# Combustion Turbulence Flow in the Advanced Vortex Combustor with Built-In Obstacles

Authors: Yu Chen; Zhuoxiong Zeng; Haoyuan Wang
Journal: International Journal of Aerospace Engineering
 (2021)

---

## Abstract

To obtain the advanced vortex combustor (AVC) and its optimal structure parameters in light of built-in obstacles, numerical simulation was performed. This research shows that inclined struts have optimal structural parameters with inclination angleα=30° and blocking ratio BR=12%, while guide vane and its optimal structural parameter have three layers, which are a/B=0.1, b/h=0.4, and c/L=0.2, respectively; blunt body has the biggest height of H1/B1=2/3. According to these statistics, the research studies how inlet factors affect turbulence flow in combustion. The research finds increases in inlet velocity and flow resistance are in positive correlation. As inlet temperature increases, the flow resistance decreases. From field synergy theory, inlet factor has different effect on the heat transfer performance.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

In light of the energy saving and emission reduction, which are requirements on modern gas turbine and aircraft engine, the model of trapped vortex combustor (TVC) proposed in the 1990s was adopted [1]. The model is simple in structure, small in pressure loss, stable in flame, and high efficient in combustion. So, it has been paid attention widely [2–7]. Advanced vortex combustor is a representative TVC with double blunt proposed by Ramgen Company [8].An advanced vortex combustor at different conditions was tested [8], and within a variety of conditions in operation, marked acoustic dynamic stability is described by the improved AVC design. This means the research method used by the author is significant than the usual one. A study on AVC flow features based on experiment and computation methods was carried out [9], and the study designs an annular-channel-based and annular-AVC-model-based burning hydrogen. Then, a study conducted through numerical simulation is done for understanding annular AVC model and its features. Next, AVCs with different combustion flows are studied [10, 11]; the study shows that vortex-generator-based AVC performs better than those pure AVC. Based on this, it studies how parameters of injections affect AVC performances. A modified advanced vortex combustor is designed to overcome the incomplete combustion of fuel. The proposed advanced vortex combustor is characterized by inclined struts and guide vanes. This modified advanced vortex combustor is well suited to working under lean-fuel conditions [12]. The four-channel annular inlet advanced vortex combustor (AVC) can act as a flame channel when the lean oil is burning. With the introduction of the guide vane, a stable double vortex structure is formed in the cavity, and the combustion efficiency is greatly improved [13]. The guide vane and inclined strut TVC were combined [14, 15] and perform better than those TVC without these devices.In light of AVC structure and former academic studies [15], this research proposes an advanced vortex combustor with built-in obstacles (including guide vane and inclined struts as well as blunt body). As built-in obstacle structural parameters and combustor are in close correlation, the vortex structures and flow characteristics of AVC vary and change along with built-in obstacles’ structural parameters. So, AVC and its structural parameter are studied to explore optimal parameters of the structure and thus promote AVC performance. Then, in light of the optimal structure, it studies how inlet conditions affect AVC combustion flow.


## 2. Geometric Model

Figure1 shows AVC geometric model with built-in obstacles (including guide vane, inclined struts, and blunt body). Coordinates originate from combustor center. Combustor is square, and it is a channel with three directions of (X, Y, and Z) and size in 400mm×100mm×100mm; the size of each inlet section is 20mm×100mm; the blunt body has the size 20mm×40mm×100mm. Six inclined struts are arranged symmetrically along section Z=0 mm, the distance every two struts is 12 mm, and the width of each inclined strut is 1 mm. L=40 mm, B=30 mm, and h=20 mm. Z=0 mm is the combustor center cross section between the inclined struts. Z=7 mm is the middle cross section through one inclined strut. The definitions and values of structure parameters are shown in Tables 1 and 2, where BR (the blocking ratio) is the ratio of the projected area of the inclined struts on YZ plane to the projected area of the guide vane on YZ plane.Figure 1
AVC geometric model with built-in obstacles.Table 1
Definition of structure parameters.
ParameterDefinitionh (mm)Inlet section heighta (mm)Inlet-cavity-length of guide vaneb (mm)Gap guide vane and cavity leading edgec (mm)Gap between guide vane and cavity wallL (mm)Gap between blunt body and cavity wallB (mm)Half height of the cavity wallH1 (mm)Blunt body heightα (°)Inclination angleBR (%)The blocking ratioTable 2
Value of structure parameters.
ParameterValueα30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, 105°BR (%)12, 24, 36, 48, 60a/B0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6b/h0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4c/L0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5H1/B11/3, 1/2, 2/3, 5/6B=0.5B1 (mm)30


## 3. Numerical Model and Boundary Conditions

Realizablek–ε model [16] and the eddy-dissipation model [17] are adopted. Pressure and velocity coupling are simple in methodology [18], and the scheme of central and upwind differences with second-order is adopted to term diffusion and convective with pertinence. The combustion model has finite rate. The combustion reaction equation uses methane-air one-step reaction. For gaining solutions with grid independence, computation meshed with 1914527 mixed (hybrid) cells is used.Mainstream inlet velocity is 50 m/s, inlet temperature is 300 K, and equivalence ratio is 0.6. Gaseous methane fuel (CH4) gains its inlet premix, and its pressure at outlet is 1 atmospheric pressure. For convection combustor wall boundary, heat transfer coefficient is 30 W/(m2·K). Coupled thermal boundary combines with blunt body, guide vane, and inclined struts. No-slip condition is for the wall.


## 4. Numerical Results and Analysis

The total pressure loss coefficient obtained by simulation and experiment [19] are compared for a height ratio of 0.7 between the rear blunt body and the front blunt body is shown in Figure 2(a). Outlet radial temperature distribution gained by simulation and experiment [15] are compared for a single cavity with guide vane and 4 inclined struts is shown in Figure 2(b). D is the distance from the upper wall of the blunt body to the combustor upper wall. In most regions, numerical results and experiment are in positive correlation, and this indicates the credibility of numerical model and conditions for boundary adopted in the research.Figure 2
Comparison between simulation and experiment.
(a)
Total pressure loss under differentL/B(b)
Outlet radial temperature distribution


### 4.1. Effect of Structure Parameters of the Built-In Obstacles on the AVC Combustion Flow Characteristics

Figure3 shows the temperature and velocity distribution with the guide vane and inclined struts or not. At section Z=0 mm, when the guide vane and inclined struts do not exist, it cannot form a stable vortex inside the cavity [20], temperature of the cavity is obviously lower, combustion is not uniform, and outlet temperature gradient is larger; combustion efficiency is about 64%. When there are guide vane and inclined struts, two sets of stable double vortex structures can be formed to be good to stabilize combustion, with combustion efficiency exceeds 98%.Figure 3
Velocity and temperature distribution with or without the guide vane and inclined struts.
(a)
Temperature distribution(b)
Velocity distribution


#### 4.1.1. Effect of Inclination Angle on the Characteristics of AVC

Figure4 shows the velocity distribution for struts inclining downstream and upstream. When the struts incline upstream (inclination angle α is greater than 90o), it is impossible to form the stable double vortices behind the guide vane, and the ignition stability is poor, so this case should not be adopted.Figure 4
Velocity distribution under different struts inclining direction.Figure5 shows velocity distributed at cavity with different α. When α decreases, there is no obvious variation for double vortices, and center of the inner vortex gets close to cavity center, and velocity of gas in the cavity decreases slightly. In addition, with the decrease of α, the velocity of the gas through the struts’ gap increases (see Figure 5(a)), and along the flow direction, the gas velocity on both sides of the inclined struts also increases (see Figure 5(b)), which can enhance the mixing of unburned gas with combustion products in the cavity. It can be found that the velocity field by present model is different with that without blunt body [15] and origin AVC without the guide vane and inclined struts. The present model has three sets of double vortices, which makes mix and combustion easier, the model [15] has one vortex in the single cavity, and origin AVC has two sets of double vortices in the cavity formed by two blunts.Figure 5
Velocity distribution in the cavity under differentα.
(a)
Z=0 mm(b)
Z=7 mmThe influence of different inclination angle on combustion performance and the flow field structure includes total pressure loss and combustion efficiency [21].
(1)Totalpressurelossδ∗=P1∗−P2∗P1∗,where P1∗ is the total pressure of inlet and P2∗ is the total pressure of outlet.
(2)Combustionefficiencyη=Mfuel,in−Mfuel,outMfuel,in,where Mfuel,in is the mass fraction of combustor inlet fuel and Mfuel,out is the mass fraction of combustor outlet fuel.As can be seen from Figure6, inclination angle α and combustion efficiency are not that relevant, and combustion efficiency exceeds 99%. In the range of 30°~75°, with the decrease of angle α, total pressure loss decreases gradually due to the awakened flow in obstruction, and mainstream flow resistance decreases.Figure 6
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under differentα.


#### 4.1.2. Effect of the Blocking Ratio (BR) on the Characteristics of AVC

Figure7 shows cavity velocity distributed with different BR. Within the cavity, when Z is 0 mm, as BR increases, double vortices of it decrease, and outer vortex region and length both decrease obviously, but the change of inner vortex is small; the double vortex center position gradually closes to the rear wall of the guide vane. The velocity of the fuel-air mixture into the cavity and the mainstream outside the guide vane increases. At section Z=7 mm, with the increase of BR, the outer vortex is broken up, the area of inner vortex decreases, the velocity of the fuel-air mixture into the cavity also increases, and the velocity of combustion product behind the inclined struts increases.Figure 7
Velocity distribution under different BR.
(a)
Z=0 mm(b)
Z=7 mmFigure8 shows the total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different BR. When BR increases, total pressure loss increases on condition that the area of the inclined struts and the hindrance to the mainstream increase obviously. On the other hand, the flow velocity of mixture through the guide vane and inclined struts increases, which results in the increase of gas flow resistance. However, combustion efficiency is basically unchanged when BR varies, which is due to the fact that inclined struts under different BR can enhance the mixing and make the combustion full.Figure 8
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different BR.


#### 4.1.3. Effect ofa/B on the Characteristics of AVC

The velocity distribution in the cavity at sectionZ=0 mm under different a/B is shown in Figure 9. Two sets of double vortex structures can be formed under different a/B, the inner vortex plays the role of ignition and combustion stabilization, and the outer vortex structures can be formed behind the guide vane and inclined struts. On the one hand, the outer vortex can protect the inner vortex; on the other hand, the outer vortex is helpful to strengthening the mainstream mixture and cavity gas.Figure 9
Velocity distribution in the cavity at sectionZ=0 mm under different a/B.At thea/B=0.1, gas from guide vane to cavity into the cavity forms a set of small vortices near the cavity front wall. As a/B increases, small vortex diminishes, outer vortex area increases gradually, there is no significant change for the size of the inner vortex when a/B=0.1, 0.2, and 0.3, the inner vortex area increases when a/B continues to increase, and its vortex center moves downstream; this is because the area of the outer vortex increases, and the outer vortex squeezes the space occupied by the inner vortex, which is not enough to form a fully developed inner vortex.Figure10 indicates how different a/B affects on total pressure loss and combustion efficiency (a/B=0 indicates there are no guide vane and inclined struts). When a/B increases from 0.1 to 0.6, the change of total pressure loss is less than 0.1%, which indicates that total pressure loss is very little affected by a/B. In comparison to AVC, with no guide vane nor inclined struts, total pressure loss increases obviously, and for that, the two elements have a strong hindrance to the flow and increase the flow resistance of the mainstream.Figure 10
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under differenta/B.From Figure10, different a/B and its efficiency in combustion exceed 98%, which is much higher than that without the guide vane and inclined struts. At the condition of a/B>0.4, efficiency in combustion decreases slightly due to the increase of gas velocity in the cavity which decreases residence time, and the insufficient mixing of gas leads to insufficient combustion.


#### 4.1.4. Effect ofb/h on the Characteristics of AVC

Distribution of velocity in the cavity at sectionZ=0 mm is shown in Figure 11. A stable double vortex structure is formed under different b/h. When b/h increases, the double vortex region increases gradually. This is beneficial to providing a stable ignition source and promoting gas mixing. The increase of b/h increases the fuel-air mixture, which enters to cavity by the guide vane and inclined struts, and the gas velocity in the cavity increases obviously. At the same time, narrowness of the inlet main channel contributes to the larger flow velocity outside the guide vane, and this is beneficial to enhance transfer of heat and mass between mainstream and gas and thus improves combustion performance.Figure 11
Velocity in the cavity at sectionZ=0 mm under different b/h.Figure12 shows the total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different b/h. As b/h increases, total pressure loss increases, because the larger the b/h, the greater the obstruction generated by guide vane on the mainstream, while flow resistance increases. At the condition of b/h=0.1~0.2, combustion efficiency decreases. When b/h>0.2, as b/h increases, efficiency in combustion can be improved effectively. The increase of b/h can lead more gas into the cavity, which improves gas mixture and enhances transfer of heat and mass and thus makes the combustion more complete.Figure 12
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under differentb/h.


#### 4.1.5. Effect ofc/L on the Characteristics of AVC

Figure13 reveals the velocity distribution at section Z=0 mm under different c/L. Within the cavity, this forms a double vortex structure. When c/L increases, guide vane position moves downstream step by step, the effective length of the cavity decreases, the flow in the cavity changes obviously, and the formed area of double vortices at the back of guide vane decreases gradually. There is an increase of vortex formed close to the front wall of the cavity till the whole area of the cavity is filled, and it is noninfluential to mix gas and combustion products. The gas velocity in the cavity also decreases as the guide vane moves downstream.Figure 13
Velocity distribution at sectionZ=0 mm under different c/L.Figure14 shows the change of total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different c/L. Total pressure loss can be effectively reduced by increasing the c/L, and this is because of the increase of the distance from guide vane to front wall of the cavity; some gas enters cavity freely, but it decreases flow resistance generated from the guide vane to the mainstream. But c/L has no significant effect on combustion efficiency, and combustion efficiency exceeds 99.2%.Figure 14
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under differentc/L.


#### 4.1.6. Effect ofH1/B1 on the Characteristics of AVC

Flow field distribution in the combustor is shown in Figure15. When blunt body is set, combustor flow field changes, and a backflow zone is formed behind to be helpful to further mixing gas and combustion product. However, the vortex number in the cavity does not change, the length of the double vortex structure behind the guide vane is shortened, and the area of the double vortices near the cavity front wall is increased.Figure 15
Flow field distribution with or without the blunt body.Figure16 reveals the influence of blunt body height on the velocity field. In the case of no blunt body, double-structured vortex forms behind the guide vane, and stable-structured vortex is formed near front wall of the cavity. When there exists blunt body, as its height increases, double vortices and its length behind the guide vane gradually decrease. The reason is that with the increase of the blunt body height, the cavity rear position is closer to the inclined struts, the more obvious the extrusion effect of the gas from the cavity vortex with double structure, which shorts double vortex length. At the same time, the greater blunt body height generates the wider backflow area and the larger velocity on the blunt body at both edges, and it is easier to form the double vortices.Figure 16
Velocity distribution under differentH1/B1.Figure17 shows the effect of blunt body height on total pressure loss and combustion efficiency. When there is no blunt body, total pressure loss is the lowest, total pressure loss increases obviously after the blunt body is set, and the higher the blunt body, the larger the increase in total pressure loss, because as height of the blunt body increases, it generates decrease of its channel height with combustor wall, and the flow resistance increases, which increases total pressure loss. Compared with no blunt body, when H1/B1<1/2, combustion efficiency has no obvious change. When H1/B1>1/2, combustion efficiency increases somewhat, and the larger the blunt body height, the higher combustion efficiency.Figure 17
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under differentH1/B1.Comprehensively considering, the optimum structural parameters of the inclined struts areα=30° and BR=12%; the guide vane and its optimum structural parameters are as follows: a/B=0.1, b/h=0.4, and c/L=0.2; blunt body optimal height is H1/B1=2/3; the blunt body width is parallel to the mainstream direction, and it has little impact on the combustion flow.


### 4.2. Effect of Inlet Conditions on the Combustion Flow Characteristics of AVC

In order to validate whether there will be a desirable dual vortex structure in cavity for various calculation conditions, how do equivalent ratioΦ, inlet velocity V, inlet temperature T affect AVC flow field of AVC is studied specifically.Here are the inlet conditions: (1) changes in methane-air equivalence ratio led to inlet velocity and temperature atV=50 m/s and T=300 K, respectively. (2) When inlet velocity changes, inlet temperature changes at T=300 K, with Φ=0.6 of methane-air equivalence ratio; (3) changes in inlet temperature led to inlet velocity at V=50 m/s with Φ=0.6 in methane-air equivalence ratio. Table 3 shows calculation condition specifications.Table 3
Specification of calculation conditions.
Equivalence ratioΦ0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4Inlet velocityV/(m/s)10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110Inlet temperatureTin/K300, 400, 500, 600, 700For analyzing enhancement of heat transfer, the author introduces synergy principle generated within field of velocity and temperature [22]. The field synergy principle states that the convective heat transfer performance depends not only on the velocity and temperature fields of the fluid, but also on the angle between them. Synergy principle in transfer of convective heat and field gains verification through numerical calculation and experiment [23, 24]. Between velocity vector U and gradient ∇T in temperature, synergy angle is β. The larger the synergy angle value is, the worse the synergy ability is. The synergy angle expression is as follows [25]:
(3)β=arccosU∇TU∇T=arccosu∂T/∂x+v∂T/∂y+w∂T/∂zu2+v2+w2∂T/∂x2+∂T/∂y2+∂T/∂z2.


#### 4.2.1. Effect of Equivalence RatioΦ on the Characteristics of AVC

Figure18 is the effect of different equivalent ratio Φ on the velocity field. Under different equivalent ratio, stable double vortices can be formed near the cavity front wall and behind the guide vane, and a stable backflow region can also be formed behind the blunt body. However, the size, position, and shape of the double vortices formed near the cavity front wall have some change. With the increase of the equivalent ratio, the length of the backflow region behind the blunt body decreases, and the velocity behind the blunt body increases first and then decreases. When the equivalent ratio Φ=1.0, the velocity increment is the largest, and the range of the high velocity region is the widest. Figure 19 reveals how different equivalent ratio Φ affects the temperature field. Φ<1 is lean fuel combustion state, oxygen is sufficient, and the fuel can be fully burned, while the fuel mass fraction in the mixture is lower, and the heat release from combustion is less. The excessive air absorbs some heat, so the temperature in the combustor is lower, and the smaller the Φ is, the lower the overall temperature of the combustor is. Φ>1 is lean oxygen combustion state, the amount of fuel in the mixture is too high to fully react, some fuels do not participate in the reaction, they can absorb some heat, and the larger Φ is, the smaller the range of high temperature in the combustor is. When Φ=1, the fuel and air can react completely, and the temperature in the combustor is obviously higher than that of lean combustion.Figure 18
Velocity field under different equivalent ratio.Figure 19
Temperature field under different equivalent ratio.Figure20 shows total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different equivalent ratio. When Φ=1, total pressure loss is maximum, and it is due to the maximum heat release and the maximum overall temperature rise in the case of the complete reaction. Its temperature is significant to gas viscosity, and the gas viscosity increases when temperature and the gas flow resistance increase. When Φ<1, the heat release from combustion decreases greatly with the decrease of equivalent ratio. The combustor temperature decreases significantly, the gas viscosity decreases rapidly, and total pressure loss also decreases rapidly. But when Φ>1, the excessive unreacted fuel can take away some heat, and the overall temperature and the gas viscosity decrease, so total pressure loss decreases. When Φ=0.4‐1.0, combustion is lean fuel, and oxygen is sufficient, fuel can be fully burned, so combustion efficiency is very high, and it exceeds 99%. When Φ>1, combustion is poor oxygen, the fuel is not fully combustible, and a large amount of unburned fuel is blown directly out of the combustor.Figure 20
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different equivalent ratio.Figure21 reveals the area average synergy angle distribution at different section under different equivalent ratio. Figure 22 shows the area average synergy angle distribution at section Z=0 mm and the volume of synergy angle in average. When the equivalent ratio increases, synergy angle in average volume increases, the synergy between the field of velocity and the temperature is deteriorated. In the case of Φ>1.0, the variation of synergy angle in average is not obvious. The reason is that when equivalent ratio increases, backflow region and its velocity and length decrease. Scope of high temperature in combustor decreases when velocity changes, which leads to the variation in small-region synergy angle behind the blunt body.Figure 21
Average synergy angle distribution under different equivalent ratio.Figure 22
Volume average synergy angle and area average synergy angle distribution under different equivalent ratio.


#### 4.2.2. Effect of Inlet Velocity on the Characteristics of AVC

According to Figure23, flow field distributed at different inlet velocities is shown. When inlet velocity increases, a stable double vortex structure is formed without influences from mainstream flow. Backflow regional length of the blunt body varies little and barriers its formation of symmetrical double vortices. Besides, one-sided vortex is usually broken by stretching.Figure 23
Velocity field under different inlet velocities.Figure24 shows temperature distributed at different inlet velocities. In the cavity, when flow velocity varies, high temperature position behind blunt body changes. When V=10 m/s, there is less gas flows and less heat release reaction and lower transfer degree in heat and mass; the temperature near the cavity front wall is about 1500 K, and its temperature increases by flow direction. Near the front wall of the blunt body, the mainstream velocity is relatively small, the entrainment capacity of the double vortices behind the guide vane is weak, the heat and mass transfer is also weak, and temperatures of the secondary vortex and main vortex are 1700 K and 1800 K, respectively. Increase in inlet velocity generates the increase in TVC and kinetic energy with turbulence, and the transfer of corresponding heat and mass enhances, which increases the temperature of the double vortices behind the guide vane. At section Z=0 m, turbulent kinetic energy appears to be uniform behind the blunt body, and the transfer in heat and mass is also different behind the blunt body. At section Z=0.007 m, turbulent kinetic energy behind the inclined struts is larger, and the stronger the transfer in heat and mass, the more uniform the distributed temperature.Figure 24
Temperature field under different inlet velocities.Figure25 shows how different inlet velocities affect its total pressure loss and efficiency in combustion. It shows that pressure in loss increases when inlet velocity increases. The large velocity generates the fast increase in total pressure loss, mainly because increasing inlet velocity makes the flow field in combustor more chaotic, and the flow resistance increases obviously. Similarly, too little inlet velocity may cause combustion instability, so when choosing appropriate inlet velocity, total pressure loss can only be regarded as one of the criteria, and other criteria factors need to be taken into account. But from V=10 m/s to V=110 m/s, combustion efficiency is relatively stable, which indicates that inlet flow velocity has little effect on combustion efficiency.Figure 25
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different inlet velocities.Figure26 shows the synergy angle distribution at different section and different inlet velocities and distributions of different inlet velocities with small synergy-region angles in the cavity, behind the guide vane and inclined struts, and behind the blunt body. Because different inlet velocities have different flow fields, which can affect the combustion, the temperature is varied. And the combustion influences the flow field in turn. These factors make the angle between the velocity vector and the temperature gradient change.Figure 26
Synergy angle distribution under different inlet velocities.Figure27 reveals the change of the volume average synergy angle and the area average synergy angle at section Z=0 mm with inlet velocities differently. When inlet velocity increases, its volume average synergy angle and the area average synergy angle increase first and then tend to be stable. When V<50 m/s, there are rapid increases in the field average synergy angle as inlet velocity increases. When the velocity is more than 50 m/s, the change of field average synergy angle is small. This shows that the lower flow velocity makes the field synergy better.Figure 27
Volume average synergy angle and area average synergy angle under different inlet velocities.


#### 4.2.3. Effect of Inlet Temperature on the Characteristics of AVC

Figure28 shows relatively stable vortex, which is behind guide vane and near front wall of the cavity. As inlet temperature increases, velocity behind blunt body decreases, and backflow behind elongates. To a great degree, as inlet temperature increases within the region of cavity and backflow of the blunt body, their temperatures increase obviously, and the larger gas viscosity decreases the flow velocity in the rear part of the combustor and elongates the length of the low velocity backflow region.Figure 28
Velocity field under different inlet temperatures.As can be seen from Figure29, higher inlet temperature can effectively accelerate the chemical reaction rate, and the heat release from combustion can increase the overall temperature and shorten the mainstream low temperature zone. But the overall temperature rise is almost the same, which is about 1550 K. The high inlet temperature has tiny effect on rise of the maximum temperature. When inlet temperature increases behind the blunt body, temperature and gas viscosity increase, but the velocity slows down, which results in the decrease of the turbulent kinetic energy, but in the blunt body, regional length of backflow behind it is elongated as the gas viscosity increases, and the region with strong heat and mass transfer capacity becomes larger.Figure 29
Temperature field under different inlet temperatures.From Figure30, total pressure loss decreases gradually when inlet temperature increases. The larger the temperature rise, the greater the heat resistance in the direction of heat transfer, and the greater total pressure loss. However, when inlet temperature changes, combustion efficiency does not change nearly.Figure 30
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different inlet temperatures.Figure31 shows the synergy angle distribution at different section and different inlet temperatures. According to Figure 32, when inlet temperature increases, area synergy angle in average at section Z=0 mm decreases. When inlet temperature is 700 K, the area average synergy angle drops fast. But the volume average synergy angle does not change much, and the increase of inlet temperature does not better integrate field of velocity and temperature in the combustor. The reason (combined with Figure 31) is when inlet temperature increases, at section Z=0 mm, in the blunt body, the areal synergy angle of backflow with low velocity decreases, and area average synergy angle decreases gradually. However, at section Z=7 mm, the large inlet temperature generates greater synergy angle of backflow with low velocity, and volume average synergy angle does not change much. The results show when inlet temperature increases, field synergy angle in average in −7mm<Z<7mm decreases and the heat transfer ability enhances, but the field average synergy angle in Z<−7 mm and Z>7 mm increases. There is no obvious variation in the overall heat transfer capacity. In addition, Figure 32 shows that volume average synergy angle is obviously larger than the area average synergy angle.Figure 31
Synergy angle distribution under different inlet temperatures.Figure 32
Volume average synergy angle and area average synergy angle under different inlet temperatures.


## 4.1. Effect of Structure Parameters of the Built-In Obstacles on the AVC Combustion Flow Characteristics

Figure3 shows the temperature and velocity distribution with the guide vane and inclined struts or not. At section Z=0 mm, when the guide vane and inclined struts do not exist, it cannot form a stable vortex inside the cavity [20], temperature of the cavity is obviously lower, combustion is not uniform, and outlet temperature gradient is larger; combustion efficiency is about 64%. When there are guide vane and inclined struts, two sets of stable double vortex structures can be formed to be good to stabilize combustion, with combustion efficiency exceeds 98%.Figure 3
Velocity and temperature distribution with or without the guide vane and inclined struts.
(a)
Temperature distribution(b)
Velocity distribution


### 4.1.1. Effect of Inclination Angle on the Characteristics of AVC

Figure4 shows the velocity distribution for struts inclining downstream and upstream. When the struts incline upstream (inclination angle α is greater than 90o), it is impossible to form the stable double vortices behind the guide vane, and the ignition stability is poor, so this case should not be adopted.Figure 4
Velocity distribution under different struts inclining direction.Figure5 shows velocity distributed at cavity with different α. When α decreases, there is no obvious variation for double vortices, and center of the inner vortex gets close to cavity center, and velocity of gas in the cavity decreases slightly. In addition, with the decrease of α, the velocity of the gas through the struts’ gap increases (see Figure 5(a)), and along the flow direction, the gas velocity on both sides of the inclined struts also increases (see Figure 5(b)), which can enhance the mixing of unburned gas with combustion products in the cavity. It can be found that the velocity field by present model is different with that without blunt body [15] and origin AVC without the guide vane and inclined struts. The present model has three sets of double vortices, which makes mix and combustion easier, the model [15] has one vortex in the single cavity, and origin AVC has two sets of double vortices in the cavity formed by two blunts.Figure 5
Velocity distribution in the cavity under differentα.
(a)
Z=0 mm(b)
Z=7 mmThe influence of different inclination angle on combustion performance and the flow field structure includes total pressure loss and combustion efficiency [21].
(1)Totalpressurelossδ∗=P1∗−P2∗P1∗,where P1∗ is the total pressure of inlet and P2∗ is the total pressure of outlet.
(2)Combustionefficiencyη=Mfuel,in−Mfuel,outMfuel,in,where Mfuel,in is the mass fraction of combustor inlet fuel and Mfuel,out is the mass fraction of combustor outlet fuel.As can be seen from Figure6, inclination angle α and combustion efficiency are not that relevant, and combustion efficiency exceeds 99%. In the range of 30°~75°, with the decrease of angle α, total pressure loss decreases gradually due to the awakened flow in obstruction, and mainstream flow resistance decreases.Figure 6
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under differentα.


### 4.1.2. Effect of the Blocking Ratio (BR) on the Characteristics of AVC

Figure7 shows cavity velocity distributed with different BR. Within the cavity, when Z is 0 mm, as BR increases, double vortices of it decrease, and outer vortex region and length both decrease obviously, but the change of inner vortex is small; the double vortex center position gradually closes to the rear wall of the guide vane. The velocity of the fuel-air mixture into the cavity and the mainstream outside the guide vane increases. At section Z=7 mm, with the increase of BR, the outer vortex is broken up, the area of inner vortex decreases, the velocity of the fuel-air mixture into the cavity also increases, and the velocity of combustion product behind the inclined struts increases.Figure 7
Velocity distribution under different BR.
(a)
Z=0 mm(b)
Z=7 mmFigure8 shows the total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different BR. When BR increases, total pressure loss increases on condition that the area of the inclined struts and the hindrance to the mainstream increase obviously. On the other hand, the flow velocity of mixture through the guide vane and inclined struts increases, which results in the increase of gas flow resistance. However, combustion efficiency is basically unchanged when BR varies, which is due to the fact that inclined struts under different BR can enhance the mixing and make the combustion full.Figure 8
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different BR.


### 4.1.3. Effect ofa/B on the Characteristics of AVC

The velocity distribution in the cavity at sectionZ=0 mm under different a/B is shown in Figure 9. Two sets of double vortex structures can be formed under different a/B, the inner vortex plays the role of ignition and combustion stabilization, and the outer vortex structures can be formed behind the guide vane and inclined struts. On the one hand, the outer vortex can protect the inner vortex; on the other hand, the outer vortex is helpful to strengthening the mainstream mixture and cavity gas.Figure 9
Velocity distribution in the cavity at sectionZ=0 mm under different a/B.At thea/B=0.1, gas from guide vane to cavity into the cavity forms a set of small vortices near the cavity front wall. As a/B increases, small vortex diminishes, outer vortex area increases gradually, there is no significant change for the size of the inner vortex when a/B=0.1, 0.2, and 0.3, the inner vortex area increases when a/B continues to increase, and its vortex center moves downstream; this is because the area of the outer vortex increases, and the outer vortex squeezes the space occupied by the inner vortex, which is not enough to form a fully developed inner vortex.Figure10 indicates how different a/B affects on total pressure loss and combustion efficiency (a/B=0 indicates there are no guide vane and inclined struts). When a/B increases from 0.1 to 0.6, the change of total pressure loss is less than 0.1%, which indicates that total pressure loss is very little affected by a/B. In comparison to AVC, with no guide vane nor inclined struts, total pressure loss increases obviously, and for that, the two elements have a strong hindrance to the flow and increase the flow resistance of the mainstream.Figure 10
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under differenta/B.From Figure10, different a/B and its efficiency in combustion exceed 98%, which is much higher than that without the guide vane and inclined struts. At the condition of a/B>0.4, efficiency in combustion decreases slightly due to the increase of gas velocity in the cavity which decreases residence time, and the insufficient mixing of gas leads to insufficient combustion.


### 4.1.4. Effect ofb/h on the Characteristics of AVC

Distribution of velocity in the cavity at sectionZ=0 mm is shown in Figure 11. A stable double vortex structure is formed under different b/h. When b/h increases, the double vortex region increases gradually. This is beneficial to providing a stable ignition source and promoting gas mixing. The increase of b/h increases the fuel-air mixture, which enters to cavity by the guide vane and inclined struts, and the gas velocity in the cavity increases obviously. At the same time, narrowness of the inlet main channel contributes to the larger flow velocity outside the guide vane, and this is beneficial to enhance transfer of heat and mass between mainstream and gas and thus improves combustion performance.Figure 11
Velocity in the cavity at sectionZ=0 mm under different b/h.Figure12 shows the total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different b/h. As b/h increases, total pressure loss increases, because the larger the b/h, the greater the obstruction generated by guide vane on the mainstream, while flow resistance increases. At the condition of b/h=0.1~0.2, combustion efficiency decreases. When b/h>0.2, as b/h increases, efficiency in combustion can be improved effectively. The increase of b/h can lead more gas into the cavity, which improves gas mixture and enhances transfer of heat and mass and thus makes the combustion more complete.Figure 12
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under differentb/h.


### 4.1.5. Effect ofc/L on the Characteristics of AVC

Figure13 reveals the velocity distribution at section Z=0 mm under different c/L. Within the cavity, this forms a double vortex structure. When c/L increases, guide vane position moves downstream step by step, the effective length of the cavity decreases, the flow in the cavity changes obviously, and the formed area of double vortices at the back of guide vane decreases gradually. There is an increase of vortex formed close to the front wall of the cavity till the whole area of the cavity is filled, and it is noninfluential to mix gas and combustion products. The gas velocity in the cavity also decreases as the guide vane moves downstream.Figure 13
Velocity distribution at sectionZ=0 mm under different c/L.Figure14 shows the change of total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different c/L. Total pressure loss can be effectively reduced by increasing the c/L, and this is because of the increase of the distance from guide vane to front wall of the cavity; some gas enters cavity freely, but it decreases flow resistance generated from the guide vane to the mainstream. But c/L has no significant effect on combustion efficiency, and combustion efficiency exceeds 99.2%.Figure 14
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under differentc/L.


### 4.1.6. Effect ofH1/B1 on the Characteristics of AVC

Flow field distribution in the combustor is shown in Figure15. When blunt body is set, combustor flow field changes, and a backflow zone is formed behind to be helpful to further mixing gas and combustion product. However, the vortex number in the cavity does not change, the length of the double vortex structure behind the guide vane is shortened, and the area of the double vortices near the cavity front wall is increased.Figure 15
Flow field distribution with or without the blunt body.Figure16 reveals the influence of blunt body height on the velocity field. In the case of no blunt body, double-structured vortex forms behind the guide vane, and stable-structured vortex is formed near front wall of the cavity. When there exists blunt body, as its height increases, double vortices and its length behind the guide vane gradually decrease. The reason is that with the increase of the blunt body height, the cavity rear position is closer to the inclined struts, the more obvious the extrusion effect of the gas from the cavity vortex with double structure, which shorts double vortex length. At the same time, the greater blunt body height generates the wider backflow area and the larger velocity on the blunt body at both edges, and it is easier to form the double vortices.Figure 16
Velocity distribution under differentH1/B1.Figure17 shows the effect of blunt body height on total pressure loss and combustion efficiency. When there is no blunt body, total pressure loss is the lowest, total pressure loss increases obviously after the blunt body is set, and the higher the blunt body, the larger the increase in total pressure loss, because as height of the blunt body increases, it generates decrease of its channel height with combustor wall, and the flow resistance increases, which increases total pressure loss. Compared with no blunt body, when H1/B1<1/2, combustion efficiency has no obvious change. When H1/B1>1/2, combustion efficiency increases somewhat, and the larger the blunt body height, the higher combustion efficiency.Figure 17
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under differentH1/B1.Comprehensively considering, the optimum structural parameters of the inclined struts areα=30° and BR=12%; the guide vane and its optimum structural parameters are as follows: a/B=0.1, b/h=0.4, and c/L=0.2; blunt body optimal height is H1/B1=2/3; the blunt body width is parallel to the mainstream direction, and it has little impact on the combustion flow.


## 4.1.1. Effect of Inclination Angle on the Characteristics of AVC

Figure4 shows the velocity distribution for struts inclining downstream and upstream. When the struts incline upstream (inclination angle α is greater than 90o), it is impossible to form the stable double vortices behind the guide vane, and the ignition stability is poor, so this case should not be adopted.Figure 4
Velocity distribution under different struts inclining direction.Figure5 shows velocity distributed at cavity with different α. When α decreases, there is no obvious variation for double vortices, and center of the inner vortex gets close to cavity center, and velocity of gas in the cavity decreases slightly. In addition, with the decrease of α, the velocity of the gas through the struts’ gap increases (see Figure 5(a)), and along the flow direction, the gas velocity on both sides of the inclined struts also increases (see Figure 5(b)), which can enhance the mixing of unburned gas with combustion products in the cavity. It can be found that the velocity field by present model is different with that without blunt body [15] and origin AVC without the guide vane and inclined struts. The present model has three sets of double vortices, which makes mix and combustion easier, the model [15] has one vortex in the single cavity, and origin AVC has two sets of double vortices in the cavity formed by two blunts.Figure 5
Velocity distribution in the cavity under differentα.
(a)
Z=0 mm(b)
Z=7 mmThe influence of different inclination angle on combustion performance and the flow field structure includes total pressure loss and combustion efficiency [21].
(1)Totalpressurelossδ∗=P1∗−P2∗P1∗,where P1∗ is the total pressure of inlet and P2∗ is the total pressure of outlet.
(2)Combustionefficiencyη=Mfuel,in−Mfuel,outMfuel,in,where Mfuel,in is the mass fraction of combustor inlet fuel and Mfuel,out is the mass fraction of combustor outlet fuel.As can be seen from Figure6, inclination angle α and combustion efficiency are not that relevant, and combustion efficiency exceeds 99%. In the range of 30°~75°, with the decrease of angle α, total pressure loss decreases gradually due to the awakened flow in obstruction, and mainstream flow resistance decreases.Figure 6
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under differentα.


## 4.1.2. Effect of the Blocking Ratio (BR) on the Characteristics of AVC

Figure7 shows cavity velocity distributed with different BR. Within the cavity, when Z is 0 mm, as BR increases, double vortices of it decrease, and outer vortex region and length both decrease obviously, but the change of inner vortex is small; the double vortex center position gradually closes to the rear wall of the guide vane. The velocity of the fuel-air mixture into the cavity and the mainstream outside the guide vane increases. At section Z=7 mm, with the increase of BR, the outer vortex is broken up, the area of inner vortex decreases, the velocity of the fuel-air mixture into the cavity also increases, and the velocity of combustion product behind the inclined struts increases.Figure 7
Velocity distribution under different BR.
(a)
Z=0 mm(b)
Z=7 mmFigure8 shows the total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different BR. When BR increases, total pressure loss increases on condition that the area of the inclined struts and the hindrance to the mainstream increase obviously. On the other hand, the flow velocity of mixture through the guide vane and inclined struts increases, which results in the increase of gas flow resistance. However, combustion efficiency is basically unchanged when BR varies, which is due to the fact that inclined struts under different BR can enhance the mixing and make the combustion full.Figure 8
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different BR.


## 4.1.3. Effect ofa/B on the Characteristics of AVC

The velocity distribution in the cavity at sectionZ=0 mm under different a/B is shown in Figure 9. Two sets of double vortex structures can be formed under different a/B, the inner vortex plays the role of ignition and combustion stabilization, and the outer vortex structures can be formed behind the guide vane and inclined struts. On the one hand, the outer vortex can protect the inner vortex; on the other hand, the outer vortex is helpful to strengthening the mainstream mixture and cavity gas.Figure 9
Velocity distribution in the cavity at sectionZ=0 mm under different a/B.At thea/B=0.1, gas from guide vane to cavity into the cavity forms a set of small vortices near the cavity front wall. As a/B increases, small vortex diminishes, outer vortex area increases gradually, there is no significant change for the size of the inner vortex when a/B=0.1, 0.2, and 0.3, the inner vortex area increases when a/B continues to increase, and its vortex center moves downstream; this is because the area of the outer vortex increases, and the outer vortex squeezes the space occupied by the inner vortex, which is not enough to form a fully developed inner vortex.Figure10 indicates how different a/B affects on total pressure loss and combustion efficiency (a/B=0 indicates there are no guide vane and inclined struts). When a/B increases from 0.1 to 0.6, the change of total pressure loss is less than 0.1%, which indicates that total pressure loss is very little affected by a/B. In comparison to AVC, with no guide vane nor inclined struts, total pressure loss increases obviously, and for that, the two elements have a strong hindrance to the flow and increase the flow resistance of the mainstream.Figure 10
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under differenta/B.From Figure10, different a/B and its efficiency in combustion exceed 98%, which is much higher than that without the guide vane and inclined struts. At the condition of a/B>0.4, efficiency in combustion decreases slightly due to the increase of gas velocity in the cavity which decreases residence time, and the insufficient mixing of gas leads to insufficient combustion.


## 4.1.4. Effect ofb/h on the Characteristics of AVC

Distribution of velocity in the cavity at sectionZ=0 mm is shown in Figure 11. A stable double vortex structure is formed under different b/h. When b/h increases, the double vortex region increases gradually. This is beneficial to providing a stable ignition source and promoting gas mixing. The increase of b/h increases the fuel-air mixture, which enters to cavity by the guide vane and inclined struts, and the gas velocity in the cavity increases obviously. At the same time, narrowness of the inlet main channel contributes to the larger flow velocity outside the guide vane, and this is beneficial to enhance transfer of heat and mass between mainstream and gas and thus improves combustion performance.Figure 11
Velocity in the cavity at sectionZ=0 mm under different b/h.Figure12 shows the total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different b/h. As b/h increases, total pressure loss increases, because the larger the b/h, the greater the obstruction generated by guide vane on the mainstream, while flow resistance increases. At the condition of b/h=0.1~0.2, combustion efficiency decreases. When b/h>0.2, as b/h increases, efficiency in combustion can be improved effectively. The increase of b/h can lead more gas into the cavity, which improves gas mixture and enhances transfer of heat and mass and thus makes the combustion more complete.Figure 12
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under differentb/h.


## 4.1.5. Effect ofc/L on the Characteristics of AVC

Figure13 reveals the velocity distribution at section Z=0 mm under different c/L. Within the cavity, this forms a double vortex structure. When c/L increases, guide vane position moves downstream step by step, the effective length of the cavity decreases, the flow in the cavity changes obviously, and the formed area of double vortices at the back of guide vane decreases gradually. There is an increase of vortex formed close to the front wall of the cavity till the whole area of the cavity is filled, and it is noninfluential to mix gas and combustion products. The gas velocity in the cavity also decreases as the guide vane moves downstream.Figure 13
Velocity distribution at sectionZ=0 mm under different c/L.Figure14 shows the change of total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different c/L. Total pressure loss can be effectively reduced by increasing the c/L, and this is because of the increase of the distance from guide vane to front wall of the cavity; some gas enters cavity freely, but it decreases flow resistance generated from the guide vane to the mainstream. But c/L has no significant effect on combustion efficiency, and combustion efficiency exceeds 99.2%.Figure 14
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under differentc/L.


## 4.1.6. Effect ofH1/B1 on the Characteristics of AVC

Flow field distribution in the combustor is shown in Figure15. When blunt body is set, combustor flow field changes, and a backflow zone is formed behind to be helpful to further mixing gas and combustion product. However, the vortex number in the cavity does not change, the length of the double vortex structure behind the guide vane is shortened, and the area of the double vortices near the cavity front wall is increased.Figure 15
Flow field distribution with or without the blunt body.Figure16 reveals the influence of blunt body height on the velocity field. In the case of no blunt body, double-structured vortex forms behind the guide vane, and stable-structured vortex is formed near front wall of the cavity. When there exists blunt body, as its height increases, double vortices and its length behind the guide vane gradually decrease. The reason is that with the increase of the blunt body height, the cavity rear position is closer to the inclined struts, the more obvious the extrusion effect of the gas from the cavity vortex with double structure, which shorts double vortex length. At the same time, the greater blunt body height generates the wider backflow area and the larger velocity on the blunt body at both edges, and it is easier to form the double vortices.Figure 16
Velocity distribution under differentH1/B1.Figure17 shows the effect of blunt body height on total pressure loss and combustion efficiency. When there is no blunt body, total pressure loss is the lowest, total pressure loss increases obviously after the blunt body is set, and the higher the blunt body, the larger the increase in total pressure loss, because as height of the blunt body increases, it generates decrease of its channel height with combustor wall, and the flow resistance increases, which increases total pressure loss. Compared with no blunt body, when H1/B1<1/2, combustion efficiency has no obvious change. When H1/B1>1/2, combustion efficiency increases somewhat, and the larger the blunt body height, the higher combustion efficiency.Figure 17
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under differentH1/B1.Comprehensively considering, the optimum structural parameters of the inclined struts areα=30° and BR=12%; the guide vane and its optimum structural parameters are as follows: a/B=0.1, b/h=0.4, and c/L=0.2; blunt body optimal height is H1/B1=2/3; the blunt body width is parallel to the mainstream direction, and it has little impact on the combustion flow.


## 4.2. Effect of Inlet Conditions on the Combustion Flow Characteristics of AVC

In order to validate whether there will be a desirable dual vortex structure in cavity for various calculation conditions, how do equivalent ratioΦ, inlet velocity V, inlet temperature T affect AVC flow field of AVC is studied specifically.Here are the inlet conditions: (1) changes in methane-air equivalence ratio led to inlet velocity and temperature atV=50 m/s and T=300 K, respectively. (2) When inlet velocity changes, inlet temperature changes at T=300 K, with Φ=0.6 of methane-air equivalence ratio; (3) changes in inlet temperature led to inlet velocity at V=50 m/s with Φ=0.6 in methane-air equivalence ratio. Table 3 shows calculation condition specifications.Table 3
Specification of calculation conditions.
Equivalence ratioΦ0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4Inlet velocityV/(m/s)10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110Inlet temperatureTin/K300, 400, 500, 600, 700For analyzing enhancement of heat transfer, the author introduces synergy principle generated within field of velocity and temperature [22]. The field synergy principle states that the convective heat transfer performance depends not only on the velocity and temperature fields of the fluid, but also on the angle between them. Synergy principle in transfer of convective heat and field gains verification through numerical calculation and experiment [23, 24]. Between velocity vector U and gradient ∇T in temperature, synergy angle is β. The larger the synergy angle value is, the worse the synergy ability is. The synergy angle expression is as follows [25]:
(3)β=arccosU∇TU∇T=arccosu∂T/∂x+v∂T/∂y+w∂T/∂zu2+v2+w2∂T/∂x2+∂T/∂y2+∂T/∂z2.


### 4.2.1. Effect of Equivalence RatioΦ on the Characteristics of AVC

Figure18 is the effect of different equivalent ratio Φ on the velocity field. Under different equivalent ratio, stable double vortices can be formed near the cavity front wall and behind the guide vane, and a stable backflow region can also be formed behind the blunt body. However, the size, position, and shape of the double vortices formed near the cavity front wall have some change. With the increase of the equivalent ratio, the length of the backflow region behind the blunt body decreases, and the velocity behind the blunt body increases first and then decreases. When the equivalent ratio Φ=1.0, the velocity increment is the largest, and the range of the high velocity region is the widest. Figure 19 reveals how different equivalent ratio Φ affects the temperature field. Φ<1 is lean fuel combustion state, oxygen is sufficient, and the fuel can be fully burned, while the fuel mass fraction in the mixture is lower, and the heat release from combustion is less. The excessive air absorbs some heat, so the temperature in the combustor is lower, and the smaller the Φ is, the lower the overall temperature of the combustor is. Φ>1 is lean oxygen combustion state, the amount of fuel in the mixture is too high to fully react, some fuels do not participate in the reaction, they can absorb some heat, and the larger Φ is, the smaller the range of high temperature in the combustor is. When Φ=1, the fuel and air can react completely, and the temperature in the combustor is obviously higher than that of lean combustion.Figure 18
Velocity field under different equivalent ratio.Figure 19
Temperature field under different equivalent ratio.Figure20 shows total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different equivalent ratio. When Φ=1, total pressure loss is maximum, and it is due to the maximum heat release and the maximum overall temperature rise in the case of the complete reaction. Its temperature is significant to gas viscosity, and the gas viscosity increases when temperature and the gas flow resistance increase. When Φ<1, the heat release from combustion decreases greatly with the decrease of equivalent ratio. The combustor temperature decreases significantly, the gas viscosity decreases rapidly, and total pressure loss also decreases rapidly. But when Φ>1, the excessive unreacted fuel can take away some heat, and the overall temperature and the gas viscosity decrease, so total pressure loss decreases. When Φ=0.4‐1.0, combustion is lean fuel, and oxygen is sufficient, fuel can be fully burned, so combustion efficiency is very high, and it exceeds 99%. When Φ>1, combustion is poor oxygen, the fuel is not fully combustible, and a large amount of unburned fuel is blown directly out of the combustor.Figure 20
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different equivalent ratio.Figure21 reveals the area average synergy angle distribution at different section under different equivalent ratio. Figure 22 shows the area average synergy angle distribution at section Z=0 mm and the volume of synergy angle in average. When the equivalent ratio increases, synergy angle in average volume increases, the synergy between the field of velocity and the temperature is deteriorated. In the case of Φ>1.0, the variation of synergy angle in average is not obvious. The reason is that when equivalent ratio increases, backflow region and its velocity and length decrease. Scope of high temperature in combustor decreases when velocity changes, which leads to the variation in small-region synergy angle behind the blunt body.Figure 21
Average synergy angle distribution under different equivalent ratio.Figure 22
Volume average synergy angle and area average synergy angle distribution under different equivalent ratio.


### 4.2.2. Effect of Inlet Velocity on the Characteristics of AVC

According to Figure23, flow field distributed at different inlet velocities is shown. When inlet velocity increases, a stable double vortex structure is formed without influences from mainstream flow. Backflow regional length of the blunt body varies little and barriers its formation of symmetrical double vortices. Besides, one-sided vortex is usually broken by stretching.Figure 23
Velocity field under different inlet velocities.Figure24 shows temperature distributed at different inlet velocities. In the cavity, when flow velocity varies, high temperature position behind blunt body changes. When V=10 m/s, there is less gas flows and less heat release reaction and lower transfer degree in heat and mass; the temperature near the cavity front wall is about 1500 K, and its temperature increases by flow direction. Near the front wall of the blunt body, the mainstream velocity is relatively small, the entrainment capacity of the double vortices behind the guide vane is weak, the heat and mass transfer is also weak, and temperatures of the secondary vortex and main vortex are 1700 K and 1800 K, respectively. Increase in inlet velocity generates the increase in TVC and kinetic energy with turbulence, and the transfer of corresponding heat and mass enhances, which increases the temperature of the double vortices behind the guide vane. At section Z=0 m, turbulent kinetic energy appears to be uniform behind the blunt body, and the transfer in heat and mass is also different behind the blunt body. At section Z=0.007 m, turbulent kinetic energy behind the inclined struts is larger, and the stronger the transfer in heat and mass, the more uniform the distributed temperature.Figure 24
Temperature field under different inlet velocities.Figure25 shows how different inlet velocities affect its total pressure loss and efficiency in combustion. It shows that pressure in loss increases when inlet velocity increases. The large velocity generates the fast increase in total pressure loss, mainly because increasing inlet velocity makes the flow field in combustor more chaotic, and the flow resistance increases obviously. Similarly, too little inlet velocity may cause combustion instability, so when choosing appropriate inlet velocity, total pressure loss can only be regarded as one of the criteria, and other criteria factors need to be taken into account. But from V=10 m/s to V=110 m/s, combustion efficiency is relatively stable, which indicates that inlet flow velocity has little effect on combustion efficiency.Figure 25
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different inlet velocities.Figure26 shows the synergy angle distribution at different section and different inlet velocities and distributions of different inlet velocities with small synergy-region angles in the cavity, behind the guide vane and inclined struts, and behind the blunt body. Because different inlet velocities have different flow fields, which can affect the combustion, the temperature is varied. And the combustion influences the flow field in turn. These factors make the angle between the velocity vector and the temperature gradient change.Figure 26
Synergy angle distribution under different inlet velocities.Figure27 reveals the change of the volume average synergy angle and the area average synergy angle at section Z=0 mm with inlet velocities differently. When inlet velocity increases, its volume average synergy angle and the area average synergy angle increase first and then tend to be stable. When V<50 m/s, there are rapid increases in the field average synergy angle as inlet velocity increases. When the velocity is more than 50 m/s, the change of field average synergy angle is small. This shows that the lower flow velocity makes the field synergy better.Figure 27
Volume average synergy angle and area average synergy angle under different inlet velocities.


### 4.2.3. Effect of Inlet Temperature on the Characteristics of AVC

Figure28 shows relatively stable vortex, which is behind guide vane and near front wall of the cavity. As inlet temperature increases, velocity behind blunt body decreases, and backflow behind elongates. To a great degree, as inlet temperature increases within the region of cavity and backflow of the blunt body, their temperatures increase obviously, and the larger gas viscosity decreases the flow velocity in the rear part of the combustor and elongates the length of the low velocity backflow region.Figure 28
Velocity field under different inlet temperatures.As can be seen from Figure29, higher inlet temperature can effectively accelerate the chemical reaction rate, and the heat release from combustion can increase the overall temperature and shorten the mainstream low temperature zone. But the overall temperature rise is almost the same, which is about 1550 K. The high inlet temperature has tiny effect on rise of the maximum temperature. When inlet temperature increases behind the blunt body, temperature and gas viscosity increase, but the velocity slows down, which results in the decrease of the turbulent kinetic energy, but in the blunt body, regional length of backflow behind it is elongated as the gas viscosity increases, and the region with strong heat and mass transfer capacity becomes larger.Figure 29
Temperature field under different inlet temperatures.From Figure30, total pressure loss decreases gradually when inlet temperature increases. The larger the temperature rise, the greater the heat resistance in the direction of heat transfer, and the greater total pressure loss. However, when inlet temperature changes, combustion efficiency does not change nearly.Figure 30
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different inlet temperatures.Figure31 shows the synergy angle distribution at different section and different inlet temperatures. According to Figure 32, when inlet temperature increases, area synergy angle in average at section Z=0 mm decreases. When inlet temperature is 700 K, the area average synergy angle drops fast. But the volume average synergy angle does not change much, and the increase of inlet temperature does not better integrate field of velocity and temperature in the combustor. The reason (combined with Figure 31) is when inlet temperature increases, at section Z=0 mm, in the blunt body, the areal synergy angle of backflow with low velocity decreases, and area average synergy angle decreases gradually. However, at section Z=7 mm, the large inlet temperature generates greater synergy angle of backflow with low velocity, and volume average synergy angle does not change much. The results show when inlet temperature increases, field synergy angle in average in −7mm<Z<7mm decreases and the heat transfer ability enhances, but the field average synergy angle in Z<−7 mm and Z>7 mm increases. There is no obvious variation in the overall heat transfer capacity. In addition, Figure 32 shows that volume average synergy angle is obviously larger than the area average synergy angle.Figure 31
Synergy angle distribution under different inlet temperatures.Figure 32
Volume average synergy angle and area average synergy angle under different inlet temperatures.


## 4.2.1. Effect of Equivalence RatioΦ on the Characteristics of AVC

Figure18 is the effect of different equivalent ratio Φ on the velocity field. Under different equivalent ratio, stable double vortices can be formed near the cavity front wall and behind the guide vane, and a stable backflow region can also be formed behind the blunt body. However, the size, position, and shape of the double vortices formed near the cavity front wall have some change. With the increase of the equivalent ratio, the length of the backflow region behind the blunt body decreases, and the velocity behind the blunt body increases first and then decreases. When the equivalent ratio Φ=1.0, the velocity increment is the largest, and the range of the high velocity region is the widest. Figure 19 reveals how different equivalent ratio Φ affects the temperature field. Φ<1 is lean fuel combustion state, oxygen is sufficient, and the fuel can be fully burned, while the fuel mass fraction in the mixture is lower, and the heat release from combustion is less. The excessive air absorbs some heat, so the temperature in the combustor is lower, and the smaller the Φ is, the lower the overall temperature of the combustor is. Φ>1 is lean oxygen combustion state, the amount of fuel in the mixture is too high to fully react, some fuels do not participate in the reaction, they can absorb some heat, and the larger Φ is, the smaller the range of high temperature in the combustor is. When Φ=1, the fuel and air can react completely, and the temperature in the combustor is obviously higher than that of lean combustion.Figure 18
Velocity field under different equivalent ratio.Figure 19
Temperature field under different equivalent ratio.Figure20 shows total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different equivalent ratio. When Φ=1, total pressure loss is maximum, and it is due to the maximum heat release and the maximum overall temperature rise in the case of the complete reaction. Its temperature is significant to gas viscosity, and the gas viscosity increases when temperature and the gas flow resistance increase. When Φ<1, the heat release from combustion decreases greatly with the decrease of equivalent ratio. The combustor temperature decreases significantly, the gas viscosity decreases rapidly, and total pressure loss also decreases rapidly. But when Φ>1, the excessive unreacted fuel can take away some heat, and the overall temperature and the gas viscosity decrease, so total pressure loss decreases. When Φ=0.4‐1.0, combustion is lean fuel, and oxygen is sufficient, fuel can be fully burned, so combustion efficiency is very high, and it exceeds 99%. When Φ>1, combustion is poor oxygen, the fuel is not fully combustible, and a large amount of unburned fuel is blown directly out of the combustor.Figure 20
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different equivalent ratio.Figure21 reveals the area average synergy angle distribution at different section under different equivalent ratio. Figure 22 shows the area average synergy angle distribution at section Z=0 mm and the volume of synergy angle in average. When the equivalent ratio increases, synergy angle in average volume increases, the synergy between the field of velocity and the temperature is deteriorated. In the case of Φ>1.0, the variation of synergy angle in average is not obvious. The reason is that when equivalent ratio increases, backflow region and its velocity and length decrease. Scope of high temperature in combustor decreases when velocity changes, which leads to the variation in small-region synergy angle behind the blunt body.Figure 21
Average synergy angle distribution under different equivalent ratio.Figure 22
Volume average synergy angle and area average synergy angle distribution under different equivalent ratio.


## 4.2.2. Effect of Inlet Velocity on the Characteristics of AVC

According to Figure23, flow field distributed at different inlet velocities is shown. When inlet velocity increases, a stable double vortex structure is formed without influences from mainstream flow. Backflow regional length of the blunt body varies little and barriers its formation of symmetrical double vortices. Besides, one-sided vortex is usually broken by stretching.Figure 23
Velocity field under different inlet velocities.Figure24 shows temperature distributed at different inlet velocities. In the cavity, when flow velocity varies, high temperature position behind blunt body changes. When V=10 m/s, there is less gas flows and less heat release reaction and lower transfer degree in heat and mass; the temperature near the cavity front wall is about 1500 K, and its temperature increases by flow direction. Near the front wall of the blunt body, the mainstream velocity is relatively small, the entrainment capacity of the double vortices behind the guide vane is weak, the heat and mass transfer is also weak, and temperatures of the secondary vortex and main vortex are 1700 K and 1800 K, respectively. Increase in inlet velocity generates the increase in TVC and kinetic energy with turbulence, and the transfer of corresponding heat and mass enhances, which increases the temperature of the double vortices behind the guide vane. At section Z=0 m, turbulent kinetic energy appears to be uniform behind the blunt body, and the transfer in heat and mass is also different behind the blunt body. At section Z=0.007 m, turbulent kinetic energy behind the inclined struts is larger, and the stronger the transfer in heat and mass, the more uniform the distributed temperature.Figure 24
Temperature field under different inlet velocities.Figure25 shows how different inlet velocities affect its total pressure loss and efficiency in combustion. It shows that pressure in loss increases when inlet velocity increases. The large velocity generates the fast increase in total pressure loss, mainly because increasing inlet velocity makes the flow field in combustor more chaotic, and the flow resistance increases obviously. Similarly, too little inlet velocity may cause combustion instability, so when choosing appropriate inlet velocity, total pressure loss can only be regarded as one of the criteria, and other criteria factors need to be taken into account. But from V=10 m/s to V=110 m/s, combustion efficiency is relatively stable, which indicates that inlet flow velocity has little effect on combustion efficiency.Figure 25
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different inlet velocities.Figure26 shows the synergy angle distribution at different section and different inlet velocities and distributions of different inlet velocities with small synergy-region angles in the cavity, behind the guide vane and inclined struts, and behind the blunt body. Because different inlet velocities have different flow fields, which can affect the combustion, the temperature is varied. And the combustion influences the flow field in turn. These factors make the angle between the velocity vector and the temperature gradient change.Figure 26
Synergy angle distribution under different inlet velocities.Figure27 reveals the change of the volume average synergy angle and the area average synergy angle at section Z=0 mm with inlet velocities differently. When inlet velocity increases, its volume average synergy angle and the area average synergy angle increase first and then tend to be stable. When V<50 m/s, there are rapid increases in the field average synergy angle as inlet velocity increases. When the velocity is more than 50 m/s, the change of field average synergy angle is small. This shows that the lower flow velocity makes the field synergy better.Figure 27
Volume average synergy angle and area average synergy angle under different inlet velocities.


## 4.2.3. Effect of Inlet Temperature on the Characteristics of AVC

Figure28 shows relatively stable vortex, which is behind guide vane and near front wall of the cavity. As inlet temperature increases, velocity behind blunt body decreases, and backflow behind elongates. To a great degree, as inlet temperature increases within the region of cavity and backflow of the blunt body, their temperatures increase obviously, and the larger gas viscosity decreases the flow velocity in the rear part of the combustor and elongates the length of the low velocity backflow region.Figure 28
Velocity field under different inlet temperatures.As can be seen from Figure29, higher inlet temperature can effectively accelerate the chemical reaction rate, and the heat release from combustion can increase the overall temperature and shorten the mainstream low temperature zone. But the overall temperature rise is almost the same, which is about 1550 K. The high inlet temperature has tiny effect on rise of the maximum temperature. When inlet temperature increases behind the blunt body, temperature and gas viscosity increase, but the velocity slows down, which results in the decrease of the turbulent kinetic energy, but in the blunt body, regional length of backflow behind it is elongated as the gas viscosity increases, and the region with strong heat and mass transfer capacity becomes larger.Figure 29
Temperature field under different inlet temperatures.From Figure30, total pressure loss decreases gradually when inlet temperature increases. The larger the temperature rise, the greater the heat resistance in the direction of heat transfer, and the greater total pressure loss. However, when inlet temperature changes, combustion efficiency does not change nearly.Figure 30
Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency under different inlet temperatures.Figure31 shows the synergy angle distribution at different section and different inlet temperatures. According to Figure 32, when inlet temperature increases, area synergy angle in average at section Z=0 mm decreases. When inlet temperature is 700 K, the area average synergy angle drops fast. But the volume average synergy angle does not change much, and the increase of inlet temperature does not better integrate field of velocity and temperature in the combustor. The reason (combined with Figure 31) is when inlet temperature increases, at section Z=0 mm, in the blunt body, the areal synergy angle of backflow with low velocity decreases, and area average synergy angle decreases gradually. However, at section Z=7 mm, the large inlet temperature generates greater synergy angle of backflow with low velocity, and volume average synergy angle does not change much. The results show when inlet temperature increases, field synergy angle in average in −7mm<Z<7mm decreases and the heat transfer ability enhances, but the field average synergy angle in Z<−7 mm and Z>7 mm increases. There is no obvious variation in the overall heat transfer capacity. In addition, Figure 32 shows that volume average synergy angle is obviously larger than the area average synergy angle.Figure 31
Synergy angle distribution under different inlet temperatures.Figure 32
Volume average synergy angle and area average synergy angle under different inlet temperatures.


## 5. Conclusions

This paper studied the effect of structural parameters on combustion flow for improving TVC performances. Besides, how different inlets affect TVC combustion flow features in light of optimal structure is studied.(1)
When there are obstacles including blunt body, inclined struts, and guide vane, structures based on stable double vortices can be formed, which is beneficial to steady combustion and gas mixing. Compared with the case of only blunt body, combustion efficiency of the combustor can be greatly improved(2)
The optimum structural parameters of the inclined struts areα=30° and BR=12%; the guide vane and its optimum structural parameters are as follows: a/B=0.1, b/h=0.4, and c/L=0.2; the blunt body has an optimal height of H1/B1=2/3(3)
The inlet cavity after the guide vane, blunt body, and inclined struts are distribution regions of small synergy angles; this means the trapped vortex region and the low velocity backflow region have good field synergy. As inlet velocity increases, the flow resistance increases. As inlet temperature increases, the flow resistance decreases. From field synergy theory, inlet factors have different effect on the heat transfer performance



---

*Source: 7410747-2021-09-02.xml*