# Application of a Nano-Enhanced Fertilizer in the Development of Agricultural Low-Carbon Economy in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

Authors: Zhongrong Xu
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2022)

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## Abstract

The application of fertilizers can increase the yield of crops. Nano-fertilizer is a nano-organic fertilizer, which is an organic fertilizer with very fine particles. The effect of chemical fertilizers is better than that of general chemical fertilizers, which can effectively improve soil organic matter and is beneficial to the growth of crops. Organic fertilizers mainly refer to commercial organic fertilizers produced by high-temperature composting and fermentation of organic solid wastes such as livestock and poultry manure, crop straw, etc., eliminating toxic and harmful substances and being rich in nutrients including organic acids and peptides. Low-carbon economy refers to an economic model that uses various means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve good ecological operations under the guidance of the concept of sustainable development. With the increase in the global population and the continuous growth of the economic scale, environmental problems and consequences caused by the use of conventional energy such as fossil energy are constantly recognized by people. Under this background, the low-carbon economy emerges as the times require. This paper aims to study the application of nano-enhanced fertilizers in the development of agricultural low-carbon economy in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. In today’s low-carbon economy, the combination of nano-efficiency fertilizers and agricultural production is conducive to improving the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers and reducing carbon emissions. This paper analyzes the carbon sink capacity of farmland ecosystems and the elements affecting the growth of LCA. This provides a basis for the exploration of farmland ecosystems. It expounds the relevant concepts of low-carbon economy and briefly discusses the agricultural carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The experimental results in this paper show that the enteric fermentation of dairy cows will produce 60 kg of methane and 15 kg of feces. Sheep enteric fermentation produces 4 kg of methane and fecal emissions of 0.13 kg. According to the data, the carbon emission of dairy cows is much greater than that of sheep.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

At present, international efforts are being made to save energy and reduce emissions. Global warming has increased the area of water, and more water has evaporated. The rainy season is prolonged, and floods are becoming more and more frequent. Bacteria spread through extreme weather and climate events, causing harm to human health. With the continuous development of China’s economy, carbon emissions are increasing day by day. Among all carbon emission sources, agricultural production activities occupy an important proportion. To cut CO2 emissions from agriculture, developing LCA is an inevitable move. Agriculture is the basic industry of China’s national economy. The agricultural activity base has a large proportion and grows rapidly. The negative external effects of the agricultural modernization economic development model composed of mechanization and chemicalization will become increasingly serious. Therefore, carbon emissions generated by the agricultural field will be more and more. Although the development of agriculture is of great significance to China, it has also caused a lot of harm in the process of development. The Yangtze River economy has a large area of agricultural land, and it expects to use nano-fertilizers to improve its utilization rate, reduce carbon emissions, and realize a low-carbon agricultural model.The development of low-carbon agriculture with Chinese characteristics is of great significance to the realization of sustainable agricultural development and the construction of ecological civilization. Implementing a Low Climate Budget is conducive to transforming the mode of economic growth and adjusting and optimizing the internal structure of agriculture, which is of great significance in terms of carbon emissions. Studying the development level of low-carbon economy in the Yangtze River Economic Belt has great practical significance for the construction of low-carbon economy in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. At the same time, it also enriches the research content and research fields of regional low-carbon economic development to a certain extent.It summarizes the main problems faced by the economy and agricultural carbon emissions through the study of economic development through low-carbon agriculture. This provides practical reference for the mutual balance between carbon emission intensity and economic development.


## 2. Related Work

An discusses the problems in the development of traditional agriculture. The problems faced by agricultural development: the problems of small, scattered, and chaotic agricultural business entities need to be solved; the level of agricultural production technology is backward; the degree of agricultural industrialization is not good, and it is difficult to strengthen the foundation of modern agricultural development; the comprehensive service system is not perfect enough to promote the development of modern agriculture. The results show that the combination of low-carbon economy and agricultural expansion is adapted to the changing needs of the times. The combination of both is conducive to the formation of a new type of agricultural representation [1]. Ma has developed agriculture accordingly in terms of low-cost society, and pointed out the contradiction between the growth of agricultural product consumption and the requirement of carbon emission reduction. Through the analysis of the driving force and the incentive mechanism and the restriction mechanism, he also put forward the evaluation method of whether the corresponding agricultural development adapts to the new economic environment. The evaluation method fully considers the driving force of agricultural development itself and the environmental and social evaluation indicators. The additional method of combining the weight proportional coefficient and the BP neural network can fully reflect the degree and the level of the corresponding agricultural development under the concept of low-carbon economy. This has guiding significance for whether China’s agricultural development conforms to the norm. BP neural network is a multi-layer feedforward neural network. Its main characteristics are: the signal is forward-propagated, and the error is back-propagated [2]. Winiewski explores the importance of a low-carbon economy based on the concept of sustainable development. It identifies the main subjects of low-carbon economic development in rural areas. The specific goals of the low-carbon economy: establish the energy efficiency goals for the development of a low-carbon economy in the whole society; effectively promote the construction of an energy supply guarantee system to ensure energy security; by the end of this century, build an environment-friendly and harmonious low-carbon society. In addition, his recommendations can be a solution for local government departments to develop a low-carbon economy in rural areas [3]. Kistowski attempts to re-regionize the need to integrate agro and regional zones into domestic LCE development according to the findings of a statistical model of GHG emissions from rural farming origins. To this end, he identified the guiding factors for the regionalization of mitigation action needs, and thus developed the regionalization of these needs and the typology of different regions. The approach also identifies areas where mitigation actions are most urgently needed, and directions for mitigation actions in specific types of areas [4]. Fu discussed the low-carbon development path of modern agricultural parks based on the topological layout of green forests. The green accounting of forest resources assets is proposed for the traditional accounting of forest assets. The traditional accounting of forest assets does not well incorporate forest resources and ecological environment into the accounting system, nor does it properly incorporate the economic problems brought by the environment into accounting theory and practice to study and solve. Inspired by this, Fu proposed a novel method. Modern agriculture should aim at realizing farmers’ enrichment and narrowing the gap between workers and peasants and between urban and rural areas. It is necessary to use modern science and technology, modern management methods, and modern material and technical equipment to support agriculture. It is necessary to establish a sound socialist market economic system as soon as possible. It is necessary to give full play to the main role of farmers under the policy conditions that the government effectively guarantees the coordinated development of agriculture and industry and agriculture [5]. She collected and analyzed data on the carbon cost of crops and investigated the ingredients and outlets of those agricultural schemes. The findings reveal that there are large variances in terms of crop carbon footprints. He also puts forward critical pathways for saving fuel and reducing emissions from crop cultivation in each area, and proposes technological directions for improving the carbon sink function [6]. Wang chose the data envelopment analysis method to evaluate the efficiency of agricultural carbon emissions from both static and dynamic perspectives. He explored the different agricultural carbon emission efficiencies. The eastern region has the highest technical efficiency index, technical progress index, and MI, while the western region has the lowest technical efficiency and technical progress index [7]. Liu aims to systematically sort out the objectives of green production in agriculture from various aspects. A green production evaluation index system was constructed. In addition, the gap between the current status of green production in China and the target values, as well as the vertical and spatial evolution of the level of green production in Chinese agriculture were determined based on the information [8]. Although these theories have discussed low-carbon agriculture and low-carbon economy, they have not been combined with nano-enhanced fertilizers and are not practical.


## 3. Application Method of Nano-Enhanced Fertilizers in the Development of Agricultural Low-Carbon Economy in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

### 3.1. Overview of the Low-Carbon Agricultural Economy

The low-carbon economy first appeared in the UK. It is mainly to reduce carbon emissions and pursue energy conservation and emission reduction. After the continuous deepening of the low-carbon economy theory, we believe that the low-carbon economy is a green economy based on low energy consumption and low pollution [9, 10]. The essence of a low-carbon economy refers to the implementation of clean energy revolution by human beings, reducing the use of fossil energy, improving the comprehensive utilization rate of energy, and establishing a new economic model with less greenhouse gas emissions, so as to slow down climate change, protect the environment, and promote human development, i.e., sustainable development. The idea of sustainable agricultural development originated from returning to natural agriculture. Scholars who agree with this theory believe that steps such as fertilization and irrigation are not required in the agricultural production process. They believe that if carbon emissions can be reduced in the growth process, it is in line with the concept of sustainable agricultural development [11, 12]. Sustainable development is a concept put forward in the 1980s, which is closely related to the background of economic development at that time. Pollution is everywhere, and the waste of resources is very serious and faces the risk of depletion. In such an environmental context, sustainable development came into being [13, 14]. Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the sustainable development structure.Figure 1
Schematic diagram of the sustainable development structure.Global warming brought about by economic growth has had a huge impact on human production and life. There are many ways to emit carbon emissions. In this paper, we mainly explore agricultural carbon emissions [15, 16]. With the advancement of science and technology, the amount of carbon emissions produced by agriculture in the production process is also increasing. In order to conform to the concept of “sustainable development” advocated by the current state, we need to adjust the agricultural structure. Since the emergence of low-carbon agriculture in China, many scholars have explored it [17, 18]. The necessity of developing a low-carbon economy: developing a low-carbon economy can reduce the loss of GDP due to global warming; low-carbon industries have become a new driving force for economic growth; developing a low-carbon economy can resist market risks brought about by trade barriers. Low-carbon agriculture not only needs to pay attention to agricultural productivity, but also needs to pay more attention to resource sharing and the environment [19]. Figure 2 shows the relationship between per capita income and environmental degradation.Figure 2
Relationship between per capita income and environmental degradation.Developing a low-carbon agricultural economy requires long-term planning. All localities need to formulate not only short-term goals, but also long-term goals according to their actual needs. Low-carbon agriculture refers to the use of modern scientific and technological means, efficient use of resource advantages, and the realization of high-quality, high-efficiency, low-pollution, low-consumption, and low-waste agricultural production. While developing the economy, it is necessary to implement the demand for energy conservation and emission reduction in order to achieve sustainable economic and environmental development. Figure3 shows the survey map of low-carbon agriculture.Figure 3
Structure diagram of low-carbon agriculture.


### 3.2. Carbon Emission Model

Principal component analysis is a distinct technical method of counting on a reduced-dimensional method. The main idea of principal component analysis is to map n-dimensional features to k-dimensions. This k-dimension is a brand-new orthogonal feature, also known as principal component, which is a k-dimension feature reconstructed on the basis of the original n-dimensional feature.(1)Qab=sab−s¯bsb.Also,(2)s¯b=∑agsabg.Formula (1) is a function expression for data normalization.Since the 1970s, the energy crisis evolved from the oil crisis has made people realize the role of energy in the process of economic development. When considering energy, we cannot ignore carbon emissions. Faced with the current energy shortage problem, the whole world is advocating low-carbon and circular development. Figure4 is a schematic diagram of the development of a low-carbon cycle.(3)Wi=RQiβUi1−β.W is the total economy, Q represents capital, R represents production factors, and E represents energy input.(4)Ui=φiWi,φ represents energy intensity and Ui represents energy input ratio.(5)Pi=fiUi=fiφiWi,f represents the world energy price, and Pi represents the ratio of investment to consumption.(6)Qi=Wi−Pi−di=1−fφiWi−di.Figure 4
Low-carbon cycle development.Formula (6) represents the capital accumulation expression under the budget constraint.In terms of working out the relevant matrix of Eq:(7)W=wabhsh=mdmg−2.We have(8)wab=∑mdbmdbg−2.When the composition of the matrix is determined, we obtain(9)W−φfh=0,∑bgφb∑bqφb≥0.74.Solving equation (9), the value of g can be identified.(10)Vab=maFlb.cV stands for the objective variable, and thus we can hypothesize that Vg is the gth particle.(11)Qi=∫Rloadidi+∫Rlossidi−∫βABidi,Ti=∫Lloadidi+∫Llossidi+∫Lvcidi.Qi represents electric energy, Ti represents reactive energy, and β represents the operating state of the battery pack.(12)Q=g+yu+χO+μK+ϕ.Here,Q=lnQ/D, and ϕ represents residual terms.(13)convD=a=∑ksαkak∑ksαk=2,a,b=2, αk≥0, and k=1.(14)convd=a=∑ksαkak∑ksαk=2,a,b=−2, αk≥0, and k=1.Formulas (13) and (14) are shown in Figure 5.(15)Si=Szκ,Qi=νiSi.S represents the social population, ν represents the labor force participation rate, Si represents the population, and Qi represents the labor force.(16)vdi=di1−β−21−η,v represents the utility of social members, and d represents personal consumption.(17)max∫vdiSibεdi=∫11−ηDi1−βSdi.Figure 5
Schematic diagram of the sample.Formula (17) represents the objective function expression of social welfare maximization.(18)max∫Gfildi=∫ldi1−ηdi.G represents total consumption and η represents risk factor.


### 3.3. Overview of Nano-Synergistic Fertilizers

Nano-enhanced fertilizers refer to the use of the basic properties of nanomaterials such as quantum size effect and quantum tunneling effect. It is a synergistic fertilizer formed by adding nanomaterials to chemical fertilizers in a certain proportion. Nano-synergistic fertilizers can greatly improve the ability of plants to absorb nutrients, enhance photosynthesis of plants, and reduce costs. The application method of nano-enhanced fertilizers is the same as that of ordinary chemical fertilizers, and the amount of fertilizer can be appropriately reduced under the condition of normal fertilizer amount. The use of fertilizers has the effect of increasing the yield of crops, and thus the application of chemical fertilizers in the agricultural field is very frequent. Advantages of nano-synergistic Fertilizers: Make full use of waste resources and reduce environmental pollution; improve the effectiveness of fertilizers, which are easy to be absorbed by crops; fertilize soil and improve soil physical and chemical properties. China is a big agricultural country, and the proportion of agriculture occupies an important position in the world. Therefore, China’s use of chemical fertilizers is also very large. When chemical fertilizers are used too much, the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers is low. Figure6 shows the relationship between fertilizer use and agricultural products:Figure 6
Relationship between fertilizer use and agricultural products.


## 3.1. Overview of the Low-Carbon Agricultural Economy

The low-carbon economy first appeared in the UK. It is mainly to reduce carbon emissions and pursue energy conservation and emission reduction. After the continuous deepening of the low-carbon economy theory, we believe that the low-carbon economy is a green economy based on low energy consumption and low pollution [9, 10]. The essence of a low-carbon economy refers to the implementation of clean energy revolution by human beings, reducing the use of fossil energy, improving the comprehensive utilization rate of energy, and establishing a new economic model with less greenhouse gas emissions, so as to slow down climate change, protect the environment, and promote human development, i.e., sustainable development. The idea of sustainable agricultural development originated from returning to natural agriculture. Scholars who agree with this theory believe that steps such as fertilization and irrigation are not required in the agricultural production process. They believe that if carbon emissions can be reduced in the growth process, it is in line with the concept of sustainable agricultural development [11, 12]. Sustainable development is a concept put forward in the 1980s, which is closely related to the background of economic development at that time. Pollution is everywhere, and the waste of resources is very serious and faces the risk of depletion. In such an environmental context, sustainable development came into being [13, 14]. Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the sustainable development structure.Figure 1
Schematic diagram of the sustainable development structure.Global warming brought about by economic growth has had a huge impact on human production and life. There are many ways to emit carbon emissions. In this paper, we mainly explore agricultural carbon emissions [15, 16]. With the advancement of science and technology, the amount of carbon emissions produced by agriculture in the production process is also increasing. In order to conform to the concept of “sustainable development” advocated by the current state, we need to adjust the agricultural structure. Since the emergence of low-carbon agriculture in China, many scholars have explored it [17, 18]. The necessity of developing a low-carbon economy: developing a low-carbon economy can reduce the loss of GDP due to global warming; low-carbon industries have become a new driving force for economic growth; developing a low-carbon economy can resist market risks brought about by trade barriers. Low-carbon agriculture not only needs to pay attention to agricultural productivity, but also needs to pay more attention to resource sharing and the environment [19]. Figure 2 shows the relationship between per capita income and environmental degradation.Figure 2
Relationship between per capita income and environmental degradation.Developing a low-carbon agricultural economy requires long-term planning. All localities need to formulate not only short-term goals, but also long-term goals according to their actual needs. Low-carbon agriculture refers to the use of modern scientific and technological means, efficient use of resource advantages, and the realization of high-quality, high-efficiency, low-pollution, low-consumption, and low-waste agricultural production. While developing the economy, it is necessary to implement the demand for energy conservation and emission reduction in order to achieve sustainable economic and environmental development. Figure3 shows the survey map of low-carbon agriculture.Figure 3
Structure diagram of low-carbon agriculture.


## 3.2. Carbon Emission Model

Principal component analysis is a distinct technical method of counting on a reduced-dimensional method. The main idea of principal component analysis is to map n-dimensional features to k-dimensions. This k-dimension is a brand-new orthogonal feature, also known as principal component, which is a k-dimension feature reconstructed on the basis of the original n-dimensional feature.(1)Qab=sab−s¯bsb.Also,(2)s¯b=∑agsabg.Formula (1) is a function expression for data normalization.Since the 1970s, the energy crisis evolved from the oil crisis has made people realize the role of energy in the process of economic development. When considering energy, we cannot ignore carbon emissions. Faced with the current energy shortage problem, the whole world is advocating low-carbon and circular development. Figure4 is a schematic diagram of the development of a low-carbon cycle.(3)Wi=RQiβUi1−β.W is the total economy, Q represents capital, R represents production factors, and E represents energy input.(4)Ui=φiWi,φ represents energy intensity and Ui represents energy input ratio.(5)Pi=fiUi=fiφiWi,f represents the world energy price, and Pi represents the ratio of investment to consumption.(6)Qi=Wi−Pi−di=1−fφiWi−di.Figure 4
Low-carbon cycle development.Formula (6) represents the capital accumulation expression under the budget constraint.In terms of working out the relevant matrix of Eq:(7)W=wabhsh=mdmg−2.We have(8)wab=∑mdbmdbg−2.When the composition of the matrix is determined, we obtain(9)W−φfh=0,∑bgφb∑bqφb≥0.74.Solving equation (9), the value of g can be identified.(10)Vab=maFlb.cV stands for the objective variable, and thus we can hypothesize that Vg is the gth particle.(11)Qi=∫Rloadidi+∫Rlossidi−∫βABidi,Ti=∫Lloadidi+∫Llossidi+∫Lvcidi.Qi represents electric energy, Ti represents reactive energy, and β represents the operating state of the battery pack.(12)Q=g+yu+χO+μK+ϕ.Here,Q=lnQ/D, and ϕ represents residual terms.(13)convD=a=∑ksαkak∑ksαk=2,a,b=2, αk≥0, and k=1.(14)convd=a=∑ksαkak∑ksαk=2,a,b=−2, αk≥0, and k=1.Formulas (13) and (14) are shown in Figure 5.(15)Si=Szκ,Qi=νiSi.S represents the social population, ν represents the labor force participation rate, Si represents the population, and Qi represents the labor force.(16)vdi=di1−β−21−η,v represents the utility of social members, and d represents personal consumption.(17)max∫vdiSibεdi=∫11−ηDi1−βSdi.Figure 5
Schematic diagram of the sample.Formula (17) represents the objective function expression of social welfare maximization.(18)max∫Gfildi=∫ldi1−ηdi.G represents total consumption and η represents risk factor.


## 3.3. Overview of Nano-Synergistic Fertilizers

Nano-enhanced fertilizers refer to the use of the basic properties of nanomaterials such as quantum size effect and quantum tunneling effect. It is a synergistic fertilizer formed by adding nanomaterials to chemical fertilizers in a certain proportion. Nano-synergistic fertilizers can greatly improve the ability of plants to absorb nutrients, enhance photosynthesis of plants, and reduce costs. The application method of nano-enhanced fertilizers is the same as that of ordinary chemical fertilizers, and the amount of fertilizer can be appropriately reduced under the condition of normal fertilizer amount. The use of fertilizers has the effect of increasing the yield of crops, and thus the application of chemical fertilizers in the agricultural field is very frequent. Advantages of nano-synergistic Fertilizers: Make full use of waste resources and reduce environmental pollution; improve the effectiveness of fertilizers, which are easy to be absorbed by crops; fertilize soil and improve soil physical and chemical properties. China is a big agricultural country, and the proportion of agriculture occupies an important position in the world. Therefore, China’s use of chemical fertilizers is also very large. When chemical fertilizers are used too much, the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers is low. Figure6 shows the relationship between fertilizer use and agricultural products:Figure 6
Relationship between fertilizer use and agricultural products.


## 4. Application Experiments in the Development of Agricultural Low-Carbon Economy

### 4.1. Data Analysis of Agricultural Carbon Emissions

With the advancement of science and technology, China’s agricultural level has developed rapidly. However, traditional agricultural production methods have large investment and high cost. It causes high carbon emissions in agricultural production. In order to understand the carbon emission problem in the agricultural production process, we conducted a carbon emission analysis of the processes required in the agricultural production process. The details are given in Table1.According to the data in Table1, we have conducted a survey on the agriculture of Land A. It was found that the use of pesticides will produce 5 kgC∗kg−1 of carbon emissions, and the use of chemical fertilizers will produce 0.9 kgC∗kg−1 of carbon emissions. Irrigation of agricultural production will produce 263 kgC∗kg−1 of carbon emissions. The use of diesel in agricultural machinery produces 0.62 kgC∗kg−1 of carbon emissions. The use of agricultural film will generate 5.1 kgC∗kg−1 of carbon emissions, and 310 kgC∗kg−1 of carbon emissions will be generated during the tillage process. According to this data, a large amount of carbon emissions will be produced in the agricultural production process. This is inconsistent with the development theory of low-carbon agriculture.Table 1
Investigation of main carbon sources and carbon emissions in agricultural processes.
CategoryCoefficient/kgC∗kg−1SourcePesticides5A land agricultureFertilizer0.9A land agricultureIrrigation263A land agricultureDiesel0.62A land agricultureAgricultural film5.1A land agricultureTillage310A-land agricultureAccording to the data in Table2, different animals have different intestinal fermentation and fecal carbon emissions. According to the data, dairy cows produce 60 kg of methane per year through enteric fermentation, and their annual fecal emissions reach 15 kg. Pigs produce 2 kg of methane per year from enteric fermentation, with annual manure emissions of up to 5 kg. Sheep enteric fermentation produces 4 kg of methane per year, with annual fecal emissions of 0.13 kg. Horses produce 15 kg of methane per year from enteric fermentation, and their annual fecal emissions amount to 1.5 kg. Donkeys produce 8 kg of methane per year through enteric fermentation and 1 kg of fecal emissions per year. Mule’s enteric fermentation produces 8 kg of methane per year, and its annual fecal emissions reach 1 kg. According to the data, dairy cows produce the most carbon emissions each year, and sheep produce the least carbon emissions.Table 2
Survey of carbon emissions from livestock and poultry farming.
CategoryEnteric fermentationFecal emissionsMethaneMethaneDairy cattle6015Pigs25Sheep40.13Horse151.5Donkey81Mules81


### 4.2. Agricultural Planting and Carbon Emission Analysis

Chinese agriculture is of great significance to the development of the entire social economy. However, today’s agricultural sector produces a large amount of emissions, with significant impacts on the entire environment. To this end, we investigated agricultural carbon emissions in recent years. The details are given in Table1As per the data in Table3, the national carbon emissions in 2018 were 220 million tons. Among them, agricultural land was 105 Mt, 47.7% of the overall emissions. Emissions from livestock and poultry farming were 57 Mt, 26% of the overall emissions. In 2019, national carbon emissions were 215.63 Mt. Among them, 108 Mt will be from agricultural land, 48% of the overall emissions. Emissions from livestock farming will be 56 Mt, 25.7% of the overall emissions. In 2020, national carbon emissions will reach 235.4 Mt. Among them, emissions from agricultural land will be 114.3 Mt, 48.5% of the overall emissions. In 2021, national carbon emissions will reach 245 Mt. Among them, emissions from agricultural land will be 115.7 Mt, 47.2% of the overall emissions. Emissions from livestock and poultry farming are 55.3 Mt, 24.7% of the overall emissions. The data show that carbon emissions are generally on the rise, with carbon emissions from agricultural land accounting for nearly half of the total. This indicates that the current level of development of low-carbon agriculture in China needs to be improved.Table 3
Agricultural structure and carbon emissions.
YearAgricultural landLivestock farmingCarbon emissionsTotal volumeSpecific gravityTotal volumeSpecific gravity20181050047.75700262200020191080048560025.72156320201143048.5557323.62354020211157047.2553024.724500


### 4.3. Changes in Crop Planting Area

According to the above description, it can be seen that the carbon emissions of agricultural land have an important impact on the overall showdown. In order to be able to analyze the carbon emissions of different crops, we investigated the crop planting situation in site A. The details are given in Table1According to the data in Table4, the planting area of rapeseed in 2018 was 16,310 hectares, the planting area of rice was 3,900 hectares, the planting area of wheat was 33,710 hectares, the planting area of peanuts was 13,000 hectares, and the planting area of corn was 18,000 hectares. In 2019, the planting area of rapeseed was 16,780 hectares, the planting area of rice was 3,915 hectares, the planting area of wheat was 33,620 hectares, the planting area of peanuts was 13,290 hectares, and the planting area of corn was 18,570 hectares. In 2020, the planting area of rapeseed is 17,020 hectares, the planting area of rice is 3,870 hectares, the planting area of wheat is 33,540 hectares, the planting area of peanuts is 13,340 hectares, and the planting area of corn is 19,030 hectares. In 2021, the planting area of rapeseed is 17,540 hectares, the planting area of rice is 3,850 hectares, the planting area of wheat is 33,500 hectares, the planting area of peanuts is 14,520 hectares, and the planting area of corn is 19,570 hectares. According to the data, in terms of agriculture as a whole, more grain crops are planted in A than and oil crops.Table 4
Survey of crop cultivation in A.
Category2018201920202021Oilseed rape16310167801702017540Rice3900391538703850Wheat33710336203354033500Peanut13000132901334014520Maize18000185701903019570


## 4.1. Data Analysis of Agricultural Carbon Emissions

With the advancement of science and technology, China’s agricultural level has developed rapidly. However, traditional agricultural production methods have large investment and high cost. It causes high carbon emissions in agricultural production. In order to understand the carbon emission problem in the agricultural production process, we conducted a carbon emission analysis of the processes required in the agricultural production process. The details are given in Table1.According to the data in Table1, we have conducted a survey on the agriculture of Land A. It was found that the use of pesticides will produce 5 kgC∗kg−1 of carbon emissions, and the use of chemical fertilizers will produce 0.9 kgC∗kg−1 of carbon emissions. Irrigation of agricultural production will produce 263 kgC∗kg−1 of carbon emissions. The use of diesel in agricultural machinery produces 0.62 kgC∗kg−1 of carbon emissions. The use of agricultural film will generate 5.1 kgC∗kg−1 of carbon emissions, and 310 kgC∗kg−1 of carbon emissions will be generated during the tillage process. According to this data, a large amount of carbon emissions will be produced in the agricultural production process. This is inconsistent with the development theory of low-carbon agriculture.Table 1
Investigation of main carbon sources and carbon emissions in agricultural processes.
CategoryCoefficient/kgC∗kg−1SourcePesticides5A land agricultureFertilizer0.9A land agricultureIrrigation263A land agricultureDiesel0.62A land agricultureAgricultural film5.1A land agricultureTillage310A-land agricultureAccording to the data in Table2, different animals have different intestinal fermentation and fecal carbon emissions. According to the data, dairy cows produce 60 kg of methane per year through enteric fermentation, and their annual fecal emissions reach 15 kg. Pigs produce 2 kg of methane per year from enteric fermentation, with annual manure emissions of up to 5 kg. Sheep enteric fermentation produces 4 kg of methane per year, with annual fecal emissions of 0.13 kg. Horses produce 15 kg of methane per year from enteric fermentation, and their annual fecal emissions amount to 1.5 kg. Donkeys produce 8 kg of methane per year through enteric fermentation and 1 kg of fecal emissions per year. Mule’s enteric fermentation produces 8 kg of methane per year, and its annual fecal emissions reach 1 kg. According to the data, dairy cows produce the most carbon emissions each year, and sheep produce the least carbon emissions.Table 2
Survey of carbon emissions from livestock and poultry farming.
CategoryEnteric fermentationFecal emissionsMethaneMethaneDairy cattle6015Pigs25Sheep40.13Horse151.5Donkey81Mules81


## 4.2. Agricultural Planting and Carbon Emission Analysis

Chinese agriculture is of great significance to the development of the entire social economy. However, today’s agricultural sector produces a large amount of emissions, with significant impacts on the entire environment. To this end, we investigated agricultural carbon emissions in recent years. The details are given in Table1As per the data in Table3, the national carbon emissions in 2018 were 220 million tons. Among them, agricultural land was 105 Mt, 47.7% of the overall emissions. Emissions from livestock and poultry farming were 57 Mt, 26% of the overall emissions. In 2019, national carbon emissions were 215.63 Mt. Among them, 108 Mt will be from agricultural land, 48% of the overall emissions. Emissions from livestock farming will be 56 Mt, 25.7% of the overall emissions. In 2020, national carbon emissions will reach 235.4 Mt. Among them, emissions from agricultural land will be 114.3 Mt, 48.5% of the overall emissions. In 2021, national carbon emissions will reach 245 Mt. Among them, emissions from agricultural land will be 115.7 Mt, 47.2% of the overall emissions. Emissions from livestock and poultry farming are 55.3 Mt, 24.7% of the overall emissions. The data show that carbon emissions are generally on the rise, with carbon emissions from agricultural land accounting for nearly half of the total. This indicates that the current level of development of low-carbon agriculture in China needs to be improved.Table 3
Agricultural structure and carbon emissions.
YearAgricultural landLivestock farmingCarbon emissionsTotal volumeSpecific gravityTotal volumeSpecific gravity20181050047.75700262200020191080048560025.72156320201143048.5557323.62354020211157047.2553024.724500


## 4.3. Changes in Crop Planting Area

According to the above description, it can be seen that the carbon emissions of agricultural land have an important impact on the overall showdown. In order to be able to analyze the carbon emissions of different crops, we investigated the crop planting situation in site A. The details are given in Table1According to the data in Table4, the planting area of rapeseed in 2018 was 16,310 hectares, the planting area of rice was 3,900 hectares, the planting area of wheat was 33,710 hectares, the planting area of peanuts was 13,000 hectares, and the planting area of corn was 18,000 hectares. In 2019, the planting area of rapeseed was 16,780 hectares, the planting area of rice was 3,915 hectares, the planting area of wheat was 33,620 hectares, the planting area of peanuts was 13,290 hectares, and the planting area of corn was 18,570 hectares. In 2020, the planting area of rapeseed is 17,020 hectares, the planting area of rice is 3,870 hectares, the planting area of wheat is 33,540 hectares, the planting area of peanuts is 13,340 hectares, and the planting area of corn is 19,030 hectares. In 2021, the planting area of rapeseed is 17,540 hectares, the planting area of rice is 3,850 hectares, the planting area of wheat is 33,500 hectares, the planting area of peanuts is 14,520 hectares, and the planting area of corn is 19,570 hectares. According to the data, in terms of agriculture as a whole, more grain crops are planted in A than and oil crops.Table 4
Survey of crop cultivation in A.
Category2018201920202021Oilseed rape16310167801702017540Rice3900391538703850Wheat33710336203354033500Peanut13000132901334014520Maize18000185701903019570


## 5. Application Analysis in the Development of Agricultural Low-Carbon Economy

### 5.1. Carbon Emissions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

The Yangtze River Economic Belt is an important area for economic development. Cities will inevitably generate carbon emissions as they develop, and most of the carbon emissions are caused by the overuse of energy. To this end, we briefly analyze the energy consumption growth and carbon emissions of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The details are given in Figure7.According to the data in Figure7, we have investigated and analyzed the energy consumption growth and carbon emissions of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. From the perspective of energy consumption growth, the energy consumption growth rate of site A in 2019 is 17%, the energy consumption growth rate in 2020 is 18%, and the energy consumption growth rate in 2021 is 18.3%. The energy consumption of site A is on the rise. The energy consumption growth rate of site B in 2019 is 14%, the energy consumption growth rate in 2020 is 15%, and the energy consumption growth rate in 2021 is 14.7%. The growth of energy consumption in B site declined. The energy consumption growth rate of C in 2019 is 11%, the energy consumption growth rate in 2020 is 13%, and the energy consumption growth rate in 2021 is 16%. The energy consumption of land C increases rapidly. The energy consumption growth rate of D land in 2019 is 13%, the energy consumption growth rate in 2020 is 13%, and the energy consumption growth rate in 2021 is 14%. The growth of energy consumption in D is rising slowly. The energy consumption growth rate of E land in 2019 is 15%, the energy consumption growth rate in 2020 is 17%, and the energy consumption growth rate in 2021 is 17.6%. The growth of energy consumption in E has been slowing down.Figure 7
Energy consumption growth and carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.From the perspective of carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the growth rate of carbon emissions in place A in 2019 is 3%, the growth rate of carbon emissions in 2020 is 2.4%, and the growth rate of carbon emissions in 2021 is 2.2%. The carbon emission of A is showing a decreasing trend. The carbon emission growth rate of B in 2019 is 2.3%, the carbon emission growth rate in 2020 is 2.1%, and the carbon emission growth rate in 2021 is 1.8%. The growth of carbon emissions in site B decreased rapidly. The carbon emission growth rate of C in 2019 is 2%, the carbon emission growth rate in 2020 is 1.7%, and the carbon emission growth rate in 2021 is 1.5%. The growth of carbon emissions in place C has declined. The carbon emission growth rate of D in 2019 is 1.7%, the carbon emission growth rate in 2020 is 1.5%, and the carbon emission growth rate in 2021 is 1.2%. The growth of carbon emissions in place D has declined. The carbon emission growth rate of E land in 2019 is 1.4%, the carbon emission growth rate in 2020 is 1.3%, and the carbon emission growth rate in 2021 is 1.1%. The growth of carbon emissions in region E continues to slow down.According to the data in Figure8, we have analyzed the agricultural carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Among them, in 2018, the total carbon emission from agricultural land is 120 Mt, 45% of it. The rice land’s code of emission is 64 Mt, 26.3% of it. The total emission of carbon from livestock farming is 57 Mt, 25% of it. In 2019, the total emission of carbon from agricultural land is 134 Mt, 47% of it. Carbon emissions from rice fields are 65.3 Mt, 25.7% of it. The total carbon emission from livestock farming is 56.3 Mt, 26% of it. In 2020, 147 Mt of carbon was emitted from farmland, 46.3% of it. Carbon emissions from rice fields will be 66.8 Mt, 27% of it. The total carbon emission from livestock farming is 55.4 Mt, 27.4% of it. In 2021, the total carbon emission from farmland is 155 Mt, 47.7% of it. Carbon emissions from rice fields will be 67.4 Mt, 27.2% of it. The total carbon emission from livestock and poultry farming is 54.7 tons, accounting for 28.1% of it. According to the data, agricultural carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt have shown a slow upward trend in recent years. Moreover, the carbon emission of rice keeps rising, and the carbon emission of livestock and poultry farming keeps decreasing.Figure 8
Analysis of agricultural carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.


### 5.2. Changes in Carbon Uptake Intensity of Different Crops

Most crops are green plants and have a certain ability to absorb carbon emissions that occur in the environment. To investigate the carbon uptake of different crops, we investigated common crops. The details are given in Figure9.According to the data in Figure9, we briefly analyzed the carbon uptake of different types of crops at different times. In 2018, the carbon absorption intensity of wheat was 4.9 t/hm2, the carbon absorption intensity of corn was 5.8 t/hm2, the carbon absorption intensity of peanut was 5.1 t/hm2, and the carbon absorption intensity of rape was 4.3 t/hm2. The carbon absorption intensity is 4.7 t/hm2, the carbon absorption intensity of corn is 5.73 t/hm2, the carbon absorption intensity of peanut is 5 t/hm2, and the carbon absorption intensity of rape is 4.45 t/hm2. The carbon absorption intensity of wheat in 2020 is 4.73 t/hm2, the carbon absorption intensity of corn is 5.6 t/hm2, the carbon absorption intensity of peanut is 4.8 t/hm2, and the carbon absorption intensity of rape is 4.5 t/hm2. In 2021, the carbon absorption intensity of wheat is 4.5 t/hm2. The carbon absorption intensity of corn is 5.47 t/hm2, peanut is 4.7 t/hm2, and rape is 4.2 t/hm2. According to this data, it can be seen that the carbon absorption intensity of wheat is continuously decreasing. Although the carbon absorption intensity of wheat also decreased, the decrease intensity was very small. The decreasing trend of the carbon absorption intensity of peanut is increasing, while the carbon absorption intensity of rapeseed is increasing.Figure 9
Changes in carbon uptake intensity of different crops.


### 5.3. Pathways and Time Distribution Analysis of Agricultural Carbon Emissions

Agriculture is a special ecosystem. It is both a producer and a consumer of carbon sources. Agro-ecosystems produce carbon emissions in different forms at different stages. We did a brief analysis of this. The details are given in Figure10.According to the data in Figure10, we have discussed the planting of crops at four levels. The carbon emission intensity of the fertilizer application process in 2018 was 0.44 t/hm2. The carbon emission in the process of using agricultural machinery is 0.4 t/hm2, the carbon emission in the agricultural film covering process is 0.442 t/hm2, and the carbon emission in the irrigation process is 0.42 t/hm2. The carbon emission intensity of the fertilizer application process in 2019 was 0.41 t/hm2. The carbon emission in the process of using agricultural machinery is 0.41 t/hm2, the carbon emission in the agricultural film covering process is 0.44 t/hm2, and the carbon emission in the irrigation process is 0.427 t/hm2. The carbon emission intensity of the fertilizer application process in 2020 is 0.42 t/hm2. The carbon emission in the process of using agricultural machinery is 0.413 t/hm2, the carbon emission in the agricultural film covering process is 0.437 t/hm2, and the carbon emission in the irrigation process is 0.434 t/hm2. The carbon emission intensity of the fertilizer application process in 2021 is 0.425 t/hm2. The carbon emission in the process of using agricultural machinery is 0.417 t/hm2, the carbon emission in the agricultural film covering process is 0.442 t/hm2, and the carbon emission in the irrigation process is 0.426 t/hm2. According to the data, the intensity of carbon emissions during the application of chemical fertilizers is continuously decreasing, while the intensity of carbon emissions during the use of machinery is fluctuating. The decreasing trend of the carbon emission intensity of agricultural film is increasing, and the carbon emission intensity in the irrigation process is increasing.Figure 10
Pathway and time distribution analysis of agricultural carbon emissions.


## 5.1. Carbon Emissions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

The Yangtze River Economic Belt is an important area for economic development. Cities will inevitably generate carbon emissions as they develop, and most of the carbon emissions are caused by the overuse of energy. To this end, we briefly analyze the energy consumption growth and carbon emissions of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The details are given in Figure7.According to the data in Figure7, we have investigated and analyzed the energy consumption growth and carbon emissions of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. From the perspective of energy consumption growth, the energy consumption growth rate of site A in 2019 is 17%, the energy consumption growth rate in 2020 is 18%, and the energy consumption growth rate in 2021 is 18.3%. The energy consumption of site A is on the rise. The energy consumption growth rate of site B in 2019 is 14%, the energy consumption growth rate in 2020 is 15%, and the energy consumption growth rate in 2021 is 14.7%. The growth of energy consumption in B site declined. The energy consumption growth rate of C in 2019 is 11%, the energy consumption growth rate in 2020 is 13%, and the energy consumption growth rate in 2021 is 16%. The energy consumption of land C increases rapidly. The energy consumption growth rate of D land in 2019 is 13%, the energy consumption growth rate in 2020 is 13%, and the energy consumption growth rate in 2021 is 14%. The growth of energy consumption in D is rising slowly. The energy consumption growth rate of E land in 2019 is 15%, the energy consumption growth rate in 2020 is 17%, and the energy consumption growth rate in 2021 is 17.6%. The growth of energy consumption in E has been slowing down.Figure 7
Energy consumption growth and carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.From the perspective of carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the growth rate of carbon emissions in place A in 2019 is 3%, the growth rate of carbon emissions in 2020 is 2.4%, and the growth rate of carbon emissions in 2021 is 2.2%. The carbon emission of A is showing a decreasing trend. The carbon emission growth rate of B in 2019 is 2.3%, the carbon emission growth rate in 2020 is 2.1%, and the carbon emission growth rate in 2021 is 1.8%. The growth of carbon emissions in site B decreased rapidly. The carbon emission growth rate of C in 2019 is 2%, the carbon emission growth rate in 2020 is 1.7%, and the carbon emission growth rate in 2021 is 1.5%. The growth of carbon emissions in place C has declined. The carbon emission growth rate of D in 2019 is 1.7%, the carbon emission growth rate in 2020 is 1.5%, and the carbon emission growth rate in 2021 is 1.2%. The growth of carbon emissions in place D has declined. The carbon emission growth rate of E land in 2019 is 1.4%, the carbon emission growth rate in 2020 is 1.3%, and the carbon emission growth rate in 2021 is 1.1%. The growth of carbon emissions in region E continues to slow down.According to the data in Figure8, we have analyzed the agricultural carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Among them, in 2018, the total carbon emission from agricultural land is 120 Mt, 45% of it. The rice land’s code of emission is 64 Mt, 26.3% of it. The total emission of carbon from livestock farming is 57 Mt, 25% of it. In 2019, the total emission of carbon from agricultural land is 134 Mt, 47% of it. Carbon emissions from rice fields are 65.3 Mt, 25.7% of it. The total carbon emission from livestock farming is 56.3 Mt, 26% of it. In 2020, 147 Mt of carbon was emitted from farmland, 46.3% of it. Carbon emissions from rice fields will be 66.8 Mt, 27% of it. The total carbon emission from livestock farming is 55.4 Mt, 27.4% of it. In 2021, the total carbon emission from farmland is 155 Mt, 47.7% of it. Carbon emissions from rice fields will be 67.4 Mt, 27.2% of it. The total carbon emission from livestock and poultry farming is 54.7 tons, accounting for 28.1% of it. According to the data, agricultural carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt have shown a slow upward trend in recent years. Moreover, the carbon emission of rice keeps rising, and the carbon emission of livestock and poultry farming keeps decreasing.Figure 8
Analysis of agricultural carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.


## 5.2. Changes in Carbon Uptake Intensity of Different Crops

Most crops are green plants and have a certain ability to absorb carbon emissions that occur in the environment. To investigate the carbon uptake of different crops, we investigated common crops. The details are given in Figure9.According to the data in Figure9, we briefly analyzed the carbon uptake of different types of crops at different times. In 2018, the carbon absorption intensity of wheat was 4.9 t/hm2, the carbon absorption intensity of corn was 5.8 t/hm2, the carbon absorption intensity of peanut was 5.1 t/hm2, and the carbon absorption intensity of rape was 4.3 t/hm2. The carbon absorption intensity is 4.7 t/hm2, the carbon absorption intensity of corn is 5.73 t/hm2, the carbon absorption intensity of peanut is 5 t/hm2, and the carbon absorption intensity of rape is 4.45 t/hm2. The carbon absorption intensity of wheat in 2020 is 4.73 t/hm2, the carbon absorption intensity of corn is 5.6 t/hm2, the carbon absorption intensity of peanut is 4.8 t/hm2, and the carbon absorption intensity of rape is 4.5 t/hm2. In 2021, the carbon absorption intensity of wheat is 4.5 t/hm2. The carbon absorption intensity of corn is 5.47 t/hm2, peanut is 4.7 t/hm2, and rape is 4.2 t/hm2. According to this data, it can be seen that the carbon absorption intensity of wheat is continuously decreasing. Although the carbon absorption intensity of wheat also decreased, the decrease intensity was very small. The decreasing trend of the carbon absorption intensity of peanut is increasing, while the carbon absorption intensity of rapeseed is increasing.Figure 9
Changes in carbon uptake intensity of different crops.


## 5.3. Pathways and Time Distribution Analysis of Agricultural Carbon Emissions

Agriculture is a special ecosystem. It is both a producer and a consumer of carbon sources. Agro-ecosystems produce carbon emissions in different forms at different stages. We did a brief analysis of this. The details are given in Figure10.According to the data in Figure10, we have discussed the planting of crops at four levels. The carbon emission intensity of the fertilizer application process in 2018 was 0.44 t/hm2. The carbon emission in the process of using agricultural machinery is 0.4 t/hm2, the carbon emission in the agricultural film covering process is 0.442 t/hm2, and the carbon emission in the irrigation process is 0.42 t/hm2. The carbon emission intensity of the fertilizer application process in 2019 was 0.41 t/hm2. The carbon emission in the process of using agricultural machinery is 0.41 t/hm2, the carbon emission in the agricultural film covering process is 0.44 t/hm2, and the carbon emission in the irrigation process is 0.427 t/hm2. The carbon emission intensity of the fertilizer application process in 2020 is 0.42 t/hm2. The carbon emission in the process of using agricultural machinery is 0.413 t/hm2, the carbon emission in the agricultural film covering process is 0.437 t/hm2, and the carbon emission in the irrigation process is 0.434 t/hm2. The carbon emission intensity of the fertilizer application process in 2021 is 0.425 t/hm2. The carbon emission in the process of using agricultural machinery is 0.417 t/hm2, the carbon emission in the agricultural film covering process is 0.442 t/hm2, and the carbon emission in the irrigation process is 0.426 t/hm2. According to the data, the intensity of carbon emissions during the application of chemical fertilizers is continuously decreasing, while the intensity of carbon emissions during the use of machinery is fluctuating. The decreasing trend of the carbon emission intensity of agricultural film is increasing, and the carbon emission intensity in the irrigation process is increasing.Figure 10
Pathway and time distribution analysis of agricultural carbon emissions.


## 6. Conclusions

With the continuous progress of the economy, energy consumption continues to increase, which makes global warming more and more serious. Since the advent of the low-carbon economy, countries around the world have been looking for ways to reduce their own carbon emissions. This paper aims to study the application of nano-efficiency fertilizers in the development of agricultural low-carbon economy in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. In today’s low-carbon economy, it combines nano-enhanced fertilizers with agricultural production, which is conducive to improving the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers, reducing carbon emissions, and realizing the sustainable development of agricultural economy. Although this paper discusses low-carbon agriculture, there are still deficiencies. Although the data of the experimental site selected in this paper are relatively accurate, they also have strong limitations, and the calculation results may be inaccurate due to the different selection of indicators.



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