# Nonlinear Dynamics and Exact Traveling Wave Solutions of the Higher-Order Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with Derivative Non-Kerr Nonlinear Terms

Authors: Heng Wang; Longwei Chen; Hongjiang Liu; Shuhua Zheng
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2016)

---

## Abstract

By using the method of dynamical system, the exact travelling wave solutions of the higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with derivative non-Kerr nonlinear terms are studied. Based on this method, all phase portraits of the system in the parametric space are given with the aid of the Maple software. All possible bounded travelling wave solutions, such as solitary wave solutions, kink and anti-kink wave solutions, and periodic travelling wave solutions, are obtained, respectively. The results presented in this paper improve the related previous conclusions.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation is one of the most important nonlinear models in mathematical physics and has many applications in nonlinear optics, plasma physics, condensed matter physics, photonics, and Bose-Einstein condensates. In particular, in the studies on optical fibers, the NLS equation is very important. As is well known, the higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger (HNLS) equation describes the propagation of picosecond or femtosecond optical pulse in fibers. Therefore, the study of the higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger (HNLS) equation is the hotspot in the study of nonlinear scientific fields.In this paper, we consider the following higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with derivative non-Kerr nonlinear terms [1]:(1)Ez=ia1Ett+a2E2E+a3Ettt+a4E2Et+a5EE2t+ia6E4E+a7E4Et+a8EE4t,where E
(
z
,
t
) is the slowly varying envelope of the electric field, the subscripts z, t are the spatial and temporal partial derivatives in related time coordinates, and a
1, a
2, a
3, a
4, and a
5 are the real parameters related to the group velocity, self-phase modulation, third-order dispersion, self-steeping, and self-frequency shift arising from stimulated Raman scattering, respectively, [2]. The terms related to coefficients a
6, a
7, a
8 in (1) represent the quintic non-Kerr nonlinearities. The investigation of this equation has raised great interest due to its wide range of applications. In [1], Choudhuri and Porsezian investigated the periodic wave solutions, the bright and dark solitary wave solutions of (1). In [3], Choudhuri and Porsezian investigated the Dark-in-the-Bright (DITB) solitary wave solution of (1). In [4], Choudhuri and Porsezian have studied the modulational instability (MI) of (1) with forth-order dispersion in context of optics and presented an analytical expression for MI gain to show the effects of non-Kerr nonlinearities and higher-order dispersions on MI gain spectra, and so on. However, we notice that the dynamics of the traveling wave solutions of (1) have not be studied. It is meaningful and necessary to consider the dynamical behavior of (1) and to find all possible exact solutions of (1). In the present paper, we will use the dynamical system method to investigate the travelling wave solutions of the higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with derivative non-Kerr nonlinear terms.Firstly, to investigate the existence of travelling wave solution of HNLS equation in presence of non-Kerr terms, we begin with scaling the variables of (1) in the form (2)E=b1ψ,z=b2x,t=b3τand choosing b
1, b
2, and b
3 such that the coefficients corresponding to group velocity dispersion (GVD), self-phase modulation (SPM), and third-order dispersion (TOD) become unity. Thus (1) becomes(3)ψx=iψττ+ψ2ψ+ψτττ+c1ψ2ψτ+c2ψψ2τ+ic3ψ4ψ+c4ψ4ψτ+c5ψψ4τ,where c
1
=
b
1
2
b
2
a
4
/
b
3
=
a
4
a
1
/
a
2
a
3, c
2
=
b
1
2
b
2
a
5
/
b
3
=
a
5
a
1
/
a
2
a
3, c
3
=
b
1
4
b
2
a
6
=
a
6
a
1
3
/
a
2
2
a
3
2, c
4
=
b
1
4
b
2
a
7
/
b
3
=
a
7
a
1
4
/
a
2
2
a
3
3, and c
5
=
b
1
4
b
2
a
8
/
b
3
=
a
8
a
1
4
/
a
2
2
a
3
3. We have chosen b
1
=
a
1
3
/
a
2
2
a
3
3, b
2
=
a
3
2
/
a
1
3 and b
3
=
a
3
/
a
1 in writing (3).To obtain the exact travelling wave solutions of (3), we consider the travelling wave solutions of the following form: (4)ψx,τ=Pξeiη,ξ=vx+τ,η=kx-cτ,where k, c, and v are travelling wave parameters. Substituting (4) into (3), canceling e
i
η, and separating the real and imaginary parts, we have(5)P′′=v-2c+3c2P-3c1+2c23P3-5c4+4c55P5,P′′=k+c2-c31-3cP-1-cc11-3cP3-c3-cc41-3cP5.Equating the two equations, we get the following conditions:(6)c=3c1+2c2-36c1+c2=5c4+4c5-5c310c4+12c5,k=1-3cv-2c+3c2-c2+c3,with constraint relations(7)c3=35,c4=3c15,c5=c22.As a result of the freedom of these parameters which is consistency, under condition (6) and (7), (5) is simplified to the following equation:(8)P′′-v-2c+3c2P+3c1+2c23P3+5c4+4c55P5=0.Denote that d
1
=
v
-
2
c
+
3
c
2, d
2
=
-
(
3
c
1
+
2
c
2
)
/
6, and d
3
=
-
(
5
c
4
+
4
c
5
)
/
15. Thus, (8) has the following form:(9)P′′-d1P-2d2P3-3d3P5=0,which corrsponds to the two-dimensional Hamiltonian system:(10)dPdξ=y,dydξ=d1P+2d2P3+3d3P5with the Hamiltonian(11)HP,y=12y2-d12P2-d22P4-d32P6=h.According to the Hamiltonian, we can get all kinds of phase portraits in the parametric space. Because the phase orbits defined the vector fields of system (10) and determined all their travelling wave solutions of (3), by investigating the bifurcations of phase portraits of system (10), we can seek the travelling wave solutions of (3) [5–11]. The detailed calculation procedure can be found in the technical appendix. The rest of this paper is built up as follows. In Section 2, we give all phase portraits of system (10) and discuss the dynamics of phase portraits of system (10). In Section 3, according to the dynamics of the phase orbits of system (10) given by Section 2, we obtain all possible bounded travelling wave solutions of (3). Finally, a conclusion is given in Section 4.


## 2. Nonlinear Dynamics of Phase Portraits of System (10)

In this section, we consider the bifurcations of the phase orbits of system (10) on the phase plane (
P
,
y
) as the parameters d
1, d
2, d
3 are changed.Firstly, we consider the distribution of the equilibrium points of system (10). Obviously, the zeros of the function f
(
P
)
=
d
1
P
+
2
d
2
P
3
+
3
d
3
P
5 appeared and the second term of system (10) is the abscissas of equilibrium points of system (10) on the phase plane (
P
,
y
). We write that Δ
=
d
2
2
-
3
d
1
d
3, f
1
=
(
-
d
2
+
Δ
)
/
3
d
3, and f
2
=
(
-
d
2
-
Δ
)
/
3
d
3. For c
4
=
3
c
1
/
5 and c
5
=
c
2
/
2, d
2
=
(
-
3
c
1
-
2
c
2
)
/
6 and d
3
=
(
-
3
c
1
-
2
c
2
)
/
15 are the same sign, according to Vieta theorem, that is, the relationship between the root and coefficient of quadratic equation with one unknown; we have the following proposition.Proposition 1.
(1) For the case ofd
3
=
0, because d
2
=
(
-
3
c
1
-
2
c
2
)
/
6 and d
3
=
(
-
3
c
1
-
2
c
2
)
/
15 are the same sign, d
2
=
d
3
=
0. system (10) has only one equilibrium point U
0
(
0,0
). (2) For the case of d
3
≠
0, when Δ
<
0 or d
1
d
3
≥
0, system (10) has only one equilibrium point U
0
(
0,0
). (3) For the case of d
3
≠
0, when Δ
>
0 and d
1
d
3
<
0, system (10) has three equilibrium points, U
0
(
0,0
) and U
1
±
(
±
f
1
,
0
) or U
2
±
(
±
f
2
,
0
).Then, we consider the type of the equilibrium points of system (10). Let M
(
U
i
,
0
) (i
=
0
,
…
,
2) be the Jacobin matrix of system (10) at an equilibrium point (
U
i
,
0
) and let J
(
U
i
,
0
) (i
=
0
,
…
,
2) be the Jacobin determinant. Thus, we have(12)Trace⁡Ui,0=0,i=0,…,2,J0,0=-d1,J±f1,0=-4f1Δ,J±f2,0=4f2Δ.For H
(
P
,
y
)
=
(
1
/
2
)
y
2
-
(
d
1
/
2
)
P
2
-
(
d
2
/
2
)
P
4
-
(
d
3
/
2
)
P
6
=
h, we write that(13)h0=H0,0=0,h1=H±f1,0=d2-Δ-d22+d2Δ+6d1d354d32,h2=H±f2,0=d2+Δ-d22-d2Δ+6d1d354d32.By the bifurcation theory of dynamical system, for an equilibrium point of a planar integrable system, the equilibrium point is a saddle point when J
<
0. The equilibrium point is a center point when J
>
0 and Trace M
(
U
i
,
0
)
=
0. The equilibrium point is a cusp when J
=
0 and the Poincare index of the equilibrium point is 0.Finally, by using the above discussion, the bifurcations of phase portraits of system (10) for the case of d
3
=
0, d
3
>
0, and d
3
<
0 are shown in Figures 1–3 with the aid of Maple.Figure 1
The bifurcations of phase portraits of (10) for d
3
=
0. (a) d
2
=
0, d
1
>
0. (b) d
2
=
0, d
1
<
0.
(a)
(b)Figure 2
The bifurcations of phase portraits of (10) for d
3
>
0. (a) d
1
≥
0, d
2
>
0 or d
1
>
d
2
2
/
3
d
3, d
2
>
0. (b) d
1
<
0, d
2
>
0.
(a)
(b)Figure 3
The bifurcations of phase portraits of (10) for d
3
<
0. (a) d
1
≤
0, d
2
<
0 or d
1
<
d
2
2
/
3
d
3, d
2
<
0
. (b) d
1
>
0, d
2
<
0.
(a)
(b)


## 3. Exact Travelling Wave Solutions of (3)

In this section, corresponding to all phase orbits given by Section2, through qualitative analysis and the Jacobian elliptic functions [12], we discuss the exact travelling wave solutions of (3). Since only bounded travelling waves are meaningful to a physical model, here we just pay our attention to the bounded solutions of (3).


### 3.1. The Case ofd
3
=
0 (See Figure 1)

Suppose thatd
1
<
0 (see Figure 1(b)). When h
∈
(
0
,
+
∞
), there exists a family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to a family of periodic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
-
d
1
(
-
(
2
h
/
d
1
)
-
P
2
). By using the first equation of (10), we have (14)P1ξ=-2hd1cos⁡-d1ξ.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(15)ψ1x,τ=-2hd1cos⁡-d1vx+τeikx-cτ.


### 3.2. The Case ofd
3
>
0 (See Figure 2)

(1) Suppose That
d
1
<
0
(See Figure2(b)). When h
∈
(
0
,
h
1
), there exists a family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to a family of periodic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
d
3
(
γ
1
-
P
2
)
(
P
2
-
γ
2
)
(
γ
3
-
P
2
), where γ
1
>
γ
3
>
0
>
γ
2. Therefore, we have (16)P2ξ=γ2γ3sn2⁡d3γ1γ3-γ2ξ,γ3γ1-γ2/γ1γ3-γ2γ2-γ3+γ3sn2⁡d3γ1γ3-γ2ξ,γ3γ1-γ2/γ1γ3-γ21/2.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(17)ψ2x,τ=γ2γ3sn2⁡d3γ1γ3-γ2vx+τ,γ3γ1-γ2/γ1γ3-γ2γ2-γ3+γ3sn2⁡d3γ1γ3-γ2vx+τ,γ3γ1-γ2/γ1γ3-γ21/2eikx-cτ.(2) Suppose That
d
1
<
0
(See Figure2(b)). When h
=
h
1, there exists a kink wave solution and an anti-kink wave solution which correspond to two heteroclinic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
d
3
(
f
1
-
P
2
)
2
(
P
2
-
γ
4
), where γ
4
=
-
(
d
2
+
2
Δ
)
/
3
d
3, f
1
>
0
>
γ
4. Therefore, we have (18)
P
3
ξ
=
±
f
1
+
2
f
1
f
1
-
γ
4
γ
4
-
2
f
1
+
γ
4
cosh
⁡
2
d
3
f
1
f
1
-
γ
4
ξ
.Thus, we obtain a kink wave solution and an anti-kink wave solution of (3) as follows:(19)
ψ
3
x
,
τ
=
±
f
1
+
2
f
1
f
1
-
γ
4
γ
4
-
2
f
1
+
γ
4
cosh
⁡
2
d
3
f
1
f
1
-
γ
4
v
x
+
τ
·
e
i
k
x
-
c
τ
.


### 3.3. The Case ofd
3
<
0 (See Figure 3)

#### 3.3.1. The Travelling Wave Solutions Corresponding to Figure3(a)

(1) Suppose That
d
2
<
0
,
d
1
<
d
2
2
/
4
d
3
or
d
2
<
0
,
d
1
<
d
2
2
/
3
d
3. When h
∈
(
0
,
+
∞
), there exists a family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to a family of periodic orbits of (10). Therefore, we have (20)P4ξ=γ1B11-cn⁡2-d3A1B1ξ,γ12-A1-B12/4A1B1A1+B1+A1-B1cn⁡2-d3A1B1ξ,γ12-A1-B12/4A1B11/2.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(21)ψ4x,τ=γ1B11-cn⁡2-d3A1B1vx+τ,γ12-A1-B12/4A1B1A1+B1+A1-B1cn⁡2-d3A1B1vx+τ,γ12-A1-B12/4A1B11/2eikx-cτ,where A
1
2
=
(
γ
1
-
α
1
)
2
+
β
1
2, B
1
2
=
α
1
2
+
β
1
2, α
1
=
(
γ
2
+
γ
3
)
/
2, and β
1
=
-
(
γ
2
-
γ
3
)
2
/
4.(2) Suppose That
d
2
<
0
,
d
2
2
/
4
d
3
<
d
1
≤
0. When h
=
h
3, there exists a family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to a family of periodic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
-
d
3
(
P
2
-
f
1
)
2
(
γ
4
-
P
2
), where γ
4
=
-
(
d
1
+
2
Δ
)
/
3
d
3, γ
4
>
0
>
f
1, and h
3
=
(
γ
4
,
0
)
=
(
9
d
1
d
2
d
3
-
2
d
2
3
+
2
Δ
3
/
2
)
/
54
d
3
2
. Therefore, we have (22)
P
5
ξ
=
f
1
+
2
f
1
γ
4
-
f
1
2
f
1
-
γ
4
-
γ
4
cos
⁡
2
d
3
f
1
γ
4
-
f
1
ξ
1
/
2
.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(23)
ψ
5
x
,
τ
=
f
1
+
2
f
1
γ
4
-
f
1
2
f
1
-
γ
4
-
γ
4
cos
⁡
2
d
3
f
1
γ
4
-
f
1
v
x
+
τ
1
/
2
·
e
i
k
x
-
c
τ
.(3) Suppose That
d
2
<
0
,
d
2
2
/
4
d
3
<
d
1
≤
0. When h
∈
(
0
,
h
3
), there exists a family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to a family of periodic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
-
d
3
(
P
2
-
γ
1
)
(
γ
2
-
P
2
)
(
P
2
-
γ
3
), where γ
2
>
0
>
γ
3
>
γ
1. Therefore, we have (24)P6ξ=γ2γ3sn2⁡d3γ1γ2-γ3ξ,γ2γ3-γ1/γ1γ3-γ2γ3-γ2+γ2sn2⁡d3γ1γ2-γ3ξ,γ2γ3-γ1/γ1γ3-γ21/2.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(25)ψ6x,τ=γ2γ3sn2⁡d3γ1γ2-γ3vx+τ,γ2γ3-γ1/γ1γ3-γ2γ3-γ2+γ2sn2⁡d3γ1γ2-γ3vx+τ,γ2γ3-γ1/γ1γ3-γ21/2eikx-cτ.(4) Suppose That
d
2
<
0
,
d
2
2
/
4
d
3
<
d
1
≤
0. When h
∈
(
h
3
,
+
∞
), there exists a family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to a family of periodic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
-
d
3
(
P
2
-
γ
1
)
(
γ
2
-
P
2
)
(
P
2
-
γ
3
), where γ
2
>
0 and γ
1 and γ
3 are conjugate complex number. Therefore, we have (26)P7ξ=γ2B21-cn⁡2-d3A2B2ξ,γ22-A2-B22/4A2B2A2+B2+A2-B2cn⁡2-d3A2B2ξ,γ22-A2-B22/4A2B21/2.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(27)ψ7x,τ=γ2B21-cn⁡2-d3A2B2vx+τ,γ22-A2-B22/4A2B2A2+B2+A2-B2cn⁡2-d3A2B2vx+τ,γ22-A2-B22/4A2B21/2eikx-cτ,where A
2
2
=
(
γ
2
-
α
2
)
2
+
β
2
2, B
2
2
=
α
2
2
+
β
2
2, α
2
=
(
γ
1
+
γ
3
)
/
2, and β
2
=
-
(
γ
1
-
γ
3
)
2
/
4.(5) Suppose That
d
2
<
0
,
d
1
=
d
2
2
/
4
d
3. Equation (3) has a family of periodic travelling wave solutions with the same solutions as (27).


#### 3.3.2. The Travelling Wave Solutions Corresponding to Figure3(b)

(1) Suppose That
d
1
>
0. When h
∈
(
h
2
,
0
), there exists two family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to two family of periodic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
-
d
3
(
P
2
-
γ
1
)
(
γ
2
-
P
2
)
(
P
2
-
γ
3
), where γ
2
>
γ
3
>
0
>
γ
1. Therefore, we have (28)P8ξ=±γ2dn2⁡d3γ2γ1-γ3ξ,γ1γ3-γ2/γ2γ3-γ11-γ3-γ2/γ3-γ1sn2⁡d3γ2γ1-γ3ξ,γ1γ3-γ2/γ2γ3-γ11/2.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(29)ψ8x,τ=±γ2dn2⁡d3γ3γ1-γ3vx+τ,γ1γ3-γ2/γ2γ3-γ11-γ3-γ2/γ3-γ1sn2⁡d3γ3γ1-γ3vx+τ,γ1γ3-γ2/γ2γ3-γ11/2eikx-cτ.(2) Suppose That
d
1
>
0. When h
=
0, there exists a pair of solitary wave solutions which correspond to two homoclinic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
d
3
P
2
(
γ
5
-
P
2
)
(
γ
6
-
P
2
), where γ
5
>
γ
6
>
0, γ
5
=
-
d
2
+
d
2
2
-
4
d
1
d
3
/
2
d
3, and γ
6
=
-
d
2
-
d
2
2
-
4
d
1
d
3
/
2
d
3. Therefore, we have (30)P9ξ=±2γ5γ6γ5+γ6+γ5-γ6cosh⁡2d3γ5γ6ξ1/2.Thus, we obtain the solitary wave solutions of (3) as follows:(31)ψ9x,τ=±2γ5γ6γ5+γ6+γ5-γ6cosh⁡2d3γ5γ6vx+τ1/2·eikx-cτ.(3) Suppose That
d
1
>
0. When h
∈
(
0
,
+
∞
), h
∈
(
0
,
h
3
), h
=
h
3, and h
∈
(
h
3
,
+
∞
), (3) has a family of periodic travelling wave solutions with the same solutions as (21), (23), (25), and (27), respectively.Through the approach of dynamical system, we have studied the exact travelling wave solutions of the higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with derivative non-Kerr nonlinear terms. Firstly, through the travelling wave transformation, the higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with derivative non-Kerr nonlinear terms is reduced a planer Hamiltonian system. Then with the aid of Maple, the bifurcations of phase portraits of the planer Hamiltonian system are given. By studying the bifurcations of phase portraits of the planer Hamiltonian system, we obtain exact travelling wave solutions of the higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with derivative non-Kerr nonlinear terms, which contain solitary wave solutions, kink and anti-kink wave solutions, and periodic travelling wave solutions. Note that our solutions in this paper are different from the given ones in previous references [1–4]. We have the hyperbolic function solutions, trigonometric function solutions, and the Jacobian elliptic function solutions. From the above discussions, obviously the dynamical system method is very powerful method to seek exact travelling wave solutions for nonlinear travelling wave equations. The method is concise, direct, and effective which reduces the large amount of calculations. It is a good method which allows us to solve complicated nonlinear evolution equations in mathematical physics.


## 3.1. The Case ofd
3
=
0 (See Figure 1)

Suppose thatd
1
<
0 (see Figure 1(b)). When h
∈
(
0
,
+
∞
), there exists a family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to a family of periodic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
-
d
1
(
-
(
2
h
/
d
1
)
-
P
2
). By using the first equation of (10), we have (14)P1ξ=-2hd1cos⁡-d1ξ.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(15)ψ1x,τ=-2hd1cos⁡-d1vx+τeikx-cτ.


## 3.2. The Case ofd
3
>
0 (See Figure 2)

(1) Suppose That
d
1
<
0
(See Figure2(b)). When h
∈
(
0
,
h
1
), there exists a family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to a family of periodic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
d
3
(
γ
1
-
P
2
)
(
P
2
-
γ
2
)
(
γ
3
-
P
2
), where γ
1
>
γ
3
>
0
>
γ
2. Therefore, we have (16)P2ξ=γ2γ3sn2⁡d3γ1γ3-γ2ξ,γ3γ1-γ2/γ1γ3-γ2γ2-γ3+γ3sn2⁡d3γ1γ3-γ2ξ,γ3γ1-γ2/γ1γ3-γ21/2.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(17)ψ2x,τ=γ2γ3sn2⁡d3γ1γ3-γ2vx+τ,γ3γ1-γ2/γ1γ3-γ2γ2-γ3+γ3sn2⁡d3γ1γ3-γ2vx+τ,γ3γ1-γ2/γ1γ3-γ21/2eikx-cτ.(2) Suppose That
d
1
<
0
(See Figure2(b)). When h
=
h
1, there exists a kink wave solution and an anti-kink wave solution which correspond to two heteroclinic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
d
3
(
f
1
-
P
2
)
2
(
P
2
-
γ
4
), where γ
4
=
-
(
d
2
+
2
Δ
)
/
3
d
3, f
1
>
0
>
γ
4. Therefore, we have (18)
P
3
ξ
=
±
f
1
+
2
f
1
f
1
-
γ
4
γ
4
-
2
f
1
+
γ
4
cosh
⁡
2
d
3
f
1
f
1
-
γ
4
ξ
.Thus, we obtain a kink wave solution and an anti-kink wave solution of (3) as follows:(19)
ψ
3
x
,
τ
=
±
f
1
+
2
f
1
f
1
-
γ
4
γ
4
-
2
f
1
+
γ
4
cosh
⁡
2
d
3
f
1
f
1
-
γ
4
v
x
+
τ
·
e
i
k
x
-
c
τ
.


## 3.3. The Case ofd
3
<
0 (See Figure 3)

### 3.3.1. The Travelling Wave Solutions Corresponding to Figure3(a)

(1) Suppose That
d
2
<
0
,
d
1
<
d
2
2
/
4
d
3
or
d
2
<
0
,
d
1
<
d
2
2
/
3
d
3. When h
∈
(
0
,
+
∞
), there exists a family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to a family of periodic orbits of (10). Therefore, we have (20)P4ξ=γ1B11-cn⁡2-d3A1B1ξ,γ12-A1-B12/4A1B1A1+B1+A1-B1cn⁡2-d3A1B1ξ,γ12-A1-B12/4A1B11/2.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(21)ψ4x,τ=γ1B11-cn⁡2-d3A1B1vx+τ,γ12-A1-B12/4A1B1A1+B1+A1-B1cn⁡2-d3A1B1vx+τ,γ12-A1-B12/4A1B11/2eikx-cτ,where A
1
2
=
(
γ
1
-
α
1
)
2
+
β
1
2, B
1
2
=
α
1
2
+
β
1
2, α
1
=
(
γ
2
+
γ
3
)
/
2, and β
1
=
-
(
γ
2
-
γ
3
)
2
/
4.(2) Suppose That
d
2
<
0
,
d
2
2
/
4
d
3
<
d
1
≤
0. When h
=
h
3, there exists a family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to a family of periodic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
-
d
3
(
P
2
-
f
1
)
2
(
γ
4
-
P
2
), where γ
4
=
-
(
d
1
+
2
Δ
)
/
3
d
3, γ
4
>
0
>
f
1, and h
3
=
(
γ
4
,
0
)
=
(
9
d
1
d
2
d
3
-
2
d
2
3
+
2
Δ
3
/
2
)
/
54
d
3
2
. Therefore, we have (22)
P
5
ξ
=
f
1
+
2
f
1
γ
4
-
f
1
2
f
1
-
γ
4
-
γ
4
cos
⁡
2
d
3
f
1
γ
4
-
f
1
ξ
1
/
2
.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(23)
ψ
5
x
,
τ
=
f
1
+
2
f
1
γ
4
-
f
1
2
f
1
-
γ
4
-
γ
4
cos
⁡
2
d
3
f
1
γ
4
-
f
1
v
x
+
τ
1
/
2
·
e
i
k
x
-
c
τ
.(3) Suppose That
d
2
<
0
,
d
2
2
/
4
d
3
<
d
1
≤
0. When h
∈
(
0
,
h
3
), there exists a family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to a family of periodic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
-
d
3
(
P
2
-
γ
1
)
(
γ
2
-
P
2
)
(
P
2
-
γ
3
), where γ
2
>
0
>
γ
3
>
γ
1. Therefore, we have (24)P6ξ=γ2γ3sn2⁡d3γ1γ2-γ3ξ,γ2γ3-γ1/γ1γ3-γ2γ3-γ2+γ2sn2⁡d3γ1γ2-γ3ξ,γ2γ3-γ1/γ1γ3-γ21/2.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(25)ψ6x,τ=γ2γ3sn2⁡d3γ1γ2-γ3vx+τ,γ2γ3-γ1/γ1γ3-γ2γ3-γ2+γ2sn2⁡d3γ1γ2-γ3vx+τ,γ2γ3-γ1/γ1γ3-γ21/2eikx-cτ.(4) Suppose That
d
2
<
0
,
d
2
2
/
4
d
3
<
d
1
≤
0. When h
∈
(
h
3
,
+
∞
), there exists a family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to a family of periodic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
-
d
3
(
P
2
-
γ
1
)
(
γ
2
-
P
2
)
(
P
2
-
γ
3
), where γ
2
>
0 and γ
1 and γ
3 are conjugate complex number. Therefore, we have (26)P7ξ=γ2B21-cn⁡2-d3A2B2ξ,γ22-A2-B22/4A2B2A2+B2+A2-B2cn⁡2-d3A2B2ξ,γ22-A2-B22/4A2B21/2.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(27)ψ7x,τ=γ2B21-cn⁡2-d3A2B2vx+τ,γ22-A2-B22/4A2B2A2+B2+A2-B2cn⁡2-d3A2B2vx+τ,γ22-A2-B22/4A2B21/2eikx-cτ,where A
2
2
=
(
γ
2
-
α
2
)
2
+
β
2
2, B
2
2
=
α
2
2
+
β
2
2, α
2
=
(
γ
1
+
γ
3
)
/
2, and β
2
=
-
(
γ
1
-
γ
3
)
2
/
4.(5) Suppose That
d
2
<
0
,
d
1
=
d
2
2
/
4
d
3. Equation (3) has a family of periodic travelling wave solutions with the same solutions as (27).


### 3.3.2. The Travelling Wave Solutions Corresponding to Figure3(b)

(1) Suppose That
d
1
>
0. When h
∈
(
h
2
,
0
), there exists two family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to two family of periodic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
-
d
3
(
P
2
-
γ
1
)
(
γ
2
-
P
2
)
(
P
2
-
γ
3
), where γ
2
>
γ
3
>
0
>
γ
1. Therefore, we have (28)P8ξ=±γ2dn2⁡d3γ2γ1-γ3ξ,γ1γ3-γ2/γ2γ3-γ11-γ3-γ2/γ3-γ1sn2⁡d3γ2γ1-γ3ξ,γ1γ3-γ2/γ2γ3-γ11/2.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(29)ψ8x,τ=±γ2dn2⁡d3γ3γ1-γ3vx+τ,γ1γ3-γ2/γ2γ3-γ11-γ3-γ2/γ3-γ1sn2⁡d3γ3γ1-γ3vx+τ,γ1γ3-γ2/γ2γ3-γ11/2eikx-cτ.(2) Suppose That
d
1
>
0. When h
=
0, there exists a pair of solitary wave solutions which correspond to two homoclinic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
d
3
P
2
(
γ
5
-
P
2
)
(
γ
6
-
P
2
), where γ
5
>
γ
6
>
0, γ
5
=
-
d
2
+
d
2
2
-
4
d
1
d
3
/
2
d
3, and γ
6
=
-
d
2
-
d
2
2
-
4
d
1
d
3
/
2
d
3. Therefore, we have (30)P9ξ=±2γ5γ6γ5+γ6+γ5-γ6cosh⁡2d3γ5γ6ξ1/2.Thus, we obtain the solitary wave solutions of (3) as follows:(31)ψ9x,τ=±2γ5γ6γ5+γ6+γ5-γ6cosh⁡2d3γ5γ6vx+τ1/2·eikx-cτ.(3) Suppose That
d
1
>
0. When h
∈
(
0
,
+
∞
), h
∈
(
0
,
h
3
), h
=
h
3, and h
∈
(
h
3
,
+
∞
), (3) has a family of periodic travelling wave solutions with the same solutions as (21), (23), (25), and (27), respectively.Through the approach of dynamical system, we have studied the exact travelling wave solutions of the higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with derivative non-Kerr nonlinear terms. Firstly, through the travelling wave transformation, the higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with derivative non-Kerr nonlinear terms is reduced a planer Hamiltonian system. Then with the aid of Maple, the bifurcations of phase portraits of the planer Hamiltonian system are given. By studying the bifurcations of phase portraits of the planer Hamiltonian system, we obtain exact travelling wave solutions of the higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with derivative non-Kerr nonlinear terms, which contain solitary wave solutions, kink and anti-kink wave solutions, and periodic travelling wave solutions. Note that our solutions in this paper are different from the given ones in previous references [1–4]. We have the hyperbolic function solutions, trigonometric function solutions, and the Jacobian elliptic function solutions. From the above discussions, obviously the dynamical system method is very powerful method to seek exact travelling wave solutions for nonlinear travelling wave equations. The method is concise, direct, and effective which reduces the large amount of calculations. It is a good method which allows us to solve complicated nonlinear evolution equations in mathematical physics.


## 3.3.1. The Travelling Wave Solutions Corresponding to Figure3(a)

(1) Suppose That
d
2
<
0
,
d
1
<
d
2
2
/
4
d
3
or
d
2
<
0
,
d
1
<
d
2
2
/
3
d
3. When h
∈
(
0
,
+
∞
), there exists a family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to a family of periodic orbits of (10). Therefore, we have (20)P4ξ=γ1B11-cn⁡2-d3A1B1ξ,γ12-A1-B12/4A1B1A1+B1+A1-B1cn⁡2-d3A1B1ξ,γ12-A1-B12/4A1B11/2.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(21)ψ4x,τ=γ1B11-cn⁡2-d3A1B1vx+τ,γ12-A1-B12/4A1B1A1+B1+A1-B1cn⁡2-d3A1B1vx+τ,γ12-A1-B12/4A1B11/2eikx-cτ,where A
1
2
=
(
γ
1
-
α
1
)
2
+
β
1
2, B
1
2
=
α
1
2
+
β
1
2, α
1
=
(
γ
2
+
γ
3
)
/
2, and β
1
=
-
(
γ
2
-
γ
3
)
2
/
4.(2) Suppose That
d
2
<
0
,
d
2
2
/
4
d
3
<
d
1
≤
0. When h
=
h
3, there exists a family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to a family of periodic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
-
d
3
(
P
2
-
f
1
)
2
(
γ
4
-
P
2
), where γ
4
=
-
(
d
1
+
2
Δ
)
/
3
d
3, γ
4
>
0
>
f
1, and h
3
=
(
γ
4
,
0
)
=
(
9
d
1
d
2
d
3
-
2
d
2
3
+
2
Δ
3
/
2
)
/
54
d
3
2
. Therefore, we have (22)
P
5
ξ
=
f
1
+
2
f
1
γ
4
-
f
1
2
f
1
-
γ
4
-
γ
4
cos
⁡
2
d
3
f
1
γ
4
-
f
1
ξ
1
/
2
.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(23)
ψ
5
x
,
τ
=
f
1
+
2
f
1
γ
4
-
f
1
2
f
1
-
γ
4
-
γ
4
cos
⁡
2
d
3
f
1
γ
4
-
f
1
v
x
+
τ
1
/
2
·
e
i
k
x
-
c
τ
.(3) Suppose That
d
2
<
0
,
d
2
2
/
4
d
3
<
d
1
≤
0. When h
∈
(
0
,
h
3
), there exists a family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to a family of periodic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
-
d
3
(
P
2
-
γ
1
)
(
γ
2
-
P
2
)
(
P
2
-
γ
3
), where γ
2
>
0
>
γ
3
>
γ
1. Therefore, we have (24)P6ξ=γ2γ3sn2⁡d3γ1γ2-γ3ξ,γ2γ3-γ1/γ1γ3-γ2γ3-γ2+γ2sn2⁡d3γ1γ2-γ3ξ,γ2γ3-γ1/γ1γ3-γ21/2.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(25)ψ6x,τ=γ2γ3sn2⁡d3γ1γ2-γ3vx+τ,γ2γ3-γ1/γ1γ3-γ2γ3-γ2+γ2sn2⁡d3γ1γ2-γ3vx+τ,γ2γ3-γ1/γ1γ3-γ21/2eikx-cτ.(4) Suppose That
d
2
<
0
,
d
2
2
/
4
d
3
<
d
1
≤
0. When h
∈
(
h
3
,
+
∞
), there exists a family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to a family of periodic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
-
d
3
(
P
2
-
γ
1
)
(
γ
2
-
P
2
)
(
P
2
-
γ
3
), where γ
2
>
0 and γ
1 and γ
3 are conjugate complex number. Therefore, we have (26)P7ξ=γ2B21-cn⁡2-d3A2B2ξ,γ22-A2-B22/4A2B2A2+B2+A2-B2cn⁡2-d3A2B2ξ,γ22-A2-B22/4A2B21/2.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(27)ψ7x,τ=γ2B21-cn⁡2-d3A2B2vx+τ,γ22-A2-B22/4A2B2A2+B2+A2-B2cn⁡2-d3A2B2vx+τ,γ22-A2-B22/4A2B21/2eikx-cτ,where A
2
2
=
(
γ
2
-
α
2
)
2
+
β
2
2, B
2
2
=
α
2
2
+
β
2
2, α
2
=
(
γ
1
+
γ
3
)
/
2, and β
2
=
-
(
γ
1
-
γ
3
)
2
/
4.(5) Suppose That
d
2
<
0
,
d
1
=
d
2
2
/
4
d
3. Equation (3) has a family of periodic travelling wave solutions with the same solutions as (27).


## 3.3.2. The Travelling Wave Solutions Corresponding to Figure3(b)

(1) Suppose That
d
1
>
0. When h
∈
(
h
2
,
0
), there exists two family of periodic travelling wave solutions which correspond to two family of periodic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
-
d
3
(
P
2
-
γ
1
)
(
γ
2
-
P
2
)
(
P
2
-
γ
3
), where γ
2
>
γ
3
>
0
>
γ
1. Therefore, we have (28)P8ξ=±γ2dn2⁡d3γ2γ1-γ3ξ,γ1γ3-γ2/γ2γ3-γ11-γ3-γ2/γ3-γ1sn2⁡d3γ2γ1-γ3ξ,γ1γ3-γ2/γ2γ3-γ11/2.Thus, we obtain the periodic travelling wave solutions of (3) as follows:(29)ψ8x,τ=±γ2dn2⁡d3γ3γ1-γ3vx+τ,γ1γ3-γ2/γ2γ3-γ11-γ3-γ2/γ3-γ1sn2⁡d3γ3γ1-γ3vx+τ,γ1γ3-γ2/γ2γ3-γ11/2eikx-cτ.(2) Suppose That
d
1
>
0. When h
=
0, there exists a pair of solitary wave solutions which correspond to two homoclinic orbits of (10). It follows from (11) that y
2
=
d
3
P
2
(
γ
5
-
P
2
)
(
γ
6
-
P
2
), where γ
5
>
γ
6
>
0, γ
5
=
-
d
2
+
d
2
2
-
4
d
1
d
3
/
2
d
3, and γ
6
=
-
d
2
-
d
2
2
-
4
d
1
d
3
/
2
d
3. Therefore, we have (30)P9ξ=±2γ5γ6γ5+γ6+γ5-γ6cosh⁡2d3γ5γ6ξ1/2.Thus, we obtain the solitary wave solutions of (3) as follows:(31)ψ9x,τ=±2γ5γ6γ5+γ6+γ5-γ6cosh⁡2d3γ5γ6vx+τ1/2·eikx-cτ.(3) Suppose That
d
1
>
0. When h
∈
(
0
,
+
∞
), h
∈
(
0
,
h
3
), h
=
h
3, and h
∈
(
h
3
,
+
∞
), (3) has a family of periodic travelling wave solutions with the same solutions as (21), (23), (25), and (27), respectively.Through the approach of dynamical system, we have studied the exact travelling wave solutions of the higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with derivative non-Kerr nonlinear terms. Firstly, through the travelling wave transformation, the higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with derivative non-Kerr nonlinear terms is reduced a planer Hamiltonian system. Then with the aid of Maple, the bifurcations of phase portraits of the planer Hamiltonian system are given. By studying the bifurcations of phase portraits of the planer Hamiltonian system, we obtain exact travelling wave solutions of the higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with derivative non-Kerr nonlinear terms, which contain solitary wave solutions, kink and anti-kink wave solutions, and periodic travelling wave solutions. Note that our solutions in this paper are different from the given ones in previous references [1–4]. We have the hyperbolic function solutions, trigonometric function solutions, and the Jacobian elliptic function solutions. From the above discussions, obviously the dynamical system method is very powerful method to seek exact travelling wave solutions for nonlinear travelling wave equations. The method is concise, direct, and effective which reduces the large amount of calculations. It is a good method which allows us to solve complicated nonlinear evolution equations in mathematical physics.


## 4. Conclusion

By the results of Sections2 and 3 and considering (6) and (7), we obtain the following main conclusion of this paper.Theorem 2.
Suppose thatd
1, d
2, and d
3 are given by Section 1 and f
1, f
2, A
1, B
1, and γ
i, (i
=
1
,
…
,
6) are defined by Sections 2 and 3. The higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with derivative non-Kerr nonlinear terms has the following 9 classes exact bounded travelling wave solutions.(1)
Whend
1
<
0, d
2
=
0, and d
3
=
0,(32)ψ1x,τ=-2hd1cos⁡-d1vx+τeikx-cτ.
(2)
Whend
1
<
0, d
2
>
0, and d
3
>
0,
(33)ψ2x,τ=γ2γ3sn2⁡d3γ1γ3-γ2vx+τ,γ3γ1-γ2/γ1γ3-γ2γ2-γ3+γ3sn2⁡d3γ1γ3-γ2vx+τ,γ3γ1-γ2/γ1γ3-γ21/2eikx-cτ.
(3)
Whend
1
<
0, d
2
>
0, and d
3
>
0,
(34)
ψ
3
x
,
τ
=
±
f
1
+
2
f
1
f
1
-
γ
4
γ
4
-
2
f
1
+
γ
4
cosh
⁡
2
d
3
f
1
f
1
-
γ
4
v
x
+
τ
·
e
i
k
x
-
c
τ
.
(4)
Whend
1
<
d
2
2
/
4
d
3, d
2
<
0, d
3
<
0 or d
1
<
d
2
2
/
3
d
3, d
2
<
0, d
3
<
0,
(35)ψ4x,τ=γ1B11-cn⁡2-d3A1B1vx+τ,γ12-A1-B12/4A1B1A1+B1+A1-B1cn⁡2-d3A1B1vx+τ,γ12-A1-B12/4A1B11/2eikx-cτ.
(5)
Whend
2
2
/
4
d
3
<
d
1
≤
0, d
2
<
0, and d
3
<
0,
(36)
ψ
5
x
,
τ
=
f
1
+
2
f
1
γ
4
-
f
1
2
f
1
-
γ
4
-
γ
4
cos
⁡
2
d
3
f
1
γ
4
-
f
1
v
x
+
τ
1
/
2
·
e
i
k
x
-
c
τ
.
(6)
Whend
2
2
/
4
d
3
<
d
1
≤
0, d
2
<
0, and d
3
<
0,
(37)ψ6x,τ=γ2γ3sn2⁡d3γ1γ2-γ3vx+τ,γ2γ3-γ1/γ1γ3-γ2γ3-γ2+γ2sn2⁡d3γ1γ2-γ3vx+τ,γ2γ3-γ1/γ1γ3-γ21/2eikx-cτ.
(7)
Whend
2
2
/
4
d
3
<
d
1
≤
0, d
2
<
0, and d
3
<
0,
(38)ψ7x,τ=γ2B21-cn⁡2-d3A2B2vx+τ,γ22-A2-B22/4A2B2A2+B2+A2-B2cn⁡2-d3A2B2vx+τ,γ22-A2-B22/4A2B21/2eikx-cτ.
(8)
Whend
1
>
0, d
2
<
0, and d
3
<
0,
(39)ψ8x,τ=±γ2dn2⁡d3γ3γ1-γ3vx+τ,γ1γ3-γ2/γ2γ3-γ11-γ3-γ2/γ3-γ1sn2⁡d3γ3γ1-γ3vx+τ,γ1γ3-γ2/γ2γ3-γ11/2eikx-cτ.
(9)
Whend
1
>
0, d
2
<
0, and d
3
<
0,
(40)ψ9x,τ=±2γ5γ6γ5+γ6+γ5-γ6cosh⁡2d3γ5γ6vx+τ1/2·eikx-cτ.



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*Source: 7405141-2016-01-03.xml*