# Photovoltaic and Thermal Hybridized Solar Cooker

Authors: Smita B. Joshi; A. R. Jani
Journal: ISRN Renewable Energy
 (2013)

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## Abstract

The objective of the present research work is to design user friendly solar cooker which can be commercialized too. This cooker is designed, developed, and tested in our laboratory. The basic principle is to incorporate heating into material by photovoltaic effect and thermal treatment. Different temperatures inside the solar cooker were measured and profile of solar cooker was studied for several days during April, May, and June 2012. It is observed that the designed cooker needs the boosting of only 30 watt power which is generated by a small solar panel connected with it.  Heater connected with it can be powered by a solar panel of 75 watt. This boosting can reduce the cooking time. Different recipes were prepared to test its actual performance.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Food is one of the basic needs like water and air. Food preparation requires a fuel which may be wood, coal, cow dung, liquid petroleum gas, and electricity consuming induction heaters or microwave. Availability of these nonrenewable sources is a burning task. Moreover, it produces pollution which leads to imbalance in the nature. Solar cooker either box type or concentrating type can be one of the solutions of this critical problem. The solar cookers available in national and international market are not as popular as they should be. The objective of our research is to design user-friendly solar cooker which can cook a little faster than the conventional box type solar cooker for more than 300 days per year. The electrically boosted heater has made it 24 hours usable cooker.


## 2. Materials and Methods

Figure1 shows the schematic diagram of Photo-Thermo solar cooker. Photo-Thermo solar cooker was constructed using a stainless steel casserole and a DC heater. The heater was fixed inside the casserole with screws. Stainless still pot was used for cooking in the casserole while aluminum pots were used in Star and GEDA cookers.Figure 1
Schematic diagram of Photo-Thermo solar cooker.The Photo-Thermo solar cooker is a photovoltaic and thermal hybridized solar cooker. It is connected to a 12 volt 40 ampere-hour battery. This battery will be charged by a solar panel of 75 watt. To decide the minimum requirement of wattage for cooking, we operated the cooker with a power supply. This testing was indoor testing under all controlled parameters like wind, ambient temperatures, and humidity, and so forth. The insolation and ambient temperature data were given by Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Institute, SPRERI, situated at Gujarat, India. Horizontal insolation was recorded by pyranometer with ±2% accuracy. Thermal sensor for ambient temperature and calibrated J-type thermocouples made of copper constantan were used to measure temperatures at different state points attached with data logger DT600 Series 3.Before designing the Photo-Thermo solar cooker, we studied the temperature profile of Star cooker and Gujarat Energy Development Agency (GEDA) cooker in the month of May when insolation was sufficient for cooking. To study the temperature profile of solar cookers, Pt-100 sensors were mounted in different places like upper glass, lower glass, collector plate, hot air inside cooker, insulation, cooking pot, and so forth. Table1 shows the dimensions of the entire three cookers GEDA cooker, Star solar cooker, and Photo-Thermo solar cooker.Table 1
Dimensions of solar cookers.
Cooker parameters
Aluminum body cooker (GEDA)
Aluminum body star  solar cooker
Stainless steel Photo-Thermo solar cooker
Weight (kg)
12.3
4.8
1.6
Volume (m3)
l
×
b
×
h
l
×
b
×
h
Outer diameter  0.25 m
0.52
×
0.52
×
0.20
0.30
×
0.30
×
0.15
Flat height 0.09 m
Dimension of cavity (m3)
0.43
*
0.43
0.23
*
0.23
Inner diameter 0.23 m
Depth 0.078
Depth 0.07
Depth: 0.085 m
Number of  pots with size of each one (m)
Four
One
One
Diameter 0.19
Diameter 0.19
Diameter 0.17
Height 0.065
Height 0.065
Height 0.05
Black absorber paint
Black board paint
Black board paint
Not needed
Insulation (m)
Glass wool
Glass wool
Puff
Side 0.043
Side 0.02
0.025
Bottom 0.049
Bottom 0.04
Number of glass covers (glazing)
Two
Two
Not needed
Size of the reflecting mirror (m2)
0.46
*
0.46
0.26
*
0.26
Not needed
Heater (m)
—
—
Diameter: 0.15Thickness: 0.04


## 3. Results

Figure2 shows the graph for temperature profile of Star solar cooker loaded with 1 litre of tap water. Figure 3 shows the temperature profile of Star solar cooker and GEDA cooker. Both the cookers were kept empty so that their figure of merit F1 can be calculated for the comparison of their performance. The cookers were installed due south and the mirror was covered with black cotton cloth.Figure 2
Temperature profile of the Star solar cooker.Figure 3
Temperature profile for Star and GEDA cookers.Figure4 shows the graph for the hard nuts cooking. Different recipes like rice, pulses, vegetables, and cake were cooked in solar cooker.Figure 4
Temperature profile of Star cooker.Figure5 shows the insolation and ambient temperature data given by SPRERI. It shows a typical insolation curve of 4, 8 and 11 May 2012. 8th May was the clear sunny day. The peak of  insolation was about 836 watt/meter2 and then it started decreasing gradually as it is expected. The maximum temperature recorded for GEDA cooker and Star Cooker was 122.6°C and 85.7°C, respectively. Figure 6 shows time versus temperature plot for water heating in Photo-Thermo solar cooker. The temperatures of heater, water, and the lid of the pot were measured by an interval of 10 minutes with Pt-100 thermocouples and temperature indicator.Figure 5
Insolation and ambient temperature data.Figure 6
Time versus temperature plot of Photo-Thermo solar cooker.Figure7 shows the graph of rice cooking in Photo-Thermo solar cooker. The power supply was switched off at 12 O’clock, that is, after 100 minutes. Table 2 shows the readings for the same cooker for water heating test.Table 2
Water heating in Photo-Thermo solar cooker.
Time hrs
Time minute
Heater temp. °C
Water temp. °C
Lid temp. °C
10:10
0
28
28
28
10:20
10
51
36
33
10:30
20
68
56
50
10:40
30
78
71
64
10:50
40
87
83
76
11:00
50
93
91
85
11:10
60
98
96
90
11:20
70
102
98
94
11:30
80
105
99
95
11:40
90
106
99
96
11:50
100
107
99
96
12:00
110
102
99
96
12:10
120
84
94
91
12:20
130
73
84
82
12:30
140
66
76
74
12:40
150
60
69
67
12:50
160
55
63
61
13:00
170
51
58
56Figure 7
Time versus temperature plot for rice cooking in Photo-Thermo solar cooker.


## 4. Discussions

The international standard for testing solar cookers decided by BIS convened at Coimbatore on 9 January 1997, suggested that effective cooking power, which accounts for both different cooker sizes and heat gain rates, should be performed. The influence test conditions of results can be minimized if uncontrolled variables like wind, ambient temperature, pot contents temperature, insolation, solar altitude, and azimuth angle are held within certain ranges. Therefore, the committee recommends the following test procedure [1, 2].


### 4.1. Uncontrolled (Weather) Variables

#### 4.1.1. Wind Velocities

Wind velocities less than 1.0 m/s help to maintain a heat loss coefficient close to the natural convection loss, making tests more consistent and repeatable. If wind shelter is required, it must be constructed so that it does not interfere with incoming total radiation. The parameter Wind does not affect in designing solar cooker as the cooking is done in the kitchen which serves better than a wind shelter.


#### 4.1.2. Ambient Temperature

Conduct solar cooker tests when ambient temperatures are between 20°C and 35°C because cooking power is influenced by temperature difference. A range of 15°C keeps variability moderate. In the designed cooker, the indoor cooking temperature change is less than 5°C so the above parameter becomes partially controlled parameter.


#### 4.1.3. Pot Contents Temperature

Record the data for water temperatures between 40°C and 90°C because pot contents must be above ambient temperature for compensating heat losses. The latent heat of vaporization severely depresses apparent cooking power as the water near boiling point. There is less possibility in fall of pot content temperatures as it depends on the above two parameters, namely, wind and ambient temperature which are least concerned with indoor cooking.


#### 4.1.4. Insolation

Available solar energy is to be measured in the plane perpendicular to direct beam radiation (the maximum reading) using a radiation pyranometer. Variation in measured insolation greater than 100 watt/meter2 during a ten-minute interval or readings below 450 watt/meter2 or above 1100 watt/meter2 during the test render the test invalid. In designing cooker, the battery is already charged with a solar penal. So any change in insolation with time hardly matters.


#### 4.1.5.  Solar Altitude and Azimuth Angle

Tests are to be conducted between 10 : 00 hrs and 14 : 00 hrs solar time, because solar zenith angle is somewhat constant at midday, and the difference between the insolation perpendicular to direct beam radiation will be very less.This parameter does not affect the performance of designed solar cooker as this battery operated cooker can cook round the clock as per the requirement of the user.


### 4.2.  Controlled Variables

The controlled parameters of solar cooker are loading and tracking.


#### 4.2.1. Loading

Water closely resembles food in density and specific heat but is more consistent. Intercepted radiation is the best measure of available energy. Thermal performance is sensitive to loading rate.The designed cooker was tested with and without load. As it is merely a prototype of cooker, the load was limited to 100 mL and the test was repeated for several times for confirmation of the load. Intercept area and beam radiation zenith angle do not play any role here as the reflector is not needed and the system is closed by an opaque cover.


#### 4.2.2. Tracking

Azimuth angle tracking frequency must be appropriate to the cooker’s acceptance angle. Box-type cookers typically require adjustment every 15 to 30 minutes or when shadows appear on the absorber plate. With box-type cookers, zenith angle tracking may be unnecessary during a two-hour test conducted at midday.The cooker needs no tracking as it is used in kitchen only. It does not need focusing as the cooking is done with a battery charged by a solar panel. Particularly, midday cooking is not a compulsion in our designed cooker.


#### 4.2.3. Temperature Sensing

Pt-100 Thermocouples were used for the measurement of temperatures of the cooker as they offer high accuracy and rapid response. Thermocouple junctions were immersed in the water in the pot(s) and placed 10 mm above the pot bottom, at the centre (illustration of recommended thermocouple mounting). Proper thermocouple placement can minimize errors that might be caused by thermal stratification and sensor intrusion into the pot. The standard tests for solar cooker states that the values of the figure of merits F1 and F2 should be as higher as possible.(1)F1=TP-TaIS=ηULS,
where  F1 = figure of merit of solar cooker, TP = plate temperature, Ta = ambient temperature, IS = incident solar radiation, η =  efficiency, and ULS = losses of solar cooker.Since cookers normally operate near the stagnation temperature, the first figure of meritF1 is calculated for both GEDA cooker and Star cooker. The values for F1 obtained are 0.0986 meter2 kelvin/watt and 0.0552 meter2 kelvin/watt, respectively.This shows that there are some limitations in the performance of the box type solar cookers as the BIS has fixed that SBS should be at least 0.12 meter2 kelvin/watt. However, tests conducted on several commercially available solar cookers in Gujarat revealed that the value 0.12 for F1 is practically unattainable and suggested that it should be lowered down [3, 4].


## 4.1. Uncontrolled (Weather) Variables

### 4.1.1. Wind Velocities

Wind velocities less than 1.0 m/s help to maintain a heat loss coefficient close to the natural convection loss, making tests more consistent and repeatable. If wind shelter is required, it must be constructed so that it does not interfere with incoming total radiation. The parameter Wind does not affect in designing solar cooker as the cooking is done in the kitchen which serves better than a wind shelter.


### 4.1.2. Ambient Temperature

Conduct solar cooker tests when ambient temperatures are between 20°C and 35°C because cooking power is influenced by temperature difference. A range of 15°C keeps variability moderate. In the designed cooker, the indoor cooking temperature change is less than 5°C so the above parameter becomes partially controlled parameter.


### 4.1.3. Pot Contents Temperature

Record the data for water temperatures between 40°C and 90°C because pot contents must be above ambient temperature for compensating heat losses. The latent heat of vaporization severely depresses apparent cooking power as the water near boiling point. There is less possibility in fall of pot content temperatures as it depends on the above two parameters, namely, wind and ambient temperature which are least concerned with indoor cooking.


### 4.1.4. Insolation

Available solar energy is to be measured in the plane perpendicular to direct beam radiation (the maximum reading) using a radiation pyranometer. Variation in measured insolation greater than 100 watt/meter2 during a ten-minute interval or readings below 450 watt/meter2 or above 1100 watt/meter2 during the test render the test invalid. In designing cooker, the battery is already charged with a solar penal. So any change in insolation with time hardly matters.


### 4.1.5.  Solar Altitude and Azimuth Angle

Tests are to be conducted between 10 : 00 hrs and 14 : 00 hrs solar time, because solar zenith angle is somewhat constant at midday, and the difference between the insolation perpendicular to direct beam radiation will be very less.This parameter does not affect the performance of designed solar cooker as this battery operated cooker can cook round the clock as per the requirement of the user.


## 4.1.1. Wind Velocities

Wind velocities less than 1.0 m/s help to maintain a heat loss coefficient close to the natural convection loss, making tests more consistent and repeatable. If wind shelter is required, it must be constructed so that it does not interfere with incoming total radiation. The parameter Wind does not affect in designing solar cooker as the cooking is done in the kitchen which serves better than a wind shelter.


## 4.1.2. Ambient Temperature

Conduct solar cooker tests when ambient temperatures are between 20°C and 35°C because cooking power is influenced by temperature difference. A range of 15°C keeps variability moderate. In the designed cooker, the indoor cooking temperature change is less than 5°C so the above parameter becomes partially controlled parameter.


## 4.1.3. Pot Contents Temperature

Record the data for water temperatures between 40°C and 90°C because pot contents must be above ambient temperature for compensating heat losses. The latent heat of vaporization severely depresses apparent cooking power as the water near boiling point. There is less possibility in fall of pot content temperatures as it depends on the above two parameters, namely, wind and ambient temperature which are least concerned with indoor cooking.


## 4.1.4. Insolation

Available solar energy is to be measured in the plane perpendicular to direct beam radiation (the maximum reading) using a radiation pyranometer. Variation in measured insolation greater than 100 watt/meter2 during a ten-minute interval or readings below 450 watt/meter2 or above 1100 watt/meter2 during the test render the test invalid. In designing cooker, the battery is already charged with a solar penal. So any change in insolation with time hardly matters.


## 4.1.5.  Solar Altitude and Azimuth Angle

Tests are to be conducted between 10 : 00 hrs and 14 : 00 hrs solar time, because solar zenith angle is somewhat constant at midday, and the difference between the insolation perpendicular to direct beam radiation will be very less.This parameter does not affect the performance of designed solar cooker as this battery operated cooker can cook round the clock as per the requirement of the user.


## 4.2.  Controlled Variables

The controlled parameters of solar cooker are loading and tracking.


### 4.2.1. Loading

Water closely resembles food in density and specific heat but is more consistent. Intercepted radiation is the best measure of available energy. Thermal performance is sensitive to loading rate.The designed cooker was tested with and without load. As it is merely a prototype of cooker, the load was limited to 100 mL and the test was repeated for several times for confirmation of the load. Intercept area and beam radiation zenith angle do not play any role here as the reflector is not needed and the system is closed by an opaque cover.


### 4.2.2. Tracking

Azimuth angle tracking frequency must be appropriate to the cooker’s acceptance angle. Box-type cookers typically require adjustment every 15 to 30 minutes or when shadows appear on the absorber plate. With box-type cookers, zenith angle tracking may be unnecessary during a two-hour test conducted at midday.The cooker needs no tracking as it is used in kitchen only. It does not need focusing as the cooking is done with a battery charged by a solar panel. Particularly, midday cooking is not a compulsion in our designed cooker.


### 4.2.3. Temperature Sensing

Pt-100 Thermocouples were used for the measurement of temperatures of the cooker as they offer high accuracy and rapid response. Thermocouple junctions were immersed in the water in the pot(s) and placed 10 mm above the pot bottom, at the centre (illustration of recommended thermocouple mounting). Proper thermocouple placement can minimize errors that might be caused by thermal stratification and sensor intrusion into the pot. The standard tests for solar cooker states that the values of the figure of merits F1 and F2 should be as higher as possible.(1)F1=TP-TaIS=ηULS,
where  F1 = figure of merit of solar cooker, TP = plate temperature, Ta = ambient temperature, IS = incident solar radiation, η =  efficiency, and ULS = losses of solar cooker.Since cookers normally operate near the stagnation temperature, the first figure of meritF1 is calculated for both GEDA cooker and Star cooker. The values for F1 obtained are 0.0986 meter2 kelvin/watt and 0.0552 meter2 kelvin/watt, respectively.This shows that there are some limitations in the performance of the box type solar cookers as the BIS has fixed that SBS should be at least 0.12 meter2 kelvin/watt. However, tests conducted on several commercially available solar cookers in Gujarat revealed that the value 0.12 for F1 is practically unattainable and suggested that it should be lowered down [3, 4].


## 4.2.1. Loading

Water closely resembles food in density and specific heat but is more consistent. Intercepted radiation is the best measure of available energy. Thermal performance is sensitive to loading rate.The designed cooker was tested with and without load. As it is merely a prototype of cooker, the load was limited to 100 mL and the test was repeated for several times for confirmation of the load. Intercept area and beam radiation zenith angle do not play any role here as the reflector is not needed and the system is closed by an opaque cover.


## 4.2.2. Tracking

Azimuth angle tracking frequency must be appropriate to the cooker’s acceptance angle. Box-type cookers typically require adjustment every 15 to 30 minutes or when shadows appear on the absorber plate. With box-type cookers, zenith angle tracking may be unnecessary during a two-hour test conducted at midday.The cooker needs no tracking as it is used in kitchen only. It does not need focusing as the cooking is done with a battery charged by a solar panel. Particularly, midday cooking is not a compulsion in our designed cooker.


## 4.2.3. Temperature Sensing

Pt-100 Thermocouples were used for the measurement of temperatures of the cooker as they offer high accuracy and rapid response. Thermocouple junctions were immersed in the water in the pot(s) and placed 10 mm above the pot bottom, at the centre (illustration of recommended thermocouple mounting). Proper thermocouple placement can minimize errors that might be caused by thermal stratification and sensor intrusion into the pot. The standard tests for solar cooker states that the values of the figure of merits F1 and F2 should be as higher as possible.(1)F1=TP-TaIS=ηULS,
where  F1 = figure of merit of solar cooker, TP = plate temperature, Ta = ambient temperature, IS = incident solar radiation, η =  efficiency, and ULS = losses of solar cooker.Since cookers normally operate near the stagnation temperature, the first figure of meritF1 is calculated for both GEDA cooker and Star cooker. The values for F1 obtained are 0.0986 meter2 kelvin/watt and 0.0552 meter2 kelvin/watt, respectively.This shows that there are some limitations in the performance of the box type solar cookers as the BIS has fixed that SBS should be at least 0.12 meter2 kelvin/watt. However, tests conducted on several commercially available solar cookers in Gujarat revealed that the value 0.12 for F1 is practically unattainable and suggested that it should be lowered down [3, 4].


## 5. Conclusion and Future Scope

The Photo-Thermo solar cooker is not affected by the uncontrolled parameters, namely, wind, ambient temperature, pot contents temperature, insolation, solar altitude, and azimuth angle, and so forth. The indoor cooking reduces the physical strain of the user. The cooker can be used round the clock. It is lighter in weight and smaller in size. So it can be transported easily. It does not contain any mirror or glasses which are the breakable parts in box type solar cooker. This user-friendly Photo-Thermo solar cooker can be commercialized too.Further, our plan is to replace the power supply by a DC battery of 12 volt 40 ampere hour. It will be charged by a solar panel of 75 watt. Only the panel will be kept either on the terrace or in the balcony of the house. The cooking will be done in the kitchen.



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*Source: 746189-2013-06-06.xml*