# A Numerical Method for Fuzzy Differential Equations and Hybrid Fuzzy Differential Equations

Authors: K. Ivaz; A. Khastan; Juan J. Nieto
Journal: Abstract and Applied Analysis
 (2013)

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## Abstract

Numerical algorithms for solving first-order fuzzy differential equations and hybrid fuzzy differential equations have been investigated. Sufficient conditions for stability and convergence of the proposed algorithms are given, and their applicability is illustrated with some examples.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Hybrid systems are devoted to modeling, design, and validation of interactive systems of computer programs and continuous systems. That is, control systems that are capable of controlling complex systems which have discrete event dynamics as well as continuous time dynamics can be modeled by hybrid systems. The differential systems containing fuzzy valued functions and interaction with a discrete time controller are named hybrid fuzzy differential systems.The Hukuhara derivative of a fuzzy-number-valued function was introduced in [1]. Under this setting, the existence and uniqueness of the solution of a fuzzy differential equation are studied by Kaleva [2, 3], Seikkala [4], and Kloeden [5]. This approach has the disadvantage that it leads to solutions which have an increasing length of their support [2]. A generalized differentiability was studied in [6–8]. This concept allows us to resolve the previously mentioned shortcoming. Indeed, the generalized derivative is defined for a larger class of fuzzy-number-valued functions than the Hukuhara derivative. Some applications of numerical methods in FDE and hybrid fuzzy differential equation (HFDE) are presented in [9–19]. Some other approaches to study FDE and fuzzy dynamical systems have been investigated in [20–22].In engineering and physical problems, Trapezoidal rule is a simple and powerful method to solve numerically related ODEs. Trapezoidal rule has a higher convergence order in comparison to other one step methods, for instance, Euler method.In this work, we concentrate on numerical procedure for solving FDEs and HFDEs, whenever these equations possess unique fuzzy solutions.In Section2, we briefly present the basic definitions. Trapezoidal rule for solving fuzzy differential equations is introduced in Section 3, and convergence and stability of the mentioned method are proved. The proposed algorithm is illustrated by solving two examples. In Section 4 we present Trapezoidal rule for solving hybrid fuzzy differential equations.


## 2. Preliminary Notes

In this section the most basic definition of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and notation used in fuzzy calculus are introduced. See, for example, [23].Consider the first-order ordinary differential equation(1)y′(t)=f(t,y(t)),y(t0)=y0,
where f:[t0,tN]×ℝn→ℝn and t0∈ℝ. A linear multistep method applied to (1) is
(2)∑i=0k‍αiym+i=h∑i=0k‍βif(tm+i,ym+i),
with αi,βi∈ℝ, αk≠0, given starting values y0,y1,…,yk-1. In the case βk=0, the corresponding methods (2) are explicit and are implicit otherwise. The constant step size h>0 leads to time discretizations with respect to the grid points tm:=t0+mh. The value ym+i is an approximation of the exact solution at tm+i. The special case of explicit methods, m=2, α0=-1, α1=0, α2=1, β0=β2=0, and β1=2, corresponds to the Midpoint rule:
(3)ym+2=ym+2hf(tm+1,ym+1),
and the especial case of implicit methods, m=1, α0=-1, α1=1, and β0=β1=1/2, corresponds to the Trapezoidal rule:
(4)ym+1=ym+h2[f(tm,ym),f(tm+1,ym+1)].
For an explicit method, (2) yields the current value ym+k directly in terms of ym+j, fm+j, j=0,1,…,k-1, which, at this stage of the computation, have already been calculated. An implicit method will call for the solution, at each stage of computation, of the the equation
(5)ym+k=hβkf(tm+k,ym+k)+g,
where g is a known function of previously calculated values ym+j, fm+j, j=0,1,…,k-1. When the original differential equation in (1) is linear, then (5) is linear in ym+k, and there is no problem in solving it. When f is nonlinear, for finding solution of (1), we can use the following iteration:
(6)ym+k[s+1]=hβkf(tm+k,ym+k[s])+g.Definition 1.
Associated with the multistep method (2), we define the first characteristic polynomial as follows:
(7)ρ(ξ):=∑i=0k‍αiξi.Theorem 2.
A multistep method is stable if the first characteristic polynomial satisfies the root condition, that is, the roots ofρ(ξ) lie on or within the unit circle, and further the roots on the unit circle are simple.According to Theorem2, we know the Midpoint rule and Trapezoidal rule are stable.Definition 3.
The difference operator(8)𝔏[y(t);h]=∑j=0k‍[αjy(t+jh)-hβjy′(t+jh)]
and the associated linear multistep method (2) are said to be of order p if for the following equation:
(9)𝔏[y(t);h]=C0y(t)+C1hy(1)(t)+⋯+Cqhqy(q)(t)+⋯,
we have C0=C1=⋯=Cp=0, Cp+1≠0, where C0=∑j=0kαj and Ci=(1/i!)(∑j=0kαjji-i∑j=0kβjji-1), for i≥1.According to Definition3, Midpoint rule and Trapezoidal rule are second-order methods.We now recall some general concepts of fuzzy set theory; see, for example, [2, 24].Definition 4.
LetX be a nonempty set. A fuzzy set u in X is characterized by its membership function  u:X→[0,1], and u(x) is interpreted as the degree of membership of an element x in fuzzy set u for each x∈X.Let us denote byℝF the class of fuzzy subsets of the real axis, that is,
(10)u:ℝ⟶[0,1],
satisfying the following properties: (i)
uis normal, that is, there exists s0∈ℝ such that u(s0)=1,(ii)
u is a convex fuzzy set (i.e., u(ts+(1-t)r)≥min{u(s),u(r)}, ∀t∈[0,1],s,r∈ℝ),(iii)
u is upper semicontinuous on ℝ,(iv)
cl{s∈ℝ∣u(s)>0} is compact, where cl denotes the closure of a subset.The space ℝF is called the space of fuzzy numbers. Obviously, ℝ⊂ℝF. For 0<α≤1, we denote
(11)[u]α={s∈ℝ∣u(s)≥α},[u]0=cl{s∈ℝ∣u(s)>0}.
Then from (i)–(iv), it follows that the α-level set [u]α is a nonempty compact interval for all 0≤α≤1. The notation
(12)[u]α=[u_α,u¯α]
denotes explicitly the α-level set of u. The following remark shows when [u_α,u¯α] is a valid α-level set.Remark 5.
The sufficient conditions for[u_α,u¯α] to define the parametric form of a fuzzy number are as follows: (i)
u_α is a bounded monotonic increasing (nondecreasing) left-continuous function on (0,1] and right-continuous for α=0,(ii)
u¯α is a bounded monotonic decreasing (nonincreasing) left-continuous function on (0,1] and right-continuous for α=0.(iii)
u_α≤u¯α, 0≤α≤1.Foru,v∈ℝF and λ∈ℝ, the sum u+v and the product λu are defined by [u+v]α=[u]α+[v]α, [λu]α=λ[u]α, ∀α∈[0,1], where [u]α+[v]α means the usual addition of two intervals (subsets) of ℝ, and λ[u]α means the usual product between a scaler and a subset of ℝ.The metric structure is given by the Hausdorff distance(13)D:ℝF×ℝF⟶ℝ+∪{0},
by
(14)D(u,v)=supα∈[0,1]max{|u_α-v_α|,|u¯α-v¯α|}.
The following properties are well known: D(u+w,v+w)=D(u,v), ∀u,v,w∈ℝF,D(ku,kv)=|k|D(u,v), ∀k∈ℝ, u,v∈ℝF,D(u+v,w+e)≤D(u,w)+D(v,e), ∀u,v,w,e∈ℝF,and (ℝF,D) is complete metric spaces.LetI be a real interval. A mapping y:I→ℝF is called a fuzzy process and its α-level set is denoted by
(15)[y(t)]α=[y_α(t),y¯α(t)],t∈I,α∈(0,1].
A triangular fuzzy number N is defined by an ordered triple (xl,xc,xr)∈ℝ3 with xl≤xc≤xr, where the graph of N(s) is a triangle with base on the interval [xl,xr] and vertex at s=xc. An α-level of N is always a closed, bounded interval. We write N=(xl,xc,xr); then
(16)[N]α=[xc-(1-α)(xc-xl),xc+(1-α)(xr-xc)],
for any 0≤α≤1.Definition 6.
Letx,y∈ℝF. If there exists z∈ℝF such that x=y+z, then z is called the H-difference of x and y, and it is denoted by x⊖y.In this paper the sign “⊖” stands always for H-difference, and let us remark that x⊖y≠x+(-1)y. Usually we denote x+(-1)y by x-y, while x⊖y stands for the H-difference.Definition 7.
LetF:I→ℝF be a fuzzy function. We say F is Hukuhara differentiable at t0∈I if there exists an element F′(t0)∈ℝF such that the limits
(17)limh→0+F(t0+h)⊖F(t0)h,limh→0+F(t0)⊖F(t0-h)h
exist and are equal to F′(t0). Here the limits are taken in the metric space (ℝF,D).Definition 8.
Let[a,b]⊂I. The fuzzy integral ∫ab‍y(t)dt is defined by
(18)[∫ab‍y(t)dt]α=[∫ab‍y_α(t)dt,∫ab‍y¯α(t)dt],
provided the Lebesgue integrals on the right exist.Remark 9.
Let[a,b]⊂I. If F:I→ℝF is Hukuhara differentiable and its Hukuhara derivative F′ is integrable over [a,b], then
(19)F(t)=F(t0)+∫t0t‍F′(s)ds,
for all values of t0, t, where a≤t0≤t≤b.Theorem 10.
Let(ti,ui), i=0,1,…,n, be the observed data, and suppose that each of the ui=(uil,uic,uir) is a triangular fuzzy number. Then for each t∈[t0,tn], the fuzzy polynomial interpolation is a fuzzy-value continuous function f:ℝ→ℝF, where f(ti)=ui,f(t)=(fl(t),fc(t),fr(t))∈ℝF, and
(20)fl(t)=∑Li(t)≥0‍Li(t)uil+∑Li(t)<0‍Li(t)uir,fc(t)=∑i=0n‍Li(t)uic,fr(t)=∑Li(t)≥0‍Li(t)uir+∑Li(t)<0‍Li(t)uil,
such that Li(t)=∏i≠j((t-tj)/(ti-tj)).Proof.
See [25].


## 3. Fuzzy Differential Equations

Consider the first-order fuzzy differential equationy′=f(t,y), where y is a fuzzy function of t, f(t,y) is a fuzzy function of crisp variable t and fuzzy variable y, and y′ is Hukuhara fuzzy derivative of y. If an initial value y(t0)=y0∈ℝF is given, a fuzzy Cauchy problem of first order will be obtained as follows:
(21)y′(t)=f(t,y(t)),t0≤t≤T,y(t0)=y0.
By Theorem 5.2 in [11] we may replace (21) by equivalent system
(22)y_′(t)=f_(t,y)=F(t,y_,y¯),y_(t0)=y_0,y¯′(t)=f¯(t,y)=G(t,y_,y¯),y¯(t0)=y¯0.
The parametric form of (22) is given by(23)y_′(t;α)=F(t,y_(t;α),y¯(t;α)),y_(t0;α)=y_0α,y¯′(t;α)=G(t,y_(t;α),y¯(t;α)),y¯(t0;α)=y¯0α,
for 0≤α≤1. In some cases the system given by (23) can be solved analytically. In most cases analytical solutions may not be found, and a numerical approach must be considered. Some numerical methods such as the fuzzy Euler method, Nyström method, and predictor-corrector method presented in [7, 10, 11, 13, 15]. In the following, we present a new method to numerical solution of FDE.


### 3.1. Trapezoidal Rule for Fuzzy Differential Equations

In the intervalI=[t0,T] we consider a set of discrete equally spaced grid points t0<t1<t2<⋯<tN=T. The exact and approximate solutions at tn, 0≤n≤N, are denoted by [y(tn)]α=[y_α(tn),y¯α(tn)] and [yn]α=[y_nα,y¯nα], respectively. The grid points at which the solution is calculated are
(24)tn=t0+nh,h=T-t0N,0≤n≤N.
Let yp=[γ_,γ¯], 0≤p<N which f(tp,yp) is triangular fuzzy number. We have
(25)y(tp+1)=y(tp)+∫tptp+1‍f(t,y(t))dt.
By fuzzy interpolation, Theorem 10, we get
(26)fIl(t,y(t))=l0(t)fl(tp,yp)+l1(t)fl(tp+1,yp+1),(27)fIc(t,y(t))=l0(t)fc(tp,yp)+l1(t)fc(tp+1,yp+1),(28)fIr(t,y(t))=l0(t)fr(tp,yp)+l1(t)fr(tp+1,yp+1),
where fI(t,y(t))=(fIl(t,y(t)),fIc(t,y(t)),fIr(t,y(t))), interpolates f(t,y(t)) with the interpolation data given by the value f(tp,yp), and l0(t)=(t-tp+1)/(tp-tp+1), l1(t)=(t-tp)/(tp+1-tp).Fortp≤t≤tp+1 we have
(29)l0(t)=t-tp+1tp-tp+1≥0,l1(t)=t-tptp+1-tp≥0.
From (16) and (25) it follows that
(30)[y(tp+1)]α=[y_α(tp+1),y¯α(tp+1)],
where
(31)y_α(tp+1)=y_α(tp)+∫tptp+1‍{αfc(t,y(t))+(1-α)fl(t,y(t))}dt,(32)y¯α(tp+1)=y¯α(tp)+∫tptp+1‍{αfc(t,y(t))+(1-α)fr(t,y(t))}dt.
According to (25), if (26) and (27) are situated in (31), (27) and (28) in (32), we obtain
(33)y_p+1α=y_pα+∫tptp+1‍{α[l0(t)fc(tp,yp)+l1(t)fc(tp+1,yp+1)]fffgfff+(1-α)fffgfff×[l0(t)fl(tp,yp)fffgffffff+l1(t)fl(tp+1,yp+1)]}dt.
By integration we have
(34)y_p+1α=y_pα+h2×[αfc(tp,yp)+(1-α)fl(tp,yp)ff+αfc(tp+1,yp+1)+(1-α)fl(tp+1,yp+1)].
By (16) deduce
(35)y_p+1α=y_pα+h2[f_α(tp,yp)+f_α(tp+1,yp+1)].
Similarly we obtain
(36)y¯p+1α=y¯pα+h2[f¯α(tp,yp)+f¯α(tp+1,yp+1)].
Therefore, Trapezoidal rule is obtained as follows:
(37)y_p+1α=y_pα+h2[f_α(tp,yp)+f_α(tp+1,yp+1)],y¯p+1α=y¯pα+h2[f¯α(tp,yp)+f¯α(tp+1,yp+1)],y_pα=γ_,y¯pα=γ¯,
for 0≤p<N.


### 3.2. Convergence and Stability

Suppose the exact solution(Y_(t;α),Y¯(t;α)) is approximated by some (y_(t;α),y¯(t;α)). The exact and approximate solutions at tn,0≤n≤N, are denoted by [Yn]α=[Y_nα,Y¯nα] and [yn]α=[y_nα,y¯nα], respectively. Our next result determines the pointwise convergence of the Trapezoidal approximates to the exact solution. The following lemma will be applied to show convergence of these approximates; that is,
(38)limh→0y_(t;h;α)=Y_(t;α),limh→0y¯(t;h;α)=Y¯(t;α).Lemma 11.
Let a sequence of numbers{wn}n=0N satisfy
(39)|wn+1|≤A|wn|+B,0≤n≤N-1,
for some given positive constant A and B. Then
(40)|wn|≤AN|w0|+BAn-1A-1,0≤n≤N-1.Proof.
See [15].LetF(t,u,v) and G(t,u,v) be the functions F and G of (22), where u and v are constants and u≤v. The domain where F and G are defined is therefore
(41)K={(t,u,v)∣t0≤t≤T,-∞<v<∞,-∞<u≤v}.Theorem 12.
LetF(t,u,v) and G(t,u,v) belong to C2(K), and let the partial derivatives of F, G be bounded over K. Then for arbitrary fixed α:0≤α≤1, the Trapezoidal rule approximate of (37) converges to the exact solutions Y_(t;α), Y¯(t;α) uniformly in t, for Y_,Y¯∈C3[t0,T].Proof.
It is sufficient to show that(42)limh→0y_Nα=Y_(T;α),limh→0y¯Nα=Y¯(T;α).
By using Taylor’s theorem, we get
(43)Y_p+1α=Y_pα+h2×[F(tp,Y_pα,Y¯pα)+F(tp+1,Y_p+1α,Y¯p+1α)]+h312Y_′′′(ξ_p),Y¯p+1α=Y¯pα+h2×[G(tp,Y_pα,Y¯pα)+G(tp+1,Y_p+1α,Y¯p+1α)]+h312Y¯′′′(ξ¯p),
where tp<ξ_p, ξ¯p<tp+1. Consequently,
(44)Y_p+1α-y_p+1α=Y_pα-y_pα+h2×{F(tp,Y_pα,Y¯pα)-F(tp,y_pα,y¯pα)+F(tp+1,Y_p+1α,Y¯p+1α)ffff-F(tp+1,y_p+1α,y¯p+1α)}+h312Y_′′′(ξ_p),Y¯p+1α-y¯p+1α=Y¯pα-y¯pα+h2×{G(tp,Y_pα,Y¯pα)-G(tp,y_pα,y¯pα)ffffff+G(tp+1,Y_p+1α,Y¯p+1α)ffffff-G(tp+1,y_p+1α,y¯p+1α)}+h312Y_′′′(ξ_p).
Denote wn=Y_nα-y_nα and vn=Y¯nα-y¯nα. Then
(45)|wp+1|≤|wp|+h×[L1max{|wp|,|vp|}+L2max{|wp+1|,|vp+1|}]+h312M_,(46)|vp+1|≤|vp|+h×[L1max{|wp|,|vp|}+L2max{|wp+1|,|vp+1|}]+h312M¯,
where M_=maxt0≤t≤T|Y_′′′(t;α)| and M¯=maxt0≤t≤T|Y¯′′′(t;α)|, and L1,L2>0 is a bound for partial derivatives of F and G in tp, tp+1. Thus,
(47)|wp+1|+|vp+1|≤|wp|+|vp|+2h×[L1max{|wp|,|vp|}+L2max{|wp+1|,|vp+1|}]+h312(M_+M¯)≤|wp|+|vp|+2h×[L1(|wp|+|vp|)+L2(|wp+1|+|vp+1|)]+h312(M_+M¯).
If we put |up|=|wp|+|vp| and L=max{L1,L2}<1/2h, then
(48)|up+1|≤(1+2hL)|up|+2hL|up+1|+h312(M_+M¯)≤(1+2hL1-2hL)|up|+h312(1-2hL)(M_+M¯).
Then by Lemma 11 and w0=v0=0, we have
(49)|up|≤h312(1-2hL)(M_+M¯)((1+2hL)/(1-2hL))n-1((1+2hL)/(1-2hL))-1.
If h→0, then wn→0, vn→0 which concludes the proof.Remark 13.
According to Definition3, Trapezoidal rule is a second-order method. In fact we may consider the definition of convergence order given in Definition 3 for system of ODEs.Theorem 14.
Trapezoidal rule is stable.Proof.
For Trapezoidal rule exists only one characteristic polynomialρ(ξ)=ξ-1, and it is clear that satisfies the root condition. Then by Theorem 2, the Trapezoidal rule is stable.


### 3.3. Numerical Results

In this section we apply Trapezoidal rule for numerical solution of two linear fuzzy differential equations. We compare our results with Midpoint rule. The authors in [13] have presented the Midpoint rule for numerical solution of FDEs as follows:
(50)y_p+1α=y_p-1α+2hf_α(tp,yp),y¯p+1α=y¯p-1α+2hf¯α(tp,yp),y_p-1α=α0,y_pα=α1,y¯pα=α2,y¯p-1α=α3.
The Midpoint rule is a second-order and stable method [13].In the following two examples, the implicit nature of Trapezoidal rule for solving linear  fuzzy differential equation is implemented by solving a linear system at each stage of computation.Example 15 (see [13]).
Consider the initial value problem(51)y′(t)=-y(t)+t+1,y(0)=[0.96+0.04α,1.01-0.01α].
The exact solution at t=0.1 for 0≤α≤1 is given by
(52)Y_(0.1;α)=0.1+(0.985+0.015α)e-0.1-(1-α)0.025e0.1,Y¯(0.1;α)=0.1+(0.985+0.015α)e-0.1+(1-α)0.025e0.1.
A comparison between the exact solution, Y(t;α), and the approximate solutions by Midpoint method [13], yMid(t;α), and Trapezoidal method, y(t;α), at t=0.1 with N=10, is shown in Table 1 and Figure 1.Table 1
α
y
_
y
_
Mid
Y
_
y
¯
y
¯
Mid
Y
¯
0
0.9636348
0.9686955
0.9636356
1.0188934
1.0138372
1.0188941
0.1
0.9677550
0.9723098
0.9677558
1.0174878
1.0129374
1.0174885
0.2
0.9718752
0.9759241
0.9718760
1.0160820
1.0120376
1.0160828
0.3
0.9759954
0.9795385
0.9759961
1.0146763
1.0111377
1.0146772
0.4
0.9801155
0.9831529
0.9801163
1.0132707
1.0102379
1.0132715
0.5
0.9842358
0.9867672
0.9842365
1.0118650
1.0093381
1.0118657
0.6
0.9883559
0.9903815
0.9883567
1.0104593
1.0084382
1.0104601
0.7
0.9924761
0.9939959
0.9924769
1.0090537
1.0075384
1.0090544
0.8
0.9965963
0.9976103
0.9965971
1.0076480
1.0066386
1.0076487
0.9
1.0007164
1.0012246
1.0007173
1.0062424
1.0057387
1.0062431
1
1.0048367
1.0048389
1.0048374
1.0048367
1.0048389
1.0048374Figure 1
(-) Exact solution, (∘) Trapezoidal, and (+) Midpoint approximated points.Example 16.
Let us consider the first-order fuzzy differential equation(53)y′(t)=-y(t),y(0)=y0,
where y0=[0.96+0.04α,1.01-0.01α].
The exact solution att=0.1 is given by
(54)Y_(0.1;α)=(0.985+0.015α)e-0.1-(1-α)0.025e0.1,Y¯(0.1;α)=(0.985+0.015α)e-0.1+(1-α)0.025e0.1.
A comparison between the exact solution, Y(t;α), and the approximate solutions by Midpoint method, yMid(t;α), and Trapezoidal method, y(t;α), at t=0.1 with N=10, is shown in Table 2 and Figure 2.Table 2
α
y
_
y
_
Mid
Y
_
y
¯
y
¯
Mid
Y
¯
0
0.8636348
0.8686954
0.8636356
0.9188934
0.9138373
0.9188941
0.1
0.8677550
0.8723098
0.8677558
0.9174877
0.9129374
0.9174885
0.2
0.8718752
0.8759242
0.8718759
0.9160821
0.9120376
0.9160828
0.3
0.8759954
0.8795385
0.8759961
0.9146764
0.9111378
0.9146771
0.4
0.8801156
0.8831528
0.8801163
0.9132707
0.9102379
0.9132714
0.5
0.8842357
0.8867672
0.8842365
0.9118651
0.9093381
0.9118658
0.6
0.8883559
0.8903816
0.8883567
0.9104593
0.9084383
0.9104601
0.7
0.8924761
0.8939959
0.8924769
0.9090537
0.9075384
0.9090545
0.8
0.8965963
0.8976102
0.8965970
0.9076480
0.9066386
0.9076487
0.9
0.9007165
0.9012246
0.9007173
0.9062423
0.9057388
0.9062431
1
0.9048367
0.9048389
0.9048374
0.9048367
0.9048389
0.9048374Figure 2
(-) Exact solution, (∘) Trapezoidal, and (+) Midpoint approximated points.


## 3.1. Trapezoidal Rule for Fuzzy Differential Equations

In the intervalI=[t0,T] we consider a set of discrete equally spaced grid points t0<t1<t2<⋯<tN=T. The exact and approximate solutions at tn, 0≤n≤N, are denoted by [y(tn)]α=[y_α(tn),y¯α(tn)] and [yn]α=[y_nα,y¯nα], respectively. The grid points at which the solution is calculated are
(24)tn=t0+nh,h=T-t0N,0≤n≤N.
Let yp=[γ_,γ¯], 0≤p<N which f(tp,yp) is triangular fuzzy number. We have
(25)y(tp+1)=y(tp)+∫tptp+1‍f(t,y(t))dt.
By fuzzy interpolation, Theorem 10, we get
(26)fIl(t,y(t))=l0(t)fl(tp,yp)+l1(t)fl(tp+1,yp+1),(27)fIc(t,y(t))=l0(t)fc(tp,yp)+l1(t)fc(tp+1,yp+1),(28)fIr(t,y(t))=l0(t)fr(tp,yp)+l1(t)fr(tp+1,yp+1),
where fI(t,y(t))=(fIl(t,y(t)),fIc(t,y(t)),fIr(t,y(t))), interpolates f(t,y(t)) with the interpolation data given by the value f(tp,yp), and l0(t)=(t-tp+1)/(tp-tp+1), l1(t)=(t-tp)/(tp+1-tp).Fortp≤t≤tp+1 we have
(29)l0(t)=t-tp+1tp-tp+1≥0,l1(t)=t-tptp+1-tp≥0.
From (16) and (25) it follows that
(30)[y(tp+1)]α=[y_α(tp+1),y¯α(tp+1)],
where
(31)y_α(tp+1)=y_α(tp)+∫tptp+1‍{αfc(t,y(t))+(1-α)fl(t,y(t))}dt,(32)y¯α(tp+1)=y¯α(tp)+∫tptp+1‍{αfc(t,y(t))+(1-α)fr(t,y(t))}dt.
According to (25), if (26) and (27) are situated in (31), (27) and (28) in (32), we obtain
(33)y_p+1α=y_pα+∫tptp+1‍{α[l0(t)fc(tp,yp)+l1(t)fc(tp+1,yp+1)]fffgfff+(1-α)fffgfff×[l0(t)fl(tp,yp)fffgffffff+l1(t)fl(tp+1,yp+1)]}dt.
By integration we have
(34)y_p+1α=y_pα+h2×[αfc(tp,yp)+(1-α)fl(tp,yp)ff+αfc(tp+1,yp+1)+(1-α)fl(tp+1,yp+1)].
By (16) deduce
(35)y_p+1α=y_pα+h2[f_α(tp,yp)+f_α(tp+1,yp+1)].
Similarly we obtain
(36)y¯p+1α=y¯pα+h2[f¯α(tp,yp)+f¯α(tp+1,yp+1)].
Therefore, Trapezoidal rule is obtained as follows:
(37)y_p+1α=y_pα+h2[f_α(tp,yp)+f_α(tp+1,yp+1)],y¯p+1α=y¯pα+h2[f¯α(tp,yp)+f¯α(tp+1,yp+1)],y_pα=γ_,y¯pα=γ¯,
for 0≤p<N.


## 3.2. Convergence and Stability

Suppose the exact solution(Y_(t;α),Y¯(t;α)) is approximated by some (y_(t;α),y¯(t;α)). The exact and approximate solutions at tn,0≤n≤N, are denoted by [Yn]α=[Y_nα,Y¯nα] and [yn]α=[y_nα,y¯nα], respectively. Our next result determines the pointwise convergence of the Trapezoidal approximates to the exact solution. The following lemma will be applied to show convergence of these approximates; that is,
(38)limh→0y_(t;h;α)=Y_(t;α),limh→0y¯(t;h;α)=Y¯(t;α).Lemma 11.
Let a sequence of numbers{wn}n=0N satisfy
(39)|wn+1|≤A|wn|+B,0≤n≤N-1,
for some given positive constant A and B. Then
(40)|wn|≤AN|w0|+BAn-1A-1,0≤n≤N-1.Proof.
See [15].LetF(t,u,v) and G(t,u,v) be the functions F and G of (22), where u and v are constants and u≤v. The domain where F and G are defined is therefore
(41)K={(t,u,v)∣t0≤t≤T,-∞<v<∞,-∞<u≤v}.Theorem 12.
LetF(t,u,v) and G(t,u,v) belong to C2(K), and let the partial derivatives of F, G be bounded over K. Then for arbitrary fixed α:0≤α≤1, the Trapezoidal rule approximate of (37) converges to the exact solutions Y_(t;α), Y¯(t;α) uniformly in t, for Y_,Y¯∈C3[t0,T].Proof.
It is sufficient to show that(42)limh→0y_Nα=Y_(T;α),limh→0y¯Nα=Y¯(T;α).
By using Taylor’s theorem, we get
(43)Y_p+1α=Y_pα+h2×[F(tp,Y_pα,Y¯pα)+F(tp+1,Y_p+1α,Y¯p+1α)]+h312Y_′′′(ξ_p),Y¯p+1α=Y¯pα+h2×[G(tp,Y_pα,Y¯pα)+G(tp+1,Y_p+1α,Y¯p+1α)]+h312Y¯′′′(ξ¯p),
where tp<ξ_p, ξ¯p<tp+1. Consequently,
(44)Y_p+1α-y_p+1α=Y_pα-y_pα+h2×{F(tp,Y_pα,Y¯pα)-F(tp,y_pα,y¯pα)+F(tp+1,Y_p+1α,Y¯p+1α)ffff-F(tp+1,y_p+1α,y¯p+1α)}+h312Y_′′′(ξ_p),Y¯p+1α-y¯p+1α=Y¯pα-y¯pα+h2×{G(tp,Y_pα,Y¯pα)-G(tp,y_pα,y¯pα)ffffff+G(tp+1,Y_p+1α,Y¯p+1α)ffffff-G(tp+1,y_p+1α,y¯p+1α)}+h312Y_′′′(ξ_p).
Denote wn=Y_nα-y_nα and vn=Y¯nα-y¯nα. Then
(45)|wp+1|≤|wp|+h×[L1max{|wp|,|vp|}+L2max{|wp+1|,|vp+1|}]+h312M_,(46)|vp+1|≤|vp|+h×[L1max{|wp|,|vp|}+L2max{|wp+1|,|vp+1|}]+h312M¯,
where M_=maxt0≤t≤T|Y_′′′(t;α)| and M¯=maxt0≤t≤T|Y¯′′′(t;α)|, and L1,L2>0 is a bound for partial derivatives of F and G in tp, tp+1. Thus,
(47)|wp+1|+|vp+1|≤|wp|+|vp|+2h×[L1max{|wp|,|vp|}+L2max{|wp+1|,|vp+1|}]+h312(M_+M¯)≤|wp|+|vp|+2h×[L1(|wp|+|vp|)+L2(|wp+1|+|vp+1|)]+h312(M_+M¯).
If we put |up|=|wp|+|vp| and L=max{L1,L2}<1/2h, then
(48)|up+1|≤(1+2hL)|up|+2hL|up+1|+h312(M_+M¯)≤(1+2hL1-2hL)|up|+h312(1-2hL)(M_+M¯).
Then by Lemma 11 and w0=v0=0, we have
(49)|up|≤h312(1-2hL)(M_+M¯)((1+2hL)/(1-2hL))n-1((1+2hL)/(1-2hL))-1.
If h→0, then wn→0, vn→0 which concludes the proof.Remark 13.
According to Definition3, Trapezoidal rule is a second-order method. In fact we may consider the definition of convergence order given in Definition 3 for system of ODEs.Theorem 14.
Trapezoidal rule is stable.Proof.
For Trapezoidal rule exists only one characteristic polynomialρ(ξ)=ξ-1, and it is clear that satisfies the root condition. Then by Theorem 2, the Trapezoidal rule is stable.


## 3.3. Numerical Results

In this section we apply Trapezoidal rule for numerical solution of two linear fuzzy differential equations. We compare our results with Midpoint rule. The authors in [13] have presented the Midpoint rule for numerical solution of FDEs as follows:
(50)y_p+1α=y_p-1α+2hf_α(tp,yp),y¯p+1α=y¯p-1α+2hf¯α(tp,yp),y_p-1α=α0,y_pα=α1,y¯pα=α2,y¯p-1α=α3.
The Midpoint rule is a second-order and stable method [13].In the following two examples, the implicit nature of Trapezoidal rule for solving linear  fuzzy differential equation is implemented by solving a linear system at each stage of computation.Example 15 (see [13]).
Consider the initial value problem(51)y′(t)=-y(t)+t+1,y(0)=[0.96+0.04α,1.01-0.01α].
The exact solution at t=0.1 for 0≤α≤1 is given by
(52)Y_(0.1;α)=0.1+(0.985+0.015α)e-0.1-(1-α)0.025e0.1,Y¯(0.1;α)=0.1+(0.985+0.015α)e-0.1+(1-α)0.025e0.1.
A comparison between the exact solution, Y(t;α), and the approximate solutions by Midpoint method [13], yMid(t;α), and Trapezoidal method, y(t;α), at t=0.1 with N=10, is shown in Table 1 and Figure 1.Table 1
α
y
_
y
_
Mid
Y
_
y
¯
y
¯
Mid
Y
¯
0
0.9636348
0.9686955
0.9636356
1.0188934
1.0138372
1.0188941
0.1
0.9677550
0.9723098
0.9677558
1.0174878
1.0129374
1.0174885
0.2
0.9718752
0.9759241
0.9718760
1.0160820
1.0120376
1.0160828
0.3
0.9759954
0.9795385
0.9759961
1.0146763
1.0111377
1.0146772
0.4
0.9801155
0.9831529
0.9801163
1.0132707
1.0102379
1.0132715
0.5
0.9842358
0.9867672
0.9842365
1.0118650
1.0093381
1.0118657
0.6
0.9883559
0.9903815
0.9883567
1.0104593
1.0084382
1.0104601
0.7
0.9924761
0.9939959
0.9924769
1.0090537
1.0075384
1.0090544
0.8
0.9965963
0.9976103
0.9965971
1.0076480
1.0066386
1.0076487
0.9
1.0007164
1.0012246
1.0007173
1.0062424
1.0057387
1.0062431
1
1.0048367
1.0048389
1.0048374
1.0048367
1.0048389
1.0048374Figure 1
(-) Exact solution, (∘) Trapezoidal, and (+) Midpoint approximated points.Example 16.
Let us consider the first-order fuzzy differential equation(53)y′(t)=-y(t),y(0)=y0,
where y0=[0.96+0.04α,1.01-0.01α].
The exact solution att=0.1 is given by
(54)Y_(0.1;α)=(0.985+0.015α)e-0.1-(1-α)0.025e0.1,Y¯(0.1;α)=(0.985+0.015α)e-0.1+(1-α)0.025e0.1.
A comparison between the exact solution, Y(t;α), and the approximate solutions by Midpoint method, yMid(t;α), and Trapezoidal method, y(t;α), at t=0.1 with N=10, is shown in Table 2 and Figure 2.Table 2
α
y
_
y
_
Mid
Y
_
y
¯
y
¯
Mid
Y
¯
0
0.8636348
0.8686954
0.8636356
0.9188934
0.9138373
0.9188941
0.1
0.8677550
0.8723098
0.8677558
0.9174877
0.9129374
0.9174885
0.2
0.8718752
0.8759242
0.8718759
0.9160821
0.9120376
0.9160828
0.3
0.8759954
0.8795385
0.8759961
0.9146764
0.9111378
0.9146771
0.4
0.8801156
0.8831528
0.8801163
0.9132707
0.9102379
0.9132714
0.5
0.8842357
0.8867672
0.8842365
0.9118651
0.9093381
0.9118658
0.6
0.8883559
0.8903816
0.8883567
0.9104593
0.9084383
0.9104601
0.7
0.8924761
0.8939959
0.8924769
0.9090537
0.9075384
0.9090545
0.8
0.8965963
0.8976102
0.8965970
0.9076480
0.9066386
0.9076487
0.9
0.9007165
0.9012246
0.9007173
0.9062423
0.9057388
0.9062431
1
0.9048367
0.9048389
0.9048374
0.9048367
0.9048389
0.9048374Figure 2
(-) Exact solution, (∘) Trapezoidal, and (+) Midpoint approximated points.


## 4. Hybrid Fuzzy Differential Equations

Consider the hybrid fuzzy differential equation(55)y′(t)=f(t,y(t),λk(yk)),t∈[tk,tk+1],y′(t)if=f(t,y(t),λk(yk)),k=0,1,2,…,y(t0)=y0,
where {tk}k=0∞ is strictly increasing and unbounded, yk denotes y(tk), f:[t0,∞)×ℝF×ℝF→ℝF is continuous, and each λk:ℝF→ℝF is a continuous function. A solution y to (55) will be a function y:[t0,∞)→ℝF satisfying (55). For k=0,1,2,…, let fk:[tk,tk+1]×ℝF→ℝF, where fk(t,yk(t))=f(t,y(t),λk(yk)). The hybrid fuzzy differential equation in (55) can be written in expanded form as
(56)y′(t)={y0′(t)=f(t,y0(t),λ0(y0))≡f0(t,y0(t)),hhhhhhhhhhhhhy0(t0)=y0,t0≤t≤t1,y1′(t)=f(t,y1(t),λ1(y1))≡f1(t,y1(t)),hhhhhhhhhhhhhy1(t1)=y1,t1≤t≤t2,hhhh⋮yk′(t)=f(t,yk(t),λk(yk))≡fk(t,yk(t)),hhhhhhhhhhhhyk(tk)=yk,tk≤t≤tk+1,hhhh⋮
and a solution of (55) can be expressed as
(57)y(t)={y0(t),t0<t≤t1,y1(t),t1<t≤t2,y1⋮yk(t),tk<t≤tk+1,y1⋮
We note that the solution y of (55) is continuous and piecewise differentiable over [t0,∞) and differentiable on each interval (tk,tk+1) for any fixed yk∈ℝF and k=0,1,2,….Theorem 17.
Suppose fork=0,1,2,… that each fk:[tk,tk+1]×ℝF→ℝF is such that
(58)[fk(t,y)]α=[fk_α(t,y_α,y¯α),fk¯α(t,y_α,y¯α)].
If for each k=0,1,2,… there exists Lk>0 such that
(59)|fk_α(t1,x1,y1)-fk_α(t2,x2,y2)|≤Lkmax{|t2-t1|,|x2-x1|,|y2-y1|},|fk¯α(t1,x1,y1)-fk¯α(t2,x2,y2)|≤Lkmax{|t2-t1|,|x2-x1|,|y2-y1|},
for all α∈[0,1], then (55) and the hybrid system of ODEs
(60)(y_kα(t))′=fk_α(t,y_kα(t),y¯kα(t)),(y¯kα(t))′=fk¯α(t,y_kα(t),y¯kα(t)),y_kα(tk)=y_k-1α(tk),ifk>0,y_0α(t0)=y_0α,y¯kα(tk)=y¯k-1α(tk),ifk>0,y¯0α(t0)=y¯0α
are equivalent.Proof.
See [19].


### 4.1. Trapezoidal Rule for Hybrid Fuzzy Differential Equations

For eachα∈[0,1], to numerically solve (55) in [t0,t1],[t1,t2],…,[tk,tk+1],…, replace each interval [tk,tk+1], k=0,1,… by a set of Nk+1 regularly spaced grid points (including the endpoints). The grid point on [tk,tk+1] will be tk,n=tk+nhk, hk=(tk+1-tk)/Nk, 0≤n≤Nk at which the exact solution (y_α(tk,n),y¯α(tk,n)) will be approximated by some (y_k,nα,y¯k,nα). We set y_0,0α=y_0α, y¯0,0α=y¯0α and y_k,0α=y_k-1,Nk-1α, y¯k,0α=y¯k-1,Nk-1α if k≥1.According to Section3, by similar computation we obtain the Trapezoidal rule for solving (60) as follows:
(61)y_k,n+1α=y_k,nα+h2×[fk_α(tk,n,y_k,nα,y¯k,nα)+fk_α(tk,n+1,y_k,n+1α,y¯k,n+1α)],y¯k,n+1α=y¯k,nα+h2×[fk¯α(tk,n,y_k,nα,y¯k,nα)+fk¯α(tk,n+1,y_k,n+1α,y¯k,n+1α)],y_k,nα=y_k,y¯k,nα=y¯k,
for 0≤n<Nk, k=0,1,2,….Next, we give the algorithm to numerically solve (55) in [t0,t1],[t1,t2],…,[tk,tk+1],….First Step. {[(y_0,nα,y¯0,nα)]}n=0N0 will be a numerical solution generated by (61) for k=0 as follows:
(62)(y_0α(t))′=f0_α(t,y_0α(t),y¯0α(t)),(y¯0α(t))′=f0¯α(t,y_0α(t),y¯0α(t)),y_0α(t0)=y_0,0α,y¯0α(t0)=y¯0,0α.{[(y_0,nα,y¯0,nα)]}n=0N0 is a numerical solution of (60) over [t0,t1].Second Step. For each k≥1, {[(y_k,nα,y¯k,nα)]}n=0Nk will be numerical solution generated by (61) for
(63)(y_kα(t))′=fk_α(t,x_kα(t),x¯kα(t)),(y¯kα(t))′=fk¯α(t,x_kα(t),x¯kα(t)),y_kα(tk)=y_k,0α,y¯kα(tk)=y¯k,0α,
where y_k,0α=y_k-1,Nk-1α, y¯k,0α=y_k-1,Nk-1α.{[(y_k,nα,y¯k,nα)]}n=0Nk is a numerical solution of (60) over [tk,tk+1] for each k≥1.For arbitrary fixedα∈[0,1] and k, we can prove that the numerical solution of (55) converges to the exact solution; that is,
(64)limh0,…,hk→0y_k,Nkα=y_(tk+1),limh0,…,hk→0y¯k,Nkα=y¯(tk+1).
The Trapezoidal rule is a one-step method as the Euler method. Therefore, the proof of the convergence closely follows the idea of the proof of Theorem 3.2 in [18] and Theorem 4.1 in [19].Theorem 18.
Consider the system of (55). Suppose for some fixed k and α∈[0,1] that {[(y_i,niα,y¯i,niα)]}i=0k, where 0≤ni≤Ni is obtained by (61). Then
(65)limh0,…,hk→0y_k,Nkα=y_(tk+1),limh0,…,hk→0y¯k,Nkα=y¯(tk+1).Proof.
See [19].Example 19.
Consider the following hybrid fuzzy system:(66)y′(t)=y(t)+m(t)λk(y(tk)),t∈[tk,tk+1],hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhtk=k,k=0,1,2,…,y(0)=γ,
where γ is a triangular fuzzy number having α-level sets [γ]α=[0.75+0.25α,1.125-0.125α],
(67)m(t)={2(t(mod1)),ift(mod1)≤0.5,2(1-t(mod1)),ift(mod1)>0.5,λk(μ)={0^,ifk=0,μ,ifk∈{1,2,…}.
By [19, Example 1], we know (66) has a unique solution and the exact solution on [0,2] is given by
(68)[y(t)]α=[(0.75+0.25α)et,(1.125-0.125α)et],hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhht∈[0,1],[y(t)]α={y(1)(3et-1-2t),t∈[1,1.5],y(1)(2t-2+et-1.5(3e-4)),t∈[1.5,2].
To numerically solve the hybrid fuzzy initial value problem (66) we apply the Trapezoidal rule for hybrid fuzzy differential equations.
A comparison between the exact solution and the approximate solutions by Midpoint method and Trapezoidal method att=2 with N=10 is shown in Table 3 and Figure 3.Table 3
α
y
_
y
_
Mid
Y
_
y
¯
y
¯
Mid
Y
¯
0
7.2644238
7.2370696
7.2577319
10.8966360
10.8556042
10.8865976
0.1
7.5065713
7.4783049
7.4996562
10.7755623
10.7349863
10.7656355
0.1
7.7487187
7.7195406
7.7415805
10.6544886
10.6143684
10.6446733
0.1
7.9908662
7.9607763
7.9835048
10.5334148
10.4937506
10.5237112
0.1
8.2330141
8.2020121
8.2254295
10.4123411
10.3731327
10.4027491
0.1
8.4751616
8.4432478
8.4673538
10.2912674
10.2525148
10.2817869
0.1
8.7173090
8.6844835
8.7092781
10.1701937
10.1318970
10.1608248
0.1
8.9594564
8.9257193
8.9512024
10.0491199
10.0112791
10.0398626
0.1
9.2016039
9.1669550
9.1931267
9.9280462
9.8906612
9.9189005
0.1
9.4437513
9.4081898
9.4350510
9.8069725
9.7700434
9.7979374
1
9.6858988
9.6494255
9.6769753
9.6858988
9.6494255
9.6769753Figure 3
(-) Exact solution, (∘) Trapezoidal, and (+) Midpoint approximated points.


## 4.1. Trapezoidal Rule for Hybrid Fuzzy Differential Equations

For eachα∈[0,1], to numerically solve (55) in [t0,t1],[t1,t2],…,[tk,tk+1],…, replace each interval [tk,tk+1], k=0,1,… by a set of Nk+1 regularly spaced grid points (including the endpoints). The grid point on [tk,tk+1] will be tk,n=tk+nhk, hk=(tk+1-tk)/Nk, 0≤n≤Nk at which the exact solution (y_α(tk,n),y¯α(tk,n)) will be approximated by some (y_k,nα,y¯k,nα). We set y_0,0α=y_0α, y¯0,0α=y¯0α and y_k,0α=y_k-1,Nk-1α, y¯k,0α=y¯k-1,Nk-1α if k≥1.According to Section3, by similar computation we obtain the Trapezoidal rule for solving (60) as follows:
(61)y_k,n+1α=y_k,nα+h2×[fk_α(tk,n,y_k,nα,y¯k,nα)+fk_α(tk,n+1,y_k,n+1α,y¯k,n+1α)],y¯k,n+1α=y¯k,nα+h2×[fk¯α(tk,n,y_k,nα,y¯k,nα)+fk¯α(tk,n+1,y_k,n+1α,y¯k,n+1α)],y_k,nα=y_k,y¯k,nα=y¯k,
for 0≤n<Nk, k=0,1,2,….Next, we give the algorithm to numerically solve (55) in [t0,t1],[t1,t2],…,[tk,tk+1],….First Step. {[(y_0,nα,y¯0,nα)]}n=0N0 will be a numerical solution generated by (61) for k=0 as follows:
(62)(y_0α(t))′=f0_α(t,y_0α(t),y¯0α(t)),(y¯0α(t))′=f0¯α(t,y_0α(t),y¯0α(t)),y_0α(t0)=y_0,0α,y¯0α(t0)=y¯0,0α.{[(y_0,nα,y¯0,nα)]}n=0N0 is a numerical solution of (60) over [t0,t1].Second Step. For each k≥1, {[(y_k,nα,y¯k,nα)]}n=0Nk will be numerical solution generated by (61) for
(63)(y_kα(t))′=fk_α(t,x_kα(t),x¯kα(t)),(y¯kα(t))′=fk¯α(t,x_kα(t),x¯kα(t)),y_kα(tk)=y_k,0α,y¯kα(tk)=y¯k,0α,
where y_k,0α=y_k-1,Nk-1α, y¯k,0α=y_k-1,Nk-1α.{[(y_k,nα,y¯k,nα)]}n=0Nk is a numerical solution of (60) over [tk,tk+1] for each k≥1.For arbitrary fixedα∈[0,1] and k, we can prove that the numerical solution of (55) converges to the exact solution; that is,
(64)limh0,…,hk→0y_k,Nkα=y_(tk+1),limh0,…,hk→0y¯k,Nkα=y¯(tk+1).
The Trapezoidal rule is a one-step method as the Euler method. Therefore, the proof of the convergence closely follows the idea of the proof of Theorem 3.2 in [18] and Theorem 4.1 in [19].Theorem 18.
Consider the system of (55). Suppose for some fixed k and α∈[0,1] that {[(y_i,niα,y¯i,niα)]}i=0k, where 0≤ni≤Ni is obtained by (61). Then
(65)limh0,…,hk→0y_k,Nkα=y_(tk+1),limh0,…,hk→0y¯k,Nkα=y¯(tk+1).Proof.
See [19].Example 19.
Consider the following hybrid fuzzy system:(66)y′(t)=y(t)+m(t)λk(y(tk)),t∈[tk,tk+1],hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhtk=k,k=0,1,2,…,y(0)=γ,
where γ is a triangular fuzzy number having α-level sets [γ]α=[0.75+0.25α,1.125-0.125α],
(67)m(t)={2(t(mod1)),ift(mod1)≤0.5,2(1-t(mod1)),ift(mod1)>0.5,λk(μ)={0^,ifk=0,μ,ifk∈{1,2,…}.
By [19, Example 1], we know (66) has a unique solution and the exact solution on [0,2] is given by
(68)[y(t)]α=[(0.75+0.25α)et,(1.125-0.125α)et],hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhht∈[0,1],[y(t)]α={y(1)(3et-1-2t),t∈[1,1.5],y(1)(2t-2+et-1.5(3e-4)),t∈[1.5,2].
To numerically solve the hybrid fuzzy initial value problem (66) we apply the Trapezoidal rule for hybrid fuzzy differential equations.
A comparison between the exact solution and the approximate solutions by Midpoint method and Trapezoidal method att=2 with N=10 is shown in Table 3 and Figure 3.Table 3
α
y
_
y
_
Mid
Y
_
y
¯
y
¯
Mid
Y
¯
0
7.2644238
7.2370696
7.2577319
10.8966360
10.8556042
10.8865976
0.1
7.5065713
7.4783049
7.4996562
10.7755623
10.7349863
10.7656355
0.1
7.7487187
7.7195406
7.7415805
10.6544886
10.6143684
10.6446733
0.1
7.9908662
7.9607763
7.9835048
10.5334148
10.4937506
10.5237112
0.1
8.2330141
8.2020121
8.2254295
10.4123411
10.3731327
10.4027491
0.1
8.4751616
8.4432478
8.4673538
10.2912674
10.2525148
10.2817869
0.1
8.7173090
8.6844835
8.7092781
10.1701937
10.1318970
10.1608248
0.1
8.9594564
8.9257193
8.9512024
10.0491199
10.0112791
10.0398626
0.1
9.2016039
9.1669550
9.1931267
9.9280462
9.8906612
9.9189005
0.1
9.4437513
9.4081898
9.4350510
9.8069725
9.7700434
9.7979374
1
9.6858988
9.6494255
9.6769753
9.6858988
9.6494255
9.6769753Figure 3
(-) Exact solution, (∘) Trapezoidal, and (+) Midpoint approximated points.


## 5. Conclusion

We have presented Trapezoidal rule for numerical solution of first-order fuzzy differential equations and hybrid  fuzzy differential equations. Also convergence and stability of the method are studied. To illustrate the efficiency of the new method, we have compared our method with the Midpoint rule in some examples. We have shown the global error in Trapezoidal rule is much less than in Midpoint rule.For future research, we will apply Trapezoidal rule to fuzzy differential equations and hybrid fuzzy differential equations under generalized Hukuhara differentiability. Also one can apply Trapezoidal rule and Midpoint rule as a predictor-corrector method to solve FDE and HFDE.



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*Source: 735128-2013-10-08.xml*