# Amphiphilic Ruthenium(II) Terpyridine Sensitizers with Long Alkyl Chain Substitutedβ-Diketonato Ligands: An Efficient Coadsorbent-Free Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Authors: Ashraful Islam; Surya Prakash Singh; Masatoshi Yanagida; Mohammad Rezaul Karim; Liyuan Han
Journal: International Journal of Photoenergy
 (2011)

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## Abstract

Three alkyl-substitutedβ-diketonato-ruthenium(II)-polypyridyl sensitizers with different alkyl chain lengths, [Ru(tctpy)(tfpd)(NCS)] (A1), [Ru(tctpy)(tfdd)(NCS)] (A2), and [Ru(tctpy)(tfid)(NCS)] (A3), were designed and synthesized for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to investigate the effect of bulky alkyl chain substituents on the photovoltaic performances (where tctpy = 4,4′,4′′-tricarboxy-2,2′:;6′,2′′-terpyridine, tfpd =1,1,1-trifluoropentane-2,4-dione, tfdd = 1,1,1-trifluorodecane-2,4-dione, and tfid =1,1,1-trifluoroicosane-2,4-dione). These complexes exhibit a broad metal-to-ligand charge transfer absorption band over the whole visible range extending up to 950 nm. All complexes were examined in the presence and absence of the coadsorbent deoxycholic acid (DCA) in dye-bath solutions. These sensitizers, when anchored to nanocrystalline TiO2 films, achieve efficient sensitization to TiO2 electrodes. Under standard AM 1.5 sunlight, the complex A3 containing long alkyl chain length of C16 yielded a short-circuit photocurrent density of 18.0 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage of 0.64 V, and a fill factor of 0.66, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 7.6% in the absence of DCA. The power conversion efficiency of A1 sensitized DSCs was significantly increased upon the addition of DCA as compared to that in the absence of DCA. However, the photovoltaic performance of A3 was not dependent on DCA at all, probably due to the inherent structural nature of the A3 molecule.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In general,  dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) comprise a nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) electrode modified with a dye and fabricated on a transparent conducting oxide TCO, a platinum counter electrode, and an electrolyte solution with a dissolved iodide ion/triiodide (I−/I3−) redox couple between the electrodes [1–5]. Among these elements, the photosensitizer plays a vital role for the light harvesting efficiency. Many sensitizers, including organic sensitizers [6] and transition metal complexes [7–16], have been employed in DSCs. Ru(II) polypyridyl sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells yielding solar to electric power conversion efficiency of over 11% under standard AM 1.5 condition [13, 14]. This is because of their intense charge-transfer (CT) absorption in the whole visible range, and the absorption properties can be tuned by changing the donor-acceptor properties of the ligand in a controlled manner. Photoexcitation of the charge-transfer (CT) excited states of the adsorbed dye leads to an efficient injection of electrons into the conduction band of the TiO2.Ru(II) 4,4′,4′′-tricarboxy-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine based dyes show efficient panchromatic sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cell that make these class of sensitizers as  potential candidates for near-IR dye development [7, 9, 13, 15, 16]. We have reported a series of Ru(II) 4,4′,4′′-tricarboxy-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine based dye containing β-diketonato ligand that efficiently sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 over the whole visible range extending into the near IR region [10, 12, 15, 16]. An important feature of β-diketonato ligand is its structural versatility due to presence of three substituents on the ligand. Therefore, a desired electronic environment on the metal center, improvement of light harvesting efficiency by extending π-conjugated system, and also introduction of bulky substituent to suppress dye aggregation on TiO2 surface is possible by molecular designing of the three substituents on the β-diketonato ligand.Coadsorbents are usually added in the dye solutions to suppress aggregate formation resulting in an improved performance of DSCs through increasing both the short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) and the open-circuit voltage (Voc) [10, 12, 13, 15–23]. Such aggregate formation has been suggested to promote unwanted intermolecular energy transfer or nonradiative decay pathways, thus reducing the electron injection efficiency. Organic dyes have been found to be more susceptible to aggregate formation compared to Ru-polypyridine based dye [19–23]. Conversely, Ru-bipyridyl based dye has been shown not to form aggregates and addition of coadsorbent in dye-bath solutions only yields a modest or no increase in photocurrents [8, 14]. Although Ru(II) 4,4′,4′′-tricarboxy-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine based panchromatic sensitizers containing NCS and/or β-diketonato ligand show potential candidates for further improvement of device efficiency, they are susceptible to aggregate formation resulting in a poor device performance without additive in dye-bath solutions [7, 9–13, 15, 16]. In addition, some works showed that the power conversion efficiency of DSCs can be further improved by introducing bulky alkyl chains into the dye structure to obtain an insulating effect of dye layer on the TiO2 surface [19, 24–27]. Considering the high potentiality of efficient DSCs based on Ru(II)-terpyridine dyes, a strategic structural modification of these dyes is an effective approach to improve light harvesting efficiency in the near-IR region and also suppression of aggregate formation resulting in a coadsorbent-free efficient device processing. Recently we have reported that a β-diketonato ruthenium(II)-tricarboxy-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine sensitizer with extended π-conjugated system by introducing a triphenylamine substituted β-diketonato ligand shows efficient sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 over the whole visible range extending up to 1000 nm [16]. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of terpyridine-ruthenium(II) complexes with β-diketonato ligands having different substituted alkyl chain lengths 1,1,1-trifluoropentane-2,4-dione (tfpd), 1,1,1-trifluorodecane-2,4-dione (tfdd), and 1,1,1-trifluoroicosane-2,4-dione (tfid) and investigated their effects on DSCs performance in the presence and absence of deoxycholic acid (DCA) as a coadsorbent, with the aid of photophysical, and photoelectrochemical measurements. The molecular structures of the complexes [Ru(tctpy)(tfpd)(NCS)] (A1), [Ru(tctpy)(tfdd)(NCS)] (A2), and [Ru(tctpy)(tfid)(NCS)] (A3), and DCA are shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Molecular structures of complexesA1, A2, A3, and DCA.


## 2. Experimental Details

### 2.1. Materials

The following chemicals were purchased and used without further purification: hydrated ruthenium trichloride (from Aldrich), ammonium thiocyanate (from TCI), 1,1,1-trifluoropentane-2,4-dione (tfpd) (from Aldrich), and LH-20 Sephadex gel (from Sigma). 1,1,1-trifluorodecane-2,4-dione (tfdd) [28], 1,1,1-trifluoroicosane-2,4-dione (tfid) [28] and Ru(H3tctpy)Cl3 [11] were synthesized using the literature procedures. Complexes [Ru(tctpy)(tfpd)(NCS)](A1) and[Ru(tctpy)(tfid)(NCS)](A3) were prepared using the literature procedure [15].Synthesis of [Ru(tctpy)(tfdd)(NCS)](A2). Using the same conditions as for complex A1, and starting from ligand 1,1,1-trifluorodecane-2,4-dione (tfdd), the title compound was obtained as a dark green powder, [Ru(tctpy)(tfdd)(NCS)] (A2). Yield was 60%: MS (ESIMS): m/z: 249.3 (M-3H)3-, 374.5 (M-2H)2-. 1H NMR (300 MHz, D2O-NaOD): δ 8.76 (2H, s), 8.72 (2H, d), 8.52 (H, d), 8.46 (H, d), 7.85 (H, d), 7.78 (H, d), 5.84 (0.5H, s), 5.82 (0.5H, s), 2.53 (2H, m), 1.55–0.80 (8H, m), 0.50 (3H, m), Anal. Calcd for C29H28F3N4O8RuS·(H2O)2: C, 44.27; H, 4.10; N, 7.12, found: C, 45.01; H, 4.21; N, 6.88.


### 2.2. Analytical Measurements

UV-visible spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu UV-3101PC spectrophotometer. Steady-state emission spectra were recorded using a grating monochromator (Triax 1900) with a CCD image sensor. The redox potential of the complexes was measured using a standard three-electrode apparatus.


### 2.3. Preparation of TiO2 Electrode and Dye-Loading Measurements

Nanocrystalline TiO2 photoelectrodes of about 20 μm thickness (area: 0.25 cm2) were prepared using a variation of a method reported by Nazeeruddin et al. for solar cells measurements [11]. We also prepared transparent TiO2 film of 7 μm thicknesses to check the adsorption properties of the complexes on to TiO2 film using the same method. The dye-loading measurement on TiO2 films was carried out by desorbing the dye into 0.1 M NaOH, solution in CH3OH and the dye load on the TiO2 film was estimated by means of an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy.


### 2.4. Fabrication of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell

Two-electrode sandwich cell configurations were used for photovoltaic measurements. The dye-deposited TiO2 film was used as the working electrode and a platinum-coated conducting glass as the counter electrode. The two electrodes were separated by a surlyn spacer (40 μm thick) and sealed up by heating the polymer frame. The electrolyte was composed of 0.6 M dimethylpropyl-imidazolium iodide (DMPII), 0.05 M I2, and 0.1 M LiI in acetonitrile (AN).


## 2.1. Materials

The following chemicals were purchased and used without further purification: hydrated ruthenium trichloride (from Aldrich), ammonium thiocyanate (from TCI), 1,1,1-trifluoropentane-2,4-dione (tfpd) (from Aldrich), and LH-20 Sephadex gel (from Sigma). 1,1,1-trifluorodecane-2,4-dione (tfdd) [28], 1,1,1-trifluoroicosane-2,4-dione (tfid) [28] and Ru(H3tctpy)Cl3 [11] were synthesized using the literature procedures. Complexes [Ru(tctpy)(tfpd)(NCS)](A1) and[Ru(tctpy)(tfid)(NCS)](A3) were prepared using the literature procedure [15].Synthesis of [Ru(tctpy)(tfdd)(NCS)](A2). Using the same conditions as for complex A1, and starting from ligand 1,1,1-trifluorodecane-2,4-dione (tfdd), the title compound was obtained as a dark green powder, [Ru(tctpy)(tfdd)(NCS)] (A2). Yield was 60%: MS (ESIMS): m/z: 249.3 (M-3H)3-, 374.5 (M-2H)2-. 1H NMR (300 MHz, D2O-NaOD): δ 8.76 (2H, s), 8.72 (2H, d), 8.52 (H, d), 8.46 (H, d), 7.85 (H, d), 7.78 (H, d), 5.84 (0.5H, s), 5.82 (0.5H, s), 2.53 (2H, m), 1.55–0.80 (8H, m), 0.50 (3H, m), Anal. Calcd for C29H28F3N4O8RuS·(H2O)2: C, 44.27; H, 4.10; N, 7.12, found: C, 45.01; H, 4.21; N, 6.88.


## 2.2. Analytical Measurements

UV-visible spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu UV-3101PC spectrophotometer. Steady-state emission spectra were recorded using a grating monochromator (Triax 1900) with a CCD image sensor. The redox potential of the complexes was measured using a standard three-electrode apparatus.


## 2.3. Preparation of TiO2 Electrode and Dye-Loading Measurements

Nanocrystalline TiO2 photoelectrodes of about 20 μm thickness (area: 0.25 cm2) were prepared using a variation of a method reported by Nazeeruddin et al. for solar cells measurements [11]. We also prepared transparent TiO2 film of 7 μm thicknesses to check the adsorption properties of the complexes on to TiO2 film using the same method. The dye-loading measurement on TiO2 films was carried out by desorbing the dye into 0.1 M NaOH, solution in CH3OH and the dye load on the TiO2 film was estimated by means of an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy.


## 2.4. Fabrication of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell

Two-electrode sandwich cell configurations were used for photovoltaic measurements. The dye-deposited TiO2 film was used as the working electrode and a platinum-coated conducting glass as the counter electrode. The two electrodes were separated by a surlyn spacer (40 μm thick) and sealed up by heating the polymer frame. The electrolyte was composed of 0.6 M dimethylpropyl-imidazolium iodide (DMPII), 0.05 M I2, and 0.1 M LiI in acetonitrile (AN).


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Photophysical Properties

The absorption, emission, and electrochemical properties of complexesA1,A2, andA3are summarized in Table 1. All the complexes show similar absorption spectra in ethanol-methanol solution as shown in Figure 2. The bands in the visible region are assigned to metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) transitions  and in the UV region to ligand π-π* transitions of 4,4′,4′′-tricarboxy-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine [29]. The low-energy MLCT band maximum of complex A1is observed at 606 nm with the molar extinction coefficient of about 7000 M-1 cm-1. The emission spectra of complex A3in ethanol-methanol mixed solvents at 77 and 298 K are presented in Figure 3. The luminescence data are displayed in Table 1. At 77 K, complexes A1,A2, andA3displayed excited-state lifetimes ranging from 152 to 214 ns. The lifetimes decreased significantly with increasing temperature, to 15-16 ns in fluid solution at 298 K. The very short-lived excited state in fluid solution may be caused by efficient nonradiative decay via low-lying ligand-field excited states [30]. The excited-state lifetime of all the complexes is long enough for the process of electron injection into the conduction band of the TiO2 electrode to be efficient [31]. To be a suitable sensitizer in DSCs, the band structure of the metal complex should match the energy level of the semiconductor anode and the redox electrolyte or the hole conductor. The electrochemical data of the complexes measured in methanol solution are summarized in Table 1. All the complexes exhibit quasireversible oxidation wave for the Ru3+/2+ couple ranging from +0.68 to +0.70 V versus SCE. The formation of an MLCT excited state of these complexes formally involves the oxidation of a HOMO having metal t2g orbital character and reduction of a terpyridine-based LUMO.Table 1
Absorption, luminescence, and electrochemical properties of the ruthenium complexes.
SensitizerAbsorption,aλmax/nm (ε/103 M-1 cm-1)Emissionλmax b/nmEmissionτb/nsE(Ru3+/2+)c / versus SCEE* (Ru3+/2+)d/ versus SCE298 K77 K298 K77 KA1280 (27.6), 331 (22.7), 422 (14.7), 606 (7.0)94090516160+0.68−0.90A2280 (28.2), 331 (23.1), 418 (13.6), 605 (7.1)94590015214+0.70−0.95A3280 (30.0), 331 (23.6), 422 (14.7), 606 (7.0)95091016152+0.70−0.95aMeasured in 4 : 1 v/v ethanol : methanol at room temperature.bThe emission spectra and emission lifetime were obtained by exciting into the lowest MLCT band in 4 : 1 v/v ethanol : methanol.cHalf-wave potentials assigned to the Ru3+/2+ couple for ruthenium sensitizers bound to nanocrystalline TiO2 film, measured in 0.1 M LiClO4 acetonitrile solution.dCalculated from E* (Ru3+/2+) = E (Ru3+/2+) − E0-0; E0-0 values were estimated from the 5% intensity level of the emission spectra at 77 K.Figure 2
UV-vis absorption spectra of complexesA1, A2, and A3 in ethanol-methanol (4 : 1) solution.Figure 3
Emission spectra of complexA3 in ethanol-methanol (4 : 1) solution at 77 K (——) and 298 K (– – –).


### 3.2. Dye Adsorption Behavior

Figure4 shows the absorption spectra of complexes A1, A2, and A3 adsorbed onto a nanocrystalline 7 μm thick TiO2 film. All the complexes show almost similar absorption spectra on TiO2 film but the absorbance decreases with increasing alkyl chain length of the substituted β-diketonato ligands. We compare the UV-vis absorption spectra for the A1 dye-loaded TiO2 films, with and without the addition of DCA during the dye-loading process. When DCA was added in the dye solution, the dye-sensitized TiO2 film cografted along with DCA and showed a similar absorption spectrum. The absorbance at around 570 nm decreased by 18% compared with that of without DCA. The competition of DCA with the dye for binding to the TiO2 surface is responsible for the decrease in dye adsorption. The adsorbed amount of dye on the TiO2 film with and without DCA was listed in Table 2. It was noticed that the amount of dye adsorbed onto the TiO2 surface was reduced in the presence of DCA, as compared to that without DCA in the dye bath. For complex A1, the difference between the amount of dye adsorbed onto the TiO2 surface in the presence and absence of DCA in the dye bath is 34%. This is maybe due to the suppression of dye aggregation in the presence of DCA. For complex A3, having long alkyl chain length, the amount of dye adsorbed onto the TiO2 surface in the absence of DCA decreases compared to that of A1. There was a small decrease in dye load when DCA was added into the dye bath. The amount of complex A3 adsorbed onto the TiO2 surface decreased by only 9% in the presence of DCA, whereas the complex A1 load was reduced about 34%. The long alkyl chain present on complex A3, may be suppress the aggregate formation onto the TiO2 surface and works like DCA. It is suggested that A3form an ordered dye layer on TiO2 surface and binds more strongly to the TiO2 surface than DCA.Table 2
Adsorbed amount of dye and cell performancea of A1, A2, and A3 sensitizers with and without DCA.
SensitizerDCA (mM)IPCEmaxJsc (mA cm-2)Voc (V)FFη (%)Dye loadb (10-8 mol cm-2)A106715.90.530.635.3111.5157418.50.560.646.637.6A206917.20.570.636.189.4157218.10.580.656.827.2A307218.00.640.667.607.3157017.40.640.677.466.6aConditions: sealed cells; coadsorbate, DCA 0 or 15 mM; photoelectrode, TiO2 (20 μm thickness and 0.25 cm2); electrolyte, 0.6 M DMPII, 0.1 M LiI, 0.05 I2 in AN; irradiated light, AM 1.5 solar light (100 mW cm-2). Jsc: short-circuit photocurrent density; Voc: open-circuit photovoltage; FF: fill factor; η: total power conversion efficiency; IPCE: incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency.bSurface concentration of the dye molecules on TiO2 film.Figure 4
Absorption spectra of complexesA1, A2, and A3 adsorbed onto a nanocrystalline 7 μm thick TiO2 film.


### 3.3. Photovoltaic Properties

The photovoltaic performance of complexesA1,A2, andA3on nanocrystalline TiO2 electrode was studied under standard AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW cm-2) using an electrolyte with a composition of 0.6 M dimethylpropyl-imidazolium iodide (DMPII), 0.05 M I2, and 0.1 M LiI in acetonitrile in the presence and absence of DCA in the dye bath. The short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factors (FF), and overall cell efficiencies (η) for each dye-TiO2 electrode are summarized in Table 2. Figure 5 shows the photocurrent action spectra for complexes A1and A3 in the presence and absence of DCA, where the incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE) values is plotted as a function of wavelength. All complexes achieved efficient sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 over the whole visible range extending into the near IR region. The maximum IPCE values of complexes A1–A3are given in Table 2.Figure 5
Photocurrent action spectra obtained with complexesA1 and A3 with and without DCA addition during the sensitization process. Incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency is plotted as a function of wavelength. A sandwich type sealed cell configuration was used to measure this spectrum. The electrolyte composition was 0.6 M DMPII, 0.05 M I2, and 0.1 M LiI in acetonitrile.As shown in Table2, a solar cell containing complex A1yielded a short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) of 15.9 mA cm-2, an open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) of 0.53 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.63, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency (η) of 5.3% in the absence of DCA. The addition of DCA gave a pronounced efficiency enhancement up to 6.6% with a short-circuit photocurrent density of 18.5 mA cm-2 and an open-circuit photovoltage of 0.56 V. Although the amount of complex A1 adsorb on the TiO2 film decreased to 34% with the addition of DCA during the dye-loading process, the values of Jsc, Voc, and, thus, the efficiency were increased as compared to the case without DCA addition. As shown in Figure 5, complex A1 shows the IPCE value of 67% in the plateau region in the absence of DCA, and the maximum IPCE value increased up to 74% with the addition of DCA during the dye-loading process. The observed changes in Jsc agreed well with the corresponding IPCE spectra for A1-sensitized DSCs with and without the addition of DCA. The main possible explanation is that the coadsorption of DCA prevents dye aggregation, which can cause intermolecular energy transfer and sequentially result in the excited-state quenching of the dyes [19]. As a result, the reduction of dye load on the TiO2 surface in the presence of DCA consequently results in more efficient electron injection from the excited dyes to the TiO2 conduction band [19]. A more efficient electron injection thus compensates for the less amount of dye adsorption.It is interesting to find thatA3-sensitized DSCs having a long alkyl chain, in the absence of DCA, give a high overall conversion efficiency of 7.6% with a short-circuit photocurrent density of 18.0 mA cm-2 and an open-circuit photovoltage of 0.64 V. The photovoltaic performance of A3-sensitized DSCs is higher than that of A3-sensitized DSCs with the addition of DCA during the dye-loading process. This indicates that the photovoltaic performance of bulky alkyl chain substituted sensitizer A3 was not dependent on additive DCA. It is expected that the injection of electron into the TiO2 conduction band and the recombination of electrons in the TiO2 film with the oxidized species in the redox electrolyte is unaffected in A3-sensitized DSCs with and without DCA addition. As shown in Table 2, the amount of adsorbed A3on TiO2 surface with and without DCA addition is almost the same and also shows similar photovoltaic performance which suggest a self-assembly property of complex A3 due to the presence of a bulky alkyl chain substitute in the structure. A self-assembly property of the dye during the sensitization of TiO2 film is important to obtain efficient surface coverage and efficient electron injection and thus obtain high photovoltaic performance of DSCs [19]. Figure 1 showed that the A3sensitizer contains long alkyl chain in the β-diketonato ligand which may produce surface blocking through steric hindrance, preventing the access of electrons to the redox electrolyte, which will be in favor of higher Voc. On the other hand, this bulky alkyl group may not only facilitate the ordered molecular arrangement on the TiO2 surface but also keep dye molecules at a distance, which may suppress possibly intermolecular dye interaction, favoring higher Jsc [19]. The protection by the alkyl chain is proven to be more efficient as compared to the coadsorption of DCA under the examined conditions. However, the less efficient surface protection in A1sensitizer resulted in poor photovoltaic performance. In conclusion, higher power conversion efficiencies were obtained for DSCs based on A3with bulky alkyl substituent due to the inherent properties of the dye molecule.As illustrated in Figure1, A2sensitizer has an alkyl chain length of C6 on the β-diketonato ligand which is shorter than A3sensitizer (C16). Thus, an expected intermediate performance for A2-sensitized DSCs was obtained in comparison with A1and A3under both conditions, with and without the DCA addition. From Table 2, it is clear that the dye load of A2dropped by about 23% due to the addition of DCA in the dye bath. However, the value of Jsc increased with decreasing dye coverage, probably due to the same reason as mentioned for A1.TheA3 sensitizer having long alky chain substituent on the β-diketonato ligand shows the best performance in this series. Thus, this class of diketonato ruthenium complexes serves as a basis for further design of new potential sensitizers by introducing suitable substituents on the diketonato ligand to prevent surface aggregation of the sensitizer for efficient injection efficiencies and furthermore to enhance the molar extinction coefficient of the sensitizer.


## 3.1. Photophysical Properties

The absorption, emission, and electrochemical properties of complexesA1,A2, andA3are summarized in Table 1. All the complexes show similar absorption spectra in ethanol-methanol solution as shown in Figure 2. The bands in the visible region are assigned to metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) transitions  and in the UV region to ligand π-π* transitions of 4,4′,4′′-tricarboxy-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine [29]. The low-energy MLCT band maximum of complex A1is observed at 606 nm with the molar extinction coefficient of about 7000 M-1 cm-1. The emission spectra of complex A3in ethanol-methanol mixed solvents at 77 and 298 K are presented in Figure 3. The luminescence data are displayed in Table 1. At 77 K, complexes A1,A2, andA3displayed excited-state lifetimes ranging from 152 to 214 ns. The lifetimes decreased significantly with increasing temperature, to 15-16 ns in fluid solution at 298 K. The very short-lived excited state in fluid solution may be caused by efficient nonradiative decay via low-lying ligand-field excited states [30]. The excited-state lifetime of all the complexes is long enough for the process of electron injection into the conduction band of the TiO2 electrode to be efficient [31]. To be a suitable sensitizer in DSCs, the band structure of the metal complex should match the energy level of the semiconductor anode and the redox electrolyte or the hole conductor. The electrochemical data of the complexes measured in methanol solution are summarized in Table 1. All the complexes exhibit quasireversible oxidation wave for the Ru3+/2+ couple ranging from +0.68 to +0.70 V versus SCE. The formation of an MLCT excited state of these complexes formally involves the oxidation of a HOMO having metal t2g orbital character and reduction of a terpyridine-based LUMO.Table 1
Absorption, luminescence, and electrochemical properties of the ruthenium complexes.
SensitizerAbsorption,aλmax/nm (ε/103 M-1 cm-1)Emissionλmax b/nmEmissionτb/nsE(Ru3+/2+)c / versus SCEE* (Ru3+/2+)d/ versus SCE298 K77 K298 K77 KA1280 (27.6), 331 (22.7), 422 (14.7), 606 (7.0)94090516160+0.68−0.90A2280 (28.2), 331 (23.1), 418 (13.6), 605 (7.1)94590015214+0.70−0.95A3280 (30.0), 331 (23.6), 422 (14.7), 606 (7.0)95091016152+0.70−0.95aMeasured in 4 : 1 v/v ethanol : methanol at room temperature.bThe emission spectra and emission lifetime were obtained by exciting into the lowest MLCT band in 4 : 1 v/v ethanol : methanol.cHalf-wave potentials assigned to the Ru3+/2+ couple for ruthenium sensitizers bound to nanocrystalline TiO2 film, measured in 0.1 M LiClO4 acetonitrile solution.dCalculated from E* (Ru3+/2+) = E (Ru3+/2+) − E0-0; E0-0 values were estimated from the 5% intensity level of the emission spectra at 77 K.Figure 2
UV-vis absorption spectra of complexesA1, A2, and A3 in ethanol-methanol (4 : 1) solution.Figure 3
Emission spectra of complexA3 in ethanol-methanol (4 : 1) solution at 77 K (——) and 298 K (– – –).


## 3.2. Dye Adsorption Behavior

Figure4 shows the absorption spectra of complexes A1, A2, and A3 adsorbed onto a nanocrystalline 7 μm thick TiO2 film. All the complexes show almost similar absorption spectra on TiO2 film but the absorbance decreases with increasing alkyl chain length of the substituted β-diketonato ligands. We compare the UV-vis absorption spectra for the A1 dye-loaded TiO2 films, with and without the addition of DCA during the dye-loading process. When DCA was added in the dye solution, the dye-sensitized TiO2 film cografted along with DCA and showed a similar absorption spectrum. The absorbance at around 570 nm decreased by 18% compared with that of without DCA. The competition of DCA with the dye for binding to the TiO2 surface is responsible for the decrease in dye adsorption. The adsorbed amount of dye on the TiO2 film with and without DCA was listed in Table 2. It was noticed that the amount of dye adsorbed onto the TiO2 surface was reduced in the presence of DCA, as compared to that without DCA in the dye bath. For complex A1, the difference between the amount of dye adsorbed onto the TiO2 surface in the presence and absence of DCA in the dye bath is 34%. This is maybe due to the suppression of dye aggregation in the presence of DCA. For complex A3, having long alkyl chain length, the amount of dye adsorbed onto the TiO2 surface in the absence of DCA decreases compared to that of A1. There was a small decrease in dye load when DCA was added into the dye bath. The amount of complex A3 adsorbed onto the TiO2 surface decreased by only 9% in the presence of DCA, whereas the complex A1 load was reduced about 34%. The long alkyl chain present on complex A3, may be suppress the aggregate formation onto the TiO2 surface and works like DCA. It is suggested that A3form an ordered dye layer on TiO2 surface and binds more strongly to the TiO2 surface than DCA.Table 2
Adsorbed amount of dye and cell performancea of A1, A2, and A3 sensitizers with and without DCA.
SensitizerDCA (mM)IPCEmaxJsc (mA cm-2)Voc (V)FFη (%)Dye loadb (10-8 mol cm-2)A106715.90.530.635.3111.5157418.50.560.646.637.6A206917.20.570.636.189.4157218.10.580.656.827.2A307218.00.640.667.607.3157017.40.640.677.466.6aConditions: sealed cells; coadsorbate, DCA 0 or 15 mM; photoelectrode, TiO2 (20 μm thickness and 0.25 cm2); electrolyte, 0.6 M DMPII, 0.1 M LiI, 0.05 I2 in AN; irradiated light, AM 1.5 solar light (100 mW cm-2). Jsc: short-circuit photocurrent density; Voc: open-circuit photovoltage; FF: fill factor; η: total power conversion efficiency; IPCE: incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency.bSurface concentration of the dye molecules on TiO2 film.Figure 4
Absorption spectra of complexesA1, A2, and A3 adsorbed onto a nanocrystalline 7 μm thick TiO2 film.


## 3.3. Photovoltaic Properties

The photovoltaic performance of complexesA1,A2, andA3on nanocrystalline TiO2 electrode was studied under standard AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW cm-2) using an electrolyte with a composition of 0.6 M dimethylpropyl-imidazolium iodide (DMPII), 0.05 M I2, and 0.1 M LiI in acetonitrile in the presence and absence of DCA in the dye bath. The short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factors (FF), and overall cell efficiencies (η) for each dye-TiO2 electrode are summarized in Table 2. Figure 5 shows the photocurrent action spectra for complexes A1and A3 in the presence and absence of DCA, where the incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE) values is plotted as a function of wavelength. All complexes achieved efficient sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 over the whole visible range extending into the near IR region. The maximum IPCE values of complexes A1–A3are given in Table 2.Figure 5
Photocurrent action spectra obtained with complexesA1 and A3 with and without DCA addition during the sensitization process. Incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency is plotted as a function of wavelength. A sandwich type sealed cell configuration was used to measure this spectrum. The electrolyte composition was 0.6 M DMPII, 0.05 M I2, and 0.1 M LiI in acetonitrile.As shown in Table2, a solar cell containing complex A1yielded a short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) of 15.9 mA cm-2, an open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) of 0.53 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.63, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency (η) of 5.3% in the absence of DCA. The addition of DCA gave a pronounced efficiency enhancement up to 6.6% with a short-circuit photocurrent density of 18.5 mA cm-2 and an open-circuit photovoltage of 0.56 V. Although the amount of complex A1 adsorb on the TiO2 film decreased to 34% with the addition of DCA during the dye-loading process, the values of Jsc, Voc, and, thus, the efficiency were increased as compared to the case without DCA addition. As shown in Figure 5, complex A1 shows the IPCE value of 67% in the plateau region in the absence of DCA, and the maximum IPCE value increased up to 74% with the addition of DCA during the dye-loading process. The observed changes in Jsc agreed well with the corresponding IPCE spectra for A1-sensitized DSCs with and without the addition of DCA. The main possible explanation is that the coadsorption of DCA prevents dye aggregation, which can cause intermolecular energy transfer and sequentially result in the excited-state quenching of the dyes [19]. As a result, the reduction of dye load on the TiO2 surface in the presence of DCA consequently results in more efficient electron injection from the excited dyes to the TiO2 conduction band [19]. A more efficient electron injection thus compensates for the less amount of dye adsorption.It is interesting to find thatA3-sensitized DSCs having a long alkyl chain, in the absence of DCA, give a high overall conversion efficiency of 7.6% with a short-circuit photocurrent density of 18.0 mA cm-2 and an open-circuit photovoltage of 0.64 V. The photovoltaic performance of A3-sensitized DSCs is higher than that of A3-sensitized DSCs with the addition of DCA during the dye-loading process. This indicates that the photovoltaic performance of bulky alkyl chain substituted sensitizer A3 was not dependent on additive DCA. It is expected that the injection of electron into the TiO2 conduction band and the recombination of electrons in the TiO2 film with the oxidized species in the redox electrolyte is unaffected in A3-sensitized DSCs with and without DCA addition. As shown in Table 2, the amount of adsorbed A3on TiO2 surface with and without DCA addition is almost the same and also shows similar photovoltaic performance which suggest a self-assembly property of complex A3 due to the presence of a bulky alkyl chain substitute in the structure. A self-assembly property of the dye during the sensitization of TiO2 film is important to obtain efficient surface coverage and efficient electron injection and thus obtain high photovoltaic performance of DSCs [19]. Figure 1 showed that the A3sensitizer contains long alkyl chain in the β-diketonato ligand which may produce surface blocking through steric hindrance, preventing the access of electrons to the redox electrolyte, which will be in favor of higher Voc. On the other hand, this bulky alkyl group may not only facilitate the ordered molecular arrangement on the TiO2 surface but also keep dye molecules at a distance, which may suppress possibly intermolecular dye interaction, favoring higher Jsc [19]. The protection by the alkyl chain is proven to be more efficient as compared to the coadsorption of DCA under the examined conditions. However, the less efficient surface protection in A1sensitizer resulted in poor photovoltaic performance. In conclusion, higher power conversion efficiencies were obtained for DSCs based on A3with bulky alkyl substituent due to the inherent properties of the dye molecule.As illustrated in Figure1, A2sensitizer has an alkyl chain length of C6 on the β-diketonato ligand which is shorter than A3sensitizer (C16). Thus, an expected intermediate performance for A2-sensitized DSCs was obtained in comparison with A1and A3under both conditions, with and without the DCA addition. From Table 2, it is clear that the dye load of A2dropped by about 23% due to the addition of DCA in the dye bath. However, the value of Jsc increased with decreasing dye coverage, probably due to the same reason as mentioned for A1.TheA3 sensitizer having long alky chain substituent on the β-diketonato ligand shows the best performance in this series. Thus, this class of diketonato ruthenium complexes serves as a basis for further design of new potential sensitizers by introducing suitable substituents on the diketonato ligand to prevent surface aggregation of the sensitizer for efficient injection efficiencies and furthermore to enhance the molar extinction coefficient of the sensitizer.


## 4. Conclusions

Three panchromatic photosensitizersA1, A2, and A3 based on  4,4′,4′′-tricarboxy-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine-ruthenium(II) complexes with one β-diketonato chelating ligand containing different bulky alkyl chain lengths between C1–C16 were developed and systematically characterized using electrochemical and spectroscopic methods. The complexes achieved efficient sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 over the whole visible range extending into the near IR region (ca. 950 nm). These dyes showed gradually enhanced photovoltaic performance with increasing the alkyl chain length. The photovoltaic data of these new complexes show 7.6% power conversion efficiency under standard AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW cm-2). To understand the effect of the bulky substituent on the photovoltaic performance of DSCs, we investigated the photovoltaic performances of A1-, A2-, and A3-sensitized DSCs with and without DCA addition in the dye bath. We notice that the photovoltaic performance of A3-sensitized DSCs containing bulky alkyl chain length of C16 was independent of the DCA, while the A2bearing alkyl chains length of C6 and A1without alkyl chain showed 10% and 24%, respectively, improvement in photovoltaic performance in the presence of the DCA. Without DCA, A3-based DSCs were still superior to both A1and A2in the presence of DCA. This is probably due to the inherently structural nature of A3molecule, functionalized with bulky alkyl chain substituent, which resulted in excellent photovoltaic performance.



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*Source: 757421-2011-01-17.xml*