# Complex System of Vertical Baduanjin Lifting Motion Sensing Recognition under the Background of Big Data

Authors: Yan Zhang; M. M. Kamruzzaman; Lu Feng
Journal: Complexity
 (2021)

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## Abstract

Nowadays, the development of big data is getting faster and faster, and the related research on motion sensing recognition and complex systems under the background of big data is gradually being valued. At present, there are relatively few related researches on vertical Baduanjin in the academic circles; research in this direction can make further breakthroughs in motion sensor recognition. In order to carry out related action recognition research on the lifting action of vertical Baduanjin, this paper uses sensor technology to collect the motion video image of vertical Baduanjin based on the background of big data and uses action recognition technology and related algorithms to obtain the action. Recognize the video image to obtain the data, get the acceleration, angular velocity, and EMG data, and count the end time and duration according to the change of the action. According to the data table and graph change trend compiled at the end of the experiment, we can see the following: after the data is preprocessed, the acceleration signal change range is limited to [−1, 1], and the acceleration change has a clear directionality; and, after 15 lifts of the detected object, its angular velocity inX-axis direction is basically negative. However, when the ninth lift is performed, the angular velocity of the movement in X-axis direction is 36.09, the largest of all angular velocities. When performing the 15th lifting action, the angular velocity of this action in Z-axis direction is −26.05, which is the smallest of all angular velocities. The longest duration of the left muscle discharge during the lifting action of the subject is 15.24 for the tibial anterior muscle and 8.91 for the external oblique muscle with the shortest duration. The longest discharge duration of the right muscle is also the tibial anterior muscle with 12.15, and the shortest duration is the erector spinae with 8.79.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

### 1.1. Background Meaning

With the development of big data-related technologies, the applications of its scholars are increasingly being applied to big data human-computer interaction, motion recognition, and sensor technology. Nowadays, people are paying more and more attention to health-related sports, and the research on health and sports-related exercise recognition is also following closely. As an important part of healthy traditional culture, vertical Baduanjin has been bred in the soil of traditional Chinese culture for thousands of years. Its unique cultural tone and characteristics have aroused people’s attention.


### 1.2. Related Work

Many scholars have done some researches on motion recognition. Wang proposed a new method, namely, weighted hierarchical depth motion map (whdmm) + three channel deep convolution neural networks (3convnets), which is used to recognize human actions from depth maps on small training data sets. Three strategies were developed to mine distinguishing features by using the ability of ConvNets [1]. Yan proposed an improvement to the soft attention model by combining convolutional long short-term memory (LSTM) with a layered system architecture to identify the action categories in the video, and Yan called this model a convolutional hierarchical attention model (CHAM), the model unit inside LSTM convolution operation, and, using the focus map generation process to identify the action, layered architecture model is based on the particle size that can be more clearly the operation type [2].


### 1.3. Innovation in This Article

This paper studies the lifting motion of the vertical Baduanjin. The experimental research background is big data technology, using motion recognition related methods and sensor technology and using complex system theory to analyze the experiment. The innovations of this article are mainly reflected in the following aspects: (1) research on experiment in the context of big data, it is very convenient to collect data in experiments, which saves the time of data collection; (2) research on vertical Baduanjin lifting movements subject new and innovative matter; (3) the analysis of experiments using complex systems theory can draw more scientific and reasonable experimental results.


## 1.1. Background Meaning

With the development of big data-related technologies, the applications of its scholars are increasingly being applied to big data human-computer interaction, motion recognition, and sensor technology. Nowadays, people are paying more and more attention to health-related sports, and the research on health and sports-related exercise recognition is also following closely. As an important part of healthy traditional culture, vertical Baduanjin has been bred in the soil of traditional Chinese culture for thousands of years. Its unique cultural tone and characteristics have aroused people’s attention.


## 1.2. Related Work

Many scholars have done some researches on motion recognition. Wang proposed a new method, namely, weighted hierarchical depth motion map (whdmm) + three channel deep convolution neural networks (3convnets), which is used to recognize human actions from depth maps on small training data sets. Three strategies were developed to mine distinguishing features by using the ability of ConvNets [1]. Yan proposed an improvement to the soft attention model by combining convolutional long short-term memory (LSTM) with a layered system architecture to identify the action categories in the video, and Yan called this model a convolutional hierarchical attention model (CHAM), the model unit inside LSTM convolution operation, and, using the focus map generation process to identify the action, layered architecture model is based on the particle size that can be more clearly the operation type [2].


## 1.3. Innovation in This Article

This paper studies the lifting motion of the vertical Baduanjin. The experimental research background is big data technology, using motion recognition related methods and sensor technology and using complex system theory to analyze the experiment. The innovations of this article are mainly reflected in the following aspects: (1) research on experiment in the context of big data, it is very convenient to collect data in experiments, which saves the time of data collection; (2) research on vertical Baduanjin lifting movements subject new and innovative matter; (3) the analysis of experiments using complex systems theory can draw more scientific and reasonable experimental results.


## 2. Relevant Technology of Vertical Baduanjin Lifting Motion Sensing Recognition

### 2.1. Big Data

As an important factor in production, data has penetrated into every industry today, and the efficiency of data mining and implementation will directly affect the development of the new productivity cycle. Big data is a huge, diverse, and rapidly changing information asset. It needs to adopt new processing methods to improve people’s ability in vision expansion, process optimization, and decision formation [3, 4]. The volume of big data greatly exceeds the capabilities of commonly used software tools, and it is difficult to obtain, manage, grasp, and process within a tolerable time. There are many specific processing methods for data, but the current general process of big data processing can be summarized into four steps: big data collection, big data input and preprocessing, big data analysis and statistics, and big data mining [5]. Its specific processing flow is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Big data processing flow.Big data analysis process is collected and introduced into the first structured, semistructured, and unstructured data and then converts the data quality and loading operation by the data integration. If the data needs to be processed in real time, data will then flow into the computing module; if the data does not need to be processed in real time, the data can first enter the data integration module data quality screening; filtration pretreatment may not be direct via the data integration module and offline processing incoming data analysis module. It is necessary to conduct modeling and predictive analysis by mining data analysis tools. Finally, when data reaches the presentation layer, management can make decisions, discovery, modeling and forecasting analysis, reporting, planning prophecy, and content analysis applications show. The operation of large data sharing and data sharing module refers to a repeating operation in different applications or data information may be precipitated into the module, the data for later analysis of other common applications. The analysis and processing process of big data can be represented by a big data analysis architecture diagram, which is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Big data analysis architecture diagram.Large and complex data only exist as data material before being identified and discovered. When people have discovered its value but have not yet begun to classify its value they can only be regarded as a data resource [6]. Only after collection and merging, valuable information can be extracted from data analysis tools to form data assets and utilize resources [7]. Although the data materials, data resources, and data assets in big data have the same material connotation, they belong to different management categories and have significant differences. The relationship between the three is shown in Figure 3.Figure 3
Relationship diagram of data materials, data resources, and data assets.The characteristics of big data can be summarized as four V : volume, velocity, variety, and value. The amount of data aggregated by big data is very huge, and the unit of measurement has usually reached PB (1 million G), EB (1 billion G), and ZB (1 billion G). The speed of big data is reflected in two aspects: first, the speed of data generation is fast. The other is the need for very fast data processing speed. Being fast is the biggest difference between big data technology and traditional data technology. In the era of big data, not only the amount of data has surged, but also the sources and types of data have become more and more complex. The huge amount of traditional data is usually predefined structured data. With the emergence and development of detection technology and the Internet, semistructured and unstructured data have emerged in large numbers, enriching data. Diversity also increases the difficulty of processing and storing data. However, current data usually has the problem of low value density. As the data grows, the amount of useful information that can be extracted from the massive data may be very small and cannot increase according to the amount of data. It is more obvious in unstructured and semistructured data. Therefore, how to use powerful data calculation methods to quickly obtain data value and improve the quality of data information is one of the urgent problems to be solved in the context of the current rapid development of big data.


### 2.2. Sensor Technology

A sensor is a device that can sense the measured object and convert it into a signal that can be used to transmit a signal according to a specific rule. It is also an energy conversion device that can convert one energy into another energy [8, 9]. The sensor is mainly composed of two parts: the sensitive element and the conversion element. Some sensors also include signal amplification circuits, mainly because the electrical signal output from the sensor is relatively weak and difficult to measure [10]. The block diagram of the sensor is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4
Sensor composition block diagram.The relationship between the sensor and the detection technology is very close. The detection technology is the window through which the sensor obtains the measurement. The sensor is at the interface of the object to be measured and the detection system. You need to understand the detection technology before you can better use the sensor [11]. The most important thing in detection technology is the measurement of the detected object. The measurement can be expressed by the following formula:(1)x=nu,where x is the measured value, u is the standard quantity, the unit of measurement, and n is the multiple of the measurement object. The direct detection method of detection technology can be expressed by the first following formula and the indirect detection method can be expressed by the second following formula:(2)y=x,(3)y=fx.In the detection system, the sensor is connected to the measured object and the signal conditioning circuit. The signal conditioning circuit acquires the measured object through the sensor and then processes the signal. The basic framework of the detection system is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
The basic framework of the detection system.In the open-loop measurement of the detection system, the direction of information transition is in one direction. There are two channels for the information direction in the closed-loop measurement, one is the positive channel, and the other is the feedback channel. Their input and output relationship formulas are shown in the following formulas respectively:(4)y=k1k2k3x,(5)y=kk11+kβx≈k1βx,where k1,k2,k3 is the transfer coefficient between each link, β is the feedback coefficient of closed-loop measurement, and k=k2k3. In the actual measurement process, due to the influence of environmental factors and human factors, it is difficult to achieve accurate measurement, which will cause measurement errors. The expression methods of measurement error mainly include absolute error, actual relative error, quoted error, basic error, and additional error. The formula for absolute error is as follows:(6)Δ=x−L.The actual relative error formula is as follows:(7)δ=ΔL×100%.The formula for citation error is as follows:(8)γ=Δmax−min×100%,where Δ represents absolute error, x is the measured value, L is the true value, and max,min are the true value.The relationship between sensor input and output is a key feature of the sensor. Different sensors produce different forms of electrical energy, which mainly depends on the basic characteristics of the sensor. The sensor has static characteristics and dynamic characteristics. If the input signal is static, then the relationship between the outputy of the sensor and the input x does not change with time; that is, the output can be expressed by an equation without time:(9)y=a0+a1x,+a2x2+⋯+anxn,where a0 represents the output when the input is equal to 0 and a1,a2,…,an is the nonlinear coefficient. The indicators of the static characteristics of the sensor include the sensitivity, linearity, repeat-ability, hysteresis, and drift of the sensor. Their formula expression is as follows:(10)sensitivity:S=ΔyΔx,linearity:γL=±ΔLmaxYFS×100%,hysteresis:γH=ΔHmaxYFS×100%,temperature drift:W=yt−y20YFS∗Δt×100%.S in the formula represents the sensitivity of the sensor, ΔLmax is the absolute error of the maximum nonlinearity, YFS is the output value of the full scale of the sensor, ΔHmax is the hysteresis difference of the output, yt is the output output temperature, and y20 is the output at temperature 20 degrees Celsius when the output, and Δt is the difference between the temperature t and 20 degrees Celsius.The dynamic characteristics of the sensor mean that the output of the sensor changes with time; that is, the output of the sensor is a time function of the input. For ideal dynamic characteristics, the output time function and the input time function are not the same, and the difference between them lies in the dynamic error. The dynamic equation of the sensor is as follows:(11)andnydtn+an−1dn−1ydtn−1+⋯+a1dydt+a0y=bmdmydtm+bm−1dm−1ydtm−1+⋯+b1dydt+b0x.


### 2.3. Action Recognition

The process by which the computer can analyze and judge various behaviors and movements through automatic detection is called action recognition [12]. The main task is to analyze the motion recognition image or video collection to determine the sequential images or motion video, using a video editing operation of the computer image, using a computer to locate the last track, the video image to identify a target. The traditional action recognition method is to manually extract the graphic features from the video or image, then reduce the dimensionality of the generated feature vector, and finally use different classifiers for classification and recognition [13]. According to the description method used in the video recognition process, action recognition technology can be roughly divided into the following four categories: Patios-temporal feature recognition method, probability recognition and reasoning method, action rule recognition method, and action pattern recognition method. According to the number of levels of action features, action recognition technology can be divided into single-level recognition methods and multilevel recognition methods. It is widely used in video surveillance, human-computer intelligent interaction, medical care, virtual reality, sports, and other fields. It is an interesting and challenging problem. The application areas of action recognition in young and old people are shown in Figure 6.Figure 6
Action recognition application area diagram.Action recognition can obtain raw data by using video equipment and wearable equipment according to the difference of sensor electronic equipment [14]. The motion recognition method using video equipment is a computer vision-based system method, and the motion recognition method using a wearable device is a sensor-based system method. With the increasing maturity of the manufacturing process of microelectronic mechanical systems, various electronic components and products, especially sensors, have been greatly improved and developed rapidly in terms of volume, accuracy, power consumption, and performance. Sensors play an increasingly important role in action recognition [15, 16]. There are many ways to recognize actions; the basic idea is to match the template to be classified with the template of the known category. By measuring the similarity between the patterns, the unknown category can be classified. The second is a generative model-based method that uses a common probability function to determine the relationship between the observed attribute value and the action category information. Another method is based on the recognition model, which can directly model the conditional probability of a given category of operators. The classification model of this method is relatively simple and the calculation efficiency is high.


### 2.4. Complex System

Complex systems are the main research objects of complexity science and can be found in every corner of daily life. Life system and social system are complex systems [17]. Complex systems are usually composed of multiple interactive units, which have characteristics or features that not every component unit has. For a complex system, its total performance is not a simple superposition of partial performance, and the relationship between total performance and partial performance is a complex nonlinear relationship [18]. The complex system emphasizes the hierarchical relationship and appearance characteristics between the individual and the whole and pays attention to dynamic issues in the overall evolution of the system. The interaction of various factors in the system, various subsystems, and the environment in which the system is located makes the system continuously upgrade and develop. It does not depend on one or a specific pair of influencing factors, and the system is very sensitive to this interaction. Small changes between projects can lead to completely different results [19, 20]. Complex systems have the characteristics of openness, hierarchical structure, complexity, dynamics, and nonlinearity.The complex system is still in its infancy and may include a new system or even a revolution in traditional scientific methods. The complex system is constantly developing and evolving under the action of force. The dynamic process of the entire complex system can be described by the dynamic behavior of the individual. The complexity and interdisciplinary nature of the complex system field determines that there is no proprietary model in the complex system field [21, 22]. The basic model of a complex system is a cellular automaton, which is a dynamic system. Research on the complex evolution of cellular automation system behavior and its occurrence mechanism is helpful to explore the complexity of complex systems and the study of their internal laws [23, 24]. Cellular automata have different times, different states, different spaces, homogeneity, normal positions, and parallelism.Cellular automate can be represented by a four-tuple,S is the state of the cell, Ld is the discrete cell space, N is the cell neighborhood of finite radius, and f is the local rule:(12)A=S,Ld,N,f.The expression of elementary cellular automata: assuming that the number of cell states isk, its state set is s1,s2,…,sk, the neighbor radius is r, and the cell state at time t is sit; the neighbor cell of this cell and itself is called neighborhood cells, and its state is(13)s=si−rt,…si−2t,si−1t,sit,si+1t,si+2t,…,si+rt.An arrangement of state values of neighboring cells will correspond to a regular functionf. Suppose that the state of the cell at the next moment is sit+1 and f is defined as follows:(14)sit+1=fs.The state set of elementary cellular automata is usually defined as0,1, and its state transition function can be expressed as(15)sjt+1=fsj−1t,sjt,sj+1t.The cell state at timet is sjt. D, sj−1t,sj+1t, are the states of the left neighbor and right neighbor of the cell, respectively.Reversible cellular automata can be used in information security fields such as information encoding, image encryption, and decryption, and its formula is described as(16)sit+1=fsi−rt,…,si−2t,si−1t,sit,sit−1,si+1t,si+2t,…,si+rt.All the cells of a two-dimensional cellular automaton are distributed in a plane grid composed of regular cells, and its cell state at the next moment can be expressed as(17)si,jt+1=fsi−1,jt,si+1,jt,si,j−1t,si,jt,si,j+1t.


## 2.1. Big Data

As an important factor in production, data has penetrated into every industry today, and the efficiency of data mining and implementation will directly affect the development of the new productivity cycle. Big data is a huge, diverse, and rapidly changing information asset. It needs to adopt new processing methods to improve people’s ability in vision expansion, process optimization, and decision formation [3, 4]. The volume of big data greatly exceeds the capabilities of commonly used software tools, and it is difficult to obtain, manage, grasp, and process within a tolerable time. There are many specific processing methods for data, but the current general process of big data processing can be summarized into four steps: big data collection, big data input and preprocessing, big data analysis and statistics, and big data mining [5]. Its specific processing flow is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Big data processing flow.Big data analysis process is collected and introduced into the first structured, semistructured, and unstructured data and then converts the data quality and loading operation by the data integration. If the data needs to be processed in real time, data will then flow into the computing module; if the data does not need to be processed in real time, the data can first enter the data integration module data quality screening; filtration pretreatment may not be direct via the data integration module and offline processing incoming data analysis module. It is necessary to conduct modeling and predictive analysis by mining data analysis tools. Finally, when data reaches the presentation layer, management can make decisions, discovery, modeling and forecasting analysis, reporting, planning prophecy, and content analysis applications show. The operation of large data sharing and data sharing module refers to a repeating operation in different applications or data information may be precipitated into the module, the data for later analysis of other common applications. The analysis and processing process of big data can be represented by a big data analysis architecture diagram, which is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Big data analysis architecture diagram.Large and complex data only exist as data material before being identified and discovered. When people have discovered its value but have not yet begun to classify its value they can only be regarded as a data resource [6]. Only after collection and merging, valuable information can be extracted from data analysis tools to form data assets and utilize resources [7]. Although the data materials, data resources, and data assets in big data have the same material connotation, they belong to different management categories and have significant differences. The relationship between the three is shown in Figure 3.Figure 3
Relationship diagram of data materials, data resources, and data assets.The characteristics of big data can be summarized as four V : volume, velocity, variety, and value. The amount of data aggregated by big data is very huge, and the unit of measurement has usually reached PB (1 million G), EB (1 billion G), and ZB (1 billion G). The speed of big data is reflected in two aspects: first, the speed of data generation is fast. The other is the need for very fast data processing speed. Being fast is the biggest difference between big data technology and traditional data technology. In the era of big data, not only the amount of data has surged, but also the sources and types of data have become more and more complex. The huge amount of traditional data is usually predefined structured data. With the emergence and development of detection technology and the Internet, semistructured and unstructured data have emerged in large numbers, enriching data. Diversity also increases the difficulty of processing and storing data. However, current data usually has the problem of low value density. As the data grows, the amount of useful information that can be extracted from the massive data may be very small and cannot increase according to the amount of data. It is more obvious in unstructured and semistructured data. Therefore, how to use powerful data calculation methods to quickly obtain data value and improve the quality of data information is one of the urgent problems to be solved in the context of the current rapid development of big data.


## 2.2. Sensor Technology

A sensor is a device that can sense the measured object and convert it into a signal that can be used to transmit a signal according to a specific rule. It is also an energy conversion device that can convert one energy into another energy [8, 9]. The sensor is mainly composed of two parts: the sensitive element and the conversion element. Some sensors also include signal amplification circuits, mainly because the electrical signal output from the sensor is relatively weak and difficult to measure [10]. The block diagram of the sensor is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4
Sensor composition block diagram.The relationship between the sensor and the detection technology is very close. The detection technology is the window through which the sensor obtains the measurement. The sensor is at the interface of the object to be measured and the detection system. You need to understand the detection technology before you can better use the sensor [11]. The most important thing in detection technology is the measurement of the detected object. The measurement can be expressed by the following formula:(1)x=nu,where x is the measured value, u is the standard quantity, the unit of measurement, and n is the multiple of the measurement object. The direct detection method of detection technology can be expressed by the first following formula and the indirect detection method can be expressed by the second following formula:(2)y=x,(3)y=fx.In the detection system, the sensor is connected to the measured object and the signal conditioning circuit. The signal conditioning circuit acquires the measured object through the sensor and then processes the signal. The basic framework of the detection system is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
The basic framework of the detection system.In the open-loop measurement of the detection system, the direction of information transition is in one direction. There are two channels for the information direction in the closed-loop measurement, one is the positive channel, and the other is the feedback channel. Their input and output relationship formulas are shown in the following formulas respectively:(4)y=k1k2k3x,(5)y=kk11+kβx≈k1βx,where k1,k2,k3 is the transfer coefficient between each link, β is the feedback coefficient of closed-loop measurement, and k=k2k3. In the actual measurement process, due to the influence of environmental factors and human factors, it is difficult to achieve accurate measurement, which will cause measurement errors. The expression methods of measurement error mainly include absolute error, actual relative error, quoted error, basic error, and additional error. The formula for absolute error is as follows:(6)Δ=x−L.The actual relative error formula is as follows:(7)δ=ΔL×100%.The formula for citation error is as follows:(8)γ=Δmax−min×100%,where Δ represents absolute error, x is the measured value, L is the true value, and max,min are the true value.The relationship between sensor input and output is a key feature of the sensor. Different sensors produce different forms of electrical energy, which mainly depends on the basic characteristics of the sensor. The sensor has static characteristics and dynamic characteristics. If the input signal is static, then the relationship between the outputy of the sensor and the input x does not change with time; that is, the output can be expressed by an equation without time:(9)y=a0+a1x,+a2x2+⋯+anxn,where a0 represents the output when the input is equal to 0 and a1,a2,…,an is the nonlinear coefficient. The indicators of the static characteristics of the sensor include the sensitivity, linearity, repeat-ability, hysteresis, and drift of the sensor. Their formula expression is as follows:(10)sensitivity:S=ΔyΔx,linearity:γL=±ΔLmaxYFS×100%,hysteresis:γH=ΔHmaxYFS×100%,temperature drift:W=yt−y20YFS∗Δt×100%.S in the formula represents the sensitivity of the sensor, ΔLmax is the absolute error of the maximum nonlinearity, YFS is the output value of the full scale of the sensor, ΔHmax is the hysteresis difference of the output, yt is the output output temperature, and y20 is the output at temperature 20 degrees Celsius when the output, and Δt is the difference between the temperature t and 20 degrees Celsius.The dynamic characteristics of the sensor mean that the output of the sensor changes with time; that is, the output of the sensor is a time function of the input. For ideal dynamic characteristics, the output time function and the input time function are not the same, and the difference between them lies in the dynamic error. The dynamic equation of the sensor is as follows:(11)andnydtn+an−1dn−1ydtn−1+⋯+a1dydt+a0y=bmdmydtm+bm−1dm−1ydtm−1+⋯+b1dydt+b0x.


## 2.3. Action Recognition

The process by which the computer can analyze and judge various behaviors and movements through automatic detection is called action recognition [12]. The main task is to analyze the motion recognition image or video collection to determine the sequential images or motion video, using a video editing operation of the computer image, using a computer to locate the last track, the video image to identify a target. The traditional action recognition method is to manually extract the graphic features from the video or image, then reduce the dimensionality of the generated feature vector, and finally use different classifiers for classification and recognition [13]. According to the description method used in the video recognition process, action recognition technology can be roughly divided into the following four categories: Patios-temporal feature recognition method, probability recognition and reasoning method, action rule recognition method, and action pattern recognition method. According to the number of levels of action features, action recognition technology can be divided into single-level recognition methods and multilevel recognition methods. It is widely used in video surveillance, human-computer intelligent interaction, medical care, virtual reality, sports, and other fields. It is an interesting and challenging problem. The application areas of action recognition in young and old people are shown in Figure 6.Figure 6
Action recognition application area diagram.Action recognition can obtain raw data by using video equipment and wearable equipment according to the difference of sensor electronic equipment [14]. The motion recognition method using video equipment is a computer vision-based system method, and the motion recognition method using a wearable device is a sensor-based system method. With the increasing maturity of the manufacturing process of microelectronic mechanical systems, various electronic components and products, especially sensors, have been greatly improved and developed rapidly in terms of volume, accuracy, power consumption, and performance. Sensors play an increasingly important role in action recognition [15, 16]. There are many ways to recognize actions; the basic idea is to match the template to be classified with the template of the known category. By measuring the similarity between the patterns, the unknown category can be classified. The second is a generative model-based method that uses a common probability function to determine the relationship between the observed attribute value and the action category information. Another method is based on the recognition model, which can directly model the conditional probability of a given category of operators. The classification model of this method is relatively simple and the calculation efficiency is high.


## 2.4. Complex System

Complex systems are the main research objects of complexity science and can be found in every corner of daily life. Life system and social system are complex systems [17]. Complex systems are usually composed of multiple interactive units, which have characteristics or features that not every component unit has. For a complex system, its total performance is not a simple superposition of partial performance, and the relationship between total performance and partial performance is a complex nonlinear relationship [18]. The complex system emphasizes the hierarchical relationship and appearance characteristics between the individual and the whole and pays attention to dynamic issues in the overall evolution of the system. The interaction of various factors in the system, various subsystems, and the environment in which the system is located makes the system continuously upgrade and develop. It does not depend on one or a specific pair of influencing factors, and the system is very sensitive to this interaction. Small changes between projects can lead to completely different results [19, 20]. Complex systems have the characteristics of openness, hierarchical structure, complexity, dynamics, and nonlinearity.The complex system is still in its infancy and may include a new system or even a revolution in traditional scientific methods. The complex system is constantly developing and evolving under the action of force. The dynamic process of the entire complex system can be described by the dynamic behavior of the individual. The complexity and interdisciplinary nature of the complex system field determines that there is no proprietary model in the complex system field [21, 22]. The basic model of a complex system is a cellular automaton, which is a dynamic system. Research on the complex evolution of cellular automation system behavior and its occurrence mechanism is helpful to explore the complexity of complex systems and the study of their internal laws [23, 24]. Cellular automata have different times, different states, different spaces, homogeneity, normal positions, and parallelism.Cellular automate can be represented by a four-tuple,S is the state of the cell, Ld is the discrete cell space, N is the cell neighborhood of finite radius, and f is the local rule:(12)A=S,Ld,N,f.The expression of elementary cellular automata: assuming that the number of cell states isk, its state set is s1,s2,…,sk, the neighbor radius is r, and the cell state at time t is sit; the neighbor cell of this cell and itself is called neighborhood cells, and its state is(13)s=si−rt,…si−2t,si−1t,sit,si+1t,si+2t,…,si+rt.An arrangement of state values of neighboring cells will correspond to a regular functionf. Suppose that the state of the cell at the next moment is sit+1 and f is defined as follows:(14)sit+1=fs.The state set of elementary cellular automata is usually defined as0,1, and its state transition function can be expressed as(15)sjt+1=fsj−1t,sjt,sj+1t.The cell state at timet is sjt. D, sj−1t,sj+1t, are the states of the left neighbor and right neighbor of the cell, respectively.Reversible cellular automata can be used in information security fields such as information encoding, image encryption, and decryption, and its formula is described as(16)sit+1=fsi−rt,…,si−2t,si−1t,sit,sit−1,si+1t,si+2t,…,si+rt.All the cells of a two-dimensional cellular automaton are distributed in a plane grid composed of regular cells, and its cell state at the next moment can be expressed as(17)si,jt+1=fsi−1,jt,si+1,jt,si,j−1t,si,jt,si,j+1t.


## 3. Vertical Baduanjin Lifting Motion Sensor Recognition Experiment Design

### 3.1. Data Collection

The recognition of lifting motion is divided into two parts: data collection end and data processing end. Sensor-based action recognition is a process of data collection and feature extraction and classification. The data collection terminal can be regarded as a whole, which includes the main control module, sensor module, and communication module. The block diagram of the data acquisition terminal is shown in Figure7.Figure 7
Block diagram of the data acquisition terminal.The data collection of actions can be divided into three types according to the data transmission method: the use of wired connection, the wireless transmission, and the direct reading of the data through the local data storage method. The wireless transmission of data collected can only increase the comfort performance data collection system that is worn and can observe real-time data acquisition storage; thus, it is superior choice. This experiment uses sensors as the transmission channel for wireless data transmission, uses sensor technology to identify motion data, and transmits the motion data to the receiving end. The processing flow of data collection is shown in Figure8.Figure 8
Data acquisition processing flowchart.


### 3.2. Action Data Preprocessing

In the process of collecting experimental data, even the best data acquisition equipment will inevitably introduce noise into the experimental data stream. The appearance of noise will affect the follow-up research work and interfere with the judgment of the final experimental results. This experiment uses smoothing denoising and normalized data preprocessing methods to denoise the acquisition process of the acceleration signal and angular velocity signal of the upper limb lifting motion of the measured object. Many studies of denoising embodiment implemented using wavelet denoising noisy signals to the original signal select a wavelet basis function and decomposition leveln (generally n takes 3–5) for wavelet decomposition, select a threshold to quantize the high-frequency coefficients of each level wavelet decomposition, and then reconstruct the low-frequency coefficients and high-frequency coefficients after threshold quantization. The flowchart of wavelet threshold denoising is shown in Figure 9.Figure 9
Wavelet threshold denoising flowchart.There are mainly two commonly used threshold functions: hard threshold function and soft threshold function. Suppose thatω is the original wavelet coefficient and T is the set threshold; then, their expressions are(18)ηω=ω,ω≥T,0,ω<T,ηω=sgnωω−T,ω≥T,0,ω<T.Due to the differences between individuals, different people perform the same upper limb movement; their acceleration performance, including movement amplitude and execution speed, is always different. Through the normalization technology, the user’s action acceleration data of different intensities (the amplitude of the acceleration signal) can be adjusted. This experiment uses normalization to standardize the amplitude range of the original acceleration data to the same amplitude range of [−1, 1]. Assuming that the original data isP=p1,p2,…,pn, normalize it to m,n above the interval, and the normalized data is represented by T=t1,t2,…,tn; then, the normalized formula is as follows:(19)ti=m+n−m∗pi−minpmaxp−minp.


### 3.3. Feature Parameter Extraction

The time-frequency analysis method is used to extract the characteristic parameters of the action, which is based on the wavelet theory. Denote the wavelet scaling functionΦt and the wavelet function Ψt by Φt=u0t and Ψt=u1t, respectively, and use unt to satisfy the following two-scale equation:(20)u2nt=2∑k∈Zhkun2t−k,u2n+1t=2∑k∈Zgkun2t−k.The conjugate filter coefficientgk=−1kh1−k in the formula has an orthogonal relationship. The untn∈Z+ constructed by formula (20) is called the wavelet packet determined by the basis function Φt=u0t. The wavelet packet of the signal is expressed as(21)gjnt=∑k∈Zdlj,nun2jt−k.The collected three-dimensional acceleration information of the upper limbs of the human body has signals inX, Y, and Z directions that are mutually perpendicular. For each dimensional acceleration signal, the same wavelet packet decomposition is performed to obtain the energy of each frequency band in three directions.


## 3.1. Data Collection

The recognition of lifting motion is divided into two parts: data collection end and data processing end. Sensor-based action recognition is a process of data collection and feature extraction and classification. The data collection terminal can be regarded as a whole, which includes the main control module, sensor module, and communication module. The block diagram of the data acquisition terminal is shown in Figure7.Figure 7
Block diagram of the data acquisition terminal.The data collection of actions can be divided into three types according to the data transmission method: the use of wired connection, the wireless transmission, and the direct reading of the data through the local data storage method. The wireless transmission of data collected can only increase the comfort performance data collection system that is worn and can observe real-time data acquisition storage; thus, it is superior choice. This experiment uses sensors as the transmission channel for wireless data transmission, uses sensor technology to identify motion data, and transmits the motion data to the receiving end. The processing flow of data collection is shown in Figure8.Figure 8
Data acquisition processing flowchart.


## 3.2. Action Data Preprocessing

In the process of collecting experimental data, even the best data acquisition equipment will inevitably introduce noise into the experimental data stream. The appearance of noise will affect the follow-up research work and interfere with the judgment of the final experimental results. This experiment uses smoothing denoising and normalized data preprocessing methods to denoise the acquisition process of the acceleration signal and angular velocity signal of the upper limb lifting motion of the measured object. Many studies of denoising embodiment implemented using wavelet denoising noisy signals to the original signal select a wavelet basis function and decomposition leveln (generally n takes 3–5) for wavelet decomposition, select a threshold to quantize the high-frequency coefficients of each level wavelet decomposition, and then reconstruct the low-frequency coefficients and high-frequency coefficients after threshold quantization. The flowchart of wavelet threshold denoising is shown in Figure 9.Figure 9
Wavelet threshold denoising flowchart.There are mainly two commonly used threshold functions: hard threshold function and soft threshold function. Suppose thatω is the original wavelet coefficient and T is the set threshold; then, their expressions are(18)ηω=ω,ω≥T,0,ω<T,ηω=sgnωω−T,ω≥T,0,ω<T.Due to the differences between individuals, different people perform the same upper limb movement; their acceleration performance, including movement amplitude and execution speed, is always different. Through the normalization technology, the user’s action acceleration data of different intensities (the amplitude of the acceleration signal) can be adjusted. This experiment uses normalization to standardize the amplitude range of the original acceleration data to the same amplitude range of [−1, 1]. Assuming that the original data isP=p1,p2,…,pn, normalize it to m,n above the interval, and the normalized data is represented by T=t1,t2,…,tn; then, the normalized formula is as follows:(19)ti=m+n−m∗pi−minpmaxp−minp.


## 3.3. Feature Parameter Extraction

The time-frequency analysis method is used to extract the characteristic parameters of the action, which is based on the wavelet theory. Denote the wavelet scaling functionΦt and the wavelet function Ψt by Φt=u0t and Ψt=u1t, respectively, and use unt to satisfy the following two-scale equation:(20)u2nt=2∑k∈Zhkun2t−k,u2n+1t=2∑k∈Zgkun2t−k.The conjugate filter coefficientgk=−1kh1−k in the formula has an orthogonal relationship. The untn∈Z+ constructed by formula (20) is called the wavelet packet determined by the basis function Φt=u0t. The wavelet packet of the signal is expressed as(21)gjnt=∑k∈Zdlj,nun2jt−k.The collected three-dimensional acceleration information of the upper limbs of the human body has signals inX, Y, and Z directions that are mutually perpendicular. For each dimensional acceleration signal, the same wavelet packet decomposition is performed to obtain the energy of each frequency band in three directions.


## 4. Data Analysis of Motion Sensing Recognition of Vertical Baduanjin Lifting

### 4.1. Acceleration Signal Comparison before and after Motion Data Preprocessing

The normalized motion acceleration signals have the same maximum value, so the motion acceleration signals of different test objects are integrated according to the same standard, thereby creating conditions for feature parameter extraction and motion classification and recognition. In this experiment, after preprocessing the relevant data of the vertical Baduanjin lifting movement, the acceleration signal changes of this movement are shown in Table1.Table 1
Action acceleration signal change table.
Sampling timesX beforeY beforeZ beforeX afterY afterZ after0−10090000.950.92130−1209502011160−12000−400−1−0.6−0.890−600−400−625−0.6−0.9−1120−800−450−500−0.45−1−0.7150−850−455−520−0.55−0.95−0.85According to the data in Table1, we can see the change of acceleration signal before and after the data preprocessing of the action. In order to observe the change trend of the acceleration signal more intuitively, we compare the change of the acceleration signal of the action. We convert the data in Table 1 into a graphic way, and the final conversion result is shown in Figure 10.Figure 10
Comparison of acceleration signal before and after data preprocessing.According to the graph change in Figure10, we can see that the acceleration variation range without pretreatment is between [−15001000] and the data change span is large. After preprocessing, the amplitude of acceleration signal change is limited between [−1,1], and the change of acceleration has clear direction.


### 4.2. Angular Velocity Change of Lift

After the feature extraction of the detected object, the angular velocity signal changes of the object in 15 lifts are counted, and the angular velocity changes inX, Y, and Z directions are analyzed. According to the data acquisition terminal, the angular velocity data of 15 times of lifting actions are shown in Table 2.Table 2
Action angular velocity change table.
Sampling pointXYZ1−7.53−25.6225.282−20.31−7.9813.773−17.7916.1510.124−8.66−30.455.165−25.632.17−2.1964.32−12.53−8.677−3.25−4.33−13.778−0.94−10.04−15.92936.09−12.35−4.2410−14.5117.988.5711−25.461.8212.7112−15.482.393.2213−1.12−23.74−11.081411.192.67−26.05154.31−3.96−13.24According to the data in Table2, we can understand the angular velocity change of the action after 15 lifts. In order to change the angular velocity of the operation for visual analysis, we converted the data in Table 2 and the final result is shown in Figure 11.Figure 11
Action angular velocity change graph.According to the data in Figure11, we can see that, after 15 lifts, the angular velocity of the action is basically negative in x-axis direction; however, in the ninth lift, the angular velocity of the action in x-axis direction is 36.09, which is the largest among all the angular velocities; in the 15th lifting action, the angular velocity of the action in z-axis direction is −26.05, which is the smallest among all the angular velocities.


### 4.3. Muscle EMG Test Results of Lifting Motion

The electrocardiography signals of tibial anterior muscles (TAM), erector spinae (ES), rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique muscles (EOM), and gluteus maximus (GM) were collected, and the trigger time, end time, and duration were analyzed. The statistical data of muscle electricity are shown in Table3.Table 3
Timetable of changes in muscle power.
MuscleLeftRightTrigger timeEnd timeDurationTrigger timeEnd timeDurationTAM−0.4813.9815.242.1412.6912.15ES−1.0614.3315.142.9110.118.79RA013.1413.141.0811.1110.25EOM1.2311.048.910.512.1410.81GM1.0414.3213.011.179.959.53According to the data in Table3, we can know the trigger time, end time, and duration of the EMG signal of some muscles when the body is performing the vertical Baduanjin lifting action. Convert the data in Table 3 to the left side of the body. The EMG signal time data graph of the side muscles and the EMG signal time data graph of the right muscles of the body: the converted results are shown in Figures 12 and 13.Figure 12
Time data graph of left muscle EMG signal.Figure 13
Time data graph of EMG signal of right muscle.According to the data in Figures12 and 13, we can see the discharge sequence and sustained discharge time of part of the muscles of the test object during the lifting action. From Figure 12, we can see that the longest duration of the left muscle discharge is the tibial anterior muscle at 15.24 and the shortest duration is the external oblique muscle at 8.91. From Figure 13, we can see that the longest duration of the right muscle discharge is also the tibial anterior muscle with 12.15 and the shortest duration is the erector spinae with 8.79.


## 4.1. Acceleration Signal Comparison before and after Motion Data Preprocessing

The normalized motion acceleration signals have the same maximum value, so the motion acceleration signals of different test objects are integrated according to the same standard, thereby creating conditions for feature parameter extraction and motion classification and recognition. In this experiment, after preprocessing the relevant data of the vertical Baduanjin lifting movement, the acceleration signal changes of this movement are shown in Table1.Table 1
Action acceleration signal change table.
Sampling timesX beforeY beforeZ beforeX afterY afterZ after0−10090000.950.92130−1209502011160−12000−400−1−0.6−0.890−600−400−625−0.6−0.9−1120−800−450−500−0.45−1−0.7150−850−455−520−0.55−0.95−0.85According to the data in Table1, we can see the change of acceleration signal before and after the data preprocessing of the action. In order to observe the change trend of the acceleration signal more intuitively, we compare the change of the acceleration signal of the action. We convert the data in Table 1 into a graphic way, and the final conversion result is shown in Figure 10.Figure 10
Comparison of acceleration signal before and after data preprocessing.According to the graph change in Figure10, we can see that the acceleration variation range without pretreatment is between [−15001000] and the data change span is large. After preprocessing, the amplitude of acceleration signal change is limited between [−1,1], and the change of acceleration has clear direction.


## 4.2. Angular Velocity Change of Lift

After the feature extraction of the detected object, the angular velocity signal changes of the object in 15 lifts are counted, and the angular velocity changes inX, Y, and Z directions are analyzed. According to the data acquisition terminal, the angular velocity data of 15 times of lifting actions are shown in Table 2.Table 2
Action angular velocity change table.
Sampling pointXYZ1−7.53−25.6225.282−20.31−7.9813.773−17.7916.1510.124−8.66−30.455.165−25.632.17−2.1964.32−12.53−8.677−3.25−4.33−13.778−0.94−10.04−15.92936.09−12.35−4.2410−14.5117.988.5711−25.461.8212.7112−15.482.393.2213−1.12−23.74−11.081411.192.67−26.05154.31−3.96−13.24According to the data in Table2, we can understand the angular velocity change of the action after 15 lifts. In order to change the angular velocity of the operation for visual analysis, we converted the data in Table 2 and the final result is shown in Figure 11.Figure 11
Action angular velocity change graph.According to the data in Figure11, we can see that, after 15 lifts, the angular velocity of the action is basically negative in x-axis direction; however, in the ninth lift, the angular velocity of the action in x-axis direction is 36.09, which is the largest among all the angular velocities; in the 15th lifting action, the angular velocity of the action in z-axis direction is −26.05, which is the smallest among all the angular velocities.


## 4.3. Muscle EMG Test Results of Lifting Motion

The electrocardiography signals of tibial anterior muscles (TAM), erector spinae (ES), rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique muscles (EOM), and gluteus maximus (GM) were collected, and the trigger time, end time, and duration were analyzed. The statistical data of muscle electricity are shown in Table3.Table 3
Timetable of changes in muscle power.
MuscleLeftRightTrigger timeEnd timeDurationTrigger timeEnd timeDurationTAM−0.4813.9815.242.1412.6912.15ES−1.0614.3315.142.9110.118.79RA013.1413.141.0811.1110.25EOM1.2311.048.910.512.1410.81GM1.0414.3213.011.179.959.53According to the data in Table3, we can know the trigger time, end time, and duration of the EMG signal of some muscles when the body is performing the vertical Baduanjin lifting action. Convert the data in Table 3 to the left side of the body. The EMG signal time data graph of the side muscles and the EMG signal time data graph of the right muscles of the body: the converted results are shown in Figures 12 and 13.Figure 12
Time data graph of left muscle EMG signal.Figure 13
Time data graph of EMG signal of right muscle.According to the data in Figures12 and 13, we can see the discharge sequence and sustained discharge time of part of the muscles of the test object during the lifting action. From Figure 12, we can see that the longest duration of the left muscle discharge is the tibial anterior muscle at 15.24 and the shortest duration is the external oblique muscle at 8.91. From Figure 13, we can see that the longest duration of the right muscle discharge is also the tibial anterior muscle with 12.15 and the shortest duration is the erector spinae with 8.79.


## 5. Conclusions

Big data is an emerging technology closely related to data collection, data transmission, and data analysis in recent years. It can also be the sum of a type of complex and huge data. Experimental research in the context of big data can solve the problem of experimental data collection. Combining big data, sensor technology, and complex system theory effectively and conducting related research in the direction of motion recognition will help scholars find technological breakthroughs and innovations in the field of motion recognition.This research uses big data as the background to design experiments for the motion recognition of the vertical Baduanjin lifting motion, using sensor technology to collect the video image of the vertical Baduanjin lifting motion of the detected object, and use motion recognition related methods and formulas to compare motion video data for calculation and finishing; the final tally triggers time action acceleration, angular velocity, and part of the muscle EMG signal detection object, end time, and duration of the use of complex systems theory to experimental data analysis.Although this experiment was performed well, there are still some shortcomings: first, although big data solves the problem of data collection well, the data in it is too large and difficult to store. Secondly, after the action video image was collected, the video image was not optimized, which caused some errors in the experimental data. Finally, the complex system theory is not very suitable for the research of vertical Baduanjin lifting motion sensing recognition, and it should be improved.



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*Source: 6690606-2021-02-09.xml*