# Pattern Nulling of Linear Antenna Arrays Using Backtracking Search Optimization Algorithm

Authors: Kerim Guney; Ali Durmus
Journal: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
 (2015)

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## Abstract

An evolutionary method based on backtracking search optimization algorithm (BSA) is proposed for linear antenna array pattern synthesis with prescribed nulls at interference directions. Pattern nulling is obtained by controlling only the amplitude, position, and phase of the antenna array elements. BSA is an innovative metaheuristic technique based on an iterative process. Various numerical examples of linear array patterns with the prescribed single, multiple, and wide nulls are given to illustrate the performance and flexibility of BSA. The results obtained by BSA are compared with the results of the following seventeen algorithms: particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), modified touring ant colony algorithm (MTACO), quadratic programming method (QPM), bacterial foraging algorithm (BFA), bees algorithm (BA), clonal selection algorithm (CLONALG), plant growth simulation algorithm (PGSA), tabu search algorithm (TSA), memetic algorithm (MA), nondominated sorting GA-2 (NSGA-2), multiobjective differential evolution (MODE), decomposition with differential evolution (MOEA/D-DE), comprehensive learning PSO (CLPSO), harmony search algorithm (HSA), seeker optimization algorithm (SOA), and mean variance mapping optimization (MVMO). The simulation results show that the linear antenna array synthesis using BSA provides low side-lobe levels and deep null levels.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

As a result of the increase in electromagnetic pollution, array pattern nulling techniques have received a significant attention in the past decades. These techniques are used in a large number of application areas, especially in sonar, communication, and radar systems to minimize degradation in signal-to-noise ratio [1]. Pattern nulling techniques have been extensively studied in the literature [2–43]. In recent years, the metaheuristic algorithms [7–43] have received remarkable attention for the null steering in antenna array patterns. These metaheuristic algorithms are more flexible than traditional methods and do not use derivative information. Additionally, the metaheuristic algorithms are capable of escaping from local minima. Genetic algorithm (GA) [7–12, 20, 23, 25, 39], tabu search algorithm (TSA) [23, 30], modified touring ant colony algorithm (MTACO) [13], particle swarm optimization (PSO) [15, 30, 33], bees algorithm (BA) [16, 29], bacterial foraging algorithm (BFA) [19, 24], clonal selection algorithm (CLONALG) [21], plant growth simulation algorithm (PGSA) [26], differential evolution (DE) algorithm [14, 18, 27], biogeography based optimization (BBO) [28], multiobjective DE (MODE) [30], memetic algorithm (MA) [17, 23, 30], nondominated sorting GA-2 (NSGA-2) [30], decomposition with DE (MOEA/D-DE) [30], comprehensive learning PSO (CLPSO) [31], seeker optimization algorithm (SOA) [32], invasive weed optimization (IWO) algorithm [34], harmony search algorithm (HSA) [35], firefly algorithm (FA) [36, 38], cuckoo search (CS) algorithm [37, 42], differential search algorithm (DSA) [40], cat swarm optimization (CSO) [41], and mean variance mapping optimization (MVMO) [43] can be given as the examples of these metaheuristic algorithms used for pattern nulling.In this paper, backtracking search optimization algorithm (BSA) [44] is presented for pattern nulling by controlling only the amplitude, phase, and position of the antenna array elements. The BSA is a metaheuristic search optimization algorithm based on an iterative process. It was introduced by Civicioglu in 2013 [44]. Contrary to many other metaheuristic algorithms, BSA has a single control parameter. Many optimization methods are very difficult and complex to understand, but BSA has a very simple structure to adapt different optimization problems. In [44], BSA was statistically compared with artificial bee colony (ABC), PSO, covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMAES), CLPSO, adaptive DE (JDE), and self-adaptive DE (SADE) algorithms. Three real world benchmark and seventy-five boundary constrained problems were used for comparison. The simulations and comparisons in [44] indicate that BSA can provide optimal solutions for benchmark problems and that the results of BSA are more efficient than the compared algorithms. BSA was used in [45] and [46] for circular and concentric circular antenna array designs, respectively. BSA was also employed for solving different optimization problems [47–51].The study will continue in the following order. The general problem formulations of linear antenna arrays synthesis are given in Section2. A brief explanation of the BSA is presented in Section 3. In Section 4, numerical results are given. Finally, conclusions of the paper are given in Section 5.


## 2. Problem Formulation

We assume a linear antenna array withM elements located throughout the x-axis. The far field array factor (AF) can be indicated as(1)AFθ=∑m=1MImejkdmsinθ+δm,where k is the number of wave (k=2π/λ), θ is the angle of scanning, and dm, δm, and Im are the location, phase, and amplitude of the mth element, respectively.When the linear antenna array elements are located symmetrically and excited around the array center and the number of antenna array elements is evenN=M/2, it is possible to indicate array factor in the following way: (2)AFθ=2∑m=1NImcos⁡⁡kdmcos⁡θ+δm.The main aim of the study is to find a set of optimum element amplitude, phase, or position values in order to produce a radiation pattern with low maximum side-lobe level (MSL) and deep nulls placed in desired directions. For this reason, the following cost function will be minimized by BSA:(3)C=∑θ=-90°90°WθAFoθ-AFdθ+ESLθ,where AFo(θ) is the array factor value achieved by BSA and AFd(θ) is the desired array factor value. W(θ) and ESL(θ) are utilized for controlling the null depth level (NDL) and the MSL, respectively.


## 3. Backtracking Search Optimization Algorithm (BSA)

BSA is an innovative metaheuristic algorithm to solve different complex and nonlinear optimization problems [44]. BSA is based on an iterative process which finds global minimum in the solution space. BSA has five evolutionary steps including initialization, selection-I, mutation, crossover, and selection-II. The structure of BSA is quite simple, so it can be applied to different complex optimization problems with ease. The general structure of BSA is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
General flow chart of BSA.


### 3.1. Initialization

The initial population (P) is produced by utilizing a uniform random distribution in the solution space. The following equation is used to indicate the population members:(4)Pi,j~Ulowj,upj,j=1,2,3,…,D,i=1,2,3,…,N,where D is the problem dimension, N is the population size, and lowj and upj are lower and upper values of optimization problems, respectively.


### 3.2. Selection-I

BSA generates the historical population (oldP) with the calculation of the search direction in the selection-I stage. The historical population’s initial values are determined by(5)oldPi,j~Ulowj,upj.Equation (6) enables BSA to redefine the historical population at the beginning of each iteration:(6)ifa<bthenoldP:=P∣a,b~U0,1,where a and b are the uniform real numbers in the range of [0,1]. The following equation is used to change the arrangement of the members randomly in historical population by using shuffling function:(7)oldP:=permutingoldP,where the permuting() function represents a random shuffling function.


### 3.3. Mutation

In the mutation process, mutants, initial form of the trial populations, are generated by(8)Mutant=P+F·oldP-P,where F is scale value to control the amplitude of the direction of search. BSA produces a trial population depending on oldP values.


### 3.4. Crossover

In the crossover step of BSA, final form of the trial-populationT is produced. The crossover process involves two steps. The first step uses mix-rate and the second step imposes that just one arbitrary individual mutates in each trial.


### 3.5. Selection-II

All trial populationsTis with optimal values better than the relevant Pis are utilized to update the Pis by using the greedy selection strategy. If Pbest’s value is better than the global minimum value, the new global minimum value is changed with the best individual of P. Further details of the BSA can be found in [44].


## 3.1. Initialization

The initial population (P) is produced by utilizing a uniform random distribution in the solution space. The following equation is used to indicate the population members:(4)Pi,j~Ulowj,upj,j=1,2,3,…,D,i=1,2,3,…,N,where D is the problem dimension, N is the population size, and lowj and upj are lower and upper values of optimization problems, respectively.


## 3.2. Selection-I

BSA generates the historical population (oldP) with the calculation of the search direction in the selection-I stage. The historical population’s initial values are determined by(5)oldPi,j~Ulowj,upj.Equation (6) enables BSA to redefine the historical population at the beginning of each iteration:(6)ifa<bthenoldP:=P∣a,b~U0,1,where a and b are the uniform real numbers in the range of [0,1]. The following equation is used to change the arrangement of the members randomly in historical population by using shuffling function:(7)oldP:=permutingoldP,where the permuting() function represents a random shuffling function.


## 3.3. Mutation

In the mutation process, mutants, initial form of the trial populations, are generated by(8)Mutant=P+F·oldP-P,where F is scale value to control the amplitude of the direction of search. BSA produces a trial population depending on oldP values.


## 3.4. Crossover

In the crossover step of BSA, final form of the trial-populationT is produced. The crossover process involves two steps. The first step uses mix-rate and the second step imposes that just one arbitrary individual mutates in each trial.


## 3.5. Selection-II

All trial populationsTis with optimal values better than the relevant Pis are utilized to update the Pis by using the greedy selection strategy. If Pbest’s value is better than the global minimum value, the new global minimum value is changed with the best individual of P. Further details of the BSA can be found in [44].


## 4. Numerical Results

To show the efficiency and performance of the BSA for steering single, multiple, and wide nulls with the prescribed directions by controlling amplitude only, phase only, and position only, eleven examples of a linear antenna array have been performed. In the first eight examples, a 30 dB Chebyshev pattern, having 20 equispaced elements with 0.5λ interelement spacing, is utilized as the initial radiation pattern, as shown in Figure 2. In the last three examples, the initial pattern is chosen as a uniform array pattern for 22, 28, and 32 equispaced elements with 0.5λ interelement spacing. The main aim is to obtain antenna array patterns having deep nulls at desired directions and low MSLs. The dynamic range ratio (DRR=|Imax⁡/Imin⁡|) is also taken into account for practical considerations.Figure 2
Initial Chebyshev pattern.The maximum iteration number of the BSA is selected as 10.000. The mix-rate and step size amplification parameter of BSA are set to 1 andF = 3·rndn, where rndn ~ N(0,1), respectively. The population size is fixed to 30. The simulations are carried on a computer which has 2.8 GHz i7 processor and 4 GB RAM. The software used for the optimization applications of BSA is MATLAB.In this study, comprehensive comparisons have been presented. The synthesis results of BSA are compared with the results of seventeen different algorithms, PSO [15, 30], GA [30], MTACO [13], QPM [15], BFA [19, 24], BA [16, 29], CLONALG [21], PGSA [26], TSA [30], MA [30], NSGA-2 [30], MODE [30], MOEA/D-DE [30], CLPSO [31], SOA [32], HSA [35], and MVMO [43].In the first group of examples, BSA is used to achieve radiation patterns with imposed nulls at interference directions by controlling the amplitude only. In the second group of examples, desired nulls are placed on the array pattern by controlling phase only. In the third group of examples, only the element positions are controlled for pattern nulling.


### 4.1. Amplitude Only Control

In the first example, Chebyshev pattern is considered with a single null atθi=14°. The parameters values of the cost function are selected as (9)AFd(θ)=0,forθ=θiInitialpattern,elsewhere,(10)W(θ)=150,forθ=θi1,elsewhere,(11)ESL(θ)=80,ifMSL>-29.1dB0,elsewhere.The radiation pattern achieved by BSA is shown in Figure 3. Table 1 illustrates NDL, MSL, and DRR values of the radiation pattern obtained by using BSA. Table 1 also shows the results of MTACO [13], BA [16], PGSA [26], HSA [35], and BFA [19]. It can be clearly observed from Table 1 that NDL, MSL, and DRR values of BSA are better than those of MTACO [13], BA [16], PGSA [26], HSA [35], and BFA [19].Table 1
NDL, MSL, and DRR values obtained by BSA and other optimization techniques MTACO [13], BA [16], PGSA [26], HSA [35], and BFA [19] for one null imposed at 14°.
BSA (Figure3)
MTACO [13]
BA [16]
PGSA [26]
HSA [35]
BFA [19]
NDL (dB)
−134.2
−88.1
−100.4
−118.3
−122.5
−113.6
MSL (dB)
−29.22
−29.10
−28.80
−28.03
−29.14
−28.11
DRR
3.86
4.36
4.09
3.89
3.87
3.89Figure 3
Radiation pattern achieved by controlling the amplitude only with one null at 14°.Figure4 shows the convergence curve. The curve is the average values obtained by running the algorithm 30 times. It is apparent from this figure that 1000 iterations are needed to find the optimal solutions.Figure 4
Convergence curve of the nulling pattern achieved by the BSA.To illustrate the resilience of BSA, in the second example,W(θ) is redefined as follows:(12)W(θ)=250,forθ=θi1,elsewhere.Figure 5 shows the radiation pattern produced by the BSA. The NDL and MSL values of the radiation pattern in Figure 5 are −182.3 dB and −29.08 dB, respectively. In Figure 5, the NDL value of array pattern is better than the NDL value of the pattern in Figure 3. However, compared to the improvement in the NDL, the MSL value of the radiation pattern in Figure 5 is seen worse than the MSL of the pattern in Figure 3. There is a trade-off between the NDL and MSL; usually, performance cannot be improved considerably for one without sacrificing the other.Figure 5
Radiation pattern achieved by controlling the amplitude only with a null depth level deeper than that of the first example having one null at 14°.In third and fourth examples, to test the capability of BSA for the radiation pattern synthesis with multiple nulls at any direction, only theAFd(θ) given by (9) is changed for synthesizing the array patterns with double null at 14° and 26° and triple null at 14°, 26°, and 33°, respectively. Figures 6 and 7 show the radiation patterns obtained by BSA for the multiple nulls, as it is seen from Figures 6 and 7 that each imposed null achieved by BSA is lower than −120 dB.Figure 6
Radiation pattern obtained by controlling the amplitude only with double null at 14° and 26°.Figure 7
Radiation pattern obtained by controlling the amplitude only with triple null at 14°, 26°, and 33°.In the fifth example, the radiation pattern with a wide null placed at 30° withΔθ=5° is obtained and is illustrated in Figure 8. The NDL value of the radiation pattern achieved by BSA is deeper than −59 dB.Figure 8
Radiation pattern achieved by controlling the amplitude only with a wide null sector centered 30° with Δθ  = 5°.The normalized amplitude values of array elements for the radiation patterns showed in Figures2, 3, and 5–8 are given in Table 2. It is clearly seen that, with respect to the main beam, the radiation patterns in Figures 3 and 5–8 are symmetric. This is a result of the even symmetry of the element amplitudes around the array center. For this reason, while a null occurs at the one side of the main beam, an image null imposes at the other side.Table 2
The element amplitudes (Im) for the array patterns given in Figures 2, 3, and 5–8 and the phases (δk) in degree for the array patterns given in Figures 9–11.
m
Initial Chebyshev pattern
Computed with BSA
Figure2 (Im)
Figure3 (Im)
Figure5 (Im)
Figure6 (Im)
Figure7 (Im)
Figure8 (Im)
Figure9 (δk)
Figure10 (δk)
Figure11 (δk)
±1
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
0.84376
0.98752
1.00000
0.94847
−1.15397
−0.37393
±2
0.97010
0.98714
0.93080
0.85439
1.00000
0.94790
3.35183
−3.36187
−3.96817
±3
0.91243
0.94987
0.89094
0.85078
0.99002
0.93151
5.70358
−5.59187
−8.10346
±4
0.83102
0.88163
0.83167
0.74231
0.85050
0.88528
7.59405
−5.05200
−5.63161
±5
0.73147
0.77212
0.74139
0.60989
0.74589
0.63226
9.32972
−7.11779
−3.07266
±6
0.62034
0.63944
0.60244
0.55080
0.60333
0.60860
10.55083
−12.00020
−12.00112
±7
0.50461
0.48298
0.45724
0.44059
0.36134
0.49878
10.51685
−18.81668
−21.61602
±8
0.39104
0.33060
0.31903
0.30532
0.46506
0.41636
9.93409
−24.08489
−18.97410
±9
0.28558
0.25882
0.22003
0.17434
0.20647
0.24505
8.38402
−33.72318
−29.99998
±10
0.32561
0.29505
0.23683
0.22392
0.15120
0.19214
3.60727
−14.86452
−30.00000


### 4.2. Phase Only Control

In the next three examples, forming nulls in the radiation pattern is achieved by controlling only the phase of antenna array element. The elements amplitude values (Im) of these examples are the same as the values of initial Chebyshev array.In the sixth example, the null directionθi is identified as −10°. The radiation pattern obtained by BSA is given in Figure 9. In Table 3, the NDL and MSL values of the radiation pattern obtained by BSA are compared with those of the CLONALG [21], BA [29], HSA [35], and BFA [24]. As it can be seen from this table, the NDL and MSL values of the pattern obtained by BSA are better than the other compared algorithms.Table 3
NDL and MSL values obtained by BSA and other optimization techniques CLONALG [21], BA [29], HSA [35], and BFA [24] for one null imposed at −10°.
BSA (Figure9)
CLONALG [21]
BA [29]
HSA [35]
BFA [24]
NDL (dB)
−212.30
−175
−185
−202
−161
MSL (dB)
−24.47
−24.0
−24.22
−24.23
−24.0Figure 9
Radiation pattern found by phase only control with one null at −10°.Double null atθi1=-10° and θi2=20° is achieved by controlling only the phase of the antenna array elements in the seventh example. The radiation pattern obtained by BSA is given in Figure 10. The MSL and NDL values of the radiation pattern obtained by BSA are compared with the results of SOA [32], CLONALG [21], and BFA [24] in Table 4. It is possible to see from Table 4 that the results of BSA are better than those of other optimization methods.Table 4
MSL and NDL values obtained by BSA and other optimization techniques SOA [32], CLONALG [21], and BFA [24] for double null imposed at −10° and 20°.
BSA (Figure10)
SOA [32]
CLONALG [21]
BFA [24]
MSL (dB)
−24.47
−23.96
−24.05
−24.28
NDL at −10° (dB)
−177.50
−119.80
−154.20
−156.30
NDL at 20° (dB)
−188.50
−112.60
−156.50
−187.60Figure 10
Radiation pattern found by phase only control with double null at −10° and 20°.In the eighth example, the radiation pattern with triple null(θi1=-10°, θi2=20°, and θi3=-33°) is achieved by BSA and is illustrated in Figure 11. In Table 5, the MSL and NDL values of the radiation pattern achieved by BSA are compared with the MSL and NDL values of the radiation patterns achieved by BA [29], CLONALG [21], and SOA [32]. It is clearly seen from Table 5 that MSL and NDL values of the pattern obtained by BSA are better than those of BA [29], CLONALG [21], and SOA [32] except that NDL value of CLONALG at −10° is deeper than NDL value of BSA.Table 5
MSL and NDL values obtained by BSA and other optimization techniques BA [29], CLONALG [21], and SOA [32] for triple null imposed at −33°, −10°, and 20°.
BSA (Figure11)
BA [29]
CLONALG [21]
SOA [32]
MSL (dB)
−24.40
−24.18
−23.46
−23.72
NDL at −33° (dB)
−164.90
−157.60
−151.00
−117.10
NDL at −10° (dB)
−160.00
−156.10
−178.80
−111.10
NDL at 20° (dB)
−176.10
−163.90
−135.30
−133.40Figure 11
Radiation pattern found by phase only control with triple null at −33°, −10°, and 20°.The phase values of the array elements for the patterns obtained by BSA in Figures9–11 are given in Table 2.


### 4.3. Position Only Control

In the remaining three examples, nulls in the radiation pattern are obtained by controlling only the positions of uniform linear antenna array elements. The ninth example shows the synthesis of a 22-element antenna array for low MSL with desired null at 9°. In Figure12, the radiation pattern obtained by BSA is illustrated. The NDL and MSL values of the radiation pattern obtained from BSA are given in Table 6. Table 6 also shows the NDL and MSL results of TSA [30], GA [30], MA [30], HSA [35], PSO [30], NSGA-2 [30], MODE [30], and MOEA/D-DE [30] for a comparison. According to Table 6, it is evidently seen that the NDL and MSL values of the radiation pattern obtained from BSA are better than those of other metaheuristic algorithms.Table 6
NDL and MSL values obtained by BSA and other optimization techniques TSA [30], GA [30], MA [30], HSA [35], PSO [30], NSGA-2 [30], MODE [30], and MOEA/D-DE [30] for 22-element linear antenna array with imposed one null at 9°.
BSA (Figure12)
TSA [30]
GA [30]
MA [30]
HSA [35]
PSO [30]
NSGA-2 [30]
MODE [30]
MOEA/D-DE [30]
NDL (dB)
−104.61
−67.94
−54.29
−73.92
−103.30
−49.94
−58.79
−78.78
−69.64
MSL (dB)
−23.54
−17.17
−15.73
−18.11
−23.28
−20.68
−17.27
−18.05
−20.93Figure 12
22-element array pattern found by position only control with one imposed null at 9°.In the tenth example, BSA is utilized to synthesize a 28-element linear antenna array which has a pattern with low MSL and nulls at 30°, 32.5°, and 35°. The radiation pattern generated by BSA is illustrated in Figure13. In Table 7, the MSL and NDL values of the radiation pattern of BSA are compared with the results of CLPSO [31] and MVMO [43]. It can be seen from Table 7 that the results of BSA are better than those of CLPSO [31] and MVMO [43]. It was emphasized in [31] that the performance of CLPSO is better than the common PSO algorithms and a real-coded GA.Table 7
MSL and NDL values obtained by BSA and other optimization techniques CLPSO [31] and MVMO [43] for 28-element linear antenna array with imposed triple null at 30°, 32.5°, and 35°.
BSA (Figure13)
CLPSO [31]
MVMO [43]
MSL (dB)
−21.90
−21.63
−21.63
NDL at 30° (dB)
−82.49
−60.04
−70.19
NDL at 32.5° (dB)
−93.59
−60.01
−78.79
NDL at 35° (dB)
−80.49
−60.00
−71.79Figure 13
28-element array pattern found by position only control with triple null at 30°, 32.5°, and 35°.In the last example, BSA is performed to synthesize 32-element linear antenna array that has a null at the direction of 9° and low MSL. The radiation pattern achieved by BSA is given in Figure14. In Table 8, NDL and MSL values of the pattern obtained by BSA are compared with NDL and MSL values of the patterns obtained by PSO [15], HSA [35], and QPM [15]. It is apparent from Table 8 that NDL and MSL values of the radiation pattern obtained by BSA are better than those of PSO [15], HSA [35], and QPM [15].Table 8
NDL and MSL values obtained by BSA and other optimization techniques PSO [15], HSA [35], and QPM [15] for 32-element linear antenna array with imposed one null at 9°.
BSA (Figure14)
PSO [15]
HSA [35]
QPM [15]
NDL (dB)
−107.50
−62.06
−88.08
−34.74
MSL (dB)
−20.50
−18.71
−19.51
−17.73Figure 14
32-element array pattern found by position only control with one imposed null at 9°.The position values of the antenna array elements calculated by BSA for the radiation patterns in Figures12–14 are given in Table 9.Table 9
The element positions (dm) normalized with respect to 0.5λ for the array patterns given in Figures 12–14.
M (element number)
[
d
1
,
d
2
,
d
3
,
…
,
d
N
]
22 (Figure12)
[0.41549,  0.83227,  1.21361,  2.03820,  2.52836,  3.06061,  3.88902,  4.53114,  5.41274,  6.51612,  7.62000]
28 (Figure13)
[0.42184,  1.46852,  2.22411,  3.20133,  4.01764,  5.15375,  6.24390,  7.12942,  8.34925,  9.59401,  10.98474,  12.75861,  14.28949,  15.86988]
32 (Figure14)
[0.56084,  1.38547,  2.10149,  2.99246,  3.61791,  4.46921,  5.37792,  6.18462,  6.98827,  7.68024,  8.61828,  9.56573,  11.02684,  12.53179,  14.41787,  15.55000]


## 4.1. Amplitude Only Control

In the first example, Chebyshev pattern is considered with a single null atθi=14°. The parameters values of the cost function are selected as (9)AFd(θ)=0,forθ=θiInitialpattern,elsewhere,(10)W(θ)=150,forθ=θi1,elsewhere,(11)ESL(θ)=80,ifMSL>-29.1dB0,elsewhere.The radiation pattern achieved by BSA is shown in Figure 3. Table 1 illustrates NDL, MSL, and DRR values of the radiation pattern obtained by using BSA. Table 1 also shows the results of MTACO [13], BA [16], PGSA [26], HSA [35], and BFA [19]. It can be clearly observed from Table 1 that NDL, MSL, and DRR values of BSA are better than those of MTACO [13], BA [16], PGSA [26], HSA [35], and BFA [19].Table 1
NDL, MSL, and DRR values obtained by BSA and other optimization techniques MTACO [13], BA [16], PGSA [26], HSA [35], and BFA [19] for one null imposed at 14°.
BSA (Figure3)
MTACO [13]
BA [16]
PGSA [26]
HSA [35]
BFA [19]
NDL (dB)
−134.2
−88.1
−100.4
−118.3
−122.5
−113.6
MSL (dB)
−29.22
−29.10
−28.80
−28.03
−29.14
−28.11
DRR
3.86
4.36
4.09
3.89
3.87
3.89Figure 3
Radiation pattern achieved by controlling the amplitude only with one null at 14°.Figure4 shows the convergence curve. The curve is the average values obtained by running the algorithm 30 times. It is apparent from this figure that 1000 iterations are needed to find the optimal solutions.Figure 4
Convergence curve of the nulling pattern achieved by the BSA.To illustrate the resilience of BSA, in the second example,W(θ) is redefined as follows:(12)W(θ)=250,forθ=θi1,elsewhere.Figure 5 shows the radiation pattern produced by the BSA. The NDL and MSL values of the radiation pattern in Figure 5 are −182.3 dB and −29.08 dB, respectively. In Figure 5, the NDL value of array pattern is better than the NDL value of the pattern in Figure 3. However, compared to the improvement in the NDL, the MSL value of the radiation pattern in Figure 5 is seen worse than the MSL of the pattern in Figure 3. There is a trade-off between the NDL and MSL; usually, performance cannot be improved considerably for one without sacrificing the other.Figure 5
Radiation pattern achieved by controlling the amplitude only with a null depth level deeper than that of the first example having one null at 14°.In third and fourth examples, to test the capability of BSA for the radiation pattern synthesis with multiple nulls at any direction, only theAFd(θ) given by (9) is changed for synthesizing the array patterns with double null at 14° and 26° and triple null at 14°, 26°, and 33°, respectively. Figures 6 and 7 show the radiation patterns obtained by BSA for the multiple nulls, as it is seen from Figures 6 and 7 that each imposed null achieved by BSA is lower than −120 dB.Figure 6
Radiation pattern obtained by controlling the amplitude only with double null at 14° and 26°.Figure 7
Radiation pattern obtained by controlling the amplitude only with triple null at 14°, 26°, and 33°.In the fifth example, the radiation pattern with a wide null placed at 30° withΔθ=5° is obtained and is illustrated in Figure 8. The NDL value of the radiation pattern achieved by BSA is deeper than −59 dB.Figure 8
Radiation pattern achieved by controlling the amplitude only with a wide null sector centered 30° with Δθ  = 5°.The normalized amplitude values of array elements for the radiation patterns showed in Figures2, 3, and 5–8 are given in Table 2. It is clearly seen that, with respect to the main beam, the radiation patterns in Figures 3 and 5–8 are symmetric. This is a result of the even symmetry of the element amplitudes around the array center. For this reason, while a null occurs at the one side of the main beam, an image null imposes at the other side.Table 2
The element amplitudes (Im) for the array patterns given in Figures 2, 3, and 5–8 and the phases (δk) in degree for the array patterns given in Figures 9–11.
m
Initial Chebyshev pattern
Computed with BSA
Figure2 (Im)
Figure3 (Im)
Figure5 (Im)
Figure6 (Im)
Figure7 (Im)
Figure8 (Im)
Figure9 (δk)
Figure10 (δk)
Figure11 (δk)
±1
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
0.84376
0.98752
1.00000
0.94847
−1.15397
−0.37393
±2
0.97010
0.98714
0.93080
0.85439
1.00000
0.94790
3.35183
−3.36187
−3.96817
±3
0.91243
0.94987
0.89094
0.85078
0.99002
0.93151
5.70358
−5.59187
−8.10346
±4
0.83102
0.88163
0.83167
0.74231
0.85050
0.88528
7.59405
−5.05200
−5.63161
±5
0.73147
0.77212
0.74139
0.60989
0.74589
0.63226
9.32972
−7.11779
−3.07266
±6
0.62034
0.63944
0.60244
0.55080
0.60333
0.60860
10.55083
−12.00020
−12.00112
±7
0.50461
0.48298
0.45724
0.44059
0.36134
0.49878
10.51685
−18.81668
−21.61602
±8
0.39104
0.33060
0.31903
0.30532
0.46506
0.41636
9.93409
−24.08489
−18.97410
±9
0.28558
0.25882
0.22003
0.17434
0.20647
0.24505
8.38402
−33.72318
−29.99998
±10
0.32561
0.29505
0.23683
0.22392
0.15120
0.19214
3.60727
−14.86452
−30.00000


## 4.2. Phase Only Control

In the next three examples, forming nulls in the radiation pattern is achieved by controlling only the phase of antenna array element. The elements amplitude values (Im) of these examples are the same as the values of initial Chebyshev array.In the sixth example, the null directionθi is identified as −10°. The radiation pattern obtained by BSA is given in Figure 9. In Table 3, the NDL and MSL values of the radiation pattern obtained by BSA are compared with those of the CLONALG [21], BA [29], HSA [35], and BFA [24]. As it can be seen from this table, the NDL and MSL values of the pattern obtained by BSA are better than the other compared algorithms.Table 3
NDL and MSL values obtained by BSA and other optimization techniques CLONALG [21], BA [29], HSA [35], and BFA [24] for one null imposed at −10°.
BSA (Figure9)
CLONALG [21]
BA [29]
HSA [35]
BFA [24]
NDL (dB)
−212.30
−175
−185
−202
−161
MSL (dB)
−24.47
−24.0
−24.22
−24.23
−24.0Figure 9
Radiation pattern found by phase only control with one null at −10°.Double null atθi1=-10° and θi2=20° is achieved by controlling only the phase of the antenna array elements in the seventh example. The radiation pattern obtained by BSA is given in Figure 10. The MSL and NDL values of the radiation pattern obtained by BSA are compared with the results of SOA [32], CLONALG [21], and BFA [24] in Table 4. It is possible to see from Table 4 that the results of BSA are better than those of other optimization methods.Table 4
MSL and NDL values obtained by BSA and other optimization techniques SOA [32], CLONALG [21], and BFA [24] for double null imposed at −10° and 20°.
BSA (Figure10)
SOA [32]
CLONALG [21]
BFA [24]
MSL (dB)
−24.47
−23.96
−24.05
−24.28
NDL at −10° (dB)
−177.50
−119.80
−154.20
−156.30
NDL at 20° (dB)
−188.50
−112.60
−156.50
−187.60Figure 10
Radiation pattern found by phase only control with double null at −10° and 20°.In the eighth example, the radiation pattern with triple null(θi1=-10°, θi2=20°, and θi3=-33°) is achieved by BSA and is illustrated in Figure 11. In Table 5, the MSL and NDL values of the radiation pattern achieved by BSA are compared with the MSL and NDL values of the radiation patterns achieved by BA [29], CLONALG [21], and SOA [32]. It is clearly seen from Table 5 that MSL and NDL values of the pattern obtained by BSA are better than those of BA [29], CLONALG [21], and SOA [32] except that NDL value of CLONALG at −10° is deeper than NDL value of BSA.Table 5
MSL and NDL values obtained by BSA and other optimization techniques BA [29], CLONALG [21], and SOA [32] for triple null imposed at −33°, −10°, and 20°.
BSA (Figure11)
BA [29]
CLONALG [21]
SOA [32]
MSL (dB)
−24.40
−24.18
−23.46
−23.72
NDL at −33° (dB)
−164.90
−157.60
−151.00
−117.10
NDL at −10° (dB)
−160.00
−156.10
−178.80
−111.10
NDL at 20° (dB)
−176.10
−163.90
−135.30
−133.40Figure 11
Radiation pattern found by phase only control with triple null at −33°, −10°, and 20°.The phase values of the array elements for the patterns obtained by BSA in Figures9–11 are given in Table 2.


## 4.3. Position Only Control

In the remaining three examples, nulls in the radiation pattern are obtained by controlling only the positions of uniform linear antenna array elements. The ninth example shows the synthesis of a 22-element antenna array for low MSL with desired null at 9°. In Figure12, the radiation pattern obtained by BSA is illustrated. The NDL and MSL values of the radiation pattern obtained from BSA are given in Table 6. Table 6 also shows the NDL and MSL results of TSA [30], GA [30], MA [30], HSA [35], PSO [30], NSGA-2 [30], MODE [30], and MOEA/D-DE [30] for a comparison. According to Table 6, it is evidently seen that the NDL and MSL values of the radiation pattern obtained from BSA are better than those of other metaheuristic algorithms.Table 6
NDL and MSL values obtained by BSA and other optimization techniques TSA [30], GA [30], MA [30], HSA [35], PSO [30], NSGA-2 [30], MODE [30], and MOEA/D-DE [30] for 22-element linear antenna array with imposed one null at 9°.
BSA (Figure12)
TSA [30]
GA [30]
MA [30]
HSA [35]
PSO [30]
NSGA-2 [30]
MODE [30]
MOEA/D-DE [30]
NDL (dB)
−104.61
−67.94
−54.29
−73.92
−103.30
−49.94
−58.79
−78.78
−69.64
MSL (dB)
−23.54
−17.17
−15.73
−18.11
−23.28
−20.68
−17.27
−18.05
−20.93Figure 12
22-element array pattern found by position only control with one imposed null at 9°.In the tenth example, BSA is utilized to synthesize a 28-element linear antenna array which has a pattern with low MSL and nulls at 30°, 32.5°, and 35°. The radiation pattern generated by BSA is illustrated in Figure13. In Table 7, the MSL and NDL values of the radiation pattern of BSA are compared with the results of CLPSO [31] and MVMO [43]. It can be seen from Table 7 that the results of BSA are better than those of CLPSO [31] and MVMO [43]. It was emphasized in [31] that the performance of CLPSO is better than the common PSO algorithms and a real-coded GA.Table 7
MSL and NDL values obtained by BSA and other optimization techniques CLPSO [31] and MVMO [43] for 28-element linear antenna array with imposed triple null at 30°, 32.5°, and 35°.
BSA (Figure13)
CLPSO [31]
MVMO [43]
MSL (dB)
−21.90
−21.63
−21.63
NDL at 30° (dB)
−82.49
−60.04
−70.19
NDL at 32.5° (dB)
−93.59
−60.01
−78.79
NDL at 35° (dB)
−80.49
−60.00
−71.79Figure 13
28-element array pattern found by position only control with triple null at 30°, 32.5°, and 35°.In the last example, BSA is performed to synthesize 32-element linear antenna array that has a null at the direction of 9° and low MSL. The radiation pattern achieved by BSA is given in Figure14. In Table 8, NDL and MSL values of the pattern obtained by BSA are compared with NDL and MSL values of the patterns obtained by PSO [15], HSA [35], and QPM [15]. It is apparent from Table 8 that NDL and MSL values of the radiation pattern obtained by BSA are better than those of PSO [15], HSA [35], and QPM [15].Table 8
NDL and MSL values obtained by BSA and other optimization techniques PSO [15], HSA [35], and QPM [15] for 32-element linear antenna array with imposed one null at 9°.
BSA (Figure14)
PSO [15]
HSA [35]
QPM [15]
NDL (dB)
−107.50
−62.06
−88.08
−34.74
MSL (dB)
−20.50
−18.71
−19.51
−17.73Figure 14
32-element array pattern found by position only control with one imposed null at 9°.The position values of the antenna array elements calculated by BSA for the radiation patterns in Figures12–14 are given in Table 9.Table 9
The element positions (dm) normalized with respect to 0.5λ for the array patterns given in Figures 12–14.
M (element number)
[
d
1
,
d
2
,
d
3
,
…
,
d
N
]
22 (Figure12)
[0.41549,  0.83227,  1.21361,  2.03820,  2.52836,  3.06061,  3.88902,  4.53114,  5.41274,  6.51612,  7.62000]
28 (Figure13)
[0.42184,  1.46852,  2.22411,  3.20133,  4.01764,  5.15375,  6.24390,  7.12942,  8.34925,  9.59401,  10.98474,  12.75861,  14.28949,  15.86988]
32 (Figure14)
[0.56084,  1.38547,  2.10149,  2.99246,  3.61791,  4.46921,  5.37792,  6.18462,  6.98827,  7.68024,  8.61828,  9.56573,  11.02684,  12.53179,  14.41787,  15.55000]


## 5. Conclusions

BSA is successfully used for synthesizing linear antenna arrays with single, multiple, and wide nulls imposed at the directions of interferences. The pattern nulling is achieved by controlling the amplitude only, the phase only, and the position only. The comparisons made between the results obtained by BSA and seventeen different algorithms show that BSA is very competitive algorithm for the pattern nulling. BSA exhibits good performance in terms of MSL and NDL as compared to other seventeen algorithms. Thus, BSA has a good potential for solving other electromagnetic problems.



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*Source: 713080-2015-04-05.xml*