# A Multi-Criterion Analysis of Cross-Strait Co-Opetitive Strategy in the Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell Industry

Authors: Hsiao-Chi Chen; Chia-Han Yang
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2014)

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## Abstract

The research adopts multi-criterion analysis to face cross-strait cooperative and competitive (co-opetitive) strategies problem in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry between Taiwan and China. The analysis framework is based on the national competitiveness. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach and TOPSIS analysis are applied to analyze firm-level data, gathered from the solar cell companies across the Taiwan Strait. For the Taiwanese firms, their relative national competitiveness lies in technology development, domestic market, international competition in related industries, and subsidy policy. For the Chinese firms, domestic market, procurement conditions, customization, intellectual resources, risk capital, and human quality are found to be their competitive advantages. Both China and Taiwan have entered into the emerging solar cell industry, with an aim to climb beyond the ladder of catch up. The results have shown that Taiwan and China can explore the possibility of forging strategic alliances by exploiting national competitiveness on the demand side. Above all, the paper has managed to spotlight demand conditions as the crucial factors for China and Taiwan to enhance their international competitiveness in the emerging solar cell industry.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Growing global concern on the triple crisis of finance, environment, and development has given rise to extensive research and investment in renewable energy such as photovoltaic, solar thermal, wind power, hydropower, and fuel cell to replace fossil fuel as the primary energy source. Among the abovementioned energy sources, development on solar energy, particularly solar cells, has been regarded as the star of the future for its technological potentials and closer gap towards commercialization, which has in turn led to studies on competition and development related issues, with special focus on the technology level, cost-effectiveness, and other fundamental aspects [1]. A key to competition between various photovoltaic cell types is the energy conversion efficiency, which is largely determined by the manufacturing technology [2]. Solar cells are categorized into two main groups, namely, the wafer-type and thin film. The wafer-type manufactured through single crystalline or multicrystalline technology has captured the lion’s market share of 95% in 2007, for its established advantages of lower manufacturing cost and higher efficiency over the thin-film counterpart which is based on a-Si, Cd-Te, and CIGS technologies and struggles with the remaining 5%. Thus, the crystalline silicon solar cell industry has become the major battlefield for a number of industrial players in the global landscape.Heightening concern has existed among governments around the globe that the national competitiveness will be crippled by the threat of fossil fuel depletion as development is evidently driven by increasing energy consumption and fossil fuel still serves as the primary energy source. This had led to relentless efforts by governments in many countries in search for sustainable alternative energy sources through both R&D and market stimulation policies, of which the solar cell industry is one of the major focus, as seen in Germany and Italy [3]. In light of mounting threat posed by major competitors from Japan, USA, and Europe to the Taiwan’s industry, the Taiwanese government has stepped up its effort in formulating co-opetitive (cooperative and competitive) strategies in the cross-strait context. It is well established that the developmental momentum of an emerging and high-technology industry, such as the solar cell industry, may be influenced by the national competitiveness [4]. Therefore, it is crucial to take national competiveness into consideration when one is to formulate the competition strategy for the solar cell industry at national level and also analyze the strategy planning for crystalline silicon solar cell firms. Against the above backdrop, this paper adopts the national competitiveness perspective to examine the development and strategic option of the solar cell industry in both Taiwan and China while considering the policy influences across the Taiwan Strait.In the global supply chain of the crystalline silicon solar cell industry, China and Taiwan are both strong players in the manufacturing of cell production and modules. Although competition and coordination relationships exist in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry between China and Taiwan, the Taiwanese firms have been trying to leverage advantages and market opportunities that can be offered by the wafer solar cell firms in China. This research therefore sets out to analyze the national competitiveness in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry in the cross-strait context, with an aim to examine appropriate co-opetitive strategies for the firms on both sides. Our analyses are shaped by an inquiry into the argument that new sources of national competitiveness are required for both China and Taiwan to promote emerging industries, such as the crystalline silicon solar cell industry.This paper is structured as follows. Section2 touches on Porter’s Diamond Model of national competitiveness and its revised version, which together form the core of our theoretical framework. Section 3 discusses research methods employed by this research, namely, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution). Section 4 presents our empirical analyses on the cross-strait co-opetitive strategy in crystalline silicon solar cell industry and draws implications. This paper makes conclusions in Section 5.


## 2. Theoretical Framework of National Competitiveness

In the traditional trade theory, capital, labor, and natural resources are regarded as the major sources of national competitiveness [5]. Before Porter’s Diamond Model [6] was introduced, there were no comprehensive system and concept to discuss national competitiveness. The Diamond Model is a cluster-based theory of national industrial competitive advantage that spotlights factor conditions, firm strategy, structure, and related and supporting industries, and demand conditions with exogenous variability of government and chances as the major sources of national competitiveness. For emphasizing national innovation capability, the Porter framework encapsulates the forces by identifying four key drives (see [7]; Figure 1). The first is the availability of high quality and specialized innovation inputs. A second determinant is the extent to which the local competitive context is intense and rewards successful innovators. A third determinant of cluster-level innovation is the nature of domestic demand for cluster producers and services. The final element in this framework is the availability, density, and interconnectedness of vertically and horizontally related industries. Overall, this framework suggests that the level of realized innovation in an economy depends upon the degree to which private R&D is fueled by innovation-based domestic competition.Figure 1
The innovation orientation of Diamond Model. Source: Furman et al. [7].However, the Diamond Model is criticized for the lack of incorporation of multinational activities and discussion of the impact of human variables and government. Consequently, the Double Diamond Model [8–11] is introduced as an extension to Porter’s single Diamond Model by incorporating international competitiveness into the single Diamond Model. The Nine-Factor Model [12, 13] which addressed different view of Porter’s Diamond Model is another extension to Porter’s original model with four additional human variables of workers, politicians and bureaucrats, and professionals being added in the model. In short, Cho et al. [14] formulate the Dual Double Diamond Model, which considers both physical and human factors in both domestic and international contexts to analyze national competiveness.In the national competitiveness studies researchers often develop new evaluation model through adjustment of Porter’s Diamond Model. However, the variables of Porter’s single Diamond Model are still useful and often adopted for national competitiveness analyses [15–18]. In this research, the research framework is based on Porter’s Diamond Model and other past studies on national competitiveness [7, 19–27]. The criteria of national competitiveness are adopted from Porter’s national competitiveness approach, Double Diamond Model, and Nine-Factor Model as shown in Table 1.Table 1
Criteria of national competitiveness for this research.
Dimensions
Criteria
References
Factor conditions
Quality of human resources
[6, 7, 19, 36]
Cost of human resources
Natural resources
Intellectual resources
Risk capital
Infrastructure
Demand conditions
Market demand
[6, 7, 19, 20, 36]
Domestic/overseas procurement condition
Government procurement
Customization
Related and supporting industries
The degree of industrial cluster
[6, 21]
The degree of vertical integration
International competition in related industries
Competitive structure
Number of firms
[6, 21–23, 37]
Scale of firm
Quality of firm
The level of innovation
Strategic activities of firms
Industrial culture
Government (law)
Industry and investment policy
[6, 19, 24, 25, 38, 39]
Education policy
Economic policy
Regulatory policy
Subsidy policy
Monetary policy
Opportunities
Change of international financial market
[6, 26, 27, 38]
Change of international political environment
Technology invention
Energy shortage
Chen and Yang, 2011 [40]


## 3. Research Methods

This research is based on a questionnaire survey addressed to the firms in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry in Taiwan and China. For the Taiwanese firms, 25 samples are collected out of the 78 crystalline silicon solar cell firms with a return rate of 32%. 19 samples are obtained from 67 crystalline silicon solar cell firms in China and return rate is 28%. Although the return rate of 30.3% seems insufficient to represent the entire industry, the samples are collected from the representative firms in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry and therefore should be sufficient to represent the competitive situation of the whole industry.Decision making is the process of selecting a possible course of action from all of the available alternatives. However, multiple criteria would influence the decision making. In order to capture the decision making at issue in the wafer base solar cell industry, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) are applied to find a compromising solution in the cross-strait co-opetitive strategies. AHP is adopted to analyze the critical national competitiveness between Taiwan and China, for its advantage in providing weighing and prioritization which assists the strategy of decision making process for managers of the crystalline silicon solar cell firms. On the other hand, TOPSIS is used to evaluate preferred co-opetitive strategy for the cross-strait crystalline silicon solar cell firms.AHP is a decision aiding method developed by Saaty [28–30], Saaty and Kearns [31]. It is aimed at quantifying relative priorities for a given set of alternatives on a ratio scale, based on the judgment of the decision maker, stressing the importance of the intuitive judgments of a decision maker as well as the consistency of the comparison of alternatives in the decision making process [28]. Since judgments of a decision maker are based on knowledge and experience, to make decisions accordingly, the AHP approach agrees well with the behavior of a decision maker. Saaty [28] developed the following steps for applying the AHP.(1)
Define the problem and determine its goal.
(2)
Structure the hierarchy from the top (the objectives from a decision maker’s viewpoint) through the intermediate levels (criteria on which subsequent levels depend) to the lowest level which usually contains the list of alternatives.
(3)
Construct a set of pairwise comparison matrices (sizen
×
n) for each of the lower levels with one matrix for each element in the level immediately above by using the relative scale measurement. The pairwise comparisons are done in terms of which element dominates the other.
(4)
There aren
(
n
-
1
)/judgments required in developing the set of matrices in step (3). Reciprocals are automatically assigned in each pairwise comparison.
(5)
Hierarchical synthesis is used to weigh the eigenvectors by the weights of the criteria and the sum is taken over all weighed eigenvector entries corresponding to those in the next lower level of the hierarchy.
(6)
Having made all the pairwise comparisons, the consistency is determined by using the eigenvalue,λ
max
⁡, to calculate the consistency index, CI as follows:
(1)
CI
=
λ
max
⁡
-
n
n
-
1
,
wheren is the matrix size. Judgment consistency can be checked by taking the consistency ratio (CR) of CI with the appropriate value. The CR is acceptable, if it does not exceed 0.10. If it is more, the judgment matrix is inconsistent. To obtain a consistent matrix, judgments should be reviewed and improved.
(7)
Steps (3–6) are performed for all levels in the hierarchy.Global criterion method, goal programming, fuzzy programming, and interactive approaches all need initial reference points in order to obtain (a) compromise solution(s) [32]. To obtain a compromising solution, the distance family with the ideal solution is reference point used by global criteria method. The TOPSIS approach could solve the auxiliary problem. The TOPSIS method is presented in Chen and Hwang [33], with reference to Hwang and Yoon [34]. The basic principle is that the chosen alternative should have the shortest distance from the ideal solution and the farthest distance from the negative ideal solution. There are such methods to use linear normalization (like VIKOR method), while the TOPSIS method uses vector normalization. Additionally, the normalized values by vector normalization in the TOPSIS method may depend on the evaluation unit [35]. Then, TOPSIS have two “reference” points for ideal solution, but it does not consider the relative importance of the distances from these points.The idea of TOPSIS can be expressed in a series of steps.(1)
Calculate the normalized decision matrix. The normalized valueγ
i
j is calculated as
(2)
γ
i
j
=
f
i
j
∑
j
=
1
J
f
i
j
2
,
j
=
1
,
…
,
J
;
i
=
1
,
…
,
n
.
(2)
Develop a set of importance weightsw
i, for each of the criteria. The weighted normalized value v
i
j is calculated as
(3)
v
i
j
=
w
i
r
i
j
,
j
=
1
,
…
,
J
;
i
=
1
,
…
,
n
,
wherew
i is the weight of the ith attribute or criterion and ∑
i
=
1
n
w
i
=
1.
(3)
Identify the ideal (extreme performance on each criterion) and nadir (reverse extreme performance on each criterion) solution:(4)
A
*
=
{
v
1
*
,
…
,
v
n
*
}
=
{
(
max
⁡
⁡
v
i
j
∣
i
∈
I
′
)
,
}
(
min
⁡
⁡
v
i
j
∣
i
∈
I
′
′
)
,
A
-
=
{
v
1
-
,
…
,
v
n
-
}
=
{
(
min
⁡
⁡
v
i
j
∣
i
∈
I
′
)
,
}
(
max
⁡
⁡
v
i
j
∣
i
∈
I
′
′
)
,
whereI
′ is associated with benefit criteria and I
′
′ is associated with cost criteria.
(4)
Develop a distance measure over each criterion to both ideal(
D
*
) and nadir (
D
-
). The separation of each alternative from the ideal solution is given as
(5)
D
j
*
=
∑
i
=
1
n
(
v
i
j
-
v
i
*
)
2
,
j
=
1
,
…
,
J
.
Similarly, the separation from the negative ideal solution is given as(6)
D
j
-
=
∑
i
=
1
n
(
v
i
j
-
v
i
-
)
2
,
j
=
1
,
…
,
J
.
(5)
For each alternative, determine a rationR
j
* equal to the distance to the nadir divided by the sum of the distance to the nadir and the distance to the ideal:
(7)
R
j
*
=
D
j
-
(
D
j
*
-
D
j
-
)
,
j
=
1
,
…
,
J
.
(6)
Rank the preference order.


## 4. The Cross-Strait Co-Opetitive Strategy in Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell Industry

### 4.1. The National Competitiveness between Taiwan and China

Interviews with the industrial experts from the solar cell industry are conducted to examine the cross-strait national competitiveness as shown in Tables2 and 3. The competitiveness criteria to evaluate country comparison in Table 3 are based on secondary data and expert interviews.Table 2
The competitive advantage analysis of nations in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry.
Technology
Manufacturing
System and marketing
American
●
⊙
●
Germany
●
●
●
Japan
●
●
●
Taiwan
◯
⊙
◯
China
◯
●
◯
●: absolute advantage; ⊙: comparative advantage; ◯: having resource.
Resource: processed from second sources organized and experts’ interview.Table 3
The comparison of national competitiveness in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry for America, Germany, Japan, China, and Taiwan.
Dimensions
Criteria
America
Germany
Japan
China
Taiwan
Factor conditions
Quality of human resources
●
●
●
◯
⊙
Cost of human resources
×
×
×
●
⊙
Intellectual resources
●
●
●
◯
⊙
Risk capital
●
●
●
⊙
⊙
Dimensional evaluation
●
●
●
⊙
⊙
Demand conditions
Market demand
●
●
●
⊙
◯
Domestic/overseas procurement condition
●
●
●
◯
⊙
Government procurement
●
●
●
◯
◯
Dimensional evaluation
●
●
●
◯
◯
Related and supporting industries
The degree of industrial cluster
⊙
●
●
⊙
⊙
The degree of vertical integration
⊙
●
●
⊙
◯
International competition in related industries
●
●
●
⊙
⊙
Dimensional evaluation
⊙
●
●
⊙
⊙
Competitive structure
Number of firms
◯
⊙
⊙
●
⊙
Scale of firm
⊙
●
●
●
⊙
Strategic activities of firms
⊙
●
●
⊙
◯
Dimensional  evaluation
⊙
●
●
●
⊙
Government (law)
Education policy
●
●
●
◯
⊙
Economic policy
⊙
●
●
⊙
⊙
Regulatory policy
⊙
●
●
◯
⊙
Industry and investment policy
●
●
●
⊙
◯
Subsidy policy
●
●
⊙
◯
◯
Monetary policy
●
●
●
⊙
⊙
Dimensional  evaluation
●
●
●
⊙
⊙
Overall  evaluation
●
●
●
⊙
⊙
●: absolute advantage; ⊙: comparative advantage; ◯: having resource; ×: no advantage.
Resource: processed from second sources organized and experts’ interview.In order to evaluate the national competitiveness and advantage in America, Germany, Japan, China, and Taiwan, this research began by compiling secondary industrial data from industry reports and news [41–44] to formulate a draft national competitiveness and advantage table. Second, opinions and views from executive managers in the flagship companies and research institution, including Motech, Sun Q Solar, Sunrise Global Solar Energy, Neo Solar Power, Suntech Power Holdings, and Photovoltaics Technology Center of ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute), are used to verify the data.America, Germany, Japan, China, and Taiwan are the main nations developing the crystalline silicon solar cell industry. In the national competitiveness analysis shown in Table2, relative advantages in technology, manufacturing, system, and marketing status are used to demonstrate the competitive advantage of nations in the industrial supply chain. In general, America, Germany, and Japan have sufficient resource and conditions to support the industry’s development in technology, manufacturing, system, and marketing. The crystalline silicon solar cell firms in these nations are very likely to adopt the vertical integration model. In contrast, both Taiwan and China have absolute advantage in manufacturing; hence their crystalline silicon solar cell firms are engaged in intense competition across the Taiwan Strait.The national competitive advantage is further analyzed for America, Germany, Japan, China, and Taiwan, as shown in Table3. Factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, competitive structure, and government (law) are strong advantages for America, Germany, and Japan, making vertical integration as the important strategy for the crystalline silicon solar cell firms in these countries. However, Taiwan only has comparative advantages for factor conditions, related and supporting industries, and government (law). China has more comparative advantages than Taiwan because of its earlier development in the solar cell area. These conditions have prompted the crystalline silicon solar cell firms in Taiwan and China to focus mainly on “manufacturing”; see Table 2. Based on the result of Table 2, it can be argued that Taiwan and China are in the same position in the crystalline silicon solar cell supply chain to compete mainly in the manufacturing field. Table 3 goes further to reveal that there are some coordination opportunities between China and Taiwan in areas such as quality of human resources, market demand, and so on.A closer look at Table3 suggests a key research issue for this study: how the Taiwanese firms are to face or come to terms with their Chinese counterparts, given China’s stronger national competitiveness? The comprehensive decision making of the crystalline silicon solar cell competition strategy is a complex process and multiconditions should be considered. Therefore, this research focuses on the competition and coordination strategy in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry between Taiwan and China by first exploring the critical criteria of national competitiveness which may influence the co-opetitive strategy planning.This paper used the national competiveness criteria, as shown in Table1, and took AHP evaluation to unveil the critical national competitiveness from the firms’ viewpoint. The comparison analysis of cross-strait national competitiveness is shown in Table 4.Table 4
Comparison of cross-strait national competitiveness in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry.
Taiwan
China
Priority
Weight
Criteria
Criteria
Weight
Priority
1st
0.1502
Market demand
Market demand
0.1391
1st
2nd
0.0927
Change of international financial market
Domestic/overseas procurement condition
0.0887
2nd
3rd
0.0937
Subsidy policy
Customization
0.0691
3rd
4th
0.0651
Energy shortage
Risk capital
0.0645
4th
5th
0.0532
Domestic/overseas procurement condition
Intellectual resources
0.0618
5th
6th
0.0505
International competition in related industries
Quality of human resources
0.0541
6th
7th
0.0417
Industry and investment policy
Natural resources
0.0482
7th
8th
0.0383
The level of innovation
Change of international financial market
0.0435
8th
9th
0.0372
Risk capital
The degree of vertical integration
0.0427
9th
10th
0.0369
Economic policy
Government procurement
0.0395
10th
11th
0.0358
Strategic activities of firms
Quality of firm
0.0378
11th
12th
0.0320
Government procurement
Industry and investment policy
0.0351
12th
13th
0.0313
Change of international political environment
Infrastructure
0.0342
13th
14th
0.0291
The degree of vertical integration
International competition in related industries
0.0339
14th
15th
0.0285
Quality of firm
Energy shortage
0.0306
15th
16th
0.0252
Technology invention
Change of international political environment
0.0294
16th
17th
0.0241
Intellectual resources
Economic policy
0.0287
17th
18th
0.0235
Quality of human resources
The level of innovation
0.0231
18th
19th
0.0227
Monetary policy
Technology invention
0.0200
19th
20th
0.0176
Customization
The degree of industrial cluster
0.0192
20th
21th
0.0169
The degree of industrial cluster
Strategic activities of firms
0.0188
21th
22th
0.0166
Education policy
Cost of human resources
0.0165
22th
23th
0.0163
Scale of firm
Monetary policy
0.0121
23th
24th
0.0151
Regulatory policy
Education policy
0.0102
24th
25th
0.0106
Cost of human resources
Regulatory policy
0.0085
25th
26th
0.0106
Infrastructure
Subsidy policy
0.0075
26th
27th
0.0065
Natural resources
Scale of firm
0.0072
27th
28th
0.0032
Number of firm
Number of firm
0.0053
28thOur results suggest that “Demand Conditions,” “Government,” and “Chances” are critical dimensions for Taiwan to develop the crystalline silicon solar cell industry. Several key national competitiveness, such as domestic market, the environment change of international finance, subsidy policy, and energy shortage, can fuel the Taiwanese firms to become competitive in the industry. Closer examination of the national competitiveness for Taiwan suggests that the government can function as an external driving force to influence and support the crystalline silicon solar cell industry.For China to develop the crystalline silicon solar cell industry, “Demand Conditions” and “Factor conditions” are found to be key competitive dimensions. Domestic market, procurement conditions, customization, intellectual resources, risk capital, and human quality turn out to be important national competitiveness for the industry’s development. In particular, Demand condition is the most critical issue in China. The ambitious effort “to build the solar city” in China is the crucial policy for the development of the local industry and energy is one of the main projects in China’s 12th 5-year plan.In short, market demand, domestic/overseas procurement condition, risk capital, and government procurement are focal points in the competitiveness of Taiwan and China. Indeed, the crystalline silicon solar cell industry is in the emerging stage and the government can play a key role in subsidizing R&D and cultivating various market demands. Hence, government’s supporting activities may influence the investment incentive of the firms in the industry.With comparing cross-strait national competitiveness, this research identifies 9 criteria which are crucial to the development of the crystalline silicon solar cell industry for Taiwan and China, as shown in Table5. Comparing the national competitiveness between Taiwan and China, there are some notable findings, as follows: (1) Taiwan has stronger subsidy policy but higher risk of energy shortage in comparison with China; (2) international competition in related industries and the level of innovation for Taiwan have much to do with accumulated strengths from the ICT industry; (3) contrarily, intellectual assets, the degree of customization, quality of human resource, and natural assets are advantages for China to develop the industry. In addition, niche market and key resources provider seem to be strategic focuses for the firms in China.Table 5
Comparing cross-strait difference of national competitiveness in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry.
Taiwan
Criteria
China
Priority
Weight
Weight
Priority
3rd
0.0937
Subsidy policy
0.0075
26th
4th
0.0651
Energy shortage
0.0306
15th
6th
0.0505
International competition in related industries
0.0339
14th
8th
0.0383
The level of innovation
0.0231
18th
17th
0.0241
Intellectual resources
0.0618
5th
20th
0.0176
Customization
0.0691
3rd
18th
0.0235
Quality of human resource
0.0541
6th
27th
0.0065
Natural resources
0.0482
7thBy integrating information gathered from Tables3 and 5, one can shed light to strategies in the cross-strait context. “International competition in related industries” and “the level of innovation” seem to be Taiwanese advantages to coordinate with China’s crystalline silicon solar cell industry. However, there are different views, regarding “quality of human resources” and “intellectual resources” in Taiwan, from the qualitative and quantitative analyses. Information gathered expert interviews tend to suggest that these factors are still Taiwanese advantages, compared to China, while “customization,” “natural resources,” and “infrastructure” are China’s competitiveness for the Taiwanese side to take advantage of. These findings form important base for us to discuss optimal co-opetitive strategy between Taiwan and China, to be discussed below.Given the critical factors of national competitiveness between Taiwan and China, discussed above, the size difference in domestic markets seems to have a strong influence on the firms’ vision and the way of developing the crystalline silicon solar cell industry. According to the results of our analyses on critical criteria for national competitiveness, the Taiwanese firms tend to consider the market dimensions as well as such factors as change of international financial market, subsidy policy, energy shortage, and so forth, as the most influential criteria for market stimulation. In addition, the Chinese firms tend to give high priority to the factors that can influence the global competition and strategic development, such as customization, intellectual resources, risk capital, quality of human resources, and so on. While previous studies on the development of emerging industries have paid particular attention to fierce competition in research [6, 45], technology leadership, and infrastructure, this paper has spotlighted demand conditions as the most important factor of competitiveness for both Taiwan and China to develop an emerging industry such as the crystalline silicon solar cell industry.Our analyses suggest two strategic approaches for Taiwan and China to engage with global industrial evolution in the emerging crystalline silicon solar cell industry. An optimist strategy for China involves horizontal development and leveraging the national competitiveness of factor conditions and infrastructure, while a pragmatist strategy for Taiwan requires further government policy support to open up “opportunities,” for example, by cultivating the domestic market and/or helping outreach larger external market, such as the Chinese market [46]. On balance, the size difference in domestic markets between Taiwan and China matters a great deal for the competitiveness and strategic options at the firm level.


### 4.2. The Cross-Strait Co-Opetitive Strategy

Although the Taiwanese firms are still falling behind Japan, US, and Europe in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry, they do possess great potential for Taiwan’s well-established production capacities and capabilities in the semiconductor, flat panel display (FPD), and conventional PV solar cell industries, which are highly related to the emergent industry. How could the Taiwanese crystalline silicon solar cell firms leverage the advantages and national competiveness to strengthen their position and competitiveness? Obviously, firms within a manufacturing/innovation network can integrate and collaborate with each other in order to develop new strategies, capacities, and capabilities to withstand global competition.The competiveness analyses above not only present the strategic issues for the firms but also reveal the complementary assets and cooperation mechanism between Taiwan and China. Further investigation is made in this research by applying the TOPSIS method to analyze co-opetitive strategy in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry between Taiwan and China. Our analyses on the preferred co-opetitive strategy for the firms on both sides of the Taiwan Strait are based on national competitiveness as shown in Table6. In particular, “Strategic alliance” as a strategic option is ranked high (second) by both the Taiwanese and Chinese firms. The results suggest that the firms in Taiwan first intend to strengthen low-cost leadership as competitive strategy against competition from the Chinese firms. In addition, some of the Taiwanese firms go further to pursue an outbound strategy, which makes Market demand, Change of international financial market, and Domestic/overseas Procurement conditions (see Table 4) the critical factors of competitiveness.Table 6
The priority of cross-strait co-opetitive strategy in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry.
Strategy
Priority
Taiwan
China
Competition strategy
Low-cost leadership
1st
3rd
Differentiated products
3rd
5th
Focus
4th
1st
Collaborative strategy
Merger and acquisition
5th
6th
Strategic alliance
2nd
2nd
Joint ventures
6th
7th
Technology licensing
7th
4thIn other words, although cost advantage remains essential to the Taiwanese players, whose operations tend to focus mainly on the manufacturing of cell production and modules, they can take advantage of China’s sheer size market by adopting a collaborative strategy with the Chinese players, particularly in the form of strategic alliances. This strategy is indeed being facilitated by active efforts made by the Taiwanese government to promote cross-strait industrial collaboration. In addition, the Taiwanese firms can leverage Taiwan’s accumulated strengths in “International competition in related industries” and “The level of innovation” (see Table4) to engage with the Chinese players in a cooperative manner, given the fact that the stability of material supply is a critical competition factor in the solar cell industry and quality material (e.g., Wafer) is the key issue to attract collaboration with the Chinese firms.On the other hand, the Chinese firms in the industry tend to adopt a focus strategy of market orientation as their first priority. Table4 shows that market demand and domestic/overseas procurement condition are ranked high as major national competitiveness for the Chinese firms. In fact, the development of emerging industries, as the solar cell industry in China nowadays entails a coevolution process of social and market factors in shaping Chinese innovations, highlighting the significance of domestic demands in the Chinese industrial development. It is true that the Chinese players can enjoy cost advantage for manufacturing by benefitting from national competitiveness in natural resources, infrastructure, and cost of human resources. It is equally true that the Chinese industrial players have increasingly looked to the domestic market demand as the source of innovation and industrial competitiveness, when it comes to the development of emerging industries. Of note is the fact that the Chinese firms have shown a strong appreciation to “strategic alliance,” with a second high ranking of strategic option. The strategic fit between the Taiwanese and Chinese sides regarding “Strategic alliance” can be facilitated by the differences in national competitiveness that each side possesses, discussed above. On balance, apart from the low-cost leadership strategy, “Strategic alliance” is found to be a feasible solution between Taiwan and China.By implication, a substantial body of the existing literature on cross-strait economic relations tends to focus on the policy differences [47], economic issues [48, 49], or the role of the both sides in the global production/innovation networks [50], but this research into the development of emerging industry in the cross-strait environment suggests a broader context than what has been discussed. Specifically speaking, market demand has become an essential and integral part of industrial development and innovation for both China and Taiwan, when it comes to emerging industries, as the solar cell industry. In developing a few emerging industries, both China and Taiwan have approached the stage of just few steps behind the advanced countries or even on the equal footing as their international counterparts. As a result, market demand can no longer be subject to benign neglect for the formulation of appropriate industrial policy in China and Taiwan. In the cross-strait context, there have existed goodwill and measures from both sides to promote cross-strait industrial collaboration. Therefore, cross-strait co-opetitive strategies for a few emerging industries have come to the focal stage for policy analyses and policy design.This research adopts the national competitiveness approach to examine important criteria for the firms from both sides to form cross-strait relation and strategy in the emerging solar cell industry. From the theoretical perspective, this research first revised Porter’s Diamond Model, with reference to the broader Double Diamond Model and Nine-Factor Model, and then made intensive analyses on the critical factors of national competitiveness to propose the cross-strait co-opetitive strategy.Additionally, the research makes interesting analyses on the upgrading process of global competition for the emerging solar cell industry in both Taiwan and China. Generally speaking, while leading international players, like Germany, Japan, and the USA, has established across-the-board strengths along the value chain in the industry, both Taiwan and China remain competitive mainly in the manufacturing of cell production and modules, which looks not so different from what they have done well in the course of industrialization. However, our results have shown that Taiwan and China can explore the possibility of forging strategic alliances by exploiting national competitiveness on the demand side.


## 4.1. The National Competitiveness between Taiwan and China

Interviews with the industrial experts from the solar cell industry are conducted to examine the cross-strait national competitiveness as shown in Tables2 and 3. The competitiveness criteria to evaluate country comparison in Table 3 are based on secondary data and expert interviews.Table 2
The competitive advantage analysis of nations in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry.
Technology
Manufacturing
System and marketing
American
●
⊙
●
Germany
●
●
●
Japan
●
●
●
Taiwan
◯
⊙
◯
China
◯
●
◯
●: absolute advantage; ⊙: comparative advantage; ◯: having resource.
Resource: processed from second sources organized and experts’ interview.Table 3
The comparison of national competitiveness in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry for America, Germany, Japan, China, and Taiwan.
Dimensions
Criteria
America
Germany
Japan
China
Taiwan
Factor conditions
Quality of human resources
●
●
●
◯
⊙
Cost of human resources
×
×
×
●
⊙
Intellectual resources
●
●
●
◯
⊙
Risk capital
●
●
●
⊙
⊙
Dimensional evaluation
●
●
●
⊙
⊙
Demand conditions
Market demand
●
●
●
⊙
◯
Domestic/overseas procurement condition
●
●
●
◯
⊙
Government procurement
●
●
●
◯
◯
Dimensional evaluation
●
●
●
◯
◯
Related and supporting industries
The degree of industrial cluster
⊙
●
●
⊙
⊙
The degree of vertical integration
⊙
●
●
⊙
◯
International competition in related industries
●
●
●
⊙
⊙
Dimensional evaluation
⊙
●
●
⊙
⊙
Competitive structure
Number of firms
◯
⊙
⊙
●
⊙
Scale of firm
⊙
●
●
●
⊙
Strategic activities of firms
⊙
●
●
⊙
◯
Dimensional  evaluation
⊙
●
●
●
⊙
Government (law)
Education policy
●
●
●
◯
⊙
Economic policy
⊙
●
●
⊙
⊙
Regulatory policy
⊙
●
●
◯
⊙
Industry and investment policy
●
●
●
⊙
◯
Subsidy policy
●
●
⊙
◯
◯
Monetary policy
●
●
●
⊙
⊙
Dimensional  evaluation
●
●
●
⊙
⊙
Overall  evaluation
●
●
●
⊙
⊙
●: absolute advantage; ⊙: comparative advantage; ◯: having resource; ×: no advantage.
Resource: processed from second sources organized and experts’ interview.In order to evaluate the national competitiveness and advantage in America, Germany, Japan, China, and Taiwan, this research began by compiling secondary industrial data from industry reports and news [41–44] to formulate a draft national competitiveness and advantage table. Second, opinions and views from executive managers in the flagship companies and research institution, including Motech, Sun Q Solar, Sunrise Global Solar Energy, Neo Solar Power, Suntech Power Holdings, and Photovoltaics Technology Center of ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute), are used to verify the data.America, Germany, Japan, China, and Taiwan are the main nations developing the crystalline silicon solar cell industry. In the national competitiveness analysis shown in Table2, relative advantages in technology, manufacturing, system, and marketing status are used to demonstrate the competitive advantage of nations in the industrial supply chain. In general, America, Germany, and Japan have sufficient resource and conditions to support the industry’s development in technology, manufacturing, system, and marketing. The crystalline silicon solar cell firms in these nations are very likely to adopt the vertical integration model. In contrast, both Taiwan and China have absolute advantage in manufacturing; hence their crystalline silicon solar cell firms are engaged in intense competition across the Taiwan Strait.The national competitive advantage is further analyzed for America, Germany, Japan, China, and Taiwan, as shown in Table3. Factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, competitive structure, and government (law) are strong advantages for America, Germany, and Japan, making vertical integration as the important strategy for the crystalline silicon solar cell firms in these countries. However, Taiwan only has comparative advantages for factor conditions, related and supporting industries, and government (law). China has more comparative advantages than Taiwan because of its earlier development in the solar cell area. These conditions have prompted the crystalline silicon solar cell firms in Taiwan and China to focus mainly on “manufacturing”; see Table 2. Based on the result of Table 2, it can be argued that Taiwan and China are in the same position in the crystalline silicon solar cell supply chain to compete mainly in the manufacturing field. Table 3 goes further to reveal that there are some coordination opportunities between China and Taiwan in areas such as quality of human resources, market demand, and so on.A closer look at Table3 suggests a key research issue for this study: how the Taiwanese firms are to face or come to terms with their Chinese counterparts, given China’s stronger national competitiveness? The comprehensive decision making of the crystalline silicon solar cell competition strategy is a complex process and multiconditions should be considered. Therefore, this research focuses on the competition and coordination strategy in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry between Taiwan and China by first exploring the critical criteria of national competitiveness which may influence the co-opetitive strategy planning.This paper used the national competiveness criteria, as shown in Table1, and took AHP evaluation to unveil the critical national competitiveness from the firms’ viewpoint. The comparison analysis of cross-strait national competitiveness is shown in Table 4.Table 4
Comparison of cross-strait national competitiveness in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry.
Taiwan
China
Priority
Weight
Criteria
Criteria
Weight
Priority
1st
0.1502
Market demand
Market demand
0.1391
1st
2nd
0.0927
Change of international financial market
Domestic/overseas procurement condition
0.0887
2nd
3rd
0.0937
Subsidy policy
Customization
0.0691
3rd
4th
0.0651
Energy shortage
Risk capital
0.0645
4th
5th
0.0532
Domestic/overseas procurement condition
Intellectual resources
0.0618
5th
6th
0.0505
International competition in related industries
Quality of human resources
0.0541
6th
7th
0.0417
Industry and investment policy
Natural resources
0.0482
7th
8th
0.0383
The level of innovation
Change of international financial market
0.0435
8th
9th
0.0372
Risk capital
The degree of vertical integration
0.0427
9th
10th
0.0369
Economic policy
Government procurement
0.0395
10th
11th
0.0358
Strategic activities of firms
Quality of firm
0.0378
11th
12th
0.0320
Government procurement
Industry and investment policy
0.0351
12th
13th
0.0313
Change of international political environment
Infrastructure
0.0342
13th
14th
0.0291
The degree of vertical integration
International competition in related industries
0.0339
14th
15th
0.0285
Quality of firm
Energy shortage
0.0306
15th
16th
0.0252
Technology invention
Change of international political environment
0.0294
16th
17th
0.0241
Intellectual resources
Economic policy
0.0287
17th
18th
0.0235
Quality of human resources
The level of innovation
0.0231
18th
19th
0.0227
Monetary policy
Technology invention
0.0200
19th
20th
0.0176
Customization
The degree of industrial cluster
0.0192
20th
21th
0.0169
The degree of industrial cluster
Strategic activities of firms
0.0188
21th
22th
0.0166
Education policy
Cost of human resources
0.0165
22th
23th
0.0163
Scale of firm
Monetary policy
0.0121
23th
24th
0.0151
Regulatory policy
Education policy
0.0102
24th
25th
0.0106
Cost of human resources
Regulatory policy
0.0085
25th
26th
0.0106
Infrastructure
Subsidy policy
0.0075
26th
27th
0.0065
Natural resources
Scale of firm
0.0072
27th
28th
0.0032
Number of firm
Number of firm
0.0053
28thOur results suggest that “Demand Conditions,” “Government,” and “Chances” are critical dimensions for Taiwan to develop the crystalline silicon solar cell industry. Several key national competitiveness, such as domestic market, the environment change of international finance, subsidy policy, and energy shortage, can fuel the Taiwanese firms to become competitive in the industry. Closer examination of the national competitiveness for Taiwan suggests that the government can function as an external driving force to influence and support the crystalline silicon solar cell industry.For China to develop the crystalline silicon solar cell industry, “Demand Conditions” and “Factor conditions” are found to be key competitive dimensions. Domestic market, procurement conditions, customization, intellectual resources, risk capital, and human quality turn out to be important national competitiveness for the industry’s development. In particular, Demand condition is the most critical issue in China. The ambitious effort “to build the solar city” in China is the crucial policy for the development of the local industry and energy is one of the main projects in China’s 12th 5-year plan.In short, market demand, domestic/overseas procurement condition, risk capital, and government procurement are focal points in the competitiveness of Taiwan and China. Indeed, the crystalline silicon solar cell industry is in the emerging stage and the government can play a key role in subsidizing R&D and cultivating various market demands. Hence, government’s supporting activities may influence the investment incentive of the firms in the industry.With comparing cross-strait national competitiveness, this research identifies 9 criteria which are crucial to the development of the crystalline silicon solar cell industry for Taiwan and China, as shown in Table5. Comparing the national competitiveness between Taiwan and China, there are some notable findings, as follows: (1) Taiwan has stronger subsidy policy but higher risk of energy shortage in comparison with China; (2) international competition in related industries and the level of innovation for Taiwan have much to do with accumulated strengths from the ICT industry; (3) contrarily, intellectual assets, the degree of customization, quality of human resource, and natural assets are advantages for China to develop the industry. In addition, niche market and key resources provider seem to be strategic focuses for the firms in China.Table 5
Comparing cross-strait difference of national competitiveness in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry.
Taiwan
Criteria
China
Priority
Weight
Weight
Priority
3rd
0.0937
Subsidy policy
0.0075
26th
4th
0.0651
Energy shortage
0.0306
15th
6th
0.0505
International competition in related industries
0.0339
14th
8th
0.0383
The level of innovation
0.0231
18th
17th
0.0241
Intellectual resources
0.0618
5th
20th
0.0176
Customization
0.0691
3rd
18th
0.0235
Quality of human resource
0.0541
6th
27th
0.0065
Natural resources
0.0482
7thBy integrating information gathered from Tables3 and 5, one can shed light to strategies in the cross-strait context. “International competition in related industries” and “the level of innovation” seem to be Taiwanese advantages to coordinate with China’s crystalline silicon solar cell industry. However, there are different views, regarding “quality of human resources” and “intellectual resources” in Taiwan, from the qualitative and quantitative analyses. Information gathered expert interviews tend to suggest that these factors are still Taiwanese advantages, compared to China, while “customization,” “natural resources,” and “infrastructure” are China’s competitiveness for the Taiwanese side to take advantage of. These findings form important base for us to discuss optimal co-opetitive strategy between Taiwan and China, to be discussed below.Given the critical factors of national competitiveness between Taiwan and China, discussed above, the size difference in domestic markets seems to have a strong influence on the firms’ vision and the way of developing the crystalline silicon solar cell industry. According to the results of our analyses on critical criteria for national competitiveness, the Taiwanese firms tend to consider the market dimensions as well as such factors as change of international financial market, subsidy policy, energy shortage, and so forth, as the most influential criteria for market stimulation. In addition, the Chinese firms tend to give high priority to the factors that can influence the global competition and strategic development, such as customization, intellectual resources, risk capital, quality of human resources, and so on. While previous studies on the development of emerging industries have paid particular attention to fierce competition in research [6, 45], technology leadership, and infrastructure, this paper has spotlighted demand conditions as the most important factor of competitiveness for both Taiwan and China to develop an emerging industry such as the crystalline silicon solar cell industry.Our analyses suggest two strategic approaches for Taiwan and China to engage with global industrial evolution in the emerging crystalline silicon solar cell industry. An optimist strategy for China involves horizontal development and leveraging the national competitiveness of factor conditions and infrastructure, while a pragmatist strategy for Taiwan requires further government policy support to open up “opportunities,” for example, by cultivating the domestic market and/or helping outreach larger external market, such as the Chinese market [46]. On balance, the size difference in domestic markets between Taiwan and China matters a great deal for the competitiveness and strategic options at the firm level.


## 4.2. The Cross-Strait Co-Opetitive Strategy

Although the Taiwanese firms are still falling behind Japan, US, and Europe in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry, they do possess great potential for Taiwan’s well-established production capacities and capabilities in the semiconductor, flat panel display (FPD), and conventional PV solar cell industries, which are highly related to the emergent industry. How could the Taiwanese crystalline silicon solar cell firms leverage the advantages and national competiveness to strengthen their position and competitiveness? Obviously, firms within a manufacturing/innovation network can integrate and collaborate with each other in order to develop new strategies, capacities, and capabilities to withstand global competition.The competiveness analyses above not only present the strategic issues for the firms but also reveal the complementary assets and cooperation mechanism between Taiwan and China. Further investigation is made in this research by applying the TOPSIS method to analyze co-opetitive strategy in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry between Taiwan and China. Our analyses on the preferred co-opetitive strategy for the firms on both sides of the Taiwan Strait are based on national competitiveness as shown in Table6. In particular, “Strategic alliance” as a strategic option is ranked high (second) by both the Taiwanese and Chinese firms. The results suggest that the firms in Taiwan first intend to strengthen low-cost leadership as competitive strategy against competition from the Chinese firms. In addition, some of the Taiwanese firms go further to pursue an outbound strategy, which makes Market demand, Change of international financial market, and Domestic/overseas Procurement conditions (see Table 4) the critical factors of competitiveness.Table 6
The priority of cross-strait co-opetitive strategy in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry.
Strategy
Priority
Taiwan
China
Competition strategy
Low-cost leadership
1st
3rd
Differentiated products
3rd
5th
Focus
4th
1st
Collaborative strategy
Merger and acquisition
5th
6th
Strategic alliance
2nd
2nd
Joint ventures
6th
7th
Technology licensing
7th
4thIn other words, although cost advantage remains essential to the Taiwanese players, whose operations tend to focus mainly on the manufacturing of cell production and modules, they can take advantage of China’s sheer size market by adopting a collaborative strategy with the Chinese players, particularly in the form of strategic alliances. This strategy is indeed being facilitated by active efforts made by the Taiwanese government to promote cross-strait industrial collaboration. In addition, the Taiwanese firms can leverage Taiwan’s accumulated strengths in “International competition in related industries” and “The level of innovation” (see Table4) to engage with the Chinese players in a cooperative manner, given the fact that the stability of material supply is a critical competition factor in the solar cell industry and quality material (e.g., Wafer) is the key issue to attract collaboration with the Chinese firms.On the other hand, the Chinese firms in the industry tend to adopt a focus strategy of market orientation as their first priority. Table4 shows that market demand and domestic/overseas procurement condition are ranked high as major national competitiveness for the Chinese firms. In fact, the development of emerging industries, as the solar cell industry in China nowadays entails a coevolution process of social and market factors in shaping Chinese innovations, highlighting the significance of domestic demands in the Chinese industrial development. It is true that the Chinese players can enjoy cost advantage for manufacturing by benefitting from national competitiveness in natural resources, infrastructure, and cost of human resources. It is equally true that the Chinese industrial players have increasingly looked to the domestic market demand as the source of innovation and industrial competitiveness, when it comes to the development of emerging industries. Of note is the fact that the Chinese firms have shown a strong appreciation to “strategic alliance,” with a second high ranking of strategic option. The strategic fit between the Taiwanese and Chinese sides regarding “Strategic alliance” can be facilitated by the differences in national competitiveness that each side possesses, discussed above. On balance, apart from the low-cost leadership strategy, “Strategic alliance” is found to be a feasible solution between Taiwan and China.By implication, a substantial body of the existing literature on cross-strait economic relations tends to focus on the policy differences [47], economic issues [48, 49], or the role of the both sides in the global production/innovation networks [50], but this research into the development of emerging industry in the cross-strait environment suggests a broader context than what has been discussed. Specifically speaking, market demand has become an essential and integral part of industrial development and innovation for both China and Taiwan, when it comes to emerging industries, as the solar cell industry. In developing a few emerging industries, both China and Taiwan have approached the stage of just few steps behind the advanced countries or even on the equal footing as their international counterparts. As a result, market demand can no longer be subject to benign neglect for the formulation of appropriate industrial policy in China and Taiwan. In the cross-strait context, there have existed goodwill and measures from both sides to promote cross-strait industrial collaboration. Therefore, cross-strait co-opetitive strategies for a few emerging industries have come to the focal stage for policy analyses and policy design.This research adopts the national competitiveness approach to examine important criteria for the firms from both sides to form cross-strait relation and strategy in the emerging solar cell industry. From the theoretical perspective, this research first revised Porter’s Diamond Model, with reference to the broader Double Diamond Model and Nine-Factor Model, and then made intensive analyses on the critical factors of national competitiveness to propose the cross-strait co-opetitive strategy.Additionally, the research makes interesting analyses on the upgrading process of global competition for the emerging solar cell industry in both Taiwan and China. Generally speaking, while leading international players, like Germany, Japan, and the USA, has established across-the-board strengths along the value chain in the industry, both Taiwan and China remain competitive mainly in the manufacturing of cell production and modules, which looks not so different from what they have done well in the course of industrialization. However, our results have shown that Taiwan and China can explore the possibility of forging strategic alliances by exploiting national competitiveness on the demand side.


## 5. Conclusions

Both China and Taiwan have entered into the emerging solar cell industry, with an aim to climb beyond the ladder of catch-up. Both of them are nowadays strong manufacturing players in the crystalline silicon solar cell supply chain but may possess different national competitiveness to explore for upgrading their competitiveness in the international race. For the Taiwanese firms, their relative national competitiveness lie in technology development, domestic market, international competition in related industries, and subsidy policy. For the Chinese firms, domestic market, procurement conditions, customization, intellectual resources, risk capital, and human quality are found to be their competitive advantages. To enhance their international competitiveness, both the Taiwanese and Chinese industrial players tend to highly appreciate a few factors of strengthening competitiveness in market demand, domestic/overseas procurement condition, risk capital, and government procurement. This paper has therefore managed to spotlight demand conditions as the crucial factors for China and Taiwan to enhance their international competitiveness in the emerging solar cell industry. Apart from that, some notable differences in competitiveness factors between Taiwan and China are largely attributable to the size difference in domestic markets, which in turn has influenced the constituent firms’ vision and their way of developing the crystalline silicon solar cell industry.With particular regard to China, while Chinese economic and industrial development used to be associated mainly with foreign direct investment, technology transfer, and participation in the global production/innovation network, market demand has become an essential and integral part of industrial development and innovation for China, when it comes to emerging industries, as the solar cell industry. This is particularly true to the case where China champions indigenous innovation in the emerging sectors. Thanks to this new development, the Taiwanese firms in the solar cell industry have opted to engage with the Chinese players in a collaborative manner in order to take advantage of the market potential in the Chinese market.As a result, market demand can no longer be subject to benign neglect for the formulation of appropriate industrial policy in China and Taiwan. The results of our analyses on national competitiveness for China and Taiwan have indeed revealed that the criteria of international and domestic demand, international and domestic procurement, capital resource, and government procurement are important factors to the cross-strait solar cell development. In the cross-strait context, there have existed goodwill and measures from both sides to promote cross-strait industrial collaboration, especially in a few emerging industries. With this intensive case study on cross-strait co-opetitive strategy in the crystalline silicon solar cell industry, the paper may help shed new light to the development of emerging industries in both China and Taiwan.



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*Source: 687942-2014-03-16.xml*