# CPW Fed Miniaturized UWB Tri-Notch Antenna with Bandwidth Enhancement

Authors: MuhibUr Rahman
Journal: Advances in Electrical Engineering
 (2016)

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## Abstract

A Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) fed miniaturized ultra-wideband (UWB) tri-notch antenna with bandwidth enhancement is proposed. The antenna is prototyped for ultra-wideband (UWB) communication applications with bandwidth enhancement. By implementing asymmetric structure, the miniaturization in the antenna has been achieved with a very compact size of 22 × 13 × 1.5 mm3 making it suitable for USB dongle applications. The antenna is first simulated with partial rectangular ground plane which shows that operating bandwidth ranges from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. Then the antenna is measured and simulated by cutting the ground plane with specific geometry which shows that operating bandwidth now ranges from 3.1 to 20 GHz which provides a wide usable fractional bandwidth of more than 150%. The antenna is then modified for tri-notch applications in order to reject worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) band (3.3–3.6 GHz) and wireless local area network (WLAN) frequency bands (lower WLAN (5.15–5.325) and upper WLAN (5.725–5.825) GHz). Triple Band rejection capability has been achieved by introducing three complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) in the radiating patch.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) fed monopole antennas have been extensively used for the design of wireless ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems due to their specific advantages of low cost, simple structure, and omnidirectional radiation pattern. As the FCC allocated the frequency spectrum of 3.1–10.6 GHz for UWB communication applications, the design of UWB antennas has been major research topic among the researchers.There are several important challenges that need to overcome while designing UWB antenna such as miniature size, acceptable gain, wide impedance bandwidth, stable radiation pattern, and interferences due to other existing technologies. As 3.3–3.6 GHz frequency band has been allocated for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and 5-6 GHz frequency band has been reserved for wireless local area network (WLAN). The WLAN further comprises two narrow frequency bands including lower WLAN (5.150–5.350 GHz)  and upper WLAN (5.725–5.825 GHz). These high power narrow frequency bands within the UWB spectrum generate a jamming effect on UWB systems because of electromagnetic interference which can be mitigated by designing UWB antenna that has multiple band rejection capabilities.To obtain band rejection capabilities filters may also be used, but implementing filters increases the complexity as well as size of the system. Therefore, UWB antenna with band rejection capabilities is the most suitable and economic solution of this problem. Various antennas with band rejection capabilities have been proposed in the literature [1–5]. The common practice to achieve band rejection capabilities is to etch different types of slots such as H-shaped, C-shaped, and U-shaped in the radiating patch of UWB antenna [1–4]. Furthermore antennas with dual band rejection capabilities have been proposed in the literature [4, 5].Bandwidth enhancement of UWB antenna is also one of the latest topics of research nowadays. The printed monopole dual notched UWB antenna with bandwidth enhancement is suggested in [6]. The designed antenna operates from 2.2 GHz to 13.4 GHz having two notched bands at WiMAX and WLAN frequency bands. The improved performance of impedance bandwidth is almost 130%. Also compact dual notched UWB antenna with bandwidth dispensation is proposed in [7]. The designed antenna operates from 2.71 GHz to 12.06 GHz having two notched bands at WiMAX and WLAN frequency bands. The bandwidth dispensation is done by inserting an inverted T-shaped slot resonator in the radiating patch. Nearly 125% bandwidth improvement is done by the presented technique. Likewise, the monopole UWB antenna with enhanced bandwidth capability is presented in [8]. The antenna designed consists of square radiating patch and ground plane with a pair of rotated slots and parasitic structures. The designed antenna operates from 3.06 GHz to 18.3 GHz. In [8] bandwidth enhancement is up to 140% without removing high power interfering bands in UWB. Therefore, an efficient bandwidth enhancement along with band-notching technique is still a difficult task to implement.In this paper, we firstly present a miniaturized reference UWB antenna operating from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. Then the antenna is measured and simulated by cutting the ground plane with specific geometry which shows that operating bandwidth now ranges from 3.1 to 20 GHz with a wide usable fractional bandwidth of 150%. This antenna is fabricated on FR4 substrate withεr = 5.4. The total size of the antenna is 22 × 13 × 1.5 mm3, which makes it a good candidate for portable UWB communication applications. Measured and simulated results show that the proposed antenna could cover the whole UWB frequency band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz with bandwidth enhancement which ranges from 10.6 GHz to 20 GHz.Also a proposed miniaturized UWB antenna with triple band rejection capabilities is successfully designed by introducing three complementary split rings resonators (CSRR) in the radiating patch. The simulated VSWR show that the proposed antenna operates in the overall UWB frequency band with VSWR less than 2, except the rejected bands at 3.3–3.6 GHz, 5.1–5.35 GHz, and 5.7–5.95 GHz for filtering the WiMAX, lower WLAN, and upper WLAN frequency bands, respectively. Simulated radiation patterns and surface current distributions are also given, and stable radiation patterns are observed. Table1 shows the superiority of proposed miniaturized UWB antenna over the recently proposed UWB antennas.Table 1
Comparison between presented and recently reported UWB antennas.
Literature Pass band Dimensions [9] 3.5 to 12 GHz 28 mm× 24 mm × 1.6 mm [10] 3 to 10.6 GHz 26 mm× 24 mm × 1.6 mm [11] 1.08 to 27.4 GHz 124 mm× 120 mm × 1.5 mm [12] 3.5 to 31.9 GHz 35 mm× 30 mm × 0.8 mm [13] 3 to 11 GHz 30 mm× 36 mm × 1.5 mm [14] 3.1 to 11.45 GHz 28 mm× 14.5 mm × 0.8 mm [15] 3 to 11.2 GHz 44 mm× 49.5 mm × 1.5 mm [16] 2.82 to 13.95 GHz 30 mm× 36 mm × 0.4 mm [17] 3.1 to 11 GHz 32 mm× 28 mm × 1.5 mm [18] 3.04 to 10.87 GHz 20 mm× 20 mm × 1.5 mm [19] 3.1 to 12 GHz 24 mm× 30 mm × 1.6 mm [20] 3.4 to 10.3 GHz 24 mm× 16 mm × 1.5 mm [21] 3.2 to 14.4 GHz 31 mm× 22 mm × 0.8 mm [22] 3.08 to 12.75 GHz 14.48 mm× 28.74 mm × 0.8 mm [23] 2.88 to 13.71 GHz 36 mm× 48 mm ×  01 mm [24] 2.45 to 17.9 GHz 36 mm× 30 mm × 1.5 mm This paper 3.1 to 20 GHz 22 mm× 13 mm × 1.5 mm


## 2. Antenna Geometry

The geometry of the reference miniaturized UWB antenna, bandwidth enhanced miniaturized UWB antenna, and bandwidth enhanced miniaturized tri-notch UWB antenna are given in Figure1, and the parameters are optimized using CST Microwave Studio Suite. The antenna is fabricated on FR4 substrate with εr = 5.4 and the length and width of substrate are Lsub = 22 mm and Wsub = 13 mm, respectively. Detailed dimensions of the antenna are given in Table 2. The proposed antenna consists of a polygon radiating patch and a polygon ground. The modification is done in microstrip feed line for improving impedance matching.Table 2
Dimensions of the proposed antenna.
L s u b W s u b W s L s W 1 W 2 L 1 L 2 L 3 22 mm 13 mm 9.8 mm 3.4 mm 1.6 mm 10.2 mm 1.4 mm 2.1 mm 4.5 mm  L 4 L 5 L 6 g 1 g 2 g 3 R 1 R 2 R 3  6.5 mm 5 mm 2 mm 4.2 mm 1.2 mm 0.7 mm 5.3 mm 3.3 mm 2 mmFigure 1
Geometry of the proposed antennas. (a) Miniaturized UWB antenna (3.1–10.6 GHz). (b) Miniaturized bandwidth enhanced UWB antenna (3.1–20 GHz). (c) Proposed miniaturized bandwidth enhanced triple notch UWB antenna.
(a) (b) (c)


## 3. Results

### 3.1. Bandwidth Enhancement of UWB Antenna

First a reference miniaturized UWB antenna has been designed and simulated which shows that operating bandwidth ranges from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz as shown in Figure2(a). Simulation is performed using CST Microwave Studio Suite. The surface of the partial ground plane is modified to increase the electrical path length which in turn enhances the impedance bandwidth without any cost of size. The antenna is then simulated and measured which shows that it covers the overall UWB band along with bandwidth enhancement from 3.1 to 20.0 GHz. Agilent E8364B network analyzer is used to obtain measured results. The simulated and measured results agree well as shown in Figure 2(b). The simulated and measured bandwidth almost ranges from 3.1 to 20.0 GHz. The discrepancy is mainly due to connector losses and hand-welding inaccuracy. The designed antenna has a small size of 22 × 13 × 1.5 mm3 and the impedance bandwidth of the designed antenna is higher than the UWB antennas reported in the literature.Figure 2
(a) VSWR of reference versus bandwidth enhanced UWB antenna. (b) Measured versus simulated VSWR of bandwidth enhanced UWB antenna.
(a) (b)


### 3.2. Proposed Miniaturized UWB Antenna with Triple Band Rejection

The proposed triple band-notched UWB antenna is presented in this section. The miniaturized antenna designed has the flexibility to notch the interfering bands because the band dispensation is achieved without using slot resonators or strips. Also most of the proposed antennas reject the overall bandwidth from 5 GHz to 6 GHz, which is not desired. The desired notched bands are 5.15–5.35 GHz and 5.725–5.825 GHz for lower and upper WLAN bands, respectively. Hence, any essential data may be lost resulting in the bad quality of signal and degradation of received information within the range of 5.35–5.725 GHz. Therefore, an efficient notching technique is still a difficult task to implement due to strong coupling between the adjacent frequencies.The proposed triple band-notched UWB antenna is designed by introducing CSRR in the radiating patch. The lower WLAN (5.15–5.35 GHz) and upper WLAN (5.725–5.825 GHz) are notched using the two inner complementary split ring resonators while the WiMAX frequency band (3.3–3.6 GHz) is notched using the outer complementary split ring resonator. The results are acceptable and show an improved triple notched behavior as shown in Figure3. Also the VSWR plot clearly reveals that the notching is much sharp and the antenna will not lose any information while rejecting these interfering bands. The band-notch behavior makes the proposed antenna advantageous over the recently reported UWB antenna [8].Figure 3
Simulated VSWR of the proposed miniaturized triple band-notched UWB antenna with enhanced bandwidth.


### 3.3. Controlling Mechanism for Band-Notching

It is more important for practical applications to control the notch bandwidths in order to obtain an effective band-notched UWB antenna. Therefore, the controlling technique of the developed band-notched antenna is studied in this section. It is clear from (4) that if we increase the radius of the ring, the notched bands will be shifted towards the lower frequencies and by decreasing the radius it will be shifted towards the higher frequencies. Figure 4 shows that by varying the radius of the rings the notch band can be shifted to a specific frequency band. The WiMAX, lower WLAN, and upper WLAN band can be controlled by increasing or decreasing g1, g2, and g3 which are the gaps between the first, second, and third outer rings, respectively.Figure 4
(a) Controlling mechanism for WiMAX band-notching. (b) Controlling mechanism for lower WLAN band-notching. (c) Controlling mechanism for upper WLAN band-notching.
(a) (b) (c)The stopband centered frequency corresponding to upper WLAN, lower WLAN, and WiMAX bands is approximately calculated by (1), (2), and (3), respectively(1)f1=C2πR1εreff,(2)f2=C2πR2εreff,(3)f3=C2πR3εreff,where εr is relative permittivity of the material, C is speed of light in free space, R1 is radius of the ring corresponding to upper WLAN band, R2 is radius of the ring corresponding to lower WLAN band, and R3 is radius of the ring corresponding to WiMAX band.The above equations can be generalized for any notch frequency band given as(4)fn=C2πRiεreff,where n=1,2, and 3 and i=1,2, and 3.


### 3.4. Surface Current Distributions

Figure5 shows the simulated current distributions on the surface of the proposed antenna at 3.5, 5.25, 5.75, and 8.5 GHz. At 8.5 GHz the current flows along the microstrip feed line, while low current densities flow around the slot. On the other hand, the surface current distribution on the antenna at 3.5, 5.25, and 5.75 GHz is concentrated around the complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) which shows that complete electromagnetic energy is concentrated around the slots.Figure 5
Surface current distributions at (a) 3.5 GHz, (b) 5.25 GHz, (c) 5.75 GHz, and (d) 8.5 GHz.


### 3.5. Radiation Pattern

The radiation pattern of the proposed antenna at different frequencies is shown in Figure6. The plot shows that antenna has stable and omnidirectional radiation pattern. The main objective of these radiation patterns is to show that antenna radiates over a wide range of frequencies.Figure 6
Radiation patterns at (a) 3.3 GHz, (b) 4.5 GHz, (c) 6.5 GHz, and (d) 9.5 GHz.
(a) (b) (c) (d)


### 3.6. Antenna Gain

The antenna gain plot with and without CSRR is shown in Figure7. The gain plot with notch shows that antenna gain is suppressed well in the WiMAX and WLAN bands. The minimum gain is 1.3 dB at WiMAX and WLAN bands. The minimum gains indicate the destructive interference at those frequencies leading to band-notched creation. The maximum gain occurs at 11 GHz which is 5.2 dBi.Figure 7
Gain of an antenna with and without notch.


## 3.1. Bandwidth Enhancement of UWB Antenna

First a reference miniaturized UWB antenna has been designed and simulated which shows that operating bandwidth ranges from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz as shown in Figure2(a). Simulation is performed using CST Microwave Studio Suite. The surface of the partial ground plane is modified to increase the electrical path length which in turn enhances the impedance bandwidth without any cost of size. The antenna is then simulated and measured which shows that it covers the overall UWB band along with bandwidth enhancement from 3.1 to 20.0 GHz. Agilent E8364B network analyzer is used to obtain measured results. The simulated and measured results agree well as shown in Figure 2(b). The simulated and measured bandwidth almost ranges from 3.1 to 20.0 GHz. The discrepancy is mainly due to connector losses and hand-welding inaccuracy. The designed antenna has a small size of 22 × 13 × 1.5 mm3 and the impedance bandwidth of the designed antenna is higher than the UWB antennas reported in the literature.Figure 2
(a) VSWR of reference versus bandwidth enhanced UWB antenna. (b) Measured versus simulated VSWR of bandwidth enhanced UWB antenna.
(a) (b)


## 3.2. Proposed Miniaturized UWB Antenna with Triple Band Rejection

The proposed triple band-notched UWB antenna is presented in this section. The miniaturized antenna designed has the flexibility to notch the interfering bands because the band dispensation is achieved without using slot resonators or strips. Also most of the proposed antennas reject the overall bandwidth from 5 GHz to 6 GHz, which is not desired. The desired notched bands are 5.15–5.35 GHz and 5.725–5.825 GHz for lower and upper WLAN bands, respectively. Hence, any essential data may be lost resulting in the bad quality of signal and degradation of received information within the range of 5.35–5.725 GHz. Therefore, an efficient notching technique is still a difficult task to implement due to strong coupling between the adjacent frequencies.The proposed triple band-notched UWB antenna is designed by introducing CSRR in the radiating patch. The lower WLAN (5.15–5.35 GHz) and upper WLAN (5.725–5.825 GHz) are notched using the two inner complementary split ring resonators while the WiMAX frequency band (3.3–3.6 GHz) is notched using the outer complementary split ring resonator. The results are acceptable and show an improved triple notched behavior as shown in Figure3. Also the VSWR plot clearly reveals that the notching is much sharp and the antenna will not lose any information while rejecting these interfering bands. The band-notch behavior makes the proposed antenna advantageous over the recently reported UWB antenna [8].Figure 3
Simulated VSWR of the proposed miniaturized triple band-notched UWB antenna with enhanced bandwidth.


## 3.3. Controlling Mechanism for Band-Notching

It is more important for practical applications to control the notch bandwidths in order to obtain an effective band-notched UWB antenna. Therefore, the controlling technique of the developed band-notched antenna is studied in this section. It is clear from (4) that if we increase the radius of the ring, the notched bands will be shifted towards the lower frequencies and by decreasing the radius it will be shifted towards the higher frequencies. Figure 4 shows that by varying the radius of the rings the notch band can be shifted to a specific frequency band. The WiMAX, lower WLAN, and upper WLAN band can be controlled by increasing or decreasing g1, g2, and g3 which are the gaps between the first, second, and third outer rings, respectively.Figure 4
(a) Controlling mechanism for WiMAX band-notching. (b) Controlling mechanism for lower WLAN band-notching. (c) Controlling mechanism for upper WLAN band-notching.
(a) (b) (c)The stopband centered frequency corresponding to upper WLAN, lower WLAN, and WiMAX bands is approximately calculated by (1), (2), and (3), respectively(1)f1=C2πR1εreff,(2)f2=C2πR2εreff,(3)f3=C2πR3εreff,where εr is relative permittivity of the material, C is speed of light in free space, R1 is radius of the ring corresponding to upper WLAN band, R2 is radius of the ring corresponding to lower WLAN band, and R3 is radius of the ring corresponding to WiMAX band.The above equations can be generalized for any notch frequency band given as(4)fn=C2πRiεreff,where n=1,2, and 3 and i=1,2, and 3.


## 3.4. Surface Current Distributions

Figure5 shows the simulated current distributions on the surface of the proposed antenna at 3.5, 5.25, 5.75, and 8.5 GHz. At 8.5 GHz the current flows along the microstrip feed line, while low current densities flow around the slot. On the other hand, the surface current distribution on the antenna at 3.5, 5.25, and 5.75 GHz is concentrated around the complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) which shows that complete electromagnetic energy is concentrated around the slots.Figure 5
Surface current distributions at (a) 3.5 GHz, (b) 5.25 GHz, (c) 5.75 GHz, and (d) 8.5 GHz.


## 3.5. Radiation Pattern

The radiation pattern of the proposed antenna at different frequencies is shown in Figure6. The plot shows that antenna has stable and omnidirectional radiation pattern. The main objective of these radiation patterns is to show that antenna radiates over a wide range of frequencies.Figure 6
Radiation patterns at (a) 3.3 GHz, (b) 4.5 GHz, (c) 6.5 GHz, and (d) 9.5 GHz.
(a) (b) (c) (d)


## 3.6. Antenna Gain

The antenna gain plot with and without CSRR is shown in Figure7. The gain plot with notch shows that antenna gain is suppressed well in the WiMAX and WLAN bands. The minimum gain is 1.3 dB at WiMAX and WLAN bands. The minimum gains indicate the destructive interference at those frequencies leading to band-notched creation. The maximum gain occurs at 11 GHz which is 5.2 dBi.Figure 7
Gain of an antenna with and without notch.


## 4. Conclusion

In this paper, a proposed miniaturized tri-notched CPW fed ultra-wideband antenna along with bandwidth enhancement has been presented. First a reference miniaturized UWB antenna has been designed whose operating bandwidth ranges from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. Then a modified miniaturized UWB antenna is designed having 150% enhanced operating bandwidth from 3.1 to 20 GHz. The antenna is then further modified for tri-notch behavior along with bandwidth enhancement to make it more useful for UWB applications. The potential interference between the UWB system WiMAX and WLAN bands has been mitigated by introducing CSRR in the radiating patch. The results of the proposed antenna show stable gain except at the notch frequencies. The proposed antenna has a very compact size of 22 × 13 × 1.5 mm3 which makes it useful for portable UWB devices without causing electromagnetic interference.



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*Source: 7279056-2016-10-10.xml*