# Intramedullary Chondrosarcoma of Proximal Humerus

Authors: Pratiksha Yadav; Dolly Thakkar; S. S. Thind
Journal: Case Reports in Radiology
 (2012)

---

## Abstract

Primary chondrosarcoma is the third most frequent primary malignancy of bone after myeloma and osteosarcoma. It is ranging from slow growing nonmetastasising lesions to highly aggressive lesions. We report a case of primary intramedullary chondrosarcoma of proximal humerus. A 60-year-old female presented with pain and hard swelling involving the left arm for 5 months. Radiograph showed a lucent expansile intramedullary lesion with matrix calcification and associated soft tissue mass. CT confirmed the finding. MRI showed a lobulated lesion which is hyperintense on T2WI with low signal fibrous septae. Increased tracer uptake was seen on bone scan. Histopathology confirmed the radiology diagnosis. The patient underwent wide resection and endoprosthetic reconstruction of proximal humerus.


---

## Body

## 1. Case Report

Primary chondrosarcoma is the third most common primary malignant tumor of bone after myeloma and osteosarcoma. It is most commonly seen between 30 and 70 years of age. We report a case of a sixty-year-old female who presented with gradually progressive pain and swelling over the proximal part of left arm since 5 months associated with restricted flexion, extension, and abduction of left shoulder. On inspection, loss of normal contour of left shoulder due to a diffuse swelling and asymmetric pectoral girdle (Figure1). Skin over the surface was normal, with mild prominence of the veins. On palpation, it is tender and measuring approximately 6 cm in length and 4 cm in breadth. It was bony hard in consistency and fixed in nature with immobile skin over the swelling. Clinical diagnosis was of a neoplastic musculoskeletal pathology. Radiographs of left shoulder showed an ill defined, expansile, and osteolytic lesion involving the cortical and medullary region of neck and proximal shaft of left humerus with a wide zone of transition (Figures 2 and 3). Few specks of calcifications were seen within it. It shows endosteal scalloping with cortical break and adjacent soft tissue component. In addition, a calcified nodular opacity was seen in the peripheral left lung mid zone. As computed tomography (CT) is useful in defining the bony anatomy, integrity of the cortex surrounding a lesion, and calcifications within, a helical CT scan of 5 mm thickness was done from the superior margin of left shoulder to mid arm level. It revealed that the osteolytic expansile lesion was seen with endosteal scalloping and cortical thinning. It contains matrix calcification, break in cortices at multiple sites with adjacent anterolateral soft tissue component, and specks of calcification within it (Figure 4). The deltoid muscle in its anterior portion was thinned out and displaced.The picture is showing a 60 years old female who came with the c/o pain and swelling in upper arm.
(a)
(b)Figure 2
A 60- year-old female came with the c/o pain and swelling in upper arm. Radiograph of left shoulder shows lobulated, and expansile, osteolytic lesion involving the head, neck and proximal shaft of humerus including medullary and cortical region. Few specks of calcification were seen. With involvement of soft tissue.Figure 3
Axial radiograph of left shoulder confirms the findings of the AP radiograph and shows soft tissue swelling with few specks of calcification (arrow).Axial CT images show osteolytic, expansile lesion causing endosteal scalloping with thinning of cortex. Break in the bony cortex at few places (large arrow) with calcific specks seen in soft tissue (small arrow).
(a)
(b)MRI is known to best depict the tissue character, delineate the extent of bone marrow involvement, and pinpoint the effect of soft tissue masses on surrounding neurovascular structures. MRI of left arm was done on 1.5 Tesla machine using T1WI, T2WI, and GRE sequences in coronal, axial, and sagittal planes. There is a well-defined lobulated lesion which is predominantly hypointense on T1WI and hyperintense on T2WI with low signal septae (Figures5, 6, 7, and 8). The glenohumeral joint space was normal and neurovascular bundle was not affected. Subsequently bone scan was run to look for any metastatic lesion elsewhere as 10–20% of chondrosarcomas are known to metastasise. The lesion in humerus revealed increased uptake of tracer in 1st phase and high soft tissue pooling in 2nd phase. A focal tracer uptake seen in left mandible was probably related to dental pathology. Diffuse inhomogeneous increased tracer uptake was seen in the 3rd phase (Figure 9). The nodular opacity in left mid zone that was seen on the X-ray was presumed to be a calcified granuloma as it showed no activity on bone scan. FNAC sample showed pleomorphic nuclei with vacuolated cytoplasm in chondromyxoid background (Figure 10). Justification of diagnosis was made by comparing the possible features of chondrosarcoma with our case. As ENNEKINGS SYSTEM FOR STAGING:
STAGE- II B,
GRADE-HIGH,
SITE-EXTRACOMPARTMENTAL,
METASTASES-NONE.Figure 5
60-year-old female with swelling in upper arm. MRI was done on 1.5 T Siemen’s machine. Coronal MRI, STIR T2WI showing a well-defined lobulated hyperintense lesion with fibrous septae in the medulla and cortex. Involvement of the soft tissue on medial and lateral aspect (arrow).Figure 6
60-year-old female with swelling in upper arm. MRI was done on 1.5 T Siemen’s machine. Coronal T2WI showing hyperintense  lobulated mass with fibrous septae (arrow).Figure 7
60-year-old female with swelling in upper arm. MRI was done on 1.5 T Siemen’s machine. Coronal T1WI showing large lobulated lesion which is hypointense in signal intensity.Sagittal T2W images showing hyperintense lobulated mass.
(a)
(b)Figure 9
Bone scan: anterior and posterior images. Increased tracer uptake in the lesion.Figure 10
Histopathology shows pleomorphic nuclei with vacuolated cytoplasm in chondromyxoid background.Figure 11
Excision of lesion was done with affected soft tissue and bone.Figure 12
Excised mass lesion.Figure 13
Prosthesis surgery.Figure 14
Postoperative radiograph.Figure 15
Postsurgery picture.After a preanaesthetic assessment, the patient was taken up for surgery under general anaesthesia for wide resection and endoprosthetic reconstruction of proximal humerus.


## 2. Discussion

Chondrosarcomas account for the third most common primary tumour of the bone, after myeloma and osteosarcoma [1]. This primary sarcoma of bone in adults has a male predominance and is seen between the 3rd and 7th decade of life, more common in male, as male : female ratio is 1.5 : 1. Usual clinical presentation of chondrosarcoma is pain, tenderness, with or without a mass, and a slow growth over an average duration of 1-2 year. The characteristic feature of chondrosarcomas is to produce coalescent cartilage lobules of varying sizes with often a necrotic or cystic centre [2]. Chondrsarcoma is graded from 1 (low) to 3 (high). Low grade chondrsarcoma is very close in appearance to enchondroma and osteochondroma and has occasional binucleated cells. High grade chondrsarcoma have increased cellularity, atypia, and mitoses [3].


### 2.1. Skeletal Distribution

The commonest sites are the pelvic bones, femur, humerus, and ribs followed by other sites such as the trunk, skull, and facial bones. Hands and feet are rarely involved. Peculiar forms are known to develop on laryngeal cartilage, base of the skull, or in soft tissue. Chondrosarcomas can occur on preexisting lesions.Central chondrosarcoma predominates in long bones and peripheral tumours in the pelvis and vertebrae.


### 2.2. Imaging

Plain films allow depicting the location of the lesion to identify the cartilaginous nature as well as its aggressiveness. The most frequent type of lesion is central chondrosarcoma. The tumour begins in the metaphysis and extends to the diaphysis. It is a well-defined lytic lesion, associated with endosteal scalloping, cortical thinning, or thickening. High-grade tumours show irregular margins. Calcifications of the tumoral matrix may be punctate, flocculent, or have a ring-like pattern they can be small, or disseminated, dense, or subtle. Their absence is frequent in aggressive types. In the soft tissue, the mass is frequently huge and palpable when tumour has an extension. CT scan has a diagnostic role as it shows the bony destruction, the small calcifications, and the intra- and extraosseous extent.In typical forms, MRI shows a lobulated lesion with a low or intermediate signal on T1-weighted images and a high-signal intensity on T2 [4]. MRI shows the medullary involvement and the soft-tissue mass precisely. In diffusion, low-grade lesions show a lobulated pattern with enhanced septations after intravenous injection of contrast media. High-grade tumours do not have septations and show a more diffuse, heterogeneous enhancement. Benign and low-grade tumors cannot be differentiated by the MRI appearance of the matrix alone.


### 2.3. Differential Diagnosis

The main differential diagnosis in chondromas is specially in the differentiation between a benign chondroma and a low-grade central chondrosarcoma [5]. Features suggestive of a malignant lesion are pain, proximal location or a location on the axial skeleton, size being greater than 5 cm, a lobulated aspect, an ill-defined margin, endosteal erosion, and bone destruction with an extraosseous component [6, 7]. Biopsy is necessary to make the diagnosis. A metaphyseal lesion could suggest a chondromyxoid fibroma, while an epiphyseal lesion could suggest a chondroblastoma or a giant cell tumour. Fibrous dysplasia or a bone infarction can be misdiagnosed as chondrosarcomas; the lack of cortical erosion or of soft-tissue mass would suggest something other than a chondrosarcoma. New immunohistochemistry techniques contribute to the differentiation of malignant lesions [8, 9]. More rarely, a lytic lesion can be considered with a lytic form of osteosarcoma or fibrosarcoma, a plasmocytoma or a metastasis.


### 2.4. Chondrosarcomas: Variants

#### 2.4.1. Periosteal Chondrosarcomas [10]

This is a rare form representing 1-2% of all cases of chondrosarcomas. The growth of the tumour begins at the surface of the bone (usually metaphysis of the distal femur or proximal humerus) and develops in the soft tissues as a lobulated mass. The lesion is usually well differentiated and grows slower than central forms. The cortex is never normal, either eroded or often thickened by the tumour, but never destroyed. Ring-like calcifications can be disseminated or localised within the mass. Medullary involvement evaluated on CT or MRI is rare and limited. Uncalcified tumoral nodules are hypodense on CT and show a high signal on T2-weighted MRI. Satellite nodules can be depicted and separated from the principal lesion. The outcome is generally favourable after an appropriate surgical resection.The differentiation from an osteochondroma is generally easy. The diagnosis of periosteal chondroma can be made by histology alone. Patients are younger and lesions are smaller, not painful, and are located more distally on the skeleton. The periosteal osteosarcoma is more often located on the diaphysis and has reactionary cortical spiculations.


#### 2.4.2. Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma

This entity represents 2-3% of all chondrosarcomas and combines an undifferentiated cell component with well-differentiated cartilaginous areas [11]. The diagnosis is only made on this biphasic aspect. The average age of the patients is 26 years. Common skeletal sites are the femur, pelvic bones, ribs, and vertebrae. Extraosseous site involvement such as brain, meninges, or soft tissues is seen in about one-third of cases. The prognosis is poor, with early pulmonary, bony, and lymph nodes metastases. The tumours are large, destructive lesions with a purely lytic pattern. Calcified masses can be found. The lesion appears of low signal intensity on T1-weighted MRI and heterogeneous high signal on T2 images [12]. Multidrug chemotherapy used in osteosarcomas can be combined with surgery and radiotherapy, but the 10-year survival is only 28%.


#### 2.4.3. Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma

In rare forms (2%) of chondrosarcoma, these lesions are distinguished by their cytology, epiphyseal location in long bones, and slow evolution [13]. There is a male predominance and patients are in the third to fifth decade. Clinical symptoms are pain and swelling may last up to almost 23 years. Some tumours may be an incidental finding; pathological fractures have been reported in one-quarter of cases. The commonest sites are the femur, humerus and tibia. This low-grade tumour shows a geographic lytic epiphyseal lesion with extension to the metaphysis. The margins can be well defined, but indistinct or sclerotic margins have also been described. Calcifications of the tumoral matrix are not always present. There is no extension to the soft tissues. Periosteal reactions are unusual. CT may be useful to depict lobulated margins and calcified matrix. MRI shows a well-delineated low signal on T1-weighted images and heterogeneous high signal on T2 images. The main differential diagnosis is the chondroblastoma, which is a smaller lesion in younger patients. The other differential diagnoses include giant cell tumours and other epiphyseal tumours.The treatment is radical surgery. The prognosis is good with a 5-year survival of 92% [2], even though metastases are found in 15% of cases (lung, brain, and bones).


#### 2.4.4. Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma

This form represents 10–12% of all chondrosarcomas [2]. It is characterised by a special histology and very poor prognosis. Pain and swelling are the usual clinical symptoms as well as pathological fractures [14]. The commonest locations are the femur, the acetabulum, and the proximal humerus.These metaphyseal or diaphyseal lesions are rapidly destructive. Osteolytic lesion is associated with calcifications resulting in the biomorphic pattern [2]. A huge soft-tissue mass without calcifications, seen on CT or MRI, is also indicative for this diagnosis. Imaging helps to direct biopsy of the lytic area in order to improve the histological diagnosis. The treatment involves surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The prognosis is very poor, with an overall 5-year survival rate of only 8–13%. The metastases appear in the lungs but also in unusual sites such as the adrenal gland, brain, and liver.


#### 2.4.5. Secondary Chondrosarcoma

Twelve percent of all chondrosarcomas are developed in a preexisting lesion. It may be secondary to a solitary osteochondroma, osteochondromatosis, enchondromatosis (Ollier’s disease), fibrous dysplasia, Paget’s disease, irradiated bone, or synovial chondromatosis [2]. In osteochondromatosis, the risk of sarcomatous transformation is 5–25%; it is 25–50% in enchondromatosis and nearly 100% in Maffucci’s syndrome [14]. The increased size of an enchondroma, lytic area with cortical destruction, associated with pain or fracture are features suggestive of malignant transformation. An enlarging exostosis associated with pain, the appearance of a less mineralized zone in the cartilage cap, calcifications in the soft tissues, and the thickening of the cap (>1 cm) on CT and MRI suggest sarcomatous transformation [15].


## 2.1. Skeletal Distribution

The commonest sites are the pelvic bones, femur, humerus, and ribs followed by other sites such as the trunk, skull, and facial bones. Hands and feet are rarely involved. Peculiar forms are known to develop on laryngeal cartilage, base of the skull, or in soft tissue. Chondrosarcomas can occur on preexisting lesions.Central chondrosarcoma predominates in long bones and peripheral tumours in the pelvis and vertebrae.


## 2.2. Imaging

Plain films allow depicting the location of the lesion to identify the cartilaginous nature as well as its aggressiveness. The most frequent type of lesion is central chondrosarcoma. The tumour begins in the metaphysis and extends to the diaphysis. It is a well-defined lytic lesion, associated with endosteal scalloping, cortical thinning, or thickening. High-grade tumours show irregular margins. Calcifications of the tumoral matrix may be punctate, flocculent, or have a ring-like pattern they can be small, or disseminated, dense, or subtle. Their absence is frequent in aggressive types. In the soft tissue, the mass is frequently huge and palpable when tumour has an extension. CT scan has a diagnostic role as it shows the bony destruction, the small calcifications, and the intra- and extraosseous extent.In typical forms, MRI shows a lobulated lesion with a low or intermediate signal on T1-weighted images and a high-signal intensity on T2 [4]. MRI shows the medullary involvement and the soft-tissue mass precisely. In diffusion, low-grade lesions show a lobulated pattern with enhanced septations after intravenous injection of contrast media. High-grade tumours do not have septations and show a more diffuse, heterogeneous enhancement. Benign and low-grade tumors cannot be differentiated by the MRI appearance of the matrix alone.


## 2.3. Differential Diagnosis

The main differential diagnosis in chondromas is specially in the differentiation between a benign chondroma and a low-grade central chondrosarcoma [5]. Features suggestive of a malignant lesion are pain, proximal location or a location on the axial skeleton, size being greater than 5 cm, a lobulated aspect, an ill-defined margin, endosteal erosion, and bone destruction with an extraosseous component [6, 7]. Biopsy is necessary to make the diagnosis. A metaphyseal lesion could suggest a chondromyxoid fibroma, while an epiphyseal lesion could suggest a chondroblastoma or a giant cell tumour. Fibrous dysplasia or a bone infarction can be misdiagnosed as chondrosarcomas; the lack of cortical erosion or of soft-tissue mass would suggest something other than a chondrosarcoma. New immunohistochemistry techniques contribute to the differentiation of malignant lesions [8, 9]. More rarely, a lytic lesion can be considered with a lytic form of osteosarcoma or fibrosarcoma, a plasmocytoma or a metastasis.


## 2.4. Chondrosarcomas: Variants

### 2.4.1. Periosteal Chondrosarcomas [10]

This is a rare form representing 1-2% of all cases of chondrosarcomas. The growth of the tumour begins at the surface of the bone (usually metaphysis of the distal femur or proximal humerus) and develops in the soft tissues as a lobulated mass. The lesion is usually well differentiated and grows slower than central forms. The cortex is never normal, either eroded or often thickened by the tumour, but never destroyed. Ring-like calcifications can be disseminated or localised within the mass. Medullary involvement evaluated on CT or MRI is rare and limited. Uncalcified tumoral nodules are hypodense on CT and show a high signal on T2-weighted MRI. Satellite nodules can be depicted and separated from the principal lesion. The outcome is generally favourable after an appropriate surgical resection.The differentiation from an osteochondroma is generally easy. The diagnosis of periosteal chondroma can be made by histology alone. Patients are younger and lesions are smaller, not painful, and are located more distally on the skeleton. The periosteal osteosarcoma is more often located on the diaphysis and has reactionary cortical spiculations.


### 2.4.2. Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma

This entity represents 2-3% of all chondrosarcomas and combines an undifferentiated cell component with well-differentiated cartilaginous areas [11]. The diagnosis is only made on this biphasic aspect. The average age of the patients is 26 years. Common skeletal sites are the femur, pelvic bones, ribs, and vertebrae. Extraosseous site involvement such as brain, meninges, or soft tissues is seen in about one-third of cases. The prognosis is poor, with early pulmonary, bony, and lymph nodes metastases. The tumours are large, destructive lesions with a purely lytic pattern. Calcified masses can be found. The lesion appears of low signal intensity on T1-weighted MRI and heterogeneous high signal on T2 images [12]. Multidrug chemotherapy used in osteosarcomas can be combined with surgery and radiotherapy, but the 10-year survival is only 28%.


### 2.4.3. Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma

In rare forms (2%) of chondrosarcoma, these lesions are distinguished by their cytology, epiphyseal location in long bones, and slow evolution [13]. There is a male predominance and patients are in the third to fifth decade. Clinical symptoms are pain and swelling may last up to almost 23 years. Some tumours may be an incidental finding; pathological fractures have been reported in one-quarter of cases. The commonest sites are the femur, humerus and tibia. This low-grade tumour shows a geographic lytic epiphyseal lesion with extension to the metaphysis. The margins can be well defined, but indistinct or sclerotic margins have also been described. Calcifications of the tumoral matrix are not always present. There is no extension to the soft tissues. Periosteal reactions are unusual. CT may be useful to depict lobulated margins and calcified matrix. MRI shows a well-delineated low signal on T1-weighted images and heterogeneous high signal on T2 images. The main differential diagnosis is the chondroblastoma, which is a smaller lesion in younger patients. The other differential diagnoses include giant cell tumours and other epiphyseal tumours.The treatment is radical surgery. The prognosis is good with a 5-year survival of 92% [2], even though metastases are found in 15% of cases (lung, brain, and bones).


### 2.4.4. Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma

This form represents 10–12% of all chondrosarcomas [2]. It is characterised by a special histology and very poor prognosis. Pain and swelling are the usual clinical symptoms as well as pathological fractures [14]. The commonest locations are the femur, the acetabulum, and the proximal humerus.These metaphyseal or diaphyseal lesions are rapidly destructive. Osteolytic lesion is associated with calcifications resulting in the biomorphic pattern [2]. A huge soft-tissue mass without calcifications, seen on CT or MRI, is also indicative for this diagnosis. Imaging helps to direct biopsy of the lytic area in order to improve the histological diagnosis. The treatment involves surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The prognosis is very poor, with an overall 5-year survival rate of only 8–13%. The metastases appear in the lungs but also in unusual sites such as the adrenal gland, brain, and liver.


### 2.4.5. Secondary Chondrosarcoma

Twelve percent of all chondrosarcomas are developed in a preexisting lesion. It may be secondary to a solitary osteochondroma, osteochondromatosis, enchondromatosis (Ollier’s disease), fibrous dysplasia, Paget’s disease, irradiated bone, or synovial chondromatosis [2]. In osteochondromatosis, the risk of sarcomatous transformation is 5–25%; it is 25–50% in enchondromatosis and nearly 100% in Maffucci’s syndrome [14]. The increased size of an enchondroma, lytic area with cortical destruction, associated with pain or fracture are features suggestive of malignant transformation. An enlarging exostosis associated with pain, the appearance of a less mineralized zone in the cartilage cap, calcifications in the soft tissues, and the thickening of the cap (>1 cm) on CT and MRI suggest sarcomatous transformation [15].


## 2.4.1. Periosteal Chondrosarcomas [10]

This is a rare form representing 1-2% of all cases of chondrosarcomas. The growth of the tumour begins at the surface of the bone (usually metaphysis of the distal femur or proximal humerus) and develops in the soft tissues as a lobulated mass. The lesion is usually well differentiated and grows slower than central forms. The cortex is never normal, either eroded or often thickened by the tumour, but never destroyed. Ring-like calcifications can be disseminated or localised within the mass. Medullary involvement evaluated on CT or MRI is rare and limited. Uncalcified tumoral nodules are hypodense on CT and show a high signal on T2-weighted MRI. Satellite nodules can be depicted and separated from the principal lesion. The outcome is generally favourable after an appropriate surgical resection.The differentiation from an osteochondroma is generally easy. The diagnosis of periosteal chondroma can be made by histology alone. Patients are younger and lesions are smaller, not painful, and are located more distally on the skeleton. The periosteal osteosarcoma is more often located on the diaphysis and has reactionary cortical spiculations.


## 2.4.2. Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma

This entity represents 2-3% of all chondrosarcomas and combines an undifferentiated cell component with well-differentiated cartilaginous areas [11]. The diagnosis is only made on this biphasic aspect. The average age of the patients is 26 years. Common skeletal sites are the femur, pelvic bones, ribs, and vertebrae. Extraosseous site involvement such as brain, meninges, or soft tissues is seen in about one-third of cases. The prognosis is poor, with early pulmonary, bony, and lymph nodes metastases. The tumours are large, destructive lesions with a purely lytic pattern. Calcified masses can be found. The lesion appears of low signal intensity on T1-weighted MRI and heterogeneous high signal on T2 images [12]. Multidrug chemotherapy used in osteosarcomas can be combined with surgery and radiotherapy, but the 10-year survival is only 28%.


## 2.4.3. Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma

In rare forms (2%) of chondrosarcoma, these lesions are distinguished by their cytology, epiphyseal location in long bones, and slow evolution [13]. There is a male predominance and patients are in the third to fifth decade. Clinical symptoms are pain and swelling may last up to almost 23 years. Some tumours may be an incidental finding; pathological fractures have been reported in one-quarter of cases. The commonest sites are the femur, humerus and tibia. This low-grade tumour shows a geographic lytic epiphyseal lesion with extension to the metaphysis. The margins can be well defined, but indistinct or sclerotic margins have also been described. Calcifications of the tumoral matrix are not always present. There is no extension to the soft tissues. Periosteal reactions are unusual. CT may be useful to depict lobulated margins and calcified matrix. MRI shows a well-delineated low signal on T1-weighted images and heterogeneous high signal on T2 images. The main differential diagnosis is the chondroblastoma, which is a smaller lesion in younger patients. The other differential diagnoses include giant cell tumours and other epiphyseal tumours.The treatment is radical surgery. The prognosis is good with a 5-year survival of 92% [2], even though metastases are found in 15% of cases (lung, brain, and bones).


## 2.4.4. Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma

This form represents 10–12% of all chondrosarcomas [2]. It is characterised by a special histology and very poor prognosis. Pain and swelling are the usual clinical symptoms as well as pathological fractures [14]. The commonest locations are the femur, the acetabulum, and the proximal humerus.These metaphyseal or diaphyseal lesions are rapidly destructive. Osteolytic lesion is associated with calcifications resulting in the biomorphic pattern [2]. A huge soft-tissue mass without calcifications, seen on CT or MRI, is also indicative for this diagnosis. Imaging helps to direct biopsy of the lytic area in order to improve the histological diagnosis. The treatment involves surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The prognosis is very poor, with an overall 5-year survival rate of only 8–13%. The metastases appear in the lungs but also in unusual sites such as the adrenal gland, brain, and liver.


## 2.4.5. Secondary Chondrosarcoma

Twelve percent of all chondrosarcomas are developed in a preexisting lesion. It may be secondary to a solitary osteochondroma, osteochondromatosis, enchondromatosis (Ollier’s disease), fibrous dysplasia, Paget’s disease, irradiated bone, or synovial chondromatosis [2]. In osteochondromatosis, the risk of sarcomatous transformation is 5–25%; it is 25–50% in enchondromatosis and nearly 100% in Maffucci’s syndrome [14]. The increased size of an enchondroma, lytic area with cortical destruction, associated with pain or fracture are features suggestive of malignant transformation. An enlarging exostosis associated with pain, the appearance of a less mineralized zone in the cartilage cap, calcifications in the soft tissues, and the thickening of the cap (>1 cm) on CT and MRI suggest sarcomatous transformation [15].



---

*Source: 642062-2012-12-02.xml*