# Effects of Attentional Withdrawal on Chinese Disabled Biathletes’ Shooting Performance

Authors: Jin Li; Sihua Li
Journal: Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
 (2021)

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## Abstract

Under two situations of static empty gun preview and simulated competition, the validity of self-suggestion language “preloading compaction,” which suggests attentional withdrawal, was verified, respectively.Methods. The experiments in the two parts were designed in a single factor group. The participants (Chinese disabled biathletes) fired 20 times (4 groups in total, 5 times in each group) both in pretest and posttest, and they used self-suggestion before each group of firing in posttest. Optoelectronic shooting device based on wireless laser transceiver technology was selected to collect the shooting technical indicators, scores, and other information. The operation evaluation form reflected the subjective feelings of the participants, and the heart rate was measured by the chest band. Results. By the method of big data analysis, under the condition of static empty gun preview, the results showed that there was an extremely significant difference between shooting score and quality of triggering. All the marks on the operation evaluation form improved after the intervention. In the mock competition situation, shooting score has highly significant differences with quality of triggering and relative triggering value and significant difference with aiming ability. The marks of the operation evaluation form have been improved; the heart rate of firing all decreased in different degrees. Conclusions. The attentional withdrawal has positive effects on the shooting scores, technical indicators of optoelectronic shooting device, subjective feelings, and heart rate of disabled biathletes under the two conditions. TIRE (the timing of firing) is the most sensitive indicator and can be used as the focus of future training and scientific research.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The disabled biathlon is a combination of cross-country skiing and air rifle shooting, which requires athletes to complete precise technical movements in high-intensity sports and quickly switch between dynamic and static. Therefore, it is characterized by contradiction and complexity and requires athletes to meet high requirements in all aspects [1]. Whenever one shot is missed in the competition (short-distance and medium-distance competitions), it will be punished by sliding 150 meters. The result will be changed by 1%-1.5% [2]. Therefore, it is key for the competition result to find the shooting technical characteristics and improve the shooting stability.Attentional withdrawal is the core of shooting techniques, which has been widely recognized and applied in target shooting and other precision events. It refers to the shooter’s process from aiming to firing, in which he withdraws all his attention into the shooting action and focuses on the relationship of front sight and iron sight and preloading of the trigger’s index finger (or other trigger parts) [3, 4]. Good attentional withdrawal has clear requirements for shooting skills and shooter psychology. In fact, shooting training is both technical aspect and psychological aspect. As the researcher put forward the comprehensive model of psychological construction, psychological training skills should be purposefully and systematically integrated into the shooting technology, to achieve the state of combination of mentality and technology, in order to better help athletes improve their performance [5]. However, some biathletes often separate psychological training from technical training in the daily shooting training, which results in the athletes’ shooting skills cannot match with the characteristics of disabled biathlon. Besides, there is also a common phenomenon that they have good shooting performance in training but failed to play their normal level in competition.Compared with the air rifle shooting and the disabled biathlon, they both need to accurately hit a stationary target 10 meters away. The difference is that the air rifle shooting can be completed within the specified time; athletes have enough time to complete a series of actions of attentional withdrawal, such as “sight is clear and target is blur,” and then attentional withdrawal to the preloading index finger, so as to sense the balance of the body [6]. The results of the disabled biathlon competition are calculated by time. One round of shooting is average about 20 seconds. Athletes will greatly shorten the preparation and thinking time for shooting while ensuring a hit [7]. They cannot complete all the technical actions like air rifle shooting. In the process of attentional withdrawal, mounting the gun and aiming are certainly important, but a good preload can make up for the disadvantages caused by the unstable control and poor aiming of the gun, and also achieve good results [8]. The disabled biathlon athletes are shooting after high-intensity sliding. Muscle tension or fatigue and fast heart rate make it difficult for athletes to be stable, which increases the difficulty of gun controlling and aiming. In addition, the bull’s eye of biathlon is larger than air rifle shooting, and the biathlon has no concept of ring number, which reduce the vision requirement of the enlarged aiming area. Therefore, the importance of preloading becomes more prominent. This study puts forward the hypothesis that the disabled biathlon athletes may not be able to follow the requirements and steps of attentional withdrawal in the target shooting, and they need to be done in a more concise way that can better match the characteristics of the event. That is, they can neglect the search for the relationship of front sight and iron sight and emphatically withdraw attention to the preloading.However, the current evaluation of shooting technology is mainly based on whether the shooting hits or misses, the experience of coaches, and the subjective report of the athletes, which cannot provide detailed guidance for the technical movements at a deeper level and lacks objective and quantitative evaluation means [9]. The appearance of optoelectronic shooting device has changed this situation. As a commonly used shooting training tool at present [10], it has been tested and recognized in both target shooting [11] and biathlon [12]. Optoelectronic shooting device can convert shooting techniques such as control of the gun, aiming, and preloading into quantized technical indexes, which not only correspond to the definition of attentional withdrawal but also provide convenience for statistical analysis.This study used the indicators provided by the optoelectronic shooting device, in conjunction with the athlete’s subjective feelings and the heart rate of firing, to verify whether the withdraw of attention to the preloading trigger can effectively improve the athlete’s shooting performance and enhance shooting technique both in static empty gun preview and simulation game two kinds of situations, so as to provide guidance and reference for the follow-up training and research and help biathletes achieve better performance in winter of 2022 Beijing Paralympics.


## 2. Research Subjects and Methods

### 2.1. Research Subjects

The participants of this study are all national athletes of the disabled biathlon in China. A total of 25 athletes (M=23.32 years old, SD=2.45 years old) participated in the static empty gun preview situation, including 18 males and 7 females, 16 for sitting position and 9 for standing position. Because the teams have to alternately participate in external training and experimental conditions, 9 athletes (M=23.56 years old, SD=2.95 years old) who have participated in static air gun preview are randomly selected as the research participants of simulated competition situation, among which 6 males and 3 females, 6 for sitting position and 3 for standing position.


### 2.2. Research Tools and Means

#### 2.2.1. Self-Suggestion Instruction

The researchers conducted interviews with 17 Olympic champions of target shooting, and the results showed that self-suggestion is the main choice for athletes to conduct self-regulation, whether before or during the competition, and plays a role of stabilizing mentality and technology [13]. Therefore, self-suggestion is used as a way to prompt athletes to withdraw their attention. The content of self-suggestion should be concise and clear and focus on the core technical actions [14]. According to the hypothesis proposed above, “preloading compaction” should be formulated as a self-suggestion to prompt attentional withdrawal. “Preloading” can encourage athletes to withdraw their attention on the shooting action and specify where to withdraw their attention, so as to avoid confusion of independent variables of the experiment between preloading and aiming. “Compaction” is an action request that prompts the athletes to press the trigger to the most appropriate position in the shooting process, so that the muscles are evenly exerted, and the strength of the index finger (or the other trigger position) is consciously controlled [4].


#### 2.2.2. Optoelectronic Shooting Device

Optoelectronic shooting device transmits and receives signals through the wireless laser optoelectronic transceiver of Noptel ST-2000 SPORT made in Finland. The signal irradiates to the specific reflecting target before the target and then reflects and recovers the transceiver. The optoelectronic signal is converted into electronic signal and transmitted to the notebook computer, and the supporting software will process and analyze the electrical signal on the base of big data analysis [15]. The two experiments of this study need to measure the abilities of the athletes’ controlling gun, aiming, preloading, etc., in the process of attentional withdrawal. Therefore, indicators such as the average number of rings, controlling gun stability, aiming accuracy, and trigger pressure ability were selected (Table 1).Table 1
Detailed explanation of optoelectronic shooting device indicators.
NameAbbreviationsExplanationNoteControlling gun stabilityDev XStandard deviation of the aiming point at the last second in theX-axis direction.The closer Dev X and Dev Y values are, the better.Dev YStandard deviation of the aiming point at the last second in theY-axis direction.Aiming accuracyCOGThe simulated target redrawn by the system corresponds to the actual target; represents the accuracy of the aim.The higher the value, the higher the accuracy.Trigger control capabilityRTVThe relative value of trigger pressure is calculated as the ratio of the distance moved by the gun 0.2 seconds before firing and 0.6 seconds before firing. If the distance is less than 1, it indicates that the trigger instant movement is less than the average value.Indicates the cleanliness of the trigger.ATIThe absolute value of trigger pressure is calculated as the absolute distance of muzzle displacement 0.2 seconds before firing.Low value, stable muzzle. Large value, obvious shaking.TIREThe average falling point of the aiming point is closest to the target center, 0-0.2 seconds before firingTIRE=3, 0.2-0.4 seconds TIRE=2, 0.4-0.6 seconds TIRE=1.The higher the score, the more decisive the shot, and the better the timing.The average number of ringSCOREThe average number of rings on target (1.0-10.9).The deviation in horizontal (Dev X) and vertical (Dev Y) directions is the most powerful indicator for measuring muzzle stability when aiming, and the combination of the two indicators can also reflect the dispersion degree of shooting performance to a certain extent [16]. Trigger pressure control capability is an important part of shooting technology and also an important factor affecting shooting performance. It can be divided into three indicators to explain: RTV represents the accurate and subtle control power of the index finger from the preloading fire to the second fire when pressing the trigger. ATI represents whether pressing on the trigger makes the muzzle shake violently; TIRE refers to the ability of firing when the aiming point moves to the bull’s eye rather than moving outward from the bull’s eye, indicating the determinateness of hitting, namely, the timing of firing [17]. COG refers to whether the athletes can accurately aim at the bull’s eye. SCORE is the actual number of rings displayed on the optoelectronic system after the athlete presses the trigger.


#### 2.2.3. Operation Evaluation Form

According to the definition of attentional withdrawal and the meaning of self-suggestion words, the shooting techniques related to preloading are selected, and the “operation evaluation form” of the shooting suggestion words is compiled, which reflects the subjective evaluation of the athletes on the completion degree of the shooting techniques (Table2). Likert’s 7-point scoring method was adopted to answer a total of 13 questions, among which the first 6 questions were answered twice, respectively, before and after the self-suggestion intervention. The seventh question was the evaluation of the completion degree of attentional withdrawal action, so the answers were given after the intervention.Table 2
Title and evaluation method of operation evaluation form.
No.The titleDegree of completionVery lowLowA little lowGeneralA little highHighVery high1Withdraw your attention on your index finger (or other trigger parts)12345672Index finger (or other trigger parts) preloading compaction3The trigger force can be controlled when firing4Be decisive when firing5The muzzle is stable after firing6Shooting action consistency7Complete the actions suggested by the self-suggestion


### 2.3. Research Methods

In the two experiments of this study, single factor intragroup experiment design was adopted. Paired samplet-test statistical method was used to analyze the pretest and posttest data of the technical indicators, operation evaluation form, heart rate, and other indicators of the optoelectronic shooting device. Before each experiment, the optoelectronic shooting device was calibrated and zeroed.For static empty gun preview situation, researchers need to convey the information for athletes, including the concept of attentional withdrawal and the method of self-suggestion, etc., and empty gun preview can effectively help participants experience inner feelings and muscle changes [9]. So, it is the most appropriate that static empty gun prepare intervention situation was selected firstly. The experimental site was the Biathlon training hall of a certain ski team. The participants fired 20 times without guidance (simulated competition rules, 5 times in one round, 4 rounds in total, with short rest and debugging between each round). After all rounds were completed, the participants were asked to fill in the “operation evaluation form” and then complete the pretest part of the experiment. Combined with the results of the pretest, the concept, function, and the meaning and usage of self-suggestion were explained to the participants. Then, participants were asked to repeat how to understand the attentional withdrawal and how to complete the preloading compaction. When there is a “do not aim at deliberately,” “focus on the preloading of the index finger,” “grasp well the magnitude of the preloading,” “fire decisively at a good time,” and the same or similar key words, which showed the participants understood the self-suggestion language meaning and usage compiled by the researchers. In the posttest, participants were required to silently recite the self-suggestion words before each round of shooting, and they could be used again if they felt that their states were not good and needed to be adjusted. Fill in the “operation evaluation form” after all the assignments are completed.For situation of simulated competition, biathlon for the disabled requires athletes to shoot under a certain load. Whether attentional withdrawal can really improve athletes’ shooting performance is not enough to be proved by static experiments only. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct experiments under the situation of simulated competition [18]. In order to simulate the competition situation as much as possible and according to the actual situation of the site, the long-distance competition rules were adopted to unify the sliding standards of both group and gender. One round of shooting was conducted for every 3 km (2 laps of the ski team compound), and a total of 4 rounds were carried out. Subjects participating in the experiment departed at intervals of 1 minute. The Polar H10 heart rate chest band was used to record the heart rate data, and the researchers manually recorded heart rate at the moment of each firing. For each experiment, two to three subjects were scheduled to participate. The aim was to ensure that the same group of subjects performed the experiment on the same day. After completing 4 rounds of shooting, fill in “operation evaluation form.” In the posttest, participants were required to say “preloading compaction” before each round of shooting, so as to avoid forgetting to use self-suggestion words after high-intensity sliding and to eliminate the interference caused by researchers’ reminder to participants. The pre- and posttests were arranged in the adjacent two weeks, and the pre- and posttest time of each subject was the same, so as to ensure that the physical strength was sufficient.The research participants of simulated competition situation had already carried out the intervention of attentional withdrawal under static condition, which may have certain influence on the experimental results of this stage. The objective condition is caused by the number of athletes and the actual condition. In this study, the intragroup experiment design was adopted, and the posttest was improved compared with the pretest, which proved that the intervention under this situation was effective. At the same time, in order to eliminate interference better, the athletes were told to conduct experiments according to the shooting rhythm in the actual competition during the pretest, and the participants were confirmed again after the end of the pretest. All the participants indicated that they had completed the experiment as required.


## 2.1. Research Subjects

The participants of this study are all national athletes of the disabled biathlon in China. A total of 25 athletes (M=23.32 years old, SD=2.45 years old) participated in the static empty gun preview situation, including 18 males and 7 females, 16 for sitting position and 9 for standing position. Because the teams have to alternately participate in external training and experimental conditions, 9 athletes (M=23.56 years old, SD=2.95 years old) who have participated in static air gun preview are randomly selected as the research participants of simulated competition situation, among which 6 males and 3 females, 6 for sitting position and 3 for standing position.


## 2.2. Research Tools and Means

### 2.2.1. Self-Suggestion Instruction

The researchers conducted interviews with 17 Olympic champions of target shooting, and the results showed that self-suggestion is the main choice for athletes to conduct self-regulation, whether before or during the competition, and plays a role of stabilizing mentality and technology [13]. Therefore, self-suggestion is used as a way to prompt athletes to withdraw their attention. The content of self-suggestion should be concise and clear and focus on the core technical actions [14]. According to the hypothesis proposed above, “preloading compaction” should be formulated as a self-suggestion to prompt attentional withdrawal. “Preloading” can encourage athletes to withdraw their attention on the shooting action and specify where to withdraw their attention, so as to avoid confusion of independent variables of the experiment between preloading and aiming. “Compaction” is an action request that prompts the athletes to press the trigger to the most appropriate position in the shooting process, so that the muscles are evenly exerted, and the strength of the index finger (or the other trigger position) is consciously controlled [4].


### 2.2.2. Optoelectronic Shooting Device

Optoelectronic shooting device transmits and receives signals through the wireless laser optoelectronic transceiver of Noptel ST-2000 SPORT made in Finland. The signal irradiates to the specific reflecting target before the target and then reflects and recovers the transceiver. The optoelectronic signal is converted into electronic signal and transmitted to the notebook computer, and the supporting software will process and analyze the electrical signal on the base of big data analysis [15]. The two experiments of this study need to measure the abilities of the athletes’ controlling gun, aiming, preloading, etc., in the process of attentional withdrawal. Therefore, indicators such as the average number of rings, controlling gun stability, aiming accuracy, and trigger pressure ability were selected (Table 1).Table 1
Detailed explanation of optoelectronic shooting device indicators.
NameAbbreviationsExplanationNoteControlling gun stabilityDev XStandard deviation of the aiming point at the last second in theX-axis direction.The closer Dev X and Dev Y values are, the better.Dev YStandard deviation of the aiming point at the last second in theY-axis direction.Aiming accuracyCOGThe simulated target redrawn by the system corresponds to the actual target; represents the accuracy of the aim.The higher the value, the higher the accuracy.Trigger control capabilityRTVThe relative value of trigger pressure is calculated as the ratio of the distance moved by the gun 0.2 seconds before firing and 0.6 seconds before firing. If the distance is less than 1, it indicates that the trigger instant movement is less than the average value.Indicates the cleanliness of the trigger.ATIThe absolute value of trigger pressure is calculated as the absolute distance of muzzle displacement 0.2 seconds before firing.Low value, stable muzzle. Large value, obvious shaking.TIREThe average falling point of the aiming point is closest to the target center, 0-0.2 seconds before firingTIRE=3, 0.2-0.4 seconds TIRE=2, 0.4-0.6 seconds TIRE=1.The higher the score, the more decisive the shot, and the better the timing.The average number of ringSCOREThe average number of rings on target (1.0-10.9).The deviation in horizontal (Dev X) and vertical (Dev Y) directions is the most powerful indicator for measuring muzzle stability when aiming, and the combination of the two indicators can also reflect the dispersion degree of shooting performance to a certain extent [16]. Trigger pressure control capability is an important part of shooting technology and also an important factor affecting shooting performance. It can be divided into three indicators to explain: RTV represents the accurate and subtle control power of the index finger from the preloading fire to the second fire when pressing the trigger. ATI represents whether pressing on the trigger makes the muzzle shake violently; TIRE refers to the ability of firing when the aiming point moves to the bull’s eye rather than moving outward from the bull’s eye, indicating the determinateness of hitting, namely, the timing of firing [17]. COG refers to whether the athletes can accurately aim at the bull’s eye. SCORE is the actual number of rings displayed on the optoelectronic system after the athlete presses the trigger.


### 2.2.3. Operation Evaluation Form

According to the definition of attentional withdrawal and the meaning of self-suggestion words, the shooting techniques related to preloading are selected, and the “operation evaluation form” of the shooting suggestion words is compiled, which reflects the subjective evaluation of the athletes on the completion degree of the shooting techniques (Table2). Likert’s 7-point scoring method was adopted to answer a total of 13 questions, among which the first 6 questions were answered twice, respectively, before and after the self-suggestion intervention. The seventh question was the evaluation of the completion degree of attentional withdrawal action, so the answers were given after the intervention.Table 2
Title and evaluation method of operation evaluation form.
No.The titleDegree of completionVery lowLowA little lowGeneralA little highHighVery high1Withdraw your attention on your index finger (or other trigger parts)12345672Index finger (or other trigger parts) preloading compaction3The trigger force can be controlled when firing4Be decisive when firing5The muzzle is stable after firing6Shooting action consistency7Complete the actions suggested by the self-suggestion


## 2.2.1. Self-Suggestion Instruction

The researchers conducted interviews with 17 Olympic champions of target shooting, and the results showed that self-suggestion is the main choice for athletes to conduct self-regulation, whether before or during the competition, and plays a role of stabilizing mentality and technology [13]. Therefore, self-suggestion is used as a way to prompt athletes to withdraw their attention. The content of self-suggestion should be concise and clear and focus on the core technical actions [14]. According to the hypothesis proposed above, “preloading compaction” should be formulated as a self-suggestion to prompt attentional withdrawal. “Preloading” can encourage athletes to withdraw their attention on the shooting action and specify where to withdraw their attention, so as to avoid confusion of independent variables of the experiment between preloading and aiming. “Compaction” is an action request that prompts the athletes to press the trigger to the most appropriate position in the shooting process, so that the muscles are evenly exerted, and the strength of the index finger (or the other trigger position) is consciously controlled [4].


## 2.2.2. Optoelectronic Shooting Device

Optoelectronic shooting device transmits and receives signals through the wireless laser optoelectronic transceiver of Noptel ST-2000 SPORT made in Finland. The signal irradiates to the specific reflecting target before the target and then reflects and recovers the transceiver. The optoelectronic signal is converted into electronic signal and transmitted to the notebook computer, and the supporting software will process and analyze the electrical signal on the base of big data analysis [15]. The two experiments of this study need to measure the abilities of the athletes’ controlling gun, aiming, preloading, etc., in the process of attentional withdrawal. Therefore, indicators such as the average number of rings, controlling gun stability, aiming accuracy, and trigger pressure ability were selected (Table 1).Table 1
Detailed explanation of optoelectronic shooting device indicators.
NameAbbreviationsExplanationNoteControlling gun stabilityDev XStandard deviation of the aiming point at the last second in theX-axis direction.The closer Dev X and Dev Y values are, the better.Dev YStandard deviation of the aiming point at the last second in theY-axis direction.Aiming accuracyCOGThe simulated target redrawn by the system corresponds to the actual target; represents the accuracy of the aim.The higher the value, the higher the accuracy.Trigger control capabilityRTVThe relative value of trigger pressure is calculated as the ratio of the distance moved by the gun 0.2 seconds before firing and 0.6 seconds before firing. If the distance is less than 1, it indicates that the trigger instant movement is less than the average value.Indicates the cleanliness of the trigger.ATIThe absolute value of trigger pressure is calculated as the absolute distance of muzzle displacement 0.2 seconds before firing.Low value, stable muzzle. Large value, obvious shaking.TIREThe average falling point of the aiming point is closest to the target center, 0-0.2 seconds before firingTIRE=3, 0.2-0.4 seconds TIRE=2, 0.4-0.6 seconds TIRE=1.The higher the score, the more decisive the shot, and the better the timing.The average number of ringSCOREThe average number of rings on target (1.0-10.9).The deviation in horizontal (Dev X) and vertical (Dev Y) directions is the most powerful indicator for measuring muzzle stability when aiming, and the combination of the two indicators can also reflect the dispersion degree of shooting performance to a certain extent [16]. Trigger pressure control capability is an important part of shooting technology and also an important factor affecting shooting performance. It can be divided into three indicators to explain: RTV represents the accurate and subtle control power of the index finger from the preloading fire to the second fire when pressing the trigger. ATI represents whether pressing on the trigger makes the muzzle shake violently; TIRE refers to the ability of firing when the aiming point moves to the bull’s eye rather than moving outward from the bull’s eye, indicating the determinateness of hitting, namely, the timing of firing [17]. COG refers to whether the athletes can accurately aim at the bull’s eye. SCORE is the actual number of rings displayed on the optoelectronic system after the athlete presses the trigger.


## 2.2.3. Operation Evaluation Form

According to the definition of attentional withdrawal and the meaning of self-suggestion words, the shooting techniques related to preloading are selected, and the “operation evaluation form” of the shooting suggestion words is compiled, which reflects the subjective evaluation of the athletes on the completion degree of the shooting techniques (Table2). Likert’s 7-point scoring method was adopted to answer a total of 13 questions, among which the first 6 questions were answered twice, respectively, before and after the self-suggestion intervention. The seventh question was the evaluation of the completion degree of attentional withdrawal action, so the answers were given after the intervention.Table 2
Title and evaluation method of operation evaluation form.
No.The titleDegree of completionVery lowLowA little lowGeneralA little highHighVery high1Withdraw your attention on your index finger (or other trigger parts)12345672Index finger (or other trigger parts) preloading compaction3The trigger force can be controlled when firing4Be decisive when firing5The muzzle is stable after firing6Shooting action consistency7Complete the actions suggested by the self-suggestion


## 2.3. Research Methods

In the two experiments of this study, single factor intragroup experiment design was adopted. Paired samplet-test statistical method was used to analyze the pretest and posttest data of the technical indicators, operation evaluation form, heart rate, and other indicators of the optoelectronic shooting device. Before each experiment, the optoelectronic shooting device was calibrated and zeroed.For static empty gun preview situation, researchers need to convey the information for athletes, including the concept of attentional withdrawal and the method of self-suggestion, etc., and empty gun preview can effectively help participants experience inner feelings and muscle changes [9]. So, it is the most appropriate that static empty gun prepare intervention situation was selected firstly. The experimental site was the Biathlon training hall of a certain ski team. The participants fired 20 times without guidance (simulated competition rules, 5 times in one round, 4 rounds in total, with short rest and debugging between each round). After all rounds were completed, the participants were asked to fill in the “operation evaluation form” and then complete the pretest part of the experiment. Combined with the results of the pretest, the concept, function, and the meaning and usage of self-suggestion were explained to the participants. Then, participants were asked to repeat how to understand the attentional withdrawal and how to complete the preloading compaction. When there is a “do not aim at deliberately,” “focus on the preloading of the index finger,” “grasp well the magnitude of the preloading,” “fire decisively at a good time,” and the same or similar key words, which showed the participants understood the self-suggestion language meaning and usage compiled by the researchers. In the posttest, participants were required to silently recite the self-suggestion words before each round of shooting, and they could be used again if they felt that their states were not good and needed to be adjusted. Fill in the “operation evaluation form” after all the assignments are completed.For situation of simulated competition, biathlon for the disabled requires athletes to shoot under a certain load. Whether attentional withdrawal can really improve athletes’ shooting performance is not enough to be proved by static experiments only. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct experiments under the situation of simulated competition [18]. In order to simulate the competition situation as much as possible and according to the actual situation of the site, the long-distance competition rules were adopted to unify the sliding standards of both group and gender. One round of shooting was conducted for every 3 km (2 laps of the ski team compound), and a total of 4 rounds were carried out. Subjects participating in the experiment departed at intervals of 1 minute. The Polar H10 heart rate chest band was used to record the heart rate data, and the researchers manually recorded heart rate at the moment of each firing. For each experiment, two to three subjects were scheduled to participate. The aim was to ensure that the same group of subjects performed the experiment on the same day. After completing 4 rounds of shooting, fill in “operation evaluation form.” In the posttest, participants were required to say “preloading compaction” before each round of shooting, so as to avoid forgetting to use self-suggestion words after high-intensity sliding and to eliminate the interference caused by researchers’ reminder to participants. The pre- and posttests were arranged in the adjacent two weeks, and the pre- and posttest time of each subject was the same, so as to ensure that the physical strength was sufficient.The research participants of simulated competition situation had already carried out the intervention of attentional withdrawal under static condition, which may have certain influence on the experimental results of this stage. The objective condition is caused by the number of athletes and the actual condition. In this study, the intragroup experiment design was adopted, and the posttest was improved compared with the pretest, which proved that the intervention under this situation was effective. At the same time, in order to eliminate interference better, the athletes were told to conduct experiments according to the shooting rhythm in the actual competition during the pretest, and the participants were confirmed again after the end of the pretest. All the participants indicated that they had completed the experiment as required.


## 3. Research Results

### 3.1. Static Empty Gun Preview Situation

#### 3.1.1. Difference between Pre- and Posttest of Optoelectronic Shooting Device Indicators and Shooting Performance

The technical indicators and shooting results of 25 participants were analyzed. As shown in Table3, there is a highly significant difference in SCORE and indicator TIRE (p≤0.001) among the participants after “preloading compaction,” and the mean value was improved. Compared with the pretest, in terms of controlling gun stability, the mean value and standard deviation of X and Y axis offset decreased. Although COG had not achieved statistical difference, the overall trend of change was the same as SCORE. The mean and standard deviation of ATI decreased slightly, while the mean value of RTV decreased and the standard deviation increased.Table 3
Paired samplet-test results of optoelectronic shooting device technical indicators and shooting performance in pre- and posttest.
IndicatorsnPretestPosttestt99p95% CICohen’sdMSDMSDLLULSCORE259.4980.5429.8300.4376.779≤0.001∗∗∗0.4290.2350.674Dev X250.5580.2880.5450.1940.4370.6630.0460.0720.053Dev Y250.6671.0420.4880.2961.7220.0880.0270.3840.234COG259.5701.2449.6940.8880.8550.3950.4110.1640.115ATI255.2062.2185.1002.1430.5570.5780.2720.4850.049RTV251.0770.4080.8910.9111.8510.0670.0130.3870.264TIRE251.6570.3372.3010.35712.404≤0.001∗∗∗0.7470.5411.855∗ means p<0.05; ∗∗ means p<0.01; ∗∗∗ means p≤0.001, the same as below.


#### 3.1.2. The Difference between the Pre- and Posttest of the Operation Evaluation Form

Statistical analysis was conducted on the “operation evaluation form” scores of 25 participants, as shown in Table4. After the participants used self-suggestion to complete the experiment, the subjective feeling scores of each subject increased (this indicated an increase in positive feelings), and the standard deviation showed a downward trend (this indicated that positive feelings were more stable). Questions 1, 2, and 3 were very significantly different (p≤0.001), and questions 4 and 5 were significantly different (p<0.01). The consistency score of shooting action improved slightly, but there was no statistical difference. The mean score and standard deviation of the actions indicated in the self-suggestion words reached 5.800 points and 0.500 points, which exceeded the mean value of the evaluation form, meaning that all the participants completed the intervention according to the experimental requirements.Table 4
Paired samplet-test results of “operation evaluation form” in pre- and posttest.
The titlePretestPosttestt24p95% CICohen’sdMSDMSDLLUL12.6401.2545.0800.4009.939≤0.001∗∗∗2.9471.9332.62224.0401.2745.6800.8027.624≤0.001∗∗∗2.0841.1961.54134.4001.2255.3600.8604.529≤0.001∗∗∗1.3970.5230.90744.9601.6205.8000.7642.8710.008∗∗1.4440.2360.66354.8400.8505.4000.5773.4120.002∗∗0.8990.2210.77164.6401.0754.8000.8160.6090.5480.7020.3820.1687——5.8000.500—————


### 3.2. Simulated Competition Situation

#### 3.2.1. Difference between Pre- and Posttest of Optoelectronic Shooting Device Technical Indicators and Shooting Performance

The optoelectronic shooting device data of 9 participants were statistically analyzed. As shown in Table5, pre- and posttest data of SCORE, COG, RTV, and TIRE are significantly increased under the condition of self-suggestion language indicating attentional withdrawal, showing significant (p<0.05) or extremely significant difference (p≤0.001). The average offset of the X and Y axes changed very little and basically remained at the same level before and after intervention. The mean and standard deviation of ATI decreased only slightly in the posttest.Table 5
Paired samplet-test results of optoelectronic shooting device technical indicators and shooting performance in pre- and posttest.
IndicatorsnPretestPosttestt35p95% CICohen’sdMSDMSDLLULSCORE99.3780.5969.9220.2535.446≤0.001∗∗∗0.7470.3411.188Dev X90.4450.1410.4480.1720.0640.9490.0720.0680.019Dev Y90.4120.1190.3970.1480.5710.5720.0390.0700.112COG99.4441.37110.0710.3362.6220.013∗1.1110.1410.628ATI94.2891.7254.2421.5710.1510.8810.5950.6910.028RTV91.1290.2480.7160.1658.230≤0.001∗∗∗0.3110.5151.961TIRE91.7440.2272.3670.2939.628≤0.001∗∗∗0.7530.4912.377


#### 3.2.2. Pre- and Posttest Differences of the Operation Evaluation Table

The “operation evaluation form” scores of 9 participants were statistically analyzed. As shown in Table6, the average scores on questions 1 to 5 were highly significantly different (p≤0.001) or significantly improved (p<0.01). The consistency score of shooting action was consistent with the experimental results under static condition. Although the score was improved, there was no statistical difference. The performance of the participants in completing the suggested actions was also relatively good, higher than the average of 4 points, indicating that in the simulated competition, the participants still performed well in attentional withdrawal according to the experimental requirements. On the whole, the posttest scores of the form were higher than those under the static empty gun preview (Table 4).Table 6
Pairedt-test results of “operation evaluation form” in pre- and posttest.
The titlePretestPosttestt8p95% CICohen’sdMSDMSDLLUL13.0000.8665.3300.7079.899≤0.001∗∗∗2.8771.7902.94724.0001.4145.7801.0936.400≤0.001∗∗∗2.4181.1371.40934.3301.2255.7800.6673.8330.005∗∗2.3130.5761.47044.6701.3236.2200.4414.1280.003∗∗2.4240.6871.57254.4401.0145.6701.1188.315≤0.001∗∗∗1.5610.8831.15264.5601.1305.1100.9281.8900.0951.2330.1220.5327——5.5600.882—————


#### 3.2.3. Heart Rate Statistics at the Moment of Firing

After the manually recorded heart rate values at the moment of firing were input into the computer, the mean heart rate and standard deviation of all participants from the first to the fifth times were counted, and paired samplet-test was performed (Table 7). The average heart rate from the first to the fifth shot in the posttest was slightly lower than in the pretest, and the second, third, and fourth shot showed significant difference after intervention (p<0.01).Table 7
Pairedt-test results of heart rate of at the moment of firing.
TimesnPretestPosttestt8p95% CICohen’sdMSDMSDLLUL19151.5804.023150.5283.4701.8110.1080.2892.4000.28029145.5804.690143.6674.1423.6450.007∗∗0.7033.1260.43239139.4704.633137.3904.7734.7670.001∗∗1.0763.0910.44249134.8614.727132.6944.5013.8130.005∗∗0.8563.4770.47059130.3614.318128.8604.5452.0580.0740.1813.1810.339


## 3.1. Static Empty Gun Preview Situation

### 3.1.1. Difference between Pre- and Posttest of Optoelectronic Shooting Device Indicators and Shooting Performance

The technical indicators and shooting results of 25 participants were analyzed. As shown in Table3, there is a highly significant difference in SCORE and indicator TIRE (p≤0.001) among the participants after “preloading compaction,” and the mean value was improved. Compared with the pretest, in terms of controlling gun stability, the mean value and standard deviation of X and Y axis offset decreased. Although COG had not achieved statistical difference, the overall trend of change was the same as SCORE. The mean and standard deviation of ATI decreased slightly, while the mean value of RTV decreased and the standard deviation increased.Table 3
Paired samplet-test results of optoelectronic shooting device technical indicators and shooting performance in pre- and posttest.
IndicatorsnPretestPosttestt99p95% CICohen’sdMSDMSDLLULSCORE259.4980.5429.8300.4376.779≤0.001∗∗∗0.4290.2350.674Dev X250.5580.2880.5450.1940.4370.6630.0460.0720.053Dev Y250.6671.0420.4880.2961.7220.0880.0270.3840.234COG259.5701.2449.6940.8880.8550.3950.4110.1640.115ATI255.2062.2185.1002.1430.5570.5780.2720.4850.049RTV251.0770.4080.8910.9111.8510.0670.0130.3870.264TIRE251.6570.3372.3010.35712.404≤0.001∗∗∗0.7470.5411.855∗ means p<0.05; ∗∗ means p<0.01; ∗∗∗ means p≤0.001, the same as below.


### 3.1.2. The Difference between the Pre- and Posttest of the Operation Evaluation Form

Statistical analysis was conducted on the “operation evaluation form” scores of 25 participants, as shown in Table4. After the participants used self-suggestion to complete the experiment, the subjective feeling scores of each subject increased (this indicated an increase in positive feelings), and the standard deviation showed a downward trend (this indicated that positive feelings were more stable). Questions 1, 2, and 3 were very significantly different (p≤0.001), and questions 4 and 5 were significantly different (p<0.01). The consistency score of shooting action improved slightly, but there was no statistical difference. The mean score and standard deviation of the actions indicated in the self-suggestion words reached 5.800 points and 0.500 points, which exceeded the mean value of the evaluation form, meaning that all the participants completed the intervention according to the experimental requirements.Table 4
Paired samplet-test results of “operation evaluation form” in pre- and posttest.
The titlePretestPosttestt24p95% CICohen’sdMSDMSDLLUL12.6401.2545.0800.4009.939≤0.001∗∗∗2.9471.9332.62224.0401.2745.6800.8027.624≤0.001∗∗∗2.0841.1961.54134.4001.2255.3600.8604.529≤0.001∗∗∗1.3970.5230.90744.9601.6205.8000.7642.8710.008∗∗1.4440.2360.66354.8400.8505.4000.5773.4120.002∗∗0.8990.2210.77164.6401.0754.8000.8160.6090.5480.7020.3820.1687——5.8000.500—————


## 3.1.1. Difference between Pre- and Posttest of Optoelectronic Shooting Device Indicators and Shooting Performance

The technical indicators and shooting results of 25 participants were analyzed. As shown in Table3, there is a highly significant difference in SCORE and indicator TIRE (p≤0.001) among the participants after “preloading compaction,” and the mean value was improved. Compared with the pretest, in terms of controlling gun stability, the mean value and standard deviation of X and Y axis offset decreased. Although COG had not achieved statistical difference, the overall trend of change was the same as SCORE. The mean and standard deviation of ATI decreased slightly, while the mean value of RTV decreased and the standard deviation increased.Table 3
Paired samplet-test results of optoelectronic shooting device technical indicators and shooting performance in pre- and posttest.
IndicatorsnPretestPosttestt99p95% CICohen’sdMSDMSDLLULSCORE259.4980.5429.8300.4376.779≤0.001∗∗∗0.4290.2350.674Dev X250.5580.2880.5450.1940.4370.6630.0460.0720.053Dev Y250.6671.0420.4880.2961.7220.0880.0270.3840.234COG259.5701.2449.6940.8880.8550.3950.4110.1640.115ATI255.2062.2185.1002.1430.5570.5780.2720.4850.049RTV251.0770.4080.8910.9111.8510.0670.0130.3870.264TIRE251.6570.3372.3010.35712.404≤0.001∗∗∗0.7470.5411.855∗ means p<0.05; ∗∗ means p<0.01; ∗∗∗ means p≤0.001, the same as below.


## 3.1.2. The Difference between the Pre- and Posttest of the Operation Evaluation Form

Statistical analysis was conducted on the “operation evaluation form” scores of 25 participants, as shown in Table4. After the participants used self-suggestion to complete the experiment, the subjective feeling scores of each subject increased (this indicated an increase in positive feelings), and the standard deviation showed a downward trend (this indicated that positive feelings were more stable). Questions 1, 2, and 3 were very significantly different (p≤0.001), and questions 4 and 5 were significantly different (p<0.01). The consistency score of shooting action improved slightly, but there was no statistical difference. The mean score and standard deviation of the actions indicated in the self-suggestion words reached 5.800 points and 0.500 points, which exceeded the mean value of the evaluation form, meaning that all the participants completed the intervention according to the experimental requirements.Table 4
Paired samplet-test results of “operation evaluation form” in pre- and posttest.
The titlePretestPosttestt24p95% CICohen’sdMSDMSDLLUL12.6401.2545.0800.4009.939≤0.001∗∗∗2.9471.9332.62224.0401.2745.6800.8027.624≤0.001∗∗∗2.0841.1961.54134.4001.2255.3600.8604.529≤0.001∗∗∗1.3970.5230.90744.9601.6205.8000.7642.8710.008∗∗1.4440.2360.66354.8400.8505.4000.5773.4120.002∗∗0.8990.2210.77164.6401.0754.8000.8160.6090.5480.7020.3820.1687——5.8000.500—————


## 3.2. Simulated Competition Situation

### 3.2.1. Difference between Pre- and Posttest of Optoelectronic Shooting Device Technical Indicators and Shooting Performance

The optoelectronic shooting device data of 9 participants were statistically analyzed. As shown in Table5, pre- and posttest data of SCORE, COG, RTV, and TIRE are significantly increased under the condition of self-suggestion language indicating attentional withdrawal, showing significant (p<0.05) or extremely significant difference (p≤0.001). The average offset of the X and Y axes changed very little and basically remained at the same level before and after intervention. The mean and standard deviation of ATI decreased only slightly in the posttest.Table 5
Paired samplet-test results of optoelectronic shooting device technical indicators and shooting performance in pre- and posttest.
IndicatorsnPretestPosttestt35p95% CICohen’sdMSDMSDLLULSCORE99.3780.5969.9220.2535.446≤0.001∗∗∗0.7470.3411.188Dev X90.4450.1410.4480.1720.0640.9490.0720.0680.019Dev Y90.4120.1190.3970.1480.5710.5720.0390.0700.112COG99.4441.37110.0710.3362.6220.013∗1.1110.1410.628ATI94.2891.7254.2421.5710.1510.8810.5950.6910.028RTV91.1290.2480.7160.1658.230≤0.001∗∗∗0.3110.5151.961TIRE91.7440.2272.3670.2939.628≤0.001∗∗∗0.7530.4912.377


### 3.2.2. Pre- and Posttest Differences of the Operation Evaluation Table

The “operation evaluation form” scores of 9 participants were statistically analyzed. As shown in Table6, the average scores on questions 1 to 5 were highly significantly different (p≤0.001) or significantly improved (p<0.01). The consistency score of shooting action was consistent with the experimental results under static condition. Although the score was improved, there was no statistical difference. The performance of the participants in completing the suggested actions was also relatively good, higher than the average of 4 points, indicating that in the simulated competition, the participants still performed well in attentional withdrawal according to the experimental requirements. On the whole, the posttest scores of the form were higher than those under the static empty gun preview (Table 4).Table 6
Pairedt-test results of “operation evaluation form” in pre- and posttest.
The titlePretestPosttestt8p95% CICohen’sdMSDMSDLLUL13.0000.8665.3300.7079.899≤0.001∗∗∗2.8771.7902.94724.0001.4145.7801.0936.400≤0.001∗∗∗2.4181.1371.40934.3301.2255.7800.6673.8330.005∗∗2.3130.5761.47044.6701.3236.2200.4414.1280.003∗∗2.4240.6871.57254.4401.0145.6701.1188.315≤0.001∗∗∗1.5610.8831.15264.5601.1305.1100.9281.8900.0951.2330.1220.5327——5.5600.882—————


### 3.2.3. Heart Rate Statistics at the Moment of Firing

After the manually recorded heart rate values at the moment of firing were input into the computer, the mean heart rate and standard deviation of all participants from the first to the fifth times were counted, and paired samplet-test was performed (Table 7). The average heart rate from the first to the fifth shot in the posttest was slightly lower than in the pretest, and the second, third, and fourth shot showed significant difference after intervention (p<0.01).Table 7
Pairedt-test results of heart rate of at the moment of firing.
TimesnPretestPosttestt8p95% CICohen’sdMSDMSDLLUL19151.5804.023150.5283.4701.8110.1080.2892.4000.28029145.5804.690143.6674.1423.6450.007∗∗0.7033.1260.43239139.4704.633137.3904.7734.7670.001∗∗1.0763.0910.44249134.8614.727132.6944.5013.8130.005∗∗0.8563.4770.47059130.3614.318128.8604.5452.0580.0740.1813.1810.339


## 3.2.1. Difference between Pre- and Posttest of Optoelectronic Shooting Device Technical Indicators and Shooting Performance

The optoelectronic shooting device data of 9 participants were statistically analyzed. As shown in Table5, pre- and posttest data of SCORE, COG, RTV, and TIRE are significantly increased under the condition of self-suggestion language indicating attentional withdrawal, showing significant (p<0.05) or extremely significant difference (p≤0.001). The average offset of the X and Y axes changed very little and basically remained at the same level before and after intervention. The mean and standard deviation of ATI decreased only slightly in the posttest.Table 5
Paired samplet-test results of optoelectronic shooting device technical indicators and shooting performance in pre- and posttest.
IndicatorsnPretestPosttestt35p95% CICohen’sdMSDMSDLLULSCORE99.3780.5969.9220.2535.446≤0.001∗∗∗0.7470.3411.188Dev X90.4450.1410.4480.1720.0640.9490.0720.0680.019Dev Y90.4120.1190.3970.1480.5710.5720.0390.0700.112COG99.4441.37110.0710.3362.6220.013∗1.1110.1410.628ATI94.2891.7254.2421.5710.1510.8810.5950.6910.028RTV91.1290.2480.7160.1658.230≤0.001∗∗∗0.3110.5151.961TIRE91.7440.2272.3670.2939.628≤0.001∗∗∗0.7530.4912.377


## 3.2.2. Pre- and Posttest Differences of the Operation Evaluation Table

The “operation evaluation form” scores of 9 participants were statistically analyzed. As shown in Table6, the average scores on questions 1 to 5 were highly significantly different (p≤0.001) or significantly improved (p<0.01). The consistency score of shooting action was consistent with the experimental results under static condition. Although the score was improved, there was no statistical difference. The performance of the participants in completing the suggested actions was also relatively good, higher than the average of 4 points, indicating that in the simulated competition, the participants still performed well in attentional withdrawal according to the experimental requirements. On the whole, the posttest scores of the form were higher than those under the static empty gun preview (Table 4).Table 6
Pairedt-test results of “operation evaluation form” in pre- and posttest.
The titlePretestPosttestt8p95% CICohen’sdMSDMSDLLUL13.0000.8665.3300.7079.899≤0.001∗∗∗2.8771.7902.94724.0001.4145.7801.0936.400≤0.001∗∗∗2.4181.1371.40934.3301.2255.7800.6673.8330.005∗∗2.3130.5761.47044.6701.3236.2200.4414.1280.003∗∗2.4240.6871.57254.4401.0145.6701.1188.315≤0.001∗∗∗1.5610.8831.15264.5601.1305.1100.9281.8900.0951.2330.1220.5327——5.5600.882—————


## 3.2.3. Heart Rate Statistics at the Moment of Firing

After the manually recorded heart rate values at the moment of firing were input into the computer, the mean heart rate and standard deviation of all participants from the first to the fifth times were counted, and paired samplet-test was performed (Table 7). The average heart rate from the first to the fifth shot in the posttest was slightly lower than in the pretest, and the second, third, and fourth shot showed significant difference after intervention (p<0.01).Table 7
Pairedt-test results of heart rate of at the moment of firing.
TimesnPretestPosttestt8p95% CICohen’sdMSDMSDLLUL19151.5804.023150.5283.4701.8110.1080.2892.4000.28029145.5804.690143.6674.1423.6450.007∗∗0.7033.1260.43239139.4704.633137.3904.7734.7670.001∗∗1.0763.0910.44249134.8614.727132.6944.5013.8130.005∗∗0.8563.4770.47059130.3614.318128.8604.5452.0580.0740.1813.1810.339


## 4. Analysis and Discussion

### 4.1. Analysis of the Influence of Attentional Withdrawal on Optoelectronic Shooting Device Indicators

In the static empty gun preview situation, TIRE represents the decisiveness of pressing the trigger, the posttest average point increased from 1.657 to 2.301, and the other two indicators RTV and ATI also showed a downward trend. It was proved that after the self-suggestion, when the large circle of the front sight just caught the small circle of the bull’s eye, that is, when the best firing point appeared, the athletes could press the trigger more decisively and could control the pressure of the trigger, so as to keep the muzzle as stable as possible at the moment of firing. Such a situation can be explained from two aspects. On the one hand, after “preloading compaction,” the index finger (or the other trigger parts) needs dozens of grams or even grams of force to trigger, so when a good firing time occurs, it only needs to gently touch the trigger [19]. On the other hand, after self-suggestion, the attention of the participants was better withdrawn into the shooting action of preloading, and the psychological orientation was more definite, and they did not hesitate for fear of poor aiming or bad shooting [20].The values of Dev X and Dev Y represent the amplitude of the muzzle shake, and the smaller the value is, the more stable the gun is. Researchers conducted experiments on biathlon of healthy people and found that, since the five targets of biathlon were arranged in a row, the movement from one target to another was roughly “U” shaped, and the horizontal offset should be smaller than the vertical offset, which was more conducive to the stability of shooting [21]. This has a certain relationship with the shooting rhythm. In the process of “one breath, one shot” or “two breath, one shot,” the muzzle will be lifted up gradually from the bottom. The vertical deviation is inevitable, while the horizontal deviation should also be reduced as far as possible. The horizontal offset value of 25 participants changed little in the posttest, and the vertical offset value was still higher than the horizontal offset value despite a significant decrease. The target of optoelectronic shooting device is not a row of 5 targets, but a simulated target to complete all the shooting, so the X-axis offset is relatively stable. However, after attention was withdrawn to pressure, the mean value and standard deviation of athletes’ deviation in Y-axis decreased significantly, indicating that the stability of guns was improved and more stable after intervention.COG reflects the ability of the subject to aim with the muzzle pointing to the center of the target. The shooting program will simulate a virtual target according to the aiming trajectory, reflecting the accuracy of aiming and corresponding to the actual shooting performance [22]. In the comparison of the pre- and posttest results, the shooting scores increased by 0.3 rings on average and presented a very significant difference (p≤0.001), which proved that the participants’ shooting scores and stability could be effectively improved after attentional withdrawal through self-suggestion. Shooting performance can reflect the dispersion of shooting from the side. The more concentrated the dispersion, the better the consistency of shooting action and the more stable the performance [23].In the simulated game situation, Dev X and Dev Y did not change significantly in this part of the experiment, and the muzzle shake amplitude and frequency were consistent when taking the gun, regardless of whether the participants used self-suggestion or not. Compared with the static situation, theX and Y axis offsets were closer and smaller. The similarity between the two values indicated that the muzzle shake tends to be round, which was more coordinated and reasonable according to the action of the gun. Although offset than air rifle shooter (first-line players, Dev X=0.25, Dev Y=0.18; second-line players, Dev X=0.4, Dev Y=0.3) still have a certain gap [8], the disabled biathlon is also acceptable.In three indicators of trigger control capability, two indicators of RTV and TIRE presented extremely significant difference (p≤0.001), showing that the method of self-suggestion prompted athlete’s attentional withdrawal, also improved the preloading problem in the shooting of simulation competition. These made the shot more clean and more decisive. The change of ATI in pre- and posttest was not significant, which may be related to the source of the indicator. ATI calculated the absolute value of gun muzzle movement 0.2 seconds before firing. At this time, the movement of gun muzzle may be caused by inadequate control of finger strength or the involuntary shaking of body due to breathing, fatigue, and other conditions, which makes this indicator not sensitive in the experiment. This showed from the side, after the athlete withdraw attention to preloading, even if the muzzle or the body had a violent shaking, the score was also made up for by the preloading in place, smooth, and decisive shot.The indicators of COG showed significant differences, and the shooting accuracy and precision of the participants after intervention were also significantly improved, and the average value of COG in the posttest reached 10 rings. Combined with the shooting performance, the actual shooting performance in the posttest also reached 9.9 rings. This indicated that the participants deliberately aimed less during the aiming process. When the bull’s eye was aligned with the front sight, they did not hesitate to press the trigger, instead of pursuing the chance of the “two circles” to stay completely in place.Overall, the two experiments of the study, the three indicators of “trigger control capability” were more sensitive than other indicators, especially TIRE. That is, the decisive change in firing is the most significant. On the one hand, it showed that withdraw attention to prepressure can indeed help athletes to mend their bad shooting movements and habits. No matter whether the main contradiction of athletes is focused on the point of hesitation in shooting, it can play a role of consolidation and strengthening. On the other hand, it is more in line with the characteristics of the disabled biathlon to complete a large number of shots in a short period of time. Other technical indicators did not change significantly before and after the intervention, which was inconsistent with the results of the study of optoelectronic shooting device application in biathlon in healthy people. The researchers tested 17 biathlon athletes and found that in addition to the quality of trigger (TIRE) and trigger relative value (RTV), vertical stability (Dev X) and aiming ability (COG) were also important factors in determining shooting performance [24]. The researchers tested 22 biathlon athletes after exhaustion and found that vertical stability (Dev X) was the focus to strengthen and improve [25]. Because this study only focuses on the preloading part of attentional withdrawal, athletes pay more attention to the pre-preloading trigger. Although the indicators of controlling gun stability and aiming ability were not significantly different, they also showed a positive trend. Moreover, according to the controlling gun, aiming, preloading, and firing, the series of actions are coherent and mutually influenced [26]. The gun is kept shaking as regularly as possible, which lays the foundation for aiming at the bull’s eye. In one “breath” of the disabled biathlon, the best firing point may be only once. After finding the “point” according to their own shooting rhythm, they will press the trigger decisively. While the gun is being held and aimed, attention is being withdrawn into the index finger (or the other trigger parts), and the trigger is being prepressed into position, that is “compacting.” It ensures that the shot is fired most smoothly when the opportunity comes. Therefore, in this study, by implying preloading, other indicators were also improved.The shooting performance was also significantly improved in both situations. Although it was not the basis for judging the competition, the improved performance meant that the bullets spread smaller and were closer to the center of the target, and the missed caused by accident factors could be reduced in the case of a guaranteed hit [6]. However, in both static and simulated competition situations, the average shooting scores of the participants were kept above 8 rings. Strictly speaking, the participants hardly missed the target in the experiment. In the actual competition and previous studies, even excellent athletes will miss the target [27]. Researchers believed that such a situation happens for the following reasons. Firstly, live bullets were used to record matches, and the hit or miss dichotomy was applied as the statistical method in the previous studies. However, in this study, optoelectronic shooting devices were used for simulation, and the number of rings was applied as the unit for statistics. So there were inconsistencies in the presentation of results. Secondly, the real target and the simulated target are also different, which may have a certain impact on the athletes’ performance in visual sense. Meanwhile, some unexpected situations that may occur in the real target, such as the steel target does not topple over, and the misfiring. Those can be excluded from the simulated target. Thirdly, there is a calibration problem with the optoelectronic shooting device. If the target center simulated by the system is deviated from the actual target, the final statistical result will be seriously affected. However, the COG and SCORE values in this study were very close, so the calibration deviation of the optoelectronic shooting device system can be excluded to some extent. Fourth, although the gliding intensity and rules of the competition were simulated, the participants’ psychological preparation, psychological pressure, and environment were far from the formal competition. So they might still be in the state of training, and their shooting performance could be guaranteed naturally.


### 4.2. Analysis of the Influence of Attentional Withdrawal on Subjective Feelings

In the static empty gun preview, the average values had big differences between the pre- and posttest, and the standard deviations were further reduced. These meant that without instructions, the athletes cannot fully perform the technical action of attentional withdrawal even if they preview the empty gun, and they may forget or skip the preloading and directly fire. After the instruction of the suggestive language, the attentional withdrawal of athletes was significantly improved, which was related to the score of question 7, indicating that the athletes had conscientiously completed the actions prompted by the self-suggestive language in the posttest experiment. The feeling of decisiveness in firing (question 4) has the highest score in the posttest, which can be corresponding to the significant difference of the “TIRE” indicator of the optoelectronic shooting device. Because of preloading compaction, the original hesitant athletes had a better improvement, and for other athletes also played a consolidated and strengthened role. The questions 2, 3, and 5 are about the evaluation of preloading. There were significant differences between the pre- and posttest, but the data of ATI and RTV indicators did not get the corresponding reflected. Probably after using self-suggestion, the technology was, in fact there was no obvious improvement, but athletes felt more confident and had more distinct perceptions of shooting techniques. There was only a small improvement in the score of question 6, and the athletes believed that there was no significant change in the consistency of shooting actions before and after the self-suggestion intervention. On the one hand, the experiment was conducted under the static situation. Even if the shooting action is not standard or correct, the athletes can maintain a high consistency. So the effect of intervention is not obvious. On the other hand, self-suggestion methods and language cannot be applied to every shot.In simulated competition situation, the average value of question 7 was 5.560, which proved that the athletes can still maintain the use of self-suggestion after intense exercise. Questions 1 to 5 were consistent with the static evaluation and showed statistical differences. However, the difference lied in that the posttest score under the simulated competition situation was higher, and even one more than 6 points, indicating that attentional withdrawal under this situation had a more obvious subjective influence on the athletes. It reflected the practical application value of the self-suggestion of “preloading compaction.”In general, the scores of “operation evaluation form” were significantly improved in both parts of the study and corresponded to the changes of optoelectronic shooting device technical indicators, which proved that the participants not only improved their shooting skills in the process of attentional withdrawal but also believed that they could better play their skills psychologically. In this way, when encountering the state imbalance such as excessive tension and paying attention to others’ achievements, a good withdrawal of attentional can help them effectively adjust. It can be seen that it is feasible and necessary to combine effective psychological training methods with shooting techniques. The self-suggestion of “preloading compaction” not only deepened the participants’ understanding of attentional withdrawal but also established the correct movement imagery. It also helped biathletes to form a correct psychological orientation, so that in the shooting process, more attention was paid to the action itself rather than the performance [28].Therefore, common psychological training methods can also be used, such as imagery method and abdominal breathing method. These training methods should match the actual problems of the disabled biathlon athletes.


### 4.3. Analysis of the Influence of Attentional Withdrawal on the Heart Rate at Firing Moment

Researchers believed that scientific and rational monitoring of cardiovascular function should be strengthened to improve the shooting training and competition results of Chinese biathletes [29]. And shooting accuracy was influenced by the cardiac cycle phase [30]. The main purpose of monitoring the heart rate in this study was to detect whether the exercise intensity of the participants met the requirements, so as to ensure the effectiveness of simulated competition situation.In the event of disabled biathlon, the first and the final shots are more important than the other three. The first hit or not related to the follow-up shooting rhythm and the mentality of the athletes. Too fast heart rate will increase the body shaking and is not conducive to the performance of technical action. A slow heart rate requires more time; it may be out of step with the overall competition and may not have a better shooting performance. Therefore, it is crucial to lower the heart rate to an appropriate level before starting shooting [31].The final shot is the end of the round and is the key step between shooting and gliding. Researchers put forward that it is most appropriate for biathlon athletes to adjust the psychology of first shot to 140-150 times/min [32, 33]. The average heart rate of the 9 participants reached 152 beats/min at the first moment in the pretest but dropped to 151 beats/min after the intervention, which was more conducive to the stability of the first shot. The heart rate of the last four shots at the moment of firing was within the appropriate range and decreased to different degrees. The corresponding shooting performance and subjective feeling were improved, indicating that the participants can activate the parasympathetic nerve more quickly after using the self-suggestion language, so as to reduce the heart rate and improve the shooting stability and performance [34].


## 4.1. Analysis of the Influence of Attentional Withdrawal on Optoelectronic Shooting Device Indicators

In the static empty gun preview situation, TIRE represents the decisiveness of pressing the trigger, the posttest average point increased from 1.657 to 2.301, and the other two indicators RTV and ATI also showed a downward trend. It was proved that after the self-suggestion, when the large circle of the front sight just caught the small circle of the bull’s eye, that is, when the best firing point appeared, the athletes could press the trigger more decisively and could control the pressure of the trigger, so as to keep the muzzle as stable as possible at the moment of firing. Such a situation can be explained from two aspects. On the one hand, after “preloading compaction,” the index finger (or the other trigger parts) needs dozens of grams or even grams of force to trigger, so when a good firing time occurs, it only needs to gently touch the trigger [19]. On the other hand, after self-suggestion, the attention of the participants was better withdrawn into the shooting action of preloading, and the psychological orientation was more definite, and they did not hesitate for fear of poor aiming or bad shooting [20].The values of Dev X and Dev Y represent the amplitude of the muzzle shake, and the smaller the value is, the more stable the gun is. Researchers conducted experiments on biathlon of healthy people and found that, since the five targets of biathlon were arranged in a row, the movement from one target to another was roughly “U” shaped, and the horizontal offset should be smaller than the vertical offset, which was more conducive to the stability of shooting [21]. This has a certain relationship with the shooting rhythm. In the process of “one breath, one shot” or “two breath, one shot,” the muzzle will be lifted up gradually from the bottom. The vertical deviation is inevitable, while the horizontal deviation should also be reduced as far as possible. The horizontal offset value of 25 participants changed little in the posttest, and the vertical offset value was still higher than the horizontal offset value despite a significant decrease. The target of optoelectronic shooting device is not a row of 5 targets, but a simulated target to complete all the shooting, so the X-axis offset is relatively stable. However, after attention was withdrawn to pressure, the mean value and standard deviation of athletes’ deviation in Y-axis decreased significantly, indicating that the stability of guns was improved and more stable after intervention.COG reflects the ability of the subject to aim with the muzzle pointing to the center of the target. The shooting program will simulate a virtual target according to the aiming trajectory, reflecting the accuracy of aiming and corresponding to the actual shooting performance [22]. In the comparison of the pre- and posttest results, the shooting scores increased by 0.3 rings on average and presented a very significant difference (p≤0.001), which proved that the participants’ shooting scores and stability could be effectively improved after attentional withdrawal through self-suggestion. Shooting performance can reflect the dispersion of shooting from the side. The more concentrated the dispersion, the better the consistency of shooting action and the more stable the performance [23].In the simulated game situation, Dev X and Dev Y did not change significantly in this part of the experiment, and the muzzle shake amplitude and frequency were consistent when taking the gun, regardless of whether the participants used self-suggestion or not. Compared with the static situation, theX and Y axis offsets were closer and smaller. The similarity between the two values indicated that the muzzle shake tends to be round, which was more coordinated and reasonable according to the action of the gun. Although offset than air rifle shooter (first-line players, Dev X=0.25, Dev Y=0.18; second-line players, Dev X=0.4, Dev Y=0.3) still have a certain gap [8], the disabled biathlon is also acceptable.In three indicators of trigger control capability, two indicators of RTV and TIRE presented extremely significant difference (p≤0.001), showing that the method of self-suggestion prompted athlete’s attentional withdrawal, also improved the preloading problem in the shooting of simulation competition. These made the shot more clean and more decisive. The change of ATI in pre- and posttest was not significant, which may be related to the source of the indicator. ATI calculated the absolute value of gun muzzle movement 0.2 seconds before firing. At this time, the movement of gun muzzle may be caused by inadequate control of finger strength or the involuntary shaking of body due to breathing, fatigue, and other conditions, which makes this indicator not sensitive in the experiment. This showed from the side, after the athlete withdraw attention to preloading, even if the muzzle or the body had a violent shaking, the score was also made up for by the preloading in place, smooth, and decisive shot.The indicators of COG showed significant differences, and the shooting accuracy and precision of the participants after intervention were also significantly improved, and the average value of COG in the posttest reached 10 rings. Combined with the shooting performance, the actual shooting performance in the posttest also reached 9.9 rings. This indicated that the participants deliberately aimed less during the aiming process. When the bull’s eye was aligned with the front sight, they did not hesitate to press the trigger, instead of pursuing the chance of the “two circles” to stay completely in place.Overall, the two experiments of the study, the three indicators of “trigger control capability” were more sensitive than other indicators, especially TIRE. That is, the decisive change in firing is the most significant. On the one hand, it showed that withdraw attention to prepressure can indeed help athletes to mend their bad shooting movements and habits. No matter whether the main contradiction of athletes is focused on the point of hesitation in shooting, it can play a role of consolidation and strengthening. On the other hand, it is more in line with the characteristics of the disabled biathlon to complete a large number of shots in a short period of time. Other technical indicators did not change significantly before and after the intervention, which was inconsistent with the results of the study of optoelectronic shooting device application in biathlon in healthy people. The researchers tested 17 biathlon athletes and found that in addition to the quality of trigger (TIRE) and trigger relative value (RTV), vertical stability (Dev X) and aiming ability (COG) were also important factors in determining shooting performance [24]. The researchers tested 22 biathlon athletes after exhaustion and found that vertical stability (Dev X) was the focus to strengthen and improve [25]. Because this study only focuses on the preloading part of attentional withdrawal, athletes pay more attention to the pre-preloading trigger. Although the indicators of controlling gun stability and aiming ability were not significantly different, they also showed a positive trend. Moreover, according to the controlling gun, aiming, preloading, and firing, the series of actions are coherent and mutually influenced [26]. The gun is kept shaking as regularly as possible, which lays the foundation for aiming at the bull’s eye. In one “breath” of the disabled biathlon, the best firing point may be only once. After finding the “point” according to their own shooting rhythm, they will press the trigger decisively. While the gun is being held and aimed, attention is being withdrawn into the index finger (or the other trigger parts), and the trigger is being prepressed into position, that is “compacting.” It ensures that the shot is fired most smoothly when the opportunity comes. Therefore, in this study, by implying preloading, other indicators were also improved.The shooting performance was also significantly improved in both situations. Although it was not the basis for judging the competition, the improved performance meant that the bullets spread smaller and were closer to the center of the target, and the missed caused by accident factors could be reduced in the case of a guaranteed hit [6]. However, in both static and simulated competition situations, the average shooting scores of the participants were kept above 8 rings. Strictly speaking, the participants hardly missed the target in the experiment. In the actual competition and previous studies, even excellent athletes will miss the target [27]. Researchers believed that such a situation happens for the following reasons. Firstly, live bullets were used to record matches, and the hit or miss dichotomy was applied as the statistical method in the previous studies. However, in this study, optoelectronic shooting devices were used for simulation, and the number of rings was applied as the unit for statistics. So there were inconsistencies in the presentation of results. Secondly, the real target and the simulated target are also different, which may have a certain impact on the athletes’ performance in visual sense. Meanwhile, some unexpected situations that may occur in the real target, such as the steel target does not topple over, and the misfiring. Those can be excluded from the simulated target. Thirdly, there is a calibration problem with the optoelectronic shooting device. If the target center simulated by the system is deviated from the actual target, the final statistical result will be seriously affected. However, the COG and SCORE values in this study were very close, so the calibration deviation of the optoelectronic shooting device system can be excluded to some extent. Fourth, although the gliding intensity and rules of the competition were simulated, the participants’ psychological preparation, psychological pressure, and environment were far from the formal competition. So they might still be in the state of training, and their shooting performance could be guaranteed naturally.


## 4.2. Analysis of the Influence of Attentional Withdrawal on Subjective Feelings

In the static empty gun preview, the average values had big differences between the pre- and posttest, and the standard deviations were further reduced. These meant that without instructions, the athletes cannot fully perform the technical action of attentional withdrawal even if they preview the empty gun, and they may forget or skip the preloading and directly fire. After the instruction of the suggestive language, the attentional withdrawal of athletes was significantly improved, which was related to the score of question 7, indicating that the athletes had conscientiously completed the actions prompted by the self-suggestive language in the posttest experiment. The feeling of decisiveness in firing (question 4) has the highest score in the posttest, which can be corresponding to the significant difference of the “TIRE” indicator of the optoelectronic shooting device. Because of preloading compaction, the original hesitant athletes had a better improvement, and for other athletes also played a consolidated and strengthened role. The questions 2, 3, and 5 are about the evaluation of preloading. There were significant differences between the pre- and posttest, but the data of ATI and RTV indicators did not get the corresponding reflected. Probably after using self-suggestion, the technology was, in fact there was no obvious improvement, but athletes felt more confident and had more distinct perceptions of shooting techniques. There was only a small improvement in the score of question 6, and the athletes believed that there was no significant change in the consistency of shooting actions before and after the self-suggestion intervention. On the one hand, the experiment was conducted under the static situation. Even if the shooting action is not standard or correct, the athletes can maintain a high consistency. So the effect of intervention is not obvious. On the other hand, self-suggestion methods and language cannot be applied to every shot.In simulated competition situation, the average value of question 7 was 5.560, which proved that the athletes can still maintain the use of self-suggestion after intense exercise. Questions 1 to 5 were consistent with the static evaluation and showed statistical differences. However, the difference lied in that the posttest score under the simulated competition situation was higher, and even one more than 6 points, indicating that attentional withdrawal under this situation had a more obvious subjective influence on the athletes. It reflected the practical application value of the self-suggestion of “preloading compaction.”In general, the scores of “operation evaluation form” were significantly improved in both parts of the study and corresponded to the changes of optoelectronic shooting device technical indicators, which proved that the participants not only improved their shooting skills in the process of attentional withdrawal but also believed that they could better play their skills psychologically. In this way, when encountering the state imbalance such as excessive tension and paying attention to others’ achievements, a good withdrawal of attentional can help them effectively adjust. It can be seen that it is feasible and necessary to combine effective psychological training methods with shooting techniques. The self-suggestion of “preloading compaction” not only deepened the participants’ understanding of attentional withdrawal but also established the correct movement imagery. It also helped biathletes to form a correct psychological orientation, so that in the shooting process, more attention was paid to the action itself rather than the performance [28].Therefore, common psychological training methods can also be used, such as imagery method and abdominal breathing method. These training methods should match the actual problems of the disabled biathlon athletes.


## 4.3. Analysis of the Influence of Attentional Withdrawal on the Heart Rate at Firing Moment

Researchers believed that scientific and rational monitoring of cardiovascular function should be strengthened to improve the shooting training and competition results of Chinese biathletes [29]. And shooting accuracy was influenced by the cardiac cycle phase [30]. The main purpose of monitoring the heart rate in this study was to detect whether the exercise intensity of the participants met the requirements, so as to ensure the effectiveness of simulated competition situation.In the event of disabled biathlon, the first and the final shots are more important than the other three. The first hit or not related to the follow-up shooting rhythm and the mentality of the athletes. Too fast heart rate will increase the body shaking and is not conducive to the performance of technical action. A slow heart rate requires more time; it may be out of step with the overall competition and may not have a better shooting performance. Therefore, it is crucial to lower the heart rate to an appropriate level before starting shooting [31].The final shot is the end of the round and is the key step between shooting and gliding. Researchers put forward that it is most appropriate for biathlon athletes to adjust the psychology of first shot to 140-150 times/min [32, 33]. The average heart rate of the 9 participants reached 152 beats/min at the first moment in the pretest but dropped to 151 beats/min after the intervention, which was more conducive to the stability of the first shot. The heart rate of the last four shots at the moment of firing was within the appropriate range and decreased to different degrees. The corresponding shooting performance and subjective feeling were improved, indicating that the participants can activate the parasympathetic nerve more quickly after using the self-suggestion language, so as to reduce the heart rate and improve the shooting stability and performance [34].


## 5. Conclusions

Under static empty gun preview and simulated competition conditions, attentional withdrawal has positive effects on shooting performance, optoelectronic shooting device technical indicators, subjective feelings, and heart rate of disabled biathlon athletes.Various technical indicators of optoelectronic shooting device, the quality of press trigger (TIRE) is the most sensitive; athletes suggest themselves that “preloading compaction” can be more decisive and in line with the characteristics of the project and can be the focus of training and scientific research in the future.



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*Source: 7264264-2021-12-30.xml*