# Apodization Optimization of FBG Strain Sensor for Quasi-Distributed Sensing Measurement Applications

Authors: Fahd Chaoui; Otman Aghzout; Mounia Chakkour; Mounir El Yakhloufi
Journal: Active and Passive Electronic Components
 (2016)

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## Abstract

A novel optimized apodization of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor (FBGS) for quasi-distributed strain sensing applications is developed and introduced in this paper. The main objective of the proposed optimization is to obtain a reflectivity level higher than 90% and a side lobe level around −40 dB, which is suitable for use in quasi-distributed strain sensing application. For this purpose, different design parameters as apodization profile, grating length, and refractive index have been investigated to enhance and optimize the FBGS design. The performance of the proposed apodization has then been compared in terms of reflectivity, side lobe level (SLL), and full width at half maximum (FWHM) with apodization profiles proposed by other authors. The optimized sensor is integrated on quasi-distributed sensing system of 8 sensors demonstrating high reliability. Wide strain sensitivity range for each channel has also been achieved in the quasi-distributed system. Results prove the efficiency of the proposed optimization which can be further implemented for any quasi-distributed sensing application.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Over the last 20 years, optical sensors technology has been a major user of the enormous growth of the technology associated with optoelectronics and optical fiber communication industry. Many of the components associated with these industries were often developed for optical fiber sensing applications. The inherent advantages of optical fiber sensors which include high sensitivity, low power, wide bandwidth, and insensitivity to electromagnetic radiations offer wide usage in places where other sensors are unable to function properly [1]. Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor (FBGS) in turn is proving to be one of the most important recent developments in optical sensors technology. It basically constitutes generalized distributed reflector whose reflection spectrum and dispersion characteristics are wavelength-dependent and can be accurately adjusted by a proper design to measure strain and temperature [2]. The important feature of FBGS is that the sensed information is translated into a wavelength shift, giving reproducible measurements in spite of optical losses and intensity fluctuations [3]. However, FBGS with constant refractive index modulation amplitude show reflection spectrum with large side lobes [4], as well as highly nonlinear dispersion characteristics, which makes them unsuitable for high-performance applications. For this reason, apodized FBGS has been widely developed and applied in optical fiber technology since apodized grating has superior filtering performance and high side lobe suppression. The reflection spectrum of an apodized and periodic grating follows closely the Fourier transform of the applied apodization profile. As a result, smooth and tight apodization results in enhanced side lobe suppression and superior grating performance [5]. In this work, we investigate thoroughly the FBGS apodization performance based on reflectivity level, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and side lobe level (SLL) across different values of grating length, refractive index modulation depth, and different apodization profiles in order to get optimized reflection spectrum with high reflectivity and efficient side lobe suppression. The main objective of this procedure is to find out the optimized setting of the FBGS for use in strain measurement of quasi-distributed sensing systems with 8 sensors. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we briefly describe the general theoretical model used for the calculation of the grating response. The main apodization profiles considered in this paper are also presented in this section. In Section 3, we compare the effect of the apodization profile on reflectivity, FWHM, and side lobe level of the sensor grating. The comparison is further quantified to find out the most suitable setting of the FBG sensor to be used in strain measurement. Once the optimized sensor is designed and simulated, it is implemented in quasi-distributed sensing system of 8 sensors to test its reliability in Section 4. The maximum allowable strain range is determined and can be measured using one channel. The conclusions are given in Section 5.


## 2. FBGS Formulation

In order to develop the new method of apodization based on the FBG technology, firstly we present a brief overview of Bragg grating reflectivity and how the process of apodization helps to get better reflection spectrum. Then, we compare the main apodization profiles discussed in the literature [3, 4] with our proposed method to demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed apodization.FBG is a wavelength selective mirror as can be shown in Figure1. It reflects the propagated light in fiber according to Bragg wavelength which is given as follows:(1)λB=2neffΛ,where neff is the effective refractive index of the fiber core and Λ is the grating period [6].Figure 1
Fiber Bragg grating.The refractive index along the grating length varies periodically in the form:(2)neffz=n0+fzΔnaczcos⁡2πΛz+θz+n2E2z,where z is the position, n0 is the refractive index prior to grating inscription, Δnac is the refractive index modulation amplitude, Δndc is the average change in refractive index, f(z) is the apodization function, θ(z)=2π/ΛCz2 is the chirp function, where C is the chirp parameter, E(z) is the electric field, and n2 is the nonlinear Kerr coefficient [2, 7].Coupled Mode Theory (CMT) describes the behavior of Bragg grating, where the counter-propagating fields inside the grating structure are related by coupled differential equations [7]. The coupled mode equations that describe the complex amplitudes A(z) and B(z) are given as follows:(3)dAzdz=ikBze-i2Δβz,dBzdz=-ik∗Azei2Δβz,where β is the wave propagation constant, Δβ=β-β0 is the differential propagating constant β=2πn0/λ;β0=π/Λ, and k is the coupling coefficient. For uniform gratings, k is a constant and it is related to the index modulation depth.Using CMT, the reflectivity of the FBG with constant modulation amplitude and period is given by(4)Rl,k=k2sinh2slΔβ2sinh2sl+s2cosh2sl.In this work, we propose to use a new apodization profile as it provides smooth reflection spectrum with high reflectivity and superior filtering performance:(5)fz=0.55-0.45cos⁡2πzL.The main apodization profiles discussed in literature are given as follows:(i)
Gaussian [3]:(6)fz=exp⁡-4·ln⁡2·2z-L/2L2(ii)
Nuttall [4]:(7)fz=a0-a1cos⁡2πzL+a2cos⁡4πzL-a3cos⁡6πzLa0=0.3635819, a1=0.4891775, a2=0.1365995, and a3=0.0106411 are Nuttall coefficients, L is the grating length, and z is the coordinate of light propagation along the length of FBG.Figure2 shows the reflection spectrum of FBG using the different functions of apodization compared to our proposed profile. It can be clearly seen from Figure 2 that uniform grating (without apodization) has high side lobe level compared to apodized gratings. Besides, it can also be observed that Gaussian and Nuttall gratings have less reflectivity than the proposed profile due to the strong apodization process. Strong apodization decreases reflectivity level remarkably which is clearly the case in Nuttall apodization. Figure 3 shows the geometrical shape of the refractive index apodization profiles for Uniform, Gaussian, Nuttall, and the proposed profile, respectively. It can be seen that Uniform has the largest geometrical shape among the apodization profiles while Nuttall has the smallest shape, which affects clearly their reflectivity as previously shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Grating spectrum of FBG.Figure 3
Geometrical shape of the apodization profiles.


## 3. FBGS Optimization

In this section, the comparison between our proposed profile and the apodization proposed by other authors is further quantified based on different design parameters to prove the efficiency of the proposed profile and to find out the most appropriate setting for strain measurement.The simulations are performed by assuming that the FBG is inscribed into standard telecommunication single mode optical fiber with 2μm core radius. Bragg wavelength is set to 1550 nm. Δnac varies from 104 to 5×104 while L is maintained at 10 mm. Then, the simulations are repeated with varying L from 4 mm to 20 mm while Δnac is maintained at 2×104. These values are chosen based on previous research papers [4, 8]. The FBG design setting with high reflectivity, tight FWHM, and high side lobe suppression is then analyzed under strain loads in order to get optimized wavelength shift.


### 3.1. FBGS Evaluation Based on Refractive Index

Figure4 illustrates FWHM versus refractive index for the different apodization functions for fixed value of grating length (L=10 mm). In order to determine the acceptable range of Δnac, FWHM should be between 0.1 nm and 0.2 nm [4, 7]. Thus, the perfect values of Δnac would be around 2×10-4.Figure 4
FWHM versus refractive index.The reflectivity and side lobe level (SLL) as functions ofΔnac while maintaining L at 10 mm for the different apodization profiles are depicted in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. It can be observed from Figure 5 that our proposed profile provides the highest value compared to Gaussian [3] and Nuttall [4] around Δnac=2×10-4, where FWHM is in acceptable range according to Figure 4.Figure 5
Reflectivity versus refractive index.Figure 6
Side lobe level versus refractive index.It can be observed from Figure6 that our proposed profile offers less side lobe level than Gaussian apodization, whereas Nuttall provides the lowest SLL due to its strong process of apodization, which affects remarkably its reflectivity level as shown in Figure 5.


### 3.2. FBGS Evaluation Based on Grating Length

Figure7 shows FWHM versus grating length L for fixed value of refractive index modulation amplitude (Δnac=2×10-4). In order to determine the acceptable range of L, FWHM should be between 0.1 nm and 0.2 nm [4, 7]. Thus, the perfect values of L would be between 10 mm and 20 mm.Figure 7
FWHM versus grating length.The reflectivity and SLL as function ofL while maintaining Δnac at 2×10-4 for the different apodization profiles are shown in Figures 8 and 9, respectively.Figure 8
Reflectivity versus grating length.Figure 9
Side lobe level versus grating length.It is shown from Figure8 that the proposed profile provides clearly the highest value between all the apodized gratings at nac=2×10-4 in the grating length range determined by FWHM. Nuttall profile leads however to strong apodization which results in low reflectivity levels. It can also be noticed from Figure 9 that SLL of the proposed profile is around −40 dB which is considered to be very good level. Nuttall profile provides the lowest SLL values at the expense of reflectivity level. It has also been concluded from previous results illustrated in the analysis that the most proper grating length for the optimized apodized FBG sensor equals 20 mm and 0.0002 is the most convenient refractive index modulation amplitude.


### 3.3. Comparison Summary

To choose the optimum reflection spectrum of the FBG sensor, performance comparison was carried out based on three thresholds: high reflectivity with more than 90%, narrow FWHM with less than 0.2 nm, and low SLL around −40 dB. The previous thresholds are suggested with the aid of several sources, vendors, and other literature reviews [4, 7]. The comparison results show that the proposed profile results in an overall superior performance compared with Gaussian [3] and Nuttall [4] since it provides very good reflectivity and very low SLL at the acceptable range of FWHM. Nuttall profile offers an excellent side lobe suppression, but it wastes an important amount of reflectivity power, which is not convenient in high-performance application, that is why it should only be used when high reflectivity level is not required.


## 3.1. FBGS Evaluation Based on Refractive Index

Figure4 illustrates FWHM versus refractive index for the different apodization functions for fixed value of grating length (L=10 mm). In order to determine the acceptable range of Δnac, FWHM should be between 0.1 nm and 0.2 nm [4, 7]. Thus, the perfect values of Δnac would be around 2×10-4.Figure 4
FWHM versus refractive index.The reflectivity and side lobe level (SLL) as functions ofΔnac while maintaining L at 10 mm for the different apodization profiles are depicted in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. It can be observed from Figure 5 that our proposed profile provides the highest value compared to Gaussian [3] and Nuttall [4] around Δnac=2×10-4, where FWHM is in acceptable range according to Figure 4.Figure 5
Reflectivity versus refractive index.Figure 6
Side lobe level versus refractive index.It can be observed from Figure6 that our proposed profile offers less side lobe level than Gaussian apodization, whereas Nuttall provides the lowest SLL due to its strong process of apodization, which affects remarkably its reflectivity level as shown in Figure 5.


## 3.2. FBGS Evaluation Based on Grating Length

Figure7 shows FWHM versus grating length L for fixed value of refractive index modulation amplitude (Δnac=2×10-4). In order to determine the acceptable range of L, FWHM should be between 0.1 nm and 0.2 nm [4, 7]. Thus, the perfect values of L would be between 10 mm and 20 mm.Figure 7
FWHM versus grating length.The reflectivity and SLL as function ofL while maintaining Δnac at 2×10-4 for the different apodization profiles are shown in Figures 8 and 9, respectively.Figure 8
Reflectivity versus grating length.Figure 9
Side lobe level versus grating length.It is shown from Figure8 that the proposed profile provides clearly the highest value between all the apodized gratings at nac=2×10-4 in the grating length range determined by FWHM. Nuttall profile leads however to strong apodization which results in low reflectivity levels. It can also be noticed from Figure 9 that SLL of the proposed profile is around −40 dB which is considered to be very good level. Nuttall profile provides the lowest SLL values at the expense of reflectivity level. It has also been concluded from previous results illustrated in the analysis that the most proper grating length for the optimized apodized FBG sensor equals 20 mm and 0.0002 is the most convenient refractive index modulation amplitude.


## 3.3. Comparison Summary

To choose the optimum reflection spectrum of the FBG sensor, performance comparison was carried out based on three thresholds: high reflectivity with more than 90%, narrow FWHM with less than 0.2 nm, and low SLL around −40 dB. The previous thresholds are suggested with the aid of several sources, vendors, and other literature reviews [4, 7]. The comparison results show that the proposed profile results in an overall superior performance compared with Gaussian [3] and Nuttall [4] since it provides very good reflectivity and very low SLL at the acceptable range of FWHM. Nuttall profile offers an excellent side lobe suppression, but it wastes an important amount of reflectivity power, which is not convenient in high-performance application, that is why it should only be used when high reflectivity level is not required.


## 4. Optimized FBG Strain Sensitivity

In this section, the optimized FBGS withL=20 mm and dn=0.0002 is used for strain measurement to test its performance in detection of the small wavelength shift affected by the applied strain loads. Strain in any material is the fractional increase in its physical length when stressed. In linear form, strain ε is equal to the ratio of the applied stress σ divided by Young’s modulus of the material E:(8)ε=σE.The strain variation in the Bragg grating portion is determined by the wavelength shift from the sensor reflectivity peak as can be shown in Figure10. For measuring strain it is necessary to introduce a mechanism that relates the change of strains to the change of refractive index and grating period which can be expressed by(9)n′eff=neff-12neff3εp12-μp11+p12,Λ′=Λ1+1-Pε,where n′eff is the modified refractive index, Λ′ is the modified grating period, ε is the axial strain along the fiber, and P is an effective strain optic coefficient [7].Figure 10
Wavelength shifts due to 300με applied strain.The values of Bragg wavelength shifts using the optimized FBGS are given in Table1. The applied strain versus Bragg wavelength shift graph is plotted in Figure 11. Fine linear response is seen among the applied strain and Bragg wavelength shift through all the calculated regions, which proves the efficiency of the optimized FBGS.Table 1
Bragg wavelength shift versus the applied strain.
Microstrain (με) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Wavelength shift (nm) 0.064 0.128 0.192 0.256 0.321 0.385 0.443 0.497 0.561 0.625 0.689 0.741Figure 11
Wavelength shifts versus the applied strain.Nonlinearity effects on strain sensitivity of the proposed apodization are illustrated in Figure12. The variations of reflectivity have been calculated under the effect of strain variation from 0 to 10 MPa. The increase that occurs in reflectivity values due to the nonlinearity of the FBG enhances the performance of the FBG. This nonlinearity is explained by the perturbation of molecules when high power signals pass through the fiber.Figure 12
Nonlinear effects on strain variation from 0 to 10 MPa withn2=2.6×10-20 m2/W.It can be seen from Figure12 that the reflectivity increased when 10 MPa strain has been applied in both cases: nonlinear case and linear case, which can be explained due the increased refractive index of glass under strain. The optimized FBGS is then applied in quasi-distributed sensing system of 8 sensors. The purpose of this procedure is to test the reliability of the proposed method in such complexed sensing application. In quasi-distributed sensing systems, side lobes suppression is certainly of much greater importance than in the single sensor case because of the essential need of high adjacent channels isolation to avoid the bad influence that side lobes might have in determining the center frequency of the FBGS. Figure 13 shows the 8 grating refractive index profiles with different colors; each color represents a different grating period Λ which has been calculated based on Bragg wavelength λB of each sensor using equation (1).Figure 13
The eight hamming apodized FBG strain sensors refractive index profile.FBGSs have better resolution with narrower bandwidth, which is more preferable in practice because of the smaller wavelength tunable range that it requires, and then can achieve higher measurement speed. Channel spacing of 2 nm is recommended to be used according to the official ITU-TC-band grid [4].Figure14 shows the corresponding 8 quasi-distributed FBG-based strain sensors reflection spectrum with 2 nm channel spacing. The red spectrum is for the 8 Uniform FBG sensors and the blue spectrum is for the 8 optimized FBG sensors. It can be observed that optimized FBGSs provide very good reflectivity, high side lobe suppression (less than −40 dB), and better resolution with narrower bandwidth and then can achieve more accurate measurement and high sensing speed, which proves the efficiency of the proposed apodization optimization.Figure 14
The 8 FBG strain sensors with 2 nm spacing: red: uniform and blue: optimized.The 4th optimized FBG is then used for strain measurement with the interest to determine the maximum strain that conserves 0.4 nm spacing between adjacent channels according to ITU standards. Figure15(a) illustrates the blue shift on FBG4 reflection spectrum when strain of 1500 με is applied, which results in complete isolation between FBG4 and FBG5 reflectivity peaks. The red spectrum represents the normal state of the 8 optimized FBGSs.Figure 15
Strain effect on the 4th optimized FBG.
(a) (b)The maximum allowable strain range that makes FBG4 reflectivity peak at 0.4 nm from FBG5 reflectivity peak is achieved at strain difference of 1660με as shown in Figure 15(b). Remarkable isolation that is higher than 20 dB is obtained which is enough to make FBG4 (under 1660 με) and FBG5 reflectivity peaks distinguishable from each other at the detector receiver.


## 5. Conclusion

In this paper, we introduce novel apodization optimization of FBGS based on reflectivity, FWHM, and SLL to get the most suitable design parameters to be used for strain measurement. The simulation results show that the proposed apodization results in an overall superior performance as it provides higher reflectivity with small FWHM and very low SLL compared with the state-of-art alternatives. As can also be demonstrated, the grating length of 20 mm and the refractive index of 0.0002 for the apodized FBGS are the most convenient values, respectively. The proposed profile with the optimized parameters has then been used for strain measurement to be evaluated in detection of the applied strain changes. The simulation results prove that the optimized sensor provides very satisfactory performance in detection of the strain changes through the small wavelength shifts in the reflected spectrum. Finally, the optimized FBG strain sensor has been examined in quasi-distributed strain sensing system of 8 sensors to determine the maximum allowable strain range that conserves 0.4 nm channel spacing between adjacent channels using the proposed method of apodization. Results show that the optimized FBGS offers very good performance and provides the required adjacent channels isolation; therefore channels can be closer to each other due to the negligible effect of side lobes on the adjacent sensors reflectivity peaks. Consequently, the allowable range of strain sensitivity can rise up to 1660με.



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