# Study of a Fuel Supply Pump with a Piezoelectric Effect for Microdirect Alcohol Fuel Cells

Authors: Hsiao-Kang Ma; Jyun-Sheng Wang; Wei-Yang Cheng; Shin-Han Huang
Journal: International Journal of Electrochemistry
 (2011)

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## Abstract

A novel design for an ethanol injection system has been proposed, which consists of one pump chamber, two valves, and one central-vibrating piezoelectric device. The system uses a microdiaphragm pump with a piezoelectric device for microdirect alcohol fuel cells. The diameters of the pump chamber are 31 mm and 23 mm, and the depths of the chamber are 1 mm and 2 mm. When the piezoelectric device actuates for changing pump chamber volume, the valves will be opened/closed, and the ethanol will be delivered into DAFC system due to the pressure variation. The chamber dimensions, vibrating frequencies of the piezoelectric device, and valve thickness are used as important parameters for the performance of the novel ethanol injection system. The experimental results show that the ethanol flow rate can reach 170 mL/min at a vibrating frequency of 75 Hz. In addition, the ethanol flow rate is higher than the water flow rate.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

During the past 10 years, there has been an increasing interest in the development of direct alcohol/air proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), particularly for applications of the electric vehicle. Low-temperature PEMFCss fueled directly by liquid fuels are gaining more and more attention for their large potential application for fuel cell vehicles, stationary applications, and portable power sources. Operation on liquid fuels without the external bulky fuel-reforming system could greatly simplify the fuel cell system, therefore would result in its rapid commercialization.DAFCs generate electricity through the direct oxidation of a liquid alcohol fuel in conjunction with the reduction of oxygen (in air). Most DAFCs use a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) as the electrolyte, which makes them a subset of PEMFCs technology. The fuels used in DAFCs include methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, and n-propane, among which methanol has the highest electrochemical kinetics. Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have been extensively investigated, and a significant progress has been made in the development of this type of fuel cell. As compared with methanol, ethanol is more environmental friendly and can be easily mass-produced in large quantities using sugar-containing raw materials from agriculture or biomass. Hence, DAFCs have recently received increased attention.DAFCs possess a wide spectrum of advantages as compared with PEMFCss that use hydrogen as fuel. As shown in Table1 [1], the theoretical energy conversion efficiency of all DAFCs exceeds 90%, which is higher than that of PEMFCss (83%). More importantly, Table 1 shows that liquid alcohols have a much higher volumetric energy density than the hydrogen does. Hence, DAFCs require much smaller fuel cartridges, thus, can be more compact. In addition, DAFCs are easily handled, transported, and stored. Unlike hydrogen-fed PEMFCss, DAFCs do not need humidification and separate thermal management ancillary systems. All these features make DAFCs particularly suitable for portable and mobile applications.Table 1
The characteristics of different fuel cell.
Fuel cellFuel/oxidantMw (g/mol)nE°(V)Esp (Wh mL−1)η (%)PEMFCsH2(g)/O22.0121.232.9583DMFCCH3OH(l)/O232.0461.216.07397DEFCC2H5OH(l)/O246.07121.158.02897DEGFCC2H6O2(l)/O262.07101.225.26899DP1FCCH3CH2CH3OH(l)/O260.10181.139.07097DP2FCCH3CH(OH)CH3(l)/O260.10181.128.9997Micropumps have many different applications, such as heat dissipation of electronic devices, liquid delivery systems, and fuel injection. In addition, there are many methods for actuating the micropump, such as electromagnetic, piezoelectric, shape memory alloy, electrostatic, and thermo-pneumatic devices [2–12]. Olsson et al. [13–15] utilized computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the flow fields of different diffusers and nozzles and proposed the lumped-mass model to describe the relationship between the diaphragm and pressure variation. Yang et al. [16] constructed a micropump with a novel bimorph actuation structure that can feed air into DMFCs. Their results showed that the air diaphragm pump worked at a flow rate of 85.3 mL/min at low power consumption (below 20 volts). Ma et al. [17, 18] presented a one-side actuating microdiaphragm pump with a piezoelectric (PZT) device; it was successfully developed by making use of harmonic resonance of the working liquids with other system components (valve and diaphragm) in the pump chamber. This one-side micropump has also been improved to 250 mL of water per minute and has the advantages of its high flow rate, simple structure, low power demand, and small size. Zhang and Wang [19] proposed a valveless micro pump for fuel delivery in DMFC devices and suggested that the large driving frequency may decrease the power consumption of the micropump.Previous studies showed that the air-breathing piezoelectric proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PZT-PEMFCs) can feed air into the cathode channel through a gas pump with a piezoelectric actuation structure [20–24]. This design could solve the water flooding problem and increase cell efficiency. Also, a transitional three-dimensional model is employed to calculate the rib effect on the performance of PEMFCs at different PZT vibrating frequencies. In this study, a novel fuel injection system was designed using a microdiaphragm pump with a piezoelectric device to pump ethanol to a fuel cell. Both ethanol and water were chosen as the working fluids in the experimental study of the fuel injection system performance. The optimal operating parameters include chamber diameter, chamber depth, valve thickness, and PZT vibrating frequency.


## 2. Mechanisms of Fuel Injection System

A novel fuel injection system using a microdiaphragm pump with a piezoelectric device which shown in Figure1 was designed for pumping fuel to a DAFC. The fuel injection pump consists of one pump chamber, two valves, and one central-vibrating piezoelectric device. Figure 2 indicates an exploded view of the fuel injection pump, which shows the chamber diameter, chamber depth, and valve thickness. When the actuator is moving outward, the volume of the chamber increases, and the ethanol is sucked into the chamber. On the other hand, when the actuator is moving inward, the volume of the chamber is decreased, and the ethanol is delivered to the DAFC.Figure 1
The diagram of the fuel injection system.Assembled fuel injection system and exploded view.
(a)(b)The driving force of working fluid is actuated by the PZT device. Therefore, the inlet velocity in the chamber is driven by PZT vibrations. The equation of PZT motion is assumed to be the sine function shown in (1):
(1)V⃗PZT=ddt{amp.×sin(2πft)}.
Also, the inflow and outflow periods in the channel induced by the sine function are shown in Figure 2. The inlet liquid flow rate can be expressed by the Reynolds Transport Theorem as
(2)DMDt=D(ρ∀)Dt=∂∂t∫C∀ρd∀+∫CS,PZTρV⃗PZT⋅n⃗dA+∫CS,inρV⃗in⋅n⃗dA=0.
Therefore, the inlet velocity can be determined by (2). According the oscillation function of pump’s piezoelectric device
(3)Finput-Fd=md2zpztdt2+kzpzt,zpzt is the  displacement of piezoelectric device, and m is the oscillating fluid mass. k is coefficient of elasticity. When the input strength of piezoelectric device is fixed, the vibrating mass will decrease and the acceleration of the piezoelectric device oscillation will increase. In addition, the chamber volume will decrease, which implies that the required driving fluid quantity for piezoelectric device deformation will decrease, and can provide bigger deformation. When zpzt is increased, it will lift the net productive flow from pump, in addition, decreasing the pump volume can increase the performance of flow.In the valve analysis, the passive check valve, which is made of PDMS, is an important device in the design of fuel injection system. The passive check valve decides the performance of the fuel injection system. PDMS is an elastic structural element that can be expressed as a spring motion to store and release energy. When the valve operates in the fluid, the valve's motion will be influenced by the drag force. The performance of fuel injection system can be improved when the motions of the actuator and valves match well; thus, the valve's response plays an important role in the control system. The drag coefficient is affected by the shape and thickness of the valves [17].The vibrating amplitude of a piezoelectric device produces an oscillating flow and alters the chamber volume by changing the curvature of the diaphragm. In Figure3, when the actuator moves downward to decrease the chamber volume, the outflow will be in one direction with the inlet valve closed and the outlet valve open. When the actuator moves upward to increase the chamber volume, the inflow will be into the chamber with the inlet valve open and the outlet valve closed. The flow field may be disturbed if the valves are not harmonically oscillating with the PZT device. Improper valve functioning may cause the inlet valve to close and stop the working fluid from flowing into the chamber when the PZT device moves outward.Actuating mechanisms in an ethanol injection system. (a) Sucked working fluid into the chamber. (b) Exhausted working fluid from the chamber.
(a)(b)The definition of Reynolds number is(4)Re=ρVDμ,
where V = (mass flow rate)/(chamber cross-section area).


## 3. Experiment Setup

The fuel/ethanol injection system with a piezoelectric device is driven by an alternating sine-wave input. The input signal is controlled by a function generator. A sine-wave signal shown in Figure4 is sent by the function generator to the piezoelectric device through the amplifier to amplify the signal. The flow rate data are recorded to analyze the fuel injection performance under a different input frequency and backpressure. The parameters of operating cases, as shown in Table 2, include dimensionless chamber depth and valve thickness. The operation alternative voltage of the piezoelectric device is chosen at 50 V, and the vibrating frequency of the piezoelectric device is shifted from 1 Hz to 350 Hz. The flow rate data are recorded to analyze the fuel injection performance under different frequencies. The flow chart of the experiment is shown in Figure 5.Table 2
The design parameters of pump chamber.
Dimensionless depth (H/D)Chamber depth (H)Valve thicknessCase A-11/311 mm0.2 mmCase A-21/311 mm0.5 mmCase B-12/312 mm0.2 mmCase B-22/312 mm0.5 mmCase C-11/231 mm0.2 mmCase C-21/231 mm0.5 mmCase D-12/232 mm0.2 mmCase D-22/232 mm0.5 mmFigure 4
The sine function of periodical flow.Figure 5
The flow chart of fuel injection system.


## 4. Results and Discussion

### 4.1. Different Working Fluids

The measured flow rates of water and ethanol are shown in Figure6. Obviously, the ethanol has a higher flow rate than water. In the case of C-1, the maximum ethanol flow rate was 162 mL/min at f=60 Hz, but the maximum water flow rate was only 87 mL/min at f=125 Hz. In a similar trend, the maximum Reynolds number of ethanol is 569 at f=60 Hz, which is higher than the maximum Reynolds number of water at the same frequency, 459. This is because the ethanol has a smaller viscosity effect than water. The range of the Reynolds number in this study is 21 to 569, and the flow can be regarded as the laminar flow.Figure 6
Measured flow rate under different frequency with different working fluids. (Case C-1).When the PZT vibrating frequency exceeded 100 Hz, the limited ethanol flow rates were measured. However, the limited water flow rates were measured when the PZT vibrating frequency was over 300 Hz. In Figure7, the valve thickness has a significant effect on the flow rate. The major reason is that the valve thickness alters the vibration of the valve and causes a different flow rate. The results also show that the maximum ethanol flow rate (170 mL/min) is found in the thicker valve, 0.5 mm. In addition, the flow rates of water crashed under 0.2  mm valve thickness around PZT=75 Hz.Figure 7
Measured flow rate under different frequency with different valve thickness. (Case D).


### 4.2. Effect of Valve Thickness

In Figures8 and 9, the maximum Reynolds number for water and ethanol are 697 and 597, respectively. Ratio of T/H is defined as a dimensionless parameter. Both of the maximum Reynolds numbers are found in large T/H value = 0.25. For low T/H value = 0.10, the Reynolds numbers are lowest at low PZT frequencies in both working fluids. Thus, the valve thickness is one of the important parameters in the fuel injection system.Figure 8
The Reynolds number of ethanol flow under differentT/H ratios.Figure 9
The Reynolds number of water flow under differentT/H ratios.


### 4.3. Effect of Dimensionless Chamber Depth

Figures10 and 11 indicate that the maximum Reynolds numbers of ethanol and water are found in smaller H/D value = 0.043, at the higher PZT frequencies. The maximum Reynolds numbers are 569 and 459 in ethanol and water, respectively. For higher H/D values, 0.065 and 0.087, both of the Reynolds numbers are significantly low at low PZT frequencies. Therefore, the chamber depth is one of the most important parameters in the chamber design.Figure 10
The Reynolds number of ethanol flow under differentH/D ratios.Figure 11
The Reynolds number of water under differentH/D ratios.However, the maximum ethanol flow rate is larger than that of the water regardless of the chamber depth, as shown in Figure12. Moreover, the maximum ethanol flow rate is 162 mL/min at f=60 Hz in the case C-1. Then, the ethanol flow rate has a sharp drop to 76 mL/min when the PZT vibrating frequency reaches 65 Hz. On the other hand, the maximum water flow rate is 87 mL/min at f=125 Hz in the case C-1. However, the water flow rate shows a slow drop to 27 mL/min at the higher frequency of 310 Hz.Figure 12
Measured flow rate under different frequency with different chamber depth.


### 4.4. Required Power of Ethanol Supply Piezoelectric (PZT) Pump

The flow rate is depended on the PZT vibration. Based on (1), the PZT vibration is assumed to be the sine function. When the maximum ethanol flow rate is 162 mL/min at f=60 Hz and 50 volts, the power consumption is 0.675 W. Thus, the microdirect alcohol fuel cells with power output larger than 0.675 W is suitable for the PZT device in this case.


## 4.1. Different Working Fluids

The measured flow rates of water and ethanol are shown in Figure6. Obviously, the ethanol has a higher flow rate than water. In the case of C-1, the maximum ethanol flow rate was 162 mL/min at f=60 Hz, but the maximum water flow rate was only 87 mL/min at f=125 Hz. In a similar trend, the maximum Reynolds number of ethanol is 569 at f=60 Hz, which is higher than the maximum Reynolds number of water at the same frequency, 459. This is because the ethanol has a smaller viscosity effect than water. The range of the Reynolds number in this study is 21 to 569, and the flow can be regarded as the laminar flow.Figure 6
Measured flow rate under different frequency with different working fluids. (Case C-1).When the PZT vibrating frequency exceeded 100 Hz, the limited ethanol flow rates were measured. However, the limited water flow rates were measured when the PZT vibrating frequency was over 300 Hz. In Figure7, the valve thickness has a significant effect on the flow rate. The major reason is that the valve thickness alters the vibration of the valve and causes a different flow rate. The results also show that the maximum ethanol flow rate (170 mL/min) is found in the thicker valve, 0.5 mm. In addition, the flow rates of water crashed under 0.2  mm valve thickness around PZT=75 Hz.Figure 7
Measured flow rate under different frequency with different valve thickness. (Case D).


## 4.2. Effect of Valve Thickness

In Figures8 and 9, the maximum Reynolds number for water and ethanol are 697 and 597, respectively. Ratio of T/H is defined as a dimensionless parameter. Both of the maximum Reynolds numbers are found in large T/H value = 0.25. For low T/H value = 0.10, the Reynolds numbers are lowest at low PZT frequencies in both working fluids. Thus, the valve thickness is one of the important parameters in the fuel injection system.Figure 8
The Reynolds number of ethanol flow under differentT/H ratios.Figure 9
The Reynolds number of water flow under differentT/H ratios.


## 4.3. Effect of Dimensionless Chamber Depth

Figures10 and 11 indicate that the maximum Reynolds numbers of ethanol and water are found in smaller H/D value = 0.043, at the higher PZT frequencies. The maximum Reynolds numbers are 569 and 459 in ethanol and water, respectively. For higher H/D values, 0.065 and 0.087, both of the Reynolds numbers are significantly low at low PZT frequencies. Therefore, the chamber depth is one of the most important parameters in the chamber design.Figure 10
The Reynolds number of ethanol flow under differentH/D ratios.Figure 11
The Reynolds number of water under differentH/D ratios.However, the maximum ethanol flow rate is larger than that of the water regardless of the chamber depth, as shown in Figure12. Moreover, the maximum ethanol flow rate is 162 mL/min at f=60 Hz in the case C-1. Then, the ethanol flow rate has a sharp drop to 76 mL/min when the PZT vibrating frequency reaches 65 Hz. On the other hand, the maximum water flow rate is 87 mL/min at f=125 Hz in the case C-1. However, the water flow rate shows a slow drop to 27 mL/min at the higher frequency of 310 Hz.Figure 12
Measured flow rate under different frequency with different chamber depth.


## 4.4. Required Power of Ethanol Supply Piezoelectric (PZT) Pump

The flow rate is depended on the PZT vibration. Based on (1), the PZT vibration is assumed to be the sine function. When the maximum ethanol flow rate is 162 mL/min at f=60 Hz and 50 volts, the power consumption is 0.675 W. Thus, the microdirect alcohol fuel cells with power output larger than 0.675 W is suitable for the PZT device in this case.


## 5. Conclusions

The novel design of an ethanol injection system by using a microdiaphragm pump with a piezoelectric device has been successfully developed and tested. The major conclusions are summarized below.(1)
The ethanol has a higher flow rate than water. In the case C-1, the maximum ethanol flow rate was 162 mL/min atf=60 Hz, but the maximum water flow rate was only 87 mL/min at f=125 Hz.(2)
The valve thickness has a significant effect on the flow rate. The maximum ethanol flow rate, 170 mL/min, was found in the thicker valve (T/H=0.25) at f=75 Hz.(3)
The chamber depth is one of the most important parameters in the chamber design. The maximum ethanol flow rate was 162 mL/min in the shallow depth (H/D=0.043) at f=60 Hz.(4)
The maximum water flow rate was 132 mL/min in the Case D-2 chamber with the PZT vibrating frequency of 45 Hz.(5)
When the maximum ethanol flow rate is 162 mL/min atf=60 Hz and 50 volts, the power consumption is 0.675 W.



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*Source: 725439-2011-07-10.xml*