# Study on Force Schemes in Pseudopotential Lattice Boltzmann Model for Two-Phase Flows

Authors: Yong Peng; Bo Wang; Yunfei Mao
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2018)

---

## Abstract

Multiphase flows are very important in industrial application. In present study, the force schemes in the pseudopotential LBM for two-phase flows have been compared in detail and the force schemes include Shan-Chen, EDM, MED, and Guo’s schemes. Numerical simulations confirm that all four schemes are consistent with the Laplace law. For Shan-Chen scheme, the smallerτ is, the smaller the surface tension is. However, for other schemes, τ has no effect on surface tension. When 0.6<τ≤1, the achieved density ratio will reduce as τ reduces. During this range of τ, the maximum density ratio of EDM scheme will be greater than that of other schemes. For a constant T, the curves of the maximum spurious currents (u′) has a minimum value which is corresponding to τ′ except for EDM schemes. In the region of τ′<τ≤1, u′ will reduce as τ decreases. On the other hand, in the area of τ≤τ′, u′ will increase as τ decreases. However, for EDM scheme, u′ will increase as τ increases.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Multiphase flows are very important in industrial application [1]. Recently, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has been applied widely for studying the two-phase flows and demonstrated its advantages [2–4]. The LBM for two-phase flows can be divided into the following four kinds: pseudopotential model [5, 6], free energy model [7], kinetic theory based model [8], and color model [9, 10], in which the pseudopotential LBM is very popular because of its simplicity.In pseudopotential LBM, the interactions between fluids are simulated by an artificial interparticle potential. So, the force scheme is very important to simulate two-phase flows accurately. There are four main kinds of force schemes in the pseudopotential LBM: the first is Shan and Chen’s force scheme [5, 6], the second is the Exact Difference Method (EDM) scheme [11–13], the third is Method of Explicit Derivative (MED) scheme [8], and the last is Guo’s scheme which considered the discrete lattice effects [14]. Shan [15] showed that the spurious current present in LBM is due to the insufficient isotropy of operator and proposed a method to improve it. Shan [16] proposed a general approach of calculating the pressure tensor for nonideal gas LBM. Yu and Fan [17] combined adaptive mesh refinement method and lattice Boltzmann method to improve the two-phase flow simulation. It should be noted that the EDM scheme is Galilean invariant and the results obtained by EDM scheme do not depend on relaxation time [11, 18]. Kupershtokh et al. [13] compared three kinds of approximation of the gradient of special potential (“local,” “mean-value,” and “general”) and showed that the “general” approximation was most precise and stable. Moreover, the maximal density ratio was larger than 107 for the van der Waals Equation of State and up to 109 for the Carnahan-Starling Equation of State. Recently, Huang et al. [19] and Sun et al. [20] investigated the performance of different forcing schemes in the pseudopotential LBM. Li et al. [21] carried out a theoretical analysis of the Shan-Chen and EDM schemes in the pseudopotential LBM. Hu et al. [22] carried out the comparative analysis of different force schemes in pseudopotential LBM. Zheng et al. [23] studied the different force treatments in detail in Shan-Chen two-phase LBM by theoretical analysis.Based on above analysis, although some studies have been carried out on the force schemes in pseudopotential LBM, but the detailed comparison of different force schemes is scarce in available literature. In present study, a detailed comparison of force schemes including Shan-Chen, EDM, MED, and Guo’s schemes will be carried out.


## 2. Pseudopotential Lattice Boltzmann Model for Two-Phase Flows

### 2.1. Shan-Chen Scheme

The first pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann model for two-phase flows is proposed by Shan and Chen [5, 6] and is expressed as follows:(1)fαx+eαΔt,t+Δt=fαx,t-1τfαx,t-fαeqρ,u,ueq=ux,t+τΔu,Δux,t=Fx,tΔtρx,t.The equilibrium distribution functions can be calculated by(2)fαeqρ,u=ρwα1+eαuθ+eαu22θ2-u22θ.The density and flow velocity can be obtained by the following:(3)ρ=∑αfα,u=1ρ∑αeαfα.The actual fluid velocity can be defined according to Ginzburg and Adler [24] as(4)u~=u+FΔt2ρ.


### 2.2. EDM Scheme

The pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann model with EDM [11, 12] can read(5)fαx+eαΔt,t+Δt=fαx,t-1τfαx,t-fαeqρ,u+fαeqρ,u+Δu-fαeqρ,u,where ρu=∑αeαfα, Δu=FΔt/ρ and the equilibrium distribution function is shown as follows:(6)fαeqρ,u=ρwα1+eαuθ+eαu22θ2-u22θ.The real fluid velocity can be obtained from Ginzburg and Adler [24] as follows:(7)u~=u+FΔt2ρ.


### 2.3. Guo’s Scheme

The pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann model with Guo’s force scheme [14] can be shown as follows:(8)fαx+eαΔt,t+Δt=fαx,t-1τfαx,t-fαeqρ,u+1-12τFαtΔt,with Fα=wαeα-u~/Cs2+eαu~/Cs4eαF.The density and flow velocity can be obtained by the following [24]:(9)ρ=∑αfα,u~=1ρ∑αeαfα+Δt2Fα.


### 2.4. MED Scheme

The pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann model with MED force scheme [8] can be shown as follows:(10)f-αx+eαΔt,t+Δt-f-αx,t=-1τf-αx,t-f-αeqρ,u+Δt1-12τeα-u·Fρcs2fαeqρ,u,with f-α=fα-Δt/2eα-u·F/ρcs2fαeq.The density and flow velocity can be obtained by(11)ρ=∑αf-α,ρu=∑αf-αeα+Δt2F.


## 2.1. Shan-Chen Scheme

The first pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann model for two-phase flows is proposed by Shan and Chen [5, 6] and is expressed as follows:(1)fαx+eαΔt,t+Δt=fαx,t-1τfαx,t-fαeqρ,u,ueq=ux,t+τΔu,Δux,t=Fx,tΔtρx,t.The equilibrium distribution functions can be calculated by(2)fαeqρ,u=ρwα1+eαuθ+eαu22θ2-u22θ.The density and flow velocity can be obtained by the following:(3)ρ=∑αfα,u=1ρ∑αeαfα.The actual fluid velocity can be defined according to Ginzburg and Adler [24] as(4)u~=u+FΔt2ρ.


## 2.2. EDM Scheme

The pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann model with EDM [11, 12] can read(5)fαx+eαΔt,t+Δt=fαx,t-1τfαx,t-fαeqρ,u+fαeqρ,u+Δu-fαeqρ,u,where ρu=∑αeαfα, Δu=FΔt/ρ and the equilibrium distribution function is shown as follows:(6)fαeqρ,u=ρwα1+eαuθ+eαu22θ2-u22θ.The real fluid velocity can be obtained from Ginzburg and Adler [24] as follows:(7)u~=u+FΔt2ρ.


## 2.3. Guo’s Scheme

The pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann model with Guo’s force scheme [14] can be shown as follows:(8)fαx+eαΔt,t+Δt=fαx,t-1τfαx,t-fαeqρ,u+1-12τFαtΔt,with Fα=wαeα-u~/Cs2+eαu~/Cs4eαF.The density and flow velocity can be obtained by the following [24]:(9)ρ=∑αfα,u~=1ρ∑αeαfα+Δt2Fα.


## 2.4. MED Scheme

The pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann model with MED force scheme [8] can be shown as follows:(10)f-αx+eαΔt,t+Δt-f-αx,t=-1τf-αx,t-f-αeqρ,u+Δt1-12τeα-u·Fρcs2fαeqρ,u,with f-α=fα-Δt/2eα-u·F/ρcs2fαeq.The density and flow velocity can be obtained by(11)ρ=∑αf-α,ρu=∑αf-αeα+Δt2F.


## 3. Carnahan-Starling Equation of State (C-S EOS)

In order to get relatively large density ratio, the Carnahan-Starling Equation of State (C-S EOS) is used in the present study [25]:(12)p=ρRT1+bρ/4+bρ/42-bρ/431-bρ/43-aρ2,in which a=0.4963R2Tc2/pc, b=0.18727RTc/pc, and Tc and Pc can be obtained by(13)Tc=0.3773abR,pc=0.0706b2,where a=1, b=4, R=1 are used in the present study.


## 4. Application Cases

### 4.1. Two-Phase Separation

In this section, two-phase separation will be used to test four schemes of Shan-Chen, EDM, MED, and Guo. The force term can be calculated by the following:(14)Fx,t=-Gψ∑αwαψx+eαΔteα,where wα is weights and, for D2Q9 model, wα=4/9(α=1), wα=1/9(α=2,3,4,5), wα=1/36(α=6,7,8,9).In the present work, the interaction potential is defined according to the method by Chen et al. [26] as follows:(15)ψρ=2p-ρcs2Gcs2.In computation,ρ0=1, 101 × 101 grids have been used; the periodic boundary conditions are used for all boundaries. The initial density for whole area is critical density, and a random density fluctuation of plus or minus 1% is added at the beginning for whole area. When the computation gets to equilibrium, gas and liquid phases will separate clearly. The simulated results are shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Predicted coexistence densities of two-phase separation by of Shan-Chen, EDM, MED, and Guo’s schemes(τ=1).It can be known from Figure1 that all of four schemes perform almost the same and agree well with the analytical solution. Besides, it is clear that the present study agrees with that by Kupershtokh et al. [13].


### 4.2. Surface Tension

Surface tension is of great importance in the two-phase flows and its relationship with bubble radius is consistent with the Laplace law. In this section, Laplace’s law will be used to verify four schemes and the effect ofτ and T on the surface tension will be discussed. The simulated results are shown in Table 1 and Figures 2–4.Table 1
The effect ofτ and T on the surface tension for T=0.8Tc.
τ
1
/
r
d
p
EDM scheme
0.75
4.14
E
-
02
3.13
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
3.42
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
3.77
E
-
04
5.49
E
-
02
4.19
E
-
04
6.16
E
-
02
4.71
E
-
04
7.28
E
-
02
5.61
E
-
04
0.8
4.14
E
-
02
3.14
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
3.42
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
3.77
E
-
04
5.49
E
-
02
4.20
E
-
04
6.16
E
-
02
4.72
E
-
04
7.28
E
-
02
5.62
E
-
04
0.85
4.14
E
-
02
3.14
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
3.43
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
3.77
E
-
04
5.49
E
-
02
4.20
E
-
04
6.16
E
-
02
4.72
E
-
04
7.28
E
-
02
5.62
E
-
04
0.9
4.14
E
-
02
3.14
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
3.43
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
3.78
E
-
04
5.49
E
-
02
4.20
E
-
04
6.16
E
-
02
4.72
E
-
04
7.28
E
-
02
5.62
E
-
04
0.95
4.14
E
-
02
3.14
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
3.43
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
3.78
E
-
04
5.49
E
-
02
4.20
E
-
04
6.16
E
-
02
4.73
E
-
04
7.28
E
-
02
5.63
E
-
04
1
4.14
E
-
02
3.14
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
3.43
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
3.78
E
-
04
5.49
E
-
02
4.21
E
-
04
6.10
E
-
02
4.71
E
-
04
7.95
E
-
02
6.15
E
-
04
MED scheme
0.8
4.19
E
-
02
1.83
E
-
04
4.58
E
-
02
1.99
E
-
04
5.05
E
-
02
2.19
E
-
04
5.64
E
-
02
2.43
E
-
04
6.38
E
-
02
2.74
E
-
04
7.38
E
-
02
3.13
E
-
04
0.85
4.19
E
-
02
1.83
E
-
04
4.58
E
-
02
1.99
E
-
04
5.05
E
-
02
2.19
E
-
04
5.63
E
-
02
2.43
E
-
04
6.38
E
-
02
2.73
E
-
04
7.38
E
-
02
3.13
E
-
04
0.9
4.19
E
-
02
1.83
E
-
04
4.58
E
-
02
1.99
E
-
04
5.05
E
-
02
2.19
E
-
04
5.63
E
-
02
2.43
E
-
04
6.38
E
-
02
2.73
E
-
04
7.38
E
-
02
3.13
E
-
04
0.95
4.19
E
-
02
1.83
E
-
04
4.58
E
-
02
1.99
E
-
04
5.05
E
-
02
2.19
E
-
04
5.63
E
-
02
2.43
E
-
04
6.38
E
-
02
2.73
E
-
04
7.39
E
-
02
3.13
E
-
04
1
4.19
E
-
02
1.83
E
-
04
4.58
E
-
02
1.99
E
-
04
5.05
E
-
02
2.19
E
-
04
5.63
E
-
02
2.43
E
-
04
6.38
E
-
02
2.74
E
-
04
7.39
E
-
02
3.14
E
-
04
Guo’s scheme
0.85
4.14
E
-
02
1.97
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
2.16
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
2.38
E
-
04
5.47
E
-
02
2.65
E
-
04
6.48
E
-
02
3.17
E
-
04
0.9
4.14
E
-
02
1.97
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
2.16
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
2.38
E
-
04
5.47
E
-
02
2.65
E
-
04
6.48
E
-
02
3.17
E
-
04
7.54
E
-
02
3.75
E
-
04
0.95
4.14
E
-
02
1.97
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
2.16
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
2.38
E
-
04
5.47
E
-
02
2.65
E
-
04
6.48
E
-
02
3.17
E
-
04
7.54
E
-
02
3.74
E
-
04
1
4.14
E
-
02
1.97
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
2.16
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
2.38
E
-
04
5.47
E
-
02
2.65
E
-
04
6.48
E
-
02
3.16
E
-
04
7.54
E
-
02
3.74
E
-
04Figure 2
Relationship between bubble radius and pressure difference at different temperatures forτ=0.7.
(a)
Shan-Chen scheme
(b)
EDM scheme
(c)
Guo’s scheme
(d)
MED schemeFigure 3
Relationship between bubble radius and pressure difference at differentτ for T=0.8Tc.
(a)
EDM scheme
(b)
Guo’s scheme
(c)
MED schemeFigure 4
The density distribution of stable bubble with EDM force scheme.It can be seen from Figures2 and 3, the pressure difference between the inside and outside the bubble is linearly related to the reciprocal of the radius. This agrees well with the Laplace’s law. Figure 3 shows that τ has no effect on surface tension for the EDM, MED, and Guo’s schemes.


### 4.3. Maximum Two-Phase Density Ratio

The study shows that the simulation will become unstable whenT is low for four schemes, so T has a certain range for stable computation. To demonstrate the numerical stability of four schemes and get the minimum T with stable computation, two-phase separation case is tested by adjusting τ and the results are shown in Figure 5.Figure 5
The minimumT with stable computation at different τ for Shan-Chen, EDM, MED, and Guo’s schemes.It can be seen from Figure5 that the minimum T will become larger as τ reduces when 0.5<τ≤1 and it means that achieved maximum ratio of two-phase densities will become smaller. For the same τ, the maximum density ratio of EDM scheme will be larger than those of other schemes for 0.6<τ≤1.


### 4.4. Spurious Currents

The spurious current is one of the important criteria to evaluate pseudopotential models because it will lead to the computation instability. In order to study the effect of four force schemes on spurious current, a series of tests have been carried out. The maximum spurious currents for differentT and τ have been shown in Table 2 and Figure 6. It shows that the spurious current will increase as T reduces with the same τ for all of four schemes. That is why computation is instable when T is small. The maximum spurious current of MED scheme is slightly larger than that of other schemes.Table 2
Maximum spurious currents for Shan-Chen, EDM, Guo’s, and MED schemes.
T
/
T
c
τ
u
′
Shan-Chen scheme
EDM scheme
Guo’s scheme
MED scheme
0.95
0.90
9.36
E
-
05
9.04
E
-
05
1.02
E
-
04
1.01
E
-
04
0.85
8.14
E
-
05
8.09
E
-
05
8.66
E
-
05
9.18
E
-
05
0.80
7.34
E
-
05
7.07
E
-
05
7.14
E
-
05
8.36
E
-
05
0.75
6.67
E
-
05
5.97
E
-
05
6.69
E
-
05
7.96
E
-
05
0.70
6.47
E
-
05
4.81
E
-
05
6.92
E
-
05
8.21
E
-
05
0.90
0.90
4.71
E
-
04
4.73
E
-
04
4.41
E
-
04
4.96
E
-
04
0.85
4.34
E
-
04
4.30
E
-
04
4.07
E
-
04
4.62
E
-
04
0.80
3.93
E
-
04
3.86
E
-
04
3.84
E
-
04
4.23
E
-
04
0.75
3.49
E
-
04
3.30
E
-
04
3.61
E
-
04
4.11
E
-
04
0.70
3.75
E
-
04
2.71
E
-
04
3.88
E
-
04
4.55
E
-
04
0.85
0.90
1.20
E
-
03
1.20
E
-
03
1.10
E
-
03
1.24
E
-
03
0.85
1.10
E
-
03
1.10
E
-
03
1.10
E
-
03
1.19
E
-
03
0.80
1.00
E
-
03
1.00
E
-
03
1.00
E
-
03
1.13
E
-
03
0.75
9.31
E
-
04
8.94
E
-
04
9.75
E
-
04
1.06
E
-
03
0.70
1.10
E
-
03
7.50
E
-
04
1.30
E
-
03
1.40
E
-
03
0.65
1.90
E
-
03
7.72
E
-
04
—
2.31
E
-
03Figure 6
The maximum spurious currents of Shan-Chen, EDM, MED, and Guo’s schemes for differentτ and T.
(a)
T
=
0.95
T
c
(b)
T
=
0.9
T
c
(c)
T
=
0.85
T
cMoreover, it can be seen from Figure6 that, with a constant T, for Shan-Chen, MED, and Guo’s schemes, the curves of u′ have a minimum value which is corresponding to τ′. During this region of τ′<τ≤1, u′ will reduce as τ decreases. On the other hand, in the area of τ≤τ′, u′ will increase as τ decreases. But for EDM scheme, u′ will increase as τ increases. Moreover, present study is compared with that by Kupershtokh et al. [13] and both of results are similar as shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
Comparison of maximum spurious currents for EDM scheme between Kupershtokh et al. [13] (τ is unknown) and present study with τ=0.7.


## 4.1. Two-Phase Separation

In this section, two-phase separation will be used to test four schemes of Shan-Chen, EDM, MED, and Guo. The force term can be calculated by the following:(14)Fx,t=-Gψ∑αwαψx+eαΔteα,where wα is weights and, for D2Q9 model, wα=4/9(α=1), wα=1/9(α=2,3,4,5), wα=1/36(α=6,7,8,9).In the present work, the interaction potential is defined according to the method by Chen et al. [26] as follows:(15)ψρ=2p-ρcs2Gcs2.In computation,ρ0=1, 101 × 101 grids have been used; the periodic boundary conditions are used for all boundaries. The initial density for whole area is critical density, and a random density fluctuation of plus or minus 1% is added at the beginning for whole area. When the computation gets to equilibrium, gas and liquid phases will separate clearly. The simulated results are shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Predicted coexistence densities of two-phase separation by of Shan-Chen, EDM, MED, and Guo’s schemes(τ=1).It can be known from Figure1 that all of four schemes perform almost the same and agree well with the analytical solution. Besides, it is clear that the present study agrees with that by Kupershtokh et al. [13].


## 4.2. Surface Tension

Surface tension is of great importance in the two-phase flows and its relationship with bubble radius is consistent with the Laplace law. In this section, Laplace’s law will be used to verify four schemes and the effect ofτ and T on the surface tension will be discussed. The simulated results are shown in Table 1 and Figures 2–4.Table 1
The effect ofτ and T on the surface tension for T=0.8Tc.
τ
1
/
r
d
p
EDM scheme
0.75
4.14
E
-
02
3.13
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
3.42
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
3.77
E
-
04
5.49
E
-
02
4.19
E
-
04
6.16
E
-
02
4.71
E
-
04
7.28
E
-
02
5.61
E
-
04
0.8
4.14
E
-
02
3.14
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
3.42
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
3.77
E
-
04
5.49
E
-
02
4.20
E
-
04
6.16
E
-
02
4.72
E
-
04
7.28
E
-
02
5.62
E
-
04
0.85
4.14
E
-
02
3.14
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
3.43
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
3.77
E
-
04
5.49
E
-
02
4.20
E
-
04
6.16
E
-
02
4.72
E
-
04
7.28
E
-
02
5.62
E
-
04
0.9
4.14
E
-
02
3.14
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
3.43
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
3.78
E
-
04
5.49
E
-
02
4.20
E
-
04
6.16
E
-
02
4.72
E
-
04
7.28
E
-
02
5.62
E
-
04
0.95
4.14
E
-
02
3.14
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
3.43
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
3.78
E
-
04
5.49
E
-
02
4.20
E
-
04
6.16
E
-
02
4.73
E
-
04
7.28
E
-
02
5.63
E
-
04
1
4.14
E
-
02
3.14
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
3.43
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
3.78
E
-
04
5.49
E
-
02
4.21
E
-
04
6.10
E
-
02
4.71
E
-
04
7.95
E
-
02
6.15
E
-
04
MED scheme
0.8
4.19
E
-
02
1.83
E
-
04
4.58
E
-
02
1.99
E
-
04
5.05
E
-
02
2.19
E
-
04
5.64
E
-
02
2.43
E
-
04
6.38
E
-
02
2.74
E
-
04
7.38
E
-
02
3.13
E
-
04
0.85
4.19
E
-
02
1.83
E
-
04
4.58
E
-
02
1.99
E
-
04
5.05
E
-
02
2.19
E
-
04
5.63
E
-
02
2.43
E
-
04
6.38
E
-
02
2.73
E
-
04
7.38
E
-
02
3.13
E
-
04
0.9
4.19
E
-
02
1.83
E
-
04
4.58
E
-
02
1.99
E
-
04
5.05
E
-
02
2.19
E
-
04
5.63
E
-
02
2.43
E
-
04
6.38
E
-
02
2.73
E
-
04
7.38
E
-
02
3.13
E
-
04
0.95
4.19
E
-
02
1.83
E
-
04
4.58
E
-
02
1.99
E
-
04
5.05
E
-
02
2.19
E
-
04
5.63
E
-
02
2.43
E
-
04
6.38
E
-
02
2.73
E
-
04
7.39
E
-
02
3.13
E
-
04
1
4.19
E
-
02
1.83
E
-
04
4.58
E
-
02
1.99
E
-
04
5.05
E
-
02
2.19
E
-
04
5.63
E
-
02
2.43
E
-
04
6.38
E
-
02
2.74
E
-
04
7.39
E
-
02
3.14
E
-
04
Guo’s scheme
0.85
4.14
E
-
02
1.97
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
2.16
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
2.38
E
-
04
5.47
E
-
02
2.65
E
-
04
6.48
E
-
02
3.17
E
-
04
0.9
4.14
E
-
02
1.97
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
2.16
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
2.38
E
-
04
5.47
E
-
02
2.65
E
-
04
6.48
E
-
02
3.17
E
-
04
7.54
E
-
02
3.75
E
-
04
0.95
4.14
E
-
02
1.97
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
2.16
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
2.38
E
-
04
5.47
E
-
02
2.65
E
-
04
6.48
E
-
02
3.17
E
-
04
7.54
E
-
02
3.74
E
-
04
1
4.14
E
-
02
1.97
E
-
04
4.50
E
-
02
2.16
E
-
04
4.95
E
-
02
2.38
E
-
04
5.47
E
-
02
2.65
E
-
04
6.48
E
-
02
3.16
E
-
04
7.54
E
-
02
3.74
E
-
04Figure 2
Relationship between bubble radius and pressure difference at different temperatures forτ=0.7.
(a)
Shan-Chen scheme
(b)
EDM scheme
(c)
Guo’s scheme
(d)
MED schemeFigure 3
Relationship between bubble radius and pressure difference at differentτ for T=0.8Tc.
(a)
EDM scheme
(b)
Guo’s scheme
(c)
MED schemeFigure 4
The density distribution of stable bubble with EDM force scheme.It can be seen from Figures2 and 3, the pressure difference between the inside and outside the bubble is linearly related to the reciprocal of the radius. This agrees well with the Laplace’s law. Figure 3 shows that τ has no effect on surface tension for the EDM, MED, and Guo’s schemes.


## 4.3. Maximum Two-Phase Density Ratio

The study shows that the simulation will become unstable whenT is low for four schemes, so T has a certain range for stable computation. To demonstrate the numerical stability of four schemes and get the minimum T with stable computation, two-phase separation case is tested by adjusting τ and the results are shown in Figure 5.Figure 5
The minimumT with stable computation at different τ for Shan-Chen, EDM, MED, and Guo’s schemes.It can be seen from Figure5 that the minimum T will become larger as τ reduces when 0.5<τ≤1 and it means that achieved maximum ratio of two-phase densities will become smaller. For the same τ, the maximum density ratio of EDM scheme will be larger than those of other schemes for 0.6<τ≤1.


## 4.4. Spurious Currents

The spurious current is one of the important criteria to evaluate pseudopotential models because it will lead to the computation instability. In order to study the effect of four force schemes on spurious current, a series of tests have been carried out. The maximum spurious currents for differentT and τ have been shown in Table 2 and Figure 6. It shows that the spurious current will increase as T reduces with the same τ for all of four schemes. That is why computation is instable when T is small. The maximum spurious current of MED scheme is slightly larger than that of other schemes.Table 2
Maximum spurious currents for Shan-Chen, EDM, Guo’s, and MED schemes.
T
/
T
c
τ
u
′
Shan-Chen scheme
EDM scheme
Guo’s scheme
MED scheme
0.95
0.90
9.36
E
-
05
9.04
E
-
05
1.02
E
-
04
1.01
E
-
04
0.85
8.14
E
-
05
8.09
E
-
05
8.66
E
-
05
9.18
E
-
05
0.80
7.34
E
-
05
7.07
E
-
05
7.14
E
-
05
8.36
E
-
05
0.75
6.67
E
-
05
5.97
E
-
05
6.69
E
-
05
7.96
E
-
05
0.70
6.47
E
-
05
4.81
E
-
05
6.92
E
-
05
8.21
E
-
05
0.90
0.90
4.71
E
-
04
4.73
E
-
04
4.41
E
-
04
4.96
E
-
04
0.85
4.34
E
-
04
4.30
E
-
04
4.07
E
-
04
4.62
E
-
04
0.80
3.93
E
-
04
3.86
E
-
04
3.84
E
-
04
4.23
E
-
04
0.75
3.49
E
-
04
3.30
E
-
04
3.61
E
-
04
4.11
E
-
04
0.70
3.75
E
-
04
2.71
E
-
04
3.88
E
-
04
4.55
E
-
04
0.85
0.90
1.20
E
-
03
1.20
E
-
03
1.10
E
-
03
1.24
E
-
03
0.85
1.10
E
-
03
1.10
E
-
03
1.10
E
-
03
1.19
E
-
03
0.80
1.00
E
-
03
1.00
E
-
03
1.00
E
-
03
1.13
E
-
03
0.75
9.31
E
-
04
8.94
E
-
04
9.75
E
-
04
1.06
E
-
03
0.70
1.10
E
-
03
7.50
E
-
04
1.30
E
-
03
1.40
E
-
03
0.65
1.90
E
-
03
7.72
E
-
04
—
2.31
E
-
03Figure 6
The maximum spurious currents of Shan-Chen, EDM, MED, and Guo’s schemes for differentτ and T.
(a)
T
=
0.95
T
c
(b)
T
=
0.9
T
c
(c)
T
=
0.85
T
cMoreover, it can be seen from Figure6 that, with a constant T, for Shan-Chen, MED, and Guo’s schemes, the curves of u′ have a minimum value which is corresponding to τ′. During this region of τ′<τ≤1, u′ will reduce as τ decreases. On the other hand, in the area of τ≤τ′, u′ will increase as τ decreases. But for EDM scheme, u′ will increase as τ increases. Moreover, present study is compared with that by Kupershtokh et al. [13] and both of results are similar as shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
Comparison of maximum spurious currents for EDM scheme between Kupershtokh et al. [13] (τ is unknown) and present study with τ=0.7.


## 5. Conclusions

In present study, the force schemes in the pseudopotential LBM for two-phase flows have been compared in detail and the force schemes include Shan-Chen, EDM, MED, and Guo’s schemes. The LBM with four schemes have been used to study the two-phase separation and surface tension. Besides, the maximum two-phase density ratio and spurious currents also are discussed in detail. Based on the above study, the following conclusions can be drawn:(1) Numerical simulations confirm that all four schemes are consistent with the Laplace law. For the EDM, MED, and Guo’s schemes,τ has no effect on surface tension.(2) When0.5<τ≤1, the achieved density ratio will reduce as τ reduces. For the same τ, the maximum density ratio of EDM scheme will be greater than that of other schemes 0.6<τ≤1.(3) Except for the EDM scheme, the curves of the maximum spurious currents(u′) have a minimum value which is corresponding to τ′ for three schemes. In the region of τ′<τ≤1, u′ will reduce as τ decreases. On the other hand, in the area of τ≤τ′, u′ will increase as τ decreases. But for EDM scheme, u′ will increase as τ increases.



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*Source: 6496379-2018-01-09.xml*