# The Effect of Antenatal Care Service Utilization on Postnatal Care Service Utilization: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Study

Authors: Alehegn Bishaw Geremew; Moges Muluneh Boke; Ayenew Engida Yismaw
Journal: Journal of Pregnancy
 (2020)

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## Abstract

Introduction. Reduction of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality has continued to be a challenge in developing countries. The majority of maternal and neonatal mortality occurred during the early postpartum period. This is mostly due to low postnatal care service utilization. There is a discrepancy of evidence on the effect status of antenatal care on the improvement of postnatal care service utilization. Therefore, this review study is aimed at estimating the pooled effect of antenatal care on postnatal care service utilization. Methods. We searched from PubMed and Cochrane library database, Google Scholar, and Google. Initially, we found 265 articles; after duplication was removed and screened by the relevance of the titles and abstracts, 36 studies were considered for assessment of eligibility. Finally, 14 articles passed the inclusion and exclusion criteria and are included in the meta-analysis. Study quality assessment was done using Janna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools. The main information was extracted from each study. Heterogeneity of studies was assessed using I2=70% and more considered having high heterogeneity. The publication bias was checked using funnel plot and big test. Meta-analysis using a random effect model was conducted. A forest plot was used to show the estimated size effect of odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval. Results. A total of 14 articles were included with 15,765 participants for synthesis and meta-analysis. We found that a pooled estimate of women who had antenatal care was 1.53 times more likely to have postnatal care compared with those who had no antenatal care (AOR=1.53, 95% CI 1.38-1.70, I2=0%). Conclusions. This review results revealed a low utilization of postnatal care service. Antenatal care service utilization has a positive effect on postnatal care service utilization. Policymakers and programmers better considered more antenatal care service use as one strategy of enhancing the utilization of postnatal care service.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Maternal mortality remains the major challenge worldwide. According to WHO report globally, an estimated 303,000 maternal death occurred in 2015; developing regions account 99% of global the estimates [1]. Every day, about 830 women died due to the complication of pregnancy and childbirth. The primary cause of maternal morbidity and death is haemorrhage, high blood pressure, and sepsis [2]. Most maternal and infant death occurs in the first one month after birth; almost half of postnatal maternal death occurs within the first 24 hours [3]. Globally, neonatal mortality reduction is slower compared with under-five mortality reduction, in which neonatal health highly intertwined with maternal health service use [4].Among different maternal health services, postnatal care service is one of the crucial care to reduce both maternal and neonatal mortality. The postpartum period is vital for early detection of both maternal and new born health problems, counselling on physiological recovery, follow-up for the continuum of care, and providing family planning service [5]. WHO recommended postnatal care in the first 24-48 hours to all mothers and babies regardless of where the birth occurred and provide every mother and new born a total of four postnatal visits [6]. Assessments could be done at each postnatal contact regardless of the place of delivery such as urinary incontinence, bowel function, healing of any perennial wound, headache fatigue, perennial pain, uterine tenderness, and lochia [7].From all maternal health services, postnatal care service utilization remained low in developing countries [8]. For example according to Ethiopian Demography and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016 in Ethiopia, there is a high discrepancy between the proportion of antenatal care utilization (62%) and postnatal care service utilization within the first two days of delivery (17%) [9]. In another study in Ethiopia, the prevalence of PNC within six weeks of postpartum period was 31.7%, and ANC is statistically associated with PNC [10].Countries have been implementing different strategies targeted to improve maternal health service use including postnatal care service. Although antenatal care service utilization has been increasing, enhancing postnatal care service use remained a challenge and evidence of antenatal care use association with postnatal care varies among studies.Therefore, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to assess pooled evidence on the effect of antenatal care service utilization on postnatal care service utilization.


## 2. Methods

### 2.1. Source and Search Strategies

We made search from PubMed and Cochrane library database and Google Scholar and Google grey literatures for relevance in medical and all fields with subheading with keywords. We focused on articles published in English until September 2017.We have done article and grey literature search from September 2017 to October 2017. Our search strategies combined terms related to antenatal care and postnatal care in East African countries. We had search also grey literatures using keywords without full search protocol. Our full search protocol is available (see supplemental file1).Endnote referencing software was used to collect the articles and acknowledge the authors through citations. We screened titles and abstracts for relevance; duplicates were removed, and then we analysed the full-text potentially relevant articles assessed for inclusion and exclusion criteria. For African content division geographically, according to the united nation statistics division schemes, for the geographic region of East Africa, the countries are named Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Sudan, and Sudan [11].


### 2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The following inclusion criteria were used: Women had at least one follow-up within 42 days after delivery during the index child birth, study population maximum of five years after index childbirth, and study design (experimental, cohort study, case-control, and cross-sectional study). Articles published before 2010, studies that did not consider antenatal care as determinants of postnatal care, outcome measured having full postnatal care, postnatal care use measured with in the first 6 hours of delivery, and qualitative studies are used as exclusion criteria.The outcome of interest was postnatal care service utilization at least one within 42 days after delivery, whereas antenatal care service utilization was assessed as a determinant of postnatal care service utilization.


### 2.3. Quality Assessment

The scientific quality of each eligible article was assessed using Janna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools [12]. Two individuals working independently assessed the scientific quality of each eligible study. For the eligible cross-sectional study, the parameter was considered during the quality assessment were appropriateness of sampling procedure, adequacy of sample size, outcome measurement, and response rate are done. The total scoring system comprised of 9 criteria, and different quality score recorded for each eligible article. There was a high level of agreement between the reviewers about the information extracted from each article. The discrepancy on the assessment of the scientific quality of the articles was resolved through discussion with the third author.


### 2.4. Data Extraction

Data were extracted by two reviewers using Excel sheet standardized form developed by all authors, and the information extracted from each article were as follows: first author name, country, year of publication, study design and setting, measurement of postnatal care, sample size, number of women use PNC, antenatal care status of participants, antenatal care status of women had postnatal care use, and adjusted odds ratio/relative risk with confidence interval. For incomplete data, an attempt to contact the corresponding author was made by email. However, for a single article, the antenatal care status of participants and antenatal care status of the outcome variable was not obtained. As a result, we have used the adjusted odds ratio of this particular article to estimate the logarithm of the odds ratio and standard error. The difference in the extracted information between the two reviewers was solved by a joint discussion with the third individual.


### 2.5. Data Synthesis and Analysis

The qualitative data synthesis was made considering the study setting, the proportion of postnatal care, and the statistical significant status of each included articles. After the generation of the required parameter, the extracted data were transferred from Excel to Stata version 14 for future analysis. We pooled the proportion of postnatal care service utilization and the measure of association (odds ratio/relative risk) with a 95% confidence interval for antenatal care service utilization as determinants of postnatal care service utilization. To obtain the pooled effect size of antenatal care, a meta-analysis using a random-effect model was done. The heterogeneity of the study was assessed usingI2 test statistics with a value of I2=25%, 50%, and 70 represented low, moderate, and high heterogeneity, respectively, considered substantial heterogeneity [13]. I2 is measure of the proportion of the total variation in the study estimate that is due to heterogeneity. The possibility of publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot for its asymmetry objectively, and the Egger test and big test if p value < 0.05 to consider that there is evidence of publication bias [14].


### 2.6. Reporting

The results are presented using a text, table, and forest plot with effect measure and odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. The results of this review have been reported according to the preferred reporting item for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA statement) guideline [15] (see supplemental file 2).


## 2.1. Source and Search Strategies

We made search from PubMed and Cochrane library database and Google Scholar and Google grey literatures for relevance in medical and all fields with subheading with keywords. We focused on articles published in English until September 2017.We have done article and grey literature search from September 2017 to October 2017. Our search strategies combined terms related to antenatal care and postnatal care in East African countries. We had search also grey literatures using keywords without full search protocol. Our full search protocol is available (see supplemental file1).Endnote referencing software was used to collect the articles and acknowledge the authors through citations. We screened titles and abstracts for relevance; duplicates were removed, and then we analysed the full-text potentially relevant articles assessed for inclusion and exclusion criteria. For African content division geographically, according to the united nation statistics division schemes, for the geographic region of East Africa, the countries are named Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Sudan, and Sudan [11].


## 2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The following inclusion criteria were used: Women had at least one follow-up within 42 days after delivery during the index child birth, study population maximum of five years after index childbirth, and study design (experimental, cohort study, case-control, and cross-sectional study). Articles published before 2010, studies that did not consider antenatal care as determinants of postnatal care, outcome measured having full postnatal care, postnatal care use measured with in the first 6 hours of delivery, and qualitative studies are used as exclusion criteria.The outcome of interest was postnatal care service utilization at least one within 42 days after delivery, whereas antenatal care service utilization was assessed as a determinant of postnatal care service utilization.


## 2.3. Quality Assessment

The scientific quality of each eligible article was assessed using Janna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools [12]. Two individuals working independently assessed the scientific quality of each eligible study. For the eligible cross-sectional study, the parameter was considered during the quality assessment were appropriateness of sampling procedure, adequacy of sample size, outcome measurement, and response rate are done. The total scoring system comprised of 9 criteria, and different quality score recorded for each eligible article. There was a high level of agreement between the reviewers about the information extracted from each article. The discrepancy on the assessment of the scientific quality of the articles was resolved through discussion with the third author.


## 2.4. Data Extraction

Data were extracted by two reviewers using Excel sheet standardized form developed by all authors, and the information extracted from each article were as follows: first author name, country, year of publication, study design and setting, measurement of postnatal care, sample size, number of women use PNC, antenatal care status of participants, antenatal care status of women had postnatal care use, and adjusted odds ratio/relative risk with confidence interval. For incomplete data, an attempt to contact the corresponding author was made by email. However, for a single article, the antenatal care status of participants and antenatal care status of the outcome variable was not obtained. As a result, we have used the adjusted odds ratio of this particular article to estimate the logarithm of the odds ratio and standard error. The difference in the extracted information between the two reviewers was solved by a joint discussion with the third individual.


## 2.5. Data Synthesis and Analysis

The qualitative data synthesis was made considering the study setting, the proportion of postnatal care, and the statistical significant status of each included articles. After the generation of the required parameter, the extracted data were transferred from Excel to Stata version 14 for future analysis. We pooled the proportion of postnatal care service utilization and the measure of association (odds ratio/relative risk) with a 95% confidence interval for antenatal care service utilization as determinants of postnatal care service utilization. To obtain the pooled effect size of antenatal care, a meta-analysis using a random-effect model was done. The heterogeneity of the study was assessed usingI2 test statistics with a value of I2=25%, 50%, and 70 represented low, moderate, and high heterogeneity, respectively, considered substantial heterogeneity [13]. I2 is measure of the proportion of the total variation in the study estimate that is due to heterogeneity. The possibility of publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot for its asymmetry objectively, and the Egger test and big test if p value < 0.05 to consider that there is evidence of publication bias [14].


## 2.6. Reporting

The results are presented using a text, table, and forest plot with effect measure and odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. The results of this review have been reported according to the preferred reporting item for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA statement) guideline [15] (see supplemental file 2).


## 3. Main Text

### 3.1. Search Results and Characteristics of the Studies

Our initial search produced 265 articles which were of potential interest. After removing duplicates, screening abstract, and full-text review, we got 14 studies that met our inclusion criteria [10, 16–27] (Figure 1). All studies included for this review were published between 2011 and 2017. Fourteen studies with a total of 15,765 participants were included in the review. The sample size of included studies ranged from 399 to 3,970 participants. The data extracted from each study were included in the meta-analysis to the pooled proportion of postnatal care service use and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of antenatal care. The reviewed studies comprised of one longitudinal follow-up and thirteen cross-sectional studies, and study settings of the 14 studies passed and were included in synthesis, 8 of them were primarily conducted in Ethiopia [10, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 25, 28], two from Kenya [18, 24], one each from Tanzania [26], Rwanda [27], South Sudan [21], and Zambia [20]. All the included studies pass the qualityassessment≥6/9 score. Ten of the studies deserved 6-7/9and four of the articles scored 8/9 scientific quality according to the JBI quality appraisal checklist.Figure 1
PRISMA flow diagram summarizing the literature search.


### 3.2. Postnatal Care Service Utilization

The proportion of postnatal care service utilization in the reviewed articles ranged from 11.4% to 66.8%. Among the reviewed articles, the proportion of postnatal care service utilization reported in four studies were more than 50% and out of studies with PNC more than 50%, three studies are from Ethiopia [16, 23, 28] and one from Zambia [20]. In findings reported within the six studies, the proportion of PNC ranges from 25% to 50% [10, 17–19, 22, 24]. However, within four studies, the proportion of PNC was less than one-fourth [21, 25–27] (Table 1).Table 1
Characteristics of studies included in a systematic review.
First author/publication yearCountryStudy designSample sizePNCANCPNCKey findingsYesNoTesfahun et al./2014 [16]∗EthiopiaCross-sectional820548Yes507198PNC proportion (66.8%), AOR 2.36, 95% CI 1.31-4.23No4174Shiferaw et al./2016 [17]∗∗EthiopiaProspective follow-up1,201376Yes288495PNC proportion (31.3%), AOR 2.77, 95% CI 2.12-3.61No88362Jacobes et al./2017 [20]∗ZambiaCross-sectional551355Yes13713PNC proportion (64.4%), AOR 2.42, 95% CI 1.43-3.62No28989Limenih et al./2016 [19]∗EthiopiaCross-sectional588197Yes138163PNC proportion (33.5%), AOR 1.01, 95% CI 0.54-1.91No59228Izudi et al./2017 [21]∗South SudanCross-sectional38544Yes38196PNC proportion (11.4%), ANC have no association with PNCNo6145Darega et al./2016 [10]∗EthiopiaCross-sectional703223Yes210169PNC proportion (31.7%), AOR 4.95, 95% CI 2.50-9.80No13111Hordofa et al./2015 [22]∗EthiopiaCross-sectional736256Yes234333PNC proportion (34.8%), AOR 4.9, 95% CI 2.91-7.57No22147Abosse et al./2015 [25]∗∗EthiopiaCross-sectional691157Yes152442PNC proportion (22.7%), AOR 0.148, 95% CI 0.039-0.56No392Njoka et al./2017 [18]∗KenyaCross-sectional399180Yes171195PNC proportion (45.1%), Chi square (χ2) 4.62, p value 0.03No924Rwabufigiri et al./2016 [27]∗∗RwandaCross-sectional2,748351Yes145691PNC proportion (12.8%), AOR1.18, 95% CI 0.91-1.63No2061698Dutamo et al./2015 [23]∗EthiopiaCross-sectional623320Yes303243PNC proportion (51.4%), AOR 1.2, 95% CI 0.4-3.5No1760Mohan et al./2015 [26]∗TanzaniaCross-sectional1,931437———PNC proportion (22.6%), AOR 2.71, 95% CI 0.7-6.3———Akungaa et al./2014 [24]∗KenyaCross-sectional3,9701,882Yes17701830PNC proportion 10.4%, AOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.23-2.9No110261Birhanu e tal/2016 [28]∗EthiopiaCross sectional422277Yes273139PNC 65.6%, AOR 4.6, 95% CI 1.0-7.8No46Abbreviation: ANC: antenatal care; PNC: postnatal care.∗Quality 6-7/9. ∗∗Quality 8-9/9.


### 3.3. Effects of Antenatal Care on the Utilization of PNC Service

Our assessment of studies indicated that variation in PNC service utilization is according to ANC service utilization status during the recent pregnancy. Findings from nine studies indicated that ANC service utilization had a statistically significant effect on PNC service utilization [10, 16–18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 28]. However, findings reported from five studies antenatal care use was not associated with postnatal care service utilization [19, 21, 23, 26, 27](Table 1).The meta-analysis results revealed that the pooled estimate odds ratio of antenatal care found was statistically associated with postnatal care service use (OR=1.53, 95% CI: 1.38-1.70, I2=0.0%, p=0.841). The I2 value indicated that there is no heterogeneity between studies. Women who had antenatal care use 1.53 times were more likely to have postnatal care service use compared with those who had no antenatal care during the index pregnancy (Figure 2). We have checked publication bias using a funnel plot (see supplemental file 3), and Egger’s test (p value = 0.21) indicates that there was no statistical evidence of publication bias.Figure 2
Forest plot shows the effect of antenatal care use on postnatal care service utilization. The midpoint and the length of each line segment indicate odds ratio and 95% confidence interval, respectively, whereas the diamond shape indicate the overall pooled estimate of odds ratio for the fourteen studies.


## 3.1. Search Results and Characteristics of the Studies

Our initial search produced 265 articles which were of potential interest. After removing duplicates, screening abstract, and full-text review, we got 14 studies that met our inclusion criteria [10, 16–27] (Figure 1). All studies included for this review were published between 2011 and 2017. Fourteen studies with a total of 15,765 participants were included in the review. The sample size of included studies ranged from 399 to 3,970 participants. The data extracted from each study were included in the meta-analysis to the pooled proportion of postnatal care service use and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of antenatal care. The reviewed studies comprised of one longitudinal follow-up and thirteen cross-sectional studies, and study settings of the 14 studies passed and were included in synthesis, 8 of them were primarily conducted in Ethiopia [10, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 25, 28], two from Kenya [18, 24], one each from Tanzania [26], Rwanda [27], South Sudan [21], and Zambia [20]. All the included studies pass the qualityassessment≥6/9 score. Ten of the studies deserved 6-7/9and four of the articles scored 8/9 scientific quality according to the JBI quality appraisal checklist.Figure 1
PRISMA flow diagram summarizing the literature search.


## 3.2. Postnatal Care Service Utilization

The proportion of postnatal care service utilization in the reviewed articles ranged from 11.4% to 66.8%. Among the reviewed articles, the proportion of postnatal care service utilization reported in four studies were more than 50% and out of studies with PNC more than 50%, three studies are from Ethiopia [16, 23, 28] and one from Zambia [20]. In findings reported within the six studies, the proportion of PNC ranges from 25% to 50% [10, 17–19, 22, 24]. However, within four studies, the proportion of PNC was less than one-fourth [21, 25–27] (Table 1).Table 1
Characteristics of studies included in a systematic review.
First author/publication yearCountryStudy designSample sizePNCANCPNCKey findingsYesNoTesfahun et al./2014 [16]∗EthiopiaCross-sectional820548Yes507198PNC proportion (66.8%), AOR 2.36, 95% CI 1.31-4.23No4174Shiferaw et al./2016 [17]∗∗EthiopiaProspective follow-up1,201376Yes288495PNC proportion (31.3%), AOR 2.77, 95% CI 2.12-3.61No88362Jacobes et al./2017 [20]∗ZambiaCross-sectional551355Yes13713PNC proportion (64.4%), AOR 2.42, 95% CI 1.43-3.62No28989Limenih et al./2016 [19]∗EthiopiaCross-sectional588197Yes138163PNC proportion (33.5%), AOR 1.01, 95% CI 0.54-1.91No59228Izudi et al./2017 [21]∗South SudanCross-sectional38544Yes38196PNC proportion (11.4%), ANC have no association with PNCNo6145Darega et al./2016 [10]∗EthiopiaCross-sectional703223Yes210169PNC proportion (31.7%), AOR 4.95, 95% CI 2.50-9.80No13111Hordofa et al./2015 [22]∗EthiopiaCross-sectional736256Yes234333PNC proportion (34.8%), AOR 4.9, 95% CI 2.91-7.57No22147Abosse et al./2015 [25]∗∗EthiopiaCross-sectional691157Yes152442PNC proportion (22.7%), AOR 0.148, 95% CI 0.039-0.56No392Njoka et al./2017 [18]∗KenyaCross-sectional399180Yes171195PNC proportion (45.1%), Chi square (χ2) 4.62, p value 0.03No924Rwabufigiri et al./2016 [27]∗∗RwandaCross-sectional2,748351Yes145691PNC proportion (12.8%), AOR1.18, 95% CI 0.91-1.63No2061698Dutamo et al./2015 [23]∗EthiopiaCross-sectional623320Yes303243PNC proportion (51.4%), AOR 1.2, 95% CI 0.4-3.5No1760Mohan et al./2015 [26]∗TanzaniaCross-sectional1,931437———PNC proportion (22.6%), AOR 2.71, 95% CI 0.7-6.3———Akungaa et al./2014 [24]∗KenyaCross-sectional3,9701,882Yes17701830PNC proportion 10.4%, AOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.23-2.9No110261Birhanu e tal/2016 [28]∗EthiopiaCross sectional422277Yes273139PNC 65.6%, AOR 4.6, 95% CI 1.0-7.8No46Abbreviation: ANC: antenatal care; PNC: postnatal care.∗Quality 6-7/9. ∗∗Quality 8-9/9.


## 3.3. Effects of Antenatal Care on the Utilization of PNC Service

Our assessment of studies indicated that variation in PNC service utilization is according to ANC service utilization status during the recent pregnancy. Findings from nine studies indicated that ANC service utilization had a statistically significant effect on PNC service utilization [10, 16–18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 28]. However, findings reported from five studies antenatal care use was not associated with postnatal care service utilization [19, 21, 23, 26, 27](Table 1).The meta-analysis results revealed that the pooled estimate odds ratio of antenatal care found was statistically associated with postnatal care service use (OR=1.53, 95% CI: 1.38-1.70, I2=0.0%, p=0.841). The I2 value indicated that there is no heterogeneity between studies. Women who had antenatal care use 1.53 times were more likely to have postnatal care service use compared with those who had no antenatal care during the index pregnancy (Figure 2). We have checked publication bias using a funnel plot (see supplemental file 3), and Egger’s test (p value = 0.21) indicates that there was no statistical evidence of publication bias.Figure 2
Forest plot shows the effect of antenatal care use on postnatal care service utilization. The midpoint and the length of each line segment indicate odds ratio and 95% confidence interval, respectively, whereas the diamond shape indicate the overall pooled estimate of odds ratio for the fourteen studies.


## 4. Discussions

Antenatal care is an entry point of pregnant women to the health care system, and it is one of the interventions to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality [29]. Antenatal care provides important health care functions including screening, diagnosis, and treatment of health problems, health promotion, and counselling on continuity of ANC, delivery care, and postnatal care [30]. The country like Ethiopia and other African countries implemented the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation of focusing on antenatal care (FANC) having four visits for every pregnant woman. Every childbirth woman is recommended to have three postnatal care regardless of the place of delivery [31]. However, the need for care after childbirth is less recognized by women in developing countries [32].Finding in this review, the pooled estimates of antenatal care utilization are statistically associated with postnatal care service use. Women who had antenatal care 1.53 times are more likely to have postnatal care than women who have no antenatal care (AOR=1.53, 95% CI 1.38-1.70, I2=0%) This finding is supported by systematic analysis and meta-analysis and EDHS future analysis studies conducted in Ethiopia [33–35] and meta-analysis study done in low-and middle-income countries [36]; other studies conducted in India [37, 38], Ghana [39], Nepal, Tanzania [40], Nigeria [41]; and a community-based interventional study in Ethiopia [42]. This might be due to those women having access to information on the complication that can happen during the postpartum period, knowledgeable on postpartum danger sign, and aware about complication redness plan including where to go when the problem happens [43, 44].


## 5. Limitations

Articles were not found from some East African countries; this might affect the representativeness of the pooled estimate for the whole East African countries; we, the authors, tried to consider articles from each country but have not found a study passed the screening and fulfill the inclusion criteria. This review did not answer why postnatal care is the lowest compared to another maternal health service and why women who have antenatal care follow-up fails to receive postnatal care.


## 6. Conclusions and Recommendations

Our meta-analysis findings revealed that the postnatal care service utilization is low, despite postnatal care being a crucial care to prevent both maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Antenatal care service utilization affects postnatal care service utilization. Policymakers and programmers better consider more antenatal care service use as one strategy of enhancing the utilization of postnatal care service. Providing information about the importance of postnatal care during antenatal care service by provider may be the best mechanism to improve the low PNC service utilization.



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*Source: 7363242-2020-09-22.xml*