# Nonlinearly Self-Adjoint, Conservation Laws and Solutions for a Forced BBM Equation

Authors: Maria Luz Gandarias; Chaudry Masood Khalique
Journal: Abstract and Applied Analysis
 (2014)

---

## Abstract

We study a forced Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (BBM) equation. We prove that the equation is not weak self-adjoint; however, it is nonlinearly self-adjoint. By using a general theorem on conservation laws due to Nail Ibragimov and the symmetry generators, we find conservation laws for these partial differential equations without classical Lagrangians. We also present some exact solutions for a special case of the equation.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

In a recent paper [1], Eloe and Usman have considered the damped externally excited Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (BBM) type equation given by
(1)
u
t
+
u
x
+
2
b
u
u
x
-
c
u
x
x
-
d
u
-
a
u
x
x
t
=
η
cos
⁡
⁡
k
(
x
+
λ
t
)
,
where c and d are nonnegative constants that are proportional to the strength of the damping effect. Equation (1) was introduced to model long waves in nonlinear dispersive systems. Some special cases of (1) are studied in [2, 3]. If b
=
1
/
2 and a
=
1, c
=
0, d
=
0, and η
=
0, then (1) reduces to the celebrated Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (BBM) equation
(2)
u
t
+
u
x
+
u
u
x
-
u
x
x
t
=
0
.
The well-known BBM equation (2) was derived in [4] for moderately long wave equations in nonlinear dispersive systems. The authors derived three conservation laws for (2) and also considered the forcing equation. In [5], it was proved that these conservation laws are the only conservation laws admitted by the BBM equation. In [6], a family of BBM equations with strong nonlinear dispersive term was considered from the point of view of symmetry analysis. The symmetry reductions were derived from the optimal system of subalgebras and lead to systems of ordinary differential equations. For special values of the parameters of this equation, many exact solutions are expressed by various single and combined nondegenerative Jacobi elliptic function solutions and their degenerative solutions (soliton, kink, and compactons). In [7], nonlocal symmetries of a family of Benjamin-Bona-Mahony-Burgers equations were studied. In [8] for a family of Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equations with strong nonlinear dispersion, the subclass of equations which are self-adjoint was determined and some nontrivial conservation laws were derived. In [9], da Silva and Freire showed that the BBM equation is strictly self-adjoint and a conservation law obtained from the scaling invariance was established.In [1], the authors have obtained an analytic steady state solution of (1) and they have studied properties of some travelling wave solutions using a perturbation method.In [10], the first author of this paper introduced the definition of weak self-adjointness and showed that the substitution v
=
h
(
u
) can be replaced with a more general substitution, where h involves not only the variable u but also the independent variables h
=
h
(
x
,
t
,
u
). In [11], Ibragimov pointed out that, in constructing conservation laws, it is only important that v does not vanish identically and introduced the definition of nonlinearly self-adjoint equation; that is, the substitution v
=
h
(
u
) can be replaced with a more general substitution, where h involves not only the variable u but also its derivatives as well as the independent variables; that is, v
=
h
(
x
,
t
,
u
,
u
t
,
u
x
,
…
).In this paper, we consider a generalization of the damped externally excited Benjamin-Bona-Mahony type equation (1), that is, the forced BMM type equation
(3)
u
t
+
u
x
+
2
b
u
u
x
-
c
u
x
x
-
d
u
-
a
u
x
x
t
=
f
(
x
,
t
)
,
where c and d are nonnegative constants that are proportional to the strength of the damping effect and f
(
x
,
t
) is an arbitrary function of the variables x and t.The aim of this paper is to prove that (3) is nonlinearly self-adjoint. We determine, by using the Lie generators of (3) and the notation and techniques of [12], some nontrivial conservation laws for (3). Finally, we present some exact solutions for a special case of (3).


## 2. Self-Adjoint and Nonlinearly Self-Adjoint Equations

Consider ansth-order partial differential equation
(4)
F
(
x
,
u
,
u
(
1
)
,
…
,
u
(
s
)
)
=
0
with independent variables x
=
(
x
1
,
…
,
x
n
) and a dependent variable u, where u
(
1
)
=
{
u
i
}
,
u
(
2
)
=
{
u
i
j
}
,
…, denote the sets of the partial derivatives of the first, second, and so forth orders, u
i
=
∂
u
/
∂
x
i, u
i
j
=
∂
2
u
/
∂
x
i
∂
x
j. The adjoint equation to (4) is
(5)
F
*
(
x
,
u
,
v
,
u
(
1
)
,
v
(
1
)
,
…
,
u
(
s
)
,
v
(
s
)
)
=
0
,
with
(6)
F
*
(
x
,
u
,
v
,
u
(
1
)
,
v
(
1
)
,
…
,
u
(
s
)
,
v
(
s
)
)
=
δ
(
v
F
)
δ
u
,
where
(7)
δ
δ
u
=
∂
∂
u
+
∑
s
=
1
∞
‍
(
-
1
)
s
D
i
1
⋯
D
i
s
∂
∂
u
i
1
⋯
i
s
denotes the variational derivatives (the Euler-Lagrange operator) and v is a new dependent variable. Here,
(8)
D
i
=
∂
∂
x
i
+
u
i
∂
∂
u
+
u
i
j
∂
∂
u
j
+
⋯
are the total differentiations.Definition 1.
Equation (4) is said to be self-adjoint if the equation obtained from the adjoint equation (5) by the substitution v
=
u,
(9)
F
*
(
x
,
u
,
u
,
u
(
1
)
,
u
(
1
)
,
…
,
u
(
s
)
,
u
(
s
)
)
=
0
,
is identical to the original equation (4).Definition 2.
Equation (4) is said to be weak self-adjoint if the equation obtained from the adjoint equation (5) by the substitution v
=
h
(
x
,
t
,
u
), with a certain function h
(
x
,
t
,
u
) such that h
x
(
x
,
t
,
u
)
≠
0, (or h
t
(
x
,
t
,
u
)
≠
0) and h
u
(
x
,
t
,
u
)
≠
0, is identical to the original equation.Definition 3.
Equation (4) is said to be nonlinearly self-adjoint if the equation obtained from the adjoint equation (5) by the substitution v
=
h
(
x
,
t
,
u
,
u
(
1
)
,
…
), with a certain function h
(
x
,
t
,
u
,
u
(
1
)
,
…
) such that h
(
x
,
t
,
u
,
u
(
1
)
,
…
)
≠
0, is identical to the original equation (4).


### 2.1. The Subclass of Nonlinearly Self-Adjoint Equations

Let us single out some nonlinearly self-adjoint equations from the equations of the form (3). Equation (6) yields
(10)
F
*
=
δ
δ
u
[
v
(
u
t
+
u
x
+
2
b
u
u
x
-
c
u
x
x
u
x
x
t
-
f
(
x
,
t
)
-
d
u
-
a
u
x
x
t
-
f
(
x
,
t
)
)
]
=
-
c
v
x
x
-
2
b
u
v
x
-
v
x
+
a
v
t
x
x
-
v
t
-
d
v
.
Setting v
=
h
(
x
,
t
,
u
) in (10), we get
(11)
a
h
u
u
u
t
u
x
x
-
c
h
u
u
x
x
+
a
h
t
u
u
x
x
+
a
h
u
u
u
u
t
(
u
x
)
2
-
c
h
u
u
(
u
x
)
2
+
a
h
t
u
u
(
u
x
)
2
+
2
a
h
u
u
u
t
x
u
x
+
2
a
h
u
u
x
u
t
u
x
-
2
b
h
u
u
u
x
-
2
c
h
u
x
u
x
-
h
u
u
x
+
2
a
h
t
u
x
u
x
+
a
h
u
u
t
x
x
+
2
a
h
u
x
u
t
x
+
a
h
u
x
x
u
t
-
h
u
u
t
-
2
b
h
x
u
-
c
h
x
x
-
h
x
+
a
h
t
x
x
-
h
t
-
d
h
=
0
.
Now, we assume that
(12)
F
*
-
λ
(
u
t
+
u
x
+
2
b
u
u
x
-
c
u
x
x
-
d
u
-
a
u
x
x
t
-
f
(
x
,
t
)
)
=
0
,
where λ is an undetermined coefficient. Condition (12) reads
(13)
c
u
x
x
λ
-
2
b
u
u
x
λ
-
u
x
λ
+
a
u
t
x
x
λ
-
u
t
λ
+
d
u
λ
+
f
λ
+
a
h
u
u
u
t
u
x
x
-
c
h
u
u
x
x
+
a
h
t
u
u
x
x
+
a
h
u
u
u
u
t
(
u
x
)
2
-
c
h
u
u
(
u
x
)
2
+
a
h
t
u
u
(
u
x
)
2
+
2
a
h
u
u
u
t
x
u
x
+
2
a
h
u
u
x
u
t
u
x
-
2
b
h
u
u
u
x
-
2
c
h
u
x
u
x
-
h
u
u
x
+
2
a
h
t
u
x
u
x
+
a
h
u
u
t
x
x
+
2
a
h
u
x
u
t
x
+
a
h
u
x
x
u
t
-
h
u
u
t
-
2
b
h
x
u
-
c
h
x
x
-
h
x
+
a
h
t
x
x
-
h
t
-
d
h
=
0
.
Comparing the coefficients for the different derivatives of u, we obtain
(14)
λ
=
-
h
u
,
h
=
c
2
e
2
c
t
/
a
u
+
β
,
where f
=
f
(
x
,
t
) and β
(
x
,
t
) satisfy the following conditions:
(15)
-
2
c
2
d
e
2
c
t
/
a
-
2
c
c
2
e
2
c
t
/
a
a
-
2
b
β
x
=
0
,
-
c
2
f
e
2
c
t
/
a
-
β
d
-
β
x
x
c
-
β
x
+
a
β
t
x
x
-
β
t
=
0
.
From above, we get that
(16)
β
=
f
3
-
(
a
c
2
d
+
c
c
2
)
e
2
c
t
/
a
x
a
b
with f
3
=
f
3
(
t
) and the following condition must be satisfied:
(17)
c
2
d
2
e
2
c
t
/
a
x
b
+
3
c
c
2
d
e
2
c
t
/
a
x
a
b
+
2
c
2
c
2
e
2
c
t
/
a
x
a
2
b
-
c
2
f
e
2
c
t
/
a
+
c
2
d
e
2
c
t
/
a
b
+
c
c
2
e
2
c
t
/
a
a
b
-
f
3
t
-
d
f
3
=
0
.
We can now state the following theorem.Theorem 4.
Equation (3) is nonlinearly self-adjoint with
(18)
h
=
-
(
a
c
2
d
+
c
c
2
)
e
2
c
t
/
a
x
a
b
+
c
2
e
2
c
t
/
a
u
+
f
3
for any functions f
=
f
(
x
,
t
) and f
3
(
t
) satisfying condition (17).In particular, we can state the following theorem.Theorem 5.
Equation (3) is nonlinearly self-adjoint for any arbitrary function f
=
f
(
x
,
t
) with
(19)
h
=
c
3
e
-
d
t
.


## 2.1. The Subclass of Nonlinearly Self-Adjoint Equations

Let us single out some nonlinearly self-adjoint equations from the equations of the form (3). Equation (6) yields
(10)
F
*
=
δ
δ
u
[
v
(
u
t
+
u
x
+
2
b
u
u
x
-
c
u
x
x
u
x
x
t
-
f
(
x
,
t
)
-
d
u
-
a
u
x
x
t
-
f
(
x
,
t
)
)
]
=
-
c
v
x
x
-
2
b
u
v
x
-
v
x
+
a
v
t
x
x
-
v
t
-
d
v
.
Setting v
=
h
(
x
,
t
,
u
) in (10), we get
(11)
a
h
u
u
u
t
u
x
x
-
c
h
u
u
x
x
+
a
h
t
u
u
x
x
+
a
h
u
u
u
u
t
(
u
x
)
2
-
c
h
u
u
(
u
x
)
2
+
a
h
t
u
u
(
u
x
)
2
+
2
a
h
u
u
u
t
x
u
x
+
2
a
h
u
u
x
u
t
u
x
-
2
b
h
u
u
u
x
-
2
c
h
u
x
u
x
-
h
u
u
x
+
2
a
h
t
u
x
u
x
+
a
h
u
u
t
x
x
+
2
a
h
u
x
u
t
x
+
a
h
u
x
x
u
t
-
h
u
u
t
-
2
b
h
x
u
-
c
h
x
x
-
h
x
+
a
h
t
x
x
-
h
t
-
d
h
=
0
.
Now, we assume that
(12)
F
*
-
λ
(
u
t
+
u
x
+
2
b
u
u
x
-
c
u
x
x
-
d
u
-
a
u
x
x
t
-
f
(
x
,
t
)
)
=
0
,
where λ is an undetermined coefficient. Condition (12) reads
(13)
c
u
x
x
λ
-
2
b
u
u
x
λ
-
u
x
λ
+
a
u
t
x
x
λ
-
u
t
λ
+
d
u
λ
+
f
λ
+
a
h
u
u
u
t
u
x
x
-
c
h
u
u
x
x
+
a
h
t
u
u
x
x
+
a
h
u
u
u
u
t
(
u
x
)
2
-
c
h
u
u
(
u
x
)
2
+
a
h
t
u
u
(
u
x
)
2
+
2
a
h
u
u
u
t
x
u
x
+
2
a
h
u
u
x
u
t
u
x
-
2
b
h
u
u
u
x
-
2
c
h
u
x
u
x
-
h
u
u
x
+
2
a
h
t
u
x
u
x
+
a
h
u
u
t
x
x
+
2
a
h
u
x
u
t
x
+
a
h
u
x
x
u
t
-
h
u
u
t
-
2
b
h
x
u
-
c
h
x
x
-
h
x
+
a
h
t
x
x
-
h
t
-
d
h
=
0
.
Comparing the coefficients for the different derivatives of u, we obtain
(14)
λ
=
-
h
u
,
h
=
c
2
e
2
c
t
/
a
u
+
β
,
where f
=
f
(
x
,
t
) and β
(
x
,
t
) satisfy the following conditions:
(15)
-
2
c
2
d
e
2
c
t
/
a
-
2
c
c
2
e
2
c
t
/
a
a
-
2
b
β
x
=
0
,
-
c
2
f
e
2
c
t
/
a
-
β
d
-
β
x
x
c
-
β
x
+
a
β
t
x
x
-
β
t
=
0
.
From above, we get that
(16)
β
=
f
3
-
(
a
c
2
d
+
c
c
2
)
e
2
c
t
/
a
x
a
b
with f
3
=
f
3
(
t
) and the following condition must be satisfied:
(17)
c
2
d
2
e
2
c
t
/
a
x
b
+
3
c
c
2
d
e
2
c
t
/
a
x
a
b
+
2
c
2
c
2
e
2
c
t
/
a
x
a
2
b
-
c
2
f
e
2
c
t
/
a
+
c
2
d
e
2
c
t
/
a
b
+
c
c
2
e
2
c
t
/
a
a
b
-
f
3
t
-
d
f
3
=
0
.
We can now state the following theorem.Theorem 4.
Equation (3) is nonlinearly self-adjoint with
(18)
h
=
-
(
a
c
2
d
+
c
c
2
)
e
2
c
t
/
a
x
a
b
+
c
2
e
2
c
t
/
a
u
+
f
3
for any functions f
=
f
(
x
,
t
) and f
3
(
t
) satisfying condition (17).In particular, we can state the following theorem.Theorem 5.
Equation (3) is nonlinearly self-adjoint for any arbitrary function f
=
f
(
x
,
t
) with
(19)
h
=
c
3
e
-
d
t
.


## 3. Conservation Laws: General Theorem

We use the following theorem on conservation laws proved in [12].Theorem 6.
Any Lie point, Lie-Bäcklund, or non-local symmetry(20)
X
=
ξ
i
(
x
,
u
,
u
(
1
)
,
…
)
∂
∂
x
i
+
η
(
x
,
u
,
u
(
1
)
,
…
)
∂
∂
u
of (4) provides a conservation law D
i
(
C
i
)
=
0 for system (4), (5). The conserved vector is given by
(21)
C
i
=
ξ
i
ℒ
+
W
[
∂
ℒ
∂
u
i
-
D
j
(
∂
ℒ
∂
u
i
j
)
+
D
j
D
k
(
∂
ℒ
∂
u
i
j
k
)
-
⋯
]
+
D
j
(
W
)
[
∂
ℒ
∂
u
i
j
-
D
k
(
∂
ℒ
∂
u
i
j
k
)
+
⋯
]
+
D
j
D
k
(
W
)
[
∂
ℒ
∂
u
i
j
k
-
⋯
]
+
⋯
,
where W and ℒ are defined as follows:
(22)
W
=
η
-
ξ
j
u
j
,
ℒ
=
v
F
(
x
,
u
,
u
(
1
)
,
…
,
u
(
s
)
)
.Let us apply Theorem6 to the nonlinearly self-adjoint equation:
(23)
u
t
+
u
x
+
2
b
u
u
x
-
c
u
x
x
-
d
u
-
a
u
x
x
t
=
f
(
x
,
t
)
,
where
(24)
ℒ
=
(
u
t
+
u
x
+
2
b
u
u
x
-
c
u
x
x
-
d
u
-
a
u
x
x
t
-
f
(
x
,
t
)
)
v
,
provided by the generator
(25)
v
=
k
1
∂
∂
t
+
k
2
∂
∂
x
.
Here, f
=
f
(
x
,
t
) must satisfy k
1
f
t
+
k
2
f
x
=
0. We get the conservation law
(26)
D
t
(
C
1
)
+
D
x
(
C
2
)
=
0
with
(27)
C
1
=
-
k
k
1
e
-
d
t
(
d
u
+
f
)
+
D
x
(
B
)
,
C
2
=
k
e
-
d
t
(
c
d
k
1
u
x
+
a
d
k
1
u
t
x
-
b
d
k
1
u
2
-
d
k
1
u
-
f
k
2
u
2
)
-
D
t
(
B
)
,
where
(28)
B
=
(
k
e
-
d
t
(
a
k
2
u
x
x
-
3
c
k
1
u
x
-
2
a
k
1
u
t
x
+
3
b
k
1
u
2
k
e
-
d
t
-
3
k
2
u
+
3
k
1
u
u
2
)
)
(
3
)
-
1
.
We simplify the conserved vector by transferring the terms of the form D
x
(
⋯
) from C
1 to C
2 and obtain
(29)
C
1
=
-
k
k
1
e
-
d
t
(
d
u
+
f
)
C
2
=
k
e
-
d
t
(
c
d
k
1
u
x
+
a
d
k
1
u
t
x
b
d
k
1
u
2
-
b
d
k
1
u
2
-
d
k
1
u
-
f
k
2
)
.


## 4. Exact Solutions

In this section, we obtain exact solutions of (3) when d
=
0 and f
=
0; that is, we consider the following equation:
(30)
u
t
+
u
x
+
2
b
u
u
x
-
c
u
x
x
-
a
u
x
x
t
=
0
.
This equation has two translation symmetries; namely, X
1
=
∂
/
∂
x and X
2
=
∂
/
∂
t. We first use these two symmetries and transform (30) into an ordinary differential equation. Then, employing the simplest equation method, we obtain exact solutions.


### 4.1. Symmetry Reduction of (30)

The symmetryν
X
1
+
X
2 gives rise to the group-invariant solution
(31)
u
=
F
(
z
)
,
where z
=
x
-
ν
t is an invariant of ν
X
1
+
X
2. Substitution of (31) into (30) results in the nonlinear third-order ordinary differential equation
(32)
a
ν
F
′′′
(
z
)
-
c
F
′′
(
z
)
+
2
b
F
(
z
)
F
′
(
z
)
+
(
1
-
ν
)
F
′
(
z
)
=
0
.


### 4.2. Exact Solutions Using Simplest Equation Method

Let us briefly recall the simplest equation method [13, 14] here. Consider the solutions of (32) in the form
(33)
F
(
z
)
=
∑
i
=
0
M
‍
A
i
(
H
(
z
)
)
i
,
where H
(
z
) satisfies a Bernoulli or Riccati equation, M is a positive integer that can be determined by a balancing procedure [14], and the coefficients A
0
,
…
,
A
M are parameters to be determined.The Bernoulli equation we consider here is given by(34)
H
′
(
z
)
=
α
H
(
z
)
+
β
H
2
(
z
)
,
which has a solution in the form
(35)
H
(
z
)
=
α
{
cosh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
+
sinh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
1
-
β
cosh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
-
β
sinh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
}
.
For the Riccati equation
(36)
H
′
(
z
)
=
α
H
2
(
z
)
+
β
H
(
z
)
+
γ
we will use the two solutions
(37)
H
(
z
)
=
-
β
2
α
-
θ
2
α
tanh
[
1
2
θ
(
z
+
C
)
]
,
H
(
z
)
=
-
β
2
α
-
θ
2
α
tanh
(
1
2
θ
z
)
+
sech
(
θ
z
/
2
)
C
cosh
⁡
(
θ
z
/
2
)
-
(
2
α
/
θ
)
sinh
⁡
(
θ
z
/
2
)
,
where θ
2
=
β
2
-
4
α
γ and C is a constant of integration.


#### 4.2.1. Solutions of (30) Using Bernoulli Equation as the Simplest Equation

In this case, the balancing procedure [14] gives M
=
2 and therefore the solutions of (32) are of the form
(38)
F
(
z
)
=
A
0
+
A
1
H
+
A
2
H
2
.
Now, substituting (38) into (32) and making use of (34) and then equating all coefficients of the functions H
i to zero, we obtain an algebraic system of equations in terms of A
0, A
1, and A
2.Solving this system of algebraic equations, with the aid of Mathematica, we obtain(39)
b
=
-
6
a
ν
β
2
A
2
,
c
=
-
5
a
ν
α
,
A
0
=
A
2
(
-
ν
+
1
+
6
a
ν
α
2
)
12
a
ν
β
2
,
A
1
=
2
A
2
α
β
.
Thus, a solution of (30) is
(40)
u
(
t
,
x
)
=
A
0
+
A
1
α
{
cosh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
+
sinh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
1
-
β
cosh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
-
β
sinh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
}
+
A
2
α
2
{
cosh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
+
sinh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
1
-
β
cosh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
-
β
sinh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
}
2
,
where z
=
x
-
ν
t and C is a constant of integration.


#### 4.2.2. Solutions of (30) Using Riccati Equation as the Simplest Equation

The balancing procedure yieldsM
=
2 so the solutions of (32) are of the form
(41)
F
(
z
)
=
A
0
+
A
1
H
+
A
2
H
2
.
Again substituting (41) into (32) and making use of the Riccati equation (36), we obtain, as before, an algebraic system of equations in terms of A
0
,
A
1
,
A
2. Solving the algebraic system of equations, one obtains
(42)
b
=
-
6
a
ν
α
2
A
2
,
c
=
-
5
a
ν
(
A
1
α
-
A
2
β
)
A
2
,
γ
=
-
A
1
(
A
1
α
-
2
A
2
β
)
4
A
2
2
,
A
0
=
-
3
a
ν
α
2
A
1
2
-
12
a
ν
A
1
α
β
A
2
+
6
a
ν
A
2
2
β
2
+
ν
A
2
2
-
A
2
2
12
a
ν
A
2
α
2
,
and hence solutions of (30) are
(43)
u
(
t
,
x
)
=
A
0
+
A
1
{
-
β
2
α
-
θ
2
α
tanh
[
1
2
θ
(
z
+
C
)
]
}
+
A
2
{
-
β
2
α
-
θ
2
α
tanh
[
1
2
θ
(
z
+
C
)
]
}
2
,
(44)
u
(
t
,
x
)
=
A
0
+
A
1
{
-
β
2
α
-
θ
2
α
tanh
(
1
2
θ
z
)
+
sech
(
θ
z
/
2
)
C
cosh
⁡
(
θ
z
/
2
)
-
(
2
α
/
θ
)
sinh
⁡
(
θ
z
/
2
)
}
+
A
2
{
-
β
2
α
-
θ
2
α
tanh
(
1
2
θ
z
)
+
sech
(
θ
z
/
2
)
C
cosh
⁡
(
θ
z
/
2
)
-
(
2
α
/
θ
)
sinh
⁡
(
θ
z
/
2
)
}
2
,
where z
=
x
-
ν
t and C is a constant of integration.


## 4.1. Symmetry Reduction of (30)

The symmetryν
X
1
+
X
2 gives rise to the group-invariant solution
(31)
u
=
F
(
z
)
,
where z
=
x
-
ν
t is an invariant of ν
X
1
+
X
2. Substitution of (31) into (30) results in the nonlinear third-order ordinary differential equation
(32)
a
ν
F
′′′
(
z
)
-
c
F
′′
(
z
)
+
2
b
F
(
z
)
F
′
(
z
)
+
(
1
-
ν
)
F
′
(
z
)
=
0
.


## 4.2. Exact Solutions Using Simplest Equation Method

Let us briefly recall the simplest equation method [13, 14] here. Consider the solutions of (32) in the form
(33)
F
(
z
)
=
∑
i
=
0
M
‍
A
i
(
H
(
z
)
)
i
,
where H
(
z
) satisfies a Bernoulli or Riccati equation, M is a positive integer that can be determined by a balancing procedure [14], and the coefficients A
0
,
…
,
A
M are parameters to be determined.The Bernoulli equation we consider here is given by(34)
H
′
(
z
)
=
α
H
(
z
)
+
β
H
2
(
z
)
,
which has a solution in the form
(35)
H
(
z
)
=
α
{
cosh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
+
sinh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
1
-
β
cosh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
-
β
sinh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
}
.
For the Riccati equation
(36)
H
′
(
z
)
=
α
H
2
(
z
)
+
β
H
(
z
)
+
γ
we will use the two solutions
(37)
H
(
z
)
=
-
β
2
α
-
θ
2
α
tanh
[
1
2
θ
(
z
+
C
)
]
,
H
(
z
)
=
-
β
2
α
-
θ
2
α
tanh
(
1
2
θ
z
)
+
sech
(
θ
z
/
2
)
C
cosh
⁡
(
θ
z
/
2
)
-
(
2
α
/
θ
)
sinh
⁡
(
θ
z
/
2
)
,
where θ
2
=
β
2
-
4
α
γ and C is a constant of integration.


### 4.2.1. Solutions of (30) Using Bernoulli Equation as the Simplest Equation

In this case, the balancing procedure [14] gives M
=
2 and therefore the solutions of (32) are of the form
(38)
F
(
z
)
=
A
0
+
A
1
H
+
A
2
H
2
.
Now, substituting (38) into (32) and making use of (34) and then equating all coefficients of the functions H
i to zero, we obtain an algebraic system of equations in terms of A
0, A
1, and A
2.Solving this system of algebraic equations, with the aid of Mathematica, we obtain(39)
b
=
-
6
a
ν
β
2
A
2
,
c
=
-
5
a
ν
α
,
A
0
=
A
2
(
-
ν
+
1
+
6
a
ν
α
2
)
12
a
ν
β
2
,
A
1
=
2
A
2
α
β
.
Thus, a solution of (30) is
(40)
u
(
t
,
x
)
=
A
0
+
A
1
α
{
cosh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
+
sinh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
1
-
β
cosh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
-
β
sinh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
}
+
A
2
α
2
{
cosh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
+
sinh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
1
-
β
cosh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
-
β
sinh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
}
2
,
where z
=
x
-
ν
t and C is a constant of integration.


### 4.2.2. Solutions of (30) Using Riccati Equation as the Simplest Equation

The balancing procedure yieldsM
=
2 so the solutions of (32) are of the form
(41)
F
(
z
)
=
A
0
+
A
1
H
+
A
2
H
2
.
Again substituting (41) into (32) and making use of the Riccati equation (36), we obtain, as before, an algebraic system of equations in terms of A
0
,
A
1
,
A
2. Solving the algebraic system of equations, one obtains
(42)
b
=
-
6
a
ν
α
2
A
2
,
c
=
-
5
a
ν
(
A
1
α
-
A
2
β
)
A
2
,
γ
=
-
A
1
(
A
1
α
-
2
A
2
β
)
4
A
2
2
,
A
0
=
-
3
a
ν
α
2
A
1
2
-
12
a
ν
A
1
α
β
A
2
+
6
a
ν
A
2
2
β
2
+
ν
A
2
2
-
A
2
2
12
a
ν
A
2
α
2
,
and hence solutions of (30) are
(43)
u
(
t
,
x
)
=
A
0
+
A
1
{
-
β
2
α
-
θ
2
α
tanh
[
1
2
θ
(
z
+
C
)
]
}
+
A
2
{
-
β
2
α
-
θ
2
α
tanh
[
1
2
θ
(
z
+
C
)
]
}
2
,
(44)
u
(
t
,
x
)
=
A
0
+
A
1
{
-
β
2
α
-
θ
2
α
tanh
(
1
2
θ
z
)
+
sech
(
θ
z
/
2
)
C
cosh
⁡
(
θ
z
/
2
)
-
(
2
α
/
θ
)
sinh
⁡
(
θ
z
/
2
)
}
+
A
2
{
-
β
2
α
-
θ
2
α
tanh
(
1
2
θ
z
)
+
sech
(
θ
z
/
2
)
C
cosh
⁡
(
θ
z
/
2
)
-
(
2
α
/
θ
)
sinh
⁡
(
θ
z
/
2
)
}
2
,
where z
=
x
-
ν
t and C is a constant of integration.


## 4.2.1. Solutions of (30) Using Bernoulli Equation as the Simplest Equation

In this case, the balancing procedure [14] gives M
=
2 and therefore the solutions of (32) are of the form
(38)
F
(
z
)
=
A
0
+
A
1
H
+
A
2
H
2
.
Now, substituting (38) into (32) and making use of (34) and then equating all coefficients of the functions H
i to zero, we obtain an algebraic system of equations in terms of A
0, A
1, and A
2.Solving this system of algebraic equations, with the aid of Mathematica, we obtain(39)
b
=
-
6
a
ν
β
2
A
2
,
c
=
-
5
a
ν
α
,
A
0
=
A
2
(
-
ν
+
1
+
6
a
ν
α
2
)
12
a
ν
β
2
,
A
1
=
2
A
2
α
β
.
Thus, a solution of (30) is
(40)
u
(
t
,
x
)
=
A
0
+
A
1
α
{
cosh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
+
sinh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
1
-
β
cosh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
-
β
sinh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
}
+
A
2
α
2
{
cosh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
+
sinh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
1
-
β
cosh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
-
β
sinh
⁡
⁡
[
α
(
z
+
C
)
]
}
2
,
where z
=
x
-
ν
t and C is a constant of integration.


## 4.2.2. Solutions of (30) Using Riccati Equation as the Simplest Equation

The balancing procedure yieldsM
=
2 so the solutions of (32) are of the form
(41)
F
(
z
)
=
A
0
+
A
1
H
+
A
2
H
2
.
Again substituting (41) into (32) and making use of the Riccati equation (36), we obtain, as before, an algebraic system of equations in terms of A
0
,
A
1
,
A
2. Solving the algebraic system of equations, one obtains
(42)
b
=
-
6
a
ν
α
2
A
2
,
c
=
-
5
a
ν
(
A
1
α
-
A
2
β
)
A
2
,
γ
=
-
A
1
(
A
1
α
-
2
A
2
β
)
4
A
2
2
,
A
0
=
-
3
a
ν
α
2
A
1
2
-
12
a
ν
A
1
α
β
A
2
+
6
a
ν
A
2
2
β
2
+
ν
A
2
2
-
A
2
2
12
a
ν
A
2
α
2
,
and hence solutions of (30) are
(43)
u
(
t
,
x
)
=
A
0
+
A
1
{
-
β
2
α
-
θ
2
α
tanh
[
1
2
θ
(
z
+
C
)
]
}
+
A
2
{
-
β
2
α
-
θ
2
α
tanh
[
1
2
θ
(
z
+
C
)
]
}
2
,
(44)
u
(
t
,
x
)
=
A
0
+
A
1
{
-
β
2
α
-
θ
2
α
tanh
(
1
2
θ
z
)
+
sech
(
θ
z
/
2
)
C
cosh
⁡
(
θ
z
/
2
)
-
(
2
α
/
θ
)
sinh
⁡
(
θ
z
/
2
)
}
+
A
2
{
-
β
2
α
-
θ
2
α
tanh
(
1
2
θ
z
)
+
sech
(
θ
z
/
2
)
C
cosh
⁡
(
θ
z
/
2
)
-
(
2
α
/
θ
)
sinh
⁡
(
θ
z
/
2
)
}
2
,
where z
=
x
-
ν
t and C is a constant of integration.


## 5. Conclusions

We have proved that the generalized forced BBM equation (3) is nonlinearly self-adjoint. We have determined, by using the Lie generators of (3) and the notation and techniques of [12], some nontrivial conservation laws for (3). Finally, we presented some exact solutions for a special case of (3).



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*Source: 630282-2014-04-03.xml*