# Preparation and Characterization of R.F. Magnetron Sputtered Mo:ZnO Thin Films

Authors: K. Srinivasarao; G. Srinivasarao; K. V. Madhuri; K. Krishna Murthy; P. K. Mukhopadhyay
Journal: Indian Journal of Materials Science
 (2013)

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## Abstract

The ZnO and Mo:ZnO thin films were deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on quartz and intrinsic silicon (100) substrates at a fixed combined partial pressure1×10−2 mbar of Ar + O2 and substrate temperatures of 473 K and 673 K. The effect of Molybdenum doping on ZnO thin films with different Molybdenum concentrations (1-2 atomic percent) was studied with the help of structural and microstructural characterization techniques. The films deposited at a substrate temperature of 473 K exhibited strong c-axis orientation with predominant (002) peak.  At 673 K, along with (002) orientation, other orientations (100), (101), (220), and (103) were also observed. Among these, the (220) peak indicates the cubic phase of ZnO. With increasing Molybdenum concentration, the cubic phase of ZnO disappeared, and the (002) orientation became strong and intense. The composition analysis reveals that the undoped ZnO films deposited at 473 K have oxygen deficiency, and the ratio of Zn/O is improved with increasing Mo atomic percent in ZnO. The surface morphological features reveal that the undoped ZnO films were found to be uniform and have grain size of around 30 nm. The optical energy gap of the undoped ZnO films is 3.05 eV and increases with increasing Mo concentration. The thickness of the films is around 456 nm.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

For the past few years, there has been a lot of interest shown to find new oxide materials which will act as transparent as well as conducting materials. Many metal oxides and their compounds have been found to be transparent and conductve. Among these oxides indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) were proved to be transparent and conducting materials [1–3]. Still there has been a lot of interest shown to overcome the problem involved with those materials like abundance of material, stability, performance, reliability, and durability. So the search for new transparent and conducting oxides continues in the years to come. Various metallic elements doped to ZnO were tested for their transparency in the wavelength range from 450 nm to 750 nm for conductivity.  The principal elements doped to ZnO were Al, In, Sn, Ga, Cd [4], and Mo. Among these, an extensive work was done on Al doped ZnO films, and they were proved as potential transparent conductors. Among these, Molybdenum doped ZnO was also found to be an attractive candidate as transparent conducting oxide (TCO) due to its ease to doping to ZnO.Moreover, the difference between the valence electrons of Mo6+ and Zn2+ is 4. This difference can produce enough free carriers and reduce the ion scattering effect for a very small amount of Mo [5]. Moreover, Mo exhibits multiple valence states of +6, 5, 4, 3, 2. This enables the contribution of multiple carriers by a single Mo dopant atom [6].The work reported on ZnO is extensive, and also the significant work was reported on   Mo:ZnO [7, 8]. In TCOs, the concentration of dopant element to host compound decides the transparency and conductivity. In general, the conductivity increases with increasing dopant concentration, but at the same time it reduces the transparency. So, the optimization of deposition parameters like argon and oxygen pressure (in case of sputtering)  during deposition and substrate temperature will decide the proper doping of dopant in the host lattice which in turn will result in the thin films with high transparency and conductivity.  In the present investigation, the effect of Mo doping on various physical properties like structure, surface morphology, and optical properties of ZnO was studied in detail. Deposition of oxide films by r.f. sputtering has its own advantage over other physical vapour deposition techniques. The chief advantage is the control on deposition parameters like oxygen, Ar pressure, and substrate temperatures. The ZnO and Mo:ZnO films were deposited at various sputtering pressures (1 × 10−2 and 1 × 10−5 mbar) and substrate temperatures of 473 K and 673 K. In the present work, the physical properties of ZnO and Mo:ZnO thin films for various concentrations of Mo thin films deposited at the sputtering pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperatures of  473 K and   673 K were reported.


## 2. Materials and Methods

Thin films of ZnO and Mo:ZnO were deposited by r.f. magnetron sputtering using Hind Hivacuumcoating unit. High pure ZnO powder (Sigma Aldrich, 99.99%) was used to prepare pellet of 2.54 cm (one inch) in diameter, and the prepared pellet was sintered at a temperature of 1073 K and used as target for deposition of the films. In the same way MoO3 was added to ZnO to maintain Mo composition at 1 at.% in ZnO.  Three separate pellets were prepared by maintaining at.% of Mo at 1.5 and 2 and sintered at 973 K. The reason for sintering the MoO3 contained ZnO pellets at different temperature is MoO3 sublime at around 973 K. The vacuum coating unit was initially evacuated to a base pressure of 1 × 10−6 mbar; then Argon gas was allowed to flow into the chamber. The discharge was produced by applying a voltage of around 400 V. Thereafter O2 was introduced in the chamber using mass flow meter, and the voltage was so adjusted to attain a sputtering power of 50 W. For all film depositions, Ar : O2 flow ratio was maintained at 5 : 2. The films were deposited at a fixed sputtering pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at different substrate temperatures of 473 K and 673 K. The target to substrate distance is 5 cm. The thickness of the target is 3 mm. The substrates used are silicon and glass and are square (5 mm × 5 mm) in shape. The substrates were kept at zero potential. The grazing incidence XRD (GIXRD) of the films at a glancing angle of 0.5 degree was performed by panalytical X-ray diffractometer. The surface microstructure was performed by using FIB quanta dual beam SEM (Helios Nova Nano lab 600). The optical transmittance spectra of the films were performed by UV-VIS spectrophotometer (UV-2450 SHIMADZU make) in the wavelength range 300–700 nm. The spectral resolution of the spectrophotometer is 0.2 nm. The thicknesses of the films were measured using spectroscopic ellipsometer (model EC-400 and M2000D, J.A. Woollam Co., inc make). The spectral resolution of the ellipsometer is 0.5 nm. The growth rate is 8 nm per minute. All the films have thickness around 456 nm.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Compositional Analysis

The chemical composition of zinc and oxygen in ZnO and Molybdenum in Mo:ZnO  effects the physical properties of ZnO and Mo:ZnO thin films. In the present investigation the chemical composition of Mo, Zn, and oxygen in Mo:ZnO films was found by EDAX spectroscopy. The chemical composition of the ZnO and Mo:ZnO films deposited at the sputtering pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature of 473 K was obtained by EDAX. The undoped ZnO films have zinc of 54.3 at.% and Oxygen  45.7  of at.%, which indicates that the films have oxygen deficiency. The atomic percentage (CA) of the element in the matrix is calculated by the formula [9]:
(1)CA=SAIA∑SiIi,
where SA and IA are the EDAX sensitivity factors and integral count of element A, respectively. In the present case i is equal to 3 since Mo:ZnO films contain three elements. In the present case the at.% of the different elements in the film is obtained from the instrument calculated by the above formula.The Molybdenum content in the Mo(1.5%):ZnO films deposited at the above conditions is 1.48 at.% which is almost equal to the molybdenum contained in the target. With the increasing of molybdenum at.% to 2 in the target, the molybdenum at.% present in the film becomes 2.15 which is slightly above the molybdenum content in the target. At the same time the atomic ratio of Zn/O was improved in case of molybdenum doped films. As a result, the molybdenum doped ZnO films have good proportion of Zn/O ratio when compared to the undoped ZnO. This indicates that when a high oxidation state metal is doped to the ZnO, the oxygen deficiency can be improved. The composition of zinc, oxygen, and molybdenum in Mo:ZnO thin films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at 473 K is given in Table 1.Table 1
EDAX data of Mo:ZnO films.
Atomic percent of Mo in ZnO
Sputtering pressure = 1 × 10−2 mbar,
T
s = 473 K
At.% of oxygen
At.% of zinc
At.% of molybdenum
Mo(0%):ZnO
45.71
54.29
0
Mo(1.5%):ZnO
46.4
52.11
1.48
Mo(2%):ZnO
46.81
51.04
2.15


### 3.2. Structural Analysis

The crystal structure of ZnO and Mo:ZnO films was determined by XRD spectra obtained by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. The X-ray diffraction spectra of the ZnO and Mo:ZnO films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature of 473 K are shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
X-ray diffraction spectra of the Mo:ZnO thin films deposited at a fixed sputtering pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature of  473 K.The Mo(0%):ZnO films were observed to bec-axis oriented films with strong (002) orientation, which indicates the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO [10]. It was observed that another crystallographic orientation (220) indicates cubic-phase ZnO [11]. The 2θ of the (002) peak shifts towards higher value with increasing molybdenum concentration and indicates reduction of inter-planar spacing “d” in the films. In case of 1 at.% molybdenum doping, the intensity of (002) peak is low when compared with that of the (103) peak. It is also observed that the (002) peak is unsymmetric with molybdenum doping. The c-axis preferential orientation of the films is unchanged even with increasing molybdenum concentration. Also the crystallographic (002) peak becomes broad with increasing molybdenum concentration. The literature reveals that the reduction in the intensity of the crystallographic peak is attributed to the reduction in the crystallinity of the films [3, 12]. In the present case we have observed the peak intensity variation that may not be completely due to Mo doping but also due to variation in thickness of the films.The XRD spectra of the films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at 673 K are shown in Figure 2. The Mo(0%):ZnO films exhibit (002) peak, which indicates that the ZnO films were crystallized in hexagonal wurtzite phase. The other orientations, (100) and (101), were also observed along with (002), and intensity of these orientations is comparable with that of (002). The (220) orientation at 2θ = 56.2 corresponds to cubic ZnO which indicates that the films contain wurtzite and cubic mixed phases. With increasing molybdenum doping there is no change in the predominant wurtzite phase, but the peak becomes broad and unsymmetric.Figure 2
X-ray diffraction spectra of the Mo:ZnO thin films deposited at a fixed sputtering pressure of  1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature of  673 K.Thea, c values are evaluated by the following formula [13]:
(2)sin2θ=λ3a2(h2+hk+k2)+λ24c2,a=λ√3sinθ.It is also observed that the stress develops in ZnO films due to Mo doping and is estimated from XRD spectra of the films.In case of highlyc-axis oriented hexagonal crystals, the inplane stress (σ) can be calculated based on the biaxial strain model [14]:
(3)σ=[2C13-C33(C11+C12)C13](c-c0)c0.Here “c” is the lattice parameter of the (002) reflection in the XRD spectra. c0 is the corresponding bulk value (5.21 Å), and Cij is elastic stiffness constant. (C11 = 2.1 × 1011 N/m2, C33  =  2.1 × 1011 N/m2, C12 = 1.2 × 1011 N/m2, and C13 = 1.05 × 1011 N/m2.)This results in the following relation for the stress:(4)σ=-4.5×1011(c-c0)c0(N/m2).
The negative sign indicates that the Mo:ZnO films are in a state of compressive stress.The total stress in the films commonly consists of two components. One is the intrinsic stress induced by the impurities and defects in the crystal, and the other is the extrinsic stress introduced by the lattice mismatch and the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the film and the substrate. The later component is negligible compared to the stress measured in the former [15, 16] when the films were deposited at lower substrate temperatures.In the present case, the intrinsic stress, that is, compressive stress, arises due to Mo. Depending on the size of the foreign impurity atom and the size of the host atom, the compressive stress may increase or decrease.The compressive stress (-σ) of the Mo(0%):ZnO films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at 473 K is 4 × 1010 N/m2,  and it decreases with increasing molybdenum concentration. The size of the Mo6+ ion is (0.41 Å), and it is low compared to that of Zn2+ ion (0.60 Å). When Mo is doped to ZnO, some of the Zn atoms are substituted by Mo atoms. This substitution reduces the lattice parameter “c” and further reduces the stress in the films. The similar type of behaviour was also observed in the case of Al doped ZnO films [17].The compressive stress (-σ) of the Mo(0%):ZnO films deposited at 673 K is −9.8 × 109 N/m2. The 2θ of the (002) diffraction peak shifts towards lower value of 2θ with increasing molybdenum concentration in case of films deposited at 673 K. This indicates the elongation of    c-axis lattice constant which means that there is a residual stress in the plane of the films. The stress increases with increasing Mo concentration not only due to the elongation of c-axis lattice constant but also due to the thermal stress [1] generated by the films deposited at higher substrate temperatures. This conclusion is clearly supported by single optical transition observed in the optical transmittance spectra, and also a shift (Moss-Burstein) in the absorption edge is observed in the films doped with 1.5 and  2 at.% molybdenum. So even the films contain appropriate at.% of Mo which replaces the Zn, the compressive stress is not reduced due to the thermal stress generated when the films are deposited at higher substrate temperatures. The variation of compressive stress (-σ) of the Mo:ZnO films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at different substrate temperatures of 473 K and 673 K is shown in Figure 3.Figure 3
The variation of compressive stress in the Mo:ZnO films deposited at a sputtering pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at substrate temperatures of 473 K and 673 K.


### 3.3. Surface Morphological Studies

The substrate temperature and Ar + O2 partial pressures both effect the surface microstructure of undoped and molybdenum doped ZnO thin films. The surface microstructure of ZnO and Mo:ZnO films was studied by FIB SEM images. Figures 4 and 5 show the surface microstructure of the films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar, 473 K, and for 1 at.% and 1.5 at.% Mo. The 1 at.% Mo content films show spherical particles of size 38 nm and are uniform, dense, and closely packed. With increasing at.% of Mo, the grain size is increased to 45 nm due to segregation, and small grains are joined with each other and cause the elongation of grains rather than the forming of big grain. This is believed to be due to segregations caused by the increase in at.% of Mo in film.Figure 4
FIBSEM micrographs of  Mo(1%):ZnO films deposited at a sputtering pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature of 473 K.Figure 5
FIBSEM micrographs of  Mo(1.5%):ZnO films deposited at a sputtering pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature of 473 K.The grain size “d” can also be derived from XRD using the Debye-Scherer formula:
(5)d=Kλβcosθ,
where K is the correction factor and is equal to 0.9, and λ is the X-ray wavelength 1.54 Å.We have chosen (002) diffraction peak to calculate the grain size since it is the predominant peak in the XRD spectra of the films deposited at all conditions. The grain size obtained from SEM is larger when compared with that determined from XRD. This difference is mainly caused by the different grain size criteria, underlying the different methods. Similar behavior was also observed in the case of Al doped ZnO films [17]. For uniformity, the grain sizes mentioned below were estimated by XRD. As the Mo content increases, the grain size increases for the films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at 473 K. The reverse result in grain size variation was observed in case of films deposited at 673 K [18].The literature reveals that the grain becomes small with the addition of impurities to the matrix material due to the induced defects and imperfection that behave as the source for forming grain boundaries [9, 19]. These observations are also attributed to the correlation between the grain size and compressive stress of the films.  As the stress decreases, the size increases. This indicates that the grain size d is directly related to the stress in the film. The stress reduction plays two roles: (1) it diminishes the density of stress-induced defects in films, and improves the crystal perfection, and (2) it behaves as a mechanism, replacing the formation of islands [20] to relieve the strained system, and thus it facilitates the two-dimensional growth. Both of the two roles have beneficial effects on the grain growth. These two competitive processes, one for the conventional impurity mechanism and the another for the stress release mechanism, are probably the reasons that contribute to the observed change of grain sizes.


### 3.4. Optical Properties

The optical transmittance spectra of the films were analyzed to understand the type of optical transition and band structure and defects. The optical properties of ZnO and Mo:ZnO films are influenced by oxygen and argon partial pressure, substrate temperatures, and Mo composition. The optical transmittance spectra of the Mo:ZnO films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at the two substrate temperatures of 473 K and 673 K are shown in Figures 6 and 7.Figure 6
Optical transmittance spectra of Mo:ZnO thin films deposited at a sputtering pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature of 473 K.Figure 7
Optical transmittance spectra of Mo:ZnO thin films deposited at a sputtering  pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature of 673 K.The optical transmittance of the films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at 473 K  decreases with increasing molybdenum concentration. The optical transmittance of the films decreases sharply near 400 nm due to the bandgap absorption. The absorption edge shifts towards lower wavelength with increasing molybdenum concentration. The energy gap of the films is found by the following formula [21]
(6)αhν=B(hν-Eg)n,
where α  is the absorption coefficient, ν is the frequency of the incident light, Eg is the energy gap, and “n” is exponent, by plotting the graph between (αhν)2 versus hν. The plots of (αhν)2 versus hν are shown in Figure 8. The plot shows better fit for  n=1/2  indicating the direct transition of electron in ZnO [22–24].Figure 8
Plots of(αhν)2 versus hν of Mo:ZnO thin films deposited at a fixed sputtering pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature 473 K.The energy gap of the films is 3.02 eV, and it increases with the increase of molybdenum concentration due to the Burstein-Moss shift [25]. Another transition at 350 nm was also observed, in case of films doped with 1 and 2 at.% of Mo. This indicates that the films have two phases, that is, MoO3 and Mo:ZnO which is due to the some percentage of molybdenum  remains as MoO3. The optical transmittance of the films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at 673 K decreases with the increasing of molybdenum concentration, and the absorption edge shifts towards lower wavelength with increasing Mo concentration in ZnO.The multiple optical transitions (two absorption edges) observed above were also present in the case of Mo content of 1 at.% in ZnO due to the same reason as above. But at the same substrate temperature of 673 K, the reactivity between Mo and ZnO in the vapour phase is improved and overcomes the multiple transitions in case of films doped with 1.5 and 2 at.% Mo to ZnO. The results were in good agreement with reported values [2, 26].The variation of energy gap of ZnO films with Mo concentration is given in Table2.Table 2
Energy gap data of Mo:ZnO films.
Atomic percent of Mo in ZnO
Sputtering pressure = 1 × 10−2 mbar,
T
s = 473 K
T
s = 673 K
1st transition
2nd transition
1st transition
2nd transition
Energy gap (Eg) (eV)
Energy gap (Eg) (eV)
Mo(0%):ZnO
2.48
3.02
—
3.15
Mo(1%):ZnO
—
3.05
3.06
3.26
Mo(1.5%):ZnO
2.66
3.17
—
3.43
Mo(2 %):ZnO
—
3.34
—
3.56


## 3.1. Compositional Analysis

The chemical composition of zinc and oxygen in ZnO and Molybdenum in Mo:ZnO  effects the physical properties of ZnO and Mo:ZnO thin films. In the present investigation the chemical composition of Mo, Zn, and oxygen in Mo:ZnO films was found by EDAX spectroscopy. The chemical composition of the ZnO and Mo:ZnO films deposited at the sputtering pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature of 473 K was obtained by EDAX. The undoped ZnO films have zinc of 54.3 at.% and Oxygen  45.7  of at.%, which indicates that the films have oxygen deficiency. The atomic percentage (CA) of the element in the matrix is calculated by the formula [9]:
(1)CA=SAIA∑SiIi,
where SA and IA are the EDAX sensitivity factors and integral count of element A, respectively. In the present case i is equal to 3 since Mo:ZnO films contain three elements. In the present case the at.% of the different elements in the film is obtained from the instrument calculated by the above formula.The Molybdenum content in the Mo(1.5%):ZnO films deposited at the above conditions is 1.48 at.% which is almost equal to the molybdenum contained in the target. With the increasing of molybdenum at.% to 2 in the target, the molybdenum at.% present in the film becomes 2.15 which is slightly above the molybdenum content in the target. At the same time the atomic ratio of Zn/O was improved in case of molybdenum doped films. As a result, the molybdenum doped ZnO films have good proportion of Zn/O ratio when compared to the undoped ZnO. This indicates that when a high oxidation state metal is doped to the ZnO, the oxygen deficiency can be improved. The composition of zinc, oxygen, and molybdenum in Mo:ZnO thin films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at 473 K is given in Table 1.Table 1
EDAX data of Mo:ZnO films.
Atomic percent of Mo in ZnO
Sputtering pressure = 1 × 10−2 mbar,
T
s = 473 K
At.% of oxygen
At.% of zinc
At.% of molybdenum
Mo(0%):ZnO
45.71
54.29
0
Mo(1.5%):ZnO
46.4
52.11
1.48
Mo(2%):ZnO
46.81
51.04
2.15


## 3.2. Structural Analysis

The crystal structure of ZnO and Mo:ZnO films was determined by XRD spectra obtained by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. The X-ray diffraction spectra of the ZnO and Mo:ZnO films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature of 473 K are shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
X-ray diffraction spectra of the Mo:ZnO thin films deposited at a fixed sputtering pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature of  473 K.The Mo(0%):ZnO films were observed to bec-axis oriented films with strong (002) orientation, which indicates the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO [10]. It was observed that another crystallographic orientation (220) indicates cubic-phase ZnO [11]. The 2θ of the (002) peak shifts towards higher value with increasing molybdenum concentration and indicates reduction of inter-planar spacing “d” in the films. In case of 1 at.% molybdenum doping, the intensity of (002) peak is low when compared with that of the (103) peak. It is also observed that the (002) peak is unsymmetric with molybdenum doping. The c-axis preferential orientation of the films is unchanged even with increasing molybdenum concentration. Also the crystallographic (002) peak becomes broad with increasing molybdenum concentration. The literature reveals that the reduction in the intensity of the crystallographic peak is attributed to the reduction in the crystallinity of the films [3, 12]. In the present case we have observed the peak intensity variation that may not be completely due to Mo doping but also due to variation in thickness of the films.The XRD spectra of the films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at 673 K are shown in Figure 2. The Mo(0%):ZnO films exhibit (002) peak, which indicates that the ZnO films were crystallized in hexagonal wurtzite phase. The other orientations, (100) and (101), were also observed along with (002), and intensity of these orientations is comparable with that of (002). The (220) orientation at 2θ = 56.2 corresponds to cubic ZnO which indicates that the films contain wurtzite and cubic mixed phases. With increasing molybdenum doping there is no change in the predominant wurtzite phase, but the peak becomes broad and unsymmetric.Figure 2
X-ray diffraction spectra of the Mo:ZnO thin films deposited at a fixed sputtering pressure of  1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature of  673 K.Thea, c values are evaluated by the following formula [13]:
(2)sin2θ=λ3a2(h2+hk+k2)+λ24c2,a=λ√3sinθ.It is also observed that the stress develops in ZnO films due to Mo doping and is estimated from XRD spectra of the films.In case of highlyc-axis oriented hexagonal crystals, the inplane stress (σ) can be calculated based on the biaxial strain model [14]:
(3)σ=[2C13-C33(C11+C12)C13](c-c0)c0.Here “c” is the lattice parameter of the (002) reflection in the XRD spectra. c0 is the corresponding bulk value (5.21 Å), and Cij is elastic stiffness constant. (C11 = 2.1 × 1011 N/m2, C33  =  2.1 × 1011 N/m2, C12 = 1.2 × 1011 N/m2, and C13 = 1.05 × 1011 N/m2.)This results in the following relation for the stress:(4)σ=-4.5×1011(c-c0)c0(N/m2).
The negative sign indicates that the Mo:ZnO films are in a state of compressive stress.The total stress in the films commonly consists of two components. One is the intrinsic stress induced by the impurities and defects in the crystal, and the other is the extrinsic stress introduced by the lattice mismatch and the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the film and the substrate. The later component is negligible compared to the stress measured in the former [15, 16] when the films were deposited at lower substrate temperatures.In the present case, the intrinsic stress, that is, compressive stress, arises due to Mo. Depending on the size of the foreign impurity atom and the size of the host atom, the compressive stress may increase or decrease.The compressive stress (-σ) of the Mo(0%):ZnO films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at 473 K is 4 × 1010 N/m2,  and it decreases with increasing molybdenum concentration. The size of the Mo6+ ion is (0.41 Å), and it is low compared to that of Zn2+ ion (0.60 Å). When Mo is doped to ZnO, some of the Zn atoms are substituted by Mo atoms. This substitution reduces the lattice parameter “c” and further reduces the stress in the films. The similar type of behaviour was also observed in the case of Al doped ZnO films [17].The compressive stress (-σ) of the Mo(0%):ZnO films deposited at 673 K is −9.8 × 109 N/m2. The 2θ of the (002) diffraction peak shifts towards lower value of 2θ with increasing molybdenum concentration in case of films deposited at 673 K. This indicates the elongation of    c-axis lattice constant which means that there is a residual stress in the plane of the films. The stress increases with increasing Mo concentration not only due to the elongation of c-axis lattice constant but also due to the thermal stress [1] generated by the films deposited at higher substrate temperatures. This conclusion is clearly supported by single optical transition observed in the optical transmittance spectra, and also a shift (Moss-Burstein) in the absorption edge is observed in the films doped with 1.5 and  2 at.% molybdenum. So even the films contain appropriate at.% of Mo which replaces the Zn, the compressive stress is not reduced due to the thermal stress generated when the films are deposited at higher substrate temperatures. The variation of compressive stress (-σ) of the Mo:ZnO films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at different substrate temperatures of 473 K and 673 K is shown in Figure 3.Figure 3
The variation of compressive stress in the Mo:ZnO films deposited at a sputtering pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at substrate temperatures of 473 K and 673 K.


## 3.3. Surface Morphological Studies

The substrate temperature and Ar + O2 partial pressures both effect the surface microstructure of undoped and molybdenum doped ZnO thin films. The surface microstructure of ZnO and Mo:ZnO films was studied by FIB SEM images. Figures 4 and 5 show the surface microstructure of the films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar, 473 K, and for 1 at.% and 1.5 at.% Mo. The 1 at.% Mo content films show spherical particles of size 38 nm and are uniform, dense, and closely packed. With increasing at.% of Mo, the grain size is increased to 45 nm due to segregation, and small grains are joined with each other and cause the elongation of grains rather than the forming of big grain. This is believed to be due to segregations caused by the increase in at.% of Mo in film.Figure 4
FIBSEM micrographs of  Mo(1%):ZnO films deposited at a sputtering pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature of 473 K.Figure 5
FIBSEM micrographs of  Mo(1.5%):ZnO films deposited at a sputtering pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature of 473 K.The grain size “d” can also be derived from XRD using the Debye-Scherer formula:
(5)d=Kλβcosθ,
where K is the correction factor and is equal to 0.9, and λ is the X-ray wavelength 1.54 Å.We have chosen (002) diffraction peak to calculate the grain size since it is the predominant peak in the XRD spectra of the films deposited at all conditions. The grain size obtained from SEM is larger when compared with that determined from XRD. This difference is mainly caused by the different grain size criteria, underlying the different methods. Similar behavior was also observed in the case of Al doped ZnO films [17]. For uniformity, the grain sizes mentioned below were estimated by XRD. As the Mo content increases, the grain size increases for the films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at 473 K. The reverse result in grain size variation was observed in case of films deposited at 673 K [18].The literature reveals that the grain becomes small with the addition of impurities to the matrix material due to the induced defects and imperfection that behave as the source for forming grain boundaries [9, 19]. These observations are also attributed to the correlation between the grain size and compressive stress of the films.  As the stress decreases, the size increases. This indicates that the grain size d is directly related to the stress in the film. The stress reduction plays two roles: (1) it diminishes the density of stress-induced defects in films, and improves the crystal perfection, and (2) it behaves as a mechanism, replacing the formation of islands [20] to relieve the strained system, and thus it facilitates the two-dimensional growth. Both of the two roles have beneficial effects on the grain growth. These two competitive processes, one for the conventional impurity mechanism and the another for the stress release mechanism, are probably the reasons that contribute to the observed change of grain sizes.


## 3.4. Optical Properties

The optical transmittance spectra of the films were analyzed to understand the type of optical transition and band structure and defects. The optical properties of ZnO and Mo:ZnO films are influenced by oxygen and argon partial pressure, substrate temperatures, and Mo composition. The optical transmittance spectra of the Mo:ZnO films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at the two substrate temperatures of 473 K and 673 K are shown in Figures 6 and 7.Figure 6
Optical transmittance spectra of Mo:ZnO thin films deposited at a sputtering pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature of 473 K.Figure 7
Optical transmittance spectra of Mo:ZnO thin films deposited at a sputtering  pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature of 673 K.The optical transmittance of the films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at 473 K  decreases with increasing molybdenum concentration. The optical transmittance of the films decreases sharply near 400 nm due to the bandgap absorption. The absorption edge shifts towards lower wavelength with increasing molybdenum concentration. The energy gap of the films is found by the following formula [21]
(6)αhν=B(hν-Eg)n,
where α  is the absorption coefficient, ν is the frequency of the incident light, Eg is the energy gap, and “n” is exponent, by plotting the graph between (αhν)2 versus hν. The plots of (αhν)2 versus hν are shown in Figure 8. The plot shows better fit for  n=1/2  indicating the direct transition of electron in ZnO [22–24].Figure 8
Plots of(αhν)2 versus hν of Mo:ZnO thin films deposited at a fixed sputtering pressure of 1 × 10−2 mbar and at a substrate temperature 473 K.The energy gap of the films is 3.02 eV, and it increases with the increase of molybdenum concentration due to the Burstein-Moss shift [25]. Another transition at 350 nm was also observed, in case of films doped with 1 and 2 at.% of Mo. This indicates that the films have two phases, that is, MoO3 and Mo:ZnO which is due to the some percentage of molybdenum  remains as MoO3. The optical transmittance of the films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at 673 K decreases with the increasing of molybdenum concentration, and the absorption edge shifts towards lower wavelength with increasing Mo concentration in ZnO.The multiple optical transitions (two absorption edges) observed above were also present in the case of Mo content of 1 at.% in ZnO due to the same reason as above. But at the same substrate temperature of 673 K, the reactivity between Mo and ZnO in the vapour phase is improved and overcomes the multiple transitions in case of films doped with 1.5 and 2 at.% Mo to ZnO. The results were in good agreement with reported values [2, 26].The variation of energy gap of ZnO films with Mo concentration is given in Table2.Table 2
Energy gap data of Mo:ZnO films.
Atomic percent of Mo in ZnO
Sputtering pressure = 1 × 10−2 mbar,
T
s = 473 K
T
s = 673 K
1st transition
2nd transition
1st transition
2nd transition
Energy gap (Eg) (eV)
Energy gap (Eg) (eV)
Mo(0%):ZnO
2.48
3.02
—
3.15
Mo(1%):ZnO
—
3.05
3.06
3.26
Mo(1.5%):ZnO
2.66
3.17
—
3.43
Mo(2 %):ZnO
—
3.34
—
3.56


## 4. Conclusions

Undoped and molybdenum doped ZnO thin films were deposited by r.f. magnetron sputtering, and their compositional, structural, surface morphological, and optical properties were studied. The composition study reveals that, at a fixed partial pressure, the substrate temperature and molybdenum concentration influence the composition, structure, surface morphology, and optical properties of the ZnO films.The ZnO films deposited at 1 × 10−2 mbar and at 473 K have oxygen deficiency. The Zn/O ratio increased with increasing Mo at.%. The structure of  ZnO  films is hexagonal wurtzite with predominant (002) crystallographic orientation. There is no change in the crystal structure of the films with Mo doping. The compressive stress decreased with increasing Mo at.% in ZnO. The films deposited at 673 K have lower stress when compared to the films deposited at 473 K. The grain size of the films deposited at 473 K increased with increasing Mo at.% in ZnO and decreased when deposited at 673 K. The surface morphology indicates that the films contain lower particle size when deposited at lower substrate temperatures and higher particle size when deposited at higher substrate temperatures. The optical transmittance spectra reveal that the Mo effectively dopes to ZnO when the films are deposited at higher substrate temperatures than at lower temperatures. In conclusion, Mo can be effectively doped to ZnO at optimized deposition conditions.



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*Source: 684730-2013-10-22.xml*