# Studying the Bound State of theBK¯ System in the Bethe-Salpeter Formalism

Authors: Zhen-Yang Wang; Jing-Juan Qi; Xin-Heng Guo
Journal: Advances in High Energy Physics
 (2019)

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## Abstract

In this work, we study theBK¯ molecule in the Bethe-Salpeter (BS) equation approach. With the kernel containing one-particle-exchange diagrams and introducing two different form factors (monopole form factor and dipole form factor) in the vertex, we solve the BS equation numerically in the covariant instantaneous approximation. We investigate the isoscalar and isovector BK¯ systems, and we find that X5568 cannot be a BK¯ molecule.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The physics of exotic multiquark states has been a subject of intense interest in recent years. One reason for this is that the experimental data are being accumulated on charmonium-likeXYZ states and Pc pentaquark states (see the review papers [1–3] for details) and more and more experimental data will be found in near future.In 2016, the D0 Collaboration announced a new enhancement structureX(5568) with the statistical significance of 5.1σ in the Bs0π± invariant mass spectrum, which has the mass 5567.8±2.9stat-1.9+0.9(syst) MeV and width Γ=21.9±6.4stat-2.5+5.0(syst) MeV [4]. The observed channel indicates that the isospin of the X(5568) is 1 and if it decays into B0π± via a S-wave, the quantum numbers of the X(5568) should be JP=0+. Subsequent analyses by the LHCb [5], CMS [6], and ATLAS [7] Collaborations have not found evidence for the X(5568) in proton-proton interactions at s= 7 and 8 TeV. The CDF Collaboration has recently reported no evidence for X(5568) in proton-antiproton collisions at s = 1.96 TeV [8] with different kinematic. Recently, the D0 Collaboration reported a further evidence about this state in the decay of B with a significance of 6.7σ [9] which is consistent with their previous measurement in the hadronic decay mode [4]. Therefore, the experimental status of the X(5568) resonance remains unclear and controversial.No matter whether the structure exists or not, it has been attracting a lot of attention from both experimental and theoretical sides. Many theoretical groups have studied possible ways to explainX(5568) as a tetraquark state, a molecular state, etc., within various models, and they obtained different results. In Refs. [10–18], the authors based on QCD sum rules obtained the mass and/or decay width which are in agreement with the experimental data. In Refs. [19, 20], the authors showed that X(5568) or X(5616) could not be assigned to be an BK¯ or B∗K¯ molecular state. X(5568) is also disfavored as a P-wave coupled-channel scattering molecule involving the states Bsπ, Bs∗π, BK¯, and B∗K¯ in Ref. [21]. The authors of Ref. [22] pointed out that the Bsπ and BK¯ interactions were weak and X(5568) could not be a S-wave Bsπ and BK¯ molecular state. Based on the lattice QCD, there is no candidate for X(5568) with JP=0+ [23]. The authors found that threshold, cusp, molecular, and tetraquark models were all unfavoured for X(5568) [24]. X(5568) as BK¯ molecule and diquark-diquark model are considered in Ref. [25] using QCD two-point and light-cone sum rules, and their results strengthen the diquark-antidiquark picture for the X(5568) state rather than a meson molecule structure. But the authors of Ref. [26] found that the X(5568) signal can be reproduced by using Bsπ-BK¯ coupled channel analysis, if the corresponding cutoff value was larger than a natural value Λ~1 GeV. In Ref. [27], the authors demonstrated that X(5568) could be a kinematic reflection and explained the absence of X(5568) in LHCb and CMS Collaborations. Based on the quark model, X(5568) could exist as a mixture of a tetraquark and hadronic molecule [28].By this chance, we will systematically study theBK¯ molecular state in the BS equation approach. We investigate the S-wave BK¯ systems with both isospins I=0,1 being considered. We will vary Eb(Eb=E-MB-MK) in a much wider range and search for all the possible solutions. In this process, we naturally check whether X(5568) can exist as S-wave BK¯ molecular state, or not.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section2, we discuss the BS equation for two pseudoscalar mesons and establish the one-dimensional BS function for this system. The numerical results of the BK¯ systems are presented in Section 3. In the last section, we give a summary and some discussions.


## 2. The Bethe-Salpeter Formalism forBK¯ System

In this section, we will review the general formalism of the BS equation and establish the BS equation for the system of two pseudoscalar mesons. Let us start by defining the BS wave function for the bound stateP as the following:(1)χx1,x2,P=0TBx1K-x2P,where B(x1) and K¯(x2) are the field operators of the B and K¯ mesons at space coordinates x1 and x2, respectively, and P denotes the total momentum of the bound state with mass M and velocity v. The BS wave function in momentum space is defined as(2)χPx1,x2,P=e-iPX∫d4p2π4e-ipxχPp,where p represents the relative momentum of the two constituents and p=λ2p1-λ1p2 (or p1=λ1P+p, p2=λ2P-p). The relative coordinate x and the center-of-mass coordinate X are defined by(3)X=λ1x1+λ2x2,x=x1-x2,or inversely,(4)x1=X+λ2x,x2=X-λ1x, where λ1=mB/(mB+mK) and λ2=mK/(mB+mK), and mB and mK are the masses of B and K mesons.It can be shown that the BS wave function ofBK¯ bound state satisfies the following BS equation [29]:(5)χPp=SBp1∫d4q2π4KP,p,qχPqSK¯p2,where SB and SK¯(p2) are the propagators of B and K¯, respectively, and K(P,p,q) is the kernel, which is defined as the sum of all the two particle irreducible diagrams with respect to B and K¯ mesons. For convenience, in the following we use the variables pl(=p·v) and pt(=p-plv) to be the longitudinal and transverse projections of the relative momentum (p) along the bound state momentum (P). Then, the propagator of B mesons can be expressed as(6)SBλ1P+p=iλ1M+pl2-ω12+iϵ,and the propagator of the K¯ is(7)SKλ2P-p=iλ2M-pl2-ω22+iϵ,where ω1(2)=mB(K)2+pt2 (we have defined pt2=-pt·pt).As discussed in the introduction, we will study theS-wave bound state of BK¯ system. The field doublets (B+,B-), (B0,B¯0), (K+,K-), and (K0,K¯0) have the following expansions in momentum space:(8)B1x=∫d3p2π32EB±aB+e-ipx+aB-†eipx,B2x=∫d3p2π32EB0aB0e-ipx+aB¯0†eipx,K1x=∫d3p2π32EK±aK-e-ipx+aK¯+†eipx,K2x=∫d3p2π32EK0aK0e-ipx+aK¯0†eipx,where EB(K)=p1(2)2+mB(K)2 is the energy of the particle.The isospin ofBK¯ can be 0 or 1 for BK¯ system, and the flavor wave function for the isoscalar bound state can be written as(9)P0,0=12B+K-+B0K¯0, and the flavor wave functions of the isovector states for BK¯ system are(10)P1,1=B+K¯0,P1,0=12B+K--B0K¯0,P1,-1=B0K-.Let us now project the bound states on the field operatorsB1(x), B2(x), K1(x), and K2(x). Then we have(11)0TBix1Kjx2PI,I3=CI,I3ijχPμIx1,x2,where χPI is the common BS wave function for the bound state with isospin I which depends only on I but not I3 of the state PI,I3. The isospin coefficients C(I,I3)ij for the isoscalar state are(12)C0,011=C0,022=12,else=0,and for the isovector states we have(13)C1,112=C1,-121=1,C1,011=-C1,022=12,else=0.Now considering the kernel, Eq. (5) can be written down schematically,(14)CI,I3ijχPμIp=SBλ1P+p∫d4q2π4Kij,lkP,p,qCI,I3lkχPIqSK¯λ2P-p. Then, from Eq. (12), for the isoscalar case, we have (take ij=11 as an example)(15)χP0p=SBλ1P+p∫d4q2π4K11,11+K11,22χP0qSK¯λ2P-p. Similarly, for the isovector case, taking the I3=0 component as an example, we have(16)χP1p=SBλ1P+p∫d4q2π4K11,11-K11,22χP1qSK¯λ2P-p.In the BS equation approach, the interaction betweenB and K¯ mesons can be due to the light vector-meson (ρ and ω) exchanges. The corresponding effective Lagrangians describing the couplings of BBρ(ω) [30, 31] and KKρ(ω) [32, 33] are(17)LBBV=-igBBVBa†∂⃡BbVbaμ,LKKρ=igKKρK†τ→∂μK-∂μK†τ→K·ρ→μ,LKKω=igKKωK†∂μK-∂μK†Kωμ,where the nonet vector meson matrix reads as(18)V=ρ02+ω2ρ+K∗+ρ--ρ02+ω2K∗0K∗-K¯∗0ϕ.In addition, the coupling constants involved in Eq. (17) are taken as gBBV=βgv/2 with gv=5.8, β=0.9, while the coupling constants gKKV satisfy the relations gKKρ=gKKω=gρππ/2 in the SU(3)f limit, and gρππ≃mρ/fπ≃5.8 [32].From the above observations, at the tree level, in thet-channel the kernel for the BS equation of the interaction between B and K¯ in the so-called ladder approximation is taken to have the following form:(19)KVP,p,q=2π4δ4q1+q2-p1-p2cIgBBVgKKVp1+q1μp2+q2νΔμνk,mV,where mV represent the masses of the exchanged light vector mesons ρ and ω, and cI is the isospin coefficient: c0=3,1 and c1=1,1 for ρ, ω, and Δμν represents the propagator for vector meson.In order to manipulate the off shell effect of the exchanged mesonsρ and ω and finite size effect of the interacting hadrons, we introduce a form factor F(k2) at each vertex. Generally, the form factor has the monopole form and dipole form as shown in Ref. [34]:(20)FMk2=Λ2-m2Λ2-k2,(21)FDk2=Λ2-m22Λ2-k22,where Λ, m, and k represent the cutoff parameter, mass of the exchanged meson, and momentum of the exchanged meson, respectively. These two kinds of form factors are normalized at the on shell momentum of k2=m2. On the other hand, if k2 were taken to be infinitely large (-∞), the form factors, which can be expressed as the overlap integral of the wave functions of the hadrons at the vertex, would approach zero.For theBK¯ system, substituting Eqs. (6), (7), and (19) and aforementioned form factors Eqs. (20) and (21) into Eq. (5) and using the so-called covariant instantaneous approximation [35], pl=ql (which ensures that the BS equation is still covariant after this approximation). Then one obtains the expression(22)χp=icIgBBVgKKVλ1M+pl2-ω12+iϵλ2M-pl2-ω22+iϵ∫d4q2π44λ1M+plλ2M-pl+pt+qt2+pt2-qt22/mV2-pt-qt2-mV2F2ktχq.In Eq. (22) there are poles in -λ1M-ω1-iϵ, -λ1M+ω1-iϵ, λ2M+ω2-iϵ, and λ2M-ω2+iϵ. By choosing the appropriate contour, we integrate over pl on both sides of Eq. (22) in the rest frame, and we will obtain the following equation:(23)χ~pt=cIgBBVgKKV2M+ω1-ω2∫d3pt2π3-4ω1M+ω1+pt+qt2+pt2-qt22/mV2ω1M+ω1+ω2-pt-qt2-mV2-4ω2M-ω2+pt+qt2+pt2-qt22/mV2ω2M-ω1-ω2-pt-qt2-mV2F2ktχ~qt,where χ~(pt)=∫‍dplχ(p).


## 3. Numerical Results

In this part, we will solve the BS equation numerically and study whether the S-waveBK¯ bound state exists or not. It can be seen from Eq. (23) that there is only one free parameter in our model, the cutoff Λ, it cannot be uniquely determined, and various forms and cutoff Λ are chosen phenomenologically. It contains the information about the nonpoint interaction due to the structures of hadrons. The value of Λ is near 1 GeV which is the typical scale of nonperturbative QCD interaction. In this work, we shall treat the cutoff Λ in the form factors as a parameter varying in a much wider range 0.8-4.8 GeV, in which we will try to search for all the possible solutions of the BK¯ bound states. For each pair of trial values of the cutoff Λ and the binding energy Eb of the BK¯ system (which is defined as Eb=E-m1-m2), we will obtain all the eigenvalues of this eigenvalue equation. The eigenvalue closest to 1.0 for a pair of Λ and Eb will be selected out and called the trial eigenvalue. Fixing a value of the cutoff Λ and varying the binding energy Eb (from 0 to -220 MeV) we will obtain a series of the trial eigenvalues.Since the BS wave function for the ground state is in fact rotationally invariant,χ~(pt) depends only on pt. Generally, pt varies from 0 to +∞ and χ~(pt) would decrease to zero when pt→+∞. We replace pt by the variable, t: (24)pt=ϵ+wlog⁡1+y1+t1-t,where ϵ is a parameter introduced to avoid divergence in numerical calculations, w and y are parameters used in controlling the slope of wave functions and finding the proper solutions for these functions, and t varies from -1 to 1. We then discretize Eq. (23) into n pieces (n is large enough) through the Gauss quadrature rule. The BS wave function can be written as n-dimension vectors, χ~(pt). The coupled integral equation becomes a matrix equation χ~(pt(n))=A(n×n)·χ~(qt(n)) (A(n×n) corresponding to the coefficients in Eq. (23)). Similar methods are also adopted in solving d Lippmann-Schwinger equation for pp¯ [36–41] and ΛcΛ¯c [42].In our calculation, we choose to work in the rest frame of the bound state in whichP=(M,0). We take the averaged masses of the mesons from the PDG [43], MB=5279.41MeV, MK=494.98MeV, Mρ=775.26MeV, and Mω= 782.65 MeV. With the above preparation, we try to search for the all the possible solutions by solving the BS equation. The relations between Λ and Eb for the BK¯ with I=0,1 are depicted in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.Figure 1
Relation of the cutoffΛ and the binding energy Eb with (a) the monopole form factor and (b) the dipole form factor for I=0.
(a) (b)Figure 2
Relation of the cutoffΛ and the binding energy Eb with (a) the monopole form factor and (b) the dipole form factor for I=1.
(a) (b)


## 4. Summary

Stimulated byX(5568), which is recently discovered by the D0 Collaboration, we carried out a study of the interaction of BK¯ system with isospin I =0, 1 in the Bethe-Salpeter equation approach. In order to solve the BS equation, we have used the ladder approximation and the instantaneous approximation. The value of Λ is near 1 GeV which is the typical scale of nonperturbative QCD interaction. Thus, if strictly considering this criterion of the value of Λ, we conclude that there does not exist isovector BK¯ molecular state. And the X(5568) cannot be the BK¯ molecular state. The relations between Λ and Eb for the BK¯ with I=0,1 are depicted in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.



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