# New Series Approach Implementation for Solving Fuzzy Fractional Two-Point Boundary Value Problems Applications

Authors: Dulfikar Jawad Hashim; N. R. Anakira; Ali Fareed Jameel; A. K. Alomari; Hamzeh Zureigat; M. W. Alomari; Teh Yuan Ying
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2022)

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## Abstract

In this work, the fuzzy fractional two-point boundary value problems (FFTBVPs) are analyzed and solved using the fuzzy fractional homotopy analysis method (FF-HAM). Fuzzy set theory mixed with Caputo fractional derivative properties is utilized to produce a new formulation of the standard HAM in the fuzzy domain for the persistence of approximation series solutions for fuzzy fractional differential equations with boundary conditions. The FF-HAM provides a suitable way of controlling the convergence of the series solution through the advantage of the convergence control parameter, which plays a pivotal role in solving a wide range of mathematical problems. The convergence analysis algorithm has been described, along with a graphical representation of the FF-HAM of the proposed applications. The method produces high accuracy solutions with simple implementation for solving linear and nonlinear fuzzy fractional boundary value problems associated with physical application. Also, the obtained results are analyzed and compared with those present in the literature to show the efficiency of the FF-HAM.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Fractional problems involving ordinary differential equations (FDEs) have received much interest recently as they are adequate models for certain physical phenomena [1]. Many important phenomena in electromagnetics, acoustics, viscoelasticity, electrochemistry, and material science are well described under fractional derivatives in the sense of fractional numbers [2–7]. It is well known that the fractional-order differential operators are nonlocal operators. This is one reason why fractional differential operators provide an excellent instrument for describing memory and hereditary properties of various physical processes [8]. But it always faces some obstacles besides complexity, namely, uncertainty and imprecision [9]. One of several advantages of employing the theory of fuzzy sets around fractional calculus theory is to develop formulation methodology and solve these complex problems that are accompanied by a lack of data, measurement errors, or when supplementary conditions are determined to be acceptable for analysis [10]. Such problems are too complicated or undefined for traditional methods. Therefore, fuzziness may also be a form of inaccuracy arising from the grouping of objects into groups that do not have clearly defined borders, so fuzzy set theory helps to handle these problems [11] by making fuzzy fractional ordinary differential equations (FFDEs) a reliable alternative to FDEs. Therefore, a mathematical model for many dynamical real-life problems can be represented by a system of ordinary differential equations. To model a dynamic system based on the long memory term that is inadequate of its behavior and has uncertain nature, FFDEs are a useful tool to be considered.A boundary value problem is a differential equation with additional constraints called boundary conditions. A solution to a boundary value problem is a solution to the differential equation that also satisfies the boundary conditions. The second order fuzzy fractional differential equations have recently attracted the attention of many researchers to their considerable importance in science, especially after defining the fuzzy Caputo's Hukuhara derivative of order1<ρ≤2 [12]. Even though these equations play a vital role in describing the most complex physical phenomena, they remain unimportant until they are solved. On the other hand, most lack accurate analytical solutions, so researchers have resorted to developing new methods that help engineers and physicists find suitable approximate solutions to these equations, especially the nonlinear class.The traditional perturbation methods for solving FFDEs [13–16] have a significant disadvantage in that they are overly dependent on the presence of small parameters. This condition greatly affects perturbation methods’ applications because most nonlinear equations do not even contain this small parameter. Moreover, determining small parameters is a complicated process and requires special techniques. Solving problems with approximate methods often helps to understand a physical problem better and may help to improve future procedures and designs used to solve these problems. The essential gain of an approximate method is the ability to solve difficult nonlinear problems without the need to compare them with the exact solution to determine the accuracy of the approximate solution. The approximate solution is acquired in the form of a series that converges quickly to the exact solution. A few approximate methods offer a simple way to ensure the solution.Using similar methods to find solutions to these equations has its generous compensation, but not without obstacles. There should be more investigation of approximate methods for FFTBVPs that have yet to be applied.The main focus of this work is to present a new formulation and analysis of the fuzzy fractional HAM (FF-HAM) from the crisp domain to the fuzzy environment to deal with linear and nonlinear FFTBVPs physical applications under the Caputo fractional sense. The HAM, like the previous methods that have been described, does not involve discretization of the variables and linearization; hence, is free from rounding off errors and does not require large computer memory or time. The method also provides the solution in a rapidly convergent series with elegantly computed components [17]. In his PhD thesis, Liao proposed the HAM, which is a powerful method for solving linear and nonlinear problems. Many researchers have recently used HAM to solve various linear and nonlinear problems in science and engineering. We refer the reader to Refs. [18–21]. An approximate method (of which HAM is an example) has an advantage over perturbation methods because it is not dependent on small or large parameters. Perturbation methods are based on the existence of small or large parameters, and they cannot be applied to all nonlinear equations. Again, according to Ref. [17], both perturbation and nonperturbative methods cannot provide a simple procedure to adjust or control the convergence region and rate of a given approximate series. One of the advantages of the HAM is that this method allows for fine-tuning of the convergence region and rate of convergence by enabling the convergence control parameter to vary. It is to be noted that proper choice of the initial guess, the auxiliary linear operator, and convergence control with the parameter will guarantee the convergence of the HAM solution series [20]. The HAM series solution will be convergent by considering two factors: the auxiliary linear operator and the initial guess.The main properties of fuzzy sets, such as the fuzzy number and fuzzy extension principles, help us formulate our proposed method from a crisp environment to a fuzzy environment to find a reliable solution to FFDEs. Readers can look at the membership function [10], the-cut [22], fuzzy numbers [23], and the extension principle [24] to get different points of view on the fuzzy environment.This paper aims to construct a new algorithm based on the HAM technique for solving fuzzy fractional boundary value problems and apply the algorithm to two physical models. Namely, the modeling of the motion of a rigid plate immersed in a Newtonian fluid and the distribution of the temperature in the lumped convection system in a layer comprised of materials with varying thermal conductivity. The contra-part of the fuzzy model for those problems is defined and solved via the new algorithm. The obtained solution is given in terms of a convergent series that contains a convergent control parameter which can be optimally chosen by minimizing the residual error , and this leads to an accurate solution to the problems.The outline of this work is arranged as follows. In Section2, we looked at several fundamental definitions and advanced ideas of the fractional calculus theory that will be useful in understanding the following parts of this research study. The fuzzy analysis and new formulation of FF-HAM for solving the purposed problem are discussed in Section 3, while the convergence of FF-HAM is illustrated analytically and summarized in the form of an algorithm in Section 4. Section 5 demonstrated and discussed the capabilities of the proposed FF-HAM in solving two application problems involving linear and nonlinear FFTBVPs. Finally, Section 6 concludes this study work.


## 2. Basic Concepts of Fuzzy Fractional Calculus

This section provides basic definitions of fractional calculus under the effect of uncertainty, which will help us deal with future procedures in this research paper.Definition 1.
(see [25]): For real number μ, and x>0, the real function yx is said to be in the space Cμ if ∃p∈ℝ satisfies yx=xpy1x, where y1x∈C0,∞, whereas yx is said to be in the space Cμm if yn∈Cμ,m∈ ℕ, where ℕ represents the set of natural numbers.Definition 2.
(see [25]): For any continuous fuzzy valued function g˜∈Cℱa,b∩Lℱa,b. The fuzzy fractional Riemann–Liouville integration of g˜x will be defined by (1)J0ρg˜x=1Γρ∫0xg˜yx−yρ−1dy,ρ,x∈ℝ,x>0.
∀α∈0,1,α− cuts for fuzzy valued function, and g˜ can be represented by g˜x;α=glx;α,gux;α, such that below are some of the fuzzy fractional Riemann–Liouville integration features:(1)
J00g˜x;α=g˜x;α=glx;α,gux;α(2)
J0ρxs=Γs+1/Γs+1+ρxs+ρ(3)
∀ constant r∈ℝ, then J0ρr=r/Γρ+1xρ, β>0Definition 3.
(see [12, 26]): Let ρ∈1,2 and g˜:a,b⟶U˜ such that g˜ and g˜'∈Cℱ0,b∩Lℱ0,b. Then we can define the fuzzy fractional derivative in the meaning of Caputo of the fuzzy function g˜ at x∈a,b as follows:(2)Dρg˜x=1Γ2−ρ∫0xg˜'′xy−xρ−1dx,x>0.
With the property [27], we get ∀ ρ>0, then D0ρr=0 for any constant r∈ℝ.
Here,Γx represents the Gamma function such that the Riemann–Liouville integral represents the left inverse operator of the Caputo fractional derivative [28].


## 3. Analysis of the FF-HAM for Second-Order FFTBVPs

According to the main structure of the HAM [28], we introduce a new approach based on HAM to solve second-order FFTBVPs. Consider the following inhomogeneous FFBVPs:(3)y˜ρx=g˜x,y˜x,y˜′x,g˜xx∈x0,X,y˜x0=a˜0,y˜'x0=a˜1,y˜X=b˜0,y˜'X=b˜1,ρ∈1,2,where y˜ρx is the fuzzy fractional derivative of order ρ, y˜x is the unknown fuzzy function, a˜0,a˜1,b˜0,b˜1 are the fuzzy numbers defined in Ref. [23], and Gx is the fuzzy inhomogeneous term. According to Ref. [10], we can construct the zeroth-order deformation equation of (3) as follows:(4)1−qℒ¯ρy¯x;qα−y¯0x;α=qh¯αHx∂ρy¯x;qα∂xρ−gly˜x;qα−Gx;α,1−qℒ¯ρy¯x;qα−y¯0x;α=qh¯αHx∂ρy¯x;qα∂xρ−guy˜x;qα−Gx;α.Here, 0≤q≤1 represents the embedding parameter, h˜α=h¯α,h¯α is a nonzero convergence control parameter, Hx is the auxiliary function, while the operators ℒ¯ρ=∂ρy¯x;qα/∂xρ and ℒ¯ρ=∂ρy¯x;qα/∂xρ are the auxiliary linear operators, and gl,gu are the lower and upper fuzzy functions, respectively. Now, for all α-level sets, we can define the initial approximation of the lower and upper bound y˜0xα=y¯0x;α,y¯0x;α by the rule of solution expression [29] as follows, from Equation (3), and the approximate solution y˜x;α can be expressed for k=0,1,2,… by a set of base functions xk, and then the approximate solution y˜x;α can be expressed as y˜x;α=∑j=0kd˜jαxj, where d˜jα are fuzzy coefficients to be determined. According to the rule of solution expression ∑j=0kd˜jαxj, we have the following form of the fuzzy initial guess:(5)y¯0x;α=S¯1α+S¯2αx,y¯0x;α=S¯1α+S¯2αx,where for all α∈0,1,S˜1α, and S˜2α are the constants that can be determined easily from the two-point boundary conditions in Equation (3). The two-point fuzzy boundary conditions of Equation (4) are(6)y˜x0;qα=a˜0,∂∂xy˜x0;qα=a˜1,y˜X;qα=b˜0,∂∂xy˜X;qα=b˜1.By settingq=0 and q=1, we have(7)y¯x;0α=y¯x0;α,y¯x;0α=y¯x0;α,y¯x;1α=Y¯x;α,y¯x;1α=Y¯x;α.At a time when the embedding parameter changes from zero to one, the fuzzy solutiony˜x;qα deforms from the initial approximation y˜x;0α to the exact solution Y˜x;α. Now by expanding the approximate solution y˜x;qα as a Taylor series with respect to q, ∀α∈0,1, we have(8)y¯x;qα=y¯0x;α+∑j=1∞y¯jx;αqj,y¯x;qα=y¯0x;α+∑j=1∞y¯jx;αqj,where(9)y¯jx;α=1j!∂jy¯x;qα∂qj|q=0,y¯jx;α=1j!∂jy¯x;qα∂qj|q=0.If the auxiliary linear operatorℒ˜ρ, the initial guess y˜0x;α and the convergence control parameter h˜α are properly chosen, and it fixed the auxiliary function Hx=1, the FF-HAM series solution will converge to the exact solution at q=1 such that(10)Y¯x;α=y¯0x;α+∑j=1∞y¯jx;α,Y¯x;α=y¯0x;α+∑j=1∞y¯jx;α.In most cases, it is impossible to find the analytical solution with the FF-HAM as an infinite series, especially for nonlinear FFBVPs, and this brings us to defining the vectors(11)y¯⟶jx;α=y¯0x;α,y¯1x;α,…,y¯kx;α,y⟶¯jx;α=y¯0x;α,y¯1x;α,…,y¯kx;α.Now by differentiating the zeroth-order deformation equationk times with respect to the embedding parameter q is followed by setting q=0, after that dividing them by k! to extract the kth order deformation equation is as follows:(12)∂ρ∂xρy¯kx;α−ψky¯k−1x;α=h¯αℛky⟶¯k−1x;α,∂ρ∂xρy¯kx;α−ψky¯k−1x;α=h¯αℛky⟶¯k−1x;α,where(13)ℛky⟶¯k−1x;α=1k−1!∂k−1∂ρy¯x;qα/∂xρ−gly˜x;qα−y⟶¯k−1x;α∂qk−1|q=0,ℛky⟶¯k−1x;α=1k−1!∂k−1∂ρy¯x;qα/∂xρ−guy˜x;qα−y⟶¯k−1x;α∂qk−1|q=0.The solution of thekth order deformation for k≥1 is(14)y¯kx;α=y¯kx0;α+y¯k′x0;αx+ψky¯k−1x;α−y¯k−1x0;α−y¯k−1′x0;αx+h¯αJ¯ρℛky⟶¯k−1x;α,y¯kx;α=y¯kx0;α+y¯k′x0;αx+ψky¯k−1x;α−y¯k−1x0;α−y¯k−1′x0;αx+h¯αJ¯ρℛky⟶¯k−1x;α.ψk=0,k≤1,1,k>1. and J˜ρ=J¯ρ,J¯ρ=ℒ˜ρ−1 are the fuzzy Riemann–Liouville integrals of order ρ∈1,2.Finally, thekth-order of the series solution becomes(15)Y˜k=Y¯x;α=y¯0x;α+∑j=1ky¯jx;α,Y¯x;α=y¯0x;α+∑j=1ky¯jx;α.


## 4. Convergence Analysis Algorithm of the FF-HAM

In this section, we will present the convergence dynamic of FF-HAM based on the residual of Equation (3) to figure out the best optimal convergence control parameter h˜ to find a reliable approximate solution via the FF-HAM.The perfect selection of the convergence control parameterh˜ would ensure the convergence of the FF-HAM series solution. Following the HAM that was introduced in Ref. [28]and the series approximate solution of order k in Equation (6), we can conclude that the main feature of HAM lies in control, and modify the convergence of series solution in view of existing the convergence control parameter h˜ [30] based on the minimum residual of Equation (3). Here, the optimal convergence control parameter h˜ can be determined based on the residual formula of Equation (3) as follows:(16)ER¯x;α;h¯=y¯ρx;α;h¯−glx,y˜x;α;h˜−G¯x;α,ER¯x;α;h¯=y¯ρx;α;h¯−gux,y˜x;α;h˜−G¯x;α.Now,∀α∈0,1, then we will check the corresponding squared residual error, followed by integrating the residual over the given interval x∈x0,X, then we obtain the form as follows:(17)SER¯x;α;h¯=∫x0XER¯x;α;h¯2dx,SER¯x;α;h¯=∫x0XER¯x;α;h¯2dx.By setting the values of fractional order1<ρ≤2, then the following partial derivatives with respect to h˜α can be obtained for all α∈0,1 as(18)∂SER˜x;α;h˜α∂h˜α=0⟶∂SER¯x;α;h¯α∂h¯α=0,∂SER¯x;α;h¯α∂h¯α=0.The main feature of the FF-HAM approach lies in identifying the valid region ofh˜ which makes SER˜x;h˜;α trending towards zero in conjunction with the increasing FF-HAM series order in a way identifying the optimum value of h˜α which is linked with the minimum value of the residual of Equation (3), where in our proposed FF-HAM, we will obtain the optimum value of h˜α by setting SER˜x;α;h˜=0 via the NSolve Mathematica 12 package. Finally, ∀α∈0,1, then we will estimate the best value of h˜α for the convergence of the approximate FF-HAM series solution y˜x;α;h˜. We are seeking for region S of the optimum values of h˜α i.e., h˜α∈S, where this region almost matched the parallel line segment to the x-axis. In our proposed approach for linear and nonlinear FFTBVP of the second order, we have to plot h˜-curve ∀α∈0,1 stages and select the α− level set that provides us the convergence series solution for all level sets, say we fix α=α0. After that, we can plot y˜ρx;α0;h˜ for different order ρ∈1,2 for the lower and the upper bound of the approximate solution y˜x;α;h˜ of Equation (3) and apply this optimum value h˜α0 for each level set approximate solutions. Finally, the steps in the FF-HAM algorithm for finding an approximate solution to Equation (3) are described as follows:Step 1: Set fractional orderρ∈1,2Step 2: Set the fuzzy initial approximationy˜0x;αStep 3: Set the value of the fuzzy inhomogeneous termG˜x;αStep 4: Set the number of terms, such thatj=1,2,3,…,kStep 5: Setj=j+1, and for j=1 to j≤k, evaluate(19)y˜jx;α=y¯jx0;α+y¯j′x0;αx+ψjy˜j−1x;α−y¯j−1x0;α−y¯j−1′x0;αx+h˜αy˜j−1x−J˜ρg˜x,y˜x,y˜′x−J˜ρG˜x.Step 6: Compute the fuzzy series of orderK: y˜x;α;h˜=∑j=0Ky˜jx;α;h˜Step 7: Ploth˜α0− curve over the interval h˜α0∈−2,1Step 8: Set the residual of the given FFBVP (Equation (3)) as shown in Equation (16) followed by using Equations (17) and (18) in order to determine the valid region of the optimal convergence control parameter in the valid region showed in the previous step, followed by detecting the best optimal convergence control parameter h˜optα0Step 9: Utilize the best optimal value of the convergence control parameterh˜optα0 in the approximate series in Step 5 for lower and upper bound ∀α∈0,1


## 5. Applications and Results

Using the method, we suggested in Sections3 and 4, we look at how well Equation (3) approximate solutions are implemented and checked. We use the following linear and nonlinear FFBVPs physical problems to do this.Problem 1.
Bagley–Torvik equation
Consider the fuzzy fractional Bagley–Torvik equation [9]:(20)D1.5y˜x+y˜x=F˜x;α,x∈0,1.
Such that(21)F˜x;α=F¯x;α,F¯x;α=αx2−x+4αxπ,2−αx2−x+42−αxπ.
That is subject to the following fuzzy boundary condition:(22)y¯0;α=y¯1;α=α−1,y¯0;α=y¯1;α=1−α.
This equation arises in the modelling of the motion of a rigid plate immersed in a Newtonian fluid. The motion of a rigid plate of massm and area A connected by a mass less spring of stiffness k is immersed in a Newtonian fluid, such that Figure 1 illustrates the dynamics of Bagley–Torvik equation.
With the following fuzzy exact solution [9], we get(23)Y¯x;α=αx2−x,Y¯x;α=2−αx2−x.
According to the FF-HAM analysis section, we construct thekth-order deformation equations for k≥1 of Equation (20) as follows:(24)y¯kx;α=1−α+ψky¯k−1x;α−1−α+h¯αJ¯ρℛky⟶¯k−1x;α,y¯kx;α=α−1+ψky¯k−1x;α−α−1+h¯αJ¯ρℛky⟶¯k−1x;α.
Theny¯k0;α=0,y¯k0;α=0 and y¯k1;α=0,y¯k1;α=0 such that(25)ψk=0,k≤1,1,k>1,ℛky⟶¯k−1x;α=y¯k−11.5x;α+y¯k−1x;α−1−ψkF¯x;α,ℛky⟶¯k−1x;α=y¯k−11.5x;α+y¯k−1x;α−1−ψkF¯x;α,where D1.5y=y1.5. Then we can choose the initial guess as(26)y˜0x;α=1−α,α−1.
Expanding Equation (25) we get those as follows:
Fork=1, we have(27)y¯1x;α=1−α+h¯αJ¯1.5y¯01.5x;α+y¯0x;α−F¯x;α,y¯1x;α=α−1+h¯αJ¯1.5y¯01.5x;α+y¯0x;α−F¯x;α.
Fork=2, we have(28)y¯2x;α=1−α+y¯1x;α−1−α+h¯αJ¯1.5y¯11.5x;α+y¯1x;α,y¯2x;α=α−1+y¯1x;α−α−1+h¯αJ¯1.5y¯11.5x;α+y¯1x;α.
Fork=3, we have(29)y¯3x;α=1−α+y¯2x;α−1−α+h¯αJ¯1.5y¯21.5x;α+y¯2x;α,y¯3x;α=α−1+y¯2x;α−α−1+h¯αJ¯1.5y¯21.5x;α+y¯2x;α.
Then for generalk, we have(30)y¯kx;α=1−α+y¯k−1x;α−1−α+h¯αJ¯1.5y¯k−11.5x;α+y¯k−1x;α,y¯kx;α=α−1+y¯k−1x;α−α−1+h¯αJ¯1.5y¯k−11.5x;α+y¯k−1x;α.
The third-order FF-HAM approximate series solution uses the Mathematica 12 package to find the solutions for the lower and for the upper bounds, and we obtain the following form:(31)y¯x;α;h¯=y¯0x;α+∑j=13y¯jx;α;h¯,y¯x;α;h¯=y¯0x;α+∑j=13y¯jx;α;h¯.
We can show the accuracy of FF-HAM for solving Equation (20) by taking the residual error as mentioned in Equation (16) such that(32)ER¯x;α;h¯=y¯1.5x;α+y¯x;α−F¯x;α,ER¯x;α;h¯=y¯1.5x;α+y¯x;α−F¯x;α.
As we mentioned in Section3, this series depends upon x,α and the convergent control parameter h˜. According to Section 2, the convergent control parameter h˜ can be employed to adjust the convergence region of the FF-HAM, then we use the properties of FF-HAM convergence to find the best value of h˜. Toward this end, for fixed value of 0≤α≤1, say α=0.5, we plotted the h˜ -curve of the lower bound and upper bound via the third-order FF-HAM for Equation (20), as summarized in Figure 2.
According to the above curves in Figure2, it is easy to discover the valid region of h˜0.5 which corresponds to the line segment nearly parallel to the horizontal axis such that the FF-HAM series solution is convergent when −1.5≤h˜≤−0.8, and the best value of h can be obtained by minimizing the square residual error SER˜x;0.5;h˜=SER¯x;0.5;h¯,SER¯x;0.5;h¯ (we solve ∂SER˜x;0.5;h˜0.5/∂h˜0.5=0), which yields h˜=−1.0488155053478476. Therefore, we have tabulated the residual errors ER¯α and ERα of the approximate solutions y¯0.5;h˜;0.5 and y¯0.5;h˜;0.5 obtained by using the third-order FF-HAM in Table 1.
Table1 illustrates the lower and upper solutions of Equation (20) using the third-order FF-HAM based on the best optimal convergence control parameter h˜=−1.0488155053478476. We can also summarize the solutions as overall x∈0,0.5 and α∈0,1 corresponding with the best optimal convergence control value of h˜ for Equation (20), as shown in Figure 2.
For studying the behavior of FF-HAM for solving second-order FFTBVPs, we shall proceed to solve Equation (20) via the FF-HAM at the same given x∈0,0.5 and ρ=1.5 of order five instead of order three to analyze the convergency dynamic of FF-HAM for different terms of the series approximate solution. Beginning with identifying the valid region of the convergence control parameters of the fifth-order FF-HAM is summarized in Figure 3.
From Figure3, it is easy to conclude that the valid region of the convergence control parameters that corresponds to the line segment nearly parallel to the horizontal axis has changed to −1.5≤h˜≤−0.5 after changing the order of the FF-HAM, and then the best value of the convergent control parameter is h˜=−1.0549896423027272. In the next table, we have tabulated the residual errors ER¯α and ER¯α of the approximate solutions y¯0.5;h˜;α and y¯0.5;h˜;α obtained by using the fifth-order FF-HAM.
We can also summarize the solutions via the fifth-order FF-HAM overallx∈0,0.5 and α∈0,1 corresponding with the best optimal convergence control values h˜ of Equation (20) in the following three-dimensional Figure 4.
In Tables1 and 2, Figures 4 and 5 illustrate that the third and fifth-order FF-HAM satisfies the triangular solution of the fuzzy differential equations [23] for Equation (20). On the other hand, we can conclude that the solution accuracy of Equation (20) via the FF-HAM will approach the exact solutions whenever the order of FF-HAM series increases. One can explore Figures 6 and Figure 7 that illustrate the accuracy of fifth-order FF-HAM compared with the fifth-order Matern method (M6) [9] for solving Equation (20), where ∀x∈0,1 for α=0.5 which is based on the absolute error of Equation (20) as follows:(33)ERR¯x;α;h¯=y¯x;α;h¯−Y¯x,ERR¯x;α;h¯=y¯x;α;h¯−Y¯x.
We can conclude from Figures6 and 7 that the accuracy of the approximate solution solved by the fifth-order FF-HAM series gives a better approximate compared with the Matern method (M6) [9] for all x∈0,1.Figure 1
Rigid plate of massm immersed into a Newtonian fluid.Figure 2
Theh˜-curve of Equation (20) for the third-order FF-HAM approximate solution when Hx=1.Table 1
The accuracy of lower and upper solutions of Equation (20) via the third-order FF-HAM when ρ=1.5 at x=0.5 for α∈0,1.
αER¯α,h˜ER¯α,h˜y¯α,h˜y¯α,h˜02.02950×10−40−0.5000500.21.82655×10−42.02950×10−5−0.45004−0.050000.41.62360×10−44.05901×10−5−0.40004−0.100010.61.42065×10−46.08852×10−5−0.35003−0.150010.81.21770×10−48.11802×10−5−0.30003−0.2000211.01475×10−41.01475×10−4−0.25002−0.25002Figure 3
Theh˜-curve of Equation (20) for the fifth-order FF-HAM approximate solution when Ht=1.Figure 4
Three-dimensional fifth-order FF-HAM corresponding to the best optimal convergence control parameterh˜0.5 for all x∈0,0.5 at ρ=1.5 and for all α∈0,1.Table 2
The accuracy of the lower and upper solution of Equation (20) via the fifth-order FF-HAM when ρ=1.5 at x=0.5 for α∈0,1.
αER¯α,h˜ER¯α,h˜y¯α,h˜y¯α,h˜04.20230×10−70−0.4999900.23.78206×10−74.20229×10−8−0.44999−0.049990.43.36183×10−78.40458×10−8−0.39999−0.099990.62.94160×10−71.26069×10−7−0.34999−0.149990.82.52138×10−71.68092×10−7−0.29999−0.1999912.10115×10−72.10115×10−7−0.24999−0.24999Figure 5
Three-dimensional third-order FF-HAM corresponding to the best optimal convergence control parameterh˜0.5 for all x∈0,0.5 at ρ=1.5 and for all α∈0,1.Figure 6
Lower bound accuracy of Equation (20) via the fifth-order FF-HAM and fifth-order M6 for α=0.5 and x∈0,1.Figure 7
Upper bound accuracy of Equation (20) via the fifth-order FF-HAM and fifth-order M6 for α=0.5 and x∈0,1.Problem 2.
Nonlinear Fractional Temperature Distribution Equation [31].
Consider the following mathematical model of orderρ∈1,2 [31], which explains the distribution of the temperature in the lumped convection system in a layer comprised of materials with varying thermal conductivity as(34)Dρyx−ηyx4=0,x∈0,1.
Subject to the following boundary conditions as(35)y′0=0,y1=1,where x is the time-independent variable, and yx is the dimensionless temperature.
The fuzzy version of Equation (34) will be(36)Dρy˜x;α−ηyx;α4=0,x∈0,1,y′0;α=0.1α−0.1,yy¯1;α=0.1α+0.9,y¯′0;α=0.1−0.1α,y¯1;α=1.1−0.1α.
According to Section3, we construct the zeroth order and kth-order deformation equations for k≥1 of Equation (36) as follows:(37)y˜kx;α=1−0.1−0.1αx,1+0.1−0.1αx+ψky˜k−1x;α−1−0.1−0.1αx,1+0.1−0.1αx+h˜αJ˜β1ℛky˜k−1⟶x;α,y¯′0;α=0.1α−0.1,y¯1;α=0.1α+0.9,y¯′0;α=0.1−0.1α,y¯1;α=1.1−0.1α.
Such that(38)ψk=0,k≤1,1,k>1.
We noted that the nonlinear term of the formy4x;α can be expanded by the Taylor series about the embedding parameter q as(39)y4x;α;q=∑k=0∞ykqk4=∑k=0∞∑i=0kyk−i∑j=0iyi−j∑s=0jysyj−sqk.
Now, with the help of Equation (14) and the above formula, we have(40)ℛky˜k−1⟶x;α=y˜k−1ρx;α−η,∑i=0k−1y˜k−1−ix;α∑j=0iy˜i−jx;α∑s=0jy˜sx;αy˜j−sx;α.
For the initial guess, we can choose(41)y˜0x;α=1+−0.1+0.1αx,1+0.1−0.1αx.
Fork=1, we have(42)y˜1x;α=1−0.1−0.1αx,1+0.1−0.1αx+h˜αy˜0x;α−ηh˜αJ˜ρy˜0x;α4.
Fork>1, we have(43)y˜kx;α=1−0.1−0.1αx,1+0.1−0.1αx+y˜k−1x;α−1−0.1−0.1αx,1+0.1−0.1αx+h˜αy˜k−1x;α−ηh˜αJ˜ρ∑i=0k−1y˜k−1−ix;α∑j=0iy˜i−jx;α∑s=0jy˜sx;αy˜j−sx;α.
With the tenth-order FF-HAM approximate series solutiony˜x;h˜;α=∑j=010y˜jx,h˜;α. Since this equation is without an exact analytical solution, we can show the accuracy of the FF-HAM for Equation (36) by taking the residual error, as mentioned in Section 4, such that for η=0.6, we have(44)ER˜x;α;h˜=y˜ρx;α;h˜−0.6y˜x;α;h˜4.
It is to be noted that series (44) depends upon x,α and the convergent control-parameter h˜. Toward this end, we have plotted the h˜-curve for y˜0.1;0.1;h˜ via the tenth-order approximation of the FF-HAM. As in previous examples, we plotted the h˜-curve when α=0.1 to obtain the optimal value of h˜, as summarized in Figure 8.
According to Figure8, from these curves, it is easy to discover the valid region of h˜ when the series solution of FF-HAM corresponds to the line segment that is nearly parallel to the horizontal axis such that the valid region of h˜ is bounded by −0.7≤h˜≤−0.1. According to Section 4, the best values of h˜ can be obtained in that interval is h˜=−0.45259559205862615−0.42754247593277295. In the next table, we have tabulated the residual errors ER¯α and ER¯α of Equation (36) of the approximate solutions y¯0.1;0.1;h˜ and y¯0.1;0.1;h˜ obtained by using the tenth-order FF-HAM.
We can also summarize the solutions via the tenth-order FF-HAM for allx∈0,0.1 and α∈0,1 corresponding with the best optimal convergence control values h˜ of Equation (36) in the following three-dimensional Figure 9.
Table3 and Figure 9 illustrate the fuzzy solution of the temperature distribution equation. On the other hand, the proposed method solves the triangular solution of the fuzzy differential equation (28) with good accuracy for physical problems with strong nonlinearity.Figure 8
Theh˜-curve of Equation (36) for the tenth-order FF-HAM approximate solution when Hx=1.Figure 9
Three-dimensional third-order FF-HAM corresponding to the optimal convergence control parameterh˜ for all x∈0,0.1 at ρ=1.9, for η=0.6, and for all α∈0,1.Table 3
The accuracy of the lower and upper solution of Equation (36) via the tenth-order FF-HAM when ρ=1.9 at x=0.1 for α∈0,1.
αER¯α,h˜ER¯α,h˜y¯α,h˜y¯α,h˜0−9.04873×10−5−4.87830×10−50.817370.832200.5−6.94694×10−5−4.97735×10−50.821730.829131−6.81546×10−5−6.35808×10−50.825650.82564


## 6. Conclusion and Future Work

In this manuscript, the authors present a new convenient approximate analytical approach called the FF-HAM to solve linear and nonlinear FFBVP applications as physical problems. The concept of fuzzy set theory is discussed in conjunction with Caputo’s fractional derivative characteristics for a novel FF-HAM form as well as a convergence algorithm. The numerical outputs proved that the proposed method is easy to implement and achieves the properties of the fuzzy set theory for FFBVPs in the form of triangular fuzzy numbers. Our approach has the advantage of giving more accurate outputs than other methods, such as the M6 method, and detecting the accuracy without requiring an exact solution, as with the temperature distribution equation. If you want to get closer to solving physical problems, it is proven that you should increase the number of FF-HAM series you make. The method can expand to solve fuzzy fractional chaotic systems and nonlinear partial differential equations which will be studied in future research work.



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