# Combined Effects of Heat and Mass Transfer on MHD Free Convective Flow of Maxwell Fluid with Variable Temperature and Concentration

Authors: Muhammad Bilal Riaz; Maryam Asgir; A. A. Zafar; Shaowen Yao
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2021)

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## Abstract

Heat and mass transfer combined effects on MHD natural convection for a viscoelastic fluid flow are investigated. The dynamics of the fluid are controlled by the motion of the plate with arbitrary velocity along with varying temperature and mass diffusion. The non-dimensional forms of the governing equations of the model are developed along with generalized boundary conditions and the resulting forms are solved by the classical integral (Laplace) transform technique/method and closed-form solutions are developed. Obtained generalized results are very important due to their vast applications in the field of engineering and applied sciences; few of them are highlighted here as limiting cases. Moreover, parametric analysis of system parametersPr,S,Kc,GT,Gc,M,Sc,λ is done via graphical simulations.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In science and in many engineering applications such as in condensation, evaporation, and chemical process, many transport processes are influenced by the combined action of the buoyancy forces from both heat and mass diffusion. Heat and mass transfer combined effects are studied extensively due to their significant role in chemical processing equipment, oceanic circulation, emergency cooling system of advanced nuclear reactors, cooling process of plastic sheets, formation and dissipation of the fog, processing and drying the food, temperature distribution and moisture of agriculture fields, and production of polymer. In recent years, a lot of practical applications attracted many scientists and engineers to pay a considerable amount of focus to learn the heat and mass effects either analytically or numerically [1–4].In industrial and engineering processes, most fluids are non-Newtonian. Since the non-Newtonian fluids deal more complexities due to the rheological behavior than Newtonian fluids, distinct models were proposed. The influence of heat and mass transfer in the non-Newtonian fluid is an important subject from the theoretical as well as practical point of view due to its abundant applications in industry and engineering. Common examples include polymer extrusion, the emergency cooling system of nuclear reactors, food processing, thermal welding, to name a few. Convective flow is a self-sustained flow with the effect of the temperature gradient. In literature, different theories are made to see the occurrence of heat and mass transfer in convective flows of different fluids. Mebarek-Oudina et al. [5] investigated the natural convective heat transfer phenomenon of water-based hybrid nanofluid in a porous medium along with the magnetic field. Das et al. [6] considered the natural convective flow of the electrically conducting fluid past on vertical plate embedded in a permeable medium and explored the impacts of heat and mass transfer. The heat transfer phenomenon of Casson nanofluid flow is taken into account by Abo-Dahab et al. [7]. They analyzed the problem with the convective boundary conditions and discussed the influence of chemical reaction and heat source. Sajad et al.[8] studied the heat transfer and magnetic effect on hybrid nanofluid. Nazish et al. [9] explored the influence of heat and concentration/mass transform with the existence of fields developed by magnetic in the Maxwell fluid model. Ahmad [10] explored the heat transfer for the Maxwell fluid on the stretching plate with the slip boundary on the velocity. They explored the numerical solutions and showed the heat flux effect using the Nusselt number and the Prandtl number. A computational analysis is performed to study the effects of the transverse magnetic field at the unsteady Poiseuille–Rayleigh–Benard flow by Marzougui et al. [11]. The thermal properties’ effects on the soil temperature are modeled and investigated numerically by Belatrache [12]. To have more insight about heat and mass transfer mechanisms in fluid flow and their applications, readers are referred to review references [13–16].On the other hand, many researchers paid a significant amount of attention to the study of MHD free convective flows due to its numerous applications in solar and stellar structure, radio propagation, MHD pumps, MHD bearings, aerodynamics, polymer technology, petroleum industry, crude oil purification, glass fiber drawing, etc. In light of these applications, many researchers such as Rajput [17], Gupta [18], and El Amin [19] studied the MHD flow of different fluids. They found the exact solution for velocity, concentration, and temperature by the Laplace transform method. Heat and mass transfer simultaneous effects on MHD flow of Maxwell fluid have been investigated by Nadeem et al. [20]. Recently, the study of the unsteady boundary layer heat transfer of Maxwell viscoelastic fluid was carried out by Zhao et al. [21]. Ahmad [22] studied MHD viscous, with constant density, electro-conducting fluid in the existence of the radiation, thermal diffusion, free convection, and mass transfer flow. These results motivated Chaudhry et al. [23] and they used classical integral transform to obtain the exact solutions of natural MHD convective flow past on an accelerated surface submerged in a permeable medium. Das [24] developed the closed-form solution of the unsteady MHD natural convection flow on a moving vertical plate accompanied by mass transfer and thermal radiation. Carrying on, Das et al. [25] investigated the time-dependent MHD natural convection flow past a moving vertical plate dipped in a porous medium and studied the different aspects of heat and mass transfer. They discussed the problem with the uniform, oscillating, and impulsive motions of the plate besides considering the constant heat and mass diffusion and implemented the Laplace integral transform to develop the analytic solutions.Motivated by these investigations, the objective of this manuscript is to study the combined effect of heat and mass transfer on MHD Maxwell fluid. Laplace integral transformation is used to obtain the unique solution of temperature, velocity, and concentration under the impact of generalized boundary conditions on temperature, velocity, and concentration. The importance of the problem is highlighted by showing its impact/applications in the field of engineering and applied sciences. The paper is organized into six sections. After the introductory section in Section 2, the dimensionless governing equations are developed. In Section 3, Laplace integral transform is implemented to find the exact solution of the temperature, velocity, and concentration field. In Section 4, some applications in different fields are discussed as limiting cases to justify our results. In Section 5, the effect of physical parameters is analyzed graphically. The concluding observation is listed at the end.


## 2. Problem Formulation

We studied here the motion of the viscoelastic, in-compressible, electronically conducting Maxwell fluid due to plate motion with arbitrary velocityu0f′t′. The plate is along x−axis and y−axis is considered normal on the plate. In the first instance, at t=0 the plate and fluid are at temperature T∞′ and concentration C∞′. With the time t=0+, the plate starts to move in its own axis. Then, the level of temperature and concentration takes up to T∞^′+Tw^′h′t′ and C∞^′+Cw^′g′t′ where f′t′,h′t′ and g′t′ are piecewise continuous functions that vanish at t=0. Details of different parameters are given in Table 1. Momentum, energy, and concentration equations are formed as follows:(1)1+λ′∂∂t′∂u′χ′,t′∂t′=ν∂2u′χ′,t′∂χ′2+gBT1+λ′∂∂t′φ′−φ∞′+gBC1+λ′∂∂t′C′−C∞′−σB02ρ1+λ′∂∂t′u′χ′,t′,ρCp∂φ′χ′,t′∂t′=K∂2φ′χ′,t′∂χ′2−S′φ′−φ∞′,∂C′χ′,t′∂t′=D∂2C′χ′,t′∂χ′2−Kc′C′−C∞′.Table 1
Nomenclature.
SymbolQuantityuVelocity of fluidB0Magnetic field parameterqLaplace transforms parameterDMass diffusivityBTThermal expansion parameterBCConcentration expansion coefficientKThermal conductivityρDensity of fluidλRelaxation timeσElectric conductivity coefficientμDynamic viscosityυKinematic viscositycpSpecific heatSHeat source parameterKcChemical reaction coefficientgGravitational accelerationSCSchmidt numberMParameter due to magnetic fieldPrPrandtl numberGTGrashof number due to thermal effectGCGrashof number due to concentrationThe imposed initial and boundary conditions are(2)t′≤0,u′χ′,t′=0,φ′χ′,t′=φ∞′,C′χ′,t′=C∞′,χ′≥0,t′≥0,u′0,t′=u0f′t′,φ′0,t′=φ∞′+φw′h′t′,C′0,t′=C∞′+Cw′g′t′,u′χ′,t′⟶0,φ′χ′,t′⟶φ∞′,C′χ′,t′⟶C∞′,χ′⟶∞.For dimensionless problem, we use the following relations:(3)t=u02νt′,y=u0νχ′,Sc=νD,Kc=νu02Kc′,λ=u02νλ′,u′=u0u,C=C′−C∞′Cw′,T=φ′−φ∞′φw′,S=νρCpu02S′,Pr=μCpK,Kp′=u02ν2KpGc=gBC/νu03Cw′,GT=gBTνu03φw′,M=σB02νρu02,f=νuo2f′,g=νuo2g′,h=νuo2h′.After non-dimensionalizing, the governing equations become(4)1+λ∂∂t∂uy,t∂t=∂2uy,t∂y2+GT1+λ∂∂tTy,t+GC1+λ∂∂tCy,t−M1+λ∂∂tuy,t,(5)∂Ty,t∂t=1Pr∂2Ty,t∂y2−STy,t,(6)∂Cy,t∂t=1Sc∂2Cy,t∂y2−KcCy,t.along the following initial and boundary conditions:(7)uy,0=0,Ty,0=0,Cy,0=0,(8)u0,t=ft,T0,t=ht,C0,t=gt,(9)uy,t⟶0,Ty,t⟶0,Cy,t⟶0,asy⟶∞.


## 3. Solution of the Problem

### 3.1. Concentration

Transforming equation (7) after applying the Laplace integral transform and utilizing the corresponding initial condition, we get(10)∂2C¯y,q∂y2−ScKc+qC¯y,q=0,The above differential equation solution is(11)C¯y,q=C1e−yScKc+q+C2eyScKc+q.The solution of equation (11) with the transformed form of boundary conditions becomes(12)C¯y,q=Gqe−yScKc+q.Applying the Laplace inverse on equation (12) and using the L−1Gq=g′t with g0=0, convolution theorem and equation (A.22), the generalized solution for concentration is(13)Cy,t=∫0tg′t−sΦy,Sc,s;Kcds,and Φ is specified in equation (A.23).


### 3.2. Temperature Distribution

Implementing the Laplace transform on equation (5) and using the concerned the initial condition, we get(14)∂2T¯y,q∂y2−PrS+qT¯y,q=0.The solution is(15)T¯y,q=C1e−yPrS+q+C2eyPrS+q.After implementing the boundary conditions, equation (15) becomes(16)T¯y,q=Hqe−yPrS+q.The Laplace inverse on equation (16) and using the L−1Hq=h′t with h0=0, convolution theorem and equation (A.24), the generalized solution for temperature obtained is(17)Ty,t=∫0th′t−sΨy,Pr,s;Sds,where Ψ is defined in equation (A.25).


### 3.3. Velocity

Employing the Laplace transform on equation (4) and using the corresponding initial condition on velocity form the following differential equation:(18)∂2u¯y,q∂y2−1+λqq+Mu¯y,q=−GT1+λqT¯y,q−Gc1+λqC¯y,q.In order to solve equation (18), we use the value of C¯y,q , T¯y,q from equation (12) and equation (16), respectively. With boundary conditions use on velocity, the following solution is obtained:(19)u¯y,q=Fqe−yq+M1+λq+GTHq1+λqe−yq+M1+λq−e−yPrS+qPrS+q−1+λqq+M+GcGq1+λqe−yq+M1+λq−e−yScKc+qScKc+q−1+λqq+M.Further simplification reduces equation (19):(20)u¯y,q=Fqe−yλq+α12+α32−GTHq1+λqe−yλq+α12+α32−e−yPrS+qλq+α42−α62−GcGq1+λqe−yλq+α12+α32−e−yScKc+qλq+α72−α92,where 2α1=λM+1/λ,α2=M/λ,α32=α2−α12,2α4=λM+1−Pr/λ,α5=M−PrS/λ, α62=α42−α5,2α7=λM+1−Sc/λ,α8=M−ScKc/λ,α92=α72−α8.Generalized expression for velocity field is acquired by employing the inverse Laplace transform on equation (20):(21)uy,t=I1+GTλI2−GTλI3+GcλI4−GcλI5,where(22)I1=L−1Fqe−yλq+α12+α32,=L−1B1y,q∗L−1B2q,=B1y,t∗B2t,where B1y,q=e−λyq+α12+α32/q+α12+α32,B2q=Fqq+α12+α32.By using equation (A.20) and equation (A.21), expressions for the B1y,t and B2t are evaluated as follows:(23)B1y,t=0,0<t<yλ,e−α1tI0iα3t2−λy2,t>yλ,(24)B2t=e−α1tiα3I1iα3t+δt∗f′t+α1ft+α32e−α1tI0iα3t∗ft,(25)I2=L−1Hq1+λqe−yPrS+qq+α42−α62,=ht+λh′t∗e−α4tcoshα6t+S−α4α6e−α4tsinhα6t∗erfcyPr2te−St.(26)I3=L−1Hq1+λqe−yλq+α12+α32q+α42−α62,=B1y,t∗B3t,where B1y,t is given in equation (23) and(27)B3t=h′t+λHt∗h′t∗A∗+B∗e−α4+α6t+C∗e−α4−α6t∗e−α1tI0iα3t,where(28)A∗=α12+α32α42−α62,B∗=2α4−α6A∗−2α1−α4−α62α6,C∗=1−A∗−B∗.(29)I4=L−1Gq1+λqe−yScKc+qq+α72−α92,=gt+λg′t∗e−α7tcoshα9t+Kc−α7α9e−α7tsinhα9t,∗erfcySc2te−Kct.Similarly,(30)I5=L−1Gq1+λqe−yλq+α12+α32q+α72−α92,=B1y,t∗B4t,where B1y,t is given in equation (23) and(31)B4t=g′t+λHt∗g′t∗C∗+D∗e−α7+α9t+E∗e−α7−α9t∗e−α1tI0iα3t,D∗=α12+α32α72−α92,E∗=2α7−α9A∗−2α1−α7−α92α9,F∗=1−D∗−E∗.The above results are obtained for generalized time-dependent boundary conditions on velocity, concentration, and temperature. These results have many applications in engineering and applied science. Now, we will consider and discuss its few applications.


## 3.1. Concentration

Transforming equation (7) after applying the Laplace integral transform and utilizing the corresponding initial condition, we get(10)∂2C¯y,q∂y2−ScKc+qC¯y,q=0,The above differential equation solution is(11)C¯y,q=C1e−yScKc+q+C2eyScKc+q.The solution of equation (11) with the transformed form of boundary conditions becomes(12)C¯y,q=Gqe−yScKc+q.Applying the Laplace inverse on equation (12) and using the L−1Gq=g′t with g0=0, convolution theorem and equation (A.22), the generalized solution for concentration is(13)Cy,t=∫0tg′t−sΦy,Sc,s;Kcds,and Φ is specified in equation (A.23).


## 3.2. Temperature Distribution

Implementing the Laplace transform on equation (5) and using the concerned the initial condition, we get(14)∂2T¯y,q∂y2−PrS+qT¯y,q=0.The solution is(15)T¯y,q=C1e−yPrS+q+C2eyPrS+q.After implementing the boundary conditions, equation (15) becomes(16)T¯y,q=Hqe−yPrS+q.The Laplace inverse on equation (16) and using the L−1Hq=h′t with h0=0, convolution theorem and equation (A.24), the generalized solution for temperature obtained is(17)Ty,t=∫0th′t−sΨy,Pr,s;Sds,where Ψ is defined in equation (A.25).


## 3.3. Velocity

Employing the Laplace transform on equation (4) and using the corresponding initial condition on velocity form the following differential equation:(18)∂2u¯y,q∂y2−1+λqq+Mu¯y,q=−GT1+λqT¯y,q−Gc1+λqC¯y,q.In order to solve equation (18), we use the value of C¯y,q , T¯y,q from equation (12) and equation (16), respectively. With boundary conditions use on velocity, the following solution is obtained:(19)u¯y,q=Fqe−yq+M1+λq+GTHq1+λqe−yq+M1+λq−e−yPrS+qPrS+q−1+λqq+M+GcGq1+λqe−yq+M1+λq−e−yScKc+qScKc+q−1+λqq+M.Further simplification reduces equation (19):(20)u¯y,q=Fqe−yλq+α12+α32−GTHq1+λqe−yλq+α12+α32−e−yPrS+qλq+α42−α62−GcGq1+λqe−yλq+α12+α32−e−yScKc+qλq+α72−α92,where 2α1=λM+1/λ,α2=M/λ,α32=α2−α12,2α4=λM+1−Pr/λ,α5=M−PrS/λ, α62=α42−α5,2α7=λM+1−Sc/λ,α8=M−ScKc/λ,α92=α72−α8.Generalized expression for velocity field is acquired by employing the inverse Laplace transform on equation (20):(21)uy,t=I1+GTλI2−GTλI3+GcλI4−GcλI5,where(22)I1=L−1Fqe−yλq+α12+α32,=L−1B1y,q∗L−1B2q,=B1y,t∗B2t,where B1y,q=e−λyq+α12+α32/q+α12+α32,B2q=Fqq+α12+α32.By using equation (A.20) and equation (A.21), expressions for the B1y,t and B2t are evaluated as follows:(23)B1y,t=0,0<t<yλ,e−α1tI0iα3t2−λy2,t>yλ,(24)B2t=e−α1tiα3I1iα3t+δt∗f′t+α1ft+α32e−α1tI0iα3t∗ft,(25)I2=L−1Hq1+λqe−yPrS+qq+α42−α62,=ht+λh′t∗e−α4tcoshα6t+S−α4α6e−α4tsinhα6t∗erfcyPr2te−St.(26)I3=L−1Hq1+λqe−yλq+α12+α32q+α42−α62,=B1y,t∗B3t,where B1y,t is given in equation (23) and(27)B3t=h′t+λHt∗h′t∗A∗+B∗e−α4+α6t+C∗e−α4−α6t∗e−α1tI0iα3t,where(28)A∗=α12+α32α42−α62,B∗=2α4−α6A∗−2α1−α4−α62α6,C∗=1−A∗−B∗.(29)I4=L−1Gq1+λqe−yScKc+qq+α72−α92,=gt+λg′t∗e−α7tcoshα9t+Kc−α7α9e−α7tsinhα9t,∗erfcySc2te−Kct.Similarly,(30)I5=L−1Gq1+λqe−yλq+α12+α32q+α72−α92,=B1y,t∗B4t,where B1y,t is given in equation (23) and(31)B4t=g′t+λHt∗g′t∗C∗+D∗e−α7+α9t+E∗e−α7−α9t∗e−α1tI0iα3t,D∗=α12+α32α72−α92,E∗=2α7−α9A∗−2α1−α7−α92α9,F∗=1−D∗−E∗.The above results are obtained for generalized time-dependent boundary conditions on velocity, concentration, and temperature. These results have many applications in engineering and applied science. Now, we will consider and discuss its few applications.


## 4. Applications

### 4.1. Application 1:ft=Ht,gt=Ht,ht=Ht

This function value shows the motion of the fluid is because of the motion of an infinite plate in its plane with constant velocity. This function has importance in a lot of engineering problems such as signal waves, driving forces that act for a short time only, and impulsive forces acting for an instance such as a hammer blow.Substituting the value ofGq=1/q into equation (12) and applying the Laplace inverse, the expression for concentration is(32)Cy,t=δt+Kct∗erfcySc2te−Kct,where δ. is known as Dirac delta function.Embedding the value ofHq=1/q into equation (16) and taking Laplace inverse make the expression of temperature(33)Ty,t=δt+St∗erfcyPr2te−St.The equation of velocity(34)uy,t=I1I+GTλI2I−GTλI3I+GcλI4I−GcλI5I,where(35)I1I=B1y,t∗B2It,B2It is obtained as(36)B2It=e−α1tiα3I1iα3t+δt∗δt+α1Ht+α32e−α1tI0iα3t∗Ht,and for B1y,t (see equation (A.1)).After substituting the value ofHq=1/q into equation (25)(37)I2I=Ht+λδte−α4tcoshα6t+S−α4α6e−α4tsinhα6t∗erfcyPr2te−St.Equation (26) takes the form after employing the value of Hq=1/q(38)I3I=B1y,t∗B3It,where(39)B3It=δt+λHt∗δt∗A∗+B∗e−α4+α6t+C∗e−α4−α6t∗e−α1tI0iα3t,and for B1y,t (see equation (A.1)).After substituting the value ofGq=1/q into equation (29)(40)I4I=Ht+λδte−α7tcoshα9t+Kc−α7α9e−α7tsinhα9t∗erfcySc2te−Kct.Similarly, equation (30) after substituting the value of Gq=1/q(41)I5I=B1y,t∗B4It,and(42)B4It=δt+λHt∗δt∗D∗+E∗e−α7+α9t+E∗e−α7−α9t∗e−α1tI0iα3t,and for B1y,t (see equation (A.1).Similar result for concentration was obtained by Nehad Ali Shah [26] (equation (35)). Thus, our result supports the result already present in literature.


### 4.2. Application 2:ft=t,gt=t,ht=t

The important concepts of engineering are based around linear functions. They are often used in engineering to explain data and evaluate the lines that best fit the given data sets. It has a lot of applications in engineering and it can be represented in a variety of ways. One of the particular interests is direct variation, which forms many engineering applications such as Hooke’s law and Ohm’s law. To learn about slope, engineers use linear functions to interpret and understand graphs that describe displacement, velocity, and acceleration. They use these functions to analyze data to learn how to design their engineering products more efficiently, reliably, and safely.For the choice ofFq,Gq,Hq equal to 1/q2 in the appropriate equations and employing the Laplace inverse, the expression of Cy,t,Ty,t,uy,t, and then I1II,I2II,I3II,I4IIandI5II changes into, respectively,(43)Cy,t=1+Kct∗erfcySc2te−Kct,Ty,t=1+St∗erfcyPr2te−St,uy,t=I1II+GTλI2II−GTλI3II+GcλI4II−GcλI5II,where(44)I1II=B1y,t∗B2IIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B2IIt (see equation (A.2)).(45)I2II=t+λ∗e−α4tcoshα6t+S−α4α6e−α4tsinhα6t∗erfcyPr2te−St,I3II=B1y,t∗B3IIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B3IIt (see equation (A.3)).(46)I4II=t+λ∗e−α7tcoshα9t+Kc−α7α9e−α7tsinhα9t∗erfcySc2te−Kct,I5II=B1y,t∗B4IIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B4IIt (see equation (A.4)).


### 4.3. Application 3:ft=sint,gt=sint,ht=sint

The choice of this function shows the fluid motion due to the oscillation of the plate. It has a lot of applications in physics such as wave motion, other oscillatory motions, and engineering. It is used to model the behavior that repeats. Trigonometric functions are used to calculate angles in many engineering problems. In civil and mechanical engineering, trigonometry is used to calculate torque and forces on objects, which help build bridges and girders. In the construction of bridges, we need to consider the forces which keep the bridges at their balance and trigonometry helps us to calculate the static force which keeps the bridges static. In engineering, trigonometry is used to decompose the forces into horizontal and vertical components that can be analyzed.The expression for concentration after putting the value ofGq=1/q2+1 into equation (12) is(47)Cy,t=cost+Kcsint∗erfcySc2te−Kct,the expression for temperature become after putting the value of Hq=1/q2+1 into equation (16) is(48)Ty,t=cost+Ssint∗erfcyPr2te−St,and velocity change after substitute the value of Fq=1/q2+1 into equation (21) is(49)uy,t=I1III+GTλI2III−GTλI3III+GcλI4III−GcλI5III,where(50)I1III=B1y,t∗B2IIIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B2IIIt (see equation (A.5)).(51)I2III=sint+λcost∗e−α4tcoshα6t+S−α4α6e−α4tsinhα6t∗erfcyPr2te−St,I3III=B1y,t∗B3IIIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B3IIIt (see equation (A.6)).(52)I4III=sint+λcost∗e−α7tcoshα9t+Kc−α7α9e−α7tsinhα9t∗erfcySc2te−Kct,I5III=B1y,t∗B4IIIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B4IIIt (see equation (A.7)).


### 4.4. Application 4:ft=et,gt=et,ht=et

The exponent functions are used for real-world application as for calculating area, volume, determining growth or decay, and impacts of force. In engineering, it helps them to design, build, and improve the machinery, structure, and equipment. For example, in sound engineering, it is used to calculate sound waves. In basic engineering, it is used to compute the tensile strength, which finds out the amount of stress that a structure can withstand. In aeronautical engineering, it is used to predict how airplanes, rockets, and jets will perform during flight. To determine the kinetic and potential energy, pressure, heat, and airflow of waves behavior, it is very helpful. Nuclear power sources are one of the important things developed by nuclear engineers. They used the exponents to work with extremely small numbers to make the big things happen. Substituting the value ofGq=1/q−1 into equation (12), the concentration equation after implementing the Laplace inverse becomes(53)Cy,t=et+Kcet∗erfcySc2te−Kct,and equation of temperature distribution after putting the value of Hq=1/q−1 into equation (16) and applying Laplace inverse(54)Ty,t=et+Set∗erfcyPr2te−St.The expression for velocity is(55)uy,t=I1IV+GTλI2IV−GTλI3IV+GcλI4IV−GcλI5IV,where(56)I1IV=B1y,t∗B2IVt,and B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B2IVt (see equation (A.8)).(57)I2IV=et+λet∗e−α4tcoshα6t+S−α4α6e−α4tsinhα6t∗erfcyPr2te−St,I3IV=B1y,t∗B3IVt,and B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B3IVt (see equation (A.9)).(58)I4IV=et+λet∗e−α7tcoshα9t+Kc−α7α9e−α7tsinhα9t∗erfcySc2te−Kct.Similarly,(59)I5IV=B1y,t∗B4IVt,and B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B4IVt (see equation (A.10)).


### 4.5. Application 5:ft=tet,gt=tet,ht=tet

Inserting theGq=1/q−12 into equation (12) and applying the Laplace inverse, we get(60)Cy,t=et+Kc+1tet∗erfcySc2te−Kct,and insert the Hq=1/q−12 into equation (16) and take Laplace inverse:(61)Ty,t=et+S+1tet∗erfcyPr2te−St,uy,t=I1V+GTλI2V−GTλI3V+GcλI4V−GcλI5V.The I1V takes the form after embedding the Fq=1/q−12(62)I1V=B1y,t∗B2Vt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B2Vt (see equation (A.11)).(63)I2V=tet+λett+1∗e−α4tcoshα6t+S−α4α6e−α4tsinhα6t∗erfcyPr2te−St,I3V=B1y,t∗B3Vt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B3Vt (see equation (A.12)).(64)I4V=tet+λett+1∗e−α7tcoshα9t+Kc−α7α9e−α7tsinhα9t∗erfcySc2te−Kct,I5V=B1y,t∗B4Vt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B4Vt (see equation (A.13)).


### 4.6. Application 6:ft=etsint,gt=etsint,ht=etsint

The choice of the value ofGq=1/q−12+1,Hq=1/q−12+1,Fq=1/q−12+1 makes the expression(65)Cy,t=etcost+1+Kcsint∗erfcySc2te−Kct,Ty,t=etcost+1+Ssint∗erfcyPr2te−St,uy,t=I1VI+GTλI2VI−GTλI3VI+GcλI4VI−GcλI5VI,I1VI=B1y,t∗B2VIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B2VIt (see equation (A.14)).(66)I2VI=etsint1+λ+etcost∗e−α4tcoshα6t+S−α4α6e−α4tsinhα6t∗erfcyPr2te−St,I3VI=B1y,t∗B3VIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B3VIt (see equation (A.15)).(67)I4VI=etsint1+λ+etcost∗e−α7tcoshα9t+Kc−α7α9e−α7tsinhα9t∗erfcySc2te−Kct.Similarly,(68)I5VI=B1y,t∗B4VIt,where B1y,t (see (A.1)) and B4VIt (see equation (A.16)).


### 4.7. Application 7:ft=tsint,gt=tsint,ht=tsint

By putting the value ofGq=2q/q2+12 into equation (12) and employing Laplace inverse,(69)Cy,t=tcost+Kct+1sint∗erfcySc2te−Kct.By putting the value ofHq=2q/q2+12 into equation (16) and Laplace inverse gives the expression(70)Ty,t=tcost+St+1sint∗erfcyPr2te−St,uy,t=I1VII+GTλI2VII−GTλI3VII+GcλI4VII−GcλI5VII,where(71)I1VII=B1y,t∗B2VIIt,and B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B2VIIt (see equation (A.17)).(72)I2VII=t+λsint+λcost∗e−α4tcoshα6t+S−α4α6e−α4tsinhα6t∗erfcyPr2te−St,I3VII=B1y,t∗B3VIIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B3VIIt (see equation (A.18)).(73)I4VII=t+λsint+λcost∗e−α7tcoshα9t+Kc−α7α9e−α7tsinhα9t∗erfcySc2te−Kct,I5VII=B1y,t∗B4VIIt,and for B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B4VIIt (see equation (A.19)).These are solutions for the choice of same function for ft,gt, and ht from the list of functions Ht,t,sint,et,tet,tsint,sintet. We can consider the problem with the different choice of function for ft,gt,ht, e.g., ft=t,gt=et,ht=Ht and find its solution. For the validation of results, if we take λ=0,GT=1,S=0,ht=1−aebt,gt=1 with choice of ft=Httα,α>0 or sint, in our system of equations (4)–(8), the results obtained are the same as the result obtained by Nehad Ali shah [27] (choosing the ϵ=0,N=GC in equation (9)).


## 4.1. Application 1:ft=Ht,gt=Ht,ht=Ht

This function value shows the motion of the fluid is because of the motion of an infinite plate in its plane with constant velocity. This function has importance in a lot of engineering problems such as signal waves, driving forces that act for a short time only, and impulsive forces acting for an instance such as a hammer blow.Substituting the value ofGq=1/q into equation (12) and applying the Laplace inverse, the expression for concentration is(32)Cy,t=δt+Kct∗erfcySc2te−Kct,where δ. is known as Dirac delta function.Embedding the value ofHq=1/q into equation (16) and taking Laplace inverse make the expression of temperature(33)Ty,t=δt+St∗erfcyPr2te−St.The equation of velocity(34)uy,t=I1I+GTλI2I−GTλI3I+GcλI4I−GcλI5I,where(35)I1I=B1y,t∗B2It,B2It is obtained as(36)B2It=e−α1tiα3I1iα3t+δt∗δt+α1Ht+α32e−α1tI0iα3t∗Ht,and for B1y,t (see equation (A.1)).After substituting the value ofHq=1/q into equation (25)(37)I2I=Ht+λδte−α4tcoshα6t+S−α4α6e−α4tsinhα6t∗erfcyPr2te−St.Equation (26) takes the form after employing the value of Hq=1/q(38)I3I=B1y,t∗B3It,where(39)B3It=δt+λHt∗δt∗A∗+B∗e−α4+α6t+C∗e−α4−α6t∗e−α1tI0iα3t,and for B1y,t (see equation (A.1)).After substituting the value ofGq=1/q into equation (29)(40)I4I=Ht+λδte−α7tcoshα9t+Kc−α7α9e−α7tsinhα9t∗erfcySc2te−Kct.Similarly, equation (30) after substituting the value of Gq=1/q(41)I5I=B1y,t∗B4It,and(42)B4It=δt+λHt∗δt∗D∗+E∗e−α7+α9t+E∗e−α7−α9t∗e−α1tI0iα3t,and for B1y,t (see equation (A.1).Similar result for concentration was obtained by Nehad Ali Shah [26] (equation (35)). Thus, our result supports the result already present in literature.


## 4.2. Application 2:ft=t,gt=t,ht=t

The important concepts of engineering are based around linear functions. They are often used in engineering to explain data and evaluate the lines that best fit the given data sets. It has a lot of applications in engineering and it can be represented in a variety of ways. One of the particular interests is direct variation, which forms many engineering applications such as Hooke’s law and Ohm’s law. To learn about slope, engineers use linear functions to interpret and understand graphs that describe displacement, velocity, and acceleration. They use these functions to analyze data to learn how to design their engineering products more efficiently, reliably, and safely.For the choice ofFq,Gq,Hq equal to 1/q2 in the appropriate equations and employing the Laplace inverse, the expression of Cy,t,Ty,t,uy,t, and then I1II,I2II,I3II,I4IIandI5II changes into, respectively,(43)Cy,t=1+Kct∗erfcySc2te−Kct,Ty,t=1+St∗erfcyPr2te−St,uy,t=I1II+GTλI2II−GTλI3II+GcλI4II−GcλI5II,where(44)I1II=B1y,t∗B2IIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B2IIt (see equation (A.2)).(45)I2II=t+λ∗e−α4tcoshα6t+S−α4α6e−α4tsinhα6t∗erfcyPr2te−St,I3II=B1y,t∗B3IIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B3IIt (see equation (A.3)).(46)I4II=t+λ∗e−α7tcoshα9t+Kc−α7α9e−α7tsinhα9t∗erfcySc2te−Kct,I5II=B1y,t∗B4IIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B4IIt (see equation (A.4)).


## 4.3. Application 3:ft=sint,gt=sint,ht=sint

The choice of this function shows the fluid motion due to the oscillation of the plate. It has a lot of applications in physics such as wave motion, other oscillatory motions, and engineering. It is used to model the behavior that repeats. Trigonometric functions are used to calculate angles in many engineering problems. In civil and mechanical engineering, trigonometry is used to calculate torque and forces on objects, which help build bridges and girders. In the construction of bridges, we need to consider the forces which keep the bridges at their balance and trigonometry helps us to calculate the static force which keeps the bridges static. In engineering, trigonometry is used to decompose the forces into horizontal and vertical components that can be analyzed.The expression for concentration after putting the value ofGq=1/q2+1 into equation (12) is(47)Cy,t=cost+Kcsint∗erfcySc2te−Kct,the expression for temperature become after putting the value of Hq=1/q2+1 into equation (16) is(48)Ty,t=cost+Ssint∗erfcyPr2te−St,and velocity change after substitute the value of Fq=1/q2+1 into equation (21) is(49)uy,t=I1III+GTλI2III−GTλI3III+GcλI4III−GcλI5III,where(50)I1III=B1y,t∗B2IIIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B2IIIt (see equation (A.5)).(51)I2III=sint+λcost∗e−α4tcoshα6t+S−α4α6e−α4tsinhα6t∗erfcyPr2te−St,I3III=B1y,t∗B3IIIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B3IIIt (see equation (A.6)).(52)I4III=sint+λcost∗e−α7tcoshα9t+Kc−α7α9e−α7tsinhα9t∗erfcySc2te−Kct,I5III=B1y,t∗B4IIIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B4IIIt (see equation (A.7)).


## 4.4. Application 4:ft=et,gt=et,ht=et

The exponent functions are used for real-world application as for calculating area, volume, determining growth or decay, and impacts of force. In engineering, it helps them to design, build, and improve the machinery, structure, and equipment. For example, in sound engineering, it is used to calculate sound waves. In basic engineering, it is used to compute the tensile strength, which finds out the amount of stress that a structure can withstand. In aeronautical engineering, it is used to predict how airplanes, rockets, and jets will perform during flight. To determine the kinetic and potential energy, pressure, heat, and airflow of waves behavior, it is very helpful. Nuclear power sources are one of the important things developed by nuclear engineers. They used the exponents to work with extremely small numbers to make the big things happen. Substituting the value ofGq=1/q−1 into equation (12), the concentration equation after implementing the Laplace inverse becomes(53)Cy,t=et+Kcet∗erfcySc2te−Kct,and equation of temperature distribution after putting the value of Hq=1/q−1 into equation (16) and applying Laplace inverse(54)Ty,t=et+Set∗erfcyPr2te−St.The expression for velocity is(55)uy,t=I1IV+GTλI2IV−GTλI3IV+GcλI4IV−GcλI5IV,where(56)I1IV=B1y,t∗B2IVt,and B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B2IVt (see equation (A.8)).(57)I2IV=et+λet∗e−α4tcoshα6t+S−α4α6e−α4tsinhα6t∗erfcyPr2te−St,I3IV=B1y,t∗B3IVt,and B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B3IVt (see equation (A.9)).(58)I4IV=et+λet∗e−α7tcoshα9t+Kc−α7α9e−α7tsinhα9t∗erfcySc2te−Kct.Similarly,(59)I5IV=B1y,t∗B4IVt,and B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B4IVt (see equation (A.10)).


## 4.5. Application 5:ft=tet,gt=tet,ht=tet

Inserting theGq=1/q−12 into equation (12) and applying the Laplace inverse, we get(60)Cy,t=et+Kc+1tet∗erfcySc2te−Kct,and insert the Hq=1/q−12 into equation (16) and take Laplace inverse:(61)Ty,t=et+S+1tet∗erfcyPr2te−St,uy,t=I1V+GTλI2V−GTλI3V+GcλI4V−GcλI5V.The I1V takes the form after embedding the Fq=1/q−12(62)I1V=B1y,t∗B2Vt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B2Vt (see equation (A.11)).(63)I2V=tet+λett+1∗e−α4tcoshα6t+S−α4α6e−α4tsinhα6t∗erfcyPr2te−St,I3V=B1y,t∗B3Vt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B3Vt (see equation (A.12)).(64)I4V=tet+λett+1∗e−α7tcoshα9t+Kc−α7α9e−α7tsinhα9t∗erfcySc2te−Kct,I5V=B1y,t∗B4Vt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B4Vt (see equation (A.13)).


## 4.6. Application 6:ft=etsint,gt=etsint,ht=etsint

The choice of the value ofGq=1/q−12+1,Hq=1/q−12+1,Fq=1/q−12+1 makes the expression(65)Cy,t=etcost+1+Kcsint∗erfcySc2te−Kct,Ty,t=etcost+1+Ssint∗erfcyPr2te−St,uy,t=I1VI+GTλI2VI−GTλI3VI+GcλI4VI−GcλI5VI,I1VI=B1y,t∗B2VIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B2VIt (see equation (A.14)).(66)I2VI=etsint1+λ+etcost∗e−α4tcoshα6t+S−α4α6e−α4tsinhα6t∗erfcyPr2te−St,I3VI=B1y,t∗B3VIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B3VIt (see equation (A.15)).(67)I4VI=etsint1+λ+etcost∗e−α7tcoshα9t+Kc−α7α9e−α7tsinhα9t∗erfcySc2te−Kct.Similarly,(68)I5VI=B1y,t∗B4VIt,where B1y,t (see (A.1)) and B4VIt (see equation (A.16)).


## 4.7. Application 7:ft=tsint,gt=tsint,ht=tsint

By putting the value ofGq=2q/q2+12 into equation (12) and employing Laplace inverse,(69)Cy,t=tcost+Kct+1sint∗erfcySc2te−Kct.By putting the value ofHq=2q/q2+12 into equation (16) and Laplace inverse gives the expression(70)Ty,t=tcost+St+1sint∗erfcyPr2te−St,uy,t=I1VII+GTλI2VII−GTλI3VII+GcλI4VII−GcλI5VII,where(71)I1VII=B1y,t∗B2VIIt,and B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B2VIIt (see equation (A.17)).(72)I2VII=t+λsint+λcost∗e−α4tcoshα6t+S−α4α6e−α4tsinhα6t∗erfcyPr2te−St,I3VII=B1y,t∗B3VIIt,where B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B3VIIt (see equation (A.18)).(73)I4VII=t+λsint+λcost∗e−α7tcoshα9t+Kc−α7α9e−α7tsinhα9t∗erfcySc2te−Kct,I5VII=B1y,t∗B4VIIt,and for B1y,t (see equation (A.1)) and B4VIIt (see equation (A.19)).These are solutions for the choice of same function for ft,gt, and ht from the list of functions Ht,t,sint,et,tet,tsint,sintet. We can consider the problem with the different choice of function for ft,gt,ht, e.g., ft=t,gt=et,ht=Ht and find its solution. For the validation of results, if we take λ=0,GT=1,S=0,ht=1−aebt,gt=1 with choice of ft=Httα,α>0 or sint, in our system of equations (4)–(8), the results obtained are the same as the result obtained by Nehad Ali shah [27] (choosing the ϵ=0,N=GC in equation (9)).


## 5. Results and Discussion

The heat and mass transfer study of Maxwell fluid is discussed here. The solutions for dimensionless velocity, concentration, and temperature are assessed by the Laplace transform method. The application of these solutions in different fields of engineering sciences is also discussed. It brings to attention that these results are helpful to solve the complicated problems of engineering and applied science. The behavior of these solutions for velocity, concentration, and temperature profile is depicted graphically. The impacts of different pertinent parametersλ,M,Sc,Kc,Pr,GT,GC,S on fluid flow are also deliberated using plots and their physical aspects described. To avoid repetition, only the most significant graphical representations regarding the effects of the concerned parameter will be included here.The variation in the behavior of velocity and concentration with varying values of Schmidt numberSc is illustrated inFigures 1–3, respectively. An increase in Schmidt number results in the decline in the thickness of the boundary layer of concentration. Since the Schmidt number is defined as the ratio between kinematic viscosity and mass diffusivity, it reduced the concentration as well as velocity profile. In reality, the increase occurring in momentum diffusivity causes a decline in the fluid velocity.Figure 1
Profile of velocity for different values ofSc and M=2.0,λ=0.6,S=1.0.5,Kc=0.5,GT=5.0,GC=2.0,Pr=0.71.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)Figure 2
Profile of concentration for different values ofSc and variation of time.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure 3
Profile of concentration for different values ofSc and variation of time.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)The deviation in temperature profile for varying values of Prandtl number Pr is demonstrated in Figures4 and 5. It is depicted that the thermal boundary layer thickness decreases rapidly with the increase in the values of Pr. For a small value of Pr, heat diffuses very quickly in comparison to the velocity. The reason is, the thermal boundary layer thickness in liquid metals is higher than the momentum boundary layer. Finally, Pr can be practiced to expand the percentage of cooling.Figure 4
Profile of temperature for different values ofPr and variation of time.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)Figure 5
Profile of temperature for different values ofPr and variation of time.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Similar effects can be seen for the heat absorption coefficientS on temperature profile with different values of the function gt at different time scales depicted in Figure 6 and 7. The thermal buoyancy forces decrease with the increase of S which decreases the fluid temperature.Figure 6
Profile of temperature for different values ofS and variation of time.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)Figure 7
Profile of temperature for different values ofS and variation of time.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Impacts of magnetic parameterM displayed in Figure 8 depict the velocity decline with the increase of magnetic parameter values. Physically, when magnetic force is applied to the velocity field, it generates the drag force known as the Lorentz force which opposes the motion of the fluid. Figure 9 shows the impact of Pr on velocity. The increase of Pr results in a decrease in velocity. The velocity boundary layer gets thicker due to the low rate of thermal diffusion. Basically, in heat transfer problems, Pr control the relative thickness momentum boundary layer.Figure 8
Profile of velocity for different values ofM and Pr=0.71,λ=0.6,S=0.5,Sc=0.60,Kc=0.5,GT=5.0,GC=2.0.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)Figure 9
Profile of velocity for different values ofPr and M=0.5,λ=0.6,S=0.5,Sc=0.60,Kc=0.5,GT=5.0,GC=2.0.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)In Figure10, the study of the effects of GT on velocity describes the increase in behavior with increment in the values of GT. Physically, the result of more induced fluid flows is due to a rise in buoyancy effects which is the result of the increase in GT. The depiction of GC on velocity is portrayed in Figure 11. We can see the rise in velocity with the rise in the value of GC. The natural convection and acceleration in fluid flow is due to the fact that buoyancy forces bcomes powerful than viscous forces.Figure 10
Profile of velocity for different values ofGT and M=0.2,λ=0.6,S=1.0.5,Kc=0.5,Sc=0.60,GC=2.0,Pr=0.71.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)Figure 11
Profile of velocity for different values ofGC and M=0.2,λ=0.6,S=0.5,Kc=0.5,Sc=0.60,GT=5.0,Pr=0.71.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)Figures12–14 show the chemical reaction Kc parameter effects on velocity and concentration description. The increase in Kc decreases the concentration and velocity profiles. Basically, chemical molecular diffusivity and species concentration drop with the higher values of Kc. The distribution in concentration falls at all the fluid flow field points with the rise in Kc. The curve for velocity for different values of the Maxwell fluid parameter λ is plotted in Figure 15. It is observed that an increase in λ produces a significant increase in the momentum boundary layer of the fluid which then increases the velocity. The rise in λ will therefore correspond to a fall in fluid viscosity, resulting in it accelerating the flow and hence velocity rising. Further, an increase in λ causes a rise in velocity near the plate surface. Although the trend is reversed away from the plate, the Newtonian fluid (λ⟶0) has a higher velocity.Figure 12
Profile of velocity for different values ofKc and M=0.5,λ=0.6,S=0.5,Sc=0.60,GT=5.0,GC=2.0,Pr=0.71.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)Figure 13
Profile of concentration for different values ofKc and variation of time.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)Figure 14
Profile of concentration for different values ofKc and variation of time.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure 15
Profile of velocity for different values ofλ and M=2.0,GC=2.0,S=1.5,Kc=0.5,Sc=0.60,GT=10.0,Pr=0.5.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)In Figure16, velocity profiles are plotted against the heat absorption parameter S values. These curves show that the velocity is a decreasing function of parameter S. Furthermore, due to the absorption of heat, the fluid temperature diminishes and the thermal buoyancy force diminishes. These results have seen a fall in the velocity of a fluid with the increase in the values of S.Figure 16
Profile of velocity for different values ofS and M=2.0,GC=2.0,λ=0.6,Kc=0.5,Sc=0.60,GT=10.0,Pr=0.5.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)Figure17 shows the behavior of velocity profile for different values of the parameters with a different choice of the function ft,gt,ht. For validation of our results, we consider some special cases of temperature profile already existing in literature and their graphical illustration is depicted in Figures 18–20. Figure 18 shows the temperature decrease with the increase in Pr for the variation of time with gt=1−e−t. The effects of the heat absorption parameter can be observed in Figure (19) which depicts the decline in temperature. The impacts of gt=1−ae−bt for different choices of a and b are explained in Figure 20. We see the decline in temperature with the increasing values of a and b.Figure 17
Profile of velocity for different values ofM,S,Sc,Kc,GT,GC and different choice of function for ft,gt,ht.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure 18
Temperature profile for different values ofPr with S=0.5 and gt=1−e−t.
(a)(b)Figure 19
Temperature profile for different values ofS with Pr=0.71 and gt=1−e−t.
(a)(b)Figure 20
Temperature profile for different values ofa,b with Pr=0.71,S=0.5 and gt=1−ae−bt.
(a)(b)


## 6. Conclusions

A thorough investigation of MHD Maxwell fluid motion has been studied here under the effects of different parameters. The exact solutions are obtained for concentration, temperature, and velocity which satisfied the described initial and boundary conditions. Laplace transform is employed to obtain the exact solution and the behavior of different parameters on the flow of fluid along with different boundary conditions is investigated. Effects of chemical reaction coefficient, Schmidt number, and different boundary conditions on concentration, effects of Prandtl number, heat source, Newtonian heating, etc. on temperature, Magnetic parameter, Schmidt number, thermal Grashof number, relaxation parameter, mass Grashof number, Prandtl number, heat source, and chemical reaction impacts on the fluid motion are discussed. The results obtained are as follows:(1)
The boundary layer thickness of concentration decreases with the increase in the mass diffusivitySc and chemical reaction parameter KC.(2)
The thermal boundary layer decreases with the increase in momentum boundary layer due toPr and heat absorption S.(3)
Lorentz force effects due toM, momentum boundary layer effects due to Pr, mass diffusivity effects due to Sc, chemical reaction Kc, and heat absorption decrease the velocity with the increase of these parameters.(4)
Increase in buoyancy forces due toGT and GC stimulates the speed of fluid flow.(5)
A rise in relaxation timeλ reduces the fluid viscosity and results in acceleration of fluid flow.



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