# Simulation and Experiment of a Kind of Thin-Walled Tube Crushing Member Used for Antiimpact Column

Authors: Cheng‐long Wang; Yifang Chen; QingLiang Zeng; Guoming Liu
Journal: Shock and Vibration
 (2021)

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## Abstract

In order to solve the problem of poor antiimpact ability of hydraulic support under rock bursting, a kind of thin-walled cylinder crushing component used in the composite spiral antiimpact device was developed, and different structural models were proposed and simulated. On this basis, the model was verified by experiments. The results show that the arrangement of the hollow structure can restrain the ring mode deformation and Euler instability of the tube member in the crushing yield and can carry out the buckling deformation according to the expected crushing force during the compression deformation process and effectively reduce the initial peak force. The arrangement of guide grooves can make the buckling deformation more stable and regular, which can effectively reduce the initial peak force and elastic displacement. With the smaller wall thickness and the smaller wall thickness of the induced groove, the effective deformation yield stroke of the crushing member increases, and the initial peak force, total energy absorption, average reaction force, and elastic displacement decrease. The simulation results are consistent with the experimental results which will be used in the future works.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In recent years, rock burst accidents in coal mines occurred frequently, which has become the main disaster of deep mining in China [1–3]. Hydraulic supports are the main roadway support equipment for coal mining. Some high-strength hydraulic supports are gradually used to increase the support strength to deal with rock bursts [4, 5]. At the moment of the occurrence of rock burst, the surrounding rock pressure surges instantly, and the safety valve of the hydraulic support is often too late to be opened for pressure relief protection. In such condition, the support works in a rigid way. The pressure will directly cause the deformation and damage of the support, the column bends, the cylinder bursts, and damage to the guide sleeve [6], which led to the instability and destruction of the entire support system, resulting in equipment damage and casualties. Therefore, the development of a new type of hydraulic column with fast dynamic yielding and energy absorption ability is very necessary so as to enhance the antiimpact ability of roadway hydraulic support equipment and prevent roadway rock burst accident.In order to improve the antiimpact performance of the support, Tang and Yang et al. [7, 8] provided a solution which is mainly performed by means of changing the structure of the support and adding energy-absorbing components to the support. However, in this solution, the thin-walled tube is easy to crack, the deformation mode is unstable, and the guide device needs to be set. The structure is complex, and the deformation energy absorption process requires high precision, which is difficult to be applied to the complex and severe actual impact conditions. Pan et al. [9] put forward a kind of energy dissipation buffer device for foamed aluminum, which depends on the energy absorption of aluminum foam. But the structure of such device is more complex, whose supporting ability under static pressure and the ability of energy absorption and impact prevention are relatively weak. Ma and Tang et al. [10, 11] put forward the different plate inclination angle of the corrugated tube and the thin-walled tube type energy-absorbing and antiimpact components with precrease. The precrease of such components needs special mold processing, the process is complex, and the production cost is high.Aiming to reduce the peak load and the initial mean crushing strength stability problems, in 2017, a number of circular arc grooves are alternately preset on the outer wall, inner wall, and inner and outer walls of the thin-walled round tube by Li [12]. Various design forms a thin groove, which shows that the groove on the inner wall has a greater effect on reducing the initial peak force than the groove on the outer wall. In 2018, Hosseini et al. [13] studied the influence of three geometric parameters of inner diameter, length and thin-wall thickness, layer orientation, reinforcing fiber, and the manufacturing process on the crushing characteristics of thin-walled composite cylinders. Montazeri et al. [14] analyzed the crushing mechanism of two types of thin-walled structures (porous pipes and grooved pipes) through simulation and experiment, and the plastic deformation of the thin-walled pipe is analyzed by means of opening grooves and holes at predetermined intervals along the pipe. In 2019, Shams et al. [15] proposed a new method to improve the energy absorption performance of thin-walled round tubes under quasistatic side loads through mold processing. Using molds and various blade-shaped indenters, a simple round tube was formed into four different types of prefabricated samples, and the preshaped samples are horizontally crushed between two rigid press plates for the flattening test. In 2020, Song et al. [16] by studying two typical structures (cornstalk and the reed) reported that 4 types of foam-filled thin-walled bionic structure, through dynamic drop weight and quasistatic compression, the energy absorption capacity, and deformation mode of the bionic structure are studied. Dong et al. [17] designed a kind of energy-absorbing and antiimpact anchor support member, which achieves the energy-absorbing effect through the axial tearing and curling deformation of the metal round tube, but the initial support strength of this kind of member is small and the metal. The tearing deformation of the round tube takes up a lot of space. Yao et al. [18] used simulation and experimental research to compare the energy absorption characteristics of the open area and the unopened area of the circular pipe, which showed that the average crushing force will decrease with the increase of the pipe wall thickness or the decrease of the hole radius. The number of holes or reducing the radius of the holes can increase the specific energy absorption. Li et al. [19] studied the influence of the type and quantity of induced structures on the axial crushing deformation mode, initial peak force, crushing force efficiency, and energy absorption capacity of thin-walled square tubes filled with aluminum foam. The test verifies the accuracy of the finite element model of the thin-walled square tube filled with aluminum foam. Yi et al. [20] studied the influence of the diaphragm structure and the induced structure on the energy absorption characteristics, and it is concluded that the structure produces more buckling folds under the restriction of the diaphragm, and the energy absorption is increased.In the process of collapse deformation of ordinary thin-walled circular pipe under rock burst, there are some problems, such as unstable deformation, easy Euler instability, large initial peak force, difficult to deform quickly, and unable to yield quickly. In view of the above problems, a new type of a screw type antiimpact device [21] is designed as the yielding device of the antiimpact column, and a thin-walled tube crushing structure is designed in the hydraulic cavity of the new type of screw type hydraulic buffer. Under the impact pressure, the spiral hydraulic buffer and the thin-walled tube work together. Therefore, the collapse structure of thin-walled circular pipe needs to meet the requirements of high hydrostatic support capacity, easy to deform quickly and stably, and the initial peak force should not be too large. In order to design the collapse structure of thin-walled circular pipe which meets the requirements of the new spiral antiimpact device, a finite element model of the hollow structure of thin-walled circular pipe is established, the collapse buckling analysis of five kinds of components is carried out, and the ideal collapse component structure is determined. The simulation results are verified by experiments. The research results provide the model basis and experimental basis for future work.


## 2. Requirements and Design of Thin-Walled Tube Collapse Components

### 2.1. Performance Requirements and Evaluation Parameters of Collapse Members

The antiimpact character of the conventional hydraulic column depends on the characteristics of the safety valve. When the energy-loading rate of the strong impact load exceeds the relief rate of the safety valve, the liquid pressure in the column will still rise rapidly after the safety valve is opened. Moreover, it is also very common that the column will fail before the safety valve is opened.In order to solve the problem of poor applicability and response speed of relief capacity of the safety valve to different external loads, a new type of spiral hydraulic buffer [21] is proposed, in which a thin-walled tube crushing structure is designed in the hydraulic cavity. With the case of static load, the thin-walled tube collapse structure provides the working resistance force for the new type of spiral hydraulic buffer. With the case of dynamic load, the component will deform timely when the impact load exceeds a certain threshold value, so as to provide guarantee for the timely opening of the safety valve. The ideal crushing component should meet the following requirements:(1)
Reasonable bearing capacity of peak crushing force: the component does not deform or deforms less before the surrounding rock pressure or impact force reaches the peak force, and the component begins to give way and deform when the surrounding rock impact force exceeds the peak force. The initial peak valueFmax (buckling load) of the reaction force of the force-displacement curve in the deformation process of a crushed member is usually its deformation threshold [22], so Fmax is required to meet the requirements of formula (1), where Fr is the working resistance of the column and Fb is the impact damaging-load of the column and other components. According to the relevant China national standards, the peak bearing capacity of the energy-absorbing member is generally designed to be 1.2–1.5 times of the working resistance of the column [23, 24].(1)Fr<Fmax<Fb.(2)
The displacement should be small in the elastic deformation stage. It is necessary to shorten the stroke under initial peak load as much as possible to ensure that the initial elastic deformation stage occurs earlier in the process of component crushing and buckling deformation. DistanceL in the elastic deformation stage is used for evaluation, where L is the corresponding deformation when the component is crushed to reach the initial peak load.(3)
A relative large effective deformation stroke is needed. The effective deformation yield stroke can be used to express the plastic deformation ability of the component. The deformation yield is meaningful when reaction force of the component is less than or equal to the initial peak force, and the effective deformation yield strokeδ is used for evaluation [25].(4)
The component has a constant reaction force during the crushing process.Fmean is the average crushing force, which reflects the overall load level of the member. It is defined as(2)Fmean=1δ∫0δFsds.(5)
E is the total absorption energy, which describes the energy absorbed in the process of buckling deformation of the component. It can ensure effective energy absorption and impact resistance ability of the component.(3)E=∫0δFsds.(6)
The stability of the load during the antishock process is high. In order to ensure the effective and stable buffer protection of the support system, the mean square deviationσ of the supporting reaction force is used to reflect its fluctuation, which is in the plastic deformation stage during the buckling deformation process of the component.(4)σ=∫δ1δFs−Fmean2pxds.(7)
No expanding to the surroundings and no occupy of other spaces after the components are compressed and deformed


### 2.2. Design of Thin-Walled Round Tube Crushing Components

In this study, the thin-walled round tube crushing components are used for the antiimpact column whose working resistance is 3600 KN. In order to facilitate the test, the working resistance of the antiimpact column is reduced by 500 times. And the test working resistance is 7.2 KN,Fb = 1.2, and Fr = 8.64 KN. Five structural schemes for the thick thin-walled round tube crushing member are designed, whose structure is shown in Figure 1. For the thin-walled cylindrical, the total height of 110 mm and the outer diameter of 60 mm, the detailed design information is given in Table 1. From YG-1to YG-5, it shows different schemes, and the assembly plan is shown in Figure 2.Figure 1
Three structural schemes of thin-walled round tube crushing components.Table 1
Schemes of thin-walled energy-absorbing components.
No.Wall thickness (mm)Groove (mm)StructureYG-13NoRound tubeYG-23NoHollow outYG-32.5NoHollow outYG-432.5Hollow outYG-52.52Hollow outFigure 2
Installation plan of crushed components of thin-walled round pipe. (1) End cover, (2) piston rod, (3) piston, (4) cylinder body, (5) crushing parts.


## 2.1. Performance Requirements and Evaluation Parameters of Collapse Members

The antiimpact character of the conventional hydraulic column depends on the characteristics of the safety valve. When the energy-loading rate of the strong impact load exceeds the relief rate of the safety valve, the liquid pressure in the column will still rise rapidly after the safety valve is opened. Moreover, it is also very common that the column will fail before the safety valve is opened.In order to solve the problem of poor applicability and response speed of relief capacity of the safety valve to different external loads, a new type of spiral hydraulic buffer [21] is proposed, in which a thin-walled tube crushing structure is designed in the hydraulic cavity. With the case of static load, the thin-walled tube collapse structure provides the working resistance force for the new type of spiral hydraulic buffer. With the case of dynamic load, the component will deform timely when the impact load exceeds a certain threshold value, so as to provide guarantee for the timely opening of the safety valve. The ideal crushing component should meet the following requirements:(1)
Reasonable bearing capacity of peak crushing force: the component does not deform or deforms less before the surrounding rock pressure or impact force reaches the peak force, and the component begins to give way and deform when the surrounding rock impact force exceeds the peak force. The initial peak valueFmax (buckling load) of the reaction force of the force-displacement curve in the deformation process of a crushed member is usually its deformation threshold [22], so Fmax is required to meet the requirements of formula (1), where Fr is the working resistance of the column and Fb is the impact damaging-load of the column and other components. According to the relevant China national standards, the peak bearing capacity of the energy-absorbing member is generally designed to be 1.2–1.5 times of the working resistance of the column [23, 24].(1)Fr<Fmax<Fb.(2)
The displacement should be small in the elastic deformation stage. It is necessary to shorten the stroke under initial peak load as much as possible to ensure that the initial elastic deformation stage occurs earlier in the process of component crushing and buckling deformation. DistanceL in the elastic deformation stage is used for evaluation, where L is the corresponding deformation when the component is crushed to reach the initial peak load.(3)
A relative large effective deformation stroke is needed. The effective deformation yield stroke can be used to express the plastic deformation ability of the component. The deformation yield is meaningful when reaction force of the component is less than or equal to the initial peak force, and the effective deformation yield strokeδ is used for evaluation [25].(4)
The component has a constant reaction force during the crushing process.Fmean is the average crushing force, which reflects the overall load level of the member. It is defined as(2)Fmean=1δ∫0δFsds.(5)
E is the total absorption energy, which describes the energy absorbed in the process of buckling deformation of the component. It can ensure effective energy absorption and impact resistance ability of the component.(3)E=∫0δFsds.(6)
The stability of the load during the antishock process is high. In order to ensure the effective and stable buffer protection of the support system, the mean square deviationσ of the supporting reaction force is used to reflect its fluctuation, which is in the plastic deformation stage during the buckling deformation process of the component.(4)σ=∫δ1δFs−Fmean2pxds.(7)
No expanding to the surroundings and no occupy of other spaces after the components are compressed and deformed


## 2.2. Design of Thin-Walled Round Tube Crushing Components

In this study, the thin-walled round tube crushing components are used for the antiimpact column whose working resistance is 3600 KN. In order to facilitate the test, the working resistance of the antiimpact column is reduced by 500 times. And the test working resistance is 7.2 KN,Fb = 1.2, and Fr = 8.64 KN. Five structural schemes for the thick thin-walled round tube crushing member are designed, whose structure is shown in Figure 1. For the thin-walled cylindrical, the total height of 110 mm and the outer diameter of 60 mm, the detailed design information is given in Table 1. From YG-1to YG-5, it shows different schemes, and the assembly plan is shown in Figure 2.Figure 1
Three structural schemes of thin-walled round tube crushing components.Table 1
Schemes of thin-walled energy-absorbing components.
No.Wall thickness (mm)Groove (mm)StructureYG-13NoRound tubeYG-23NoHollow outYG-32.5NoHollow outYG-432.5Hollow outYG-52.52Hollow outFigure 2
Installation plan of crushed components of thin-walled round pipe. (1) End cover, (2) piston rod, (3) piston, (4) cylinder body, (5) crushing parts.


## 3. Simulation of Various Schemes of Thin-Walled Tube Crushing Member

In this section, the axial impact simulation of thin-walled cylindrical members with different structures and different thickness of induced grooves is carried out, and the influence of different parameters on the buckling deformation process and energy absorption characteristics of thin-walled cylindrical members are analyzed.


### 3.1. Deformation Morphology of Crush Buckling

The finite element model of crushing buckling simulation for crushing member is shown in Figure3. In this model, the friction coefficient is 0.25, the material is aluminum 5083, the material density is 2660 kg/m3, the elastic modulus is 70 GPa, and Poisson’s ratio is 0.3.Figure 3
Finite element model of crushing buckling simulation for crushing member.The buckling simulation analysis of five schemes of crush members with different structures and induced groove thickness under quasistatic load is carried out, and the buckling deformation form of the members is shown in Figure4.Figure 4
Compression and the buckling deformation process of each scheme member. (a) Buckling deformation process of YG-1, (b) buckling deformation process of YG-2, (c) buckling deformation process of YG-3, (d) buckling deformation process of YG-4, and (e) buckling deformation process of YG-5.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)It can be seen from Figure4 that the ax symmetric mode deformation of the crushed member occurs at the initial stage of buckling deformation. As the crushed member continues to be crushed, its deformation is transformed into a non-ax symmetric deformation mode of buckling after reaching the initial peak force. In such cases, the deformation of the component is in the mixed mode [26–29].According to the plastic strain distribution nephogram of the crushing member, it can be seen that the area with high stress is the area with large plastic deformation, and the stress and deformation of hollow crushing member are concentrated in the middle two-layer hollow. As the crushing member continues to be crushed, the hollow bending and folding will be together in the dense state.


### 3.2. Antishock Performance Parameters of Crushing Components

The reaction force-deformation curve of each component in the crushing and buckling process is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Support reaction force-deformation curve for simulation of crushing and buckling of thin-walled circular tube members with different schemes.The reaction force-deformation curve of each scheme can be roughly divided into three stages:(1) In the initial elastic deformation stage, the component is in a short-term elastic deformation state at the beginning of crushing, and the supporting reaction force increases rapidly from zero to the initial peak force. (2) In the plastic deformation stage, after the initial peak value of the support reaction, the component begins to undergo large plastic deformation, forming bending folds and causing relatively continuous reaction force. (3) In the compaction stage, the component is crushed to a compact state, the reaction force quickly rises to the initial peak force, and the effective deformation yield stroke is ended.The reaction force fluctuations of nonhollowed round tube members are relatively obvious in the plastic deformation stage. Generally speaking, for each different scheme, the smaller the thickness of the same structure, the lower the reaction force during crushing buckling. There are mainly two deformation forms during the plastic deformation process of component crushing and buckling, which are bending and stretching. The influence of structural thickness on the reaction force of bending and tensile deformation is positively correlated [30, 31]. Therefore, the reduction of wall thickness can help to reduce the overall reaction force of members.The initial peak force, displacement during the elastic stage, displacement of effective deformation, total absorbed energy, mean square deviation, and average support reaction force of each scheme are shown in Figure6. The performance evaluation parameters of tubular members are given in Table 2.Figure 6
Performance evaluation parameters of the simulation of component crushing and buckling of various schemes. (a) Initial peak force, (b) displacement during the elastic stage, (c) effective deformation yield stroke, (d) total absorbed energy, (e) average reaction force, and (f) mean square deviation.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Table 2
Performance evaluation parameters of thin-walled round pipes without hollowing out.
NumberInitial peak force (KN)Yielding distance of elastic deformation (mm)YG-1953.1From Figure6(a) and Table 1, it shows that the initial peak force of hollow thin-walled circular tube crushing member is smaller than that of ordinary thin-walled circular tube crushing member under the condition of equal inner diameter and wall thickness, which indicates that the hollow structure makes the member more stable, regular, and can effectively help to reduce the initial peak force.For hollow components, as the wall thickness is decreased, the initial peak force during crushing buckling and the average reaction force are smaller. The initial peak force of the thin-walled round tube crushing component with the induction groove is smaller than that of the ordinary hollow thin-walled round tube crushing component, which shows that the opening of the induction groove makes the component’s crushing and buckling deformation more stable and regular and effectively reduces the initial peak force.It can be seen from Figure6(b) that the thickness reducing of the thin-walled round tube and arranging of the induction grooves can make the components more plastically deformable, effectively reduce the displacement in the elastic stage, and improve the response speed of the crushed components.It can be seen from Figure6(c) that the effective deformation yield stroke increases with the wall thickness decreasing and arranging of the induction groove. The bending folds formed by the collapse and buckling process of the component with the induction groove and the smaller wall thickness are smaller, and the material plastic deformation is sufficient. In such cases, the deformation is effective which give way to a larger yield stroke. On the contrary, if the wall thickness is large and the induced trough is not arranged, the plastic deformation is insufficient, the reaction force with large fluctuation will reach the initial peak force earlier, and the yield stroke is smaller.It can be seen from Figures6(d) and 6(e) that the decrease of wall thickness and the arrangement of induced grooves reduce the energy absorption of members. The energy absorption is affected by the reaction force and the effective displacement. The general decreasing trend of total energy absorption is mainly affected by the decreasing of reaction force. According to equations (2) and (3), the average support reaction is the ratio of the total energy absorption to the effective displacement, where the law of the average support reaction is greatly affected by the total energy absorption law.It can be seen from Figure6(f) that for the same structural member, as the wall thickness and the thickness of the induced groove decrease, the mean square error of the supporting reaction force basically decreases. The members with smaller wall thickness and induction groove thickness are more easily deformed during crushing buckling, and the bending folds formed are more and smaller. Therefore, the stability of the load during the antiimpact process is higher, the fluctuation is smaller, and the mean square error is smaller. In the process of crushing and buckling, the members with larger induced groove thickness are not easy to deform, and the bending folds formed are less and larger. Therefore, the stability of the load during the antishock process is lower, the fluctuation is larger, and the mean square error is larger.


## 3.1. Deformation Morphology of Crush Buckling

The finite element model of crushing buckling simulation for crushing member is shown in Figure3. In this model, the friction coefficient is 0.25, the material is aluminum 5083, the material density is 2660 kg/m3, the elastic modulus is 70 GPa, and Poisson’s ratio is 0.3.Figure 3
Finite element model of crushing buckling simulation for crushing member.The buckling simulation analysis of five schemes of crush members with different structures and induced groove thickness under quasistatic load is carried out, and the buckling deformation form of the members is shown in Figure4.Figure 4
Compression and the buckling deformation process of each scheme member. (a) Buckling deformation process of YG-1, (b) buckling deformation process of YG-2, (c) buckling deformation process of YG-3, (d) buckling deformation process of YG-4, and (e) buckling deformation process of YG-5.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)It can be seen from Figure4 that the ax symmetric mode deformation of the crushed member occurs at the initial stage of buckling deformation. As the crushed member continues to be crushed, its deformation is transformed into a non-ax symmetric deformation mode of buckling after reaching the initial peak force. In such cases, the deformation of the component is in the mixed mode [26–29].According to the plastic strain distribution nephogram of the crushing member, it can be seen that the area with high stress is the area with large plastic deformation, and the stress and deformation of hollow crushing member are concentrated in the middle two-layer hollow. As the crushing member continues to be crushed, the hollow bending and folding will be together in the dense state.


## 3.2. Antishock Performance Parameters of Crushing Components

The reaction force-deformation curve of each component in the crushing and buckling process is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Support reaction force-deformation curve for simulation of crushing and buckling of thin-walled circular tube members with different schemes.The reaction force-deformation curve of each scheme can be roughly divided into three stages:(1) In the initial elastic deformation stage, the component is in a short-term elastic deformation state at the beginning of crushing, and the supporting reaction force increases rapidly from zero to the initial peak force. (2) In the plastic deformation stage, after the initial peak value of the support reaction, the component begins to undergo large plastic deformation, forming bending folds and causing relatively continuous reaction force. (3) In the compaction stage, the component is crushed to a compact state, the reaction force quickly rises to the initial peak force, and the effective deformation yield stroke is ended.The reaction force fluctuations of nonhollowed round tube members are relatively obvious in the plastic deformation stage. Generally speaking, for each different scheme, the smaller the thickness of the same structure, the lower the reaction force during crushing buckling. There are mainly two deformation forms during the plastic deformation process of component crushing and buckling, which are bending and stretching. The influence of structural thickness on the reaction force of bending and tensile deformation is positively correlated [30, 31]. Therefore, the reduction of wall thickness can help to reduce the overall reaction force of members.The initial peak force, displacement during the elastic stage, displacement of effective deformation, total absorbed energy, mean square deviation, and average support reaction force of each scheme are shown in Figure6. The performance evaluation parameters of tubular members are given in Table 2.Figure 6
Performance evaluation parameters of the simulation of component crushing and buckling of various schemes. (a) Initial peak force, (b) displacement during the elastic stage, (c) effective deformation yield stroke, (d) total absorbed energy, (e) average reaction force, and (f) mean square deviation.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Table 2
Performance evaluation parameters of thin-walled round pipes without hollowing out.
NumberInitial peak force (KN)Yielding distance of elastic deformation (mm)YG-1953.1From Figure6(a) and Table 1, it shows that the initial peak force of hollow thin-walled circular tube crushing member is smaller than that of ordinary thin-walled circular tube crushing member under the condition of equal inner diameter and wall thickness, which indicates that the hollow structure makes the member more stable, regular, and can effectively help to reduce the initial peak force.For hollow components, as the wall thickness is decreased, the initial peak force during crushing buckling and the average reaction force are smaller. The initial peak force of the thin-walled round tube crushing component with the induction groove is smaller than that of the ordinary hollow thin-walled round tube crushing component, which shows that the opening of the induction groove makes the component’s crushing and buckling deformation more stable and regular and effectively reduces the initial peak force.It can be seen from Figure6(b) that the thickness reducing of the thin-walled round tube and arranging of the induction grooves can make the components more plastically deformable, effectively reduce the displacement in the elastic stage, and improve the response speed of the crushed components.It can be seen from Figure6(c) that the effective deformation yield stroke increases with the wall thickness decreasing and arranging of the induction groove. The bending folds formed by the collapse and buckling process of the component with the induction groove and the smaller wall thickness are smaller, and the material plastic deformation is sufficient. In such cases, the deformation is effective which give way to a larger yield stroke. On the contrary, if the wall thickness is large and the induced trough is not arranged, the plastic deformation is insufficient, the reaction force with large fluctuation will reach the initial peak force earlier, and the yield stroke is smaller.It can be seen from Figures6(d) and 6(e) that the decrease of wall thickness and the arrangement of induced grooves reduce the energy absorption of members. The energy absorption is affected by the reaction force and the effective displacement. The general decreasing trend of total energy absorption is mainly affected by the decreasing of reaction force. According to equations (2) and (3), the average support reaction is the ratio of the total energy absorption to the effective displacement, where the law of the average support reaction is greatly affected by the total energy absorption law.It can be seen from Figure6(f) that for the same structural member, as the wall thickness and the thickness of the induced groove decrease, the mean square error of the supporting reaction force basically decreases. The members with smaller wall thickness and induction groove thickness are more easily deformed during crushing buckling, and the bending folds formed are more and smaller. Therefore, the stability of the load during the antiimpact process is higher, the fluctuation is smaller, and the mean square error is smaller. In the process of crushing and buckling, the members with larger induced groove thickness are not easy to deform, and the bending folds formed are less and larger. Therefore, the stability of the load during the antishock process is lower, the fluctuation is larger, and the mean square error is larger.


## 4. Experimental Analysis of Crushing Buckling Deformation of Thin-Walled Round Tube Crushing Components

### 4.1. Compression and Buckling Deformation of Members

Five thin-walled members as shown in Figure7 are manufactured, and the collapse buckling test is performed by means of an electronic universal testing machine, which is shown in Figure 8. The deformation morphology of each component in the crushing buckling test is shown in Figure 9. The main conclusion is as follows:(1)
Euler instability occurs due to crushing and buckling of round pipe members without hollow structure(2)
The outer diameter deformation of the hollow round pipe member without induction groove is large in crushing buckling(3)
The outer diameter deformation of the thin-walled round tube member with induction grooves is small, and the deformation is regular.Figure 7
Thin-walled round tube crushing component.Figure 8
Microcontrol electronic universal testing machine.Figure 9
Deformation morphology of components in the crushing buckling test.Compared with the buckling simulation analysis of the thin-walled crushed component in the ideal deformation pattern, irregular deflection and cracking happened in the test, which is due to the possible component structural material defects and nonideal test loading conditions during the test. For example, the thickness of the pipe wall and the induction groove of the component are not uniform; the eccentric error of the placement position of the component is impacted and crushed.Compared with the hollow structure tube structure in component YG-1, the Euler instability occurs during the crushing and buckling deformation of the hollow structure tube structure. The hollow structure deformation is concentrated on the hollow vertical bars, resulting in larger bending wrinkles and deflection deformation. Components YG-2 and YG-3 without induction groove lack the guiding effect of the induction groove in the process of crushing and buckling deformation and are prone to irregular deformation. After the component is compressed and deformed, it expands around and takes up other space. Component YG-5 is set to induce, and the groove makes the crushing and buckling deformation more stable and regular.


### 4.2. Performance Parameters of Thin-Walled Round Pipe Crushed Components

The reaction force-deformation curve of the crushing buckling test of each member is shown in Figure10. The main conclusion is as follows:(1)
The reaction force-deformation curve of the crushing buckling test is basically consistent with the simulation curve. According to the test data, it shows that the reaction force-deformation curve of each component also has three similar stages.(2)
According to the testing of the five components, generally, the thinner the wall thickness of the component, the lower the overall level of the reaction force during the crushing buckling process, which is consistent with the simulation results.(3)
The arrangement of the inducing groove can make the crushing and buckling deformation more stable and regular, which can effectively reduce the initial peak load, reduce the distance of the elastic stage, and increase the effective deformation pressure stroke. It is consistent with the simulation results.Figure 10
The reaction force-deformation curve of the compression buckling test.On the basis above, the various evaluation parameters of the crush buckling test of the four components are analyzed (the Euler instability of the circular tube component YG-1 is no longer considered).With the changes of the structure, wall thickness, and induced groove thickness of the components, the effect of related parameters is obtained and is compared with simulation results above, which is shown in Figure11.Figure 11
The performance evaluation parameters of the crushing buckling test and simulation of each scheme member. (a) Initial peak force, (b) elastic phase displacement, (c) effective deformation yield stroke, (d) absorb energy, (e) average reaction force, and (f) mean square deviation.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)In general, the analysis result is the same as that described in the simulation analysis, which verifies the reliability of the simulation model and provides an important model basis for subsequent research.


## 4.1. Compression and Buckling Deformation of Members

Five thin-walled members as shown in Figure7 are manufactured, and the collapse buckling test is performed by means of an electronic universal testing machine, which is shown in Figure 8. The deformation morphology of each component in the crushing buckling test is shown in Figure 9. The main conclusion is as follows:(1)
Euler instability occurs due to crushing and buckling of round pipe members without hollow structure(2)
The outer diameter deformation of the hollow round pipe member without induction groove is large in crushing buckling(3)
The outer diameter deformation of the thin-walled round tube member with induction grooves is small, and the deformation is regular.Figure 7
Thin-walled round tube crushing component.Figure 8
Microcontrol electronic universal testing machine.Figure 9
Deformation morphology of components in the crushing buckling test.Compared with the buckling simulation analysis of the thin-walled crushed component in the ideal deformation pattern, irregular deflection and cracking happened in the test, which is due to the possible component structural material defects and nonideal test loading conditions during the test. For example, the thickness of the pipe wall and the induction groove of the component are not uniform; the eccentric error of the placement position of the component is impacted and crushed.Compared with the hollow structure tube structure in component YG-1, the Euler instability occurs during the crushing and buckling deformation of the hollow structure tube structure. The hollow structure deformation is concentrated on the hollow vertical bars, resulting in larger bending wrinkles and deflection deformation. Components YG-2 and YG-3 without induction groove lack the guiding effect of the induction groove in the process of crushing and buckling deformation and are prone to irregular deformation. After the component is compressed and deformed, it expands around and takes up other space. Component YG-5 is set to induce, and the groove makes the crushing and buckling deformation more stable and regular.


## 4.2. Performance Parameters of Thin-Walled Round Pipe Crushed Components

The reaction force-deformation curve of the crushing buckling test of each member is shown in Figure10. The main conclusion is as follows:(1)
The reaction force-deformation curve of the crushing buckling test is basically consistent with the simulation curve. According to the test data, it shows that the reaction force-deformation curve of each component also has three similar stages.(2)
According to the testing of the five components, generally, the thinner the wall thickness of the component, the lower the overall level of the reaction force during the crushing buckling process, which is consistent with the simulation results.(3)
The arrangement of the inducing groove can make the crushing and buckling deformation more stable and regular, which can effectively reduce the initial peak load, reduce the distance of the elastic stage, and increase the effective deformation pressure stroke. It is consistent with the simulation results.Figure 10
The reaction force-deformation curve of the compression buckling test.On the basis above, the various evaluation parameters of the crush buckling test of the four components are analyzed (the Euler instability of the circular tube component YG-1 is no longer considered).With the changes of the structure, wall thickness, and induced groove thickness of the components, the effect of related parameters is obtained and is compared with simulation results above, which is shown in Figure11.Figure 11
The performance evaluation parameters of the crushing buckling test and simulation of each scheme member. (a) Initial peak force, (b) elastic phase displacement, (c) effective deformation yield stroke, (d) absorb energy, (e) average reaction force, and (f) mean square deviation.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)In general, the analysis result is the same as that described in the simulation analysis, which verifies the reliability of the simulation model and provides an important model basis for subsequent research.


## 5. Conclusion

(1)
Without changing the material of the thin-walled tube, the thickness, and cross-sectional shape provided, inducing structure can ensure more stable and regular deformation and reduce the initial peak load. The arrangement of the hollow structure is effective to inhibit the annular mode deformation and Eulerian instability of collapse buckling of ordinary tubular members, which make the components tend to be stable. According to the simulation, it shows that the hollow structure crushing tube has better reaction fluctuation performance comparing with the ordinary tube. In the actual test, Euler instability occurs in the ordinary round pipe components, which results in the loss of effective crushing and antiscour performance.(2)
According to the simulation and experiment, it shows that for the hollow structure of thin-walled round pipes, as the wall thickness of the thin-walled round pipe decreases, the initial peak force and the displacement in the elastic phase decrease, the effective deformation yield distance increases, the total energy absorption and the average support reaction force decrease, and the mean square deviation of the reaction force is reduced.(3)
The opening of the induction groove makes the component’s crushing and buckling deformation more stable and regular and can effectively reduce the initial peak force and the elastic phase displacement, increase the effective deformation yield distance, and improve the stability during the component’s antishock process.(4)
The test result is consistent with the simulation result, which verifies the reliability of the simulation model and provides an important model basis for the future work.



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*Source: 6624934-2021-05-17.xml*