# NLO and NBO Analysis of Sarcosine-Maleic Acid by Using HF and B3LYP Calculations

Authors: N. Günay; H. Pir; D.  Avcı; Y. Atalay
Journal: Journal of Chemistry
 (2013)

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## Abstract

We report a theoretical study on molecular structure, vibrational spectra, nonlinear optical (NLO), and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of sarcosine-maleic acid (C7H11NO6) in the ground state calculated by using the Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional method (DFT/B3LYP) with 6–31++G(d,p) basis set. We repeat NBO calculations with 6–31G(d,p) basis set so as to see the diffuse function impact on NBO analysis. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugative interactions and charge delocalization has been analyzed using NBO analysis. NBO analysis shows that there is a O–H⋯O and N–H⋯O hydrogen bond in the title compound, which is consistent with the conclusion obtained by the analysis of molecular structure. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs within the molecule. Also, these results are supported by the NLO parameters. Finally, the calculated results were applied to simulate infrared and Raman spectra of the title compound which showed good agreement with experimental ones.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The development of organic NLO materials for device applications requires a multidisciplinary effort involving both theoretical and experimental studies in the fields of chemistry, physics, and engineering. Quantum-chemical calculations have made an important contribution to the understanding of the electronic polarization underlying the molecular NLO processes and the establishment of structure-property relationships [1, 2]. Reliable structure-property relationships, where property here refers to linear polarizability (〈α〉), and first-(〈β〉) are required for the rational design of optimized materials for photonic devices such as electrooptic modulators and all-optical switches.Nonlinearity in organic chromophores can be synthetically modulated by varying the composition or length of conjugatedπ-systems, and by evaluating the effects of various electron-donor and -acceptor groups. However, the electron richness or deficiency of the aromatic rings cannot be predicted reliably on the basis of the calculated ring atom charge densities as these quantities are rather sensitive to the quality of the basis sets employed. Since the NLO properties depend on the extent of charge transfer (CT) interaction across the conjugative paths and the electron transfer ability of an aromatic ring depends primarily on its ionization potential (IP) and electron affinity (EA) which, in the framework of MO theory and Koopman’s theorem, are, respectively, equal to the negative of HOMO and LUMO energies, a reliable trend of the electron releasing/withdrawing strengths of the heterocycles may be predicted on the basis of the calculated frontier orbital energies [3, 4].Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis [5] was originated as a technique for studying hybridization and covalency effects in polyatomic wave functions. The work of Foster and Weinhold was extended by Reed et al., who employed NBO analysis that exhibited particularly H-bonded and other strongly bound van der Waals complexes [6]. Ab initio wave functions transformed to NBO form are found to be in good agreement with Lewis structure concepts and with the basic Pauling-Slater-Coulson picture [7, 8] of bond hybridization and polarization. The filled NBOs σ of the “natural Lewis structure” are well adapted to describing covalency effects in molecules [6]. However, the general transformation to NBOs also leads to orbitals that are unoccupied in the formal Lewis structure and that may be used to describe noncovalent effects. The symbols σ and σ* are used in a generic sense to refer to filled and unfilled orbitals of the formal Lewis structure, though the former orbitals may actually be core orbitals (c), lone pairs (n), σ or π bonds (σ,π), and so forth, and the latter may be σ or π antibonds (σ*, π*), extravalence-shell Rydberg (r) orbitals, and so forth, according to the specific case.The antibonds represent unused valence-shell capacity, spanning portions of the atomic valence space that are formally unsaturated by covalent bond formation. The noncovalent delocalization effects are associated withσ→σ* interactions between filled (donor) and unfilled (acceptor) orbitals, it is natural to describe them as being of “donor-acceptor”, charge transfer, or generalized “Lewis base-Lewis acid” type.Sarcosine, also known asN-methylglycine (CH3NH2+CH2OO)-, is a natural amino acid inhibiting two hydrogen atoms which are located at the nitrogen atom. There have been several reports investigating qualitatively the crystal structure of sarcosine in pure [9] and made on several crystalline complexes with organic and inorganic acids derivatives [10–17]. This amino acid is found naturally in starfish, sea urchins and in the antibiotic actinomycin [18], and is also used in certain cosmetics [19]. It is used in manufacturing biodegradable surfactants and toothpastes as well as in other applications.Maleic acid ((Z)-Butenedionic acid) is an organic compound (sometimes named a dicarboxylic acid), a molecule with two carboxyl groups. Maleic acid is thecis isomer of butenedioic acid, whereas fumaric acid is the trans isomer of it [20]. It is mainly used as a precursor to fumaric acid, but unlike its parent maleic anhydride, maleic acid enjoys few applications. This acid is naturally present in honey and over the years has been subjected to extensive investigation by several researchers [21].There are a number of quantum-chemical approaches for computing molecular nonlinearity and NBO analysis with different reliabilities [6, 22–31]. It has been demonstrated that the calculation results of these approaches are consistent with the experiments.DFT methods, particularly hybrid functional methods, have evolved to powerful quantum chemical tool for the determination of the electronic structure of molecules [32–34]. In the framework of DFT approach, different exchange and correlation functionals are routinely used. Among these, the B3LYP combination which is developed by modifying the exchange functional in the hybrid BLYP method is the most used since it proved its ability in reproducing various molecular properties, including vibrational spectra. The combined use of B3LYP functional and standard basis sets provide an excellent agreement between accuracy and computational efficiency of spectroscopic properties for large and medium size molecules.The FT-IR, FT-Raman, and X-ray crystallography of sarcosine-maleic acid was discussed in detail [18]. In spite of its importance, mentioned above, there is not any theoretical calculation on the sarcosine-maleic acid. Therefore, we made a deep investigation and studied the structure, vibrational frequencies and frontier molecular orbital energies, NLO, and NBO analysis of the title compound. The evaluations have been performed by means of the HF and DFT/B3LYP level of theory. Also, the chemical hardness (η) and softness (S) and electronegativity (χ) parameters have been obtained by using molecular frontier orbital energies.


## 2. Computational Details

The molecular structures of the title compound in the ground state are optimized HF and B3LYP with 6–31++G(d,p) basis set, then vibrational frequencies for optimized molecular structures have been calculated. The vibrational frequencies for these species are scaled by 0.9131 and 1.0013 for low-frequency vibrations and 0.8970 and 0.9614 for the rest of vibrations, respectively [35]. The RMS (root mean square) force criterion to 3×10-4 and the SCF convergence criteria set to RMSDP = 12×10-4 and MAXDP = 18×10-4 (the maximum absolute value change for individual density matrix elements between two successive SCF cycles). Also, the total static dipole moment (μ), 〈α〉, 〈β〉 values were calculated by using the following equations [28, 29, 31]:
(1)μ=(μx2+μy2+μz2)1/2,〈α〉=13(αxx+αyy+αzz),Δα=((αxx-αyy)2+(αyy-αzz)2+(αzz-αxx)22)1/2,〈β〉=(βx2+βy2+βz2)1/2,
where
(2)βx=βxxx+βxyy+βxzz,βy=βyyy+βxxy+βyzz,βz=βzzz+βxxz+βyyz.By using HOMO and LUMO energy values for a molecule, electronegativity, and chemical hardness can be calculated as follows:χ=(I+A)/2 (electronegativity), η=(I-A)/2 (chemical hardness), S=1/2η (chemical softness) where I and A are ionization potential and electron affinity, and I=-EHOMO and A=-ELUMO, respectively [36, 37].The natural bonding orbitals (NBO) calculations [38] were performed using NBO 3.1 program [39] as implemented in the Gaussian 09 package [40] at the HF and DFT methods with 6–31++G(d,p) and 6–31G(d,p) levels. The second-order Fock matrix was used to evaluate the donor-acceptor interactions in the NBO basis [41]. The interactions result in a loss of occupancy from the localized NBO of the idealized Lewis structure into an empty non-Lewis orbital. For each donor (i) and acceptor (j), the stabilization energy E(2) associated with the delocalization i→j is estimated as
(3)E(2)=ΔEij=qiF(i,j)2εj-εi′,
where qi is the donor orbital occupancy, εi and εj are diagonal elements and F(i,j) is the off-diagonal NBO Fock matrix element.All the calculations are performed by using Gauss-View molecular visualization program [42] and Gaussian 09 program package [40].The conversion factors forα, β, γ, and HOMO and LUMO energies in atomic and cgs units: 1 atomic unit (a.u.) = 0.1482×10-24 electrostatic unit (esu) for polarizability; 1 a.u. = 8.6393×10-33 esu for first hyperpolarizability; 1 a.u. = 27.2116 eV (electron volt) for HOMO and LUMO energies.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Geometric Structure

Sarcosine-maleic acid is chemically related to C7H11NO6 empirical formula. The molecule is monoclinic with the cell parameters of a=22.754(5)Å, α=90°, b=5.8830(10)Å, β=96.56(3)°, c=13.628(3)Å, and γ=90° [18]. The optimized geometric parameters (bond lengths and angles) by using HF and B3LYP method with 6–31++G(d,p) basis set are listed in Table 1 and are compared with the experimental data of the title compound. Figures 1(a) and 1(b) depict the experimental and theoretical structure of sarcosine-maleic acid.Table 1
Selected experimental and theoretical bond lengths and angles for sarcosine-maleic acid.
Parameters
Exp. [43]
Exp.
Exp.
Theoretical (6–31G++(d,p))
HF
B3LYP
Bond lengths (Å)
Sarcosine
N1–C2
1.4818 (19)
1.481 (2) [9]
1.485 (3) [44]
1.474
1.469
N1–C3
1.4973 (19)
1.484 (2) [9]
1.485 (3) [44]
1.477
1.475
C1–C2
1.512 (2)
1.525 (2) [9]
1.497 (3) [44]
1.510
1.514
C1–O1
1.3099 (19)
1.271 (2) [9]
1.297 (3) [44]
1.310
1.346
C1–O2
1.2178 (18)
1.239 (2) [9]
1.297 (3) [44]
1.189
1.213
Maleic acid
C4–C5
1.500 (2)
1.473 (5)  [45]
1.470 (5) [46]
1.507
1.507
C4–O3
1.2607 (19)
1.208 (6)  [45]
1.217 (4) [46]
1.192
1.217
C4–O4
1.2640 (19)
1.303 (5)  [45]
1.321 (5) [46]
1.309
1.335
O4–O5
—
2.427 (4)  [45]
2.475 (4) [46]
2.583
2.625
O4–H11
—
1.030  [45]
0.940 (5) [46]
0.966
0.986
O5–H11
0.840
1.400  [45]
1.530 (5) [46]
1.627
1.652
C5–C6
1.338 (2)
1.318 (5)  [45]
1.340 (5) [46]
1.329
1.348
C6–C7
1.497 (2)
1.480 (5)  [45]
1.487 (5) [46]
1.505
1.489
C7–O5
1.2913 (19)
1.258 (4) [45]
1.286 (4) [46]
1.271
1.336
C7–O6
1.2317 (18)
1.250 (4)  [45]
1.220 (4) [46]
1.219
1.225
Bond Angles (o)
Sarcosine
N1–C2–C1
110.66 (11)
111.40 (2) [9]
111.55 (18) [44]
108.71
110.01
C2–C1–O1
112.39 (12)
115.20 (2) [9]
111.4 (2) [44]
112.07
111.78
C2–C1–O2
121.80 (13)
118.70 (2) [9]
122.8 (2) [44]
122.65
124.45
O1–C1–O2
125.80 (14)
126.10 (2) [9]
125.7 (2) [44]
125.12
123.74
C3–N1–C2
111.86 (11)
112.90 (2) [9]
114.31 (18) [44]
114.74
113.10
Maleic acid
C4–C5–C6
129.39 (14)
131.5 (3)  [45]
131.7 (4) [46]
133.53
134.81
C4–O4–H11
—
108.0  [45]
107.0 (3) [46]
112.35
111.47
C5–C4–O3
116.99 (13)
120.0 (4)  [45]
119.3 (3) [46]
118.01
118.05
C5–C4–O4
121.13 (14)
119.2 (4)  [45]
120.4 (3) [46]
120.15
120.71
C5–C6–C7
130.71 (14)
130.6 (3)  [45]
131.7 (4) [46]
131.61
132.68
C6–C7–O5
120.33 (13)
120.9 (3)  [45]
118.8 (3) [46]
119.24
116.98
C6–C7–O6
118.94 (13)
117.0 (3) [45]
118.4 (3) [46]
117.13
120.46
O3–C4–O4
121.87 (14)
120.8 (4)  [45]
120.3 (3) [46]
121.84
121.24
O5–C7–O6
120.72 (14)
122.1 (3)  [45]
122.8 (3) [46]
123.64
122.57
C7–O5–H11
109.5
—
—
113.49
114.97(a) The experimental structure of the sarcosine-maleic acid crystal and the atoms numbering scheme [18]. (b) The calculated geometric structure of the sarcosine-maleic acid.
(a)
(b)The crystal structure of a complex of sarcosine with maleic acid have already been reported [43]. Also, the bond lengths and angles for the sarcosine were taken from the work of Mostad and Natarajan [9] and Krishnakumar et al. [44] and for the maleic acid were taken from Franklin and Balasubramanian[45] and Zhang et al. [46]. O–H bond lengths (0.940 and 1.530 Å) in the maleic acid were taken from the work of Zhang et al. [46]. For the title molecule, the O–H⋯O bond lengths predicted by HF/6–31++G(d,p) method are 0.966 and 1.627 Å and there are 0.986 and 1.652 Å for B3LYP/6–31++G(d,p) method and it shows good agreement with the experimental data of 0.940 and 1.530 Å. In the study the N–H⋯O bond is calculated at 2.588 Å and 2.578 Å with HF and B3LYP method, respectively. But, this bond between sarcosine and maleic acid was not observed experimentally. According to the results in Table 1, the bond lenghts and angles calculated by HF and B3LYP methods are in good agreement with the experimental values. Moreover, the result suggests that all the calculated bond lengths for this complex are overestimated to some extent.


### 3.2. Assignments of the Vibration Modes

Ilczyszyn et al. have recently investigated the Raman and infrared spectra of the title compound, and have assigned bands vibrations [18]. The experimental vibrational frequencies of sarcosine-maleic acid have been reported [18], and the experimental values are listed in Table 2, accompanied by the calculated data. The agreement between experimental and calculated frequencies for the monomer is excellent. Although different theoretical level gives different frequencies, seeing frequencies do not change the overall picture. The vibrational frequencies calculated by HF method are always higher than those computed by B3LYP method; no matter what basis sets are used. The HF frequencies are in worse agreement with experimental fundamentals than the other method since electron correlation in the HF calculations is neglected. The performance of local- and gradient-corrected DFT in calculating vibrational frequencies has shown that the computing vibrational frequencies provide good agreement with experimental fundamental ones.Table 2
Comparison of the observed and calculated vibrational spectra for sarcosine-maleic acid.
Assignments
Experimental (cm−1) [18]
Theoretical with 6-31G++(d,p) basis set
IR
R
HF
B3LYP
ν
(O–H)
3428
—
3744
3603
ν(N–H)
3189
3190
3369
3361
ν(O–H)
2764
2787
3333
3283
ν(C–H)
3059
3058
3077
—
ν(C–H)
2849
—
3068
—
ν
a(C–H2)
2963
2965
3050
3084
ν
a(C–H3)
3015
3014
3041
—
ν
a(C–H3)
2924
—
3031
—
ν
a(C–H2)
2982
—
2958
3024
ν
s(C–H3)
2887
2909
2949
2989
ν
s(C–H2)
—
2816
—
2980
ν(O–H)
2420
2420
2292
1899
ν(C=O)
1719
—
1835
1743
ν(C=O)
1692
1694
1826
1717
ν(C=O), νs(C=C), δ(N–H2)
1613
1610
1717
1656
ν
s(C=C), δ(N–H2)
—
—
—
1605
δ(N–H2)
—
—
—
—
ν (C=O), νs(C=C), γ(N–H2)
—
—
1662
—
γ(N–H2), (C=O)
1574
—
1589
1527
ρ(C–H), γ(C–H2), t(N–H2), ρ(O–H)
1491
1494
1497
—
δ(C–H3)
1464
1466
1461
1457
δ(C–H3)
1448
1456
1452
1449
δ(C–H2), υ(COO)
1433
-
1424
1432
δ(C–H2)
1418
1420
1379
1423
δ(C–H3)
1397
1394
1297
1397
δ(C–H3), ρ(C–H), ρ(O–H), ν(C–C)
—
—
—
—
ρ(C–H), γ(C–H2), t(N–H2)
—
—
1287
—
ρ(C–H), ρ(O–H)
—
—
—
—
t(N–H2), ρ(O–H), γ(C–H2)
1369
1370
1224
1354
t(C–H2), ρ(N–H2)
1340
—
—
1302
ρ(C–H)
1273
1267
—
—
υ(C–OH), γ(C–H2), γ(N–H2)
1296
1286
1214
1267
ν(C–C), ρ(O–H), γ(C–H2)
—
—
1205
1250
t(C–H2), γ(N–H2)
—
—
—
1224
t(C–H2), ρ(N–H2)
—
—
—
—
ρ(C–H)
1208
1206
—
1172
t(C–H2), γ(C–H3)
1142
1150
1178
1163
t(C–H2), γ(C–H3)
—
—
—
1129
ν(C–N–C)
—
—
1077
1077
t(C–H2), γ(C–H3), γ(N–H2)
1048
1047
—
1013
ν(C–N)
1192
—
—
—
t(C–H)
1180
1176
1050
986
ρ(C–H), γ(N–H2), γ(C–H3)
—
—
—
—
ν(C–N–C)
—
—
—
—
ν(C–C), ρ(C–H)
—
—
—
—
ρ(N–H)
—
—
—
—
γ(C–H3), γ(N–H2)
—
—
—
—
γ(C–H2), γ(O–H)
961
962
1004
—
t(C–H3), γ(N–H2)
—
—
—
—
ν(C–C)
916
915
940
878
γ(N–H2), ρ(C–H)
—
—
—
—
γ(C–C)
885
889
813
842
γ(C–H)
876
876
—
—
W(N–H2), ρ(C–H)
868
—
—
—
ν(C–C), ρ(N–H)
—
—
—
—
ρ(O–H)
—
—
—
824
(C–C),ρ(N–H)
—
—
—
—
t(C=C), γ(O–H)
—
—
—
788
ρ(C–H2), ρ(N–H), γ(COO)
655
654
594
—
γ(O–H)
—
—
—
779
δ(COO)
—
—
—
—
δ(COO)
600
600
584
—
δ(COO), ρ(C–H)
588
590
—
—
δ(COO), ρ(C–H)
—
—
—
—
γ(C–H)
—
—
—
—
ρ(C–H2)
—
—
447
590
ρ(C–H2)
—
—
438
527
Vibrational modes:ν: stretching; a: asymmetric; s: symmetric; ρ: rocking; δ: scissoring;  w: wagging; t: twisting; γ: in-plane deformation.The group of bands in the 3150–3000cm-1 region in the infrared and Raman spectra of both compounds can be assigned to C–H stretching modes. The C–H bands have been calculated at around 3077–2949 cm−1 using HF and 3084–2980 cm-1 using B3LYP method with 6–31++G(d,p) basis set.The ionised carboxylic group of semimaleate ion has characteristic antisymmetric stretching vibration at approximately 1574 cm−1 and symmetric stretching vibration at approximately 1433 cm−1 [18]. These bands have been calculated at 1589 cm−1and 1527 cm−1 for HF level. In the infrared spectra of Ilczyszyn et al. with the numerous submaxima at 3189, 2764, 2702, 2652, 2573, and 2420 cm−1 was assigned to the ν(O–H) (inter) and ν(N–H) modes. However, we have calculated them at 3369, 3333, and 2292 cm−1 with HF level and at 3361, 3283, and 1899 cm−1 with B3LYP level.The comparative IR and Raman spectra of experimental and calculated HF and DFT are given in Figures2 and 3, respectively. As can be seen from Table 2 and Figures 2 and 3 there is good agreement with experimental and theoretical ones.Figure 2
(a) The experimental FT-IR spectrum [18]. (b) The calculated IR spectra of sarcosine-maleic acid.Figure 3
(a) The experimental FT-Raman spectrum [18]. (b) The calculated Raman spectra of sarcosine-maleic acid.


### 3.3. Natural Bonding Orbital (NBO) Analysis

The NBO analysis provides an efficient method for studying intra- and intermolecular bonding and interaction among bonds, and also enables a convenient basis for investigating charge transfer or conjugative interaction in molecular systems.NBO analysis provides the most accurate “natural Lewis structure” picture ofj, because all orbital details are mathematically chosen to include the highest possible percentage of the electron density (ED). NBO calculation was performed at the HF/6–31++G(d,p), HF/6–31G(d,p), DFT/B3LYP/6–31++G(d,p), and DFT/B3LYP/6–31G(d,p) levels. According to Goodman and Sauers, NBO results are more susceptible when using a balanced-basis set [47]. The most important interaction between filled (donor) Lewis-type NBOs and empty (acceptor) non-Lewis NBOs is reported in Table 3. The second-order perturbation theory analysis of Fock matrix in the NBO basis of the molecule has also been performed in Table 4.Table 3
(a) Selected NBO results showing formation of Lewis and non-Lewis orbitals for sarcosine-maleic acid by using the HF method with 6-31++G(d,p) and 6-31G(d,p) basis sets. (b) Selected NBO results showing formation of Lewis and non-Lewis orbitals for sarcosine-maleic acid by using the B3LYP method with 6-31++G(d,p) and 6-31G(d,p) basis sets.
(a)
HF/6-31++G(d,p)
HF/6-31G(d,p)
%
%s
%p
%d
H.O
%
%s
%p
%d
H.O
H10–C6
H
37.96
99.91
0.09
s
37.62
99.91
0.09
s
C
62.04
29.37
70.55
0.08
sp2.40
62.38
28.72
71.20
0.08
sp2.48
H9–C5
H
38.18
99.91
0.09
s
37.82
99.91
0.09
s
C
61.82
29.51
70.41
0.08
sp2.39
62.18
28.84
71.08
0.08
sp2.46
O6=C7
σ
O
65.79
43.45
55.97
0.58
sp1.29
66.34
44.55
54.93
0.52
sp1.23
C
34.21
33.86
65.97
0.17
sp1.95
33.66
33.61
66.21
0.19
sp1.97
π
O
72.82
0.00
99.49
0.51
p
72.27
0.01
99.48
0.51
p
C
27.18
0.00
99.67
0.33
p
27.73
0.01
99.64
0.35
p
C7–C6
C
47.74
36.39
63.47
0.14
sp1.74
47.14
36.74
63.13
0.13
sp1.72
C
52.26
30.53
69.36
0.11
sp2.27
52.86
31.10
68.78
0.11
sp2.21
C7–O5
C
31.79
29.63
70.14
0.23
sp2.37
31.46
29.55
70.20
0.25
sp2.38
O
68.21
34.59
65.02
0.40
sp1.88
68.54
35.37
64.29
0.34
sp1.82
C6–C5
σ
C
50.07
40.16
59.76
0.08
sp1.49
50.04
40.16
59.76
0.08
sp1.49
C
49.93
39.69
60.23
0.08
sp1.52
49.96
39.71
60.21
0.08
sp1.52
π
C
49.98
0.00
99.87
0.13
p
49.96
0.00
99.86
0.14
p
C
50.02
0.00
99.87
0.13
p
50.04
0.01
99.86
0.14
p
C5–C4
C
52.39
30.88
69.01
0.11
sp2.24
52.79
31.45
68.44
0.11
sp2.18
C
47.61
35.44
64.42
0.14
sp1.82
47.21
35.94
63.92
0.14
sp1.78
C4–O4
C
32.92
31.14
68.53
0.33
sp2.20
32.22
30.66
68.98
0.36
sp2.25
O
67.08
38.14
61.73
0.14
sp1.62
67.78
38.65
61.25
0.09
sp1.58
C4–O3
σ
C
33.86
33.37
66.46
0.18
sp1.99
33.42
33.31
66.49
0.20
sp2
O
66.14
42.10
57.39
0.52
sp1.36
66.58
43.53
55.99
0.48
sp1.29
π
C
22.45
0.02
99.60
0.38
p
23.91
0.00
99.60
0.40
p
O
77.55
0.03
99.56
0.41
p
76.09
0.00
99.57
0.43
p
O5–H11
O
79.8
30.76
68.89
0.34
sp2.24
79.70
30.44
69.25
0.31
sp2.27
H
20.11
99.80
0.20
s
20.30
99.79
0.21
s
C3–H7
C
61.85
30.76
68.89
0.34
sp2.24
61.57
25.65
74.25
0.10
sp2.90
H
38.15
99.80
0.20
s
38.43
99.91
0.09
s
C3–N1
C
34.74
20.92
78.89
0.19
sp3.77
34.81
21.68
78.13
0.19
sp3.60
N
65.26
26.54
73.28
0.18
sp2.76
65.19
26.78
73.06
0.16
sp2.73
C2–C1
C
52.30
25.80
74.07
0.13
sp2.87
53.17
26.03
73.84
0.13
sp2.84
C
47.70
36.16
63.71
0.14
sp1.76
46.83
36.68
63.18
0.14
sp1.72
C2–H3
C
61.71
25.54
74.37
0.10
sp2.91
62.60
24.97
74.94
0.10
sp3
H
38.29
99.91
0.09
s
37.40
99.91
0.09
s
C2–H2
C
64.01
27.61
72.31
0.08
sp2.62
62.80
25.91
73.99
0.10
sp2.86
H
35.99
99.90
0.10
s
37.20
99.90
0.10
s
C2–N1
C
35.76
21.16
78.65
0.18
sp3.72
37.82
23.20
76.64
0.16
sp3.30
N
64.24
26.29
73.52
0.19
sp2.80
62.18
25.99
73.82
0.19
sp2.84
H5–N1
H
18.94
99.85
0.15
s
17.19
99.85
0.15
s
N
81.06
25.72
74.14
0.14
sp2.88
82.81
25.30
74.60
0.10
sp2.95
C1–O2
σ
C
33.80
34.21
65.62
0.17
sp1.92
33.27
32.86
66.95
0.19
sp2.04
O
66.20
43.57
55.85
0.58
sp1.28
66.73
43.30
56.15
0.55
sp1.30
π
C
25.68
0.01
99.60
0.38
p
28.19
1.11
98.53
0.36
p
O
74.32
0.08
99.38
0.54
p
71.81
1.70
97.74
0.56
p
C1–O1
C
31.29
29.66
70.11
0.23
sp2.36
30.99
29.29
70.31
0.41
sp2.40
O
68.71
36.35
63.29
0.36
sp1.74
69.01
36.91
62.99
0.11
sp1.71
O1–H1
O
77.09
24.41
75.27
0.33
sp3.08
76.04
24.44
75.46
0.10
sp3.09
H
22.91
99.83
0.17
s
23.96
99.65
0.35
s
(b)
B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p)
B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)
%
%s
%p
%d
H.O
%
%s
%p
%d
H.O
H10–C6
H
37.07
99.95
0.05
s
36.92
99.95
0.05
s
C
62.93
29.09
70.87
0.04
sp2.44
63.08
28.37
71.59
0.04
sp2.52
H9–C5
H
37.11
99.95
0.05
s
36.96
99.95
0.05
s
C
62.89
29.37
70.59
0.04
sp2.40
63.04
28.67
71.29
0.04
sp2.49
O6=C7
σ
O
64.92
39.96
59.61
0.43
sp1.49
65.55
41.16
58.47
0.38
sp1.42
C
35.08
33.77
66.13
0.10
sp1.96
34.45
33.36
66.53
0.11
sp1.99
π
O
68.57
0.01
99.66
0.34
p
67.80
0.02
99.65
0.34
p
C
31.43
0.00
99.83
0.17
p
32.20
0.01
99.81
0.18
p
C7–C6
C
47.98
36.75
63.19
0.07
sp1.72
47.34
37.28
62.65
0.07
sp1.68
C
52.02
31.17
68.78
0.05
sp2.21
52.66
31.83
68.12
0.05
sp2.14
C7–O5
C
32.69
29.37
70.49
0.15
sp2.40
32.32
29.20
70.55
0.25
sp2.42
O
67.31
32.51
67.23
0.26
sp2.07
67.68
33.44
66.49
0.07
sp1.99
C6–C5
σ
C
49.75
39.82
60.14
0.04
sp1.51
49.77
39.81
60.15
0.04
sp1.51
C
50.25
39.75
60.21
0.04
sp1.51
50.23
39.74
60.22
0.04
sp1.52
π
C
48.43
0.00
99.94
0.05
p
48.43
0.01
99.93
0.06
p
C
51.57
0.00
99.95
0.05
p
51.57
0.01
99.94
0.05
p
C5–C4
C
51.04
30.95
69.00
0.05
sp2.23
51.56
31.60
68.35
0.05
sp2.16
C
48.96
37.50
62.44
0.06
sp1.66
48.44
38.04
61.90
0.06
sp1.63
C4–O4
C
32.14
28.62
71.12
0.26
sp2.48
31.56
28.27
71.48
0.25
sp2.53
O
67.86
32.97
66.97
0.06
sp2.03
68.44
33.57
66.38
0.06
sp1.98
C4–O3
σ
C
34.92
33.85
66.06
0.09
sp1.95
34.32
33.63
66.26
0.11
sp1.97
O
65.08
39.68
59.91
0.42
sp1.51
65.68
41.06
58.57
0.37
sp1.43
π
C
29.54
0.01
99.81
0.18
p
30.76
0.00
99.81
0.19
p
O
70.46
0.01
99.67
0.32
p
69.24
0.00
99.67
0.33
p
O5–H11
O
78.67
28.00
71.74
0.26
sp2.56
78.32
27.49
72.45
0.06
sp2.64
H
21.33
99.88
0.12
s
21.68
99.75
0.25
s
O4–H4
O
82.53
30.05
69.91
0.04
sp2.33
81.87
29.39
70.57
0.04
sp2.40
H
17.47
99.73
0.27
s
18.13
99.72
0.28
s
C3–H7
C
61.89
25.56
74.38
0.05
sp2.91
61.68
24.92
75.02
0.06
sp3.01
H
38.11
99.95
0.05
s
38.32
99.95
0.05
s
C3–N1
C
37.59
22.57
77.29
0.14
sp3.42
37.92
23.17
76.70
0.13
sp3.31
N
62.41
29.68
70.28
0.04
sp2.37
62.08
29.93
70.03
0.04
sp2.34
C2–C1
C
51.17
24.91
75.02
0.06
sp3.01
52.50
25.53
74.41
0.06
sp2.91
C
48.83
37.84
62.11
0.05
sp1.64
47.50
38.02
61.92
0.06
sp1.63
C2–H3
C
62.45
25.41
74.54
0.05
sp2.93
62.72
24.80
75.15
0.05
sp3.03
H
37.55
99.95
0.05
s
37.28
99.95
0.05
s
C2–H2
C
64.49
26.69
73.27
0.04
sp2.75
62.55
25.11
74.83
0.05
sp2.98
H
35.51
99.94
0.06
s
37.45
99.95
0.05
s
C2–N1
C
39.10
23.08
76.79
0.12
sp3.33
40.33
24.65
75.24
0.11
sp3.05
N
60.90
28.84
71.11
0.05
sp2.47
59.67
28.66
71.29
0.05
sp2.49
H5–N1
H
27.79
99.89
0.11
s
27.28
99.89
0.11
s
N
72.21
24.18
75.76
0.05
sp3.13
72.72
24.46
75.48
0.05
sp3.09
C1–O2
σ
C
34.67
33.87
66.03
0.10
sp1.95
33.99
32.91
66.98
0.11
sp2.03
O
65.33
40.30
59.27
0.43
sp1.47
66.01
41.09
58.51
0.40
sp1.42
π
C
29.68
0.00
99.80
0.20
p
31.49
0.63
99.18
0.19
p
O
70.32
0.00
99.65
0.35
p
68.51
0.94
98.70
0.36
p
C1–O1
C
32.04
28.37
71.39
0.24
sp2.52
31.53
28.36
71.38
0.26
sp2.52
O
67.96
33.41
66.51
0.08
sp1.99
68.47
34.41
65.52
0.07
sp1.90
O1–H1
O
76.65
22.39
77.53
0.08
sp3.46
75.40
21.82
78.11
0.07
sp3.58
H
23.35
99.76
0.24
s
24.60
99.78
0.22
sTable 4
(a) Second-order perturbation theory analysis of Fock matrix on NBO basis for sarcosine-maleic acid by using the HF and B3LYP methods with 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. (b) Second-order perturbation theory analysis of Fock matrix on NBO basis for sarcosine-maleic acid by using the HF and B3LYP methods with 6-31G(d,p) basis set.
(a)
Donor (i)
Occupancies
Acceptor (j)
Occupancies
E(2)a (kcal/mol)
E
(
j
)
-
E
(
i
)
b (a.u.)
F
(
i
,
j
)
c (a.u.)
HF
B3LYP
HF
B3LYP
HF
B3LYP
HF
B3LYP
HF
B3LYP
σ (H10–C6)
1.976
1.971
σ
* (H9–C5)
0.009
0.011
0.87
0.63
1.48
1.00
0.032
0.023
σ (H10–C6)
1.976
1.971
σ
* (C7–O5)
0.067
0.088
5.86
5.13
1.43
0.92
0.083
0.062
σ (H10–C6)
1.976
1.971
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.014
0.017
2.53
1.49
1.68
1.16
0.058
0.037
σ (H10–C6)
1.976
1.971
σ
* (C5–C4)
0.065
0.065
8.54
7.49
1.38
0.93
0.098
0.075
σ (H9–C5)
1.977
1.972
σ
* (C7–C6)
0.063
0.076
8.69
7.03
1.37
0.92
0.098
0.073
σ (H9–C5)
1.977
1.972
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.014
0.017
2.47
1.66
1.68
1.16
0.058
0.039
σ (O6–C7)
1.983
1.996
σ
* (C7–C6)
0.063
0.076
0.85
0.77
2.07
1.45
0.038
0.030
σ (O6–C7)
1.983
1.996
σ
* (O5–H11)
0.054
0.060
1.43
1.10
2.20
1.51
0.051
0.037
π (O6–C7)
1.983
1.968
π
* (C6–C5)
0.027
0.052
6.46
6.67
0.74
0.39
0.062
0.046
σ (C7–C6)
1.985
1.986
σ
* (H9–C5)
0.009
0.011
2.34
1.81
1.65
1.14
0.056
0.041
σ (C7–C6)
1.985
1.986
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.014
0.017
2.41
1.65
1.84
1.31
0.060
0.041
π (C6–C5)
1.921
1.876
π
* (O6–C7)
0.185
0.249
17.06
1.07
0.61
1.38
0.094
0.034
π (C6–C5)
1.921
1.876
π
* (C4–O3)
0.257
0.265
18.03
1.60
0.58
1.35
0.096
0.041
σ (C4–O3)
1.996
1.996
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.014
0.017
1.26
1.14
2.34
1.71
0.049
0.040
σ (C4–O3)
1.996
1.996
σ
* (C5–C4)
0.065
0.065
0.66
1.04
2.04
1.48
0.033
0.035
π (C4–O3)
1.985
1.975
π
* (C6–C5)
0.027
0.052
5.14
5.51
0.75
0.41
0.056
0.043
π (C4–O3)
1.985
1.975
π
* (C4–O3)
0.257
0.265
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.38
0.022
0.016
σ (C4–O3)
1.985
1.996
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.014
0.017
52.66
1.14
0.03
1.71
0.098
0.040
σ (C5–C4)
1.982
1.982
σ
* (H10–C6)
0.008
0.010
2.34
1.56
1.65
1.17
0.056
0.038
σ (C5–C4)
1.982
1.982
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.014
0.017
2.27
1.82
1.84
1.32
0.058
0.044
σ (O5–H11)
1.986
1.984
σ
* (O6–C7)
0.015
0.249
7.88
6.39
2.00
1.37
0.112
0.084
σ (C3–N1)
1.993
1.993
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.057
0.065
1.20
1.22
1.58
1.08
0.039
0.033
σ (C3–H7)
1.992
1.991
σ
* (C2–N1)
0.011
0.013
3.73
3.18
1.28
0.85
0.062
0.046
σ (C3–H8)
1.994
1.992
σ
* (H5–N1)
0.017
0.018
2.81
2.25
1.40
0.94
0.056
0.041
σ (C2–C1)
1.981
1.979
σ
* (C1–O2)
0.020
0.024
0.74
0.55
1.84
1.26
0.033
0.024
σ (C2–H3)
1.979
1.969
π
* (C1–O2)
0.162
0.218
6.89
5.90
0.95
0.52
0.075
0.052
σ (C2–H3)
1.979
1.969
σ
* (C1–O2)
0.020
0.024
1.43
1.56
1.69
1.12
0.044
0.037
σ (C2–H2)
1.981
1.971
σ
* (H5–N1)
0.017
0.018
2.56
2.00
1.40
0.95
0.053
0.039
σ (C2–N1)
1.990
1.989
σ
* (C3–H7)
0.003
0.005
1.04
0.91
1.69
1.18
0.043
0.029
σ (C2–N1)
1.990
1.989
σ
* (C1–O1)
0.069
0.093
2.44
2.23
1.66
1.08
0.058
0.045
σ (H5–N1)
1.987
1.986
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.057
0.065
0.82
0.73
1.50
1.00
0.032
0.024
σ (H5–N1)
1.987
1.986
σ
* (C2–H2)
0.008
0.019
1.00
1.54
1.29
1.09
0.032
0.037
σ (H5–N1)
1.987
1.986
σ
* (C3–H8)
0.004
0.009
2.14
1.71
1.60
1.09
0.052
0.039
π (C1–O2)
1.993
1.992
σ
* (C2–H2)
0.008
0.019
1.00
0.85
1.29
0.85
0.032
0.024
σ (C1–O2)
1.993
1.997
σ
*(C2–C1)
0.057
0.065
0.80
0.83
2.06
1.46
0.059
0.032
σ (C1–O2)
1.993
1.997
σ
*(C2–H3)
0.009
0.019
1.29
1.21
1.24
0.81
0.036
0.028
σ (C1–O1)
1.996
1.997
σ
* (C2–N1)
0.011
0.013
1.13
1.10
1.82
1.28
0.041
0.034
σ (O1–H1)
1.987
1.986
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.057
0.065
6.59
4.58
1.63
1.12
0.093
0.065
σ (O1–H1)
1.987
1.986
σ
* (C1–O2)
0.020
0.024
0.77
0.63
1.97
1.35
0.035
0.026
LP1 (O2)
1.975
1.976
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.057
0.065
3.11
2.58
1.56
1.08
0.063
0.048
LP2 (O2)
1.879
1.848
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.057
0.065
27.82
19.08
1.06
0.64
0.156
0.101
π
* (C1–O2)
0.020
0.218
σ
* (C2–H3)
0.009
0.019
1.04
0.90
0.48
0.42
0.068
0.051
π
* (C1–O2)
0.020
0.218
σ
* (C2–H2)
0.008
0.018
0.57
0.53
0.53
0.46
0.053
0.041
(b)
Donor (i)
Occupancies
Acceptor (j)
Occupancies
E(2)a (kcal/mol)
E
(
j
)
-
E
(
i
)
b (a.u.)
F
(
i
,
j
)
c  (a.u.)
HF
B3LYP
HF
B3LYP
HF
B3LYP
HF
B3LYP
HF
B3LYP
σ (H10–C6)
1.980
1.971
σ
* (O6–C7)
0.016
0.019
1.11
0.55
1.40
1.19
0.035
0.023
σ (H10–C6)
1.980
1.971
σ
* (C7–O5)
0.026
0.089
8.07
0.61
1.65
1.14
0.103
0.024
σ (H10–C6)
1.980
1.971
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.018
0.017
1.09
1.69
1.56
1.17
0.037
0.040
σ (H10-C6)
1.980
1.971
σ
* (C5–C4)
0.033
0.065
4.64
7.88
1.54
0.93
0.076
0.077
σ (H9–C5)
1.980
1.972
σ
* (C7–C6)
0.043
0.075
3.72
7.46
1.57
0.92
0.069
0.075
σ (H9–C5)
1.980
1.972
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.018
0.017
1.42
1.87
1.56
1.17
0.042
0.042
σ (O6–C7)
1.991
1.996
σ
* (C5–C6)
0.015
0.017
3.63
1.04
1.72
1.78
0.071
0.038
σ (O6–C7)
1.991
1.996
σ
* (O5–H11)
0.113
0.063
0.69
1.61
1.75
1.60
0.032
0.046
π (O6–C7)
1.945
1.967
π
* (C6–C5)
0.069
0.054
15.39
6.96
0.53
0.39
0.081
0.047
σ (C7–C6)
1.989
1.988
σ
* (H9–C5)
0.010
0.012
3.30
2.28
1.68
1.15
0.066
0.046
σ (C7–C6)
1.989
1.988
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.018
0.017
2.05
2.10
1.80
1.31
0.054
0.047
π (C6–C5)
1.833
1.877
π
* (O6–C7)
0.379
0.250
26.74
13.31
0.53
0.31
0.113
0.060
π (C6–C5)
1.833
1.877
σ
* (C4–O3)
0.035
0.021
18.46
17.31
0.59
0.29
0.097
0.066
σ (C4–O3)
1.988
1.997
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.018
0.017
3.33
1.01
1.79
1.72
0.069
0.037
σ (C4–O3)
1.988
1.997
σ
* (C5–C4)
0.033
0.065
0.80
1.11
2.06
1.49
0.037
0.037
π (C4–O3)
1.988
1.975
π
* (C6–C5)
0.069
0.054
5.52
5.84
0.75
0.41
0.058
0.044
π (C4–O3)
1.988
1.975
σ
* (C4–O3)
0.035
0.021
0.66
0.70
0.72
0.38
0.021
0.016
σ (C4–O3)
1.988
1.997
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.018
0.017
3.33
1.01
1.79
1.72
0.069
0.037
σ (C5–C4)
1.989
1.981
σ
* (H10–C6)
0.001
0.011
2.60
1.74
1.72
1.16
0.060
0.040
σ (C5–C4)
1.989
1.981
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.018
0.017
2.22
2.32
1.83
1.33
0.057
0.050
σ (O5–H11)
1.985
1.985
σ
* (O6–C7)
0.044
0.250
7.75
6.06
2.00
1.38
0.111
0.082
σ (C3–H8)
1.991
1.995
σ
* (C2–N1)
0.014
0.017
4.77
3.81
1.27
0.84
0.069
0.051
σ (C3–H6)
1.992
1.992
σ
* (H5–N1)
0.010
0.024
3.40
2.73
1.47
0.97
0.063
0.046
σ (C3–N1)
1.991
1.992
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.039
0.075
2.93
1.57
1.54
1.06
0.060
0.037
σ (C2–C1)
1.989
1.989
σ
* (C1–O2)
0.018
0.024
0.86
0.62
1.83
1.26
0.036
0.025
σ (C2–H3)
1.975
1.977
π
* (C1–O2)
0.148
0.207
6.31
3.35
0.88
0.56
0.069
0.041
σ (C2–H3)
1.975
1.977
σ
* (C1–O2)
0.018
0.024
2.53
2.35
1.69
1.14
0.058
0.046
σ (C2–H2)
1.982
1.971
σ
* (C1–O2)
0.146
0.024
1.85
1.40
1.69
1.14
0.050
0.036
σ (C2–N1)
1.989
1.988
σ
* (C3–H8)
0.006
0.010
1.14
0.99
1.75
1.22
0.040
0.031
σ (C2–N1)
1.989
1.988
σ
* (C1–O1)
0.050
0.094
2.25
2.32
1.51
1.09
0.052
0.046
σ (H5–N1)
1.988
1.982
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.039
0.075
0.70
0.58
1.46
0.97
0.029
0.022
σ (H5–N1)
1.988
1.982
σ
* (C2–H3)
0.010
0.018
2.42
2.17
1.58
1.05
0.055
0.043
σ (H5–N1)
1.988
1.982
σ
* (C3–H6)
0.005
0.009
2.56
2.13
1.60
1.08
0.057
0.043
π (C1–O2)
1.992
1.992
σ
* (C2–H2)
0.009
0.023
0.84
1.21
1.16
0.81
0.028
0.028
σ (C1–O2)
1.993
1.996
σ
*(C2–C1)
0.039
0.075
0.69
0.68
2.02
1.42
0.034
0.028
σ (C1–O2)
1.993
1.996
σ
* (C2–H3)
0.009
0.018
1.37
1.14
1.29
0.82
0.037
0.027
σ (C1–O1)
1.995
1.996
σ
* (C2–N1)
0.012
0.017
1.11
0.83
1.62
1.28
0.038
0.029
σ (O1–H1)
1.987
1.985
σ
* (C1–O2)
0.018
0.024
5.50
5.84
1.55
1.36
0.082
0.080
LP1 (O2)
1.986
1.977
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.039
0.075
2.99
2.69
1.60
1.03
0.062
0.048
LP2 (O2)
1.929
1.833
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.039
0.075
9.82
20.44
0.98
0.61
0.088
0.102
π
* (C1–O2)
0.148
0.207
σ
* (C2–H3)
0.009
0.018
0.78
0.63
0.61
0.40
0.070
0.043
π
* (C1–O2)
0.148
0.207
σ
* (C2–H2)
0.009
0.023
0.70
0.63
0.46
0.40
0.058
0.043
a
E(2) means energy of hyperconjugative interactions (stabilization energy).
b Energy difference between donor and acceptor i and j NBO orbitals.
c
F(i,
j) is the Fock matrix element between i and j NBO orbital.
LP(n)A is a valence lone pair orbital (n) on A atom.In NBO analysis [6], the hyperconjugative σ→σ* interactions play a highly important role. These interactions represent the weak departures from a strictly localized natural Lewis structure that constitutes the primary “noncovalent” effects. The results of NBO analysis tabulated in Table 4 indicate that there is a strong hyperconjugative interaction LP2(O2) →σ* (C2–C1) and σ (O6–C7) →σ* (O5–H11) for the title compound is 1.43, 1.10, 27.82, and 19.08 kcal/mol, respectively. The NBO bond polarization and hybridization changes associated with formation of the complex. Herein the percentage changes in the title compound are collected in Table 3. As can be seen in Table 3, the O5 bond hybrid of the O5–H11 bond gains 30.76% in s character and 68.89% in p character (with hybrid orbital sp2.24). A more conspicuous discrepancy was seen for the H2O lone pairs, where the natural hybrids (as well as the numerical maximum-occupancy hybrids) suggest one pure p and one sp0.57 lone pair [6]. The π (O6–C7) bond (hybrid orbital shows one pure p character) as donor and π* (C6–C5) antibond (hybrid orbital shows one pure p character) as acceptor [π (O6–C7)→π* (C6–C5)] participates the CT. The CT values are 6.46 and 6.67 kcal/mol (Table 4). The carboxylic group contributes as a better electron-donor. Likewise, the π (C4–O3) →π* (C6–C5) interaction supports the CT.The second order delocalization energy ofσ (H5–N1) →σ* (C1–C2) for the title compound is 0.82 and 0.73 kcal/mol with HF and B3YLP levels. This contributes bond polarization and hybridization changes. The N1 bond hybrid of the H5–N1 bond gains 25.72% in s character and 74.14% in p character (with hybrid orbital sp2.88). The second order delocalization energies of σ (C1–O1) →σ* (C2–N1) and σ (C1–O2) →σ* (C2–C1) are 1.13, 1.10, 0.80, and 0.83 kcal/mol with HF and B3LYP levels, respectively (in Table 4). The optimized bond lengths C1–O1, C2–N1, C1–O2 and C2–C1 are 1.310, 1.474, 1.189, and 1.510  Ǻ (with HF level), the corresponding bonds was observed at 1.307, 1.479, 1.215, and 1.505  Ǻ. The difference between C1–O1 and C1–O2 bond distances arise from the carboxylic group releasing ability in the title compound. This statement displays delocalization of the title compound.


### 3.4. Other Molecular Properties

The 3D plots of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), electrostatic potential (ESP), electron density (ED), and the molecular electrostatic potential map (MEP) figures for the title molecule at the B3LYP method with 6–31++G(d,p) level are shown in Figure 4. The ED plot for molecule shows a uniform distribution. While the negative ESP is localized more over the oxygen atoms, the positive ESP is localized on the rest of the molecule.Figure 4
Molecular surfaces of the sarcosine-maleic acid (obtained from B3LYP method).MEP has been used primarily for predicting sites and relative reactivities towards electrophilic and nucleophilic attack, and in studies of biological recognition and hydrogen bonding interactions [48–50]. The calculated 3D MEP of the title compound was calculated from optimized molecular structure by using B3LYP/6–31++G(d,p) level and also shown in Figure 4. According to the results, the negative region (red) is mainly over the N and O atomic sites, which were caused by the contribution of lone-pair electrons of nitrogen and oxygen atom while the positive (blue) potential sites are around the hydrogen atoms. A portion of a molecule that has a negative electrostatic potential will be susceptible to electrophilic attack—the more negative is the better. It is not as straightforward to use electrostatic potentials to predict nucleophilic attack [28]. Hence, the negative region (red) and positive region (blue) indicate electrophilic and nucleophilic attack symptoms. Also, a negative electrostatic potential region is observed around the O6 atom.The charge distribution on the molecule has an important influence on the vibrational spectra. The corresponding Mulliken’s plot with different HF/6–31++G(d,p) and B3LYP/6–31++G(d,p) methods are shown in Figure 5. Figure 5 reveals the molecular charge distribution of the title compound. Generally, it is noted that the strong negative and positive partial charges on the skeletal atoms (especially O5, O6, O3, O4, N1, O1, O2, C7, C4, C2, C1) for the selected compounds increase with increasing Hammett constant of substituent groups [27, 51]. These distributions of partial charges on the skeletal atoms show that the electrostatic repulsion or attraction between atoms can give a significant contribution to the intra- and intermolecular interaction.Figure 5
Comparative of Mulliken’s plot by HF/6–31++G(d,p) and B3LYP/6–31++G(d,p) of sarcosine-maleic acid.Table5 indicates the values of some thermodynamical and molecular parameters (such as zero point energy, EHOMO, ELUMO, ΔE, η, etc.) of sarcosine-maleic acid. Thermal energy (E) was calculated as the sum of zero point energy and thermal energy corrections for molecular translation, rotation, and vibration at 298.15 K. Enthalpy at 298.15 K and 1 atm was obtained by adding RT to the electronic energy and thermal energy. These data, as well as the Gibbs free energy, were obtained from the Gaussian output file in hartrees and converted to kJ/mol (1 hartree = 2625.50 kJ/mol). In previously works, the dipole moment and ZPE energies values of some molecules which included 1,2,3/1,2,4-triazole core were obtained to be ~3.0–6.0 D and ~155.0–476.0 kJ mol−1 [50, 51]. Besides, the Cv and μ values for the maleic acid were found to be 32.409 cal/mol K and 3.016 Debye [52]. These results are important to test the reliability of our results. As regard as, the results of the energies, dipole moment, entropy, and ZPE can be used to the new synthesis of some molecules which include sarcosine/maleic acid core.Table 5
The calculated thermodynamic and molecular parameters of sarcosine-maleic acid.
Parameters
HF/6-31++G(d,p)
B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p)
Thermal energy,E (kcal/mol)
Rotational
0.889
0.889
Translational
0.889
0.889
Vibrational
139.016
128.306
Total
140.794
130.083
Heat capacity,Cv (cal/mol K)
Rotational
2.981
2.981
Translational
2.981
2.981
Vibrational
43.448
46.738
Total
49.409
52.700
Entropy,S (cal/mol K)
Rotational
32.447
32.665
Translational
41.859
41.859
Vibrational
53.905
59.690
Total
128.210
134.214
Rotational constants (GHz)
A
1.29083
1.06137
B
0.29960
0.27773
C
0.25715
0.27100
Rotational temperature (Kelvin)
A
0.06195
0.05094
B
0.01438
0.01333
C
0.01234
0.01301
Thermal properties (Hartree/particle)
Zero-point correction
0.209706
0.191785
Thermal correction to energy
0.224369
0.207301
Thermal correction to enthalpy
0.225313
0.208245
Thermal correction to gibbs free energy
0.164397
0.144476
Sum of electronic and zero-point energies
−774.972134
−779.355221
Sum of electronic and thermal energies
−774.957471
−779.339706
Sum of electronic and thermal enthalpies
−774.956527
−779.338761
Sum of electronic and thermal free energies
−775.017443
−779.402531
Zero point vibrational energy (kcal/mol)
131.59250
120.34688
E
LUMO (eV)
0.418
−2.588
E
HOMO (eV)
−10.459
−7.592
Δ
E
LUMO
-
E
HOMO (eV)
10.876
5.004
I (eV)
10.459
7.592
A (eV)
−0.418
2.588
χ (eV)
5.021
5.090
η (eV)
5.439
2.502
S (eV−1)
0.092
0.199The average HOMO and LUMO energies for the title compound using HF/6–31++G(d,p) and B3LYP/6–31++G(d,p) levels have been obtained to be −10.459 eV, −7.592 eV (HOMO) and 0.418 eV, −2.588 eV (LUMO) (Table 5). These results are consistent with respect to the different molecular structures calculated at semiempirical methods [53, 54]. Obtained average (for η), parameters from these energies using HF and B3LYP levels have been found to be 5.438, 2.502 eV (for η), 0.099 and 0.199 eV (for S) for the title compound (Table 5). According to these values, the average variation of η displays influence of the electron donating/withdrawing power of the title compound.The polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities characterize the response of a system in an applied electric field. Electric polarizability is a fundamental characteristic of atomic and molecular systems. The donor and acceptor substituents provide the requisite ground-state charge asymmetry, whereas theπ-conjugation system provides a pathway for the redistribution of electric charges under the influence of electric fields. Also, the variation of χ values is supported by the electrostatic potential. Large χ values characterize acids and small χ values are found for bases. For any two molecules, electron will be partially transferred from the one of low χ to that of high χ (electrons flow from high chemical potential to low chemical potential).p-Nitroaniline (PNA) is one of the prototypical molecules used in the study of the NLO properties of molecular systems. In this study, the typical NLO material, PNA was chosen as a reference molecule; because there were no experimental values about the title compound in the literature. The relatively NLO compounds compared to PNA indicate their promising applications in NLO materials. Therefore it was used frequently as a threshold value for comparative purposes and still continues to be a recognized prototype of organic NLO chromophores. Its hyperpolarizability was studied both experimentally and theoretically in various solvents and at different frequencies [55–58].The variations of〈α〉, Δα, and 〈β〉 for the title compound are tabulated in Table 6. These variations are caused from the electron donating/withdrawing atom/group and ab initio calculations for the title compound. According to ab initio calculations, the variation of 〈α〉 and 〈β〉 values for the title compound is different (Table 6). The results of these variations with HF/6–31++G(d,p) level is larger than ones with the B3LYP/6–31++G(d,p) level. Also, the variation of 〈α〉 values for the title compound explicitly decreases from the largest molecular structures to the smallest molecular structures. Calculated 〈α〉 and 〈β〉 values for the title compound are similar to the different theoretical and experimental studies for different molecular structures [25, 28, 29, 31, 59–64].Table 6
Total static dipol moment (μ), the mean polarizability (〈α〉), the anisotropy of the polarizability (Δα), and the mean first-order hyperpolarizability (〈β〉) for Sarcosine-maleic acid molecule.
Property
PNA
HF/6-31++G(d,p)
B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p)
μ
x
−11.66 Debye
-
2.38 Debye
μ
y
2.88 Debye
3.93 Debye
μ
z
-
1.62
Debye
−3.22 Debye
μ
2.44 Debyea
12.12 Debye
5.61 Debye
α
x
x
134.96 a.u.
149.33 a.u.
α
y
y
99.84 a.u.
103.83 a.u.
α
z
z
77.19 a.u.
105.16 a.u.
〈
α
〉
22
×
10
-
24
c
m
3
b
15.41
×
10
-
24
esu
17.70
×
10
-
24
esu
Δ
α
7.47
×
10
-
24
esu
6.65
×
10
-
24
esu
β
x
x
x
-
189.68
a.u.
-
272.95 a.u.
β
x
y
y
17.40 a.u.
-
30.49 a.u.
β
x
z
z
10.67 a.u.
36.84 a.u.
β
y
y
y
-
18.49
a.u.
10.82 a.u.
β
x
x
y
116.03 a.u.
56.24 a.u.
β
y
z
z
-
12.86
a.u.
29.36 a.u.
β
z
z
z
-
46.40
a.u.
-
3.90 a.u.
β
x
x
z
4.12 a.u.
26.43 a.u.
β
y
z
z
11.38 a.u.
-
8.64 a.u.
〈
β
〉
15.5
×
10
-
30
esu
c
1598.70
×
10
-
33
esu
2452.18
×
10
-
33
esu
a, b, c PNA results are taken from references [65–67].


## 3.1. Geometric Structure

Sarcosine-maleic acid is chemically related to C7H11NO6 empirical formula. The molecule is monoclinic with the cell parameters of a=22.754(5)Å, α=90°, b=5.8830(10)Å, β=96.56(3)°, c=13.628(3)Å, and γ=90° [18]. The optimized geometric parameters (bond lengths and angles) by using HF and B3LYP method with 6–31++G(d,p) basis set are listed in Table 1 and are compared with the experimental data of the title compound. Figures 1(a) and 1(b) depict the experimental and theoretical structure of sarcosine-maleic acid.Table 1
Selected experimental and theoretical bond lengths and angles for sarcosine-maleic acid.
Parameters
Exp. [43]
Exp.
Exp.
Theoretical (6–31G++(d,p))
HF
B3LYP
Bond lengths (Å)
Sarcosine
N1–C2
1.4818 (19)
1.481 (2) [9]
1.485 (3) [44]
1.474
1.469
N1–C3
1.4973 (19)
1.484 (2) [9]
1.485 (3) [44]
1.477
1.475
C1–C2
1.512 (2)
1.525 (2) [9]
1.497 (3) [44]
1.510
1.514
C1–O1
1.3099 (19)
1.271 (2) [9]
1.297 (3) [44]
1.310
1.346
C1–O2
1.2178 (18)
1.239 (2) [9]
1.297 (3) [44]
1.189
1.213
Maleic acid
C4–C5
1.500 (2)
1.473 (5)  [45]
1.470 (5) [46]
1.507
1.507
C4–O3
1.2607 (19)
1.208 (6)  [45]
1.217 (4) [46]
1.192
1.217
C4–O4
1.2640 (19)
1.303 (5)  [45]
1.321 (5) [46]
1.309
1.335
O4–O5
—
2.427 (4)  [45]
2.475 (4) [46]
2.583
2.625
O4–H11
—
1.030  [45]
0.940 (5) [46]
0.966
0.986
O5–H11
0.840
1.400  [45]
1.530 (5) [46]
1.627
1.652
C5–C6
1.338 (2)
1.318 (5)  [45]
1.340 (5) [46]
1.329
1.348
C6–C7
1.497 (2)
1.480 (5)  [45]
1.487 (5) [46]
1.505
1.489
C7–O5
1.2913 (19)
1.258 (4) [45]
1.286 (4) [46]
1.271
1.336
C7–O6
1.2317 (18)
1.250 (4)  [45]
1.220 (4) [46]
1.219
1.225
Bond Angles (o)
Sarcosine
N1–C2–C1
110.66 (11)
111.40 (2) [9]
111.55 (18) [44]
108.71
110.01
C2–C1–O1
112.39 (12)
115.20 (2) [9]
111.4 (2) [44]
112.07
111.78
C2–C1–O2
121.80 (13)
118.70 (2) [9]
122.8 (2) [44]
122.65
124.45
O1–C1–O2
125.80 (14)
126.10 (2) [9]
125.7 (2) [44]
125.12
123.74
C3–N1–C2
111.86 (11)
112.90 (2) [9]
114.31 (18) [44]
114.74
113.10
Maleic acid
C4–C5–C6
129.39 (14)
131.5 (3)  [45]
131.7 (4) [46]
133.53
134.81
C4–O4–H11
—
108.0  [45]
107.0 (3) [46]
112.35
111.47
C5–C4–O3
116.99 (13)
120.0 (4)  [45]
119.3 (3) [46]
118.01
118.05
C5–C4–O4
121.13 (14)
119.2 (4)  [45]
120.4 (3) [46]
120.15
120.71
C5–C6–C7
130.71 (14)
130.6 (3)  [45]
131.7 (4) [46]
131.61
132.68
C6–C7–O5
120.33 (13)
120.9 (3)  [45]
118.8 (3) [46]
119.24
116.98
C6–C7–O6
118.94 (13)
117.0 (3) [45]
118.4 (3) [46]
117.13
120.46
O3–C4–O4
121.87 (14)
120.8 (4)  [45]
120.3 (3) [46]
121.84
121.24
O5–C7–O6
120.72 (14)
122.1 (3)  [45]
122.8 (3) [46]
123.64
122.57
C7–O5–H11
109.5
—
—
113.49
114.97(a) The experimental structure of the sarcosine-maleic acid crystal and the atoms numbering scheme [18]. (b) The calculated geometric structure of the sarcosine-maleic acid.
(a)
(b)The crystal structure of a complex of sarcosine with maleic acid have already been reported [43]. Also, the bond lengths and angles for the sarcosine were taken from the work of Mostad and Natarajan [9] and Krishnakumar et al. [44] and for the maleic acid were taken from Franklin and Balasubramanian[45] and Zhang et al. [46]. O–H bond lengths (0.940 and 1.530 Å) in the maleic acid were taken from the work of Zhang et al. [46]. For the title molecule, the O–H⋯O bond lengths predicted by HF/6–31++G(d,p) method are 0.966 and 1.627 Å and there are 0.986 and 1.652 Å for B3LYP/6–31++G(d,p) method and it shows good agreement with the experimental data of 0.940 and 1.530 Å. In the study the N–H⋯O bond is calculated at 2.588 Å and 2.578 Å with HF and B3LYP method, respectively. But, this bond between sarcosine and maleic acid was not observed experimentally. According to the results in Table 1, the bond lenghts and angles calculated by HF and B3LYP methods are in good agreement with the experimental values. Moreover, the result suggests that all the calculated bond lengths for this complex are overestimated to some extent.


## 3.2. Assignments of the Vibration Modes

Ilczyszyn et al. have recently investigated the Raman and infrared spectra of the title compound, and have assigned bands vibrations [18]. The experimental vibrational frequencies of sarcosine-maleic acid have been reported [18], and the experimental values are listed in Table 2, accompanied by the calculated data. The agreement between experimental and calculated frequencies for the monomer is excellent. Although different theoretical level gives different frequencies, seeing frequencies do not change the overall picture. The vibrational frequencies calculated by HF method are always higher than those computed by B3LYP method; no matter what basis sets are used. The HF frequencies are in worse agreement with experimental fundamentals than the other method since electron correlation in the HF calculations is neglected. The performance of local- and gradient-corrected DFT in calculating vibrational frequencies has shown that the computing vibrational frequencies provide good agreement with experimental fundamental ones.Table 2
Comparison of the observed and calculated vibrational spectra for sarcosine-maleic acid.
Assignments
Experimental (cm−1) [18]
Theoretical with 6-31G++(d,p) basis set
IR
R
HF
B3LYP
ν
(O–H)
3428
—
3744
3603
ν(N–H)
3189
3190
3369
3361
ν(O–H)
2764
2787
3333
3283
ν(C–H)
3059
3058
3077
—
ν(C–H)
2849
—
3068
—
ν
a(C–H2)
2963
2965
3050
3084
ν
a(C–H3)
3015
3014
3041
—
ν
a(C–H3)
2924
—
3031
—
ν
a(C–H2)
2982
—
2958
3024
ν
s(C–H3)
2887
2909
2949
2989
ν
s(C–H2)
—
2816
—
2980
ν(O–H)
2420
2420
2292
1899
ν(C=O)
1719
—
1835
1743
ν(C=O)
1692
1694
1826
1717
ν(C=O), νs(C=C), δ(N–H2)
1613
1610
1717
1656
ν
s(C=C), δ(N–H2)
—
—
—
1605
δ(N–H2)
—
—
—
—
ν (C=O), νs(C=C), γ(N–H2)
—
—
1662
—
γ(N–H2), (C=O)
1574
—
1589
1527
ρ(C–H), γ(C–H2), t(N–H2), ρ(O–H)
1491
1494
1497
—
δ(C–H3)
1464
1466
1461
1457
δ(C–H3)
1448
1456
1452
1449
δ(C–H2), υ(COO)
1433
-
1424
1432
δ(C–H2)
1418
1420
1379
1423
δ(C–H3)
1397
1394
1297
1397
δ(C–H3), ρ(C–H), ρ(O–H), ν(C–C)
—
—
—
—
ρ(C–H), γ(C–H2), t(N–H2)
—
—
1287
—
ρ(C–H), ρ(O–H)
—
—
—
—
t(N–H2), ρ(O–H), γ(C–H2)
1369
1370
1224
1354
t(C–H2), ρ(N–H2)
1340
—
—
1302
ρ(C–H)
1273
1267
—
—
υ(C–OH), γ(C–H2), γ(N–H2)
1296
1286
1214
1267
ν(C–C), ρ(O–H), γ(C–H2)
—
—
1205
1250
t(C–H2), γ(N–H2)
—
—
—
1224
t(C–H2), ρ(N–H2)
—
—
—
—
ρ(C–H)
1208
1206
—
1172
t(C–H2), γ(C–H3)
1142
1150
1178
1163
t(C–H2), γ(C–H3)
—
—
—
1129
ν(C–N–C)
—
—
1077
1077
t(C–H2), γ(C–H3), γ(N–H2)
1048
1047
—
1013
ν(C–N)
1192
—
—
—
t(C–H)
1180
1176
1050
986
ρ(C–H), γ(N–H2), γ(C–H3)
—
—
—
—
ν(C–N–C)
—
—
—
—
ν(C–C), ρ(C–H)
—
—
—
—
ρ(N–H)
—
—
—
—
γ(C–H3), γ(N–H2)
—
—
—
—
γ(C–H2), γ(O–H)
961
962
1004
—
t(C–H3), γ(N–H2)
—
—
—
—
ν(C–C)
916
915
940
878
γ(N–H2), ρ(C–H)
—
—
—
—
γ(C–C)
885
889
813
842
γ(C–H)
876
876
—
—
W(N–H2), ρ(C–H)
868
—
—
—
ν(C–C), ρ(N–H)
—
—
—
—
ρ(O–H)
—
—
—
824
(C–C),ρ(N–H)
—
—
—
—
t(C=C), γ(O–H)
—
—
—
788
ρ(C–H2), ρ(N–H), γ(COO)
655
654
594
—
γ(O–H)
—
—
—
779
δ(COO)
—
—
—
—
δ(COO)
600
600
584
—
δ(COO), ρ(C–H)
588
590
—
—
δ(COO), ρ(C–H)
—
—
—
—
γ(C–H)
—
—
—
—
ρ(C–H2)
—
—
447
590
ρ(C–H2)
—
—
438
527
Vibrational modes:ν: stretching; a: asymmetric; s: symmetric; ρ: rocking; δ: scissoring;  w: wagging; t: twisting; γ: in-plane deformation.The group of bands in the 3150–3000cm-1 region in the infrared and Raman spectra of both compounds can be assigned to C–H stretching modes. The C–H bands have been calculated at around 3077–2949 cm−1 using HF and 3084–2980 cm-1 using B3LYP method with 6–31++G(d,p) basis set.The ionised carboxylic group of semimaleate ion has characteristic antisymmetric stretching vibration at approximately 1574 cm−1 and symmetric stretching vibration at approximately 1433 cm−1 [18]. These bands have been calculated at 1589 cm−1and 1527 cm−1 for HF level. In the infrared spectra of Ilczyszyn et al. with the numerous submaxima at 3189, 2764, 2702, 2652, 2573, and 2420 cm−1 was assigned to the ν(O–H) (inter) and ν(N–H) modes. However, we have calculated them at 3369, 3333, and 2292 cm−1 with HF level and at 3361, 3283, and 1899 cm−1 with B3LYP level.The comparative IR and Raman spectra of experimental and calculated HF and DFT are given in Figures2 and 3, respectively. As can be seen from Table 2 and Figures 2 and 3 there is good agreement with experimental and theoretical ones.Figure 2
(a) The experimental FT-IR spectrum [18]. (b) The calculated IR spectra of sarcosine-maleic acid.Figure 3
(a) The experimental FT-Raman spectrum [18]. (b) The calculated Raman spectra of sarcosine-maleic acid.


## 3.3. Natural Bonding Orbital (NBO) Analysis

The NBO analysis provides an efficient method for studying intra- and intermolecular bonding and interaction among bonds, and also enables a convenient basis for investigating charge transfer or conjugative interaction in molecular systems.NBO analysis provides the most accurate “natural Lewis structure” picture ofj, because all orbital details are mathematically chosen to include the highest possible percentage of the electron density (ED). NBO calculation was performed at the HF/6–31++G(d,p), HF/6–31G(d,p), DFT/B3LYP/6–31++G(d,p), and DFT/B3LYP/6–31G(d,p) levels. According to Goodman and Sauers, NBO results are more susceptible when using a balanced-basis set [47]. The most important interaction between filled (donor) Lewis-type NBOs and empty (acceptor) non-Lewis NBOs is reported in Table 3. The second-order perturbation theory analysis of Fock matrix in the NBO basis of the molecule has also been performed in Table 4.Table 3
(a) Selected NBO results showing formation of Lewis and non-Lewis orbitals for sarcosine-maleic acid by using the HF method with 6-31++G(d,p) and 6-31G(d,p) basis sets. (b) Selected NBO results showing formation of Lewis and non-Lewis orbitals for sarcosine-maleic acid by using the B3LYP method with 6-31++G(d,p) and 6-31G(d,p) basis sets.
(a)
HF/6-31++G(d,p)
HF/6-31G(d,p)
%
%s
%p
%d
H.O
%
%s
%p
%d
H.O
H10–C6
H
37.96
99.91
0.09
s
37.62
99.91
0.09
s
C
62.04
29.37
70.55
0.08
sp2.40
62.38
28.72
71.20
0.08
sp2.48
H9–C5
H
38.18
99.91
0.09
s
37.82
99.91
0.09
s
C
61.82
29.51
70.41
0.08
sp2.39
62.18
28.84
71.08
0.08
sp2.46
O6=C7
σ
O
65.79
43.45
55.97
0.58
sp1.29
66.34
44.55
54.93
0.52
sp1.23
C
34.21
33.86
65.97
0.17
sp1.95
33.66
33.61
66.21
0.19
sp1.97
π
O
72.82
0.00
99.49
0.51
p
72.27
0.01
99.48
0.51
p
C
27.18
0.00
99.67
0.33
p
27.73
0.01
99.64
0.35
p
C7–C6
C
47.74
36.39
63.47
0.14
sp1.74
47.14
36.74
63.13
0.13
sp1.72
C
52.26
30.53
69.36
0.11
sp2.27
52.86
31.10
68.78
0.11
sp2.21
C7–O5
C
31.79
29.63
70.14
0.23
sp2.37
31.46
29.55
70.20
0.25
sp2.38
O
68.21
34.59
65.02
0.40
sp1.88
68.54
35.37
64.29
0.34
sp1.82
C6–C5
σ
C
50.07
40.16
59.76
0.08
sp1.49
50.04
40.16
59.76
0.08
sp1.49
C
49.93
39.69
60.23
0.08
sp1.52
49.96
39.71
60.21
0.08
sp1.52
π
C
49.98
0.00
99.87
0.13
p
49.96
0.00
99.86
0.14
p
C
50.02
0.00
99.87
0.13
p
50.04
0.01
99.86
0.14
p
C5–C4
C
52.39
30.88
69.01
0.11
sp2.24
52.79
31.45
68.44
0.11
sp2.18
C
47.61
35.44
64.42
0.14
sp1.82
47.21
35.94
63.92
0.14
sp1.78
C4–O4
C
32.92
31.14
68.53
0.33
sp2.20
32.22
30.66
68.98
0.36
sp2.25
O
67.08
38.14
61.73
0.14
sp1.62
67.78
38.65
61.25
0.09
sp1.58
C4–O3
σ
C
33.86
33.37
66.46
0.18
sp1.99
33.42
33.31
66.49
0.20
sp2
O
66.14
42.10
57.39
0.52
sp1.36
66.58
43.53
55.99
0.48
sp1.29
π
C
22.45
0.02
99.60
0.38
p
23.91
0.00
99.60
0.40
p
O
77.55
0.03
99.56
0.41
p
76.09
0.00
99.57
0.43
p
O5–H11
O
79.8
30.76
68.89
0.34
sp2.24
79.70
30.44
69.25
0.31
sp2.27
H
20.11
99.80
0.20
s
20.30
99.79
0.21
s
C3–H7
C
61.85
30.76
68.89
0.34
sp2.24
61.57
25.65
74.25
0.10
sp2.90
H
38.15
99.80
0.20
s
38.43
99.91
0.09
s
C3–N1
C
34.74
20.92
78.89
0.19
sp3.77
34.81
21.68
78.13
0.19
sp3.60
N
65.26
26.54
73.28
0.18
sp2.76
65.19
26.78
73.06
0.16
sp2.73
C2–C1
C
52.30
25.80
74.07
0.13
sp2.87
53.17
26.03
73.84
0.13
sp2.84
C
47.70
36.16
63.71
0.14
sp1.76
46.83
36.68
63.18
0.14
sp1.72
C2–H3
C
61.71
25.54
74.37
0.10
sp2.91
62.60
24.97
74.94
0.10
sp3
H
38.29
99.91
0.09
s
37.40
99.91
0.09
s
C2–H2
C
64.01
27.61
72.31
0.08
sp2.62
62.80
25.91
73.99
0.10
sp2.86
H
35.99
99.90
0.10
s
37.20
99.90
0.10
s
C2–N1
C
35.76
21.16
78.65
0.18
sp3.72
37.82
23.20
76.64
0.16
sp3.30
N
64.24
26.29
73.52
0.19
sp2.80
62.18
25.99
73.82
0.19
sp2.84
H5–N1
H
18.94
99.85
0.15
s
17.19
99.85
0.15
s
N
81.06
25.72
74.14
0.14
sp2.88
82.81
25.30
74.60
0.10
sp2.95
C1–O2
σ
C
33.80
34.21
65.62
0.17
sp1.92
33.27
32.86
66.95
0.19
sp2.04
O
66.20
43.57
55.85
0.58
sp1.28
66.73
43.30
56.15
0.55
sp1.30
π
C
25.68
0.01
99.60
0.38
p
28.19
1.11
98.53
0.36
p
O
74.32
0.08
99.38
0.54
p
71.81
1.70
97.74
0.56
p
C1–O1
C
31.29
29.66
70.11
0.23
sp2.36
30.99
29.29
70.31
0.41
sp2.40
O
68.71
36.35
63.29
0.36
sp1.74
69.01
36.91
62.99
0.11
sp1.71
O1–H1
O
77.09
24.41
75.27
0.33
sp3.08
76.04
24.44
75.46
0.10
sp3.09
H
22.91
99.83
0.17
s
23.96
99.65
0.35
s
(b)
B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p)
B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)
%
%s
%p
%d
H.O
%
%s
%p
%d
H.O
H10–C6
H
37.07
99.95
0.05
s
36.92
99.95
0.05
s
C
62.93
29.09
70.87
0.04
sp2.44
63.08
28.37
71.59
0.04
sp2.52
H9–C5
H
37.11
99.95
0.05
s
36.96
99.95
0.05
s
C
62.89
29.37
70.59
0.04
sp2.40
63.04
28.67
71.29
0.04
sp2.49
O6=C7
σ
O
64.92
39.96
59.61
0.43
sp1.49
65.55
41.16
58.47
0.38
sp1.42
C
35.08
33.77
66.13
0.10
sp1.96
34.45
33.36
66.53
0.11
sp1.99
π
O
68.57
0.01
99.66
0.34
p
67.80
0.02
99.65
0.34
p
C
31.43
0.00
99.83
0.17
p
32.20
0.01
99.81
0.18
p
C7–C6
C
47.98
36.75
63.19
0.07
sp1.72
47.34
37.28
62.65
0.07
sp1.68
C
52.02
31.17
68.78
0.05
sp2.21
52.66
31.83
68.12
0.05
sp2.14
C7–O5
C
32.69
29.37
70.49
0.15
sp2.40
32.32
29.20
70.55
0.25
sp2.42
O
67.31
32.51
67.23
0.26
sp2.07
67.68
33.44
66.49
0.07
sp1.99
C6–C5
σ
C
49.75
39.82
60.14
0.04
sp1.51
49.77
39.81
60.15
0.04
sp1.51
C
50.25
39.75
60.21
0.04
sp1.51
50.23
39.74
60.22
0.04
sp1.52
π
C
48.43
0.00
99.94
0.05
p
48.43
0.01
99.93
0.06
p
C
51.57
0.00
99.95
0.05
p
51.57
0.01
99.94
0.05
p
C5–C4
C
51.04
30.95
69.00
0.05
sp2.23
51.56
31.60
68.35
0.05
sp2.16
C
48.96
37.50
62.44
0.06
sp1.66
48.44
38.04
61.90
0.06
sp1.63
C4–O4
C
32.14
28.62
71.12
0.26
sp2.48
31.56
28.27
71.48
0.25
sp2.53
O
67.86
32.97
66.97
0.06
sp2.03
68.44
33.57
66.38
0.06
sp1.98
C4–O3
σ
C
34.92
33.85
66.06
0.09
sp1.95
34.32
33.63
66.26
0.11
sp1.97
O
65.08
39.68
59.91
0.42
sp1.51
65.68
41.06
58.57
0.37
sp1.43
π
C
29.54
0.01
99.81
0.18
p
30.76
0.00
99.81
0.19
p
O
70.46
0.01
99.67
0.32
p
69.24
0.00
99.67
0.33
p
O5–H11
O
78.67
28.00
71.74
0.26
sp2.56
78.32
27.49
72.45
0.06
sp2.64
H
21.33
99.88
0.12
s
21.68
99.75
0.25
s
O4–H4
O
82.53
30.05
69.91
0.04
sp2.33
81.87
29.39
70.57
0.04
sp2.40
H
17.47
99.73
0.27
s
18.13
99.72
0.28
s
C3–H7
C
61.89
25.56
74.38
0.05
sp2.91
61.68
24.92
75.02
0.06
sp3.01
H
38.11
99.95
0.05
s
38.32
99.95
0.05
s
C3–N1
C
37.59
22.57
77.29
0.14
sp3.42
37.92
23.17
76.70
0.13
sp3.31
N
62.41
29.68
70.28
0.04
sp2.37
62.08
29.93
70.03
0.04
sp2.34
C2–C1
C
51.17
24.91
75.02
0.06
sp3.01
52.50
25.53
74.41
0.06
sp2.91
C
48.83
37.84
62.11
0.05
sp1.64
47.50
38.02
61.92
0.06
sp1.63
C2–H3
C
62.45
25.41
74.54
0.05
sp2.93
62.72
24.80
75.15
0.05
sp3.03
H
37.55
99.95
0.05
s
37.28
99.95
0.05
s
C2–H2
C
64.49
26.69
73.27
0.04
sp2.75
62.55
25.11
74.83
0.05
sp2.98
H
35.51
99.94
0.06
s
37.45
99.95
0.05
s
C2–N1
C
39.10
23.08
76.79
0.12
sp3.33
40.33
24.65
75.24
0.11
sp3.05
N
60.90
28.84
71.11
0.05
sp2.47
59.67
28.66
71.29
0.05
sp2.49
H5–N1
H
27.79
99.89
0.11
s
27.28
99.89
0.11
s
N
72.21
24.18
75.76
0.05
sp3.13
72.72
24.46
75.48
0.05
sp3.09
C1–O2
σ
C
34.67
33.87
66.03
0.10
sp1.95
33.99
32.91
66.98
0.11
sp2.03
O
65.33
40.30
59.27
0.43
sp1.47
66.01
41.09
58.51
0.40
sp1.42
π
C
29.68
0.00
99.80
0.20
p
31.49
0.63
99.18
0.19
p
O
70.32
0.00
99.65
0.35
p
68.51
0.94
98.70
0.36
p
C1–O1
C
32.04
28.37
71.39
0.24
sp2.52
31.53
28.36
71.38
0.26
sp2.52
O
67.96
33.41
66.51
0.08
sp1.99
68.47
34.41
65.52
0.07
sp1.90
O1–H1
O
76.65
22.39
77.53
0.08
sp3.46
75.40
21.82
78.11
0.07
sp3.58
H
23.35
99.76
0.24
s
24.60
99.78
0.22
sTable 4
(a) Second-order perturbation theory analysis of Fock matrix on NBO basis for sarcosine-maleic acid by using the HF and B3LYP methods with 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. (b) Second-order perturbation theory analysis of Fock matrix on NBO basis for sarcosine-maleic acid by using the HF and B3LYP methods with 6-31G(d,p) basis set.
(a)
Donor (i)
Occupancies
Acceptor (j)
Occupancies
E(2)a (kcal/mol)
E
(
j
)
-
E
(
i
)
b (a.u.)
F
(
i
,
j
)
c (a.u.)
HF
B3LYP
HF
B3LYP
HF
B3LYP
HF
B3LYP
HF
B3LYP
σ (H10–C6)
1.976
1.971
σ
* (H9–C5)
0.009
0.011
0.87
0.63
1.48
1.00
0.032
0.023
σ (H10–C6)
1.976
1.971
σ
* (C7–O5)
0.067
0.088
5.86
5.13
1.43
0.92
0.083
0.062
σ (H10–C6)
1.976
1.971
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.014
0.017
2.53
1.49
1.68
1.16
0.058
0.037
σ (H10–C6)
1.976
1.971
σ
* (C5–C4)
0.065
0.065
8.54
7.49
1.38
0.93
0.098
0.075
σ (H9–C5)
1.977
1.972
σ
* (C7–C6)
0.063
0.076
8.69
7.03
1.37
0.92
0.098
0.073
σ (H9–C5)
1.977
1.972
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.014
0.017
2.47
1.66
1.68
1.16
0.058
0.039
σ (O6–C7)
1.983
1.996
σ
* (C7–C6)
0.063
0.076
0.85
0.77
2.07
1.45
0.038
0.030
σ (O6–C7)
1.983
1.996
σ
* (O5–H11)
0.054
0.060
1.43
1.10
2.20
1.51
0.051
0.037
π (O6–C7)
1.983
1.968
π
* (C6–C5)
0.027
0.052
6.46
6.67
0.74
0.39
0.062
0.046
σ (C7–C6)
1.985
1.986
σ
* (H9–C5)
0.009
0.011
2.34
1.81
1.65
1.14
0.056
0.041
σ (C7–C6)
1.985
1.986
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.014
0.017
2.41
1.65
1.84
1.31
0.060
0.041
π (C6–C5)
1.921
1.876
π
* (O6–C7)
0.185
0.249
17.06
1.07
0.61
1.38
0.094
0.034
π (C6–C5)
1.921
1.876
π
* (C4–O3)
0.257
0.265
18.03
1.60
0.58
1.35
0.096
0.041
σ (C4–O3)
1.996
1.996
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.014
0.017
1.26
1.14
2.34
1.71
0.049
0.040
σ (C4–O3)
1.996
1.996
σ
* (C5–C4)
0.065
0.065
0.66
1.04
2.04
1.48
0.033
0.035
π (C4–O3)
1.985
1.975
π
* (C6–C5)
0.027
0.052
5.14
5.51
0.75
0.41
0.056
0.043
π (C4–O3)
1.985
1.975
π
* (C4–O3)
0.257
0.265
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.38
0.022
0.016
σ (C4–O3)
1.985
1.996
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.014
0.017
52.66
1.14
0.03
1.71
0.098
0.040
σ (C5–C4)
1.982
1.982
σ
* (H10–C6)
0.008
0.010
2.34
1.56
1.65
1.17
0.056
0.038
σ (C5–C4)
1.982
1.982
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.014
0.017
2.27
1.82
1.84
1.32
0.058
0.044
σ (O5–H11)
1.986
1.984
σ
* (O6–C7)
0.015
0.249
7.88
6.39
2.00
1.37
0.112
0.084
σ (C3–N1)
1.993
1.993
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.057
0.065
1.20
1.22
1.58
1.08
0.039
0.033
σ (C3–H7)
1.992
1.991
σ
* (C2–N1)
0.011
0.013
3.73
3.18
1.28
0.85
0.062
0.046
σ (C3–H8)
1.994
1.992
σ
* (H5–N1)
0.017
0.018
2.81
2.25
1.40
0.94
0.056
0.041
σ (C2–C1)
1.981
1.979
σ
* (C1–O2)
0.020
0.024
0.74
0.55
1.84
1.26
0.033
0.024
σ (C2–H3)
1.979
1.969
π
* (C1–O2)
0.162
0.218
6.89
5.90
0.95
0.52
0.075
0.052
σ (C2–H3)
1.979
1.969
σ
* (C1–O2)
0.020
0.024
1.43
1.56
1.69
1.12
0.044
0.037
σ (C2–H2)
1.981
1.971
σ
* (H5–N1)
0.017
0.018
2.56
2.00
1.40
0.95
0.053
0.039
σ (C2–N1)
1.990
1.989
σ
* (C3–H7)
0.003
0.005
1.04
0.91
1.69
1.18
0.043
0.029
σ (C2–N1)
1.990
1.989
σ
* (C1–O1)
0.069
0.093
2.44
2.23
1.66
1.08
0.058
0.045
σ (H5–N1)
1.987
1.986
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.057
0.065
0.82
0.73
1.50
1.00
0.032
0.024
σ (H5–N1)
1.987
1.986
σ
* (C2–H2)
0.008
0.019
1.00
1.54
1.29
1.09
0.032
0.037
σ (H5–N1)
1.987
1.986
σ
* (C3–H8)
0.004
0.009
2.14
1.71
1.60
1.09
0.052
0.039
π (C1–O2)
1.993
1.992
σ
* (C2–H2)
0.008
0.019
1.00
0.85
1.29
0.85
0.032
0.024
σ (C1–O2)
1.993
1.997
σ
*(C2–C1)
0.057
0.065
0.80
0.83
2.06
1.46
0.059
0.032
σ (C1–O2)
1.993
1.997
σ
*(C2–H3)
0.009
0.019
1.29
1.21
1.24
0.81
0.036
0.028
σ (C1–O1)
1.996
1.997
σ
* (C2–N1)
0.011
0.013
1.13
1.10
1.82
1.28
0.041
0.034
σ (O1–H1)
1.987
1.986
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.057
0.065
6.59
4.58
1.63
1.12
0.093
0.065
σ (O1–H1)
1.987
1.986
σ
* (C1–O2)
0.020
0.024
0.77
0.63
1.97
1.35
0.035
0.026
LP1 (O2)
1.975
1.976
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.057
0.065
3.11
2.58
1.56
1.08
0.063
0.048
LP2 (O2)
1.879
1.848
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.057
0.065
27.82
19.08
1.06
0.64
0.156
0.101
π
* (C1–O2)
0.020
0.218
σ
* (C2–H3)
0.009
0.019
1.04
0.90
0.48
0.42
0.068
0.051
π
* (C1–O2)
0.020
0.218
σ
* (C2–H2)
0.008
0.018
0.57
0.53
0.53
0.46
0.053
0.041
(b)
Donor (i)
Occupancies
Acceptor (j)
Occupancies
E(2)a (kcal/mol)
E
(
j
)
-
E
(
i
)
b (a.u.)
F
(
i
,
j
)
c  (a.u.)
HF
B3LYP
HF
B3LYP
HF
B3LYP
HF
B3LYP
HF
B3LYP
σ (H10–C6)
1.980
1.971
σ
* (O6–C7)
0.016
0.019
1.11
0.55
1.40
1.19
0.035
0.023
σ (H10–C6)
1.980
1.971
σ
* (C7–O5)
0.026
0.089
8.07
0.61
1.65
1.14
0.103
0.024
σ (H10–C6)
1.980
1.971
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.018
0.017
1.09
1.69
1.56
1.17
0.037
0.040
σ (H10-C6)
1.980
1.971
σ
* (C5–C4)
0.033
0.065
4.64
7.88
1.54
0.93
0.076
0.077
σ (H9–C5)
1.980
1.972
σ
* (C7–C6)
0.043
0.075
3.72
7.46
1.57
0.92
0.069
0.075
σ (H9–C5)
1.980
1.972
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.018
0.017
1.42
1.87
1.56
1.17
0.042
0.042
σ (O6–C7)
1.991
1.996
σ
* (C5–C6)
0.015
0.017
3.63
1.04
1.72
1.78
0.071
0.038
σ (O6–C7)
1.991
1.996
σ
* (O5–H11)
0.113
0.063
0.69
1.61
1.75
1.60
0.032
0.046
π (O6–C7)
1.945
1.967
π
* (C6–C5)
0.069
0.054
15.39
6.96
0.53
0.39
0.081
0.047
σ (C7–C6)
1.989
1.988
σ
* (H9–C5)
0.010
0.012
3.30
2.28
1.68
1.15
0.066
0.046
σ (C7–C6)
1.989
1.988
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.018
0.017
2.05
2.10
1.80
1.31
0.054
0.047
π (C6–C5)
1.833
1.877
π
* (O6–C7)
0.379
0.250
26.74
13.31
0.53
0.31
0.113
0.060
π (C6–C5)
1.833
1.877
σ
* (C4–O3)
0.035
0.021
18.46
17.31
0.59
0.29
0.097
0.066
σ (C4–O3)
1.988
1.997
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.018
0.017
3.33
1.01
1.79
1.72
0.069
0.037
σ (C4–O3)
1.988
1.997
σ
* (C5–C4)
0.033
0.065
0.80
1.11
2.06
1.49
0.037
0.037
π (C4–O3)
1.988
1.975
π
* (C6–C5)
0.069
0.054
5.52
5.84
0.75
0.41
0.058
0.044
π (C4–O3)
1.988
1.975
σ
* (C4–O3)
0.035
0.021
0.66
0.70
0.72
0.38
0.021
0.016
σ (C4–O3)
1.988
1.997
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.018
0.017
3.33
1.01
1.79
1.72
0.069
0.037
σ (C5–C4)
1.989
1.981
σ
* (H10–C6)
0.001
0.011
2.60
1.74
1.72
1.16
0.060
0.040
σ (C5–C4)
1.989
1.981
σ
* (C6–C5)
0.018
0.017
2.22
2.32
1.83
1.33
0.057
0.050
σ (O5–H11)
1.985
1.985
σ
* (O6–C7)
0.044
0.250
7.75
6.06
2.00
1.38
0.111
0.082
σ (C3–H8)
1.991
1.995
σ
* (C2–N1)
0.014
0.017
4.77
3.81
1.27
0.84
0.069
0.051
σ (C3–H6)
1.992
1.992
σ
* (H5–N1)
0.010
0.024
3.40
2.73
1.47
0.97
0.063
0.046
σ (C3–N1)
1.991
1.992
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.039
0.075
2.93
1.57
1.54
1.06
0.060
0.037
σ (C2–C1)
1.989
1.989
σ
* (C1–O2)
0.018
0.024
0.86
0.62
1.83
1.26
0.036
0.025
σ (C2–H3)
1.975
1.977
π
* (C1–O2)
0.148
0.207
6.31
3.35
0.88
0.56
0.069
0.041
σ (C2–H3)
1.975
1.977
σ
* (C1–O2)
0.018
0.024
2.53
2.35
1.69
1.14
0.058
0.046
σ (C2–H2)
1.982
1.971
σ
* (C1–O2)
0.146
0.024
1.85
1.40
1.69
1.14
0.050
0.036
σ (C2–N1)
1.989
1.988
σ
* (C3–H8)
0.006
0.010
1.14
0.99
1.75
1.22
0.040
0.031
σ (C2–N1)
1.989
1.988
σ
* (C1–O1)
0.050
0.094
2.25
2.32
1.51
1.09
0.052
0.046
σ (H5–N1)
1.988
1.982
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.039
0.075
0.70
0.58
1.46
0.97
0.029
0.022
σ (H5–N1)
1.988
1.982
σ
* (C2–H3)
0.010
0.018
2.42
2.17
1.58
1.05
0.055
0.043
σ (H5–N1)
1.988
1.982
σ
* (C3–H6)
0.005
0.009
2.56
2.13
1.60
1.08
0.057
0.043
π (C1–O2)
1.992
1.992
σ
* (C2–H2)
0.009
0.023
0.84
1.21
1.16
0.81
0.028
0.028
σ (C1–O2)
1.993
1.996
σ
*(C2–C1)
0.039
0.075
0.69
0.68
2.02
1.42
0.034
0.028
σ (C1–O2)
1.993
1.996
σ
* (C2–H3)
0.009
0.018
1.37
1.14
1.29
0.82
0.037
0.027
σ (C1–O1)
1.995
1.996
σ
* (C2–N1)
0.012
0.017
1.11
0.83
1.62
1.28
0.038
0.029
σ (O1–H1)
1.987
1.985
σ
* (C1–O2)
0.018
0.024
5.50
5.84
1.55
1.36
0.082
0.080
LP1 (O2)
1.986
1.977
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.039
0.075
2.99
2.69
1.60
1.03
0.062
0.048
LP2 (O2)
1.929
1.833
σ
* (C2–C1)
0.039
0.075
9.82
20.44
0.98
0.61
0.088
0.102
π
* (C1–O2)
0.148
0.207
σ
* (C2–H3)
0.009
0.018
0.78
0.63
0.61
0.40
0.070
0.043
π
* (C1–O2)
0.148
0.207
σ
* (C2–H2)
0.009
0.023
0.70
0.63
0.46
0.40
0.058
0.043
a
E(2) means energy of hyperconjugative interactions (stabilization energy).
b Energy difference between donor and acceptor i and j NBO orbitals.
c
F(i,
j) is the Fock matrix element between i and j NBO orbital.
LP(n)A is a valence lone pair orbital (n) on A atom.In NBO analysis [6], the hyperconjugative σ→σ* interactions play a highly important role. These interactions represent the weak departures from a strictly localized natural Lewis structure that constitutes the primary “noncovalent” effects. The results of NBO analysis tabulated in Table 4 indicate that there is a strong hyperconjugative interaction LP2(O2) →σ* (C2–C1) and σ (O6–C7) →σ* (O5–H11) for the title compound is 1.43, 1.10, 27.82, and 19.08 kcal/mol, respectively. The NBO bond polarization and hybridization changes associated with formation of the complex. Herein the percentage changes in the title compound are collected in Table 3. As can be seen in Table 3, the O5 bond hybrid of the O5–H11 bond gains 30.76% in s character and 68.89% in p character (with hybrid orbital sp2.24). A more conspicuous discrepancy was seen for the H2O lone pairs, where the natural hybrids (as well as the numerical maximum-occupancy hybrids) suggest one pure p and one sp0.57 lone pair [6]. The π (O6–C7) bond (hybrid orbital shows one pure p character) as donor and π* (C6–C5) antibond (hybrid orbital shows one pure p character) as acceptor [π (O6–C7)→π* (C6–C5)] participates the CT. The CT values are 6.46 and 6.67 kcal/mol (Table 4). The carboxylic group contributes as a better electron-donor. Likewise, the π (C4–O3) →π* (C6–C5) interaction supports the CT.The second order delocalization energy ofσ (H5–N1) →σ* (C1–C2) for the title compound is 0.82 and 0.73 kcal/mol with HF and B3YLP levels. This contributes bond polarization and hybridization changes. The N1 bond hybrid of the H5–N1 bond gains 25.72% in s character and 74.14% in p character (with hybrid orbital sp2.88). The second order delocalization energies of σ (C1–O1) →σ* (C2–N1) and σ (C1–O2) →σ* (C2–C1) are 1.13, 1.10, 0.80, and 0.83 kcal/mol with HF and B3LYP levels, respectively (in Table 4). The optimized bond lengths C1–O1, C2–N1, C1–O2 and C2–C1 are 1.310, 1.474, 1.189, and 1.510  Ǻ (with HF level), the corresponding bonds was observed at 1.307, 1.479, 1.215, and 1.505  Ǻ. The difference between C1–O1 and C1–O2 bond distances arise from the carboxylic group releasing ability in the title compound. This statement displays delocalization of the title compound.


## 3.4. Other Molecular Properties

The 3D plots of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), electrostatic potential (ESP), electron density (ED), and the molecular electrostatic potential map (MEP) figures for the title molecule at the B3LYP method with 6–31++G(d,p) level are shown in Figure 4. The ED plot for molecule shows a uniform distribution. While the negative ESP is localized more over the oxygen atoms, the positive ESP is localized on the rest of the molecule.Figure 4
Molecular surfaces of the sarcosine-maleic acid (obtained from B3LYP method).MEP has been used primarily for predicting sites and relative reactivities towards electrophilic and nucleophilic attack, and in studies of biological recognition and hydrogen bonding interactions [48–50]. The calculated 3D MEP of the title compound was calculated from optimized molecular structure by using B3LYP/6–31++G(d,p) level and also shown in Figure 4. According to the results, the negative region (red) is mainly over the N and O atomic sites, which were caused by the contribution of lone-pair electrons of nitrogen and oxygen atom while the positive (blue) potential sites are around the hydrogen atoms. A portion of a molecule that has a negative electrostatic potential will be susceptible to electrophilic attack—the more negative is the better. It is not as straightforward to use electrostatic potentials to predict nucleophilic attack [28]. Hence, the negative region (red) and positive region (blue) indicate electrophilic and nucleophilic attack symptoms. Also, a negative electrostatic potential region is observed around the O6 atom.The charge distribution on the molecule has an important influence on the vibrational spectra. The corresponding Mulliken’s plot with different HF/6–31++G(d,p) and B3LYP/6–31++G(d,p) methods are shown in Figure 5. Figure 5 reveals the molecular charge distribution of the title compound. Generally, it is noted that the strong negative and positive partial charges on the skeletal atoms (especially O5, O6, O3, O4, N1, O1, O2, C7, C4, C2, C1) for the selected compounds increase with increasing Hammett constant of substituent groups [27, 51]. These distributions of partial charges on the skeletal atoms show that the electrostatic repulsion or attraction between atoms can give a significant contribution to the intra- and intermolecular interaction.Figure 5
Comparative of Mulliken’s plot by HF/6–31++G(d,p) and B3LYP/6–31++G(d,p) of sarcosine-maleic acid.Table5 indicates the values of some thermodynamical and molecular parameters (such as zero point energy, EHOMO, ELUMO, ΔE, η, etc.) of sarcosine-maleic acid. Thermal energy (E) was calculated as the sum of zero point energy and thermal energy corrections for molecular translation, rotation, and vibration at 298.15 K. Enthalpy at 298.15 K and 1 atm was obtained by adding RT to the electronic energy and thermal energy. These data, as well as the Gibbs free energy, were obtained from the Gaussian output file in hartrees and converted to kJ/mol (1 hartree = 2625.50 kJ/mol). In previously works, the dipole moment and ZPE energies values of some molecules which included 1,2,3/1,2,4-triazole core were obtained to be ~3.0–6.0 D and ~155.0–476.0 kJ mol−1 [50, 51]. Besides, the Cv and μ values for the maleic acid were found to be 32.409 cal/mol K and 3.016 Debye [52]. These results are important to test the reliability of our results. As regard as, the results of the energies, dipole moment, entropy, and ZPE can be used to the new synthesis of some molecules which include sarcosine/maleic acid core.Table 5
The calculated thermodynamic and molecular parameters of sarcosine-maleic acid.
Parameters
HF/6-31++G(d,p)
B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p)
Thermal energy,E (kcal/mol)
Rotational
0.889
0.889
Translational
0.889
0.889
Vibrational
139.016
128.306
Total
140.794
130.083
Heat capacity,Cv (cal/mol K)
Rotational
2.981
2.981
Translational
2.981
2.981
Vibrational
43.448
46.738
Total
49.409
52.700
Entropy,S (cal/mol K)
Rotational
32.447
32.665
Translational
41.859
41.859
Vibrational
53.905
59.690
Total
128.210
134.214
Rotational constants (GHz)
A
1.29083
1.06137
B
0.29960
0.27773
C
0.25715
0.27100
Rotational temperature (Kelvin)
A
0.06195
0.05094
B
0.01438
0.01333
C
0.01234
0.01301
Thermal properties (Hartree/particle)
Zero-point correction
0.209706
0.191785
Thermal correction to energy
0.224369
0.207301
Thermal correction to enthalpy
0.225313
0.208245
Thermal correction to gibbs free energy
0.164397
0.144476
Sum of electronic and zero-point energies
−774.972134
−779.355221
Sum of electronic and thermal energies
−774.957471
−779.339706
Sum of electronic and thermal enthalpies
−774.956527
−779.338761
Sum of electronic and thermal free energies
−775.017443
−779.402531
Zero point vibrational energy (kcal/mol)
131.59250
120.34688
E
LUMO (eV)
0.418
−2.588
E
HOMO (eV)
−10.459
−7.592
Δ
E
LUMO
-
E
HOMO (eV)
10.876
5.004
I (eV)
10.459
7.592
A (eV)
−0.418
2.588
χ (eV)
5.021
5.090
η (eV)
5.439
2.502
S (eV−1)
0.092
0.199The average HOMO and LUMO energies for the title compound using HF/6–31++G(d,p) and B3LYP/6–31++G(d,p) levels have been obtained to be −10.459 eV, −7.592 eV (HOMO) and 0.418 eV, −2.588 eV (LUMO) (Table 5). These results are consistent with respect to the different molecular structures calculated at semiempirical methods [53, 54]. Obtained average (for η), parameters from these energies using HF and B3LYP levels have been found to be 5.438, 2.502 eV (for η), 0.099 and 0.199 eV (for S) for the title compound (Table 5). According to these values, the average variation of η displays influence of the electron donating/withdrawing power of the title compound.The polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities characterize the response of a system in an applied electric field. Electric polarizability is a fundamental characteristic of atomic and molecular systems. The donor and acceptor substituents provide the requisite ground-state charge asymmetry, whereas theπ-conjugation system provides a pathway for the redistribution of electric charges under the influence of electric fields. Also, the variation of χ values is supported by the electrostatic potential. Large χ values characterize acids and small χ values are found for bases. For any two molecules, electron will be partially transferred from the one of low χ to that of high χ (electrons flow from high chemical potential to low chemical potential).p-Nitroaniline (PNA) is one of the prototypical molecules used in the study of the NLO properties of molecular systems. In this study, the typical NLO material, PNA was chosen as a reference molecule; because there were no experimental values about the title compound in the literature. The relatively NLO compounds compared to PNA indicate their promising applications in NLO materials. Therefore it was used frequently as a threshold value for comparative purposes and still continues to be a recognized prototype of organic NLO chromophores. Its hyperpolarizability was studied both experimentally and theoretically in various solvents and at different frequencies [55–58].The variations of〈α〉, Δα, and 〈β〉 for the title compound are tabulated in Table 6. These variations are caused from the electron donating/withdrawing atom/group and ab initio calculations for the title compound. According to ab initio calculations, the variation of 〈α〉 and 〈β〉 values for the title compound is different (Table 6). The results of these variations with HF/6–31++G(d,p) level is larger than ones with the B3LYP/6–31++G(d,p) level. Also, the variation of 〈α〉 values for the title compound explicitly decreases from the largest molecular structures to the smallest molecular structures. Calculated 〈α〉 and 〈β〉 values for the title compound are similar to the different theoretical and experimental studies for different molecular structures [25, 28, 29, 31, 59–64].Table 6
Total static dipol moment (μ), the mean polarizability (〈α〉), the anisotropy of the polarizability (Δα), and the mean first-order hyperpolarizability (〈β〉) for Sarcosine-maleic acid molecule.
Property
PNA
HF/6-31++G(d,p)
B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p)
μ
x
−11.66 Debye
-
2.38 Debye
μ
y
2.88 Debye
3.93 Debye
μ
z
-
1.62
Debye
−3.22 Debye
μ
2.44 Debyea
12.12 Debye
5.61 Debye
α
x
x
134.96 a.u.
149.33 a.u.
α
y
y
99.84 a.u.
103.83 a.u.
α
z
z
77.19 a.u.
105.16 a.u.
〈
α
〉
22
×
10
-
24
c
m
3
b
15.41
×
10
-
24
esu
17.70
×
10
-
24
esu
Δ
α
7.47
×
10
-
24
esu
6.65
×
10
-
24
esu
β
x
x
x
-
189.68
a.u.
-
272.95 a.u.
β
x
y
y
17.40 a.u.
-
30.49 a.u.
β
x
z
z
10.67 a.u.
36.84 a.u.
β
y
y
y
-
18.49
a.u.
10.82 a.u.
β
x
x
y
116.03 a.u.
56.24 a.u.
β
y
z
z
-
12.86
a.u.
29.36 a.u.
β
z
z
z
-
46.40
a.u.
-
3.90 a.u.
β
x
x
z
4.12 a.u.
26.43 a.u.
β
y
z
z
11.38 a.u.
-
8.64 a.u.
〈
β
〉
15.5
×
10
-
30
esu
c
1598.70
×
10
-
33
esu
2452.18
×
10
-
33
esu
a, b, c PNA results are taken from references [65–67].


## 4. Conclusion

Investigation throughout the work proves that the NLO and NBO analysis of sarcosine-maleic acid can be successfully predicted byab-initio HF and B3LYP methods with 6–31++G(d,p) basis set. To investigate nonlinear optical properties, the compound which have sarcosine and maleic acid substituted by various electron donating/withdrawing atom/group have been used. Also, how NBO analysis change with different two methods and the consistency of these methods have also been investigated. The best fittings between calculated and measured vibrational frequencies were achieved by B3LYP/6–31++G(d,p) level. With this level, the deviations between calculated and experimental values are ignorable for a given type of vibration. These results are accurate enough with the deviations in the same order as anharmonicity corrections and effect from matrix or crystal. Therefore, this study confirms that the theoretical calculation of vibrational frequencies is quite useful for the vibrational assignment and for predicting new vibrational frequencies. The variation of 〈α〉 and 〈β〉 values with different two methods is different due to the different electron donating/withdrawing atom/group. The η, χ, and S parameters of the compound are directly related to the HOMO and LUMO calculations. The ESP and MEP plots for compound show the distribution of charge of compounds with respect to the difference between positive and negative charge. The small χ values display the EHOMO statement (i.e., Lewis base or nucleophile) and the larger values display ELUMO statement (i.e., Lewis acid or electrophile). To sum up, the negative region (red) is mainly over the N and O atomic sites, which were caused by the contribution of lone-pair electrons of nitrogen and oxygen atom while the positive (blue) potential sites are around the hydrogen atoms. The compound exhibits strong effective intra- and intermolecular charge transfer and shows large second-order nonlinearity. The sarcosine and maleic acid systems can be used as an effective π-bridge in the design of new organic and inorganic acids molecules.



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*Source: 712130-2012-11-01.xml*