# Evaluating Performance of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes in Different Growing Seasons in Northern Ethiopia

Authors: Fiseha Baraki; Muez Berhe
Journal: International Journal of Agronomy
 (2019)

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## Abstract

Ethiopia is one of the famous and major producers of sesame in sub-Saharan Africa, and Ethiopian sesame is among the highest quality in the world. The experiment was conducted in Northern Ethiopia for three growing seasons (2013–2015) under a rain fed condition with the objective of identifying high-yielding genotypes and their agronomic traits. The experiment consisted of twelve genotypes laid down in randomized complete block design with three replications. The genotype, year, and genotype × year interaction components showed statistically highly significant variation (p<0.001) for most of the agronomic traits which clearly confirms the presence of genotype × year interaction in this study. The highest combined mean grain yield (906.3 kg/ha) was obtained from Hirhir followed by Serkamo white (756.5 kg/ha), and from the three growing seasons, the highest grain yield (1161.5 kg/ha) was recorded from Hirhir grown in the second growing season (2014). The growing seasons were different from one another in allowing the genotypes to have a different performance, and all of the agronomic traits, except thousand seed weight, were statistically different across the three growing seasons. In the ordination of the genotypes and agronomic traits, PCA1, which accounted for 38.3% of the variation, was positively associated with grain yield, branches per plant, length of the pod-bearing zone, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and thousand seed weight. On the contrary, PCA2, which accounted for 19.7% of the variation, was positively associated with days to 50% flowering and days to 50% maturity.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), locally called “Selit” or “Simsim,” is one of the major economically important oil crops in Ethiopia. The sesame sector is millions of dollars industry that supports the livelihoods of thousands of small farmers and hundreds of medium-to-large-scale private farms along with thousands of other actors involved in the chain of production-to-consumption/export continuum. Ethiopia is one of the famous and major producers of sesame in sub-Saharan Africa, and Ethiopian sesame is among the highest quality in the world; especially seeds produced in the Humera and Gondar regions are renowned worldwide for their high quality (color, taste, and nutty aroma) [1]. From nutrition point of view, sesame is also rich in phosphorous, iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and vitamin B1 [2].Agriculture is the major source of economic growth in Ethiopia, as was corroborated by the sector’s contribution to GDP growth rate which rose from 22.3% to 24.5% for 2014/15 fiscal year [3]. Furthermore, sesame is the second major source of foreign currency for Ethiopia next to coffee from the agricultural products, and a huge amount of foreign currency was obtained from 2011/12-2016/17 (Figure 1) [4]. Given the high market demand and fairly favorable price for the farmer, it can be reckoned that sesame plays a significant role to directly ensuring food-security of millions of people by enabling them have access to food and nutrition in Ethiopia.Figure 1
Value ($USD) of exported Ethiopian sesame (2011/12-2016/17) (MoT, 2017).Despite its ideal adaptation to dry sites, sesame can also be cultivated in humid, tropical, and subtropical regions, and in different parts of the world, sesame is cultivated between 25°N and 25°S latitudes [5]. In Ethiopia, sesame is grown mainly in low- and mid-altitude areas, altitudes between 500 and 1300 meters above the sea level (masl) being the most suitable. Sesame productivity can go up to 1200 kg/ha and up to 2100 kg/ha at rain fed and irrigation production conditions [6]. However, the productivity of the available sesame varieties released so far (both for rain fed and irrigation production) is lower than some of the producing countries. Hence, the objective of this study is to evaluate different available genotypes which may be indispensably important for further sesame breeding and to identify high-yielding genotypes with desirable agronomic traits.


## 2. Materials and Methods

The experiment was conducted in Northern Ethiopia, Western zone of Tigray, specifically in the Humera area for three growing seasons (2013-2015). The agroecology of the locations is described as hot to warm semiarid plain (SA1-1) with edaphic and climatic variations as indicated in Table1 and Figure 2, respectively.Table 1
Geographic position, soil property, and climatic condition description of the study area.
Location
Geographic position
Climatic condition
Soil characteristics
Latitude (°N)
Longitude (°E)
Altitude (m)
Annual rainfall (mm)
Min-max temperature (°C)
Texture
TotalN (%)
pHwater (1 : 2.5)
ECwater (1 : 2.5)
Clay (%)
Silt (%)
Sand (%)
Humera
14°15′
36°37′
609
563.2
18.8–37.6
35.66
25.66
38.66
0.066
8.15
0.11Figure 2
Monthly rainfall (mm) of the growing area during the three cropping seasons.


### 2.1. Experimental Design and Material

The experiment was conducted under the rain fed condition, and in both of the three cropping seasons, twelve genotypes (ten advanced lines, one standard check, and other one local check) were evaluated. The twelve genotypes viz. Acc-051-02-sel-(1), Acc-051-02-sel-1-(2), Acc-051-02-sel11--(1), Acc-051-02-sel-14, Acc-111-840, Acc-202-374, Cross22XT-85(24-2), Cross22XT-85(32-3)-sel-4, NN-038, Serkamo white, Hirhir (local check), and Tate (standard check) were evaluated for their grain yield and other agronomic traits. These ten advanced lines together with other 15 genotypes and advanced lines have been under preliminary variety trial for one year to evaluate their agronomic traits. After the data analysis, these ten advanced lines were selected and promoted for further regional variety trial.Further description of the genotypes is given in Table2. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block design (RCBD) having three replications in both of the cropping seasons. Each genotype was randomly assigned and sown in a plot area of 2.8 m by 5 m with 1 m between plots and 1.5 m between blocks keeping inter- and intrarow spacing of 0.4 m and 0.1 m, in that order. Each experimental plot was treated equally as per the recommendations of the crop for the growing area.Table 2
Genotypic code, status, and source of the evaluated sesame genotypes.
Genotype
Genotype code
Status
Seed color
Source of seed
Acc-051-02-sel-(1)
G1
Advanced line
White
WARC
Acc-051-02-sel-1-(2)
G2
Advanced line
White
WARC
Acc-051-02-sel11--(1)
G3
Advanced line
White
WARC
Acc-051-02-sel-14
G4
Advanced line
White
WARC
Acc-111-840
G5
Advanced line
White
WARC
Acc-202-374
G6
Advanced line
White
WARC
Cross22XT-85(24-2)
G7
Advanced line
White
WARC
Cross22XT-85(32-3)-sel-4
G8
Advanced line
White
WARC
Hirhir (local check)
G9
Farmers seed (local check)
White
HuARC
NN-038
G10
Advanced line
White
WARC
Serkamo white
G11
Advanced line
White
WARC
Tate
G12
Released (standard check)
White
WARC


### 2.2. Data Collection

Each treatment was laid down in a total plot area of 10 m2 area (5 meter row length having 5 number of rows at 0.4 m interrow spacing) and net plot area of 6 m2. From the net plot area, seven plants were selected randomly and tagged to collect the agronomic traits data (except grain yield) and the average values of the agronomic traits from the seven plants were considered for further statistical analysis. Grain yield of the genotypes was taken from the net plot area (6 m2) of the three replications, and the average yield was taken and converted in to yield per hectare. The detailed explanation of the agronomic traits collected from this study and analyzed for further interpretation is elucidated below:(i)
Days to 50% Flowering (DF): the number of days starting from emergence up to 50% of the plants in each plot becomes flowered(ii)
Days to 50% maturity (DM): the number of days starting from emergence up to 50% of the plants in each plot becomes matured(iii)
Plant height at maturity (PH) (cm): this growth parameter is the stature of the plants in centimeter (cm) from the ground up to the top of the plants(iv)
Length of the pod-bearing zone (LPBZ) (cm): the stature of the plant from the first pod-bearing zone to the tip of the plant was measured using a meter tape(v)
Number of branches per plant (BPP): number of productive branches with one or more number of pods(vi)
Number of pods per plant (PPP): refers to the total number of pods in a given plant counted at the time of maturity(vii)
Seeds per pod (SPP): the average number of sesame seeds counted per pod and the average number of seeds collected from five plants and one pod from each plant(viii)
Thousand seed weight (gram) (TSW): the average weight of 1000 seeds randomly collected from the harvested grain yield in grams(ix)
Grain yield (kg/ha): the total grain yield (kg/ha) harvested from the net plot area


## 2.1. Experimental Design and Material

The experiment was conducted under the rain fed condition, and in both of the three cropping seasons, twelve genotypes (ten advanced lines, one standard check, and other one local check) were evaluated. The twelve genotypes viz. Acc-051-02-sel-(1), Acc-051-02-sel-1-(2), Acc-051-02-sel11--(1), Acc-051-02-sel-14, Acc-111-840, Acc-202-374, Cross22XT-85(24-2), Cross22XT-85(32-3)-sel-4, NN-038, Serkamo white, Hirhir (local check), and Tate (standard check) were evaluated for their grain yield and other agronomic traits. These ten advanced lines together with other 15 genotypes and advanced lines have been under preliminary variety trial for one year to evaluate their agronomic traits. After the data analysis, these ten advanced lines were selected and promoted for further regional variety trial.Further description of the genotypes is given in Table2. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block design (RCBD) having three replications in both of the cropping seasons. Each genotype was randomly assigned and sown in a plot area of 2.8 m by 5 m with 1 m between plots and 1.5 m between blocks keeping inter- and intrarow spacing of 0.4 m and 0.1 m, in that order. Each experimental plot was treated equally as per the recommendations of the crop for the growing area.Table 2
Genotypic code, status, and source of the evaluated sesame genotypes.
Genotype
Genotype code
Status
Seed color
Source of seed
Acc-051-02-sel-(1)
G1
Advanced line
White
WARC
Acc-051-02-sel-1-(2)
G2
Advanced line
White
WARC
Acc-051-02-sel11--(1)
G3
Advanced line
White
WARC
Acc-051-02-sel-14
G4
Advanced line
White
WARC
Acc-111-840
G5
Advanced line
White
WARC
Acc-202-374
G6
Advanced line
White
WARC
Cross22XT-85(24-2)
G7
Advanced line
White
WARC
Cross22XT-85(32-3)-sel-4
G8
Advanced line
White
WARC
Hirhir (local check)
G9
Farmers seed (local check)
White
HuARC
NN-038
G10
Advanced line
White
WARC
Serkamo white
G11
Advanced line
White
WARC
Tate
G12
Released (standard check)
White
WARC


## 2.2. Data Collection

Each treatment was laid down in a total plot area of 10 m2 area (5 meter row length having 5 number of rows at 0.4 m interrow spacing) and net plot area of 6 m2. From the net plot area, seven plants were selected randomly and tagged to collect the agronomic traits data (except grain yield) and the average values of the agronomic traits from the seven plants were considered for further statistical analysis. Grain yield of the genotypes was taken from the net plot area (6 m2) of the three replications, and the average yield was taken and converted in to yield per hectare. The detailed explanation of the agronomic traits collected from this study and analyzed for further interpretation is elucidated below:(i)
Days to 50% Flowering (DF): the number of days starting from emergence up to 50% of the plants in each plot becomes flowered(ii)
Days to 50% maturity (DM): the number of days starting from emergence up to 50% of the plants in each plot becomes matured(iii)
Plant height at maturity (PH) (cm): this growth parameter is the stature of the plants in centimeter (cm) from the ground up to the top of the plants(iv)
Length of the pod-bearing zone (LPBZ) (cm): the stature of the plant from the first pod-bearing zone to the tip of the plant was measured using a meter tape(v)
Number of branches per plant (BPP): number of productive branches with one or more number of pods(vi)
Number of pods per plant (PPP): refers to the total number of pods in a given plant counted at the time of maturity(vii)
Seeds per pod (SPP): the average number of sesame seeds counted per pod and the average number of seeds collected from five plants and one pod from each plant(viii)
Thousand seed weight (gram) (TSW): the average weight of 1000 seeds randomly collected from the harvested grain yield in grams(ix)
Grain yield (kg/ha): the total grain yield (kg/ha) harvested from the net plot area


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Variance Estimation of the Agronomic Traits

The results of the agronomic traits obtained from the combined analysis of variance of the genotypes are illustrated in Table3. The genotype, year, and genotype by year interaction (G × Y) variances were decomposed to provide a general overview in relation to the evaluated traits and overall performance of the genotypes (Table 3). As a result, the genotype, year, and genotype × year interaction components showed statistically highly significant variation (p<0.001) for most of the agronomic traits. However, thousand seed weight (in gram) (TSW) was not statistically significant across years, and length of the pod-bearing zone (LPBZ) was not statistically significant in the genotype by year interaction (G × Y). This statistical difference was due to both of the main and interaction effects of the genotypes and the years. As indicated in Table 3, the genotypes were clearly different in their agronomic traits, and similarly the years, in which the experiment was conducted, were different mainly in the rainfall received during that specific growing season (Figure 2). Moreover, Table 3 clearly shows that the response of the genotypes were unstable and fluctuated in their trait expression with change in the growing seasons. These all observable facts clearly confirm the presence of genotype by year interaction (G × Y) in this study. [7] also reported similar differences of the genotype, year, and genotype × year interaction effects in sesame genotypes.Table 3
Combined mean squares for different agronomic traits of sesame genotypes.
Source of variation
d.f.
Yield
DF
DM
BPP
LPBZ
PH
PPP
SPP
TSW
Replication
2
5476
10.3
5.28
0.66
148.6
8.6
29.15
22.9
0.06
Genotype
11
94028∗∗∗
10.7∗∗∗
7.613∗∗∗
1.1∗∗∗
695.3∗∗
603.9∗∗∗
121∗∗
83.3∗∗∗
0.09∗∗
Year
2
1166827∗∗∗
1080.3∗∗
1261.8∗∗
37.2∗∗
5396.3∗
11895.6∗∗
1951.2∗∗
69.4∗
0.006ns
Gen × year
22
28127∗∗∗
2.7∗∗
6.9∗∗∗
0.8∗∗∗
230.3ns
332.2∗
117.1∗∗∗
35.3∗
0.071∗∗
Residual
70
7079
1.21
1.16
0.25
141.4
159
37.15
17.5
0.02
ns: nonsignificant;∗significant (p<0.05); ∗∗highly significant at p<0.01;∗∗∗highly significant at p<0.001; d.f.: degree of freedom; DF: days to 50% flowering; DM: days to 50% maturity; BPP: number of branches per plant; LPBZ: length of the pod-bearing zone (cm); PH: plant height (cm); PPP: pods per plant; SPP: seeds per pod; TSW: thousand seed weight (gram).


### 3.2. Agronomic Traits Performance of the Evaluated Sesame Genotypes

Combined analysis of the 12 sesame genotypes evaluated in three different growing seasons is depicted in Table4. The result of the combined analysis showed that the genotypes were significantly different in their grain yield across the three different growing seasons showing that the genotypes were unstable in their grain yield. In addition to this, the grain yield analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference among the genotypes in all of the agronomic traits and the genotypes were unstable, even all of the other agronomic traits. Similarly, the grand mean across years was significantly different, and the growing seasons were also not stable.Table 4
Combined mean yield (kg/ha) and yield components of the sesame genotypes evaluated in three years.
Genotypes
Yield
DF
DM
BPP
LPBZ
PH
PPP
SPP
TSW
Acc-051-02-sel-(1)
556.9de
44.2a
88cd
2.5cdef
49.7c
115.7de
27.2bc
62.0a
2.7de
Acc-051-02-sel-1-(2)
628.4cd
45.6b
86.89ab
2.8bcde
49.4c
118.8cde
31.02ab
58.68ab
2.9ab
Acc-051-02-sel11--(1)
664.8c
45.2ab
89.56f
2.5cdef
49.5c
135.7a
32.04ab
62.52a
2.9ab
Acc-051-02-sel-14
666c
45.2ab
88.67def
2.8bcd
62.7ab
136.4a
34.13a
57.88bc
2.9ab
Acc-111-840
538e
47.8e
88.22cde
2.4ef
33.1d
120.6bcde
22.84c
57.53bcd
2.7e
Acc-202-374
633.7cd
46bc
87.56abc
2.9bc
53.2bc
130.6ab
31.09ab
58.93ab
2.8de
Cross22XT-85(24-2)
577.6de
46bc
87.89bcd
2.4def
56.8bc
129.9abc
31.31ab
57.78bc
2.8bcd
Cross22XT-85(32-3)-sel-4
564.7de
46.7cd
88.22cde
2.4def
56.8bc
126.8abcd
27.13bc
53.6de
3a
Hirhir (local check)
906.3a
45.2ab
86.56a
3.1ab
68.4a
129.7abc
35.16a
61.11ab
3a
NN-038
619.4cd
45.2ab
87.33abc
2.3f
60.3abc
126abcd
34.11a
53.24e
2.8cde
Serkamo white
756.5b
45.4b
89.11ef
2.7bcdef
51c
135.3a
27.21bc
58.07bc
3a
Tate
695bc
47.7de
89.11ef
3.4a
51.4c
111.4e
32.67ab
54.59cde
2.7de
Grand mean (kg/ha)
650.6
45.88
88.09
2.73
53.5
126.4
30.49
58
2.8
LSD (<0.05)
137.01
1.79
1.7
0.82
19.3
20.5
9.9
6.8
0.22
CV (%)
12.9
2.4
1.2
18.6
22.2
10
20
7.2
4.7The highest grain yield (906.3 kg/ha) was obtained from Hirhir (local check), which is a local cultivar, followed by Serkamo white (756.5 kg/ha). This is because of the genetic difference between the sesame genotypes, and because of this, farmers’ cultivar is well adapted to the growing environments (both the location and the years) [8]. Also, a significant difference of sesame genotypes in their grain yields evaluated in different growing seasons is reported. Almost all of the newly evaluated advanced lines which were expected to be better than the farmers’ cultivar were beaten by the farmers’ cultivar in terms of grain yield. Furthermore, Hirhir was also the early maturing genotype (which matured at 86.56) although it was as early maturing as some genotypes like Acc-051-02-sel-1-(2), Acc-202-374, and NN-038. Genotype Tate was better in its number of branches per plant (3.4 branches per plant) although it was statistically at par with the local cultivar Hirhir (3.1 branches per plant). Similar to this study, there was a significant difference in grain yield, number of branches per plant, and days to maturity among the evaluated sesame genotypes [7, 9]. Regarding to plant height, the highest stature (136.4 cm) was recorded from genotype Acc-051-02-sel-14 although it was statistically at par with other seven genotypes (Table 4). In terms of the pods per plant (PPP), the highest number of pods per plant (35.16 PPP) was recorded from the local cultivar Hirhir. However, it was statistically nonsignificant with Acc-051-02-sel-1-(2), Acc-051-02-sel11--(1), Acc-051-02-sel-14, Acc-202-374, Cross22XT-85(24-2), NN-038, and Tate (Table 4). Number of pods per plant is among the most important agronomic traits in sesame, so since most of the evaluated sesame genotypes were equally important in their pods per plant, most of these genotypes are important for further sesame breeding. Generally, since there are some genotypes which are statistically nonsignificant with the best farmers’ cultivar in some of the major agronomic traits, the genotypes should be maintained for further sesame breeding program.


### 3.3. Performance of the Sesame Genotypes across the Three Years

Performance of the sesame genotypes in terms of their agronomic traits evaluated in three different growing seasons is depicted in Table5. The growing seasons were different from one another in allowing the genotypes to have different performance [7]. The agronomic traits of sesame genotypes were different in different growing seasons [10]. Most of the agronomic traits, except thousand seed weight, were statistically different across the three growing seasons Table 5. [1] also found a significant difference of different agronomic traits of wheat evaluated across years. There is a possibility for occurrence of such variation of genotypes in their agronomic traits across years and even across locations, and this may be both a challenge and an opportunity for plant breeding and breeders [11]. The highest grain yield of the sesame genotypes was recorded in the second growing season (2014). This might be because there was optimum and evenly distributed rainfall during this growing season (Table 5). On the contrary, the highest number of branches per plant, length of the pod-bearing zone, plant height, and number of pods per plant were recorded in the first growing season (2014).Table 5
Agronomic traits of the sesame genotypes for the three years (growing seasons).
Year
Yield (kg/ha)
DF
DM
BPP
LPBZ (cm)
PH (cm)
PPP
SPP
TSW (gram)
1
498.2c
51.9c
94.7c
3.88a
62.1a
145.5a
36.4a
58ab
2.9
2
849.2a
41.2a
86.2b
2.33b
59.1a
124.5b
32.8b
56.61b
2.883
3
604.4b
44.4b
83.3a
1.96c
39.5b
109.3c
22.2c
59.39a
2.894
Grand mean
650.6
45.89
88.09
2.73
53.57
126.43
30.49
58
2.89
LSD (<0.05)
67.5
0.74
0.82
0.32
6.93
7.29
3.71
2.49
ns
CV (%)
22.2
3.5
2
25.3
27.7
12.3
26.1
9.2
6.7The combined performance of the different agronomic traits of the sesame genotypes is depicted in Table4. However, Table 6 is organized to clearly visualize the performance of the different agronomic traits of the sesame genotypes evaluated in the three growing years. From the three growing seasons, the highest grain yield (1161.5 kg/ha) was recorded from the local cultivar Hirhir grown in the second growing season (2014). Similarly, the highest length of the pod-bearing zone (81.8 cm) and plant stature (170.3 cm) was recorded from the local cultivar Hirhir grown in the first growing season (2013). In terms of the number PPP and number of SPP, the highest PPP (41 PPP) and the highest SPP (64.7 SPP) were obtained from Acc-202-374 grown in 2013 and Hirhir grown in 2014 growing season, respectively (Table 6).Table 6
Yield and yield components of sesame genotypes evaluated in the three growing years.
Genotype
Agronomic trait
Yield (kg/ha)
DF (days)
DM (days)
LPBZ (cm)
Year
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Acc-051-02-sel-(1)
428.8
724.9
517.0
50.7
39.3
42.7
95.0
87.0
82.0
54.1
62.3
32.9
Acc-051-02-sel-1-(2)
501.0
915.4
469.0
52.0
42.3
42.7
94.0
84.0
82.7
58.2
57.4
32.8
Acc-051-02-sel-14
537.4
886.9
573.7
50.7
40.0
45.0
95.0
85.0
86.0
64.9
79.9
43.5
Acc-051-02-sel11--(1)
416.4
917.8
660.2
51.3
40.7
43.7
94.7
89.0
85.0
40.8
62.3
45.5
Acc-111-840
320.9
783.1
509.9
55.3
42.7
45.7
94.3
87.3
83.0
37.2
34.1
28.1
Acc-202-374
577.6
823.5
500.1
52.0
41.7
44.3
93.7
85.3
83.7
66.1
57.6
35.9
cross22XT-85(24-2)
405.2
605.1
722.5
51.3
40.7
46.0
66.7
84.0
83.0
72.5
59.8
38.3
cross22XT-85(32-3)-sel-4
317.8
852.2
523.9
53.3
42.3
44.7
94.3
88.0
82.3
68.3
55.8
46.5
Hirhir (local check)
679.7
1161.5
877.7
52.3
40.0
43.3
95.0
83.0
81.7
81.8
62.1
61.4
NN-038
513.7
752.4
592.1
50.7
41.0
44.0
94.3
84.0
83.7
79.5
58.7
42.9
Serkamo white
582.2
917.8
769.4
51.0
41.7
43.7
94.3
89.0
84.0
52.7
60.7
39.7
Tate
697.6
850.4
537.1
52.7
43.0
47.7
95.3
89.0
83.0
69.3
57.9
27.1
Grand mean
498.2
849.3
604.4
51.9
41.3
44.4
92.2
86.2
83.3
62.1
59.1
39.6
Genotype
Agronomic trait
PH (cm)
PPP (number)
SPP (number)
TSW (gram)
Year
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Acc-051-02-sel-(1)
119.3
122.7
105.1
28.7
37.3
15.5
59.9
62.3
64.0
2.9
2.9
2.6
Acc-051-02-sel-1-(2)
142.3
112.3
101.7
40.1
30.3
22.6
59.0
60.1
56.9
3.0
3.0
3.0
Acc-051-02-sel-14
146.4
140.7
122.2
34.1
43.7
24.7
58.1
52.7
62.9
3.0
3.0
2.8
Acc-051-02-sel11--(1)
144.8
132.1
130.3
34.3
32.5
29.3
62.8
63.9
60.9
3.0
3.0
2.9
Acc-111-840
138.0
124.9
99.0
26.9
28.0
13.6
58.3
52.7
61.6
2.6
2.6
3.0
Acc-202-374
156.0
126.7
109.1
41.0
31.9
20.3
61.5
60.1
55.3
2.8
2.8
2.8
Cross22XT-85(24-2)
146.2
127.9
115.7
38.4
36.0
19.5
55.9
53.9
63.5
2.8
2.8
3.0
Cross22XT-85(32-3)-sel-4
134.3
127.7
118.3
30.3
25.9
25.2
54.7
48.5
57.7
2.9
2.9
3.2
Hirhir (local check)
170.3
114.8
104.0
36.9
34.9
33.7
60.8
64.7
57.8
3.2
3.0
2.9
NN-038
157.9
116.9
103.2
55.5
26.0
20.8
52.5
49.8
57.4
2.8
2.8
3.0
Serkamo white
158.9
126.5
120.4
30.1
29.6
21.9
58.3
59.0
56.9
3.2
3.2
2.7
Tate
131.3
121.0
82.1
40.5
37.7
19.8
54.2
51.6
57.9
2.7
2.7
3.0
Grand mean
145.5
124.5
109.3
36.4
32.8
22.2
58.0
56.6
59.4
2.9
2.9
2.9


### 3.4. Ordination of the Sesame Genotypes and Their Agronomic Traits

To clearly visualize the association of the sesame genotypes and their agronomic traits, a biplot is depicted in Figure3. In the ordination of the genotypes and their agronomic traits, the first two principal components (PCs) accounted for 58% of the total variance (38.3% and 19.7% for PC1 and PC2, respectively) (Figure 3). A bi-plot was used by [12] to visualize the associations of different parametric and nonparametric stability measures in faba bean.Figure 3
Principal component analysis scatter diagram of sesame genotypes and their agronomic traits (genotype codes and agronomic traits are as designated in Tables2 and 3, respectively).The importance and relationship between variables within a component are determined by the magnitude and direction of factor loadings within a PC [13]. The sign of the loading indicates the direction of the relationship between the components and the agronomic traits. Principal component axis one (PCA1) that accounted for 38.3% of the variation was positively associated with grain yield, branches per plant, length of the pod-bearing zone, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds pod, and thousand seed weight. In contrast to this, PCA1 was negatively associated with days to 50% flowering and 50% maturity. [14] also found a similar result to this finding. In contrast to this, PCA1 was negatively associated with days to 50% flowering and 50% maturity (Figure 3). [11, 14] also found similar results to this finding from their study on sesame genotypes.In any plant breeding program, the final objective is to boost quality and/or quantity of a required crop. Knowing the association between the required trait and other related traits is a prerequisite for such programs. Yield is a dependable complex inherited character as a result of interaction of several contributing factors that may be related or unrelated. Hence, it is paramount important to see the association of the sesame genotypes and their agronomic traits and the association of the different agronomic traits among each other. Hence, according to Figure3, days to 50% flowering (DF) and days to 50% maturity (DF) were negatively associated with most of the agronomic traits like thousand seed weight (TSW), grain yield (Yield), length of the pod-bearing zone (LPBZ), plant height (PH), pods per plant (PPP), and seeds per pod (SPP). G9 (Hirhir) was positively and highly associated with the first principal component (PCA1) as well as with the agronomic traits like yield, pods per plant, and length of the pod-bearing zone. This is also similar with Table 4, indicating that Hirhir scored highest grain yield (yield), length of the pod-bearing zone (LPBZ), and pods per plant (PPP). In the contrary, G5 (Acc-111-840), G12 (Tate), and G1 (Acc-051-02-sel-(1)) were positively associated with the second component (PCA2) and with the agronomic traits of days to 50% flowering and days to 50% maturity.


## 3.1. Variance Estimation of the Agronomic Traits

The results of the agronomic traits obtained from the combined analysis of variance of the genotypes are illustrated in Table3. The genotype, year, and genotype by year interaction (G × Y) variances were decomposed to provide a general overview in relation to the evaluated traits and overall performance of the genotypes (Table 3). As a result, the genotype, year, and genotype × year interaction components showed statistically highly significant variation (p<0.001) for most of the agronomic traits. However, thousand seed weight (in gram) (TSW) was not statistically significant across years, and length of the pod-bearing zone (LPBZ) was not statistically significant in the genotype by year interaction (G × Y). This statistical difference was due to both of the main and interaction effects of the genotypes and the years. As indicated in Table 3, the genotypes were clearly different in their agronomic traits, and similarly the years, in which the experiment was conducted, were different mainly in the rainfall received during that specific growing season (Figure 2). Moreover, Table 3 clearly shows that the response of the genotypes were unstable and fluctuated in their trait expression with change in the growing seasons. These all observable facts clearly confirm the presence of genotype by year interaction (G × Y) in this study. [7] also reported similar differences of the genotype, year, and genotype × year interaction effects in sesame genotypes.Table 3
Combined mean squares for different agronomic traits of sesame genotypes.
Source of variation
d.f.
Yield
DF
DM
BPP
LPBZ
PH
PPP
SPP
TSW
Replication
2
5476
10.3
5.28
0.66
148.6
8.6
29.15
22.9
0.06
Genotype
11
94028∗∗∗
10.7∗∗∗
7.613∗∗∗
1.1∗∗∗
695.3∗∗
603.9∗∗∗
121∗∗
83.3∗∗∗
0.09∗∗
Year
2
1166827∗∗∗
1080.3∗∗
1261.8∗∗
37.2∗∗
5396.3∗
11895.6∗∗
1951.2∗∗
69.4∗
0.006ns
Gen × year
22
28127∗∗∗
2.7∗∗
6.9∗∗∗
0.8∗∗∗
230.3ns
332.2∗
117.1∗∗∗
35.3∗
0.071∗∗
Residual
70
7079
1.21
1.16
0.25
141.4
159
37.15
17.5
0.02
ns: nonsignificant;∗significant (p<0.05); ∗∗highly significant at p<0.01;∗∗∗highly significant at p<0.001; d.f.: degree of freedom; DF: days to 50% flowering; DM: days to 50% maturity; BPP: number of branches per plant; LPBZ: length of the pod-bearing zone (cm); PH: plant height (cm); PPP: pods per plant; SPP: seeds per pod; TSW: thousand seed weight (gram).


## 3.2. Agronomic Traits Performance of the Evaluated Sesame Genotypes

Combined analysis of the 12 sesame genotypes evaluated in three different growing seasons is depicted in Table4. The result of the combined analysis showed that the genotypes were significantly different in their grain yield across the three different growing seasons showing that the genotypes were unstable in their grain yield. In addition to this, the grain yield analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference among the genotypes in all of the agronomic traits and the genotypes were unstable, even all of the other agronomic traits. Similarly, the grand mean across years was significantly different, and the growing seasons were also not stable.Table 4
Combined mean yield (kg/ha) and yield components of the sesame genotypes evaluated in three years.
Genotypes
Yield
DF
DM
BPP
LPBZ
PH
PPP
SPP
TSW
Acc-051-02-sel-(1)
556.9de
44.2a
88cd
2.5cdef
49.7c
115.7de
27.2bc
62.0a
2.7de
Acc-051-02-sel-1-(2)
628.4cd
45.6b
86.89ab
2.8bcde
49.4c
118.8cde
31.02ab
58.68ab
2.9ab
Acc-051-02-sel11--(1)
664.8c
45.2ab
89.56f
2.5cdef
49.5c
135.7a
32.04ab
62.52a
2.9ab
Acc-051-02-sel-14
666c
45.2ab
88.67def
2.8bcd
62.7ab
136.4a
34.13a
57.88bc
2.9ab
Acc-111-840
538e
47.8e
88.22cde
2.4ef
33.1d
120.6bcde
22.84c
57.53bcd
2.7e
Acc-202-374
633.7cd
46bc
87.56abc
2.9bc
53.2bc
130.6ab
31.09ab
58.93ab
2.8de
Cross22XT-85(24-2)
577.6de
46bc
87.89bcd
2.4def
56.8bc
129.9abc
31.31ab
57.78bc
2.8bcd
Cross22XT-85(32-3)-sel-4
564.7de
46.7cd
88.22cde
2.4def
56.8bc
126.8abcd
27.13bc
53.6de
3a
Hirhir (local check)
906.3a
45.2ab
86.56a
3.1ab
68.4a
129.7abc
35.16a
61.11ab
3a
NN-038
619.4cd
45.2ab
87.33abc
2.3f
60.3abc
126abcd
34.11a
53.24e
2.8cde
Serkamo white
756.5b
45.4b
89.11ef
2.7bcdef
51c
135.3a
27.21bc
58.07bc
3a
Tate
695bc
47.7de
89.11ef
3.4a
51.4c
111.4e
32.67ab
54.59cde
2.7de
Grand mean (kg/ha)
650.6
45.88
88.09
2.73
53.5
126.4
30.49
58
2.8
LSD (<0.05)
137.01
1.79
1.7
0.82
19.3
20.5
9.9
6.8
0.22
CV (%)
12.9
2.4
1.2
18.6
22.2
10
20
7.2
4.7The highest grain yield (906.3 kg/ha) was obtained from Hirhir (local check), which is a local cultivar, followed by Serkamo white (756.5 kg/ha). This is because of the genetic difference between the sesame genotypes, and because of this, farmers’ cultivar is well adapted to the growing environments (both the location and the years) [8]. Also, a significant difference of sesame genotypes in their grain yields evaluated in different growing seasons is reported. Almost all of the newly evaluated advanced lines which were expected to be better than the farmers’ cultivar were beaten by the farmers’ cultivar in terms of grain yield. Furthermore, Hirhir was also the early maturing genotype (which matured at 86.56) although it was as early maturing as some genotypes like Acc-051-02-sel-1-(2), Acc-202-374, and NN-038. Genotype Tate was better in its number of branches per plant (3.4 branches per plant) although it was statistically at par with the local cultivar Hirhir (3.1 branches per plant). Similar to this study, there was a significant difference in grain yield, number of branches per plant, and days to maturity among the evaluated sesame genotypes [7, 9]. Regarding to plant height, the highest stature (136.4 cm) was recorded from genotype Acc-051-02-sel-14 although it was statistically at par with other seven genotypes (Table 4). In terms of the pods per plant (PPP), the highest number of pods per plant (35.16 PPP) was recorded from the local cultivar Hirhir. However, it was statistically nonsignificant with Acc-051-02-sel-1-(2), Acc-051-02-sel11--(1), Acc-051-02-sel-14, Acc-202-374, Cross22XT-85(24-2), NN-038, and Tate (Table 4). Number of pods per plant is among the most important agronomic traits in sesame, so since most of the evaluated sesame genotypes were equally important in their pods per plant, most of these genotypes are important for further sesame breeding. Generally, since there are some genotypes which are statistically nonsignificant with the best farmers’ cultivar in some of the major agronomic traits, the genotypes should be maintained for further sesame breeding program.


## 3.3. Performance of the Sesame Genotypes across the Three Years

Performance of the sesame genotypes in terms of their agronomic traits evaluated in three different growing seasons is depicted in Table5. The growing seasons were different from one another in allowing the genotypes to have different performance [7]. The agronomic traits of sesame genotypes were different in different growing seasons [10]. Most of the agronomic traits, except thousand seed weight, were statistically different across the three growing seasons Table 5. [1] also found a significant difference of different agronomic traits of wheat evaluated across years. There is a possibility for occurrence of such variation of genotypes in their agronomic traits across years and even across locations, and this may be both a challenge and an opportunity for plant breeding and breeders [11]. The highest grain yield of the sesame genotypes was recorded in the second growing season (2014). This might be because there was optimum and evenly distributed rainfall during this growing season (Table 5). On the contrary, the highest number of branches per plant, length of the pod-bearing zone, plant height, and number of pods per plant were recorded in the first growing season (2014).Table 5
Agronomic traits of the sesame genotypes for the three years (growing seasons).
Year
Yield (kg/ha)
DF
DM
BPP
LPBZ (cm)
PH (cm)
PPP
SPP
TSW (gram)
1
498.2c
51.9c
94.7c
3.88a
62.1a
145.5a
36.4a
58ab
2.9
2
849.2a
41.2a
86.2b
2.33b
59.1a
124.5b
32.8b
56.61b
2.883
3
604.4b
44.4b
83.3a
1.96c
39.5b
109.3c
22.2c
59.39a
2.894
Grand mean
650.6
45.89
88.09
2.73
53.57
126.43
30.49
58
2.89
LSD (<0.05)
67.5
0.74
0.82
0.32
6.93
7.29
3.71
2.49
ns
CV (%)
22.2
3.5
2
25.3
27.7
12.3
26.1
9.2
6.7The combined performance of the different agronomic traits of the sesame genotypes is depicted in Table4. However, Table 6 is organized to clearly visualize the performance of the different agronomic traits of the sesame genotypes evaluated in the three growing years. From the three growing seasons, the highest grain yield (1161.5 kg/ha) was recorded from the local cultivar Hirhir grown in the second growing season (2014). Similarly, the highest length of the pod-bearing zone (81.8 cm) and plant stature (170.3 cm) was recorded from the local cultivar Hirhir grown in the first growing season (2013). In terms of the number PPP and number of SPP, the highest PPP (41 PPP) and the highest SPP (64.7 SPP) were obtained from Acc-202-374 grown in 2013 and Hirhir grown in 2014 growing season, respectively (Table 6).Table 6
Yield and yield components of sesame genotypes evaluated in the three growing years.
Genotype
Agronomic trait
Yield (kg/ha)
DF (days)
DM (days)
LPBZ (cm)
Year
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Acc-051-02-sel-(1)
428.8
724.9
517.0
50.7
39.3
42.7
95.0
87.0
82.0
54.1
62.3
32.9
Acc-051-02-sel-1-(2)
501.0
915.4
469.0
52.0
42.3
42.7
94.0
84.0
82.7
58.2
57.4
32.8
Acc-051-02-sel-14
537.4
886.9
573.7
50.7
40.0
45.0
95.0
85.0
86.0
64.9
79.9
43.5
Acc-051-02-sel11--(1)
416.4
917.8
660.2
51.3
40.7
43.7
94.7
89.0
85.0
40.8
62.3
45.5
Acc-111-840
320.9
783.1
509.9
55.3
42.7
45.7
94.3
87.3
83.0
37.2
34.1
28.1
Acc-202-374
577.6
823.5
500.1
52.0
41.7
44.3
93.7
85.3
83.7
66.1
57.6
35.9
cross22XT-85(24-2)
405.2
605.1
722.5
51.3
40.7
46.0
66.7
84.0
83.0
72.5
59.8
38.3
cross22XT-85(32-3)-sel-4
317.8
852.2
523.9
53.3
42.3
44.7
94.3
88.0
82.3
68.3
55.8
46.5
Hirhir (local check)
679.7
1161.5
877.7
52.3
40.0
43.3
95.0
83.0
81.7
81.8
62.1
61.4
NN-038
513.7
752.4
592.1
50.7
41.0
44.0
94.3
84.0
83.7
79.5
58.7
42.9
Serkamo white
582.2
917.8
769.4
51.0
41.7
43.7
94.3
89.0
84.0
52.7
60.7
39.7
Tate
697.6
850.4
537.1
52.7
43.0
47.7
95.3
89.0
83.0
69.3
57.9
27.1
Grand mean
498.2
849.3
604.4
51.9
41.3
44.4
92.2
86.2
83.3
62.1
59.1
39.6
Genotype
Agronomic trait
PH (cm)
PPP (number)
SPP (number)
TSW (gram)
Year
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Acc-051-02-sel-(1)
119.3
122.7
105.1
28.7
37.3
15.5
59.9
62.3
64.0
2.9
2.9
2.6
Acc-051-02-sel-1-(2)
142.3
112.3
101.7
40.1
30.3
22.6
59.0
60.1
56.9
3.0
3.0
3.0
Acc-051-02-sel-14
146.4
140.7
122.2
34.1
43.7
24.7
58.1
52.7
62.9
3.0
3.0
2.8
Acc-051-02-sel11--(1)
144.8
132.1
130.3
34.3
32.5
29.3
62.8
63.9
60.9
3.0
3.0
2.9
Acc-111-840
138.0
124.9
99.0
26.9
28.0
13.6
58.3
52.7
61.6
2.6
2.6
3.0
Acc-202-374
156.0
126.7
109.1
41.0
31.9
20.3
61.5
60.1
55.3
2.8
2.8
2.8
Cross22XT-85(24-2)
146.2
127.9
115.7
38.4
36.0
19.5
55.9
53.9
63.5
2.8
2.8
3.0
Cross22XT-85(32-3)-sel-4
134.3
127.7
118.3
30.3
25.9
25.2
54.7
48.5
57.7
2.9
2.9
3.2
Hirhir (local check)
170.3
114.8
104.0
36.9
34.9
33.7
60.8
64.7
57.8
3.2
3.0
2.9
NN-038
157.9
116.9
103.2
55.5
26.0
20.8
52.5
49.8
57.4
2.8
2.8
3.0
Serkamo white
158.9
126.5
120.4
30.1
29.6
21.9
58.3
59.0
56.9
3.2
3.2
2.7
Tate
131.3
121.0
82.1
40.5
37.7
19.8
54.2
51.6
57.9
2.7
2.7
3.0
Grand mean
145.5
124.5
109.3
36.4
32.8
22.2
58.0
56.6
59.4
2.9
2.9
2.9


## 3.4. Ordination of the Sesame Genotypes and Their Agronomic Traits

To clearly visualize the association of the sesame genotypes and their agronomic traits, a biplot is depicted in Figure3. In the ordination of the genotypes and their agronomic traits, the first two principal components (PCs) accounted for 58% of the total variance (38.3% and 19.7% for PC1 and PC2, respectively) (Figure 3). A bi-plot was used by [12] to visualize the associations of different parametric and nonparametric stability measures in faba bean.Figure 3
Principal component analysis scatter diagram of sesame genotypes and their agronomic traits (genotype codes and agronomic traits are as designated in Tables2 and 3, respectively).The importance and relationship between variables within a component are determined by the magnitude and direction of factor loadings within a PC [13]. The sign of the loading indicates the direction of the relationship between the components and the agronomic traits. Principal component axis one (PCA1) that accounted for 38.3% of the variation was positively associated with grain yield, branches per plant, length of the pod-bearing zone, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds pod, and thousand seed weight. In contrast to this, PCA1 was negatively associated with days to 50% flowering and 50% maturity. [14] also found a similar result to this finding. In contrast to this, PCA1 was negatively associated with days to 50% flowering and 50% maturity (Figure 3). [11, 14] also found similar results to this finding from their study on sesame genotypes.In any plant breeding program, the final objective is to boost quality and/or quantity of a required crop. Knowing the association between the required trait and other related traits is a prerequisite for such programs. Yield is a dependable complex inherited character as a result of interaction of several contributing factors that may be related or unrelated. Hence, it is paramount important to see the association of the sesame genotypes and their agronomic traits and the association of the different agronomic traits among each other. Hence, according to Figure3, days to 50% flowering (DF) and days to 50% maturity (DF) were negatively associated with most of the agronomic traits like thousand seed weight (TSW), grain yield (Yield), length of the pod-bearing zone (LPBZ), plant height (PH), pods per plant (PPP), and seeds per pod (SPP). G9 (Hirhir) was positively and highly associated with the first principal component (PCA1) as well as with the agronomic traits like yield, pods per plant, and length of the pod-bearing zone. This is also similar with Table 4, indicating that Hirhir scored highest grain yield (yield), length of the pod-bearing zone (LPBZ), and pods per plant (PPP). In the contrary, G5 (Acc-111-840), G12 (Tate), and G1 (Acc-051-02-sel-(1)) were positively associated with the second component (PCA2) and with the agronomic traits of days to 50% flowering and days to 50% maturity.


## 4. Conclusion and Recommendation

The genotype, year, and genotype × year interaction components showed statistically highly significant variation (p<0.001) for most of the agronomic traits of the sesame genotypes which confirm the presence of genotype by year interaction (G × Y) in this study.Regarding the grain yield, the highest grain yield (906.3 kg/ha) was obtained from Hirhir followed by Serkamo white (756.5 kg/ha). Generally, since there are some genotypes which are statistically nonsignificant with the best Hirhir in some of the major agronomic traits, the genotypes should be maintained for further sesame breeding program. On the contrary, the highest grain yield of the genotypes was recorded in the second growing season (2014), and the highest grain yield (1161.5 kg/ha) was recorded from the local cultivar Hirhir.Principal component axis one (PCA1) that accounted for 38.3% of the variation was positively associated with grain yield, branches per plant, length of the pod-bearing zone, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds pod, and thousand seed weight. On the contrary, the second component axis (PCA2) which accounted for 19.7% of the variation was positively associated with days to 50% flowering and days to 50% maturity.Finally, this study is of paramount importance to identify the best genotypes in terms of the different agronomic traits and to investigate the agronomic performance of sesame genotypes across different growing seasons, and this study also forwards for sesame researchers to carry out different researches across locations and across years.



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*Source: 7804621-2019-03-03.xml*