# Calculating Masses of Pentaquarks Composed of Baryons and Mesons

Authors: M. Monemzadeh; N. Tazimi; Sh. Babaghodrat
Journal: Advances in High Energy Physics
 (2016)

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## Abstract

We consider an exotic baryon (pentaquark) as a bound state of two-body systems composed of a baryon (nucleon) and a meson. We used a baryon-meson picture to reduce a complicated five-body problem to simple two-body problems. The homogeneous Lippmann-Schwinger integral equation is solved in configuration space by using one-pion exchange potential. We calculate the masses of pentaquarksθ
c
(
u
u
d
d
c
¯
) and θ
b
(
u
u
d
d
b
¯
).


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

There are two types of hadrons, baryons and mesons. Baryons are equivalent to the bound states of three quarks, and mesons are known to be the bound states of a quark and an antiquark. However, QCD describes mesons and baryons even with a more intricate structure. There are anomalous mesons such asg
g
g, q
q
¯
g, and q
q
¯
q
q
¯, as well as exotic baryons like q
q
q
g, q
q
q
q
q
¯, and so forth. Pentaquarks are baryons with at least four quarks and one antiquark. In exotic pentaquarks, the antiquark has a flavor different from the other four quarks.Exotic hadrons containing at least three valence quarks are being studied fairly extensively in modern physics. Although there are hundreds of ordinary hadrons, exotic ones have not been found stable yet. However, QCD does not reject their existence. Pentaquarkθ
+, studied in photo production experiments [1, 2], is a prototype of exotic hadrons in light and strong quark sector. Theoretically, hadronic reactions contribute to θ
+ production more vividly than other types of reactions.The quark model is commonly used to describe hadrons. In this model, mesons are described asq
q
¯ and baryons as three-quark composite particles. In a more microscopic view, QCD usually serves to describe the strong interaction. According to Lipkin [3, 4] and Gignoux et al. [5], among pentaquarks, the five-quark anticharmed baryons of P
0
=
[
u
u
d
c
¯
s
] and p
¯
=
[
u
d
d
c
¯
s
] or similar antibeauty baryons are the most bound.A lot of experimental evidence on the existence of exotic hadrons has been found since 2003. Exotic hadrons’ quantum numbers cannot be justified based on two- and three-quark bound states. Pentaquarks ofq
q
q
q
q
¯ form are examples of exotic baryon states. Conjugation quantity of C charge is not an accurate quantum number for baryons, and all combinations of total spin J and parity P can exist. However, an exotic baryon combination can be readily identified by its electric charge Q and its strangeness S. Some evidence has been reported during the last few years. For example, the pentaquark θ
+
+ was proven to exist in Hermes experiment in Hamburg, Germany [6, 7].For exotic baryons, we consider the following:θ
+: the existence of this exotic baryon was predicted in chiral solution model [8]. It has S
=
+
1, J
P
=
1
/
2
+, and I
=
0. It is a narrow light-mass particle of 1540 MeV. These attributes initially made θ
+ a subject of experimental observation by LEPS [9]. The most suitable hadronic decay mode to identify it is θ
+
→
K
0
p.
θ
c and θ
b: the existence of the bound exotic hadron θ
c was predicted through bound Skyrmion approach. This particle has a mass of 2650 MeV and quantum numbers J
P
=
1
/
2
+ and I
=
0. An experiment [10] showed a positive signal at a mass of about 3.1 GeV, but it was not confirmed later [11]. In strongly bound states, the decay mode K
+
π
-
π
-
p is easy to identify. Likewise, the mass of θ
b with the same quantum numbers J
P
=
1
/
2
+ and I
=
0 was predicted to be 5207 MeV. The possible weak decay mode is K
+
π
-
π
-
+
π
+
+
p.
θ
c
s: it is the five-quark state with J
P
=
1
/
2
- and I
=
0. In a quark model which includes color-spin interaction, it can be bound and despite its strong decay, it becomes stable [12]. The mass dependent on the model parameters is predicted to be 2420 MeV. This state was traced in the Fermilab E791 experiment via ϕ
π
p mode [13] and K
∗
0
K
-
p mode [14].Lippmann-Schwinger equation for two-body bound states is solved in Section2. In Section 3, the procedure of the study is given and pentaquark masses are calculated.


## 2. Lippmann-Schwinger Equation for Two-Body Bound States

In this part, the binding energy of the entire system (pentaquark) is calculated by numerical solution of homogeneous Lippmann-Schwinger equation for each subsystem of bound meson and baryon. Schrodinger equation for a two-body bound state with the potentialV runs as the following integral equation [16, 17]:(1)
ψ
b
r
=
-
m
4
π
∫
0
∞
d
r
′
r
′
2
∫
-
1
1
d
x
′
∫
0
2
π
d
ϕ
′
exp
⁡
-
m
E
b
r
-
r
′
r
-
r
′
V
r
′
ψ
b
r
′
,where E
b stands for the binding energy of the two-body bound system (meson + baryon). When the interaction potential is considered as r function, (1) is of the following eigenvalue form(2)
K
E
b
ψ
b
=
λ
E
b
ψ
b
.λ
=
1 is the highest positive eigenvalue. The eigenvalue equation is solved through direct method [16–19] using a regularization method [20, 21]. To discretize the integrals, Gauss-Legendre method [22] is employed. 200 grid points are considered for r and r
′, whereas 100 mesh points are quite enough for x
′. The kernel of integral equation is diagonized to find λ
=
1 in the eigenvalue spectrum. The energy corresponding to λ
=
1 will be the system’s binding energy.


## 3. Numerical Results and Discussion

We consider a pentaquark as a bound state of a two-particle system formed by a baryon and a meson. The hadronic molecular structure consisting of a baryon and a meson is shown in Figure1.Figure 1
Pentaquark.Interaction potential has an essential role in solving the eigenvalue equation (5). Different potentials have been introduced for meson-baryon interaction. Yukawa potential (screened Coulomb potential) is proposed as one of the appropriate ones [15, 23]. This study deals with exotic baryon states created by a meson and a nucleon. The π exchange potential is among the most prominent meson exchange forces. π is the lightest hadron that can be exchanged between a meson and a nucleon. Therefore, we consider only π exchange, and ρ and ω meson exchange will be elaborated on in our subsequent works. One-pion exchange potential (OPEP) is of the following form [15]:(3)
V
π
r
=
I
→
N
·
I
→
H
2
S
12
V
T
r
+
4
S
→
N
·
S
→
l
V
c
r
,
r
>
r
0
,
V
0
,
r
<
r
0
, where for r
>
r
0
(4)
V
π
r
=
I
→
N
·
I
→
H
2
S
12
V
T
r
+
4
S
→
N
·
S
→
l
V
c
r
=
I
2
-
I
N
2
-
I
H
2
2
S
12
V
T
r
+
K
2
-
S
N
2
-
S
l
2
V
c
r
,where(5)
V
c
r
=
g
H
g
A
2
π
f
π
2
m
π
2
e
-
m
π
r
3
r
,
(6)
V
T
r
=
g
H
g
A
2
π
f
π
2
m
π
2
e
-
m
r
6
r
3
r
2
+
3
r
+
1
,
(7)
V
0
=
-
62.79
M
e
V
o
r
-
276
M
e
V
,where g
A, f
π, m
π, and g
H are axial coupling constant, pion decay constant, pion mass, and heavy-meson coupling constant, respectively. I is the total isospin of meson-nucleon system and (8)
S
12
≡
4
3
S
→
N
·
r
^
S
→
l
·
r
^
-
S
→
N
·
S
→
l
.InsertingI
N (nucleon isospin), I
H (meson isospin), S
N (nucleon spin), S
l (the lightest quark’s spin in the meson), and K
=
S
N
+
S
l into the potential, we presented hadronic molecular structure of two pentaquarks in Table 2.In this calculation we have ignored the tensor termS
12 for studying the pentaquarks ground state [24]; hence, we used the central part of Yukawa potential. Pentaquark binding energy is defined as the energy used when breaking a pentaquark into its components, that is, meson and baryon. We adopted the following constants for the bound state of heavy pentaquarks from [15] (Table 1).Table 1
Potential parameters used for the bound state of heavy pentaquarks [15].
Parameter
Value
g
A
1.27
f
π
131 MeV
g
H
-
0.59
m
π
138 MeV
m
N
i
938.92 MeV
m
B
5279 MeV
m
D
1867 MeVTable 2
Hadronic molecular structure of pentaquarks.
Hadronic structure
Pentaquark (meson + nucleon)
θ
c
(
u
u
d
d
c
-
)
u
u
d
/
u
d
d, d
c
-/u
c
-
θ
b
(
u
u
d
d
b
-
)
u
u
d
/
u
d
d, d
b
-/u
b
-Pentaquark masses are calculated according to(9)
M
p
e
n
t
a
q
u
a
r
k
=
m
m
e
s
o
n
+
m
b
a
r
y
o
n
+
E
b
.In order to find the binding energy (E
b), first we solve Lippmann-Schwinger equation for the two-body system. In this approach, the kernel is diagnosed and the eigenvalue spectrum is identified (spin-spin interaction in the potential and spin splitting are ignored). The data required include reduced mass of mesons and nucleons, proposed binding energy, potential coefficients, r
0
=
1 or 1.5 fm, and r-cutoff = 20 fm. Table 3 shows the binding energies that we found.Table 3
The calculated binding energies (MeV) forθ
c (D meson) and θ
b (B meson) for I
=
0. Column A: V
0
=
-
276 MeV and r
0
=
1 fm; column B: V
0
=
-
62.79 MeV and r
0
=
1.5 fm.
Pentaquark
A
B
A [15]
B [15]
θ
c
113.32
8.21
113.99
8.45
θ
b
140
15.1
139.48
15.46We adopted Yukawa potential from [15] and our calculated energies are in good agreement with [15]. We present pentaquark masses in Table 4.Table 4
Pentaquark calculated masses (MeV) forI
=
0.
Pentaquark
Mass (A)
Mass (B)
Mass in [25–27]
θ
c
2665.92
2790.82
2650
θ
b
6104.6
6209.71
6391


## 4. Results and Discussion

In this paper, we solved Lippmann-Schwinger equation for pentaquark systems. We managed to obtain the binding energy and used it to calculate the masses of these systems. The pentaquark is considered as the bound state of a baryon and a heavy meson. We used a baryon-meson picture to reduce a complicated five-body problem to one simple two-body problem. In Table4, we have listed our numerical results for masses of pentaquark systems, and pentaquark masses are compared with the results obtained in [25–27].Our method is appropriate for investigating tetraquark systems too. In our previous work, we investigated the tetraquark as the bound state of a heavy-light diquark and antidiquark. We used the diquark-antidiquark picture to reduce a complicated four-body problem to simple two-body problems.We analyzed diquark-antidiquark in the framework of a two-body (pseudopoint) problem. We made use of the potential coefficients proposed by Ebert et al. We solved Lippmann-Schwinger equation numerically for charm diquark-antidiquark systems and found the eigenvalues to calculate the binding energies and masses of heavy tetraquarks with hidden charms [28].



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