# Fuzzy AHP Based Optimal Design Building-Attached Photovoltaic System for Academic Campus

Authors: Mega Ardisa Hapsari; Subiyanto Subiyanto
Journal: International Journal of Photoenergy
 (2020)

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## Abstract

Several algorithms have been developed for building-attached photovoltaic system (BAPV) planning in educational institute based on PV capacity. Fewer studies on optimization algorithms for BAPV system planing on campus have been reported which considers a technoeconomic assessment. Therefore, a well-known robust algorithm is used as an optimization technique of BAPV system and considers technoeconomic assessment on campus. This paper presents a combination of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) with fuzzy theory (fuzzy AHP) for selecting a suitable and optimal design of BAPV system on academic campus. The BAPV system design is based on roof area and load profile at the project site. Five BAPV systems have been designed using five different types of PV. The design was comprehensively assessed by experts through a questionnaire with pairwise comparison model. Fuzzy AHP used to consider the qualitative and quantitative assessments that can affect the selection process. The comprehensive assessment in criteria consists of sizing systems, technical, economic, and environmental perspectives as criteria. The perspective is divided into 13 subcriteria. The results show degree of importance from the criteria-based fuzzy AHP as follows: technical > economic > environment > sizing system. Based on the assessment of criteria and subcriteria, design with monocrystalline is most suitable and polycrystalline as the least suitable design for BAPV system connected to grid and battery energy storage system in case study.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Global primary energy consumption increased by 2.2% in 2017 [1]. Natural gas still dominates as global primary energy [2]. Fossil fuel as an conventional energy resource was decreased and has a large impact to the environment. The electrical demand was dominated by fossil fuel generation supply that induces high cost and increased carbon dioxide emissions [3]. Renewable and sustainable energy technologies are at the forefront of environmental concerns, independence in energy, and solutions for high cost of fossil fuels [4]. Renewable energy offers great potential for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other environmental impacts from electricity production. In global power plants, the uses of renewable energy plants increased from 7.4% to 8.4% [1]. Renewable energy resources grew by 17%, contributed to almost half of the growth of electricity generation (49%) [1]. For example, solar photovoltaic (PV) is one of renewable energy resources that can replace fossil fuel resources. It can also be implemented in a distributed generation system where electricity plant and consumer are in the same location. Until 2016, more than 310 GW of electricity worldwide was generated by photovoltaic technology [5].Building-attached photovoltaic (BAPV) and building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) are two of the innovative ways to implement solar photovoltaic technology. Several countries have been implemented the BIPV and BAPV systems. Germany adopted the “Rooftop Solar Electricity Program” law to encourage the development of BAPV. Japan subsidized the cost of installing PV system in residential buildings. PV systems in American and California increased to 62 MW and 36.5 MW in 2004 [6]. In [7], study has given a comparative assessment of the BIPV vs. BAPV project in Bangalore, India. That study provided results BIPV system is not the best configuration in overall PV performance. In [8], it compares BAPV and BIPV systems with various PV technologies in countries with tropical climates. That study proved the BAPV system has better performance than the BIPV system. It means the BAPV system is relative more feasible to be implemented than BIPV system. BAPV system can be installed in any kind of building. Not only for residential buildings but also the BAPV and BIPV systems can be implemented or planned for campus academics [9–13]. PV project for the academic campus is a useful strategy. Academic buildings have many advantages to decrease electricity costs and research opportunities and increase the energy mix on campus. PV systems also support green energy on campus and reduce carbon dioxide [9, 14].Although the BAPV system is better than the BIPV system, not all BAPV systems are feasible to be implemented. There are many factors that can affect BAPV system performance. Optimization of design, PV type, arrangement array of PV (in a roof or in facade), initial cost of system, cost of operation, and maintenance can affect the performance [8]. Geographical condition in every country also determines the performance of system. In China, the best PV type is HIT [15]. a-Si PV type has the best performance to be applied in Brunei Darussalam and Bhopal, India [16]. In Singapore, monocrystalline PV has the lowest degradation of performance that is -0.8% per year [17]. In Malaysia, the best PV type is CdTe [8].Thus, a technoeconomic assessment is needed to determine the feasibility of PV system performance. In [18], a rooftop PV system with grid and batteries in China was conducted. Technical, economic, and environmental aspect evaluation shows the system has good feasibility with cost of energy (COE) $0.073/kWh. In [19], it reviewed the economic factors of PV system for residential buildings in Khartoum, Sudan. The 12 kWp PV system in Khartoum, Sudan, is relatively feasible because it has an COE of $0.051/kWh with a local electricity cost is $0.055/kWh.One consideration in implementation BAPV system is required a priority factor chosen. Multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) algorithm can be used to determine the main priorities of several existing considerations. MCDM is widely used in several cases related to photovoltaic technology. In previous works, MCDM has been used to select the suitable PV modules [20], used to investigate the most potential location for PV plants [21, 22], select best PV technologies [23], determine the most optimal renewable energy scenario [21], and prioritize PV/T technologies [24].Based on research studies that have perspectives, the feasibility of a BAPV system is determined by an assessment of technoeconomic factors. However, fewer studies about optimization algorithms for BAPV system planning on campus consider a technoeconomic assessment. Therefore, optimization technique with a well-known robust algorithm is used to get the best BAPV system design and considers technoeconomic assessment on campus. In this paper, combination of analytic hierarchy process with fuzzy theory is presented to choose the optimal and suitable BAPV system design in academic campus. Parameter assessment consists of a sizing system factor, technical factor, economic factor, and environment factor. Five existing PV technologies are used as an alternative design. The system design is simulated using PV∗Sol Premium to get the value of assessment. Evaluations are obtained with qualitative and quantitative opinions from experts in BAPV system planning and assessment. The evaluation resulted in one of the most optimal BAPV design choices to be applied at the project site.


## 2. Profile of the Project Site

Department of Electrical Engineering in Universitas Negeri Semarang is located in Sekaran, Gunung Pati, Semarang City, with the tropical climate in coordinates 7.05° south latitude, 110.40° east longitude, and an altitude of 187 m above sea level [25]. Three buildings as project case are, namely, E11, E6, and E8 Buildings (Figure 1). Building inspections have been carried out in the roof area, roof type, roof pitch, and orientation of roof [9]. Total available roof areas in E11 Building and E6+E8 Buildings are 540 m2 and 504 m2. E11 Building is divided into 4 roof areas with a total available area of 1,060.44m2. Roofs tilt in all buildings are 35°, except the flat roof in south-oriented of E11 Building is 16° [26]. Electricity demand at E11 Building is 179 kWh/day and E6+E8 Buildings is 67.5 kWh/day [27]. Detailed hourly energy demand in each building has been predicted with PV∗Sol Premium and shown in Figure 2. Daily irradiation and temperature in this project site-based Meteonorm are shown in Figure 3.Figure 1
Detail location and building of the project site experiment.Figure 2
Predicted hourly energy demand in project site with PV∗Sol Premium.Figure 3
Daily irradiation and temperature in the project site.


## 3. Design of BAPV System

The BAPV system was designed to reducing energy used from grid. This paper shows 2 scenarios of BAPV system. The first scenario is 73.5 kWp capacity of BAPV system connected to grid and battery energy storage system (BESS) for E11. BESS was added to E11 Building because it has high productivity in college activities. In addition, BESS can reduce high peak demand and improve the quality of the power system. The optimization of the BAPV system can be increased using the appropriate BESS capacity [28]. The second scenario is 31.5 kWp capacity of BAPV system with a grid only for E6+E8 Buildings. The BAPV system for Buildings E6 and E8 was combined because the building was integrated. System capacity is based on the roof area available in each building and PV requires alternatives [29]. Scheme of BAPV systems is shown in Figures 4 and 5.Figure 4
Scheme of BAPV connected to grid and BESS for E11 Building as scenario 1.Figure 5
Scheme of BAPV connected to the grid for E6+E8 Buildings as scenario 2.There are five BAPV designs for each scenario with five different PV types from German manufacturing, which are heterojunction PV (HIT), cadmium telluride PV (CdTe), copper indium selenium PV (CIS), monocrystalline PV (m-Si), and polycrystalline PV (p-Si). PV was chosen because it has high efficiency of 15-20%. Table1 shows the details of PV type used in this design BAPV system.Table 1
Modules PV used of design BAPV system.
Design 1
Design 2
Design 3
Design 4
Design 5
PV type
HIT
CdTe
CIS
m-Si
p-Si
Nominal power (Wp)
250
420
175
350
250
Weight of PV (kgs)
15
36
20
18.6
19
Efficiency
19.8%
18%
14.2%
20.6%
15.37%
Temperature coefficient (%/°C)
-0.28
-0.32
-0.31
-0.25
-0.40Sizing inverter capacity is based on the BAPV system capacity. BAPV system is connected to the grid, so a grid-tie inverter type is chosen because the inverter type can adjust the voltage and frequency of the grid [9]. AC battery type was chosen as BESS to cover 15% of energy demand. Price of the main components used is shown in Table 2. The price is taken from several online market places.Table 2
Cosf of the designed BAPV system main components.
Component
Unit price
Module m-Si
$320
Module p-Si
$243
Module CIS
$162
Module CdTe
$445
Module HIT
$239
Inverter 50 kWp
$5,265
Inverter 25 kWp
$3,185
Inverter 15 kWp
$2,939
AC battery 13 kWh
$8,750


## 4. Fuzzy AHP Based Component Selection of BAPV System Design

The development of BAPV system is supported by various PV types. Five types of PV that are chosen in Table1 is needed to be selected to obtain the most optimal and suitable for BAPV system design. In this paper, HIT PV (represented in design 1), CdTe PV (represented in design 2), CIS PV (represented in design 3), m-Si PV (represented in design 4), and p-Si PV (represented in design 5) are selected as object experiment (Figure 6). Evaluation of parameter assessment on BAPV systems based on fuzzy AHP has been carried out by four experts in PV planning and assessment. For more comprehensive in prioritizing the BAPV system designs, several assessment perspectives are considered with relevant references [8, 15].Figure 6
Hierarchy for fuzzy AHP in BAPV system.Fuzzy AHP algorithm is divided into 4 main stages. The first stage begins by constructing the hierarchy including goal, criteria, and subcriteria. Criteria are built from the perspective of sizing system, technical, economic, and environment. Subcriteria is built from detailed assessment of each criteria. The second stage is designing and assessing five alternative designs of BAPV systems for project experiment. The third stage is making an assessment of the hierarchy by an expert with questionnaire. An expert was needed to give opinion about comparison the criteria, subcriteria, and alternative using numeric scale. After getting the experts’ opinion, the last stage is calculating the experts’ opinion using fuzzy AHP algorithm and find the best option. The detailed explanation of the main stage algorithm is shown as a flowchart in Figure7.
Stage 1.
Construct the hierarchyFigure 7
The framework of fuzzy AHP in the proposed project.Criteria and subcriteria were built with different level as a hierarchical model to evaluate the alternative and achieve the goal [30]. Hierarchy of fuzzy AHP is shown in Figure 6. Sizing system, economic, technical, and environmental factors are the main criteria to get the most optimal BAPV system design in this project. Detail of criteria and subcriteria was explained in Sections 4.1–4.4.


### 4.1. Criteria of Sizing

Each alternative design of BAPV system uses a different type and nominal rating of PV, so sizing each design has difference. Each BAPV system design has own advantages and different performances according to installation conditions and location [8].Detailed assessment of sizing system such as type of PV, amount of PV, weight of PV, covered area with PV, and unit price of PV is used as subcriteria. Different types of PV can affect the amount of PV that needs to be used and the total weight of the PV. For example, alternative design 1 uses a PV-type HIT 250 Wp; it takes 294 modules to get a capacity of 73.5 kWp. Different from alternative design 2 that uses PV-type CIS 175 Wp, it needed 420 modules to get the same capacity with design 1. Each design alternative has a different total PV weight and covered area by PV, depending on the type of the PV used.


### 4.2. Criteria of Technical Assessment

The technical assessment is affected by the performance of BAPV system in real conditions. In this paper, the BAPV system design was simulated in location of project site using software PV∗Sol Premium (R10 version with student license). PV∗Sol Premium is predicting accurately the performance of BAPV system design with 3D visualization. The simulation is carried out in 3 dimensions to calculate shading, geographical condition, orientation, and tilt of the roof at the project site in more detail [13, 31, 32]. BAPV design assuming the system is connected to the grid without failures. Some output from PV∗Sol are used as a parameter in subcriteria of technical such as performance ratio, yearly energy spent to the load, total energy output during the system lifetime, and grid feed-in. An example of rooftop shading using HIT PV is shown in Figure 8.Figure 8
Examples of the shading analyses with PhotoPlan 3D in PV∗Sol Premium: (a) without PV and (b) with PV.
(a)
(b)


### 4.3. Criteria of Economic Assessment

Initial investment cost, life cycle cost (LCC), and cost of energy (COE) are calculated as subcriteria of economic. Initial investment cost is calculated with summing the cost of components system (PV, battery, inverter, balance of system (BOS) [33]), cost of shipping, cost of installation, and cost of cabling. Detailed cost of component is shown in Table 2. Shipping cost is assumed using FedEx expedition to Semarang City, Indonesia [34]. Installation costs are assumed at 10% of PV+inverter+battery costs [35] and cabling costs are assumed at 15% of component costs. Table 3 shows detail initial investment cost of design 1 in scenario 1.Table 3
Detail initial investment cost of BAPV system design 1 in scenario 1.
Cost of PV
$70,266
Cost of inverter
$8,450
Cost of battery
$26,250
Cost of installation
$10,496
Cost of cabling
$15,745
Cost of shipping
$79,307
Total initial investment cost
$210,515LCC is the total cost of investing in the BAPV system during the lifetime (25 years). LCC is calculated with summing the cost of initial investment, cost of operation and maintenance (O&M), and cost of replacement components. Cost of O&M is assumed at 2% of the PV cost in each year multiplied by the discount factor (R) value for a year [35–37]. The interest rate in calculating the discount factor follows the value of Bank Indonesia interest rates in May 2019 of 6.0% [38]. The cost of replacement components is calculated based on the lifetime of each component. In this plan, the photovoltaic module used has a 25-year warranty. So, there is no need of replacement of PV modules during BAPV system lifetime. The inverter has a lifetime of 5 years and makes a 5-time replacement. BESS has a lifetime of 10 years, so there will be a 2-time replacement. Table 4 shows detailed LCC of design BAPV system with HIT PV.Table 4
Detail LCC of BAPV system design 1 in scenario 1.
Years
Discount factor
Initial investment cost
Cost of replacement
Cost of O&M
Total
Battery
Inverter
0
1.0000
$210,515
$210,515
1
0.9434
$3,972
$3,972
2
0.8900
$3,747
$3,747
3
0.8396
$3,535
$3,535
4
0.7921
$3,335
$3,335
5
0.7473
$6,314
$6,314
6
0.7050
$2,968
$2,968
7
0.6651
$2,800
$2,800
8
0.6274
$2,642
$2,642
9
0.5919
$2,492
$2,492
10
0.5584
$14,657
$4,718
$19,376
11
0.5268
$2,218
$2,218
12
0.4970
$2,092
$2,092
13
0.4688
$1,974
$1,974
14
0.4423
$1,862
$1,862
15
0.4173
$3,526
$3,526
16
0.3936
$1,657
$1,657
17
0.3714
$1,564
$1,564
18
0.3503
$1,475
$1,475
19
0.3305
$1,392
$1,392
20
0.3118
$8,184
$2,635
$10,820
21
0.2942
$1,238
$1,238
22
0.2775
$1,168
$1,168
23
0.2618
$1,102
$1,102
24
0.2470
$1,040
$1,040
25
0.2330
$981
$981
$210,515
$22,843
$17,193
$45,255
$295,806COE is the cost of electrical energy produced per kWh by a BAPV system during the lifetime. The energy produced in the system lifetime is affected by the degradation of PV (r). COE is calculated as follows in Equation (4) [39]:
(1)COE=LCC∑m=1nEm∗1−r,where Em is energy output in m-year. Then, r is degradation of PV.


### 4.4. Criteria of Environment Assessment

Reducing CO2 and improving human living standard is one of the advantages of utilizing rooftop for BAPV system [40]. The emission of CO2 reduction is related to the amount of energy that can be produced by the BAPV system.
Stage 2.
Construct the alternativeFive alternatives of BAPV system were designed to be chosen using the fuzzy AHP method. Evaluation criteria of the five BAPV system designs have been carried out. Details and assessments of five BAPV system designs for scenario 1 and scenario 2 are shown in Tables5 and 6.
Stage 3.
Expert opinionTable 5
Alternative design for 73.5 kWp BAPV system in E11 Building.
Alternative
Type of PV
Number of PV
Weight of PV
Price of PV
Covered area
PR
Energy spent to load
Total energy in 25 years
Grid feed-in
LCC
LCOE
Reduction CO2
PV
Battery
Grid
(unit)
(kg)
$
m2
(%)
(%)
(MWh/25 years)
(%)
($)
($)
(kg/year)
1
HIT
294
4410
$239
370.7
71.6
71.8
15.4
12.8
2,274.28
42.3
$295.806
$0.130
79,551
2
CdTe
175
6300
$445
433.1
73.9
72.4
15.1
12.2
2,328.51
43.7
$333.223
$0.141
81.963
3
CIS
420
8400
$162
515.8
74.3
72.7
15.1
12.2
2,368.65
44.0
$359.109
$0.152
82,565
4
Mono
210
3906
$320
342.2
76.0
74.1
14.7
11.2
2,508.66
46.2
$262.271
$0.105
86,960
5
Poly
294
5586
$243
478.3
71.1
72.5
15.4
12.1
2,214.63
42.5
$301.372
$0.136
80,547Table 6
Alternative design for 31.5 kWp BAPV system in E6+E8 Buildings.
Alternative
Type of PV
Number of PV
Weight of PV
Price of PV
Covered area
PR
Energy spent to load
Total energy 25 years
Grid feed-in
LCC
LCOE
Reduction CO2
PV
Grid
(unit)
(kg)
$
m2
(%)
(%)
(%)
(MWh/25 years)
(%)
($)
($)
(kg/year)
1
HIT
126
1890
$239
158.9
72.3
74.69
25.31
996.43
59.1
$104.302
$0.105
35.28
2
CdTe
75
2700
$445
185.6
74.8
75.54
24.46
1,023.0
59.9
$125.001
$0.122
36,373
3
CIS
180
3600
$162
221.1
75.3
75.30
24.70
1,040.9
60.3
$136.095
$0.131
36,648
4
Mono
90
1674
$320
146.7
75.9
75.90
24.10
1,055.4
60.3
$98.108
$0.093
36.929
5
Poly
126
2394
$243
205.0
71.2
74.82
25.18
954.81
58.8
$114.865
$0.120
35,087The fuzzy AHP algorithm processes the matrix derived from a questionnaire with pairwise comparison model. The questionnaire is filled with opinion from the experts. The questionnaire was made through Google Form and sent via email to the experts. This research involves 4 experts that were selected from related fields. The assessment of the four experts involved in this research has been able to determine the optimal and feasible system design.Stage 4.
Fuzzy AHP as decision-making of design BAPV systemFuzzy AHP is the development of AHP using triangular fuzzy number (TFN) of fuzzy theory. Research in [41] shows combining AHP with fuzzy theory can focus on relative importance in evaluation criteria than the logic of human thinking. The fuzzy AHP method can help the decision-maker to make a realistic and flexible decision based on the criteria and alternatives [42]. In this subsection, fuzzy AHP was developed to find the goal. The steps used in this method are described as follows [43, 44]:Step 1. Build the pairwise comparison matrix for all criteria, subcriteria, and alternativeAfter the assessment from experts, a pairwise comparison matrix was made. The matrix must be made consistently by experts so it can be analyzing properly. Matrix of pairwise comparisons is made with Equation (2) [43]. An example of pairwise comparison of criteria is shown in Table 7.
(2)aij=wiwj,wherei,j=1,2,⋯,n.Wi is weight for the i-criteria and aij is the ratio of the weight for i-criteria and j-criteria. General matrix of pairwise comparison is shown in Equation (3) [42]:
(3)A=aij⋅1aijT=1a12⋯a1na211⋯a2n⋮⋮⋱⋮an1an2⋯1.Table 7
Comparison of criteria in a numerical scale of experts.
Criteria
Sizing
Technical
Economic
Environment
Expert 1
Sizing
1
1/7
1
5
Technical
7
1
5
7
Economic
1
1/5
1
9
Environment
1/5
1/7
1/9
1
Expert 2
Sizing
1
1/5
1/6
1/5
Technical
5
1
2
1/2
Economic
6
1/2
1
2
Environment
5
2
1/2
1
Expert 3
Sizing
1
1/5
1/7
1/9
Technical
5
1
1/4
1/7
Economic
7
4
1
1/5
Environment
9
7
5
1
Expert 4
Sizing
1
3
5
7
Technical
1/3
1
3
5
Economic
1/5
1/3
1
3
Environment
1/7
1/5
1/3
1Step 2. Convert into triangular fuzzy number (TFN)The matrix in Step 2 was in numerical scale. To proceed to Step 2, convert the numerical scale to a TFN scale. The TFN scale is shown in Table8.Table 8
Triangular fuzzy number.
Linguistic variable
Numeric scale
TFN scale (l,m,u)
Reciprocal (l,m,u)
Equally strong
1
(1, 1, 1)
(1, 1, 1)
Moderately strong
3
(1, 3/2, 2)
(1/2, 2/3, 1)
Strong
5
(2, 5/2, 3)
(1/3, 2/5, 1/2)
Very strong
7
(3, 7/2, 4)
(1/4, 2/7, 1/3)
Extremely strong
9
(4, 4/5, 5)
(2/9, 2/9, 1/4)
Intermediate
2, 4, 6, 8
(1/2, 1, 3/2); (3/2, 2, 5/2); (5/2, 3, 7/2); (7/2, 4, 9/2)
(2/3, 1, 2); (2/5, 1/2, 2/3); (2/7, 1/3, 2/5); (2/9, 1/4, 2/7)Step 3. Geometric meanPairwise comparison matrix in TFN scale of all respondents needs to be combined with the calculation of fuzzy geometric mean as follows Equation (4). If the value of l≤m≤u, it means TFN matrix is consistent. Geometric means of pairwise comparison are shown in Table 9.
(4)lij=∏k=1Klijk1k,mij=∏k=1Kmijk1k,uij=∏k=1Kuijk1k,where lij, mij, and uij are the geometric means in TFN scale and k is the number of experts.Table 9
Matrix geometric mean of criteria weight.
Criteria
Sizing
Technical
Economic
Environment
l
m
u
l
m
u
l
m
u
l
m
u
Sizing
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.48
0.62
0.82
0.52
0.75
0.99
0.77
0.96
1.19
Technical
1.22
1.61
2.08
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.93
1.30
1.72
0.83
1.09
1.46
Economic
0.91
1.30
1.69
0.61
0.83
1.19
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.03
1.39
1.79
Environment
0.84
1.05
1.31
0.67
0.89
1.15
0.59
0.77
1.07
1.00
1.00
1.00Step 4. Calculated fuzzy synthesis valueFuzzy synthesis value (Si) is defined as Equation (5). Fuzzy synthesis value of criteria is shown in Table 10.
(5)Si=∑j=1mMgij∗∑i=jm∑i=1nMgij−1,where Si is fuzzy synthesis value. To obtain ∑i=jmMgij is summing the cell of m in pairwise comparison matrix using Equation (6).
(6)∑i=jmMgij=∑i=jmli,∑i=1nmi,∑i=jmui.Table 10
Matrix geometric mean of fuzzy synthesis value.
Criteria
Sum of row from geometric mean
Fuzzy synthesis value
l
m
u
l
m
u
Sizing
2.770
3.325
3.997
0.135
0.201
0.298
Technical
3.986
4.995
6.257
0.195
0.302
0.466
Economic
3.559
4.513
5.671
0.174
0.273
0.423
Environment
3.101
3.708
4.532
0.152
0.224
0.338To obtain the value of∑i=jm∑i=1nMgij−1 is summing the fuzzy number from Mgij,wherej=1,2,⋯,m.
(7)∑i=jm∑i=1nMgij−1=1∑i=1nui,1∑i=1nmi,1∑i=1nli.Step 5. Degree possibility of an elementDegree possibility (v′) is calculated according to the value of fuzzy synthesis, using Equation (8), and is shown in Table 11.
(8)VM2≥M1=1,ifm2≥m1,0,ifl1≥u2,l1−U2m2−u2−m1−l1,etc.Table 11
Defuzzification of criteria.
Criteria
V′
D′
VC1≥C2
0.50504
0.5050
VC1≥C3
0.63291
VC1≥C4
0.86323
VC2≥C1
1.43906
1.000
VC2≥C3
1.11061
VC2≥C4
1.32828
VC3≥C1
1.33354
0.8867
VC3≥C2
0.88669
VC3≥C3
1.21884
VC4≥C1
1.12937
0.6475
VC4≥C2
0.64750
VC4≥C3
0.77086Step 6. Calculated fuzzy vector weight and defuzzification of ordinate valueAfter defuzzification, the value of fuzzy vector weight is obtained using Equation (9).
(9)W′=d′A1,d′A2,⋯,d′AnT,where Ai=1,2,⋯,n is number of element criteria and d′ (A1) is obtained from d′A1=minVSi≥Sk. Value of fuzzy vector weight of criteria is shown in Table 12.Table 12
Value of fuzzy vector weight of criteria.
Criteria
W′
Sizing
0.16617
Technical
0.32903
Economic
0.29175
Environment
0.21305Step 7. Normalized fuzzy vector weightNormalized fuzzy vector weight is calculated using Equation (10).
(10)W=dA1,dA2,⋯,dAnT,where W is a nonfuzzy number. Normalized fuzzy vector of criteria and subcriteria is shown in Table 13.Table 13
Normalized of fuzzy vector weight of criteria and subcriteria for BAPV design scenario 1.
Criteria
WCriteria
Subcriteria
WSubcriteria
Sizing (C1)
0.16617
Type of PV (C11)
0.2409
Number of PV (C12)
0.2340
Weight of PV (C13)
0.1650
Unit price PV (C14)
0.1872
Covered area (C15)
0.1729
Technical (C2)
0.32903
Performance ratio (C21)
0.3763
Energy spent to load (C22)
0.2465
Total energy in 25 years (C23)
0.1967
Grid feed-in (C24)
0.1805
Economic (C3)
0.29175
Life cycle cost (C31)
0.5000
Cost of energy (C32)
0.5000
Environment (C4)
0.21305
Reduction of CO2 (C41)
0.2130Step 8. Global priority and ranking the alternativesGlobal priority is calculated by multiplying the fuzzy vector weight of the criteria, subcriteria, and alternatives assessed. The rank of alternative is obtained after ordering the highest value of global priority as the first priority and smallest value as the last priority.


## 4.1. Criteria of Sizing

Each alternative design of BAPV system uses a different type and nominal rating of PV, so sizing each design has difference. Each BAPV system design has own advantages and different performances according to installation conditions and location [8].Detailed assessment of sizing system such as type of PV, amount of PV, weight of PV, covered area with PV, and unit price of PV is used as subcriteria. Different types of PV can affect the amount of PV that needs to be used and the total weight of the PV. For example, alternative design 1 uses a PV-type HIT 250 Wp; it takes 294 modules to get a capacity of 73.5 kWp. Different from alternative design 2 that uses PV-type CIS 175 Wp, it needed 420 modules to get the same capacity with design 1. Each design alternative has a different total PV weight and covered area by PV, depending on the type of the PV used.


## 4.2. Criteria of Technical Assessment

The technical assessment is affected by the performance of BAPV system in real conditions. In this paper, the BAPV system design was simulated in location of project site using software PV∗Sol Premium (R10 version with student license). PV∗Sol Premium is predicting accurately the performance of BAPV system design with 3D visualization. The simulation is carried out in 3 dimensions to calculate shading, geographical condition, orientation, and tilt of the roof at the project site in more detail [13, 31, 32]. BAPV design assuming the system is connected to the grid without failures. Some output from PV∗Sol are used as a parameter in subcriteria of technical such as performance ratio, yearly energy spent to the load, total energy output during the system lifetime, and grid feed-in. An example of rooftop shading using HIT PV is shown in Figure 8.Figure 8
Examples of the shading analyses with PhotoPlan 3D in PV∗Sol Premium: (a) without PV and (b) with PV.
(a)
(b)


## 4.3. Criteria of Economic Assessment

Initial investment cost, life cycle cost (LCC), and cost of energy (COE) are calculated as subcriteria of economic. Initial investment cost is calculated with summing the cost of components system (PV, battery, inverter, balance of system (BOS) [33]), cost of shipping, cost of installation, and cost of cabling. Detailed cost of component is shown in Table 2. Shipping cost is assumed using FedEx expedition to Semarang City, Indonesia [34]. Installation costs are assumed at 10% of PV+inverter+battery costs [35] and cabling costs are assumed at 15% of component costs. Table 3 shows detail initial investment cost of design 1 in scenario 1.Table 3
Detail initial investment cost of BAPV system design 1 in scenario 1.
Cost of PV
$70,266
Cost of inverter
$8,450
Cost of battery
$26,250
Cost of installation
$10,496
Cost of cabling
$15,745
Cost of shipping
$79,307
Total initial investment cost
$210,515LCC is the total cost of investing in the BAPV system during the lifetime (25 years). LCC is calculated with summing the cost of initial investment, cost of operation and maintenance (O&M), and cost of replacement components. Cost of O&M is assumed at 2% of the PV cost in each year multiplied by the discount factor (R) value for a year [35–37]. The interest rate in calculating the discount factor follows the value of Bank Indonesia interest rates in May 2019 of 6.0% [38]. The cost of replacement components is calculated based on the lifetime of each component. In this plan, the photovoltaic module used has a 25-year warranty. So, there is no need of replacement of PV modules during BAPV system lifetime. The inverter has a lifetime of 5 years and makes a 5-time replacement. BESS has a lifetime of 10 years, so there will be a 2-time replacement. Table 4 shows detailed LCC of design BAPV system with HIT PV.Table 4
Detail LCC of BAPV system design 1 in scenario 1.
Years
Discount factor
Initial investment cost
Cost of replacement
Cost of O&M
Total
Battery
Inverter
0
1.0000
$210,515
$210,515
1
0.9434
$3,972
$3,972
2
0.8900
$3,747
$3,747
3
0.8396
$3,535
$3,535
4
0.7921
$3,335
$3,335
5
0.7473
$6,314
$6,314
6
0.7050
$2,968
$2,968
7
0.6651
$2,800
$2,800
8
0.6274
$2,642
$2,642
9
0.5919
$2,492
$2,492
10
0.5584
$14,657
$4,718
$19,376
11
0.5268
$2,218
$2,218
12
0.4970
$2,092
$2,092
13
0.4688
$1,974
$1,974
14
0.4423
$1,862
$1,862
15
0.4173
$3,526
$3,526
16
0.3936
$1,657
$1,657
17
0.3714
$1,564
$1,564
18
0.3503
$1,475
$1,475
19
0.3305
$1,392
$1,392
20
0.3118
$8,184
$2,635
$10,820
21
0.2942
$1,238
$1,238
22
0.2775
$1,168
$1,168
23
0.2618
$1,102
$1,102
24
0.2470
$1,040
$1,040
25
0.2330
$981
$981
$210,515
$22,843
$17,193
$45,255
$295,806COE is the cost of electrical energy produced per kWh by a BAPV system during the lifetime. The energy produced in the system lifetime is affected by the degradation of PV (r). COE is calculated as follows in Equation (4) [39]:
(1)COE=LCC∑m=1nEm∗1−r,where Em is energy output in m-year. Then, r is degradation of PV.


## 4.4. Criteria of Environment Assessment

Reducing CO2 and improving human living standard is one of the advantages of utilizing rooftop for BAPV system [40]. The emission of CO2 reduction is related to the amount of energy that can be produced by the BAPV system.
Stage 2.
Construct the alternativeFive alternatives of BAPV system were designed to be chosen using the fuzzy AHP method. Evaluation criteria of the five BAPV system designs have been carried out. Details and assessments of five BAPV system designs for scenario 1 and scenario 2 are shown in Tables5 and 6.
Stage 3.
Expert opinionTable 5
Alternative design for 73.5 kWp BAPV system in E11 Building.
Alternative
Type of PV
Number of PV
Weight of PV
Price of PV
Covered area
PR
Energy spent to load
Total energy in 25 years
Grid feed-in
LCC
LCOE
Reduction CO2
PV
Battery
Grid
(unit)
(kg)
$
m2
(%)
(%)
(MWh/25 years)
(%)
($)
($)
(kg/year)
1
HIT
294
4410
$239
370.7
71.6
71.8
15.4
12.8
2,274.28
42.3
$295.806
$0.130
79,551
2
CdTe
175
6300
$445
433.1
73.9
72.4
15.1
12.2
2,328.51
43.7
$333.223
$0.141
81.963
3
CIS
420
8400
$162
515.8
74.3
72.7
15.1
12.2
2,368.65
44.0
$359.109
$0.152
82,565
4
Mono
210
3906
$320
342.2
76.0
74.1
14.7
11.2
2,508.66
46.2
$262.271
$0.105
86,960
5
Poly
294
5586
$243
478.3
71.1
72.5
15.4
12.1
2,214.63
42.5
$301.372
$0.136
80,547Table 6
Alternative design for 31.5 kWp BAPV system in E6+E8 Buildings.
Alternative
Type of PV
Number of PV
Weight of PV
Price of PV
Covered area
PR
Energy spent to load
Total energy 25 years
Grid feed-in
LCC
LCOE
Reduction CO2
PV
Grid
(unit)
(kg)
$
m2
(%)
(%)
(%)
(MWh/25 years)
(%)
($)
($)
(kg/year)
1
HIT
126
1890
$239
158.9
72.3
74.69
25.31
996.43
59.1
$104.302
$0.105
35.28
2
CdTe
75
2700
$445
185.6
74.8
75.54
24.46
1,023.0
59.9
$125.001
$0.122
36,373
3
CIS
180
3600
$162
221.1
75.3
75.30
24.70
1,040.9
60.3
$136.095
$0.131
36,648
4
Mono
90
1674
$320
146.7
75.9
75.90
24.10
1,055.4
60.3
$98.108
$0.093
36.929
5
Poly
126
2394
$243
205.0
71.2
74.82
25.18
954.81
58.8
$114.865
$0.120
35,087The fuzzy AHP algorithm processes the matrix derived from a questionnaire with pairwise comparison model. The questionnaire is filled with opinion from the experts. The questionnaire was made through Google Form and sent via email to the experts. This research involves 4 experts that were selected from related fields. The assessment of the four experts involved in this research has been able to determine the optimal and feasible system design.Stage 4.
Fuzzy AHP as decision-making of design BAPV systemFuzzy AHP is the development of AHP using triangular fuzzy number (TFN) of fuzzy theory. Research in [41] shows combining AHP with fuzzy theory can focus on relative importance in evaluation criteria than the logic of human thinking. The fuzzy AHP method can help the decision-maker to make a realistic and flexible decision based on the criteria and alternatives [42]. In this subsection, fuzzy AHP was developed to find the goal. The steps used in this method are described as follows [43, 44]:Step 1. Build the pairwise comparison matrix for all criteria, subcriteria, and alternativeAfter the assessment from experts, a pairwise comparison matrix was made. The matrix must be made consistently by experts so it can be analyzing properly. Matrix of pairwise comparisons is made with Equation (2) [43]. An example of pairwise comparison of criteria is shown in Table 7.
(2)aij=wiwj,wherei,j=1,2,⋯,n.Wi is weight for the i-criteria and aij is the ratio of the weight for i-criteria and j-criteria. General matrix of pairwise comparison is shown in Equation (3) [42]:
(3)A=aij⋅1aijT=1a12⋯a1na211⋯a2n⋮⋮⋱⋮an1an2⋯1.Table 7
Comparison of criteria in a numerical scale of experts.
Criteria
Sizing
Technical
Economic
Environment
Expert 1
Sizing
1
1/7
1
5
Technical
7
1
5
7
Economic
1
1/5
1
9
Environment
1/5
1/7
1/9
1
Expert 2
Sizing
1
1/5
1/6
1/5
Technical
5
1
2
1/2
Economic
6
1/2
1
2
Environment
5
2
1/2
1
Expert 3
Sizing
1
1/5
1/7
1/9
Technical
5
1
1/4
1/7
Economic
7
4
1
1/5
Environment
9
7
5
1
Expert 4
Sizing
1
3
5
7
Technical
1/3
1
3
5
Economic
1/5
1/3
1
3
Environment
1/7
1/5
1/3
1Step 2. Convert into triangular fuzzy number (TFN)The matrix in Step 2 was in numerical scale. To proceed to Step 2, convert the numerical scale to a TFN scale. The TFN scale is shown in Table8.Table 8
Triangular fuzzy number.
Linguistic variable
Numeric scale
TFN scale (l,m,u)
Reciprocal (l,m,u)
Equally strong
1
(1, 1, 1)
(1, 1, 1)
Moderately strong
3
(1, 3/2, 2)
(1/2, 2/3, 1)
Strong
5
(2, 5/2, 3)
(1/3, 2/5, 1/2)
Very strong
7
(3, 7/2, 4)
(1/4, 2/7, 1/3)
Extremely strong
9
(4, 4/5, 5)
(2/9, 2/9, 1/4)
Intermediate
2, 4, 6, 8
(1/2, 1, 3/2); (3/2, 2, 5/2); (5/2, 3, 7/2); (7/2, 4, 9/2)
(2/3, 1, 2); (2/5, 1/2, 2/3); (2/7, 1/3, 2/5); (2/9, 1/4, 2/7)Step 3. Geometric meanPairwise comparison matrix in TFN scale of all respondents needs to be combined with the calculation of fuzzy geometric mean as follows Equation (4). If the value of l≤m≤u, it means TFN matrix is consistent. Geometric means of pairwise comparison are shown in Table 9.
(4)lij=∏k=1Klijk1k,mij=∏k=1Kmijk1k,uij=∏k=1Kuijk1k,where lij, mij, and uij are the geometric means in TFN scale and k is the number of experts.Table 9
Matrix geometric mean of criteria weight.
Criteria
Sizing
Technical
Economic
Environment
l
m
u
l
m
u
l
m
u
l
m
u
Sizing
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.48
0.62
0.82
0.52
0.75
0.99
0.77
0.96
1.19
Technical
1.22
1.61
2.08
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.93
1.30
1.72
0.83
1.09
1.46
Economic
0.91
1.30
1.69
0.61
0.83
1.19
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.03
1.39
1.79
Environment
0.84
1.05
1.31
0.67
0.89
1.15
0.59
0.77
1.07
1.00
1.00
1.00Step 4. Calculated fuzzy synthesis valueFuzzy synthesis value (Si) is defined as Equation (5). Fuzzy synthesis value of criteria is shown in Table 10.
(5)Si=∑j=1mMgij∗∑i=jm∑i=1nMgij−1,where Si is fuzzy synthesis value. To obtain ∑i=jmMgij is summing the cell of m in pairwise comparison matrix using Equation (6).
(6)∑i=jmMgij=∑i=jmli,∑i=1nmi,∑i=jmui.Table 10
Matrix geometric mean of fuzzy synthesis value.
Criteria
Sum of row from geometric mean
Fuzzy synthesis value
l
m
u
l
m
u
Sizing
2.770
3.325
3.997
0.135
0.201
0.298
Technical
3.986
4.995
6.257
0.195
0.302
0.466
Economic
3.559
4.513
5.671
0.174
0.273
0.423
Environment
3.101
3.708
4.532
0.152
0.224
0.338To obtain the value of∑i=jm∑i=1nMgij−1 is summing the fuzzy number from Mgij,wherej=1,2,⋯,m.
(7)∑i=jm∑i=1nMgij−1=1∑i=1nui,1∑i=1nmi,1∑i=1nli.Step 5. Degree possibility of an elementDegree possibility (v′) is calculated according to the value of fuzzy synthesis, using Equation (8), and is shown in Table 11.
(8)VM2≥M1=1,ifm2≥m1,0,ifl1≥u2,l1−U2m2−u2−m1−l1,etc.Table 11
Defuzzification of criteria.
Criteria
V′
D′
VC1≥C2
0.50504
0.5050
VC1≥C3
0.63291
VC1≥C4
0.86323
VC2≥C1
1.43906
1.000
VC2≥C3
1.11061
VC2≥C4
1.32828
VC3≥C1
1.33354
0.8867
VC3≥C2
0.88669
VC3≥C3
1.21884
VC4≥C1
1.12937
0.6475
VC4≥C2
0.64750
VC4≥C3
0.77086Step 6. Calculated fuzzy vector weight and defuzzification of ordinate valueAfter defuzzification, the value of fuzzy vector weight is obtained using Equation (9).
(9)W′=d′A1,d′A2,⋯,d′AnT,where Ai=1,2,⋯,n is number of element criteria and d′ (A1) is obtained from d′A1=minVSi≥Sk. Value of fuzzy vector weight of criteria is shown in Table 12.Table 12
Value of fuzzy vector weight of criteria.
Criteria
W′
Sizing
0.16617
Technical
0.32903
Economic
0.29175
Environment
0.21305Step 7. Normalized fuzzy vector weightNormalized fuzzy vector weight is calculated using Equation (10).
(10)W=dA1,dA2,⋯,dAnT,where W is a nonfuzzy number. Normalized fuzzy vector of criteria and subcriteria is shown in Table 13.Table 13
Normalized of fuzzy vector weight of criteria and subcriteria for BAPV design scenario 1.
Criteria
WCriteria
Subcriteria
WSubcriteria
Sizing (C1)
0.16617
Type of PV (C11)
0.2409
Number of PV (C12)
0.2340
Weight of PV (C13)
0.1650
Unit price PV (C14)
0.1872
Covered area (C15)
0.1729
Technical (C2)
0.32903
Performance ratio (C21)
0.3763
Energy spent to load (C22)
0.2465
Total energy in 25 years (C23)
0.1967
Grid feed-in (C24)
0.1805
Economic (C3)
0.29175
Life cycle cost (C31)
0.5000
Cost of energy (C32)
0.5000
Environment (C4)
0.21305
Reduction of CO2 (C41)
0.2130Step 8. Global priority and ranking the alternativesGlobal priority is calculated by multiplying the fuzzy vector weight of the criteria, subcriteria, and alternatives assessed. The rank of alternative is obtained after ordering the highest value of global priority as the first priority and smallest value as the last priority.


## 5. Comprehensive Evaluation of Design BAPV System Based on MCDM

In this study, the combination of fuzzy theory with AHP method has determined priority factors that can affect the selection of BAPV system design for campus areas. To support the work and result of fuzzy AHP algorithm, the classic AHP method is also used in this study. The priority weights of criteria, subcriteria, and alternatives have been obtained using both algorithms. Both of these algorithms show the same priority rank that shows in Figure9. Figure 9 shows technical factor is the most important priority for choosing a BAPV system design. Both algorithms show the priority rank from perspective of criteria as follows: technical > economic > environment > sizing system.Figure 9
Priority weight of criteria.Tables5 and 6 show more detail about the assessment of five BAPV system designs from several perspectives that proves if each design has a different point of excellence. As example, alternative design 1 with HIT PV has an advantage in “total weight PV” (represented as design 1). Although the amount of PV used in alternative design 1 is less than alternative design 2, HIT PV is lighter than CdTe PV (represented as design 2). Alternative design 3 with CIS PV has the lowest PV unit price. But, this does not make it has the cheapest LCC. Alternative design 5 with polycrystalline PV has same amount of PV used with alternative design 1 but has worse performance. However, the advantages and disadvantages of each design need to be prioritized diligently.The results of priority weights subcriteria with both algorithms are shown in Figure10. Rank of priority weights in the sizing system criteria is as follows: type of PV > amount of PV > price of PV > covered area by PV > weight of PV. The rank of priority weights in technical factor criteria is as follows: performance ratio > energy spent to load > total energy in lifetime > grid feed-in. The rank of priority weights in economic factor criteria is as follows: cost of energy > life cycle cost.Figure 10
Priority weight of subcriteria.Reviewing the priority weight of criteria and subcriteria in Figures9 and 10, the priority weight values of both algorithms are very different but give the same priority rank. This may cause triangular fuzzy numbers involving numbers upper, middle, lower, and classic AHP only depends on a single number scale. Fuzzy AHP spreads the weight of values more convergence on each element. Different with classic AHP has a significant value of weight in each criteria and subcriteria. But, both algorithms still show the same priority rank diligently.The final stage is determining the priority weights of each alternative BAPV system design. The priority weight of alternative BAPV system design is calculated by adding up the normalized weights from the multiplication of priority weights from criteria and subcriteria. Priority weight of alternative design BAPV systems using fuzzy AHP and classic AHP is shown in Figure11. Based on fuzzy AHP and classic AHP, alternative design 4 has the biggest priority weight than other designs for both BAPV system scenarios. Then, alternative design 2 can be the second option, and the alternative design 5 is the worst option for both scenarios.Figure 11
Priority weight of alternative.Alternative design 4 of a BAPV system with monocrystalline PV (represented as design 4) is the most feasible option to be implemented at case study location with many advantages. Considering the efficiency of each PV module, the m-Si PV has the highest efficiency than the others, which is 20.6%. Considering the temperature coefficient of each PV module, m-Si PV with temperature coefficient of -0.25%/°C has the best performance than others. Then polycrystalline PV (represented as design 5) with the higher temperature coefficient of -0.40%/°C has the lowest system performance. This is because the BAPV system was designed in tropical country with dominant hot weather. It proves PV modules with low-temperature coefficients have better performance than PV modules with high-temperature coefficients.Another advantage of BAPV system design with m-Si is having the lowest life cycle cost even though the monocrystalline has not the lowest module unit price. The lowest life cycle cost with the best system performance makes the lowest cost of energy compared to other system designs. Therefore, monocrystalline is feasible to be implemented in case studies.


### 5.1. Detail of Selected BAPV System Design

The design 4 alternative in this study uses monocrystalline PV type. BAPV system design for E11 Building (scenario 1) requires 210 PV modules with nominal rating 350 WP. BAPV system design for E6+E8 Buildings (scenario 2) requires 90 PV modules with the same series and nominal rating PV. Detail configuration of array and string is shown in Figures12 and 13. The output of PV array was connected with 3-phase inverter from inverter S. Inverters are used for interconnecting with the grid and battery through a utility meter. In this project site, BAPV system operated in 50 Hz of frequency and 380 V of line-to-line voltage. The layout design of the PV module is planned as carefully as possible in order to minimize the shading factor of trees or buildings around the building. The array and string lines are arranged, so there is no shadow between the array and string. Architecture and placement of PV from the second alternative design BAPV system are shown in Figures 14 and 15.Figure 12
Schematic design of BAPV system connected to grid and BESS for E11 Building.Figure 13
Schematic design of BAPV system connected to the grid for E6+E8 Buildings.Figure 14
Architectural from top view at project site (BAPV system design for E11 Building).Figure 15
Architectural from top view at the project site (BAPV system design for E6+E8 Buildings).


## 5.1. Detail of Selected BAPV System Design

The design 4 alternative in this study uses monocrystalline PV type. BAPV system design for E11 Building (scenario 1) requires 210 PV modules with nominal rating 350 WP. BAPV system design for E6+E8 Buildings (scenario 2) requires 90 PV modules with the same series and nominal rating PV. Detail configuration of array and string is shown in Figures12 and 13. The output of PV array was connected with 3-phase inverter from inverter S. Inverters are used for interconnecting with the grid and battery through a utility meter. In this project site, BAPV system operated in 50 Hz of frequency and 380 V of line-to-line voltage. The layout design of the PV module is planned as carefully as possible in order to minimize the shading factor of trees or buildings around the building. The array and string lines are arranged, so there is no shadow between the array and string. Architecture and placement of PV from the second alternative design BAPV system are shown in Figures 14 and 15.Figure 12
Schematic design of BAPV system connected to grid and BESS for E11 Building.Figure 13
Schematic design of BAPV system connected to the grid for E6+E8 Buildings.Figure 14
Architectural from top view at project site (BAPV system design for E11 Building).Figure 15
Architectural from top view at the project site (BAPV system design for E6+E8 Buildings).


## 6. Conclusions

A comprehensive evaluation of PV technology priority in the BAPV system design has been carried out based on a combination of fuzzy theory and AHP as an optimization technique. The optimization technique is used to find a suitable and optimal BAPV system design based on technoeconomic assessment. Evaluation is considered several perspectives such as system sizing, technical, economic, and environmental. Based on these perspectives, fuzzy AHP and classic AHP analyze the priority rankings of expert opinion as follows: technical > economic > environment > sizing system. This research has analyzed five BAPV system designs that were experimented in campus areas in tropical countries. The PV design is constructed with five existing PV technologies such as m-Si, p-Si, CdTe, CIS, and HIT. Based on both algorithms with considering the criteria and subcriteria, design of the BAPV system using monocrystalline (represented as alternative design 4) became the most optimal design. The second option is design of BAPV system using CdTe PV (represented as alternative design 2) for all scenario in project site. Scenario design of BAPV system connected to the grid and battery consists of 210 m-Si PV modules and 3 batteries with output energy system in lifetime is 2,508.66 MWh/25 years and cost of energy is $0.105 (E11 Building). Scenario design of BAPV system connected to the grid without battery consists of 90 m-Si PV modules with output energy system in lifetime is 1,055.4 MWh/25 years and cost of energy is $0.093 (E6 and E8 Buildings).



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*Source: 6508329-2020-01-16.xml*