# A Numerical Method Based on the Parametric Variational Principle for Simulating the Dynamic Behavior of the Pantograph-Catenary System

Authors: Dongdong He; Qiang Gao; Wanxie Zhong
Journal: Shock and Vibration
 (2018)

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## Abstract

Based on the finite element method (FEM), the parametric variational principle (PVP) is combined with a numerical time-domain integral method to simulate the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system. Based on PVP, formulations for the nonlinear droppers in the catenary and for the contact between the pantograph and the contact wire are proposed. The formulations can accurately determine the tension state or compression state of the nonlinear droppers and the contact state between the pantograph and the contact wire. Based on the periodicity of the catenary and the precise integration method (PIM), a numerical time-integration method is developed for the dynamic responses of the catenary. For this method, the matrix exponential of only one unit cell of the catenary is computed, which greatly improves the computational efficiency. Moreover, the validation shows that the formulations can compute the contact force accurately and represent the nonlinearity of the droppers, which demonstrates the accuracy and reliability of the proposed method. Finally, the dynamic behaviors of the pantograph-catenary system with different types of catenaries are simulated.


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## 1. Introduction

High-speed railway is an inexpensive, secure, comfortable, and efficient mode of transportation, even more time-saving and cheaper than airlines for relatively short journeys. Thus, it is becoming an increasingly popular method of travel. With the rapid development of high-speed railway technology, train speeds are becoming increasingly high. To guarantee that trains run safely and stably after speed-up, the current collection performance directly influenced by the dynamic performance of the pantograph-catenary system must be improved. The catenary consists of a messenger wire, a contact wire, periodically placed droppers, supporting brackets, and registration arms, as shown in Figure1. The messenger wire is supported by the supporting brackets, and the registration arms are installed on the contact wire. The messenger wire and the contact wire are connected by the droppers. The pantograph, which consists of a pan-head, an upper frame, and a lower frame acts as a current collector between the catenary and the electric train.Figure 1
A simple stitched catenary system.A large number of studies have examined the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system. An overview of the methods used to describe the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system was introduced by Poetsch et al. [1]. Wu [2, 3] established a finite element model for determining the initial state of the simple stitched catenary and carried out numerical evaluations of the system’s current collection by using Newmark’s method, developing a model through the finite element method (FEM). Wu and Brennan [4, 5] developed a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model of a combined pantograph-catenary system to study its dynamics behavior and presented an analytical approach to the solution of the system. Based on the penalty method, Collina and Bruni [6] developed a procedure for simulating the contact between the contact wire and the pantograph. Arnold and Simeon [7, 8] established a realistic and detailed pantograph-catenary system model and coupled DAEs and PDEs to simulate the interaction of the pantograph and the catenary. A simplified catenary model and linear spring-mass-damper model of the pantograph were used to perform a sensitivity analysis of the pantograph [9, 10]. Because of the intrinsic nonlinear behavior of the catenary, Lopez-Garcia et al. [11] used the Newton-Raphson method to obtain the initial equilibrium state of the catenary, which is the premise and foundation for simulating the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system. Lopez-Garcia et al. [12] proposed an improvement of the simplified models by considering the effects of stiffness and contact modeling. Rauter et al. [13] established a mixed model of the pantograph-catenary system by using the FEM and multibody dynamics; they then used a constant-time-step Newmark-type of integration algorithm for dynamic analysis of the catenary model and used a variable order and variable-time-step Gear integration algorithm for dynamic analysis of a multibody pantograph model. Dahlberg [14] provided a closed-form solution for the deflection of a contact wire caused by a moving force. Metrikine and Bosch [15] proposed an analytical method for calculating the steady-state response of a two-level catenary to a uniformly moving pantograph based on the Fourier transformation. Zhou and Zhang [16] established a pantograph-catenary model including a support wire, an assistant wire, a contact wire, droppers, and a spring-stiffness-mass pantograph; they then studied the dynamic behavior of the system based on a direct integration method involving the contact element. Cho [17] proposed a formulation for a nonlinear dropper and the proper implementation of a time-integration method for the FEM of the pantograph-catenary system and validated the formulation experimentally. Lopez-Garcia et al. [18] compared the cable slackening model and cable-only taut model and demonstrated the importance of cable slackening in stiffness computation. Commercial software was used to establish the finite element model of the pantograph-catenary system and to simulate its dynamic behavior [19, 20]. Cho et al. [21] presented a modified SDOF dynamic system with a time-varying stiffness to include the pre-sag’s effect on the dynamic interaction of the pantograph-catenary. To obtain more realistic simulation results, an advanced 3D model for studying and simulating the pantograph-catenary system was established by Benet et al. [22]. Van et al. [23] introduced catenary geometry irregularity, catenary wear, and transient aerodynamic forces into pantograph-catenary dynamic simulations. A moving mesh method was presented by Jimenez-Octavio et al. [24] to analyze the dynamic interaction of the pantograph-catenary system. Gregori et al. [25] presented a highly computational-cost-saving approach (Offline/Online approach) to simulate the pantograph-catenary dynamic interaction. Bruni et al. [26] described the results of a voluntary benchmark initiative concerning the simulation of pantograph-catenary interaction, which can be used to demonstrate the accuracy of numerical methodologies and simulation models. These studies suggest that wave reflection and the variation of the stiffness are the main causes of contact force variation when a pantograph moves at a constant speed. Both the variation of the stiffness and wave reflection are directly affected by droppers. To simulate the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system accurately, the nonlinear dropper must be considered.The dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system consists of two main parts, the vibration of the pantograph and the vibration of the catenary caused by the moving pantograph. First, the pantograph and the contact wire will be in one of two states: contact or separation. The contact state and the value of the contact force directly affect the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system. Therefore, determining the contact state between the pantograph and the contact wire is one of the key problems that must be addressed in simulating the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system. Second, the dropper may be slack during the passage of the pantograph and then return to the tension state after the pantograph passes. The dropper will experience no force when it is slack, whereas when it is under tension, the force will be positive. The slackening of a dropper reflects a strong nonlinear characteristic. Thus, another important problem associated with the dynamic simulation of the pantograph-catenary system is determining the tension state or compression state of every dropper at every time step. Finally, the significant wave effect of the contact wire subjected to a moving pantograph at high speed makes precise simulation more difficult, particularly when contact problems and nonlinear droppers are involved. The FEM is typically combined with a time-integration method to analyze the response of the catenary to a moving pantograph. In the case of high velocity, both the discrete elements and the time step for integration must be small, which leads to enormous computational requirements and poor efficiency. Thus, an efficient time-integration method for computing the response of the catenary subjected to a moving pantograph must be developed.Determining the contact state between the pantograph and the contact wire and the tension or compression state of a nonlinear dropper are both essentially contact problems. Both the formulations of nonlinear droppers in the catenary and the contact between the pantograph and the contact wire will be proposed based on the parametric variational principle (PVP) [27], which provides a distinct advantage in achieving good convergence for certain strongly nonlinear numerical analyses. By using the proposed method, the contact force can be accurately computed, and the tension or compression state of nonlinear droppers can be accurately determined. Based on the periodicity of the catenary and the precise integration method (PIM) [28], an efficient time-integration algorithm for computing its responses will thus be established. In this method, the matrix exponential of only one unit cell of the catenary need be computed, which greatly improves the computational efficiency.This paper is organized as follows. In Section2, the dynamic model of the pantograph-catenary system is described. Section 3 provides formulations for the nonlinear dropper and the contact between the pantograph and the contact wire. A numerical time-domain integral method for determining the dynamic responses of the pantograph-catenary system is developed in Section 4. In Section 5, the nonlinear problems associated with contact and the nonlinear droppers are converted to a standard complementarity problem. Section 6 presents 3 validations. The first is for the contact model between a pantograph and a contact wire, the second is for the nonlinear dropper model, and the last one is for the proposed procedure. The dynamic behaviors of the pantograph-catenary system are then discussed in Section 7, including the variation of the contact forces and the elongation of the nonlinear droppers. Finally, Section 8 presents the main conclusions.


## 2. The Model of the Pantograph-Catenary System

The model of the pantograph-catenary system is shown in Figure2(a), which consists of a catenary and a pantograph. The catenary consists of a messenger wire, a contact wire, periodically placed droppers, supporting brackets, and registration arms (see Figure 2(b)). Any part of the catenary that corresponds to the subsection between two successive registration arms can be regarded as a unit cell, as shown in Figure 2(b). The span length and the structure height of the catenary are L and H, respectively. The pretension, linear mass, and flexural rigidity of the messenger wire are Tm, ρm, and EIm, respectively. The pretension, linear mass, and flexural rigidity of the contact wire are Tc, ρc, and EIc, respectively. There are nd droppers at positions Lii=1,2,…,nd in a unit cell, and the linear mass, tensile modulus, and sectional area of a dropper are ρd, Ed, and Ad, respectively. The mass and stiffness of the supporting bracket and the registration arm are msb, ksb, mra, and kra, respectively. The pantograph can be modeled as a three-level mass-spring-damper system [17], as shown in Figure 2(c). The mass, stiffness, and damping of the pan-head, upper frame, and lower frame are m1, m2, m3, k1, k2, k3, c1, c2, and c3, respectively. The static uplift force is P0, and the contact force is denoted by λp.Figure 2
The model of the pantograph-catenary system: (a) the pantograph-catenary system, (b) a unit cell of the catenary, and (c) the pantograph.
(a)
(b)
(c)Theoretically, the catenary is infinitely extended. However, the wave in the catenary caused by the contact due to a moving pantograph can be transferred to a finite distance for a period of time. Thus, a catenary including sufficient number of unit cells is used for simulation. Assuming that the catenary includesN unit cells, there are N×nd droppers, N+1 supporting brackets, and N+1 registration arms.Because of negligible displacements in the lateral direction, considering only vertical displacements, a plane model of the pantograph-catenary system can be obtained. The messenger wire can be modeled as an Euler-Bernoulli beam. Assuming that the pretension applied to the messenger wire is constant and the slope of the messenger wire is small, the equilibrium equation of the messenger wire can be derived from the literature [17] as(1)ρm∂2ymx,t∂t2+cm∂ymx,t∂t+∂2∂x2EIm∂2ymx,t∂x2-Tm∂2ymx,t∂x2=-ρmg-∑k=1N×ndδx-xkfm,k+∑i=1N+1δx-i-1Lfsb,i,ymx,0=ym,0x,∂ym∂tx,0=0,where subscript m denotes the messenger wire, ym denotes vertical displacement, g denotes gravitational acceleration, δx denotes a Dirac delta function, fm,k denotes an external force caused by a dropper, fsb,i denotes an external force caused by a supporting bracket, and ym,0x denotes the initial displacement of the messenger.The droppers serve as connectors between the messenger wire and contact wire when they are under tension. The equilibrium equation of thekth dropper can be described as(2)ρd∂2yd,ky,t∂t2+cd∂yd,ky,t∂t+EAd,k∂2yd,ky,t∂y2=-ρdg+δy-lkfm,k-δyfc,k,(3)yd,ky,0=yd,k,0y,∂yd,k∂ty,0=0,k=1,2,…,N×nd,where subscript d denotes the dropper, yd,k denotes vertical displacement of the kth dropper from the equilibrium profile, EAd,k denotes the axial stiffness of the kth dropper, lk denotes the length of the kth dropper, fm,k denotes an external force caused by the messenger wire, fc,k denotes an external force caused by the contact wire, and yd,k,0y denotes the initial displacement of the kth dropper.If a dropper is regarded as a bar with the same tensile and compressive modulus, the axial stiffnessEAd,k will be a positive constant regardless of whether the dropper is under tension or compression. However, the dropper cannot operate under compression in engineering practice. During the passage of a pantograph, the dropper may slacken (see Figure 3) and then return to tension. The slackening of the dropper reflects a strong nonlinear characteristic. There will be no force on the dropper when it is slack, while when it is under tension, the force will be positive. Therefore, the axial stiffness EAd,k will be positive when the dropper is under tension and will be zero when the dropper is slack; that is,(4)EAd,k=EdAd,lk>l0,k,0,lk≤l0,k,where l0,k is the original length of the kth dropper. Eq. (4) indicates that the stiffness is associated with the state of tension or compression of the dropper. To reflect the nonlinear characteristic of the dropper, the tension state or compression state must be determined accurately.Figure 3
Slackening of a dropper.The contact wire can be modeled as an Euler-Bernoulli beam. Assuming that the pretension applied to the contact wire is constant and the slope of the contact wire is small, the equilibrium equation of the contact wire can be derived from the literature [17] as (5)ρc∂2ycx,t∂t2+cc∂ycx,t∂t+∂2∂x2EIc∂2ycx,t∂x2-Tc∂2ycx,t∂x2=-ρcg+∑k=1N×ndδx-xkfc,k+∑j=1N+1δx-j-1Lfra,j+λpδx-x0+Vt,(6)ycx,0=yc,0x,∂yc∂tx,0=0,where subscript c denotes the contact wire, yc denotes vertical displacement, fc,k denotes an external force caused by a dropper, fra,j denotes an external force caused by a registration arm, λp denotes a contact force caused by a pantograph, V denotes the speed of a moving pantograph, and yc,0x denotes the initial displacement of the contact wire.Modeling the pantograph as a three-level mass-spring-damper system (see Figure2(c)), the equation of motion for the pantograph can be derived from the literature [17] as (7)Mpy¨p+Cpy˙p+Kpyp=00P0+Gp-λp00,yp0=yp,0,y˙p0=0,where (8)Mp=m1m2m3,Kp=k1-k1-k1k1+k2-k2-k2k2+k3,Cp=c1-c1-c1c1+c2-c2-c2c2+c3,yp=yp,1yp,2yp,3,Gp=-m1gm2gm3g,where subscript p denotes the pantograph; yp,1, yp,2, and yp,3 denote vertical displacements of the pan-head, upper frame, and lower frame, respectively; and yp,0 denotes the initial displacement of the pantograph.If the pantograph contacts the contact wire, the contact force should be positive; that is,λp>0; otherwise, λp=0. Determining the contact state between the pantograph and the contact wire is a key problem in simulating the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system, which consists in determining whether the pantograph contacts the contact wire and computing the value of the contact force.In addition, to obtain precise simulation results for the catenary with a pantograph moving at high speed, the number of unit cells must be large; therefore, a highly computationally efficient time-domain integration method should be developed for numerical simulation.By analyzing the model of the pantograph-catenary system, simulating its dynamic behavior at high-speed can be summarized as involving the following three key problems: accurately simulating the nonlinear behavior of the droppers; determining the contact state between the pantograph and the contact wire and computing the value of the contact force; and developing an efficient time-integration method for simulating the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system. In this paper, the formulations for the nonlinear droppers and for the contact between the pantograph and the contact wire will be proposed based on PVP, and a numerical time-integration algorithm for computing the response of the catenary will be developed based on PIM.


## 3. PVP for the Pantograph-Catenary System

### 3.1. PVP for the Nonlinear Dropper

The droppers connect the messenger wire and contact wire when they are under tension. The dropper may be slack when a pantograph passes it and return to tension after the pantograph leaves. The dropper cannot operate if it is slack; that is, if a dropper slackens, it no longer serves as a connector between the messenger wire and the contact wire. Therefore, at every time step, the tension or compression state of every dropper must be determined. PVP proposed by Zhong and Zhang [27] has been proved to be advantageous for convergence for certain strong nonlinear numerical analyses, such as contact and piecewise linear analyses [29–31]. Therefore, in this paper, the nonlinear droppers are described by PVP, which converts the nonlinear problem to a linear complementarity problem. The tension or compression state of the nonlinear dropper can be accurately determined by the proposed method.A dropper is modeled as a bilinear mass-spring-damper with a bilinear stiffnesskd, a damper cd, and two lumped masses attached to the ends to represent the mass summed for half of the dropper md/2 and its clamp ms, respectively, as shown in Figure 4(a). The constitutive relation of the bilinear spring (see Figure 4(b)) can be described as(9)fd=kdΔu,where fd is the axial force, Δu is the elongation of the dropper, and kd is the stiffness determined by the signs of Δu; that is, (10)kd=kd+,Δu≥0,kd-,Δu<0.If kd+=kd-=EdAd/l0, the dropper is linear. In this paper, the dropper is modeled as a bilinear mass-spring-damper with zero tension in slackening; therefore kd+=EdAd/l0 and kd-=0.Figure 4
A model of a dropper: (a) a bilinear mass-spring-damper and (b) the constitutive relation of the dropper.
(a)
(b)The stiffnesskd should typically be updated by determining the tension or compression state of the dropper for the dynamic simulation at every time step. To avoid updating the stiffness kd, the dropper is described by PVP. The constitutive Eqs. (9) and (10) can be written in a unified form as(11)fd=kd+Δu+λd,where λd is a parametric variable, which can be written as (12)λd=0,Δu≥0,kd--kd+kd+Δu,Δu<0.As indicated, λd is nonnegative. Using a nonnegative slack variable νd, (12) can be transformed into the following equivalent equation:(13)kd--kd+Δu-kd+λd+νd=0,λd≥0,νd≥0,λdνd=0.At this point, the nonlinear problem is transformed into a standard linear complementarity problem, which can be solved easily by Lemke’s scheme [32]. In the unified constitutive Eqs. (11) and (13), the stress state of the dropper can be indicated by the value of λd; that is, λd>0 indicates that the dropper is under compression, while λd=0 indicates that the dropper is under tension. Thus, updating the stiffness kd can be avoided during the solution process.The potential energy of a dropper with the parametric variableλd can be expressed as(14)Ud=12kd+Δu+λd2-Δufd.Therefore, PVP of the nonlinear dropper can be presented as(15)Ud=12kd+Δu+λd2-Δufd,δΔuUd=0,kd--kd+Δu-kd+λd+νd=0,λd≥0,νd≥0,λdνd=0,where the subscript Δu denotes that the variational calculation is only performed for the elongation Δu, while the parametric variable λd does not take part in the variational calculation.Because only vertical displacements are considered for the dropper, the elongation of the dropper can be expressed as(16)Δu=y1-y2,where y1 and y2 are the node displacements. Therefore, PVP for the kth dropper can be written as(17)Ud,k=12yd,kTKd,kyd,k-yd,kTFd,kλd,k-yd,kTfd,k,δyd,kUd,k=0,(18)νd,k-kd,k+λd,k-Bd,kyd,k=0,λd,kνd,k=0,νd,k≥0,λd,k≥0,where yd,k denotes the displacement vector of the kth dropper, and(19)Kd,k=kd,k+1-1-11,Fd,k=kd,k+1-1,fd,k=fm,k-fc,k-ρdl0,k2+msρdl0,k2+msg,Bd,k=kd,k+-kd,k--11.Thus, the equation of motion for the kth dropper can be written as(20)Md,ky¨d,k+Cd,ky˙d,k+Kd,kyd,k=Fd,kλd,k+fd,k,yd,k0=yd,k,0,y˙d,k0=0,where(21)Md,k=ρdl0,k211+msms,Cd,k=cd1-1-11,where yd,k,0 denotes the initial displacement vector of the dropper. Of course, the dynamic equation must be constrained by a complementarity condition (18).In (20), the displacements yd,k of the nonlinear droppers can be represented by the parametric variable λd,k. Therefore, a linear complementarity problem can be established by substituting the displacements yd,k into (18) and the parametric variable λd,k can be solved by Lemke’s scheme [32].


### 3.2. PVP for the Contact between the Pantograph and the Contact Wire

The pantograph can collect current from the contact wire only when the contact strip of the pantograph is in contact with the contact wire. When the pantograph moves, the pantograph and contact wire will be in either contact or separation because of their mutual independence. The contact state and the value of the contact force directly affect the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system. Therefore, determining the contact state between the pantograph and the contact wire is one of the key problems involved in simulating the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system, which consists in determining whether the pantograph contacts the contact wire and computing the value of the contact force. In this subsection, the formulation of the contact is proposed based on PVP to compute the contact force by transforming the nonlinear contact problem into a complementarity problem, which can overcome the convergence difficulty caused by the nondifferential characteristics of dynamic contact problems.At timetp, the location of the moving pantograph is xp=x0+Vtp, the displacement of the pan-head is ypC, and the displacement of the contact wire at xp is yCp (see Figure 5). If the pantograph contacts the contact wire, the contact force will be nonnegative. Otherwise, the contact force should be 0; that is, (22)λp≥0,yCp-ypC=0,=0,yCp-ypC>0.By introducing a nonnegative slack variable νp, (22) can be described as follows: (23)yCp-ypC-νp=0,λp≥0,νp≥0,λpνp=0.Figure 5
The contact between the pantograph and the contact wire.The displacementypC of the pan-head can be represented by the contact force λp by solving (7) and the displacement yCp of the contact wire at xp can be can be represented by the contact force λp from (5). The nonlinear contact problem is transformed into a linear complementarity problem by substituting the displacements ypC and yCp into (23). The contact force λp can therefore be solved easily by Lemke’s scheme [32]. The contact state or the separation state between the pantograph and the contact wire can be indicated by the value of the contact force λp; that is, λp>0 indicates that pantograph contacts the contact wire, while λp=0 indicates that the pantograph does not contact the contact wire.


### 3.3. Formulation for the Pantograph-Catenary System Based on PVP

In this subsection, the FEM formulation for the pantograph-catenary system is presented based on PVP. The equation of motion for the pantograph is given by (7). For the catenary, both the messenger wire and the contact wire are modeled as 2-node Euler-Bernoulli beam elements, every dropper is modeled as a bilinear mass-spring-damper, and both the supporting brackets and registration arms are modeled as mass-springs.The potential energy of the nonlinear droppers can be given by (17), and the potential energy of the messenger wire, contact wire, supporting brackets, and registration arms can be obtained easily. Therefore, for a catenary with nonlinear droppers, the potential energy can be written as(24)UC=12yCTKCyC+ydTFdλd-yCTf,where KC and yC are the global stiffness matrix and displacement vector of the catenary, respectively; yd and λd are the displacement vector and parametric variable vector of the droppers, respectively; f is a vector of external forces; and(25)Fd=Fd,1Fd,2⋱Fd,N×nd,where Fd,k is given by (19). Therefore, based on the principle of minimum potential energy, PVP of the catenary with nonlinear droppers can be presented as(26)UC=12yCTKCyC+yCTLdFdλd-yCTf,δyCUC=0,(27)νd-Adλd-Bdyd=0,λd,kνk=0,νd,k≥0,λd,k≥0,where(28)Ld=0ed,10ed,2⋮0ed,N×nd0,ed,i=0︸i-1I20︸N×nd-i,Ad=kd,1+kd,2+⋱kd,N×nd+,Bd=Bd,1Bd,2⋱Bd,N×nd,where I2 is a 2×2 identity matrix and Bd,k is obtained by (19).The external force vectorf in (26) consists of the gravity force vector of the catenary and the contact force from the pantograph. Assuming that the element length of the contact wire is lc, the pantograph moves by one element in η=lc/V, and the equivalent load of the contact force can be expressed as reported in the literature [33] (see Figure 6):(29)λp,i=1-tηλp,λp,i+1=tηλpand the external force vector f can be written as (30)f=GC+r0+r1tλp,where GC is the gravity vector of the catenary, and(31)r0=0⋯010⋯0T,r1=Vlc0⋯0-1010⋯0T.Thus, the equation of motion for the catenary under a moving force considering nonlinear droppers can be written as(32)MCy¨C+CCy˙C+KCyC=LdFdλd+GC+r0+r1tλp,yC0=yC,0,y˙C0=0,where MC and CC are the global mass matrix and global damping matrix of the catenary, respectively. Of course, the system must be constrained by complementarity condition (27).Figure 6
The equivalent load of a moving force.The formulations for the pantograph and the catenary with nonlinear droppers are presented in (7), (32), and (27); and the formulation of the contact between the pantograph and the contact wire is presented in (23). Thus, the response of the pantograph can be represented by the contact force λp by solving (7) and the response of the catenary can be represented by the parametric variable vector λd of the nonlinear droppers and the contact force λp by solving (32). A standard linear complementarity problem can therefore be established by substituting the displacements ypC and yCp into (23) and substituting the displacements yd of the droppers into (27). The parametric variables λd of the nonlinear droppers and the contact force λp can be solved by Lemke’s scheme [32].


## 3.1. PVP for the Nonlinear Dropper

The droppers connect the messenger wire and contact wire when they are under tension. The dropper may be slack when a pantograph passes it and return to tension after the pantograph leaves. The dropper cannot operate if it is slack; that is, if a dropper slackens, it no longer serves as a connector between the messenger wire and the contact wire. Therefore, at every time step, the tension or compression state of every dropper must be determined. PVP proposed by Zhong and Zhang [27] has been proved to be advantageous for convergence for certain strong nonlinear numerical analyses, such as contact and piecewise linear analyses [29–31]. Therefore, in this paper, the nonlinear droppers are described by PVP, which converts the nonlinear problem to a linear complementarity problem. The tension or compression state of the nonlinear dropper can be accurately determined by the proposed method.A dropper is modeled as a bilinear mass-spring-damper with a bilinear stiffnesskd, a damper cd, and two lumped masses attached to the ends to represent the mass summed for half of the dropper md/2 and its clamp ms, respectively, as shown in Figure 4(a). The constitutive relation of the bilinear spring (see Figure 4(b)) can be described as(9)fd=kdΔu,where fd is the axial force, Δu is the elongation of the dropper, and kd is the stiffness determined by the signs of Δu; that is, (10)kd=kd+,Δu≥0,kd-,Δu<0.If kd+=kd-=EdAd/l0, the dropper is linear. In this paper, the dropper is modeled as a bilinear mass-spring-damper with zero tension in slackening; therefore kd+=EdAd/l0 and kd-=0.Figure 4
A model of a dropper: (a) a bilinear mass-spring-damper and (b) the constitutive relation of the dropper.
(a)
(b)The stiffnesskd should typically be updated by determining the tension or compression state of the dropper for the dynamic simulation at every time step. To avoid updating the stiffness kd, the dropper is described by PVP. The constitutive Eqs. (9) and (10) can be written in a unified form as(11)fd=kd+Δu+λd,where λd is a parametric variable, which can be written as (12)λd=0,Δu≥0,kd--kd+kd+Δu,Δu<0.As indicated, λd is nonnegative. Using a nonnegative slack variable νd, (12) can be transformed into the following equivalent equation:(13)kd--kd+Δu-kd+λd+νd=0,λd≥0,νd≥0,λdνd=0.At this point, the nonlinear problem is transformed into a standard linear complementarity problem, which can be solved easily by Lemke’s scheme [32]. In the unified constitutive Eqs. (11) and (13), the stress state of the dropper can be indicated by the value of λd; that is, λd>0 indicates that the dropper is under compression, while λd=0 indicates that the dropper is under tension. Thus, updating the stiffness kd can be avoided during the solution process.The potential energy of a dropper with the parametric variableλd can be expressed as(14)Ud=12kd+Δu+λd2-Δufd.Therefore, PVP of the nonlinear dropper can be presented as(15)Ud=12kd+Δu+λd2-Δufd,δΔuUd=0,kd--kd+Δu-kd+λd+νd=0,λd≥0,νd≥0,λdνd=0,where the subscript Δu denotes that the variational calculation is only performed for the elongation Δu, while the parametric variable λd does not take part in the variational calculation.Because only vertical displacements are considered for the dropper, the elongation of the dropper can be expressed as(16)Δu=y1-y2,where y1 and y2 are the node displacements. Therefore, PVP for the kth dropper can be written as(17)Ud,k=12yd,kTKd,kyd,k-yd,kTFd,kλd,k-yd,kTfd,k,δyd,kUd,k=0,(18)νd,k-kd,k+λd,k-Bd,kyd,k=0,λd,kνd,k=0,νd,k≥0,λd,k≥0,where yd,k denotes the displacement vector of the kth dropper, and(19)Kd,k=kd,k+1-1-11,Fd,k=kd,k+1-1,fd,k=fm,k-fc,k-ρdl0,k2+msρdl0,k2+msg,Bd,k=kd,k+-kd,k--11.Thus, the equation of motion for the kth dropper can be written as(20)Md,ky¨d,k+Cd,ky˙d,k+Kd,kyd,k=Fd,kλd,k+fd,k,yd,k0=yd,k,0,y˙d,k0=0,where(21)Md,k=ρdl0,k211+msms,Cd,k=cd1-1-11,where yd,k,0 denotes the initial displacement vector of the dropper. Of course, the dynamic equation must be constrained by a complementarity condition (18).In (20), the displacements yd,k of the nonlinear droppers can be represented by the parametric variable λd,k. Therefore, a linear complementarity problem can be established by substituting the displacements yd,k into (18) and the parametric variable λd,k can be solved by Lemke’s scheme [32].


## 3.2. PVP for the Contact between the Pantograph and the Contact Wire

The pantograph can collect current from the contact wire only when the contact strip of the pantograph is in contact with the contact wire. When the pantograph moves, the pantograph and contact wire will be in either contact or separation because of their mutual independence. The contact state and the value of the contact force directly affect the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system. Therefore, determining the contact state between the pantograph and the contact wire is one of the key problems involved in simulating the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system, which consists in determining whether the pantograph contacts the contact wire and computing the value of the contact force. In this subsection, the formulation of the contact is proposed based on PVP to compute the contact force by transforming the nonlinear contact problem into a complementarity problem, which can overcome the convergence difficulty caused by the nondifferential characteristics of dynamic contact problems.At timetp, the location of the moving pantograph is xp=x0+Vtp, the displacement of the pan-head is ypC, and the displacement of the contact wire at xp is yCp (see Figure 5). If the pantograph contacts the contact wire, the contact force will be nonnegative. Otherwise, the contact force should be 0; that is, (22)λp≥0,yCp-ypC=0,=0,yCp-ypC>0.By introducing a nonnegative slack variable νp, (22) can be described as follows: (23)yCp-ypC-νp=0,λp≥0,νp≥0,λpνp=0.Figure 5
The contact between the pantograph and the contact wire.The displacementypC of the pan-head can be represented by the contact force λp by solving (7) and the displacement yCp of the contact wire at xp can be can be represented by the contact force λp from (5). The nonlinear contact problem is transformed into a linear complementarity problem by substituting the displacements ypC and yCp into (23). The contact force λp can therefore be solved easily by Lemke’s scheme [32]. The contact state or the separation state between the pantograph and the contact wire can be indicated by the value of the contact force λp; that is, λp>0 indicates that pantograph contacts the contact wire, while λp=0 indicates that the pantograph does not contact the contact wire.


## 3.3. Formulation for the Pantograph-Catenary System Based on PVP

In this subsection, the FEM formulation for the pantograph-catenary system is presented based on PVP. The equation of motion for the pantograph is given by (7). For the catenary, both the messenger wire and the contact wire are modeled as 2-node Euler-Bernoulli beam elements, every dropper is modeled as a bilinear mass-spring-damper, and both the supporting brackets and registration arms are modeled as mass-springs.The potential energy of the nonlinear droppers can be given by (17), and the potential energy of the messenger wire, contact wire, supporting brackets, and registration arms can be obtained easily. Therefore, for a catenary with nonlinear droppers, the potential energy can be written as(24)UC=12yCTKCyC+ydTFdλd-yCTf,where KC and yC are the global stiffness matrix and displacement vector of the catenary, respectively; yd and λd are the displacement vector and parametric variable vector of the droppers, respectively; f is a vector of external forces; and(25)Fd=Fd,1Fd,2⋱Fd,N×nd,where Fd,k is given by (19). Therefore, based on the principle of minimum potential energy, PVP of the catenary with nonlinear droppers can be presented as(26)UC=12yCTKCyC+yCTLdFdλd-yCTf,δyCUC=0,(27)νd-Adλd-Bdyd=0,λd,kνk=0,νd,k≥0,λd,k≥0,where(28)Ld=0ed,10ed,2⋮0ed,N×nd0,ed,i=0︸i-1I20︸N×nd-i,Ad=kd,1+kd,2+⋱kd,N×nd+,Bd=Bd,1Bd,2⋱Bd,N×nd,where I2 is a 2×2 identity matrix and Bd,k is obtained by (19).The external force vectorf in (26) consists of the gravity force vector of the catenary and the contact force from the pantograph. Assuming that the element length of the contact wire is lc, the pantograph moves by one element in η=lc/V, and the equivalent load of the contact force can be expressed as reported in the literature [33] (see Figure 6):(29)λp,i=1-tηλp,λp,i+1=tηλpand the external force vector f can be written as (30)f=GC+r0+r1tλp,where GC is the gravity vector of the catenary, and(31)r0=0⋯010⋯0T,r1=Vlc0⋯0-1010⋯0T.Thus, the equation of motion for the catenary under a moving force considering nonlinear droppers can be written as(32)MCy¨C+CCy˙C+KCyC=LdFdλd+GC+r0+r1tλp,yC0=yC,0,y˙C0=0,where MC and CC are the global mass matrix and global damping matrix of the catenary, respectively. Of course, the system must be constrained by complementarity condition (27).Figure 6
The equivalent load of a moving force.The formulations for the pantograph and the catenary with nonlinear droppers are presented in (7), (32), and (27); and the formulation of the contact between the pantograph and the contact wire is presented in (23). Thus, the response of the pantograph can be represented by the contact force λp by solving (7) and the response of the catenary can be represented by the parametric variable vector λd of the nonlinear droppers and the contact force λp by solving (32). A standard linear complementarity problem can therefore be established by substituting the displacements ypC and yCp into (23) and substituting the displacements yd of the droppers into (27). The parametric variables λd of the nonlinear droppers and the contact force λp can be solved by Lemke’s scheme [32].


## 4. An Efficient PIM for the Pantograph-Catenary System

The significant wave effect of the contact wire subjected to a pantograph moving at high speed makes it more difficult to accurately simulate the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system, particularly with contact problem and nonlinear droppers. The FEM is typically combined with a time-integration method to simulate the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system. For linear elastic structures, the most commonly used time-domain integral methods are the Runge-Kutta, Newmark, and Wilson-θ methods. Because of stability and precision requirements, the time step for integration in these methods must be very small such that the required calculation is quite large. PIM proposed by Zhong and Williams [28] allows for a longer time step for integration and offers the advantages of high accuracy and good stability [34]. Although the responses of a small-scale system can be solved exactly and efficiently by PIM, it is a great challenge to solve a system with an enormous number of DOFs efficiently. Because of few DOFs, the equation of motion (7) for the pantograph can be solved directly by PIM. For the catenary, the number of DOFs is quite large. Thus, a time-domain integral method for computing the accurate response of the catenary is herein established.


### 4.1. PIM for the Pantograph

For the pantograph, by using PIM, the equation of motion can be solved to obtain the displacement represented in terms of the contact forceλp. In the state space, (7) can also be rewritten as(33)v˙p=Hpvp+fpwith the state vector of the pantograph expressed as(34)vp=ypy˙p,where(35)Hp=0Ip-Mp-1Kp-Mp-1Cp,fp=0Mp-1G~p-λp00Tin which Ip is an identity matrix, and G~p=Gp+00P0T.To seek a numerical solution to (33) from an initial state, the entire duration is divided into the following uniform intervals t0=0,t1=η,…,tn=nη,…, and η is the time step. If the state vp,n=vptn of the pantograph at time t=tn is determined, the state vp,n+1 of the pantograph at time t=tn+1 can be given as (36)vp,n+1=Tpvp,n+∫0ηexp⁡Hpη-ξfptn+ξdξ,where Tp is a matrix exponential defined as(37)Tp=exp⁡Hpη.Assuming that the contact force λp is constant in a time step, (36) can be solved analytically as(38)vp,n+1=v-p,n+1+αp,1λp,where(39)v-p,n+1=Tpvp,n+Ψp,0G~p,αp,1=-Ψp,01,Ψp,0=Hp-1Tp,12Tp,22-IMp-1in which Ψp,01 is the first column of matrix Ψp,0 and Tp,12 and Tp,22 are the block matrices corresponding to the matrix exponential Tp; that is,(40)Tp=Tp,11Tp,12Tp,21Tp,22.The response of the pantograph can thus be represented by the contact forceλp in (38).


### 4.2. An Efficient PIM for the Catenary Based on Its Periodicity

To obtain the response of the catenary subjected to a moving force at high velocity, the catenary used for simulation must be long enough and must be divided into many FEM elements; the number of DOFs is thus very large, leading to an enormous calculation and poor efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an efficient time-domain integral method for computing the accurate response of the catenary subjected to a moving force.The catenary, composed of a series of unit cells, can be regarded as a periodic structure (see Figure7). In this paper, based on the periodicity of the catenary and PIM, an efficient time-integration algorithm for computing the response of the catenary is established. For this method, the matrix exponential of only one unit cell of the catenary must be computed, greatly improving the computational efficiency.Figure 7
Periodicity of the catenary: (a) an infinite long catenary and (b) the interaction forces for unit cells of the catenary.
(a)
(b)Because of the periodicity of the catenary, the mass matrixMu, the damping matrix Cu, the stiffness matrix Ku, and the gravity vector Gu for each unit cell of the catenary are the same. By introducing interaction forces Pu,j=pm,jLpc,jLpm,jRpc,jRT for the jth unit cell of the catenary (see Figure 7(b)), the equation of motion for the jth unit cell of the catenary can be written as(41)Muy¨u,j+Cuy˙u,j+Kuyu,j=Ld,uFd,uλd,ju+Gu+Qu,jλp+LPPu,j,yu,j0=yu,j,0,y˙u,j0=0,where y¨u,j, y˙u,j, and yu,j are the acceleration vector, velocity vector, and displacement vector for the jth unit cell of the catenary, respectively, λd,ju is a parametric variable vector of droppers in the jth unit cell, and (42)Ld,u=0ed,u,10ed,u,2⋮0ed,u,nd0,Fd,u=Fd,1Fd,2⋱Fd,nd,LP=0eP,10eP,2⋮0eP,40,ed,u,i=0︸i-1I20︸nd-i,eP,i=0︸i-110︸4-i,where Fd,k can be obtained by (19). When the pantograph moves, the contact force moves along the contact wire. Assuming that κpt denotes the sequence number of the unit cell of the catenary corresponding to the pantograph at time t, Qu,j can be written as(43)Qu,j=ru,0+ru,1t,j=κpt,0,other.For the column vector ru,0, the elements are 0, except for the element corresponding to the pan-head at t=tn, which is 1; for the column vector ru,1 the elements are 0, except for the element corresponding to the pan-head at t=tn, which is -V/lc; the element corresponding to the pan-head at t=tn+1 is V/lc; that is,(44)ru,0=0⋯010⋯0T,ru,1=Vlc0⋯0-1010⋯0T.In the state space, (41) can be rewritten as(45)v˙u,j=Huvu,j+fu,jwith the state vector of the unit cell expressed as(46)vu,j=yu,jy˙u,j,where(47)Hu=0Iu-Mu-1Ku-Mu-1Cu,fu,j=0Mu-1Ld,uFd,uλd,ju+Gu+Qu,jλp+LPPu,jin which Iu is an identity matrix.If the statevu,j,n=vu,jtn of the catenary at t=tn is determined, the state vu,j,n+1 of the catenary at t=tn+1 can be given as(48)vu,j,n+1=Tuvu,j,n+∫0ηexp⁡Huη-ξfu,jtn+ξdξ,where Tu is a matrix exponential defined as(49)Tu=exp⁡Huη.In this paper, we assume that the interaction forcesPu,jt are constant in a time step and that the parametric variables λd,jut of the droppers are replaced by their linear approximation within t∈[tn,tn+1] as follows:(50)λd,jut=1-tηλd,j,nu+tηλd,j,n+1u.Eq. (48) can be therefore solved analytically as(51)vu,j,n+1=v-u,j,n+1+αu,1λd,j,n+1u+αu,2Pu,j,n+1+γu,j,n+1λp,where (52)v-u,j,n+1=Tuvu,j,n+Ψu,0Gu+Ld,uFd,uλd,j,nu-αu,1λd,j,nu,αu,2=Ψu,0LP,αu,1=1ηΨu,1Ld,uFd,u,γu,j,n+1=Ψu,0ru,0+Ψu,1ru,1,j=κpt,0,other,Ψu,0=Hu-1Tu,12Tu,22-0IMu-1,Ψu,1=1ηHu-2Tu,12Tu,22-0I-Hu-10IηMu-1in which Tu,12 and Tu,22 are the block matrices corresponding to the matrix exponential Tu; that is,(53)Tu=Tu,11Tu,12Tu,21Tu,22. Eq. (51) can be rewritten as (54)vu,j,n+1=v-u,j,n+1+αu,1λd,j,n+1u+αu,2LPu,j,n+1L+αu,2RPu,j,n+1R+γu,j,n+1λp,where αu,2L and αu,2R are the block matrices corresponding to the matrix αu,2, Pu,j,n+1L is the interaction force vector from the j-1th unit cell, and Pu,j,n+1R is the interaction force vector from the j+1th unit cell, that is,(55)αu,2=αu,2Lαu,2R,Pu,j,n+1=Pu,j,n+1LPu,j,n+1R.For each unit cell, the displacements of the left and right interfaces can be written by extracting the rows of (54), respectively, as(56)yu,j,n+1L=y-u,j,n+1L+αu,1Lλd,j,n+1u+αu,2LLPu,j,n+1L+αu,2LRPu,j,n+1R+γu,j,n+1Lλp,yu,j,n+1R=y-u,j,n+1R+αu,1Rλd,j,n+1u+αu,2RLPu,j,n+1L+αu,2RRPu,j,n+1R+γu,j,n+1Rλp,where y-u,j,n+1L and γu,j,n+1L denote vectors corresponding to the left interface in the vectors v-u,j,n+1 and γu,j,n+1, respectively; αu,1L, αu,2LL, and αu,2LR denote matrices consisting of the rows corresponding to the left interface in the matrices αu,1, αu,2L, and αu,2R, respectively; y-u,j,n+1R and γu,j,n+1R denote vectors corresponding to the right interface in the vectors v-u,j,n+1 and γu,j,n+1, respectively; and αu,1R, αu,2RL, and αu,2RR denote matrices consisting of the rows corresponding to the right interface in the matrices αu,1, αu,2L, and αu,2R, respectively. Regarding the infinite length of the catenary, the boundary conditions of both ends can be considered to be free; that is,(57)Pu,1,n+1L=Pu,N,n+1R=0.The combination of the displacements of the left interface from the second unit cell to the Nth unit cell in (56) can be written as(58)yC,n+1L=y-C,n+1L+ψC,1Lλd,n+1+ψC,2LLPC,n+1L+ψC,2LRPC,n+1R+ψC,3,n+1Lλp,where(59)yC,n+1L=yu,2,n+1Lyu,3,n+1L⋮yu,N,n+1L,λd,n+1=λd,1,n+1uλd,2,n+1u⋮λd,N,n+1u,PC,n+1L=Pu,2,n+1LPu,3,n+1L⋮Pu,N,n+1L,PC,n+1R=Pu,1,n+1RPu,2,n+1R⋮Pu,N-1,n+1R,y-C,n+1L=y-u,2,n+1Ly-u,3,n+1L⋮y-u,N,n+1L,ψC,1L=0αu,1L0αu,1L⋱⋱0αu,1L,ψC,2,n+1L=0κptn+1-2γu,κptn+1,n+1L0⋮0,ψC,2LL=αu,2LLαu,2LL⋱αu,2LL,ψC,2LR=0αu,2LR0αu,2LR⋱⋱0αu,2LR0.The combination of the displacements of the right interface from the first unit cell to the N-1th unit cell in (56) can be written as(60)yC,n+1R=y-C,n+1R+ψC,1Rλd,n+1+ψC,2RLPC,n+1L+ψC,2RRPC,n+1R+ψC,3,n+1Rλp,where(61)y-C,n+1R=y-u,1,n+1Ry-u,2,n+1R⋮y-u,N-1,n+1R,ψC,1R=αu,1R0αu,1R0⋱⋱αu,1R0,ψC,3,n+1R=0κptn+1-1γu,κptn+1,n+1L0⋮0,ψC,2RL=0αu,2RL0αu,2RL⋱⋱0αu,2RL0,ψC,2RR=αu,2RRαu,2RR⋱αu,2RR.The displacements yC,n+1L and yC,n+1R should meet the continuity condition, and the interaction forces PC,n+1L and PC,n+1R must comply with Newton’s third law; that is,(62)yC,n+1R=yC,n+1L,PC,n+1R+PC,n+1L=0. Substituting the displacements (58) and (60) into (62), (62) can be written as (63)0=Θ0,n+1+Θ1λd,n+1+Θ2PC,n+1L+Θ3,n+1λp,where(64)Θ0,n+1=y-C,n+1L-y-C,n+1R,Θ1=ψC,1L-ψC,1R,Θ2=ψC,2LL-ψC,2RL-ψC,2LR+ψC,2RR,Θ3,n+1=ψC,3,n+1L-ψC,3,n+1R.The interaction forces PC,n+1L can thus be represented by the parametric variables λd,n+1 of the droppers and the contact force λp by solving (63) as follows:(65)PC,n+1L=Φ0,n+1+Φ1λd,n+1+Φ2,n+1λp,where(66)Φ0,n+1=-Θ2-1Θ0,n+1,Φ1=-Θ2-1Θ1,Φ2,n+1=-Θ2-1Θ3,n+1.In (65), the interaction forces PC,n+1L are represented by λd,n+1 and λp, and in (54), the response of each unit cells of the catenary is represented by the parametric variables λd,j,n+1u, λp, Pu,j,n+1L, and Pu,j,n+1R. Therefore, the response of the catenary can be represented by the parametric variables λd,n+1 of the droppers and the contact force λp by substituting the interaction forces in (65) into (54).In this section, the responses of the pantograph-catenary system were obtained by using PIM. In particular, based on the periodicity of the catenary and PIM, a numerical time-integration algorithm was established to compute the response of the catenary. For this method, the matrix exponential for only one unit cell of the catenary must be computed, which greatly improves the computational efficiency.


## 4.1. PIM for the Pantograph

For the pantograph, by using PIM, the equation of motion can be solved to obtain the displacement represented in terms of the contact forceλp. In the state space, (7) can also be rewritten as(33)v˙p=Hpvp+fpwith the state vector of the pantograph expressed as(34)vp=ypy˙p,where(35)Hp=0Ip-Mp-1Kp-Mp-1Cp,fp=0Mp-1G~p-λp00Tin which Ip is an identity matrix, and G~p=Gp+00P0T.To seek a numerical solution to (33) from an initial state, the entire duration is divided into the following uniform intervals t0=0,t1=η,…,tn=nη,…, and η is the time step. If the state vp,n=vptn of the pantograph at time t=tn is determined, the state vp,n+1 of the pantograph at time t=tn+1 can be given as (36)vp,n+1=Tpvp,n+∫0ηexp⁡Hpη-ξfptn+ξdξ,where Tp is a matrix exponential defined as(37)Tp=exp⁡Hpη.Assuming that the contact force λp is constant in a time step, (36) can be solved analytically as(38)vp,n+1=v-p,n+1+αp,1λp,where(39)v-p,n+1=Tpvp,n+Ψp,0G~p,αp,1=-Ψp,01,Ψp,0=Hp-1Tp,12Tp,22-IMp-1in which Ψp,01 is the first column of matrix Ψp,0 and Tp,12 and Tp,22 are the block matrices corresponding to the matrix exponential Tp; that is,(40)Tp=Tp,11Tp,12Tp,21Tp,22.The response of the pantograph can thus be represented by the contact forceλp in (38).


## 4.2. An Efficient PIM for the Catenary Based on Its Periodicity

To obtain the response of the catenary subjected to a moving force at high velocity, the catenary used for simulation must be long enough and must be divided into many FEM elements; the number of DOFs is thus very large, leading to an enormous calculation and poor efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an efficient time-domain integral method for computing the accurate response of the catenary subjected to a moving force.The catenary, composed of a series of unit cells, can be regarded as a periodic structure (see Figure7). In this paper, based on the periodicity of the catenary and PIM, an efficient time-integration algorithm for computing the response of the catenary is established. For this method, the matrix exponential of only one unit cell of the catenary must be computed, greatly improving the computational efficiency.Figure 7
Periodicity of the catenary: (a) an infinite long catenary and (b) the interaction forces for unit cells of the catenary.
(a)
(b)Because of the periodicity of the catenary, the mass matrixMu, the damping matrix Cu, the stiffness matrix Ku, and the gravity vector Gu for each unit cell of the catenary are the same. By introducing interaction forces Pu,j=pm,jLpc,jLpm,jRpc,jRT for the jth unit cell of the catenary (see Figure 7(b)), the equation of motion for the jth unit cell of the catenary can be written as(41)Muy¨u,j+Cuy˙u,j+Kuyu,j=Ld,uFd,uλd,ju+Gu+Qu,jλp+LPPu,j,yu,j0=yu,j,0,y˙u,j0=0,where y¨u,j, y˙u,j, and yu,j are the acceleration vector, velocity vector, and displacement vector for the jth unit cell of the catenary, respectively, λd,ju is a parametric variable vector of droppers in the jth unit cell, and (42)Ld,u=0ed,u,10ed,u,2⋮0ed,u,nd0,Fd,u=Fd,1Fd,2⋱Fd,nd,LP=0eP,10eP,2⋮0eP,40,ed,u,i=0︸i-1I20︸nd-i,eP,i=0︸i-110︸4-i,where Fd,k can be obtained by (19). When the pantograph moves, the contact force moves along the contact wire. Assuming that κpt denotes the sequence number of the unit cell of the catenary corresponding to the pantograph at time t, Qu,j can be written as(43)Qu,j=ru,0+ru,1t,j=κpt,0,other.For the column vector ru,0, the elements are 0, except for the element corresponding to the pan-head at t=tn, which is 1; for the column vector ru,1 the elements are 0, except for the element corresponding to the pan-head at t=tn, which is -V/lc; the element corresponding to the pan-head at t=tn+1 is V/lc; that is,(44)ru,0=0⋯010⋯0T,ru,1=Vlc0⋯0-1010⋯0T.In the state space, (41) can be rewritten as(45)v˙u,j=Huvu,j+fu,jwith the state vector of the unit cell expressed as(46)vu,j=yu,jy˙u,j,where(47)Hu=0Iu-Mu-1Ku-Mu-1Cu,fu,j=0Mu-1Ld,uFd,uλd,ju+Gu+Qu,jλp+LPPu,jin which Iu is an identity matrix.If the statevu,j,n=vu,jtn of the catenary at t=tn is determined, the state vu,j,n+1 of the catenary at t=tn+1 can be given as(48)vu,j,n+1=Tuvu,j,n+∫0ηexp⁡Huη-ξfu,jtn+ξdξ,where Tu is a matrix exponential defined as(49)Tu=exp⁡Huη.In this paper, we assume that the interaction forcesPu,jt are constant in a time step and that the parametric variables λd,jut of the droppers are replaced by their linear approximation within t∈[tn,tn+1] as follows:(50)λd,jut=1-tηλd,j,nu+tηλd,j,n+1u.Eq. (48) can be therefore solved analytically as(51)vu,j,n+1=v-u,j,n+1+αu,1λd,j,n+1u+αu,2Pu,j,n+1+γu,j,n+1λp,where (52)v-u,j,n+1=Tuvu,j,n+Ψu,0Gu+Ld,uFd,uλd,j,nu-αu,1λd,j,nu,αu,2=Ψu,0LP,αu,1=1ηΨu,1Ld,uFd,u,γu,j,n+1=Ψu,0ru,0+Ψu,1ru,1,j=κpt,0,other,Ψu,0=Hu-1Tu,12Tu,22-0IMu-1,Ψu,1=1ηHu-2Tu,12Tu,22-0I-Hu-10IηMu-1in which Tu,12 and Tu,22 are the block matrices corresponding to the matrix exponential Tu; that is,(53)Tu=Tu,11Tu,12Tu,21Tu,22. Eq. (51) can be rewritten as (54)vu,j,n+1=v-u,j,n+1+αu,1λd,j,n+1u+αu,2LPu,j,n+1L+αu,2RPu,j,n+1R+γu,j,n+1λp,where αu,2L and αu,2R are the block matrices corresponding to the matrix αu,2, Pu,j,n+1L is the interaction force vector from the j-1th unit cell, and Pu,j,n+1R is the interaction force vector from the j+1th unit cell, that is,(55)αu,2=αu,2Lαu,2R,Pu,j,n+1=Pu,j,n+1LPu,j,n+1R.For each unit cell, the displacements of the left and right interfaces can be written by extracting the rows of (54), respectively, as(56)yu,j,n+1L=y-u,j,n+1L+αu,1Lλd,j,n+1u+αu,2LLPu,j,n+1L+αu,2LRPu,j,n+1R+γu,j,n+1Lλp,yu,j,n+1R=y-u,j,n+1R+αu,1Rλd,j,n+1u+αu,2RLPu,j,n+1L+αu,2RRPu,j,n+1R+γu,j,n+1Rλp,where y-u,j,n+1L and γu,j,n+1L denote vectors corresponding to the left interface in the vectors v-u,j,n+1 and γu,j,n+1, respectively; αu,1L, αu,2LL, and αu,2LR denote matrices consisting of the rows corresponding to the left interface in the matrices αu,1, αu,2L, and αu,2R, respectively; y-u,j,n+1R and γu,j,n+1R denote vectors corresponding to the right interface in the vectors v-u,j,n+1 and γu,j,n+1, respectively; and αu,1R, αu,2RL, and αu,2RR denote matrices consisting of the rows corresponding to the right interface in the matrices αu,1, αu,2L, and αu,2R, respectively. Regarding the infinite length of the catenary, the boundary conditions of both ends can be considered to be free; that is,(57)Pu,1,n+1L=Pu,N,n+1R=0.The combination of the displacements of the left interface from the second unit cell to the Nth unit cell in (56) can be written as(58)yC,n+1L=y-C,n+1L+ψC,1Lλd,n+1+ψC,2LLPC,n+1L+ψC,2LRPC,n+1R+ψC,3,n+1Lλp,where(59)yC,n+1L=yu,2,n+1Lyu,3,n+1L⋮yu,N,n+1L,λd,n+1=λd,1,n+1uλd,2,n+1u⋮λd,N,n+1u,PC,n+1L=Pu,2,n+1LPu,3,n+1L⋮Pu,N,n+1L,PC,n+1R=Pu,1,n+1RPu,2,n+1R⋮Pu,N-1,n+1R,y-C,n+1L=y-u,2,n+1Ly-u,3,n+1L⋮y-u,N,n+1L,ψC,1L=0αu,1L0αu,1L⋱⋱0αu,1L,ψC,2,n+1L=0κptn+1-2γu,κptn+1,n+1L0⋮0,ψC,2LL=αu,2LLαu,2LL⋱αu,2LL,ψC,2LR=0αu,2LR0αu,2LR⋱⋱0αu,2LR0.The combination of the displacements of the right interface from the first unit cell to the N-1th unit cell in (56) can be written as(60)yC,n+1R=y-C,n+1R+ψC,1Rλd,n+1+ψC,2RLPC,n+1L+ψC,2RRPC,n+1R+ψC,3,n+1Rλp,where(61)y-C,n+1R=y-u,1,n+1Ry-u,2,n+1R⋮y-u,N-1,n+1R,ψC,1R=αu,1R0αu,1R0⋱⋱αu,1R0,ψC,3,n+1R=0κptn+1-1γu,κptn+1,n+1L0⋮0,ψC,2RL=0αu,2RL0αu,2RL⋱⋱0αu,2RL0,ψC,2RR=αu,2RRαu,2RR⋱αu,2RR.The displacements yC,n+1L and yC,n+1R should meet the continuity condition, and the interaction forces PC,n+1L and PC,n+1R must comply with Newton’s third law; that is,(62)yC,n+1R=yC,n+1L,PC,n+1R+PC,n+1L=0. Substituting the displacements (58) and (60) into (62), (62) can be written as (63)0=Θ0,n+1+Θ1λd,n+1+Θ2PC,n+1L+Θ3,n+1λp,where(64)Θ0,n+1=y-C,n+1L-y-C,n+1R,Θ1=ψC,1L-ψC,1R,Θ2=ψC,2LL-ψC,2RL-ψC,2LR+ψC,2RR,Θ3,n+1=ψC,3,n+1L-ψC,3,n+1R.The interaction forces PC,n+1L can thus be represented by the parametric variables λd,n+1 of the droppers and the contact force λp by solving (63) as follows:(65)PC,n+1L=Φ0,n+1+Φ1λd,n+1+Φ2,n+1λp,where(66)Φ0,n+1=-Θ2-1Θ0,n+1,Φ1=-Θ2-1Θ1,Φ2,n+1=-Θ2-1Θ3,n+1.In (65), the interaction forces PC,n+1L are represented by λd,n+1 and λp, and in (54), the response of each unit cells of the catenary is represented by the parametric variables λd,j,n+1u, λp, Pu,j,n+1L, and Pu,j,n+1R. Therefore, the response of the catenary can be represented by the parametric variables λd,n+1 of the droppers and the contact force λp by substituting the interaction forces in (65) into (54).In this section, the responses of the pantograph-catenary system were obtained by using PIM. In particular, based on the periodicity of the catenary and PIM, a numerical time-integration algorithm was established to compute the response of the catenary. For this method, the matrix exponential for only one unit cell of the catenary must be computed, which greatly improves the computational efficiency.


## 5. Linear Complementarity Problem for Contact and the Nonlinear Droppers

In Section4, the response of the pantograph was represented by the contact force λp, and the response of the catenary was represented by the parametric variables λd,n+1 of the droppers and the contact force λp. If the contact force and the parametric variables of the droppers are determined, the responses of the pantograph-catenary system can be obtained. In this section, the values of the contact force and the parametric variables of droppers are computed by using the complementarity conditions presented in Section 3.Assuming that the pan-head corresponds to theδpth DOF of the κpth unit cell of the catenary at time t=tn+1, the displacement of this DOF of the catenary can be given by (54) as(67)yC,n+1p=y-C,n+1p+αC,1pλd,κp,n+1u+αC,2pLPu,κp,n+1L+αC,2pRPu,κp,n+1R+γC,κp,n+1pλp,where y-C,n+1p and γC,κp,n+1p are elements of the δpth row of vectors v-u,κp,n+1 and γu,κp,n+1, respectively; and αC,1p, αC,2pL, and αC,2pR denote vectors of the δpth row in matrices αu,1, αu,2L, and αu,2R, respectively. Eq. (67) can be rewritten as(68)yC,n+1p=y-C,n+1p+α-C,1pλd,n+1+α-C,2pPC,n+1L+γC,κp,n+1pλp,where(69)α-C,1p=0︸κp-1αC,1p0︸N-κp,αC,2p=0︸κp-2αC,2pL-αC,2pR0︸N-κp-1.By substituting the interaction forces in (65) into (68), the displacement yC,n+1p of the catenary corresponding to the pan-head can be represented by the parametric variables λd,n+1 of the droppers and the contact force λp as(70)yC,n+1p=β0+β1λd,n+1+β2λp,where(71)β0=y-C,n+1p+α-C,2pΦ0,n+1,β1=α-C,1p+α-C,2pΦ1,β2=γC,κp,n+1p+α-C,2pΦ2,n+1.For the pantograph, the response represented by the contact forceλp is given by (38) and the displacement of the pan-head can thus be written as(72)yp,n+1C=y-p,0,n+1C+y-p,1Cλp,where y-p,0,n+1C and y-p,1C are the first elements of the vectors v-p,n+1 and αp,1, respectively. By substituting the displacement (70) of the contact wire corresponding to the pan-head and the displacement (72) of the pan-head into (23), a standard complementarity problem for the contact between the pantograph and the contact wire can be obtained as(73)νp-Zp,1λd,n+1-Zp,2,n+1λp+zp,n+1=0,λpνp=0,νp≥0,λp≥0,where(74)Zp,1=β1,Zp,2,n+1=β2-y-p,1C,zp,n+1=y-p,0,n+1C-β0.For the droppers, the displacements can be given by extracting the rows corresponding to the droppers from (54) as(75)yd,j,n+1u=y-d,j,n+1u+αd,1λd,j,n+1u+αd,2LPu,j,n+1L+αd,2RPu,j,n+1R+γd,j,n+1λp,where y-d,j,n+1u and γd,j,n+1 denote vectors corresponding to the droppers in the vectors v-u,j,n+1 and γu,j,n+1, respectively; and αd,1, αd,2L, and αd,2R denote vectors consisting of the rows corresponding to the droppers in the matrices αu,1, αu,2L, and αu,2R, respectively. The combination of the displacements of droppers in all unit cells in (75) can be written as (76)yd,n+1=y-d,n+1+φd,1λd,n+1+φd,2PC,n+1L+φd,3,n+1λp,where(77)y-d,n+1=y-d,1,n+1uy-d,2,n+1u⋮y-d,N,n+1u,φd,1=αd,1αd,1⋱αd,1,φd,2=-αd,2Rαd,2L-αd,2Rαd,2L⋱⋱-αd,2Rαd,2L,φd,3,n+1=0κptn+1-1γd,κptn+1,n+10⋮0.By substituting the interaction forces in (65) into (76), the displacements of the droppers yd,n+1 can be represented by the parametric variables λd,n+1 of the droppers and the contact force λp as(78)yd,n+1=φ-d,0,n+1+φ-d,1λd,n+1+φ-d,2,n+1λp,where(79)φ-d,0,n+1=y-d,n+1+φd,2Φ0,n+1,φ-d,1=φd,1+φd,2Φ1,φ-d,2,n+1=φd,3,n+1+φd,2Φ2,n+1.By substituting the displacements in (78) of the droppers into (27), a standard complementarity problem for the nonlinear droppers can be obtained as(80)νd-Zd,1λd,n+1-Zd,2,n+1λp+zd,n+1=0,λd,i,n+1νd,i=0,νd,i≥0,λd,i,n+1≥0,where(81)Zd,1=A+Bφ-d,1,Zd,2,n+1=Bφ-d,2,n+1,zd,n+1=-Bφ-d,0,n+1.The combination of (73) and (80) gives the following complementarity problem involving the contact and nonlinear droppers(82)ν-Zλ+z=0,λν=0,ν≥0,λ≥0,where(83)ν=νdνp,λ=λd,n+1λp,Z=Zd,1Zd,2,n+1Zp,1Zp,2,n+1,z=zd,n+1zp,n+1.The parameter variablesλd,n+1 of the droppers and the contact force λp between the pantograph and the contact wire can thus be obtained by solving (82) by using Lemke’s scheme [32]. For the kth dropper, the stress state can be indicated by the value of the parameter variable λd,k; that is, λd,k>0 indicates that the dropper is under compression, while λd,k=0 indicates that the dropper is under tension. With the value of the contact force λp, the contact state or the separation state between the pantograph and the contact wire can be indicated; that is, λp>0 indicates that pantograph contacts the contact wire, while λp=0 indicates that the pantograph does not contact the contact wire.Once the parameter variablesλd,n+1 and λp are obtained, the responses of the pantograph and the catenary can be computed as follows. First, the interaction forces between the adjacent unit cells of the catenary can be obtained by substituting the parameter variables λd,n+1 of the droppers and the contact force λp into (65). Second, the state vu,j,n+1 of each unit cell of the catenary at time tn+1 can be obtained by substituting the parameter variables λd,j,n+1u of the droppers, the contact force λp, and the interaction forces into (54). Finally, the state vp,n+1 of the pantograph at time tn+1 can be obtained easily by substituting the contact force λp into (38).It should be noted that the above-mentioned procedure can be applied not only for a simple stitched catenary system, as described in Section2, but also for an elastic stitched catenary system (see Figure 8) to simulate its dynamic behavior.Figure 8
An elastic stitched catenary system.


## 6. Validation

### 6.1. The Pantograph-Catenary Interaction

To demonstrate the validity of the formulation for the contact between the pantograph and the contact wire, a test case proposed in the literature [6] is considered. The system features a concentrated mass moving at a constant forward speed along a beam supported at both ends (see Figure 9). For the beam, the properties of a 150mm2 copper contact wire are chosen, while the values of the sliding mass inertia, preload, and speed are realistic for a high speed current collector (see Table 1).Table 1
Parameters of the beam and the moving mass [6].
Span length
L
60 m
Tension
T
20 kN
Linear mass
ρ
1.35 kg/m
Bending stiffness
EI
136Nm2
Moving mass
M
3 kg
Preload
P
50 N
Travelling speed
V
60 m/sFigure 9
A concentrated mass moving at a constant forward speed along the beam [6].The beam is discretized in to 500 uniform two-node Euler-Bernoulli elements, and the time step isη=0.002 s. The contact forces between the beam and the moving mass obtained by the proposed method are shown in Figure 10. The result obtained by the proposed method coincides with the result reported in the literature [6]. Therefore, the formulation proposed in this paper for simulating the contact between the pantograph and the contact wire is accurate.Figure 10
Time history of the contact force.


### 6.2. Nonlinear Dropper

To validate PVP model for the nonlinear dropper, a simple stitched catenary with three nonlinear droppers is considered (see Figure11). The messenger wire and the contact wire are supported at both ends. A moving force moves at a constant forward speed along the contact wire. The properties of a 117mm2 copper messenger wire, a 121mm2 copper contact wire, and a 9.62mm2 copper dropper are chosen. The parameters of the catenary and the values of the load and speed are given in Table 2. The droppers are numbered 1, 2, and 3, as shown in Figure 11. Because of gravity, the original lengths of the three droppers are l10=1.4794m, l20=1.4393m, and l30=1.4794m.Table 2
Parameters of the catenary subjected to a moving force.
L
50 m
T
c
27 kN
ρ
c
1.08 kg/m
E
I
c
140Nm2
ρ
d
0.089 kg/m
L
1, L2, L3
12.5 m/12.5 m/12.5 m
P
150 N
H
1.6 m
T
m
21 kN
ρ
m
1.07 kg/m
E
I
m
131Nm2
E
A
d
1154400 N
V
100 m/sFigure 11
A simple stitched catenary structure with three nonlinear droppers subjected to a moving force.Both the messenger wire and the contact wire are discretized into 500 uniform two-node Euler-Bernoulli elements, and the time step isη=0.001 s. Figure 12 shows the elongations of the three droppers. The time history of the parameter variables of the three droppers is shown in Figure 13, where a positive value of the parameter variable indicates that the dropper is slack and the dropper is under tension otherwise. It can be observed that the dropper will undergo slackening when the force passes it and return to tension after the moving force has left; when the wave returns, the dropper will again slacken.Figure 12
Time history of the elongation of droppers.Figure 13
Time history of the parameter variable of droppers.


### 6.3. Validation of the Proposed Procedure

An internationally accepted test case included in European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization EN50318 [35] is chosen to verify the accuracy and reliability of the proposed procedure. The simulation results obtained by the proposed procedure are given in Table 3, which shows that the simulation results are all within the reference range given by EN50318. Therefore, the proposed procedure is correct and reliable and can be used for simulating the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system.Table 3
Comparison of standard EN50318 and the simulation results.
EN50318
Simulation results
Velocity (km/h)
250
300
250
300
Mean contact force (N)
110–120
110–120
119.98
119.80
Maximum statistician (N)
190–210
210–230
Minimum statistician (N)
20–40
−5–20
Maximum real (N)
175–210
190–225
208.58
223.89
Minimum real (N)
50–70
30–55
50.95
38.52
Maximum uplift at support (mm)
48–55
55–65
54.1
61.1
Percentage of loss of contact (%)
0
0
0
0Moreover, a pantograph-catenary system consisting an elastic stitched catenary CH160-Y and a pantograph SS7 [16, 36], which is used on a 160 km/h railway line in China, is analyzed to demonstrate the validity of the proposed procedure. The parameters of catenary CH160-Y and pantograph SS7 are given in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. For each span, 130 Euler-Bernoulli beam elements are used to model the messenger wire and 260 Euler-Bernoulli beam elements are used to model the contact wire. The pantograph can be modeled as a two-level mass-spring-damper [16].Table 4
Parameters of the elastic stitched catenary CH160-Y.
Contact wire
Messenger wire
Assistant wire
Linear mass (kg/m)
1.07
0.602
0.31
Area (mm2)
120
153
35
Elastic modulus (MPa)
1.3
×
1
0
5
0.817
×
1
0
5
1.3
×
1
0
5
Tension (kN)
13
17
2.8
Number of span
5
Span length (m)
65
Structure height (m)
1.5
Mass of supporting bracket (kg)
1.873
Stiffness of supporting bracket (N/m)
2.5
×
1
0
7
Mass of registration arm (kg)
0.53
Location of the droppers (m)
4.0
/
6
×
9.5
/
4
.
0
Mass of droppers (0.1kg)
1.51, 0.93, 0.84, 0.81, 0.84. 0.93, 1.51
Stiffness of droppers (106N/m)
1.21, 1.37, 1.52, 1.57, 1.52, 1.37, 1.21Table 5
Parameters of the pantograph SS7.
Pan-head mass,m1(kg)
6
Frame mass,m2(kg)
20
Pan-head damping value,c1(Ns/m)
100
Frame damping value,c2(Ns/m)
6
Pan-head stiffness,k1(N/m)
6000
Frame stiffness,k2(N/m)
50
Static lift force,F0(N)
90When the pantograph moves at 160 km/h, the contact forces and lifted displacements of the contact wire are as shown in Figures14 and 15, respectively. Figure 14 shows that when the pantograph moves along the contact wire at 160 km/h, the contact force varies in the range of 40.06–146.00 N, and the mean value of the contact forces is 90.51 N. The relative errors between the results obtained from the proposed procedure and the reference values reported in the literatures [16, 36] are within 3%, which demonstrates the validity of the proposed procedure. Figure 15 shows that the variation of the lifted displacements of the contact wire at the contact point presents a certain periodicity along the span. In each span, the maximum value appears in the middle of the span, and the minimum value appears near the registration arm. It can also be observed that the lifted displacement of the contact wire in the middle of the third span increases gradually when the pantograph moves until it reaches its maximum value when the pantograph approaches this point. When the pantograph moves away from this point, the lifted displacement of the contact wire decreases. The results of the proposed procedure agree with those reported in the literatures [16, 36], which demonstrates the validity.Figure 14
Contact forces at a speed of 160 km/h.Figure 15
Lifted displacements of the contact wire at a speed of 160 km/h. Solid line: at the contact point. Dashed line: in the middle of the third span.


## 6.1. The Pantograph-Catenary Interaction

To demonstrate the validity of the formulation for the contact between the pantograph and the contact wire, a test case proposed in the literature [6] is considered. The system features a concentrated mass moving at a constant forward speed along a beam supported at both ends (see Figure 9). For the beam, the properties of a 150mm2 copper contact wire are chosen, while the values of the sliding mass inertia, preload, and speed are realistic for a high speed current collector (see Table 1).Table 1
Parameters of the beam and the moving mass [6].
Span length
L
60 m
Tension
T
20 kN
Linear mass
ρ
1.35 kg/m
Bending stiffness
EI
136Nm2
Moving mass
M
3 kg
Preload
P
50 N
Travelling speed
V
60 m/sFigure 9
A concentrated mass moving at a constant forward speed along the beam [6].The beam is discretized in to 500 uniform two-node Euler-Bernoulli elements, and the time step isη=0.002 s. The contact forces between the beam and the moving mass obtained by the proposed method are shown in Figure 10. The result obtained by the proposed method coincides with the result reported in the literature [6]. Therefore, the formulation proposed in this paper for simulating the contact between the pantograph and the contact wire is accurate.Figure 10
Time history of the contact force.


## 6.2. Nonlinear Dropper

To validate PVP model for the nonlinear dropper, a simple stitched catenary with three nonlinear droppers is considered (see Figure11). The messenger wire and the contact wire are supported at both ends. A moving force moves at a constant forward speed along the contact wire. The properties of a 117mm2 copper messenger wire, a 121mm2 copper contact wire, and a 9.62mm2 copper dropper are chosen. The parameters of the catenary and the values of the load and speed are given in Table 2. The droppers are numbered 1, 2, and 3, as shown in Figure 11. Because of gravity, the original lengths of the three droppers are l10=1.4794m, l20=1.4393m, and l30=1.4794m.Table 2
Parameters of the catenary subjected to a moving force.
L
50 m
T
c
27 kN
ρ
c
1.08 kg/m
E
I
c
140Nm2
ρ
d
0.089 kg/m
L
1, L2, L3
12.5 m/12.5 m/12.5 m
P
150 N
H
1.6 m
T
m
21 kN
ρ
m
1.07 kg/m
E
I
m
131Nm2
E
A
d
1154400 N
V
100 m/sFigure 11
A simple stitched catenary structure with three nonlinear droppers subjected to a moving force.Both the messenger wire and the contact wire are discretized into 500 uniform two-node Euler-Bernoulli elements, and the time step isη=0.001 s. Figure 12 shows the elongations of the three droppers. The time history of the parameter variables of the three droppers is shown in Figure 13, where a positive value of the parameter variable indicates that the dropper is slack and the dropper is under tension otherwise. It can be observed that the dropper will undergo slackening when the force passes it and return to tension after the moving force has left; when the wave returns, the dropper will again slacken.Figure 12
Time history of the elongation of droppers.Figure 13
Time history of the parameter variable of droppers.


## 6.3. Validation of the Proposed Procedure

An internationally accepted test case included in European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization EN50318 [35] is chosen to verify the accuracy and reliability of the proposed procedure. The simulation results obtained by the proposed procedure are given in Table 3, which shows that the simulation results are all within the reference range given by EN50318. Therefore, the proposed procedure is correct and reliable and can be used for simulating the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system.Table 3
Comparison of standard EN50318 and the simulation results.
EN50318
Simulation results
Velocity (km/h)
250
300
250
300
Mean contact force (N)
110–120
110–120
119.98
119.80
Maximum statistician (N)
190–210
210–230
Minimum statistician (N)
20–40
−5–20
Maximum real (N)
175–210
190–225
208.58
223.89
Minimum real (N)
50–70
30–55
50.95
38.52
Maximum uplift at support (mm)
48–55
55–65
54.1
61.1
Percentage of loss of contact (%)
0
0
0
0Moreover, a pantograph-catenary system consisting an elastic stitched catenary CH160-Y and a pantograph SS7 [16, 36], which is used on a 160 km/h railway line in China, is analyzed to demonstrate the validity of the proposed procedure. The parameters of catenary CH160-Y and pantograph SS7 are given in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. For each span, 130 Euler-Bernoulli beam elements are used to model the messenger wire and 260 Euler-Bernoulli beam elements are used to model the contact wire. The pantograph can be modeled as a two-level mass-spring-damper [16].Table 4
Parameters of the elastic stitched catenary CH160-Y.
Contact wire
Messenger wire
Assistant wire
Linear mass (kg/m)
1.07
0.602
0.31
Area (mm2)
120
153
35
Elastic modulus (MPa)
1.3
×
1
0
5
0.817
×
1
0
5
1.3
×
1
0
5
Tension (kN)
13
17
2.8
Number of span
5
Span length (m)
65
Structure height (m)
1.5
Mass of supporting bracket (kg)
1.873
Stiffness of supporting bracket (N/m)
2.5
×
1
0
7
Mass of registration arm (kg)
0.53
Location of the droppers (m)
4.0
/
6
×
9.5
/
4
.
0
Mass of droppers (0.1kg)
1.51, 0.93, 0.84, 0.81, 0.84. 0.93, 1.51
Stiffness of droppers (106N/m)
1.21, 1.37, 1.52, 1.57, 1.52, 1.37, 1.21Table 5
Parameters of the pantograph SS7.
Pan-head mass,m1(kg)
6
Frame mass,m2(kg)
20
Pan-head damping value,c1(Ns/m)
100
Frame damping value,c2(Ns/m)
6
Pan-head stiffness,k1(N/m)
6000
Frame stiffness,k2(N/m)
50
Static lift force,F0(N)
90When the pantograph moves at 160 km/h, the contact forces and lifted displacements of the contact wire are as shown in Figures14 and 15, respectively. Figure 14 shows that when the pantograph moves along the contact wire at 160 km/h, the contact force varies in the range of 40.06–146.00 N, and the mean value of the contact forces is 90.51 N. The relative errors between the results obtained from the proposed procedure and the reference values reported in the literatures [16, 36] are within 3%, which demonstrates the validity of the proposed procedure. Figure 15 shows that the variation of the lifted displacements of the contact wire at the contact point presents a certain periodicity along the span. In each span, the maximum value appears in the middle of the span, and the minimum value appears near the registration arm. It can also be observed that the lifted displacement of the contact wire in the middle of the third span increases gradually when the pantograph moves until it reaches its maximum value when the pantograph approaches this point. When the pantograph moves away from this point, the lifted displacement of the contact wire decreases. The results of the proposed procedure agree with those reported in the literatures [16, 36], which demonstrates the validity.Figure 14
Contact forces at a speed of 160 km/h.Figure 15
Lifted displacements of the contact wire at a speed of 160 km/h. Solid line: at the contact point. Dashed line: in the middle of the third span.


## 7. Dynamic Behavior of the Pantograph-Catenary System

In this paper, both a simple stitched catenary system and an elastic stitched catenary system are simulated. The properties of the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway catenary and the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway catenary are chosen for the simple stitched catenary system and the elastic stitched catenary system, respectively. The parameters of the simple stitched catenary system are given in Table6, and the parameters of the elastic stitched catenary system are given in Table 7. The sss400+ pantograph is chosen for simulation, and its parameters are given in Table 8.Table 6
Parameters of the simple stitched catenary.
Contact wire
Messenger wire
Dropper
Linear mass (kg/m)
1.082
1.065
0.089
Area (mm2)
121
116.99
9.62
Elastic modulus (MPa)
1.2×105
1.2
×
1
0
5
1.2
×
1
0
5
Tension (kN)
27
21
Span length (m)
50
Registration arm mass (kg)
0.87
Location of the droppers (m)
4.0
/
5
×
8.4
/
4
.
0
Structure height (m)
1.6
Bracket mass (kg)
0.2Table 7
Parameters of the elastic stitched catenary.
Contact wire
Messenger wire
Dropper
Assistant wire
Linear mass (kg/m)
1.35
1.065
0.089
0.311
Area (mm2)
151
116.99
9.62
34.36
Elastic modulus (MPa)
1.2
×
1
0
5
1.2
×
1
0
5
1.2
×
1
0
5
1.2
×
1
0
5
Tension (kN)
31.5
20
3.5
Span length (m)
50
Registration arm mass (kg)
0.7
Location of the droppers (m)
5.0
/
5
×
8.0
/
5
.
0
Assistant wire length (m)
18
Structure height (m)
1.6
Bracket mass (kg)
0.2Table 8
Parameters of the sss400+ pantograph.
Pan-head mass,m1(kg)
6.05
Upper frame mass,m2(kg)
6.4
Lower frame mass,m3(kg)
14
Pan-head damping value,c1(Ns/m)
0
Upper frame damping value,c2(Ns/m)
0
Lower frame damping value,c3(Ns/m)
64.9
Pan-head stiffness,k1(N/m)
5813
Upper frame stiffness,k2(N/m)
13600
Lower frame stiffness,k3(N/m)
0


### 7.1. Contact Force between the Pantograph and the Contact Wire

The variation of the contact forces when the pantograph moves at 250 km/h or 300 km/h under the simple stitched catenary is shown in Figure16. The figure shows that the increase in the speed from 250 km/h to 300 km/h will aggravate the variation. When the pantograph passes a dropper, the contact forces will vary to a greater extent, particularly near the two droppers closest to the registration arms. Moreover, the variation of the contact forces will be periodic along a span when the pantograph moves at a constant speed.Figure 16
The variation of contact forces for the simple stitched catenary when (a)V = 250 km/h and (b) V = 300 km/h.
(a)
(b)When the pantograph moves at 300 km/h or 350 km/h under the elastic stitched catenary, the variation of the contact forces between the pantograph and the contact wire is as shown in Figure17. Similarly, the increase in speed from 300 km/h to 350 km/h will aggravate the variation, and the variation of the contact forces is periodic along a span when the pantograph moves at a constant speed. When the pantograph passes a dropper, the contact forces will vary to a greater extent. In particular, the largest peak of the contact force will occur near the second dropper.Figure 17
The variation of contact forces for the elastic stitched catenary when (a)V = 300 km/h and (b) V = 350 km/h.
(a)
(b)The contact forces for the simple stitched catenary shown in Figure16 and for the elastic stitched catenary shown in Figure 17 exhibit some of the same variation regulation. First, because of the periodicity of the catenary, if the pantograph is always in contact with the contact wire, the variation of the contact forces is periodic along the span when the pantograph moves at a constant speed for a long time. Second, because the droppers increase the stiffness variation and wave reflection in the catenary, the contact forces vary to a greater extent when the pantograph passes the droppers. Finally, it is clear that a higher speed causes higher levels of variation of the contact forces. In addition, by comparing Figures 16 and 17, we find that when V = 300 km/h, the variation of the contact forces for the simple stitched catenary is more dramatic than the variation of the contact forces for the elastic stitched catenary.


### 7.2. Slackening of Droppers

The dropper may slacken during the passage of the pantograph and then return to tension. The slackening of the dropper directly affects the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system.When the pantograph moves at 250 km/h under the simple stitched catenary, the variation of the elongations of the droppers is as shown in Figure18(a). The figure shows that, during the passage of the pantograph, the first and sixth droppers undergo slackening for a short period. After the dropper returns to tension, the vibration of the dropper damps out slowly. However, other droppers do not undergo slackening when the pantograph passes them. When the speed increases to 300 km/h, all droppers undergo slackening for a short period during the passage of the pantograph, as shown in Figure 18(b). Moreover, the first and sixth droppers undergo slackening longer than others.Figure 18
The slackening of the droppers in the simple stitched catenary when (a)V = 250 km/h and (b) V = 300 km/h.
(a)
(b)Figure19 shows the variation of the elongations of the droppers when the pantograph moves under the elastic stitched catenary. At 300 km/h, the second and fifth droppers undergo slackening for a short period during the passage of the pantograph and then return to tension, and other droppers do not slacken when the pantograph passes them, as shown in Figure 19(a). After the dropper returns to tension, the vibration of the dropper damps out slowly. When the speed increases to 350 km/h, not only the second and fifth droppers but also the third dropper undergoes slackening for a short period during the passage of the pantograph, as shown in Figure 19(b). In addition, the second and fifth droppers slacken much longer than the third dropper.Figure 19
The slackening of the droppers in the elastic stitched catenary when (a)V = 300 km/h and (b) V = 350 km/h.
(a)
(b)To summarize, for the simple stitched catenary, the first and sixth droppers more easily undergo slackening, and the second and fifth droppers in the elastic stitched catenary more easily slacken, because these droppers generally undergo the highest variation in force when the pantograph passes them. It is clear that the increase in speed makes the dropper easier to slacken.


## 7.1. Contact Force between the Pantograph and the Contact Wire

The variation of the contact forces when the pantograph moves at 250 km/h or 300 km/h under the simple stitched catenary is shown in Figure16. The figure shows that the increase in the speed from 250 km/h to 300 km/h will aggravate the variation. When the pantograph passes a dropper, the contact forces will vary to a greater extent, particularly near the two droppers closest to the registration arms. Moreover, the variation of the contact forces will be periodic along a span when the pantograph moves at a constant speed.Figure 16
The variation of contact forces for the simple stitched catenary when (a)V = 250 km/h and (b) V = 300 km/h.
(a)
(b)When the pantograph moves at 300 km/h or 350 km/h under the elastic stitched catenary, the variation of the contact forces between the pantograph and the contact wire is as shown in Figure17. Similarly, the increase in speed from 300 km/h to 350 km/h will aggravate the variation, and the variation of the contact forces is periodic along a span when the pantograph moves at a constant speed. When the pantograph passes a dropper, the contact forces will vary to a greater extent. In particular, the largest peak of the contact force will occur near the second dropper.Figure 17
The variation of contact forces for the elastic stitched catenary when (a)V = 300 km/h and (b) V = 350 km/h.
(a)
(b)The contact forces for the simple stitched catenary shown in Figure16 and for the elastic stitched catenary shown in Figure 17 exhibit some of the same variation regulation. First, because of the periodicity of the catenary, if the pantograph is always in contact with the contact wire, the variation of the contact forces is periodic along the span when the pantograph moves at a constant speed for a long time. Second, because the droppers increase the stiffness variation and wave reflection in the catenary, the contact forces vary to a greater extent when the pantograph passes the droppers. Finally, it is clear that a higher speed causes higher levels of variation of the contact forces. In addition, by comparing Figures 16 and 17, we find that when V = 300 km/h, the variation of the contact forces for the simple stitched catenary is more dramatic than the variation of the contact forces for the elastic stitched catenary.


## 7.2. Slackening of Droppers

The dropper may slacken during the passage of the pantograph and then return to tension. The slackening of the dropper directly affects the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system.When the pantograph moves at 250 km/h under the simple stitched catenary, the variation of the elongations of the droppers is as shown in Figure18(a). The figure shows that, during the passage of the pantograph, the first and sixth droppers undergo slackening for a short period. After the dropper returns to tension, the vibration of the dropper damps out slowly. However, other droppers do not undergo slackening when the pantograph passes them. When the speed increases to 300 km/h, all droppers undergo slackening for a short period during the passage of the pantograph, as shown in Figure 18(b). Moreover, the first and sixth droppers undergo slackening longer than others.Figure 18
The slackening of the droppers in the simple stitched catenary when (a)V = 250 km/h and (b) V = 300 km/h.
(a)
(b)Figure19 shows the variation of the elongations of the droppers when the pantograph moves under the elastic stitched catenary. At 300 km/h, the second and fifth droppers undergo slackening for a short period during the passage of the pantograph and then return to tension, and other droppers do not slacken when the pantograph passes them, as shown in Figure 19(a). After the dropper returns to tension, the vibration of the dropper damps out slowly. When the speed increases to 350 km/h, not only the second and fifth droppers but also the third dropper undergoes slackening for a short period during the passage of the pantograph, as shown in Figure 19(b). In addition, the second and fifth droppers slacken much longer than the third dropper.Figure 19
The slackening of the droppers in the elastic stitched catenary when (a)V = 300 km/h and (b) V = 350 km/h.
(a)
(b)To summarize, for the simple stitched catenary, the first and sixth droppers more easily undergo slackening, and the second and fifth droppers in the elastic stitched catenary more easily slacken, because these droppers generally undergo the highest variation in force when the pantograph passes them. It is clear that the increase in speed makes the dropper easier to slacken.


## 8. Conclusion

Determining the contact state and computing the value of the contact force between a moving pantograph and a contact wire are the core tasks in simulating the dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system. A formulation for the contact between the pantograph and the contact wire was herein proposed based on PVP, which can accurately determine the contact state and compute the value of the contact force. In addition, because the droppers increase the stiffness variation and wave reflection in the catenary, which significantly affects the contact force variation, a formulation for the nonlinear droppers in the catenary was proposed based on PVP, which can describe the slackening of a dropper when the pantograph passes it. Moreover, based on the periodicity of the catenary and PIM, a numerical time-integration method for computing the responses of the catenary subjected to a moving force was developed. For this method, the matrix exponential of only one unit cell of the catenary must be computed, which greatly improves the computational efficiency. The validity and reliability of the proposed procedure were demonstrated using several test cases.The dynamic behavior of the pantograph-catenary system was discussed. First, because of the periodicity of the catenary, if the pantograph is always in contact with the contact wire, the variation of the contact forces is periodic along the span when the pantograph moves at a constant speed for a long time. Second, because the droppers increase the stiffness variation and the wave reflection in the catenary, a larger variation of the contact forces occurs when the pantograph passes the droppers. Third, for the simple stitched catenary, the two droppers nearest to the registration arms easily undergo slackening when the pantograph passes them, and for the elastic stitched catenary, the second and fifth droppers slacken more easily than the others during the passage of the pantograph. Finally, it is clear that a higher speed would cause higher levels of variation of the contact forces and would make the droppers slacken more easily.



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*Source: 7208045-2018-01-03.xml*