# Topological Entropy of One Type of Nonoriented Lorenz-Type Maps

Authors: Guo Feng
Journal: Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society
 (2016)

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## Abstract

Constructing a Poincaré map is a method that is often used to study high-dimensional dynamical systems. In this paper, a geometric model of nonoriented Lorenz-type attractor is studied using this method, and its dynamical property is described. The topological entropy of one-dimensional nonoriented Lorenz-type maps is also computed in terms of their kneading sequences.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The Lorenz attractor is usually divided into three types, which are called oriented, semioriented, and nonoriented Lorenz attractor, respectively, and the existence condition of Lorenz attractor of planar map is given in [1]. The oriented dynamical property is studied in detail in [2–4]. In this paper, the nonoriented situation is discussed. Lorenz system is approximated by the Shimizu-Morioka model (x˙=y, y˙=x-ay-xz, z˙=-bz+x2) when the parameter r is large. This model has nonoriented Lorenz attractors for certain parameters, (e.g., a≈0.59 and b≈0.45). The bifurcations and chaos of the model are discussed using numerical method in [5, 6]. In this paper, a geometric model of the type attractor is described, and a formula for computation of the topological entropy of one-dimensional nonoriented Lorenz maps is given.


## 2. A Geometric Model of the Nonoriented Lorenz-Type Attractors

The differential equation with a single parameterX˙=f(μ,X), X∈R3, is considered, and it is symmetric about z-axis. The butterfly homoclinic orbit exists when the parameter μ is zero and the equilibrium point is O=(0,0,0). The eigenvalue of the linearization matrix at O satisfies 0<c≤a<b. Through simple coordinate transformations, the equation can be reduced to (1)x˙=ax+Pμ,x,y,zy˙=-by+Qμ,x,y,zz˙=-cz+Rμ,x,y,z,where P, Q, and R are high-order items. In the neighborhood of O, the dynamical property of the equations can be described by its linear part. Due to the symmetry of the system, we only discuss the situation x≥0. The sections Σ0:z=d and Σ1:x=d (where d>0) are taken near the equilibrium O. The sections are shown in Figure 1(a). The solution of the linear equations x˙=ax, y˙=-by, and z˙=-cz are x=x0eat, y=y0e-bt, and z=de-ct with the initial point (x0,y0,d) on Σ0. The time of the flow with the initial point from Σ0 to Σ1 is τ=1/aln⁡(d/x0) with d=x0eaτ. Then the map T0:Σ0→Σ1T0 is defined by(2)y1=y0e-bτz1=de-cτ;that is, (3)y1=y0x0γd-γz1=x0νd1-ν,where ν=c/a is called the saddle point index and γ=b/a. Let Γ(0) be the homoclinic orbit of the unperturbed system (when μ=0), and let Γ(μ) be its perturbed solution; see Figure 1(b). Then the flows adjacent Γ(μ) determine a map T1:Σ1→Σ0. In the small neighborhood of the origin M on Σ1, the map T1:Σ1→Σ0 can be written as(4)x-0=μ+a11z1+a12y1+⋯y-0=uμ+a21z1+a22y1+⋯.When the determinant of a matrix a11a12a21a22 is less than zero, the manifold by the map T1 defined is nonoriented. μ is a splitting parameter, and the coordinate of M0(μ)=Γ(μ)∩Σ0 is (μ,u(μ)). The map T=T1∘T0 is obtained on Σ0: (5)x-0=μ+a11d1-νx0ν+a12d-γy0x0γ+⋯y-0=uμ+a21d1-νx0ν+a22d-γy0x0γ+⋯.Let d=1 by scaling variable, and remove the under index zero. Thus, we can obtain(6)x-=μ+Axν+a12yxγ+⋯y-=uμ+a21xν+a22yxγ+⋯,where A=a11 is called the boundary line. This paper discusses the nonoriented Lorenz-type map corresponding to the situation A<0 and μ>0, and let a12, a21, and a22 be all greater than zero.Figure 1
Poincaré map of the Lorenz.
(a) (b)Because the system is symmetric, we consider the case ofx≤0 and obtain the map(7)x-=μ+Axν+a12yxγ+⋯sign⁡xy-=uμ+a21xν+a22yxγ+⋯sign⁡x.Considering the truncated map,(8)x-=μ+Axνsign⁡xy-=uμ+a21xν+a22yxγsign⁡x.The above formula is the Lorenz Poincaré map as shown in Figure 1(b).For simplicity, we write the above map as(x-,y-)=F(x,y)=(f(x),g(x,y)). Taking μ=1, u(μ)=0.5, and U=(-1≤x≤1,-1≤y≤1) on Σ0, as |1+A|<1, |0.5+a21+a22|<1. The graph of f(x) is shown in Figure 2. The region U is the contraction region of the map F(x,y) as shown in Figure 3.Figure 2
Graph off(x) while μ=1, A=-1.6, and ν=0.9.Figure 3
Graph ofF(U) while μ=1, u(μ)=0.5, A=-1.6, ν=0.9, a21=0.1, a22=0.3, and γ=1.2.It is similar to the condition of an existing strange attractor about oriented Lorenz map in [2]. When |∂f/∂x|>2, |∂g/∂y|<1/2; that is, Aν>2 and a22γ<1/2; the invariant set ⋂n≥0Tn(U)=Λ is a nonoriented Lorenz attractor as shown in Figure 4. Obviously, if μ≤1, then |∂f/∂x|>2 in the set -1,1∖{0}.Figure 4
The strange attractor ofF(x,y) (the parameters are the same as Figure 3).Being similar to [2], the dynamical property of TΛ can be described by the shift map of the inverse limit pace of the map fI. So it is very important to study the dynamic behavior of this kind of attractor by studying the one-dimensional map f(x).


## 3. The Calculation of the Topological Entropy of Nonoriented Lorenz-Type Map

AsI=[-1,1], if the map f(x):I→I satisfies the condition where(1)
[-1,0) and (0,1] are continuous and monotone,(2)
limx→0-⁡f(x)=-1 and limx→0+⁡f(x)=1, f(0)=0,(3)
the setD(f)=⋃n≥0f-n(0) is dense on the interval I,then f(x):I→I is called a nonoriented Lorenz-type map.The topological entropy of one-dimensional Lorenz-type map is defined in [7].(9)hf=limn→∞ln⁡Nnn=limn→∞ln⁡Nnn,where Nn is the number of discontinuous points of fn(x). The definition in (9) is similar to the one about piecewise monotone continuous map given by de Melo and van Strien [8]. Here, the discontinuous points correspond to the critical points in [8]. This paper will calculate topological entropy of the map f. In order to facilitate the calculation, for a sequence N1,N2,N3,…, we consider the power series(10)Nt=N1+N2t+N3t2+⋯,where t∈C.Lemma 1.
Asn→∞, the sequence Nnn=N(fn)n is convergent.Proof.
Firstly, we show that(11)Ng∘f≤NgNf,where f and g are Lorenz-type maps; N(f) is the number of discontinuous points of f. Because, in each interval on which f is continuous, the number of the discontinuous points of g is at most N(g), the inequality N(g∘f)≤N(g)N(f) holds. Let k be a fixed natural number; for ∀n∈Z, ∃p,q∈Z such that n=pk+q, where 0≤q<k. By the formula,(12)Nfn≤NfkpNfq,we have(13)Nfn1/n≤Nfkp/pk+qNfp/pk+q.If n→∞, then p→∞, and q is bounded. Thus, we have p/pk+q→1/k and p/pk+q→0. Therefore, (14)limn→∞sup⁡Nfn1/n≤Nfk1/k.Since k is arbitrary,(15)limn→∞sup⁡Nfn1/n≤inf⁡Nfk1/k≤limk→∞inf⁡Nfk1/k;we can prove the sequence Nnn is convergent.
LetN⌢n be the number of points which fall at the discontinuous points firstly when fn(x0)=0 and fkx0≠0, k=0,1,…,n-1.Lemma 2.
lim n → ∞ ⁡ N ⌢ n n = lim n → ∞ ⁡ N n n .Proof.
It is clear that(16)N⌢n≤Nn≤nN⌢nand that limn→∞⁡Nnn exists; this also holds for limn→∞⁡N⌢nn. Besides, limn→∞⁡N⌢nn=limn→∞⁡nN⌢nn. Thus, we have limn→∞⁡N⌢nn=limn→∞⁡Nnn.
LetN⌢t=N⌢1+N⌢2t+N⌢3t2+⋯ denote the power series associated with the sequence N1,N2,N3,…. By Lemma 2, the convergence radius of the series 1+tN⌢(t) and 1+tN(t) is equal to limn→∞⁡1/N⌢nn=limn→∞⁡1/Nnn.
Now, we give the symbolic dynamics model of the one-dimensional nonoriented Lorenz maps. Forx∈I, Let φ(x)=φ0φ1φ2⋯ denote its symbol sequence, where(17)φn=-1fnx<0,0fnx=0,1fnx>0.There is also a sequence εx=ε0ε1ε2⋯, where(18)εn=-1,iffnx≠0,0,iffnx=0.Thus, we can obtain a sequence (19)kx=k0k1k2⋯,which is called the invariant coordinates of x, where(20)k0=φ0,k1=ε0φ1,k2=ε0ε1φ2,⋮.Therefore, we obtain a map k:I→Ω3+, where Ω3+ is a one-sided symbol space associated with the symbols  −1, 0, and 1. It is clear that k(f(x))=σ(k(x)), where σ:Ω3+→Ω3+ is the shift map. The order of invariant coordinates is as follows: if k0=k0′,…,kn-1=kn-1′, kn<kn′, then k<k′.Lemma 3.
Forx,y∈I, if x<y, then k(x)≤k(y); that is, k:I→Ω3+ is a monotone increasing function on the interval I.Proof.
Ifx and y lie in the left-hand side and right-hand side of the discontinuous point 0, respectively, then the conclusion is obvious. Suppose that kk(x)=kk(y) for k<n. Let J be the interval [x,y]. Then there is fn(x)<fn(y) or fn(x)>fn(y) determined by increasing or decreasing of fn|J. When k≤n, J is a monotone interval of fk. For z∈J, by the chain rule, sign⁡(Dfn(z))=ε0ε1⋯εn-1. If ε0ε1⋯εn-1>0, then fn(x)<fn(y); that is, φn(x)<φn(y).
Ifε0ε1⋯εn-1<0, then fn(x)>fn(y); that is, φn(x)>φn(y). For both cases, we have(21)knx=ε0ε1⋯εn-1φfnx≤ε0ε1⋯εn-1φfny=kny,when φn(x)=φn(y)=0; the above equal signs hold. Obviously, if x,y∈I∖D, then k(x)<k(y). Let x+ and x- denote the left and right limit points of x, respectively. By Lemma 1, k(x-) and k(x+) exist. For discussion, the sequence of point x is signed by a power series in complex field; that is, k(x,t)=k0+k1t+k2t2+⋯.Lemma 4.
k ( 1 - , t ) - k ( - 1 + , t ) = ∑ x ∈ i n ( I ) [ k ( x + , t ) - k ( x - , t ) ].Proof.
The functionkx,tmod⁡(tn) is the series k(x,t), which is to be truncated from tn. For fixed t, kx,tmod⁡(tn) is a step function with a finite number of discontinuous points; then the statement of the lemma follows.
We callα=k(0-)=limx→0-⁡k(x) and β=k(0+)=limx→0+⁡k(x) the kneading sequences of the map f. The result of Lemma 4 can be simplified by kneading sequences.Theorem 5.
k ( 1 - , t ) - k ( - 1 + , t ) = N ⌢ ( t ) [ β ( t ) - α ( t ) ].Proof.
Iffn(x0)=0 and fkx0≠0, k=0,1,…,n-1, then(22)kx0+,t=kx0,t+tnβt,kx0-,t=kx0,t+tnαt.Substituting the above two equations into Lemma 4, we can obtain (23)k1-,t-k-1+,t=∑n=0∞N⌢ntnβt-αt.For one-dimensional nonoriented Lorenz-type maps, (24)σβ=k1-,σα=k-1+;that is,(25)βt=1-k1-,tt,αt=-1-k-1+,tt.Substituting (24) and (25) into (23),(26)βt-αt1+tN⌢t=2.Because the series 1+tN⌢(t) is absolutely convergent, when |t|<limn→∞⁡1/N⌢nn, the series 1+tN⌢(t) is an analytic function in convergent circle |t|=limn→∞⁡1/N⌢nn.
The series1+tN⌢(t) has poles in convergent circle. The series of 1+tN⌢(t) is positive, so |1+tN⌢(t)|≤1+|t|N⌢(|t|) and the point t0=limn→∞⁡1/N⌢nn=limn→∞⁡1/Nnn in convergent circle is the pole of the series 1+tN⌢(t). By (26), t0 is the minimum positive zero of the polynomial function β(t)-α(t); that is, t0 is the minimum positive root of the model of the equation(27)βt-αt=0.Substituting t0 into (9), we obtain a formula of topological entropy of the map:(28)hf=-ln⁡t0.Example 6.
Calculate the topological entropy of the map:(29)gx=1-2x,0<x≤1-1-2x,-1≤x<0.β=(1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,…) is an eventually periodic sequence; then β(t)=1-t-t2/1+t. By the symmetry of the map g(x), we have α=-β, Substituting the expressions of α(t) and β(t) into (27), we obtain 2(1-t-t2/1+t)=0 and t0=1/2. Thus, hg=-ln⁡|t0|=ln⁡2.


## 4. Conclusion

For the dynamic systems described by differential equations, the Lorenz Poincaré map is a mostly used method to study the structure of strange attractors of the systems. The dynamical behavior of the Lorenz-type attractor can be described by one-dimensional Lorenz-type map. The topological entropy of the Lorenz map can be calculated by using the symbol sequence of the boundary points of the invariant interval, and we can know the system is chaos or not.



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