# Euler Type Half-Linear Differential Equation with Periodic Coefficients

Authors: Ondřej Došlý; Hana Funková
Journal: Abstract and Applied Analysis
 (2013)

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## Abstract

We investigate oscillatory properties of the perturbed half-linear Euler differential equation. We show that the results of the recent paper by O. Došlý and H. Funková (2012) remain to hold when constants in perturbation terms are replaced by periodic functions.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

We investigate the influence of perturbations of the Euler half-linear second-order differential equation:(1)(Φ(x′(t)))′+γptpΦ(x(t))=0,Φ(x):=|x|p-2x,p>1,t∈(0,∞),
with the so-called critical oscillation constant  γp:=((p-1)/p)p-1 on oscillatory behavior of this equation. Recall that the constant γp is called critical since (1) with γ instead of γp is oscillatory if and only if γ>γp; see [1]. Hence, (1) is a typical example of the so-called conditionally oscillatory half-linear differential equation.Equation (1) is a special case of the general half-linear differential equation (sometimes called differential equation with the one-dimensional p-Laplacian):
(2)(r(t)Φ(x′))′+c(t)Φ(x)=0,
with the continuous functions r>0 and c. It is well-known, see [2], that the linear oscillation theory (the classical Sturm-Liouville second-order linear differential equation is the special case p=2 in (2)) extends almost verbatim to (2). In particular, the equation
(3)(r(t)Φ(x′))′+λc(t)Φ(x)=0
is said to be conditionally oscillatory if there exists λ0>0 such that (3) is oscillatory for λ>λ0 and nonoscillatory for λ<λ0; see [3]. From this point of view, (1) can be regarded as a good comparative equation in the sense that if r(t)≡1 in (2), the first natural test of (non)oscillation of this equation is to compare the potential c with the function γpt-p. More precisely, (2) with r(t)≡1 is oscillatory provided that
(4)liminft→∞tpc(t)>γp
and nonoscillatory if
(5)limsupt→∞tpc(t)<γp;
see, for example, [4, Section 1.4.3].A natural question is what happens whenlimt→∞tpc(t)=γp. This led recently to the investigation of various perturbations of (1). As a first step, the attention was focused on the half-linear Riemann-Weber differential equation and its perturbations:
(6)(Φ(x′))′+[γptp+∑j=1n‍βjtpLogj2(t)]Φ(x)=0.
Here, the notation
(7)Logk(t)=∏j=1k‍logkt,logkt=logk-1(logt),log1t=logt
is used. It was shown in [5] (see also [6]) that the crucial role in (6) is played by the constant μp:=(1/2)((p-1)/p)p-1. In particular, if n=1 in (6), that is, this equation reduces to the so-called Riemann-Weber half-linear differential equation, then this equation is oscillatory if β1>μp and nonoscillatory in the opposite case. In general, if βj=μp for j=1,…,n-1, then (6) is oscillatory if and only if βn>μp.One of the typical problems in the qualitative theory of various differential equations is to study what happens when constants in an equation are replaced by periodic functions. Our investigation follows this line and it is mainly motivated by the papers [7–15]. In [14, 15], linear second-order differential equations with periodic coefficients were considered which with using a transformation of dependent variable can be transformed into the equation of the following form:
(8)(r(t)x′)′+1t2[c(t)+d(t)log2t]x=0,
with α-periodic functions r, c, d. It was shown that (8) behaves essentially in the same way as the classical Riemann-Weber equation where the functions r-1, c, d are replaced by their mean values
(9)r-=1α∫0α‍r-1(t)dt,c-=1α∫0α‍c(t)dt,d-=1α∫0α‍d(t)dt.
More precisely, (8) is nonoscillatory if c-r-<1/4 and oscillatory if c-r->1/4. In the limiting case c-r-=1/4, (8) is nonoscillatory if d-r-<1/4 and oscillatory if d-r->1/4.This result was extended in [13], where a perturbation was also allowed in the term involving derivative. More precisely, first, the differential equation
(10)[(1+∑j=1n‍αjLogj2(t))x′]′+[14t2+∑j=1n‍βjt2Logj2(t)]x=0
was considered. It was shown (Theorem 2.1 and Corollary 2.3 in [13] with suitably chosen functions p0, q0, p1, and q1 in those statements) that if there exists k∈{1,…,n}, such that βj-αj/4=1/4 for j=1,…,k-1 and βk-αk/4≠1/4, then (10) is oscillatory if βk-αk/4>1/4 and nonoscillatory if β-α/4<1/4. If βj-αj/4=1/4 for all j=1,…,n, then (10) is nonoscillatory. Then, using an averaging argument, it was shown in [13] that the above result remains essentially to hold when the constants αj,  βj,  j=1,…,n, in (10) are replaced by periodic functions. The role of constants is taken in this result by the mean values of periodic functions αj(t), βj(t).As a next step, the effort was concentrated to extend the previous linear results to half-linear equations. In [12], the equation
(11)(r(t)Φ(x′))′+c(t)tpΦ(x)=0,
with α-periodic r, c, was considered. Similarly to the linear case, it was shown that (11) is oscillatory provided that c-r-p-1>γp and nonoscillatory when c-r-p-1<γp,
(12)r-=1α∫0α‍r1-q(t)dt,c-=1α∫0α‍c(t)dt,q=p/(p-1) being the conjugate exponent of p; the limiting case c-r-p-1=γp remained undecided in [12]. This problem was resolved in the later paper [8]; we will mention this result later in our paper.Here, we deal with perturbations of the Euler half-linear differential equation in full generality. We consider the following equation:(13)[(r(t)+∑j=1nαj(t)Logj2(t))1-pΦ(x′)]′+[c(t)tp+∑j=1nβj(t)tpLogj2(t)]Φ(x)=0,
with T-periodic functions r, c, αj, βj, r(t)>0. One of the reasons why we consider the coefficient of Φ(x′) in the power 1-p is that then this equation can be written as the first order system
(14)x′=(r(t)+∑j=1n‍αj(t)Logj2(t))Φ-1(u),u′=-1tp(c(t)+∑j=1n‍βj(t)Logj2(t))Φ(x)
and perturbation terms in both equations of this system have essentially the same form.Our main statement is based on the result of [11], where the case when r(t)≡1,  c(t)≡γp, and αj,βj are constants was considered. An explicit formula for the relationship between constants αj, βj which implies (non)oscillation of (13) was found. This result is recalled in the next section. In our paper, we show, similarly to the above mentioned papers, that constants αj, βj can be replaced by periodic functions and the resulting oscillation formula is essentially the same as that one in [11]; only constants are replaced by mean values of periodic functions appearing in perturbation terms.


## 2. Preliminaries

We start this section with a slight modification of [11, Theorem 4.1] which characterizes oscillatory properties of the following equation:
(15)[(1+∑j=1n‍αjLogj2(t))1-pΦ(x′)]′+[γptp+∑j=1n‍βjtpLogj2(t)]Φ(x)=0.Proposition 1.
Suppose that there existsk∈{1,…,n} such that
(16)βj+(p-1)γpαj=μp,μp=12(p-1p)p-1,j=1,…,k-1,
(if k=1) and βk+(p-1)γpαk≠μp. Then, (15) is oscillatory if βk+(p-1)γpαk>μp and nonoscillatory if βk+(p-1)γpαk<μp.Note that Proposition1 is proved in [11] for the half-linear differential equation where the term by Φ(x′) has no power, taking the form (1+∑j=1nαjLogj-2(t)). However, using the following binomial expansion:
(17)(1+∑j=1n‍αjLogj2(t))1-p=1+(1-p)(∑j=1n‍αjLogj2(t))+O(log-4t)ast⟶∞,
it is not difficult to see that Theorem 4.1 of [11] can be reformulated as stated in Proposition 1.Next, we recall the concept of half-linear trigonometric functions, see [2] or [4, Section 1.3]. Consider the following special equation of the form (2):
(18)(Φ(x′))′+(p-1)Φ(x)=0.
We denote the solution of this equation satisfying the initial condition x(0)=0, x′(0)=1 by sinpt, and its derivative (sinpt)′=:cospt. The functions sinp, cosp are 2πp-periodic, πp:=2π/(psin(π/p)), and satisfy the Pythagorean identity:
(19)|sinpt|p+|cospt|p=1,t∈ℝ.
Every solution of (18) is of the form x(t)=Csinp(t+φ), where C, φ are real constants; that is, it is bounded together with its derivative and periodic with the period 2πp. The function u=Φ(cospt) is a solution of the following reciprocal equation to (18):
(20)(Φ-1(u′))′+(p-1)q-1Φ-1(u)=0,Φ-1(u)=|u|q-2u,q=pp-1,
which is an equation of the same form as (18),  so the functions u and u′ are also bounded.Letx be a nontrivial solution of (2) and consider the modified half-linear Prüfer transformation:
(21)x(t)=ρ(t)sinpφ(t),rq-1(t)x′(t)=ρ(t)tcospφ(t).
Then, the angular variable φ satisfies the following differential equation:
(22)φ′=1t[tpc(t)p-1r1-q(t)|cospφ|p-Φ(cospφ)sinpφ+tpc(t)p-1|sinpφ|p],
see [8].The proof of our main result relies on the following averaging lemma, which can be found in [8]; see also [13, Section 5] and [15, Proposition 2].Lemma 2.
Letφ be a solution of the following equation:
(23)φ′=1t[a(t)|cospφ|p-Φ(cospφ)sinpφ+b(t)|sinpφ|p],
with bounded functions a(t) and b(t), a(t)>0, and let T>0. Denote the following:
(24)θ(t):=1T∫tt+T‍φ(s)ds.
Then, θ is a solution of the following equation:
(25)θ′=1t[A(t)|cospθ|p-Φ(cospθ)sinpθ+B(t)|sinpθ|p]+O(1t2),
with
(26)A(t)=1T∫tt+T‍a(τ)dτ,B(t)=1T∫tt+T‍b(τ)dτ,
and φ(t)-θ(t)=o(1) as t→∞.The termO(t-2) in (25) can be written as (compare (19)) (|cospθ|p+|sinpθ|p)O(t-2); hence (25) can be rewritten into the form considered later on
(27)θ′=1t[(A(t)+O(t-1))|cospθ|p-Φ(cospθ)sinpθ+(B(t)+O(t-1))|sinpθ|p].


## 3. Main Result

The formulation of Lemma2 from the previous section shows why we consider the perturbations of Euler equation (1) in the form as appears in (13) and, in particular, why we consider the term by Φ(x′) with the power 1-p. With this power (since (1-p)(1-q)=1), the function A in (26) is just the mean value over the interval [t,t+T] of the function r(t)+∑j=1n(αj(t)/Logj2(t)).Theorem 3.
Letr, c and αj,  βj, j=1,…,n, be T-periodic continuous functions, r(t)>0, and denote by r-, c-, α-j, β-j, j=1,…,n, their mean values over the period T.(i)
Ifc-r-p-1>γp, then (13) is oscillatory, and if c-r-p-1<γp, then it is nonoscillatory.(ii)
Letc-r-p-1=γp. If there exists k∈{1,…,n} such that
(28)β-jr-p-1+(p-1)γpα-jr--1=μp,j=1,…,k-1,
(if k=1) and β-kr-p-1+(p-1)γpα-kr--1≠μp, then (13) is oscillatory if
(29)β-kr-p-1+(p-1)γpα-kr--1>μp
and nonoscillatory if
(30)β-kr-p-1+(p-1)γpα-kr--1<μp.Proof.
First of all, let us note that the statement (i) is given for completeness; it is proved in [12]. The statement (ii) for n=1,  α1=0, is the main result of [8]. It remains to prove the statement (ii) in full generality.
Letx be a nontrivial solution of (13) and let φ be its Prüfer angle; that is, the solution x of (13) and its quasiderivative are given by the following formulas:
(31)x(t)=ρ(t)sinpφ(t),(r(t)+∑j=1n‍αj(t)Logj2(t))-1x′=ρ(t)tcospφ(t).
Then, φ(t)=0 (mod πp) if and only if x(t)=0 and
(32)φ′(t)=1t(r(t)+∑j=1n‍αj(t)Logj2(t))|cospφ|p=1t(r(t)+∑j=1n‍αj(t)Logj2(t))>0
at these points (see (33)). Hence, (13) is oscillatory if and only if φ(t) is unbounded as t→∞, and this happens, by Lemma 2, if and only if its mean value over the interval [t,t+T]θ(t)=(1/T)∫tt+Tφ(s)ds is unbounded.
The functionφ is a solution of the following differential equation:
(33)φ′=1t[(r(t)+∑j=1n‍αj(t)Logj2(t))|cospφ|p-Φ(cospφ)sinpφ+1p-1(c(t)+∑j=1n‍βj(t)Logj2(t))|sinpφ|p];
that is, in differential equation (25) we have (cf. (26))
(34)A(t)=1T∫tt+T‍(r(s)+∑j=1n‍αj(s)Logj2(s))ds,B(t)=1(p-1)T∫tt+T‍(c(s)+∑j=1n‍β(s)Logj2(s))ds.
Let f be a continuous T-periodic function and f-=(1/T)∫0Tf(s)ds its mean value over the period; then integration by parts yields
(35)1T∫tt+T‍f(s)Logj2(s)ds=1TLogj2(s)∫ts‍f(u)du|tt+T-1T∫tt+T‍[(1Logj2(s))′∫ts‍f(u)du]ds=f-Logj2(t)+f-[1Logj2(t+T)-1Logj2(t)]-1T∫tt+T‍[(1Logj2(s))′∫ts‍f(u)du]ds.
Since the function f is bounded, there exists a constant K>0 such that
(36)|∫ts‍f(s)ds|≤K,fort≤s≤t+T,
and hence we can estimate the last term in the previous computation as follows:
(37)|∫tt+T‍[(1Logj2(s))′∫ts‍f(u)du]ds|≤K[1Logj2(t+T)-1Logj2(t)]=KT(1Logj2(t))′|t=ξ=-KTξlogξLogj2(ξ)[1+o(1)]=O(1tlogtLogj2(t)),
as t→∞, ξ∈(t,T+t). Here, we have used that
(38)(1Logj2(t))′=-1tlogtLogj2(t)(1+o(1)),j=1,…,n,
as can be verified by a direct computation. The same argument shows that also the term in brackets in (35) has the same asymptotic behavior as t→∞. Altogether, we have
(39)1T∫tt+T‍f(s)Logj2(s)ds=f-Logj2(t)+O(1tlogtLogj2(t))=f-Logj2(t)(1+O(1tlogt)).
This implies that the functions A and B in (34) are
(40)A(t)=r-+[1+O(t-1log-1t)]∑j=1n‍α-jLogj2(t),B(t)=1p-1{c-+[1+O(t-1log-1t)]∑j=1n‍β-jLogj2(t)}.
Hence, substituting into (27), we obtain
(41)θ′=1t{[r-+(1+O(t-1log-1t))∑j=1n‍α-jLogj2(t)+O(t-1)]×|cospθ|p-Φ(cospθ)sinpθ+1p-1[∑j=1k-1‍β-jLogj2(t)c-+(1+O(t-1log-1t))×∑j=1n‍β-jLogj2(t)+O(t-1)|sinpθ|p]}.
Now, since all terms
(42)O(1/(tlogt))Logj2(t),j=1,…,n,O(t-1)ast⟶∞
are asymptotically less than o(1)/Logn2(t), we obtain the differential equation for θ which can be written in the following form:
(43)θ′=1t[(r-+∑j=1n‍α-jLogj2(t)+o(1)Logn2(t))|cospθ|p-Φ(cospθ)sinpθ+1p-1×(c-+∑j=1n‍β-jLogj2(t)+o(1)Logn2(t))|sinpθ|p].
This equation is a “Prüfer angle” equation for the following second-order half-linear differential equation:
(44)[(r-+∑j=1n‍α-jLogj2(t)+o(1)Logn2(t))1-pΦ(x′)]′+1tp(c-+∑j=1n‍β-jLogj2(t)+o(1)Logn2(t))Φ(x)=0,
which is the same as the following equation:
(45)[(1+∑j=1n‍α-j/r-Logj2(t)+o(1)Logn2(t))1-pΦ(x′)]′+1tp(c-r-p-1+∑j=1n‍β-r-p-1Logj2(t)+o(1)Logn2(t))Φ(x)=0.
Suppose that assumptions (ii) of Theorem 3 are satisfied and that (29) holds for k∈{1,…,n-1}. Then, (45) is oscillatory as a direct consequence of Proposition 1. If (29) holds for k=n, let ε>0 be so small that still
(46)r-p-1β-n-ε+(p-1)γp(r--1α-n-ε)>μp,
and consider the following equation:
(47)[(1+∑j=1n-1‍α-j/r-Logj2(t)+α-n/r--εLogn2(t))1-pΦ(x′)]′+1tp(c-r-p-1+∑j=1n-1‍β-jr-p-1Logj2(t)+β-nr-p-1-εLogj2(t))Φ(x)=0.
This equation is a Sturmian minorant for t sufficiently large (when the o(1) term in (45) is less than ε) of (45) and (46) implies by Proposition 1 that this minorant equation is oscillatory, and hence (45) (which is the same as (44)) is oscillatory as well. This means that the Prüfer angle θ of a solution of (44) is unbounded, and by Lemma 2 the Prüfer angle φ of a solution of (13) is unbounded as well. This means that (13) is oscillatory. A slightly modified argument implies that (13) is nonoscillatory provided that (30) holds.


## 4. Remarks and Comments

(i) In Lemma2, the constant T is any positive real constant. In the original version of this Lemma in [15], this number is the period of periodic functions in (25). As observed in [13], the statement of lemma 1 can be extended so that it applies to equations with bounded coefficients; see [13, Section 5] for details. This opens a space for a more general treatment of perturbations of the Euler type differential equation when perturbation functions are of larger class than periodic ones. A first step along this line has been made in [16] where a half-linear differential equation with asymptotically almost periodic coefficients is investigated.(ii) In [17], a power comparison theorem (with respect to the power p in the function Φ(x)=|x|p-2x) for perturbed Euler type differential equation is established. This result is extended to the Riemann-Weber half-linear differential equation in [18]. A natural research problem is to deal with power comparison theory for general perturbations suggested by (13).(iii) Another research problem is associated with the concept of Karamata regularly varying functions; see [19–23]. In these papers, half-linear equations with coefficients which are regularly varying functions are considered, and it is shown that then solutions of these equations also behave regularly, in a certain sense. Since the idea of the proofs of results of those papers consists in comparing the investigated equation with the Euler or Riemann-Weber equation, a natural idea is to investigate asymptotic properties of (15) with regularly varying functions r, c, αj, and βj.



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