# Identification of Permanent Faults and Disturbance Induced by Deicing Based on Permutation Entropy for the Large-Scale Clean Energy Transmission in Winter

Authors: Yunlong Wang; Tiejun Tang; Xiang Ju; Dingding Hong
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2021)

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## Abstract

Ice shedding may induce isolated ground wires’ temporary grounding, which can cause electric quantities of direct current (DC) deicing devices to fluctuate. Hence, the disturbance of ice shedding is able to trigger the protective relay frequently and unnecessarily, which adversely affects the deicing process. Due to the randomness of ice shedding, the grounding resistance varies quickly; thus, the disturbance in poles of deicing devices can be detected multiple times in a short time. Moreover, the permanent fault requires steady arc plasma because of the low output voltage and current of deicing devices, which cannot bring out multiple-time disturbances in the poles. This paper proposes the identification of permanent faults and disturbance induced by deicing based on the permutation entropy, which is verified by a large number of simulations.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The ground wire is usually applied for the lightning shield and communication, which transmits little energy. Therefore, the cold rain in the plateau may induce ice freezing along the ground wire. If there is no operation to melt or eliminate ice along the ground wire, ice may be too heavy, which exceeds the affordability of ground wires. Actually, the tower destruction caused by heavy ice is the severest problem in the extreme weather in winter. In order to decrease the adverse effect of the ice freezing in ground wires, the deicing device is widely equipped in China.In the process of deicing, melting ice drops from the ground wire. Melting ice can significantly reduce the isolation between the ground wire and transmission lines; hence, the discharge may occur if transmission lines are still transmitting the energy. The swing of transmission lines induced by ice melting is analyzed in the experiment environment in [1–5]. Zhuang et al. and Nie et al. [6, 7] applied a trend prediction model for the ice freezing and development of deicing based on the micrometeorology monitor. The cause and the process of deicing faults are studied in [8–20], and the reinforcement of isolators of transmission lines is proposed.The filter is usually unset for the DC deicing device, so there are a large number of high-frequency harmonics in the output voltage. Furthermore, the disturbance induced by deicing cannot be detected by time-frequency domain methods, e.g., the wavelet and the short-window Fourier transformation. This paper analyzes the difference of circuits between the disturbance and the fault induced by deicing, and the permutation entropy is employed to obtain the trend of the waveform. At last, the variance is utilized to identify the disturbance and the fault by weighing the complexity of permutation waveforms.


## 2. Permutation Entropy Identification Method for Deicing Disturbance and Fault of the Ice-Melting Line

### 2.1. Permutation Entropy Algorithm

Permutation entropy is a numerical calculation method to estimate the dynamic mutation and stochastic time series. It can quantitatively evaluate the random noise contained in the time series and detect the sudden change which is different from the noise. It can obtain a higher resolution, the output results of its calculation are clear, and the prominent information can be intuitively identified [21, 22].Let a time series beX(i), i = 1, 2, 3, …, n; then, the time series is reconstructed in the phase space, and the resulting matrix is(1)Z=x1x1+t⋯x1+d−1tx2x2+t⋯x2+d−1txjxj+t⋯xj+d−1t⋮⋮⋮xkxk+t⋯xk+d−1t.In the formula,j = 1, 2, …, k, k is the number of rows in the matrix, d is the embedded digit capacity, t is the delay time, and k = n − (d − 1)t. Every row {x(j), x(j + t), …, x(j + (d − 1)t)} in the matrix can be regarded as a reconstructed component, and there are a total of k reconstructed components. The elements of each reconstructed component are arranged in the ascending order according to their numerical size; j1, j2, …, jd denote the index of the column of each element in the reconstructed component; that is,(2)xi+j1−1t≤xi+j2−1t≤⋯≤xi+jd−1t.If there are equal values in the reconstructed components, which are(3)xi+j1−1t=xi+j2−1t,at this time, they are sorted according to the subscript i of ji. For each row of the matrix reconstructed by any time series X(i), a group of symbol sequences can be obtained:(4)Sl=j1,j2,⋯,jd.In the formula,l = 1, 2, …, k, and k ≤ d!, d-dimensional phase space maps different symbol sequences (j1, j2, …, jd), and there are d! kinds. The symbol sequence S(l) is one of these permutations. If the probability of k different symbol sequences appearing is P1, P2, …, Pk, the permutation entropy can be defined as(5)HPd=−∑j=1kPjlnPj.NormalizeHP(d), and the results are as follows:(6)0≤HP=HPlnd!≤1.The magnitude of theHP value indicates the randomness of the time series X(i). The larger the HP value is, the more complex and random the time series will be; the smaller the HP value is, the more orderly and regular the time series will be. Besides, the HP waveform can be used to reflect the mutation degree of time series X(i).


### 2.2. Variance Analysis of the Permutation Entropy Waveform of the Output DC Voltage of the Ice-Melting System

Variance is often used to measure the degree of deviation between a random variable and its mathematical expectations, and the variance calculation can be used to further verify the degree of randomness, dispersion, and mutation of the DC voltage permutation entropy waveform. Assuming thatX is a discrete random variable, the calculation formula of variance of the discrete random variable is as follows:(7)DX=EX−EX2=EX2−E2X.In the formula,E(X) is the expected value; X is the value of the variable. The larger the variance is, the greater the fluctuation of the data is and the more unstable and discrete it is. The smaller the variance is, the smaller the fluctuation of the data is and the more stable it is. In the ice-melting process of the ice-melting device, the variance of the DC voltage permutation entropy obtained when the negative pole of the deicing line has a disturbance and a permanent fault is calculated, and the results can be characterized such that, in the process of disturbance, the overall voltage fluctuation range is large and its variance is large, while in the case of permanent fault, the overall voltage variation law tends to be stable, the fluctuation is small, and the variance is small. According to this characteristic, permanent faults and disturbances can be identified. At present, the protection delay of DC melting ice can reach hundreds of milliseconds, so it takes a long time to identify the disturbance and permanent fault in the process of DC melting ice.The fault type can be confirmed by the following criteria:(8)DX≥Dth,disturbance,DX<Dth,fault.In this formula,Dth is the variance threshold.


## 2.1. Permutation Entropy Algorithm

Permutation entropy is a numerical calculation method to estimate the dynamic mutation and stochastic time series. It can quantitatively evaluate the random noise contained in the time series and detect the sudden change which is different from the noise. It can obtain a higher resolution, the output results of its calculation are clear, and the prominent information can be intuitively identified [21, 22].Let a time series beX(i), i = 1, 2, 3, …, n; then, the time series is reconstructed in the phase space, and the resulting matrix is(1)Z=x1x1+t⋯x1+d−1tx2x2+t⋯x2+d−1txjxj+t⋯xj+d−1t⋮⋮⋮xkxk+t⋯xk+d−1t.In the formula,j = 1, 2, …, k, k is the number of rows in the matrix, d is the embedded digit capacity, t is the delay time, and k = n − (d − 1)t. Every row {x(j), x(j + t), …, x(j + (d − 1)t)} in the matrix can be regarded as a reconstructed component, and there are a total of k reconstructed components. The elements of each reconstructed component are arranged in the ascending order according to their numerical size; j1, j2, …, jd denote the index of the column of each element in the reconstructed component; that is,(2)xi+j1−1t≤xi+j2−1t≤⋯≤xi+jd−1t.If there are equal values in the reconstructed components, which are(3)xi+j1−1t=xi+j2−1t,at this time, they are sorted according to the subscript i of ji. For each row of the matrix reconstructed by any time series X(i), a group of symbol sequences can be obtained:(4)Sl=j1,j2,⋯,jd.In the formula,l = 1, 2, …, k, and k ≤ d!, d-dimensional phase space maps different symbol sequences (j1, j2, …, jd), and there are d! kinds. The symbol sequence S(l) is one of these permutations. If the probability of k different symbol sequences appearing is P1, P2, …, Pk, the permutation entropy can be defined as(5)HPd=−∑j=1kPjlnPj.NormalizeHP(d), and the results are as follows:(6)0≤HP=HPlnd!≤1.The magnitude of theHP value indicates the randomness of the time series X(i). The larger the HP value is, the more complex and random the time series will be; the smaller the HP value is, the more orderly and regular the time series will be. Besides, the HP waveform can be used to reflect the mutation degree of time series X(i).


## 2.2. Variance Analysis of the Permutation Entropy Waveform of the Output DC Voltage of the Ice-Melting System

Variance is often used to measure the degree of deviation between a random variable and its mathematical expectations, and the variance calculation can be used to further verify the degree of randomness, dispersion, and mutation of the DC voltage permutation entropy waveform. Assuming thatX is a discrete random variable, the calculation formula of variance of the discrete random variable is as follows:(7)DX=EX−EX2=EX2−E2X.In the formula,E(X) is the expected value; X is the value of the variable. The larger the variance is, the greater the fluctuation of the data is and the more unstable and discrete it is. The smaller the variance is, the smaller the fluctuation of the data is and the more stable it is. In the ice-melting process of the ice-melting device, the variance of the DC voltage permutation entropy obtained when the negative pole of the deicing line has a disturbance and a permanent fault is calculated, and the results can be characterized such that, in the process of disturbance, the overall voltage fluctuation range is large and its variance is large, while in the case of permanent fault, the overall voltage variation law tends to be stable, the fluctuation is small, and the variance is small. According to this characteristic, permanent faults and disturbances can be identified. At present, the protection delay of DC melting ice can reach hundreds of milliseconds, so it takes a long time to identify the disturbance and permanent fault in the process of DC melting ice.The fault type can be confirmed by the following criteria:(8)DX≥Dth,disturbance,DX<Dth,fault.In this formula,Dth is the variance threshold.


## 3. Simulation Modeling

Taking the DC ice-melting system of Kunbei Converter Station as an example, a simulation model is built in PSCAD/EMTDC. The overall structure is shown in Figure1, and the parameters of relevant components are shown in Table 1 [23–25].Figure 1
Overall structure diagram of the ice-melting system.Table 1
Parameters of each element of the ice-melting system of the converter station.
ElementParameterAC power supply500 kVStep-down transformer500 kV/38.5 kVAC filter20 MVarThree-winding converter transformer35 kV/15 kV/15 kVRated current of the 12-pulse converter valve4.5 kARated voltage of the 12-pulse converter valve20 kVSmoothing reactor0.025 HLength of the ground wire70 kmUnit length resistance of the ground wire:R0.2 ΩRange of the resistance of the disturbance0∼1000 ΩThe 12-pulse converter consists of two six-pulse three-phase bridge fully controlled rectifiers. For one of the three-phase bridge fully controlled rectifiers, the structure is shown in Figure2. There are six thyristors in total. The top three thyristors are the common cathode group, and the bottom three thyristors are the common anode group. Two thyristors need to conduct at the same time at each time, one in the common cathode group and the other in the common anode group, and cannot be in the same phase. The pulses of six thyristors conduct in the order of 1∼6 as shown in Figure 2, and the trigger phase difference is 60°. The output voltage of each cycle has 6 pulsations, and the waveform of each pulsation is the same, so it is a 6-pulse rectifier circuit. The 12-pulse converter valve is also the 12-pulse rectifier circuit.Figure 2
Three-phase bridge fully controlled rectifier circuit.


## 4. Simulation Cases

### 4.1. Disturbance in the Ice-Melting Line

Set up that when the disturbance occurs, the short-circuit fault is located at 20 km from the rectifying device to the negative ice-melting line. A set of deicing circuit disturbance transition resistances varying with thawing time is randomly set, and the corresponding ice-melting voltage waveform can be obtained, as shown in Figure3. Permutation entropy is calculated for the negative poles of the perturbation, and the results are shown in Figure 4.Figure 3
Ice-melting voltage waveform of the random disturbance fault.Figure 4
Permutation entropy waveform of thawing voltage for random disturbance faults.By analyzing the graphics and simulation results, one can get the following: in the process of ice melting, disturbance may occur when the line deicing, resulting in a short-time grounding short circuit. However, the change of the resistance value caused by deicing will lead to many sudden changes of ice-melting voltage in a short time. In Figure3, set in the negative pole due to the short-circuit fault, so the negative ice-melting voltage is particularly obvious, the change of the positive ice-melting voltage is relatively small, and it can be approximately ignored. There are a lot of high-frequency mutations in the output voltage of the DC ice-melting device due to harmonic influence; therefore, it is difficult to extract the disturbance directly from the waveform. However, disturbances can be easily detected from harmonics by using permutation entropy. The waveform variance calculated in Figure 4 is 0.014 according to equation (7).


### 4.2. Permanent Failure of the Ice-Melting Line

Set up that the permanent fault is located 5 km away from the negative pole of the ice-melting device, and the resulting ice-melting voltage waveform is shown in Figure5. The permutation entropy waveform obtained by calculating the fault pole voltage is shown in Figure 6.Figure 5
Ice-melting voltage waveform for permanent failure at 5 km.Figure 6
Permutation entropy waveform of thawing voltage for the permanent fault at 5 km.When a permanent fault occurs, the transition resistance at the fault point remains constant. The output voltage of the DC ice-melting device is relatively stable, which does not contain the abrupt change outside the harmonic wave. Though its permutation entropy value is large, the value is quite stable compared with the perturbation. The variance calculated according to equation (7) is 6.13 × 10−4, which is quite small compared with the disturbance.In the simulation system shown in Figure1, set up a variety of faults and disturbances, and then test them. The results are shown in Table 2.Table 2
Permanent failure of the ice-melting line.
TypeFault distance (km)Positive and negative polesVarianceDisturbance10Negative0.013Disturbance25Positive0.032Disturbance30Negative0.028Disturbance45Positive0.021Disturbance50Negative0.061Disturbance65Positive0.036Fault15Negative1.7129 × 10−6Fault20Positive3.2447 × 10−6Fault35Negative1.3610 × 10−4Fault40Positive6.5241 × 10−4Fault55Negative1.4890 × 10−5Fault60Positive7.0781 × 10−5By analyzing the results, the following can be obtained: after the permanent failure of the ice-melting line, the voltage fluctuation is very small, which is greatly different from the disturbance, and the variance of its permutation entropy is stable and less than 0.01. However, due to the influence of random transition resistance, the output voltage of the DC ice-melting device will change many times under the disturbance condition, and its variance value of permutation entropy is large and easy to distinguish from permanent failures.


## 4.1. Disturbance in the Ice-Melting Line

Set up that when the disturbance occurs, the short-circuit fault is located at 20 km from the rectifying device to the negative ice-melting line. A set of deicing circuit disturbance transition resistances varying with thawing time is randomly set, and the corresponding ice-melting voltage waveform can be obtained, as shown in Figure3. Permutation entropy is calculated for the negative poles of the perturbation, and the results are shown in Figure 4.Figure 3
Ice-melting voltage waveform of the random disturbance fault.Figure 4
Permutation entropy waveform of thawing voltage for random disturbance faults.By analyzing the graphics and simulation results, one can get the following: in the process of ice melting, disturbance may occur when the line deicing, resulting in a short-time grounding short circuit. However, the change of the resistance value caused by deicing will lead to many sudden changes of ice-melting voltage in a short time. In Figure3, set in the negative pole due to the short-circuit fault, so the negative ice-melting voltage is particularly obvious, the change of the positive ice-melting voltage is relatively small, and it can be approximately ignored. There are a lot of high-frequency mutations in the output voltage of the DC ice-melting device due to harmonic influence; therefore, it is difficult to extract the disturbance directly from the waveform. However, disturbances can be easily detected from harmonics by using permutation entropy. The waveform variance calculated in Figure 4 is 0.014 according to equation (7).


## 4.2. Permanent Failure of the Ice-Melting Line

Set up that the permanent fault is located 5 km away from the negative pole of the ice-melting device, and the resulting ice-melting voltage waveform is shown in Figure5. The permutation entropy waveform obtained by calculating the fault pole voltage is shown in Figure 6.Figure 5
Ice-melting voltage waveform for permanent failure at 5 km.Figure 6
Permutation entropy waveform of thawing voltage for the permanent fault at 5 km.When a permanent fault occurs, the transition resistance at the fault point remains constant. The output voltage of the DC ice-melting device is relatively stable, which does not contain the abrupt change outside the harmonic wave. Though its permutation entropy value is large, the value is quite stable compared with the perturbation. The variance calculated according to equation (7) is 6.13 × 10−4, which is quite small compared with the disturbance.In the simulation system shown in Figure1, set up a variety of faults and disturbances, and then test them. The results are shown in Table 2.Table 2
Permanent failure of the ice-melting line.
TypeFault distance (km)Positive and negative polesVarianceDisturbance10Negative0.013Disturbance25Positive0.032Disturbance30Negative0.028Disturbance45Positive0.021Disturbance50Negative0.061Disturbance65Positive0.036Fault15Negative1.7129 × 10−6Fault20Positive3.2447 × 10−6Fault35Negative1.3610 × 10−4Fault40Positive6.5241 × 10−4Fault55Negative1.4890 × 10−5Fault60Positive7.0781 × 10−5By analyzing the results, the following can be obtained: after the permanent failure of the ice-melting line, the voltage fluctuation is very small, which is greatly different from the disturbance, and the variance of its permutation entropy is stable and less than 0.01. However, due to the influence of random transition resistance, the output voltage of the DC ice-melting device will change many times under the disturbance condition, and its variance value of permutation entropy is large and easy to distinguish from permanent failures.


## 5. Conclusion

(1)
When a deicing disturbance occurs, the voltage waveform of the DC ice-melting device will fluctuate many times, and such voltage fluctuations will not occur for permanent faults due to the stability of the fault point.(2)
Without the suppression of the DC filter, the output voltage of the DC deicing device contains a large number of high-order harmonics, so it is difficult to accurately find the voltage fluctuation caused by disturbance or fault using traditional time-frequency analysis methods.(3)
Through permutation entropy calculation, the voltage fluctuation caused by disturbance and permanent fault can be accurately extracted. Through the variance estimation of permutation entropy calculation results, disturbance and permanent fault can be accurately identified.



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*Source: 7037938-2021-06-21.xml*