# A New Movement Authority Based on Vehicle-Centric Communication

Authors: Tuo Shen; Haifeng Song
Journal: Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
 (2018)

---

## Abstract

The communication system that is presently applied in the European Train Control System can only support data exchange between vehicles and ground, but the direct vehicle-to-vehicle communication is not available. The details of interlocking information and other vehicles’ movements are invisible to drivers who are the last defense to prevent unsafe scenarios. As connected vehicles have been envisioned to enhance transportation efficiency and improve safety, the direct vehicle-to-vehicle communication network is involved in this paper to increase the safety of railway transport. In this paper, a new train movement authority (MA+) is proposed. Apart from a wireless communication unit, this system does not require any other infrastructure. With the assistance of vehicle-centric communication technology, MA+ can detect the condition of switches and trains within a certain scope. In this paper, the system structure of MA+ is proposed. Additionally, different implementation scenarios are also discussed. The detection range is estimated and validated based on mathematical calculation and experimental equations. An application demo of MA+ is presented on the Driver Machine Interface of the onboard equipment. The results indicate that MA+ can be a flexible and scalable system for furthering the improvement of railway safety.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

To guarantee railway transport safety, various technologies have been applied. The latest European Train Control System (ETCS), which is based on the moving block principle, safely optimizes the maximum capacity of the rail network. Different kinds of data are submitted to the Centralized Traffic Control (CTC) system, such as the interlocking information, train position, and train diagram. Hence, CTC has a “God’s view” of all trains and interlocking details [1]. The Radio Block Center (RBC) transfers the movement authority (MA) to the trains in its scope of jurisdiction. The train vehicles can only passively move based on the MA. Once the MA is a fault, it may lead to a risk scenario, which results in catastrophic consequences.For instance, in the 2016 Berlin Tram-Crash, two commuter trains collided on a single-track stretch of railway in Germany; additionally, there was a head-on collision involving two passenger trains in southern Italy; two cargo trains collided in Finland; the 7.23 Yongwen line train collision and the Shanghai Metro Line 10 collision in China are further examples [2]. As shown in Figure 1, even though the latest technologies have been implemented, accidents happened all the same. Hence, we should not be lulled by the guarantee of the train control system safety.Figure 1
Numbers of events and victims of train collisions and derailments in Europe from 2006 to 2013.Based on the technology trends, the train control system should weaken the proportion of ground faculties and provide trains with more information than in the past [3]. Some projects based on the vehicle-centric communications have been carried out in these years [4]. For instance, Alstom offered a train-centric communications-based train control (CBTC) system. This system can carry out direct train-to-train communication and control the switch by the train. With implementing this system, the maintenance costs have been decreased by 20% and energy has been saved up to 30% [5]. Publication [6] introduces a train collision avoidance system, which is based on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) to obtain the location data; potential collisions are avoided in the future. Publication [7] proposed a direct vehicle-to-vehicle distance measurement system in railways, and the system availability is validated by using colored Petri nets.Varying from the systems mentioned in publications [5–7], in this paper, we propose a system that requires no additional position and speed measurement system. The essential information is collected using the internal wireless packets generated by ETCS’s onboard equipment. The vehicle-to-vehicle data exchange is implemented via a vehicle-centric communication link.Improving transport safety requires numerous suitable methods. Reducing transitions to hazardous operations and increasing transitions to safer operations are the most effective implementation methods [8]. Limiting movement violation is one of the most efficient and innovative methods to reduce accidents, such as train-to-train and train-object collisions. This paper intends to provide researchers with a new movement authority (MA+), which combines advantages of the vehicle-centric communication with current movement authority (MA) mechanisms.MA+ works as a supplementary part of the ETCS. When the ETCS is working normally and there is no potential risk, MA+ will remain silent. Otherwise, MA+ outputs a warning or alarm. It is important to know that MA+ cannot replace the statue of the current MA. This is mostly due to the fact that the safety of MA+ cannot achieve an equivalent security level as compared with the ETCS in its infancy. Furthermore, any modifications of this current system require a substantial amount of discussion and verification. This paper focuses on such a proposal and the system description.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section2 is dedicated to discussing the system’s structure and different application scenarios. The feasibility of proposing a new movement authority, which is based on the vehicle-centric communication, is also further discussed in Section 3. In Section 4, an MA+ interface demo is introduced on the Driver Machine Interface (DMI), which can be utilized for the further simulation or practical application in the actual system. Finally, Section 5 presents the conclusion and further works.


## 2. Structure and Application Scenarios of MA+

As defined in ETCS-2, the MA contains the distance information, by which the train is authorized to move forward [9]. However, no surrounding details are available for the train. The MA+ proposed in this paper can obtain extra information by applying the vehicle-centric communication method. The extra information includes but is not limited to other trains’ speed and position and switch’s position and situation. In this section, the system structure, logical model, and data exchange process are presented; different implementation scenarios are then further discussed.


### 2.1. MA+ Structure and Logical Model Description

Except for the existing infrastructures in ETCS-2, there are two main components in the structure of MA+. As shown in Figure2, the vehicle-centric communication architecture is installed in each train, and this architecture permits internal and external data exchange. The switch announcement architecture repeatedly broadcasts the switch’s location and situation.Figure 2
Structure of MA+.The communication link between vehicles and switches is shown in Figure3. In the vehicle-centric communication architecture, theMA+ algorithm collects the train messages from the onboard equipment and transmits the information via theTransceiver Unit. These messages provide the train’s MA, speed, position, direction, and vehicle ID number. TheTransceiver Unit is also in charge of receiving the train messages sent by other vehicles and switch messages from the switch announcement. After obtaining the MA and localization data, theMA+ algorithm matches thedigital map and displays which particular track the train is on through the DMI. When there are potential hazardous scenarios, theMA+ algorithm will output alarms.Figure 3
Communication link between vehicles and switches.Before the communication link between vehicles and switches is established, MA+ works in a surveillance mode(Smod). As shown in Figure 4, there are no switches and trains in its detection range; the blue line and the yellow line represent the original MA data and the MA route, respectively. The system continuously detects the situation of potential nearby switches and trains.Figure 4
MA+ surveillance mode.The overall logical model of the MA+ algorithm is shown in Figure5. MA+ starts fromIDLE and turns intoSmod after obtaining the train message data. Combining with the digital map, the MA+ shows which track the train is on (MA+_T). Once the information is sufficient to be updated, the MA+ turns into corresponding modes (T, V, and S represent track, vehicle, and switch, resp.). For instance,MA+_T_S displays the track and switch details once the MA+ obtains the information broadcasted by the switch announcement architecture. Some specific situations triggershortening MA (SMA), and the MA will be updated based on a new end of authority (EOA). In the following section, the logical details are discussed based on different scenarios, which are used to describe how MA+ is implemented.Figure 5
Logical model of the MA+ algorithm.


### 2.2. MA+ Implementation Scenarios

A switch can lead a train onto a different path. Hence, obtaining the position and situation of the approaching switch is essential in the MA+ implementation. Vehicle-to-switch communication provides fundamental vector information. The following procedures are involved: surveillance, detection and appropriate avoidance, and output results:(i)
Surveillance: the local MA+ works in a monitoring mode. The switch announcement continuously broadcasts its location and position(ii)
Detection and appropriate avoidance: once the connection between the switch announcement and the local vehicle-centric communication architecture is established, the local system turns to the appropriate avoidance mode(iii)
Output results: after obtaining the position and situation of the approaching switch, the system’s output results vary depending on different scenariosIn the appropriate avoidance procedure, the switch conditions are described as shown in Figure6. In this section, four different combinations of the switch conditions are discussed to do the illustration. The red line represents the SMA. The blue and yellow rectangles indicate the normal and reverse switch positions, respectively. The switch’s name turns into green or yellow depending on the switch position.Figure 6
MA+ operates with approaching switch scenarios.
(a) (b) (c) (d)In the normal operation the switch position can be shown as Figures6(a) and 6(b), which represent the situation that the switch is in normal and reverse positions, respectively. When the switch is in an uncertain position, it will be marked with red-dotted lines as shown in Figures 6(c) and 6(d).It is important to note that situations 3 and 4 do not exist when the interlocking system is working correctly. The ETCS is a critical safety system, and the MA generation obeys specific fault-safety strategies. Under the scenario illustrated in Figure6(c), switch split is likely to occur along with derailments and side collisions. Hence, among these four different scenarios, only this one can trigger the SMA. Additionally, to reduce the frequency of false alarms, the following condition is considered. When the original MA is available and the database shows that there is an approaching switch but the vehicle-to-switch connection is not established, the system ignores this scenario and no SMA is required.Different like the vehicle-to-switch communication, more information has to be taken into consideration when the vehicle-to-vehicle communication is established. Iftrain A detects anothertrain B in its detection range,train A communicates withtrain B and obtains the MA+ details oftrain B. In general, the scenarios can be divided into two main parts:(i)
There is no overlap of the two MA, as shown in Figure7(a). The green part is the available extension area for the detected trains’ MA. Under this scenario, train A’s EOA can be reached without a risk for a hazardous situation (the train position is calculated based on the train’s head position; the absolute real length of the train should be considered when SMA is triggered).(ii)
If the routes oftrain A andtrain B have an overlap as shown in Figure 7(b), both of them have to activate the SMA based on their speed and position to prevent collisions as shown in Figure 7(c).Figure 7
MA+ operates with encountering trains.
(a) (b) (c)The practical situations are the combinations of aforementioned scenarios of switches and trains. When drivers are required to take responsibility, they can have an extended version of the surrounding switches and trains in a certain distance with the assistance of MA+. For drivers, the benefit of MA+ implementation is that it helps them understand better the surrounding environment of tasks they have to perform, especially in special scenarios where the drivers have to make sure the situation of the train ahead is safe. For instance, the onboard equipment works in modes as ON SIGHT (OS), ISOLATION (IS), and so on. Hence, MA+ is an efficient way to extend drivers’ ability and improve the operational safety.The contemporary control system has a high safety level. However, if the signal system fails, the “driver see and avoid” will be activated. MA+ can output alarm and shorten the MA automatically; furthermore, it should be kept in radio silence if there is no potential accident. Otherwise, MA+ can also be turned on manually. Hence, it is clear that MA+ will not increase drivers’ responsibility and workload. Additionally, it can also provide additional communication other than just the communication between trains and ground.


## 2.1. MA+ Structure and Logical Model Description

Except for the existing infrastructures in ETCS-2, there are two main components in the structure of MA+. As shown in Figure2, the vehicle-centric communication architecture is installed in each train, and this architecture permits internal and external data exchange. The switch announcement architecture repeatedly broadcasts the switch’s location and situation.Figure 2
Structure of MA+.The communication link between vehicles and switches is shown in Figure3. In the vehicle-centric communication architecture, theMA+ algorithm collects the train messages from the onboard equipment and transmits the information via theTransceiver Unit. These messages provide the train’s MA, speed, position, direction, and vehicle ID number. TheTransceiver Unit is also in charge of receiving the train messages sent by other vehicles and switch messages from the switch announcement. After obtaining the MA and localization data, theMA+ algorithm matches thedigital map and displays which particular track the train is on through the DMI. When there are potential hazardous scenarios, theMA+ algorithm will output alarms.Figure 3
Communication link between vehicles and switches.Before the communication link between vehicles and switches is established, MA+ works in a surveillance mode(Smod). As shown in Figure 4, there are no switches and trains in its detection range; the blue line and the yellow line represent the original MA data and the MA route, respectively. The system continuously detects the situation of potential nearby switches and trains.Figure 4
MA+ surveillance mode.The overall logical model of the MA+ algorithm is shown in Figure5. MA+ starts fromIDLE and turns intoSmod after obtaining the train message data. Combining with the digital map, the MA+ shows which track the train is on (MA+_T). Once the information is sufficient to be updated, the MA+ turns into corresponding modes (T, V, and S represent track, vehicle, and switch, resp.). For instance,MA+_T_S displays the track and switch details once the MA+ obtains the information broadcasted by the switch announcement architecture. Some specific situations triggershortening MA (SMA), and the MA will be updated based on a new end of authority (EOA). In the following section, the logical details are discussed based on different scenarios, which are used to describe how MA+ is implemented.Figure 5
Logical model of the MA+ algorithm.


## 2.2. MA+ Implementation Scenarios

A switch can lead a train onto a different path. Hence, obtaining the position and situation of the approaching switch is essential in the MA+ implementation. Vehicle-to-switch communication provides fundamental vector information. The following procedures are involved: surveillance, detection and appropriate avoidance, and output results:(i)
Surveillance: the local MA+ works in a monitoring mode. The switch announcement continuously broadcasts its location and position(ii)
Detection and appropriate avoidance: once the connection between the switch announcement and the local vehicle-centric communication architecture is established, the local system turns to the appropriate avoidance mode(iii)
Output results: after obtaining the position and situation of the approaching switch, the system’s output results vary depending on different scenariosIn the appropriate avoidance procedure, the switch conditions are described as shown in Figure6. In this section, four different combinations of the switch conditions are discussed to do the illustration. The red line represents the SMA. The blue and yellow rectangles indicate the normal and reverse switch positions, respectively. The switch’s name turns into green or yellow depending on the switch position.Figure 6
MA+ operates with approaching switch scenarios.
(a) (b) (c) (d)In the normal operation the switch position can be shown as Figures6(a) and 6(b), which represent the situation that the switch is in normal and reverse positions, respectively. When the switch is in an uncertain position, it will be marked with red-dotted lines as shown in Figures 6(c) and 6(d).It is important to note that situations 3 and 4 do not exist when the interlocking system is working correctly. The ETCS is a critical safety system, and the MA generation obeys specific fault-safety strategies. Under the scenario illustrated in Figure6(c), switch split is likely to occur along with derailments and side collisions. Hence, among these four different scenarios, only this one can trigger the SMA. Additionally, to reduce the frequency of false alarms, the following condition is considered. When the original MA is available and the database shows that there is an approaching switch but the vehicle-to-switch connection is not established, the system ignores this scenario and no SMA is required.Different like the vehicle-to-switch communication, more information has to be taken into consideration when the vehicle-to-vehicle communication is established. Iftrain A detects anothertrain B in its detection range,train A communicates withtrain B and obtains the MA+ details oftrain B. In general, the scenarios can be divided into two main parts:(i)
There is no overlap of the two MA, as shown in Figure7(a). The green part is the available extension area for the detected trains’ MA. Under this scenario, train A’s EOA can be reached without a risk for a hazardous situation (the train position is calculated based on the train’s head position; the absolute real length of the train should be considered when SMA is triggered).(ii)
If the routes oftrain A andtrain B have an overlap as shown in Figure 7(b), both of them have to activate the SMA based on their speed and position to prevent collisions as shown in Figure 7(c).Figure 7
MA+ operates with encountering trains.
(a) (b) (c)The practical situations are the combinations of aforementioned scenarios of switches and trains. When drivers are required to take responsibility, they can have an extended version of the surrounding switches and trains in a certain distance with the assistance of MA+. For drivers, the benefit of MA+ implementation is that it helps them understand better the surrounding environment of tasks they have to perform, especially in special scenarios where the drivers have to make sure the situation of the train ahead is safe. For instance, the onboard equipment works in modes as ON SIGHT (OS), ISOLATION (IS), and so on. Hence, MA+ is an efficient way to extend drivers’ ability and improve the operational safety.The contemporary control system has a high safety level. However, if the signal system fails, the “driver see and avoid” will be activated. MA+ can output alarm and shorten the MA automatically; furthermore, it should be kept in radio silence if there is no potential accident. Otherwise, MA+ can also be turned on manually. Hence, it is clear that MA+ will not increase drivers’ responsibility and workload. Additionally, it can also provide additional communication other than just the communication between trains and ground.


## 3. MA+ Detection Range Estimation

Any theoretical proposal should be put forward in engineering implementation, and then the proposal makes sense. Before the practice using, a suitable simulation based on an existing technology is essential. For the vehicle-centric communication, different kinds of communication technologies are available, such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA). In recent years, the evolution of the data communication technology promotes the application of wireless communication in rail transportations, for the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) as an example [10]. Based on the high capacity and speed of LTE and less time delay (as shown in Table 1), direct communications between waysides and vehicles are possible. This will enhance the safety level of the previous control method that relied principally on the information delivered from RBC.Table 1
The maximum time delays comparison of mobile communication system.
Communication system Maximum time delay (10-6 s) GSM 1.805 CDMA2000 0.813 WCDMA 0.130 LTE 0.030For the vehicle-centric communication, the detection range is an important assessment target. In this section, the distance detection range of MA+ is discussed based on the path loss calculation.Different factors have various influences on the signal quality. One harsh transition environment is that in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation with mountain barrier, for example, in railway curve lines, as shown in Figure8. Under this scenario, the path loss in curve line is treated as a single round obstacle for mathematical calculations. Here,h is height of the curve line above the straight line of the local train and detected train,R is the radius of the curve line,d1,d2 are the tangent lines through the local train and detected train position.Figure 8
The power attenuation simulation in the curve line application scenario.The diffraction loss is influenced by the frequency, curve radius, and distance. The mathematical calculation is based on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) recommendation [11]. The attenuation loss A can be calculated as follows:(1)A=Jv+Tm,n,where J(v) is the Fresnel-Kirchhoff loss caused by equivalent blade shape barrier and it can be given by(2)Jv=-20log1-Cv-Sv2+Cv-Sv22,where C(v) and S(v) are the real and imaginary parts of Fresnel integral, respectively. For the transition with a barrier blocking the line-of-sight transmission, J(v) can be approximately described as follows:(3)Jv=6.9+20logv-0.12+1+v-0.1,(4)v=0.0316h2d1+d2λd1d21/2,where h and λ are in meters, λ is the wavelength, and d1,d2 are in kilometers.T m , n is the additional loss caused by barrier curvature, which is the curve line radius R. m and n are given by (5) and (6), respectively:(5)m=Rd1+d2/d1d2πR/λ1/3,(6)n=hπR/λ2/3R.Whenmn≤4, T(m,n) equals (7); when mn>4, T(m,n) equals (8).(7)Tm,n=7.2m1/2-2-12.5nm+3.6m3/2-0.8m2,(8)Tm,n=-6-20log⁡mn+7.2m1/2-2-17nm+3.6m3/2-0.8m2.In Europe, LTE frequencies are bands 1/3/7/8/20. Band 8 is currently used mostly by GSM. Band 8 is attractive from a coverage point of view due to the lower propagation losses. The band can be reused for LTE or HSPA. Bands 8 and 20 hold the uplink frequencies 880–915 MHz and 832–862 MHz. The downlink frequencies are 925–960 MHz and 791–821 MHz [12]. Here we choose the frequency 930 MHz to do the simulation. The result is shown in Figure 9, which indicates the interrelationship among the diffraction loss, detection distance, frequency, and radius. The received signal power should be greater than the sensitivity of a receiver, as shown in (9).(9)PrddBm=PtdBm+G-A-PLΔ,(10)G=10logGtGr,where PrddBm is the received power; PtdBm is the transfer power; G is the gain; Gt and Gr are the gains of the transfer and receiver antennas, respectively; PLΔ is the attenuation caused by device and feeder cable.Figure 9
Wireless power attenuation with distance and radius.For the received power, some experimental data is available to be referenced. In publication [13], the path loss measurements at the 930 MHz in the different scenario were done. The empirical power of received signal models for suburban area, open area, mountain area, and urban area was proposed, as shown in (11), (12), (13), and (14), respectively. The simulation result is shown in Figure 10. As shown in the result, the received signal power is greater than −90 dBm within 4000 m. Hence, the detection range is not a limitation of this system’s practical application. Taking ICE-3 as an example, the train emergency braking distance is between 2300 and 2800 m depending on the actual speed.(11)Prd=21.577-28.001log⁡d,(12)Prd=6.0246-21.2261log⁡d,(13)Prd=38.432-35.015log⁡d,(14)Prd=61.337-40.452log⁡d.Figure 10
Receive signal power in different scenarios.Here we take an actual line as a case study. The minimum railway curve radius is different in various railway lines, and several cases are shown in Table2 [14]. The simulation results indicate that, under the minimum curve radius of 3350 m in Köln-Rhein/Mann line, the signal attenuation is 158.2 dB when the detected distance is 6100 m. In current practice application, the typical maximum path loss of LTE can be 163.5 dB [15]. In order to make the detection range as further as possible, many different methods can be used, for instance, choosing a suitable wireless frequency spectrum according to the simulation result in Figure 9, increasing transmitter power, enhancing receiver sensitivity, and building repeater stations. Both the simulation result and practical results indicate that the vehicle-centric communication is available at the technical level. Hence, the detection range is not a limitation of the MA+ practical application.Table 2
Symbol form/shape and descriptions.
Symbol No. Form/shape Description SW1  Switch in normal position SW2  Switch in reverse position SW3  Switch in reverse and normal position SW4  Switch in normal and reverse position TR1  Train without collision risk TR2  Train with collision risk TC1  Operation line TC2  Empty line


## 4. An Application Demo on the DMI

The MA+ can be merged into the current train control system. In this section, a demo is proposed on the DMI of ETCS. The onboard equipment displays the essential information on the DMI for drivers. MA+ is combined with the planning information on DMI. On DMI, the orders and announcements overview displays within the MA and up to the first target at zero speed. The following aspects are involved, if any, as shown in Figure11.Figure 11
Main objects of the planning information.Here we add MA+ information in orders and announcements of track conditions area, and the basic symbols are shown in Table3. Symbols or shapes having a certain meaning in general railway control systems are avoided, and the display permits no interaction with the driver during the normal operation.Table 3
Comparison among different curve radiuses.
Organization JR JR DB DB SNC SNCF CRH Item Tokaido Shinkansen Tokyo-Joetsu Hannover-Wrzburg Köln-Rhein/Mann Paris-Sud-Est Atlantique Beijing-Shanghai Maximum design speedkm/h null 280 300 300 350 380 380 Maximum service speedkm/h 300 275 250 null 270 300 300 Minimum curve radiusm 4000 4000 7000 3350 4000 6250 7000Operation line and empty line are defined in the local train’s view. Based on the switch conditions, there are different MA operation routes. The driver will know which route is being implemented. As shown in Figure12, the length of MA is assumed to be 800 m. The train was transferred from the current operation line to the empty line through SW2, which locates at 280 m in front, as shown in Figure 12(b). SW3 and SW4 are in hazardous conditions; trailed switch accidents may happen. SW3 will lead the local train to another track and switch split will occur. Hence, SMA is required and an alert is triggered. There is no risk of collisions to the local train under SW4, and no SMA action can be triggered automatically.Figure 12
DMI operates with approaching switch scenarios.
(a) (b) (c) (d)Once other trains are detected and if there is no overlap between operation lines, the system will show the positions of other trains as green symbols. The angle shows the train operation direction. If there are overlaps between two operation lines, SMA is immediately executed. Then, because of different train directions, two different scenarios should be discussed: scenario one: after the new EOA was refreshed, there is still an overlap of the MA of two trains; both two trains have to shorten their MA again based on their speed, distance, and location, as shown in Figure13(a); scenario two: if the detected trains and local train have the same route direction, the new EOA will be updated based on the end of the detected train, as shown in Figure 13(b).Figure 13
DMI with detected trains.
(a) (b)


## 5. Conclusion and Further Work

In this paper, a new movement authority based on vehicle-centric communication was proposed to increase the safety level of the railway operation. The structure of the system was given, and implementation scenarios were also discussed. With the assistance of vehicle-centric wireless communication, local trains can have an overview of surrounding scenarios. By estimating the detection range based on attenuation calculation, the results indicated that this vehicle-centric communication proposal was engineering-feasible. Finally, a demo for the MA+ application on DMI was presented. It is clear that similar vehicle-centric technologies can be widely used in the future to increase the safety level of railway transport.In further works, an MA+ prototype machine will be designed, which can carry out the fundamental functions proposed in this paper. Given that the current DMI has been developed with a view to optimizing information provision and providing drivers with the information they need, any change to the DMI and information provided should be validated under careful consideration. Hence, in the following research, we will try to get railway companies support to revise the system’s industry requirements and provide a more actual analysis. A full function device will be available to be applied on the actual DMI.



---

*Source: 7451361-2018-04-04.xml*