# Dynamic Behavior of Axially Functionally Graded Pipes Conveying Fluid

Authors: Chen An; Jian Su
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2017)

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## Abstract

Dynamic behavior of axially functionally graded (FG) pipes conveying fluid was investigated numerically by using the generalized integral transform technique (GITT). The transverse vibration equation was integral transformed into a coupled system of second-order differential equations in the temporal variable. TheMathematica’s built-in function, NDSolve, was employed to numerically solve the resulting transformed ODE system. Excellent convergence of the proposed eigenfunction expansions was demonstrated for calculating the transverse displacement at various points of axially FG pipes conveying fluid. The proposed approach was verified by comparing the obtained results with the available solutions reported in the literature. Moreover, parametric studies were performed to analyze the effects of Young’s modulus variation, material distribution, and flow velocity on the dynamic behavior of axially FG pipes conveying fluid.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Pipelines conveying fluid exist widely in many application fields, particularly in nuclear power plants, chemical plants, aeronautic, oil transportation, water supply, heat exchanger devices, human circulation, and so forth. The high velocity internal flow may cause severe flow-induced vibration of piping systems, which may further result in leakages, fatigue failures, high noise, fire, and explosions of the pipes [1]. Extensive investigations have been carried out in the past decades to understand the dynamical behavior of pipes conveying fluid, as described by Païdoussis and Li [2] and Païdoussis [3, 4].Similar to other structural dynamic problems, the earliest concern of fluid-conveying pipes was the free vibration response [5]. Research reveals that the boundary conditions can affect significantly the natural frequencies of the dynamic systems [6, 7]. Some numerical methods such as homotopy perturbation method [8] and precise integration method [9] were developed to analyze the effect of fluid flow velocity on the natural frequencies. Although there are many studies considering the flow velocity as constant, the flow velocity varies with time for the actual industrial problems. The unsteady flow is usually modeled by the superposition of the steady flow and a time-dependent harmonic component, which may induce the dynamic instability due to parametric resonances [10]. For instance, Jin and Song [11] investigated the effect of some physical parameters of the system, such as damping, mean flow velocity, mass ratio, tension, and gravity, on the three regions of parametric resonances of pipes with supported ends conveying pulsating fluid. Panda and Kar [12] analyzed the nonlinear planar vibration of a hinged-hinged pipe conveying fluid with harmonic flow velocity pulsation in the presence of internal resonance. With the development of material technology and application, new materials exhibiting viscoelastic behaviors such as polymer matrix composites are now widely used for pipes. Zhao et al. [13] investigated the dynamic behavior and stability of Maxwell viscoelastic pipes conveying fluid with simply supported ends. Zhang et al. [14] presented a viscoelastic finite element approach to the vibration analysis of viscoelastic Timoshenko pipes conveying fluid. Wang et al. [15] studied the vibration and stability of viscoelastic curved pipes conveying fluid using normalized power series method. Yang et al. [16] investigated the dynamic stability for the transverse vibrations of pipes conveying fluid using the method of multiple scales. To avoid the failure caused by resonance due to the excitation of external forces, many researchers considered the forced vibrations of pipes conveying fluid. Gulyayev and Tolbatov [17] carried out the numerical modelling of self-excited vibrations of tubes containing inner flows of nonhomogeneous boiling fluid. Seo et al. [18] presented the finite element method to predict the forced vibration response of a pipe conveying harmonically pulsating fluid. Liang and Wen [19] studied the forced responses with both an internal resonance and an external periodic excitation of the constant-fluid-conveying pipe by the multidimensional Lindstedt-Poincaré method. In practice, most of the load applied on the industrial pipes is random, therefore, the dynamic response of pipes conveying fluid subjected to random excitation was studied by Zhai et al. [20, 21]. Since the high-temperature environment should be confronted in some industries such as nuclear reactors, space planes, and chemical plants, the vibration behaviors of pipes conveying fluid under thermal loads have been studied in recent years [22–26].Due to the advantages of being able to withstand severe high-temperature gradient while maintaining structural integrity, functionally graded materials (FGMs) have attracted great interest in a broad range of applications including biomechanical, automotive, aerospace, mechanical, civil, nuclear, and naval engineering [27, 28], as it is known that FGMs are a novel class of composite materials whose composition and/or function is designed to change continuously within the solid. The composites are usually made from a mixture of metals and ceramics to ensure the elastic and toughness properties gradually vary in space, which can prevent delamination and stress concentration in traditional multilayer, laminated composites. For pipes conveying fluid, Sheng and Wang [24] reported the result of an investigation into the coupled vibration characteristics of fluid-filled functionally graded cylindrical shells, while Hosseini and Fazelzadeh [26] investigated the thermomechanical stability of functionally graded thin-walled cantilever pipes conveying flow and loading by compressive axial force. Both of the above-mentioned investigations assumed that the material properties vary along the thickness direction of pipes; however, dynamic behaviors of axially functionally graded systems (structures with material graduation through the longitudinal directions) should be also concerned, as reported by [29–34]. To the authors’ knowledge, the literature dealing with the dynamic behavior of fluid-conveying pipes made of axially FGMs is very limited, which forms the motivation for the current work.In this study, the dynamic behavior of axially functionally graded (FG) pipes conveying fluid is analytically and numerically investigated on the basis of the generalized integral transform technique (GITT), which has been successfully applied in solving the dynamic response of axially moving beams [35], axially moving orthotropic plates [36], fluid-conveying pipes [37] and pipes conveying gas-liquid two-phase flow [38], the wind-induced vibration on overhead conductors [39], the vortex-induced vibration of long flexible cylinders [40], and the transverse vibrations of a cantilever beam with an eccentric tip mass in the axial direction [41]. From an engineering viewpoint, the novel contribution of this investigation is to generate the reliable reference data on the dynamic behavior of axially FG conveying fluid, while, from a mathematical viewpoint, this work provides a feasible numerical solution of the variable coefficient partial differential equations governing the phenomenon. The rest of paper is organized as follows. In the next section, the mathematical formulation of the transverse vibration problem of axially FG pipes conveying fluid is presented. In Section 3, the hybrid numerical-analytical solution is obtained by carrying out integral transform. Numerical results of proposed method including transverse displacements and their corresponding convergence behavior and verification are presented in Section 4. A parameter study is then performed to investigate the effects of material distributions and mass ratios on natural frequencies and vibration amplitude of pipes conveying fluid, respectively. Besides, the variation of the dimensionless frequencies with Young’s modulus ratio, power exponent, and flow velocity are also presented. Finally, the paper ends in Section 5 with conclusions and perspectives.


## 2. Mathematical Formulation

We consider a fluid-conveying pipe made of axially functionally graded (FG) material based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, as illustrated in Figure1. If gravity, internal damping, external imposed tension, and pressurization effects are either absent or neglected, the equation of motion of the FG pipe can be derived following the Newtonian derivation by means of decomposing an infinitesimal pipe-fluid element into the pipe element and the fluid element, according to the procedure given by Païdoussis [3]:(1a)∂2∂x2ExI∂2w∂x2+mfv2∂2w∂x2+2mfv∂2w∂x∂t+mf+ρxA∂2w∂t2=0,subjected to the clamped-clamped boundary conditions(1b)w0,t=0,(1c)∂w0,t∂x=0,(1d)wL,t=0,(1e)∂wL,t∂x=0,where w(x,t) is the transverse displacement, E(x)I is the flexural rigidity of the pipe which depends upon both Young’s modulus E(x) and the inertial moment of cross-sectional area I, mf is the mass of fluid per unit length, v is the steady flow velocity, ρ(x)A is the mass of the pipe per unit length which depends upon mass density ρ(x) and cross-sectional area A, and L is the pipe length. Note that, for the axially FG pipe, E(x) and ρ(x) are functions of the axial coordinate x. In addition, we assume that the coefficient of thermal expansion and the thermal conductivity of the FG material are constant along the pipe; therefore, the influence of the thermal environment can be ignored. The following dimensionless variables are introduced:(2a)x∗=xL,(2b)w∗=wL,(2c)t∗=tL2E0Imf+ρ0A,(2d)v∗=vLmfE0I,(2e)αx∗=Ex∗E0,(2f)β=mfmf+ρ0A,(2g)γx∗=mf+ρx∗Amf+ρ0A,where E0 and ρ0 are the corresponding Young’s modulus and mass density at the end x∗=0. Substituting (2a)–(2g) into (1a)–(1e) gives the dimensionless equation (dropping the superposed asterisks for simplicity)(3a)∂2∂x2αx∂2w∂x2+v2∂2w∂x2+2βv∂2w∂x∂t+γx∂2w∂t2=0,together with the boundary conditions(3b)w0,t=0,(3c)∂w0,t∂x=0,(3d)w1,t=0,(3e)∂w1,t∂x=0.The initial conditions are defined as follows:(4a)wx,0=0,(4b)w˙x,0=v0sin⁡πx.Figure 1
Illustration of an axially functionally graded pipe conveying fluid; the transverse displacement of which is described byw(x,t).


## 3. Integral Transform Solution

To conduct the integral transform technique, the additional eigenvalue problem should be introduced for the governing equation (3a) with the boundary conditions (3b)–(3e). The coordinate “x” is eliminated by using integral transformation, and the eigenvalue problem is employed for the transverse displacement as follows:(5a)d4Xixdx4=μi4Xix,0<x<1,with the boundary conditions(5b)Xi0=0,(5c)dXi0dx=0,(5d)Xi1=0,(5e)dXi1dx=0,where Xi(x) and μi are the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of problem (5a)–(5e), respectively. The orthogonality property should be satisfied by the eigenfunctions(6)∫01XixXjxdx=δijNi,with δij=0 when i≠j and δij=1 when i=j. The norm is defined as(7)Ni=∫01Xi2xdx.Eigenvalue problem (5a)–(5e) can be solved analytically to generate(8)
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,and the normalization of integral is(10)Ni=1,i=1,2,3,….Then, the normalized eigenfunction yields(11)X~ix=XixNi1/2.For the transverse displacement, the integral transformation and the inversion equations are as follows:(12a)w-it=∫01X~ixwx,tdx,transform,(12b)wx,t=∑i=1∞X~ixw-it,inverse.Now, the integral transformation procedure is conducted by operation of (3a) with ∫01X~i(x)dx, to obtain the transformed transverse displacement equation system:(13a)∑j=1∞Aijd2w-jtdt2+2βvBijdw-jtdt+v2Cij+Dij+2Eij+μj4Fijw-jt=0,i=1,2,3,…,where the coefficients are given by the integrals below(13b)Aij=∫01γxX~ixX~jxdx,(13c)Bij=∫01X~ixX~jx′dx,(13d)Cij=∫01X~ixX~jx′′dx,(13e)Dij=∫01αx′′X~ixX~jx′′dx,(13f)Eij=∫01αx′X~ixX~jx′′′dx,(13g)Fij=∫01αxX~ixX~jxdx.In a similar way, the initial conditions can be also transformed to eliminate “x” coordinate:(14a)w-i0=0,(14b)dw-i0dt=v0∫01X~ixsin⁡πxdx,i=1,2,3,….In the computational process, the expansion for the transverse displacement is truncated to finite ordersNW. Equations (13a)–(13g), (14a), and (14b) in the truncated series are calculated using the NDSolve inMathematica [43]. Once the values of w¯i are determined, the inversion formulas equation (12b) is subsequently employed to yield explicit expression for the transverse displacement w(x,t).


## 4. Results and Discussion

### 4.1. Convergence Behavior of the Solution

We now present the convergence behavior of numerical results for the transverse displacementw(x,t) of a functionally graded pipe conveying fluid calculated using the GITT approach. For the case examined, the geometrical parameters adopted by Zhai et al. [20] are taken in (1a)–(1e): L=1010mm, D=22.85mm, and d=19.65mm, where D and d are the outer and inner diameters of pipe cross section, respectively. In this study, we assume that the material properties of the pipe, such as Young’s modulus E and mass density ρ, vary continuously as a power law through the pipe axis [34]: P(x)=(PL-PR)(1-x/L)k+PR, where PR and PL are the corresponding material of the right and the left side of the pipe, and k is the nonnegative power-law exponent which dictates the material variation profile through the pipe axis. In the following calculations, aluminum and zirconia are chosen for the corresponding material of the left and the right sides of the pipe, respectively, the material properties of which are [29] Ea=70GPa, ρa=2702kg/m3 for aluminum, and Ez=200GPa, ρz=5700kg/m3 for zirconia. The fluid density conveying in the pipe is ρf=1000kg/m3. The dimensionless variables can be obtained through (2a)–(2g). The solution of the system, (13a)–(13g), (14a), and (14b), is obtained with NW≤16 to analyze the convergence behavior.The dimensionless transverse displacementw(x,t) at different positions, x=0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9, of axially FG pipes conveying fluid is presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The convergence behavior of the integral transform solution is examined for increasing truncation terms NW=4, 8, 12, and 16 at t=10, 20, and 30, respectively. For the dimensionless transverse displacement with v=1.0 and k=1.0, it can be observed that convergence is achieved essentially with a reasonably low truncation order (N≤8). For a full convergence to three significant digits, more terms (e.g., N≤12) are required. The results at t=30 indicate that the excellent convergence behavior of the integral transform solution does not change with time, verifying the good long-time numerical stability of the scheme. For the dimensionless transverse displacement with v=3.0 and k=1.0, convergence to three significant digits is achieved with truncation order N≤16, which demonstrates that the increasing of v can make the solution with a relatively slow convergence. For the same cases, the profiles of the transverse displacement at t=20 are illustrated in Figure 2 with different truncation orders, where it can be clearly seen that the convergence behavior of the integral transform solution for the case of v=1.0 is better than the case of v=3.0.Table 1
Convergence behavior of the dimensionless transverse displacementw(x,t) of FG pipes conveying fluid for v=1.0 and k=1.0.
x NW=4 NW=8 NW=12 NW=16 t=10 0.1 0.0044244 0.0037878 0.0039159 0.0039563 0.3 0.0191635 0.0206171 0.0206690 0.0207072 0.5 0.0207420 0.0244299 0.0245583 0.0246031 0.7 0.0127285 0.0124189 0.0123877 0.0124042 0.9 0.0021788 0.0012293 0.0012868 0.0013476 t = 20 0.1 −0.0060519 −0.0062440 −0.0060664 −0.0060803 0.3 −0.0291388 −0.0296250 −0.0298559 −0.0298584 0.5 −0.0358924 −0.0382805 −0.0382784 −0.0382978 0.7 −0.0235454 −0.0256259 −0.0257693 −0.0257332 0.9 −0.0040988 −0.0044978 −0.0042350 −0.0042428 t = 30 0.1 0.0064297 0.0066167 0.0064907 0.0064724 0.3 0.0325025 0.0313819 0.0315394 0.0315556 0.5 0.0405411 0.0390336 0.0384158 0.0383750 0.7 0.0251618 0.0234384 0.0238947 0.0239246 0.9 0.0040959 0.0038549 0.0037553 0.0037439Table 2
Convergence behavior of the dimensionless transverse displacementw(x,t) of FG pipes conveying fluid for v=3.0 and k=1.0.
x NW=4 NW=8 NW=12 NW=16 t = 10 0.1 0.0030463 0.0024006 0.0026071 0.0026145 0.3 0.0083268 0.0100507 0.0099890 0.0099936 0.5 0.0025960 0.0057039 0.0059138 0.0059497 0.7 −0.0013099 −0.0021990 −0.0022931 −0.0023027 0.9 −0.0006775 −0.0011992 −0.0010060 −0.0010314 t = 20 0.1 −0.0019432 −0.0013335 −0.0015234 −0.0015166 0.3 −0.0071319 −0.0088004 −0.0088014 −0.0088167 0.5 −0.0055658 −0.0118234 −0.0123907 −0.0124569 0.7 −0.0028723 −0.0073600 −0.0070684 −0.0071240 0.9 −0.0005661 −0.0009220 −0.0011155 −0.0011267 t = 30 0.1 0.0033760 0.0043476 0.0041930 0.0041604 0.3 0.0113849 0.0171511 0.0168645 0.0169404 0.5 0.0093804 0.0150589 0.0157554 0.0157545 0.7 0.0054698 0.0066738 0.0066753 0.0066903 0.9 0.0008500 0.0005556 0.0008388 0.0009427Figure 2
GITT solutions with different truncation ordersNW for the dimensionless transverse displacement profiles: (a) w(x,t)|t=20 for v=1.0 and (b) w(x,t)|t=20 for v=3.0 of FG pipes conveying fluid.
(a) (b)


### 4.2. Verification of the Solution

The influence of fluid velocity on the first five dimensionless natural frequencies of axially FG pipes conveying fluid with the power-law exponentk=1.0 is presented in Table 3. To obtain the natural circular frequencies for the transverse vibration of the system, the coupled ODEs, (13a)–(13g), can be represented in the matrix form as follows:(15)Mw¨t+Cw˙t+Kwt=Ft.The fluid velocities of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50m/s are considered, and, with the increasing of the velocity, all of the five natural frequencies of the system decrease. To demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the proposed GITT approach, GITT solution for dimensionless free vibration frequencies for clamped-clamped pipes with mf=0 and k=0 is calculated to compare with the results presented in the literature [42], where the excellent agreement between them can be found, as shown in Table 3.Table 3
Influence of fluid velocity on the first five dimensionless natural frequencies of FG pipes conveying fluid (k=1.0).
Fluid velocity (m/s) ω 1 ω 2 ω 3 ω 4 ω5 0 22.373∗ 61.673∗ 120.903∗ 199.859∗ 298.556∗ 0 22.373∗∗ 61.673∗∗ 120.903∗∗ 199.859∗∗ 298.556∗∗ 0 26.866 74.323 145.936 241.576 361.572 10 26.850 74.306 145.918 241.558 361.556 20 26.801 74.255 145.865 241.506 361.508 30 26.720 74.171 145.777 241.419 361.428 40 26.605 74.052 145.653 241.296 361.315 50 26.457 73.899 145.493 241.139 361.171 ∗: dimensionless free vibration frequencies for clamped-clamped beams [42]. ∗ ∗: GITT solution for dimensionless free vibration frequencies for clamped-clamped pipes (mf=0 and k=0).


### 4.3. Parametric Study

In this section, transverse displacement of axially FG pipes conveying fluid with clamped-clamped boundary conditions is analyzed to illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach. Different values of the mass ratioβ, Young’s modulus ratio Eratio, the material distribution k, and the dimensionless flow velocity v are chosen to assess their effects on the dynamic behavior of the system. In the following analysis, we use a relative high truncation order, NW=16, for a sufficient accuracy.


#### 4.3.1. The Effect of Young’s Modulus Variation

The first three dimensionless natural frequencies of the axially FG pipe conveying fluid for different Young’s modulus ratios, power-law exponent, and mass ratios are tabulated in Tables4–6, where the following parameters are adopted: El=70GPa, Eratio=EL/ER, ρf=1000kg/m3, ρratio=ρL/ρR=1.0, and ρL/ρf=4.0. The mass ratio is calculated by (2a)–(2g) with the specified value of pipe thickness t and d=19.65mm. The flow velocity of the fluid is 20m/s. For the specified modulus ratio and power exponent, all of the first three dimensionless natural frequencies increase with the decrease of the mass ratio. The effect of the modulus ratios on the fundamental frequency of fluid-conveying pipe with the mass ratio of 0.796 is presented in Figure 3. It is observed that the fundamental frequency decreases significantly with increasing of modulus ratio especially for large power exponent. On the other hand, no significant changes can be seen in the fundamental frequency for different modulus ratios for lower value of power exponent. Figure 4 illustrates the variation of the fundamental frequency with the power exponent for fluid-conveying pipe with the mass ratio of 0.796, which shows that the increase in power exponent causes the increase in frequency for Eratio<1 and the decrease in frequency for Eratio>1 and no changes occur for Eratio=1.Table 4
The variation of the first natural angular frequencies for different material distributionsk and mass ratios β when flow velocity is 20 m/s, Eratio=El/Er, ρratio=ρl/ρr=1.0, and ρl/ρf=4.0.
t (mm) β E r a t i o k = 0.0 k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.5 k = 1.0 k = 2.0 k = 5.0 k=10.0 1.0 0.796 0.25 22.1909 25.2702 27.1859 30.5936 33.4550 36.1690 39.0072 40.4687 0.50 22.1909 23.3497 24.1498 25.6193 26.8588 28.0211 29.1967 29.7777 1.00 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 2.00 22.1909 21.5289 20.9829 19.8618 18.8849 17.9785 17.0936 16.6791 4.00 22.1909 21.1690 20.2790 18.3220 16.5444 14.9059 13.3283 12.5955  2.0 0.672 0.25 22.3008 25.3695 27.2788 30.6755 33.5282 36.2347 39.0667 40.5260 0.50 22.3008 23.4554 24.2525 25.7159 26.9498 28.1068 29.2778 29.8571 1.00 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 2.00 22.3008 21.6413 21.0977 19.9830 19.0138 18.1167 17.2418 16.8313 4.00 22.3008 21.2828 20.3968 18.4519 16.6913 15.0763 13.5273 12.8067  3.0 0.587 0.25 22.3333 25.3989 27.3063 30.6998 33.5499 36.2543 39.0844 40.5430 0.50 22.3333 23.4867 24.2829 25.7445 26.9767 28.1322 29.3018 29.8807 1.00 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 2.00 22.3333 21.6746 21.1317 20.0189 19.0520 18.1575 17.2856 16.8762 4.00 22.3333 21.3165 20.4318 18.4904 16.7348 15.1266 13.5858 12.8688Table 5
The variation of the second natural angular frequencies for different material distributionsk and mass ratios β when flow velocity is 20 m/s, Eratio=El/Er, ρratio=ρl/ρr=1.0, and ρl/ρf=4.0.
t (mm) β E r a t i o k = 0.0 k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.5 k = 1.0 k = 2.0 k = 5.0 k = 10.0 1.0 0.796 0.25 61.5004 69.4713 74.6411 84.2515 92.8974 101.469 110.495 114.810 0.50 61.5004 64.4750 66.6003 70.6875 74.4028 78.0533 81.7840 83.5138 1.00 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 2.00 61.5004 59.8213 58.4126 55.3901 52.5094 49.6838 46.9156 45.7453 4.00 61.5004 58.9166 56.6441 51.4604 46.2746 41.1824 36.2901 34.2703  2.0 0.672 0.25 61.5959 69.5577 74.7221 84.3233 92.9617 101.527 110.547 114.860 0.50 61.5959 64.5668 66.6895 70.7715 74.4821 78.1281 81.8547 83.5830 1.00 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 2.00 61.5959 59.9190 58.5124 55.4955 52.6216 49.8040 47.0441 45.8770 4.00 61.5959 59.0156 56.7467 51.5737 46.4032 41.3315 36.4620 34.4515  3.0 0.587 0.25 61.6276 69.5864 74.7490 84.3471 92.9830 101.546 110.564 114.876 0.50 61.6276 64.5973 66.7191 70.7995 74.5085 78.1529 81.8782 83.6060 1.00 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 2.00 61.6276 59.9515 58.5456 55.5305 52.6589 49.8439 47.0868 45.9207 4.00 61.6276 59.0485 56.7809 51.6114 46.4459 41.3809 36.5192 34.5117Table 6
The variation of the third natural angular frequencies for different material distributionsk and mass ratios β when flow velocity is 20 m/s, Eratio=El/Er, ρratio=ρl/ρr=1.0, and ρl/ρf=4.0.
t (mm) β E r a t i o k = 0.0 k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.5 k = 1.0 k = 2.0 k = 5.0 k=10.0 1.0 0.796 0.25 120.726 135.934 145.948 164.997 182.693 200.618 219.333 227.933 0.50 120.726 126.374 130.466 138.522 146.073 153.635 161.360 164.876 1.00 120.726 120.726 120.726 120.726 120.726 120.726 120.726 120.726 2.00 120.726 117.564 114.895 109.017 103.185 97.3618 91.6997 89.3743 4.00 120.726 115.872 111.598 101.632 91.1682 80.6355 70.6481 66.6398  2.0 0.672 0.25 120.822 136.020 146.028 165.068 182.757 200.677 219.386 227.984 0.50 120.822 126.466 130.555 138.606 146.153 153.711 161.432 164.946 1.00 120.822 120.822 120.822 120.822 120.822 120.822 120.822 120.822 2.00 120.822 117.663 114.996 109.124 103.298 97.4820 91.8275 89.5047 4.00 120.822 115.972 111.702 101.747 91.2969 80.7826 70.8185 66.8177  3.0 0.587 0.25 120.855 136.049 146.056 165.092 182.779 200.697 219.405 228.002 0.50 120.855 126.498 130.586 138.635 146.180 153.737 161.457 164.970 1.00 120.855 120.855 120.855 120.855 120.855 120.855 120.855 120.855 2.00 120.855 117.697 115.031 109.160 103.336 97.5231 91.8713 89.5494 4.00 120.855 116.006 111.738 101.786 91.3409 80.8330 70.8770 66.8789Figure 3
Variation of the dimensionless frequency (ω1) with Young’s modulus ratio.Figure 4
Variation of the dimensionless frequency (ω1) with power exponent (k).


#### 4.3.2. The Effect of Material Distribution

To examine the effect of material distribution on the frequencies of the axially FG pipe conveying fluid, the integral transform solutions are obtained based on the material properties given in Section4.1 and the fluid velocity of 20m/s. The first five natural angular frequencies for different mass ratios and power exponents are reported in Table 7. All of the natural frequencies (ω1,ω2,…,ω5) increase with the power exponent for the specified mass ratio. Note that the natural frequencies increase with the decrease of the mass ratio for the case of k=0.0, which means the pipe is made of single-component, aluminum. However, when considering the FG material with the power exponents k=0.1,0.2,…,10, the natural frequencies decrease with the decrease of the mass ratio.Table 7
The variation of natural angular frequencies for different material distributionsk and mass ratios β when flow velocity is 20 m/s.
t (mm) β ω i k = 0.0 k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.5 k = 1.0 k = 2.0 k = 5.0 k = 10.0 1.0 0.796 i = 1 22.1835 23.8868 24.9026 26.4715 27.4513 28.1186 28.8294 29.4111 i = 2 61.5036 65.7479 68.3906 72.7928 76.1318 79.0050 81.8223 83.2525 i = 3 120.732 128.668 133.700 142.428 149.573 156.161 162.514 165.285 i = 4 199.693 212.486 220.721 235.305 247.679 259.404 270.748 275.362 i = 5 298.392 317.258 329.420 351.361 370.905 389.776 407.194 413.686  2.0 0.672 i = 1 22.2976 23.8315 24.6962 25.9020 26.4864 26.7497 27.1061 27.5738 i = 2 61.5972 65.3592 67.5855 71.0306 73.3695 75.2171 77.0180 78.0331 i = 3 120.825 127.785 131.993 138.872 144.125 148.770 153.121 155.007 i = 4 199.781 210.932 217.798 229.340 238.617 247.159 255.195 258.328 i = 5 298.477 314.839 324.951 342.322 357.127 371.143 383.736 388.144  3.0 0.587 i = 1 22.3317 23.7692 24.5496 25.5605 25.9443 26.0152 26.2112 26.6270 i = 2 61.6283 65.1117 67.1047 70.0359 71.8650 73.2123 74.5377 75.3643 i = 3 120.856 127.252 131.000 136.890 141.179 144.870 148.272 149.752 i = 4 199.812 210.013 216.115 226.033 233.735 240.712 247.171 249.620 i = 5 298.508 313.428 322.400 337.340 349.740 361.370 371.651 375.089The variation of vibration amplitudes for different material distributions and mass ratios is listed in Table8. It can be seen that the vibration amplitude decreases with the increase of the power exponent and increases with the decrease of the mass ratio.Table 8
The variation of vibration amplitudes for different material distributionsk and mass ratios β when flow velocity is 20 m/s.
t (mm) β k = 0.0 k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.5 k = 1.0 k = 2.0 k = 5.0 k = 10.0 1.0 0.796 0.05064 0.04742 0.04562 0.04265 0.04067 0.03966 0.03864 0.03787 2.0 0.672 0.05071 0.04779 0.04607 0.04365 0.04226 0.04176 0.04093 0.04042 3.0 0.587 0.05076 0.04794 0.04657 0.04431 0.04315 0.04276 0.04237 0.04192In addition, the effect of material distribution on the critical velocity of fluid-conveying pipe with the material properties given in Section4.1 is analyzed, as shown in Figure 5, which exhibits the variation of the fundamental frequency with the flow velocity of fluid for different power exponents. It can be clearly seen that the fundamental frequency decreases with the flow velocity for the specified power exponent, and the critical velocity (ω1=0) increases with the power exponent.Figure 5
Variation of the dimensionless frequency (ω1) with dimensionless flow velocity (v).


## 4.1. Convergence Behavior of the Solution

We now present the convergence behavior of numerical results for the transverse displacementw(x,t) of a functionally graded pipe conveying fluid calculated using the GITT approach. For the case examined, the geometrical parameters adopted by Zhai et al. [20] are taken in (1a)–(1e): L=1010mm, D=22.85mm, and d=19.65mm, where D and d are the outer and inner diameters of pipe cross section, respectively. In this study, we assume that the material properties of the pipe, such as Young’s modulus E and mass density ρ, vary continuously as a power law through the pipe axis [34]: P(x)=(PL-PR)(1-x/L)k+PR, where PR and PL are the corresponding material of the right and the left side of the pipe, and k is the nonnegative power-law exponent which dictates the material variation profile through the pipe axis. In the following calculations, aluminum and zirconia are chosen for the corresponding material of the left and the right sides of the pipe, respectively, the material properties of which are [29] Ea=70GPa, ρa=2702kg/m3 for aluminum, and Ez=200GPa, ρz=5700kg/m3 for zirconia. The fluid density conveying in the pipe is ρf=1000kg/m3. The dimensionless variables can be obtained through (2a)–(2g). The solution of the system, (13a)–(13g), (14a), and (14b), is obtained with NW≤16 to analyze the convergence behavior.The dimensionless transverse displacementw(x,t) at different positions, x=0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9, of axially FG pipes conveying fluid is presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The convergence behavior of the integral transform solution is examined for increasing truncation terms NW=4, 8, 12, and 16 at t=10, 20, and 30, respectively. For the dimensionless transverse displacement with v=1.0 and k=1.0, it can be observed that convergence is achieved essentially with a reasonably low truncation order (N≤8). For a full convergence to three significant digits, more terms (e.g., N≤12) are required. The results at t=30 indicate that the excellent convergence behavior of the integral transform solution does not change with time, verifying the good long-time numerical stability of the scheme. For the dimensionless transverse displacement with v=3.0 and k=1.0, convergence to three significant digits is achieved with truncation order N≤16, which demonstrates that the increasing of v can make the solution with a relatively slow convergence. For the same cases, the profiles of the transverse displacement at t=20 are illustrated in Figure 2 with different truncation orders, where it can be clearly seen that the convergence behavior of the integral transform solution for the case of v=1.0 is better than the case of v=3.0.Table 1
Convergence behavior of the dimensionless transverse displacementw(x,t) of FG pipes conveying fluid for v=1.0 and k=1.0.
x NW=4 NW=8 NW=12 NW=16 t=10 0.1 0.0044244 0.0037878 0.0039159 0.0039563 0.3 0.0191635 0.0206171 0.0206690 0.0207072 0.5 0.0207420 0.0244299 0.0245583 0.0246031 0.7 0.0127285 0.0124189 0.0123877 0.0124042 0.9 0.0021788 0.0012293 0.0012868 0.0013476 t = 20 0.1 −0.0060519 −0.0062440 −0.0060664 −0.0060803 0.3 −0.0291388 −0.0296250 −0.0298559 −0.0298584 0.5 −0.0358924 −0.0382805 −0.0382784 −0.0382978 0.7 −0.0235454 −0.0256259 −0.0257693 −0.0257332 0.9 −0.0040988 −0.0044978 −0.0042350 −0.0042428 t = 30 0.1 0.0064297 0.0066167 0.0064907 0.0064724 0.3 0.0325025 0.0313819 0.0315394 0.0315556 0.5 0.0405411 0.0390336 0.0384158 0.0383750 0.7 0.0251618 0.0234384 0.0238947 0.0239246 0.9 0.0040959 0.0038549 0.0037553 0.0037439Table 2
Convergence behavior of the dimensionless transverse displacementw(x,t) of FG pipes conveying fluid for v=3.0 and k=1.0.
x NW=4 NW=8 NW=12 NW=16 t = 10 0.1 0.0030463 0.0024006 0.0026071 0.0026145 0.3 0.0083268 0.0100507 0.0099890 0.0099936 0.5 0.0025960 0.0057039 0.0059138 0.0059497 0.7 −0.0013099 −0.0021990 −0.0022931 −0.0023027 0.9 −0.0006775 −0.0011992 −0.0010060 −0.0010314 t = 20 0.1 −0.0019432 −0.0013335 −0.0015234 −0.0015166 0.3 −0.0071319 −0.0088004 −0.0088014 −0.0088167 0.5 −0.0055658 −0.0118234 −0.0123907 −0.0124569 0.7 −0.0028723 −0.0073600 −0.0070684 −0.0071240 0.9 −0.0005661 −0.0009220 −0.0011155 −0.0011267 t = 30 0.1 0.0033760 0.0043476 0.0041930 0.0041604 0.3 0.0113849 0.0171511 0.0168645 0.0169404 0.5 0.0093804 0.0150589 0.0157554 0.0157545 0.7 0.0054698 0.0066738 0.0066753 0.0066903 0.9 0.0008500 0.0005556 0.0008388 0.0009427Figure 2
GITT solutions with different truncation ordersNW for the dimensionless transverse displacement profiles: (a) w(x,t)|t=20 for v=1.0 and (b) w(x,t)|t=20 for v=3.0 of FG pipes conveying fluid.
(a) (b)


## 4.2. Verification of the Solution

The influence of fluid velocity on the first five dimensionless natural frequencies of axially FG pipes conveying fluid with the power-law exponentk=1.0 is presented in Table 3. To obtain the natural circular frequencies for the transverse vibration of the system, the coupled ODEs, (13a)–(13g), can be represented in the matrix form as follows:(15)Mw¨t+Cw˙t+Kwt=Ft.The fluid velocities of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50m/s are considered, and, with the increasing of the velocity, all of the five natural frequencies of the system decrease. To demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the proposed GITT approach, GITT solution for dimensionless free vibration frequencies for clamped-clamped pipes with mf=0 and k=0 is calculated to compare with the results presented in the literature [42], where the excellent agreement between them can be found, as shown in Table 3.Table 3
Influence of fluid velocity on the first five dimensionless natural frequencies of FG pipes conveying fluid (k=1.0).
Fluid velocity (m/s) ω 1 ω 2 ω 3 ω 4 ω5 0 22.373∗ 61.673∗ 120.903∗ 199.859∗ 298.556∗ 0 22.373∗∗ 61.673∗∗ 120.903∗∗ 199.859∗∗ 298.556∗∗ 0 26.866 74.323 145.936 241.576 361.572 10 26.850 74.306 145.918 241.558 361.556 20 26.801 74.255 145.865 241.506 361.508 30 26.720 74.171 145.777 241.419 361.428 40 26.605 74.052 145.653 241.296 361.315 50 26.457 73.899 145.493 241.139 361.171 ∗: dimensionless free vibration frequencies for clamped-clamped beams [42]. ∗ ∗: GITT solution for dimensionless free vibration frequencies for clamped-clamped pipes (mf=0 and k=0).


## 4.3. Parametric Study

In this section, transverse displacement of axially FG pipes conveying fluid with clamped-clamped boundary conditions is analyzed to illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach. Different values of the mass ratioβ, Young’s modulus ratio Eratio, the material distribution k, and the dimensionless flow velocity v are chosen to assess their effects on the dynamic behavior of the system. In the following analysis, we use a relative high truncation order, NW=16, for a sufficient accuracy.


### 4.3.1. The Effect of Young’s Modulus Variation

The first three dimensionless natural frequencies of the axially FG pipe conveying fluid for different Young’s modulus ratios, power-law exponent, and mass ratios are tabulated in Tables4–6, where the following parameters are adopted: El=70GPa, Eratio=EL/ER, ρf=1000kg/m3, ρratio=ρL/ρR=1.0, and ρL/ρf=4.0. The mass ratio is calculated by (2a)–(2g) with the specified value of pipe thickness t and d=19.65mm. The flow velocity of the fluid is 20m/s. For the specified modulus ratio and power exponent, all of the first three dimensionless natural frequencies increase with the decrease of the mass ratio. The effect of the modulus ratios on the fundamental frequency of fluid-conveying pipe with the mass ratio of 0.796 is presented in Figure 3. It is observed that the fundamental frequency decreases significantly with increasing of modulus ratio especially for large power exponent. On the other hand, no significant changes can be seen in the fundamental frequency for different modulus ratios for lower value of power exponent. Figure 4 illustrates the variation of the fundamental frequency with the power exponent for fluid-conveying pipe with the mass ratio of 0.796, which shows that the increase in power exponent causes the increase in frequency for Eratio<1 and the decrease in frequency for Eratio>1 and no changes occur for Eratio=1.Table 4
The variation of the first natural angular frequencies for different material distributionsk and mass ratios β when flow velocity is 20 m/s, Eratio=El/Er, ρratio=ρl/ρr=1.0, and ρl/ρf=4.0.
t (mm) β E r a t i o k = 0.0 k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.5 k = 1.0 k = 2.0 k = 5.0 k=10.0 1.0 0.796 0.25 22.1909 25.2702 27.1859 30.5936 33.4550 36.1690 39.0072 40.4687 0.50 22.1909 23.3497 24.1498 25.6193 26.8588 28.0211 29.1967 29.7777 1.00 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 2.00 22.1909 21.5289 20.9829 19.8618 18.8849 17.9785 17.0936 16.6791 4.00 22.1909 21.1690 20.2790 18.3220 16.5444 14.9059 13.3283 12.5955  2.0 0.672 0.25 22.3008 25.3695 27.2788 30.6755 33.5282 36.2347 39.0667 40.5260 0.50 22.3008 23.4554 24.2525 25.7159 26.9498 28.1068 29.2778 29.8571 1.00 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 2.00 22.3008 21.6413 21.0977 19.9830 19.0138 18.1167 17.2418 16.8313 4.00 22.3008 21.2828 20.3968 18.4519 16.6913 15.0763 13.5273 12.8067  3.0 0.587 0.25 22.3333 25.3989 27.3063 30.6998 33.5499 36.2543 39.0844 40.5430 0.50 22.3333 23.4867 24.2829 25.7445 26.9767 28.1322 29.3018 29.8807 1.00 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 2.00 22.3333 21.6746 21.1317 20.0189 19.0520 18.1575 17.2856 16.8762 4.00 22.3333 21.3165 20.4318 18.4904 16.7348 15.1266 13.5858 12.8688Table 5
The variation of the second natural angular frequencies for different material distributionsk and mass ratios β when flow velocity is 20 m/s, Eratio=El/Er, ρratio=ρl/ρr=1.0, and ρl/ρf=4.0.
t (mm) β E r a t i o k = 0.0 k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.5 k = 1.0 k = 2.0 k = 5.0 k = 10.0 1.0 0.796 0.25 61.5004 69.4713 74.6411 84.2515 92.8974 101.469 110.495 114.810 0.50 61.5004 64.4750 66.6003 70.6875 74.4028 78.0533 81.7840 83.5138 1.00 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 2.00 61.5004 59.8213 58.4126 55.3901 52.5094 49.6838 46.9156 45.7453 4.00 61.5004 58.9166 56.6441 51.4604 46.2746 41.1824 36.2901 34.2703  2.0 0.672 0.25 61.5959 69.5577 74.7221 84.3233 92.9617 101.527 110.547 114.860 0.50 61.5959 64.5668 66.6895 70.7715 74.4821 78.1281 81.8547 83.5830 1.00 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 2.00 61.5959 59.9190 58.5124 55.4955 52.6216 49.8040 47.0441 45.8770 4.00 61.5959 59.0156 56.7467 51.5737 46.4032 41.3315 36.4620 34.4515  3.0 0.587 0.25 61.6276 69.5864 74.7490 84.3471 92.9830 101.546 110.564 114.876 0.50 61.6276 64.5973 66.7191 70.7995 74.5085 78.1529 81.8782 83.6060 1.00 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 2.00 61.6276 59.9515 58.5456 55.5305 52.6589 49.8439 47.0868 45.9207 4.00 61.6276 59.0485 56.7809 51.6114 46.4459 41.3809 36.5192 34.5117Table 6
The variation of the third natural angular frequencies for different material distributionsk and mass ratios β when flow velocity is 20 m/s, Eratio=El/Er, ρratio=ρl/ρr=1.0, and ρl/ρf=4.0.
t (mm) β E r a t i o k = 0.0 k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.5 k = 1.0 k = 2.0 k = 5.0 k=10.0 1.0 0.796 0.25 120.726 135.934 145.948 164.997 182.693 200.618 219.333 227.933 0.50 120.726 126.374 130.466 138.522 146.073 153.635 161.360 164.876 1.00 120.726 120.726 120.726 120.726 120.726 120.726 120.726 120.726 2.00 120.726 117.564 114.895 109.017 103.185 97.3618 91.6997 89.3743 4.00 120.726 115.872 111.598 101.632 91.1682 80.6355 70.6481 66.6398  2.0 0.672 0.25 120.822 136.020 146.028 165.068 182.757 200.677 219.386 227.984 0.50 120.822 126.466 130.555 138.606 146.153 153.711 161.432 164.946 1.00 120.822 120.822 120.822 120.822 120.822 120.822 120.822 120.822 2.00 120.822 117.663 114.996 109.124 103.298 97.4820 91.8275 89.5047 4.00 120.822 115.972 111.702 101.747 91.2969 80.7826 70.8185 66.8177  3.0 0.587 0.25 120.855 136.049 146.056 165.092 182.779 200.697 219.405 228.002 0.50 120.855 126.498 130.586 138.635 146.180 153.737 161.457 164.970 1.00 120.855 120.855 120.855 120.855 120.855 120.855 120.855 120.855 2.00 120.855 117.697 115.031 109.160 103.336 97.5231 91.8713 89.5494 4.00 120.855 116.006 111.738 101.786 91.3409 80.8330 70.8770 66.8789Figure 3
Variation of the dimensionless frequency (ω1) with Young’s modulus ratio.Figure 4
Variation of the dimensionless frequency (ω1) with power exponent (k).


### 4.3.2. The Effect of Material Distribution

To examine the effect of material distribution on the frequencies of the axially FG pipe conveying fluid, the integral transform solutions are obtained based on the material properties given in Section4.1 and the fluid velocity of 20m/s. The first five natural angular frequencies for different mass ratios and power exponents are reported in Table 7. All of the natural frequencies (ω1,ω2,…,ω5) increase with the power exponent for the specified mass ratio. Note that the natural frequencies increase with the decrease of the mass ratio for the case of k=0.0, which means the pipe is made of single-component, aluminum. However, when considering the FG material with the power exponents k=0.1,0.2,…,10, the natural frequencies decrease with the decrease of the mass ratio.Table 7
The variation of natural angular frequencies for different material distributionsk and mass ratios β when flow velocity is 20 m/s.
t (mm) β ω i k = 0.0 k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.5 k = 1.0 k = 2.0 k = 5.0 k = 10.0 1.0 0.796 i = 1 22.1835 23.8868 24.9026 26.4715 27.4513 28.1186 28.8294 29.4111 i = 2 61.5036 65.7479 68.3906 72.7928 76.1318 79.0050 81.8223 83.2525 i = 3 120.732 128.668 133.700 142.428 149.573 156.161 162.514 165.285 i = 4 199.693 212.486 220.721 235.305 247.679 259.404 270.748 275.362 i = 5 298.392 317.258 329.420 351.361 370.905 389.776 407.194 413.686  2.0 0.672 i = 1 22.2976 23.8315 24.6962 25.9020 26.4864 26.7497 27.1061 27.5738 i = 2 61.5972 65.3592 67.5855 71.0306 73.3695 75.2171 77.0180 78.0331 i = 3 120.825 127.785 131.993 138.872 144.125 148.770 153.121 155.007 i = 4 199.781 210.932 217.798 229.340 238.617 247.159 255.195 258.328 i = 5 298.477 314.839 324.951 342.322 357.127 371.143 383.736 388.144  3.0 0.587 i = 1 22.3317 23.7692 24.5496 25.5605 25.9443 26.0152 26.2112 26.6270 i = 2 61.6283 65.1117 67.1047 70.0359 71.8650 73.2123 74.5377 75.3643 i = 3 120.856 127.252 131.000 136.890 141.179 144.870 148.272 149.752 i = 4 199.812 210.013 216.115 226.033 233.735 240.712 247.171 249.620 i = 5 298.508 313.428 322.400 337.340 349.740 361.370 371.651 375.089The variation of vibration amplitudes for different material distributions and mass ratios is listed in Table8. It can be seen that the vibration amplitude decreases with the increase of the power exponent and increases with the decrease of the mass ratio.Table 8
The variation of vibration amplitudes for different material distributionsk and mass ratios β when flow velocity is 20 m/s.
t (mm) β k = 0.0 k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.5 k = 1.0 k = 2.0 k = 5.0 k = 10.0 1.0 0.796 0.05064 0.04742 0.04562 0.04265 0.04067 0.03966 0.03864 0.03787 2.0 0.672 0.05071 0.04779 0.04607 0.04365 0.04226 0.04176 0.04093 0.04042 3.0 0.587 0.05076 0.04794 0.04657 0.04431 0.04315 0.04276 0.04237 0.04192In addition, the effect of material distribution on the critical velocity of fluid-conveying pipe with the material properties given in Section4.1 is analyzed, as shown in Figure 5, which exhibits the variation of the fundamental frequency with the flow velocity of fluid for different power exponents. It can be clearly seen that the fundamental frequency decreases with the flow velocity for the specified power exponent, and the critical velocity (ω1=0) increases with the power exponent.Figure 5
Variation of the dimensionless frequency (ω1) with dimensionless flow velocity (v).


## 4.3.1. The Effect of Young’s Modulus Variation

The first three dimensionless natural frequencies of the axially FG pipe conveying fluid for different Young’s modulus ratios, power-law exponent, and mass ratios are tabulated in Tables4–6, where the following parameters are adopted: El=70GPa, Eratio=EL/ER, ρf=1000kg/m3, ρratio=ρL/ρR=1.0, and ρL/ρf=4.0. The mass ratio is calculated by (2a)–(2g) with the specified value of pipe thickness t and d=19.65mm. The flow velocity of the fluid is 20m/s. For the specified modulus ratio and power exponent, all of the first three dimensionless natural frequencies increase with the decrease of the mass ratio. The effect of the modulus ratios on the fundamental frequency of fluid-conveying pipe with the mass ratio of 0.796 is presented in Figure 3. It is observed that the fundamental frequency decreases significantly with increasing of modulus ratio especially for large power exponent. On the other hand, no significant changes can be seen in the fundamental frequency for different modulus ratios for lower value of power exponent. Figure 4 illustrates the variation of the fundamental frequency with the power exponent for fluid-conveying pipe with the mass ratio of 0.796, which shows that the increase in power exponent causes the increase in frequency for Eratio<1 and the decrease in frequency for Eratio>1 and no changes occur for Eratio=1.Table 4
The variation of the first natural angular frequencies for different material distributionsk and mass ratios β when flow velocity is 20 m/s, Eratio=El/Er, ρratio=ρl/ρr=1.0, and ρl/ρf=4.0.
t (mm) β E r a t i o k = 0.0 k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.5 k = 1.0 k = 2.0 k = 5.0 k=10.0 1.0 0.796 0.25 22.1909 25.2702 27.1859 30.5936 33.4550 36.1690 39.0072 40.4687 0.50 22.1909 23.3497 24.1498 25.6193 26.8588 28.0211 29.1967 29.7777 1.00 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 22.1909 2.00 22.1909 21.5289 20.9829 19.8618 18.8849 17.9785 17.0936 16.6791 4.00 22.1909 21.1690 20.2790 18.3220 16.5444 14.9059 13.3283 12.5955  2.0 0.672 0.25 22.3008 25.3695 27.2788 30.6755 33.5282 36.2347 39.0667 40.5260 0.50 22.3008 23.4554 24.2525 25.7159 26.9498 28.1068 29.2778 29.8571 1.00 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 22.3008 2.00 22.3008 21.6413 21.0977 19.9830 19.0138 18.1167 17.2418 16.8313 4.00 22.3008 21.2828 20.3968 18.4519 16.6913 15.0763 13.5273 12.8067  3.0 0.587 0.25 22.3333 25.3989 27.3063 30.6998 33.5499 36.2543 39.0844 40.5430 0.50 22.3333 23.4867 24.2829 25.7445 26.9767 28.1322 29.3018 29.8807 1.00 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 22.3333 2.00 22.3333 21.6746 21.1317 20.0189 19.0520 18.1575 17.2856 16.8762 4.00 22.3333 21.3165 20.4318 18.4904 16.7348 15.1266 13.5858 12.8688Table 5
The variation of the second natural angular frequencies for different material distributionsk and mass ratios β when flow velocity is 20 m/s, Eratio=El/Er, ρratio=ρl/ρr=1.0, and ρl/ρf=4.0.
t (mm) β E r a t i o k = 0.0 k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.5 k = 1.0 k = 2.0 k = 5.0 k = 10.0 1.0 0.796 0.25 61.5004 69.4713 74.6411 84.2515 92.8974 101.469 110.495 114.810 0.50 61.5004 64.4750 66.6003 70.6875 74.4028 78.0533 81.7840 83.5138 1.00 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 61.5004 2.00 61.5004 59.8213 58.4126 55.3901 52.5094 49.6838 46.9156 45.7453 4.00 61.5004 58.9166 56.6441 51.4604 46.2746 41.1824 36.2901 34.2703  2.0 0.672 0.25 61.5959 69.5577 74.7221 84.3233 92.9617 101.527 110.547 114.860 0.50 61.5959 64.5668 66.6895 70.7715 74.4821 78.1281 81.8547 83.5830 1.00 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 61.5959 2.00 61.5959 59.9190 58.5124 55.4955 52.6216 49.8040 47.0441 45.8770 4.00 61.5959 59.0156 56.7467 51.5737 46.4032 41.3315 36.4620 34.4515  3.0 0.587 0.25 61.6276 69.5864 74.7490 84.3471 92.9830 101.546 110.564 114.876 0.50 61.6276 64.5973 66.7191 70.7995 74.5085 78.1529 81.8782 83.6060 1.00 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 61.6276 2.00 61.6276 59.9515 58.5456 55.5305 52.6589 49.8439 47.0868 45.9207 4.00 61.6276 59.0485 56.7809 51.6114 46.4459 41.3809 36.5192 34.5117Table 6
The variation of the third natural angular frequencies for different material distributionsk and mass ratios β when flow velocity is 20 m/s, Eratio=El/Er, ρratio=ρl/ρr=1.0, and ρl/ρf=4.0.
t (mm) β E r a t i o k = 0.0 k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.5 k = 1.0 k = 2.0 k = 5.0 k=10.0 1.0 0.796 0.25 120.726 135.934 145.948 164.997 182.693 200.618 219.333 227.933 0.50 120.726 126.374 130.466 138.522 146.073 153.635 161.360 164.876 1.00 120.726 120.726 120.726 120.726 120.726 120.726 120.726 120.726 2.00 120.726 117.564 114.895 109.017 103.185 97.3618 91.6997 89.3743 4.00 120.726 115.872 111.598 101.632 91.1682 80.6355 70.6481 66.6398  2.0 0.672 0.25 120.822 136.020 146.028 165.068 182.757 200.677 219.386 227.984 0.50 120.822 126.466 130.555 138.606 146.153 153.711 161.432 164.946 1.00 120.822 120.822 120.822 120.822 120.822 120.822 120.822 120.822 2.00 120.822 117.663 114.996 109.124 103.298 97.4820 91.8275 89.5047 4.00 120.822 115.972 111.702 101.747 91.2969 80.7826 70.8185 66.8177  3.0 0.587 0.25 120.855 136.049 146.056 165.092 182.779 200.697 219.405 228.002 0.50 120.855 126.498 130.586 138.635 146.180 153.737 161.457 164.970 1.00 120.855 120.855 120.855 120.855 120.855 120.855 120.855 120.855 2.00 120.855 117.697 115.031 109.160 103.336 97.5231 91.8713 89.5494 4.00 120.855 116.006 111.738 101.786 91.3409 80.8330 70.8770 66.8789Figure 3
Variation of the dimensionless frequency (ω1) with Young’s modulus ratio.Figure 4
Variation of the dimensionless frequency (ω1) with power exponent (k).


## 4.3.2. The Effect of Material Distribution

To examine the effect of material distribution on the frequencies of the axially FG pipe conveying fluid, the integral transform solutions are obtained based on the material properties given in Section4.1 and the fluid velocity of 20m/s. The first five natural angular frequencies for different mass ratios and power exponents are reported in Table 7. All of the natural frequencies (ω1,ω2,…,ω5) increase with the power exponent for the specified mass ratio. Note that the natural frequencies increase with the decrease of the mass ratio for the case of k=0.0, which means the pipe is made of single-component, aluminum. However, when considering the FG material with the power exponents k=0.1,0.2,…,10, the natural frequencies decrease with the decrease of the mass ratio.Table 7
The variation of natural angular frequencies for different material distributionsk and mass ratios β when flow velocity is 20 m/s.
t (mm) β ω i k = 0.0 k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.5 k = 1.0 k = 2.0 k = 5.0 k = 10.0 1.0 0.796 i = 1 22.1835 23.8868 24.9026 26.4715 27.4513 28.1186 28.8294 29.4111 i = 2 61.5036 65.7479 68.3906 72.7928 76.1318 79.0050 81.8223 83.2525 i = 3 120.732 128.668 133.700 142.428 149.573 156.161 162.514 165.285 i = 4 199.693 212.486 220.721 235.305 247.679 259.404 270.748 275.362 i = 5 298.392 317.258 329.420 351.361 370.905 389.776 407.194 413.686  2.0 0.672 i = 1 22.2976 23.8315 24.6962 25.9020 26.4864 26.7497 27.1061 27.5738 i = 2 61.5972 65.3592 67.5855 71.0306 73.3695 75.2171 77.0180 78.0331 i = 3 120.825 127.785 131.993 138.872 144.125 148.770 153.121 155.007 i = 4 199.781 210.932 217.798 229.340 238.617 247.159 255.195 258.328 i = 5 298.477 314.839 324.951 342.322 357.127 371.143 383.736 388.144  3.0 0.587 i = 1 22.3317 23.7692 24.5496 25.5605 25.9443 26.0152 26.2112 26.6270 i = 2 61.6283 65.1117 67.1047 70.0359 71.8650 73.2123 74.5377 75.3643 i = 3 120.856 127.252 131.000 136.890 141.179 144.870 148.272 149.752 i = 4 199.812 210.013 216.115 226.033 233.735 240.712 247.171 249.620 i = 5 298.508 313.428 322.400 337.340 349.740 361.370 371.651 375.089The variation of vibration amplitudes for different material distributions and mass ratios is listed in Table8. It can be seen that the vibration amplitude decreases with the increase of the power exponent and increases with the decrease of the mass ratio.Table 8
The variation of vibration amplitudes for different material distributionsk and mass ratios β when flow velocity is 20 m/s.
t (mm) β k = 0.0 k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.5 k = 1.0 k = 2.0 k = 5.0 k = 10.0 1.0 0.796 0.05064 0.04742 0.04562 0.04265 0.04067 0.03966 0.03864 0.03787 2.0 0.672 0.05071 0.04779 0.04607 0.04365 0.04226 0.04176 0.04093 0.04042 3.0 0.587 0.05076 0.04794 0.04657 0.04431 0.04315 0.04276 0.04237 0.04192In addition, the effect of material distribution on the critical velocity of fluid-conveying pipe with the material properties given in Section4.1 is analyzed, as shown in Figure 5, which exhibits the variation of the fundamental frequency with the flow velocity of fluid for different power exponents. It can be clearly seen that the fundamental frequency decreases with the flow velocity for the specified power exponent, and the critical velocity (ω1=0) increases with the power exponent.Figure 5
Variation of the dimensionless frequency (ω1) with dimensionless flow velocity (v).


## 5. Conclusions

The generalized integral transform technique (GITT) has proved in this paper to be a good approach for the analysis of dynamic behavior of an axially FG pipe conveying fluid, providing an accurate numerical-analytical solution for the natural frequencies and transverse displacements. The investigation shows that the solutions converge to the values with three significant figures at a reasonable low truncation orderN≤12 for v=1.0, and the increasing of v can make the solution with a relatively slow convergence. The numerical results obtained are in good agreement with the ones presented in the literature. The parametric studies indicate that the fundamental frequency decreases significantly with increasing of modulus ratio especially for large power exponent, while no significant changes can be seen in the fundamental frequency for different modulus ratios for lower value of power exponent. The increase in power exponent causes the increase in frequency for Eratio<1 and the decrease in frequency for Eratio>1 and no changes occur for Eratio=1. The natural frequency increases with the power exponent, and the natural frequency decreases with the decrease of the mass ratio when considering the pipe is made of the FG material with the power exponents k=0.1,0.2,…,10. The vibration amplitude decreases with the increase of the power exponent and increases with the decrease of the mass ratio. The critical velocity of fluid-conveying pipe increases with the power exponent. For future investigation, the proposed approach can be employed to predict the dynamic behavior of a transversally FG pipe conveying fluid and for more general boundary conditions.



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