# High Power Efficiency Buck Converter Design for Standalone Wind Generation System

Authors: Yigeng Huangfu; Ruiqing Ma; Bo Liang; Yuren Li
Journal: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
 (2015)

---

## Abstract

In wind generation system, the power converter efficiency is one of the key factors for the performance of the system. In those systems, DC/DC Buck converter is widely used for high power system. Considering the converter’s cost and efficiency, this paper mainly focuses on the design of an improved topology Buck converter adopted for high power standalone wind generation system. The designed converter uses multi-MOSFETs in parallel instead of the IGBTs, in order to increase the conductive current as well as the converter switch frequency. From the experimental tests results, the maximum efficiency of the designed 2 kW Buck converter is up to 96% based on maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

Conventional energy resources may run out in the following few decades, especially from fossil origins, which could lead to the energy shortage in the world. The energy consumption is increased dramatically in recent years. The renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, or ocean wave energy, are considered to be the future energy solutions. Thanks to the extensive research in renewable energy field, those energies can be exploited more and more easily and properly [1–3]. Nevertheless, being neglected for a long time, power extraction techniques of these resources require more researches and developments aiming to reduce the manufacturing costs and to improve the energy efficiency [4].Among the renewable resources, the wind energy is gaining greater visibility during the last several years as a convenient and promising energy source in the future [5]. The application of wind energy is divided into two aspects. One is a standalone wind power station with the battery as energy storage component, and the other is connect-to-grid wind turbine. In many applications, such as small villages or islands power station, the off-grid wind power generation system provides an excellent energy solution. However, they are unstable energy sources due to their primary source in nature. Thus, an energy storage component is usually added to form a hybrid energy system. In such a system, a suitable power converter plays an important role during energy conversion and management. Generally, in order to improve the system efficiency these converters should be adaptive for wide wind speed range.In a wind generation system, two types of converter can be usually found: a primary AC/DC converter connected directly to the wind turbine generator and a secondary DC/DC converter connected to the load. As known, the nonisolated DC/DC Buck converter is usually used in small or low power system, and the soft-switching technology is widely used to improve the efficiency. In [6], two high efficiency voltage regulators based on Buck converter with soft-switching for CPU power have been proposed, with a relatively small system power output. In a high power system, IGBTs based Buck converters with soft-switching technology are commonly used. In [7], the design of a single phase (synchronous rectification), interleaved synchronous mode bidirectional converter is given. Due to the cost limitation of the system, the soft-switching Buck converter with MOSFET rather than IGBT is used. In [8], a high efficiency zero-current switching (ZCS) Buck converter has been also presented.The main focus of this paper is to present a low cost, high efficiency DC/DC converter design in a wind generation system. Considering the cost, efficiency, power level, and the characteristic of such a wind system, the technology of paralleled multi-MOSFETs devices is used and an optimized Buck converter topology is presented with the experimental validation.


## 2. System Structure

Generally, six parts can be distinguished in a standalone wind power generation system. They are wind turbine, permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), AC/DC rectifier, DC/DC converter, storage battery, and load, respectively. The structure is presented in Figure1.Figure 1
Standalone wind power generation system.The wind energy in nature drives the turbine to whirl. The PMSG produces the AC electrical energy, whose amplitude and frequency are variable because of the random wind speed in the nature. Through the AC/DC rectifier, the DC electrical energy with alterable amplitude is obtained. Compared with conventional Buck converter, the wide input voltage range is a novel challenge for the converter design. For system performance, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technology control method is used [9, 10] to ensure a stable DC output for the storage battery and load.


### 2.1. Wind Turbine Characteristic

As well known, the rated power of the wind turbine depends on the length of blade, air density, power coefficient, and wind speed. Moreover, mechanical elevation and transmission affect the rated power. The relation can be expressed by [11](1)
P
t
u
r
b
=
0.5
ρ
C
p
λ
,
β
π
r
2
v
3
η
,where ρ is the air density, r is the blade length, v is the wind speed, η is the transmission efficiency, and C
p is the power coefficient depending on the pitch angle of rotor blades β and the tip speed ratio λ. When the pitch angle is constant, C
p depends only on tip speed ratio λ, as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Blade characteristic:C
p versus λ.The tip speed ratio is defined by(2)
λ
=
r
ω
v
,where ω is the angular speed of wind turbine.When the turbine operates at its optimal point, the rated wind speedv can be thus expressed as a function of the wind turbine speed:(3)
v
=
r
ω
λ
o
p
t
.From (1) and (3), the output power from wind turbine can be expressed by(4)
P
M
P
P
T
=
0.5
ρ
C
p
m
a
x
π
r
2
r
ω
λ
o
p
t
3
η
=
K
o
p
t
ω
3with(5)
K
o
p
t
=
ρ
π
r
5
C
p
m
a
x
λ
o
p
t
3
.The turbine torque is defined as the ratio of the mechanical power to the rotational turbine speed:(6)
T
o
p
t
=
P
M
P
P
T
ω
=
K
o
p
t
ω
2
.Equations (4) and (6) provide the relation between the maximal mechanical power and the turbine speed, as well as the relation between the maximal torque and the turbine speed. When the wind generation system works at its maximum power point under a given wind speed, the wind speed and tip speed ratio can be calculated by (3).With different wind speeds, the output power and torque of turbine and their maximum point are shown in Figure3. Figure 3(a) presents the mechanical output power versus the wind speed. Figure 3(b) presents the mechanical output torque versus the wind speed.Figure 3
Output characteristic of wind turbine.
(a)
(b)


### 2.2. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) Characteristic

The permanent magnet machines are used more and more in the variable speed drives. The PMSG used in the presented system is a generator with radial magnetization [12]. Thus, the synchronous rotating coordinate d
-
q axis has the same speed with the rotor magnetic poles. The stator voltage equations of PMSG can be expressed by(7)
u
d
=
R
s
i
d
+
L
d
d
i
d
d
t
+
d
ψ
f
d
t
-
ω
e
L
q
i
q
,
u
q
=
R
s
i
q
+
L
q
d
i
q
d
t
+
ω
e
L
d
i
d
+
ψ
f
,where u
d and u
q are d
-
q axis voltages, respectively; i
d and i
q are d
-
q axis currents, respectively; L
d and L
q are d
-
q axis self-inductions, respectively; ω
e is the electricity angular velocity with ω
e
=
p
ω; p is the pairs of poles; and ψ
f is the flux linkage of permanent magnet.The equation of electromagnetic torque can be calculated as(8)
T
e
m
=
1.5
p
ψ
f
i
q
+
L
d
-
L
q
i
q
i
d
.In the case of a nonsalient pole machine,L
d
=
L
q. The equation above can be therefore rewritten by(9)
T
e
m
=
1.5
p
ψ
f
i
q
.Thus the electromagnetic torque depends only on theq axis component current. The flux is constant, and the torque is proportional to the current i
q.


### 2.3. Discussion on MPPT Control Method

The common maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods such as optimum tip speed ratio, power curve control, and climbing mountain can be found in the literature [13, 14].With the method of optimum tip speed ratio, the wind speedv and turbine speed ω have to be measured at first. The result of the ratio λ
=
r
ω
/
v is then compared with the optimum ration of tip speed λ
o
p
t shown in Figure 2. The error is sent to the controller to adjust the duty cycle of PWM for power converter. This method has a clear physical conception and a simple theory. However, it is necessary to measure the wind speed and turbine speed precisely. The control block diagram of this method is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4
Block diagram of optimum tip speed ratio.The wind speed is difficult to detect accurately due to the randomness and intermission of wind in nature. Furthermore, the use of wind speed sensor will increase the cost of the system. In addition, the optimum tip speed ratio is defined by turbine generator manufacturer, which is not easy to obtain. As a consequence, this method is rarely used in actual applications.If the power curve control method is used, only turbine angular speed needs to be measured. According to (4), the power curve can be obtained at certain wind speed. Thus, the maximum power point can be obtained. At this time, the error between the actual output power and the given reference power is used as the input of controller. The control block diagram of power curve is shown in Figure 5.Figure 5
Block diagram of power curve control.The disadvantage of this method is that the output power of generator and the optimum power curve should be known. The use of the turbine torque sensor also increases the cost of the system. In addition, the maximum power curve is usually obtained by offline test. The variation of parameters during system operation will affect the efficiency of the maximum power tracking method in the system.The climbing mountain method overcomes the disadvantages of the two methods mentioned above. This method uses an empirical search algorithm for control purpose. Thus the measurements of wind speed and the power curve of the generator are not needed. The wind turbine speed can be regulated by changing the generator output power. The search algorithm adjusts continuously the PWM duty cycle until system operates at its maximum power point. The control block diagram of climbing mountain is shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Block diagram of climbing mountain.During the PWM regulation, if the duty cycle step change is too big, the oscillation will take place. In this case, the regulated maximum power point by this method is far away from the real optimal value. Thus the performance of system is decreased. If the PWM duty cycle step change is too small, the tracking method cannot converge to optimal point rapidly. In this paper, a variable duty cycle change step is used for climbing mountain method. The control algorithm flow chart is shown in Figure7.Figure 7
Flow chart of MPPT using climbing mountain method.Because the energy storage adopts four VRLA batteries in parallel, the terminal voltage is almost constant. Actually, maximization of output current achieves the highest power control. After program initialization, the initial output currentI is detected. The I
m
a
x is the maximum current under the same wind speed, and the I
1 is the output current at next sample time. When the error between I
1 and I
m
a
x is larger than preset α, the duty cycle should be reinstalled. Otherwise, the duty cycle remains unchanged. If the output current I
1 is much lower than maximum current I
m
a
x and I
1
-
I
m
a
x
<
-
α, the duty cycle should make adjustment with disturbance duty. Then, the output current is measured again, denoted by I
2. Similarly, the output current I
2 also compares with I
m
a
x. If |
I
2
-
I
m
a
x
|
<
α. If I
m
a
x
>
I
2
>
I
1, increase the disturbance duty according to the original direction. If I
2
<
I
1, decrease the disturbance duty according to the opposite direction.


## 2.1. Wind Turbine Characteristic

As well known, the rated power of the wind turbine depends on the length of blade, air density, power coefficient, and wind speed. Moreover, mechanical elevation and transmission affect the rated power. The relation can be expressed by [11](1)
P
t
u
r
b
=
0.5
ρ
C
p
λ
,
β
π
r
2
v
3
η
,where ρ is the air density, r is the blade length, v is the wind speed, η is the transmission efficiency, and C
p is the power coefficient depending on the pitch angle of rotor blades β and the tip speed ratio λ. When the pitch angle is constant, C
p depends only on tip speed ratio λ, as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Blade characteristic:C
p versus λ.The tip speed ratio is defined by(2)
λ
=
r
ω
v
,where ω is the angular speed of wind turbine.When the turbine operates at its optimal point, the rated wind speedv can be thus expressed as a function of the wind turbine speed:(3)
v
=
r
ω
λ
o
p
t
.From (1) and (3), the output power from wind turbine can be expressed by(4)
P
M
P
P
T
=
0.5
ρ
C
p
m
a
x
π
r
2
r
ω
λ
o
p
t
3
η
=
K
o
p
t
ω
3with(5)
K
o
p
t
=
ρ
π
r
5
C
p
m
a
x
λ
o
p
t
3
.The turbine torque is defined as the ratio of the mechanical power to the rotational turbine speed:(6)
T
o
p
t
=
P
M
P
P
T
ω
=
K
o
p
t
ω
2
.Equations (4) and (6) provide the relation between the maximal mechanical power and the turbine speed, as well as the relation between the maximal torque and the turbine speed. When the wind generation system works at its maximum power point under a given wind speed, the wind speed and tip speed ratio can be calculated by (3).With different wind speeds, the output power and torque of turbine and their maximum point are shown in Figure3. Figure 3(a) presents the mechanical output power versus the wind speed. Figure 3(b) presents the mechanical output torque versus the wind speed.Figure 3
Output characteristic of wind turbine.
(a)
(b)


## 2.2. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) Characteristic

The permanent magnet machines are used more and more in the variable speed drives. The PMSG used in the presented system is a generator with radial magnetization [12]. Thus, the synchronous rotating coordinate d
-
q axis has the same speed with the rotor magnetic poles. The stator voltage equations of PMSG can be expressed by(7)
u
d
=
R
s
i
d
+
L
d
d
i
d
d
t
+
d
ψ
f
d
t
-
ω
e
L
q
i
q
,
u
q
=
R
s
i
q
+
L
q
d
i
q
d
t
+
ω
e
L
d
i
d
+
ψ
f
,where u
d and u
q are d
-
q axis voltages, respectively; i
d and i
q are d
-
q axis currents, respectively; L
d and L
q are d
-
q axis self-inductions, respectively; ω
e is the electricity angular velocity with ω
e
=
p
ω; p is the pairs of poles; and ψ
f is the flux linkage of permanent magnet.The equation of electromagnetic torque can be calculated as(8)
T
e
m
=
1.5
p
ψ
f
i
q
+
L
d
-
L
q
i
q
i
d
.In the case of a nonsalient pole machine,L
d
=
L
q. The equation above can be therefore rewritten by(9)
T
e
m
=
1.5
p
ψ
f
i
q
.Thus the electromagnetic torque depends only on theq axis component current. The flux is constant, and the torque is proportional to the current i
q.


## 2.3. Discussion on MPPT Control Method

The common maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods such as optimum tip speed ratio, power curve control, and climbing mountain can be found in the literature [13, 14].With the method of optimum tip speed ratio, the wind speedv and turbine speed ω have to be measured at first. The result of the ratio λ
=
r
ω
/
v is then compared with the optimum ration of tip speed λ
o
p
t shown in Figure 2. The error is sent to the controller to adjust the duty cycle of PWM for power converter. This method has a clear physical conception and a simple theory. However, it is necessary to measure the wind speed and turbine speed precisely. The control block diagram of this method is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4
Block diagram of optimum tip speed ratio.The wind speed is difficult to detect accurately due to the randomness and intermission of wind in nature. Furthermore, the use of wind speed sensor will increase the cost of the system. In addition, the optimum tip speed ratio is defined by turbine generator manufacturer, which is not easy to obtain. As a consequence, this method is rarely used in actual applications.If the power curve control method is used, only turbine angular speed needs to be measured. According to (4), the power curve can be obtained at certain wind speed. Thus, the maximum power point can be obtained. At this time, the error between the actual output power and the given reference power is used as the input of controller. The control block diagram of power curve is shown in Figure 5.Figure 5
Block diagram of power curve control.The disadvantage of this method is that the output power of generator and the optimum power curve should be known. The use of the turbine torque sensor also increases the cost of the system. In addition, the maximum power curve is usually obtained by offline test. The variation of parameters during system operation will affect the efficiency of the maximum power tracking method in the system.The climbing mountain method overcomes the disadvantages of the two methods mentioned above. This method uses an empirical search algorithm for control purpose. Thus the measurements of wind speed and the power curve of the generator are not needed. The wind turbine speed can be regulated by changing the generator output power. The search algorithm adjusts continuously the PWM duty cycle until system operates at its maximum power point. The control block diagram of climbing mountain is shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Block diagram of climbing mountain.During the PWM regulation, if the duty cycle step change is too big, the oscillation will take place. In this case, the regulated maximum power point by this method is far away from the real optimal value. Thus the performance of system is decreased. If the PWM duty cycle step change is too small, the tracking method cannot converge to optimal point rapidly. In this paper, a variable duty cycle change step is used for climbing mountain method. The control algorithm flow chart is shown in Figure7.Figure 7
Flow chart of MPPT using climbing mountain method.Because the energy storage adopts four VRLA batteries in parallel, the terminal voltage is almost constant. Actually, maximization of output current achieves the highest power control. After program initialization, the initial output currentI is detected. The I
m
a
x is the maximum current under the same wind speed, and the I
1 is the output current at next sample time. When the error between I
1 and I
m
a
x is larger than preset α, the duty cycle should be reinstalled. Otherwise, the duty cycle remains unchanged. If the output current I
1 is much lower than maximum current I
m
a
x and I
1
-
I
m
a
x
<
-
α, the duty cycle should make adjustment with disturbance duty. Then, the output current is measured again, denoted by I
2. Similarly, the output current I
2 also compares with I
m
a
x. If |
I
2
-
I
m
a
x
|
<
α. If I
m
a
x
>
I
2
>
I
1, increase the disturbance duty according to the original direction. If I
2
<
I
1, decrease the disturbance duty according to the opposite direction.


## 3. Buck Converter Design

Buck converter is a typical DC/DC device, which has been used widely in DC regulated power supply, photovoltaic system, DC motor regulated speed, LED illumination, and other electrical power and electronics systems [15–17].In a wind generation system, the output voltage of the rectifier from the PMSG is usually higher than the battery voltage (DC bus voltage). For voltage reduction between the rectifier output and the DC bus, the Buck converter is used widely due to its simple structure, low cost, and easy control.


### 3.1. Conventional Buck Converter

The topology of a conventional nonisolated Buck converter is shown in Figure8.Figure 8
The conventional Buck converter topological structure.In a wind generation system, the converter has a long and wide wire connection from the forestage due to the height of the wind turbine. Thus there exists a great stray inductanceL
s. When the switch is off, the input current i
I passes through the inductance L
s, which leads to(10)
U
i
=
-
L
s
d
i
I
d
t
+
U
z
,
i
l
=
C
z
d
U
z
d
t
.The solution of the above two equations is(11)
U
z
=
U
i
+
L
s
C
z
I
I
s
i
n
t
L
s
C
z
.The maximum value of the equation above can be calculated as follows:(12)
U
z
m
a
x
=
U
i
+
L
s
C
z
I
I
.With the presence of a stray inductance, a high amplitude voltage spikeU
z
m
a
x will be produced, if the converter does not include an absorption capacity. When the input current i
I is higher, the value of U
z
m
a
x is greater. Therefore, the use of an absorption capacitance C
z is necessary. However the capacitance value C
z should be selected carefully, especially in high frequency.With a higher output power of the wind generation system, the electric wires are greater and longer, leading to the increase of the stray inductance. In high power applications, the change of current is significant when the power device works at high frequency, resulting in the huge voltage spike between the switch ends.This phenomenon is common especially in high power Buck converter. The voltage spike at switch-off and the current spike at switch-on yield high electric stress. Sometimes, it can even break down the power device, such as MOSFET or IGBT. The switching loss can be significant. Thus the converter efficiency is usually between 60% and 80%.In order to overcome these shortages, the suppression of voltage or current spike and the improvement of the efficiency become the key issue in high power Buck converter design. An improved Buck converter topology is proposed in the following section.


### 3.2. Improved Buck Converter

The absorption circuit plays the crucial function for removing or decreasing the voltage spike in high power Buck converter. Two different absorption circuits, called RCD and LCD absorption, respectively, are presented in Figure9.Figure 9
The improved Buck converter topological structure.
(a)
(b)In this paper, the resistanceR
1, the capacitance C
1, and the diode V
D
1 consist of the RCD absorption circuit in Figure 9(a). The inductance L
1, the capacitance C
1, and the diode V
D
1 consist of LCD absorption circuit in Figure 9(b).In Figure9(a), the RCD absorption circuit can eliminate the voltage spike when the power device is switched off. But the energy stored in capacitor is dissipated to resistance in the circuit. Thus the system efficiency is decreased.In this topology, the relation between converter voltage and current can be expressed by(13)
U
i
=
-
L
s
d
i
I
d
t
+
U
T
+
L
M
d
i
I
d
t
+
U
o
,
i
I
=
C
1
d
U
T
d
t
.The maximum value of the solution of the above two equations is(14)
U
T
m
a
x
=
U
i
-
U
o
+
L
s
+
L
M
C
1
I
I
2
+
U
i
-
U
o
2
.The absorption capacityC
1 plays an important role in suppression of the voltage spike.When the switch is on,R
1, C
1, and switch device T build a discharge circuit. The stored energy in absorption capacity C
1 from the voltage spike is consumed by the resistance R. Considering the maximum discharge current of capacity C
1 as I
T
m
a
x, discharge time as τ, power loss in resistant as P
l
o
s
s, and the switch frequency as f, the following expression can be obtained, ignoring the conduction voltage drop:(15)
I
T
m
a
x
=
U
T
m
a
x
R
1
,
τ
=
2
R
1
C
1
,
P
l
o
s
s
=
1
2
f
C
1
U
T
m
a
x
2
.The values ofI
T
m
a
x should be smaller for security of the switch device. That means the resistance R
1 should be big enough. But if the value of R
1 is too big, it will affect the discharge time and thereby the efficiency. The C
1 and R
1 in the circuit should use the noninductive elements due to their good high frequency characteristic.A LCD absorption circuit can also decrease the voltage spike in the Buck converter. The LCD topology is presented in Figure10(b). The resistance is not used in this kind of circuit. Thus the loss energy is equal to zero in theory. This topology is also called zero-voltage switches (ZVS). Due to the resonance of the inductance L and capacitance C, it can both accelerate the switch speed and reduce the voltage spike. Thus, the switching loss can be minimized.Figure 10
The actual wind generation system for experiment.
(a)
(b)When LC resonance takes place, its resonant frequency can be calculated by(16)
f
r
=
1
2
π
L
1
C
1
.In order to reduce the influence on the PWM control, the resonant frequency of inductanceL
1 and capacitance C
1 should be 4 to 10 times greater than switch frequency f. That is,(17)
f
r
=
N
f
,where the value of N should be between 4 and 10. The value of resonance inductance L
1 and capacitance C
1 can be calculated by(18)
L
1
=
Z
r
2
π
f
r
,
C
1
=
1
2
π
f
r
Z
r
,where Z
r is the resonant impedance. This impedance depends on voltage and current of LC resonance circuit.In this paper, the topology of Buck converter with LCD absorption is adopted.In high power converter applications, IGBTs are commonly used in the literature, whereas the MOSFETs are rarely adopted. Considering switch frequency and cost, the use of multi-MOSFETs in parallel is proposed in this paper for a 2 kW Buck converter. The converter uses four MOSFETs in parallel to increase the conduction current. Each MOSFET has 44 A conduction current at 20°C and 500 V withstand voltage.


## 3.1. Conventional Buck Converter

The topology of a conventional nonisolated Buck converter is shown in Figure8.Figure 8
The conventional Buck converter topological structure.In a wind generation system, the converter has a long and wide wire connection from the forestage due to the height of the wind turbine. Thus there exists a great stray inductanceL
s. When the switch is off, the input current i
I passes through the inductance L
s, which leads to(10)
U
i
=
-
L
s
d
i
I
d
t
+
U
z
,
i
l
=
C
z
d
U
z
d
t
.The solution of the above two equations is(11)
U
z
=
U
i
+
L
s
C
z
I
I
s
i
n
t
L
s
C
z
.The maximum value of the equation above can be calculated as follows:(12)
U
z
m
a
x
=
U
i
+
L
s
C
z
I
I
.With the presence of a stray inductance, a high amplitude voltage spikeU
z
m
a
x will be produced, if the converter does not include an absorption capacity. When the input current i
I is higher, the value of U
z
m
a
x is greater. Therefore, the use of an absorption capacitance C
z is necessary. However the capacitance value C
z should be selected carefully, especially in high frequency.With a higher output power of the wind generation system, the electric wires are greater and longer, leading to the increase of the stray inductance. In high power applications, the change of current is significant when the power device works at high frequency, resulting in the huge voltage spike between the switch ends.This phenomenon is common especially in high power Buck converter. The voltage spike at switch-off and the current spike at switch-on yield high electric stress. Sometimes, it can even break down the power device, such as MOSFET or IGBT. The switching loss can be significant. Thus the converter efficiency is usually between 60% and 80%.In order to overcome these shortages, the suppression of voltage or current spike and the improvement of the efficiency become the key issue in high power Buck converter design. An improved Buck converter topology is proposed in the following section.


## 3.2. Improved Buck Converter

The absorption circuit plays the crucial function for removing or decreasing the voltage spike in high power Buck converter. Two different absorption circuits, called RCD and LCD absorption, respectively, are presented in Figure9.Figure 9
The improved Buck converter topological structure.
(a)
(b)In this paper, the resistanceR
1, the capacitance C
1, and the diode V
D
1 consist of the RCD absorption circuit in Figure 9(a). The inductance L
1, the capacitance C
1, and the diode V
D
1 consist of LCD absorption circuit in Figure 9(b).In Figure9(a), the RCD absorption circuit can eliminate the voltage spike when the power device is switched off. But the energy stored in capacitor is dissipated to resistance in the circuit. Thus the system efficiency is decreased.In this topology, the relation between converter voltage and current can be expressed by(13)
U
i
=
-
L
s
d
i
I
d
t
+
U
T
+
L
M
d
i
I
d
t
+
U
o
,
i
I
=
C
1
d
U
T
d
t
.The maximum value of the solution of the above two equations is(14)
U
T
m
a
x
=
U
i
-
U
o
+
L
s
+
L
M
C
1
I
I
2
+
U
i
-
U
o
2
.The absorption capacityC
1 plays an important role in suppression of the voltage spike.When the switch is on,R
1, C
1, and switch device T build a discharge circuit. The stored energy in absorption capacity C
1 from the voltage spike is consumed by the resistance R. Considering the maximum discharge current of capacity C
1 as I
T
m
a
x, discharge time as τ, power loss in resistant as P
l
o
s
s, and the switch frequency as f, the following expression can be obtained, ignoring the conduction voltage drop:(15)
I
T
m
a
x
=
U
T
m
a
x
R
1
,
τ
=
2
R
1
C
1
,
P
l
o
s
s
=
1
2
f
C
1
U
T
m
a
x
2
.The values ofI
T
m
a
x should be smaller for security of the switch device. That means the resistance R
1 should be big enough. But if the value of R
1 is too big, it will affect the discharge time and thereby the efficiency. The C
1 and R
1 in the circuit should use the noninductive elements due to their good high frequency characteristic.A LCD absorption circuit can also decrease the voltage spike in the Buck converter. The LCD topology is presented in Figure10(b). The resistance is not used in this kind of circuit. Thus the loss energy is equal to zero in theory. This topology is also called zero-voltage switches (ZVS). Due to the resonance of the inductance L and capacitance C, it can both accelerate the switch speed and reduce the voltage spike. Thus, the switching loss can be minimized.Figure 10
The actual wind generation system for experiment.
(a)
(b)When LC resonance takes place, its resonant frequency can be calculated by(16)
f
r
=
1
2
π
L
1
C
1
.In order to reduce the influence on the PWM control, the resonant frequency of inductanceL
1 and capacitance C
1 should be 4 to 10 times greater than switch frequency f. That is,(17)
f
r
=
N
f
,where the value of N should be between 4 and 10. The value of resonance inductance L
1 and capacitance C
1 can be calculated by(18)
L
1
=
Z
r
2
π
f
r
,
C
1
=
1
2
π
f
r
Z
r
,where Z
r is the resonant impedance. This impedance depends on voltage and current of LC resonance circuit.In this paper, the topology of Buck converter with LCD absorption is adopted.In high power converter applications, IGBTs are commonly used in the literature, whereas the MOSFETs are rarely adopted. Considering switch frequency and cost, the use of multi-MOSFETs in parallel is proposed in this paper for a 2 kW Buck converter. The converter uses four MOSFETs in parallel to increase the conduction current. Each MOSFET has 44 A conduction current at 20°C and 500 V withstand voltage.


## 4. Experiment Result

The experimental system consists of a 2 kW wind turbine and generator, with power converter, four batteries rated at 200 Ah in parallel, and load. The test platform and the designed DC/DC Buck converter are presented in Figure10. The experimental parameters are displayed in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.Table 1
Wind turbine parameter.
Number of blades
3
Blade radius
1.7 m
Optimum ratio of tip speed
6.7
Maximum power coefficient
0.42
Nominal wind speed
10 m/s
Cut-in wind speed
3 m/s
Cut-off wind speed
22 m/sTable 2
PMSG parameter.
Nominal power
2 kW
Nominal rotor speed
450 rpm
Nominal current
7 A
Line-to-line voltage
190 V
Number of pole pairs
4
Winding resistance
1.1 ohm
Winding inductance
14.1 mHTable 3
Rectifier parameter.
Full bridge
3
Conductive current
35 A
Reverse breakdown voltage
1600 V
Operation temperature
−55~150°CTable 4
DC bus parameter.
Capacitance
2200 uF
Maximum voltage
500 V
Maximum current
50 ATable 5
Buck converter parameter.
Input filter capacitance
470 × 4 uF
Switch device
IXYS44N50
Resonance capacitance
10 uF
Resonance inductance
1.2 uH
Diode
DSEI60-06
Output filter capacitance
47 × 4 uF
Output filter inductance
200 mH
Switch frequency
20 kHzTable 6
VRLA parameter.
Battery capacity
200 × 4 Ah
Nominal voltage
48 V
Maximum charge/discharge current
56 A
Charge/discharge rate
0.1 CThe experimental test results at the wind speed of 8 m/s are shown in Figures11 and 12. It can be concluded that the measured data is in agreement with the theory analysis in Figure 11.Figure 11
The input power of Buck converter versus generator speed at 8 m/s.Figure 12
The efficiency of Buck converter versus generator speed.From Figure12, it can be seen that, with the designed converter topology, the minimum efficiency of the Buck converter is 86%, and the maximum efficiency point can reach 96%.Figure13 shows the experiment curve of input power for Buck converter versus generator power at 10 m/s wind speed. The generator gives over 2 kW power output at 240 rpm. The parallel MOSFETs structure in the improved Buck converter can work without any problem under high power output level.Figure 13
The input power of Buck converter versus generator speed at 10 m/s.The experimental results show that the improved Buck converter has a good performance in the high power wind system. In addition, a comparison of the two absorption circuits, RCD and LCD, is also made. Figure14 shows a 23 A charge current to VRLA battery for converter RCD and LCD tests.Figure 14
The charge current for VRLA battery.Comparing Figures15 and 16, the voltage spike is clearly more significant in RCD absorption circuit. Thus, the switching loss in RCD circuit is greater than in LCD circuit. Moreover, owing to the consumptive resistance, the efficiency of this absorption circuit is very low. The experiment results show that the RCD circuit efficiency is only around 45~65%.Figure 15
The Buck converter with LCD absorption circuit.Figure 16
The Buck converter with RCD absorption circuit.


## 5. Conclusion

In recent years, the cost of wind energy is close to the traditional thermal power generation. Furthermore, it is a clean energy without any pollution. The wind energy is a common energy in nature. In this paper, an off-grid wind generation system is presented and discussed. A high power efficiency converter is designed based on the DC/DC Buck converter topology. Considering the characteristic of wind generation, maximum power point tracking technology is preferred.An improved efficient LCD combinational circuit in the Buck converter is proposed for a 2 kW off-grid wind generation system. In order to reduce the system cost, instead of IGBT device the paralleled multi-MOSFET structure is also used.The experiments results show that the improved MOSFET based Buck converter with LCD absorption circuit can work without problem at 2 kW power output level. The maximum efficiency of the designed converter is up to 96%. The proposed converter topology and control method provide a valid solution for wind turbine applications.



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*Source: 751830-2015-10-05.xml*