# A Practical Method to Design Reflector-Based Light-Emitting Diode Luminaire for General Lighting

Authors: Jinren Yan
Journal: Advances in OptoElectronics
 (2018)

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## Abstract

A reflector-based light-emitting diode (LED) luminaire structure that can achieve a large cut-off angle for general lighting is presented in this work. The proposed lighting unit mainly consists of a spherical reflector and a primary packaging lens that contains an aspheric surface and a spherical surface. The light rays emitted from the LED light source are well controlled by the spherical reflector and the aspheric surface of the lens for the purpose of obtaining a uniform illumination on the target surface. Both the ideal Lambertian LED and non-Lambertian LED light sources were employed to validate the proposed structure and the performance of the designed lighting units was analyzed by optical simulation. The results show that the light utilization efficiencies and the estimated uniformities are 92.96% and 91.11% for ideal Lambertian LED-based lighting unit and 93.31% and 91.64% for non-Lambertian LED-based lighting unit, respectively. Further analysis shows that the tolerances of horizontal, vertical, and rotational deviation of the both lighting units were about 2.0 mm, 1.0 mm, and 1.0°, respectively.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

After years of development, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been widely used in the fields of indoor lighting, road lighting, automobile headlights, backlight of liquid crystal display, and so forth [1–4]. Different from the conventional light sources, such as the incandescent lamp and the fluorescent lamp, the LED light source is a Lambertian-like emitter and the light intensity distribution curve (LIDC) follows a cosine power function [5]. Thus, a secondary optical element is generally needed to redistribute the light energy emitted from LED to meet the specific illumination requirements. Over the past decade, the freeform lenses and the freeform reflectors have been widely used in the design of LED secondary optics in illumination designs [5–10]. In real applications, especially in outdoor lighting, the reflector is considered as an important optical component which can not only be used to modulate the light energy emitted from the light source to achieve specific lighting, but also be employed as the protector of the lighting equipment. However, it is still a challenge to faultlessly control all of the light rays emitted from the LED chip by a single freeform reflector alone. The optimal cut-off angle of the reflector is limited by the LIDC of the LED light source for the case of uniform lighting [11]. For example, for an ideal Lambertian LED, the largest cut-off angle of the freeform reflector is about 45° for uniform illumination [12]. As the cut-off angle of the reflector increased larger than 45°, the uniformity will deteriorate. Such restriction put up some obstacles in using LEDs in the field of general lighting where the cut-off angle of the lighting unit typically defined between 55° and 65° [12, 13].In this work, a reflector-based LED luminaire structure which can achieve a large cut-off angle for general lighting is developed and the method for the design of the developed lighting unit structure is presented in detail. The structure of the lighting unit only consists of a spherical reflector and a primary lens which comprises an aspheric surface and a spherical surface. In the proposed lighting unit, the reflector is employed to modulate the side rays with an emitting angle larger than the specified cut-off angle of the lighting unit and the aspheric surface of the primary lens is used to modulate the light rays with an emitting angle smaller than the cut-off angle. Then the uniform illumination on the target surface is formed by superposition of the light energy reflected by the spherical reflector and the light energy modulated by the aspheric surface of the lens.


## 2. Design Method

In order to obtain a uniform far-field illumination on the target surface, the LIDC of the lighting equipment should comply with the following expression [14]:(1)Ilsφ=Il0cos3φwhere Ils(φ) represents the luminous intensity distribution of the lighting equipment and Il0 is the luminous intensity atφ= 0°. Figure 1 shows the geometrical structure of the developed lighting unit. As depicted in Figure 1, the proposed structure comprises a spherical reflector and a primary lens. One can note that the central part of the lens is an aspheric surface and the side part of the lens is a spherical surface with the center located at the originOof the coordinates. The LED light source is immersed into the primary lens and also positioned at the originO of the coordinates [15–17], O′ is the center of the spherical reflector, andR denotes the radius of the reflector. As can be noted from Figure 1, the opening dimension of the spherical reflector equals its diameter. φcut represents the cut-off angle of the lighting unit and it is generally given by designers. φi denotes the angle between the light ray that will be refracted by the aspheric surface of the lens and z-axis, and φ′i is the angle between the corresponding refracted light ray and z-axis. One can note that since the side part of the lens is spherical surface, the light rays will directly pass through the spherical surface of the lens without deflection. Thus, φri denotes the angle between the light ray that will be reflected by the spherical reflector and z-axis, and φ′ri is the angle between the corresponding reflected light ray and z-axis.Figure 1
Geometrical diagram of the developed LED lighting unit.From the geometrical relationship illustrated in Figure1, the relationship between the light reflection angle φ′ri and the light-emitting angle φri of the side rays can be written as(2)φ′ri=π-φri-2acrsin⁡sin⁡φritan⁡φcutAs illustrated in Figure1, the light-emitting angle φri ranges from φcut to π/2. Consider the reflection characteristic of the spherical reflector in this case, the minimum value φ′rmin and the maximum value φ′rmax of the light reflection angle φ′ri can be obtained when the light-emitting angle φri reaches π/2 and φcut, respectively. Since the reflection angle of the light ray reflected by the spherical reflector is invariant for a specified emitting angle in this case, the uniform lighting on the target surface should be achieved by redistributing the light energy passing through the aspheric surface of the lens. The right side of Figure 2 shows the diagrammatic sketch of the light energy distribution of the developed lighting unit. According to the geometrical relationship shown in Figure 2, one can note that the light reflection angle φ′rmax equals φcut. As shown in Figure 2, the light energy emitted from the LED light source can be divided into three parts: the first part contains the light energy in the angle range of 0° to φd and the light energy in this part is refracted to the angle range of 0° to φ′rmin by the aspheric surface of the lens; the second part contains the light energy in the angle range of φd to φcut and the third part contains the light energy in the angle range of φcut to π/2. The light energy in these two parts is modulated to the angle range of φ′rmin to φ′rmax by the aspheric surface of the lens and the spherical reflector, respectively.Figure 2
Diagrammatic sketch of the light energy distribution of the lighting unit.Based on the contents aforementioned and the law of energy conservation, the following two equations can be obtained, respectively:(3)2π∫0φdIsφsin⁡φdφ=2π∫0φ′rminIlsφsinφdφ(4)2π∫φdφcutIsφsinφdφ+2πρ∫φcutπ/2Isφsin⁡φdφ=2π∫φ′rminφcutIlsφsin⁡φdφwhere ρ denotes the reflectivity of the reflector; in this work, it is supposed to be 95%. Is(φ) represents the luminous intensity distribution of the LED light source. Ils(φ) represents the luminous intensity distribution of the lighting unit as it is expressed by (1).To construct the aspheric surface of the lens, the relationship between the light-emitting angleφi and the corresponding refraction angle φ′i should be obtained at first, as shown in the left side of Figure 2. It is noted that △φ shown in the figure represents the preset angle increment of the incident rays and it is set as 0.25° in this work. Then, φi=i△φ (i=0,1,2,…,N) can be obtained easily. Using the law of energy conservation and the edge-ray principle [18], the following two equations are obtained, respectively:(5)2π∫0φiIsφsin⁡φdφ=2π∫0φ′iIlsφsin⁡φdφ(6)2π∫φdφiIsφsin⁡φdφ+2πρ∫φriπ/2Isφsin⁡φdφ=2π∫φ′rminφ′iIlsφsinφdφIt is worth noting that (6) implies the condition that φ′i equals φ′ri. Thus (2) could be substituted into (6) to replace φ′i. Substituting φi into (5) and (6), respectively, the corresponding φ′i for the angle range of 0° to φd and the angle range of φd to φcut could be obtained. After obtaining the relationships between φi and φ′i, the aspheric surface of the primary lens can be easily constructed using the method described in [15].


## 3. Design Examples

Using the method described in Section2, an LED lighting unit with a cut-off angle of φcut = 60° was designed as an example. Substituting π/2 and φcut into (2), the minimum angle φ′rmin and maximum angle φ′rmax of the reflected light rays are calculated as 19.5° and 60°, respectively. In the simulation, it is assumed that the LED light source has a dimension of 1.0 mm×1.0 mm. The material of the lens is assumed to be PMMA (Polymethyl Methacrylate) with a refractive index of n = 1.49. It is assumed that the LED light source emits 100 lm light energy and 1.0 million rays were used for simulation. The lighting unit is 5 m away from the target surface.


### 3.1. Design with Ideal Lambertian LED

For an ideal Lambertian LED, the LIDC of the light source can be expressed as(7)Isφ=I0cos⁡φwhere I0 denotes the luminous intensity atφ= 0°. Substituting (1) and (7) into (3) and (4), the parameter φd and the ratio of I0 to Il0 can be attained:(8)φd=arcsintan⁡φ′rmintan⁡φcut1-ρsin2φcut+ρ(9)I0Il0=tan2φ′rminsin2φdUsing (8) and (9), the value of parameter φd and the ratio of I0 to Il0 are about 11.6° and 3.08 in this case. Then, substituting (1), (2), (7), (8), and (9) into (5) and (6), one can find the following two expressions, respectively:(10)φ′i=arctanI0Il0sin2φiφi∈0,φd(11)I0Il0sin2φi-sin2φd+ρ1-sin2φri-tan2φri+2arcsin⁡sin⁡φritan⁡φcut+tan2φ′rmin=0φi∈φd,φcutIt can be seen that, for the angle range of 0° toφd, φ′i can be obtained easily by iteratively substituting φi into (10). However, the relationship between φi and φ′i in the angle range of φd to φcut is expressed by (11), which is a nonlinear equation and is solved by using numerical method [19]. It should be emphasized that solving (11) can only get the relationship between φi and φri, the corresponding refraction angle φ′i of φi should be obtained by substituting φri into (2).Figure3 shows the calculated geometrical profile of the proposed lighting unit for the ideal Lambertian LED light source and the corresponding geometrical model. The simulation results of the developed lighting unit are shown in Figure 4. Figure 4(a) shows the irradiance map of the developed lighting unit. It can be seen that a uniform illumination is obtained on the target surface. The dot line in the figure represents the slicing position of the slicing chart. Figure 4(b) shows the light intensity distribution of the ideal Lambertian LED and the designed lighting unit; it can be seen that the intensity peak of the designed lighting unit is located at about ± 58° with the light energy sheared almost at ± 60°; the simulation results are in good agreement with expectations.Figure 3
(a) Geometrical profile of the designed lighting unit for the ideal Lambertian LED light source and (b) the corresponding geometrical model.
(a) (b)Figure 4
(a) Irradiance map and (b) the angular intensity distribution of the developed lighting unit for the ideal Lambertian LED.
(a) (b)The light utilization efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of the light energy within the circle region with the radius of 8660 mm to the light energy emitted from the LED light source, is about 92.96%. The illuminance uniformity, which is defined as the ratio of the minimum illuminance to the average illuminance (U=Emin/Eave) on the target region, is estimated as 91.11%.


### 3.2. Design with Non-Lambertian LED

Figure (5) shows the LIDC of a non-Lambertian LED light source [13]. As shown in the figure, the LIDC of the LED cannot be simply expressed by a simple cosine power function. In general, the LIDCs of the non-Lambertian LED light sources can be fitted by a polynomial function [20], Gaussian function, or cosine function [21]. In this study, for the purpose of simple, the polynomial function was employed to represent the LIDC of the non-Lambertian LED light source:(12)Isφ=I0a0+a1φ2+a2φ4+a3φ6+a4φ8where ai (i=0,1,2,3,4) represent the coefficients of the polynominal function. I0 is the luminous intensity atφ= 0°. After curve fitting, the coefficients of the polynomial function used to represent the LIDC of the non-Lambertian LED showed in Figure 5 are shown in Table 1, and the attained LIDC model is shown in Figure 5.Table 1
The coefficients of the polynomial function, the ratio ofI0 to Il0, and the value of parameter φd.
Parameter ai I0/Il0 φ d Value a0 = 0.9778; a1 = 0.05183 4.89 13° a2 = -0.2492; a3 = -0.05671 a4 = 0.0346Figure 5
The LIDC of a non-Lambertian LED light source and the corresponding model fitted by a polynomial function.Substituting (1) and (12) into (3) and (4), the value of parameter φd and the ratio of I0 to Il0 can be obtained; the obtained results are shown in Table 1. Then these two attained parameter values and (1) and (12) are substituted into (5) and (6), respectively; the relationship between the lighting emitting angle φi and the corresponding refraction angle φ′i can be obtained. It is worth noting that substituting (12) into (4), (5), and (6) will lead to nonlinear equations; thus, the numerical method should be employed to solve these [19].Figure6 shows the calculated profile of the lighting unit for the non-Lambertian LED light source and the corresponding geometrical model. The simulation results of the non-Lambertian LED-based lighting unit are shown in Figure 7. Figure 7(a) shows the irradiance map of the developed lighting unit. One can note that a uniform illumination is obtained on the target surface. Figure 7(b) shows the angular intensity distribution of the non-Lambertian LED and the designed lighting unit, one can note that the intensity peak of the designed lighting unit is also located at about ± 58° with the light energy sheared almost at ± 60°. The light utilization efficiency and the estimated uniformity of the designed unit are about 93.31% and 91.64%, respectively.Figure 6
(a) Geometrical profile of the non-Lambertian LED-based luminaire and (b) the corresponding three dimensional model.
(a) (b)Figure 7
(a) Irradiance map and (b) the angular intensity distribution of the lighting unit for non-Lambertian LED.
(a) (b)


### 3.3. Tolerance Analysis

The installation error is one of the most important issues for optical system because the optical performance of the optical system will be deteriorated by position deviation of the components. In this work, the tolerance analysis will be focused on discussing the position migration and rotation of the spherical reflector. Figures8(a), 9(a), and 10(a) show three possible installation errors of the developed two lighting units in real applications, which represent the position migrations of the reflector in horizontal direction (x-axis direction), vertical direction (z-axis direction), and rotational direction (rotate about y-axis), respectively. Figures 8(b), 9(b), and 10(b) show the corresponding effects on the light utilization efficiencies of the two lighting units and the uniformities on the target surfaces. One can note that these three installation errors have little influence on the light utilization efficiencies of the two lighting units. However, the uniformities on the target surfaces are deteriorated as long as any of these three installation errors increases. One can note that the installation deviation Δθ performs the highest sensitivity to the uniformities on the target surface and the deviation of Δx performs the lowest sensitivity. According to the lighting standards, such as GB 50034–2013 “Standard for lighting design of buildings” and EN 12464–1:2002 “Light and lighting-Lighting of work places,” to meet most of general lighting applications, the illuminance uniformity on the target surface should be greater than 70%. Thus, after checking the simulation results of the two lighting units, the uniformity on the target surface is better than 70% when the installation errors Δx, Δz, and Δθ less than or equal to 2.0 mm, 1.0 mm, and 1.0°, respectively.Figure 8
(a) Schematic of horizontal deviation Δx and (b) influence of horizontal deviation on the illumination uniformity and the light utilization efficiency.
(a) (b)Figure 9
(a) Schematic of vertical deviation Δz and (b) influence of vertical deviation on the illumination uniformity and the light utilization efficiency.
(a) (b)Figure 10
(a) Schematic of rotational deviation Δθ and (b) influence of rotational deviation on the illumination uniformity and the light utilization efficiency.
(a) (b)


### 3.4. Discussion

As a comparison, the luminaires with a single freeform reflector and a bare LED light source were designed using the method described in [11]. Figures 11(a) and 11(b) show the geometrical profiles of the freeform reflectors for the ideal Lambertian LED and the non-Lambertian LED, respectively. Both of the freeform reflectors have a similar cross section; thus, only the geometrical model of the freeform reflector for the ideal Lambertian LED is showed in Figure 11(c).Figure 11
Geometrical profiles of the single freeform reflectors for (a) the ideal Lambertian LED and (b) for non-Lambertian LED and (c) the geometrical model of the freeform reflector for the ideal Lambertian LED.
(a) (b) (c)Figures12 and 13 show the simulation results of the single freeform reflector-based (SFRB) luminaires for the ideal Lambertian LED and the non-Lambertian LED. As shown in these two figures, the illuminance uniformities on the target region are deteriorated a lot compared with the newly developed LED luminaire structure. Table 2 shows the optical performances of the SFRB luminaires and the developed luminaires for both the ideal Lambertian LED and the non-Lambertian LED light sources. One can note from the table that the light energy utilization efficiencies of the SFRB lighting units are better than the newly developed lighting units for both LED light sources; however, the uniformities are unacceptable for the SFRB lighting units. Due to Fresnel reflection on the primary packaging lens surface, both of the developed lighting units suffers about 4% more light energy loss compared with the SFRB lighting luminaires, even so, the uniformities of the developed lighting units are much better than the SFRB lighting units.Table 2
The optical performance of the SFRB luminaires and the newly developed luminaires for both LED light sources.
Structure LED Type Uniformity Efficiency Single Reflector Lambertian LEd 47.52% 97.70% Non-Lambertian LEd 56.63% 97.35%  Developed Structure Lambertian LEd 91.11% 92.96% Non-Lambertian LEd 91.64% 93.31%Figure 12
Irradiance map of the SFRB lighting unit for the ideal Lambertian LED light source.Figure 13
Irradiance map of the SFRB lighting unit for the non-Lambertian LED light source.


## 3.1. Design with Ideal Lambertian LED

For an ideal Lambertian LED, the LIDC of the light source can be expressed as(7)Isφ=I0cos⁡φwhere I0 denotes the luminous intensity atφ= 0°. Substituting (1) and (7) into (3) and (4), the parameter φd and the ratio of I0 to Il0 can be attained:(8)φd=arcsintan⁡φ′rmintan⁡φcut1-ρsin2φcut+ρ(9)I0Il0=tan2φ′rminsin2φdUsing (8) and (9), the value of parameter φd and the ratio of I0 to Il0 are about 11.6° and 3.08 in this case. Then, substituting (1), (2), (7), (8), and (9) into (5) and (6), one can find the following two expressions, respectively:(10)φ′i=arctanI0Il0sin2φiφi∈0,φd(11)I0Il0sin2φi-sin2φd+ρ1-sin2φri-tan2φri+2arcsin⁡sin⁡φritan⁡φcut+tan2φ′rmin=0φi∈φd,φcutIt can be seen that, for the angle range of 0° toφd, φ′i can be obtained easily by iteratively substituting φi into (10). However, the relationship between φi and φ′i in the angle range of φd to φcut is expressed by (11), which is a nonlinear equation and is solved by using numerical method [19]. It should be emphasized that solving (11) can only get the relationship between φi and φri, the corresponding refraction angle φ′i of φi should be obtained by substituting φri into (2).Figure3 shows the calculated geometrical profile of the proposed lighting unit for the ideal Lambertian LED light source and the corresponding geometrical model. The simulation results of the developed lighting unit are shown in Figure 4. Figure 4(a) shows the irradiance map of the developed lighting unit. It can be seen that a uniform illumination is obtained on the target surface. The dot line in the figure represents the slicing position of the slicing chart. Figure 4(b) shows the light intensity distribution of the ideal Lambertian LED and the designed lighting unit; it can be seen that the intensity peak of the designed lighting unit is located at about ± 58° with the light energy sheared almost at ± 60°; the simulation results are in good agreement with expectations.Figure 3
(a) Geometrical profile of the designed lighting unit for the ideal Lambertian LED light source and (b) the corresponding geometrical model.
(a) (b)Figure 4
(a) Irradiance map and (b) the angular intensity distribution of the developed lighting unit for the ideal Lambertian LED.
(a) (b)The light utilization efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of the light energy within the circle region with the radius of 8660 mm to the light energy emitted from the LED light source, is about 92.96%. The illuminance uniformity, which is defined as the ratio of the minimum illuminance to the average illuminance (U=Emin/Eave) on the target region, is estimated as 91.11%.


## 3.2. Design with Non-Lambertian LED

Figure (5) shows the LIDC of a non-Lambertian LED light source [13]. As shown in the figure, the LIDC of the LED cannot be simply expressed by a simple cosine power function. In general, the LIDCs of the non-Lambertian LED light sources can be fitted by a polynomial function [20], Gaussian function, or cosine function [21]. In this study, for the purpose of simple, the polynomial function was employed to represent the LIDC of the non-Lambertian LED light source:(12)Isφ=I0a0+a1φ2+a2φ4+a3φ6+a4φ8where ai (i=0,1,2,3,4) represent the coefficients of the polynominal function. I0 is the luminous intensity atφ= 0°. After curve fitting, the coefficients of the polynomial function used to represent the LIDC of the non-Lambertian LED showed in Figure 5 are shown in Table 1, and the attained LIDC model is shown in Figure 5.Table 1
The coefficients of the polynomial function, the ratio ofI0 to Il0, and the value of parameter φd.
Parameter ai I0/Il0 φ d Value a0 = 0.9778; a1 = 0.05183 4.89 13° a2 = -0.2492; a3 = -0.05671 a4 = 0.0346Figure 5
The LIDC of a non-Lambertian LED light source and the corresponding model fitted by a polynomial function.Substituting (1) and (12) into (3) and (4), the value of parameter φd and the ratio of I0 to Il0 can be obtained; the obtained results are shown in Table 1. Then these two attained parameter values and (1) and (12) are substituted into (5) and (6), respectively; the relationship between the lighting emitting angle φi and the corresponding refraction angle φ′i can be obtained. It is worth noting that substituting (12) into (4), (5), and (6) will lead to nonlinear equations; thus, the numerical method should be employed to solve these [19].Figure6 shows the calculated profile of the lighting unit for the non-Lambertian LED light source and the corresponding geometrical model. The simulation results of the non-Lambertian LED-based lighting unit are shown in Figure 7. Figure 7(a) shows the irradiance map of the developed lighting unit. One can note that a uniform illumination is obtained on the target surface. Figure 7(b) shows the angular intensity distribution of the non-Lambertian LED and the designed lighting unit, one can note that the intensity peak of the designed lighting unit is also located at about ± 58° with the light energy sheared almost at ± 60°. The light utilization efficiency and the estimated uniformity of the designed unit are about 93.31% and 91.64%, respectively.Figure 6
(a) Geometrical profile of the non-Lambertian LED-based luminaire and (b) the corresponding three dimensional model.
(a) (b)Figure 7
(a) Irradiance map and (b) the angular intensity distribution of the lighting unit for non-Lambertian LED.
(a) (b)


## 3.3. Tolerance Analysis

The installation error is one of the most important issues for optical system because the optical performance of the optical system will be deteriorated by position deviation of the components. In this work, the tolerance analysis will be focused on discussing the position migration and rotation of the spherical reflector. Figures8(a), 9(a), and 10(a) show three possible installation errors of the developed two lighting units in real applications, which represent the position migrations of the reflector in horizontal direction (x-axis direction), vertical direction (z-axis direction), and rotational direction (rotate about y-axis), respectively. Figures 8(b), 9(b), and 10(b) show the corresponding effects on the light utilization efficiencies of the two lighting units and the uniformities on the target surfaces. One can note that these three installation errors have little influence on the light utilization efficiencies of the two lighting units. However, the uniformities on the target surfaces are deteriorated as long as any of these three installation errors increases. One can note that the installation deviation Δθ performs the highest sensitivity to the uniformities on the target surface and the deviation of Δx performs the lowest sensitivity. According to the lighting standards, such as GB 50034–2013 “Standard for lighting design of buildings” and EN 12464–1:2002 “Light and lighting-Lighting of work places,” to meet most of general lighting applications, the illuminance uniformity on the target surface should be greater than 70%. Thus, after checking the simulation results of the two lighting units, the uniformity on the target surface is better than 70% when the installation errors Δx, Δz, and Δθ less than or equal to 2.0 mm, 1.0 mm, and 1.0°, respectively.Figure 8
(a) Schematic of horizontal deviation Δx and (b) influence of horizontal deviation on the illumination uniformity and the light utilization efficiency.
(a) (b)Figure 9
(a) Schematic of vertical deviation Δz and (b) influence of vertical deviation on the illumination uniformity and the light utilization efficiency.
(a) (b)Figure 10
(a) Schematic of rotational deviation Δθ and (b) influence of rotational deviation on the illumination uniformity and the light utilization efficiency.
(a) (b)


## 3.4. Discussion

As a comparison, the luminaires with a single freeform reflector and a bare LED light source were designed using the method described in [11]. Figures 11(a) and 11(b) show the geometrical profiles of the freeform reflectors for the ideal Lambertian LED and the non-Lambertian LED, respectively. Both of the freeform reflectors have a similar cross section; thus, only the geometrical model of the freeform reflector for the ideal Lambertian LED is showed in Figure 11(c).Figure 11
Geometrical profiles of the single freeform reflectors for (a) the ideal Lambertian LED and (b) for non-Lambertian LED and (c) the geometrical model of the freeform reflector for the ideal Lambertian LED.
(a) (b) (c)Figures12 and 13 show the simulation results of the single freeform reflector-based (SFRB) luminaires for the ideal Lambertian LED and the non-Lambertian LED. As shown in these two figures, the illuminance uniformities on the target region are deteriorated a lot compared with the newly developed LED luminaire structure. Table 2 shows the optical performances of the SFRB luminaires and the developed luminaires for both the ideal Lambertian LED and the non-Lambertian LED light sources. One can note from the table that the light energy utilization efficiencies of the SFRB lighting units are better than the newly developed lighting units for both LED light sources; however, the uniformities are unacceptable for the SFRB lighting units. Due to Fresnel reflection on the primary packaging lens surface, both of the developed lighting units suffers about 4% more light energy loss compared with the SFRB lighting luminaires, even so, the uniformities of the developed lighting units are much better than the SFRB lighting units.Table 2
The optical performance of the SFRB luminaires and the newly developed luminaires for both LED light sources.
Structure LED Type Uniformity Efficiency Single Reflector Lambertian LEd 47.52% 97.70% Non-Lambertian LEd 56.63% 97.35%  Developed Structure Lambertian LEd 91.11% 92.96% Non-Lambertian LEd 91.64% 93.31%Figure 12
Irradiance map of the SFRB lighting unit for the ideal Lambertian LED light source.Figure 13
Irradiance map of the SFRB lighting unit for the non-Lambertian LED light source.


## 4. Conclusions

A reflector-based LED lighting unit structure that can achieve a large cut-off angle for general lighting has been discussed in this work. The unit only consists of a spherical reflector and a primary packaging aspheric lens. All of the light rays emitted from LED light source can be well modulated by the reflector and the aspheric surface of the primary lens. The developed lighting unit structure overcomes the shortcomings that exist in the SFRB lighting unit in which the light energy close to the optical axis of the lighting system cannot be modulated by the freeform reflector and the illuminance uniformity will deteriorate when the cut-off angle of the reflector is larger than 45°. In addition, the freeform surface is only designed in the primary packaging lens which is widely used in LED encapsulation and the reflector is a spherical reflector; the manufacturing cost of the developed luminaire structure does not obviously increased compared with the SFRB luminaire structure.



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*Source: 7138592-2018-10-18.xml*