# Correlations between Phlegm Syndrome of Chinese Medicine and Coronary Angiography: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Authors: Qiu-Yan Zhang; Hao Liang; Hou-Wu Gong; Hui-yong Huang; Xiao-qing Zhou; Xiang Sun
Journal: Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
 (2015)

---

## Abstract

Phlegm is one of the most common patterns of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Chinese medicine. Our research was aimed at investigating the association between phlegm syndrome of CAD and coronary angiography (CAG) by meta-analysis. According to inclusion criteria, a total of 30 studies involving 5,055 CAD patients were included. The meta-analysis showed that phlegm syndrome patients were prone to multivessel disease (28 studies, OR = 1.53, 95% CI, 1.24 to 1.88,P
<
0.01) and higher Gensini score (2 studies, OR = 5.90, 95% CI, 1.86 to 9.94, P
=
0.004), but not obviously relevant to severe stenosis (≥75%) of coronary arteries (13 studies, OR = 1.20, 95% CI, 0.63 to 2.27, P
=
0.57). We concluded that the coronary arteries lesions of CAD patients with phlegm syndrome were more severe than those with nonphlegm syndromes. Phlegm syndrome should, therefore, be regarded as a dangerous pattern of CAD with worse prognosis.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a prevalent disease against human health, dedicated to one of the leading causes of death [1]. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has fought against CAD (belonging to the categories of Xiong-bi and cardialgia in TCM) for thousands of years, establishing unique theories for etiology and systems of diagnosis and treatment. The syndrome (also called pattern [2]) and syndrome differentiation are the comprehensive analysis of clinical information and can be deemed to be the TCM theoretical interpretation of the symptom profiles [3]. Syndrome differentiation can be used for further stratification of the patients’ conditions with certain disease, identified by orthodox medical diagnosis. It guides the choice of treatment either by acupuncture or by TCM herbal formulae and helps in the improvement of efficacy of the selected intervention [4].Phlegm and blood-stasis are regarded as the most common patterns of CAD patients [5]. They are significantly related to hyperlipidemia [6] and atherosclerosis and platelet activating system [7], which determines the prognosis and stratification of CAD. Phlegm is defined as a viscous, turbid pathological product that can accumulate in the body, causing a variety of diseases [2]. TCM has two general categories of phlegm: broadly defined phlegm and narrowly defined phlegm (visible phlegm such as nasal discharge or sputum from respiratory passages). If the former, invisible phlegm accumulated in the chest and blocked the channels and vessels of heart, it would lead to the so-called phlegm syndrome of Xiong-bi characterized as choking or crushing chest discomfort, shortness of breath, heavy feeling in the limbs, gastric stuffiness, sticky slimy sensation in the mouth, slimy and thick tongue coating, and slippery pulse [8], which was similar to manifestations of typical angina.Lots of studies about the correlations between TCM syndromes and coronary angiography (CAG) were published recently, providing new objective information for syndrome differentiation of CAD [9]. Our previous pooled analysis showed a strong relation between blood-stasis syndrome and CAG [10], but the relevance of phlegm syndrome to presentations of CAG was not explored. This study was to investigate whether the phlegm syndrome was related to CAG through a systematic review and meta-analysis.


## 2. Methods

### 2.1. Search Strategy

MOOSE (Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statements were carefully consulted [41, 42]. To identify all relevant studies, we performed a literature search (Chinese and English languages) in China Academic Journal Network Publishing Database (CAJD), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), China Doctor Dissertation Full-Text Database (CDFD), Chinese Selected Master’s Theses Full-Text Databases (CMFD), and Medline and Embase (January 1990 through June 2014) under strict-making search strategy using Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) term (list of tables, Table 1). We also hand-searched the reference lists of all primary studies and reviews identified by the initial search.Table 1
Search strategy.
Number
Search terms
Detailed strategy in CAJD and Medline
CAJD (Chinese)
Medline (English)
#1
Coronary heart disease (冠心病) or coronary artery disease
(SU = (“冠心病” + “冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病”) or TI = (“冠心病” + “冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病”) or KY = (“冠心病” + “冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病”))  and (SU = (“中医” + “证型” + “辨证”) or TI = (“中医” + “证型” + “辨证”) or KY = (“中医” + “证型” + “辨证”)) and (SU = (“冠脉造影” + “冠状动脉造影”) or TI = (“冠脉造影” + “冠状动脉造影”) or KY = (“冠脉造影” + “冠状动脉造影”))
(Chinese medicine [Title/Abstract]) AND (Coronary angiography [Title/Abstract]) AND (syndrome [Title/Abstract] OR pattern [Title/Abstract])
#2
Xiong-bi (胸痹) or chest pain (心痛)
#3
Chinese medicine (中医) or syndrome (证) or pattern
#4
Coronary angiography (冠状动脉造影) or CAG (冠脉造影)
#5
Search #1 or #2
#6
Search (#1 or #2) and #3
#7
Search (#1 or #2) and #3 and #4
Number of papers: 245
Number of papers: 12


### 2.2. Study Selection

All diagnostic cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, case-control studies, and randomized studies were retrieved to investigate association between TCM syndromes and presentations of CAG. We included a study if (1) obstructive CAD, with ≥50% diameter stenosis, was selected as the standard for significant CAD, using catheter-based X-ray angiography as the compared standard; (2) reported cases are in absolute numbers that can distinguish between phlegm syndrome and the others; (3) CAG results included at least one of the following parameters: the number of diseased arteries (definedmultivessel disease [43] as cases with more than one stenotic (≥50%) diameter coronary artery), degree of coronary artery stenosis (definedsevere artery stenosis as ≥75% by CAG), and Gensini score [44] (a common score system for evaluating the culprit coronary vessels). Studies were excluded if (1) animals; (2) review and case report; (3) study focused on specific CAD population, for example, female CAD patients, acute myocardial infarction, CAD with diabetes, and so on (4) duplicate reports.


### 2.3. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment

Two independent reviewers (Liang and Sun) extracted the following data from the selected studies. Inconsistencies were settled by discussion and consensus. We extracted year of publication, study design, clinical setting, methods of syndrome differentiation, and angiographic parameters. Methodological quality of included primary studies was assessed by two authors (Zhou and Gong) using a modified QUADAS-2 tool that included eight items [45]:patient selection: (1) consecutive or randomized patients; (2) avoiding inappropriate exclusions; (3) inclusion criteria of patients described;syndrome differentiation: (4) syndrome differentiation results interpreted without knowledge of the results of CAG; (5) syndrome differentiation by more than two independent doctors;reference standard: (6) CAG results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the syndrome differentiation;flow and timing: (7) an appropriate interval between syndrome differentiation and CAG; (8) perspective design. They are answered as “yes,” “no,” or “unclear” and are phrased such that “yes” indicates low risk of bias. Tabular and graphic displays served in summarizing quality assessments.


### 2.4. Statistical Analysis and Data Synthesis

To identify potential correlations between phlegm syndrome and CAG, we calculated an overall OR with a fixed or random effects model meta-analysis for the indices, which assumes the underlying effect varies according to studies. We performed tests of heterogeneity between studies using a standard chi-square test andI
2 statistic [46]. To examine sources of heterogeneity, subgroups of studies identified by selected covariates were meta-analyzed separately. Egger’s test and Begg’s funnel plot were applied for detecting publication bias in the meta-analysis. One-way sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the stability of the results; namely, a single study in the meta-analysis was deleted each time to reflect the influence of the individual data set to the pooled OR [47]. Statistical significance was set at P
<
0.05 and all statistical analyses were performed using RevMan 5.2.2 (The Cochrane Collaboration).


## 2.1. Search Strategy

MOOSE (Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statements were carefully consulted [41, 42]. To identify all relevant studies, we performed a literature search (Chinese and English languages) in China Academic Journal Network Publishing Database (CAJD), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), China Doctor Dissertation Full-Text Database (CDFD), Chinese Selected Master’s Theses Full-Text Databases (CMFD), and Medline and Embase (January 1990 through June 2014) under strict-making search strategy using Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) term (list of tables, Table 1). We also hand-searched the reference lists of all primary studies and reviews identified by the initial search.Table 1
Search strategy.
Number
Search terms
Detailed strategy in CAJD and Medline
CAJD (Chinese)
Medline (English)
#1
Coronary heart disease (冠心病) or coronary artery disease
(SU = (“冠心病” + “冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病”) or TI = (“冠心病” + “冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病”) or KY = (“冠心病” + “冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病”))  and (SU = (“中医” + “证型” + “辨证”) or TI = (“中医” + “证型” + “辨证”) or KY = (“中医” + “证型” + “辨证”)) and (SU = (“冠脉造影” + “冠状动脉造影”) or TI = (“冠脉造影” + “冠状动脉造影”) or KY = (“冠脉造影” + “冠状动脉造影”))
(Chinese medicine [Title/Abstract]) AND (Coronary angiography [Title/Abstract]) AND (syndrome [Title/Abstract] OR pattern [Title/Abstract])
#2
Xiong-bi (胸痹) or chest pain (心痛)
#3
Chinese medicine (中医) or syndrome (证) or pattern
#4
Coronary angiography (冠状动脉造影) or CAG (冠脉造影)
#5
Search #1 or #2
#6
Search (#1 or #2) and #3
#7
Search (#1 or #2) and #3 and #4
Number of papers: 245
Number of papers: 12


## 2.2. Study Selection

All diagnostic cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, case-control studies, and randomized studies were retrieved to investigate association between TCM syndromes and presentations of CAG. We included a study if (1) obstructive CAD, with ≥50% diameter stenosis, was selected as the standard for significant CAD, using catheter-based X-ray angiography as the compared standard; (2) reported cases are in absolute numbers that can distinguish between phlegm syndrome and the others; (3) CAG results included at least one of the following parameters: the number of diseased arteries (definedmultivessel disease [43] as cases with more than one stenotic (≥50%) diameter coronary artery), degree of coronary artery stenosis (definedsevere artery stenosis as ≥75% by CAG), and Gensini score [44] (a common score system for evaluating the culprit coronary vessels). Studies were excluded if (1) animals; (2) review and case report; (3) study focused on specific CAD population, for example, female CAD patients, acute myocardial infarction, CAD with diabetes, and so on (4) duplicate reports.


## 2.3. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment

Two independent reviewers (Liang and Sun) extracted the following data from the selected studies. Inconsistencies were settled by discussion and consensus. We extracted year of publication, study design, clinical setting, methods of syndrome differentiation, and angiographic parameters. Methodological quality of included primary studies was assessed by two authors (Zhou and Gong) using a modified QUADAS-2 tool that included eight items [45]:patient selection: (1) consecutive or randomized patients; (2) avoiding inappropriate exclusions; (3) inclusion criteria of patients described;syndrome differentiation: (4) syndrome differentiation results interpreted without knowledge of the results of CAG; (5) syndrome differentiation by more than two independent doctors;reference standard: (6) CAG results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the syndrome differentiation;flow and timing: (7) an appropriate interval between syndrome differentiation and CAG; (8) perspective design. They are answered as “yes,” “no,” or “unclear” and are phrased such that “yes” indicates low risk of bias. Tabular and graphic displays served in summarizing quality assessments.


## 2.4. Statistical Analysis and Data Synthesis

To identify potential correlations between phlegm syndrome and CAG, we calculated an overall OR with a fixed or random effects model meta-analysis for the indices, which assumes the underlying effect varies according to studies. We performed tests of heterogeneity between studies using a standard chi-square test andI
2 statistic [46]. To examine sources of heterogeneity, subgroups of studies identified by selected covariates were meta-analyzed separately. Egger’s test and Begg’s funnel plot were applied for detecting publication bias in the meta-analysis. One-way sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the stability of the results; namely, a single study in the meta-analysis was deleted each time to reflect the influence of the individual data set to the pooled OR [47]. Statistical significance was set at P
<
0.05 and all statistical analyses were performed using RevMan 5.2.2 (The Cochrane Collaboration).


## 3. Results

### 3.1. Description of Included Studies

The literature process was outlined in Figure1, and 88 potentially relevant studies were retrieved for detailed evaluation. 58 were excluded because (1) they had overlapping data; (2) it was not possible to calculate absolute numbers from the presented data; (3) or data was inconsistent in the context of the article. Finally, 30 included studies met the inclusion criteria, 29 Chinese articles, and 1 English article. All of the studies were from hospitals of China. Study and population characteristics of the included studies are summarized in Table 2, involving a total of 5,029 patients, reporting age ranging from 37 to 87 years. Analysis of the syndromes showed that there were 1,674 (33.3%) phlegm syndrome patients compared with 3,355 (66.7%) of the others. Most studies reported elective assessment for CAD, with study groups including those with suspected and known CAD. Eight studies were theses from medical universities of China. Methods for syndrome differentiation of CAD were divided into syndrome-element differentiation (SED) and other methods called conventional syndrome differentiation (CSD). CSD contains the classical syndrome differentiation methods, such as viscera syndrome differentiation and eight-principal syndrome differentiation [2].Table 2
Study and population characteristics of the included studies.
Number
Author, year
Age
n
Male/female
Thesis
Clinical setting
Method of syndrome differentiation
Syndrome overlap
Indexes of CAG
1
Wang et al., 2003 [11]
59.2 ± 7.8
158
98/60
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS (70%  as the classification)
2
Su, 2004 [12]
69.1 (unknown SD)
31
Unknown
Yes
Case-control
CSD
No
CVN
3
Zhang et al., 2004 [13]
58.5 ± 10.2
269
Unknown
No
Case-control
SED
Yes
CVN
4
Liuand Jiang, 2005 [14]
63.8 ± 9.6
259
209/50
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, Gensini score
5
Wang, 2005 [15]
64.6 ± 11.5
81
52/29
Yes
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
CVN
6
Li et al., 2006 [16]
59.6 ± 10.1
96
77/19
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS,  Gensini score
7
Liu et al., 2006 [17]
65.4 ± 10.8
69
52/61
No
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
CVN
8
Xue, 2006 [18]
Unknown
68
37/31
Yes
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS,  Gensini score
9
Zhang et al., 2006 [19]
57.6 (unknown SD)
279
—
No
Case-control
CSD
No
CVN
10
Guo, 2007 [20]
Unknown
147
104/43
Yes
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS
11
Wang et al.,  2007 [21]
Unknown
81
Unknown
No
Case-control
SED
Yes
CVN
12
Zhangand Xu, 2007 [22]
59.8 ± 12.3
126
99/27
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS
13
Pan et al., 2008 [23]
68.0 ± 10.7
61
40/21
No
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
CVN
14
Wang et al., 2008 [24]
58.2 ± 10.58
324
250/74
No
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
CVN
15
Liao, 2009 [25]
Unknown
143
68/75
Yes
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS
16
Wang, 2009 [26]
Unknown
100
57/43
Yes
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, Gensini score
17
Wang et al., 2009 [27]
Unknown
252
192/60
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS
18
Wang et al., 2009 [28]
63.4 ± 11.7
229
128/101
No
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
CVN, Gensini score
19
Zhu et al., 2009 [29]
Unknown
100
85/15
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS
20
Du, 2010 [30]
59.6 ± 11.2
369
291/78
Yes
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
Gensini score
21
Hou, 2010 [31]
Unknown
87
48/39
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS,  Gensini score
22
Ren et al., 2010 [32]
58.3 ± 10.7
405
307/98
No
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
CVN, Gensini score
23
Tong, 2010 [33]
62.8 ±  9.3
97
57/40
Yes
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS
24
Zhang et al., 2010 [34]
59.8 ± 12.3
368
252/116
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS (70%  as the classification), Gensini score
25
Bi et al., 2011 [35]
67.2 ± 8.3
67
Unknown
No
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
DAS
26
Xu et al., 2011 [36]
59. 6 ± 10.1
250
200/50
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, Gensini score
27
Yan et al., 2011 [37]
69.0 ± 10.5
189
103/86
No
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
CVN, DAS
28
Zhou et al., 2011 [38]
Unknown
95
73/22
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS,  Gensini score
29
Tanand Leng, 2012 [39]
Unknown
70
38/32
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN
30
Wang et al., 2013 [40]
Unknown
150
68/82
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN
Total
5055
Note: CSD = conventional syndrome differentiation, CVN = culprit-vessel number, DAS = degree of artery stenosis, and SED = syndrome-element differentiation.Figure 1
Flow diagram of studies considered for the review.


### 3.2. Quality Assessment of Included Studies

Table3 and Figure 2 summarized the quality assessment for the 30 full-text studies. Quality assessment of most studies was not satisfactory, especially the blinding method. None of the studies for those interpreting syndrome differentiation data were blinded to the results of the reference standard test (test review bias avoided) and vice versa (diagnostic review bias avoided).Table 3
Tabular display of quality assessment.
Number
Study, year
Patient selection
Syndrome differentiation
Reference standard
Flow and timing
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
1
Wang et al., 2003 [11]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
Unclear
2
Su, 2004 [12]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
Unclear
3
Zhang et al., 2004 [13]
Yes
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
Yes
4
Liu and Jiang, 2005 [14]
Unclear
No
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
5
Wang, 2005 [15]
Yes
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
6
Li et al., 2006 [16]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
7
Liu et al., 2006 [17]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
Unclear
8
Xue, 2006 [18]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
9
Zhang et al., 2006 [19]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Yes
Unclear
Yes
Yes
10
Guo, 2007 [20]
Unclear
No
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
11
Wang et al., 2007 [21]
Unclear
No
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
Yes
12
Zhang and Xu, 2007 [22]
Unclear
No
No
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
13
Pan et al., 2008 [23]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
Unclear
14
Wang et al., 2008 [24]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
Unclear
15
Liao, 2009 [25]
Yes
No
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
No
16
Wang, 2009 [26]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
17
Wang et al., 2009 [27]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
18
Wang et al., 2009 [28]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
19
Zhu et al., 2009 [29]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
20
Du, 2010 [30]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
No
21
Hou, 2010 [31]
Unclear
Yes
No
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
22
Ren et al., 2010 [32]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
23
Tong, 2010 [33]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
No
24
Zhang et al., 2010 [34]
Unclear
No
No
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
25
Bi et al., 2011 [35]
Yes
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
26
Xu et al., 2011 [36]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
27
Yan et al., 2011 [37]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
28
Zhou et al., 2011 [38]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
29
Tan and Leng, 2012 [39]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
30
Wang et al., 2013 [40]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Note: (1) consecutive or randomized patients; (2) avoiding inappropriate exclusions; (3) inclusion criteria of patients described; syndrome differentiation: (4) syndrome differentiation results interpreted without knowledge of the results of CAG; (5) syndrome differentiation by more than two independent doctors; (6) CAG results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the syndrome differentiation; (7) an appropriate interval between syndrome differentiation and CAG; (8) perspective design.Figure 2
Graphic display of quality assessment. Note: (1) consecutive or randomized patients; (2) avoiding inappropriate exclusions; (3) inclusion criteria of patients described; (4) syndrome differentiation results interpreted without knowledge of the results of CAG; (5) syndrome differentiation by more than two independent doctors; (6) CAG results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the syndrome differentiation; (7) an appropriate interval between syndrome differentiation and CAG; (8) perspective design.


### 3.3. Results of Meta-Analysis

After the 30 eligible studies involving 5,055 CAD patients were pooled, there was a significant association between phlegm syndrome and CAG in some parameters. Overall, the multivessel disease OR associated with phlegm syndrome was 1.53 (95% CI, 1.24 to 1.88,P
<
0.01; I
2
=
47%, Figure 3), while severe artery stenosis was 1.20 (95% CI, 0.63 to 2.27, P
=
0.57; I
2
=
84%, Figure 4) and Gensini score was 5.90 (95% CI, 1.86 to 9.94, P
=
0.004; I
2
=
0%, Figure 5). Although the heterogeneity among the analyzed studies was high, most of the studies referred to a positive association for multivessel disease. As the studies were divided into two subgroups by SED or CSD, the OR of multivessel disease in SED group was 1.34 (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.67, P
=
0.0
08; I
2
=
10%, Figure 3), showing that the heterogeneity between the studies decreased substantially compared with the main analysis (Figure 3). For the association between phlegm syndrome and degree of artery stenosis, though the result was negative, the heterogeneity between the analyzed studies of thesis subset sharply reduced (
I
2
=
0
) compared with the main analysis (Figure 4).Figure 3
Meta-analysis of association between phlegm syndrome and multivessel disease.Figure 4
Meta-analysis of association between phlegm syndrome and severe artery stenosis.Figure 5
Meta-analysis of association between phlegm syndrome and Gensini score.


### 3.4. Results of Sensitivity Analysis and Publication Bias

No individual studies influencing the summary OR found by one-way sensitivity analysis, indicating that the pooled data was stable. There was no evidence of publication bias, because the funnel plot according to meta-analysis of association between phlegm syndrome and multivessel disease did not show obvious asymmetry by visual inspection (Figure6), which was also confirmed by Egger’s test (P
=
0.527). However, some studies located out of the border, which may affect the result of the meta-analysis.Figure 6
Funnel plot for publication bias by association between phlegm syndrome and multivessel disease.


## 3.1. Description of Included Studies

The literature process was outlined in Figure1, and 88 potentially relevant studies were retrieved for detailed evaluation. 58 were excluded because (1) they had overlapping data; (2) it was not possible to calculate absolute numbers from the presented data; (3) or data was inconsistent in the context of the article. Finally, 30 included studies met the inclusion criteria, 29 Chinese articles, and 1 English article. All of the studies were from hospitals of China. Study and population characteristics of the included studies are summarized in Table 2, involving a total of 5,029 patients, reporting age ranging from 37 to 87 years. Analysis of the syndromes showed that there were 1,674 (33.3%) phlegm syndrome patients compared with 3,355 (66.7%) of the others. Most studies reported elective assessment for CAD, with study groups including those with suspected and known CAD. Eight studies were theses from medical universities of China. Methods for syndrome differentiation of CAD were divided into syndrome-element differentiation (SED) and other methods called conventional syndrome differentiation (CSD). CSD contains the classical syndrome differentiation methods, such as viscera syndrome differentiation and eight-principal syndrome differentiation [2].Table 2
Study and population characteristics of the included studies.
Number
Author, year
Age
n
Male/female
Thesis
Clinical setting
Method of syndrome differentiation
Syndrome overlap
Indexes of CAG
1
Wang et al., 2003 [11]
59.2 ± 7.8
158
98/60
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS (70%  as the classification)
2
Su, 2004 [12]
69.1 (unknown SD)
31
Unknown
Yes
Case-control
CSD
No
CVN
3
Zhang et al., 2004 [13]
58.5 ± 10.2
269
Unknown
No
Case-control
SED
Yes
CVN
4
Liuand Jiang, 2005 [14]
63.8 ± 9.6
259
209/50
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, Gensini score
5
Wang, 2005 [15]
64.6 ± 11.5
81
52/29
Yes
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
CVN
6
Li et al., 2006 [16]
59.6 ± 10.1
96
77/19
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS,  Gensini score
7
Liu et al., 2006 [17]
65.4 ± 10.8
69
52/61
No
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
CVN
8
Xue, 2006 [18]
Unknown
68
37/31
Yes
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS,  Gensini score
9
Zhang et al., 2006 [19]
57.6 (unknown SD)
279
—
No
Case-control
CSD
No
CVN
10
Guo, 2007 [20]
Unknown
147
104/43
Yes
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS
11
Wang et al.,  2007 [21]
Unknown
81
Unknown
No
Case-control
SED
Yes
CVN
12
Zhangand Xu, 2007 [22]
59.8 ± 12.3
126
99/27
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS
13
Pan et al., 2008 [23]
68.0 ± 10.7
61
40/21
No
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
CVN
14
Wang et al., 2008 [24]
58.2 ± 10.58
324
250/74
No
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
CVN
15
Liao, 2009 [25]
Unknown
143
68/75
Yes
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS
16
Wang, 2009 [26]
Unknown
100
57/43
Yes
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, Gensini score
17
Wang et al., 2009 [27]
Unknown
252
192/60
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS
18
Wang et al., 2009 [28]
63.4 ± 11.7
229
128/101
No
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
CVN, Gensini score
19
Zhu et al., 2009 [29]
Unknown
100
85/15
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS
20
Du, 2010 [30]
59.6 ± 11.2
369
291/78
Yes
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
Gensini score
21
Hou, 2010 [31]
Unknown
87
48/39
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS,  Gensini score
22
Ren et al., 2010 [32]
58.3 ± 10.7
405
307/98
No
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
CVN, Gensini score
23
Tong, 2010 [33]
62.8 ±  9.3
97
57/40
Yes
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS
24
Zhang et al., 2010 [34]
59.8 ± 12.3
368
252/116
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS (70%  as the classification), Gensini score
25
Bi et al., 2011 [35]
67.2 ± 8.3
67
Unknown
No
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
DAS
26
Xu et al., 2011 [36]
59. 6 ± 10.1
250
200/50
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, Gensini score
27
Yan et al., 2011 [37]
69.0 ± 10.5
189
103/86
No
Cross-sectional
SED
Yes
CVN, DAS
28
Zhou et al., 2011 [38]
Unknown
95
73/22
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN, DAS,  Gensini score
29
Tanand Leng, 2012 [39]
Unknown
70
38/32
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN
30
Wang et al., 2013 [40]
Unknown
150
68/82
No
Cross-sectional
CSD
No
CVN
Total
5055
Note: CSD = conventional syndrome differentiation, CVN = culprit-vessel number, DAS = degree of artery stenosis, and SED = syndrome-element differentiation.Figure 1
Flow diagram of studies considered for the review.


## 3.2. Quality Assessment of Included Studies

Table3 and Figure 2 summarized the quality assessment for the 30 full-text studies. Quality assessment of most studies was not satisfactory, especially the blinding method. None of the studies for those interpreting syndrome differentiation data were blinded to the results of the reference standard test (test review bias avoided) and vice versa (diagnostic review bias avoided).Table 3
Tabular display of quality assessment.
Number
Study, year
Patient selection
Syndrome differentiation
Reference standard
Flow and timing
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
1
Wang et al., 2003 [11]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
Unclear
2
Su, 2004 [12]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
Unclear
3
Zhang et al., 2004 [13]
Yes
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
Yes
4
Liu and Jiang, 2005 [14]
Unclear
No
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
5
Wang, 2005 [15]
Yes
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
6
Li et al., 2006 [16]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
7
Liu et al., 2006 [17]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
Unclear
8
Xue, 2006 [18]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
9
Zhang et al., 2006 [19]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Yes
Unclear
Yes
Yes
10
Guo, 2007 [20]
Unclear
No
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
11
Wang et al., 2007 [21]
Unclear
No
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
Yes
12
Zhang and Xu, 2007 [22]
Unclear
No
No
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
13
Pan et al., 2008 [23]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
Unclear
14
Wang et al., 2008 [24]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
Unclear
15
Liao, 2009 [25]
Yes
No
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
No
16
Wang, 2009 [26]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
17
Wang et al., 2009 [27]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
18
Wang et al., 2009 [28]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
19
Zhu et al., 2009 [29]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
20
Du, 2010 [30]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Yes
No
21
Hou, 2010 [31]
Unclear
Yes
No
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
22
Ren et al., 2010 [32]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
23
Tong, 2010 [33]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
No
24
Zhang et al., 2010 [34]
Unclear
No
No
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
25
Bi et al., 2011 [35]
Yes
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
26
Xu et al., 2011 [36]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
27
Yan et al., 2011 [37]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
28
Zhou et al., 2011 [38]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
29
Tan and Leng, 2012 [39]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
30
Wang et al., 2013 [40]
Unclear
Yes
Yes
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Note: (1) consecutive or randomized patients; (2) avoiding inappropriate exclusions; (3) inclusion criteria of patients described; syndrome differentiation: (4) syndrome differentiation results interpreted without knowledge of the results of CAG; (5) syndrome differentiation by more than two independent doctors; (6) CAG results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the syndrome differentiation; (7) an appropriate interval between syndrome differentiation and CAG; (8) perspective design.Figure 2
Graphic display of quality assessment. Note: (1) consecutive or randomized patients; (2) avoiding inappropriate exclusions; (3) inclusion criteria of patients described; (4) syndrome differentiation results interpreted without knowledge of the results of CAG; (5) syndrome differentiation by more than two independent doctors; (6) CAG results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the syndrome differentiation; (7) an appropriate interval between syndrome differentiation and CAG; (8) perspective design.


## 3.3. Results of Meta-Analysis

After the 30 eligible studies involving 5,055 CAD patients were pooled, there was a significant association between phlegm syndrome and CAG in some parameters. Overall, the multivessel disease OR associated with phlegm syndrome was 1.53 (95% CI, 1.24 to 1.88,P
<
0.01; I
2
=
47%, Figure 3), while severe artery stenosis was 1.20 (95% CI, 0.63 to 2.27, P
=
0.57; I
2
=
84%, Figure 4) and Gensini score was 5.90 (95% CI, 1.86 to 9.94, P
=
0.004; I
2
=
0%, Figure 5). Although the heterogeneity among the analyzed studies was high, most of the studies referred to a positive association for multivessel disease. As the studies were divided into two subgroups by SED or CSD, the OR of multivessel disease in SED group was 1.34 (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.67, P
=
0.0
08; I
2
=
10%, Figure 3), showing that the heterogeneity between the studies decreased substantially compared with the main analysis (Figure 3). For the association between phlegm syndrome and degree of artery stenosis, though the result was negative, the heterogeneity between the analyzed studies of thesis subset sharply reduced (
I
2
=
0
) compared with the main analysis (Figure 4).Figure 3
Meta-analysis of association between phlegm syndrome and multivessel disease.Figure 4
Meta-analysis of association between phlegm syndrome and severe artery stenosis.Figure 5
Meta-analysis of association between phlegm syndrome and Gensini score.


## 3.4. Results of Sensitivity Analysis and Publication Bias

No individual studies influencing the summary OR found by one-way sensitivity analysis, indicating that the pooled data was stable. There was no evidence of publication bias, because the funnel plot according to meta-analysis of association between phlegm syndrome and multivessel disease did not show obvious asymmetry by visual inspection (Figure6), which was also confirmed by Egger’s test (P
=
0.527). However, some studies located out of the border, which may affect the result of the meta-analysis.Figure 6
Funnel plot for publication bias by association between phlegm syndrome and multivessel disease.


## 4. Discussion

This was the first meta-analysis to address the relationship between phlegm syndrome and CAG. The parameters of culprit vessel, stenosis degree, and Gensini score under CAG were important indicators for CAD patients, and we discovered that serious coronary artery lesions are associated with the presence of phlegm syndrome. The phlegm syndrome patients were inclined to suffer from multivessel disease and higher Gensini score, but no obvious correlation with the severe artery stenosis was found, which was different from our previous study of meta-analysis for the blood-stasis syndrome [10]. The difference can partly explain the essence of phlegm and blood-stasis syndrome. Blood-stasis and phlegm are both pathological products of abnormal metabolism of body fluid and blood in Chinese medicine. Phlegm formed in the spleen can easily expand and accumulate not only in the lungs but also in almost all other parts of the body, including five viscera, six bowels, joints, and surface tissue, through Meridians or Triple Energizers [48, 49]. Multivessel disease could be considered as diffuse changes of coronary arteries representing the pathological features of phlegm. The blood-stasis focused on the “stasis,” which means block, retardance, and fixation, so patients of blood-stasis pattern were significantly related to >75% degree of artery stenosis [10]. Unfortunately, we were unable to judge which syndrome was worst (phlegm or blood-stasis) for difficulty in extracting the independent data.Considered as the base of modernization and scientification of TCM, the syndrome diagnostic criteria began to be researched from the 1980s. They were drawn up by different organizations and departments nonrecognized by one another, including Tentative Standard approved by National Academic Seminar on TCM Syndrome Differentiation Based Treatment of CAD in 1980 and Standards for Diagnosis and Curative Effect of TCM Diseases and Syndromes by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 1994. Even the process of syndrome differentiation was judged by symptoms and signs with accepted criterion. Plus, the results could be affected by the doctor’s learning, medical experience, academic origins, methods, and other factors. Therefore, the judgment made by doctors on cause, location, nature, and trend of disease is individual and variable, and no wonder that 10 TCM doctors may give 10 different diagnoses when facing the same patient [50]. It is crucial, however, to find the source of heterogeneity, usually an obstacle to the meta-analysis. Based on our subgroup analysis, it is strongly supported that different diagnostic methods were the source of heterogeneity and restriction for syndrome differentiation. The heterogeneity of syndrome differentiation based on SED studies decreased to 2% (Figure 3), while the CSD group increased a little. SED method, now widely used in clinical and basic research, was created by Professor Zhu et al. [51], who proposed the theory of syndrome-element and divided those “elements” into categories of location and nature. The differentiation system was established by clarifying that “syndrome” was composed of the key elements of the location and the nature of disease. Thus, a complete syndrome name was combined by elements of location and nature diagnosed from symptoms and signs. Unlike inflexible CSD, the syndrome could be free combination of possible syndrome-elements, allowing any forms of elements summation. For instance, phlegm is its high affinity with other pathogenic factors such as heat, cold, wind, dampness, and dryness and, because of this, phlegm is often combined with other pathogenic factors to form more complex patterns such as heat-phlegm, cold-phlegm, or wind-phlegm [52]. Moreover, our subanalysis proved that SED method led to homogeneity between studies, which would be more promising than CSD. The heterogeneity was also affected by the factor of thesis or not. For postgraduates lack of clinical experience, their diagnosis of syndrome differentiation may be different from older doctors, causing a discrepancy of studies. In a word, the thinking characteristics of syndrome are more similar to physical image thinking rather than image thinking [50]; thus, methods may play an important role during implementation based on the syndrome differentiation criteria.Any process that yields information used to inform patient management can be regarded as a clinical test [53]. The basic aim of test accuracy studies is to assess how well a test can distinguish between people with and without the disease/syndrome/condition of interest [54]. Nevertheless, unlike index test compared with a reference standard in western medicine, the diagnostic test accuracy (DTA), such as specificity or sensitivity, was still tough for syndrome differentiation just by a profile of symptom combination, or clinical phenotypes. Above all, the design of syndrome differentiation research is similar to diagnostic tests, which means cross-sectional and descriptive in nature [55], and RCT [56, 57] case-control and two-gate designs could be feasible [55]. Using QUADAS-2 tool for quality assessment was an innovation of our research. Avoiding subjective impact on researchers, double blind, for instance, is the key to quality of diagnostic study. In the summary of tabular and graphic results, items of (4), (5), and (6) concerning improving objective diagnosis for syndromes were not optimistic (Table 3, Figure 2). It tells us that most of TCM researchers did not take diagnostic design seriously. Lack of blinding can lead to overestimation of test accuracy, especially when the interpretation of test results is subjective [58].Evaluation score systems of CAG, such as Gensini score [44] and SYNTAX score [59], are more comprehensive and better than just number or degree of stenosis for vessel lesions to estimate conditions of diseased coronary arteries. Due to difficulty of extracting available data, only two studies containing Gensini score were included in the meta-analysis. Moreover, CAD patients could be subdivided into acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and non-ACS, and ACS attacks suddenly often with worse outcomes than non-ACS. The clinical manifestations and CAG of the two types of patients are quite different [60]. Once mixed up, it would produce more difficulties and confusion for the study. We hope patient spectrum of next researches is aimed at ACS or non-ACS individually. Last but not least, there were no standards or statements specific for publishing meta-analysis of diagnostic tests, so as the TCM syndrome diagnosis. The researchers have to only reference other standards, such as MOOSE [61] to finish the review, to some degree limiting the diagnostic research on meta-analysis.


## 5. Conclusions

From the meta-analysis, we found there were correlations between phlegm syndrome of CAD patients and image of CAG: the coronary arteries lesions of CAD patients with phlegm syndrome were more severe than those with other syndromes. Syndrome differentiation was not only important for diagnosis and treatment, but also useful for the prognosis. Phlegm syndrome could be considered as risk syndrome of CAD patients, whom doctors should pay closer attention to. However, from the quality assessment, we found that the design quality of TCM diagnostic test urgently needs to be addressed.



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*Source: 751743-2015-06-09.xml*