# Cubic Function-Based Bayesian Dynamic Linear Prediction Approach of Bridge Extreme Stress

Authors: Yuefei Liu; Qingkai Xiao; Xueping Fan
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2017)

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## Abstract

In structural health monitoring (SHM) field, the structural stress prediction and assessment are the research bottleneck. To reasonably and dynamically predict structural extreme stress based on the time-variant monitored data, the objectives of this paper are to present (a) cubic function-based Bayesian dynamic linear models (BDLM) about monitored extreme stress, (b) choosing method of optimum probability distribution functions about initial stress state, (c) monitoring mechanism of the optimum BDLM, and (d) an effective way of taking advantage of BDLM to incorporate the time-variant monitored data into structural extreme stress prediction. The monitored data of an existing bridge is adopted to illustrate the feasibility and application of the proposed models and procedures.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Nowadays, most of the service bridges are close or above their planned lifetime at home and abroad. The bridge stress can reflect the structural basic status. Therefore, it is crucial to predict the structural dynamic stress for the safety and serviceability assessment of critical infrastructure components for bridge systems. Therefore, how to build the dynamic prediction model of structural stress becomes very important.For bridges, SHM is a very useful tool which can provide the structural basic status, including strain, stress, and deflection of specified structural components or structures. How to properly handle with the continuously provided monitored data is one of the main difficulties in the SHM field. Up to now, a sound number of studies about the data handling are mainly focused on the modal parameter identification, structural damage detection technology, data modeling, and so on [1–4]. For bridge performance prediction and assessment based on SHM data, some achievements have been obtained, for instance, extreme stress prediction of bridge based on BDLM and monitored data [5–7], Bayesian prediction of structural bearing capacity of aging bridges based on dynamic linear model [8], and structural performance prediction using monitored extreme data [9]. These above dynamic linear prediction models are all built with linear functions. Compared with the dynamic linear models built with quadratic function [10], the prediction precision of linear models built with linear functions is lower. Therefore, based on the dynamic SHM data of bridges, the research on building more reasonable dynamic linear models for predicting the structural extreme stress should be further studied.In this paper, considering the uncertainty of structural dynamic monitored data and the diversity of initial stress state probability distributions, the optimum Bayesian dynamic linear prediction method about monitored extreme stress including nonlinear effects is given with cubic function, and the detailed contents are described in detail as follows.Firstly, build cubic function of monitored extreme stress.Secondly, Bayesian dynamic linear model is established based on the built cubic function.Thirdly, considering the diversity of probability distribution functions (PDF) about initial state information, the optimum PDF is chosen with Kullback-Leibler (K-L) information distance. And then the optimum BDLM and the corresponding model monitoring mechanism are, respectively, given.Finally, an actual engineering is provided to illustrate the feasibility and application of the proposed model and method in this paper.Cubic function-based Bayesian dynamic linear prediction approach of bridge extreme stress is shown in Figure1.Figure 1
The building processes of the optimum Bayesian dynamic linear model.


## 2. BDLM

BDLM is a predicting approach based on a philosophy of information updating [11–14] which defines a dynamic model system of time series processes that can incorporate all useful monitored information into the model to update the prediction. It comprises a state equation, a monitored equation, and the a priori information. The state equation, which shows changes of the system with time and reflects inner dynamic changes of the system and random disturbances, is linear. The monitored equation, which expresses the relationship between the monitoring data and the current state parameters of the system, is also linear.In this paper, the cubic function is adopted to build the BDLM, the prediction precision of which is better than the BDLM built based on linear function model and quadratic function model about the SHM data. The cubic function-based BDLM is described in detail as follows.


### 2.1. Assumptions of the BDLM

BDLM is presented as a special case of a general state-space model, being linear and Gaussian. So the BDLM satisfies the assumptions of a state-space model, while the basic assumptions [11, 12] of a state-space model are as follows:(a) State variables, monitored errors, and state errors all follow normal/Gaussian distributions.(b) (θt) is a Markov chain [11, 12]. Namely, π(θt+1∣Dt)=π(θt+1∣θ0:t,y1:t)=π(θt+1∣θt), where π(·) is probability density function and θt is the state variable at time t.(c) Conditionally onθt, yt, t=1,2,3,…,T are independent of each other and yt depends on θt only, where yt is the monitored variable at time t.


### 2.2. Cubic Function and Dynamic Linear Model of Monitored Extreme Stress

For the long-term health monitoring extreme stress data, the fitted cubic functionh(t) shown in (1) can be more approximately and reasonably adopted than linear function and quadratic function to build the state equation, namely,(1)ht=at3+bt2+ct+d,where h(t) is the trend data of the monitored information. a, b, c, and d are all regression coefficients. t=time, the unit of which is day.(2)θt-2=ht-2=at-23+bt-22+ct-2+d,θt-1=ht-1=at-13+bt-12+ct-1+d,θt=ht=at3+bt2+ct+d,θt+1=ht+1=at+13+bt+12+ct+1+d,where θt-2, θt-1, θt, and θt+1 are, respectively, the state data at times t-2, t-1, t, and t+1, namely, the trends of the monitoring data.(3)Δt+1=θt+1-θt=3at2+3a+2bt+a+b+c,Δt=θt-θt-1=3at2+2b-3at+a+c-b,Δt-1=θt-1-θt-2=3at2+2b-9at+7a+c-3b,where Δt+1 is the change of θ from time t to time t+1, Δt is the change of θ from time t-1 to time t, and Δt-1 is the change of θ from time t-2 to time t-1.(4)ξt+1=Δt+1-Δt=6at+2b,ξt=Δt-Δt-1=6at-6a+2b,ξt+1=ξt+6a,where ξt+1 is the change of Δ from time t to time t+1 and ξt is the change of Δ from time t-1 to time t.Further, with (1)–(4) and considering the uncertainty and the randomness of the monitored stress data, the BDLM is built as follows:Monitored equation is(5)yt+1=θt+1+νt+1,νt+1~N0,Vt+1.State equation is(6)θt+1=θt+Δt+1+ωt+1,1,Δt+1=Δt+ξt+1+ωt+1,2,ξt+1=ri+1riξt+6a+ωt+1,3,ωt+1=ωt+1,1ωt+1,2ωt+1,3~N0,Wt+1,t=1,2,…,T.For short,(7)θt+1Δt+1ξt+1=Gt+1θtΔtξt+6a+ωt+1,Gt+1=11ri+1ri01ri+1ri00ri+1ri.Initial state information is(8)θtΔtξt+6a∣Dt~Nmt,Ct,where yt+1 is the monitored extreme stress data at time t+1. θt+1 is the state at time t+1, namely, the trend of the monitoring data at time t+1. Δt+1 is the change of θ from time t to time t+1. ξt+1 is the change of Δ from time t to time t+1. νt+1 is the monitored error. ωt+1 is state error vector. Dt is the information collection including the data at time t and before time t, namely, Dt=yt,Dt-1, Dt-1 is the data collection at time t-1 and before time t-1, including mt-1 (mean value matrix), Ct-1 (variance matrix), and so on. Moreover, suppose that νt+1 and ωt+1 are mutually independent and independent of θt+1. ri+1=ti+1-ti is the sampling interval,(9)mt=mθtmΔtmξt,Ct=CθtCθ,ΔtCθ,ξtCθ,ΔtCΔtCΔ,ξtCξ,θtCξ,ΔtCξt,Wt+1=Wt+1,1Wt+1,4Wt+1,5Wt+1,4Wt+1,2Wt+1,6Wt+1,5Wt+1,6Wt+1,3.For BDLM,νt+1 and ωt+1 are, respectively, monitored errors and state errors. It is assumed that error sequences νt+1 and ωt+1 are internally independent, mutually independent, and independent of (θt∣Dt).With (5)–(8), the updating relationship between monitored data and state parameters can be obtained as(10)yt+1∣θt+1~Nθt+1,Vt+1,θt+1∣θt~Nmθt+mΔt+ri+1mξtri,Wt+1,1.It is known from (10) that the modeling processes of BDLM can be divided into two key steps, which are shown in Figure 2. The first step is to obtain a priori probability distribution function (PDF) of θt+1 based on the state equation and a posteriori PDF of θt. The second step is to get a posteriori PDF of θt+1 based on a priori PDF of θt+1 and monitored data yt+1.Figure 2
The probability recursive processes of BDLM.


### 2.3. Determination of the Main Probability Parameters about BDLM

For the BDLM, the probability parameters need to be solved includeVt+1, Wt+1, mt, and Ct. The determining methods about these parameters are described as follows.In this paper,Vt+1 is estimated with the variance of differences between fitted trend data θt+1 and monitored extreme stress data yt+1. According to [11, 12], Wt+1 can be solved with(11)Wt+1=1-δδGt+1CtGt+1′,where Gt+1′ is the transpose of Gt+1. δ is the discount factor, which is usually 0.95–0.98 given by engineering experience of the authors.m
t is the mean value of state variable θt,Δt,ξt at time t. Ct is the variance of state variable θt,Δt,ξt at time t. They can be both estimated with the resampled monitored data θ, the change Δ of θ, and the change ξ of Δ at time t and before time t.Considering the diversity of PDF about the state variable includingθt+1,Δt+1,ξt+1 which are obtained and resampled based on the mass SHM data, the K-L information distance is adopted to determine the optimum PDF, namely, (12)DKL,i2θt+1=∫pRT,iθt+1ln⁡pRT,iθt+1pRθt+1dθt+1,i=1,2,…,where DKL,i2θt+1 is the K-L information distance, pRT,iθt+1 is the ith common PDF about θt+1, and pRθt+1 is the theoretical PDF about θt+1 obtained with kernel density estimation method. If DKL,i2θt+1 is smaller, then the corresponding pRT,iθt+1 is more reasonable. pRT,iΔt+1 and pRT,iξt+1 can be also obtained with (12).The extension of common PDF is better than theoretical PDF, and more reasonably used for BDLM, so the K-L information distance is adopted to determine the optimum common PDF about the state variable.If the initial state variable follows the other common PDF except Gaussian PDF, then the distribution can be approximately transferred into mixed Gaussian PDF. Take state variableθt+1 for the example, namely, the following.(1) With kernel density estimation method, the actual PDFG(θt+1) about the initial state data is approximately pRθt+1, namely,(13)Gθt+1≈pRθt+1.(2) Since any set of data can be fitted by a few normal distributions, namely.(14)Gθt+1≈∑k=1npkΦθt+1-μkσk,where ∑k=1npk=1 and pk≥0, Φ(·) denotes the cumulative probability distribution functions of standard normal distribution.(3) The weights and distribution parameters of the fitted normal distributions can be obtained with the least residual error quadratic sum method OLS, namely,(15)OLS=1n∑j=1mgθt+1,j-∑i=1npiΦθt+1,j-μiσi2,where m is the total number of state data and pi is the weight. The values of unknown parameters for the fitted distributions can be possessed by the optimization computation with the rule of OLS. Furthermore, the optimized parameters must be determined to make sure that the value of OLS is the minimum.With (13)–(15), the common Gaussian PDF can be reached:(16)pRTθt+1≈∑i=1npiΦθt+1-μiσi.The transferred common Gaussian PDFpRTΔt+1,pRTξt+1 about the state variables Δt+1,ξt+1 can also be approximately obtained with (13)–(16).


### 2.4. Probability Recursion of BDLM

BDLM are applicable to the prediction of the future state parameters, which can be recursive and updated like well-known Kalman filter [11, 12]. The recursively updating processes [11–14] are as follows.(1) A Posteriori Distribution at Time
t. For the mean mt and the variance matrix Ct, there is(17)μt∣Dt=θtΔtξt+6a∣Dt~Nmt,Ct.(2) A Priori Distribution at Time
t
+
1
(18)
μ
t
+
1
D
t
~
N
a
t
+
1
,
R
t
+
1
,where, at+1=Gt+1mt, Rt+1=Gt+1CtGt+1′+Wt+1=Rt+1,1Rt+1,4Rt+1,5Rt+1,4Rt+1,2Rt+1,6Rt+1,5Rt+1,6Rt+1,3.(3) One-Step Prediction Distribution at Time
t
+
1
(19)
y
t
+
1
∣
D
t
~
N
f
t
+
1
,
Q
t
+
1
,where ft+1=E(yt+1∣yi,1:t)=mθt+mΔt+(ri+1/ri)mξt, Qt+1=var(yt+1∣y1:t)=Rt+1,1+Vt+1, ut+1=1/Qt+1 is the prediction precision at time t+1.According to the definition of highest posterior density (HPD) region [11], the predicted interval of the monitored data with a 95% confidential interval at time t+1 is(20)ft+1-1.645Qt+1,ft+1+1.645Qt+1,where ft+1-1.645Qt+1 is the predicted lower limit value, fi,t+1+1.645Qi,t+1 is the predicted upper limit value.(4) A Posteriori Distribution at Time
t
+
1
(21)
μ
t
+
1
∣
D
t
+
1
=
θ
t
+
1
Δ
t
+
1
ξ
t
+
1
+
6
a
∣
D
t
+
1
~
N
m
t
+
1
,
C
t
+
1
,where, At+1=Rt+1Qt+1-1, et+1=yt+1-ft+1, mt+1=at+1+At+1et+1, Ct+1=Rt+1-At+1Qt+1At+1′.


## 2.1. Assumptions of the BDLM

BDLM is presented as a special case of a general state-space model, being linear and Gaussian. So the BDLM satisfies the assumptions of a state-space model, while the basic assumptions [11, 12] of a state-space model are as follows:(a) State variables, monitored errors, and state errors all follow normal/Gaussian distributions.(b) (θt) is a Markov chain [11, 12]. Namely, π(θt+1∣Dt)=π(θt+1∣θ0:t,y1:t)=π(θt+1∣θt), where π(·) is probability density function and θt is the state variable at time t.(c) Conditionally onθt, yt, t=1,2,3,…,T are independent of each other and yt depends on θt only, where yt is the monitored variable at time t.


## 2.2. Cubic Function and Dynamic Linear Model of Monitored Extreme Stress

For the long-term health monitoring extreme stress data, the fitted cubic functionh(t) shown in (1) can be more approximately and reasonably adopted than linear function and quadratic function to build the state equation, namely,(1)ht=at3+bt2+ct+d,where h(t) is the trend data of the monitored information. a, b, c, and d are all regression coefficients. t=time, the unit of which is day.(2)θt-2=ht-2=at-23+bt-22+ct-2+d,θt-1=ht-1=at-13+bt-12+ct-1+d,θt=ht=at3+bt2+ct+d,θt+1=ht+1=at+13+bt+12+ct+1+d,where θt-2, θt-1, θt, and θt+1 are, respectively, the state data at times t-2, t-1, t, and t+1, namely, the trends of the monitoring data.(3)Δt+1=θt+1-θt=3at2+3a+2bt+a+b+c,Δt=θt-θt-1=3at2+2b-3at+a+c-b,Δt-1=θt-1-θt-2=3at2+2b-9at+7a+c-3b,where Δt+1 is the change of θ from time t to time t+1, Δt is the change of θ from time t-1 to time t, and Δt-1 is the change of θ from time t-2 to time t-1.(4)ξt+1=Δt+1-Δt=6at+2b,ξt=Δt-Δt-1=6at-6a+2b,ξt+1=ξt+6a,where ξt+1 is the change of Δ from time t to time t+1 and ξt is the change of Δ from time t-1 to time t.Further, with (1)–(4) and considering the uncertainty and the randomness of the monitored stress data, the BDLM is built as follows:Monitored equation is(5)yt+1=θt+1+νt+1,νt+1~N0,Vt+1.State equation is(6)θt+1=θt+Δt+1+ωt+1,1,Δt+1=Δt+ξt+1+ωt+1,2,ξt+1=ri+1riξt+6a+ωt+1,3,ωt+1=ωt+1,1ωt+1,2ωt+1,3~N0,Wt+1,t=1,2,…,T.For short,(7)θt+1Δt+1ξt+1=Gt+1θtΔtξt+6a+ωt+1,Gt+1=11ri+1ri01ri+1ri00ri+1ri.Initial state information is(8)θtΔtξt+6a∣Dt~Nmt,Ct,where yt+1 is the monitored extreme stress data at time t+1. θt+1 is the state at time t+1, namely, the trend of the monitoring data at time t+1. Δt+1 is the change of θ from time t to time t+1. ξt+1 is the change of Δ from time t to time t+1. νt+1 is the monitored error. ωt+1 is state error vector. Dt is the information collection including the data at time t and before time t, namely, Dt=yt,Dt-1, Dt-1 is the data collection at time t-1 and before time t-1, including mt-1 (mean value matrix), Ct-1 (variance matrix), and so on. Moreover, suppose that νt+1 and ωt+1 are mutually independent and independent of θt+1. ri+1=ti+1-ti is the sampling interval,(9)mt=mθtmΔtmξt,Ct=CθtCθ,ΔtCθ,ξtCθ,ΔtCΔtCΔ,ξtCξ,θtCξ,ΔtCξt,Wt+1=Wt+1,1Wt+1,4Wt+1,5Wt+1,4Wt+1,2Wt+1,6Wt+1,5Wt+1,6Wt+1,3.For BDLM,νt+1 and ωt+1 are, respectively, monitored errors and state errors. It is assumed that error sequences νt+1 and ωt+1 are internally independent, mutually independent, and independent of (θt∣Dt).With (5)–(8), the updating relationship between monitored data and state parameters can be obtained as(10)yt+1∣θt+1~Nθt+1,Vt+1,θt+1∣θt~Nmθt+mΔt+ri+1mξtri,Wt+1,1.It is known from (10) that the modeling processes of BDLM can be divided into two key steps, which are shown in Figure 2. The first step is to obtain a priori probability distribution function (PDF) of θt+1 based on the state equation and a posteriori PDF of θt. The second step is to get a posteriori PDF of θt+1 based on a priori PDF of θt+1 and monitored data yt+1.Figure 2
The probability recursive processes of BDLM.


## 2.3. Determination of the Main Probability Parameters about BDLM

For the BDLM, the probability parameters need to be solved includeVt+1, Wt+1, mt, and Ct. The determining methods about these parameters are described as follows.In this paper,Vt+1 is estimated with the variance of differences between fitted trend data θt+1 and monitored extreme stress data yt+1. According to [11, 12], Wt+1 can be solved with(11)Wt+1=1-δδGt+1CtGt+1′,where Gt+1′ is the transpose of Gt+1. δ is the discount factor, which is usually 0.95–0.98 given by engineering experience of the authors.m
t is the mean value of state variable θt,Δt,ξt at time t. Ct is the variance of state variable θt,Δt,ξt at time t. They can be both estimated with the resampled monitored data θ, the change Δ of θ, and the change ξ of Δ at time t and before time t.Considering the diversity of PDF about the state variable includingθt+1,Δt+1,ξt+1 which are obtained and resampled based on the mass SHM data, the K-L information distance is adopted to determine the optimum PDF, namely, (12)DKL,i2θt+1=∫pRT,iθt+1ln⁡pRT,iθt+1pRθt+1dθt+1,i=1,2,…,where DKL,i2θt+1 is the K-L information distance, pRT,iθt+1 is the ith common PDF about θt+1, and pRθt+1 is the theoretical PDF about θt+1 obtained with kernel density estimation method. If DKL,i2θt+1 is smaller, then the corresponding pRT,iθt+1 is more reasonable. pRT,iΔt+1 and pRT,iξt+1 can be also obtained with (12).The extension of common PDF is better than theoretical PDF, and more reasonably used for BDLM, so the K-L information distance is adopted to determine the optimum common PDF about the state variable.If the initial state variable follows the other common PDF except Gaussian PDF, then the distribution can be approximately transferred into mixed Gaussian PDF. Take state variableθt+1 for the example, namely, the following.(1) With kernel density estimation method, the actual PDFG(θt+1) about the initial state data is approximately pRθt+1, namely,(13)Gθt+1≈pRθt+1.(2) Since any set of data can be fitted by a few normal distributions, namely.(14)Gθt+1≈∑k=1npkΦθt+1-μkσk,where ∑k=1npk=1 and pk≥0, Φ(·) denotes the cumulative probability distribution functions of standard normal distribution.(3) The weights and distribution parameters of the fitted normal distributions can be obtained with the least residual error quadratic sum method OLS, namely,(15)OLS=1n∑j=1mgθt+1,j-∑i=1npiΦθt+1,j-μiσi2,where m is the total number of state data and pi is the weight. The values of unknown parameters for the fitted distributions can be possessed by the optimization computation with the rule of OLS. Furthermore, the optimized parameters must be determined to make sure that the value of OLS is the minimum.With (13)–(15), the common Gaussian PDF can be reached:(16)pRTθt+1≈∑i=1npiΦθt+1-μiσi.The transferred common Gaussian PDFpRTΔt+1,pRTξt+1 about the state variables Δt+1,ξt+1 can also be approximately obtained with (13)–(16).


## 2.4. Probability Recursion of BDLM

BDLM are applicable to the prediction of the future state parameters, which can be recursive and updated like well-known Kalman filter [11, 12]. The recursively updating processes [11–14] are as follows.(1) A Posteriori Distribution at Time
t. For the mean mt and the variance matrix Ct, there is(17)μt∣Dt=θtΔtξt+6a∣Dt~Nmt,Ct.(2) A Priori Distribution at Time
t
+
1
(18)
μ
t
+
1
D
t
~
N
a
t
+
1
,
R
t
+
1
,where, at+1=Gt+1mt, Rt+1=Gt+1CtGt+1′+Wt+1=Rt+1,1Rt+1,4Rt+1,5Rt+1,4Rt+1,2Rt+1,6Rt+1,5Rt+1,6Rt+1,3.(3) One-Step Prediction Distribution at Time
t
+
1
(19)
y
t
+
1
∣
D
t
~
N
f
t
+
1
,
Q
t
+
1
,where ft+1=E(yt+1∣yi,1:t)=mθt+mΔt+(ri+1/ri)mξt, Qt+1=var(yt+1∣y1:t)=Rt+1,1+Vt+1, ut+1=1/Qt+1 is the prediction precision at time t+1.According to the definition of highest posterior density (HPD) region [11], the predicted interval of the monitored data with a 95% confidential interval at time t+1 is(20)ft+1-1.645Qt+1,ft+1+1.645Qt+1,where ft+1-1.645Qt+1 is the predicted lower limit value, fi,t+1+1.645Qi,t+1 is the predicted upper limit value.(4) A Posteriori Distribution at Time
t
+
1
(21)
μ
t
+
1
∣
D
t
+
1
=
θ
t
+
1
Δ
t
+
1
ξ
t
+
1
+
6
a
∣
D
t
+
1
~
N
m
t
+
1
,
C
t
+
1
,where, At+1=Rt+1Qt+1-1, et+1=yt+1-ft+1, mt+1=at+1+At+1et+1, Ct+1=Rt+1-At+1Qt+1At+1′.


## 3. Monitoring Mechanisms about BDLM

Model monitoring has three purposes. The first is to identify where model prediction function declines and in which form the model fault occurred. The second is to cope with the faults and to monitor and update the model. The third is to improve the accuracy of future prediction.In this paper, the main idea of monitoring mechanism is to construct Bayesian factors [5, 7, 8, 11–14] with the obtained one-step prediction distribution function of the built BDLM and the routine or standard probability model, where Bayesian factors include single one and cumulative one.The single Bayesian factor forp0(·) versus p1(·) based on the monitored data yt is defined as(22)Ht+1=p0yt+1∣Dtp1yt+1∣Dt,where p0(yt+1∣Dt) is the one-step predictive PDF about monitored extreme stress. p1(yt+1∣Dt) is the PDF of the alternative model, namely, the routine or standard PDF. H(t+1) is the Bayesian factor for p0(yt+1∣Dt) versus p1(yt+1∣Dt) based on the monitored data yt+1.For integersk=1,…,t, the Bayesian factor for p0(·) versus p1(·) based on the sequence of k consecutive monitored data yt+1,yt,…,yt-k+2 is built as (23), namely, the built formula Ht+1(k) of the cumulative Bayesian factor is(23)Ht+1k=∏r=t-k+2t+1Hr=p0yt+1,yt,…,yt-k+2∣Dt-k+1p1yt+1,yt,…,yt-k+2∣Dt-k+1,where Ht+1(k) is the cumulative Bayesian factor, which measures the evidence provided by the recent (up to and including time t+1) k consecutive monitored data yt+1,yt,…,yt-k+2.Further through simplifying (22), a useful single alternative is the scale shift model p1(·) in which ete has standard deviation k rather than unity, with(24)p1ete∣Dt=2πk2-0.5exp⁡-0.5etek2.Then the specific expression of the Bayesian factor is obtained as(25)Ht=kexp⁡-0.5ete21-k-2,where ete=(yt+1-ft+1)/Qt+10.5 is the standardized prediction errors.Monitoring rules of the Bayesian dynamic model is whenk=3, if H(t+1) is less than 0.15; then the corresponding monitored data is abnormal, which need to be deleted. And after the removal of the abnormal data, with the changing curves of cumulative Bayesian factor, the prediction precision of the Bayesian dynamic model can be reflected. Namely, if the cumulative Bayesian factor is bigger, the prediction precision of the BDLM is better, and the uncertainty of the BDLM is smaller.


## 4. Application to an Existing Bridge

The I-39 northbound bridge [5, 9] shown in Figure 3 was built in 1961. The extreme stresses of the sensor CH15 is monitored for eighty-two days, and this sensor CH15 was mounted on the bottom flange of the northbound bridge girder (see Figure 4). The strain gage was installed in span two (first lateral field) at P.P.9 on the girder G4, as shown in Figure 4. The sensor was located at this position, since the stress concentrations and crack initiations due to the welded flange cover plates associated with field splices are significant at that detail [9].Figure 3
Map view of the I-39 northbound bridge (adapted from [9]).Figure 4
I-39 northbound bridge, instrumentation plan of the strain gage, CH15 (adapted from [9]).The monitored data of the sensor CH15 displayed the variability of the stresses caused by traffic, temperature, shrinkage, creep, and structural changes. The stresses from the dead weight of the steel structure and the concrete deck are not included in the measured data. The monitored extreme stresses are shown in Table1.Table 1
Dynamic monitored extreme stresses [9, 14].
Time (day)
Stressσ (MPa)
1
25.23
2
21.67
3
19.53
4
20.50
5
24.44
6
22.66
7
25.95
8
27.65
9
25.26
10
21.40
11
21.48
12
20.06
13
20.60
14
22.56
15
23.54
16
20.94
17
19.16
18
22.47
19
23.37
20
20.99
21
24.15
22
21.22
23
22.02
24
24.80
25
22.51
26
21.57
27
21.67
28
19.16
29
21.67
30
23.99
31
21.05
32
23.35
33
22.66
34
24.61
35
25.77
36
26.54
37
22.83
38
21.05
39
24.44
40
28.80
41
20.24
42
29.97
43
24.17
44
23.72
45
26.85
46
25.32
47
26.93
48
25.06
49
23.01
50
22.02
51
23.90
52
20.10
53
25.24
54
25.77
55
27.11
56
23.72
57
22.65
58
24.89
59
27.56
60
25.86
61
24.61
62
22.11
63
21.22
64
25.15
65
24.64
66
23.18
67
21.94
68
21.82
69
22.66
70
21.57
71
29.16
72
21.57
73
22.92
74
21.94
75
21.14
76
20.41
77
22.76
78
22.38
79
25.21
80
24.98
81
23.82
82
26.44Now, the monitored extreme stress data of the forward seventy days is adopted to predict the extreme stress of the later twelve days based on the built BDLM shown in (27)–(29). The detailed building steps are described as follows.In this existing example, the state data, which is shown in Figure5, is obtained with the resampled method, and the state equations obtained with (1)–(4) are adopted to build the BDLM and predict the structural extreme stress. From Figure 6 and Table 2, it can be seen that the RMSE about the cubic polynomial function is lowest. So (1) is used to fit the trend data of monitored data, namely, (26)mt=-0.0001245t3+0.01246t2-0.2956t+24.06,where mt is approximately state value of monitored data at time t, a=-0.0001245, b=0.01246, c=-0.2956, and d=24.06. Equation (26) can be used to build state equations shown in (28).Table 2
RMSE about the regressive polynomial functions.
Functions
RMSE
Linear polynomial
2.305
Quadratic polynomial
2.303
Cubic polynomial
2.167
Note. RMSE: root-mean-square error.Figure 5
Monitored extreme stress data and resampled extreme stress data.Figure 6
Monitored data and its regression analysis.In order to solve the distribution parameters of initial state information, the monitored extreme stress data of the forward seventy days is resampled with cubical smoothing algorithm with five-point approximation; then the resampled dataθt and the responding differences Δt,ξt are obtained, which can be approximately considered as the initial state information and, respectively, shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
Initial state data and initial state difference data.Through Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test for the initial state data and initial state difference data, with (12), the optimum a priori PDF of initial state is normal PDF shown in (29).With (5)–(8), the built BDLM is as follows.Monitored equation is(27)yt+1=θt+1+νt+1,νt+1~N0,Vt+1.State equation is(28)θt+1Δt+1ξt+1=Gt+1θtΔtξt+6a+ωt+1,Gt+1=11ri+1ri01ri+1ri00ri+1ri=111011001.Initial state information is(29)θtΔtξt+6a∣Dt~Nmt,Ct,where Vt+1=V=2.4344 estimated with the monitored extreme stress data of the forward seventy days.(30)mt=mθtmΔtmξt=23.3750-0.0519-0.0078,Gt+1=11ri+1ri01ri+1ri00ri+1ri=111011001,Ct=CθtCθ,ΔtCθ,ξtCθ,ΔtCΔtCΔ,ξtCξ,θtCξ,ΔtCξt=2.50430.3506-0.38200.35060.71240.3206-0.38200.32060.6383,Wt+1=1-δδGt+1CtGt+1′=0.05110000.01450000.0130,where yt+1 is the monitored extreme stress data at time t+1. νt+1 is monitored error. ωt+1 is state error vector, which means the uncertainty of state variable. δ=0.98, N[·] is normal PDF.With (17)–(21) and (27)–(29), the predicted extreme stresses and prediction precision (the reciprocal of prediction variances) can be solved and, respectively, shown in Figures 8 and 9.Figure 8
Monitored and predicted extreme stress data.Figure 9
Prediction precision of BDLM.In Figure8, it is noticed that the predicted stress data and the predicted stress ranges fit the changing rules of monitored extreme data. And Figure 9 shows that the prediction precision of the BDLM increases with the updating of the distant monitored data.Based on (22)–(25) and the built BDLM, the model monitoring results are figured in Figures 10 and 11. Figure 10 shows that Bayesian factors are all bigger than 0.15, which mean that all the monitoring data is normal. Figure 11 shows that the cumulative Bayesian factors approximately increase with the distant updating of monitored data, which mean that the prediction precision of the BDLM is better and better, and the corresponding model uncertainty is smaller and smaller.Figure 10
Single Bayesian factors of BDLM.Figure 11
Cumulative Bayesian factors of BDLM.


## 5. Conclusions

The paper describes a new approach for incorporating monitored data into structural extreme stress prediction. Namely, based on the monitored extreme stress data including nonlinear effects, the cubic function-based BDLM is utilized in this paper. This kind of model is easy to build and can be widely used in the bridge performance prediction.



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*Source: 7460378-2017-10-24.xml*