# A Homotopy-Analysis Approach for Nonlinear Wave-Like Equations with Variable Coefficients

Authors: Afgan Aslanov
Journal: Abstract and Applied Analysis
 (2015)

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## Abstract

We are interested in the approximate analytical solutions of the wave-like
nonlinear equations with variable coefficients. We use a wave operator,
which provides a convenient way of controlling all initial and boundary
conditions. The proposed choice of the auxiliary operator helps to find the
approximate series solution without any discretization, linearization, or
restrictive assumptions. Several examples are given to verify the
reliability and efficiency of the method.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

We consider the equation(1)utt-kx,tuxx=fu,ux,uy,uxt+gx,t,x>0,t>0with initial conditions(2)ux,0=φx,utx,0=ψxand boundary condition(3)u0,t=ht,where f, g, k, φ, ψ, and h are known functions.Note that the proposed method can be applied for equations like(4)kx,tutt-uxx=fu,ux,uy,uxt+gx,t,with the same type of initial-boundary conditions.Problems like (1)–(3) model many problems in classical and quantum mechanics, solitons, and matter physics [1, 2]. If f is a function of u only and k(x,t)=const we obtain Klein-Gordon or sine-Gordon type equations. These models can describe some nonlinear phenomena; for example, wave-like equation can describe earthquake stresses [3], coupling currents in a flat multistrand two-layer superconducting cable [4], and nonhomogeneous elastic waves in soils [5]. Typical examples of the wave-like equations with variable coefficients are Euler-Tricomi equation [6] or Chaplygin equation [7] given by(5)utt-tuxx=0,utt-ktuxx=0,which are useful in the study of transonic flow, where u=u(t,x) is the stream function of a plane-parallel steady-state gas flow, k(t) is positive at subsonic and negative at supersonic speed, and x is the angle of inclination of the velocity vector. Some Chaplygin type of equation of the special form(6)utt+x21-x2/c2uxx+xux=0,where c=c(x) is the speed of sound, has also applications in the study of transonic flow [8].Note that we use the term wave-like equation to describe the partial differential equations with the termsutt and uxx; that is, the term “wave-like” may not correspond to the real physical waves, in general.Recently, there has been a growing interest for obtaining the explicit solutions to wave-like and heat-like models by analytic techniques. Wazwaz [9] used the tanh method to obtain the exact solution of the sine-Gordon equation. Kaya [10] applied the modified decomposition method to solve the sine-Gordon equation. Aslanov [11] used homotopy perturbation method to solve Klein-Gordon type of equations with unbounded right-hand side. El-Sayed [12] and Wazwaz and Gorguis [13] used Adomian decomposition method for solving wave-like and heat-like problems.The homotopy analysis method [14–18] is developed to search the accurate asymptotic solutions of nonlinear problems. Liao [17] proved that the homotopy analysis method (HAM) contains some other nonperturbation techniques, such as Adomian’s decomposition method and Lyapunov’s artificial small parameter. Hayat and Sajid [19] and Abbasbandy [20] pointed out that the homotopy perturbation method is only a special case of the HAM. Aslanov [21] used homotopy perturbation method to solve wave-like equations with initial-boundary conditions. Rajaraman [22] and Alomari at al. [23] applied HAM for solving nonlinear equations with initial conditions. Öziş and Ağırseven [24] used homotopy perturbation method for solving heat-like and wave-like equations with variable coefficients.Various methods for obtaining exact and approximate solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations have been proposed. Among these methods are the homotopy perturbation and Adomian decomposition methods [25–29], the variational iteration method [30], homotopy analysis method [31], and others.Here we will further extend the applications of HAM to obtain an approximate series solution for the nonlinear wave-like equations with variable coefficients and with initial-boundary conditions. The difficulty in the use of standard HAM is that the choice of the linear operatorL in standard form (like Lu=utt or Lu=uxx) cannot control the boundary conditions (2)-(3).Unlike the various approximation techniques, which are usually valid for problems with (only) initial conditions, our technique is applicable for a wide range of initial-boundary problems of types (1)–(3). The central idea here is that the problem,(7)utt-c2uxx=gx,t,ux,0=φx,utx,0=ψx,u0,t=ht,has a unique solution (see, e.g., [32]) and therefore there exists an inverse of the operator L:utt-c2uxx. This operator can control all initial-boundary conditions in each step of HAM.Therefore we rewrite (1) as(8)Lu=-c2uxx+kx,tuxx+fu,ux,uy,uxy+gx,t,for some appropriate constant c, and construct the so-called zero-order deformation equation [14, 15]:(9)1-qLϕx,t;q-u0x,t=qℏNϕx,t;q,where q∈[0,1] is an embedding parameter, ℏ is a nonzero auxiliary function, L(u)=utt-c2uxx,N(ϕ)=ϕtt-k(x,t)ϕxx-f(ϕ,ϕx,ϕy,ϕxt)-g(x,t),u0(x,t) is an initial guess, and ϕ(x,t;q) is an unknown function. The conditions q=0 and q=1 correspond to(10)ϕx,t;0=u0x,t,ϕx,t;1=ux,t,respectively. Thus as q increases from 0 to 1, the solution ϕ(x,t;q) varies from the initial guess u0(x,t) to the solution u(x,t) [14, 15].Expandingϕ(x,t;q) in Taylor series with respect to q, one has(11)ϕx,t;q=u0x,t+∑m=1∞umx,tqm,where(12)umx,t=1m!∂mϕx,t,q∂qmq=0.If the auxiliary linear operator, the initial guess, the auxiliary parameter ℏ, and the auxiliary function are so properly chosen, then series (11) converges at q=1 and(13)ϕx,t;1=u0x,t+∑m=1∞umx,t,which must be one of solutions of the original equation, as proved by Liao [17].According to definition (12), the governing equation can be deduced from the zero-order deformation equation (9). Define the vector(14)u→n=u0,u1,…,un.Differentiating equation (9) m times with respect to embedding parameter q and then setting q=0, we have the so-called mth-order deformation equation(15)Lum-χmum-1=ℏRmu→m-1,where(16)Rmu→m-1=1m-1!∂m-1Nϕx,t,q∂qm-1q=0,(17)χm=0,m≤11,m>1.


## 2. Applications

To demonstrate the advantages of our approach first we consider the wave-like linear equation with constant coefficients.Example 1.
We consider the initial-boundary value problem(18)utt+uxx=-2uxt,x>0,t>0,ux,0=x3,utx,0=-3x2,u0,t=t3.The exact solution is u=(x-t)3.The traditional methods (withLu=utt⋯) do not work for this kind of problems. For example, the operator Lu=utt can not control the condition u(0,t)=0 in every iteration step, the same for the operator Lu=uxx; that is, we need an operator that can control all initial/boundary conditions. Clearly the most appropriate operator should be the wave operator. We take L(ϕ)=∂2ϕ(x,t,q)/∂t2-∂2ϕ(x,t,q)/∂x2. Equation (1) suggests that we define the nonlinear operator as(19)Nϕ=2∂2ϕx,t,q∂x2+2∂2ϕx,t,q∂x∂t.Using the above definition, we construct the zeroth-order deformation equation(20)1-qLϕx,t;q-u0x,t=qℏNϕx,t;qand the mth order deformation equation(21)Lum-χmum-1=ℏRmu→m-1,with the initial/boundary conditions um(x,0)=0,  (um)t(x,0)=0, and um(0,t)=0.Now it follows from the theory of wave equations that [32] the solution of the equation utt-uxx=0 with the same initial-boundary conditions is(22)u0x,t=12x+t3+x-t3-12∫x-tx+t3y2dy=x-t3forx>t,u0x,t=12x+t3+x-t3-12∫t-xx+t3y2dy+t-x3=t-x3,forx<t.According to (21) we now successively obtain (23)Lu1=ℏ2u0xx+2u0xt≡gx,t=0and it follows from(24)u1=ℏ2∫0t∫x-t+sx+t-sgy,sdyds,forx>t,u1=ℏ2∫0t-x∫t-x-sx+t-sgy,sdyds+ℏ2∫t-xt∫x-t+sx+t-sgy,sdyds,forx<tthat u1=u2=⋯=0 [32].Example 2.
We consider the initial-boundary value problem(25)utt=6-x-t26uxx+u,x>0,t>0,ux,0=x3,utx,0=-3x2,u0,t=0.The exact solution is(26)u=x-t3ifx>t0ifx<t.First we rewrite the equation as(27)utt-uxx=-x-t26uxx+u.The solution of the equation utt-uxx=0 with the same initial-boundary conditions will be taken as an initial approximation:(28)u0=12x+t3+x-t3-12∫x-tx+t3y2dy=x-t3forx>t,u0=12x+t3-t-x3-12∫t-xx+t3y2dy=0forx<t.For u1 we have(29)Lu1=ℏx-t26u0xx-u0and therefore (30)u1=ℏ2∫0t∫x-t+sx+t-sy-s266y-s-y-s3dyds=0,forx>t,u1=ℏ2∫0t-x∫t-x-sx+t-s0dyds+ℏ2∫t-xt∫x-t+sx+t-s0dyds=0,forx<t,and continuing in this way, we obtain u2=u3=⋯=0 and uexact=u0+u1.The above example demonstrates the importance of the proposed technique with the use of wave operator. In fact, all traditional approaches with some auxiliary operatorLu=utt do not work, since the (exact) solution is not analytical function on the whole region. For example, the approaches used in [23, 24] can not be applied to solve this problem (note that the approaches used in [23, 24] are effective and simple for the problems with analytical solutions and/or for the problems with initial conditions).Example 3.
We consider the nonlinear initial-boundary value problem(31)utt-x2uxx=xet-ux2+e2t,ux,0=x,utx,0=x,u0,t=0.The exact solution is u=xet. We take L(u)=utt-uxx and u0 as a solution of the problem L(u)=0 with the initial/boundary conditions u(x,0)=x, ut(x,0)=x, and u(0,t)=0 [32]:(32)u0=12x+t+x-t+12∫x-tx+tydy=xt+1forx>t,u0=12x+t-t-x+12∫t-xx+tydy=xt+1forx<t.And now we obtain from (16)(33)Lu1=-ℏ-1-x2u0xx+xet-u0x2+e2t=-ℏxet-t+12+e2t,u1=-ℏ2∫0t∫x-t+sx+t-sgy,sdyds,forx>t,u1=-ℏ2∫0t-x∫t-x-sx+t-sgy,sdyds-ℏ2∫t-xt∫x-t+sx+t-sgy,sdydsforx<t,where g(y,s)=yes-(s+1)2+e2s. Hence we obtain(34)u1=-ℏxet-x-tx-12t-12t2-13t3-112t4+14e2t-14,forx>t,u1=-ℏtx2-3x2-t2x-tx33-t3x3+t2x22-e2t4e2x-2tx+xet+x22-x33+x412+e2t4for x<t. The absolute errors between the exact and the two-term approximation of the series solution for some values of (x,t)∈[0,1]×[0,1] with ℏ=-1 are shown in Table 1. The exact solution for Example 3 is shown in Figure 1 and the approximate solution is shown in Figure 2. A higher accuracy level can be attained by evaluating some more terms.Table 1
Maximum errors for Example3.
t
∖
x
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.1
9.0 · 10−6
9.0 · 10−6
9.0 · 10−6
9.0 · 10−6
9.0 · 10−6
9.0 · 10−6
9.0 · 10−6
9.0 · 10−6
0.2
1.4 · 10−4
1.5 · 10−4
1.5 · 10−4
1.5 · 10−4
1.5 · 10−4
1.5 · 10−4
1.5 · 10−4
1.5 · 10−4
0.4
2.0 · 10−3
2.7 · 10−3
2.9 · 10−3
2.9 · 10−3
2.9 · 10−3
2.9 · 10−3
2.9 · 10−3
2.9 · 10−3
0.5
4.7 · 10−3
6.8 · 10−3
7.5 · 10−3
7.6 · 10−3
7.6 · 10−3
7.6 · 10−3
7.6 · 10−3
7.6 · 10−3
0.7
1.7 · 10−2
2.6 · 10−2
3.1 · 10−2
3.3 · 10−2
3.4 · 10−2
3.4 · 10−2
3.4 · 10−2
3.4 · 10−2
0.8
2.9 · 10−2
4.6 · 10−2
5.5 · 10−2
6.0 · 10−2
6.2 · 10−2
6.3 · 10−2
6.3 · 10−2
6.3 · 10−2
0.9
4.6 · 10−2
7.5 · 10−2
9.2 · 10−2
0.1020
0.10682
0.10888
0.10973
0.10974Figure 1
The exact solution for Example3.Figure 2
The approximate solution for Example3.Example 4.
Consider the nonlinear initial-boundary value problem(35)utt-tuxx=u2-t2x4-2t2x3-t2x2-2t2,ux,0=0,utx,0=x+x2,u0,t=0.The exact solution is u=xt+x2t. We take L=utt-uxx, and consequently(36)u0=12∫x-tx+ty+y2dy=13tt2+3x2+3x,forx>t,u0=12∫t-xx+ty+y2dy=13x3t2+3t+x2,forx<t,u1=-ℏ1180t8+245t6x2+245t6x-23t3,forx>t,u1=-ℏ-7945t7x+649t6x2+145t6x-47345t5x3+25336t4x4-89t4x3-7345t3x5+236t3x4-13t3x-145t2x6-356t2x5+t2x2-t2x+145tx7+7118tx6+103tx3-1360x8-125126x7-236x4,forx<t.The absolute errors between the exact and the two-term approximation of the series solution for some values of (x,t)∈[0,1]×[0,1] for ℏ=-1 are shown in Table 2. The exact solution for Example 4 is shown in the Figure 3 and the approximate solution is shown in Figure 4.Table 2
Maximum errors for Example4.
t
∖
x
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.1
3.2 · 10−4
3.3 · 10−4
3.3 · 10−4
3.3 · 10−4
3.3 · 10−4
3.3 · 10−4
3.3 · 10−4
3.3 · 10−4
0.2
1.2 · 10−3
2.6 · 10−3
2.6 · 10−3
2.6 · 10−3
2.6 · 10−3
2.6 · 10−3
2.6 · 10−3
2.6 · 10−3
0.4
3.3 · 10−3
6.6 · 10−3
1.4 · 10−2
2.1 · 10−2
2.1 · 10−2
2.1 · 10−2
2.1 · 10−2
2.1 · 10−2
0.5
5.5 · 10−3
8.7 · 10−3
1.2 · 10−2
2.6 · 10−2
4.0 · 10−2
4.1 · 10−2
4.0 · 10−2
4.0 · 10−2
0.7
1.8 · 10−2
2.2 · 10−2
1.5 · 10−2
4.8 · 10−3
8.9 · 10−3
5.2 · 10−2
0.10648
0.10507
0.8
3.7 · 10−2
4.4 · 10−2
2.9 · 10−2
1.9 · 10−3
2.0 · 10−2
1.4 · 10−2
0.19175
0.14981
0.9
0.07335
9.0 · 10−2
6.5 · 10−2
1.5 · 10−2
4.1 · 10−2
8.0 · 10−2
1.6 · 10−2
0.1997Figure 3
Exact solution for Example4.Figure 4
Approximate two-term approximation for Example4.Example 5.
Consider the nonlinear initial-boundary value problem(37)utt=6+x-t56uxx-u2,x>0,t>0,ux,0=x3,utx,0=-3x2,u0,t=t3,whose exact solution is(38)u=x-t3ifx>t,t-x3ifx<t.First we rewrite the equation as(39)utt-uxx=x-t56uxx-u2.The solution of the equation utt-uxx=0 with the same initial-boundary conditions is(40)u0=12x+t3+x-t3-12∫x-tx+t3y2dy=x-t3,forx>t,(41)u0=12x+t3-t-x3-12∫t-xx+t3y2dy+t-x3=t-x3,forx<t.For u1 we have(42)Lu1=-ℏx-t56u0xx-u02,u1=-ℏ2∫0t∫x-t+sx+t-sy-s566y-s-y-s6dyds=0,forx>t,u1=-ℏ2∫0t-x∫t-x-sx+t-ss-y566s-y-s-y6dyds-ℏ2∫t-xt∫x-t+sx+t-ss-y566s-y-s-y6dyds=0for x<t, and for the exact solution we obtain u=u0+u1.


## 3. Discussion

The main goal of this work was to propose a reliable method for solving wave-like equations with variable coefficients. The proposed equations may not be solved by the method of separation of variables or by HAM or ADM in standard form. The main difficulty in the use of previous methods is related to the choice of an auxiliary linear operatorL. Traditional methods work effectively in case of analytical solutions in the whole region, that is, in fact, when some initial/boundary condition is supposed by another one or in case of some special type of equations (homogeneous, etc.).The proposed method was applied directly without any need for restrictive assumptions, and this gives it a wider applicability. This method is capable of greatly reducing the volume of computational work compared to standard approaches while still maintaining high accuracy of the approximate solution. A higher accuracy level can be attained even by evaluating some two-three terms in the series solution.The approach was tested by employing the method to obtain solutions for several problems. The results obtained in all cases demonstrate the efficiency of this approach.



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