# Analytical Solution of Two-Dimensional Sine-Gordon Equation

Authors: Alemayehu Tamirie Deresse; Yesuf Obsie Mussa; Ademe Kebede Gizaw
Journal: Advances in Mathematical Physics
 (2021)

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## Abstract

In this paper, the reduced differential transform method (RDTM) is successfully implemented for solving two-dimensional nonlinear sine-Gordon equations subject to appropriate initial conditions. Some lemmas which help us to solve the governing problem using the proposed method are proved. This scheme has the advantage of generating an analytical approximate solution or exact solution in a convergent power series form with conveniently determinable components. The method considers the use of the appropriate initial conditions and finds the solution without any discretization, transformation, or restrictive assumptions. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are demonstrated by four of our test problems, and solution behavior of the test problems is presented using tables and graphs. Further, the numerical results are found to be in a good agreement with the exact solutions and the numerical solutions that are available in literature. We have showed the convergence of the proposed method. Also, the obtained results reveal that the introduced method is promising for solving other types of nonlinear partial differential equations (NLPDEs) in the fields of science and engineering.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Nonlinear phenomena, which appear in many areas of scientific fields such as solid-state physics, plasma physics, fluid dynamics, mathematical biology, and chemical kinetics, can be modeled by partial differential equations. A broad class of analytical and numerical solution methods were used to handle these problems. Recently, several research on the physical phenomena of the diverse fields of engineering and science was carried out, see for example [1–9] and the references therein.The nonlinear sine-Gordon equation (SGE), a type of hyperbolic partial differential equation, is often used to describe and simulate the physical phenomena in a variety of fields of engineering and science, such as nonlinear waves, propagation of fluxions, and dislocation of metals, for details see [10] and the references therein. Because the sine-Gordon equation has many kinds of soliton solutions, it has attracted wide spread attention [11]. The sine-Gordon equation was first discovered in the nineteenth century in the course of study of various problems of differential geometry [12]. In the early 1970s, it was first realized that the sine-Gordon equation led to kink and antikink (so-called solitons) [13]. As one of the crucial equations in nonlinear science, the sine-Gordon equation has been constantly investigated and solved numerically and analytically in recent years [10, 14–18]. Different scholars employed different methods to solve the one-dimensional sine-Gordon equation, for example, the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) [19–23], the EXP function method [24], the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) [25–27], the homotopy analysis method (HAM) [28], the variable separated ODE method [29, 30], and the variational iteration method (VIM) [31, 32]. Further, Shukla et al. [33] obtained numerical solution of the two-dimensional nonlinear sine-Gordon equation using a localized method of approximate particular solutions. Baccouch [34] developed and analyzed an energy-conserving local discontinuous Galerkin method for the two-dimensional SGE on Cartesian grids. Duan et al. [35] proposed a numerical model based on the lattice Boltzmann method to obtain the numerical solutions of the two-dimensional generalized sine-Gordon equation, and the method was extended to solve the nonlinear hyperbolic telegraph equation as indicated in [36].The main aim of this study is to obtain the approximate analytical solutions for the two-dimensional nonlinear sine-Gordon equation (TDNLSGE), since most of the research focused on the numerical solutions for this problem. The reduced differential transform method is used for this purpose for several reasons. The first reason is that the method has not previously been studied to solve this problem. Secondly, the present method is easy to apply for multidimensional problems and the corresponding algebraic equation is simple and easy to implement. Thirdly, this method can reduce the size of the calculations and can provide an analytic approximation, in many cases exact solutions, in rapidly convergent power series form with elegantly computed terms ([37] and see the references therein). Moreover, the reduced differential transform method (RDTM) has an alternative approach of solving problems to overcome the demerit of discretization, linearization, or perturbations of well-known numerical and analytical methods such as Adomian decomposition, differential transform, homotopy perturbation, and variational iteration [37–39].In this paper, we investigate the solution of the two-dimensional nonlinear sine-Gordon equation [40]:
(1)∂2u∂t2+β∂u∂t=α∂2u∂x2+∂2u∂y2−ϕx,ysinu+hx,y,t,x,y∈Ω,t≥0,subject to the initial conditions:
(2)ux,y,0=φ1x,y,x,y∈Ω,(3)∂∂tux,y,0=φ2x,y,x,y∈Ω,by using RDTM, where Ω=x,y:a≤x≤b,c≤y≤d.The functionϕx,y can be interpreted as a Josephson current density, and φ1x,y and φ2x,yare wave modes or kinks and velocity, respectively. The parameter β is the so-called dissipative term, which is assumed to be a real number with β≥0. When β=0, Equation (1) reduces to the undamped SGE equation in two space variables, while when β>0, to the damped one, and α is a nonnegative real number.The paper is organized as follows. In Section2, we begin with some basic definitions and operations of the proposed method, and we introduce some lemmas that will be used later in this paper. The implementation of the method is presented in Section 3. The convergence analysis of the method is presented in Section 4. In Section 5, we apply RDTM to solve four test problems to show the applicability, efficiency, and accuracy of the method. Section 6 presents graphical representation and physical interpretations of the solutions behavior of the considered examples. Conclusions are given in Section 7.


## 2. Preliminaries and Notations

In this section, we give the basic definitions and operations of the two-dimensional reduced differential transform method [37, 41–43].Definition 1.
If a functionux,y,t is analytic and differentiated continuously with respect to space variables x,y and time variable t in the domain of interest, then
(4)Ukx,y=1k!∂k∂tkux,y,tt=t0,where Ukx,y is the t-dimensional spectrum function or the transformed function.Definition 2.
The inverse reduced differential transform of a sequenceUkx,yk=0∞ is given by
(5)ux,y,t=∑k=0∞Ukx,yt−t0k.Then, combining Equations (4) and (5), we write
(6)ux,y,t=∑k=0∞1k!∂k∂tkux,y,tt=t0t−t0k.Remark 3.
The functionux,y,t is represented by a finite series (5) around t0=0 and can be written as u~nx,y,t=∑k=0nUkx,ytk+Rnx,y,t where the tail function Rnx,y,t=∑k=n+1∞Ukx,ytk is negligibly small.Furthermore, the inverse reduced differential transform of the set ofUkx,yk=0n gives an approximate solution as
(7)u~nx,y,t=∑k=0nUkx,ytk,where n is the order of the approximate solution. Therefore, by Definition 2, the exact solution of the problem is given by
(8)ux,y,t=limn→∞u~nx,y,t=∑k=0∞Ukx,ytk.From Equation (8), it can be found that the concept of the reduced differential transform method is derived from the power series expansion.The fundamental mathematical operations performed by RDTM are listed in Table1.Table 1
The fundamental mathematical operations of RDTM [37, 41, 44].
Original functionTransformed functionux,y,tUkx,y=1/k!∂k/∂tkux,y,tt=0wx,y,t=αux,y,t±βvx,y,tWkx,y=αUkx,y±βVkx,y, where α and β are constantswx,y,t=xmyntpWkx,y=xmynδk−p, where δk−p=1,ifk=p,0,ifk≠pwx,y,t=xmyntpux,y,tWkx,y=xmynUk−px,ywx,y,t=ux,y,tvx,y,tWkx,y=∑r=0kUkx,yVk−rx,y=∑r=0kVkx,yUk−rx,ywx,y,t=∂r/∂trux,y,tWkx,y=k+r!/k!Uk+rx,y=k+1k+2⋯k+rUk+rx,ywx,y,t=∂n/∂xnux,y,tWkx,y=∂n/∂xnUkx,ywx,y,t=∂n/∂ynux,y,tWkx,y=∂n/∂ynUkx,ywx,y,t=sinαx+βy+ωtWkx,y=ωk/k!sinkπ/2!+αx+βy, where α, β, and ω are constantswx,y,t=cosαx+βy+ωtWkx,y=ωk/k!coskπ/2!+αx+βy, where α, β, and ω are constantsIn addition to the properties of RDTM given in Table1, we introduce the lemmas which provide us with a simple way to apply the RDTM to the two-dimensional nonlinear sine-Gordon Equations (1)–(3).Lemma 4.
Assume thatFkx,y,Gkx,y and Ukx,y are the reduced differential transform of the functions fx,y,t,gx,y,t and ux,y,t, respectively, then, we have the following RDTM results:
(i)
Iffx,y,t=sinux,y,t, then(9)Fkx,y=sinU0,ifk=0,∑k1=0k−11−k1kGk1x,yUk−k1x,y,ifk≥1(ii)
Ifgx,y,t=cosux,y,t, then(10)Gkx,y=cosU0,ifk=0,−∑k1=0k−11−k1kFk1x,yUk−k1x,y,ifk≥1Proof.
(i)
Applying properties of RDTM on both sides offx,y,t=sinux,y,t,, we obtain(11)F0x,y=sinU0x,y.
Then, by Leibnitz rule for higher order derivatives of the products and properties of RDTM onfx,y,t=sinux,y,t, we obtain,
(12)Fkx,y=1k!∂k∂tkfx,y,tt=0=1k!∂k∂tksinux,y,tt=0.But∂k/∂tkfx,y,t=∂k−1/∂tk−1cosux,y,t∂/∂tux,y,t=∑k1=0k−1k−1k1∂k1gx,y,t/∂tk1∂k−k1ux,y,t/∂tk−k1.Therefore,(13)∂k∂tkfx,y,tt=0=∑k1=0k−1k−1k1k1!k−k1!Gk1x,yUk−k1x,y,=∑k1=0k−1k−1!k−k1Gk1x,yUk−k1x,y.Hence, by using Definition1, for k=1,2,3,⋯, we get
(14)Fkx,y=1k!∂k∂tkfx,y,tt=0=∑k1=0k−11k!k−1!k−k1Gk1x,yUk−k1x,y=∑k1=0k−11−k1kGk1x,yUk−k1x,y(ii)
Applying properties of RDTM on both sides ofgx,y,t=cosux,y,t, we get(15)G0x,y=cosU0x,y.Using Leibnitz rule of higher order derivatives of the products ongx,y,t=cosux,y,t, we get
(16)Gkx,y=1k!∂k∂tkgx,y,tt=0=1k!∂k∂tkcosux,y,tt=0,∂k∂tkgx,y,t=−∂k−1∂tk−1sinux,y,t∂∂tux,y,t=−∑k1=0k−1k−1k1∂k1fx,y,t∂tk1∂k−k1ux,y,t∂tk−k1.Therefore,(17)∂k∂tkgx,y,tt=0=−∑k1=0k−1k−1k1k1!k−k1!Fk1x,yUk−k1x,y,=−∑k1=0k−1k−1!k−k1Fk1x,yUk−k1x,y,and then using Definition 1, for k=1,2,3,⋯, we get
(18)Gkx,y=1k!∂k∂tkgx,y,tt=0=∑k1=0k−11k!k−1!k−k1Fk1x,yUk−k1x,y,=−∑k1=0k−11−k1kFk1x,yUk−k1x,y.Lemma 5.
If∂kux,y,t/∂tk=φx,y, then
(19)Ukx,y=φx,yk!.Proof.
By Definition1, Ukx,y=1/k!∂kux,y,t/∂tkt=0, and so, when k is replaced by n, we have,
(20)Unx,y=1n!∂nux,y,t∂tnt=0,and from the initial condition we get ∂nux,y,t/∂tn==φx,y.
Thus,Unx,y=1/n!∂nux,y,t/∂tnt=0=1/n!φx,yt=0=φx,y/n!.
Therefore,Ukx,y=φx,y/k!
Furthermore, by convention, ifux,y,0=φ1x,y, then U0x,y=φ1x,y/0!=φ1x,y and if ∂/∂tux,y,0=φ2x,y, then U1x,y=φ2x,y/1!=φ2x,y.


## 3. Implementation of the Method

To illustrate the basic concepts of the RDTM, we consider the NLSGE (1) with initial conditions (2) and (3).According to the RDTM given in Table1 and Lemma 4, we can construct the following iteration formula:
(21)k+2k+1Uk+2x,y+βk+1Uk+1x,y=α∂2∂x2Ukx,y+∂2∂y2Ukx,y−ϕx,yFkx,y+Hkx,y,whereFkx,y is the reduced differential transform of the nonlinear term sinux,y,t and Hkx,y is the reduced differential transform of the inhomogeneous term hx,y,t.Thus,(22)F0x,y=sinU0,F1x,y=G0x,yU1x,y,F2x,y=G0x,yU2x,y−12F0x,yU12x,y,F3x,y=G0x,yU3x,y−F0x,yU1x,yU2x,y−16G0x,yU13x,y,F4x,y=G0x,yU4x,y−F0x,yU1x,yU3x,y−12F0x,yU22x,y−12G0x,yU12x,yU2x,y+124F0x,yU14x,y,and so on.Using Lemma5 on initial conditions (2) and (3), we get
(23)U0x,y=φ1x,y,(24)U1x,y=φ2x,y.Substituting (24) and (23) into (22) and by straightforward iterative calculations, we get the following successive values of Ukx,y, i.e., U2x,y,U3x,y,U4x,y,⋯. Then, the inverse reduced differential transform of the set of values Ukx,yk=0n gives the n-term approximate solution:
(25)u~nx,y,t=∑k=0nUkx,ytk.Therefore, the exact solution of problem (1) is given by
(26)ux,y,t=limn→∞u~nx,y,t=∑k=0∞Ukx,ytk.


## 4. Convergence Analysis

In this section, we present the convergence analysis of the approximate analytical solutions which are computed from the application of RDTM [41].Consider the SGE (1) in the following functional equation form:
(27)ux,y,t=Fux,y,t,where F is a general nonlinear operator involving both linear and nonlinear terms.According to RDTM, the two-dimensional NLSGE given in Equation (1) has a solution of the form:
(28)ux,y,t=∑k=0∞Ukx,ytk=∑k=0∞βk.It is noted that the solutions by RDTM is equivalent to determining the sequences(29)S0=U0x,y=β0,S1=U0x,y+U1x,yt=β0+β1,S2=U0x,y+U1x,yt+U2x,yt2=β0+β1+β2,⋯Sn=∑k=0nUkx,ytk=∑k=0nβk,by using the iterative scheme
(30)Sn+1=FSn,associated with the functional equation
(31)S=FS.Hence, the solution obtained by RDTM,ux,y,t=∑k=0∞Ukx,ytk=∑k=0∞βk is equivalent to
(32)ux,y,t=U0x,y+U1x,yt+U2x,yt2+U3x,yt3+U4x,yt4+⋯=Snn=0∞.The sufficient condition for convergence of the series solutionSnn=0∞ is given in the following theorems.Theorem 6.
LetF be an operator from a from Hilbert space H in to H. Then, the series solution Snn=0∞ converges whenever there is α such that 0<α<1, and βk+1≤αβk.See [41] for the proof.Theorem 7.
LetF be a nonlinear operator that satisfies the Lipschitz condition from Hilbert space H in to H and ux,y,t be the exact solution of the given SGE. If the series solution Snn=0∞ converges, then it converges to ux,y,t.For proof see Ref. [41].Definition 8.
Fork∈Ν∪0, we define
(33)βk+1βk=Uk+1x,ytk+1Ukx,ytk,ifβk=Ukx,ytk≠0,0,ifβk=Ukx,ytk=0.
Then, we can say that the series approximate solutionSnn=0∞ converges to the exact solution ux,y,t when 0≤αk<1 for k=0,1,2,⋯.


## 5. Numerical Results

In this section, we apply the reduced differential transform method (RDTM) for finding the approximate analytic solutions of four test examples associated with the nonlinear sine-Gordon equations (NLSGEs) in a two-dimensional space. To demonstrate the applicability of the method and accuracy of the solutions, the results obtained by the proposed method is compared with the exact solution existing in the literature, and the numerical results and the absolute errors are given using tables and figures.Example 1.
Consider the sine-Gordon equation [40]
(34)∂2u∂t2=12π2∂2u∂x2+∂2u∂y2−sinu+sincosπxcosπycost,x,y∈−12,122,t≥0,with initial conditions
(35)ux,y,0=cosπxcosπy,(36)∂∂tux,y,0=0.
Applying properties of RDTM to Equation (34), we construct the following recursive formula:
(37)k+2k+1Uk+2x,y=12π2∂2∂x2Ukx,y+∂2∂y2Ukx,y−Fkx,y+Hkx,y,where Fkx,y and Hkx,y are the reduced differential transform of the nonlinear term sinux,y,t and the inhomogeneous term sincosπxcosπycost, respectively.Using RDTM to the initial conditions (35) and (36), we get
(38)U0x,y=cosπxcosπy,(39)U1x,y=0.Now taking the values ofkk=0,1,2,⋯, and applying Lemma 4 and using Equations (38) and (39) into Equation (37), we obtain the following successive iterated values:
(40)U2=−12!cosπxcosπy,U3=0,U4=14!cosπxcosπy,U5=0,U6=16!cosπxcosπy,and so on.Then, by (8), we get
(41)ux,y,t=∑k=0∞Ukx,ytk=cosπxcosπy1−t22!+t44!−t66!+⋯.Hence, the exact solution of Example1 is ux,y,t=cosπxcosπycost as in Kang et al. [40].For the convergence of the approximate analytic solution given in Equation (41), we calculate αk using
(42)αk=βk+1βk,ifβk≠0,0,ifβk=0.Hence, forx,y∈−1/2,1/2 and t≥0, we obtain α0=0<1, α1=0<1, α2=0<1, α3=0<1, α4=0<1,⋯, and by induction αk<1 for all k∈Ν∪0. Therefore, using Definition 8, the solution of Equation (34) converges to the exact solution.Numerical results corresponding to the two-dimensional nonlinear sine-Gordon equation given in Example1 are depicted in Table 2 and Figure 1.Example 2.
Consider the two dimensional sine-Gordon equation [36, 45]
(43)∂2u∂t2+∂u∂t=∂2u∂x2+∂2u∂y2−2sinu+2sine−t1−cosπx1−cosπy,−π2e−tcosπx+cosπy−2cosπxcosπy,x,y=0,22,t≥0,with initial conditions
(44)ux,y,0=1−cosπx1−cosπy,(45)∂∂tux,y,0=−1−cosπx1−cosπy.
By taking the reduced differential transform of Equation (43), we obtain
(46)k+2k+1Uk+2x,y+k+1Uk+1x,y=∂2∂x2Ukx,y+∂2∂y2Ukx,y−2Fkx,y+Hkx,y,where Fkx,y and Hkx,y are the reduced differential transform of the nonlinear term sinux,y,t and the inhomogeneous term
(47)2sine−t1−cosπx1−cosπy−πe−tcosπx+cosπy−2cosπxcosπy,
respectively.Table 2
Eighth-order approximate solution by RDTM of Example1 for different values of t and comparison with the exact solution.
xytu8Exact∣u8−Exact∣110.10.99500.99501.1102×10−160.20.98010.98012.8200×10−140.30.95530.95531.6261×10−120.40.92110.92112.8861×10−110.50.87760.87762.6861×10−100.60.82530.82531.6618×10−090.70.76480.76487.7554×10−090.80.69670.69672.9446×10−080.90.62160.62169.5499×10−0810.54030.54032.7350×10−07Figure 1
Plots of the solution behavior of Example1: (a) approximated solutions at time t=0.1; (b) absolute errors at time t=0.1; (c) comparison of exact and approximated solutions at times t=0.1, 0.5, 1; (d) comparison of absolute errors for different values of times t=0.5, 0.52, 0.54, 0.56, 0.58; (e) the periodic nature of the solution; and (f) the soliton at t=0.1.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Using RDTM to the initial conditions (44) and (45), we get
(48)U0x,y=1−cosπx1−cosπy,(49)U1x,y=−1−cosπx1−cosπy.Substituting Equations (48) and (49) into Equation (46), and applying Lemma 4, Definition 1, and properties of RDTM, we obtain the following successive iterated values for kk=0,1,2,⋯:
(50)U2=12!1−cosπx1−cosπy,U3=−13!1−cosπx1−cosπy,U4=14!1−cosπx1−cosπy,U5=−15!1−cosπx1−cosπy,and so on.Then by (8), we obtain the approximate analytic solution of Example 2 as follows:
(51)ux,y,t=∑k=0∞Ukx,ytk=1−cosπx1−cosπy1−t+12!t2−13!t3+14!t4−15!t5+⋯.The exact solution of the problem isux,y,t=e−t1−cosπx1−cosπy, as indicated in [36, 45].To test the convergence of the approximate solution, we calculateαk. Let us take x=y=1 and t=0.5 in the domain of interest, then using definition 8, we obtain, α0=0.5<1, α1=0.25<1,α2=0.1666666667<1, α3=0.125<1,α4=0.1<1, …., and by induction αk<1 for all k∈Ν∪0. Therefore, the solution of Equation (43) converges to the exact solution.Numerical results corresponding to the two-dimensional nonlinear sine-Gordon equation given in Example2 are depicted in Table 3 and Figure 2.Example 3.
Consider the two-dimensional inhomogeneous sine-Gordon equation [34],
(52)∂2u∂t2=∂2u∂x2+∂2u∂y2−sinu+sinsinx+y+t+sinx+y+tx,y∈0,2π2,t≥0,with initial conditions
(53)ux,y,0=sinx+y,(54)∂ux,y,0∂t=cosx+y.
Applying the RDTM to Equation (52), we obtain the following recurrence relation
(55)k+2k+1Uk+2x,y=∂2∂x2Ukx,y+∂2∂y2Ukx,y−Fkx,y+Hkx,y,where Fkx,y is the reduced differential transform of nonlinear term sinux,y,t and Hkx,y is the reduced differential transform of inhomogeneous term sinsinx+y+t+sinx+y+t.Table 3
Eighth-order approximate solution by RDTM of Example2 for different values of t and comparison with the exact solution.
xytu8Exact solution∣u8–Exact∣110.13.61933.61931.1546×10−140.23.27493.27495.5334×10−120.32.96332.96332.1063×10−100.42.68132.68132.7781×10−090.52.42612.42612.0500×10−080.62.19522.19521.0477×10−070.71.98631.98634.1555×10−070.81.79731.79731.3692×10−060.91.62631.62633.9154×10−0611.47151.47151.0013×10−05Figure 2
Plots of the solution behavior of Example2: (a) approximated solutions at t=0.1; (b) absolute errors at time at t=0.1; (c) comparison of exact and approximated solutions for times t=0.1, 0.5, 1; (d) comparison of absolute errors for different values of times t=0.5, 0.52, 0.54, 0.56, 0.58; (e) the periodic nature of the solution; and (f) the soliton at t=0.1.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Using RDTM to the initial conditions (53) and (54), we have
(56)U0x,y=sinx+y,U1x,y=cosx+y.Now taking the values ofkk=0,1,2,⋯ and applying Lemma 4, Definition 1, and properties of RDTM in Equation (55), we obtain the following successive iterative values:
(57)U2=−12!sinx+y,U3=−13!cosx+y,U4=14!sinx+y,U5=15!cosx+y,U6=−16!sinx+y,U7=−17!cosx+y,and so on.Then, using Equation (8), we get
(58)ux,y,t=∑k=0∞Ukx,ytk=sinx+y1−t22!+t44!−t66!+⋯+cosx+yt−t33!+t55!−t77!+⋯.Equation (58) represents the approximate analytic solution of Example 3, whose exact solution is ux,y,t=sinx+y+t, as in [34].For the convergence of the approximate solution given in (58), we calculate αk by taking any values of x, y, and t in the domain of interest. Let us takex=y=π/8andt=0.25, we obtain α0=0.25<1, α1=0.125<1, α2=0.083334<1, α3=0.0625<1, α4=0.05<1,⋯, and by induction αk<1 for all k∈Ν∪0. Therefore, by Definition 8, the solution of Equation (52) converges to the exact solution.Numerical results corresponding to the two-dimensional nonlinear sine-Gordon equation given in Example3 are depicted in Table 4 and Figure 3.Example 4.
Consider the following two dimensional sine-Gordon equation [33]
(59)∂2u∂t2=∂2u∂x2+∂2u∂y2−sinu,x,y∈−7,72,t≥0,subject to the initial conditions
(60)ux,y,0=4tan−1ex+y,(61)∂∂tux,y,0=−4ex+y1+e2x+2y.
Applying RDTM technique to Equation (59), we obtain the following iterative formula:
(62)k+2k+1Uk+2x,y=∂2∂x2Ukx,y+∂2∂y2Ukx,y−Fkx,y,where Fkx,y is the reduced differential transform of nonlinear term sinux,y,t.Table 4
Eighth-order approximate numerical solution by RDTM of Example3 for different values of t and comparison with the exact solution.
xytu8Exact solution∣u8–Exact∣110.10.86320.86321.1102×10−160.20.80850.80852.5535×10−140.30.74570.74571.4601×10−120.40.67550.67552.5806×10−110.50.59850.59852.3916×10−100.60.51550.51551.4733×10−090.70.42740.42746.8465×10−090.80.33500.33502.5884×10−080.90.23920.23928.3583×10−0810.14110.14112.3833×10−07Figure 3
Plots of the solutions behavior of Example3: (a) approximated solutions at t=0.1; (b) absolute errors t=0.1; (c) comparison of exact and approximated solutions for t=0.1, 0.5, 1; (d) comparison of absolute errors for different values of times t=0.5, 0.52, 0.54, 0.56, 0.58; (e) the periodic nature of the solution, and (f) the soliton at t=0.1.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Using RDTM to initial condition (60) and (61), we get
(63)U0x,y=4tan−1ex+y,(64)U1x,y=−4ex+y1+e2x+2y.Applying Lemma4 and using Equations (63) and (64) in Equation (62), we get the following successive values of Ukx,y forkk=0,1,2,⋯.
(65)U2=2ex+y−e3x+3y1+e2x+2y2,U3=−23ex+y−6e3x+3y+e5x+5y1+e2x+2y3,U4=16ex+y−23e3x+3y+23e5x+5y−e7x+7y1+e2x+2y4,U5=−130ex+y−76e3x+3y+230e5x+5y−76e7x+7y+e9x+9y1+e2x+2y5,U6=1180ex+y−237e3x+3y+1682e5x+5y−1682e7x+7y+237e9x+9y−e11x+11y1+e2x+2y6,,and so on.Then, the inverse reduced differential transform ofUkx,y gives the n-term approximate analytic solution in the form u~nx,y,t=∑k=0nUkx,ytk.Hence, the exact solution isux,y,t=limn→∞u~nx,y,t=4tan−1ex+y−t as in Shukla et al. [33] and Baccouch [34].To check the convergence of the approximate analytic solutions, we calculateαk for values x=y=t=1, and we obtain α0=0.00161498087<1, α1=0.48201379002<1, α2=0.29691347980<1, α3=0.16168993395<1 … and by induction αk<1 for all k∈Ν∪0. Therefore, by Definition 8, the solution of Example 4 converges to the exact solution.Numerical results corresponding to the two-dimensional nonlinear sine-Gordon equation given in Example4 are depicted in Table 5 and Figure 4.Table 5
Seventh-order approximate solution by RDTM of Example4 for different values of t and comparison with the exact solution.
xytu7Exact solution∣u7–Exact∣110.15.68935.68932.3634×10−120.25.62795.62796.1136×10−100.35.56045.56041.5797×10−080.45.48635.48631.5875×10−070.55.40505.40509.4946×10−070.65.31615.31614.0838×10−060.75.21895.21891.3970×10−050.85.11295.11304.0343×10−050.94.99774.99781.0218×10−0414.87294.87312.3289×10−04Figure 4
Plots of the solution behavior of Example4: (a) approximate solution at t=0.1; (b) absolute error t=0.1; (c) comparison of exact and approximate solutions for times t=0.1, 0.5, 1; (d) comparison of absolute errors for different values of times t=0.5, 0.52, 0.54, 0.56, 0.58; and (e) the soliton at t=0.1.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)Tables2–5 illustrate the approximate analytical solutions of Examples 1–4 obtained by RDTM and the corresponding absolute errors for different values of time t. It can be observed from Tables 2–5 that for smaller values of t the corresponding absolute errors are small compared to others. This is to mean that better approximation can be achieved for small values of time t whatever the values of x and y are within the domain of interest.


## 6. Graphical Representation and Physical Interpretations

A graph is a crucial tool to depict the physical structures of the phenomena in the sense of real-world applications. In this section, we have discussed about the obtained solution of the simplified two dimensional sine-Gordon equation using the RDTM method, and we get the travelling wave solutions assembled from Examples1–4 to the simplified equation. The solutions of examples (1)–(3) and Example 4 are general solitary wave solutions which are periodic wave solution and singular kink shape soliton, respectively. From the above solutions, it has been noted that the solutions (41), (51), and (58) provides periodic wave solution where the solution (65) gives singular kink shape wave solution. Periodic traveling waves play an important role in numerous physical phenomena, including reaction-diffusion-advection systems, self-reinforcing systems, and impulsive systems. Mathematical modeling of many intricate physical events, for instance, physics, mathematical physics, engineering, and many more phenomena resemble periodic traveling wave solutions [46].Furthermore, Figures1–4 depict surface plots that show the physical behavior of the RDTM solutions ux,y,t and absolute errors of Examples 1–4 for different values of time t in the domain of interest. Specially, in Figures 1(c), 2(c), 3(c), and 4(c), comparisons of exact and approximated analytical solutions are compared for different values of times t=0.1, 0.5, 1. As it can be seen from the figures that all the graphs of the approximated analytical solutions for the assigned values of time t resembles to their corresponding graphs of the exact solutions. The comparison of absolute error graphs shown in Figures 1(d), 2(d), 3(d), and 4(d) for different values of times t=0.50, 0.52, 0.54, 0.56, 0.58 and also the results assert that better approximation for ux,y,t can be obtained when time t is small for any values of x and y in the domain of interest.


## 7. Conclusions

The reduced differential transform method (RDTM) is successfully implemented to find approximate analytical solutions or exact solutions of the two-dimensional nonlinear sine-Gordon equations subject to the appropriate initial conditions. The convergence analysis of the proposed method is also studied, and the results we obtained in Examples1, 2, 3, and 4 are in excellent agreement with the exact solutions obtained by different methods available in the literature, see Refs. [33, 34, 36, 40, 45]. Furthermore, RDTM is much easier, more convenient, and efficient and this work illustrates the validity and great potential of the reduced differential transform method for solving nonlinear partial differential equations. As a result, the basic ideas of this approach are expected to be further employed to solve other nonlinear problems arising in sciences and engineering.



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