# Triple Band Parasitic Array Antenna for C-X-Ku-Band Application Using Out-of-Phase Coupling Approach

Authors: Anubhuti Khare; Rajesh Nema
Journal: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
 (2014)

---

## Abstract

Triple band parasitic array antenna for C-X-Ku-band application is presented. The proposed antenna is designed using the concept of parasitic array and out-of-phase coupling approach. The objects of research are to optimize total inductance of geometry by using out-of-phase inductance approach. The out of phase inductance of geometry consists of using two U-patches novel director on the left side of geometry, appropriate dimension of ground plan, and gap coupling between parasitic and active patches. The dimension of the ground plan geometry is 0.5λ mil × 0.5154λ mil. The usable impedance bandwidth of design antenna is “5.8 GHz to 18 GHz” (102% impedance bandwidth) and gain enhancement is up to 11.8 dBi. The proposed antenna can be used for X-Ku band and C-band applications. Both simulated and measured results are presented, which are in good agreement. The proposed antenna was fabricated with a thin copper layer printed on a thin lossy FR4 substrate for low-cost production.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

An explosive growth of the wireless radio a communication system is currently observed in the microwave band. In [1], a dual-frequency antenna based on the Sierpinski fractal with two parasitic patches to enhance the impedance bandwidth was presented. An electrical circuit model is formed by RLC resonators to learn about the antenna physical behaviour and to achieve the dual band operation minimizing a trial-and error numerical/measurement proofs. The antenna designed, using a method of moment, obtained two bands with a broad bandwidth and similar radiation patterns. In [2], a triple-frequency antenna is designed having a dual-band and monoband antenna with broadside radiation patterns. The dual-band antenna is inspired in the Sierpinski fractal. Such a dual-band  antenna is stacked over a monoband antenna. The antenna presented a broadband behavior at each  band  using parasitic  patches. The antenna is designed using a MoM commercial code, obtaining three bands with a  broad  bandwidth, high efficiency, and similar radiation patterns. Huang et al. [3] presented a microstrip antenna design that effectively circular polarized (CP) and suppressed harmonics. By modifying the size and position of two peripheral cuts, two orthogonal modes that have equal amplitude and are 90 out of phase were simultaneously excited. The four right-angle slits embedded in the antenna can block the second- and third-order harmonic signals. The adopted CP antenna built on a low-cost FR4 substrate measured bandwidth of 137 MHz (10-dB return loss) and a 30-MHz CP bandwidth (3-dB axial ratio). This work is further extended in [4] where a triband dual-polarization (TBDP) shared aperture microstrip array antenna is designed for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) application. It operates in L-S-X Bands with a frequency ratio of 1 : 2.8 : 8. This TBDP shared aperture array is assembled by two L/S and L/X DBDP shared-aperture sub arrays with one L-band dual-polarized sub array, which exhibits wide impedance bandwidth of 13.4%, 14.8%, and 16.8% in L-S band and X-bands. Usable bandwidth of design antenna is further modified in [5], a printed wide-slot antenna with a parasitic patch for bandwidth enhancement, which is 80% for S
11
≤
-
10 dB ranging from “2.23 GHz to 5.35 GHz.” Work further carried in [5–8], in [8] presented a novel compact ultra wideband (UWB) printed slot antenna with three extra bands for various wireless applications. The low-profile antenna consists of an octagonal-shaped slot fed by a beveled and stepped rectangular patch for covering the UWB band (“3.1 GHz–10.6 GHz”). In [7], a new design of a compact ultra wideband (UWB) antenna with multiple bands notched characteristic utilized a C-shape ground to realize miniaturization and two mushroom-type electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures to create notched bands. The antenna achieved an operation frequency band from “3 GHz to 13 GHz” (10 GHz Bandwidth slot). Modification of paper [7] done in [8], where a compact planar ultra wideband (UWB) antenna is designed for wireless universal serial bus (USB) dongle application. Cutting 7 notches and embedding types of slots into a rectangular patch, multiple resonances with effective bandwidth enhancement is achieved. This prototype antenna is constructed and measured to show an ultra wide operating band with 10-dB return-less bandwidth of about 10.42 GHz ranging from “2.86 GHz to 13.38 GHz,” highest bandwidth modification done in [9]. The gain enhancement technique is displayed, which loosely configured grooved ground plan able to significantly enhance the gain of a standard patch antenna with a flat, electrically large ground plan. Simulation and measurement results show the enhancement of the gain up to 10.2 dBi at 10.45 GHz and the proposed antenna is designed to achieve usable bandwidth 12.2 GHz from “5.8 GHz to 18.15 GHz.” The proposed design of antenna in this paper is modification of [6–9] to achieve more −10 dB impedance bandwidth slot and directivity.


## 2. Proposed Geometry Design

The Proposed Geometry consists of(i)
Δ
=
3 mil air gap between top and bottom layer,
(ii)
geometry which consists of glass epoxy PCB and air gap (FR-4 − air-FR-4) material,
(iii)
total height of geometry which is 3.07 mm (from a ground plan to top layer),
(iv)
middle layer driven element which has patch dimensionL
×
W
=
10.44 mm × 11.32 mm (0.1808λ mm × 0.1962λ mm),
(v)
top parasitic patches which have dimension ofL
1
×
W
1
=
2.54 mm × 3.81 mm (0.044λ mm × 0.066λ mm) used as director,
(vi)
the dimensions of ground plan which is 28.87 mm × 29.76 mm (0.05λ mm × 0.05154λ mm) used as a reflector.The geometry consists of two U-type patches on the left side of the top layer shown in Figure2. The proposed geometry is simulated using IE3D simulator.


## 3. Mutual Coupling Approach for Designing of Proposed Antenna

The proposed antenna is design to reduce the total mutual inductance of geometry, in geometry U-type patch directors is configured in out-of-phase mutual coupling through vertical arms of U-patch is shown in Figure3. Two sections of U-patch carrying currents in the same direction have positive mutual inductance here as the inductance is negative for a current flowing in opposite directions is shown in Figure 4. The lengthening of the effective patch’s surface current paths is due to the additional downward paths in the added rims, which is different from that of the meandered designs; a relatively very small perturbation on the excited surface current distribution in the radiating patch is expected. This implies that it is possible for the radiation characteristics of this compact design to be as good as those of a corresponding conventional patch antenna with a planar radiating patch. Adjacent resonant modes with similar radiation characteristics can be excited at frequencies close to each other, resulting in a wide bandwidth microstrip antenna. Furthermore by properly adjusting the parameters of slots, both of the adjacent resonant modes could achieve good impedance matching, which makes the antenna broadband and compact:
(1)
L
Total
=
Σ
L
+
Σ
M
+
-
Σ
M
-
,
(2)
Σ
M
-
=
2
Σ
M
13
+
Σ
L
m
g
+
2
Σ
M
34
+
2
Σ
M
46
+
2
Σ
M
16
,
(3)
M
13
=
2
×
10
-
4
l
e
In
⁡
l
e
d
+
1
+
l
e
d
2
m
m
m
m
m
l
m
+
d
2
l
-
1
+
d
l
e
2
+
d
l
e
,
M
34
=
2
×
10
-
4
l
e
1
In
⁡
l
e
1
d
34
+
1
+
l
e
1
d
34
2
m
m
m
l
m
m
m
+
d
34
2
l
e
1
-
1
+
d
34
l
e
1
2
+
d
34
l
e
1
,
(4)
M
16
=
2
×
10
-
4
l
e
2
In
⁡
l
e
2
d
16
+
1
+
l
e
2
d
16
2
m
m
m
m
m
l
m
+
d
16
2
l
e
2
-
1
+
d
34
l
e
2
2
+
d
16
l
e
2
,
where l
e is the effective length of the arms between 1 and 3, which calculated the mutual inductance M
13. Dimensions of l
e and d are in microns and M
13 is in nanohenries. As an approximation, l
e can be considered an average length for three sections l
e
=
l
1
+
l
2
+
l
3, l
e
1 is an effective length of the sections 3 and 4, and l
e
2 is the effective length of sections 1 and 6. d
16 and d
34 are distance between 1 and 6, 3 and 4, respectively. M
16 and M
34 are mutual inductance between 1 and 6, 3 and 4, respectively.So total inductance of U-patch is(5)
L
=
L
1
+
L
2
+
L
3
+
X
P
.
The free-space inductance L (in nanohenries) of a width of U-patch is d and l length, (in microns) given by [10, 11].Forl
≪
d
l = length of U-patch,
d = width of U-patch:
(6)
L
1
=
L
3
=
2
×
10
-
4
l
In
⁡
2
l
d
+
1
+
2
l
d
2
m
m
m
m
m
n
m
l
m
+
d
2
l
-
1
+
d
2
l
2
+
C
,
L
2
=
2
×
10
-
4
l
2
In
⁡
2
l
2
d
+
1
+
2
l
2
d
2
m
m
m
m
m
n
l
+
d
2
l
2
-
1
+
d
2
l
2
2
+
C
,where l
1
=
l
2
=
l
(7)
C
=
0.25
tanh
4
δ
d
,
δ
=
1
π
σ
f
μ
.
The inductor X
P produced by the probe is given by
(8)
X
P
=
η
π
tan
0
.
5
k
o
h
In
⁡
2.25
k
o
d
.
l
≫
d where σ is the conductivity of the wire material. For gold wires, δ
=
2.486
f
-
0.5, where frequency f is expressed in gigahertz. When δ
/
d are small, C
=
δ
/
d.When1
≫
d, (4), (5) reduces to
(9)
L
1
=
L
3
=
2
×
10
-
4
l
In
⁡
4
l
d
+
0.5
d
l
-
1
+
C
,
L
2
=
2
×
10
-
4
l
2
In
⁡
4
l
2
d
+
0.5
d
l
2
-
1
+
C
,
L
=
L
1
+
L
2
+
L
3
+
X
P
.


### 3.1. Ground Plan Effect

The effect of the ground plan on the inductance value of an antenna has also been considered [12]. If the radiating patch is at a distance h above the ground plan as shown in Figure 1, it sees its image at 2 h from it. The U-Slot patches and its image consists mutual inductance L
m
g. Because the image of antenna carries a current opposite to the current flow in the patch, the mutual inductance of the antenna L
m
g is calculated from (6) by mutual coupling approach
(10)
L
m
g
=
2
×
10
-
4
l
In
⁡
l
2
h
+
1
+
l
2
h
2
m
m
m
m
m
n
+
1
+
l
2
h
2
+
2
h
l
m
m
m
m
m
n
-
1
+
2
h
l
2
+
C
.Figure 1
Proposed model.Figure 2
Optimization model for geometry.Figure 3
U-patch model for mutual coupling approach.(a) Positive mutual coupling and (b) out-of-phase coupling.
(a)
(b)


## 3.1. Ground Plan Effect

The effect of the ground plan on the inductance value of an antenna has also been considered [12]. If the radiating patch is at a distance h above the ground plan as shown in Figure 1, it sees its image at 2 h from it. The U-Slot patches and its image consists mutual inductance L
m
g. Because the image of antenna carries a current opposite to the current flow in the patch, the mutual inductance of the antenna L
m
g is calculated from (6) by mutual coupling approach
(10)
L
m
g
=
2
×
10
-
4
l
In
⁡
l
2
h
+
1
+
l
2
h
2
m
m
m
m
m
n
+
1
+
l
2
h
2
+
2
h
l
m
m
m
m
m
n
-
1
+
2
h
l
2
+
C
.Figure 1
Proposed model.Figure 2
Optimization model for geometry.Figure 3
U-patch model for mutual coupling approach.(a) Positive mutual coupling and (b) out-of-phase coupling.
(a)
(b)


## 4. Optimization Using Ground Plan

In this optimization section, proposed antenna is optimized using only change in dimension of ground plan. The dimension of ground plan severely has an effect on reflected signal; according to (10), L
m
g is mutual inductance of ground plan and depends on the dimensions length of ground plan, width of ground plan, total height of antenna, loss tangent of dielectric material, and conductivity of ground plan. When the dimensions of ground plan increase the mutual inductance of the ground plan (
L
m
g
) also increases so that overall out-of-phase inductance increases as per (2) and total dominate inductance of proposed design is reduced and achieved reduction in reflected signal; this optimization approach provides impedance matching over a wide band of frequency and this approach is more feasible and easy. When the dimension of ground plan changes from 11.43 × 13.97 mm2 to 28.87 × 29.76 mm2, simultaneously the useful −10 dB impedance matching bandwidth slot improves from 8 GHz to 12.2 GHz. After 28.87 × 29.76 mm2 ground dimension, the increment in dimension of ground plan is not feasible because size of antenna is not compatible over a useful bandwidth slot and therefore optimization is done up to 28.87 × 29.76 mm2 only.


### 4.1. Optimization Using Ground Plan Dimensions 11.43 × 13.97 mm2

In this optimization section, the dimensions of ground plan are changed; the dimension of ground plan is 11.43 × 13.97 mm2 and achieved −10 dB impedance bandwidth 8 GHz is shown in Figure 5(a).(a) Return losses versus frequency for dimension of ground plan 11.43 × 13.97 mm2. (b) Return losses versus frequency for dimension of ground plan 12.7 × 12.7 mm2. (c) Return losses versus frequency for dimension of ground plan 12.7 × 13.97 mm2. (d) Return losses versus frequency.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)


### 4.2. Optimization Using Ground Plan of Dimensions 12.7 × 12.7 mm2

In this optimization section, the dimension of ground plan is 12.7 × 12.7 mm2 and obtained −10 dB impedance bandwidth 8.9 GHz is shown in Figure 5(b).


### 4.3. Optimization Using Ground Plan of Dimensions Is 12.7 × 13.97 mm2

In this optimization section, the dimension of ground plan is 12.7 × 13.97 mm2 and obtained −10 dB impedance bandwidth 9 GHz is shown in Figure 5(c).


### 4.4. Optimization Using Ground Plan of Dimensions Is 28.87 × 29.76 mm2

From the validation of proposed geometry in IE3D simulator, obtained −10 dB impedance bandwidth is 12.2 GHz and return losses of −20 dB as shown in Figure5(d). Simulation results obtained for 5.8 to 18 GHz frequency slots and at 12 GHz achieved −20 dB return loss.The results of all optimization section using ground plan are shown in Table2.


## 4.1. Optimization Using Ground Plan Dimensions 11.43 × 13.97 mm2

In this optimization section, the dimensions of ground plan are changed; the dimension of ground plan is 11.43 × 13.97 mm2 and achieved −10 dB impedance bandwidth 8 GHz is shown in Figure 5(a).(a) Return losses versus frequency for dimension of ground plan 11.43 × 13.97 mm2. (b) Return losses versus frequency for dimension of ground plan 12.7 × 12.7 mm2. (c) Return losses versus frequency for dimension of ground plan 12.7 × 13.97 mm2. (d) Return losses versus frequency.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)


## 4.2. Optimization Using Ground Plan of Dimensions 12.7 × 12.7 mm2

In this optimization section, the dimension of ground plan is 12.7 × 12.7 mm2 and obtained −10 dB impedance bandwidth 8.9 GHz is shown in Figure 5(b).


## 4.3. Optimization Using Ground Plan of Dimensions Is 12.7 × 13.97 mm2

In this optimization section, the dimension of ground plan is 12.7 × 13.97 mm2 and obtained −10 dB impedance bandwidth 9 GHz is shown in Figure 5(c).


## 4.4. Optimization Using Ground Plan of Dimensions Is 28.87 × 29.76 mm2

From the validation of proposed geometry in IE3D simulator, obtained −10 dB impedance bandwidth is 12.2 GHz and return losses of −20 dB as shown in Figure5(d). Simulation results obtained for 5.8 to 18 GHz frequency slots and at 12 GHz achieved −20 dB return loss.The results of all optimization section using ground plan are shown in Table2.


## 5. Results and Discussion

The proposed structure consists of one reflector of dimension 0.5λ mm × 0.5154λ mm. The dimensions of reflector give 180 deg phase shift so that all the reflected waves will be reflected from the reflector and move towards the director and achieved elimination of reflected waves over wide range of frequency. The dimension of the driven element is 0.1808λ mm × 0.1962λ mm giving 70 deg phase shift for forward wave with the intention that wave is coupled more towards the director. In antenna theory gain, bandwidth does not increase simultaneously if gain of the antenna is more than bandwidth of antenna which is less but in our design required optimal gain over a broad bandwidth therefore considered an appropriate dimension, 0.1808λ mm × 0.1962λ mm dimensions for driving element; the spacing between elements is D
1 = 0.038λ mm and D
2 = 0.02λ mm; the spacing between elements gives 10 deg phase shift so that the signal cannot losses between elements and maximum signal coupled to director. The dimension of U-type novel director is 0.044λ mil × 0.066λ mil; director exists in 13 deg phase shift and consequently all forward wave has received and again has been amplified by the director so that it achieved optimum gain from 5.8 GHz to 18 GHz.The wide band operation is obtained from proposed structures. The 0.5λ mm × 0.5154λ mm ground plan is inductive in nature in order to provided impedance matching for lower frequency. The middle layer patch 0.1808λ mm × 0.1962λ mm is resistive in nature and provided impedance matching for middle frequency. The top layer patch 0.044λ mm × 0.066λ mm, is capacitive in nature and provided impedance matching for high frequency. Appropriate U-type patches and appropriate dimensions of ground plan reduced total inductance of geometry by increasing out-of-phase inductance of geometry and providing impedance matching over broad bandwidth, the range of broad band decided by the length, width of U-type patch, spacing between U Type patches, and dimension of ground plan.


### 5.1. Return Losses versus Frequency

From the validation of proposed geometry in IE3D simulator, −10 dB impedance bandwidth is 12.2 GHz as is shown in Figure6 and return losses of −20 dB. Simulation results obtained for 5.8 to 18 GHz frequency slots.Figure 6
Return losses versus frequency.


### 5.2. Gain versus Frequency

The simulation result in Figure7 concluded that out-of-phase coupling severely reduced the inductance of design and improved gain, achieved gain 4 dBi to 11.8 dBi; the maximum value of gain 11.8 dBi is at 15.97 GHz.Figure 7
Gain versus frequency.


### 5.3. Current Density at Different Frequency for Geometry-I

Using IE3D simulator observed current density, the current density analysis is shown in Figure8 and found higher current density towards a higher range of frequency and obtained higher radiating and antenna efficiency towards the higher edge of frequency.Current density of geometry at different frequency.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
(n)All comparison results for geometry are shown in Table1 which shows comparable results in terms of VSWR, return losses (S11 ≤ −10 dB), and impedance bandwidth, analyzed geometry, and got impedance bandwidth VSWR ≤ 2 and −10 dB and impedance bandwidth up to 12.2 GHz (Table 3). The gain of geometry in Figure 8 varies from 5 dBi to 11.8 dBi. The proposed geometry is appropriate for C-band, X-band and Ku-band application. Fabricated and validation is done for the proposed geometry.Table 1
Dimension of proposed design.
Dimension of top layer
Length of U-slotL
1
2.54 mm
Width of U-slotW
1
3.81 mm
Dimension of  middle layer
Length of  middle patchL
10.4394 mm
Width of  middle patchW
11.33 mm
Dimension of ground plan
Length of   ground planL
g
28.87 mm
Width of   ground planW
g
29.76 mmTable 2
Optimization of bandwidth using different  ground plan dimensions.
Ground plan dimension
11.43 × 13.97 mm2
12.7 × 12.7 mm2
12.7 × 13.97 mm2
28.87 × 29.76 mm2
Useful bandwidth
8 GHz
8.9 GHz
9 GHz
12.2 GHzTable 3
Validation of antenna parameters of different geometry with reference paper.
Antenna parameters
Proposed work
Reference [6]
Reference [7]
−10 dB, Impedance bandwidth
12.2 GHz
10.42 GHz (2.86 GHz to 13.38 GHz)
10 GHz (3 GHz to 13 GHz)
VSWR ≤ 2, Impedance bandwidth
12.2 GHz
10.42 GHz (2.86 GHz to 13.38 GHz)
10 GHz (3 GHz to 13 GHz)
Proposed geometry reported impedance bandwidth greater than 12 GHz.


### 5.4. Radiation Pattern

#### 5.4.1. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
18.17 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
70 deg

See Figure9(a).(a) Elevation radiation pattern atf
=
18.17 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
70 deg. (b) Elevation radiation pattern at f
=
10.4592 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg. (c) Elevation radiation pattern at f
=
12.1122 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg. (d) Elevation radiation pattern at f
=
15.97 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg. (e) Elevation radiation pattern at f
=
16.2449 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
60 deg. (f) Elevation radiation pattern at f
=
17.0714 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
70 deg.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)


#### 5.4.2. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
10.4592 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg

See Figure9(b).Current distribution simulation shows what areas of the antenna are excited (Figure8). It is interesting to note that the current distribution does not follow any regular pattern as in the case of regular shapes. At 10.45 GHz, 12.11 GHz, 15.97 GHz, 16.24 GHz, 17.07 GHz, and 18.17 GHz the gain values are 4 dBi, 8 dBi, 11.8 dBi, 11.7 dBi, 10.11 dBi, and 8.2 dBi, respectively. In conclusion, it can be seen from the simulation results that the antenna performs well at the operating frequency 5.8 GHz to 18 GHz. There is also some deviation from the theoretically expected operating frequency; the main reason for this is the discretization applied during simulation.


#### 5.4.3. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
12.1122 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg

See Figure9(c).


#### 5.4.4. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
15.97 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg

See Figure9(d).


#### 5.4.5. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
16.2449 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
60 deg

See Figure9(e).


#### 5.4.6. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
17.0714 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
70 deg

See Figure9(f).


## 5.1. Return Losses versus Frequency

From the validation of proposed geometry in IE3D simulator, −10 dB impedance bandwidth is 12.2 GHz as is shown in Figure6 and return losses of −20 dB. Simulation results obtained for 5.8 to 18 GHz frequency slots.Figure 6
Return losses versus frequency.


## 5.2. Gain versus Frequency

The simulation result in Figure7 concluded that out-of-phase coupling severely reduced the inductance of design and improved gain, achieved gain 4 dBi to 11.8 dBi; the maximum value of gain 11.8 dBi is at 15.97 GHz.Figure 7
Gain versus frequency.


## 5.3. Current Density at Different Frequency for Geometry-I

Using IE3D simulator observed current density, the current density analysis is shown in Figure8 and found higher current density towards a higher range of frequency and obtained higher radiating and antenna efficiency towards the higher edge of frequency.Current density of geometry at different frequency.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
(n)All comparison results for geometry are shown in Table1 which shows comparable results in terms of VSWR, return losses (S11 ≤ −10 dB), and impedance bandwidth, analyzed geometry, and got impedance bandwidth VSWR ≤ 2 and −10 dB and impedance bandwidth up to 12.2 GHz (Table 3). The gain of geometry in Figure 8 varies from 5 dBi to 11.8 dBi. The proposed geometry is appropriate for C-band, X-band and Ku-band application. Fabricated and validation is done for the proposed geometry.Table 1
Dimension of proposed design.
Dimension of top layer
Length of U-slotL
1
2.54 mm
Width of U-slotW
1
3.81 mm
Dimension of  middle layer
Length of  middle patchL
10.4394 mm
Width of  middle patchW
11.33 mm
Dimension of ground plan
Length of   ground planL
g
28.87 mm
Width of   ground planW
g
29.76 mmTable 2
Optimization of bandwidth using different  ground plan dimensions.
Ground plan dimension
11.43 × 13.97 mm2
12.7 × 12.7 mm2
12.7 × 13.97 mm2
28.87 × 29.76 mm2
Useful bandwidth
8 GHz
8.9 GHz
9 GHz
12.2 GHzTable 3
Validation of antenna parameters of different geometry with reference paper.
Antenna parameters
Proposed work
Reference [6]
Reference [7]
−10 dB, Impedance bandwidth
12.2 GHz
10.42 GHz (2.86 GHz to 13.38 GHz)
10 GHz (3 GHz to 13 GHz)
VSWR ≤ 2, Impedance bandwidth
12.2 GHz
10.42 GHz (2.86 GHz to 13.38 GHz)
10 GHz (3 GHz to 13 GHz)
Proposed geometry reported impedance bandwidth greater than 12 GHz.


## 5.4. Radiation Pattern

### 5.4.1. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
18.17 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
70 deg

See Figure9(a).(a) Elevation radiation pattern atf
=
18.17 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
70 deg. (b) Elevation radiation pattern at f
=
10.4592 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg. (c) Elevation radiation pattern at f
=
12.1122 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg. (d) Elevation radiation pattern at f
=
15.97 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg. (e) Elevation radiation pattern at f
=
16.2449 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
60 deg. (f) Elevation radiation pattern at f
=
17.0714 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
70 deg.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)


### 5.4.2. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
10.4592 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg

See Figure9(b).Current distribution simulation shows what areas of the antenna are excited (Figure8). It is interesting to note that the current distribution does not follow any regular pattern as in the case of regular shapes. At 10.45 GHz, 12.11 GHz, 15.97 GHz, 16.24 GHz, 17.07 GHz, and 18.17 GHz the gain values are 4 dBi, 8 dBi, 11.8 dBi, 11.7 dBi, 10.11 dBi, and 8.2 dBi, respectively. In conclusion, it can be seen from the simulation results that the antenna performs well at the operating frequency 5.8 GHz to 18 GHz. There is also some deviation from the theoretically expected operating frequency; the main reason for this is the discretization applied during simulation.


### 5.4.3. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
12.1122 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg

See Figure9(c).


### 5.4.4. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
15.97 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg

See Figure9(d).


### 5.4.5. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
16.2449 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
60 deg

See Figure9(e).


### 5.4.6. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
17.0714 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
70 deg

See Figure9(f).


## 5.4.1. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
18.17 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
70 deg

See Figure9(a).(a) Elevation radiation pattern atf
=
18.17 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
70 deg. (b) Elevation radiation pattern at f
=
10.4592 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg. (c) Elevation radiation pattern at f
=
12.1122 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg. (d) Elevation radiation pattern at f
=
15.97 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg. (e) Elevation radiation pattern at f
=
16.2449 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
60 deg. (f) Elevation radiation pattern at f
=
17.0714 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
70 deg.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)


## 5.4.2. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
10.4592 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg

See Figure9(b).Current distribution simulation shows what areas of the antenna are excited (Figure8). It is interesting to note that the current distribution does not follow any regular pattern as in the case of regular shapes. At 10.45 GHz, 12.11 GHz, 15.97 GHz, 16.24 GHz, 17.07 GHz, and 18.17 GHz the gain values are 4 dBi, 8 dBi, 11.8 dBi, 11.7 dBi, 10.11 dBi, and 8.2 dBi, respectively. In conclusion, it can be seen from the simulation results that the antenna performs well at the operating frequency 5.8 GHz to 18 GHz. There is also some deviation from the theoretically expected operating frequency; the main reason for this is the discretization applied during simulation.


## 5.4.3. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
12.1122 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg

See Figure9(c).


## 5.4.4. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
15.97 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
50 deg

See Figure9(d).


## 5.4.5. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
16.2449 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
60 deg

See Figure9(e).


## 5.4.6. Elevation Radiation Pattern atf
=
17.0714 GHz, phi(
ϕ
)
=
70 deg

See Figure9(f).


## 6. Fabrication of Proposed Structure

The fabricate antenna used FR-4 and air, the layout of the antenna is designed in AUTO CAD software, its etching is done using ferric-chloride acid. For feeding SMA connector is used (Figure10).(a) Front view of fabricated antenna. (b) Bottom view of fabricated antenna.
(a)
(b)


## 7. Hardware Validation of Fabricated Antenna

There are some deviation 0.108 values from the theoretically expected; the main reason for this is the discretization applied during simulation. Figure11 shows hardware validation of fabricated antenna.Figure 11
VSWR measurement of fabricated antenna.


## 8. Conclusion

In this paper, the out-of-phase inductance coupling approach is used for designing of proposed geometry; the out-of-phase inductance consists of two U-type patches and ground plan. This is justified in mutual coupling approach; after the analysis of the results of the proposed antenna, it is concluded that the total inductance is optimized, reflection is reduced and enhanced surface current over wide bandwidth (12.2 GHz); achieved impedance bandwidth S11 (≤−10 dB impedance bandwidth) from 5.8 GHz to 18 GHz is 102%, VSWR ≤ 2 over 12.2 GHz bandwidth slot. Utilized impedance bandwidth, 38% of X-band, 19% of C-band and 45% of Ku-band, achieved gain “4 dBi to 11.8 dBi” over 12.2 GHz impedance bandwidth slot. This proposed antenna geometry can be used for X-band, Ku-band, and C-band application. The hardware validation and simulation results are matched to this design. In this research we observed that ground dimension 0.5λ mm × 0.5154λ mm has improved the efficiency and useful bandwidth of antenna.



---

*Source: 716829-2014-09-03.xml*