# Examples of Stability of Tensor Products in Positive Characteristic

Authors: A. S. Argáez
Journal: ISRN Algebra
 (2011)

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## Abstract

LetX be projective smooth variety over an algebraically closed field
k and let ℰ, ℱ be μ-semistable locally free sheaves on X. When the base field is ℂ, using transcendental methods, one can prove that the tensor product ℰ⊗ℱ
is always a μ-semistable sheaf. However, this theorem is no longer true over positive
characteristic; for an analogous theorem one needs the hypothesis of strong μ-semistability; nevertheless, this hypothesis is not a necessary condition. The objective of this paper is to construct, without the strongly μ-semistability hypothesis, a family of locally free sheaves with μ-stable tensor product.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

When the base field isℂ, the Kobayashi-Hitchin correspondence ensures that a vector bundle on a complex projective variety is polystable if and only if it admits a Hermitian-Einstein metric with respect to the Kähler metric induced by 𝒪X(1) (see [1] for curves and [2] for complex compact varieties). In this way, one can prove that the tensor product of Hermitian-Einstein bundles is again Hermitian-Einstein, therefore polystable, and the same is true for symmetric and exterior products. However, in positive characteristic, this is false; in [3], Gieseker proved the existence of stable vector bundles on curves with nonsemistable symmetric products. When these bundles are of degree zero, the nonsemistability of the symmetric product imply the nonsemistability of the tensor product. One way to solve this problem is to introduce the concept of strong μ-semistability. Let F:X→X be a total Frobenius morphism of X; we say that ℰ is strongly μ-semistable if for all m≥0 the pullback (Fm)*ℰ is μ-semistable with respect to the induced polarization (Fm)*𝒪X(1). Under these assumptions, the tensor product of strongly μ-semistable bundles is again strongly μ-semistable (see [4, Section 7] for curves and [5] for general case). However, in general, there are no conditions to ensure the μ-semistability of a tensor product of μ-semistable bundles (at least not known to the author).The aim of this work is the construction of examples, in any characteristic, of families ofμ-stable bundles with μ-stable tensor products, this without the assumption of strong μ-stability. The key result is Proposition 3.1, which shows that, if π:Y→X is étale and Galois with g.c.d.(|G|,char(k))=1, then ℱ is μ-semistable (μ-polystable) if and only if π*ℱ is μ-semistable (μ-polystable, resp.). We remark that, in positive characteristic, this result is false for an arbitrary finite morphism. Under these hypotheses, if ℒ is a line bundle on Y, in Corollary 3.2 we show that ℱ⊗π*ℒ is μ-(semi)polystable if ℱ is μ-(semi)stable. If in addition g.c.d.(degℱ,rk(ℱ))=1=(|G|,rk(ℱ)) and g*ℒ≠ℒ for all g∈G, then in Corollary 3.5 it is proved that ℱ⊗π*ℒ is μ-stable. The other examples that are constructed come from the G-invariant decomposition of π*𝒪Y. Now, the general outline of this construction is as follows. In Section 1, we observe that π*𝒪Y has a natural G-invariant decomposition: (1.1)π*OY=⨁V∈IV⊗kEV,
where ℐ is the set of irreducible representations of G over k and each ℰV is a locally free sheaf of rank dimV. Also, we have the relations (1.2)EV1⊗EV2≃⨁T∈IET⊕nT,∧sEV≃⨁W∈IEW⊕nW,
where V⊗W≃⨁T∈ℐT⊕nT and ∧sV=⨁W∈ℐW⊕nW. In Section 2, we show that ℰV is μ-H-stable for any polarization on X and also that ℱ⊗ℰV is μ-H-polystable (μ-H-semistable) whenever ℱ is μ-H-stable (μ-H-semistable, resp.). Furthermore, let ℳX(r,d) be the moduli space parametrizing μ-H-stable sheaves of rank r and degree d, if g.c.d.(d,r)=1=g.c.d.(|G|,r), we proved in Theorem 3.12 that, for any irreducible representation V of G and ℱ∈ℳX(r,d), ℱ⊗ℰV is μ-H-stable and the natural morphism ℳX(r,d)→ℳX(r·dimV,d·dimV) given by ℱ↦ℱ⊗ℰV is injective.In Section3, we proved that, if g.c.d.(d,|G|)=1, then, for all r>0, G acts without fixed points on ℳY(r,d); in particular the morphisms ℳY(r,d)→ℳY(r,d)/G are étale Galois covers, thus we have nontrivial examples for Section 2. Finally, when X is an abelian variety and π:Y→X is an isogeny of degree r, Proposition 4.5 shows that, if g.c.d(r,d)=1, then each irreducible component of Picd(Y)/G is an irreducible component of ℳX(r,d), where G=Ker(π). Section 5 is devoted to prove Proposition 3.1.


### 1.1. Notations and Conventions

Throughout the paper,k denotes an algebraically closed field and G a finite group satisfying that g.c.d.(|G|,char(k))=1. Also, X denotes a smooth projective variety over k with a fixed polarization, that is, with a fixed ample line bundle 𝒪X(1), and we denote by H any divisor in the linear system |𝒪X(1)|.We denote byk[G] the group algebra of G with coefficients in k. Also, if T1 and T2 are representations of G over k then we denote by 〈T1,T2〉 the dim Homk(T1,T2)G=dimHomk[G](T1,T2). We will identify vector bundles on X with locally free 𝒪X-modules.


## 1.1. Notations and Conventions

Throughout the paper,k denotes an algebraically closed field and G a finite group satisfying that g.c.d.(|G|,char(k))=1. Also, X denotes a smooth projective variety over k with a fixed polarization, that is, with a fixed ample line bundle 𝒪X(1), and we denote by H any divisor in the linear system |𝒪X(1)|.We denote byk[G] the group algebra of G with coefficients in k. Also, if T1 and T2 are representations of G over k then we denote by 〈T1,T2〉 the dim Homk(T1,T2)G=dimHomk[G](T1,T2). We will identify vector bundles on X with locally free 𝒪X-modules.


## 2. Étale Covers

Letπ:Y→X be an étale Galois cover. Now, we recall that a locally free sheaf ℱ on Y is a G-sheaf (see [6, page 69]) if G acts on ℱ in a way compatible with the action on Y. Since π is étale, it is flat; hence, we have that π*ℱ is a locally free 𝒪X-module with an action of G. From this, we have defined a natural morphism of k-algebras k[G]→End𝒪X(π*ℱ). Now, as we suppose by hypothesis that g.c.d.(char(k),|G|)=1, Maschke's Theorem guarantees that k[G] is a semisimple k-algebra of finite dimension |G| over k. We denote by ℐ={V0,…,Vr} the set of irreducible representations of G over k, that is, the set of irreducible k[G]-modules, and by {eV}V∈ℐ the set of corresponding idempotents. Thus, we have that (2.1)π*F=⨁V∈IeV(π*F).On the other hand, by Theorem 1(B) in [6, page 111], there is a locally free sheaf ℋ on X such that ℱ≃π*ℋ, so we have natural G-invariant isomorphisms π*ℱ≃π*π*ℋ≃ℋ⊗π*𝒪Y≃⨁V∈ℐℋ⊗eV(π*𝒪Y); therefore, to understand the G-structure of π*ℱ it suffices to do it for π*𝒪Y. Thus, we have the next.Proposition 2.1.
LetX be a smooth projective variety over an algebraically closed field k and π:Y→X and étale Galois cover with Galois group G. Let V∈ℐ and define ℰV as the 𝒪X-module π*(V*⊗k𝒪Y)G=eU(π*(V*⊗k𝒪Y)), where V* is the dual representation of V and U is the trivial representation. Then,(1)
(2.2)π*OY=⨁V∈IV⊗kEV,
where ℐ is the set of all irreducible representations of G over k and rankℰV=dimkV. Also, one has that ℰV=eU(V*⊗eV(π*𝒪Y)) and ℰV*≃ℰV*,(2)
(2.3)EVi⊗EVj≃⨁l=0rEVlnl,
where Vi⊗Vj=⨁l=0rVlnl,(3)
eachℰV is simple (i.e., End𝒪X(ℰV)≃k) and ℰVi≁ℰVj if i≠j,(4)
for any irreducible representationV of G one has that
(2.4)∧kEV=⨁EVini,
where ∧k(V)=⨁Vini.Proof.
We recall thatk[G]≃⨁V∈ℐV⊗kV* as k[G×G]-modules, where actions are given by g1×g2(∑λgg)=∑λgg1·g·g2-1 and g1×g2(∑v⊗δ)=∑g1(v)⊗g2(δ), respectively. Thus, we have the following G-invariant isomorphisms:
(2.5)π*(⨁V∈IV⊗kEV)=⨁V∈IV⊗kπ*(EV)≃(⨁V∈IV⊗kV*)⊗kOY≃k[G]⊗kOY≃⨁g∈Gg*OY≃π*π*OY.
Now, Theorem 1 in [6, page 111] asserts that π* defines an equivalence between the category of locally free 𝒪X-modules of finite rank and the category of locally free 𝒪Y-modules of finite rank with G-action. This proves that π*𝒪Y≃⨁V∈ℐV⊗kℰV. In particular, we have that ℰV=eU(V*⊗eV(π*𝒪Y)), where U is the trivial k[G]-module.
On the other hand, at the generic pointϵ of X, (π*𝒪Y)ϵ is the function field KY of Y which, by the normal basis theorem, is isomorphic to KX[G] as KX[G]-modules, where KX is the function field of X. Thus, we have a natural KX[G]-isomorphisms:
(2.6)(π*OY)ϵ=⨁V∈IV⊗k(EV)ϵ≃KX[G]=⨁V∈I(V⊗kKX)dim⁡V
and we conclude that ℰV is a locally free sheaf with rank (dimV).
For the last part of (1), we need to see that(ℰVi)∨≃ℰVi∨, but this is a consequence that the trace morphism Tr:π*𝒪Y→(π*𝒪Y)∨ is a G-invariant isomorphism.
(2) This is immediate from(2.7)π*[(V⊗kW)⊗kOY]G=π*[⨁T∈I⁡(T⊗kOY)〈T,V⊗W〉]G=⨁T∈Iπ*[(T⊗kOY)〈T,V⊗W〉]G=⨁V∈I⁡ET〈T,V⊗W〉.
(3) We observe that(2.8)HomOX(EV,EW)=[HomOY(V⊗kOY,W⊗kOY)]G=Homk[G](V,W),
and from Schur's Lemma, dimkHomk[G](V,W) is 0 if V≠W and 1 if V≃W (see [7, page 181]).
(4) We know that tensor functors commutes with the pull back, so we have that(2.9)π*(∧kEV)≃∧k(π*EV)≃∧k(V*⊗OY)≃(∧kV*)⊗OY≃⨁T∈I(T*)〈T,∧kV〉⊗OY≃⨁T∈I(T*⊗OY)〈T,∧kV〉≃⨁T∈Iπ*(ET〈T,∧kV〉)≃π*(⨁T∈IET〈T,∧kV〉),
and, applying Theorem 1(B) in [6, page 111], we get the desired isomorphism.Remark 2.2.
Note that (4) is valid for each of the Schur functors.


## 3. Stable Sheaves

Letℰ be a locally free sheaf over X and (3.1)m⟼χ(E⊗O(m))
its Hilbert polynomial, where χ(ℰ)=∑(-1)ihi(X,ℰ) is the Euler characteristic of ℰ. It is well known that this polynomial can be written as (3.2)P(E,m)=∑i=0dαi(E)mii!.
Define the degree of ℰ as (3.3)deg⁡(E)=αd-1(E)-rk(E)αd-1(OX)
and its slope by (3.4)μ(E)=deg⁡(E)rk(E),
where rk(ℰ) is the rank of ℰ. Recall that a locally free sheaf is μ-H-stable (μ-H-semistable) if μ(ℱ)<μ(ℰ) for all subsheaf ℱ (μ(ℱ)≤μ(ℰ), resp.); also a μ-H-semistable locally free sheaf is said μ-H-polystable if it is a direct sum of μ-H-stable sheaves. Any μ-H-stable sheaf is simple, that is, End(ℰ)=k, in particular, a μ-H-polystable sheaf is μ-H-stable if and only if it is a simple sheaf.The following proposition is proved in [8, pages 62-63] under the assumption of characteristic zero in the base field, but the arguments that surround the proof are valid for any characteristic when we consider only étale covers; however, per clarity we will repeat the proof in Section 5.Proposition 3.1.
LetX be a complete variety over k and π:Y→X be an étale Galois cover, with Galois group G. Let ℰ be a locally free sheaf on X. Then, ℰ is μ-H-polystable if and only if π*ℰ is μ-π*H-polystable.Corollary 3.2.
Letℒ be a line bundle on Y; then; for all μ-H-(semi)stable bundle ℱ on X, ℱ⊗π*ℒ is μ-H-(semi)polystable bundle.Proof.
We have that the cover is étale, thusπ*(ℱ⊗π*ℒ)≃π*(π*π*ℱ⊗ℒ)≃⨁g∈Gg*(π*ℱ⊗ℒ)≃⨁g∈Gπ*ℱ⊗g*ℒ. Then, by Proposition 3.1, ℱ⊗π*ℒ is μ-H-(semi)polystable because π*ℱ⊗g*ℒ is μ-π*H-(semi)polystable.Corollary 3.3.
Let𝒢 be a locally free μ-π*H-stable 𝒪Y-module. Then, π*𝒢 is μ-H-polystable, and is μ-H-stable if and only if 𝒢≠g*𝒢 for all g≠Id.Proof.
We have that the cover is étale, thusπ*π*𝒢≃⨁g∈Gg*𝒢, so π*𝒢 is μ-H-polystable because g*𝒢≃𝒢 is μ-π*H-stable. On the other hand,
(3.5)dim Hom(π*G,π*G)=h0(Y,[⨁g∈G⁡g*G]⊗G*)=∑g∈Gh0(Y,g*G⊗G),
so π*𝒢 is simple if and only if g*𝒢≠𝒢 for all g≠1dY.Now, we recall the following lemma of the theory of semistable bundles.Lemma 3.4.
Letℰ be a μ-H-semistable sheaf; if g.c.d(deg(ℰ),rk(ℰ))=1, then ℰ is μ-H-stable.Proof.
Ifℰ is not μ-H-stable, then there exists a subsheaf ℱ such that μ(F)=μ(ℰ) and rk(ℱ)<rk(ℰ); thus, we have deg(ℱ)rk(ℰ)=deg(ℰ)rk(ℱ) which contradicts the assumption g.c.d.(deg(ℰ),rk(ℰ))=1.Corollary 3.5.
Letd,r be integers such that, r>0, g.c.d.(d,r)=1=g.c.d.(|G|,r), and suppose that ℒ is a line bundle on Y such that π*ℒ is μ-H-stable; then, for all μ-H-stable bundle ℱ on X of degree d and rankr, one has that ℱ⊗π*ℒ is μ-H-stable bundle.Proof.
From Proposition3.1, we have that π*ℱ is μ-π*H-polystable with degree d|G| and rank r, and from the fact that g.c.d.(d|G|,r)=1 and Lemma 3.4, we have that it is μ-π*H-stable. Now, by Corollary 3.3, π*ℒ is μ-H-stable if and only if g*ℒ≠ℒ for all g∈G; thus, π*ℱ⊗g*ℒ≠π*ℱ⊗ℒ for all g∈G, then π*(π*ℱ⊗ℒ)≃ℱ⊗π*ℒ is μ-H-stable.Theorem 3.6.
LetX be a smooth projective variety over an algebraically closed field k and let π:Y→X be an étale Galois cover with Galois group G and
(3.6)π*OY=⨁V∈IV⊗kEV
the isotypical decomposition of π*𝒪Y. Then, each ℰV is μ-H-stable with respect to any ample line bundle 𝒪X(1).Proof.
Asπ:Y→X is étale, we have that π*π*𝒪Y≃𝒪Y⊕|G|, and from Proposition 3.1, it follows that π*𝒪Y is μ-H-polystable; now, we just have to see that each ℰV is simple, but this is consequence of Proposition 2.1, Part (3).Corollary 3.7.
Letℱ be a μ-H-semistable vector bundle on X, then ℰV⊗ℱ is μ-H-semistable for all ℰV. Moreover, if ℱ is μ-H-stable, then ℰV⊗ℱ is μ-H-polystable.Proof.
We have thatπ*π*π*ℱ≃⨁g∈Gπ*ℱ, so, by Lemma 5.3of Section 5,π*π*ℱ is μ-H-semistable; now, π*π*ℱ≃ℱ⊗π*𝒪Y≃⨁V∈ℐV⊗ℰV⊗ℱ, then ℰV⊗ℱ is μ-H-semistable for all V. Applying Proposition 3.1 we get the second assertion by an analogous argument.LetℳH(r,d) (ℳH(r,d)¯) be the moduli space parametrizing locally free μ-H-stable sheaves (μ-H-polystables, resp.), of rank k and degree zero over k over X.Corollary 3.8.
LetX be a smooth projective variety over an algebraically closed field k. Suppose that X admits an étale Galois cover with Galois group G. Then, for all irreducible representation V of G over k and any polarization H, one has that ℳH(dimV,0) is non empty.Now, on characteristic zero, we have that exterior products of the standard representation of symmetric groups are irreducible (see [9, page 31]); thus, we have the next.Corollary 3.9.
LetX be a smooth projective variety over k, char(k)=0, and let H be any polarization. Suppose that the variety admits a Galois cover with Galois group, the symmetric group on d letters 𝔖d. Then, there exists a nonempty open set U⊂ℳH(d-1,0) such that ⋀kℰ is μ-H-stable for all ℰ∈U.Proof.
As the characteristic is zero, the wedge product ofμ-H-stables sheaves is μ-H-polystable, in particular μ-H-semistable. So, we have defined a morphism:
(3.7)MH(d-1,0)⟶MH((d-1k),0)¯
given by ℰ↦⋀kℰ. As the variety ℳH((d-1k),0) is an open set of ℳH((d-1k),0)¯, we only need to see that there is an ℰ∈ℳH(d-1,0) such that ⋀kℰ is μ-H-stable.
By hypothesis, we assume the existence of an étale Galois cover with Galois group, the symmetric group ond letters 𝔖d; let V be the standard representation of 𝔖d and ℰV the corresponding sheaf obtained in Theorem 3.6, and recalling that in characteristic zero the exterior algebra of the standard representation ⋀kV is irreducible for all k, we have, from part (4) of Proposition 2.1, that ⋀kℰV=ℰ⋀kV is μ-H-stable.In particular we have the following.Corollary 3.10.
LetX be a smooth projective curve of genus g>1 over a field of characteristic zero. Then, ⋀kℰ is μ-H-stable for the generic vector bundle ℰ of degree zero and rankd.Proof.
In this case, the moduli spacesℳH(d,0) and ℳH((dk),0)¯ are irreducible, so we only need to prove the existence of a Galois cover with Galois group 𝔖d+1 and, by the Lefschetz Principle (see [10]), it suffices to do it for k=ℂ. Let π1(X,x0)=〈α1,β1,…,αg,βg|∏[αiβiαi-1βi-1]=1〉 be the fundamental group of X, with base point x0; on the other hand, the symmetric group 𝔖d+1 is generated by one transposition and one cycle of length d+1, so we can define a surjective morphism π1(X,x0)→𝔖d+1, for example, the one given by α1↦(1,2), α2↦(1,…,d+1), αi↦1 if i>2 and β1↦(1,2), β2↦(1,…,d+1)-1=(d+1,d,d-1,…,2,1), βi↦1 if i>2.Proposition 3.11.
LetX be projective smooth variety over an algebraically closed field k and let π:Y→X be an étale Galois cover with Galois group G, and set π*𝒪Y=⨁V∈IV⊗kℰV. Let ℱ be a μ-H-stable vector bundle. Then, the following statements are equivalent: (1)
π*ℱ is μ-π*H-stable;(2)
Hom(ℱ,ℱ⊗ℰV)=0forallV≠V0;(3)
ℱ⊗ℰV is μ-H-stable for allV and ℱ⊗ℰV≠ℱ⊗ℰW for V≠W.Proof.
(3.9)⇔(2) Since ℱ is μ-H-stable, from Proposition 3.1, we have that π*ℱ is μ-π*H-polystable; on the other hand,
(3.8)Hom(π*F,π*F)=H0(Y,π*F∨⊗π*F)=H0(X,π*[π*F∨⊗π*F])=H0(X,F∨⊗π*π*F)=Hom(F,π*π*F)=Hom(F,F⊗π*OY)=Hom(F,F⊗[⨁V∈IV⊗kEV])=⨁V∈IV⊗kHom(F,EV⊗F).
Thus, π*ℱ is a simple vector bundle if and only if Hom(ℱ,ℰV⊗ℱ)=0 for all V different from the trivial representation V0.
(3.9)⇔(3) Notice that π*π*π*ℱ≃⨁g*π*ℱ≃π*ℱ⊕|G| is μ-π*H-polystable; thus, π*π*ℱ≃ℱ⊗π*𝒪Y and ℱ⊗ℰV are μ-H-polystable. Also, we have, from Proposition 3.1, that π*ℱ is μ-π*H-polystable; then π*ℱ is simple, and then, μ-π*H-stable if and only if
(3.9)dim⁡Hom(π*F,(π*F)⊕|G|)=|G|.
On the other hand, we have the following relations:
(3.10)Hom(π*F,(π*F)⊕|G|)=Hom(π*F,⨁g∈Gg*π*F)=Hom(π*F,π*π*π*F)=H0(Y,π*F∨⊗π*π*π*F)=H0(X,π*π*F∨⊗π*π*F)=Hom(π*π*F,π*π*F)=Hom(F⊗OY,F⊗OY)=Hom(F⊗[⨁V∈IV⊗kEV],F⊗[⨁V∈IV⊗kEV])=⨁V,W∈IHom(V⊗kF⊗EV,W⊗kF⊗EW)≃⨁V,W∈IHom(F⊗EV,F⊗EW)(dim⁡V)×(dim⁡W)≃[⨁V∈IHom(F⊗EV,F⊗EV)(dim⁡V)2]⨁[⨁V≠WHom(F⊗EV,F⊗EW)(dim⁡V)×(dim⁡W)].
Now,|G|=∑V∈I(dimV)2 and, from previous relationships, we have that equality (3.9) is possible if and only if dimHom(ℱ⊗ℰV,ℱ⊗ℰW) is zero if V≠W and ℱ⊗ℰ are simple for all V. This tested the statement.Theorem 3.12.
Letd,r be integers such that r>0 and g.c.d.(d,r)=1=g.c.d.(|G|,r). Then, for every irreducible representation V of G and ℱ∈ℳX(r,d) one has that ℱ⊗ℰV is μ-H-stable. In addition, the natural induced morphism ℳX(r,d)→ℳX(r·dimV,d·dimV)⊂ℳX(r·dimV,d·dimV)¯ is injective.Proof.
From Proposition3.1, we have that π*ℱ is μ-π*H-polystable with degree d|G| and rank r, and from the fact that g.c.d.(d|G|,r)=1 and Lemma 3.4, we have that it is μ-π*H-stable. Thus, applying Proposition 3.11, we have that ℱ⊗ℰV is μ-H-stable for any representation V.
Let us now prove the injectivity of the morphismℳX(r,d)→ℳX(r·dimV,d·dimV).
Letℱ1,ℱ2∈ℳX(r,d) and suppose that ℱ1⊗ℰV≃ℱ2⊗ℰV; notice that this isomorphism implies that det(ℱ1)=det(ℱ2). From the μ-H-stability of ℱi⊗ℰV, we have that these vector bundles are simple, so that 1=dimHom(ℱ1⊗ℰV,ℱ2⊗ℰV)=dimHom(ℱ1,ℱ2⊗ℰV⊗ℰV*). On the other hand, from Proposition 2.1, we have that ℰV*=ℰV* and ℰV⊗ℰV*=⨁ℰT〈T,V⊗V*〉, so 1=dimHom(ℱ1⊗ℰV,ℱ2⊗ℰV)=⨁T∈ℐdimHom(ℱ1,ℱ2⊗ℰT)〈T,V⊗V*〉 and we can deduce the existence of a unique representation T∈ℐ of dimension 1 such that ℱ1≃ℱ2⊗ℰT. From here we have that det(ℱ1)≃det(ℱ2)⊗(ℰT)⊗r, where r=rk(ℱ2) and, thus, (ℰT)⊗r≃𝒪X and applying part (4) of Proposition 2.1, we obtain that ℰT⊗r=𝒪X and so T⊗r is the trivial representation. However, from representation theory, the order of the cyclic group generated by the isomorphism class of T should be divided by |G|, but by hypothesis g.c.d.(r,|G|)=1, then r=1 and T is the trivial representation.


## 4. Examples of Varieties with Group Action: Actions in the Moduli Space of Stable Bundles

Again, letπ:Y→X be an étale Galois cover with Galois group G, thus the action of G on Y determines an action on the moduli space ℳY(r,d) (ℳY(r,d)¯) of μ-H-(semi)stables sheaves on Y, and from Corollary 3.3, we have a natural morphism ℳY(r,d)→ℳX(r|G|,d)¯ given by 𝒢↦π*𝒢, which factorizes by the quotient ℳY(r,d)/G. The aim of this section is the study of such morphism.Proposition 4.1.
Suppose thatg.c.d(|G|,d)=1. Then, for all integer r>0, the natural action of G on ℳY(r,d) is without fixed points; in particular, for all 𝒢∈ℳY(r,d), one has that π*𝒢 is μ-H-stable.Proof.
LetPic𝒪Y(1)d(Y) be the subvariety of the Picard variety Pic(Y) formed by line bundles of degree d with respect to 𝒪Y(1)=π*𝒪X(1). Thus, we have defined the determinant morphism det:ℳY(r,d)→Pic𝒪Y(1)d(Y) and this satisfies that det(g*(ℰ))=g*(det(ℰ)), so it suffices to prove the proposition for Pic𝒪Y(1)d(Y).
Letℒ∈Pic𝒪Y(1)d(Y); from Lemma 5.2, we have that deg(π*ℒ)=d and rk(π*ℒ)=|G|, so Lemma 3.4 implies the μ-H-stability of π*ℒ; finally, from Corollary 3.3, g*ℒ≠ℒ for all g≠Id, then we conclude that there are no fixed points. The last part of the statement is consequence of Corollary 3.3.Denote by𝒬r,dπ the quotient variety ℳY(r,d)/G and δ:𝒬r,dπ→𝒬1,dπ the induced morphism by det:ℳY(r,d)→Picd(Y)=ℳY(1,d). The fiber of this map is described in the following.Corollary 4.2.
Letℒ∈Picd(Y). Then, if g.c.d(|G|,d)=1, then the restriction of the quotient morphism defines an isomorphism det-1(ℒ)→δ-1([ℒ]).Proof.
In order to see this, it suffices to show thatg(det-1(ℒ))∩det-1(ℒ)=∅ which is consequence of the proof of the above proposition.Corollary 4.3.
Letr be a positive integer and suppose that g.c.d(|G|,d)=1. Then, one has a natural injective morphism π*:𝒬r,dπ→ℳX(r|G|,d)⊂ℳX(r|G|,d)¯.ConsiderY and X curves. If g.c.d.(r,d)=1, then we have that ℳY(r,d)=ℳY(r,d)¯ and that the moduli space is smooth (see [8, Section 4.5]). So, we have the following.Corollary 4.4.
𝒬r,dπ is a smooth subvariety of ℳX(r|G|,d).In general, there is a natural mapPic𝒪Y(1)d(Y)→ℳX(|G|,d) whose image is naturally isomorphic to the quotient variety 𝒬1,dπ. A special case is for abelian varieties; we note that, by a theorem of Serre-Lang, every étale cover of an abelian variety X has the structure of an abelian variety (see [6, page 167]).Proposition 4.5.
LetX be a polarized abelian variety and π:Y→X an étale cyclic cover of degree r. Let d be an integer such that g.c.d(r,d)=1. Then, each irreducible component of 𝒬1,dπ is a smooth irreducible component of ℳX(r,d).Proof.
By previous Corollary4.4, 𝒬1,dπ is a smooth subvariety of ℳX(r|G|,d) and by Proposition 4.1  g*ℒ≠ℒ if g≠Id. Now, let ℒ∈Picd(Y); thus, Tπ*ℒℳX(r,d) is given by H1(X,π*ℒ⊗π*ℒ-1)≃H1(X,π*(π*π*L⊗ℒ-1))≃H1(Y,π*π*ℒ⊗ℒ-1)≃H1(Y,⨁g∈Gg*ℒ⊗ℒ-1)≃⨁g∈GH1(Y,g*ℒ⊗ℒ-1); now, by the vanishing theorem for abelian varieties in [6, page 76], we have that h1(L)=0 for all ℒ∈Pic0(Y), ℒ≠𝒪Y. Then, Tπ*ℒℳX(r,d)≃H1(Y,𝒪Y)≃TℒPic(Y)≃Tπ*ℒ𝒬1,dπ.


## 5. Proof of Proposition3.1

We will need three lemmas; on them, we will be under the assumptions of Proposition3.1.Let us recall an equivalent definition of the degree of an𝒪X-module.Lemma 5.1.
For a locally free sheafℰ,
(5.1)deg⁡(E)=c1(E)⋅Hd-1.
In particular, if ℰ and ℱ are locally free sheaves, then one has
(5.2)deg⁡(E⊗F)=rk(E)deg⁡(F)+rk(F)deg⁡(E).Proof.
By Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch formula, we have(5.3)P(E)(m)=χ(E⊗OX(m))=deg⁡[ch(E⊗OX(m))⋅td(TX)]n=∑k{∑i+j=n-kdeg⁡[ch(E)i⋅td(TX)j⋅Hd-k]}mkk!,
where ch(𝒪X(m))=∑k((mH)k)/k! for some ample divisor H; thus,
(5.4)αd-1(E)=deg⁡(ch(E)1⋅td0(TX)⋅Hd-1)+deg⁡(ch0(E)⋅td1(TX)⋅Hd-1)=deg⁡(c1(E)⋅Hd-1)+rk(E)2deg⁡(c1(TX)⋅Hd-1).
In particular, for ℰ=𝒪X, we have
(5.5)αd-1(OX)=12deg⁡(c1(TX)⋅Hd-1)
and the first part of the lemma follows. The second part is consequence of basic properties of Chern classes.Lemma 5.2.
Letℰ be a locally free 𝒪X-module. Then, rk(π*ℰ)=rk(ℰ) and deg(π*ℰ)=|G|deg(ℰ), in particular μ(π*ℰ)=|G|μ(ℰ). Let 𝒢 be a locally free 𝒪Y-module. Then, rk(π*𝒢)=|G|rk(𝒢) and deg(π*𝒢)=deg(𝒢), in particular |G|μ(π*𝒢)=μ(𝒢).Proof.
Statements about the rank follow from the general theory of finite covers. Now, as an étale cover is affine, we havehi(Y,𝒢)=hi(X,π*𝒢) for any coherent sheaf on Y; thus, P(Y,𝒢)=P(X,π*𝒢) and αd-1(𝒢)=αd-1(π*𝒢). On the other hand, by Lemma 5.1 we have that deg(π*𝒪Y)=c1(π*𝒪Y)·Hd-1=c1(π*π*𝒪X)·Hd-1=π*(c1(π*𝒪X))·Hd-1=|G|c1(𝒪X)·Hd-1=0, thus αd-1(π*𝒪Y)=|G|αd-1(𝒪X). In general, for a coherent sheaf 𝒢, we have that deg(𝒢)=αd-1(𝒢)-rk(𝒢)αd-1(𝒪Y)=αd-1(π*𝒢)-rk(𝒢)|G|αd-1(𝒪X)=deg(π*𝒢).
Finally, letℰ be a locally free sheaf on X, then deg(π*ℰ)=deg(π*π*ℰ)=deg(ℰ⊗π*𝒪Y)=rk(π*𝒪Y)deg(ℰ)+rk(ℰ)deg(π*𝒪Y)=|G|deg(ℰ).Lemma 5.3.
Letℰ be a locally free 𝒪X-module. Then, ℰ is μ-H-semistable if and only if π*ℰ is μ-H-semistable.Proof.
Ifℰ is not μ-H-semistable, then there is a submodule ℱ with μ(ℱ)>μ(ℰ), so, by Lemma 5.2, μ(π*ℱ)>μ(π*ℰ) and π*ℰ is not μ-H-semistable.
For the converse, suppose thatπ*ℰ is not μ-π*H-semistable, then, by the Harder-Narasimhan filtration theorem, there exists a unique submodule 𝒢 such that it is μ-π*H-semistable and μ(𝒢)≥μ(ℋ) for all submodule of π*ℰ; by the uniqueness, it is invariant under the action of G, so, by Theorem 1 in [6, page 111], there exists an 𝒪X-submodule ℱ such that 𝒢≃π*ℱ and, by previous lemma, μ(ℱ)>E.Proof of Proposition3.1.
Suppose thatπ*ℰ is μ-H-polystable, so by the previous lemma ℰ is μ-H-semistable and by the Jordan-Holder filtration theorem there exists a destabilizing submodule ℱ such that it is μ-H-stable and μ(ℱ)=μ(ℰ), so by previous lemmas π*ℱ is μ-π*H-semistable and μ(π*ℱ)=μ(π*ℰ) and so it must be a direct summand of π*ℰ. Let π*ℱ→iπ*ℰ→pπ*ℱ be the inclusion and projection morphisms, so taking the direct image we have G-invariant morphisms ℱ⊗π*𝒪Y→i*ℰ⊗π*𝒪Y→p*ℱ⊗π*𝒪Y with p*∘i*=Idℱ⊗π*𝒪Y, but, now, π*𝒪Y=⨁V∈ℐV⊗ℰV; hence, we have ℱ⊗V⊗ℰV→i*ℰ⊗V⊗ℰV→p*ℱ⊗V⊗ℰV for each irreducible representation V; in particular for the trivial representation V0 we have ℰV0=𝒪X, then ℱ is a direct summand of ℰ.
Now, suppose thatℰ is μ-H-stable; again, by the lemma above, π*ℰ is μ-π*H-semistable, so let 𝒢 be a destabilizing submodulo for it. Thus, taking the sum ∑g∈Gg*𝒢, we obtain a G-invariant μ-π*H-polystable submodule of π*ℰ which must be the pullback of a μ-H-polystable subsheaf ℱ of ℰ with the same slope, so ℱ=ℰ and then π*ℰ=∑g∈Gg*𝒢.



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