# Experimental Research on Key Factors Influencing the Expansion Performance of New Type Sealing Materials

Authors: Yaobin Li; Xin Guo; Sheng Xue; Chun-Shan Zheng; Maoliang Shen; Yang Xu
Journal: Advances in Civil Engineering
 (2021)

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## Abstract

To improve the borehole sealing effect, especially that of coal seam with low permeability and micro fissures, this paper takes the expansion rate of the sealing material as the response value and establishes the quadratic model embracing the expansion rate and various experimental factors by designing orthogonal experiments. The response surface is used to further determine the significance order of each key factor according to the expansion rate and adjust the admixture content to obtain the optimal ratio of the sealing material. For the research investigating a sealing material, the optimal ratio of the sealing material is obtained: the content of water reducing agent of 0.5%, the content of retarder of 0.04%, water-cement ratio of 0.8, and the content of expansion agent of 10%. At this time, the expansion rate reaches 3.136%. Besides, a scanning electron microscope is used to observe the microscopic morphology of the material. According to the scanning electron microscopy analysis of new borehole sealing materials, the surface of the new borehole sealing material shows no holes and possesses compactness; and a large amount of ettringite is formed on the surface of the hydration product of hardened cement slurry. The ettringite improves the expansibility of the material. The new sealing material provides a new idea for gas sealing, which is of great significance to improve the efficiency of borehole extraction, improve the utilization rate of resources, and prevent gas accidents.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Gas disasters and accidents frequently occur in China and seriously affect production safety in coal mines. With the consumption of coal resources, China is facing increasingly serious gas problems [1, 2]. Currently, the commonly used gas control measure is gas drainage, and the sealing material is one of the critical factors to ensure the drainage effect. The common sealing materials of coal mines in China include cement mortar and polyurethane materials. However, the cement mortar materials will shrink after curing, resulting in cracks and air leakage [3–6]. Polyurethane materials are expensive and toxic.To solve these problems, many scholars have studied the optimization of sealing materials. Some scholars have developed a CF type expansive cement composed of ordinary Portland cement, aluminum powder, CaO, and gypsum. The expansive cement with good fluidity and high compressive capacity optimizes the expansion performance of cement materials [7, 8]. Hogancamp and Grasley [9] have found that carbon nanofibers can increase the shrinkage and improve the expansion ratio of ultrafine cement mortar while maintaining the hardness. Wang et al. [10] have mixed ordinary cement, coal gangue powder, and clay in a certain proportion for a new type of grouting sealing material, whose compressive strength and expansion ratio can be significantly improved. Liu et al. [11] studied the effect of different expansive agents on the expansion properties of cement slurry. Ye et al. [12] have compared the effects of calcium sulfoaluminate-calcium oxide and magnesium oxide on the expansion rate of Portland cement and found that calcium sulfoaluminate-calcium oxide increases the early strength, while magnesium oxide improves the expansion rate at the middle and late stage. Some scholars have studied the effect of sulfate on the early hydration and hardening of Portland cement. Sulfate accelerates the hydration at all times [13, 14]. Feng et al. [15] studied the effect of magnesium oxide expansive agent on self-healing of early cracks in concrete. Some scholars have studied the influencing factors of MgO expansive agent effect, which provides a direction for the improvement of expansion performance of sealing materials [16, 17]. Zhou and Wang [18] have studied the influence of the amount of dispersant and expansion agent on the new sealing material based on the compressive strength and expansion ratio and finally determined the optimal ratio of each factor.At present, the research of improving sealing materials has made remarkable achievements but mostly focusing on enhancing the grouting effect on large fissures. There is little research on the grouting effect on micro fissures. This study focuses on curing cracking of cement materials and the poor grouting effect on micro fissures. Design-Expert software is used to design an orthogonal experiment, draw a response surface graph, and take the expansion rate of the material as the index to optimize the ratio of the sealing material. Finally, the scanning electron microscope is used to analyze the microstructure of the material and the expansion mechanism is studied.


## 2. Experimental Materials

The new type of borehole sealing material with a gray appearance is based on ultrafine Portland cement, and its composition is provided in Table1. All technical parameters and indicators have met the requirements of “Superfine Portland Cement” (GB/T35161-2017). The expansion agent is HCSA with an appearance of off-white powder. The water-reducing agent is PCE with white powder. The retarder used in this experiment is seaweed powder with a white appearance.Table 1
Chemical composition of raw materials.
Chemical compositionw (SiO2)w (Al2O3)w (Fe2O3)w (CaO)w (MgO)w (SO3)LossTotalHCSA expanding agent4.968.520.9964.182.6716.971.1999.48Superfine Portland cement20.579.893.0857.6522.72.698.49


## 3. Experimental Method

29 groups of experiments with four factors and three levels were designed using Box-Behnken experiment design function in Design-Expert 8.0.5 software. The value ranges of the experimental factors are shown in Table2.Table 2
Range of factors in the orthogonal experiment.
Test groupValue range of each factor/%Water-cement ratioRetarderWater-reducing agentExpanding agentZJ1-290.8∼1.00.03∼0.050.3∼0.58–10Firstly, the standard triple trial mold was prepared. Secondly, according to the ratio in Table2, the dry material quality and water quality required for the production of the specimens were calculated. Thirdly, the ultrafine cement and the admixture were mixed thoroughly (as shown in Figure 1) by adding water. Finally, after molding and then demolding (as shown in Figure 2), the specimens were put into the curing box for curing (temperature of 20 ± 2°C, humidity above 95%, as shown in Figure 3).Figure 1
Sealing material before and after mixing.Figure 2
Preparation of specimens.Figure 3
Curing of the specimens.The well-mixed cement slurry was poured into the round mold in the fluidity test of sealing material. After the surface was scraped, the round mold was quickly lifted. The round mold is 60 mm in height with an upper mouth diameter of 36 mm and a low mouth diameter of 60 mm. After the flowing of the cement slurry, the two diameters perpendicular to each other were measured, and the average value was used as the fluidity.The measurement of setting time refers to the test method for water consumption of the material with standard cement consistency, setting time, and stability (GB/T1346-2011). The setting time was measured by the Vicat apparatus. Firstly, the Vicat apparatus was made zero. Then the mixed material was poured into the test mold. After that, the surface of the material was scraped and the material was put into the curing box for curing. Finally, the initial and final setting times were measured according to national standards.The material’s initial volume after molding and demolding was recorded asV1, and then the volumes at intervals were recorded as Vn. The expansion rate of this experimental study is the expansion rate after curing for 60 days, according to the expansive Cement Expansion Rate Test Method (JC_T 313-2009). The expansion rate was calculated according to the following formula:(1)εt=Vn−V1V1×100%,where Vn is the volume of the specimen at a certain age and V1 is the initial volume of the specimen.The compressive strength test of the sample utilizes the RMT uniaxial press to test the compressive strength of stones of different ages (Figure4).Figure 4
Compressive strength test.After obtaining the optimal ratio of admixtures through orthogonal experiments, firstly, the specimens with the ultrafine cement material and admixture are prepared according to the optimal ratio. Secondly, the ZEISS scanning electron microscope was used to analyze the hydration mineral composition, hydration degree, and microstructure of cement-based materials. Finally, the action mechanism of new sealing materials was studied.


## 4. Experimental Results and Discussion

### 4.1. Orthogonal Experiment Results and Response Surface Analysis

In the practical application, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the compressive strength, fluidity, and expansion rate and optimize the multiobjective nonlinear formula to determine the optimal ratio. According to the results of the orthogonal experiment in Table3, water-cement ratio, retarder dosage, water reducer dosage, and expansion agent dosage were set as independent variables A, B, C, and D. The expansion ratio was taken as the objective function for multiple variables nonlinear regression fitting and response surface analysis.Table 3
Results of orthogonal test.
No.AB/%C/%D/%Expansion rate/%10.80.030.491.89720.80.040.592.03230.80.040.4103.28140.80.040.391.93150.80.040.481.59360.80.050.491.82170.90.030.591.89880.90.030.4102.47190.90.030.481.614100.90.030.391.521110.90.040.492.053120.90.040.492.053130.90.040.3102.329140.90.040.492.053150.90.040.581.589160.90.040.5102.809170.90.040.381.621180.90.040.492.053190.90.040.492.053200.90.050.391.621210.90.050.591.812220.90.050.4102.597230.90.050.481.5312410.040.391.9862510.030.491.7782610.040.4102.0932710.050.491.8032810.040.481.3022910.040.591.889The results of the orthogonal experiment (shown in Table3) were inputted into the Design-Expert 8.0.5 Trial software to find the most suitable model. The fitting results are shown in Tables 4 and 5. It can be seen from Table 4 that the linear equation and the quadratic equation model have a larger F value and a smaller Prob > F value, indicating that the two fitting models are the most suitable ones. It can be seen from Table 5 that the sum of squares of prediction residuals is low in several models. The R2 value of the quadratic model (0.9052) is closer to 1. Besides, Adj. R2 of the linear model is smaller than that of the quadratic equation model, indicating that the linear model needs further improvement.Table 4
Analysis of variance of different models.
SourceSum of squaresdfMean squareF valuep value Prob > FMean versus total112.361112.36Linear3.6740.9218.18<0.0001Suggested2FI0.3060.0500.980.4653Quadratic0.4540.113.400.0384SuggestedCubic0.4180.0515.630.0247Residual0.05469.061 × 10−3Total117.24294.04Table 5
Comprehensive statistical analysis of multiple models.
SourceStd. devR-squaredAdjustedR-squaredPredictedR-squaredPRESSLinear0.220.75190.71060.61491.882FI0.230.81310.70930.39612.95Quadratic0.180.90520.81050.45422.66SuggestedCubic0.0950.98890.9480−0.60497.83


### 4.2. Variance Results and Significance Tests

From Table6, it can be seen that the significance order of the factors is as follows: D (expansion agent) > A (water-cement ratio) > C (water-reducing agent) > B (retarder). The order of interaction of different factors is as follows: AD (water-cement ratio, expansion agent) > CD (water-reducing agent, expansion agent) > BD (retarder, expansion agent) > AC (water-cement ratio, water-reducing agent) > BC (retarder, water-reducing agent)) > AB (water-cement ratio, retarder).Table 6
Response surface quadratic model and ANOVA results.
SourceSum of squaresdfMean squareFProb >FModel4.42140.329.55<0.0001A0.2410.247.330.0170B3.000 × 10−613.000 × 10−69.086 × 10−50.9925C0.08710.0872.630.1274D3.3413.34101.13<0.0001AB2.550 × 10−312.550 × 10−30.0770.7851AC9.801 × 10−319.801 × 10−30.300.5944AD0.2010.206.090.0271BC8.649 × 10−318.649 × 10−30.260.6168BD0.01110.0110.330.5743CD0.06610.0661.980.1807A20.01710.0170.520.4819B20.2110.216.490.0232C20.06210.0621.870.1931D20.1010.103.140.0981Residual0.46140.033Lack of fit0.46100.046Pure error0.00040.000Cor total4.8828


### 4.3. Response Surface Analysis

The interaction law was also obtained by analyzing the interaction of any two factors. Figure5 shows the effect of retarder [19] and expansion agent [20] on the expansion rate. It can be seen that the contours of the ordinate are denser than those of the abscissa, indicating that the effect on the response value of the expansion agent is more significant than that of the water-cement ratio. The response surface is relatively steep, indicating that the interaction between the water-cement ratio and the expansive agent is prominent. The most obvious interaction occurs when the water-cement ratio reaches the low limit, and the expansion agent reaches the upper limit, which is shown as the steepest response surface.Figure 5
Effect of the water-cement ratio A and expansion agent D on the expansion rate.Figure6 shows the effect of the water-reducing agent [21–23] and the expansion agent on the expansion rate. It can be seen that the ordinate contours are denser than the abscissa contours, indicating that the expansion agent has a more significant influence on the response value than the water-reducing agent. The response surface is steep, indicating that the interaction between the two factors is obvious. When the values of water reducer and expansion agent reach the upper limit, the influence is the most significant.Figure 6
Effect of water-reducing agent C and expansion agent D on the expansion rate.Figure7 shows the effect of retarder and expansion agent on the expansion rate. It can be seen that the ordinate contours are denser, indicating that the expansion agent has a higher effect on the expansion rate than the retarder, which is consistent with the results of the analysis of variance. When the value of the expansion agent is closer to the upper limit, the response surface is steeper, which shows that the interaction between the retarder and the expansion agent has a significant effect on the response value.Figure 7
Effect of retarder B and expansion agent D on the expansion rate.Figure8 shows the effect of water-cement ratio and water-reducing agent on the expansion rate. It can be seen that the distributions of the ordinate contour and the abscissa contour are equivalent, showing that the effect of the water-cement ratio is close to that of the water-reducing agent on the response value. The contour distribution trend is related to the factor level, and the response surface graph has a certain distortion, which proves the certain interaction between the water-cement ratio and the water-reducing agent. However, the interaction between the two factors is weak, which is reflected in the small distortion of the surface graph.Figure 8
Effect of the water-cement ratio A and water reducer C on the expansion rate.Figure9 shows the contours of the retarder and the water reducer are relatively sparse, and the response surface is relatively smooth, indicating that the two factors have a certain influence on the expansion rate, but the range of this influence is small.Figure 9
Effect of retarder B and water reducer C on the expansion rate.Figure10 shows the effect of the water-cement ratio and retarder on the expansion rate. It can be seen that the contours of water-cement ratio and retarder are sparse, and the response surface is relatively smooth, indicating that the two factors have a certain influence on the expansion rate, but the range of this influence is small, which is consistent with the results of the analysis of variance.Figure 10
Effect of the water-cement ratio and retarder on the expansion rate.


### 4.4. Parameter Optimization and Result Verification

The experimental results were further analyzed. The index was optimized with the expansion rate and the optimized experimental plan was obtained with the Design-Expert software. The first five groups of optimized experimental schemes were selected for verification, and the results are shown in Table7.Table 7
Optimum scheme and results.
No.Experimental optimization ratioForecast expansion rate/%Measured expansion rate/%Error/%Water-cement ratioRetarder/%Water-reducing agent/%Expansion agent/%10.80.040.5103.187033.136−1.60120.80.040.49103.178473.142−1.14730.80.040.59.953.132933.109−0.76440.820.040.5103.129963.127−0.09550.840.040.48103.05093.044−0.22660.80.030.449.912.927132.9340.235It can be seen from Table7 that, after the optimization of the ratio, the maximum absolute error between the predicted value of the material expansion rate and the actual measured value is only 1.601%, indicating that the model is relatively reliable. Given the operability and simplicity of on-site grouting, comprehensive expansion rate, fluidity, and strength, the best experimental conditions were selected as the water-reducing agent content of 0.5%, retarder content of 0.04%, water-cement ratio of 0.8, and expansion agent content of 10%.


### 4.5. Micromorphology of Hydration Products

The micromorphology of the new sealing material at different curing ages is shown in Figure11. It can be seen that, when curing for 3 days, there are flocculent C-S-H gels wrapping around the cement particles, and a small amount of needle-shaped ettringite is generated. After curing for 7 days, the surface of cement particles is wrapped by hydration products and more ettringite is generated, which provides a certain strength for the material. After curing for 60 days, ettringite attached to the surface of cement particles is quite obvious, being longer and denser. A large flocculent C-S-H gel interacts with ettringite, which can absorb large amounts of water molecules and then cause the cement particles to repel each other, bringing more expansion.Figure 11
The micromorphology of the new material at different curing ages.


## 4.1. Orthogonal Experiment Results and Response Surface Analysis

In the practical application, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the compressive strength, fluidity, and expansion rate and optimize the multiobjective nonlinear formula to determine the optimal ratio. According to the results of the orthogonal experiment in Table3, water-cement ratio, retarder dosage, water reducer dosage, and expansion agent dosage were set as independent variables A, B, C, and D. The expansion ratio was taken as the objective function for multiple variables nonlinear regression fitting and response surface analysis.Table 3
Results of orthogonal test.
No.AB/%C/%D/%Expansion rate/%10.80.030.491.89720.80.040.592.03230.80.040.4103.28140.80.040.391.93150.80.040.481.59360.80.050.491.82170.90.030.591.89880.90.030.4102.47190.90.030.481.614100.90.030.391.521110.90.040.492.053120.90.040.492.053130.90.040.3102.329140.90.040.492.053150.90.040.581.589160.90.040.5102.809170.90.040.381.621180.90.040.492.053190.90.040.492.053200.90.050.391.621210.90.050.591.812220.90.050.4102.597230.90.050.481.5312410.040.391.9862510.030.491.7782610.040.4102.0932710.050.491.8032810.040.481.3022910.040.591.889The results of the orthogonal experiment (shown in Table3) were inputted into the Design-Expert 8.0.5 Trial software to find the most suitable model. The fitting results are shown in Tables 4 and 5. It can be seen from Table 4 that the linear equation and the quadratic equation model have a larger F value and a smaller Prob > F value, indicating that the two fitting models are the most suitable ones. It can be seen from Table 5 that the sum of squares of prediction residuals is low in several models. The R2 value of the quadratic model (0.9052) is closer to 1. Besides, Adj. R2 of the linear model is smaller than that of the quadratic equation model, indicating that the linear model needs further improvement.Table 4
Analysis of variance of different models.
SourceSum of squaresdfMean squareF valuep value Prob > FMean versus total112.361112.36Linear3.6740.9218.18<0.0001Suggested2FI0.3060.0500.980.4653Quadratic0.4540.113.400.0384SuggestedCubic0.4180.0515.630.0247Residual0.05469.061 × 10−3Total117.24294.04Table 5
Comprehensive statistical analysis of multiple models.
SourceStd. devR-squaredAdjustedR-squaredPredictedR-squaredPRESSLinear0.220.75190.71060.61491.882FI0.230.81310.70930.39612.95Quadratic0.180.90520.81050.45422.66SuggestedCubic0.0950.98890.9480−0.60497.83


## 4.2. Variance Results and Significance Tests

From Table6, it can be seen that the significance order of the factors is as follows: D (expansion agent) > A (water-cement ratio) > C (water-reducing agent) > B (retarder). The order of interaction of different factors is as follows: AD (water-cement ratio, expansion agent) > CD (water-reducing agent, expansion agent) > BD (retarder, expansion agent) > AC (water-cement ratio, water-reducing agent) > BC (retarder, water-reducing agent)) > AB (water-cement ratio, retarder).Table 6
Response surface quadratic model and ANOVA results.
SourceSum of squaresdfMean squareFProb >FModel4.42140.329.55<0.0001A0.2410.247.330.0170B3.000 × 10−613.000 × 10−69.086 × 10−50.9925C0.08710.0872.630.1274D3.3413.34101.13<0.0001AB2.550 × 10−312.550 × 10−30.0770.7851AC9.801 × 10−319.801 × 10−30.300.5944AD0.2010.206.090.0271BC8.649 × 10−318.649 × 10−30.260.6168BD0.01110.0110.330.5743CD0.06610.0661.980.1807A20.01710.0170.520.4819B20.2110.216.490.0232C20.06210.0621.870.1931D20.1010.103.140.0981Residual0.46140.033Lack of fit0.46100.046Pure error0.00040.000Cor total4.8828


## 4.3. Response Surface Analysis

The interaction law was also obtained by analyzing the interaction of any two factors. Figure5 shows the effect of retarder [19] and expansion agent [20] on the expansion rate. It can be seen that the contours of the ordinate are denser than those of the abscissa, indicating that the effect on the response value of the expansion agent is more significant than that of the water-cement ratio. The response surface is relatively steep, indicating that the interaction between the water-cement ratio and the expansive agent is prominent. The most obvious interaction occurs when the water-cement ratio reaches the low limit, and the expansion agent reaches the upper limit, which is shown as the steepest response surface.Figure 5
Effect of the water-cement ratio A and expansion agent D on the expansion rate.Figure6 shows the effect of the water-reducing agent [21–23] and the expansion agent on the expansion rate. It can be seen that the ordinate contours are denser than the abscissa contours, indicating that the expansion agent has a more significant influence on the response value than the water-reducing agent. The response surface is steep, indicating that the interaction between the two factors is obvious. When the values of water reducer and expansion agent reach the upper limit, the influence is the most significant.Figure 6
Effect of water-reducing agent C and expansion agent D on the expansion rate.Figure7 shows the effect of retarder and expansion agent on the expansion rate. It can be seen that the ordinate contours are denser, indicating that the expansion agent has a higher effect on the expansion rate than the retarder, which is consistent with the results of the analysis of variance. When the value of the expansion agent is closer to the upper limit, the response surface is steeper, which shows that the interaction between the retarder and the expansion agent has a significant effect on the response value.Figure 7
Effect of retarder B and expansion agent D on the expansion rate.Figure8 shows the effect of water-cement ratio and water-reducing agent on the expansion rate. It can be seen that the distributions of the ordinate contour and the abscissa contour are equivalent, showing that the effect of the water-cement ratio is close to that of the water-reducing agent on the response value. The contour distribution trend is related to the factor level, and the response surface graph has a certain distortion, which proves the certain interaction between the water-cement ratio and the water-reducing agent. However, the interaction between the two factors is weak, which is reflected in the small distortion of the surface graph.Figure 8
Effect of the water-cement ratio A and water reducer C on the expansion rate.Figure9 shows the contours of the retarder and the water reducer are relatively sparse, and the response surface is relatively smooth, indicating that the two factors have a certain influence on the expansion rate, but the range of this influence is small.Figure 9
Effect of retarder B and water reducer C on the expansion rate.Figure10 shows the effect of the water-cement ratio and retarder on the expansion rate. It can be seen that the contours of water-cement ratio and retarder are sparse, and the response surface is relatively smooth, indicating that the two factors have a certain influence on the expansion rate, but the range of this influence is small, which is consistent with the results of the analysis of variance.Figure 10
Effect of the water-cement ratio and retarder on the expansion rate.


## 4.4. Parameter Optimization and Result Verification

The experimental results were further analyzed. The index was optimized with the expansion rate and the optimized experimental plan was obtained with the Design-Expert software. The first five groups of optimized experimental schemes were selected for verification, and the results are shown in Table7.Table 7
Optimum scheme and results.
No.Experimental optimization ratioForecast expansion rate/%Measured expansion rate/%Error/%Water-cement ratioRetarder/%Water-reducing agent/%Expansion agent/%10.80.040.5103.187033.136−1.60120.80.040.49103.178473.142−1.14730.80.040.59.953.132933.109−0.76440.820.040.5103.129963.127−0.09550.840.040.48103.05093.044−0.22660.80.030.449.912.927132.9340.235It can be seen from Table7 that, after the optimization of the ratio, the maximum absolute error between the predicted value of the material expansion rate and the actual measured value is only 1.601%, indicating that the model is relatively reliable. Given the operability and simplicity of on-site grouting, comprehensive expansion rate, fluidity, and strength, the best experimental conditions were selected as the water-reducing agent content of 0.5%, retarder content of 0.04%, water-cement ratio of 0.8, and expansion agent content of 10%.


## 4.5. Micromorphology of Hydration Products

The micromorphology of the new sealing material at different curing ages is shown in Figure11. It can be seen that, when curing for 3 days, there are flocculent C-S-H gels wrapping around the cement particles, and a small amount of needle-shaped ettringite is generated. After curing for 7 days, the surface of cement particles is wrapped by hydration products and more ettringite is generated, which provides a certain strength for the material. After curing for 60 days, ettringite attached to the surface of cement particles is quite obvious, being longer and denser. A large flocculent C-S-H gel interacts with ettringite, which can absorb large amounts of water molecules and then cause the cement particles to repel each other, bringing more expansion.Figure 11
The micromorphology of the new material at different curing ages.


## 5. Conclusions

(1)
The influence of each component on the material expansion rate was tested by analysis of variance and significance test: D (expansion agent) > A (water-cement ratio) > C (water-reducing agent) > B (retarder). According to the response surface drawn by the binomial polynomial regression equation, the interaction of any two factors to obtain the interaction law was analyzed: AD (water-cement ratio, expansion agent) > CD (water-reducing agent, expansion agent) > BD (retarder, expansion agent) > AC (water-cement ratio, water-reducing agent) > BC (retarder, water-reducing agent) > AB (water-cement ratio, retarder).(2)
Ultrafine Portland cement is selected as the major ingredient and the expansion agent, water-reducing agent, and retarder were selected as the minor ingredients to produce a new kind of borehole sealing material. The optimal experimental conditions in this experiment were obtained by response surface analysis as water-reducing agent content of 0.5%, retarder content of 0.04%, water-cement ratio of 0.8, and expansion agent content of 10%, with an expansion rate reaching 3.136%.(3)
The microstructures of the new materials are observed and analyzed. The amount of ettringite increases with the curing time. At 3 d hydration, a small amount of needle-shaped ettringite is generated. At 7 d hydration, more ettringite is generated, which provides a certain strength for the material. At 60 d hydration, almost no cement particles are observed in the hardened cement paste. A large amount of needle-shaped ettringite is produced on the surface of hydration products such as C-S-H gel and Ca(OH)2 to provide power for the expansion of the material.



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*Source: 6849650-2021-12-30.xml*