# Progress Planning Method of Strength Quality Training of Volleyball Players Based on Data Mining

Authors: ZhaoChun Chen; Lei Wang; Xiaofeng Wang
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2022)

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## Abstract

In order to better realize the training effect of volleyball players’ strength quality and accelerate the training progress of volleyball players’ strength quality, this paper puts forward the planning method of volleyball players’ strength quality training progress based on data mining, constructs the training management system of volleyball players’ strength quality by using data mining algorithm, and excavates the evaluation indexes of volleyball players’ strength quality training quality, Finally, through experiments, it is confirmed that the volleyball player strength quality training schedule planning method based on data mining has high practicability in the process of practical application and fully meets the research requirements.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

With the attention of more countries to volleyball, volleyball has broken the original monopoly situation of “one branch outshining others,” showing a fierce situation of “multiple powers competing for hegemony.” In view of this, physical fitness has become the key factor for a team to win [1]. At the same time, the development history of world volleyball also tells us that in order to achieve excellent results, a volleyball team must achieve a highly coordinated development of physical fitness, intelligence, tactics, technology, and psychology. Among the five elements of competitive ability, physical fitness is the foundation, and good physical fitness will be the foundation of competitive ability to provide premise and possibility for giving full play to tactics. Athletes will be held to greater standards as a result of this. Strength is naturally recognized as the top priority in Volleyball physical fitness training [2] since it is an essential criterion for evaluating players’ physical training level. Most scientists now think that strength relates to a human muscle’s capacity to overcome or resist resistance caused by muscular tension during muscle action. Relevant academics have categorized strength from many perspectives. In order to make the job of coaches easier, they have been separated into three categories based on the kinds of strength quality: maximal strength, quick strength, and strong endurance. The maximal strength is the basis, determining to a large part the ability of rapid strength and having a positive influence on strength endurance [3]. In training, these three factors affect, encourage, and constrain each other. Excessive development of one force will stifle and influence the growth of another. Different approaches and weights are required for the development of maximal strength, quick strength, and strong endurance. Therefore, a method of strength quality training schedule planning for volleyball players based on data mining is proposed.


## 2. Schedule Planning of Strength Quality Training of Volleyball Players Based on Data Mining

### 2.1. Construction of Mining System for Strength Quality Characteristics of Volleyball Players

Data mining is a process of extracting hidden, unknown but potentially useful information and knowledge from a large number of incomplete, noisy, fuzzy, and random practical application data. It helps people discover useful new laws and new concepts and improves researchers’ in-depth understanding and application of a large amount of original data [4]. There are several data mining analysis techniques, with the decision tree algorithm being one of the most essential. This approach may be used to categorize a vast amount of data and identify or extract useful and important information from it in order to get analytical findings. Data mining is not just a matter of applying formulae to the output of a basic data model. The method of data mining is often used to examine data for various research challenges. Data interpretation, data preparation, model creation, assessment, and analysis are all part of the process [5]. In this study, visual processing and decision-making analysis of relevant test parameters are carried out based on human grip strength and muscle strength test data.Figure 1
Mining process of strength quality characteristics of volleyball players.One of the main functions of a data acquisition system is to convert analog signalN into digital signal Z. This process is quantization. Quantization is the process of comparing analog quantities of the same dimension with basic quantities. Its input is a continuous analog signal, and its output is a series of discrete digital signals [6]. The basic quantity used in the quantization process is called quantization level, which is the ratio of full-scale voltage VFSR to the n-th power of 2, where a is the binary digit of digital signal x and the resolution of ADC. The quantization level is generally expressed by Q as follows:(1)Q=VFSR2aN−ZN.It can be seen from the above formula thatQ is determined by VFSR. It is the smallest unit that can be quantified and the resolution of the digital signal output after data mining. Data mining visualization is a set of techniques for displaying multidimensional data [7]. Data visualization is the process of visually mapping data with different attributes, transforming the data table into a visual structure, and then creating a visual structure diagram by coordinate positioning, scaling, and other methods, as well as through human-computer interaction [8]. Control how these parameters are transformed and displayed. The rich test data results are displayed by the image method, which provides help for scientific research and decision-makers [9]. The special sports quality of volleyball is mainly composed of bounce ability, movement ability, and swing ability, as shown in Figure 2, which are composed of strength, speed, endurance, sensitivity, and flexibility.Figure 2
Relationship between general physical fitness and special physical fitness of volleyball players.This paper analyzes the muscle strength characteristics of volleyball. Combined with the volleyball movement and force nature, volleyball players need to develop lower limb explosive force, upper limb explosive force, and waist and abdomen strength. The corresponding training methods are designed, shown in Tables1 and 2 and Figure 3.Table 1
Methods of upper limb strength training of volleyball players.
Denomination of diveEffectUsing instrumentsWeight (%)Number of groups × frequencyBench press, inclined board pressPectoralis major, anterior deltoid, biceps brachiiBench press barbell79∼905∼8 × 2∼5Sell without turning a profitDeltoid, pectoralis major, triceps brachiiLight barbell, dumbbell655∼5 × 8Neck back push, sitting pushDeltoid, tricepsBarbell, dumbbell55∼655 × 7Upper arm surroundBiceps, triceps, deltoidBarbell, barbell piece55∼654∼9 × 12Forearm surroundBiceps brachii, pronator teresHorizontal bar, barbell piece55∼654∼9 × 12Triceps extensionTriceps brachii, extensor carpi musclesHorizontal bar, barbell piece55∼654∼9 × 12Lying triceps extensionTriceps brachiiHorizontal bar, barbell piece55∼654∼9 × 12Push the wall with your fingersTriceps brachiiWall or floorDeadweight4∼9 × 12Load suspensionTriceps brachiiGroundLighter4 × 7∼11Table 2
Training methods of trunk strength of volleyball players.
Denomination of diveEffectUsing instrumentsWeight (%)Number of groups × frequencyOne hand side pullInternal and external oblique muscle of abdomenBig dumbbell55∼653∼3 × 7∼12Weight-bearing swivelInternal and external oblique muscles, gluteus maximusBarbell65∼753∼4 × 6∼9Weight lifterBiceps femoris, gluteus maximusBarbell75∼855∼6 × 6∼11Bow bodyBiceps femoris, gluteus maximusBarbell75∼856∼8 × 2∼4Width pull-upStretch trunk, knee and foot flexorsBarbell75∼856∼ × 2∼4Straight leg hard pullBiceps femoris, gluteus maximusBarbell75∼856∼8 × 2∼4Abdominal curlRectus femoris, iliopsoas, rectus abdominisSand coat, bell piece55∼653∼ × 9∼12Inclined plate abdomen and leg liftingRectus femoris, iliopsoas, rectus abdominisSand shinguard or confrontation55∼653∼ × 4∼12Figure 3
Theoretical system framework of physical training for excellent volleyball players.Data mining visualization is a set of techniques for displaying multidimensional data [7]. Data visualization is the process of visually mapping data with different attributes, transforming the data table into a visual structure, and then creating a visual structure diagram by coordinate positioning, scaling, and other methods, as well as through human-computer interaction [8]. Control how these parameters are transformed and displayed.Sports training is a very extensive process, which refers to the social behavior of athletes to improve or maintain the special competitive level under the guidance of coaches. It is centered on the training practice that coaches guide athletes and is closely linked with the external factors that have an important impact on sports training practice [10]. These factors include the training implementation process, training material conditions, training scientific research guarantee, training theoretical support, and training decision-making. We may concentrate on the substance and methods of training, including the content, structure, and arrangement of training activities, to comprehend sports training in a restricted sense [11]. As a result, in the case of volleyball, the main factors that have a significant impact on athletes’ physical fitness level and sports performance, which are interrelated and mutually restricted, can be organized into a whole, and the training content system for this sports project can be established, based on the project’s characteristics. In contemporary volleyball, effectively creating the content system of athletes’ physical training is a critical component of ensuring that they meet their physical training goals. Physical training for volleyball players is a complicated system including many variables. In the course of training, athletes are influenced by a variety of elements both within and outside the system [12]. The human body is a large, open, and complicated system that interacts with both the natural and social environments. Therefore, when implementing physical training for athletes, we must pay attention to the integrity, relevance, and comprehensive methods of physical systems and seek the optimization of training content design and implementation.


### 2.2. Evaluation Index of Strength Quality of Volleyball Players

Volleyball is a competitive sport with rich content. It has various technical actions and complex tactics. It has clear position requirements for athletes competing on the field, and athletes in different special positions have different technical and tactical characteristics. For example, the most important of free men must be the first pass and defense, while the secondary attack is blocking and fast attack [13]. The requirements for blocking and attack in response to the second pass are equally high, but the types and forms of blocking and attack are obviously different from the secondary attack. As a result, a high-level team should focus not only on the physical attributes needed by volleyball special sports but also on the physical activities of athletes in various special positions and jobs, as well as volleyball players’ physical training, particularly for various special positions [14]. Targeted physical training for athletes with various individual characteristics is an important field of the competitive volleyball research that is not only in line with the world’s volleyball research development direction but also an important factor in promoting the continuous improvement of competitive volleyball level. Sports quality is an essential component of competitive ability and an outward expression of athletes’ physical fitness level. Due to the different characteristics of each project, the required sports quality development level is also different (Table 3).Table 3
Factors affecting the importance of physical fitness in different projects.
Degree of importanceProjectSpeed power projectCyclical projectItems requiring complex coordinated actionCollective confrontation projectOne to one confrontation projectASpeed, speed strength, explosive power, special enduranceSpecial endurance, one endurance, special strength, relative strengthFlexibility, agility, coordination and relative strengthSensitive coordination, explosive power, relative powerExplosive force, maximum force, relative forceBRelative force, maximum forceStrength endurance, speed, speed strengthSpecial endurance, explosiveness, speed, speed strengthSpecial endurance, explosiveness, speed, speed strengthRelative force, speed, speed forceCGeneral endurance, flexibility, agility and coordination, strength and enduranceMaximum strength, explosiveness, flexibility, agility and coordinationMaximum strength, general endurance, strength enduranceGeneral endurance, flexibility, strength enduranceAn endurance, sensitive coordination, flexibility, general enduranceTaking China’s excellent volleyball players as the research object, we should first clarify the main characteristics of tactical development, the concept of physical fitness of excellent volleyball players, and the relevant theories of physical fitness training; take the special physical fitness training of volleyball players as the research basis; and analyze the body shape characteristics, technical and tactical characteristics, and technical and tactical guiding ideology of athletes [15]. This paper discusses the scientific theoretical principles of physical training of elite volleyball players and explores the establishment of the content and method system of physical training of elite volleyball players [16]. Based on the analysis of the action structure and muscle strength characteristics of volleyball, the means and methods of strength training for volleyball players are designed, as shown in Tables 4 and 5.Table 4
Strength training methods of volleyball players.
Main meansSecondary meansSmall muscle groupHalf squat, deep squat, and loading on the benchSnatch and calf flexionFinger push-upHeel lifting, squatting, and half squattingLunge jump and sit-upsLoad your knees highSupine true arm depressionStands up like goat, bows, and jumpsLateral flexion, wrist flexion, and extensionTable 5
Strength training methods of volleyball players.
Training methodDenomination of diveResistanceNumber of groupsFrequencyInterval timeExplainConcession exerciseSquat110%∼130%3∼564 minuteSlow down and add protectionStatic exerciseHalf squat, shallow squat85%∼100%3∼5117 minuteSegmentable staticDynamic exerciseSnatch75%∼100%4∼71∼114 minuteFast speedExplosive and bouncing strength training—25%∼45%3∼711∼13—ExplosiveSmall muscle groupFinger wrist muscles: grasping shot put (15 times), finger push-ups (15 times), one arm push-ups (15 times), goat push-up static force (9 seconds), weight-bearing goat push-up (35 kg) × (10 times)Muscle strength, for example, refers to the capacity to withstand resistance when muscles are stiff or flexed, and it is also the human body’s sole source of force for sports. As a result, one of the physical aspects that determines sports success in competitive sports is strength ability [17]. In recent years, research on human muscle strength has primarily focused on the development of human muscle strength test methods and instruments. However, data analysis and data processing of test results have remained in general analysis and statistical processing, correlation comparison, and inspection [18]. Volleyball training focuses on improving players’ explosive strength, flexibility, and exceptional endurance. Table 6 lists the most common ways.Table 6
Physical training methods of volleyball players.
Method stepsJump down practiceThe athlete stands on the hopper with his feet parallel and shoulder-width apart and jumps off the box, landing on both feet and bending his knees and hips, maintain the posture for 5 seconds, then relax and regress, immediately jump on the box, carry out the next training, and repeat 6 times.Deep jump practiceThe athlete stands on the box with his feet the same width as his hips. After jumping off, he immediately jumps up with his feet on the ground, jumps as high as possible, swings his arms, and repeats 6 times.Slide movement exerciseUse 6∼10 cones to form a Z-shape with a spacing of 3 inches. The athlete starts standing up and starts running. Start with the first cone and step backward. After the second one, use the slide and the third cone of the cross trail. Stand up and clap your hands.Practice method of “Zhi” fontPlace a row of obstacles, one yard apart from each other. The athlete stands at the starting point, steps forward diagonally to the right, falls on the right side of the obstacle, keeps up with the left foot, falls on the left side of the second obstacle, and so on. The word “Zhi” passes through all obstacles.Physical fitness refers to the ability to support volleyball players to complete a sport or competition. These abilities include body shape, body function, and sports quality. Therefore, the primary and secondary indicators of model construction can be determined, but there are many other indicators of subordinates [19]. If they are selected, the amount of calculation will be increased, which is not conducive to impact assessment, so they need to be selected, In this section, the expert interview method is used to select the three-level indicators, and the selection results are shown in Table 7.Table 7
Selected model indicators.
Primary indexSecondary indexTertiary indicatorsPhysical fitness changes of volleyball playersSecondary indexHeight, dimension, and weightPhysical functionBiochemical indexes and cardiopulmonary functionSports qualitySports and special conditionsBy analyzing the above research results, it can be considered that many scholars have mainly discussed the special sports quality of volleyball players from the aspects of jumping ability, special strength, special speed, arm swing ability, special endurance, sensitivity, and flexibility. Ifxij is the relative importance of the two indicators, then the judgment matrix can be described as follows:(2)xijn×n=x11,x12,x13,…,x1n,x21,x22,x23,…,x2n,…,…,…,…,…,xn1,xn2,xn3,…,xmn,wherexmn and xijn×n are the important indexes. Among them, jumping ability, special speed, and arm swing ability are the key contents of volleyball players’ special sports quality. Set si as a set of sni data samples with the label pi and m different values. Since P is the number of samples in R, the required information is(3)Isi…sni=Rxijn×n−P∑i=1mQ+log2pi,where P=An−1e−τ/R−1 is the probability event of any sample belonging to Fn−1. For the gain of fitness and fatigue caused by training, the difference equation of physical fitness state after training is formula (4) where wn and kf represent the gain coefficient, and there is a limit (e−τ) for the increase in fitness.(4)Pn=An−1Fn+kewnAn−1e−τkn−Isi…sni−GFn−1e−τ+kfwn.whereAn and Fn represent the training load on day n and the physical state on the day, respectively. Pn represents the adaptation and fatigue on day n, respectively. kf and kn are the score which represents the adaptation and fatigue gain caused by training, and the coefficient represents the hours of adaptation and fatigue regression, respectively. G indicates the limit of adaptation [20]. According to the results, it is found that each variable conforms to the normal distribution. The corresponding information gain can be obtained from the expected information and entropy, and its calculation formula is(5)GainA=Pn−kewn+EA.There are many calculation methods of index weight, such as eigenvector method and geometric average method, but they all have their own disadvantages. The former is too complex and expensive, while the latter is simple, but the calculation result is inaccurate [21]. Therefore, in this section, the above two calculation methods are abandoned, and the arithmetic average method combining the above two advantages is used to calculate the index weight. The arithmetic average method is described by the following mathematical formula:(6)fx=1n−GainA∑j=1n1M∑i=1nxijn×n.Using this formula, we can accurately calculate the weight value of each index in Table1 and make full preparations for the subsequent physical fitness evaluation. The evaluation standard set of athletes’ physical fitness can be expressed by the following set:(7)M=m1,m2,m3,m4,m5,wherem is the set of evaluation criteria, m1 is excellent, m2 is good, m3 is general, m4 unqualified, and m5 is the difference. The information gain of each attribute is calculated, and the attribute with the highest gain is selected as the test attribute of the given set S, as well as the corresponding branch node. There is a lack of deeper data mining research and decision analysis for a big number of original data findings obtained in a sports scientific study, and it is hard to identify what is concealed in the test data. Although statistical approaches have made significant contributions to sports science research, their limits have been discovered throughout the application data analysis process, leaving us unhappy in solving and analyzing vast amounts of real test data [22]. The emergence of data mining technology provides a scientific method for people to extract useful information hidden between data from a large number of data. According to the relationship between force and time function, fx∈0,1 because fx is continuous in the interval of 0, according to the boundedness theorem of a continuous function on the closed interval; fx has the maximum value on 0,1 because f′x ≥ 0; f′x is monotonically increasing on 0,1, so the maximum value of fx should be obtained at the right endpoint x = t, that is:(8)fn=ft−1Mfx−f′x2.Each variable conforms to the normal distribution. The special physical fitness of volleyball players refers to the ability of volleyball players to bear the load required to complete the skills and tactics of volleyball and adapt to the changes in the internal and external environment in special training and competition. It includes three aspects: The bodily type, functional level, and sporting quality of athletes. Body shape is the most fundamental and lowest degree of physical performance, according to the level of analysis [23]. The functional level is the middle level of physical performance, and its development level can be improved to a degree through systematic training. Sports quality is the highest level of physical performance, and it is primarily influenced by genetic factors and less so by training factors than other aspects. Functional level is the middle level of physical performance, and its development level can be improved to a degree through systematic training. Sports quality is the highest level of physical performance. Many experts characterize it as the restricted definition of physical fitness. It is the outward representation of an athlete’s physical ability, which is heavily influenced by training variables.


### 2.3. Progress Planning of Strength Quality Training of Volleyball Players

Among the three classification structures of volleyball players’ physical fitness, sports quality is the category with the highest degree of training. The determination of training content and the selection of methods and means should also focus on the improvement of sports quality [24, 25]. The physical function and body shape must also change with the change in sports quality. The special quality of volleyball players mainly includes special basic quality and special compound quality. The strength, speed, endurance, and flexibility needed by volleyball attack and defense technical action are referred to as the specific fundamental quality. Among these, explosive quality is one of them, and explosive quality is separated into three categories: ballistics, resilience, and obligatory explosive power. Special composite quality refers to a variety of abilities needed for volleyball attack and defense technical actions and tactical transformations, such as special strength, speed, bouncing ability, sensitive coordination ability, swing ability, and special endurance. Flexibility and response time are exceptional. Volleyball’s unique compound quality is made up of two or more fundamental sports characteristics. Analyzing the existing research results, the main contents of volleyball players’ physical training are shown in Figure 4.Figure 4
Basic composition of volleyball players’ sports theoretical quality.The basic cycle training system is the most basic unit of the periodic training system. According to different classification standards, excellent volleyball players’ basic cycle training system can be divided into functional characteristic cycle, structural characteristic cycle, content characteristic cycle, and load characteristic cycle, as shown in Figure5. Therefore, the determination of the basic cycle training standard should serve the stage training cycle system.Figure 5
Classification of basic cycle training system of volleyball players.Training methods and means are the premises for volleyball players to create excellent sports results. Due to the diversity of the volleyball physical training content and the characteristics of mutual connection and hierarchy, the diversity of training methods and means is determined. The construction of volleyball physical training method system is to establish various physical training methods to meet the needs of volleyball based on the content of physical training. The combination of these physical training methods constitutes the method system of volleyball players’ physical training. In choosing training methods and means, we should not only take the training content as the main basis but also closely combine it with the technical movements of volleyball. On the basis of strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, and sensitivity as general sports qualities, we will focus on the development of exercise methods of mobile ability, arm swing ability, jumping ability, coordination ability, and special explosive power. The organic combination of these with various exercise methods in sports training constitutes the method system of special sports quality training for excellent volleyball players, as shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Construction of special physical fitness training method for volleyball players.Volleyball players’ periodic training systems are divided into four categories: multiyear periodic training, yearly periodic training, stage periodic training, and basic periodic training. Among these, the multiyear cycle training approach is mostly governed by the timing of major contests like the Olympic Games, which usually take place every four years. The training method splits the particular stage cycle according to the distinct competitive tasks using an annual training cycle. The first-order periodic training system is made up of multiple fundamental cycles, each of which has a distinct set of tasks and a variable length of time. The most fundamental unit of the periodic training system is the basic periodic training system, which is formed based on several specialized activities. The current development trend of competitive sports makes several competitive peaks appear in a large training cycle, so the scientific planning and design of the training cycle are very important for excellent athletes. Of course, it is unrealistic to require athletes to deal with many competitive peaks every year, so the number of competitive peaks should be determined according to the needs of sports teams and athletes.


## 2.1. Construction of Mining System for Strength Quality Characteristics of Volleyball Players

Data mining is a process of extracting hidden, unknown but potentially useful information and knowledge from a large number of incomplete, noisy, fuzzy, and random practical application data. It helps people discover useful new laws and new concepts and improves researchers’ in-depth understanding and application of a large amount of original data [4]. There are several data mining analysis techniques, with the decision tree algorithm being one of the most essential. This approach may be used to categorize a vast amount of data and identify or extract useful and important information from it in order to get analytical findings. Data mining is not just a matter of applying formulae to the output of a basic data model. The method of data mining is often used to examine data for various research challenges. Data interpretation, data preparation, model creation, assessment, and analysis are all part of the process [5]. In this study, visual processing and decision-making analysis of relevant test parameters are carried out based on human grip strength and muscle strength test data.Figure 1
Mining process of strength quality characteristics of volleyball players.One of the main functions of a data acquisition system is to convert analog signalN into digital signal Z. This process is quantization. Quantization is the process of comparing analog quantities of the same dimension with basic quantities. Its input is a continuous analog signal, and its output is a series of discrete digital signals [6]. The basic quantity used in the quantization process is called quantization level, which is the ratio of full-scale voltage VFSR to the n-th power of 2, where a is the binary digit of digital signal x and the resolution of ADC. The quantization level is generally expressed by Q as follows:(1)Q=VFSR2aN−ZN.It can be seen from the above formula thatQ is determined by VFSR. It is the smallest unit that can be quantified and the resolution of the digital signal output after data mining. Data mining visualization is a set of techniques for displaying multidimensional data [7]. Data visualization is the process of visually mapping data with different attributes, transforming the data table into a visual structure, and then creating a visual structure diagram by coordinate positioning, scaling, and other methods, as well as through human-computer interaction [8]. Control how these parameters are transformed and displayed. The rich test data results are displayed by the image method, which provides help for scientific research and decision-makers [9]. The special sports quality of volleyball is mainly composed of bounce ability, movement ability, and swing ability, as shown in Figure 2, which are composed of strength, speed, endurance, sensitivity, and flexibility.Figure 2
Relationship between general physical fitness and special physical fitness of volleyball players.This paper analyzes the muscle strength characteristics of volleyball. Combined with the volleyball movement and force nature, volleyball players need to develop lower limb explosive force, upper limb explosive force, and waist and abdomen strength. The corresponding training methods are designed, shown in Tables1 and 2 and Figure 3.Table 1
Methods of upper limb strength training of volleyball players.
Denomination of diveEffectUsing instrumentsWeight (%)Number of groups × frequencyBench press, inclined board pressPectoralis major, anterior deltoid, biceps brachiiBench press barbell79∼905∼8 × 2∼5Sell without turning a profitDeltoid, pectoralis major, triceps brachiiLight barbell, dumbbell655∼5 × 8Neck back push, sitting pushDeltoid, tricepsBarbell, dumbbell55∼655 × 7Upper arm surroundBiceps, triceps, deltoidBarbell, barbell piece55∼654∼9 × 12Forearm surroundBiceps brachii, pronator teresHorizontal bar, barbell piece55∼654∼9 × 12Triceps extensionTriceps brachii, extensor carpi musclesHorizontal bar, barbell piece55∼654∼9 × 12Lying triceps extensionTriceps brachiiHorizontal bar, barbell piece55∼654∼9 × 12Push the wall with your fingersTriceps brachiiWall or floorDeadweight4∼9 × 12Load suspensionTriceps brachiiGroundLighter4 × 7∼11Table 2
Training methods of trunk strength of volleyball players.
Denomination of diveEffectUsing instrumentsWeight (%)Number of groups × frequencyOne hand side pullInternal and external oblique muscle of abdomenBig dumbbell55∼653∼3 × 7∼12Weight-bearing swivelInternal and external oblique muscles, gluteus maximusBarbell65∼753∼4 × 6∼9Weight lifterBiceps femoris, gluteus maximusBarbell75∼855∼6 × 6∼11Bow bodyBiceps femoris, gluteus maximusBarbell75∼856∼8 × 2∼4Width pull-upStretch trunk, knee and foot flexorsBarbell75∼856∼ × 2∼4Straight leg hard pullBiceps femoris, gluteus maximusBarbell75∼856∼8 × 2∼4Abdominal curlRectus femoris, iliopsoas, rectus abdominisSand coat, bell piece55∼653∼ × 9∼12Inclined plate abdomen and leg liftingRectus femoris, iliopsoas, rectus abdominisSand shinguard or confrontation55∼653∼ × 4∼12Figure 3
Theoretical system framework of physical training for excellent volleyball players.Data mining visualization is a set of techniques for displaying multidimensional data [7]. Data visualization is the process of visually mapping data with different attributes, transforming the data table into a visual structure, and then creating a visual structure diagram by coordinate positioning, scaling, and other methods, as well as through human-computer interaction [8]. Control how these parameters are transformed and displayed.Sports training is a very extensive process, which refers to the social behavior of athletes to improve or maintain the special competitive level under the guidance of coaches. It is centered on the training practice that coaches guide athletes and is closely linked with the external factors that have an important impact on sports training practice [10]. These factors include the training implementation process, training material conditions, training scientific research guarantee, training theoretical support, and training decision-making. We may concentrate on the substance and methods of training, including the content, structure, and arrangement of training activities, to comprehend sports training in a restricted sense [11]. As a result, in the case of volleyball, the main factors that have a significant impact on athletes’ physical fitness level and sports performance, which are interrelated and mutually restricted, can be organized into a whole, and the training content system for this sports project can be established, based on the project’s characteristics. In contemporary volleyball, effectively creating the content system of athletes’ physical training is a critical component of ensuring that they meet their physical training goals. Physical training for volleyball players is a complicated system including many variables. In the course of training, athletes are influenced by a variety of elements both within and outside the system [12]. The human body is a large, open, and complicated system that interacts with both the natural and social environments. Therefore, when implementing physical training for athletes, we must pay attention to the integrity, relevance, and comprehensive methods of physical systems and seek the optimization of training content design and implementation.


## 2.2. Evaluation Index of Strength Quality of Volleyball Players

Volleyball is a competitive sport with rich content. It has various technical actions and complex tactics. It has clear position requirements for athletes competing on the field, and athletes in different special positions have different technical and tactical characteristics. For example, the most important of free men must be the first pass and defense, while the secondary attack is blocking and fast attack [13]. The requirements for blocking and attack in response to the second pass are equally high, but the types and forms of blocking and attack are obviously different from the secondary attack. As a result, a high-level team should focus not only on the physical attributes needed by volleyball special sports but also on the physical activities of athletes in various special positions and jobs, as well as volleyball players’ physical training, particularly for various special positions [14]. Targeted physical training for athletes with various individual characteristics is an important field of the competitive volleyball research that is not only in line with the world’s volleyball research development direction but also an important factor in promoting the continuous improvement of competitive volleyball level. Sports quality is an essential component of competitive ability and an outward expression of athletes’ physical fitness level. Due to the different characteristics of each project, the required sports quality development level is also different (Table 3).Table 3
Factors affecting the importance of physical fitness in different projects.
Degree of importanceProjectSpeed power projectCyclical projectItems requiring complex coordinated actionCollective confrontation projectOne to one confrontation projectASpeed, speed strength, explosive power, special enduranceSpecial endurance, one endurance, special strength, relative strengthFlexibility, agility, coordination and relative strengthSensitive coordination, explosive power, relative powerExplosive force, maximum force, relative forceBRelative force, maximum forceStrength endurance, speed, speed strengthSpecial endurance, explosiveness, speed, speed strengthSpecial endurance, explosiveness, speed, speed strengthRelative force, speed, speed forceCGeneral endurance, flexibility, agility and coordination, strength and enduranceMaximum strength, explosiveness, flexibility, agility and coordinationMaximum strength, general endurance, strength enduranceGeneral endurance, flexibility, strength enduranceAn endurance, sensitive coordination, flexibility, general enduranceTaking China’s excellent volleyball players as the research object, we should first clarify the main characteristics of tactical development, the concept of physical fitness of excellent volleyball players, and the relevant theories of physical fitness training; take the special physical fitness training of volleyball players as the research basis; and analyze the body shape characteristics, technical and tactical characteristics, and technical and tactical guiding ideology of athletes [15]. This paper discusses the scientific theoretical principles of physical training of elite volleyball players and explores the establishment of the content and method system of physical training of elite volleyball players [16]. Based on the analysis of the action structure and muscle strength characteristics of volleyball, the means and methods of strength training for volleyball players are designed, as shown in Tables 4 and 5.Table 4
Strength training methods of volleyball players.
Main meansSecondary meansSmall muscle groupHalf squat, deep squat, and loading on the benchSnatch and calf flexionFinger push-upHeel lifting, squatting, and half squattingLunge jump and sit-upsLoad your knees highSupine true arm depressionStands up like goat, bows, and jumpsLateral flexion, wrist flexion, and extensionTable 5
Strength training methods of volleyball players.
Training methodDenomination of diveResistanceNumber of groupsFrequencyInterval timeExplainConcession exerciseSquat110%∼130%3∼564 minuteSlow down and add protectionStatic exerciseHalf squat, shallow squat85%∼100%3∼5117 minuteSegmentable staticDynamic exerciseSnatch75%∼100%4∼71∼114 minuteFast speedExplosive and bouncing strength training—25%∼45%3∼711∼13—ExplosiveSmall muscle groupFinger wrist muscles: grasping shot put (15 times), finger push-ups (15 times), one arm push-ups (15 times), goat push-up static force (9 seconds), weight-bearing goat push-up (35 kg) × (10 times)Muscle strength, for example, refers to the capacity to withstand resistance when muscles are stiff or flexed, and it is also the human body’s sole source of force for sports. As a result, one of the physical aspects that determines sports success in competitive sports is strength ability [17]. In recent years, research on human muscle strength has primarily focused on the development of human muscle strength test methods and instruments. However, data analysis and data processing of test results have remained in general analysis and statistical processing, correlation comparison, and inspection [18]. Volleyball training focuses on improving players’ explosive strength, flexibility, and exceptional endurance. Table 6 lists the most common ways.Table 6
Physical training methods of volleyball players.
Method stepsJump down practiceThe athlete stands on the hopper with his feet parallel and shoulder-width apart and jumps off the box, landing on both feet and bending his knees and hips, maintain the posture for 5 seconds, then relax and regress, immediately jump on the box, carry out the next training, and repeat 6 times.Deep jump practiceThe athlete stands on the box with his feet the same width as his hips. After jumping off, he immediately jumps up with his feet on the ground, jumps as high as possible, swings his arms, and repeats 6 times.Slide movement exerciseUse 6∼10 cones to form a Z-shape with a spacing of 3 inches. The athlete starts standing up and starts running. Start with the first cone and step backward. After the second one, use the slide and the third cone of the cross trail. Stand up and clap your hands.Practice method of “Zhi” fontPlace a row of obstacles, one yard apart from each other. The athlete stands at the starting point, steps forward diagonally to the right, falls on the right side of the obstacle, keeps up with the left foot, falls on the left side of the second obstacle, and so on. The word “Zhi” passes through all obstacles.Physical fitness refers to the ability to support volleyball players to complete a sport or competition. These abilities include body shape, body function, and sports quality. Therefore, the primary and secondary indicators of model construction can be determined, but there are many other indicators of subordinates [19]. If they are selected, the amount of calculation will be increased, which is not conducive to impact assessment, so they need to be selected, In this section, the expert interview method is used to select the three-level indicators, and the selection results are shown in Table 7.Table 7
Selected model indicators.
Primary indexSecondary indexTertiary indicatorsPhysical fitness changes of volleyball playersSecondary indexHeight, dimension, and weightPhysical functionBiochemical indexes and cardiopulmonary functionSports qualitySports and special conditionsBy analyzing the above research results, it can be considered that many scholars have mainly discussed the special sports quality of volleyball players from the aspects of jumping ability, special strength, special speed, arm swing ability, special endurance, sensitivity, and flexibility. Ifxij is the relative importance of the two indicators, then the judgment matrix can be described as follows:(2)xijn×n=x11,x12,x13,…,x1n,x21,x22,x23,…,x2n,…,…,…,…,…,xn1,xn2,xn3,…,xmn,wherexmn and xijn×n are the important indexes. Among them, jumping ability, special speed, and arm swing ability are the key contents of volleyball players’ special sports quality. Set si as a set of sni data samples with the label pi and m different values. Since P is the number of samples in R, the required information is(3)Isi…sni=Rxijn×n−P∑i=1mQ+log2pi,where P=An−1e−τ/R−1 is the probability event of any sample belonging to Fn−1. For the gain of fitness and fatigue caused by training, the difference equation of physical fitness state after training is formula (4) where wn and kf represent the gain coefficient, and there is a limit (e−τ) for the increase in fitness.(4)Pn=An−1Fn+kewnAn−1e−τkn−Isi…sni−GFn−1e−τ+kfwn.whereAn and Fn represent the training load on day n and the physical state on the day, respectively. Pn represents the adaptation and fatigue on day n, respectively. kf and kn are the score which represents the adaptation and fatigue gain caused by training, and the coefficient represents the hours of adaptation and fatigue regression, respectively. G indicates the limit of adaptation [20]. According to the results, it is found that each variable conforms to the normal distribution. The corresponding information gain can be obtained from the expected information and entropy, and its calculation formula is(5)GainA=Pn−kewn+EA.There are many calculation methods of index weight, such as eigenvector method and geometric average method, but they all have their own disadvantages. The former is too complex and expensive, while the latter is simple, but the calculation result is inaccurate [21]. Therefore, in this section, the above two calculation methods are abandoned, and the arithmetic average method combining the above two advantages is used to calculate the index weight. The arithmetic average method is described by the following mathematical formula:(6)fx=1n−GainA∑j=1n1M∑i=1nxijn×n.Using this formula, we can accurately calculate the weight value of each index in Table1 and make full preparations for the subsequent physical fitness evaluation. The evaluation standard set of athletes’ physical fitness can be expressed by the following set:(7)M=m1,m2,m3,m4,m5,wherem is the set of evaluation criteria, m1 is excellent, m2 is good, m3 is general, m4 unqualified, and m5 is the difference. The information gain of each attribute is calculated, and the attribute with the highest gain is selected as the test attribute of the given set S, as well as the corresponding branch node. There is a lack of deeper data mining research and decision analysis for a big number of original data findings obtained in a sports scientific study, and it is hard to identify what is concealed in the test data. Although statistical approaches have made significant contributions to sports science research, their limits have been discovered throughout the application data analysis process, leaving us unhappy in solving and analyzing vast amounts of real test data [22]. The emergence of data mining technology provides a scientific method for people to extract useful information hidden between data from a large number of data. According to the relationship between force and time function, fx∈0,1 because fx is continuous in the interval of 0, according to the boundedness theorem of a continuous function on the closed interval; fx has the maximum value on 0,1 because f′x ≥ 0; f′x is monotonically increasing on 0,1, so the maximum value of fx should be obtained at the right endpoint x = t, that is:(8)fn=ft−1Mfx−f′x2.Each variable conforms to the normal distribution. The special physical fitness of volleyball players refers to the ability of volleyball players to bear the load required to complete the skills and tactics of volleyball and adapt to the changes in the internal and external environment in special training and competition. It includes three aspects: The bodily type, functional level, and sporting quality of athletes. Body shape is the most fundamental and lowest degree of physical performance, according to the level of analysis [23]. The functional level is the middle level of physical performance, and its development level can be improved to a degree through systematic training. Sports quality is the highest level of physical performance, and it is primarily influenced by genetic factors and less so by training factors than other aspects. Functional level is the middle level of physical performance, and its development level can be improved to a degree through systematic training. Sports quality is the highest level of physical performance. Many experts characterize it as the restricted definition of physical fitness. It is the outward representation of an athlete’s physical ability, which is heavily influenced by training variables.


## 2.3. Progress Planning of Strength Quality Training of Volleyball Players

Among the three classification structures of volleyball players’ physical fitness, sports quality is the category with the highest degree of training. The determination of training content and the selection of methods and means should also focus on the improvement of sports quality [24, 25]. The physical function and body shape must also change with the change in sports quality. The special quality of volleyball players mainly includes special basic quality and special compound quality. The strength, speed, endurance, and flexibility needed by volleyball attack and defense technical action are referred to as the specific fundamental quality. Among these, explosive quality is one of them, and explosive quality is separated into three categories: ballistics, resilience, and obligatory explosive power. Special composite quality refers to a variety of abilities needed for volleyball attack and defense technical actions and tactical transformations, such as special strength, speed, bouncing ability, sensitive coordination ability, swing ability, and special endurance. Flexibility and response time are exceptional. Volleyball’s unique compound quality is made up of two or more fundamental sports characteristics. Analyzing the existing research results, the main contents of volleyball players’ physical training are shown in Figure 4.Figure 4
Basic composition of volleyball players’ sports theoretical quality.The basic cycle training system is the most basic unit of the periodic training system. According to different classification standards, excellent volleyball players’ basic cycle training system can be divided into functional characteristic cycle, structural characteristic cycle, content characteristic cycle, and load characteristic cycle, as shown in Figure5. Therefore, the determination of the basic cycle training standard should serve the stage training cycle system.Figure 5
Classification of basic cycle training system of volleyball players.Training methods and means are the premises for volleyball players to create excellent sports results. Due to the diversity of the volleyball physical training content and the characteristics of mutual connection and hierarchy, the diversity of training methods and means is determined. The construction of volleyball physical training method system is to establish various physical training methods to meet the needs of volleyball based on the content of physical training. The combination of these physical training methods constitutes the method system of volleyball players’ physical training. In choosing training methods and means, we should not only take the training content as the main basis but also closely combine it with the technical movements of volleyball. On the basis of strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, and sensitivity as general sports qualities, we will focus on the development of exercise methods of mobile ability, arm swing ability, jumping ability, coordination ability, and special explosive power. The organic combination of these with various exercise methods in sports training constitutes the method system of special sports quality training for excellent volleyball players, as shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Construction of special physical fitness training method for volleyball players.Volleyball players’ periodic training systems are divided into four categories: multiyear periodic training, yearly periodic training, stage periodic training, and basic periodic training. Among these, the multiyear cycle training approach is mostly governed by the timing of major contests like the Olympic Games, which usually take place every four years. The training method splits the particular stage cycle according to the distinct competitive tasks using an annual training cycle. The first-order periodic training system is made up of multiple fundamental cycles, each of which has a distinct set of tasks and a variable length of time. The most fundamental unit of the periodic training system is the basic periodic training system, which is formed based on several specialized activities. The current development trend of competitive sports makes several competitive peaks appear in a large training cycle, so the scientific planning and design of the training cycle are very important for excellent athletes. Of course, it is unrealistic to require athletes to deal with many competitive peaks every year, so the number of competitive peaks should be determined according to the needs of sports teams and athletes.


## 3. Analysis of Experimental Results

T-test was performed on the measured data using the commonly used sports statistics (XS) method to test the significance of the experimental effect. The data processing is completed on the Casio FX-3800P calculator. Based on the above data, the experimental group is further divided into the control group for comparative detection. According to the experimental design, the experimental group and the control group are taught, and the teaching effect is compared. The control group is taught with the traditional teaching method and the original progress. Before the end of each operation class, the experimental group took 15 minutes to arrange strength quality training in a targeted and step-by-step manner in combination with technical movements and practice structure. The design mode of classroom strength quality training is shown in Table8.Table 8
Content design of classroom strength quality training.
Textbook contentDevelop the main group musclePractice methodPractice timePractice intensityPass the ballFlexor digitorum flexor carpi muscleLifting and grasping shot put or sandbag, finger standing and lying support, etc.20 minutesMaximum 65%∼80%CushionArm and leg musclesJib flexion and extension, triangular movement, etc.ServeShoulder girdle muscle, trunk muscleThrow a solid ball with one or both hands, etc.SpikingWrist flexor, shoulder girdle, trunk and leg musclesRun up, take-off, throw a softball, multi-level jump, etc.Table9 shows the comparison of physical fitness of athletes in each group before and after the experiment.Table 9
Comparison of physical fitness of athletes in each group before and after the experiment.
50 M (s)800 M (s)Standing long jump (CM)Shot put (CM)Sit ups (times/minute)Preliminary test of experimentExperimental class9.25 ± 3.52256.65 ± 12.52167.61 ± 10.75455.06 ± 7.9524.61 ± 14.32Control class9.29 ± 3.48249.12 ± 11.65163.52 ± 12.52456.26 ± 9.6526.75 ± 14.25Mean difference−0.6−3.713.31−4.29−1.25P>0.05>0.05>0.05>0.05>0.05End of experimentExperimental class8.33 ± 1.25228.32 ± 11.52186.32 ± 9.62535.12 ± 8.6535.75 ± 4.85Control class9.23 ± 2.65238.65 ± 13.11177.65 ± 10.02508.32 ± 10.7830.83 ± 3.35Mean difference−0.98−11.988.9528.154.95P<0.3<0.05<0.05<0.02<0.02Table10 shows the comparison of physical fitness of athletes in each group before and after the experiment.Table 10
Comparison of self data mean of the experimental group before and after the experiment.
Group itemsBefore experimentAfter testMean differenceP50 M (s)9.25 ± 3.658.33 ± 1.150.92>0.06800 M (s)245.65 ± 13.25227.39 ± 12.2018.95<0.01Standing long jump (CM)167.32 ± 11.71185.65 ± 9.6219.65<0.01Shot put (CM)）456.03 ± 7.85535.12 ± 8.67-80.08<0.01Sit ups (times/minute)25.52 ± 13.6535.79-12.26<0.01It can be seen from the values in Table10 that the physical fitness indexes of the experimental group after practice are significantly higher than those before the experiment, and the difference is very significant. It can be seen that the plasticity of athletes’ physical quality is great. Volleyball technology has high requirements for strength quality; thus, purposeful and targeted strengthening strength quality training may help athletes enhance their entire physical quality. Serving, for example, needs shoulder girdle and trunk muscular strength; passing necessitates flexor fingers and wrist muscle strength; and spiking necessitates wrist flexor muscles, shoulder girdle muscles, trunk muscles, and various leg muscle groups. Strengthening strong quality training may help athletes develop other physical characteristics, but when athletes feel successful, it can boost their learning excitement and help them avoid the weariness that comes with quality exercise. Learning sports technology is built on a foundation of good physical health. The results in the table show that the physical attributes of the two groups of athletes improved after the experiment. The development of quality indicators in the experimental group is significantly better than that in the control group, and the difference between the two groups has reached a significant difference, and the two items of shot put and sit-ups have reached a very significant difference. The control group also improved, but the improvement range was not as large as that of the experimental group. According to the relationship between force measurement and time, the muscle strength test process is limited to a specific force and time frame, and the FT curve method is used to describe or explain the variation characteristics of muscle strength. The results are shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
FT curve of muscle strength after volleyball player strength training.
(a)(b)According to the time spent on the data mining methods, draw the running rate of the two methods for data mining, and the results are shown in Figure8.Figure 8
Comparison of training effects of two methods.It can be seen from Figure8 that the speed of this method is significantly faster than that of traditional data mining, and with the increase in data collection, the data mining speed advantage of this method is more obvious. However, the traditional data mining methods cannot analyze big data quickly, which leads to a large amount of data backlog, and cannot be processed in time, which reduces the rate of data mining. Based on the above experimental results, it is not difficult to find that compared with the traditional training methods, this method is more scientific and practical.


## 4. Conclusion

Different tactical schools of volleyball are not invariable. With the continuous development of the project, the change of mature rules, and the change in athletes’ physical conditions, the tactical characteristics of teams in different countries are also changing. The continuous integration and development of various playing methods are the driving force for the current progress of volleyball. As long as anyone ignores the research in this field, he will lag behind the development of world volleyball and pay a heavy price. Only through continuous absorption and innovation can he stand at the forefront of world volleyball. Good strength quality of volleyball players is the basic condition for mastering technology and achieving excellent results, but in strength quality training, we should not only pay attention to physical training. We should also pay attention to the combination of skills and tactics and do not ignore flexibility and relaxation training, so as to achieve the best effect of strength training.



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*Source: 7130419-2022-05-06.xml*