# Reliability-Based Multidisciplinary Design Optimization under Correlated Uncertainties

Authors: Huanwei Xu; Xin Wang; Wei Li; Mufeng Li; Suichuan Zhang; Cong Hu
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2017)

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## Abstract

Complex mechanical system is usually composed of several subsystems, which are often coupled with each other. Reliability-based multidisciplinary design optimization (RBMDO) is an efficient method to design such complex system under uncertainties. However, the present RBMDO methods ignored the correlations between uncertainties. In this paper, through combining the ellipsoidal set theory and first-order reliability method (FORM) for multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO), characteristics of correlated uncertainties are investigated. Furthermore, to improve computational efficiency, the sequential optimization and reliability assessment (SORA) strategy is utilized to obtain the optimization result. Both a mathematical example and a case study of an engineering system are provided to illustrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The conventional MDO is a deterministic method, which considers the loads, material properties, geometry dimensions, and so on as deterministic factors. However, uncertainties often exist during entire life cycle of the mechanical systems. The MDO results might be inaccurate due to these uncertainties and their propagations between subsystems. For instance, Du and Chen [1] proposed an integrated MDO method by using the system uncertainty analysis (SUA) and concurrent subsystems uncertainty analysis (CSSUA) methods [2]. Gu et al. [3, 4] proposed an implicit uncertainty delivery method to estimate the uncertainties. Sankararaman et al. [5, 6] utilized Bayesian statistics to solve the presence of incomplete information in actual design situations. Yao et al. [7] presented a RBMDO procedure based on combined probability and evidence theory to solve the problem under aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. Jiang et al. [8] proposed a spatial-random-process (SRP) based on multidisciplinary uncertainty analysis (MUA) method to address both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. For more details on how to conduct mechanical design under uncertainties, including physics-based and reliability-based design, one can refer to [9–18].Recently, reliability analysis in MDO has been paid more attention. Agarwal et al. [15] quantified uncertainties using evidence theory and then applied the sequential approximate optimization approach to drive the design optimization. Du and Chen [16] presented a modified concurrent subsystem uncertainty analysis (MCSSUA) method for uncertainty analysis in MDO. Park et al. [17, 18] combined reliability-based design optimization, possibility-based design optimization, and robust design optimization methods with the MDO method to obtain the reliable results. Lin and Gea [19] developed a probabilistic gradient-based transformation method (PGTM) to solve the complex design optimization problems under design uncertainties. Ahn and Kwon [20] presented an efficient reliability-based multidisciplinary design optimization strategy using BLISS. For ensuring the operational reliability of engineering critical components, Zhu et al. [21–23] studied a unified failure criterion for structural integrity analysis and life assessment of critical components operating under harsh conditions.The above-mentioned reliability-based multidisciplinary design optimization (RBMDO) methods intend to quantify and model various uncertainties with an assumption that these uncertainties are independent of each other. However, uncertainties are often correlated in real mechanical design problems [24–26]. According to this, a new MDO approach based on the ellipsoidal set theory and first-order reliability method is proposed to handle correlated uncertainties in this paper.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section2 investigates the characteristics of correlated uncertainties. In Section 3, a mathematical model based on the ellipsoidal set theory and first-order reliability method is elaborated to estimate the correlated uncertainties. Section 4 presents a new RBMDO method considering correlated uncertainties. In Section 5, the proposed method is illustrated with a mathematical example and an engineering example. Conclusions are made in Section 6.


## 2. Correlated Uncertainty Analysis

### 2.1. Definition of Correlated Uncertainties

LetX present n-dimensional uncertainties, X∈Rn, and all possible values of uncertainties can be described by a multidimensional ellipsoidal set E:(1)X∈E=X∣X-X-TQX-X-≤ε2,where X- is the nominal value of design variable, Q is the symmetric characteristic matrix which determines the shape and principal axis direction of the ellipsoid, and ε is the radius of the ellipsoid.LetXU, XL be the low and upper bounds of X, respectively, and the nominal value X- can be obtained by(2)X-=XL+XU2.The ellipsoidal model under correlated uncertainties is derived as follows:(3)G=X-X-TC-1X-X-=x1-x-1⋮⋮xn-x-nTDx1Covx1,x2⋯Covx1,xnCovx2,x1Dx2⋯Covx2,xn⋮⋮⋱⋮Covxn,x1Covxn,x2⋯Dxn-1x1-x-1⋮⋮xn-x-n≤ε2,where Cov(xi,xj) is the covariance of xi and xj. ρxixj is the correlation coefficient of xi and xj; the correlation between uncertainties xi and xj can be expressed as (4)Covxi,xj=ρxixjσxiσxj=ρxixjDxiDxj,where σxi is the standard deviation of xi and  D(xi) is the variance of xi.In this analysis, take two correlated uncertainties as an example:X=[x1,x2], and x1∈[1,5], x2∈[1,5]. The correlation coefficient matrix ρ0 is as follows: (5)ρ0=10.30.31and the covariance matrix C0 is(6)C0=430.40.443.Using (3), the corresponding ellipsoidal model G0 is constructed as follows:(7)G0=x-x¯TC0x-x¯=x-3x-3T430.40.443-1x-3x-3≤ε2.According to the minimal volume method [27], we have ε=3. The corresponding schematic diagram of these two correlated uncertainties is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Schematic diagram of two correlated uncertainties.


## 2.1. Definition of Correlated Uncertainties

LetX present n-dimensional uncertainties, X∈Rn, and all possible values of uncertainties can be described by a multidimensional ellipsoidal set E:(1)X∈E=X∣X-X-TQX-X-≤ε2,where X- is the nominal value of design variable, Q is the symmetric characteristic matrix which determines the shape and principal axis direction of the ellipsoid, and ε is the radius of the ellipsoid.LetXU, XL be the low and upper bounds of X, respectively, and the nominal value X- can be obtained by(2)X-=XL+XU2.The ellipsoidal model under correlated uncertainties is derived as follows:(3)G=X-X-TC-1X-X-=x1-x-1⋮⋮xn-x-nTDx1Covx1,x2⋯Covx1,xnCovx2,x1Dx2⋯Covx2,xn⋮⋮⋱⋮Covxn,x1Covxn,x2⋯Dxn-1x1-x-1⋮⋮xn-x-n≤ε2,where Cov(xi,xj) is the covariance of xi and xj. ρxixj is the correlation coefficient of xi and xj; the correlation between uncertainties xi and xj can be expressed as (4)Covxi,xj=ρxixjσxiσxj=ρxixjDxiDxj,where σxi is the standard deviation of xi and  D(xi) is the variance of xi.In this analysis, take two correlated uncertainties as an example:X=[x1,x2], and x1∈[1,5], x2∈[1,5]. The correlation coefficient matrix ρ0 is as follows: (5)ρ0=10.30.31and the covariance matrix C0 is(6)C0=430.40.443.Using (3), the corresponding ellipsoidal model G0 is constructed as follows:(7)G0=x-x¯TC0x-x¯=x-3x-3T430.40.443-1x-3x-3≤ε2.According to the minimal volume method [27], we have ε=3. The corresponding schematic diagram of these two correlated uncertainties is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Schematic diagram of two correlated uncertainties.


## 3. Reliability Analysis under Correlated Uncertainties

In most engineering optimization problems, designers assume that uncertainties are independent of each other. However, correlations often exist among multisource uncertainties. The conventional reliability methods, such as first and second reliability methods, cannot be used to solve such problems directly.


### 3.1. Reliability-Based Design Optimization

Reliability-based design optimization is a commonly used method to obtain design optimization results with acceptable lower failure probability. The reliability design optimization model can be expressed as follows:(8)minfX,Ps.t.PgiX,P≤0≥Ri,where f is the objective function, X is a vector of random design variables, P is a vector of design parameters, gi(X,P)≤0 is the ith constraint, which is also called the limit state function or performance function in reliability analysis, [Ri] represents the minimum reliability accepted by designers, and P[g(X,P)≤0] denotes the probability of design variable X in the feasible region.First-order reliability method (FORM) is a traditional method to calculate the reliability. FORM simplifies the integral operation and approximates limit state function by using the mean and variance of random variables [28, 29]. FORM requires that random variables are independent standard normal distributions. However, the uncertainties are often correlated in real engineering issues. Accordingly, this situation needs to transform correlated uncertainties into independent uncertainties during reliability analysis [30, 31].For independent uncertaintiesY, we need to transform it into a standard normal distribution U by(9)U=Y-μYσY.Then, the Taylor approximation with respect to limit state function can be derived. In order to improve calculation accuracy of Taylor approximation, the value of the probability density at the expansion point (U∗) should be as follows: the bigger the better. When leaving this point the value of probability density function will decline at a faster rate. Thus, U∗ is also called the most probable point (MPP). The mathematical model for solving MPP is shown as follows:(10)minβ=u=uTu=∑i=1nYi-uYiσYi2s.t.gU=0,where U=u12+u22+⋯+un2; in geometric space MPP is the closest point on the limit state function to the origin of coordinates. Let β=U∗, which is the reliability index.Inverse reliability strategy is introduced to solve reliability optimization problems [32]. The strategy tries to find percentage performance gp in the case of a given probability p:(11)PgY,P≤gp=p.Then, this leads to a new performance function:(12)g′Y,P=gX,P-gp.The MPP should satisfy the following formula:(13)β=Φ-1p.The reliability problem can be transformed to find the MPP of the maximum performance function on the circleβ, and the following optimization model can be established:(14)maxgUY,Ps.t.uY=β.


### 3.2. Transformation of Correlated Uncertainties

As mentioned before, current reliability methods cannot be applied to handle correlated uncertainties directly. When uncertainties are statistically correlated, Rosenblatt transformation, Nataf transformation, and orthogonal transformation are often used to handle these uncertainties in reliability analysis. Among them, Rosenblatt transformation needs to know the joint cumulative distribution function of variables in advance. Nataf transformation takes into account the change of correlation caused by transformation process. Orthogonal transformation is relatively simple and easy to be implemented, but it has a premise that the transformation process is basically not to change the relevance of the variables. More details on these three methods can be found in [30]. Since orthogonal transform has shown higher computation efficiency, in this paper, it is used to deal with the correlated uncertainties.Orthogonal transformation can be applied to handle correlated random variables. Let vectorX present the normal correlated random uncertainties: X=x1,x2,…,xnT. The covariance C of X can be expressed as follows:(15)C=Dx1Covx1,x2⋯Covx1,xnCovx2,x1Dx2⋯Covx2,xn⋮⋮⋱⋮Covxn,x1Covxn,x2⋯Dxn.Let the matrix A consist of regularized eigenvectors of C. The matrix A should satisfy the condition that C can be transformed to a diagonal matrix through matrix operation ATCA. Let X=AY, since A-1=AT; this leads to(16)Y=A-1X=ATX,where Y is the linear independent vector and the covariance of Y is DY=diag⁡σ2Yin×n. The mean value and covariance can be expressed by the following formulas, respectively:(17)uY=ATEX(18)DY=ATCA.Linear combination of normal random variables is still a normal random variable. Since the uncorrelated normal random variables are equivalent to the independent normal random variables,Y is the independent normal random variable. Then, the performance function is (19)Z=gX=gXAY=gYY.According to (16), the reliability can be calculated by utilizing FORM.


### 3.3. The Effect of Correlated Uncertainties on Reliability

The correlated uncertainties generally exist in real mechanical design problems. Not considering the correlations between uncertainties might lead to inaccurate design solutions. In this section, a simple mathematical model is taken as an example to illustrate the effect of correlated uncertainties on reliability. Letx1 and x2 be design variables, and x1∈[x1l,x1u], x2∈[x2l,x2u]. The limit state function is given as follows: (20)gX=x1x22-60≤0.If the correlation between the two uncertainties is not considered, the safe region and failure region of limit state function can be obtained as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Safe region and failure region of limit state function (without considering correlations).Assuming that these two uncertainties are correlated and the correlation coefficientρx1x2 is 0.3, the corresponding safe region and failure region are shown in Figure 3.Figure 3
Safe region and failure region of limit state function (considering correlations).Letx1 and x2 be normal distributions with mean 3 and variance 0.3; the correlation coefficient ρx1x2 is 0.3. Firstly, the orthogonal transformation method is utilized to transform correlated X to independent Y; then Y is transformed to the standard normal space U for reliability analysis by using FORM. Figure 4 shows that when the correlations between uncertainties are not considered, the corresponding reliability index is β1=2.26 and when the correlations of uncertainties are considered, the corresponding reliability index is β2=3.27. From this simple mathematical example, a conclusion can be drawn that correlations of uncertainties have shown an influence on reliability.Figure 4
Comparison of reliability results.


## 3.1. Reliability-Based Design Optimization

Reliability-based design optimization is a commonly used method to obtain design optimization results with acceptable lower failure probability. The reliability design optimization model can be expressed as follows:(8)minfX,Ps.t.PgiX,P≤0≥Ri,where f is the objective function, X is a vector of random design variables, P is a vector of design parameters, gi(X,P)≤0 is the ith constraint, which is also called the limit state function or performance function in reliability analysis, [Ri] represents the minimum reliability accepted by designers, and P[g(X,P)≤0] denotes the probability of design variable X in the feasible region.First-order reliability method (FORM) is a traditional method to calculate the reliability. FORM simplifies the integral operation and approximates limit state function by using the mean and variance of random variables [28, 29]. FORM requires that random variables are independent standard normal distributions. However, the uncertainties are often correlated in real engineering issues. Accordingly, this situation needs to transform correlated uncertainties into independent uncertainties during reliability analysis [30, 31].For independent uncertaintiesY, we need to transform it into a standard normal distribution U by(9)U=Y-μYσY.Then, the Taylor approximation with respect to limit state function can be derived. In order to improve calculation accuracy of Taylor approximation, the value of the probability density at the expansion point (U∗) should be as follows: the bigger the better. When leaving this point the value of probability density function will decline at a faster rate. Thus, U∗ is also called the most probable point (MPP). The mathematical model for solving MPP is shown as follows:(10)minβ=u=uTu=∑i=1nYi-uYiσYi2s.t.gU=0,where U=u12+u22+⋯+un2; in geometric space MPP is the closest point on the limit state function to the origin of coordinates. Let β=U∗, which is the reliability index.Inverse reliability strategy is introduced to solve reliability optimization problems [32]. The strategy tries to find percentage performance gp in the case of a given probability p:(11)PgY,P≤gp=p.Then, this leads to a new performance function:(12)g′Y,P=gX,P-gp.The MPP should satisfy the following formula:(13)β=Φ-1p.The reliability problem can be transformed to find the MPP of the maximum performance function on the circleβ, and the following optimization model can be established:(14)maxgUY,Ps.t.uY=β.


## 3.2. Transformation of Correlated Uncertainties

As mentioned before, current reliability methods cannot be applied to handle correlated uncertainties directly. When uncertainties are statistically correlated, Rosenblatt transformation, Nataf transformation, and orthogonal transformation are often used to handle these uncertainties in reliability analysis. Among them, Rosenblatt transformation needs to know the joint cumulative distribution function of variables in advance. Nataf transformation takes into account the change of correlation caused by transformation process. Orthogonal transformation is relatively simple and easy to be implemented, but it has a premise that the transformation process is basically not to change the relevance of the variables. More details on these three methods can be found in [30]. Since orthogonal transform has shown higher computation efficiency, in this paper, it is used to deal with the correlated uncertainties.Orthogonal transformation can be applied to handle correlated random variables. Let vectorX present the normal correlated random uncertainties: X=x1,x2,…,xnT. The covariance C of X can be expressed as follows:(15)C=Dx1Covx1,x2⋯Covx1,xnCovx2,x1Dx2⋯Covx2,xn⋮⋮⋱⋮Covxn,x1Covxn,x2⋯Dxn.Let the matrix A consist of regularized eigenvectors of C. The matrix A should satisfy the condition that C can be transformed to a diagonal matrix through matrix operation ATCA. Let X=AY, since A-1=AT; this leads to(16)Y=A-1X=ATX,where Y is the linear independent vector and the covariance of Y is DY=diag⁡σ2Yin×n. The mean value and covariance can be expressed by the following formulas, respectively:(17)uY=ATEX(18)DY=ATCA.Linear combination of normal random variables is still a normal random variable. Since the uncorrelated normal random variables are equivalent to the independent normal random variables,Y is the independent normal random variable. Then, the performance function is (19)Z=gX=gXAY=gYY.According to (16), the reliability can be calculated by utilizing FORM.


## 3.3. The Effect of Correlated Uncertainties on Reliability

The correlated uncertainties generally exist in real mechanical design problems. Not considering the correlations between uncertainties might lead to inaccurate design solutions. In this section, a simple mathematical model is taken as an example to illustrate the effect of correlated uncertainties on reliability. Letx1 and x2 be design variables, and x1∈[x1l,x1u], x2∈[x2l,x2u]. The limit state function is given as follows: (20)gX=x1x22-60≤0.If the correlation between the two uncertainties is not considered, the safe region and failure region of limit state function can be obtained as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Safe region and failure region of limit state function (without considering correlations).Assuming that these two uncertainties are correlated and the correlation coefficientρx1x2 is 0.3, the corresponding safe region and failure region are shown in Figure 3.Figure 3
Safe region and failure region of limit state function (considering correlations).Letx1 and x2 be normal distributions with mean 3 and variance 0.3; the correlation coefficient ρx1x2 is 0.3. Firstly, the orthogonal transformation method is utilized to transform correlated X to independent Y; then Y is transformed to the standard normal space U for reliability analysis by using FORM. Figure 4 shows that when the correlations between uncertainties are not considered, the corresponding reliability index is β1=2.26 and when the correlations of uncertainties are considered, the corresponding reliability index is β2=3.27. From this simple mathematical example, a conclusion can be drawn that correlations of uncertainties have shown an influence on reliability.Figure 4
Comparison of reliability results.


## 4. Reliability-Based MDO under Correlated Uncertainties

Since a complex designed mechanical system often involves many subsystems, in this section, reliability-based multidisciplinary design optimization is carried out by considering correlated uncertainties.


### 4.1. RBMDO

In this study, we assume that a system is composed of two subsystems, which is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Scheme of two subsystems.According to Figure5, the model of RBMDO is as follows:(21)minfiXs,Ps,Xi,Pi,yijs.t.Pr⁡giXs,Ps,Xi,Pi,yij≤0≥RhiXs,Ps,Xi,Pi,yij=0whereyij=YiXs,Ps,Xi,Pi,yji,i=1,2,where Xs, Ps are the share variables and share parameters, respectively, yij is the coupled state variable from ith subsystem to jth subsystem, Xi and Pi are the local variables and local parameters of ith subsystem, respectively, gi and fi represent the constraints and objective function of ith subsystem, respectively, hi is the equality constraint, Yi is the function to obtain coupled state variable yij, and [R] is the designed reliability.


### 4.2. SAND-RBMDO

Simultaneous analysis and design (SAND) is a typical MDO method. It utilizes optimization solver to substitute the system and/or subsystem analysis, which reduces the high analysis cost. In SAND method, in order to reconcile the inconsistency caused by coupling characteristics of multidiscipline system, the coupled variables are treated as design variables. The framework of SAND-RBMDO is elaborated as shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Framework of SAND-RBMDO.In Figure6, Vi are state variables and Vic are complement variables. The deterministic MDO optimization for the kth iteration can be expressed as(22)minfiXs∗,k-1,Ps,Xi∗,k-1,Pi,Vi,Vics.t.giX-s,Ps,X-i,Pi,Vi,Vic≤0hiX-s,Ps,X-i,Pi,Vi,Vic=0i=1,2,…,n,where X-s, X-i are the nominal values, Xi∗,k-1, Xi∗,k-1 are the MPP point obtained from the (k-1)th iteration of reliability analysis, and Ps, Pi, Vi, Vc are optimization results obtained from deterministic optimization process. The corresponding inverse reliability optimization formula is (23)maxgiPs,Pi,UXs,UXi,Vi,Vics.t.UXs,UXi=β,where β is the reliability index.


### 4.3. CC-SORA-RBMDO

The reliability-based MDO under correlated uncertainties is investigated in this section. The correlations between uncertainties are described by ellipsoidal model in the deterministic MDO process. When the reliability analysis is implemented, the CC-FORM method is used to calculate the reliability index. In order to improve computation efficiency, SORA strategy is applied [33, 34]. The procedure of CC-SORA-RBMDO is shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
The procedure of CC-SORA-RBMDO.According to Figure7, the optimization steps of CC-SORA-RBMDO are given as follows.Step 1.
According to the correlation coefficient of any two uncertainties, obtain the covariance matrix of correlated uncertainties (see (4)); then construct ellipsoidal model (see (3)). The ellipsoidal model is added as constraint Gi(Ps,Pi)≤ε2 in the MDO model. The deterministic MDO (see (22)) is implemented.Step 2.
The optimization result of deterministic MDO can be obtained. The corresponding inverse reliability analysis (see (23)) is implemented by utilizing the FORM method.Step 3.
If the optimization convergence and the reliability requirements of constraints are satisfied, then end the optimization process. Otherwise implement the next step.Step 4.
According to the values of MPP, generate new mean values of correlated uncertainties and implement new deterministic MDO.A corresponding flowchart of the proposed procedure is given in Figure8.Figure 8
Flowchart of the proposed method for CC-SORA-RBMDO.


## 4.1. RBMDO

In this study, we assume that a system is composed of two subsystems, which is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Scheme of two subsystems.According to Figure5, the model of RBMDO is as follows:(21)minfiXs,Ps,Xi,Pi,yijs.t.Pr⁡giXs,Ps,Xi,Pi,yij≤0≥RhiXs,Ps,Xi,Pi,yij=0whereyij=YiXs,Ps,Xi,Pi,yji,i=1,2,where Xs, Ps are the share variables and share parameters, respectively, yij is the coupled state variable from ith subsystem to jth subsystem, Xi and Pi are the local variables and local parameters of ith subsystem, respectively, gi and fi represent the constraints and objective function of ith subsystem, respectively, hi is the equality constraint, Yi is the function to obtain coupled state variable yij, and [R] is the designed reliability.


## 4.2. SAND-RBMDO

Simultaneous analysis and design (SAND) is a typical MDO method. It utilizes optimization solver to substitute the system and/or subsystem analysis, which reduces the high analysis cost. In SAND method, in order to reconcile the inconsistency caused by coupling characteristics of multidiscipline system, the coupled variables are treated as design variables. The framework of SAND-RBMDO is elaborated as shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Framework of SAND-RBMDO.In Figure6, Vi are state variables and Vic are complement variables. The deterministic MDO optimization for the kth iteration can be expressed as(22)minfiXs∗,k-1,Ps,Xi∗,k-1,Pi,Vi,Vics.t.giX-s,Ps,X-i,Pi,Vi,Vic≤0hiX-s,Ps,X-i,Pi,Vi,Vic=0i=1,2,…,n,where X-s, X-i are the nominal values, Xi∗,k-1, Xi∗,k-1 are the MPP point obtained from the (k-1)th iteration of reliability analysis, and Ps, Pi, Vi, Vc are optimization results obtained from deterministic optimization process. The corresponding inverse reliability optimization formula is (23)maxgiPs,Pi,UXs,UXi,Vi,Vics.t.UXs,UXi=β,where β is the reliability index.


## 4.3. CC-SORA-RBMDO

The reliability-based MDO under correlated uncertainties is investigated in this section. The correlations between uncertainties are described by ellipsoidal model in the deterministic MDO process. When the reliability analysis is implemented, the CC-FORM method is used to calculate the reliability index. In order to improve computation efficiency, SORA strategy is applied [33, 34]. The procedure of CC-SORA-RBMDO is shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
The procedure of CC-SORA-RBMDO.According to Figure7, the optimization steps of CC-SORA-RBMDO are given as follows.Step 1.
According to the correlation coefficient of any two uncertainties, obtain the covariance matrix of correlated uncertainties (see (4)); then construct ellipsoidal model (see (3)). The ellipsoidal model is added as constraint Gi(Ps,Pi)≤ε2 in the MDO model. The deterministic MDO (see (22)) is implemented.Step 2.
The optimization result of deterministic MDO can be obtained. The corresponding inverse reliability analysis (see (23)) is implemented by utilizing the FORM method.Step 3.
If the optimization convergence and the reliability requirements of constraints are satisfied, then end the optimization process. Otherwise implement the next step.Step 4.
According to the values of MPP, generate new mean values of correlated uncertainties and implement new deterministic MDO.A corresponding flowchart of the proposed procedure is given in Figure8.Figure 8
Flowchart of the proposed method for CC-SORA-RBMDO.


## 5. Case Studies

In this section, both a mathematical example and a case study of an engineering system are utilized to illustrate feasibility and validity of the proposed method.


### 5.1. A Mathematical Example

A classical MDO problem is introduced to illustrate the proposed MDO method [35]. The problem has two subsystems. Coupling relationship exists between these two subsystems, as shown in Figure 9. The mathematical expression is listed as follows:(24)minf=ps+xs2+p1+x12+p2+x22s.t.Pr⁡g1=x1x2-ps+xs+2p1+2y21≤0≥R1Pr⁡g2=5ps+5xs+3p2-4y12-x2-3≤0≥R2y12=ps+xs+p1+y21y21=ps+xs+p2-y12,where f is the objective function, xs, ps are the sharing design variable and sharing random design parameter, respectively, x1, p1 are the local design variable and local random design parameter of subsystem 1, x2, p2 are the local design variable and local random design parameter of subsystem 2, and y12 and y21 are the coupled state variables.Figure 9
The diagram of mathematical example.The information of design variablesxs, x1, x2 and design parameters p1, p2, p3 is listed in Table 1.Table 1
The information of design variables and design parameters.
x
s
x
1
x
2
p
1
p
2
p
3
[
0,5
]
[
0,5
]
[
0,5
]
0
5
1The mean values ofxs, x1, x2 are 2.5, 2.5, 2.5. The correlation coefficient matrix ρX of design variables is(25)ρX=10.20.10.21-0.30.1-0.31.The covariance matrix CX is(26)CX=25125125245122512-58524-582512.The corresponding ellipsoidal model GX is derived according to (3) as follows:(27)GX=X-X-TC-1X-X-=xs-2.5x1-2.5x2-2.5T25125125245122512-58524-582512-1xs-2.5x1-2.5x2-2.5≤ε2.For random design parameters, Rosenblatt transformation, orthogonal transformation, or Nataf transformation is used to convert correlated design parameters to independent design parameters. The correlation coefficient matrixρP of design parameters is(28)ρP=10.40.30.410.30.30.31.The covariance matrixCP is(29)CP=0.10.08940.030.08940.50.06710.030.06710.1.Normalize the eigenvectors ofCP:(30)A=-0.7871-0.57950.21140.06790.25920.96340.6131-0.77230.1646.According to the following transformation(31)P=AY,we have(32)p1=-0.7871y1-0.5795y2+0.2114y3p2=0.0679y1+0.2592y2+0.9634y3p3=0.6131y1-0.7723y2+0.1646y3.Through converting the vectorP into the linear independent vector Y, the covariance matrix of Y is DY=diagσ2Yin×n. The mean value and variance of Y can be expressed as uY=ATEP and  DY=ATCPA. The corresponding function g(P)=gP(AY)=gY(Y); then we can convert Y to the standard normal space by(33)U=Y-EYDY.Then, the FORM method is used to obtain MPP (U∗). When the deterministic MDO is implemented, the vector P can be obtained by (31)-(33).The deterministic optimization problem can be solved by using SAND method. The MPP(us∗,c,(1),u1∗,c,(1),u2∗,c,(1)), (us∗,c,(2),u1∗,c,(2),u2∗,c,(2)) of g1 and g2 can be obtained from the previous cycle of reliability analysis. Then deterministic MDO optimization can be implemented by switching random variables from the U space into the P space. The frame of deterministic MDO is as follows: (34)minf=xs+p-s2+x1+p-12+x2+p-22s.t.g1=p1∗,1p2∗,1-xs+ps∗,1+2x1+2y21≤0g2=5xs+5ps∗,2+3x2-4y12-p2∗,2-3≤0y12=xs+ps∗,1,2+x1+y21y21=xs+ps∗,1,2+x2-y12GX≤ε2P=ps,p1,p2X=xs,x1,x2.The design variables DV =(xs,x1,x2,y12,y21); through substituting the optimization result into reliability analysis, the corresponding MPP of g1 can be obtained by (35)maxg1=u1+u1c,1σ1u2+u2c,1σ2-xs+us+usc,1σs+2x1+2y21s.t.usc,12+u1c,12+u2c,12=β,where the design variables DV = (usc,(1),u1c,(1),u2c,(1)) by considering the correlations of random variables. Similarly, the MPP of g2 can be obtained. R1=R2=Φ(β)=0.98.The optimization results are shown in Table2. CASE 1 is the RBMDO optimization result without considering correlations between uncertainties; CASE 2 is the RBMDO optimization result by considering correlations between design variables; CASE 3 is the RBMDO optimization result by considering correlations between design parameters; CASE 4 is the RBMDO optimization result by considering correlations between both design variables and design parameters. For this mathematical example, note from Table 2 that the optimization result of CASE 2 is similar to that of CASE 1, which means the correlations between design variables have less effect on optimization result. The optimization results of CASE 3 and CASE 4 are different from that of CASE 1, which means the correlations between design parameters have great effect on optimization result. Apparently, correlations between uncertainties have shown significant influence on the optimization results. Therefore, for accurate and informative optimization results in practical engineering, correlations must be considered during the MDO procedure.Table 2
Optimization results.
x
s
x
1
x
2
f
P
r
1
P
r
2
CASE 1
3.1066
1.1928
2.2321
58.4484
0.9800
0.9801
CASE 2
3.0474
1.2332
2.2410
58.6440
0.9800
0.9893
CASE 3
3.1742
0.5549
2.0549
50.2650
0.9901
0.9886
CASE 4
3.2704
0.6254
2.0549
52.1088
0.9893
0.9893


### 5.2. An Engineering Example

#### 5.2.1. Problem Description

This is a design optimization problem of the four-high rolling mill stand [36]. The simplified structure diagram of roller base is shown in Figure 10.Figure 10
Simplified structure diagram of four-high rolling mill stand.The heighth1 of column cross-section, the height h2 of upper beam cross-section, the height h3 of lower beam cross-section, and the diameter D1 of supporting roll are treated as design variables:(36)V=h1,h2,h3,D1T=x1,x2,x3,x4T.The widthb1 of column cross-section, the width b2 of upper beam cross-section, and the width b3 of lower beam cross-section are treated as design parameters:(37)P=b1,b2,b3=p1,p2,p3.The objective function is to minimize the stand bounce value, which is composed of six parts:(1)
The bending deformation of lower and upper beams caused by the bending moment:(38)f1=1.91×10-6×x1+0.593×1p2x23+1p3x33×1-0.75×1+x2+x3+4.3p2p13p3x33x1+0.59p1x13p2x23+p3x33-1(2)
The bending deformation of the upper and lower beams caused by shear stress:(39)f2=3.704×10-6×x1+0.59×1x2p2+1x3p3(3)
Tensile deformation of the columns:(40)f3=5.119×10-6×1x1p1(4)
The bending deformation of supporting rolls caused by the bending moment:(41)f4=0.9671×10-6×1x44×8p1+0.6563-0.64p1+0.656+0.64+8x2+0.2563×218.8x44-1(5)
The bending deformation of the supporting rolls caused by shear stress:(42)f5x,p=1.533×10-5×1x42×p1+0.656-0.2+p1+0.256×14.79x42-1(6)
The squash deformation between working rolls and supporting rolls:(43)f6=0.263×10-4ln⁡0.5904×105×p4+0.28.The main constraints are the deformation, stiffness, and stress requirements. There are twelve constraints in the model:(1)
The contact strength of roll:(44)g1=0.89×106×1+0.28x4-1.61×106≤0(2)
The bending strength of dangerous section of supporting roll:(45)g2=0.1678×106×p1+0.256-0.125×106≤0(3)
The composite tensile and bending strength of column (σP=0.055×106KN/m2):(46)g3=500x1p1+750p1+0.59x12p1×11+x2+x3+4.3p2x23p3x33/x1+0.59p1x13p2x23+p3x33-σP≤0(4)
The bending strength of upper and lower beams:(47)g4=1.5×103x1+0.59p2x22×1-121+1+x2+x3+4.3p2x23p3x33/p1+0.59p2p13p2x23+p3x33-0.055×106≤0g5=1.5×103x1+0.59p3x32×1-121+1+x2+x3+4.3p2x23p3x33/x1+0.59p1x13p2x23+p3x33-0.055×106≤0(5)
The dimension restrictions:(48)g6=p1-x1≤0;g7=p2-x2≤0;g8=p3-x3≤0;g9=0.26-p1≤0;g10=x2-2.5p2≤0;g11=x3-2.5p3≤0(6)
The weight of four-high rolling mill stand being not more than the existing similar four-high rolling mill stand’s:(49)g12=15.6×2.15x1p1+x1+0.295x2p2+x3p3-7.484≤0.As mentioned before, the system can be divided to the three subsystems, namely, column subsystem, beam subsystem, and support roll subsystem. The frame is shown in Figure11.Figure 11
The MDO framework of four-high mill stand.The variables limits and uncertainties distributions of four-high mill stand are shown in Tables3 and 4, respectively.Table 3
Variables limits (unit: mm).
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
[
200
400
]
[
500
800
]
[
250
650
]
[
336
420
]Table 4
Uncertainties distributions (unit: mm).
Variables
Mean
Coefficient of variation
Type of distribution
p
1
300
10%
Normal
p
2
300
10%
Normal
p
3
400
10%
Normal


#### 5.2.2. Reliability-Based MDO of Four-High Rolling Mill Stand

Takeg3, g4, g5, g12 as probabilistic reliability constraints and accordingly reliability lever is R=Rn=Φ(β)=0.98. The correlation matrix of design variables x1, x2, and x3 is(50)ρ=1-0.2-0.3-0.210.2-0.30.21The correlation matrix of design parameters p1, p2, and p3 is(51)ρP=1-0.20.3-0.210.20.30.21.The optimization results of four-high rolling mill stand are shown in Table5. CASE 1 is reliability-based MDO optimization results without considering correlations between uncertainties; CASE 2 is reliability-based MDO optimization results with correlations between uncertainties.Table 5
Optimization results.
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
f
P
r
3
P
r
4
P
r
5
P
r
12
CASE 1
305
665
461
420
1.0210
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9812
CASE 2
336
653
500
394
1.0732
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9801Note from Table5 that, compared with optimization results obtained by CASE 1, the objective function increases 5.11% by using our proposed method. This is consistent with the observation from the mathematical example that the conventional reliability-based MDO method tends to give inaccurate and optimistic results. Moreover, the proposed method generates results that are more informative and applicable to the engineering reality.


## 5.1. A Mathematical Example

A classical MDO problem is introduced to illustrate the proposed MDO method [35]. The problem has two subsystems. Coupling relationship exists between these two subsystems, as shown in Figure 9. The mathematical expression is listed as follows:(24)minf=ps+xs2+p1+x12+p2+x22s.t.Pr⁡g1=x1x2-ps+xs+2p1+2y21≤0≥R1Pr⁡g2=5ps+5xs+3p2-4y12-x2-3≤0≥R2y12=ps+xs+p1+y21y21=ps+xs+p2-y12,where f is the objective function, xs, ps are the sharing design variable and sharing random design parameter, respectively, x1, p1 are the local design variable and local random design parameter of subsystem 1, x2, p2 are the local design variable and local random design parameter of subsystem 2, and y12 and y21 are the coupled state variables.Figure 9
The diagram of mathematical example.The information of design variablesxs, x1, x2 and design parameters p1, p2, p3 is listed in Table 1.Table 1
The information of design variables and design parameters.
x
s
x
1
x
2
p
1
p
2
p
3
[
0,5
]
[
0,5
]
[
0,5
]
0
5
1The mean values ofxs, x1, x2 are 2.5, 2.5, 2.5. The correlation coefficient matrix ρX of design variables is(25)ρX=10.20.10.21-0.30.1-0.31.The covariance matrix CX is(26)CX=25125125245122512-58524-582512.The corresponding ellipsoidal model GX is derived according to (3) as follows:(27)GX=X-X-TC-1X-X-=xs-2.5x1-2.5x2-2.5T25125125245122512-58524-582512-1xs-2.5x1-2.5x2-2.5≤ε2.For random design parameters, Rosenblatt transformation, orthogonal transformation, or Nataf transformation is used to convert correlated design parameters to independent design parameters. The correlation coefficient matrixρP of design parameters is(28)ρP=10.40.30.410.30.30.31.The covariance matrixCP is(29)CP=0.10.08940.030.08940.50.06710.030.06710.1.Normalize the eigenvectors ofCP:(30)A=-0.7871-0.57950.21140.06790.25920.96340.6131-0.77230.1646.According to the following transformation(31)P=AY,we have(32)p1=-0.7871y1-0.5795y2+0.2114y3p2=0.0679y1+0.2592y2+0.9634y3p3=0.6131y1-0.7723y2+0.1646y3.Through converting the vectorP into the linear independent vector Y, the covariance matrix of Y is DY=diagσ2Yin×n. The mean value and variance of Y can be expressed as uY=ATEP and  DY=ATCPA. The corresponding function g(P)=gP(AY)=gY(Y); then we can convert Y to the standard normal space by(33)U=Y-EYDY.Then, the FORM method is used to obtain MPP (U∗). When the deterministic MDO is implemented, the vector P can be obtained by (31)-(33).The deterministic optimization problem can be solved by using SAND method. The MPP(us∗,c,(1),u1∗,c,(1),u2∗,c,(1)), (us∗,c,(2),u1∗,c,(2),u2∗,c,(2)) of g1 and g2 can be obtained from the previous cycle of reliability analysis. Then deterministic MDO optimization can be implemented by switching random variables from the U space into the P space. The frame of deterministic MDO is as follows: (34)minf=xs+p-s2+x1+p-12+x2+p-22s.t.g1=p1∗,1p2∗,1-xs+ps∗,1+2x1+2y21≤0g2=5xs+5ps∗,2+3x2-4y12-p2∗,2-3≤0y12=xs+ps∗,1,2+x1+y21y21=xs+ps∗,1,2+x2-y12GX≤ε2P=ps,p1,p2X=xs,x1,x2.The design variables DV =(xs,x1,x2,y12,y21); through substituting the optimization result into reliability analysis, the corresponding MPP of g1 can be obtained by (35)maxg1=u1+u1c,1σ1u2+u2c,1σ2-xs+us+usc,1σs+2x1+2y21s.t.usc,12+u1c,12+u2c,12=β,where the design variables DV = (usc,(1),u1c,(1),u2c,(1)) by considering the correlations of random variables. Similarly, the MPP of g2 can be obtained. R1=R2=Φ(β)=0.98.The optimization results are shown in Table2. CASE 1 is the RBMDO optimization result without considering correlations between uncertainties; CASE 2 is the RBMDO optimization result by considering correlations between design variables; CASE 3 is the RBMDO optimization result by considering correlations between design parameters; CASE 4 is the RBMDO optimization result by considering correlations between both design variables and design parameters. For this mathematical example, note from Table 2 that the optimization result of CASE 2 is similar to that of CASE 1, which means the correlations between design variables have less effect on optimization result. The optimization results of CASE 3 and CASE 4 are different from that of CASE 1, which means the correlations between design parameters have great effect on optimization result. Apparently, correlations between uncertainties have shown significant influence on the optimization results. Therefore, for accurate and informative optimization results in practical engineering, correlations must be considered during the MDO procedure.Table 2
Optimization results.
x
s
x
1
x
2
f
P
r
1
P
r
2
CASE 1
3.1066
1.1928
2.2321
58.4484
0.9800
0.9801
CASE 2
3.0474
1.2332
2.2410
58.6440
0.9800
0.9893
CASE 3
3.1742
0.5549
2.0549
50.2650
0.9901
0.9886
CASE 4
3.2704
0.6254
2.0549
52.1088
0.9893
0.9893


## 5.2. An Engineering Example

### 5.2.1. Problem Description

This is a design optimization problem of the four-high rolling mill stand [36]. The simplified structure diagram of roller base is shown in Figure 10.Figure 10
Simplified structure diagram of four-high rolling mill stand.The heighth1 of column cross-section, the height h2 of upper beam cross-section, the height h3 of lower beam cross-section, and the diameter D1 of supporting roll are treated as design variables:(36)V=h1,h2,h3,D1T=x1,x2,x3,x4T.The widthb1 of column cross-section, the width b2 of upper beam cross-section, and the width b3 of lower beam cross-section are treated as design parameters:(37)P=b1,b2,b3=p1,p2,p3.The objective function is to minimize the stand bounce value, which is composed of six parts:(1)
The bending deformation of lower and upper beams caused by the bending moment:(38)f1=1.91×10-6×x1+0.593×1p2x23+1p3x33×1-0.75×1+x2+x3+4.3p2p13p3x33x1+0.59p1x13p2x23+p3x33-1(2)
The bending deformation of the upper and lower beams caused by shear stress:(39)f2=3.704×10-6×x1+0.59×1x2p2+1x3p3(3)
Tensile deformation of the columns:(40)f3=5.119×10-6×1x1p1(4)
The bending deformation of supporting rolls caused by the bending moment:(41)f4=0.9671×10-6×1x44×8p1+0.6563-0.64p1+0.656+0.64+8x2+0.2563×218.8x44-1(5)
The bending deformation of the supporting rolls caused by shear stress:(42)f5x,p=1.533×10-5×1x42×p1+0.656-0.2+p1+0.256×14.79x42-1(6)
The squash deformation between working rolls and supporting rolls:(43)f6=0.263×10-4ln⁡0.5904×105×p4+0.28.The main constraints are the deformation, stiffness, and stress requirements. There are twelve constraints in the model:(1)
The contact strength of roll:(44)g1=0.89×106×1+0.28x4-1.61×106≤0(2)
The bending strength of dangerous section of supporting roll:(45)g2=0.1678×106×p1+0.256-0.125×106≤0(3)
The composite tensile and bending strength of column (σP=0.055×106KN/m2):(46)g3=500x1p1+750p1+0.59x12p1×11+x2+x3+4.3p2x23p3x33/x1+0.59p1x13p2x23+p3x33-σP≤0(4)
The bending strength of upper and lower beams:(47)g4=1.5×103x1+0.59p2x22×1-121+1+x2+x3+4.3p2x23p3x33/p1+0.59p2p13p2x23+p3x33-0.055×106≤0g5=1.5×103x1+0.59p3x32×1-121+1+x2+x3+4.3p2x23p3x33/x1+0.59p1x13p2x23+p3x33-0.055×106≤0(5)
The dimension restrictions:(48)g6=p1-x1≤0;g7=p2-x2≤0;g8=p3-x3≤0;g9=0.26-p1≤0;g10=x2-2.5p2≤0;g11=x3-2.5p3≤0(6)
The weight of four-high rolling mill stand being not more than the existing similar four-high rolling mill stand’s:(49)g12=15.6×2.15x1p1+x1+0.295x2p2+x3p3-7.484≤0.As mentioned before, the system can be divided to the three subsystems, namely, column subsystem, beam subsystem, and support roll subsystem. The frame is shown in Figure11.Figure 11
The MDO framework of four-high mill stand.The variables limits and uncertainties distributions of four-high mill stand are shown in Tables3 and 4, respectively.Table 3
Variables limits (unit: mm).
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
[
200
400
]
[
500
800
]
[
250
650
]
[
336
420
]Table 4
Uncertainties distributions (unit: mm).
Variables
Mean
Coefficient of variation
Type of distribution
p
1
300
10%
Normal
p
2
300
10%
Normal
p
3
400
10%
Normal


### 5.2.2. Reliability-Based MDO of Four-High Rolling Mill Stand

Takeg3, g4, g5, g12 as probabilistic reliability constraints and accordingly reliability lever is R=Rn=Φ(β)=0.98. The correlation matrix of design variables x1, x2, and x3 is(50)ρ=1-0.2-0.3-0.210.2-0.30.21The correlation matrix of design parameters p1, p2, and p3 is(51)ρP=1-0.20.3-0.210.20.30.21.The optimization results of four-high rolling mill stand are shown in Table5. CASE 1 is reliability-based MDO optimization results without considering correlations between uncertainties; CASE 2 is reliability-based MDO optimization results with correlations between uncertainties.Table 5
Optimization results.
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
f
P
r
3
P
r
4
P
r
5
P
r
12
CASE 1
305
665
461
420
1.0210
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9812
CASE 2
336
653
500
394
1.0732
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9801Note from Table5 that, compared with optimization results obtained by CASE 1, the objective function increases 5.11% by using our proposed method. This is consistent with the observation from the mathematical example that the conventional reliability-based MDO method tends to give inaccurate and optimistic results. Moreover, the proposed method generates results that are more informative and applicable to the engineering reality.


## 5.2.1. Problem Description

This is a design optimization problem of the four-high rolling mill stand [36]. The simplified structure diagram of roller base is shown in Figure 10.Figure 10
Simplified structure diagram of four-high rolling mill stand.The heighth1 of column cross-section, the height h2 of upper beam cross-section, the height h3 of lower beam cross-section, and the diameter D1 of supporting roll are treated as design variables:(36)V=h1,h2,h3,D1T=x1,x2,x3,x4T.The widthb1 of column cross-section, the width b2 of upper beam cross-section, and the width b3 of lower beam cross-section are treated as design parameters:(37)P=b1,b2,b3=p1,p2,p3.The objective function is to minimize the stand bounce value, which is composed of six parts:(1)
The bending deformation of lower and upper beams caused by the bending moment:(38)f1=1.91×10-6×x1+0.593×1p2x23+1p3x33×1-0.75×1+x2+x3+4.3p2p13p3x33x1+0.59p1x13p2x23+p3x33-1(2)
The bending deformation of the upper and lower beams caused by shear stress:(39)f2=3.704×10-6×x1+0.59×1x2p2+1x3p3(3)
Tensile deformation of the columns:(40)f3=5.119×10-6×1x1p1(4)
The bending deformation of supporting rolls caused by the bending moment:(41)f4=0.9671×10-6×1x44×8p1+0.6563-0.64p1+0.656+0.64+8x2+0.2563×218.8x44-1(5)
The bending deformation of the supporting rolls caused by shear stress:(42)f5x,p=1.533×10-5×1x42×p1+0.656-0.2+p1+0.256×14.79x42-1(6)
The squash deformation between working rolls and supporting rolls:(43)f6=0.263×10-4ln⁡0.5904×105×p4+0.28.The main constraints are the deformation, stiffness, and stress requirements. There are twelve constraints in the model:(1)
The contact strength of roll:(44)g1=0.89×106×1+0.28x4-1.61×106≤0(2)
The bending strength of dangerous section of supporting roll:(45)g2=0.1678×106×p1+0.256-0.125×106≤0(3)
The composite tensile and bending strength of column (σP=0.055×106KN/m2):(46)g3=500x1p1+750p1+0.59x12p1×11+x2+x3+4.3p2x23p3x33/x1+0.59p1x13p2x23+p3x33-σP≤0(4)
The bending strength of upper and lower beams:(47)g4=1.5×103x1+0.59p2x22×1-121+1+x2+x3+4.3p2x23p3x33/p1+0.59p2p13p2x23+p3x33-0.055×106≤0g5=1.5×103x1+0.59p3x32×1-121+1+x2+x3+4.3p2x23p3x33/x1+0.59p1x13p2x23+p3x33-0.055×106≤0(5)
The dimension restrictions:(48)g6=p1-x1≤0;g7=p2-x2≤0;g8=p3-x3≤0;g9=0.26-p1≤0;g10=x2-2.5p2≤0;g11=x3-2.5p3≤0(6)
The weight of four-high rolling mill stand being not more than the existing similar four-high rolling mill stand’s:(49)g12=15.6×2.15x1p1+x1+0.295x2p2+x3p3-7.484≤0.As mentioned before, the system can be divided to the three subsystems, namely, column subsystem, beam subsystem, and support roll subsystem. The frame is shown in Figure11.Figure 11
The MDO framework of four-high mill stand.The variables limits and uncertainties distributions of four-high mill stand are shown in Tables3 and 4, respectively.Table 3
Variables limits (unit: mm).
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
[
200
400
]
[
500
800
]
[
250
650
]
[
336
420
]Table 4
Uncertainties distributions (unit: mm).
Variables
Mean
Coefficient of variation
Type of distribution
p
1
300
10%
Normal
p
2
300
10%
Normal
p
3
400
10%
Normal


## 5.2.2. Reliability-Based MDO of Four-High Rolling Mill Stand

Takeg3, g4, g5, g12 as probabilistic reliability constraints and accordingly reliability lever is R=Rn=Φ(β)=0.98. The correlation matrix of design variables x1, x2, and x3 is(50)ρ=1-0.2-0.3-0.210.2-0.30.21The correlation matrix of design parameters p1, p2, and p3 is(51)ρP=1-0.20.3-0.210.20.30.21.The optimization results of four-high rolling mill stand are shown in Table5. CASE 1 is reliability-based MDO optimization results without considering correlations between uncertainties; CASE 2 is reliability-based MDO optimization results with correlations between uncertainties.Table 5
Optimization results.
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
f
P
r
3
P
r
4
P
r
5
P
r
12
CASE 1
305
665
461
420
1.0210
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9812
CASE 2
336
653
500
394
1.0732
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9801Note from Table5 that, compared with optimization results obtained by CASE 1, the objective function increases 5.11% by using our proposed method. This is consistent with the observation from the mathematical example that the conventional reliability-based MDO method tends to give inaccurate and optimistic results. Moreover, the proposed method generates results that are more informative and applicable to the engineering reality.


## 6. Conclusions

In this paper through analyzing the characteristics of correlated uncertainties, a quantitative model of correlated uncertainties is established using the ellipsoidal model. The reliability analysis method under correlated uncertainties is investigated and discussed. In addition, a new RBMDO method under correlated uncertainties is proposed. Both a mathematical example and an engineering example are introduced to validate the proposed method.



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*Source: 7360615-2017-10-18.xml*