the source specified by the user. This estimation does not match the actual neutron source of the reactor. Thus, it is necessary to normalize the flux values initially calculated by MCNP5. In the simulation, this normalization was performed using the following equation [12]:
(5)ϕN=ϕMCNP×(P×νQ×keff),
where ϕN is the normalized flux; ϕMCNP is the flux estimated by MCNP5; P is the reactor power level; ν is the average number of fission neutrons; and Q is the recoverable energy per fission event. The values of ν, Q, and keff are calculated by MCNP5 and they can be obtained in the output file of the code. The user provides the power level (P). In this work, P=250 kW.


## 2.1. TRIGA IPR-R1 Configurations

Detailed description of the TRIGA IPR-R1 reactor characteristics used to model such system in the MCNP5 code and the models developed can be found in [7]. The two models were identified as Model  1 and Model  2. The main difference between them is the degree of the geometry detailing, Model  2 being geometrically more detailed than Model  1. The main details added in Model  2 in relation to Model  1 are as follows.(i)
The active length of fuel element was discretized in 36 nodes.(ii)
The superior grid, inferior grid, and pneumatic tube were configured in this model.(iii)
Control rods guide tube is present.(iv)
The rotary rack groove is coated by aluminium layer.(v)
The samples of irradiation can be inserted in the rotary rack or in the central thimble or in the pneumatic tubes.As described before, the differences between the models are in the geometry detailing. These models have the same materials composition obtained from [8] and they were configured according to the characteristics of TRIGA IPR-R1 [7]. In both models, the core was configured in the MCNP5 using a cylinder that contains water, fuel elements, radial reflectors, central tube, control rods, and neutron source. Each rod has a coordinate value. In these models, the rods were filled according to their individual characteristics. Around the core is the rotary rack with adequate groove to insert the samples to irradiation. The reactor was configured inside the pool where water surrounds the core and the rotary rack.Beyond the detailing in the geometry for the two MCNP5 models analysed, there is a small divergence with respect to elements dimensions according to [8–10]. Therefore, the aim of this investigation is to identify how much the code results are affected by the different detailing and elements dimensions of the models analysing four different cases.(i)
Case  1—Model  1 and Dimension  1.(ii)
Case  2—Model  1 and Dimension  2.(iii)
Case  3—Model  2 and Dimension  1.(iv)
Case  4—Model  2 and Dimension  2.In the simulations, Dimension  1 has the geometric values of previous studies [8, 9] and Dimension  2 presents the geometric values of the technical report [10]. Table 1 shows the core elements dimensions of the simulated models and information about criticality calculation simulations.Table 1
Main data of simulated models.
Modified elements description
Dimension 1 (cm)
Dimension 2 (cm)
Active core
Outer radius
22.098
22.060
Annular reflector
Inner radius
22.730
23.050
Outer radius
53.140
53.500
Height
53.950
56.000
Annular reflector cladding
Inner radius
22.098
22.060
Outer radius
54.410
54.500
Height
55.855
58.000
Rotary rack groove
Inner radius
29.883
29.050
Outer radius
36.957
38.509
Graphite element
Graphite radius
1.799
1.789
Aluminium fuel element
Fuel radius
1.790
1.780
Cladding inner radius
1.799
1.789
Stainless steel fuel element
Central zirconium radius
0.286
0.318
Cladding outer radius
1.865
1.880
Control rods
Cladding inner radius
1.060
0.965
Cladding outer radius
1.111
1.110
Information of criticality calculation
Dimensions 1 and 2
kcode particles number
100,000
Simulated cycles number (skipped)
515 (15)
Fission source
Punctual source at origin of system
System: OpenSUSE 12.1
Total memory (RAM): 94.5 GB
Machine processor
Processor Intel (R) Xeon (R) CPU X5690 @ 3.47
Speed: 1,596 MHz
Core number: 24


## 2.2. Evaluated Neutronic Parameters

To the sensitivity analyses, the neutronic parameters evaluated were the effective multiplication factor (keff), the reactivity (ρ), and the thermal and total neutron flux in central thimble as described in detail in the next subsections.


### 2.2.1. Effective Multiplication Factor (keff) and Reactivity

There are three control rods types in the reactor core: regulating rod, safety rod, and shim rod. Each control rod has a specific position according to its function [7]. The regulating rod provides fine reactivity control; the shim rod provides crude reactivity control; and the safety rod is used for reactor shutdown. Thus, the insertion of each control rod type generates different contributions to the core reactivity. In the simulations, each control rod type was individually inserted into the core where the keff was estimated for each 1.0 cm of control rod insertion. As the active length of control rods is 38 cm, there are 39 keff values to shim, safety, and regulating rod. In addition, the reactivity effects on total control rod insertion were compared with experimental data obtained from [11]. Therefore, the following core conditions were evaluated:(a)
all control rods withdrawn;(b)
individual and gradual insertion of shim rod;(c)
individual and gradual insertion of safety rod;(d)
individual and gradual insertion of regulating rod;Experimental data with all control rods withdrawn can be obtained because TRIGA is the only nuclear reactor in this category that offers inherent safety. The safety of the reactor would be guaranteed even if the engineered features were bypassed and the control rods were rapidly removed. TRIGA is not ordinary light water reactor because much of its moderation of neutrons is due to the hydrogen that is mixed in with the fuel itself. Therefore, as the fuel temperature increases when the control rods are suddenly removed, the neutrons inside the hydrogen-containing fuel rod become faster than the neutrons outside in the cold water. These fast neutrons inside the fuel cause less fission and escape into the surrounding water. The end result is that the reactor automatically reduces the power in a few milliseconds [10, 11].The MCNP5 estimateskeff values. The keff variation (Δkeff), reactivity (ρ), and control rods reactivity worth (Δρ) were calculated using the following equations [7]:
(1)Δkeff=keff2-keff1;(2)ρ=keff-1keff;(3)Δρ=ρ2-ρ1=1keff1-1keff2,
where the keff1 and the keff2 are the effective multiplication factors to all control rods withdrawn and inserted into the reactor core, respectively. As MCNP5 is a stochastic code, the standard deviation (σST) estimated by this code is printed in the output file with the respective keff values. The relative error R was calculated using the following equation:
(4)R=σSTkeff.


### 2.2.2. Neutron Flux into Central Thimble

Central thimble presents the maximum neutron flux due to its central position [8]. This tube is very important due to its application to sample irradiation. In the simulations, it was represented by a cylindrical cell where the neutron flux inside this cell was performed using the FMESH card of MCNP5 code. This feature allows the user to tally particles on a mesh independent of the problem geometry [12]. In the models, there are 56 cylindrical meshes with the same diameter of central thimble inside the cylindrical cell to estimate the neutron flux inside each mesh. For neutron flux analysis in the central thimble, the following core conditions were studied:(a)
all control rods withdrawn;(b)
only the shim rod totally inserted into the core;(c)
only the safety rod totally inserted into the core;(d)
only the regulating rod totally inserted into the core.The MCNP5 estimates the flux using the source specified by the user. This estimation does not match the actual neutron source of the reactor. Thus, it is necessary to normalize the flux values initially calculated by MCNP5. In the simulation, this normalization was performed using the following equation [12]:
(5)ϕN=ϕMCNP×(P×νQ×keff),
where ϕN is the normalized flux; ϕMCNP is the flux estimated by MCNP5; P is the reactor power level; ν is the average number of fission neutrons; and Q is the recoverable energy per fission event. The values of ν, Q, and keff are calculated by MCNP5 and they can be obtained in the output file of the code. The user provides the power level (P). In this work, P=250 kW.


## 2.2.1. Effective Multiplication Factor (keff) and Reactivity

There are three control rods types in the reactor core: regulating rod, safety rod, and shim rod. Each control rod has a specific position according to its function [7]. The regulating rod provides fine reactivity control; the shim rod provides crude reactivity control; and the safety rod is used for reactor shutdown. Thus, the insertion of each control rod type generates different contributions to the core reactivity. In the simulations, each control rod type was individually inserted into the core where the keff was estimated for each 1.0 cm of control rod insertion. As the active length of control rods is 38 cm, there are 39 keff values to shim, safety, and regulating rod. In addition, the reactivity effects on total control rod insertion were compared with experimental data obtained from [11]. Therefore, the following core conditions were evaluated:(a)
all control rods withdrawn;(b)
individual and gradual insertion of shim rod;(c)
individual and gradual insertion of safety rod;(d)
individual and gradual insertion of regulating rod;Experimental data with all control rods withdrawn can be obtained because TRIGA is the only nuclear reactor in this category that offers inherent safety. The safety of the reactor would be guaranteed even if the engineered features were bypassed and the control rods were rapidly removed. TRIGA is not ordinary light water reactor because much of its moderation of neutrons is due to the hydrogen that is mixed in with the fuel itself. Therefore, as the fuel temperature increases when the control rods are suddenly removed, the neutrons inside the hydrogen-containing fuel rod become faster than the neutrons outside in the cold water. These fast neutrons inside the fuel cause less fission and escape into the surrounding water. The end result is that the reactor automatically reduces the power in a few milliseconds [10, 11].The MCNP5 estimateskeff values. The keff variation (Δkeff), reactivity (ρ), and control rods reactivity worth (Δρ) were calculated using the following equations [7]:
(1)Δkeff=keff2-keff1;(2)ρ=keff-1keff;(3)Δρ=ρ2-ρ1=1keff1-1keff2,
where the keff1 and the keff2 are the effective multiplication factors to all control rods withdrawn and inserted into the reactor core, respectively. As MCNP5 is a stochastic code, the standard deviation (σST) estimated by this code is printed in the output file with the respective keff values. The relative error R was calculated using the following equation:
(4)R=σSTkeff.


## 2.2.2. Neutron Flux into Central Thimble

Central thimble presents the maximum neutron flux due to its central position [8]. This tube is very important due to its application to sample irradiation. In the simulations, it was represented by a cylindrical cell where the neutron flux inside this cell was performed using the FMESH card of MCNP5 code. This feature allows the user to tally particles on a mesh independent of the problem geometry [12]. In the models, there are 56 cylindrical meshes with the same diameter of central thimble inside the cylindrical cell to estimate the neutron flux inside each mesh. For neutron flux analysis in the central thimble, the following core conditions were studied:(a)
all control rods withdrawn;(b)
only the shim rod totally inserted into the core;(c)
only the safety rod totally inserted into the core;(d)
only the regulating rod totally inserted into the core.The MCNP5 estimates the flux using the source specified by the user. This estimation does not match the actual neutron source of the reactor. Thus, it is necessary to normalize the flux values initially calculated by MCNP5. In the simulation, this normalization was performed using the following equation [12]:
(5)ϕN=ϕMCNP×(P×νQ×keff),
where ϕN is the normalized flux; ϕMCNP is the flux estimated by MCNP5; P is the reactor power level; ν is the average number of fission neutrons; and Q is the recoverable energy per fission event. The values of ν, Q, and keff are calculated by MCNP5 and they can be obtained in the output file of the code. The user provides the power level (P). In this work, P=250 kW.


## 3. Results

### 3.1. Reactivity Analysis

Table2 presents the standard deviation (σST) and relative error (R) to the keff calculated by MCNP5 code. In addition, it shows the computation time (CT) for each case. According to [12], the values are reliable when the relative error R<0.10. Table 2 shows that the relative error is around 0.011% and, therefore, the calculated keff values are acceptable. In addition, Table 2 shows that Cases  3 and 4 (configured with Model  2) present CT bigger than those for Cases  1 and 2 (configured with Model  1). This behaviour is due to Model  2 presenting more detailed geometry than Model  1. The MCNP code spends more time to follow particles in detailed geometries due to the increase of the number of surfaces and volumes. The code tracks particles through the geometry; it calculates the intersection of a track’s trajectory with each bounding surface and finds the minimum positive distance to an intersection. MCNP finds the correct cell that the particle will enter by checking the sense of the intersection point for each surface listed for the cell. When a complete match is found, MCNP has found the correct cell on the other side and the transport continues [12]. Therefore, a large number of surfaces will spend more computational time.Table 2
Estimated parameters by MCNP5 code in the simulations.
Case type
Evaluated parameter
Control rod totally inserted
Shim
Safety
Regulating
No rods
Case  1
k
eff
0.99603
0.99741
1.01809
1.02236
σ
ST
0.00011
0.00011
0.00011
0.00011
R (%)
0.01104
0.01103
0.01080
0.01076
CT (min)
36.14
35.55
35.73
36.20
Case  2
k
eff
0.98772
0.98914
1.01016
1.01411
σ
ST
0.00011
0.00011
0.00012
0.00012
R (%)
0.01114
0.01112
0.01188
0.01183
CT (min)
35.07
35.52
35.78
35.81
Case  3
k
eff
0.99644
0.99805
1.01851
1.02300
σ
ST
0.00010
0.00011
0.00011
0.00011
R (%)
0.01004
0.01102
0.01080
0.01075
CT (min)
89.84
87.56
88.03
89.06
Case  4
k
eff
0.98479
0.98627
1.00702
1.01126
σ
ST
0.00011
0.00011
0.00011
0.00011
R (%)
0.01117
0.01115
0.01092
0.01088
CT (min)
86.94
88.38
88.57
88.43Table3 presents the values of keff, ρ, Δkeff, and Δρ when the shim, safety, or regulating rod is totally inserted into core. This table shows these parameters to four studied cases and to experimental data (ED). The keff1 represents the effective multiplication factor to all control rods withdrawn and keff2 is the effective multiplication factor due to only one of the control rods (shim, safety, or regulating) inserted into the core.Table 3
Results of the evaluated parameters to each simulated model.
Case type
Control rod totally inserted
Evaluated parameter
k
eff
1
k
eff
2
Δ
k
eff (×10−2)
ρ
1 (pcm) (×103)
ρ
2 (pcm) (×103)
Δ
ρ (pcm) (×103)
Case  1
Shim
1.02236
0.99603
−2.63300
2.18710
−0.39858
−2.58568
Safety
0.99741
−2.49500
−0.25967
−2.44677
Regulating
1.01809
−0.42700
1.77686
−0.41024
No rods
1.02236
0.00000
2.18710
0.00000
Case  2
Shim
1.01411
0.98772
−2.63900
1.39137
−1.24327
−2.63464
Safety
0.98914
−2.49700
−1.09792
−2.48929
Regulating
1.01016
−0.39500
1.00578
−0.38559
No rods
1.01411
0.00000
1.39137
0.00000
Case  3
Shim
1.02300
0.99644
−2.65600
2.24829
−0.35727
−2.60556
Safety
0.99805
−2.49500
−0.19538
−2.44367
Regulating
1.01851
−0.44900
1.81736
−0.43093
No rods
1.02300
0.00000
2.24829
0.00000
Case  4
Shim
1.01126
0.98479
−2.64700
1.11346
−1.54449
−2.65795
Safety
0.98627
−2.49900
−1.39211
−2.50558
Regulating
1.00702
−0.42400
0.69711
−0.41636
No rods
1.01126
0.00000
1.11346
0.00000
Experimental Data [8, 9]
Shim
1.01859
0.99418
−2.44100
1.82507
−0.58541
−2.41048
Safety
0.99615
−2.24400
−0.38649
−2.21156
Regulating
1.01434
−0.42500
1.41373
−0.41134
No rods
1.01859
0.00000
1.82507
0.00000The investigated cases have the same behaviour when the shim, the safety, or the regulating rod is inserted in the reactor core (see Table3). In these cases, the insertion of shim rod induces the highest Δkeff, while the insertion of regulating rod causes the smallest Δkeff. In this way, the shim rod presents the highest Δρ while the regulating rod presents the lower value of Δρ. On the other hand, for the safety and shim rods the Δkeff and Δρ values are similar. The difference between the behaviours of such rods is due to their positions in the core. The regulating rod is located in the periphery of the core while the safety and shim rods are positioned near to the core centre. The simulated cases present the same behaviour of the experimental data.Table4 presents the difference between the calculated values (Cases  1, 2, 3, and 4) and the experimental data (ED). Such difference was calculated as
(6)Difference=(CalculatedValue-MeasuredValue).Table 4
Difference between the calculation and experimental data (ED).
Inserted control rod
Case  1
ED
Difference
k
eff
ρ
k
eff
ρ
k
eff
ρ
Shim
0.99603
−0.00399
0.99418
−0.00585
0.00185
0.00186
Safety
0.99741
−0.00260
0.99615
−0.00386
0.00126
0.00126
Regulating
1.01809
0.01777
1.01434
0.01414
0.00375
0.00363
No rods
1.02236
0.02187
1.01859
0.01825
0.00377
0.00362
Inserted control rod
Case  2
ED
Difference
k
eff
ρ
k
eff
ρ
k
eff
ρ
Shim
0.98772
−0.01243
0.99418
−0.00585
−0.00646
−0.00658
Safety
0.98914
−0.01098
0.99615
−0.00386
−0.00701
−0.00712
Regulating
1.01016
0.01006
1.01434
0.01414
−0.00418
−0.00408
No rods
1.01411
0.01391
1.01859
0.01825
−0.00448
−0.00434
Inserted control rod
Case  3
ED
Difference
k
eff
ρ
k
eff
ρ
k
eff
ρ
Shim
0.99644
−0.00357
0.99418
−0.00585
0.00226
0.00228
Safety
0.99805
−0.00195
0.99615
−0.00386
0.00190
0.00191
Regulating
1.01851
0.01817
1.01434
0.01414
0.00417
0.00403
No rods
1.02300
0.02248
1.01859
0.01825
0.00441
0.00423
Inserted control rod
Case  4
ED
Difference
k
eff
ρ
k
eff
ρ
k
eff
ρ
Shim
0.98479
−0.01544
0.99418
−0.00585
−0.00939
−0.00959
Safety
0.98627
−0.01392
0.99615
−0.00386
−0.00988
−0.01006
Regulating
1.00702
0.00697
1.01434
0.01414
−0.00732
−0.00717
No rods
1.01126
0.01113
1.01859
0.01825
−0.00733
−0.00712Comparing Cases  1 and 2 (Model  1) or Cases  3 and 4 (Model  2), Cases  1 and 3 (Dimension  1) present the lowest value of the analysed difference. In comparison with the experimental data, Dimension  1 presents values ofkeff and ρ slightly overestimated while Dimension  2 presents values slightly underestimated.As shown in Table1, the fuel radius of aluminium element for Dimension  2 is smaller than for Dimension  1. Moreover, the central zirconium radius of stainless steel element in Dimension  2 is higher than in Dimension  1. These differences cause small decreasing of fissile material in the reactor core reducing the values of keff and ρ parameters. Furthermore, Dimension  1 presents outer radius of active core higher than Dimension  2. Then, the active core in Cases  1 and 3 presents more water volume than in Cases  2 and 4. As the water is a moderator material, its largest volume in Cases  1 and 3 causes probably an increase in the thermal fission. Consequently, Cases  1 and 3 presented keff values increased in comparison with Cases  2 and 4.Although Cases  1 and 3 as well as Cases  2 and 4 have the same dimensions, Cases  3 and 4 have more detailed geometry (Model  2) which presents grid plates and control rods guide tube. In Cases  1 and 2 (Model  1), the volume of these elements is filled with water. Therefore, Model  1 presents water volume bigger than Model  2. As the water is a moderator material, Cases  1 and 2 (Model  1) havekeff value bigger than Cases   3 and 4 (Model  3) (see Table 4).Figures from1 up to 3 show the evolution of the Δρ for 39 axial positions of the shim, safety, and regulation control rods, respectively. In the figures, the zero position (“0”) represents total withdraw and the thirty-nine position (“39”) represents total insertion of control rods. As mentioned before, (3) was applied to calculate the control rods reactivity worth (Δρ) to each of the 39 axial positions where the relative error of Δρ is around 4.9×10-4. As it can be observed in the figures, the evolution of the Δρ presented the expected behaviour for all the simulated cases: as the control rods are inserted in the reactor core, the reactivity variations (Δρ) increase. In agreement with the values presented in the Table 3, the shim and safety rods produce bigger reactivity worth (Figures 1 and 2) than the regulating rod (Figure 3) due to its radial core position. According to the Figures 1 and 2, the shim and safety rods provide around 2600 pcm each, while the regulating rod (Figure 3) provides about 500 pcm Δρ total.Figure 1
Reactivity worth (Δρ) of gradual shim rod insertion.Figure 2
Reactivity worth (Δρ) of gradual safety rod insertion.Figure 3
Reactivity worth (Δρ) of  gradual radual regulating rod insertion.


### 3.2. Neutron Flux Analysis in the Central Thimble

Figures4 and 5 present thermal and total neutron fluxes, respectively, along the axial thimble positions for the four cases and for each case of control rod insertion. The ordinate axis represents the neutron flux values divided by 1012 and the abscissa axis represents the axial central thimble positions. As the central thimble was partitioned in 56 cylindrical cells in the model, the horizontal axis shows 56 positions from “–28” (bottom) up to “28” (top).Figure 4
Thermal neutron flux (×1012·cm−2·s−1) versus axial central thimble positions of the simulated models.Figure 5
Total neutron flux (×1012·cm−2·s−1) versus axial central thimble positions of the simulated models.According to [12] the flux value is reliable when the relative error R<0.10. In the simulated cases, the relative error of the estimated flux values is around 1%. Therefore, the calculated neutron flux values are statistically acceptable.As it can be verified in Figures4 and 5, the behaviour of the neutron flux distributions presents the typical “bell-shape.” For the simulated cases, there are some small differences in the flux values where the biggest difference is 7.5%.As it was analyzed previously, the shim and the safety rods moving cause the biggestΔρ (see Table 3). Consequently, the insertion of such rods will produce the higher flux reduction. This behaviour was verified in the simulated cases (see Figures 4 and 5); in spite of the effect of this control rods insertion, the flux depression is very small. In addition, Table 5 presents the average total flux value in the middle of central thimble where the smallest flux values are of shim and safety rods inserted.Table 5
Average neutron flux in the middle of central thimble.
Inserted control rod
Thermal neutron flux (×1012·cm−2·s−1)
Case  1
Case  2
Case  3
Case  4
Shim
9.2640
9.7634
9.6070
9.7285
Safety
9.5623
9.6109
9.6603
9.6336
Regulating
9.7181
10.0224
9.9171
9.9200
No rods
9.7271
10.0520
9.9273
9.9469
Inserted control rod
Total neutron flux (×1012·cm−2·s−1)
Case  1
Case  2
Case  3
Case  4
Shim
19.3679
20.0651
20.1728
20.1664
Safety
19.8719
19.8786
20.0287
20.2220
Regulating
20.0979
20.5195
20.3159
20.7339
No rods
20.2836
20.7059
20.3656
20.9112


## 3.1. Reactivity Analysis

Table2 presents the standard deviation (σST) and relative error (R) to the keff calculated by MCNP5 code. In addition, it shows the computation time (CT) for each case. According to [12], the values are reliable when the relative error R<0.10. Table 2 shows that the relative error is around 0.011% and, therefore, the calculated keff values are acceptable. In addition, Table 2 shows that Cases  3 and 4 (configured with Model  2) present CT bigger than those for Cases  1 and 2 (configured with Model  1). This behaviour is due to Model  2 presenting more detailed geometry than Model  1. The MCNP code spends more time to follow particles in detailed geometries due to the increase of the number of surfaces and volumes. The code tracks particles through the geometry; it calculates the intersection of a track’s trajectory with each bounding surface and finds the minimum positive distance to an intersection. MCNP finds the correct cell that the particle will enter by checking the sense of the intersection point for each surface listed for the cell. When a complete match is found, MCNP has found the correct cell on the other side and the transport continues [12]. Therefore, a large number of surfaces will spend more computational time.Table 2
Estimated parameters by MCNP5 code in the simulations.
Case type
Evaluated parameter
Control rod totally inserted
Shim
Safety
Regulating
No rods
Case  1
k
eff
0.99603
0.99741
1.01809
1.02236
σ
ST
0.00011
0.00011
0.00011
0.00011
R (%)
0.01104
0.01103
0.01080
0.01076
CT (min)
36.14
35.55
35.73
36.20
Case  2
k
eff
0.98772
0.98914
1.01016
1.01411
σ
ST
0.00011
0.00011
0.00012
0.00012
R (%)
0.01114
0.01112
0.01188
0.01183
CT (min)
35.07
35.52
35.78
35.81
Case  3
k
eff
0.99644
0.99805
1.01851
1.02300
σ
ST
0.00010
0.00011
0.00011
0.00011
R (%)
0.01004
0.01102
0.01080
0.01075
CT (min)
89.84
87.56
88.03
89.06
Case  4
k
eff
0.98479
0.98627
1.00702
1.01126
σ
ST
0.00011
0.00011
0.00011
0.00011
R (%)
0.01117
0.01115
0.01092
0.01088
CT (min)
86.94
88.38
88.57
88.43Table3 presents the values of keff, ρ, Δkeff, and Δρ when the shim, safety, or regulating rod is totally inserted into core. This table shows these parameters to four studied cases and to experimental data (ED). The keff1 represents the effective multiplication factor to all control rods withdrawn and keff2 is the effective multiplication factor due to only one of the control rods (shim, safety, or regulating) inserted into the core.Table 3
Results of the evaluated parameters to each simulated model.
Case type
Control rod totally inserted
Evaluated parameter
k
eff
1
k
eff
2
Δ
k
eff (×10−2)
ρ
1 (pcm) (×103)
ρ
2 (pcm) (×103)
Δ
ρ (pcm) (×103)
Case  1
Shim
1.02236
0.99603
−2.63300
2.18710
−0.39858
−2.58568
Safety
0.99741
−2.49500
−0.25967
−2.44677
Regulating
1.01809
−0.42700
1.77686
−0.41024
No rods
1.02236
0.00000
2.18710
0.00000
Case  2
Shim
1.01411
0.98772
−2.63900
1.39137
−1.24327
−2.63464
Safety
0.98914
−2.49700
−1.09792
−2.48929
Regulating
1.01016
−0.39500
1.00578
−0.38559
No rods
1.01411
0.00000
1.39137
0.00000
Case  3
Shim
1.02300
0.99644
−2.65600
2.24829
−0.35727
−2.60556
Safety
0.99805
−2.49500
−0.19538
−2.44367
Regulating
1.01851
−0.44900
1.81736
−0.43093
No rods
1.02300
0.00000
2.24829
0.00000
Case  4
Shim
1.01126
0.98479
−2.64700
1.11346
−1.54449
−2.65795
Safety
0.98627
−2.49900
−1.39211
−2.50558
Regulating
1.00702
−0.42400
0.69711
−0.41636
No rods
1.01126
0.00000
1.11346
0.00000
Experimental Data [8, 9]
Shim
1.01859
0.99418
−2.44100
1.82507
−0.58541
−2.41048
Safety
0.99615
−2.24400
−0.38649
−2.21156
Regulating
1.01434
−0.42500
1.41373
−0.41134
No rods
1.01859
0.00000
1.82507
0.00000The investigated cases have the same behaviour when the shim, the safety, or the regulating rod is inserted in the reactor core (see Table3). In these cases, the insertion of shim rod induces the highest Δkeff, while the insertion of regulating rod causes the smallest Δkeff. In this way, the shim rod presents the highest Δρ while the regulating rod presents the lower value of Δρ. On the other hand, for the safety and shim rods the Δkeff and Δρ values are similar. The difference between the behaviours of such rods is due to their positions in the core. The regulating rod is located in the periphery of the core while the safety and shim rods are positioned near to the core centre. The simulated cases present the same behaviour of the experimental data.Table4 presents the difference between the calculated values (Cases  1, 2, 3, and 4) and the experimental data (ED). Such difference was calculated as
(6)Difference=(CalculatedValue-MeasuredValue).Table 4
Difference between the calculation and experimental data (ED).
Inserted control rod
Case  1
ED
Difference
k
eff
ρ
k
eff
ρ
k
eff
ρ
Shim
0.99603
−0.00399
0.99418
−0.00585
0.00185
0.00186
Safety
0.99741
−0.00260
0.99615
−0.00386
0.00126
0.00126
Regulating
1.01809
0.01777
1.01434
0.01414
0.00375
0.00363
No rods
1.02236
0.02187
1.01859
0.01825
0.00377
0.00362
Inserted control rod
Case  2
ED
Difference
k
eff
ρ
k
eff
ρ
k
eff
ρ
Shim
0.98772
−0.01243
0.99418
−0.00585
−0.00646
−0.00658
Safety
0.98914
−0.01098
0.99615
−0.00386
−0.00701
−0.00712
Regulating
1.01016
0.01006
1.01434
0.01414
−0.00418
−0.00408
No rods
1.01411
0.01391
1.01859
0.01825
−0.00448
−0.00434
Inserted control rod
Case  3
ED
Difference
k
eff
ρ
k
eff
ρ
k
eff
ρ
Shim
0.99644
−0.00357
0.99418
−0.00585
0.00226
0.00228
Safety
0.99805
−0.00195
0.99615
−0.00386
0.00190
0.00191
Regulating
1.01851
0.01817
1.01434
0.01414
0.00417
0.00403
No rods
1.02300
0.02248
1.01859
0.01825
0.00441
0.00423
Inserted control rod
Case  4
ED
Difference
k
eff
ρ
k
eff
ρ
k
eff
ρ
Shim
0.98479
−0.01544
0.99418
−0.00585
−0.00939
−0.00959
Safety
0.98627
−0.01392
0.99615
−0.00386
−0.00988
−0.01006
Regulating
1.00702
0.00697
1.01434
0.01414
−0.00732
−0.00717
No rods
1.01126
0.01113
1.01859
0.01825
−0.00733
−0.00712Comparing Cases  1 and 2 (Model  1) or Cases  3 and 4 (Model  2), Cases  1 and 3 (Dimension  1) present the lowest value of the analysed difference. In comparison with the experimental data, Dimension  1 presents values ofkeff and ρ slightly overestimated while Dimension  2 presents values slightly underestimated.As shown in Table1, the fuel radius of aluminium element for Dimension  2 is smaller than for Dimension  1. Moreover, the central zirconium radius of stainless steel element in Dimension  2 is higher than in Dimension  1. These differences cause small decreasing of fissile material in the reactor core reducing the values of keff and ρ parameters. Furthermore, Dimension  1 presents outer radius of active core higher than Dimension  2. Then, the active core in Cases  1 and 3 presents more water volume than in Cases  2 and 4. As the water is a moderator material, its largest volume in Cases  1 and 3 causes probably an increase in the thermal fission. Consequently, Cases  1 and 3 presented keff values increased in comparison with Cases  2 and 4.Although Cases  1 and 3 as well as Cases  2 and 4 have the same dimensions, Cases  3 and 4 have more detailed geometry (Model  2) which presents grid plates and control rods guide tube. In Cases  1 and 2 (Model  1), the volume of these elements is filled with water. Therefore, Model  1 presents water volume bigger than Model  2. As the water is a moderator material, Cases  1 and 2 (Model  1) havekeff value bigger than Cases   3 and 4 (Model  3) (see Table 4).Figures from1 up to 3 show the evolution of the Δρ for 39 axial positions of the shim, safety, and regulation control rods, respectively. In the figures, the zero position (“0”) represents total withdraw and the thirty-nine position (“39”) represents total insertion of control rods. As mentioned before, (3) was applied to calculate the control rods reactivity worth (Δρ) to each of the 39 axial positions where the relative error of Δρ is around 4.9×10-4. As it can be observed in the figures, the evolution of the Δρ presented the expected behaviour for all the simulated cases: as the control rods are inserted in the reactor core, the reactivity variations (Δρ) increase. In agreement with the values presented in the Table 3, the shim and safety rods produce bigger reactivity worth (Figures 1 and 2) than the regulating rod (Figure 3) due to its radial core position. According to the Figures 1 and 2, the shim and safety rods provide around 2600 pcm each, while the regulating rod (Figure 3) provides about 500 pcm Δρ total.Figure 1
Reactivity worth (Δρ) of gradual shim rod insertion.Figure 2
Reactivity worth (Δρ) of gradual safety rod insertion.Figure 3
Reactivity worth (Δρ) of  gradual radual regulating rod insertion.


## 3.2. Neutron Flux Analysis in the Central Thimble

Figures4 and 5 present thermal and total neutron fluxes, respectively, along the axial thimble positions for the four cases and for each case of control rod insertion. The ordinate axis represents the neutron flux values divided by 1012 and the abscissa axis represents the axial central thimble positions. As the central thimble was partitioned in 56 cylindrical cells in the model, the horizontal axis shows 56 positions from “–28” (bottom) up to “28” (top).Figure 4
Thermal neutron flux (×1012·cm−2·s−1) versus axial central thimble positions of the simulated models.Figure 5
Total neutron flux (×1012·cm−2·s−1) versus axial central thimble positions of the simulated models.According to [12] the flux value is reliable when the relative error R<0.10. In the simulated cases, the relative error of the estimated flux values is around 1%. Therefore, the calculated neutron flux values are statistically acceptable.As it can be verified in Figures4 and 5, the behaviour of the neutron flux distributions presents the typical “bell-shape.” For the simulated cases, there are some small differences in the flux values where the biggest difference is 7.5%.As it was analyzed previously, the shim and the safety rods moving cause the biggestΔρ (see Table 3). Consequently, the insertion of such rods will produce the higher flux reduction. This behaviour was verified in the simulated cases (see Figures 4 and 5); in spite of the effect of this control rods insertion, the flux depression is very small. In addition, Table 5 presents the average total flux value in the middle of central thimble where the smallest flux values are of shim and safety rods inserted.Table 5
Average neutron flux in the middle of central thimble.
Inserted control rod
Thermal neutron flux (×1012·cm−2·s−1)
Case  1
Case  2
Case  3
Case  4
Shim
9.2640
9.7634
9.6070
9.7285
Safety
9.5623
9.6109
9.6603
9.6336
Regulating
9.7181
10.0224
9.9171
9.9200
No rods
9.7271
10.0520
9.9273
9.9469
Inserted control rod
Total neutron flux (×1012·cm−2·s−1)
Case  1
Case  2
Case  3
Case  4
Shim
19.3679
20.0651
20.1728
20.1664
Safety
19.8719
19.8786
20.0287
20.2220
Regulating
20.0979
20.5195
20.3159
20.7339
No rods
20.2836
20.7059
20.3656
20.9112


## 4. Conclusions

In this work, four cases of the TRIGA IPR-R1 reactor were analyzed using the MCNP5 code to estimate values ofkeff, ρ, Δkeff, Δρ and neutron flux in central thimble in some different conditions of the reactor operation. The simulated Models  2 and 3 present corrections in the geometry dimensions of some core elements where Model  3 includes more geometry details than Model  2. The aim was to identify how much the code results could be affected according to these differences in the models.As the results demonstrated, the differences between the simulated models are small and therefore acceptable. In this way, the differences in the geometry dimensions detected in different reference works generated small variations in the evaluated neutronic parameters and the physical behaviour of these models is the same as all simulated models. The simulated models presented good agreement between them for the evaluated neutronic parameters and also when they considered experimental data. Therefore, the sensitivity analyses demonstrated that future works for the TRIGA IPR-R1 simulations can be performed using any of the four investigated models.



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*Source: 793934-2014-09-09.xml*