# The Study of Virtual Reality Sensing Technology in the Form Design and Perception of Public Buildings

Authors: Leili Li; Xinyu Zheng
Journal: Journal of Sensors
 (2022)

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## Abstract

In order to explore the commercial building design method that meets the needs of contemporary consumer behavior, the author proposes a method of applying virtual reality, behavior simulation, and other technologies to commercial building design. First, through a questionnaire survey of commercial buildings in a city, the influencing factors of consumption behavior are explained with the help of SPSS correlation analysis. Then, applying virtual reality technology on this basis, three-dimensional presentation of the commercial building design scheme, taking the design of commercial space signage system as an example, the preset low-brightness color system, and the color and shape are single, the logo set A and the logo set B using high-brightness color system and changeable form are presented, expand 3D dynamic visual and behavioral simulations. At last, relying on ResNet image recognition technology, it analyzes the user’s visual experience and usage effect. Experimental results show: There is a significant correlation between plane layout, spatial identification, familiarity of indoor space, and frequency of use, and visual perception is the main driving factor for choosing commercial buildings; using the comparative analysis of commercial logos, it is found that the average value of the confidence of set B is less than that of set A; in terms of significance, the average time of identifying all categories of logo set A is 0.68 s, and the average identification time of all categories of identification set B is 0.46 s; in terms of discrimination, it takes 0.28 s to correct the misrecognition of all categories of identification set A and 0.11 s to correct the misrecognition of all categories of identification set B, indicating that the design of the identification system uses bright colors and changeable forms, which are easier to use. The results indicate that the elevation, slope, hydrology, transportation conditions, economic indexes and cultural factors are important factors affecting the spatial distribution of traditional villages in a city. The analysis shows that the distribution of traditional villages is affected by natural conditions, social economic conditions, cultural factors and other factors, and the optimal layout of traditional villages can be strengthened from these aspects.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In recent years, the importance of the home improvement market in the interior design industry has continued to increase, the reason is: The development of the real estate industry has rapidly increased the magnitude of the home improvement market and has a strong driving force for the development of design, building materials, furniture, electrical appliances, and other industries; in turn, it improves the quality of life of ordinary Chinese [1]. With the rise of some luxury houses and villa projects, large-scale, high-investment home improvement projects, it enables designers to display their creative freedom; in some characteristic homestays and villa renovation projects in the construction of new countryside, it has further expanded the market share [2]. The performance of some home improvement companies has been accumulating to become listed companies, and the home improvement industry has entered the vision of investors, which has further attracted social attention.In the digital age, the industry change of interior design is no longer partially perfect, but structural and even subversive. The interior designer group has to face the difficulties and move forward bravely. Must be clear: It is unavoidable that artificial intelligence replaces a large number of design work, which does not follow design logic but industrial logic; Talented and creative designs and designers will be more popular, both because of their rarity and because of society’s growing wealth; the group of interior designers is likely to continue to be layered, classified, and even divided [3]. In order to respond to different industrial, commercial, and technological changes. the reform of design education should not be limited to the tinkering of the original system but need to look forward to the future and make a big breakthrough!


## 2. Literature Review

Matheson, B. et al. proposed a strategic study on the combination of traditional physical buildings and virtual technology [4]. Zhu, Y. et al. have this statement on the interactive design system, “If a designer is needed to have a sense of belonging to the design program and be willing to contribute to the organization and operation of the design program, the most effective way is to let the designer interact with the design program in a way of dialogue, so as to shape the architectural space they want.” The history of this interaction can bring new possibilities for designers and design programs to share goals and outcomes [5]. Wei, X. et al. proposed that the transformation of architectural information should be carried out in an orderly manner through the principles of “linking, juxtaposition, metaphor, analogy and socialization” and elaborated on a series of changes brought about by the development of interactive design, such as pan-interface ization, universal connection, and universal media [6]. R Wu et al. proposed and defined the participatory social innovation design method with “participation and collaboration,” as the core, and through case analysis summed up the three levels of participatory design and applied them in practice [7]. Li, X. J. et al. proposed the application of virtual reality technology in participatory design, but the article only briefly mentioned the auxiliary role of virtual reality technology in different stages of participatory design, and the application of specific operation methods was not carried out. Details [8]. Phlmann, K. et al. discuss the application of the staged approach to the whole process of participatory design. The addition of digital technology enables participatory design to be refined and concrete, and thus closer to the concept of interactive design [9]. In recent years, the application of virtual reality technology in architectural design has also developed rapidly in China; at the same time, relevant theories and research have also achieved certain progress and results [10].Existing research results of interactive design mostly focus on interactive multimedia technology and forms of expression, and less research on the interaction between users and design solutions. Therefore, on the basis of drawing on existing research theories, the author constructs an interactive design method for commercial buildings and guides the design from the feedback of users’ psychological processes and behaviors [11]. As shown in Figure 1, this method mainly relies on virtual reality technology; in the early stage of design, a commercial building with real size is established to obtain the real scene of the design plan, and then the virtual model is used for simulation experiments and analysis of the relevant survey data of the subjects to find out the design content in the scheme that does not meet the needs of use and modify and refactor it to form a positive feedback loop, which is also different from the traditional one-way push design process.Figure 1
Schematic diagram of traditional design process and interactive design process.


## 3. Research Methods

### 3.1. Thinking and Method of Interactive Design of Commercial Buildings Based on Virtual Reality Technology

The interactive design using virtual reality technology emphasizes the sense of experience, and the user produces subconscious reactions and related behaviors in a space close to the real world; it can more intuitively and truly record people’s activity state and psychological emotions. Compared with the traditional design and communication methods through two-dimensional images and language description, it is more intuitive. Virtual reality technology integrates human-computer interaction technology, sensing technology, human-machine environment synchronization, etc.; it can effectively collect the feedback of the test subjects and carry out data analysis, thereby improving the work efficiency of designers, and at the same time saving costs and ensuring the quality of the design scheme, as shown in Figure2 [12].
(1)
The theoretical basis of interaction designFigure 2
Interaction design method flow.The interactivity of architectural interactive design is reflected in two aspects; one refers to the participation of the public in architectural design, and the other refers to the intervention of information technology in the architectural space, people, and buildings to form an obvious dynamic system, thus interact. Most of the traditional methods can only realize the one-way expression of the designer’s ideas, while the interactive design method is that after the user interacts with the virtual simulation design, a series of behaviors bring about various associated variables, which are fed back to the designer.Interactive design uses the process of information presentation combining virtual and real, real-time interactive virtual roaming experience, information feedback, scheme optimization, etc. By summarizing the behavior of the subjects in the virtual reality scene, the general rules of the user behavior can be obtained, or by the methods of dynamic images and computer image recognition obtained in the virtual reality model, they can be analyzed and processed, in order to obtain the impact factor or effective data [13]. The designer can, according to the analysis results, and combined with their own experience to optimize the design.
(2)
The method and process of interactive designResearch and collection design impact factors: The theoretical basis of the interaction design method comes from the interpenetration theory under environmental behavior; this theory points out that the active role of human beings on the environment includes both material and functional roles, as well as the role of value giving and reinterpretation. The core of the method is user behavior-oriented, analysis of the environment, and design based on this. Through the investigation of commercial space usage, the author summarizes the behavior and psychological characteristics of contemporary consumers, analyzes the factors that affect the use of commercial buildings, and guides the design of commercial buildings.Realization of virtual scene: The preliminary design scheme is confirmed and modified after consideration, and the scheme is vectorized by traditional modeling software such as AutoCAD. The virtual reality scene construction is carried out on the determined architectural model, and 3DSmax, Revit, Mars, and other software are used for 3D simulation modeling and virtual reality scene rendering. In the modeling process, the interior space of the building should be strictly in accordance with the actual size, proportion, and structure of the model, so as to restore the actual shape of the building space to the greatest extent. At the same time, under the premise of satisfying the correct cognition of the tested person, the model can be optimized by simplifying the secondary components and complicated details to ensure the smooth operation of the hardware device [14].Spatial experience and behavioral simulation: In the virtual 3D simulation model, the subjects can have a variety of sensory experiences, and obtain psychological and behavioral information by using physiological data acquisition equipment such as eye trackers or subjective questionnaires; or apply software such as Unity3D and MassMotion3D and conduct various behavioral simulation experiments in the model. Due to the digital nature of virtual space, statistical programs can be present in the working environment, automatically record a large amount of behavioral information such as motion trajectories, in order to analyze the behavioral characteristics of users; it can also use artificial intelligence analysis methods such as image recognition to interface with virtual reality interactive dynamic three-dimensional scenes, simulate behavior, and get quantitative results.Information feedback and solution optimization: In the virtual scene, the interactive behavior of the user can be fed back in real time, and the efficiency and pertinence of the feedback information can be ensured. Data statistical analysis methods, fuzzy evaluation methods, etc. can be used to analyze it, and accordingly, the internal laws of the data can be scientifically reflected, so that the obtained results are more reasonable. Through the analysis results, the designer can estimate the usage status and user’s needs after the completion of the scheme, so as to optimize and modify the original design in a targeted manner.


### 3.2. Investigation and Analysis of Commercial Building Space Use Behavior

In order to test the validity and feasibility of the method, the author combines the investigation of a city’s commercial center and gives an example to introduce the application of the interactive design method of commercial buildings.(1)
Case selection and researchThe author conducts research on two popular shopping malls in a city as an example [15]. The two shopping malls selected by the author are typical commercial buildings in a certain city. They have the characteristics of small number of floors, large single-story area, emphasis on environmental shaping of public spaces, and complete public facilities. After visiting 5 large-scale commercial buildings in a city, I chose the shopping center in the suburbs and the urban life shopping area in the center of the city; these two commercial complexes are typical cases of multifunctional complexes and mature operating models. Both the two shopping centers have an area of more than 30,000 m2, and the suburban shopping centers, due to their location and opening time, mainly serve the surrounding residents and middle-aged and elderly people [16]; the urban life and shopping area is a representative of modern shopping malls, and its characteristic architectural shape makes it a new landmark of a city; it mainly serves the citizens and tourists living in the city center, especially popular with young people; at the time of the author’s research, although the urban life and shopping area has been opened for less than a month, it has already received more than one million passengers, residential, outdoor public activity areas, and supporting facilities in urban life projects; since 2009, it has gradually opened to the public, and it is very popular among tourists and citizens.The purpose of this survey is to study the behavioral characteristics of users in commercial buildings and to explore the driving factors that affect users’ choice of commercial buildings. The research on the driving factors of the interior space of commercial buildings is mainly carried out from the aspects of spatial perception, commercial format distribution, plane and function, architectural and site selection characteristics, and environment and public facilities. The author’s pre-research on the needs of consumers in a city’s shopping process found that most of the citizens who come to the mall do not care about the time cost, but prefer to have a pleasant shopping process, hoping to obtain information from the mall space, and carry out activities such as shopping, dining, meeting friends, parent-child, walking, enjoying, visiting, and resting. In summary, based on the psychological and behavioral characteristics of consumers in a certain city, the author establishes an index system of the questionnaire, which mainly reflects the users’ subjective feelings and behavioral characteristics on the plane and function of commercial space, spatial perception, and external characteristics of buildings.In February 2018, a survey on the behavior characteristics and satisfaction of commercial buildings was carried out in two shopping malls in a city, 100 questionnaires were randomly distributed in each shopping center, a total of 200 questionnaires were distributed, 192 were valid questionnaires, and the effective recovery rate was 96.0%. The content of the questionnaire includes the basic information of the respondents and the information on the user behavior patterns.The author mainly studies the wayfinding behavior of users and separately extracts the wayfinding experience data from the questionnaire. The survey options and the proportions of each option regarding the subjective feelings of the wayfinding experience are shown in Table1, from which it can be seen that users’ subjective perceptions of familiarity and orientation perception of the two shopping malls are quite different.Table 1
Survey values of respondents’ wayfinding experience.
Store nameResearch questionsOptionsProportion/%Suburban shopping centerFamiliarity with the mallVery familiar60.42A little familiar31.25Unfamiliar8.33When walking in the mall, feel the complexity of the spaceSimple plane43.75A little complicated41.67Very complicated14.58Knowledge of the manufacturer’s directionAlways know66.67Sometimes I know, sometimes I do not know29.17I do not know since I entered the mall4.16Is the mall guidance system sufficient?Yes87.50No12.50City life shopping districtFamiliarity with the mallVery familiar12.50A little familiar45.83Unfamiliar41.67Consider the complexity of the mallSimple plane31.25A little complicated50.00Very complicated18.75Knowledge of the manufacturer’s directionAlways know31.25Sometimes I know, sometimes I do not know66.67I do not know since I entered the mall2.08Is the mall guidance system sufficient?Yes81.25No18.75The use frequency data of the two shopping malls will appear as the relevant variableY, which is the judgment standard for the user’s preference for the shopping mall. In the survey of suburban shopping malls, 39.58% chose to visit multiple times a month, while in urban life shopping malls, the highest proportion was the first visit, 58.33%. According to the author’s on-site interview, it is found that the main reason for the difference in shopping frequency between the two shopping malls is that the suburban shopping malls have long operating hours in a certain city, while the urban life business district has just opened for a month at the time of the author’s investigation, and citizens are unfamiliar with it.
(2)
Data analysisAccording to the questionnaire, the influencing factors were extracted from 3 aspects of users’ subjective feelings about the shopping mall, and then they were classified and numbered in turn; a total of 7 main influencing factors were obtained, namely, traffic flow line, functional layout, spatial identification, and interior space, familiarity, environmental satisfaction, architectural features, and traffic accessibility, and used to mark (see Table2). Using SPSS, each factor X and the frequency of use Y were used for correlation analysis; it can be found that there is a significant correlation between the spatial plane layout, spatial identification, and spatial familiarity with the frequency of use, and the correlation coefficients are all at a significant level [17]; among the three factors with significant correlation, spatial identification and familiarity both belong to the category of spatial perception; it is inferred from this that spatial perception is a driving factor that has a greater impact on users than spatial functions and building exterior features (see Table 3).Table 2
Extraction and classification of questionnaires.
Survey categoryInvestigation itemNumberingSpace and functionTraffic flowX1Functional layoutX2Spatial perceptionSpatial identificationX3Spatial familiarityX4Environmental satisfactionX5External featuresArchitectural featuresX6Transportation accessibilityX7Table 3
Correlation analysis between respondents’ usage behavior and shopping mall usage frequency.
PlaceX1Traffic flow line/Y frequency of useX2Functional layout/Y frequency of useX3Spatial identification/Y frequency of useX4Spatial familiarity/Y frequency of useX5Environmental satisfaction/Y frequency of useX6Architectural characteristics/Y frequency of useX7Traffic accessibility/Y frequency of useSuburban shopping center0.474∗∗-0.334∗0.377∗∗0.511∗∗-0.326∗0.1410.172City life shopping district0.347∗∗-0.0970.297∗∗0.551∗∗-0.1710.339∗∗-0.121Note:∗ and ∗∗ are significant correlations; ∗ means P ≤0.05; ∗∗ means P ≤0.01.The AHP method is used to determine the weight of factors, the common methods are expert scoring and questionnaire survey, and the author adopts the questionnaire survey method [18]. In the design of the questionnaire content, through a pairwise comparison, the interior design elements of the commercial building of the party with higher demand are scored. The demand degree is divided into 5 levels, one element is “more needed” than the other, 3 points, “more necessary” is 2 points, the demand degree of both elements is “similar”, 1 point, and “less necessary” is 1/2 points, “not required” counts as 1/3 point; according to this standard, the demand degree of commercial building interior design components is converted into equivalent, and finally calculated according to formula (1), the weight of commercial building interior design components at each level is obtained [19].
(1)a=∑mnJ.In the formula,a is the average rating value of element A to element B; m is the rating value; n is the number of people who marked “√”; J is the number of people surveyed, which is the score of the valid questionnaire.
(3)
Research and analysisAccording to the survey results of the user behavior of two shopping malls in a city, it is known that spatial perception is one of the main factors affecting the frequency of shopping malls. People’s perception of the atmosphere comes from the relationship between space and environment, the relationship between spaces, etc. The environment becomes the “interface” of space perception, so the relative relationship between the environment and people becomes an important reference for space perception. Vision is the most important sense for humans to obtain external information; visual perception is the most basic way of spatial experience and the basis of emotional experience.Respondents who were dissatisfied or generally satisfied with their wayfinding experience were interviewed for their satisfaction with their wayfinding experience and suggestions for improvement; most of them suggested improving the navigation system in the mall and the accessibility of some functional spaces.


## 3.1. Thinking and Method of Interactive Design of Commercial Buildings Based on Virtual Reality Technology

The interactive design using virtual reality technology emphasizes the sense of experience, and the user produces subconscious reactions and related behaviors in a space close to the real world; it can more intuitively and truly record people’s activity state and psychological emotions. Compared with the traditional design and communication methods through two-dimensional images and language description, it is more intuitive. Virtual reality technology integrates human-computer interaction technology, sensing technology, human-machine environment synchronization, etc.; it can effectively collect the feedback of the test subjects and carry out data analysis, thereby improving the work efficiency of designers, and at the same time saving costs and ensuring the quality of the design scheme, as shown in Figure2 [12].
(1)
The theoretical basis of interaction designFigure 2
Interaction design method flow.The interactivity of architectural interactive design is reflected in two aspects; one refers to the participation of the public in architectural design, and the other refers to the intervention of information technology in the architectural space, people, and buildings to form an obvious dynamic system, thus interact. Most of the traditional methods can only realize the one-way expression of the designer’s ideas, while the interactive design method is that after the user interacts with the virtual simulation design, a series of behaviors bring about various associated variables, which are fed back to the designer.Interactive design uses the process of information presentation combining virtual and real, real-time interactive virtual roaming experience, information feedback, scheme optimization, etc. By summarizing the behavior of the subjects in the virtual reality scene, the general rules of the user behavior can be obtained, or by the methods of dynamic images and computer image recognition obtained in the virtual reality model, they can be analyzed and processed, in order to obtain the impact factor or effective data [13]. The designer can, according to the analysis results, and combined with their own experience to optimize the design.
(2)
The method and process of interactive designResearch and collection design impact factors: The theoretical basis of the interaction design method comes from the interpenetration theory under environmental behavior; this theory points out that the active role of human beings on the environment includes both material and functional roles, as well as the role of value giving and reinterpretation. The core of the method is user behavior-oriented, analysis of the environment, and design based on this. Through the investigation of commercial space usage, the author summarizes the behavior and psychological characteristics of contemporary consumers, analyzes the factors that affect the use of commercial buildings, and guides the design of commercial buildings.Realization of virtual scene: The preliminary design scheme is confirmed and modified after consideration, and the scheme is vectorized by traditional modeling software such as AutoCAD. The virtual reality scene construction is carried out on the determined architectural model, and 3DSmax, Revit, Mars, and other software are used for 3D simulation modeling and virtual reality scene rendering. In the modeling process, the interior space of the building should be strictly in accordance with the actual size, proportion, and structure of the model, so as to restore the actual shape of the building space to the greatest extent. At the same time, under the premise of satisfying the correct cognition of the tested person, the model can be optimized by simplifying the secondary components and complicated details to ensure the smooth operation of the hardware device [14].Spatial experience and behavioral simulation: In the virtual 3D simulation model, the subjects can have a variety of sensory experiences, and obtain psychological and behavioral information by using physiological data acquisition equipment such as eye trackers or subjective questionnaires; or apply software such as Unity3D and MassMotion3D and conduct various behavioral simulation experiments in the model. Due to the digital nature of virtual space, statistical programs can be present in the working environment, automatically record a large amount of behavioral information such as motion trajectories, in order to analyze the behavioral characteristics of users; it can also use artificial intelligence analysis methods such as image recognition to interface with virtual reality interactive dynamic three-dimensional scenes, simulate behavior, and get quantitative results.Information feedback and solution optimization: In the virtual scene, the interactive behavior of the user can be fed back in real time, and the efficiency and pertinence of the feedback information can be ensured. Data statistical analysis methods, fuzzy evaluation methods, etc. can be used to analyze it, and accordingly, the internal laws of the data can be scientifically reflected, so that the obtained results are more reasonable. Through the analysis results, the designer can estimate the usage status and user’s needs after the completion of the scheme, so as to optimize and modify the original design in a targeted manner.


## 3.2. Investigation and Analysis of Commercial Building Space Use Behavior

In order to test the validity and feasibility of the method, the author combines the investigation of a city’s commercial center and gives an example to introduce the application of the interactive design method of commercial buildings.(1)
Case selection and researchThe author conducts research on two popular shopping malls in a city as an example [15]. The two shopping malls selected by the author are typical commercial buildings in a certain city. They have the characteristics of small number of floors, large single-story area, emphasis on environmental shaping of public spaces, and complete public facilities. After visiting 5 large-scale commercial buildings in a city, I chose the shopping center in the suburbs and the urban life shopping area in the center of the city; these two commercial complexes are typical cases of multifunctional complexes and mature operating models. Both the two shopping centers have an area of more than 30,000 m2, and the suburban shopping centers, due to their location and opening time, mainly serve the surrounding residents and middle-aged and elderly people [16]; the urban life and shopping area is a representative of modern shopping malls, and its characteristic architectural shape makes it a new landmark of a city; it mainly serves the citizens and tourists living in the city center, especially popular with young people; at the time of the author’s research, although the urban life and shopping area has been opened for less than a month, it has already received more than one million passengers, residential, outdoor public activity areas, and supporting facilities in urban life projects; since 2009, it has gradually opened to the public, and it is very popular among tourists and citizens.The purpose of this survey is to study the behavioral characteristics of users in commercial buildings and to explore the driving factors that affect users’ choice of commercial buildings. The research on the driving factors of the interior space of commercial buildings is mainly carried out from the aspects of spatial perception, commercial format distribution, plane and function, architectural and site selection characteristics, and environment and public facilities. The author’s pre-research on the needs of consumers in a city’s shopping process found that most of the citizens who come to the mall do not care about the time cost, but prefer to have a pleasant shopping process, hoping to obtain information from the mall space, and carry out activities such as shopping, dining, meeting friends, parent-child, walking, enjoying, visiting, and resting. In summary, based on the psychological and behavioral characteristics of consumers in a certain city, the author establishes an index system of the questionnaire, which mainly reflects the users’ subjective feelings and behavioral characteristics on the plane and function of commercial space, spatial perception, and external characteristics of buildings.In February 2018, a survey on the behavior characteristics and satisfaction of commercial buildings was carried out in two shopping malls in a city, 100 questionnaires were randomly distributed in each shopping center, a total of 200 questionnaires were distributed, 192 were valid questionnaires, and the effective recovery rate was 96.0%. The content of the questionnaire includes the basic information of the respondents and the information on the user behavior patterns.The author mainly studies the wayfinding behavior of users and separately extracts the wayfinding experience data from the questionnaire. The survey options and the proportions of each option regarding the subjective feelings of the wayfinding experience are shown in Table1, from which it can be seen that users’ subjective perceptions of familiarity and orientation perception of the two shopping malls are quite different.Table 1
Survey values of respondents’ wayfinding experience.
Store nameResearch questionsOptionsProportion/%Suburban shopping centerFamiliarity with the mallVery familiar60.42A little familiar31.25Unfamiliar8.33When walking in the mall, feel the complexity of the spaceSimple plane43.75A little complicated41.67Very complicated14.58Knowledge of the manufacturer’s directionAlways know66.67Sometimes I know, sometimes I do not know29.17I do not know since I entered the mall4.16Is the mall guidance system sufficient?Yes87.50No12.50City life shopping districtFamiliarity with the mallVery familiar12.50A little familiar45.83Unfamiliar41.67Consider the complexity of the mallSimple plane31.25A little complicated50.00Very complicated18.75Knowledge of the manufacturer’s directionAlways know31.25Sometimes I know, sometimes I do not know66.67I do not know since I entered the mall2.08Is the mall guidance system sufficient?Yes81.25No18.75The use frequency data of the two shopping malls will appear as the relevant variableY, which is the judgment standard for the user’s preference for the shopping mall. In the survey of suburban shopping malls, 39.58% chose to visit multiple times a month, while in urban life shopping malls, the highest proportion was the first visit, 58.33%. According to the author’s on-site interview, it is found that the main reason for the difference in shopping frequency between the two shopping malls is that the suburban shopping malls have long operating hours in a certain city, while the urban life business district has just opened for a month at the time of the author’s investigation, and citizens are unfamiliar with it.
(2)
Data analysisAccording to the questionnaire, the influencing factors were extracted from 3 aspects of users’ subjective feelings about the shopping mall, and then they were classified and numbered in turn; a total of 7 main influencing factors were obtained, namely, traffic flow line, functional layout, spatial identification, and interior space, familiarity, environmental satisfaction, architectural features, and traffic accessibility, and used to mark (see Table2). Using SPSS, each factor X and the frequency of use Y were used for correlation analysis; it can be found that there is a significant correlation between the spatial plane layout, spatial identification, and spatial familiarity with the frequency of use, and the correlation coefficients are all at a significant level [17]; among the three factors with significant correlation, spatial identification and familiarity both belong to the category of spatial perception; it is inferred from this that spatial perception is a driving factor that has a greater impact on users than spatial functions and building exterior features (see Table 3).Table 2
Extraction and classification of questionnaires.
Survey categoryInvestigation itemNumberingSpace and functionTraffic flowX1Functional layoutX2Spatial perceptionSpatial identificationX3Spatial familiarityX4Environmental satisfactionX5External featuresArchitectural featuresX6Transportation accessibilityX7Table 3
Correlation analysis between respondents’ usage behavior and shopping mall usage frequency.
PlaceX1Traffic flow line/Y frequency of useX2Functional layout/Y frequency of useX3Spatial identification/Y frequency of useX4Spatial familiarity/Y frequency of useX5Environmental satisfaction/Y frequency of useX6Architectural characteristics/Y frequency of useX7Traffic accessibility/Y frequency of useSuburban shopping center0.474∗∗-0.334∗0.377∗∗0.511∗∗-0.326∗0.1410.172City life shopping district0.347∗∗-0.0970.297∗∗0.551∗∗-0.1710.339∗∗-0.121Note:∗ and ∗∗ are significant correlations; ∗ means P ≤0.05; ∗∗ means P ≤0.01.The AHP method is used to determine the weight of factors, the common methods are expert scoring and questionnaire survey, and the author adopts the questionnaire survey method [18]. In the design of the questionnaire content, through a pairwise comparison, the interior design elements of the commercial building of the party with higher demand are scored. The demand degree is divided into 5 levels, one element is “more needed” than the other, 3 points, “more necessary” is 2 points, the demand degree of both elements is “similar”, 1 point, and “less necessary” is 1/2 points, “not required” counts as 1/3 point; according to this standard, the demand degree of commercial building interior design components is converted into equivalent, and finally calculated according to formula (1), the weight of commercial building interior design components at each level is obtained [19].
(1)a=∑mnJ.In the formula,a is the average rating value of element A to element B; m is the rating value; n is the number of people who marked “√”; J is the number of people surveyed, which is the score of the valid questionnaire.
(3)
Research and analysisAccording to the survey results of the user behavior of two shopping malls in a city, it is known that spatial perception is one of the main factors affecting the frequency of shopping malls. People’s perception of the atmosphere comes from the relationship between space and environment, the relationship between spaces, etc. The environment becomes the “interface” of space perception, so the relative relationship between the environment and people becomes an important reference for space perception. Vision is the most important sense for humans to obtain external information; visual perception is the most basic way of spatial experience and the basis of emotional experience.Respondents who were dissatisfied or generally satisfied with their wayfinding experience were interviewed for their satisfaction with their wayfinding experience and suggestions for improvement; most of them suggested improving the navigation system in the mall and the accessibility of some functional spaces.


## 4. Results Analysis

According to the analysis results obtained from the investigation, the author will take the optimization design of the indoor signage system of commercial buildings as an example and apply the interactive design method of commercial buildings in practice.


### 4.1. Virtual Simulation of Design Content

From the above survey, it is found that cognitive space is an important factor affecting users’ choice of commercial space. Therefore, the author conducts a research on the optimization design of the signage system in the commercial space to improve the space awareness. The first step of the interactive design method is the virtual construction of the commercial building space model; using the virtual reality three-dimensional software MARS, combined with a commercial space design scheme, the simulation modeling is carried out, and the virtual space S is obtained. In order to optimize the operation experience, in the virtual construction of the building space, only the necessary traffic space and decorative elements in the indoor space are constructed, so as to minimize the number of model rendering surfaces and reduce system operations [20].Summarize and analyze the logo systems widely used in shopping malls at present, draw on the logo design elements that are widely used, and summarize to obtain two sets of logo sets with different styles and establish models, which are recorded as set A and set B. In each set, it contains 11 logos. Logo set A is mainly gray in color, with 1 to 2 decorative colors, and is dominated by a single rectangle in shape; Collection B is mainly composed of bright colors in color, with a variety of decorative colors, and the shape is mainly geometric or special. Two sets of logo sets are placed in the virtual commercial indoor spaceS with the same distribution and placement method, respectively, to get virtual spaces SA and SB. At last, using virtual reality dynamic vision technology, from the user’s perspective, with the same route and travel speed, roaming inSAandSB, respectively, and obtain the roaming vision video data in different identification sets for subsequent analysis.


### 4.2. Interaction and Feedback of Space Scene

According to the visual orientation of the identification system, the target recognition model based on the ResNet neural network structure is selected for analysis in this paper. The model can be docked with dynamic scenes, simulate the visual experience of users roaming in virtual commercial buildings, and make an effective quantitative evaluation of the sign system in the indoor space of commercial buildings.(1)
Behavior simulation recognition analysis method based on target detectionThe virtual reality video datasetsSA and SB simulate the process of users roaming in commercial buildings; on this basis, the visual experience of users can be simulated based on the target detection model, so as to quantitatively evaluate the sign design in commercial buildings, and the specific process is shown in Figure 3 [21, 22].Figure 3
The flow of the analysis method based on target detection.The above target identification detection model is applied to detect the virtual reality roaming videos constructed by the identification set A and the identification set B, respectively, and the identification results of the entire roaming process are obtained; the results include the identified location of the logo in the current field of view, the category, and a confidence score (the confidence score indicates the probability of the category appearing in the bounding box, and the appropriateness of the size of the bounding box). Example of recognition results for one of the frames [23].Since each frame in the video represents the user’s field of view at the current moment, the sequence between frames corresponds to the dynamic changes of the user when walking and changing the angle of view. Therefore, the detection results of all frames are combined for correlation analysis; it can be effectively analyzed that in this interactive state, the pros and cons of different logo design effects [24].
(2)
Quantitative feedback on the recognition degree of behavior simulationIn terms of the significance of the logo, the confidence score is mainly used as the evaluation standard, which represents the confidence level of the detection model for the currently recognized logo, and corresponds to whether the user “sees clearly” the logo [25]. When the marker is farther from the user, the confidence score is usually lower, and the opposite is true when the distance is closer. Therefore, the confidence score can express the distinctive feature of the logo, that is, whether the logo is easy to identify, easy to find, and so on. In terms of significance of the two schemes, the average identification time of all categories of identification set A is 0.68 s, and the average identification time of identification of all categories of identification set B is 0.46 s; in terms of discrimination, the time of correcting misrecognition of all categories of identification set A is 0.28 s, and it takes 0.11 s to correct the misrecognition of all categories of identification set B. The average confidence level of 11 identification categories of each group of identification sets is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4
Mean confidence level of 11 types of labels in two sets of sets.


### 4.3. Data Analysis and Correction of Identification Results

From the results, the author can find that in terms of significance, the average confidence level and average recognition time of logo set B are both smaller than those of logo set A, indicating that logo set B is more easily recognized by users in the same commercial building environment, and can be easily recognized by users and deliver relevant information more quickly; in terms of discrimination, the time used for correcting the misrecognition of set B is shorter than that of set A, indicating that it is easier to distinguish between different types of logos in set B.The color, shape, and expression of the signboard have a great impact on the user’s ease of identification and distinction, the B-type identification system in the commercial space is more likely to be noticed and accepted by users than the A-type identification system, and it shows that the morphological expression of the B-type logo has higher visual perception. Thus, the use of eye-catching colors and the use of a variety of colors can effectively improve the ease of identification. In the shape design of the sign system, it should break the currently commonly used design method of focusing on the conventional shape and a set of single shape of the sign, and the combination of various shapes or special shapes can effectively improve the distinguishability. The combination of pictures and words in the logo system is more effective than pure words.


## 4.1. Virtual Simulation of Design Content

From the above survey, it is found that cognitive space is an important factor affecting users’ choice of commercial space. Therefore, the author conducts a research on the optimization design of the signage system in the commercial space to improve the space awareness. The first step of the interactive design method is the virtual construction of the commercial building space model; using the virtual reality three-dimensional software MARS, combined with a commercial space design scheme, the simulation modeling is carried out, and the virtual space S is obtained. In order to optimize the operation experience, in the virtual construction of the building space, only the necessary traffic space and decorative elements in the indoor space are constructed, so as to minimize the number of model rendering surfaces and reduce system operations [20].Summarize and analyze the logo systems widely used in shopping malls at present, draw on the logo design elements that are widely used, and summarize to obtain two sets of logo sets with different styles and establish models, which are recorded as set A and set B. In each set, it contains 11 logos. Logo set A is mainly gray in color, with 1 to 2 decorative colors, and is dominated by a single rectangle in shape; Collection B is mainly composed of bright colors in color, with a variety of decorative colors, and the shape is mainly geometric or special. Two sets of logo sets are placed in the virtual commercial indoor spaceS with the same distribution and placement method, respectively, to get virtual spaces SA and SB. At last, using virtual reality dynamic vision technology, from the user’s perspective, with the same route and travel speed, roaming inSAandSB, respectively, and obtain the roaming vision video data in different identification sets for subsequent analysis.


## 4.2. Interaction and Feedback of Space Scene

According to the visual orientation of the identification system, the target recognition model based on the ResNet neural network structure is selected for analysis in this paper. The model can be docked with dynamic scenes, simulate the visual experience of users roaming in virtual commercial buildings, and make an effective quantitative evaluation of the sign system in the indoor space of commercial buildings.(1)
Behavior simulation recognition analysis method based on target detectionThe virtual reality video datasetsSA and SB simulate the process of users roaming in commercial buildings; on this basis, the visual experience of users can be simulated based on the target detection model, so as to quantitatively evaluate the sign design in commercial buildings, and the specific process is shown in Figure 3 [21, 22].Figure 3
The flow of the analysis method based on target detection.The above target identification detection model is applied to detect the virtual reality roaming videos constructed by the identification set A and the identification set B, respectively, and the identification results of the entire roaming process are obtained; the results include the identified location of the logo in the current field of view, the category, and a confidence score (the confidence score indicates the probability of the category appearing in the bounding box, and the appropriateness of the size of the bounding box). Example of recognition results for one of the frames [23].Since each frame in the video represents the user’s field of view at the current moment, the sequence between frames corresponds to the dynamic changes of the user when walking and changing the angle of view. Therefore, the detection results of all frames are combined for correlation analysis; it can be effectively analyzed that in this interactive state, the pros and cons of different logo design effects [24].
(2)
Quantitative feedback on the recognition degree of behavior simulationIn terms of the significance of the logo, the confidence score is mainly used as the evaluation standard, which represents the confidence level of the detection model for the currently recognized logo, and corresponds to whether the user “sees clearly” the logo [25]. When the marker is farther from the user, the confidence score is usually lower, and the opposite is true when the distance is closer. Therefore, the confidence score can express the distinctive feature of the logo, that is, whether the logo is easy to identify, easy to find, and so on. In terms of significance of the two schemes, the average identification time of all categories of identification set A is 0.68 s, and the average identification time of identification of all categories of identification set B is 0.46 s; in terms of discrimination, the time of correcting misrecognition of all categories of identification set A is 0.28 s, and it takes 0.11 s to correct the misrecognition of all categories of identification set B. The average confidence level of 11 identification categories of each group of identification sets is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4
Mean confidence level of 11 types of labels in two sets of sets.


## 4.3. Data Analysis and Correction of Identification Results

From the results, the author can find that in terms of significance, the average confidence level and average recognition time of logo set B are both smaller than those of logo set A, indicating that logo set B is more easily recognized by users in the same commercial building environment, and can be easily recognized by users and deliver relevant information more quickly; in terms of discrimination, the time used for correcting the misrecognition of set B is shorter than that of set A, indicating that it is easier to distinguish between different types of logos in set B.The color, shape, and expression of the signboard have a great impact on the user’s ease of identification and distinction, the B-type identification system in the commercial space is more likely to be noticed and accepted by users than the A-type identification system, and it shows that the morphological expression of the B-type logo has higher visual perception. Thus, the use of eye-catching colors and the use of a variety of colors can effectively improve the ease of identification. In the shape design of the sign system, it should break the currently commonly used design method of focusing on the conventional shape and a set of single shape of the sign, and the combination of various shapes or special shapes can effectively improve the distinguishability. The combination of pictures and words in the logo system is more effective than pure words.


## 5. Conclusion

Applying virtual reality technology to interactive design methods provides new ideas for commercial building design. The author aims at the indoor space characteristics of commercial buildings, using virtual reality technology and guided by the interpenetration theory under environmental behavior, and obtains the interactive design method of commercial buildings with the interactive feedback between users and the design scheme as the main process. Taking two commercial centers in a city as an example to conduct a research, analyze the behavior characteristics of users and summarize the main driving forces that affect users’ choice of commercial buildings. Correlation analysis was carried out on the survey data of users’ shopping behavior, and it was found that the influencing factors significantly related to the frequency of use were layout, spatial identification, and spatial familiarity. From this analysis, spatial perception is a bigger driving factor affecting users’ choice of commercial space than spatial functions and external features. According to the thinking of interactive architecture, the thinking process and method of interactive design of commercial buildings are obtained. Using virtual reality technology to simulate the commercial building space, a design plan with a realistic interactive experience is obtained, based on which users can obtain intuitive and effective behavioral feedback and conduct relevant analysis. Taking the optimization design of the sign system in commercial buildings as an example, the method and process of interactive design are shown; this method is universal and popular for the design of sign systems and commercial buildings.



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*Source: 7903386-2022-07-25.xml*