# Checklists of Parasites of Farm Fishes of Babylon Province, Iraq

Authors: Furhan T. Mhaisen; Abdul-Razzak L. Al-Rubaie
Journal: Journal of Parasitology Research
 (2016)

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## Abstract

Literature reviews of all references concerning the parasitic fauna of fishes in fish farms of Babylon province, middle of Iraq, showed that a total of 92 valid parasite species are so far known from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and the silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) as well as from three freshwater fish species (Carassius auratus,Liza abu, andHeteropneustes fossilis) which were found in some fish farms of the same province. The parasitic fauna included one mastigophoran, three apicomplexans, 13 ciliophorans, five myxozoans, five trematodes, 45 monogeneans, five cestodes, three nematodes, two acanthocephalans, nine arthropods, and one mollusc. The common carp was found to harbour 81 species of parasites, the grass carp 30 species, the silver carp 28 species,L. abu 13 species,C. auratus one species, andH. fossilis one species. A host-parasite list for each fish species was also provided.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Although fish farming in Iraq started in 1955 with a small pond in Al-Zaafaraniya, south of Baghdad city [1], an advance was achieved in fish farming industry in Iraq during the seventies and early eighties of the last century when many fish farms were established especially in the middle of Iraq [2]. However, such achievement was hindered due to consequences of the war situations during 1980–1988 and 1991 as well as the economic sanction imposed by the UN against Iraq on August 6, 1990. During the last few years, a great advance was achieved in fish farming in general and fish cages in particular due to the increasing demand on fish protein as well as the increasing investment in fish-culture industry in most provinces of Iraq. According to the statistics, a total of 441 working fish farms are scattered in Iraq [3]. Of these farms, a total of 72 working fish farms are situated in Babylon province alone with a water area of 44.5% of the total water area of fish farms in Iraq.Under extensive fish culture and inadequate administrative and control measures, fish farms are vulnerable to great hazards due to the infection with parasites and other disease agents [2, 4, 5]. Many parasite species can easily spread among fishes suffering from crowd and bad managements, especially those parasites with direct life cycles [6].In connection with the parasites of cultured fishes of Babylon province, Mhaisen et al. [7] surveyed the literature on the parasitic fauna of fishes of Al-Furat Fish Farm (previously known as Babylon Fish Farm), which is the biggest fish farm in Babylon province, and showed that the parasitic fauna of fishes of that farm included 60 valid parasite species (10 protozoans, three myxozoans, one trematode, 29 monogeneans, five cestodes, three nematodes, two acanthocephalans, six crustaceans, and one mollusc larva). In addition, some investigations on other fish farms in Babylon province were done. Such data are scattered in different local journals, unpublished theses, and few other sources. Therefore, the present paper was aimed at gathering data from the literature concerning all fish farms of Babylon province and providing a list of parasite species according to their major groups as well as a host-parasite list for cultured fishes of these farms and some other fish species found in such farms. Such parasite list will help owners of fish farms and fish veterinarians to know what sort of parasites are found in their fish farms, which will help them later in taking appropriate measures for their control.


## 2. Sources and Methods

A total of 50 references (33 published articles, 12 unpublished theses, two unpublished reports, one book, one conference abstract, and one review article) dealing with the parasites of farm fishes of Babylon province were used to prepare the present paper. Data from such references was gathered to provide host-parasite and parasite-host lists. The systematic account of these parasites is based on some electronic sites [8–12] as well as some taxonomic references [13–16].The index-catalogue of parasites and disease agents of fishes of Iraq [17] was used to indicate the total number of fish hosts harbouring each parasite species in the whole waters of Iraq.


## 3. Parasitological Investigations Achieved on Fish Farms of Babylon Province

Few fish farms in Babylon province were surveyed for some parasitic infections. Fishes from Al-Furat Fish Farm received the greatest attention in this respect. So far 25 chronologically arranged references [18–42] were concerned with the parasitic fauna of Al-Furat Fish Farm. Only seven references [43–49] were concerned with the parasitic fauna of Al-Shark Al-Awsat Fish Farm. The literature concerned with fish parasites of other farms in Babylon province included those from Al-Latifiya Fish Farm [6, 50–52]; Al-Bajaa Fish Farm [26]; Abdul-Razzak Al-Janabi Fish Farm; Fawzi Al-Janabi Fish Farm and Ali Al-Hayali Fish Farm [53]; three fish farms at Al-Iskandariya district: Abdul-Hadi Al-Matloob Fish Farm, Hussain Al-Gaiem Fish Farm, and Maki Chinak Fish Farm [54]; Technical Institute of Al-Musaib Fish Farm [55]; and Al-Manahil (Al-Bilad) Fish Farm at Al-Iskandariya district [56]. In addition, surveys were done from some unnamed fish ponds such as those at Al-Mahaweel district [57], Al-Musaib district [58], Al-Iskandariya district [59], and Sadat Al-Hindiya district [60] as well as some other unnamed farms in the province [61–65].


## 4. Results and Discussion

Surveying the literature concerning the parasites so far recorded from fish farms of Babylon province showed the presence of 92 parasite species. These parasites included one mastigophoran, three apicomplexans, 13 ciliophorans, five myxozoans, five trematodes, 45 monogeneans, five cestodes, three nematodes, two acanthocephalans, nine arthropods, and one mollusc. The common carp was found to harbour 81 species of parasites, the grass carp 30 species, the silver carp 28 species,L. abu 13 species,C. auratus one species, andH. fossilis one species. The layout and names of the major taxonomic groups (phyla and classes) followed a checklist of an FAO Fisheries Technical Paper [66]. These major groups represent the concerned phyla of the parasites, but due to the great numbers of parasite species of the phylum Platyhelminthes, its three classes (Trematoda, Monogenea, and Cestoda) were applied in addition to their phylum.


## 5. Major Groups of Parasitic Fauna: Parasite-Host List

The parasite-host list is arranged in the major groups (phyla or classes) of parasitic fauna according to Kirjušina and Vismanis [66]. For each major group, a list of species together with their hosts and concerned references is given. To economize space, names of fish farms are not given here as they can be easily detected from the previous subtitle “Parasitological Investigations Achieved on Fish Farms of Babylon Province.” Also the systematic account of all major groups is given down to the specific name of all parasites. For each parasite species, all records in farm fishes in Babylon province are given together with the first record of each concerned parasite in Iraq as well as the present number of all hosts so far known in Iraq for each concerned species based on the index-catalogue of parasites and disease agents of fishes of Iraq [17].


### 5.1. Phylum Mastigophora

The phylum Mastigophora is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with only one parasite species of the genusIchthyobodo. The systematic account of this parasite, followed by parasite-host list, is given here.Phylum MastigophoraClass Kinetoplastidea
Order Kinetoplastida
Family Bodonidae
Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1884) Pinto, 1928Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1884) Pinto, 1928, was erroneously reported asCostia necatrix from the skin and gills ofC. carpio [27]. The first record ofC. necatrix in Iraq was from body surface ofH. fossilis from Al-Ashar Canal at Basrah [67]. Seven fish host species are so far known for this parasite (asC. necatrix) in Iraq [17].


### 5.2. Phylum Apicomplexa

The phylum Apicomplexa, which is known as phylum Myzozoa according to WoRMS [12], is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with three species; two of them belonged to the genusEimeria and one unspecified species to the genusHaemogregarina.Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Sporozoa
Order Eucoccidiorida
Family Eimeriidae
Eimeria dogieli (Dogiel, 1948) Pellerdy, 1963
Eimeria mylopharyngodoni Chen, 1956
Family Haemogregarinidae
Haemogregarina sp.Eimeria dogieli (Dogiel, 1948) Pellerdy, 1963, was recorded from the intestine ofC. carpio [27]. So far, this is the only record ofE. dogieli from fishes of Iraq [17].Eimeria mylopharyngodoni Chen, 1956, was recorded fromC. carpio [49]. The specific name was misspelled asmylopharyngodon and no authority, site of infection, parasite description, and illustration were given for this parasite by Hussain et al. [49]. So this record is considered as questionable especially if we take in consideration that Hussain et al. [49] examinedC. carpio externally whileE. mylopharyngodoni is known to infect intestine, kidneys, and liver of fishes [68]. This is the only record ofE. mylopharyngodoni from fishes of Iraq [17].Haemogregarina sp. was found on gills ofC. carpio [49]. In Iraq, three species ofHaemogregarina were so far recorded from blood of three fish species in Basrah province only [17]. So we think that the record ofHaemogregarina sp. from gills ofC. carpio by Hussain et al. [49] with neither description nor a good illustration is considered as questionable.


### 5.3. Phylum Ciliophora

The phylum Ciliophora is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with 13 species, three of which belonged to the generaChilodonella,Ichthyophthirius, andTripartiella, five to the genusApiosoma, and four to the genusTrichodina in addition to unspecified species of the genusTrichodina.Phylum CiliophoraClass Kinetophragminophorea
Order Cyrtophorida
Family Chilodonellidae
Chilodonella cyprini(Moroff, 1902) Strand, 1928
Class Oligohymenophorea
Order Hymenostomatida
Family Ichthyophthiriidae
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876
Order Petrichida
Family Epistylididae
Apiosoma amoebae (Grenfell, 1887) Lom, 1966
Apiosoma cylindriformis (Chen, 1955)
Apiosoma minuta (Chen, 1961) Lom, 1966
Apiosoma piscicola Blanchard, 1885
Apiosoma poteriformis (Timofeev, 1962) Lom, 1966
Order Mobilida
Family Trichodinidae
Trichodina cottidarum Dogiel, 1948
Trichodina domerguei (Wallengren, 1897)
Trichodina gracilis Polyanskii, 1955
Trichodina nigra Lom, 1960
Trichodina sp.
Tripartiella amurensis (Chan, 1961)Chilodonella cyprini (Moroff, 1902) Strand, 1928, was recorded from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella [27, 29, 43, 51], skin, fins, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. carpio [27, 30, 43, 51, 53], and skin and gills ofH. molitrix [27, 43, 51]. The first record ofC. cyprini in Iraq was from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofMystus pelusius from Tigris River at Baghdad [69]. So far 13 fish host species are known for this parasite in Iraq [17].Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. idella [27, 29, 43, 51, 56], skin, fins, and gills ofC. carpio [25, 27, 29, 30, 35, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53–56, 59, 60, 65], and skin and gills ofH. molitrix [27, 29, 45, 47, 51]. The first record ofI. multifiliis in Iraq was from the skin and gills ofChelon subviridis (reported asMugil dussumieri) from Tigris River near Baghdad [70]. So far this parasite has 35 fish host species in Iraq [17].Apiosoma amoebae (Grenfell, 1887) Lom, 1966, was reported from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella [20, 24, 27], skin and buccal cavity ofC. carpio [27, 55], and gills and buccal cavity ofH. molitrix [20, 27]. It is appropriate to mention here thatA. amoebae was reported asGlossatella amoebae [27, 55]. The first record ofA. amoebae in Iraq was from the skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella from Babylon Fish Farm [20]. So far this parasite has five fish host species in Iraq [17].Apiosoma cylindriformis (Chen, 1955) was reported from gills ofC. idella [20, 24, 27], buccal cavity and gills ofC. carpio [27], and gills ofH. molitrix [20, 21, 27]. Al-Zubaidy [27] reportedA. cylindriformis asGlossatella cylindriformis. The first record ofA. cylindriformis in Iraq was from gills ofC. idella andH. molitrix from Babylon Fish Farm [20]. So far,A. cylindriformis has seven fish host species in Iraq [17].Apiosoma minuta (Chen, 1961) Lom, 1966, was recorded from skin ofC. carpio [45, 47]. This was its first record in Iraq. So far,A. minuta has two fish host species in Iraq as it was recently recorded fromLuciobarbus xanthopterus by Al-Salmany [71].Apiosoma piscicola Blanchard, 1885, was recorded from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella [27, 51], skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. carpio [27, 29, 51, 55], and buccal cavity and gills ofH. molitrix [20, 21, 27, 29, 51]. It is appropriate to mention here thatA. piscicola was reported asGlossatella piscicola [27].A. piscicola was recorded for the first time in Iraq from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella,C. carpio andH. molitrix from Al-Suwaira and Al-Latifiya Fish Farms [51]. So far, this parasite has ten fish host species in Iraq [17].Apiosoma poteriformis (Timofeev, 1962) Lom, 1966, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. idella [20, 24, 27] and buccal cavity and gills ofC. carpio [27]. It is appropriate to mention here thatA. poteriformis was reported asGlossatella poteriformis by Al-Zubaidy [27].A. poteriformiswas recorded for the first time in Iraq from gills ofC. idella from Babylon Fish Farm [20]. So far, this parasite has three fish host species in Iraq [17].Trichodina cottidarum Dogiel, 1948, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. carpio [45, 47, 49, 54, 59, 60] and skin and gills ofH. molitrix [45, 47].T. cottidarum was recorded for the first time in Iraq from gills ofC. carpio from a manmade lake at Baghdad city [72]. So far, this parasite has 13 fish host species in Iraq [17].Trichodina domerguei (Wallengren, 1897) was recorded from skin, fins, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella [24, 27, 29, 43, 51, 56], skin, fins, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. carpio [25, 27, 29, 30, 35, 43, 51, 53, 55, 56, 59], skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofH. molitrix [20, 27, 51], and skin and gills ofL. abu [23, 56]. The first record ofT. domerguei in Iraq was from skin, fins, and gills of eight freshwater fish species from Tigris River, Al-Tharthar Lake, and fish markets in Baghdad city [73]. So far,T. domerguei has 39 host species in Iraq [17] and, therefore, it is the most prevalent ciliate species among fishes of Iraq.Trichodina gracilis Polyanskii, 1955, was recorded from skin ofC. carpio [45, 47]. This was its first record in Iraq. So far, it has three fish host species in Iraq [17].Trichodina nigra Lom, 1960, was recorded from skin and gills of the three carp species:C. idella [29],C. carpio [27, 29, 35, 49, 55, 59, 60], andH. molitrix [27, 29]. The first record ofT. nigra in Iraq was from skin and gills ofC. carpio and gills ofH. molitrix from Babylon Fish Farm [27]. So far,T. nigra has nine host species in Iraq [17].Unidentified specimen ofTrichodina was recorded fromL. abu [50] with no mention to site of infection. In addition to 24 recognizedTrichodina species so far recorded from fishes of Iraq, some unidentified species ofTrichodina were so far recorded from six fish species [17].Tripartiella amurensis (Chan, 1961) was recorded from skin ofC. carpio [45, 47]. This was its first record in Iraq. No more records are so far known forT. amurensis in Iraq [17].


### 5.4. Phylum Myxozoa

The phylum Myxozoa is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with five species: one species belonged to the genusMyxobilatus and four species to the genusMyxobolus.Phylum MyxozoaClass Myxosporea
Order Bivalvulida
Family Sphaerosporidae
Myxobilatus legeri (Cépède, 1905)
Family Myxobolidae
Myxobolus dogieli Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya & Bykhovski, 1940
Myxobolus muelleri Bütschli, 1882
Myxobolus oviformis Thélohan, 1892
Myxobolus pfeifferi Thélohan, 1895Myxobilatus legeri (Cépède, 1905), erroneously reported asMyxobllatus legerl, with no given authority, description, and illustration, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. carpio [54]. This was the only record ofM. legeri in Iraq [17].Myxobolus dogieli Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya & Bykhovski, 1940, was recorded from kidneys and gallbladder ofL. abu [56]. The first record ofM. dogieli in Iraq was mainly from the external surface of heart, liver, and ovaries ofL. abu from Tigris River at Baiji town [74]. So far,M. dogieli has nine host species in Iraq [17].Myxobolus muelleri Bütschli, 1882, was recorded from intestine and liver ofC. carpio [27] with the specific name spelled asmülleri. The first record ofM. muelleri in Iraq was from gills ofLuciobarbus xanthopterus, reported asB. xanthopterus [70]. So far,M. muelleri has eight host species in Iraq [17].Myxobolus oviformis Thélohan, 1892, was recorded from skin, intestine, and kidneys ofC. carpio [27, 54, 59]. The first report ofM. oviformis in Iraq was from gill arches and heart of four fish species [70]. So far,M. oviformis has 20 fish host species in Iraq [17].Myxobolus pfeifferi Thélohan, 1895, was recorded from gills, intestine, liver, kidneys, and gallbladder ofC. idella [29], gills, gallbladder, intestine, kidneys, and liver ofC. carpio [25, 27, 29, 53, 59], gills, liver, and intestine ofH. molitrix [27, 29], and gills, intestinal wall, and gonads ofL. abu [23]. The first report ofM. pfeifferi in Iraq was from gills ofAcanthobrama marmid from Tigris River at Mosul city [75]. So far,M. pfeifferi is the prevalent myxozoan among fishes of Iraq as it has 35 fish host species [17].


### 5.5. Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Trematoda

The class Trematoda of the phylum Platyhelminthes is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with five species; two species belonged to the generaApharyngostrigea andAscocotyle and three species to the genusDiplostomum.Phylum PlatyhelminthesClass Trematoda
Order Diplostomida
Family Strigeidae
Apharyngostrigea cornu (Zeder, 1800)
Family Diplostomidae
Diplostomum indistinctum (Guberlet, 1923) Hughes, 1929
Diplostomum paraspathaceum Schigin, 1965
Diplostomum spathaceum (Rudolphi, 1819) Olsson, 1876
Order Plagiorchiida
Family Heterophyidae
Ascocotyle coleostoma (Looss, 1896) Looss, 1899Apharyngostrigea cornu (Zeder, 1800) was recorded as metacercaria from mesentery, coelom and liver ofC. carpio [52]. This was its first report in Iraq. No more records are so far known on the occurrence ofA. cornu from fishes of Iraq [17]. The adult worm of this parasite was detected from the intestine of the purple heronArdea purpurea in Bahr Al-Najaf Depression [76].Ascocotyle coleostoma (Looss, 1896) Looss, 1899, was recorded as metacercaria from gills ofH. fossilis [56]. This parasite was reported for the first time in Iraq from gills ofH. fossilis andL. abu from Diyala River [77].A. coleostoma has so far 34 fish host species in Iraq [17]. The adult worm ofA. coleostoma was detected from the grey heronA. cinerea in Babylon (now Al-Furat) Fish Farm [78].Diplostomum indistinctum (Guberlet, 1923) Hughes, 1929, was recorded as metacercaria from eyes ofH. molitrix [43]. The first occurrence of metacercariae ofD. indistinctum was from eyes ofLuciobarbus esocinus, reported asB. esocinus from fish market in Mosul city [79]. No more records are so far known on the occurrence of this parasite from fishes of Iraq [17].Diplostomum paraspathaceum Schigin, 1965, was recorded as metacercaria from eyes of bothC. idella [43] andC. carpio [43]. This was its first record in Iraq. No more hosts are so far known for this parasite in Iraq [17].Diplostomum spathaceum (Rudolphi, 1819) Olsson, 1876, was recorded as metacercaria from eyes of the three carp species:C. idella [43, 56],C. carpio [29, 43], andH. molitrix [43, 56]. The first occurrence of metacercariae ofD. spathaceum was from eyes ofC. luteus, reported asB. luteus,Cyprinion macrostomum, andC. carpio from Dokan Lake [80]. Thirty-four hosts are so far known for this parasite in fishes of Iraq [17]. Metacercariae ofDiplostomum spp. are responsible for worm cataract which causes fish blindness [81]. Adult worms of this parasite were found in the intestine of some fish-eating birds such as the silver gullLarus argentatus in Bahr Al-Najaf Depression [76].


### 5.6. Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Monogenea

The class Monogenea of the phylum Platyhelminthes is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with 45 species: 12 species of the genusGyrodactylus, 26 species ofDactylogyrus, and one species of each of the generaPseudacolpenteron,Diplozoon,Eudiplozoon,Paradiplozoon, andMicrocotyle in addition to some unidentified species ofDactylogyrus andDiplozoon. It is appropriate to mention here that this group is considered as Monogenea by some electronic sites [9–12] but as Monogenoidea in some references [14, 66].Phylum PlatyhelminthesClass Monogenea
Order Gyrodactylidea
Family Gyrodactylidae
Gyrodactylus baicalensis Bogolepova, 1950
Gyrodactylus ctenopharngodontis Ling in Gusev, 1952
Gyrodactylus elegans von Nordmann, 1832
Gyrodactylus kherulensis Ergens, 1974
Gyrodactylus macracanthus Hukuda, 1940
Gyrodactylus malmbergi Ergens, 1961
Gyrodactylus markevitschi Kulakovskaya, 1952
Gyrodactylus medius Kathariner, 1895
Gyrodactylus menschikowi Gvosdev, 1950
Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957
Gyrodactylus sprostonae Ling, 1962
Gyrodactylus vicinus Bychowsky, 1957
Order Dactylogyridea
Family Dactylogyridae
Dactylogyrus achmerowi Gusev, 1955
Dactylogyrus amurensis Akhmerov, 1952
Dactylogyrus anchoratus (Dujardin, 1845) Wagener, 1857
Dactylogyrus arcuatus Yamaguti, 1942
Dactylogyrus barbioides Gusev, Ali, Abdul-Ameer, Amin & Molnár, 1993
Dactylogyrus cornu Linstow, 1878
Dactylogyrus crassus Kulwiec, 1927
Dactylogyrus ctenopharyngodonis Achmerow, 1952
Dactylogyrus dogieli Gusev, 1953
Dactylogyrus ergensi Molnár, 1964
Dactylogyrus extensus Mueller & Van Cleave, 1932
Dactylogyrus gobii Gvosdev, 1950
Dactylogyrus hypophthalmichthys Akhmerov, 1952
Dactylogyrus inexpectatus Izjumova, in Gusev, 1955
Dactylogyrus jamansajensis Osmanov, 1958
Dactylogyrus lamellatus Akhmerov, 1952
Dactylogyrus latituba Gusev, 1955
Dactylogyrus lopuchinae Jukhimenko, 1981
Dactylogyrus minutus Kulwiec, 1927
Dactylogyrus navicularis A. Gusev, 1955
Dactylogyrus phoxini Malevitskaia, 1949
Dactylogyrus propinquus Bychowsky, 1931
Dactylogyrus sahuensis Ling in Chen et al., 1973
Dactylogyrus simplex Bychowsky, 1936
Dactylogyrus skrjabini Akhmerov, 1954
Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin, 1924
Dactylogyrus spp.
Pseudacolpenteron pavlovskii Bychowsky & Gussev, 1955
Order Mazocraeidea
Family Diplozoidae
Diplozoon paradoxum Nordmann, 1832
Diplozoon sp.
Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Goto, 1891)
Paradiplozoon barbi (Reichenbach-Klinke, 1951)
Family Microcotylidae
Microcotyle donavini van Beneden & Hesse, 1863Gyrodactylus baicalensis Bogolepova, 1950, was recorded from skin, fins, and gills ofC. carpio [25, 27, 29, 52]. The first report ofG. baicalensis in Iraq was from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. carpio from Al-Suwaira and Al-Latifiya Fish Farms [52]. So far,G. baicalensis has eight fish host species in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus ctenopharngodontis Ling in Gusev, 1952, was recorded from skin, fins, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella [24, 27]. The first report ofG. ctenopharngodontis in Iraq was from gills ofC. idella from Babylon Fish Farm [24]. No more hosts are so far recorded for this parasite in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus elegans von Nordmann, 1832, was recorded from skin, fins, buccal cavity, and gills of bothC. idella [27, 29, 52] andC. carpio [25–27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 43, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 60] as well as from gills ofH. molitrix [29] and fromL. abu [50] with no mention to site of infection. The first report ofG. elegans in Iraq was fromC. carpio from Al-Zaafaraniya Fish Farm andL. abu from Al-Latifiya Fish Farm [50]. So far,G. elegans has 23 fish host species in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus kherulensis Ergens, 1974, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. idella [27] and skin, fins, and gills ofC. carpio [18, 27]. The first report ofG. kherulensis in Iraq was from gills ofC. carpio from Babylon Fish Farm [18]. So far,G. kherulensis has four fish host species in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus macracanthus Hukuda, 1940 (reported asG. paralatus Gusev, 1955), was recorded from skin and gills ofC. carpio [27] and skin, fins, and buccal cavity ofH. molitrix [27]. This was its first report in Iraq. Later on, it was reported from both hosts [82] asG. paralatus also. According to Gussev [83] and Pugachev et al. [14],G. paralatus is a synonym ofG. macracanthus. No more hosts are so far known forG. macracanthus or its synonymG. paralatus from fishes of Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus malmbergi Ergens, 1961, was recorded from skin, fins, and gills ofC. carpio [27] and from skin and gills ofH. molitrix [27]. This was its first report in Iraq and no more hosts are so far known forG. malmbergi from fishes of Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus markevitschi Kulakovskaya, 1952, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. carpio [27, 45, 47, 60]. The first report of this parasite in Iraq was from gills ofCapoeta trutta (reported asVaricorhinus trutta) from Tigris River at Baiji town [74]. So far,G. markevitschi has six host species in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus medius Kathariner, 1895, was recorded from skin and fins ofC. carpio [27]. This was its first record in Iraq. The year of authority of this parasite was erroneously given as 1893 instead of 1895 by Al-Zubaidy [27] as well as by three other references according to Mhaisen and Abdul-Ameer [15]. Also the authorship of this parasite was given as Katheriner instead of Kathariner according to MonoDB [10]. Now, this parasite has three host species in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus menschikowi Gvosdev, 1950, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. carpio [60]. The first report of this parasite in Iraq was from gills and skin ofC. carpio and skin, fins, and gills ofL. abu both from Hilla River [84]. So far, no more hosts for this parasite are known in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. carpio [27, 29]. The first report of this parasite in Iraq was from gills and skin ofC. carpio from Al-Furat Fish Farm [27]. The year of authority of this parasite was reported as 1956 instead of 1957 by Al-Zubaidy [27] and Al-Jadoaa [29]. No more hosts for this parasite are so far known in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus sprostonae Ling, 1962, was recorded fromskin and fins ofC. carpio [27]. This was its first report in Iraq. Now, this parasite has seven host species in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus vicinus Bychowsky, 1957, was recorded from skin, fins, and gills ofC. carpio [27, 35]. The first report of this parasite in Iraq was from skin, fins, and gills ofC. carpio from Al-Furat Fish Farm [27]. Now, it has three host species in Iraq [17].Finally, the unidentifiedGyrodactylus species reported fromC. carpio [34, 38] were the same 11 species which had been recorded in Al-Zubaidy [27]. In Iraq, so far 15 fish host species were reported for some unspecifiedGyrodactylus species [17].Dactylogyrus achmerowi Gusev, 1955, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [19, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 54, 55, 60]. The first report ofD. achmerowi in Iraq was from gills ofC. carpio from Al-Wahda Fish Hatchery at Al-Suwaira and Babylon Fish Farm [19]. Now, it has 11 host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus amurensis Akhmerov, 1952, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [55]. This was its first report in Iraq. However, neither description and measurements nor illustration was given. So far, this parasite has two host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus anchoratus (Dujardin, 1845) Wagener, 1857, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [45, 47]. The first report and description ofD. anchoratus in Iraq were from gills ofC. carpio from Tigris River at Al-Zaafaraniya [85, 86]. Now, it has seven fish host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus arcuatus Yamaguti, 1942, was recorded from gills ofC. idella [29] and skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. carpio [25, 27, 35, 36, 49, 52, 55, 59, 60]. The first report ofD. arcuatus in Iraq was from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. carpio from Al-Suwaira and Al-Latifiya Fish Farms [52]. Now, it has seven fish host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus barbioides Gusev, Ali, Abdul-Ameer, Amin & Molnár, 1993, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [60].D. barbioides was described as a new species from gills ofBarbus grypus from Tigris River near Baiji town [87]. Now, it has three fish host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus cornu Linstow, 1878, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [27, 59].D. cornu was recorded for the first time in Iraq from gills of five fish species from Diyala River [88]. So far, it has 13 fish host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus crassus Kulwiec, 1927, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [45, 47, 55, 60].D. crassus was recorded for the first time in Iraq from gills ofC. carpio from Al-Shark Al-Awsat Fish Farm [45]. It is appropriate to mention here that the specific namecrassus was misspelled ascarassus by Al-Rubaie et al. [55]. No more hosts are so far known for this parasite in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus ctenopharyngodonis Achmerow, 1952, was recorded from gills ofC. idella from Al-Shark Al-Awsat Fish Farm [43]. This is the only report on the occurrence ofD. ctenopharyngodonis in fishes of Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus dogieli Gusev, 1953, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio in fish cages and an earthen pond in Sadat Al-Hindiya [60]. The first report ofD. dogieli was from five fish species from Euphrates River at Al-Musaib city [89] and its full description and illustration were published later by Al-Sa’adi et al. [90]. Six host species are so far known forD. dogieli in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus ergensi Molnár, 1964, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio from Al-Furat Fish Farm [27]. This was its first report in Iraq. No more hosts were reported forD. ergensi in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus extensus Mueller & Van Cleave, 1932, was recorded from gills ofC. idella [29], buccal cavity and gills ofC. carpio [25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 43, 45, 47, 52, 54, 55, 59, 60], and gills ofH. molitrix [29, 45, 47]. The first report ofD. extensus in Iraq was from the buccal cavity and gills ofC. carpio from Al-Suwaira and Al-Latifiya Fish Farms [52].D. solidus which was also recorded from the same host by Salih et al. [52] as well as by Mhaisen & Abul-Eis [25] and Al-Rubaie et al. [55] is considered as a synonym ofD. extensus according to Gibson et al. [13].D. extensus and its synonymD. solidus have so far 17 fish host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus gobii Gvosdev, 1950, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. carpio [45, 47, 60].D. gobii was recorded for the first time in Iraq from gills ofC. carpio from Al-Shark Al-Awsat Fish Farm [45]. Now, it has three host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus hypophthalmichthys Akhmerov, 1952, was recorded from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofH. molitrix [21, 27, 43, 45, 47, 52, 56]. It is reliable to state here thatD. hypophthalmichthys was reported asNeodactylogyrus hypophthalmichthys by Asmar et al. [56]. The first report ofD. hypophthalmichthys in Iraq was from the buccal cavity and gills ofH. molitrix from Al-Suwaira and Al-Latifiya Fish Farms [52].H. molitrix is the only host so far known forD. hypophthalmichthys in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus inexpectatus Izjumova, in Gusev, 1955, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. idella [27, 29, 52], gills ofC. carpio [27, 29], and gills ofH. molitrix [29]. The first report ofD. inexpectatus in Iraq was from skin and gills ofC. idella from Al-Suwaira and Al-Latifiya Fish Farms [52]. Now, it has five host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus jamansajensis Osmanov, 1958, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [45, 47]. The first report ofD. jamansajensis in Iraq was from gills ofC. luteus from manmade lakes, north of Baghdad [91]. Now, it has five host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus lamellatus Akhmerov, 1952, was recorded from skin, fins, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella [24, 27, 43, 52, 56] and gills ofC. carpio [27]. The first report ofD. lamellatus in Iraq was from the skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella from Al-Suwaira and Al-Latifiya Fish Farms [52]. Now, it has three host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus latituba Gusev, 1955, was recorded from gills of bothC. idella [27] andC. carpio [25, 27] as well as from the buccal cavity and gills ofH. molitrix [27]. The first report ofD. latituba in Iraq was from gills ofC. luteus from manmade lakes, north of Baghdad [91]. Now, it has four host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus lopuchinae Jukhimenko, 1981, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [45, 47, 54].D. lopuchinae was recorded for the first time in Iraq from gills ofC. carpio from Al-Shark Al-Awsat Fish Farm [45]. No more hosts are so far known for this parasite in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus minutus Kulwiec, 1927, was recorded from skin, fins, and gills ofC. carpio [27, 30, 32, 33, 45, 47, 55, 56, 59, 60]. The first report on this parasite in Iraq was from gills ofC. carpio from Tigris River at Al-Zaafaraniya, south of Baghdad, and Al-Qadisia Dam Lake [85], while its description and illustration were given later by Mhaisen et al. [86]. So far,D. minutus has 12 fish species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus navicularis A. Gusev, 1955, was recorded from fins, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. carpio [27, 35, 60]. The first report ofD. navicularis in Iraq was from the buccal cavity, fins, and gills ofC. carpio from Al-Furat Fish Farm [27].C. carpio is the only host so far known forD. navicularis in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus phoxini Malevitskaia, 1949, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. carpio [45, 47, 60]. The first record ofD. phoxini in Iraq was in June 1995 from gills ofC. carpio from Tigris River at Al-Zaafaraniya but the report was published later by Balasem et al. [92]. This parasite has so far only two host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus propinquus Bychowsky, 1931, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [27, 35, 49]. The first report ofD. propinquus in Iraq was from gills ofC. carpio from Al-Furat Fish Farm [27].C. carpio is the only host so far known forD. propinquus in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus sahuensis Ling in Chen et al., 1973, was recorded from fins and gills ofC. carpio [27]. The first report ofD. sahuensis in Iraq was from fins and gills ofC. carpio from Al-Furat Fish Farm [27].C. carpio is the only host so far known forD. sahuensis in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus simplex Bychowsky, 1936, was recorded fromC. carpio [49] with no mention to site of infection. The first report ofD. simplex in Iraq was from gills ofC. carpio from the new fish farm of the Fish Research Center at Al-Zaafaraniya [93].D. simplex has so far three host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus skrjabini Akhmerov, 1954, was recorded from buccal cavity and gills ofC. carpio [27, 45, 47] and buccal cavity and gills ofH. molitrix [21, 27, 52]. The first report ofD. skrjabini in Iraq was from buccal cavity and gills ofH. molitrix from Al-Suwaira and Al-Latifiya Fish Farms [52]. Now,D. skrjabini has six host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin, 1924, was recorded from gills ofC. idella [27] and skin and gills ofC. carpio [26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 43, 49, 52, 53, 56, 59, 60, 64]. The first report ofD. vastator from Iraq was from skin and gills ofC. macrostomum from Tigris River at Baghdad [94]. So far,D. vastator was reported from 33 fish host species from north, middle, and south of Iraq [17].UnidentifiedDactylogyrus species were recorded from skin and gills ofC. idella [56] and from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. carpio [34, 38, 56]. Some of these specimens were larval stages [56], while the unidentifiedDactylogyrus species of Al-Zubaidy et al. [34, 38] were the same 15 species which were recorded in Al-Zubaidy [27]. In Iraq, so far nine fish host species were reported for some unspecifiedDactylogyrus species [17].Pseudacolpenteron pavlovskii Bychowsky & Gussev, 1955, was recorded from fins and gills ofC. carpio [25, 27, 45, 47] and gills ofH. molitrix [27]. The first report ofP. pavlovskii from Iraq was from skin and gills ofC. carpiofrom Babylon Fish Farm [25]. This species has so far only two host species in Iraq [17].Diplozoon paradoxum Nordmann, 1832, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [60]. This parasite was reported for the first time in Iraq from gills ofCarasobarbus luteus, reported asBarbus luteus, from Al-Husainia creek, Karbala province [95]. Now, it has five fish hosts in Iraq [17].UnidentifiedDiplozoon species were recorded from gills ofC. carpio [43]. Some other unidentifiedDiplozoon species occurred as larvae in 12 fish host species in Iraq [17].Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Goto, 1891) was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [60]. This parasite was recorded for the first time in Iraq from gills ofC. carpio from a manmade lake in Baghdad [96] asDiplozoon nipponicum but then it was reported by its valid nameE. nipponicum by all subsequent researchers. So far, three host species are known forE. nipponicum in Iraq [17].Paradiplozoon barbi (Reichenbach-Klinke, 1951) was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [27] asDiplozoon barbi. This parasite was reported for the first time in Iraq from gills ofChondrostoma nasus,C. regium, andC. carpio from Tigris River at Baghdad  [97] asDiplozoon barbi. Also, all the subsequent records in the Iraqi literature, except the checklists of Mhaisen and Abdul-Ameer [16], referred to this parasite asD. barbi. According to Khotenovsky [98],D. barbi is a synonym ofP. barbi. Eight host species are so far known for this parasite in Iraq [17].Microcotyle donavini van Beneden & Hesse, 1863, was recorded from gills ofL. abu from Babylon Fish Farm [22]. This was its first report in Iraq. Ten host species are so far known forM. donavini in Iraq [17].


### 5.7. Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Cestoda

The class Cestoda of the phylum Platyhelminthes is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with five species: one species of each of the generaBothriocephalus,Ligula, andNeogryporhynchus as well as two species ofProteocephalus.Phylum PlatyhelminthesClass Cestoda
Order Bothriocephalidea
Family Bothriocephalidae
Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934
Order Diphyllobothriidea
Family Diphyllobothriidae
Ligula intestinalis (L., 1758) Bloch, 1782
Order Proteocephalidea
Family Proteocephalidae
Proteocephalus osculatus (Goeze, 1782) Nybelin, 1942
Proteocephalus torulosus (Batsch, 1786) Nufer, 1905
Order Cyclophyllidea
Family Dilepididae
Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus (Wedl, 1855) Baer & Bona, 1960Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934, was recorded from the intestine of bothC. idella [24, 56] andC. carpio [25–27, 52, 53, 62]. It is appropriate to mention here that this worm was reported by its synonymB. opsariichthydis by Salih et al. [52] and Al-Zubaidy [27]. The first report ofB. acheilognathi in Iraq was from the intestine ofC. carpio from different fish farms near Baghdad [99]. Two other species ofBothriocephalus,B. gowkongensis Yeh, 1955, andB. opsariichthydis Yamaguti, 1934, were also reported from Iraq [17]. According to Molnár [100], both these two species are considered as synonyms ofB. acheilognathi. At the present time,B. acheilognathi and both of its above-named synonyms has so far a total of 21 host species in Iraq [17].Ligula intestinalis (L., 1758) Bloch, 1782, was recorded from the body cavity of bothC. idella [24, 27, 29] andC. carpio [27].L. intestinalis was reported for the first time in Iraq as a plerocercoid from the body cavity ofLeuciscus vorax (reported asA. vorax) from Shatt Al-Arab River [101]. So far, this species has 13 fish host species in Iraq [17]. In Iraq, the adult stage ofL. intestinalis was reported from the intestine of the moorhenGallinula chloropus chloropus from around Baghdad [102].Proteocephalus osculatus (Goeze, 1782) Nybelin, 1942, was recorded from the intestine ofC. carpio [27]. The first report of this parasite in Iraq was from the intestine ofL. vorax (reported asA. vorax) from Al-Tharthar Lake [103]. So far, this species has eight fish host species in Iraq [17].Proteocephalus torulosus (Batsch, 1786) Nufer, 1905, was recorded from intestine ofC. carpio [27]. The first report of this parasite in Iraq was from the intestine ofC. carpio from a fish farm near Baghdad city [99]. So far, this species has two fish host species in Iraq [17].Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus (Wedl, 1855) Baer & Bona, 1960, was recorded from the intestine ofC. carpio by Al-Zubaidy [27] asGryporhynchus cheilancristrotus. The first report ofN. cheilancristrotus in Iraq was from the intestine ofL. abu from Diyala River [104]. So far, this species has four fish host species in Iraq [17].


### 5.8. Phylum Nematoda

The phylum Nematoda is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with three species: unidentified larval species of the genusContracaecum as well as one species of each of the generaCucullanus andRhabdochona.Phylum NematodaClass Secernentea
Order Ascaridida
Family Anisakidae
Contracaecum spp.
Family Cucullanidae
Cucullanus cyprini Yamaguti, 1941
Order Spirurida
Family Rhabdochonidae
Rhabdochona hellichi (Srámek, 1901)Unidentified larval species ofContracaecum was recorded from the intestinal wall, body cavity, liver, spleen, heart, and gonads ofC. carpio [27, 29] and intestinal wall ofL. abu [22, 37, 42]. The first report ofContracaecum spp. larvae in Iraq was from the body cavity and different viscera of 10 fish species from different inland waters of Iraq [70].Contracaecum spp. larvae have so far 40 fish host species in Iraq [17]. Adult worms ofContracaecum spp. were detected from six species of aquatic birds in Iraq,Egretta alba,E. garzetta,Ardeola ralloides,Botaurus stellaris,Ardea purpurea, andCeryle rudis, from Bahr Al-Najaf Depression [76].Cucullanus cyprini Yamaguti, 1941, was recorded from the intestine ofC. carpio [27]. The first report of this parasite in Iraq was from the intestine ofAlburnus caeruleus andLuciobarbus xanthopterus (reported asB. xanthopterus) from Al-Tharthar Lake [103]. So far, this species has 15 fish host species in Iraq [17].Rhabdochona hellichi (Srámek, 1901), erroneously reported asR. bellichi, was recorded from intestine of the three carp species:C. idella [29],C. carpio [29], andH. molitrix [29]. Ali et al. [105] reported this parasite (also erroneously asR. bellichi) from the intestine and coelom ofL. xanthopterus (reported asB. xanthopterus),H. fossilis, andMystus pelusius (reported asM. halepensis). Eight fish species are so far known for this parasite in Iraq [17].


### 5.9. Phylum Acanthocephala

The phylum Acanthocephala is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with two valid species of the genusNeoechinorhynchus.Phylum AcanthocephalaClass Eoacanthocephala
Order Neoechinorhynchida
Family Neoechinorhynchidae
Neoechinorhynchus iraqensis Amin, Al-Sady, Mhaisen & Bassat, 2001
Neoechinorhynchus rutili (Müller, 1780) Hamann, 1892Neoechinorhynchus iraqensis Amin, Al-Sady, Mhaisen & Bassat, 2001, was recorded from intestine of bothC. carpio [27] andL. abu [22, 50]. It is appropriate to mention here that this species was reported asN. agilis fromC. carpio andL. abu by Al-Zubaidy [27] and Ali et al. [22], respectively.N. agilis is a misidentification ofN. iraqensis [106]. The first report ofN. iraqensis was asspecies de novo from the intestine ofL. abu from the Euphrates River at Al-Fallujah region [107], while its description was given later by Amin et al. [108].N. iraqensis and the misidentifiedN. agilis have so far 24 fish host species in Iraq [17].Neoechinorhynchus rutili (Müller, 1780) Hamann, 1892, was recorded from the intestine of the three carp species:C. idella [29],C. carpio [27, 29], andH. molitrix [29].N. rutili was firstly recorded by Herzog [70] fromL. xanthopterus (reported asB. xanthopterus) from Tigris and Diyala rivers near Baghdad and fromL. abu (reported asMugil abu) from Citscher Oasis near Al-Fallujah.N. rutili has so far 16 fish host species in Iraq [17].


### 5.10. Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Crustacea

The subphylum Crustacea of the phylum Arthropoda is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with nine species: one species of each of the generaArgulus,Dermoergasilus,Paraergasilus,Lamproglena, andLernaea and three species ofErgasilus in addition to unidentified species ofErgasilus.Phylum ArthropodaSubphylum Crustacea
Class Maxillopoda
Order Arguloida
Family Argulidae
Argulus foliaceus (L., 1758)
Order Cyclopoida
Family Ergasilidae
Dermoergasilus varicoleus Ho, Jayarajan & Radhakrishnan, 1992
Ergasilus barbi Rahemo, 1982
Ergasilus mosulensis Rahemo, 1982
Ergasilus sieboldi von Nordmann, 1832
Ergasilus sp.
Paraergasilus inflatus Ho, Khamees & Mhaisen, 1996
Family Lernaeidae
Lamproglena pulchella von Nordmann, 1832
Lernaea cyprinacea L., 1758Argulus foliaceus (L., 1758) was recorded from gills of the three carp species:C. idella [27],C. carpio [25, 27], andH. molitrix [27] as well as from fins ofC. auratus [58].A. foliaceus was reported for the first time in Iraq [70] from skin ofC. carpio from Al-Zaafaraniya Fish-Culture Station andC. luteus (reported asB. luteus) from Al-Habbaniyah Lake [70].A. foliaceus has so far 16 fish host species in Iraq [17].Dermoergasilus varicoleus Ho, Jayarajan & Radhakrishnan, 1992, was recorded from gills ofL. abu [31, 40]. This crustacean was reported for the first time in Iraq from gills ofL. abu from Shatt Al-Arab River [109].D. varicoleus has so far nine fish host species in Iraq [17].Ergasilus barbi Rahemo, 1982, was recorded from gills ofL. abu [46]. This crustacean was firstly detected from gills ofB. grypus from Tigris River at Mosul city by Fattohy [75] and its full description as a new species was achieved by Rahemo [110].E. barbi has so far 13 fish host species in Iraq [17].Ergasilus mosulensis Rahemo, 1982, was recorded from gills of the three carp species,C. idella [27],C. carpio [27], andH. molitrix [27] as well as gills ofL. abu [46]. This crustacean was firstly detected from gills ofL. abu from Tigris River at Mosul city by Fattohy [75] and its full description as a new species was achieved by Rahemo [110].E. mosulensis has so far 23 fish host species in Iraq [17].Ergasilus sieboldi von Nordmann, 1832, was recorded from gills, buccal cavity, and skin of the three carp species:C. idella [27, 29],C. carpio [25, 27, 29, 51, 55], andH. molitrix [27, 29, 56]. The first report ofE. sieboldi in Iraq was from gills ofL. vorax (reported asA. vorax) from Al-Habbaniyah Lake [70].E. sieboldi has so far 26 fish host species in Iraq [17].Ergasilus sp. was recorded fromL. abu [50] with no mention to site of infection. In addition to 11 species ofErgasilus so far recorded from fishes of Iraq, some specimens of unidentifiedErgasilus species were also reported from 12 fish species in Iraq [17].Paraergasilus inflatus Ho, Khamees & Mhaisen, 1996, was recorded from gills ofH. molitrix [27]. This crustacean was reported as a new species from gill rakers ofL. abu from Shatt Al-Arab River [111].D. varicoleus has so far seven fish host species in Iraq [17].Lamproglena pulchella von Nordmann, 1832, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [27]. The first report ofL. pulchella in Iraq was from gills ofChondrostoma regium andCapoeta trutta(reported asVaricorhinus trutta) from Tigris River at Mosul city [112].L. pulchella has so far 19 fish host species in Iraq [17].Lernaea cyprinacea L., 1758, was recorded from skin, fins, and gills of the three carp species,C. idella [24, 27–29, 43, 51],C. carpio [6, 25–31, 39, 41, 43, 44, 48, 51, 53–55, 57, 61, 63], andH. molitrix [21, 27–29, 43], as well as from gills ofL. abu [23]. The first report of the anchor wormL. cyprinacea in Iraq was from skin, fins, buccal cavity, pharyngeal cavity, gills, and anus of seven freshwater fish species from Al-Zaafaraniya Fish-Culture Station [113].L. cyprinacea is the commonest crustacean among fishes of Iraq as it has so far 30 fish host species in Iraq [17].


### 5.11. Phylum Mollusca

The phylum Mollusca is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with only one parasite species of the genusUnio. The systematic account of this parasite, followed by parasite-host list, is given here.Phylum MolluscaClass Bivalvia
Order Unionoida
Family Unionidae
Unio pictorum (Linnaeus, 1758)Unio pictorum (Linnaeus, 1758) was recorded from gills of bothC. carpio [27, 29] andH. molitrix [27]. The first report of the glochidial larvae ofU. pictorum in Iraq was from gills of eight freshwater fish species from Diyala River [104]. It is appropriate to mention here that the authority ofU. pictorum was erroneously stated as Zhadin, 1938, in all the Iraqi literature except Al-Salmany [71].U. pictorum has so far 24 fish host species in Iraq [17].


## 5.1. Phylum Mastigophora

The phylum Mastigophora is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with only one parasite species of the genusIchthyobodo. The systematic account of this parasite, followed by parasite-host list, is given here.Phylum MastigophoraClass Kinetoplastidea
Order Kinetoplastida
Family Bodonidae
Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1884) Pinto, 1928Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1884) Pinto, 1928, was erroneously reported asCostia necatrix from the skin and gills ofC. carpio [27]. The first record ofC. necatrix in Iraq was from body surface ofH. fossilis from Al-Ashar Canal at Basrah [67]. Seven fish host species are so far known for this parasite (asC. necatrix) in Iraq [17].


## 5.2. Phylum Apicomplexa

The phylum Apicomplexa, which is known as phylum Myzozoa according to WoRMS [12], is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with three species; two of them belonged to the genusEimeria and one unspecified species to the genusHaemogregarina.Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Sporozoa
Order Eucoccidiorida
Family Eimeriidae
Eimeria dogieli (Dogiel, 1948) Pellerdy, 1963
Eimeria mylopharyngodoni Chen, 1956
Family Haemogregarinidae
Haemogregarina sp.Eimeria dogieli (Dogiel, 1948) Pellerdy, 1963, was recorded from the intestine ofC. carpio [27]. So far, this is the only record ofE. dogieli from fishes of Iraq [17].Eimeria mylopharyngodoni Chen, 1956, was recorded fromC. carpio [49]. The specific name was misspelled asmylopharyngodon and no authority, site of infection, parasite description, and illustration were given for this parasite by Hussain et al. [49]. So this record is considered as questionable especially if we take in consideration that Hussain et al. [49] examinedC. carpio externally whileE. mylopharyngodoni is known to infect intestine, kidneys, and liver of fishes [68]. This is the only record ofE. mylopharyngodoni from fishes of Iraq [17].Haemogregarina sp. was found on gills ofC. carpio [49]. In Iraq, three species ofHaemogregarina were so far recorded from blood of three fish species in Basrah province only [17]. So we think that the record ofHaemogregarina sp. from gills ofC. carpio by Hussain et al. [49] with neither description nor a good illustration is considered as questionable.


## 5.3. Phylum Ciliophora

The phylum Ciliophora is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with 13 species, three of which belonged to the generaChilodonella,Ichthyophthirius, andTripartiella, five to the genusApiosoma, and four to the genusTrichodina in addition to unspecified species of the genusTrichodina.Phylum CiliophoraClass Kinetophragminophorea
Order Cyrtophorida
Family Chilodonellidae
Chilodonella cyprini(Moroff, 1902) Strand, 1928
Class Oligohymenophorea
Order Hymenostomatida
Family Ichthyophthiriidae
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876
Order Petrichida
Family Epistylididae
Apiosoma amoebae (Grenfell, 1887) Lom, 1966
Apiosoma cylindriformis (Chen, 1955)
Apiosoma minuta (Chen, 1961) Lom, 1966
Apiosoma piscicola Blanchard, 1885
Apiosoma poteriformis (Timofeev, 1962) Lom, 1966
Order Mobilida
Family Trichodinidae
Trichodina cottidarum Dogiel, 1948
Trichodina domerguei (Wallengren, 1897)
Trichodina gracilis Polyanskii, 1955
Trichodina nigra Lom, 1960
Trichodina sp.
Tripartiella amurensis (Chan, 1961)Chilodonella cyprini (Moroff, 1902) Strand, 1928, was recorded from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella [27, 29, 43, 51], skin, fins, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. carpio [27, 30, 43, 51, 53], and skin and gills ofH. molitrix [27, 43, 51]. The first record ofC. cyprini in Iraq was from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofMystus pelusius from Tigris River at Baghdad [69]. So far 13 fish host species are known for this parasite in Iraq [17].Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. idella [27, 29, 43, 51, 56], skin, fins, and gills ofC. carpio [25, 27, 29, 30, 35, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53–56, 59, 60, 65], and skin and gills ofH. molitrix [27, 29, 45, 47, 51]. The first record ofI. multifiliis in Iraq was from the skin and gills ofChelon subviridis (reported asMugil dussumieri) from Tigris River near Baghdad [70]. So far this parasite has 35 fish host species in Iraq [17].Apiosoma amoebae (Grenfell, 1887) Lom, 1966, was reported from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella [20, 24, 27], skin and buccal cavity ofC. carpio [27, 55], and gills and buccal cavity ofH. molitrix [20, 27]. It is appropriate to mention here thatA. amoebae was reported asGlossatella amoebae [27, 55]. The first record ofA. amoebae in Iraq was from the skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella from Babylon Fish Farm [20]. So far this parasite has five fish host species in Iraq [17].Apiosoma cylindriformis (Chen, 1955) was reported from gills ofC. idella [20, 24, 27], buccal cavity and gills ofC. carpio [27], and gills ofH. molitrix [20, 21, 27]. Al-Zubaidy [27] reportedA. cylindriformis asGlossatella cylindriformis. The first record ofA. cylindriformis in Iraq was from gills ofC. idella andH. molitrix from Babylon Fish Farm [20]. So far,A. cylindriformis has seven fish host species in Iraq [17].Apiosoma minuta (Chen, 1961) Lom, 1966, was recorded from skin ofC. carpio [45, 47]. This was its first record in Iraq. So far,A. minuta has two fish host species in Iraq as it was recently recorded fromLuciobarbus xanthopterus by Al-Salmany [71].Apiosoma piscicola Blanchard, 1885, was recorded from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella [27, 51], skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. carpio [27, 29, 51, 55], and buccal cavity and gills ofH. molitrix [20, 21, 27, 29, 51]. It is appropriate to mention here thatA. piscicola was reported asGlossatella piscicola [27].A. piscicola was recorded for the first time in Iraq from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella,C. carpio andH. molitrix from Al-Suwaira and Al-Latifiya Fish Farms [51]. So far, this parasite has ten fish host species in Iraq [17].Apiosoma poteriformis (Timofeev, 1962) Lom, 1966, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. idella [20, 24, 27] and buccal cavity and gills ofC. carpio [27]. It is appropriate to mention here thatA. poteriformis was reported asGlossatella poteriformis by Al-Zubaidy [27].A. poteriformiswas recorded for the first time in Iraq from gills ofC. idella from Babylon Fish Farm [20]. So far, this parasite has three fish host species in Iraq [17].Trichodina cottidarum Dogiel, 1948, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. carpio [45, 47, 49, 54, 59, 60] and skin and gills ofH. molitrix [45, 47].T. cottidarum was recorded for the first time in Iraq from gills ofC. carpio from a manmade lake at Baghdad city [72]. So far, this parasite has 13 fish host species in Iraq [17].Trichodina domerguei (Wallengren, 1897) was recorded from skin, fins, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella [24, 27, 29, 43, 51, 56], skin, fins, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. carpio [25, 27, 29, 30, 35, 43, 51, 53, 55, 56, 59], skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofH. molitrix [20, 27, 51], and skin and gills ofL. abu [23, 56]. The first record ofT. domerguei in Iraq was from skin, fins, and gills of eight freshwater fish species from Tigris River, Al-Tharthar Lake, and fish markets in Baghdad city [73]. So far,T. domerguei has 39 host species in Iraq [17] and, therefore, it is the most prevalent ciliate species among fishes of Iraq.Trichodina gracilis Polyanskii, 1955, was recorded from skin ofC. carpio [45, 47]. This was its first record in Iraq. So far, it has three fish host species in Iraq [17].Trichodina nigra Lom, 1960, was recorded from skin and gills of the three carp species:C. idella [29],C. carpio [27, 29, 35, 49, 55, 59, 60], andH. molitrix [27, 29]. The first record ofT. nigra in Iraq was from skin and gills ofC. carpio and gills ofH. molitrix from Babylon Fish Farm [27]. So far,T. nigra has nine host species in Iraq [17].Unidentified specimen ofTrichodina was recorded fromL. abu [50] with no mention to site of infection. In addition to 24 recognizedTrichodina species so far recorded from fishes of Iraq, some unidentified species ofTrichodina were so far recorded from six fish species [17].Tripartiella amurensis (Chan, 1961) was recorded from skin ofC. carpio [45, 47]. This was its first record in Iraq. No more records are so far known forT. amurensis in Iraq [17].


## 5.4. Phylum Myxozoa

The phylum Myxozoa is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with five species: one species belonged to the genusMyxobilatus and four species to the genusMyxobolus.Phylum MyxozoaClass Myxosporea
Order Bivalvulida
Family Sphaerosporidae
Myxobilatus legeri (Cépède, 1905)
Family Myxobolidae
Myxobolus dogieli Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya & Bykhovski, 1940
Myxobolus muelleri Bütschli, 1882
Myxobolus oviformis Thélohan, 1892
Myxobolus pfeifferi Thélohan, 1895Myxobilatus legeri (Cépède, 1905), erroneously reported asMyxobllatus legerl, with no given authority, description, and illustration, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. carpio [54]. This was the only record ofM. legeri in Iraq [17].Myxobolus dogieli Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya & Bykhovski, 1940, was recorded from kidneys and gallbladder ofL. abu [56]. The first record ofM. dogieli in Iraq was mainly from the external surface of heart, liver, and ovaries ofL. abu from Tigris River at Baiji town [74]. So far,M. dogieli has nine host species in Iraq [17].Myxobolus muelleri Bütschli, 1882, was recorded from intestine and liver ofC. carpio [27] with the specific name spelled asmülleri. The first record ofM. muelleri in Iraq was from gills ofLuciobarbus xanthopterus, reported asB. xanthopterus [70]. So far,M. muelleri has eight host species in Iraq [17].Myxobolus oviformis Thélohan, 1892, was recorded from skin, intestine, and kidneys ofC. carpio [27, 54, 59]. The first report ofM. oviformis in Iraq was from gill arches and heart of four fish species [70]. So far,M. oviformis has 20 fish host species in Iraq [17].Myxobolus pfeifferi Thélohan, 1895, was recorded from gills, intestine, liver, kidneys, and gallbladder ofC. idella [29], gills, gallbladder, intestine, kidneys, and liver ofC. carpio [25, 27, 29, 53, 59], gills, liver, and intestine ofH. molitrix [27, 29], and gills, intestinal wall, and gonads ofL. abu [23]. The first report ofM. pfeifferi in Iraq was from gills ofAcanthobrama marmid from Tigris River at Mosul city [75]. So far,M. pfeifferi is the prevalent myxozoan among fishes of Iraq as it has 35 fish host species [17].


## 5.5. Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Trematoda

The class Trematoda of the phylum Platyhelminthes is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with five species; two species belonged to the generaApharyngostrigea andAscocotyle and three species to the genusDiplostomum.Phylum PlatyhelminthesClass Trematoda
Order Diplostomida
Family Strigeidae
Apharyngostrigea cornu (Zeder, 1800)
Family Diplostomidae
Diplostomum indistinctum (Guberlet, 1923) Hughes, 1929
Diplostomum paraspathaceum Schigin, 1965
Diplostomum spathaceum (Rudolphi, 1819) Olsson, 1876
Order Plagiorchiida
Family Heterophyidae
Ascocotyle coleostoma (Looss, 1896) Looss, 1899Apharyngostrigea cornu (Zeder, 1800) was recorded as metacercaria from mesentery, coelom and liver ofC. carpio [52]. This was its first report in Iraq. No more records are so far known on the occurrence ofA. cornu from fishes of Iraq [17]. The adult worm of this parasite was detected from the intestine of the purple heronArdea purpurea in Bahr Al-Najaf Depression [76].Ascocotyle coleostoma (Looss, 1896) Looss, 1899, was recorded as metacercaria from gills ofH. fossilis [56]. This parasite was reported for the first time in Iraq from gills ofH. fossilis andL. abu from Diyala River [77].A. coleostoma has so far 34 fish host species in Iraq [17]. The adult worm ofA. coleostoma was detected from the grey heronA. cinerea in Babylon (now Al-Furat) Fish Farm [78].Diplostomum indistinctum (Guberlet, 1923) Hughes, 1929, was recorded as metacercaria from eyes ofH. molitrix [43]. The first occurrence of metacercariae ofD. indistinctum was from eyes ofLuciobarbus esocinus, reported asB. esocinus from fish market in Mosul city [79]. No more records are so far known on the occurrence of this parasite from fishes of Iraq [17].Diplostomum paraspathaceum Schigin, 1965, was recorded as metacercaria from eyes of bothC. idella [43] andC. carpio [43]. This was its first record in Iraq. No more hosts are so far known for this parasite in Iraq [17].Diplostomum spathaceum (Rudolphi, 1819) Olsson, 1876, was recorded as metacercaria from eyes of the three carp species:C. idella [43, 56],C. carpio [29, 43], andH. molitrix [43, 56]. The first occurrence of metacercariae ofD. spathaceum was from eyes ofC. luteus, reported asB. luteus,Cyprinion macrostomum, andC. carpio from Dokan Lake [80]. Thirty-four hosts are so far known for this parasite in fishes of Iraq [17]. Metacercariae ofDiplostomum spp. are responsible for worm cataract which causes fish blindness [81]. Adult worms of this parasite were found in the intestine of some fish-eating birds such as the silver gullLarus argentatus in Bahr Al-Najaf Depression [76].


## 5.6. Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Monogenea

The class Monogenea of the phylum Platyhelminthes is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with 45 species: 12 species of the genusGyrodactylus, 26 species ofDactylogyrus, and one species of each of the generaPseudacolpenteron,Diplozoon,Eudiplozoon,Paradiplozoon, andMicrocotyle in addition to some unidentified species ofDactylogyrus andDiplozoon. It is appropriate to mention here that this group is considered as Monogenea by some electronic sites [9–12] but as Monogenoidea in some references [14, 66].Phylum PlatyhelminthesClass Monogenea
Order Gyrodactylidea
Family Gyrodactylidae
Gyrodactylus baicalensis Bogolepova, 1950
Gyrodactylus ctenopharngodontis Ling in Gusev, 1952
Gyrodactylus elegans von Nordmann, 1832
Gyrodactylus kherulensis Ergens, 1974
Gyrodactylus macracanthus Hukuda, 1940
Gyrodactylus malmbergi Ergens, 1961
Gyrodactylus markevitschi Kulakovskaya, 1952
Gyrodactylus medius Kathariner, 1895
Gyrodactylus menschikowi Gvosdev, 1950
Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957
Gyrodactylus sprostonae Ling, 1962
Gyrodactylus vicinus Bychowsky, 1957
Order Dactylogyridea
Family Dactylogyridae
Dactylogyrus achmerowi Gusev, 1955
Dactylogyrus amurensis Akhmerov, 1952
Dactylogyrus anchoratus (Dujardin, 1845) Wagener, 1857
Dactylogyrus arcuatus Yamaguti, 1942
Dactylogyrus barbioides Gusev, Ali, Abdul-Ameer, Amin & Molnár, 1993
Dactylogyrus cornu Linstow, 1878
Dactylogyrus crassus Kulwiec, 1927
Dactylogyrus ctenopharyngodonis Achmerow, 1952
Dactylogyrus dogieli Gusev, 1953
Dactylogyrus ergensi Molnár, 1964
Dactylogyrus extensus Mueller & Van Cleave, 1932
Dactylogyrus gobii Gvosdev, 1950
Dactylogyrus hypophthalmichthys Akhmerov, 1952
Dactylogyrus inexpectatus Izjumova, in Gusev, 1955
Dactylogyrus jamansajensis Osmanov, 1958
Dactylogyrus lamellatus Akhmerov, 1952
Dactylogyrus latituba Gusev, 1955
Dactylogyrus lopuchinae Jukhimenko, 1981
Dactylogyrus minutus Kulwiec, 1927
Dactylogyrus navicularis A. Gusev, 1955
Dactylogyrus phoxini Malevitskaia, 1949
Dactylogyrus propinquus Bychowsky, 1931
Dactylogyrus sahuensis Ling in Chen et al., 1973
Dactylogyrus simplex Bychowsky, 1936
Dactylogyrus skrjabini Akhmerov, 1954
Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin, 1924
Dactylogyrus spp.
Pseudacolpenteron pavlovskii Bychowsky & Gussev, 1955
Order Mazocraeidea
Family Diplozoidae
Diplozoon paradoxum Nordmann, 1832
Diplozoon sp.
Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Goto, 1891)
Paradiplozoon barbi (Reichenbach-Klinke, 1951)
Family Microcotylidae
Microcotyle donavini van Beneden & Hesse, 1863Gyrodactylus baicalensis Bogolepova, 1950, was recorded from skin, fins, and gills ofC. carpio [25, 27, 29, 52]. The first report ofG. baicalensis in Iraq was from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. carpio from Al-Suwaira and Al-Latifiya Fish Farms [52]. So far,G. baicalensis has eight fish host species in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus ctenopharngodontis Ling in Gusev, 1952, was recorded from skin, fins, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella [24, 27]. The first report ofG. ctenopharngodontis in Iraq was from gills ofC. idella from Babylon Fish Farm [24]. No more hosts are so far recorded for this parasite in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus elegans von Nordmann, 1832, was recorded from skin, fins, buccal cavity, and gills of bothC. idella [27, 29, 52] andC. carpio [25–27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 43, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 60] as well as from gills ofH. molitrix [29] and fromL. abu [50] with no mention to site of infection. The first report ofG. elegans in Iraq was fromC. carpio from Al-Zaafaraniya Fish Farm andL. abu from Al-Latifiya Fish Farm [50]. So far,G. elegans has 23 fish host species in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus kherulensis Ergens, 1974, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. idella [27] and skin, fins, and gills ofC. carpio [18, 27]. The first report ofG. kherulensis in Iraq was from gills ofC. carpio from Babylon Fish Farm [18]. So far,G. kherulensis has four fish host species in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus macracanthus Hukuda, 1940 (reported asG. paralatus Gusev, 1955), was recorded from skin and gills ofC. carpio [27] and skin, fins, and buccal cavity ofH. molitrix [27]. This was its first report in Iraq. Later on, it was reported from both hosts [82] asG. paralatus also. According to Gussev [83] and Pugachev et al. [14],G. paralatus is a synonym ofG. macracanthus. No more hosts are so far known forG. macracanthus or its synonymG. paralatus from fishes of Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus malmbergi Ergens, 1961, was recorded from skin, fins, and gills ofC. carpio [27] and from skin and gills ofH. molitrix [27]. This was its first report in Iraq and no more hosts are so far known forG. malmbergi from fishes of Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus markevitschi Kulakovskaya, 1952, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. carpio [27, 45, 47, 60]. The first report of this parasite in Iraq was from gills ofCapoeta trutta (reported asVaricorhinus trutta) from Tigris River at Baiji town [74]. So far,G. markevitschi has six host species in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus medius Kathariner, 1895, was recorded from skin and fins ofC. carpio [27]. This was its first record in Iraq. The year of authority of this parasite was erroneously given as 1893 instead of 1895 by Al-Zubaidy [27] as well as by three other references according to Mhaisen and Abdul-Ameer [15]. Also the authorship of this parasite was given as Katheriner instead of Kathariner according to MonoDB [10]. Now, this parasite has three host species in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus menschikowi Gvosdev, 1950, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. carpio [60]. The first report of this parasite in Iraq was from gills and skin ofC. carpio and skin, fins, and gills ofL. abu both from Hilla River [84]. So far, no more hosts for this parasite are known in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. carpio [27, 29]. The first report of this parasite in Iraq was from gills and skin ofC. carpio from Al-Furat Fish Farm [27]. The year of authority of this parasite was reported as 1956 instead of 1957 by Al-Zubaidy [27] and Al-Jadoaa [29]. No more hosts for this parasite are so far known in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus sprostonae Ling, 1962, was recorded fromskin and fins ofC. carpio [27]. This was its first report in Iraq. Now, this parasite has seven host species in Iraq [17].Gyrodactylus vicinus Bychowsky, 1957, was recorded from skin, fins, and gills ofC. carpio [27, 35]. The first report of this parasite in Iraq was from skin, fins, and gills ofC. carpio from Al-Furat Fish Farm [27]. Now, it has three host species in Iraq [17].Finally, the unidentifiedGyrodactylus species reported fromC. carpio [34, 38] were the same 11 species which had been recorded in Al-Zubaidy [27]. In Iraq, so far 15 fish host species were reported for some unspecifiedGyrodactylus species [17].Dactylogyrus achmerowi Gusev, 1955, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [19, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 54, 55, 60]. The first report ofD. achmerowi in Iraq was from gills ofC. carpio from Al-Wahda Fish Hatchery at Al-Suwaira and Babylon Fish Farm [19]. Now, it has 11 host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus amurensis Akhmerov, 1952, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [55]. This was its first report in Iraq. However, neither description and measurements nor illustration was given. So far, this parasite has two host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus anchoratus (Dujardin, 1845) Wagener, 1857, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [45, 47]. The first report and description ofD. anchoratus in Iraq were from gills ofC. carpio from Tigris River at Al-Zaafaraniya [85, 86]. Now, it has seven fish host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus arcuatus Yamaguti, 1942, was recorded from gills ofC. idella [29] and skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. carpio [25, 27, 35, 36, 49, 52, 55, 59, 60]. The first report ofD. arcuatus in Iraq was from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. carpio from Al-Suwaira and Al-Latifiya Fish Farms [52]. Now, it has seven fish host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus barbioides Gusev, Ali, Abdul-Ameer, Amin & Molnár, 1993, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [60].D. barbioides was described as a new species from gills ofBarbus grypus from Tigris River near Baiji town [87]. Now, it has three fish host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus cornu Linstow, 1878, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [27, 59].D. cornu was recorded for the first time in Iraq from gills of five fish species from Diyala River [88]. So far, it has 13 fish host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus crassus Kulwiec, 1927, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [45, 47, 55, 60].D. crassus was recorded for the first time in Iraq from gills ofC. carpio from Al-Shark Al-Awsat Fish Farm [45]. It is appropriate to mention here that the specific namecrassus was misspelled ascarassus by Al-Rubaie et al. [55]. No more hosts are so far known for this parasite in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus ctenopharyngodonis Achmerow, 1952, was recorded from gills ofC. idella from Al-Shark Al-Awsat Fish Farm [43]. This is the only report on the occurrence ofD. ctenopharyngodonis in fishes of Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus dogieli Gusev, 1953, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio in fish cages and an earthen pond in Sadat Al-Hindiya [60]. The first report ofD. dogieli was from five fish species from Euphrates River at Al-Musaib city [89] and its full description and illustration were published later by Al-Sa’adi et al. [90]. Six host species are so far known forD. dogieli in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus ergensi Molnár, 1964, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio from Al-Furat Fish Farm [27]. This was its first report in Iraq. No more hosts were reported forD. ergensi in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus extensus Mueller & Van Cleave, 1932, was recorded from gills ofC. idella [29], buccal cavity and gills ofC. carpio [25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 43, 45, 47, 52, 54, 55, 59, 60], and gills ofH. molitrix [29, 45, 47]. The first report ofD. extensus in Iraq was from the buccal cavity and gills ofC. carpio from Al-Suwaira and Al-Latifiya Fish Farms [52].D. solidus which was also recorded from the same host by Salih et al. [52] as well as by Mhaisen & Abul-Eis [25] and Al-Rubaie et al. [55] is considered as a synonym ofD. extensus according to Gibson et al. [13].D. extensus and its synonymD. solidus have so far 17 fish host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus gobii Gvosdev, 1950, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. carpio [45, 47, 60].D. gobii was recorded for the first time in Iraq from gills ofC. carpio from Al-Shark Al-Awsat Fish Farm [45]. Now, it has three host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus hypophthalmichthys Akhmerov, 1952, was recorded from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofH. molitrix [21, 27, 43, 45, 47, 52, 56]. It is reliable to state here thatD. hypophthalmichthys was reported asNeodactylogyrus hypophthalmichthys by Asmar et al. [56]. The first report ofD. hypophthalmichthys in Iraq was from the buccal cavity and gills ofH. molitrix from Al-Suwaira and Al-Latifiya Fish Farms [52].H. molitrix is the only host so far known forD. hypophthalmichthys in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus inexpectatus Izjumova, in Gusev, 1955, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. idella [27, 29, 52], gills ofC. carpio [27, 29], and gills ofH. molitrix [29]. The first report ofD. inexpectatus in Iraq was from skin and gills ofC. idella from Al-Suwaira and Al-Latifiya Fish Farms [52]. Now, it has five host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus jamansajensis Osmanov, 1958, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [45, 47]. The first report ofD. jamansajensis in Iraq was from gills ofC. luteus from manmade lakes, north of Baghdad [91]. Now, it has five host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus lamellatus Akhmerov, 1952, was recorded from skin, fins, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella [24, 27, 43, 52, 56] and gills ofC. carpio [27]. The first report ofD. lamellatus in Iraq was from the skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. idella from Al-Suwaira and Al-Latifiya Fish Farms [52]. Now, it has three host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus latituba Gusev, 1955, was recorded from gills of bothC. idella [27] andC. carpio [25, 27] as well as from the buccal cavity and gills ofH. molitrix [27]. The first report ofD. latituba in Iraq was from gills ofC. luteus from manmade lakes, north of Baghdad [91]. Now, it has four host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus lopuchinae Jukhimenko, 1981, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [45, 47, 54].D. lopuchinae was recorded for the first time in Iraq from gills ofC. carpio from Al-Shark Al-Awsat Fish Farm [45]. No more hosts are so far known for this parasite in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus minutus Kulwiec, 1927, was recorded from skin, fins, and gills ofC. carpio [27, 30, 32, 33, 45, 47, 55, 56, 59, 60]. The first report on this parasite in Iraq was from gills ofC. carpio from Tigris River at Al-Zaafaraniya, south of Baghdad, and Al-Qadisia Dam Lake [85], while its description and illustration were given later by Mhaisen et al. [86]. So far,D. minutus has 12 fish species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus navicularis A. Gusev, 1955, was recorded from fins, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. carpio [27, 35, 60]. The first report ofD. navicularis in Iraq was from the buccal cavity, fins, and gills ofC. carpio from Al-Furat Fish Farm [27].C. carpio is the only host so far known forD. navicularis in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus phoxini Malevitskaia, 1949, was recorded from skin and gills ofC. carpio [45, 47, 60]. The first record ofD. phoxini in Iraq was in June 1995 from gills ofC. carpio from Tigris River at Al-Zaafaraniya but the report was published later by Balasem et al. [92]. This parasite has so far only two host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus propinquus Bychowsky, 1931, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [27, 35, 49]. The first report ofD. propinquus in Iraq was from gills ofC. carpio from Al-Furat Fish Farm [27].C. carpio is the only host so far known forD. propinquus in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus sahuensis Ling in Chen et al., 1973, was recorded from fins and gills ofC. carpio [27]. The first report ofD. sahuensis in Iraq was from fins and gills ofC. carpio from Al-Furat Fish Farm [27].C. carpio is the only host so far known forD. sahuensis in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus simplex Bychowsky, 1936, was recorded fromC. carpio [49] with no mention to site of infection. The first report ofD. simplex in Iraq was from gills ofC. carpio from the new fish farm of the Fish Research Center at Al-Zaafaraniya [93].D. simplex has so far three host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus skrjabini Akhmerov, 1954, was recorded from buccal cavity and gills ofC. carpio [27, 45, 47] and buccal cavity and gills ofH. molitrix [21, 27, 52]. The first report ofD. skrjabini in Iraq was from buccal cavity and gills ofH. molitrix from Al-Suwaira and Al-Latifiya Fish Farms [52]. Now,D. skrjabini has six host species in Iraq [17].Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin, 1924, was recorded from gills ofC. idella [27] and skin and gills ofC. carpio [26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 43, 49, 52, 53, 56, 59, 60, 64]. The first report ofD. vastator from Iraq was from skin and gills ofC. macrostomum from Tigris River at Baghdad [94]. So far,D. vastator was reported from 33 fish host species from north, middle, and south of Iraq [17].UnidentifiedDactylogyrus species were recorded from skin and gills ofC. idella [56] and from skin, buccal cavity, and gills ofC. carpio [34, 38, 56]. Some of these specimens were larval stages [56], while the unidentifiedDactylogyrus species of Al-Zubaidy et al. [34, 38] were the same 15 species which were recorded in Al-Zubaidy [27]. In Iraq, so far nine fish host species were reported for some unspecifiedDactylogyrus species [17].Pseudacolpenteron pavlovskii Bychowsky & Gussev, 1955, was recorded from fins and gills ofC. carpio [25, 27, 45, 47] and gills ofH. molitrix [27]. The first report ofP. pavlovskii from Iraq was from skin and gills ofC. carpiofrom Babylon Fish Farm [25]. This species has so far only two host species in Iraq [17].Diplozoon paradoxum Nordmann, 1832, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [60]. This parasite was reported for the first time in Iraq from gills ofCarasobarbus luteus, reported asBarbus luteus, from Al-Husainia creek, Karbala province [95]. Now, it has five fish hosts in Iraq [17].UnidentifiedDiplozoon species were recorded from gills ofC. carpio [43]. Some other unidentifiedDiplozoon species occurred as larvae in 12 fish host species in Iraq [17].Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Goto, 1891) was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [60]. This parasite was recorded for the first time in Iraq from gills ofC. carpio from a manmade lake in Baghdad [96] asDiplozoon nipponicum but then it was reported by its valid nameE. nipponicum by all subsequent researchers. So far, three host species are known forE. nipponicum in Iraq [17].Paradiplozoon barbi (Reichenbach-Klinke, 1951) was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [27] asDiplozoon barbi. This parasite was reported for the first time in Iraq from gills ofChondrostoma nasus,C. regium, andC. carpio from Tigris River at Baghdad  [97] asDiplozoon barbi. Also, all the subsequent records in the Iraqi literature, except the checklists of Mhaisen and Abdul-Ameer [16], referred to this parasite asD. barbi. According to Khotenovsky [98],D. barbi is a synonym ofP. barbi. Eight host species are so far known for this parasite in Iraq [17].Microcotyle donavini van Beneden & Hesse, 1863, was recorded from gills ofL. abu from Babylon Fish Farm [22]. This was its first report in Iraq. Ten host species are so far known forM. donavini in Iraq [17].


## 5.7. Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Cestoda

The class Cestoda of the phylum Platyhelminthes is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with five species: one species of each of the generaBothriocephalus,Ligula, andNeogryporhynchus as well as two species ofProteocephalus.Phylum PlatyhelminthesClass Cestoda
Order Bothriocephalidea
Family Bothriocephalidae
Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934
Order Diphyllobothriidea
Family Diphyllobothriidae
Ligula intestinalis (L., 1758) Bloch, 1782
Order Proteocephalidea
Family Proteocephalidae
Proteocephalus osculatus (Goeze, 1782) Nybelin, 1942
Proteocephalus torulosus (Batsch, 1786) Nufer, 1905
Order Cyclophyllidea
Family Dilepididae
Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus (Wedl, 1855) Baer & Bona, 1960Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934, was recorded from the intestine of bothC. idella [24, 56] andC. carpio [25–27, 52, 53, 62]. It is appropriate to mention here that this worm was reported by its synonymB. opsariichthydis by Salih et al. [52] and Al-Zubaidy [27]. The first report ofB. acheilognathi in Iraq was from the intestine ofC. carpio from different fish farms near Baghdad [99]. Two other species ofBothriocephalus,B. gowkongensis Yeh, 1955, andB. opsariichthydis Yamaguti, 1934, were also reported from Iraq [17]. According to Molnár [100], both these two species are considered as synonyms ofB. acheilognathi. At the present time,B. acheilognathi and both of its above-named synonyms has so far a total of 21 host species in Iraq [17].Ligula intestinalis (L., 1758) Bloch, 1782, was recorded from the body cavity of bothC. idella [24, 27, 29] andC. carpio [27].L. intestinalis was reported for the first time in Iraq as a plerocercoid from the body cavity ofLeuciscus vorax (reported asA. vorax) from Shatt Al-Arab River [101]. So far, this species has 13 fish host species in Iraq [17]. In Iraq, the adult stage ofL. intestinalis was reported from the intestine of the moorhenGallinula chloropus chloropus from around Baghdad [102].Proteocephalus osculatus (Goeze, 1782) Nybelin, 1942, was recorded from the intestine ofC. carpio [27]. The first report of this parasite in Iraq was from the intestine ofL. vorax (reported asA. vorax) from Al-Tharthar Lake [103]. So far, this species has eight fish host species in Iraq [17].Proteocephalus torulosus (Batsch, 1786) Nufer, 1905, was recorded from intestine ofC. carpio [27]. The first report of this parasite in Iraq was from the intestine ofC. carpio from a fish farm near Baghdad city [99]. So far, this species has two fish host species in Iraq [17].Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus (Wedl, 1855) Baer & Bona, 1960, was recorded from the intestine ofC. carpio by Al-Zubaidy [27] asGryporhynchus cheilancristrotus. The first report ofN. cheilancristrotus in Iraq was from the intestine ofL. abu from Diyala River [104]. So far, this species has four fish host species in Iraq [17].


## 5.8. Phylum Nematoda

The phylum Nematoda is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with three species: unidentified larval species of the genusContracaecum as well as one species of each of the generaCucullanus andRhabdochona.Phylum NematodaClass Secernentea
Order Ascaridida
Family Anisakidae
Contracaecum spp.
Family Cucullanidae
Cucullanus cyprini Yamaguti, 1941
Order Spirurida
Family Rhabdochonidae
Rhabdochona hellichi (Srámek, 1901)Unidentified larval species ofContracaecum was recorded from the intestinal wall, body cavity, liver, spleen, heart, and gonads ofC. carpio [27, 29] and intestinal wall ofL. abu [22, 37, 42]. The first report ofContracaecum spp. larvae in Iraq was from the body cavity and different viscera of 10 fish species from different inland waters of Iraq [70].Contracaecum spp. larvae have so far 40 fish host species in Iraq [17]. Adult worms ofContracaecum spp. were detected from six species of aquatic birds in Iraq,Egretta alba,E. garzetta,Ardeola ralloides,Botaurus stellaris,Ardea purpurea, andCeryle rudis, from Bahr Al-Najaf Depression [76].Cucullanus cyprini Yamaguti, 1941, was recorded from the intestine ofC. carpio [27]. The first report of this parasite in Iraq was from the intestine ofAlburnus caeruleus andLuciobarbus xanthopterus (reported asB. xanthopterus) from Al-Tharthar Lake [103]. So far, this species has 15 fish host species in Iraq [17].Rhabdochona hellichi (Srámek, 1901), erroneously reported asR. bellichi, was recorded from intestine of the three carp species:C. idella [29],C. carpio [29], andH. molitrix [29]. Ali et al. [105] reported this parasite (also erroneously asR. bellichi) from the intestine and coelom ofL. xanthopterus (reported asB. xanthopterus),H. fossilis, andMystus pelusius (reported asM. halepensis). Eight fish species are so far known for this parasite in Iraq [17].


## 5.9. Phylum Acanthocephala

The phylum Acanthocephala is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with two valid species of the genusNeoechinorhynchus.Phylum AcanthocephalaClass Eoacanthocephala
Order Neoechinorhynchida
Family Neoechinorhynchidae
Neoechinorhynchus iraqensis Amin, Al-Sady, Mhaisen & Bassat, 2001
Neoechinorhynchus rutili (Müller, 1780) Hamann, 1892Neoechinorhynchus iraqensis Amin, Al-Sady, Mhaisen & Bassat, 2001, was recorded from intestine of bothC. carpio [27] andL. abu [22, 50]. It is appropriate to mention here that this species was reported asN. agilis fromC. carpio andL. abu by Al-Zubaidy [27] and Ali et al. [22], respectively.N. agilis is a misidentification ofN. iraqensis [106]. The first report ofN. iraqensis was asspecies de novo from the intestine ofL. abu from the Euphrates River at Al-Fallujah region [107], while its description was given later by Amin et al. [108].N. iraqensis and the misidentifiedN. agilis have so far 24 fish host species in Iraq [17].Neoechinorhynchus rutili (Müller, 1780) Hamann, 1892, was recorded from the intestine of the three carp species:C. idella [29],C. carpio [27, 29], andH. molitrix [29].N. rutili was firstly recorded by Herzog [70] fromL. xanthopterus (reported asB. xanthopterus) from Tigris and Diyala rivers near Baghdad and fromL. abu (reported asMugil abu) from Citscher Oasis near Al-Fallujah.N. rutili has so far 16 fish host species in Iraq [17].


## 5.10. Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Crustacea

The subphylum Crustacea of the phylum Arthropoda is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with nine species: one species of each of the generaArgulus,Dermoergasilus,Paraergasilus,Lamproglena, andLernaea and three species ofErgasilus in addition to unidentified species ofErgasilus.Phylum ArthropodaSubphylum Crustacea
Class Maxillopoda
Order Arguloida
Family Argulidae
Argulus foliaceus (L., 1758)
Order Cyclopoida
Family Ergasilidae
Dermoergasilus varicoleus Ho, Jayarajan & Radhakrishnan, 1992
Ergasilus barbi Rahemo, 1982
Ergasilus mosulensis Rahemo, 1982
Ergasilus sieboldi von Nordmann, 1832
Ergasilus sp.
Paraergasilus inflatus Ho, Khamees & Mhaisen, 1996
Family Lernaeidae
Lamproglena pulchella von Nordmann, 1832
Lernaea cyprinacea L., 1758Argulus foliaceus (L., 1758) was recorded from gills of the three carp species:C. idella [27],C. carpio [25, 27], andH. molitrix [27] as well as from fins ofC. auratus [58].A. foliaceus was reported for the first time in Iraq [70] from skin ofC. carpio from Al-Zaafaraniya Fish-Culture Station andC. luteus (reported asB. luteus) from Al-Habbaniyah Lake [70].A. foliaceus has so far 16 fish host species in Iraq [17].Dermoergasilus varicoleus Ho, Jayarajan & Radhakrishnan, 1992, was recorded from gills ofL. abu [31, 40]. This crustacean was reported for the first time in Iraq from gills ofL. abu from Shatt Al-Arab River [109].D. varicoleus has so far nine fish host species in Iraq [17].Ergasilus barbi Rahemo, 1982, was recorded from gills ofL. abu [46]. This crustacean was firstly detected from gills ofB. grypus from Tigris River at Mosul city by Fattohy [75] and its full description as a new species was achieved by Rahemo [110].E. barbi has so far 13 fish host species in Iraq [17].Ergasilus mosulensis Rahemo, 1982, was recorded from gills of the three carp species,C. idella [27],C. carpio [27], andH. molitrix [27] as well as gills ofL. abu [46]. This crustacean was firstly detected from gills ofL. abu from Tigris River at Mosul city by Fattohy [75] and its full description as a new species was achieved by Rahemo [110].E. mosulensis has so far 23 fish host species in Iraq [17].Ergasilus sieboldi von Nordmann, 1832, was recorded from gills, buccal cavity, and skin of the three carp species:C. idella [27, 29],C. carpio [25, 27, 29, 51, 55], andH. molitrix [27, 29, 56]. The first report ofE. sieboldi in Iraq was from gills ofL. vorax (reported asA. vorax) from Al-Habbaniyah Lake [70].E. sieboldi has so far 26 fish host species in Iraq [17].Ergasilus sp. was recorded fromL. abu [50] with no mention to site of infection. In addition to 11 species ofErgasilus so far recorded from fishes of Iraq, some specimens of unidentifiedErgasilus species were also reported from 12 fish species in Iraq [17].Paraergasilus inflatus Ho, Khamees & Mhaisen, 1996, was recorded from gills ofH. molitrix [27]. This crustacean was reported as a new species from gill rakers ofL. abu from Shatt Al-Arab River [111].D. varicoleus has so far seven fish host species in Iraq [17].Lamproglena pulchella von Nordmann, 1832, was recorded from gills ofC. carpio [27]. The first report ofL. pulchella in Iraq was from gills ofChondrostoma regium andCapoeta trutta(reported asVaricorhinus trutta) from Tigris River at Mosul city [112].L. pulchella has so far 19 fish host species in Iraq [17].Lernaea cyprinacea L., 1758, was recorded from skin, fins, and gills of the three carp species,C. idella [24, 27–29, 43, 51],C. carpio [6, 25–31, 39, 41, 43, 44, 48, 51, 53–55, 57, 61, 63], andH. molitrix [21, 27–29, 43], as well as from gills ofL. abu [23]. The first report of the anchor wormL. cyprinacea in Iraq was from skin, fins, buccal cavity, pharyngeal cavity, gills, and anus of seven freshwater fish species from Al-Zaafaraniya Fish-Culture Station [113].L. cyprinacea is the commonest crustacean among fishes of Iraq as it has so far 30 fish host species in Iraq [17].


## 5.11. Phylum Mollusca

The phylum Mollusca is represented in farm fishes of Babylon province with only one parasite species of the genusUnio. The systematic account of this parasite, followed by parasite-host list, is given here.Phylum MolluscaClass Bivalvia
Order Unionoida
Family Unionidae
Unio pictorum (Linnaeus, 1758)Unio pictorum (Linnaeus, 1758) was recorded from gills of bothC. carpio [27, 29] andH. molitrix [27]. The first report of the glochidial larvae ofU. pictorum in Iraq was from gills of eight freshwater fish species from Diyala River [104]. It is appropriate to mention here that the authority ofU. pictorum was erroneously stated as Zhadin, 1938, in all the Iraqi literature except Al-Salmany [71].U. pictorum has so far 24 fish host species in Iraq [17].


## 6. Host-Parasite List

The following host-parasite list for fish parasites in fish farms of Babylon province is compiled. For each host, the scientific names of all recorded parasites are alphabetically enlisted under their major parasitic groups. To economize space, references of previous records for each parasite species are not given here. These can be obtained from the account of each concerned parasite species in the part of major groups of parasitic fauna within the results and discussion part.


### 6.1.Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758

Mastigophora:Ichthyobodo necator.
Apicomplexa:Eimeria dogieli,E. mylopharyngodoni, andHaemogregarina sp.
Ciliophora:Apiosoma amoebae,A. cylindriformis,A. minuta,A. piscicola,A. poteriformis,Chilodonella cyprini,Ichthyophthirius multifiliis,Trichodina cottidarum,T. domerguei,T. gracilis,T. nigra, andTripartiella amurensis.
Myxozoa:Myxobilatus legeri,Myxobolus muelleri,M. oviformis, andM. pfeifferi.
Trematoda:Apharyngostrigea cornu,Diplostomum paraspathaceum, andD. spathaceum.
Monogenea:Dactylogyrus achmerowi,D. amurensis,D. anchoratus,D. arcuatus,D. barbioides,D. cornu,D. crassus,D. dogieli,D. ergensi,D. extensus,D. gobii,D. inexpectatus,D. jamansajensis,D. lamellatus,D. latituba,D. lopuchinae,D. minutus,D. navicularis,D. phoxini,D. propinquus,D. sahuensis,D. simplex,D. skrjabini,D. vastator,Dactylogyrus spp.,Diplozoon paradoxum,Diplozoonsp.,Eudiplozoon nipponicum,Gyrodactylus baicalensis,G. elegans,G. kherulensis,G. macracanthus,G. malmbergi,G. markewitschi,G. medius,G. menschikowi,G. salaris,G. sprostonae,G. vicinus,Paradiplozoon barbi, andPseudacolpenteron pavlovskii.
Cestoda:Bothriocephalus acheilognathi,Ligula intestinalis,Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus,Proteocephalus osculatus, andP. torulosus.
Nematoda:Contracaecum sp.,Cucullanus cyprini, andRhabdochona hellichi.
Acanthocephala:Neoechinorhynchus iraqensis andN. rutili.
Crustacea:Argulus foliaceus,Ergasilus mosulensis,E. sieboldi,Lamproglena pulchella, andLernaea cyprinacea.
Mollusca:Unio pictorum.


### 6.2.Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844)

Ciliophora:Apiosoma amoebae,A. cylindriformis,A. piscicola,A. poteriformis,Chilodonella cyprini,Ichthyophthirius multifiliis,Trichodina domerguei, andT. nigra.
Myxozoa:Myxobolus pfeifferi.
Trematoda:Diplostomum paraspathaceum andD. spathaceum.
Monogenea:Dactylogyrus arcuatus,D. ctenopharyngodonis,D. extensus,D. inexpectatus,D. lamellatus,D. latituba,D. vastator,Dactylogyrus sp.,Gyrodactylus ctenopharyngodontis,G. elegans, andG. kherulensis.
Cestoda:Bothriocephalus acheilognathi andLigula intestinalis.
Nematoda:Rhabdochona hellichi.
Acanthocephala:Neoechinorhynchus rutili.
Crustacea:Argulus foliaceus,Ergasilus mosulensis,E. sieboldi, andLernaea cyprinacea.


### 6.3.Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844)

Ciliophora:Apiosoma amoebae,A. cylindriformis,A. piscicola,Chilodonella cyprini,Ichthyophthirius multifiliis,Trichodina cottidarum,T. domerguei, andT. nigra.
Myxozoa:Myxobolus pfeifferi.
Trematoda:Diplostomum indistinctum andD. spathaceum.
Monogenea:Dactylogyrus extensus,D. hypophthalmichthys,D. inexpectatus,D. latituba,D. skrjabini,Gyrodactylus elegans,G. macracanthus,G. malmbergi, andPseudacolpenteron pavlovskii.
Nematoda:Rhabdochona hellichi.
Acanthocephala:Neoechinorhynchus rutili.
Crustacea:Argulus foliaceus,Ergasilus mosulensis,E. sieboldi,Lernaea cyprinacea, andParaergasilus inflatus.
Mollusca:Unio pictorum.


### 6.4.Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Crustacea:Argulus foliaceus.


### 6.5.Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794)

Trematoda:Ascocotyle coleostoma.


### 6.6.Liza abu (Heckel, 1843)

Ciliophora:Trichodina domerguei andTrichodina sp.
Myxozoa:Myxobolus dogieli andM. pfeifferi.
Monogenea:Gyrodactylus elegans andMicrocotyle donavini.
Nematoda:Contracaecum sp.
Acanthocephala:Neoechinorhynchus iraqensis.
Crustacea:Dermoergasilus varicoleus,Ergasilus barbi,E. mosulensis,Ergasilus sp., andLernaea cyprinacea.


## 6.1.Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758

Mastigophora:Ichthyobodo necator.
Apicomplexa:Eimeria dogieli,E. mylopharyngodoni, andHaemogregarina sp.
Ciliophora:Apiosoma amoebae,A. cylindriformis,A. minuta,A. piscicola,A. poteriformis,Chilodonella cyprini,Ichthyophthirius multifiliis,Trichodina cottidarum,T. domerguei,T. gracilis,T. nigra, andTripartiella amurensis.
Myxozoa:Myxobilatus legeri,Myxobolus muelleri,M. oviformis, andM. pfeifferi.
Trematoda:Apharyngostrigea cornu,Diplostomum paraspathaceum, andD. spathaceum.
Monogenea:Dactylogyrus achmerowi,D. amurensis,D. anchoratus,D. arcuatus,D. barbioides,D. cornu,D. crassus,D. dogieli,D. ergensi,D. extensus,D. gobii,D. inexpectatus,D. jamansajensis,D. lamellatus,D. latituba,D. lopuchinae,D. minutus,D. navicularis,D. phoxini,D. propinquus,D. sahuensis,D. simplex,D. skrjabini,D. vastator,Dactylogyrus spp.,Diplozoon paradoxum,Diplozoonsp.,Eudiplozoon nipponicum,Gyrodactylus baicalensis,G. elegans,G. kherulensis,G. macracanthus,G. malmbergi,G. markewitschi,G. medius,G. menschikowi,G. salaris,G. sprostonae,G. vicinus,Paradiplozoon barbi, andPseudacolpenteron pavlovskii.
Cestoda:Bothriocephalus acheilognathi,Ligula intestinalis,Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus,Proteocephalus osculatus, andP. torulosus.
Nematoda:Contracaecum sp.,Cucullanus cyprini, andRhabdochona hellichi.
Acanthocephala:Neoechinorhynchus iraqensis andN. rutili.
Crustacea:Argulus foliaceus,Ergasilus mosulensis,E. sieboldi,Lamproglena pulchella, andLernaea cyprinacea.
Mollusca:Unio pictorum.


## 6.2.Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844)

Ciliophora:Apiosoma amoebae,A. cylindriformis,A. piscicola,A. poteriformis,Chilodonella cyprini,Ichthyophthirius multifiliis,Trichodina domerguei, andT. nigra.
Myxozoa:Myxobolus pfeifferi.
Trematoda:Diplostomum paraspathaceum andD. spathaceum.
Monogenea:Dactylogyrus arcuatus,D. ctenopharyngodonis,D. extensus,D. inexpectatus,D. lamellatus,D. latituba,D. vastator,Dactylogyrus sp.,Gyrodactylus ctenopharyngodontis,G. elegans, andG. kherulensis.
Cestoda:Bothriocephalus acheilognathi andLigula intestinalis.
Nematoda:Rhabdochona hellichi.
Acanthocephala:Neoechinorhynchus rutili.
Crustacea:Argulus foliaceus,Ergasilus mosulensis,E. sieboldi, andLernaea cyprinacea.


## 6.3.Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844)

Ciliophora:Apiosoma amoebae,A. cylindriformis,A. piscicola,Chilodonella cyprini,Ichthyophthirius multifiliis,Trichodina cottidarum,T. domerguei, andT. nigra.
Myxozoa:Myxobolus pfeifferi.
Trematoda:Diplostomum indistinctum andD. spathaceum.
Monogenea:Dactylogyrus extensus,D. hypophthalmichthys,D. inexpectatus,D. latituba,D. skrjabini,Gyrodactylus elegans,G. macracanthus,G. malmbergi, andPseudacolpenteron pavlovskii.
Nematoda:Rhabdochona hellichi.
Acanthocephala:Neoechinorhynchus rutili.
Crustacea:Argulus foliaceus,Ergasilus mosulensis,E. sieboldi,Lernaea cyprinacea, andParaergasilus inflatus.
Mollusca:Unio pictorum.


## 6.4.Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Crustacea:Argulus foliaceus.


## 6.5.Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794)

Trematoda:Ascocotyle coleostoma.


## 6.6.Liza abu (Heckel, 1843)

Ciliophora:Trichodina domerguei andTrichodina sp.
Myxozoa:Myxobolus dogieli andM. pfeifferi.
Monogenea:Gyrodactylus elegans andMicrocotyle donavini.
Nematoda:Contracaecum sp.
Acanthocephala:Neoechinorhynchus iraqensis.
Crustacea:Dermoergasilus varicoleus,Ergasilus barbi,E. mosulensis,Ergasilus sp., andLernaea cyprinacea.



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*Source: 7170534-2016-07-31.xml*