# 12-Epi-Napelline Inhibits Leukemia Cell Proliferation via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo

Authors: Jia Han; Wei Hou; Bi-qing Cai; Fan Zhang; Jian-cai Tang
Journal: Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
 (2021)

---

## Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of 12-epi-napelline on leukemia cells and its possible mechanisms. The inhibitory effects of 12-epi-napelline on K-562 and HL-60 cells were evaluated using the CCK-8 assay, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry, and the expression of related proteins was measured by western blot. A K-562 tumor model was established to evaluate the antitumor effect of 12-epi-napelline in vivo. A reduction in leukemia cell viability was observed after treatment with 12-epi-napelline. It was determined that the cell cycle was arrested in the G0/G1 phase, and the cell apoptosis rate was increased. Moreover, caspase-3 and Bcl-2 were downregulated, whereas cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 were upregulated. Further study revealed that 12-epi-napelline could suppress the expression of PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) attenuated 12-epi-napelline-induced apoptosis and ameliorated the repression of PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR by 12-epi-napelline. Animal experiments clearly showed that 12-epi-napelline inhibited tumor growth. In conclusion, 12-epi-napelline restrained leukemia cell proliferation by suppressing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in vitro and in vivo.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

Leukemia is a type of malignant tumor affecting the hematopoietic system. Its biological characteristics include uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic cells, dysregulation of differentiation, and inhibition of apoptosis. Leukemia ranks among the top 10 diseases for morbidity and mortality rates and has been rising in China [1, 2]. Currently, leukemia treatments utilize chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation [3]. Great progress has been gained with new drugs such as alkylating agents and purine analogs for leukemia treatment, but this treatment process still has various complications, such as multidrug resistance, toxicity, and side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs [4]. Some reports [5, 6] have demonstrated that Chinese medicinal extracts may be beneficial in the treatment of cancer. Therefore, the selection of safe and effective drugs is an important research topic, with traditional herbs receiving considerable attention.As a type of diterpenoid alkaloid, 12-epi-napelline is extracted from the Chinese medicinal herb Aconitum [7, 8]. In recent years, studies have shown that some diterpenoid alkaloids have antitumor activities. For example, hypaconitine, mesaconitine, and oxonitine were found to strongly inhibit the growth of HepG2 cells [9]. Hypaconitine inhibited TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells possibly through downregulating NF-κB pathways [10], and aconitine inhibited pancreatic cancer cells [11]. However, the antitumor effect and mechanism of 12-epi-napelline are yet to be elucidated.Our results showed that 12-epi-napelline inhibited the proliferation of leukemia cells, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and downregulated caspase-3 and Bcl-2, whereas it upregulated cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9. Furthermore, upon exploring the underlying mechanisms, we found that the expression of PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR was decreased. IGF-1 partly reversed the effect of 12-epi-napelline-induced apoptosis and attenuated the repressive effect of 12-epi-napelline on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In conclusion, 12-epi-napelline has the ability to inhibit the proliferation of leukemia cells, and the mechanism of this effect may be related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. According to our knowledge, this is the first report of the inhibitory effect of 12-epi-napelline on leukemia cells and its mechanism.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. Cell Culture and Reagents

Human leukemia K-562 and HL-60 cells were purchased from the cell bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. K-562 and HL-60 cells were grown at 37°C and 5% CO2in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 g/ml streptomycin, and 100 U/ml penicillin in a humidified incubator. Additionally, 12-epi-napelline was purchased from Herbest (Baoji, China). The purification of 12-epi-napelline was not less than 99%. The preparation of 12-epi-napelline is as follows: 12-epi-napelline was dissolved with DMSO and then adopted with filtration sterilization. Bcl-2 antibody was obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA), and caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). GAPDH was purchased from Boster (Wuhan, China). Goat anti-rabbit IgG/horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was acquired from ZSGB-Bio (Beijing, China). The DeadEnd fluorometric terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) kit was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). IGF-1 was obtained from Thermo (Waltham, MA, USA). Nude mice were purchased from Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology, Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.


### 2.2. Cell Viability Assays

K-562 cells (2 × 104/well) were plated into 96-well plates. After 5 h, cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline at dosages of 0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml. HL-60 cells (4 × 104/well) were plated into 96-well plates, incubated for 5 h, and treated with 12-epi-napelline at 0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml. At 24 and 48 h after treatment, the cell viability was determined using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) (Dojindo, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and the absorbance was determined at 450 nm using a microplate reader (Multiskan GO, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA). Inhibition rate of 12-epi-napelline was calculated using the untreated cells as the 100% viable control: inhibition rate = (ODcontrol − ODexperiment)/(ODcontrol − ODblank). The 50% inhibition of cell growth (IC50) was calculated using Prism Graph 6.0 software to produce the curve equation by nonlinear regression.


### 2.3. Cell Cycle Assays

K-562 cells (5 × 105/well) were plated into 6-well plates and incubated for 5 h. Then, cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h and 48 h. HL-60 cells (1 × 106/well) were plated into 6-well plates, incubated for 5 h, and treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h and 48 h. The cell cycle was assessed using the Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Analysis Kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol using flow cytometry (Guava easyCyte, Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).


### 2.4. Cell Apoptosis Assays

K-562 cells (5 × 105/well) were plated into 6-well plates and incubated for 5 h. Then, they were treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h. HL-60 cells (1 × 106/well) were plated into 6-well plates, incubated for 5 h, and treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h. The apoptotic cells were measured by the Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol using flow cytometry (Guava easyCyte, Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).


### 2.5. Western Blot

K-562 cells (5 × 105/well) were plated into 6-well plates. After 5 h, they were treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h. HL-60 cells (1 × 106/well) were plated into 6-well plates, incubated for 5 h, and treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h. Cells were collected and lysed in 100 μl of cell lysis buffer for western blotting and immunoprecipitation (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) that was supplemented with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). Total protein was extracted, and the protein concentration was determined using the Bradford Protein Assay Kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China). Total protein was mixed with an appropriate amount of 5x SDS-PAGE Sample Loading Buffer (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China), boiled, separated by SDS-PAGE, and then transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, which was blocked with 5% nonfat dry milk in TBST buffer. The primary antibodies were added at proper dilution and incubated at 4°C overnight, and the secondary antibody was added and incubated for 60 min. Finally, the protein was measured by BeyoECL Plus (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol using a gel imaging system (SYSTEM Gel Doc XR+, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).


### 2.6. Animal ExperimentsIn Vivo

A K-562 tumor model was established to evaluate the effect of 12-epi-napelline in vivo. Animal procedures were approved by the Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College and performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Animal Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China-2009. A total of 12 female nude mice (six weeks old, average weight: 20 g) were obtained from Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The animal experiment was performed on the animals of Central North of Sichuan Medical College. After harvesting K562 cells, these were resuspended, and 5 × 106 tumor cells were injected into the dorsal area of each mouse (each mouse: 100 μl). When the tumor size reached 100 mm3, the mice were randomly divided into two groups of six: control and 12-epi-napelline treatment. Then, 12-epi-napelline (100 mg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally each day for 14 days. Tumor volumes were evaluated every 3 days according to the following formula [12]: V = 0.52 × width2 × length. Mice were sacrificed by injecting phenobarbital (50 mg/kg) and decapitated to obtain the tumor tissues. Mice were considered to be dead that did not have a heartbeat or breath.


### 2.7. Immunohistochemistry

Tumor tissues were fixed by formalin (10%), embedded in paraffin wax, and then sectioned (4-5μM). Next, sections were deparaffinized in xylene, rehydrated through reducing the ethanol concentration, and washed with phosphate-buffered saline. Tissues were immunostained with Bcl-2 (1 : 100) and AKT (1 : 100) monoclonal antibodies at 4°C overnight. Finally, HRP-labeled secondary antibody was employed to combine with the primary antibody, and immunostaining was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The result was evaluated according to the number of positive cells in six random fields. The positive rate was calculated as follows: positive rate = the average number of positive cells/the average number of total cells.


### 2.8. Quantitative Assessment of Apoptosis

Tumor sections were prepared as described previously. Tumor cells’ apoptosis [13] was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) using an in situ cell death detection kit (DeadEnd™ Fluorometric TUNEL System, Promega, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The total number of cells and the number of positive stained cells were counted in six random fields under a 200x magnification using a fluorescence microscope. Meanwhile, the average number was obtained. The apoptosis rate was calculated as follows: apoptosis rate = the average number of positive cells/the average number of total cells.


### 2.9. Statistical Analysis

All statistical analyses were completed with SPSS (version 22) software, data were presented as mean ± SD in quantitative experiments, and two groups were compared using Student’st-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for comparisons among three or more groups. p<0.05was considered statistically significant.


## 2.1. Cell Culture and Reagents

Human leukemia K-562 and HL-60 cells were purchased from the cell bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. K-562 and HL-60 cells were grown at 37°C and 5% CO2in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 g/ml streptomycin, and 100 U/ml penicillin in a humidified incubator. Additionally, 12-epi-napelline was purchased from Herbest (Baoji, China). The purification of 12-epi-napelline was not less than 99%. The preparation of 12-epi-napelline is as follows: 12-epi-napelline was dissolved with DMSO and then adopted with filtration sterilization. Bcl-2 antibody was obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA), and caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). GAPDH was purchased from Boster (Wuhan, China). Goat anti-rabbit IgG/horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was acquired from ZSGB-Bio (Beijing, China). The DeadEnd fluorometric terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) kit was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). IGF-1 was obtained from Thermo (Waltham, MA, USA). Nude mice were purchased from Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology, Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.


## 2.2. Cell Viability Assays

K-562 cells (2 × 104/well) were plated into 96-well plates. After 5 h, cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline at dosages of 0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml. HL-60 cells (4 × 104/well) were plated into 96-well plates, incubated for 5 h, and treated with 12-epi-napelline at 0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml. At 24 and 48 h after treatment, the cell viability was determined using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) (Dojindo, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and the absorbance was determined at 450 nm using a microplate reader (Multiskan GO, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA). Inhibition rate of 12-epi-napelline was calculated using the untreated cells as the 100% viable control: inhibition rate = (ODcontrol − ODexperiment)/(ODcontrol − ODblank). The 50% inhibition of cell growth (IC50) was calculated using Prism Graph 6.0 software to produce the curve equation by nonlinear regression.


## 2.3. Cell Cycle Assays

K-562 cells (5 × 105/well) were plated into 6-well plates and incubated for 5 h. Then, cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h and 48 h. HL-60 cells (1 × 106/well) were plated into 6-well plates, incubated for 5 h, and treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h and 48 h. The cell cycle was assessed using the Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Analysis Kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol using flow cytometry (Guava easyCyte, Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).


## 2.4. Cell Apoptosis Assays

K-562 cells (5 × 105/well) were plated into 6-well plates and incubated for 5 h. Then, they were treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h. HL-60 cells (1 × 106/well) were plated into 6-well plates, incubated for 5 h, and treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h. The apoptotic cells were measured by the Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol using flow cytometry (Guava easyCyte, Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).


## 2.5. Western Blot

K-562 cells (5 × 105/well) were plated into 6-well plates. After 5 h, they were treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h. HL-60 cells (1 × 106/well) were plated into 6-well plates, incubated for 5 h, and treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h. Cells were collected and lysed in 100 μl of cell lysis buffer for western blotting and immunoprecipitation (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) that was supplemented with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). Total protein was extracted, and the protein concentration was determined using the Bradford Protein Assay Kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China). Total protein was mixed with an appropriate amount of 5x SDS-PAGE Sample Loading Buffer (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China), boiled, separated by SDS-PAGE, and then transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, which was blocked with 5% nonfat dry milk in TBST buffer. The primary antibodies were added at proper dilution and incubated at 4°C overnight, and the secondary antibody was added and incubated for 60 min. Finally, the protein was measured by BeyoECL Plus (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol using a gel imaging system (SYSTEM Gel Doc XR+, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).


## 2.6. Animal ExperimentsIn Vivo

A K-562 tumor model was established to evaluate the effect of 12-epi-napelline in vivo. Animal procedures were approved by the Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College and performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Animal Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China-2009. A total of 12 female nude mice (six weeks old, average weight: 20 g) were obtained from Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The animal experiment was performed on the animals of Central North of Sichuan Medical College. After harvesting K562 cells, these were resuspended, and 5 × 106 tumor cells were injected into the dorsal area of each mouse (each mouse: 100 μl). When the tumor size reached 100 mm3, the mice were randomly divided into two groups of six: control and 12-epi-napelline treatment. Then, 12-epi-napelline (100 mg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally each day for 14 days. Tumor volumes were evaluated every 3 days according to the following formula [12]: V = 0.52 × width2 × length. Mice were sacrificed by injecting phenobarbital (50 mg/kg) and decapitated to obtain the tumor tissues. Mice were considered to be dead that did not have a heartbeat or breath.


## 2.7. Immunohistochemistry

Tumor tissues were fixed by formalin (10%), embedded in paraffin wax, and then sectioned (4-5μM). Next, sections were deparaffinized in xylene, rehydrated through reducing the ethanol concentration, and washed with phosphate-buffered saline. Tissues were immunostained with Bcl-2 (1 : 100) and AKT (1 : 100) monoclonal antibodies at 4°C overnight. Finally, HRP-labeled secondary antibody was employed to combine with the primary antibody, and immunostaining was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The result was evaluated according to the number of positive cells in six random fields. The positive rate was calculated as follows: positive rate = the average number of positive cells/the average number of total cells.


## 2.8. Quantitative Assessment of Apoptosis

Tumor sections were prepared as described previously. Tumor cells’ apoptosis [13] was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) using an in situ cell death detection kit (DeadEnd™ Fluorometric TUNEL System, Promega, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The total number of cells and the number of positive stained cells were counted in six random fields under a 200x magnification using a fluorescence microscope. Meanwhile, the average number was obtained. The apoptosis rate was calculated as follows: apoptosis rate = the average number of positive cells/the average number of total cells.


## 2.9. Statistical Analysis

All statistical analyses were completed with SPSS (version 22) software, data were presented as mean ± SD in quantitative experiments, and two groups were compared using Student’st-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for comparisons among three or more groups. p<0.05was considered statistically significant.


## 3. Results

### 3.1. K-562 and HL-60 Cell Proliferation Was Inhibited by 12-Epi-Napelline

After treating K-562 and HL-60 cells with different concentrations of 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 and 48 h, the CCK-8 assay was used to determine the cell viability. The results showed that 12-epi-napelline inhibited the proliferation of K-562 and HL-60 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner (Figures 1(a)and 1(b)). The IC50 values of 12-epi-napelline for K-562 were 35.82 and 26.64 μg/ml at 24 and 48 h, respectively; for HL-60, these values were 27.22 and 15.46 μg/ml at 24 and 48 h, respectively. The structure of 12-epi-napelline is shown in Figure 1(c).Figure 1
12-Epi-napelline inhibited the proliferation of K-562 and HL-60 cells. K-562 and HL-60 cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline for 24 and 48 h. Cell viability was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8. (a, b) Treatment with 12-epi-napelline reduced the cell viability of K-562 (a) and HL-60 (b) cells. (c) The structure of 12-epi-napelline. Data represented the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments (∗p<0.05and ∗∗p<0.01compared to the control, n = 3).
(a)(b)(c)


### 3.2. 12-Epi-Napelline Blocked G0/G1-Phase Cell Cycle Arrest

To explore the possible mechanism through which 12-epi-napelline inhibits leukemia cell proliferation, the cell cycle was examined using flow cytometry. According to the inhibition rate of 12-epi-napelline for leukemia cells (Section 3.1), K-562 and HL-60 cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h and 48 h, after which the cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometry. When compared to the control, an accumulation of G0/G1 cells was observed with 12-epi-napelline treatment (Figure 2).Figure 2
12-Epi-napelline blocked cell cycle arrest in leukemia cells. K-562 and HL-60 cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline for 24 h and 48 h. To investigate the cell cycle, cells were stained with propidium iodide (PI) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. (a, d) Typical flow cytometric graph of the cell cycle of K-562 and HL-60 cells. (b, c, e, f) The percentage of cells in each cell cycle phase. The results showed that 12-epi-napelline blocked cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase in K-562 and HL-60 cells. (g) The typical graph of cells (×100). Data represented the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments (∗p<0.05and ∗∗p<0.01compared to the control, n = 3).
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)


### 3.3. 12-Epi-Napelline Induced Apoptosis

K-562 and HL-60 cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h and 48 h. Then, apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The apoptosis-related proteins were detected by western blot. The results clearly showed that 12-epi-napelline induced apoptosis, downregulated caspase-3 and Bcl-2, and increased cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression in leukemia cells (Figure 3).Figure 3
12-Epi-napelline induced apoptosis in leukemia cells. K-562 and HL-60 cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline for 24 h and 48 h. To determine apoptosis, cells were analyzed by flow cytometry after staining with Annexin V/PI according to the manufacturer’s instructions. (a, c) Typical flow cytometric graph of apoptosis of HL-60 and K-562 cells. (b, d) The percentage of apoptotic cells. The results revealed that 12-epi-napelline increased the rate of apoptosis in K-562 and HL-60 cells. (e) The expression of apoptosis-related proteins. K-562 and HL-60 cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline. At 24 h after treatment, the cells were lysed and subjected to immunoblot analysis. The levels of caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bcl-2 were detected. Groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance. Data represented the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments (∗p<0.05and ∗∗p<0.01 compared to the control, n = 3).
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)


### 3.4. 12-Epi-Napelline Suppressed the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway

To explore the underlying mechanisms through which 12-epi-napelline inhibits leukemia cell proliferation, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was assessed by western blotting. K-562 and HL-60 cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h. Then, we detected the expression of PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR using western blotting. The results revealed that 12-epi-napelline reduced PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR expression in K-562 and HL-60 cells (Figure 4).Figure 4
12-Epi-napelline suppressed the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. K-562 and HL-60 cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline for 24 h. The total protein was extracted as previously described. (a, c) Western blot analyses of PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was suppressed by 12-epi-napelline. (b, d) The graph depicted densitometric analyses of PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR normalized by GAPDH (∗p<0.05and ∗∗p<0.01compared to the control, n = 3).
(a)(b)(c)(d)


### 3.5. IGF-1 Attenuated the Induction of Apoptosis by 12-Epi-Napelline

To further investigate whether 12-epi-napelline-induced apoptosis was connected with the IGF-IR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, IGF-1 (100 ng/ml) was administered 2 h before adding 12-epi-napelline, after which apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The results showed that IGF-1 attenuated the induction of apoptosis by 12-epi-napelline in K-562 and HL-60 cells (Figures 5(a)–5(d)). Further studies showed that IGF-1 attenuated the repressive effect of 12-epi-napelline on the PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR expression. Meanwhile, the apoptosis-related protein was detected. The results displayed IGF-1 partly reversed 12-epi-napelline-induced cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bcl-2 expression (Figure 5(e)).Figure 5
IGF-1 attenuated the induction of apoptosis by 12-epi-napelline. K-562 and HL-60 cells were pretreated with IGF-1 (100 ng/ml) for 2 h followed by 12-epi-napelline for 24 h Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. (a, c) Typical flow cytometric graph of apoptosis. (b, d) The average percentage of apoptosis in K-562 and HL-60 cells after treatment with 12-epi-napelline. (e) The expression of PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, mTOR, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bcl-2 was detected by western blot. The results showed that IGF-1 partly prevented 12-epi-napelline-induced apoptosis and attenuated the repressive effect of 12-epi-napelline on PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR in K-562 and HL-60 cells. IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1; E: 12-epi-napelline; IGF-1+E: insulin-like growth factor 1 + 12-epi-napelline. (∗p<0.05and ∗∗p<0.01 compared to the control, n = 3).
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)


### 3.6. 12-Epi-Napelline Inhibited Tumor Growth In Vivo

To further assess the antitumor effect of 12-epi-napelline in vivo, a K-562 tumor model was established in xenograft mice. The results showed that 12-epi-napelline treatment reduced the tumor burden (Figures 6(a)and 6(b)). Furthermore, we found that 12-epi-napelline decreased the expression of AKT and Bcl-2 (Figures 6(c) and 6(d)). Moreover, 12-epi-napelline evidently increased the tumor cell apoptosis rate (Figures 6(e) and 6(f)). These results indicated that 12-epi-napelline inhibited tumor growth by inducing tumor cell apoptosis.Figure 6
12-Epi-napelline inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Mice were subcutaneously injected with tumor cells for tumor formation, and when the volume of tumor was measureable (approximately 100 mm3), mice were subjected to 12-epi-napelline (100 mg/kg·d) or DMSO. (a) The growth curve of tumor. (b) The typical photos of tumor. The results displayed that treatment with 12-epi-napelline inhibited tumor growth and decreased the tumor burden compared with the control (n = 6, ∗∗p<0.01). Data were shown as mean ± standard deviation. (c) Typical photos of immunohistochemical staining of AKT and Bcl-2 in tumor tissues (magnification: ×200). (d) Average staining intensities of AKT and Bcl-2. Staining intensities were evaluated according to the number of positive cells in six random fields. The results revealed that 12-epi-napelline treatment reduced AKT and Bcl-2 expression (∗∗p<0.01). (e) Typical photos of TUNEL staining in the tumor tissues (magnification: ×200). (f) Apoptotic index within tissues. The experimental group showed a significant increase in apoptotic cells in the tumor tissues.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)


## 3.1. K-562 and HL-60 Cell Proliferation Was Inhibited by 12-Epi-Napelline

After treating K-562 and HL-60 cells with different concentrations of 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 and 48 h, the CCK-8 assay was used to determine the cell viability. The results showed that 12-epi-napelline inhibited the proliferation of K-562 and HL-60 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner (Figures 1(a)and 1(b)). The IC50 values of 12-epi-napelline for K-562 were 35.82 and 26.64 μg/ml at 24 and 48 h, respectively; for HL-60, these values were 27.22 and 15.46 μg/ml at 24 and 48 h, respectively. The structure of 12-epi-napelline is shown in Figure 1(c).Figure 1
12-Epi-napelline inhibited the proliferation of K-562 and HL-60 cells. K-562 and HL-60 cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline for 24 and 48 h. Cell viability was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8. (a, b) Treatment with 12-epi-napelline reduced the cell viability of K-562 (a) and HL-60 (b) cells. (c) The structure of 12-epi-napelline. Data represented the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments (∗p<0.05and ∗∗p<0.01compared to the control, n = 3).
(a)(b)(c)


## 3.2. 12-Epi-Napelline Blocked G0/G1-Phase Cell Cycle Arrest

To explore the possible mechanism through which 12-epi-napelline inhibits leukemia cell proliferation, the cell cycle was examined using flow cytometry. According to the inhibition rate of 12-epi-napelline for leukemia cells (Section 3.1), K-562 and HL-60 cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h and 48 h, after which the cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometry. When compared to the control, an accumulation of G0/G1 cells was observed with 12-epi-napelline treatment (Figure 2).Figure 2
12-Epi-napelline blocked cell cycle arrest in leukemia cells. K-562 and HL-60 cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline for 24 h and 48 h. To investigate the cell cycle, cells were stained with propidium iodide (PI) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. (a, d) Typical flow cytometric graph of the cell cycle of K-562 and HL-60 cells. (b, c, e, f) The percentage of cells in each cell cycle phase. The results showed that 12-epi-napelline blocked cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase in K-562 and HL-60 cells. (g) The typical graph of cells (×100). Data represented the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments (∗p<0.05and ∗∗p<0.01compared to the control, n = 3).
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)


## 3.3. 12-Epi-Napelline Induced Apoptosis

K-562 and HL-60 cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h and 48 h. Then, apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The apoptosis-related proteins were detected by western blot. The results clearly showed that 12-epi-napelline induced apoptosis, downregulated caspase-3 and Bcl-2, and increased cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression in leukemia cells (Figure 3).Figure 3
12-Epi-napelline induced apoptosis in leukemia cells. K-562 and HL-60 cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline for 24 h and 48 h. To determine apoptosis, cells were analyzed by flow cytometry after staining with Annexin V/PI according to the manufacturer’s instructions. (a, c) Typical flow cytometric graph of apoptosis of HL-60 and K-562 cells. (b, d) The percentage of apoptotic cells. The results revealed that 12-epi-napelline increased the rate of apoptosis in K-562 and HL-60 cells. (e) The expression of apoptosis-related proteins. K-562 and HL-60 cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline. At 24 h after treatment, the cells were lysed and subjected to immunoblot analysis. The levels of caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bcl-2 were detected. Groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance. Data represented the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments (∗p<0.05and ∗∗p<0.01 compared to the control, n = 3).
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)


## 3.4. 12-Epi-Napelline Suppressed the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway

To explore the underlying mechanisms through which 12-epi-napelline inhibits leukemia cell proliferation, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was assessed by western blotting. K-562 and HL-60 cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h. Then, we detected the expression of PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR using western blotting. The results revealed that 12-epi-napelline reduced PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR expression in K-562 and HL-60 cells (Figure 4).Figure 4
12-Epi-napelline suppressed the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. K-562 and HL-60 cells were treated with 12-epi-napelline for 24 h. The total protein was extracted as previously described. (a, c) Western blot analyses of PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was suppressed by 12-epi-napelline. (b, d) The graph depicted densitometric analyses of PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR normalized by GAPDH (∗p<0.05and ∗∗p<0.01compared to the control, n = 3).
(a)(b)(c)(d)


## 3.5. IGF-1 Attenuated the Induction of Apoptosis by 12-Epi-Napelline

To further investigate whether 12-epi-napelline-induced apoptosis was connected with the IGF-IR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, IGF-1 (100 ng/ml) was administered 2 h before adding 12-epi-napelline, after which apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The results showed that IGF-1 attenuated the induction of apoptosis by 12-epi-napelline in K-562 and HL-60 cells (Figures 5(a)–5(d)). Further studies showed that IGF-1 attenuated the repressive effect of 12-epi-napelline on the PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR expression. Meanwhile, the apoptosis-related protein was detected. The results displayed IGF-1 partly reversed 12-epi-napelline-induced cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bcl-2 expression (Figure 5(e)).Figure 5
IGF-1 attenuated the induction of apoptosis by 12-epi-napelline. K-562 and HL-60 cells were pretreated with IGF-1 (100 ng/ml) for 2 h followed by 12-epi-napelline for 24 h Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. (a, c) Typical flow cytometric graph of apoptosis. (b, d) The average percentage of apoptosis in K-562 and HL-60 cells after treatment with 12-epi-napelline. (e) The expression of PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, mTOR, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bcl-2 was detected by western blot. The results showed that IGF-1 partly prevented 12-epi-napelline-induced apoptosis and attenuated the repressive effect of 12-epi-napelline on PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR in K-562 and HL-60 cells. IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1; E: 12-epi-napelline; IGF-1+E: insulin-like growth factor 1 + 12-epi-napelline. (∗p<0.05and ∗∗p<0.01 compared to the control, n = 3).
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)


## 3.6. 12-Epi-Napelline Inhibited Tumor Growth In Vivo

To further assess the antitumor effect of 12-epi-napelline in vivo, a K-562 tumor model was established in xenograft mice. The results showed that 12-epi-napelline treatment reduced the tumor burden (Figures 6(a)and 6(b)). Furthermore, we found that 12-epi-napelline decreased the expression of AKT and Bcl-2 (Figures 6(c) and 6(d)). Moreover, 12-epi-napelline evidently increased the tumor cell apoptosis rate (Figures 6(e) and 6(f)). These results indicated that 12-epi-napelline inhibited tumor growth by inducing tumor cell apoptosis.Figure 6
12-Epi-napelline inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Mice were subcutaneously injected with tumor cells for tumor formation, and when the volume of tumor was measureable (approximately 100 mm3), mice were subjected to 12-epi-napelline (100 mg/kg·d) or DMSO. (a) The growth curve of tumor. (b) The typical photos of tumor. The results displayed that treatment with 12-epi-napelline inhibited tumor growth and decreased the tumor burden compared with the control (n = 6, ∗∗p<0.01). Data were shown as mean ± standard deviation. (c) Typical photos of immunohistochemical staining of AKT and Bcl-2 in tumor tissues (magnification: ×200). (d) Average staining intensities of AKT and Bcl-2. Staining intensities were evaluated according to the number of positive cells in six random fields. The results revealed that 12-epi-napelline treatment reduced AKT and Bcl-2 expression (∗∗p<0.01). (e) Typical photos of TUNEL staining in the tumor tissues (magnification: ×200). (f) Apoptotic index within tissues. The experimental group showed a significant increase in apoptotic cells in the tumor tissues.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)


## 4. Discussion

In recent years, natural compounds such as curcumin [14], berbamine [15], ginkgetin [16], shikonin [17], curine [18], genistein [19], and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract have become a hot topic for leukemia treatment due to their benefits, including minor side effects, chemosensitivity enhancement, and the reversal of drug resistance. Several reports [9, 11] showed that some diterpenoid alkaloids, such as hypaconitine, mesaconitine, and oxonitine, have potential antitumor effects. As a type of diterpenoid alkaloid, 12-epi-napelline is isolated from the alkaloid fraction of some traditional Chinese medicines. However, the antitumor activities of 12-epi-napelline are yet to be elucidated.In this study, we found that 12-epi-napelline inhibited the proliferation of K-562 and HL-60 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were induced by 12-epi-napelline. Upon exploring the potential mechanisms, it was revealed that 12-epi-napelline inhibited the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Activation of this pathway by IGF-1 partly reversed the induction of apoptosis by 12-epi-napelline and attenuated its repressive effect on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. This is the first report of the antitumor effect of 12-epi-napelline toward leukemia cells. Previous reports demonstrated that diterpenoid alkaloids induced G1 arrest in cancer cells. For example, curine induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase in HL-60 cells [18], while berberine and evodiamine acted synergistically to induce G0/G1-phase arrest in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells [20]. Consistent with these reports, our results also revealed that 12-epi-napelline induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in K-562 and HL-60 cells (Figure 2). Furthermore, accumulating evidence has shown that many natural alkaloids can also cause leukemia cell death via the induction of apoptosis [21, 22]. The flow cytometric assay results confirmed that 12-epi-napelline induced apoptosis in K-562 and HL-60 cells (Figure 3). Further study revealed that 12-epi-napelline decreased caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expression and increased cleaved caspase-3 expression. Caspases, a family of cysteine proteases, are part of the apoptotic pathway. Activation of caspase proteases is an important biochemical event involved in apoptosis [23, 24]. Additionally, Bcl-2 is a critical regulator of the apoptotic pathway [25]. These results indicate that tumor growth inhibition by 12-epi-napelline may be related to inducing cancer cell apoptosis.The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway plays important roles in various physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, autophagy, and metabolism, and many components of this pathway are overexpressed in leukemia [26, 27]. Accordingly, this pathway has been an important target for cancer treatment. Activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway may result in the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells. It was previously reported that matrine induced autophagy and apoptosis by inhibiting AKT/mTOR signaling in acute myeloid leukemia cells [28]. Our data showed that 12-epi-napelline reduced PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR expression in K-562 and HL-60 cells (Figure 4). The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway regulates the activity of many proteins involved in apoptosis [29], and it was reported that increased Bcl-2 expression was observed in resistant HL-60/ADM leukemia cells [4]. To further investigate the exact mechanism, IGF-1 [30] was used to activate the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, after which the inhibitory effect of 12-epi-napelline was observed. The results showed that IGF-1 attenuated the inhibitory effect of 12-epi-napelline on the expression of PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR in K-562 and HL-60 cells (Figure 5). Moreover, animal experiments demonstrated that 12-epi-napelline reduced the tumor burden in vivo (Figure 6). No evident side effects were observed. These results indicated that 12-epi-napelline may be an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of leukemia. This study is the first to report the inhibitory effect of 12-epi-napelline on leukemia cells and its mechanism.Our study has some limitations. Specifically, how 12-epi-napelline regulates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is yet unclear. It may influence the expression of upstream molecules of this pathway or directly decrease PI3K/AKT expression. Moreover, the high dose of 12-epi-napelline in the animal experiment may be difficult to convert for clinical applications, where it may serve to enhance the antitumor effect of chemotherapeutic drugs. Thus, further clinical trials are needed to confirm its antitumor effect.



---

*Source: 6687519-2021-07-01.xml*