# Corrosion Study of Steel API 5A, 5L and AISI 1080, 1020 in Drill-Mud Environment of Iranian Hydrocarbon Fields

Authors: M. Farzam; P. Baghery; H. R. Mardan Dezfully
Journal: ISRN Materials Science
 (2011)

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## Abstract

API 5A and 5L (grades J55, H40, N80, and K55) are used in making drill pipe and well casing. In this paper after studying the rheological and chemical properties of the mud, the effective corrosion parameters were reviewed and studied. The drill pipe corrosion management, with reference to NACE PRO 502-2002 was made and showed that for 50 drilling rigs 120 million dollars is to be spent in 21 years for corrosion damage. Potentiodynamic polarization tests were made to study the drill-pipe (API 5A), well casing (API 5L), a connecting tube (AISI 1020), and drill cable (AISI 1080) corrosion behavior in different pH and mud chemistry; following these tests, the pitting potential at which wash-out of drill pipe occurs was determined.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Drill-mud is either water or oil based; the water-based mud which mostly used for oil field drilling is consisting of two phases: liquid phase and solid phase. Its liquid phase is made of sweet, salty (brine), soft, or hard water, and its solid phase is made of clay; usually Bentonite. Additives to the mud are either to control its rheology, mechanical properties (viscosity, gel strength, etc.), or pH and other chemical parameters. The main duties of mud are [1](1)
removing cuttings from the well bottom,(2)
cooling the drill bit and the pipe,(3)
lubricating the drill bit and the pipe,(4)
holding the well’s wall in place,(5)
controlling the pressure,(6)
suspension of the solids,(7)
enduring some weight of the pipe and the bit,(8)
giving down-hole information.While the water-based mud results in well equipment corrosion, the oil-based mud is believed to have little corrosion problem [1].During the drilling operation, O2, H2S, CO2, and other chemicals diffuse and contaminate the mud. Oxygen enters the mud from the air; H2S contaminates the mud from the reservoir, SRB (Sulfate Reducing Bacteria), and the breakup of the additives.H2S will promote pitting corrosion and also may cause hydrogen degradation:(1)H2S+Fe⟶FeS+H2
The pitting corrosion acts as stress concentration to lead to wash-out, while H embrittlement will promote corrosion fatigue.H2CO3 from reservoir will also induce uniform corrosion:(2)CO2+H2O⟶H2CO3H2CO3+Fe⟶FeCO3+H2Temperature and pressure increasing with depth of drilling operation will accelerate uniform corrosion and the extent of wash-out. Cleanliness of the pipe surface from oxides and scratches is also important; these can also promote pitting corrosion. Figures1(a), 1(b), and 1(c) shows pitting of drill pipe, at the internal and the external surfaces.(a): External surface of the drill-pipe; pitted. (b): Internal surface of the drill-pipe; pitted. (c): Pits leading to wash-out; a fully developed fracture.
(a)(b)(c)Such pits can initiate fatigue and stress corrosion cracks; the applied loads (residual and external) can accelerate the crack growth rate. The drilling operation, rotation speed, reservoirs conditions, the drill string weights, and drilling angle are all effective. Any unwarranted bending will accelerate such failure, leading to wash-out. It is expected that electrochemically the outside of the drill pipe will act anodic with respect to its inside, also when an old pipe is connected to a new pipe it will act anodic with respect to the old pipe [1].Such failures have been reported previously [1, 2]. National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) survey [3] classifies oil and gas equipments corrosion  into four categories: sweet corrosion in the presence of CO2, sour corrosion in the presence of H2S, oxygen corrosion due to local air and the surrounding atmosphere, and finally electrochemical corrosion due to the effect of various polarizations, activation, concentration, and resistance.Pipe corrosion management model according to NACE PRO 502-2002 [4] was made. Results of periodical engineering inspection are circulated and number of drill pipe failures; wash-out, are counted. Thus for a period of time costs are evaluated. The cost of 20000 feet drill pipe is 60000 $, each pipe has a life 7 years in average; therefore, for a single rig in 21 years the drill pipe cost of wash-out failure is 1.8 million dollars. Adding a cost of 3000$ for technical inspection and dead time, the failure  cost measures up to 2.4 million dollars; thus for 50  National Iranian Drilling company (N.I.D.C.) drill rigs the wash-out damage cost amounts to 120 million dollars.


## 2. Experimental Procedure

### 2.1. Sample Preparation

Four corroded components are selected to investigation of corrosion behavior in different corrosive environments.(1)
Drilling pipe (API 5A), see Figure1.(2)
Well casing (API 5L), see Figure2.(3)
Drill cable (AISI 1080), see Figure3.(4)
Connection tube (AISI 1020), see Figure4.Figure 2
A fully pitted casing tube.Figure 3
Drill cable (sample 3).Figure 4
Connecting tube (sample 4).At first step, the specimens were cut by means of cutter, and then rough ground to reach the proper size. The rough grinding is continued until the surface is flat and free of nicks, burrs, and so forth, and all scratches due to the cutoff wheel are no longer visible.The copper wires with resistant cover are connected by silver paste to one side of each specimen and then the specimens were mounted by resin until an exposure surface to corrosive media excluded from mount. The area of surface calculated then surface wet ground with emery paper up to 800 grit. The substrates were ultrasonically cleaned in acetone for 10 min and finally washed with distilled water before potentiodynamic polarization tests.


### 2.2. Potentiodynamic Polarization

According to ASTM G5-94 [5], potentiodynamic polarization measurements were carried out in an open to air conventional three electrode cell which illustrated in Figure 5. The cell contains 500 mL of electrolyte. Measurements were performed in 0.1, 1 M HCl, 0.1, 1 M H2SO4, 0.1, 1 M NaOH solutions, and five different kinds ofmud at the temperature of 25±1°C. The mounted specimens were used as working electrode. Platinum electrode and Ag/AgCl electrode were used as counter electrode and the reference electrode. The working electrode was degreased by immersion in acetone, rinsed with water, and immediately inserted whilst wet in the cell. Polarization studies were conducted using computer controlled potentiostat device which is shown in Figure 6. The open circuit potential (OCP) was measured after immersion, and when OCP reaches to stable condition the polarization measurements were done. Potentiodynamic measurements were performed at a potential scanning rate of 0.5 mV/s.  The corrosion potential (Ecorr) and corrosion current density (icorr) were calculated from the intersection of the cathodic and anodic Tafel curves using the Tafel extrapolation method.Figure 5
Conventional three-electrode cell used for electrochemical experiments.(a) the potentiostat circuit and (b) the potentiostat hardware.
(a)(b)


### 2.3. Mud Preparation

Five different kinds of mud were made; the base mud was made of 14 g Bentonite in 350 cc fresh waterMud 1; 0.5 g lime was added to the base mud.Mud 2: 1 g caustic soda was added to the base mud.Mud 3: was only the base mud.Mud 4: was the packer fluid.Mud 5: 57.06 g salt was added to the base mud.Table1 shows the mud properties such as viscosity, gel strength, weight, and pH.Table 1
Drill-mud properties: viscosity, gel strength, weight, pH, and temperature.
Mudθ600θ300θ200θ100θ6θ3Gel1Gel2MWpHT°C1322623.521.011.510.510118.4512.85252211714.512.598.513198.5011.122531512108.56.55.5898.457.30254————————7552556543.521.5239.255.525


## 2.1. Sample Preparation

Four corroded components are selected to investigation of corrosion behavior in different corrosive environments.(1)
Drilling pipe (API 5A), see Figure1.(2)
Well casing (API 5L), see Figure2.(3)
Drill cable (AISI 1080), see Figure3.(4)
Connection tube (AISI 1020), see Figure4.Figure 2
A fully pitted casing tube.Figure 3
Drill cable (sample 3).Figure 4
Connecting tube (sample 4).At first step, the specimens were cut by means of cutter, and then rough ground to reach the proper size. The rough grinding is continued until the surface is flat and free of nicks, burrs, and so forth, and all scratches due to the cutoff wheel are no longer visible.The copper wires with resistant cover are connected by silver paste to one side of each specimen and then the specimens were mounted by resin until an exposure surface to corrosive media excluded from mount. The area of surface calculated then surface wet ground with emery paper up to 800 grit. The substrates were ultrasonically cleaned in acetone for 10 min and finally washed with distilled water before potentiodynamic polarization tests.


## 2.2. Potentiodynamic Polarization

According to ASTM G5-94 [5], potentiodynamic polarization measurements were carried out in an open to air conventional three electrode cell which illustrated in Figure 5. The cell contains 500 mL of electrolyte. Measurements were performed in 0.1, 1 M HCl, 0.1, 1 M H2SO4, 0.1, 1 M NaOH solutions, and five different kinds ofmud at the temperature of 25±1°C. The mounted specimens were used as working electrode. Platinum electrode and Ag/AgCl electrode were used as counter electrode and the reference electrode. The working electrode was degreased by immersion in acetone, rinsed with water, and immediately inserted whilst wet in the cell. Polarization studies were conducted using computer controlled potentiostat device which is shown in Figure 6. The open circuit potential (OCP) was measured after immersion, and when OCP reaches to stable condition the polarization measurements were done. Potentiodynamic measurements were performed at a potential scanning rate of 0.5 mV/s.  The corrosion potential (Ecorr) and corrosion current density (icorr) were calculated from the intersection of the cathodic and anodic Tafel curves using the Tafel extrapolation method.Figure 5
Conventional three-electrode cell used for electrochemical experiments.(a) the potentiostat circuit and (b) the potentiostat hardware.
(a)(b)


## 2.3. Mud Preparation

Five different kinds of mud were made; the base mud was made of 14 g Bentonite in 350 cc fresh waterMud 1; 0.5 g lime was added to the base mud.Mud 2: 1 g caustic soda was added to the base mud.Mud 3: was only the base mud.Mud 4: was the packer fluid.Mud 5: 57.06 g salt was added to the base mud.Table1 shows the mud properties such as viscosity, gel strength, weight, and pH.Table 1
Drill-mud properties: viscosity, gel strength, weight, pH, and temperature.
Mudθ600θ300θ200θ100θ6θ3Gel1Gel2MWpHT°C1322623.521.011.510.510118.4512.85252211714.512.598.513198.5011.122531512108.56.55.5898.457.30254————————7552556543.521.5239.255.525


## 3. Experimental Results

### 3.1. Chemical Composition and Microstructure

Table2 demonstrates the chemical composition of a few API grades available to be selected by the industry.Table 2
Chemical composition of drill pipe and casing.
SteelCMnSiPSCrMoNbVTiAlBFeAPI 5L-X460.3 max1.3 max—0.04 max0.05 max———————balanceAPI 5L-X600.26 max1.35 max—0.04 max0.05 max——0.05 min0.02 min0.03 min——balanceAPI 5L, Grade X520.21 max0.90.260.015 max0.05 max———0.09—0.03—balanceAPI 5A, Grade K550.45 max1.30.260.015 max0.015 max—————10-4—balanceAPI 5AX, Grade  N-800.28 max1.480.260.015 max0.015 max0.20.1———0.007—balanceAPI 5AX, Grade P-1100.28 max1.480.260.015 max0.015 max0.220.23———0.007—balanceAPI 5 AC, Grade C-900.29 max0.50.260.015 max0.015 max1.080.33—0.03——10−3balanceAPI 5L, Grade A0.17 max0.5—0.020.02———————balanceAPI 5L, Grade X600.05 max1.110.010.0070.006——0.045——0.045—balanceThe metallography of the drill pipe material showed the microstructure to be tempered martensite;  as seen in Figure7, it is believed  that such a structure is more resistance to stress corrosion cracking.(a) Transverse section; tempered martensite (200x). (b) Longitudinal section; tempered martensite (200x).
(a)(b)The composition and the metallography of the casing tube are in accordance with the API similar to that of the drill pipe used by National Iranian Drilling Company.


### 3.2. Potentiodynamic Polarization

About 100 separate polarization tests were conducted, and the results are tabulated in Tables3, 4, 5, and 6.Table 3
The potentiodynamic results of drill pipe (sample 1); path 1: anodic-cathodic, path 2: reverse scan. Sample 1: Drill Pipe.
MediaEcorr V (path 1)Ecorr V (path 2)Icorr mA/cm2PassivationHCL 0.1 M−0.6−0.513500—HCl 1 M-.048−0.463600—H2SO4 0.1 M−0.46−0.493400After 1.5 VH2SO4 1 M−0.43−0.453500—NaOH 0.1 M−0.83−0.38900−0.7 to 0.5NaOH 1 M−0.91−0.29900−0.8 to 0.4Mud 1−0.82−0.56200−0.6 to −0.1Mud 2−0.61−0.52350—Mud 3−0.64—150After 0.4Mud 4−0.7−0.582500—Table 4
Potentiodynamic results of tube casing (sample 2); path 1: anodic-cathodic, path2: reverse scan. Sample 2: Tube  Casing.
MediaEcorr V (path 1)Ecorr V (path 2)Icorr mA/cm2PassivationHCL 0.1M−0.51−0.532200—HCl 1 M−0.5−0.52200—H2SO4 0.1 M−0.55−0.52000After 1.5 VH2SO4 1 M−0.47−0.492300—NaOH 0.1 M−0.78−0.314000−0.6 to 0.5 VNaOH 1 M−0.83−0.33900−0.7 to 0.9 VMud 1−0.68−0.6600Narrow rangeMud 2————Mud 3−0.88−0.64600—Mud 4−0.7−0.582000—Mud 5−0.74−0.562000—Table 5
The potentiodynamic tests of drill cable (sample 2); path 1: anodic-cathodic, path2: reverse scan. Sample  3: Drill Cable.
MediaEcorr V (path 1)Ecorr V (path 2)Icorr mA/cm2PassivationHCL 0.1 M−0.5−0.5212000After 1.5HCl 1 M−0.5−0.4412100—H2SO4 0.1 M−0.47−0.4712000After 1.5H2SO4 1 M−0.44−0.4212200—NaOH 0.1 M−0.89—100−0.7 to 0.5NaOH 1 M——app Zero−1 to 0.5Table 6
Potentiodynamic tests for connecting tube (sample 4); path 1: anodic-cathodic and path 2: reverse scan. Sample 4: connecting tube.
MediaEcorr V (path 1)Ecorr V (path 2)Icorr mA/cm2PassivationHCL 0.1M−0.51−0.483700—HCl 1 M−0.46−0.453800—H2SO4 0.1 M−0.48−0.513800After 1.5H2SO4 1 M−0.43−0.453800—NaOH 0.1 M−0.85−0.35500−0.7 to 0.5NaOH 1 M−0.92−0.1500−0.7 to 0Mud 1−0.76−0.58500−0.6 to 0Mud 2−0.8−0.48400—Mud 3−0.58−0.58300—Mud 4−0.76−0.623700—Mud 5−0.78−0.58——Figure8 shows a sample of potentiodynamic polarization curves. Table 3 shows the corrosion potential and current and the passivation behavior. The free corrosion potential and free corrosion current were automatically given by the computer controlled apparatus. Epit is determined from polarization curves. Pits occur at if the current increases dramatically in the test.(a): Drill pipe (sample 1) tested in mud 1 (pH=12.85); the interaction of  paths 1 and 2 is the Epit. (b): Drill pipe (sample 1) tested in mud 2 (pH=11.12); the interaction of paths 1 and 2 is the Epit. (c): Drill pipe (sample 1) tested in mud 4 (pH=5); the interaction of path 1 and 2 is the Epit.
(a)(b)(c)The potentiodynamic tests were also conducted by imposing the reverse cycle (called path 2, note the normal curve was path 1). Similar tests were conducted for the casing material (Table4), drill cable (Table 5), and the connecting tube (Table 6).Increasing pH caused a shift  in Ecorr to a more negative values, and a reduction in current Icorr was observed. Caustic soda and  mud 1 showed drill pipe passivation.In this case, the increase in pH showed a tube casing decrease in voltage and current, just like that of drill pipe.While a drill cable is not directly in contact with drill mud its electrochemical behavior is of importance. It was noted that increased pH reduced both the potential and current.The connecting tube used in the mud circulating rig piping system showed a similar electrochemical behavior as in samples 1 and 2, with large passive region in mud 1.The number of polarization tests conducted was up to 94, and the data obtained were in line with that of  Jones [6].


## 3.1. Chemical Composition and Microstructure

Table2 demonstrates the chemical composition of a few API grades available to be selected by the industry.Table 2
Chemical composition of drill pipe and casing.
SteelCMnSiPSCrMoNbVTiAlBFeAPI 5L-X460.3 max1.3 max—0.04 max0.05 max———————balanceAPI 5L-X600.26 max1.35 max—0.04 max0.05 max——0.05 min0.02 min0.03 min——balanceAPI 5L, Grade X520.21 max0.90.260.015 max0.05 max———0.09—0.03—balanceAPI 5A, Grade K550.45 max1.30.260.015 max0.015 max—————10-4—balanceAPI 5AX, Grade  N-800.28 max1.480.260.015 max0.015 max0.20.1———0.007—balanceAPI 5AX, Grade P-1100.28 max1.480.260.015 max0.015 max0.220.23———0.007—balanceAPI 5 AC, Grade C-900.29 max0.50.260.015 max0.015 max1.080.33—0.03——10−3balanceAPI 5L, Grade A0.17 max0.5—0.020.02———————balanceAPI 5L, Grade X600.05 max1.110.010.0070.006——0.045——0.045—balanceThe metallography of the drill pipe material showed the microstructure to be tempered martensite;  as seen in Figure7, it is believed  that such a structure is more resistance to stress corrosion cracking.(a) Transverse section; tempered martensite (200x). (b) Longitudinal section; tempered martensite (200x).
(a)(b)The composition and the metallography of the casing tube are in accordance with the API similar to that of the drill pipe used by National Iranian Drilling Company.


## 3.2. Potentiodynamic Polarization

About 100 separate polarization tests were conducted, and the results are tabulated in Tables3, 4, 5, and 6.Table 3
The potentiodynamic results of drill pipe (sample 1); path 1: anodic-cathodic, path 2: reverse scan. Sample 1: Drill Pipe.
MediaEcorr V (path 1)Ecorr V (path 2)Icorr mA/cm2PassivationHCL 0.1 M−0.6−0.513500—HCl 1 M-.048−0.463600—H2SO4 0.1 M−0.46−0.493400After 1.5 VH2SO4 1 M−0.43−0.453500—NaOH 0.1 M−0.83−0.38900−0.7 to 0.5NaOH 1 M−0.91−0.29900−0.8 to 0.4Mud 1−0.82−0.56200−0.6 to −0.1Mud 2−0.61−0.52350—Mud 3−0.64—150After 0.4Mud 4−0.7−0.582500—Table 4
Potentiodynamic results of tube casing (sample 2); path 1: anodic-cathodic, path2: reverse scan. Sample 2: Tube  Casing.
MediaEcorr V (path 1)Ecorr V (path 2)Icorr mA/cm2PassivationHCL 0.1M−0.51−0.532200—HCl 1 M−0.5−0.52200—H2SO4 0.1 M−0.55−0.52000After 1.5 VH2SO4 1 M−0.47−0.492300—NaOH 0.1 M−0.78−0.314000−0.6 to 0.5 VNaOH 1 M−0.83−0.33900−0.7 to 0.9 VMud 1−0.68−0.6600Narrow rangeMud 2————Mud 3−0.88−0.64600—Mud 4−0.7−0.582000—Mud 5−0.74−0.562000—Table 5
The potentiodynamic tests of drill cable (sample 2); path 1: anodic-cathodic, path2: reverse scan. Sample  3: Drill Cable.
MediaEcorr V (path 1)Ecorr V (path 2)Icorr mA/cm2PassivationHCL 0.1 M−0.5−0.5212000After 1.5HCl 1 M−0.5−0.4412100—H2SO4 0.1 M−0.47−0.4712000After 1.5H2SO4 1 M−0.44−0.4212200—NaOH 0.1 M−0.89—100−0.7 to 0.5NaOH 1 M——app Zero−1 to 0.5Table 6
Potentiodynamic tests for connecting tube (sample 4); path 1: anodic-cathodic and path 2: reverse scan. Sample 4: connecting tube.
MediaEcorr V (path 1)Ecorr V (path 2)Icorr mA/cm2PassivationHCL 0.1M−0.51−0.483700—HCl 1 M−0.46−0.453800—H2SO4 0.1 M−0.48−0.513800After 1.5H2SO4 1 M−0.43−0.453800—NaOH 0.1 M−0.85−0.35500−0.7 to 0.5NaOH 1 M−0.92−0.1500−0.7 to 0Mud 1−0.76−0.58500−0.6 to 0Mud 2−0.8−0.48400—Mud 3−0.58−0.58300—Mud 4−0.76−0.623700—Mud 5−0.78−0.58——Figure8 shows a sample of potentiodynamic polarization curves. Table 3 shows the corrosion potential and current and the passivation behavior. The free corrosion potential and free corrosion current were automatically given by the computer controlled apparatus. Epit is determined from polarization curves. Pits occur at if the current increases dramatically in the test.(a): Drill pipe (sample 1) tested in mud 1 (pH=12.85); the interaction of  paths 1 and 2 is the Epit. (b): Drill pipe (sample 1) tested in mud 2 (pH=11.12); the interaction of paths 1 and 2 is the Epit. (c): Drill pipe (sample 1) tested in mud 4 (pH=5); the interaction of path 1 and 2 is the Epit.
(a)(b)(c)The potentiodynamic tests were also conducted by imposing the reverse cycle (called path 2, note the normal curve was path 1). Similar tests were conducted for the casing material (Table4), drill cable (Table 5), and the connecting tube (Table 6).Increasing pH caused a shift  in Ecorr to a more negative values, and a reduction in current Icorr was observed. Caustic soda and  mud 1 showed drill pipe passivation.In this case, the increase in pH showed a tube casing decrease in voltage and current, just like that of drill pipe.While a drill cable is not directly in contact with drill mud its electrochemical behavior is of importance. It was noted that increased pH reduced both the potential and current.The connecting tube used in the mud circulating rig piping system showed a similar electrochemical behavior as in samples 1 and 2, with large passive region in mud 1.The number of polarization tests conducted was up to 94, and the data obtained were in line with that of  Jones [6].


## 4. Discussion

The corrosion of steel grade API 5A and 5L used to make drill pipe and casing is affected by water, mud, and reservoir constituents.  The mud  had different chemical and rheologic properties (Table1); the mud number 1 and 2  had higher pH than others; this was due to the presence of lime (CaCO3) and caustic soda  (NaOH). Corrosion rate at higher pH is expected to be lower. One may expect a passive film and a hydro oxide film formation:(3)2NaOH+CO2+H2O⟶2H2O+Na2CO3Ca(OH)2+CO2⟶2H2O+CaCO3
Caustic soda had a similar effect and corrosion retardation in the presence of sour gas:(4)H2S+NaOH⟶NaHS+H2ONaHS+NaOH⟶Na2S+H2OAl-Awad et al. [7] doing a similar research but in Saudi Arabia agree with the above finding. Their experiments on API 5A grades K-55 and J-55 pipes showed that the effect of mud pH on the corrosion was detrimental. Increased corrosion in the dynamic state of mud flow and decreased corrosion rate both in dynamic and static flow obtained when NaOH was added. Mud number 3 had a near neutral pH; it constituted only Bentonite.  Mud number 4 and mud no. 5 had low pH thus may expect hydrogen reduction and no passivation; this was concluded experimentally. The European patent EP 1076113 [8] states that high performance phosphorus containing corrosion inhibitors may be used to retard corrosion in the drilling fluid system.Visual inspection of the components; sample 1: drill pipe; Figure1: and casing tube; Figure 2: drilling cable; Figure 3: connecting tube; Figure 4, showed that failure has taken place [1–3]. Drill pipe failure wash-out terminology may be used to describe its total fracture, and casing tube showed pitting which would lead to well collapse; drilling cable was hammered and cut while the connecting tube was eroded-corroded. The most important item of these samples is sample number 1 since its failure is costly both in direct and indirect operational costs. Looking closely at Figure 1, it is noted that the surface is heavily pitted and the size of the pits was in the range of 0.3 to 1.06 mm. For pits to initiate electrochemically, pitting potential must be reached; since the composition of the drill mud is of almost uniform, one may expect material heterogeneity, inclusions, bandings, surface, and sub surface cavities and to be responsible for pit initiation. On the other hand deformation could also have effect. The passive film was present, and pitting potential at the conjunction of the reverse scan with its original path was obtained. The pitting potential differs in different mud compositions (Figures 8(b) and 8(c)); changing alloying composition (samples 2 and 4) affects the possible formation of passivation and the value of the pitting potential.  Luo et al. [9] conducted similar research and found identical wash-out morphology and pit size. They also showed that at the final stages of fracture fatigue striations exist. Macdonald [10] concluded that besides some design shortcomings, fatigue, corrosion fatigue, overloading promoted by alternating axial loads, torsional and bending stresses, and mud chemistry were responsible for wash-out presence and drill pipe stress-corrosion fatigue failure. Acuña-González et al. [11] showed that the increment of %D (Determinism) indicated that pitting current was predominant in the corrosion fatigue current oscillation.Fatigue cycles due to the loading conditions mentioned above cause extrusions-intrusions leading to slip steps formations which may also be the source of pitting corrosion [12]. Some researchers have made theoretical approach into drill pipe fatigue failure [13, 14] using Lagrangian and Finite Element Dynamic Analysis to explain stick-slip, torsional, and vibrational oscillation effect on fatigue.The extent of corrosion pit (wash-out) dissolving crack tip fatigue is a unique crack initiation and advance mechanism. It is better understood when combining fatigue data with electrochemical studies [15].Data gathered from the dynamic polarization tests are presented in Table3 (sample 1), Table 4 (sample 2), Table 5 (sample 3), and Table 6 (sample 4). It is noted that decreasing pH results in shifting potential and increasing current, and that passivation happened in mud 1 (lime plus Bentonite) and mud 2 (caustic soda plus Bentonite). Such passivation due to an increased pH is preferred in the field as corrosion will be retarded. Whitefield and Bennekom [15] experiments showed that as passivation prevailed current reduced and potential became more negative, on set of passivation is a proven stress-corrosion fatigue mechanism known as strain-assisted active path [12].By conducting reverse cycle dynamic polarization tests in mud 1 and mud 2 pitting potential at the breaking point with the passive region could be obtained. Once pit initiated could advance autocatalytically leading to reduced pH at the pit bottom; hydrogen degradation could lower the fatigue strength.Tilted angle drilling operation, dog-leg, material upset, and change in section could lead to plastic deformation therefore increasing corrosion rate.  Lu et al.’s [16] investigation on the erosion-corrosion of stainless steel drill pipe showed that surface deformation increased the rate of erosion-corrosion.Standards pipe corrosion model was used to calculate the cost of wash-out [4]; it was concluded that for 50 rigs (belonging to National Iranian Oil Company) for a period of 21 years 120 million dollars must be spent for wash-out stress corrosion fatigue failure.The author’s many years of research suggests that material defaults are to be responsible for wash-out failure thus to improve rigs life material according to API standard requirements that must be used; API 5D for drill pipe, API spec 7 for drill stem, and API RP 7G for rigs optimum operating condition.Changing the drill pipe material to duplex stainless steel was suggested by Bi et al. [17], they showed the polarizing potential of  such steels was the reason for their increased service life.External coating by Cr or Zn may also improve the drill pipes life [14]. Lastly as was mentioned previously, inhibitor addition is used to reduce corrosion rates [1, 8].


## 5. Conclusions

(1)
Drill pipe failure was caused by wash-out which in turn was initiated by pitting corrosion.(2)
The pits were initiated at the outer surface of the pipe.(3)
The loading regime; a multiaxial fatigue was responsible for pits propagation.(4)
Polarization tests on drill pipe in different mud showed that pH had direct effect on corrosion and current.(5)
Passivation took place in basic drilling mud: Bentonite plus lime and Bentonite plus caustic soda.(6)
Reverse scan polarization test revealed the drill pipe's pitting potential in the passivating mud.(7)
Tube casing and the connecting tube polarization tests showed similar electrochemical behavior as that of drill pipe.(8)
As mud pH changed pitting potential changed; the high pH was the cause of passivation, where pitting initiated at Epit.(9)
Drill cable corrosion currents due to their inherent heavily deformed microstructure were higher than other samples.(10)
NACE pipe corrosion model used to calculate the cost of wash-out showed 120 million dollars cost in 21 years.



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*Source: 681535-2011-08-22.xml*