# The Evaluation Method of Rock Mass Stability Based on Natural Frequency

Authors: Mowen Xie; Weinan Liu; Yan Du; Qingbo Li; Hongfei Wang
Journal: Advances in Civil Engineering
 (2021)

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## Abstract

The limit equilibrium method’s analysis index cannot be measured by on-site monitoring equipment and cannot be used for monitoring and early warning of rock instability. The existing rock stability evaluation methods based on vibration information cannot evaluate the stability of rocks quantitatively. In this paper, the slope’s constraints on the rock were simplified to springs and a three-dimensional analysis model of rock vibration was established. The equation for calculating the natural frequency of rock that includes the spring stiffness as an indicator was derived. The rock stability calculation function containing the index of natural frequency was brought into the traditional rock stability coefficient calculation equation, and a new rock stability analysis method based on natural frequency was established. The experiment proved the measurability of the index of the natural frequency of rock and the method’s effectiveness for the stability analysis of the rock based on natural frequency.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Rock collapse is a common natural disaster [1], and the accurate analysis of rock stability is an essential and necessary work to warn the damage of dangerous rock and reduce the loss of collapse disaster [2, 3]. The limit equilibrium method is a standard method used in analyzing the stability of rock which uses the principle of static equilibrium to calculate the stability coefficients of rock by analyzing the force states of the rock under various damage modes [4, 5]. Strength parameters such as cohesion intercept (c) and angle of shearing resistance (φ) of the rock or its structural surfaces are important parameters for the analysis of the limit equilibrium method, but these parameters cannot be directly monitored by in situ equipment [6, 7].The universal monitoring indicators for slope monitoring and early warning are two types of surface deformation and vibration information. However, unlike the deformation rate of landslide hazards with a slowly increasing phase, rock collapse has a strong suddenness. When monitoring the stability of rocks using external deformation indicators, it is possible to determine whether the rocks are falling, but it is impossible to give an early warning of rock failure [8]. Because of the invalid external deformation indicators of rock collapse warning, some scholars have started to study the relationship between rock vibration information and its stability.Spillmann et al. [9] analyzed the stability of rock slope in the Swiss Alps and used the microseismic technique. Xu et al. [10] found the damaged rocks by analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of microseismic activity in the slope. Salvoni and Dight [11] and Feng et al. [12] monitored rocks’ failure on unstable slopes by microseismic networks. Mercerat [13, 14] et al. compared the vibration response of unstable rocks and slopes under ambient vibration and found a significant amplification effect of a rock’s vibration on the verge of failure. These studies show that rocks’ vibration information can reflect the changes in their stability, but the method for quantitative calculation of rock stability has not been given.To solve this problem, Ma et al. [15, 16] and Xie et al. [17, 18] proposed some simple mechanical models of rocks and investigated the quantitative relationship between the natural frequency of rocks and their stability. In their study, the rock was simplified as a rigid sphere, and the connection between the rock and the slope was simplified as a spring. As the connection area between the slope and the unstable rock decreases, the spring’s stiffness gradually decreases and the rock’s stability also decreases. The quantitative relationship between the rock’s stability and its natural frequency was established by analyzing the spring stiffness [19]. Although the quantitative relationship between the natural frequency of the rock and its stability was given, the above study also has the following problems: (1) treating the rock as a rigid ball ignored the influence of the shape of the rock on its natural frequency; (2) the model can only be used to analyze the natural frequency of the rock in one direction; and (3) the calculation method of the spring stiffness of the connection between the rock and the slope has a large error [20, 21].This paper proposes a new model for rock vibration analysis to remedy the above calculation model’s deficiency. The model considers the form of rock vibration in three-dimensional space, and the constraints of the slope on the rock were simplified to multiple springs. By establishing the equilibrium equations of motion for the longitudinal, torsional, and transverse swinging vibrations of the rock and connecting them with the rock’s boundary conditions, i.e., the springs’ stiffness, the equations for solving the formation functions and vibration frequencies of the rock were established. The rock stability coefficients can be calculated using the simultaneous rock natural frequency calculation equation and the rock mechanical equilibrium equation. To analyze the validity of the theoretical calculation results, indoor experiments on the measurability of the rock’s natural frequency were conducted. The experimental results proved the validity of the theory.


## 2. Proposal of the Method

### 2.1. Limit Equilibrium Analysis of Rock Stability

In the analysis of rocks using the limit equilibrium method, a rock’s stability is expressed as the ratio of its resistance to the driving force. The rock’s driving force is the action of external load such as gravity, and the resistance of the rock is the restraining force of the slope to the rock. For a rock formed by the cutting of a single joint plane, it can be considered that the restraining force is directly related to the area of the joint plane. The cause of the rock’s instability and movement can be considered as the decrease in the joint plane area or the weakening of the joint plane’s bond strength, leading to the deficiency of the slope’s restraining force [22, 23].A typical slope is shown in Figure1, and the joint plane cuts a rock of weight W out of the slope of unit thickness. The length of the connection between this rock and the slope is l1, and the length of separation is l2. For this rock, the stability factor Fs is shown as follows:(1)Fs=τ1l1+τ2l2Wsinα,where τ1 is the maximum shear stress of the rock connection region, τ2 is the maximum shear stress of the rock separation region, and α is the inclination angle of the joint plane. The value of τ2 is equal to 0 when there is no filling material in the fracture.Figure 1
Calculation model of jointed rock.Equation (1) indicates that the stability coefficient Fs of the rock will decrease as the connection length decreases. Usually, we consider that the rock will become unstable if Fs≤1 [24].Because the rock material’s stiffness is large, the rock’s deformation in the decline of the connection length is minimal. It is difficult for the monitoring equipment to monitor the rock’s small deformation, so the rock’s stability cannot be judged by monitoring the deformation indexes such as displacement. With the decline of the rock and slope’s connection length, the slope’s restraint on the rock is weakened. As the constraint decreases, the dynamic indexes such as the rock’s natural frequency will be changed. If we can give the mathematical expression of the rock’s natural frequency and the connection lengthl1 of the slope, we can derive the formula between the nature frequency f of the rock and its stability coefficient Fs by eliminating the parameter l1 based on equation (1).


### 2.2. Calculation of Rock Stability Based on the Natural Frequency

The model proposed by Ma et al. [15] and Xie et al. [25, 26] for calculating the natural frequency of the rock is shown in Figure 2(a). This model simplifies the rock as a single-degree-of-freedom block and the rock-slope connection as a tension-compression spring K0. The calculation formula for the natural frequency w0 of the rock is as follows:(2)w0=k0M,where k0 is the stiffness of the tension-compression spring K0.Figure 2
Simplified model for rock vibration.
(a)(b)Equation (2) gives the formula for calculating the natural frequency of the rock when it is free to vibrate in the vertical joint plane’s direction. However, there is not only one way of vibration of the rock. Along with the vertical vibration, the rock also performs swaying or rotational vibration. To analyze the rock’s natural frequencies for multiple modes of vibration, it is necessary to create multiple springs to denote the slope restraints on the rock’s translation and rotation in three-dimensional space.As shown in Figure2(b), the longitudinal vibration of rock along the Z-axis, torsional vibration around the Z-axis, swinging vibration in the XZ-plane, and swinging vibration in the YZ-plane were analyzed at the same time. It is necessary to establish springs K1, K2, K3, and K4 to represent the boundary conditions of the above four vibrations of the rock, and the stiffnesses of these four springs can be expressed as k1, k2, k3, and k4. Combining the rock’s motion equations and its boundary conditions, the rock vibration function and natural frequency expressions can be calculated.For the rock shown in Figure2(b) with length L, width B, and height H, the coordinate system is established with the center of the lower bottom surface of the rock as the origin, and the vibration function of the rock vibrating freely along the Z-axis in the longitudinal direction can be written as follows [27]:(3)uz=B1cosw1zc1+B2sinw1zc1,where u is the displacement of the rock in the z-direction, B1 and B2 are unknown quantities representing the vibration function of the rock, w1 is the frequency of the longitudinal vibration of the rock, and c1 is the propagation velocity of the elastic wave along the Z-axis. The c1 can be calculated by the following equation:(4)c1=Eρ,where E is Young’s modulus of the rock and ρ is the density of the rock.For the rock shown in Figure2(b), which is free at the top and connected to the slope foundation at the bottom, the boundary conditions can be written as follows:(5)z=0,EBLdudz=k1u,z=0,dudz=0.Combining equation (5) with equation (3), the formula for calculating the intrinsic frequency of longitudinal vibration of rock can be derived as follows:(6)k1cosw1Hc1−EBLw1c1sinw1Hc1=0.The longitudinal natural frequencyw1 of rock can be obtained by introducing the parameters such as size, density, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio of rock into equation (6). The satisfying condition (6) has multiple values of w1, which represent the frequencies of longitudinal vibration of the rock at different orders.The calculation methods of the rock’s frequencies for torsional vibration around theZ-axis swinging vibration in the XZ-plane and swinging vibration in the YZ-plane are similar to those of rock torsional vibration around the X-axis. Because the calculation process of rock vibration is involved, it may not derive the analytical solution of rock’s natural frequency, but the numerical solution of rock’s natural frequency can be calculated by taking the parameters such as size and mass of rock.For the rock shown in Figure2(b), the constraint stiffness k1 of Z-direction vibration of slope rock is as follows [28, 29]:(7)k1=4G1−v0.55Bl1,where G is the shear modulus of the rock and v is Poisson’s ratio of the rock.The formula between the rock connection lengthl1 and its intrinsic frequency w1 can be derived from equations (7) and (6). And the stability of the rock can be calculated by bringing l1 into equation (1) and assuming that the calculation formula of rock’s connection length based on natural frequency is l1=fw. For the rock in Figure 1, the maximum shear stress τ1 in the rock’s connection area can be calculated by the following equation:(8)τ1=c1+Wcosαl1tanφ1,where c1 is the cohesion of the rock and φ1 is the angle of shearing resistance of the rock.A new expression of rock stability coefficient can be obtained by incorporating equation (8) into equation (1):(9)Fs=c1fwWsinα+cotαtanφ1.Equation (9) is the formula for calculating the stability coefficient of rock based on the indicator of natural frequency, which replaces the connection length l1 of rock with the function of rock’s natural frequency fw. Therefore, the stability of rock can be determined by the indicator of rock’s natural frequency after the strength parameters and mass of rock are determined. The rock’s strength parameters and mass usually do not change, and the damage caused by the external environment to the rock is mainly in its connection zone with the slope. Using on-site monitoring equipment to measure the change of rock’s natural frequency in real-time, we can judge the state of the rock’s connection area and realize the dynamic monitoring of rock’s stability.However, the expressionfw as a function of the rock’s natural frequency in equation (9) cannot be given directly. When calculating the rock’s connection length l1 from its natural frequency, it is necessary to give the numerical solution of l1 after bringing in the physical and mechanical parameters of the rock. The material of the rock is defined in Figure 2(b) as one kind of sandstone [30]. When L=3m, B=2m, and H=5m, the variation process line of natural frequency w of the four vibrations of the rock with the decrease in the length l1 of the connection is shown in Figure 3. In the figure, FLV is used to represent the longitudinal vibration of rock along the Z-axis, FToV is used to represent the torsional vibration of rock around the Z-axis, FTrV1 is used to represent the swinging vibration rate of rock in the XZ-plane, and FTrV2 is used to represent the swinging vibration of rock in the YZ-plane.Figure 3
Variation of the natural frequency of the rocks.It can be seen from Figure4 that the natural frequency of the rock decreases with the decline of the connection length. In other words, the natural frequency of the rock decreases as the stability of the rock declines. The results of this theoretical calculation remain consistent with the previous analysis.Figure 4
Calculation of natural frequency thresholds for rock instability.


## 2.1. Limit Equilibrium Analysis of Rock Stability

In the analysis of rocks using the limit equilibrium method, a rock’s stability is expressed as the ratio of its resistance to the driving force. The rock’s driving force is the action of external load such as gravity, and the resistance of the rock is the restraining force of the slope to the rock. For a rock formed by the cutting of a single joint plane, it can be considered that the restraining force is directly related to the area of the joint plane. The cause of the rock’s instability and movement can be considered as the decrease in the joint plane area or the weakening of the joint plane’s bond strength, leading to the deficiency of the slope’s restraining force [22, 23].A typical slope is shown in Figure1, and the joint plane cuts a rock of weight W out of the slope of unit thickness. The length of the connection between this rock and the slope is l1, and the length of separation is l2. For this rock, the stability factor Fs is shown as follows:(1)Fs=τ1l1+τ2l2Wsinα,where τ1 is the maximum shear stress of the rock connection region, τ2 is the maximum shear stress of the rock separation region, and α is the inclination angle of the joint plane. The value of τ2 is equal to 0 when there is no filling material in the fracture.Figure 1
Calculation model of jointed rock.Equation (1) indicates that the stability coefficient Fs of the rock will decrease as the connection length decreases. Usually, we consider that the rock will become unstable if Fs≤1 [24].Because the rock material’s stiffness is large, the rock’s deformation in the decline of the connection length is minimal. It is difficult for the monitoring equipment to monitor the rock’s small deformation, so the rock’s stability cannot be judged by monitoring the deformation indexes such as displacement. With the decline of the rock and slope’s connection length, the slope’s restraint on the rock is weakened. As the constraint decreases, the dynamic indexes such as the rock’s natural frequency will be changed. If we can give the mathematical expression of the rock’s natural frequency and the connection lengthl1 of the slope, we can derive the formula between the nature frequency f of the rock and its stability coefficient Fs by eliminating the parameter l1 based on equation (1).


## 2.2. Calculation of Rock Stability Based on the Natural Frequency

The model proposed by Ma et al. [15] and Xie et al. [25, 26] for calculating the natural frequency of the rock is shown in Figure 2(a). This model simplifies the rock as a single-degree-of-freedom block and the rock-slope connection as a tension-compression spring K0. The calculation formula for the natural frequency w0 of the rock is as follows:(2)w0=k0M,where k0 is the stiffness of the tension-compression spring K0.Figure 2
Simplified model for rock vibration.
(a)(b)Equation (2) gives the formula for calculating the natural frequency of the rock when it is free to vibrate in the vertical joint plane’s direction. However, there is not only one way of vibration of the rock. Along with the vertical vibration, the rock also performs swaying or rotational vibration. To analyze the rock’s natural frequencies for multiple modes of vibration, it is necessary to create multiple springs to denote the slope restraints on the rock’s translation and rotation in three-dimensional space.As shown in Figure2(b), the longitudinal vibration of rock along the Z-axis, torsional vibration around the Z-axis, swinging vibration in the XZ-plane, and swinging vibration in the YZ-plane were analyzed at the same time. It is necessary to establish springs K1, K2, K3, and K4 to represent the boundary conditions of the above four vibrations of the rock, and the stiffnesses of these four springs can be expressed as k1, k2, k3, and k4. Combining the rock’s motion equations and its boundary conditions, the rock vibration function and natural frequency expressions can be calculated.For the rock shown in Figure2(b) with length L, width B, and height H, the coordinate system is established with the center of the lower bottom surface of the rock as the origin, and the vibration function of the rock vibrating freely along the Z-axis in the longitudinal direction can be written as follows [27]:(3)uz=B1cosw1zc1+B2sinw1zc1,where u is the displacement of the rock in the z-direction, B1 and B2 are unknown quantities representing the vibration function of the rock, w1 is the frequency of the longitudinal vibration of the rock, and c1 is the propagation velocity of the elastic wave along the Z-axis. The c1 can be calculated by the following equation:(4)c1=Eρ,where E is Young’s modulus of the rock and ρ is the density of the rock.For the rock shown in Figure2(b), which is free at the top and connected to the slope foundation at the bottom, the boundary conditions can be written as follows:(5)z=0,EBLdudz=k1u,z=0,dudz=0.Combining equation (5) with equation (3), the formula for calculating the intrinsic frequency of longitudinal vibration of rock can be derived as follows:(6)k1cosw1Hc1−EBLw1c1sinw1Hc1=0.The longitudinal natural frequencyw1 of rock can be obtained by introducing the parameters such as size, density, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio of rock into equation (6). The satisfying condition (6) has multiple values of w1, which represent the frequencies of longitudinal vibration of the rock at different orders.The calculation methods of the rock’s frequencies for torsional vibration around theZ-axis swinging vibration in the XZ-plane and swinging vibration in the YZ-plane are similar to those of rock torsional vibration around the X-axis. Because the calculation process of rock vibration is involved, it may not derive the analytical solution of rock’s natural frequency, but the numerical solution of rock’s natural frequency can be calculated by taking the parameters such as size and mass of rock.For the rock shown in Figure2(b), the constraint stiffness k1 of Z-direction vibration of slope rock is as follows [28, 29]:(7)k1=4G1−v0.55Bl1,where G is the shear modulus of the rock and v is Poisson’s ratio of the rock.The formula between the rock connection lengthl1 and its intrinsic frequency w1 can be derived from equations (7) and (6). And the stability of the rock can be calculated by bringing l1 into equation (1) and assuming that the calculation formula of rock’s connection length based on natural frequency is l1=fw. For the rock in Figure 1, the maximum shear stress τ1 in the rock’s connection area can be calculated by the following equation:(8)τ1=c1+Wcosαl1tanφ1,where c1 is the cohesion of the rock and φ1 is the angle of shearing resistance of the rock.A new expression of rock stability coefficient can be obtained by incorporating equation (8) into equation (1):(9)Fs=c1fwWsinα+cotαtanφ1.Equation (9) is the formula for calculating the stability coefficient of rock based on the indicator of natural frequency, which replaces the connection length l1 of rock with the function of rock’s natural frequency fw. Therefore, the stability of rock can be determined by the indicator of rock’s natural frequency after the strength parameters and mass of rock are determined. The rock’s strength parameters and mass usually do not change, and the damage caused by the external environment to the rock is mainly in its connection zone with the slope. Using on-site monitoring equipment to measure the change of rock’s natural frequency in real-time, we can judge the state of the rock’s connection area and realize the dynamic monitoring of rock’s stability.However, the expressionfw as a function of the rock’s natural frequency in equation (9) cannot be given directly. When calculating the rock’s connection length l1 from its natural frequency, it is necessary to give the numerical solution of l1 after bringing in the physical and mechanical parameters of the rock. The material of the rock is defined in Figure 2(b) as one kind of sandstone [30]. When L=3m, B=2m, and H=5m, the variation process line of natural frequency w of the four vibrations of the rock with the decrease in the length l1 of the connection is shown in Figure 3. In the figure, FLV is used to represent the longitudinal vibration of rock along the Z-axis, FToV is used to represent the torsional vibration of rock around the Z-axis, FTrV1 is used to represent the swinging vibration rate of rock in the XZ-plane, and FTrV2 is used to represent the swinging vibration of rock in the YZ-plane.Figure 3
Variation of the natural frequency of the rocks.It can be seen from Figure4 that the natural frequency of the rock decreases with the decline of the connection length. In other words, the natural frequency of the rock decreases as the stability of the rock declines. The results of this theoretical calculation remain consistent with the previous analysis.Figure 4
Calculation of natural frequency thresholds for rock instability.


## 3. Experiments

In order to analyze the validity of the theoretical model, a simple indoor experiment was carried out. The rock is granite with the length, width, and height of25cm, and a rubber pad of thickness D=3cm is laid under the granite with the same area as the cross-section of the rock. To simulate the reducing of rock’s connection area, the rubber pad was cut with a knife to reduce its connection length l1. As shown in Figure 5, two triaxial accelerometer sensors were glued to the rock’s top and side.Figure 5
Schematic diagram of the experimental model.The rubber pad was cut1cm at a time, starting from the right side of the model, and then the rock was vibrated by striking the ground or the rock with a small hammer. These two acceleration sensors measured the vibration acceleration of the rock. During each experiment, the vibration acceleration of the rock was recorded for more than 10 seconds. After the vibration acceleration’s time-domain curve was recorded, it was converted into a frequency-domain signal using the fast Fourier transform. The time-domain and frequency-domain curves of rock vibration recorded by the sensors when the rubber pad’s area was the same as the rock’s cross-sectional area are shown in Figure 6.Figure 6
Monitoring data of measurement point one: (a) time-domain signals of vibration; (b) frequency-domain signal of vibration.
(a)(b)The rubber pad’s length was decreased from25cm to 18cm in the experiment, and the data of rock vibration were collected 8 times. The measurement results of the rock’s vibration frequencies under various vibration modes during the length drop of the rubber pad are shown in Table 1.Table 1
Rock natural frequency and measurement conditions.
NumberFLV (Hz)FToV (Hz)FTrV1 (Hz)FTrV2 (Hz)l (cm)134.555.512.012.025232.054.511.510.524331.053.511.010.023430.050.010.58.522530.048.510.57.521629.546.510.06.520729.045.510.06.019828.042.09.54.518


## 4. Discussion

Based on the data in Table1, the vibration frequencies of rock under different vibration modes are plotted against the rubber pads’ length, as shown in Figure 7. From Figure 7, it can be seen that the torsional vibration frequencies of rock bodies located on rubber pads are significantly more than the frequencies of longitudinal vibration and side-swing vibration, and this difference can be maintained in the process of decreasing the length of rubber pads. The change of the frequency of side-swinging vibration of the rock in XZ- and YZ-plane has its apparent characteristics. When the length of the rubber pad l=25cm, the swing natural frequency of rock in the XZ-plane is equal to that in the YZ-plane. However, as the length of the rubber pad l decreases, both of them show different degrees of decrease, and the decrease in the swinging natural frequency of the rock in the YZ plane is more pronounced.Figure 7
Natural frequency of rock under different vibration methods.It is also necessary to determine the relationship equation between the rock’s natural frequency and its connection length to analyze its stability by vibration data. In the experiments, the rubber mat and the rock’s physical and mechanical parameters are unknown quantities, and the experimental data are analyzed using function fitting to determine the equation between the natural frequencyw and the connection length l. The power function curve’s results fitting between the rock’s natural frequency and its connection length for the four vibration modes are shown in Figure 8.Figure 8
Rock natural frequency curve fitting.The four calculation equations for the rock connection lengthl are as follows:(10)wFLV=−2.053l−0.029l2,wFToV=2.693l−0.018l2,wFTrV1=0.653l−0.007l2,wFTrV2=−0.280l+0.030l2,where wFLV, wFToV, wFTrV1, and wFTrV2 represent the rock’s vibration frequencies under the four vibration modes of FLV, FToV, FTrV1, and FTrV2. They did not have adhesive force between the rock and the rubber pad in this experiment. Therefore, we can assume that the rock will be unstable when the center of gravity is losing support. The condition of the instability of the rock is l=12.5cm. The threshold value of the rock’s natural frequency before its instability can be calculated by bringing the criterion of the instability of the rock into equation (2), as shown in Figure 4. The natural frequency thresholds of the rock instability in the experiment are wFLV=21.10Hz, wFToV=30.85Hz,wFTrV1=7.02Hz, and wFTrV2=1.25Hz.The experiment shows that the natural frequency of rock can reflect the change of rock stability, and the sensitivity of the natural frequency of rock to the change of connection length is not the same in different vibration modes. Figures3 and 7 both indicate that the frequency of torsional vibration of rock around the Z-axis is the largest when the connection area of rock and slope is complete. However, as the connection length decreases, the frequency of torsional vibration of the rock around the Z-axis is the most variable in Figure 3, and the rock swaying vibration in the YZ plane is the most variable in Figure 7. The parameters of the sandstone chosen for the calculation of the rock in Figure 3 and the parameters of the experimental material in Figure 7 are different, so we can make a conjecture that the sensitivity of the frequency variation of the different vibration modes of the rock is related to the physical and mechanical parameters of the rock. The proof of this conjecture needs to be further investigated in the subsequent work.


## 5. Conclusion

The limit equilibrium method is a common method for rock stability analysis, but the calculated parameters in this method, such as bond and friction angle, cannot be measured by on-site monitoring equipment. It is necessary to determine the stability analysis methods with monitorable indicators to warn the rocks’ failure. The method of rock stability analysis based on vibration information has been proposed, but it cannot accomplish the quantitative analysis of rock stability.The stability of the rock is controlled by its joint plane. In this paper, the rock’s restraint from the slope was simplified as springs, and the springs’ stiffness was related to the rock and slope’s connection length. Through the rock’s vibration function, the method of calculating the natural frequency of the rock containing the variable of spring stiffness is determined. Finally, the calculating formula of the connection length based on the rock’s natural frequency index is confirmed. The formula was brought into the rock’s limit equilibrium equation, and a model for judging the stability of the rock based on the natural frequency was established.The article analyzed the change process of rock’s natural frequency with its connection length through theoretical calculation and experiment. The result proved the feasibility of rock stability evaluation based on the natural frequency index. However, there are different vibration forms of rocks, and when using the natural frequency index to analyze the stability of rocks, selecting the most sensitive one from the vibration frequencies of multiple vibration modes of rocks is still undetermined, and further research on this is needed.



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*Source: 6652960-2021-04-26.xml*