# Composite Nano-Calcium-Based Material for Reinforcement and Protection of Earthen Ruins in Humid Environment

Authors: Xuan Huang; Chen Li; Xiaomeng Sun; Wanying Li
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2022)

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## Abstract

China is an ancient civilization. History has left us with a rich cultural heritage, of which ancient cultural sites account for a large proportion. As far as the current scientific research and technology are concerned, due to the particularity and complexity of the humid environment, the protection of ancient cultural sites in the humid environment is still an important topic before us. The research topic involved in this article is about the application of composite nano-calcium-based materials for the reinforcement and protection of soil sites in humid environments. Combined with the development of the research content of this article, the research thinking of the thesis is also adjusted accordingly, making the analysis and solution of the problem clearer. The first is a conceptual study, expounding the relevant concepts in this article. The main purpose is to sort out and study the reinforcement and protection measures and methods of relevant sites and ancient cultural sites, as well as the classification, characteristics, and protection value of ancient cultural sites. Through the analysis and research of these aspects, the composite nano-calcium bases for ancient cultural sites in the subsequent humid environment is proposed based on material basic information. The second is a descriptive research, qualitative and quantitative analysis of humid environment. On the basis of summarizing previous researches, this paper mainly conducts qualitative and quantitative analysis on the judgment of humid environment, the influence mechanism on ancient cultural sites, and the main diseases. Then, it is analytical research, studying the main diseases and causes of the underground palace site in the engineering case, and it is concluded that it is mainly affected by the combined effect of the characteristics of the site’s soil and the environment. Through the collection of data from the site survey, field test, and indoor experiment of the underground palace site, the preservation status of the site is collected, and the disease problems faced by the site were analyzed, making it more difficult to protect. The main problem facing the protection of soil relics in humid environment, that is, the research focus, is the research on the development and applicability of reinforcement protection materials. This article attempts to explore the protective effect of composite nano-calcium-based materials on wet sites. Practical research was conducted to verify the feasibility of composite nano-calcium-based materials in practice through indoor site soil simulation. After the completion of a series of experiments, the applicability and compatibility of the composite nano-calcium-based material to strengthen the wet site soil was verified through data analysis, data collection, and mechanism discussion. The experimental results show that the sample with a solid content of 0.4% composite nano-calcium matrix has better salt and alkali resistance. Moreover, the unconfined compressive strength growth rate of 0.4% of the samples has a qualitative improvement over other solid content samples.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In the early stage of the research, the focus of the work was to find relevant information and investigate the scene. The data consists of two parts: primary protection and reinforcement methods for wet soil sites and composite nano-calcium-based materials. The site for visit was selected to be the Underground Palace of Baoen Temple in Nanjing. Learnt about the work of the predecessors by consulting the information, and planned the preliminary test according to the actual situation on the spot. Through the routine property test of the site soil retrieved from the site, the experimental plan for the composite nano-calcium-based material to be used for the reinforcement of wet site soil was further determined. The analysis concluded that the composite nano-calcium-based material has a protective effect on the site soil.


### 1.1. Research Background

China has a vast territory, a long history, and a rich cultural heritage. As many cultural relics cannot be moved due to their large number and large scale, and the diverse and complex environment, some protection measures have not improved. Most of the ruins are affected by the humid environment and there is a plenty of rain. The precipitation will impact the surface of the ruins and cause gully damage. At the same time, the rainwater that falls on the ground will cause damage to the bottom of the ruins. If the precipitation contains acidic components, it will also cause damage. The surface of the ruined candle ruins. Earth-rock site reinforcement and composite nano-calcium-based materials were derived from the human and planetary experience as the primary architectural and rich source of historical, cultural, scientific, and other information. From the perspective of protection, it can be divided into two types: one is the Earth sites preserved in the open air, the most common ones are rammed Earth walls and Earth buildings preserved on the ground.


### 1.2. Research Significance

#### 1.2.1. Theoretical Significance

To study the reinforcement and protection technology of ancient cultural sites and other large sites in humid environments, provide a brief method reference, and also provide a theoretical reference for the protection and utilization of ancient cultural sites in urban areas, combining theoretical research with engineering examples, thus, the study of cultural sites has methodological significance.


#### 1.2.2. Practical Significance

Ancient cultural sites are special historical relics resources, bearing rich historical traces of information, which is a way of human history and culture. It is conducive to the protection of ancient cultural sites and other cultural heritages, and provides basic theories for the country and the government to formulate protection policies for ancient cultural sites in humid environments.


### 1.3. Relevant Research Work on the Protection and Reinforcement of the Ruins

In recent years, after continuous practice and exploration, with the continuous development of science and technology, scholars from all over the world have also done some research one after another and actively promoted the theory and practice of cultural relic protection. In order to predict the temperature change of rammed soil by using the temperature change rule of earthen site monitoring data, Xiao et al. proposed a rule prediction method based on interesting rule mining and correlation, called PPER. Experiments were carried out to prove the accuracy of the proposed method and the power of the pruning rules. In addition, the algorithm was tested using the Great Wall dataset of the Ming Dynasty, and 6 prediction rules from temperature to rammed Earth temperature were obtained according to interesting models, and the average hit rate reached 89.8% [1]. Dong et al. article proposes a joint method to quantitatively analyze the correlation between the monitored environmental factors and the degradation of soil sites in humid areas caused by water saturation. Take the Liangzhu city archaeological site that was exposed and severely damaged in a humid environment with high water content and dry-wet cycles as an example. The research results are helpful to quantitatively control the atmospheric environment where the earthen ruins are located, and promote the protection of archaeological ruins in humid environments [2]. Pan et al. first distinguished wetland and dry land sites, and then, classified and summarized the damage status of wetland sites based on geographic information and soil physical and chemical properties. At the same time, the mechanism and specific materials of the in-situ protection technology for wetland soil sites were innovatively explained, emphasizing that the selection and application were prospects of curing materials for earthwork sites. The research results were based on the study of different soil environments and maintenance requirements, and provided suggestions and improvement measures for in-situ soil protection methods suitable for humid environments [3]. Zhang et al. carried out in the article experimental research on the impregnation and consolidation effect of the polyvinyl alcohol solution on the coarse-grained soil-taking the Subashi Buddhist Temple site in China as an example. The feasibility of using the dipping method to protect the ruins of the Subashi Temple was studied, and it was recommended to use surface spraying and drilling dipping to resist weathering to protect the ruins [4]. Wang et al. used the digital image correlation method to establish a two-dimensional discrete element model of the soil sample to simulate the influence of different end-face friction conditions on the stress-strain process of the sample. The results show that as the aspect ratio increases, the failure of the sample changes from the tensile mode to the shear mode, and the defects in the middle of the sample became more obvious. The characteristic values of the peak strain, elastic modulus, and residual stress of the soil at the soil site vary with different aspect ratios [5]. Zhang et al. conducted a simulation test study on the thermal degradation of the surface layer of a rammed Earth site. Taking the Ming Great Wall in Wuwei, Gansu, China, as an example, he concluded that under the action of temperature changes, the difference in thermal parameters between the surface layer and the main soil produced interface heat. The continuous action of the stress and then the thermal stress difference leads to the fatigue failure of the surface layer and the peeling off of the surface layer [6]. Park et al. induced the nucleation and growth of bone-like hydroxyapatite (HAp) minerals in the modified simulated body fluid (m-SBF) on the chitosan (CS) substrate. Compared with SBF, the calcium ion and phosphate ion concentration of m-SBF has increased twice, and the NaOH post-treatment provides the stability of the coating [7]. From the relevant data, it can be seen that after many centuries of exploration, there are more and more researches on the protection of ruins in dry areas. The soil ruins in the humid environment have not been better cared for, and more research and exploration are still needed.


### 1.4. Article Innovation

Performance tests of composite nano-calcium-based materials with different solid contents and densities through internal experiments were conducted. The composite nano-calcium-based materials were applied to soil reinforcement in a humid environment, and the mechanical properties of composite nano-calcium-based materials for reinforced soil and ordinary soil walls were compared. Properties were analyzed for the applicability of composite nano-calcium-based materials for soil consolidation in ruins. The experimental shopping guide of this paper is shown in Figure1.Figure 1
The experimental shopping guide of this article.


## 1.1. Research Background

China has a vast territory, a long history, and a rich cultural heritage. As many cultural relics cannot be moved due to their large number and large scale, and the diverse and complex environment, some protection measures have not improved. Most of the ruins are affected by the humid environment and there is a plenty of rain. The precipitation will impact the surface of the ruins and cause gully damage. At the same time, the rainwater that falls on the ground will cause damage to the bottom of the ruins. If the precipitation contains acidic components, it will also cause damage. The surface of the ruined candle ruins. Earth-rock site reinforcement and composite nano-calcium-based materials were derived from the human and planetary experience as the primary architectural and rich source of historical, cultural, scientific, and other information. From the perspective of protection, it can be divided into two types: one is the Earth sites preserved in the open air, the most common ones are rammed Earth walls and Earth buildings preserved on the ground.


## 1.2. Research Significance

### 1.2.1. Theoretical Significance

To study the reinforcement and protection technology of ancient cultural sites and other large sites in humid environments, provide a brief method reference, and also provide a theoretical reference for the protection and utilization of ancient cultural sites in urban areas, combining theoretical research with engineering examples, thus, the study of cultural sites has methodological significance.


### 1.2.2. Practical Significance

Ancient cultural sites are special historical relics resources, bearing rich historical traces of information, which is a way of human history and culture. It is conducive to the protection of ancient cultural sites and other cultural heritages, and provides basic theories for the country and the government to formulate protection policies for ancient cultural sites in humid environments.


## 1.2.1. Theoretical Significance

To study the reinforcement and protection technology of ancient cultural sites and other large sites in humid environments, provide a brief method reference, and also provide a theoretical reference for the protection and utilization of ancient cultural sites in urban areas, combining theoretical research with engineering examples, thus, the study of cultural sites has methodological significance.


## 1.2.2. Practical Significance

Ancient cultural sites are special historical relics resources, bearing rich historical traces of information, which is a way of human history and culture. It is conducive to the protection of ancient cultural sites and other cultural heritages, and provides basic theories for the country and the government to formulate protection policies for ancient cultural sites in humid environments.


## 1.3. Relevant Research Work on the Protection and Reinforcement of the Ruins

In recent years, after continuous practice and exploration, with the continuous development of science and technology, scholars from all over the world have also done some research one after another and actively promoted the theory and practice of cultural relic protection. In order to predict the temperature change of rammed soil by using the temperature change rule of earthen site monitoring data, Xiao et al. proposed a rule prediction method based on interesting rule mining and correlation, called PPER. Experiments were carried out to prove the accuracy of the proposed method and the power of the pruning rules. In addition, the algorithm was tested using the Great Wall dataset of the Ming Dynasty, and 6 prediction rules from temperature to rammed Earth temperature were obtained according to interesting models, and the average hit rate reached 89.8% [1]. Dong et al. article proposes a joint method to quantitatively analyze the correlation between the monitored environmental factors and the degradation of soil sites in humid areas caused by water saturation. Take the Liangzhu city archaeological site that was exposed and severely damaged in a humid environment with high water content and dry-wet cycles as an example. The research results are helpful to quantitatively control the atmospheric environment where the earthen ruins are located, and promote the protection of archaeological ruins in humid environments [2]. Pan et al. first distinguished wetland and dry land sites, and then, classified and summarized the damage status of wetland sites based on geographic information and soil physical and chemical properties. At the same time, the mechanism and specific materials of the in-situ protection technology for wetland soil sites were innovatively explained, emphasizing that the selection and application were prospects of curing materials for earthwork sites. The research results were based on the study of different soil environments and maintenance requirements, and provided suggestions and improvement measures for in-situ soil protection methods suitable for humid environments [3]. Zhang et al. carried out in the article experimental research on the impregnation and consolidation effect of the polyvinyl alcohol solution on the coarse-grained soil-taking the Subashi Buddhist Temple site in China as an example. The feasibility of using the dipping method to protect the ruins of the Subashi Temple was studied, and it was recommended to use surface spraying and drilling dipping to resist weathering to protect the ruins [4]. Wang et al. used the digital image correlation method to establish a two-dimensional discrete element model of the soil sample to simulate the influence of different end-face friction conditions on the stress-strain process of the sample. The results show that as the aspect ratio increases, the failure of the sample changes from the tensile mode to the shear mode, and the defects in the middle of the sample became more obvious. The characteristic values of the peak strain, elastic modulus, and residual stress of the soil at the soil site vary with different aspect ratios [5]. Zhang et al. conducted a simulation test study on the thermal degradation of the surface layer of a rammed Earth site. Taking the Ming Great Wall in Wuwei, Gansu, China, as an example, he concluded that under the action of temperature changes, the difference in thermal parameters between the surface layer and the main soil produced interface heat. The continuous action of the stress and then the thermal stress difference leads to the fatigue failure of the surface layer and the peeling off of the surface layer [6]. Park et al. induced the nucleation and growth of bone-like hydroxyapatite (HAp) minerals in the modified simulated body fluid (m-SBF) on the chitosan (CS) substrate. Compared with SBF, the calcium ion and phosphate ion concentration of m-SBF has increased twice, and the NaOH post-treatment provides the stability of the coating [7]. From the relevant data, it can be seen that after many centuries of exploration, there are more and more researches on the protection of ruins in dry areas. The soil ruins in the humid environment have not been better cared for, and more research and exploration are still needed.


## 1.4. Article Innovation

Performance tests of composite nano-calcium-based materials with different solid contents and densities through internal experiments were conducted. The composite nano-calcium-based materials were applied to soil reinforcement in a humid environment, and the mechanical properties of composite nano-calcium-based materials for reinforced soil and ordinary soil walls were compared. Properties were analyzed for the applicability of composite nano-calcium-based materials for soil consolidation in ruins. The experimental shopping guide of this paper is shown in Figure1.Figure 1
The experimental shopping guide of this article.


## 2. Status Quo of Research on Reinforcement and Protection of Soil Sites in Humid Environment

### 2.1. Relevant Methods for the Protection of Soil Sites in Humid Environments

In recent years, the protection of ancient ruins has received global attention. How to effectively protect the ruins on the spot for a longer period of time is an urgent problem. In a humid environment, the topic of protecting relics becomes more urgent in the field of heritage cultural relics protection. [8] The main factor for the destruction of moist soil sites is water. At present, there are four main types of water barrier measures adopted by some moist soil sites in China. Retaining walls are those that support the slippage of dirt on high slopes or steep roads. The front end of the retaining wall base is called the wall toe, and the rear end of the base is called the wall heel. Method. The first method is a retaining wall. As the name suggests, a wall is built around to block water from all around. The disadvantage of this method is that it will fail when the water level is higher than the wall [9]. The principle of a retaining wall is the same as that of a water retaining gallery. They both prevent the surrounding water from infiltrating. The difference is that the water-retaining space is added in the middle of the retaining corridor to enhance the effect of water isolation, but it still cannot block the bottom. The role of pumping is to actively reduce groundwater. But when the local water level is high, the pumping method will fail [10]. Multiple relatively independent arch vouchers were combined side by side in the width direction. The arches are made of the same material. Each hanging piece was operated independently. Through the interaction between the arches, it has the effect of reinforcement. The arch voucher method is to cut off the connection between the ruins and the groundwater as much as possible to prevent the rise of groundwater from causing damage to the ruins. The advantage of the voucher method is that it can completely isolate the influence of groundwater. Some researchers have compared a variety of methods and concluded that the voucher method is the most effective method. However, the operation of the voucher method is difficult and costly, and it is more difficult to operate in the case of high groundwater level, such as the structure must not have loopholes. Some scholars also adopted the “soil test method standard” in the soil sample test. Through sampling method, original image crushing and initial soil sample moisture analysis, the water content a0 was determined, and the soil was introduced into a fixed-size sieve and standard abrasive tools. The sample size, where the water content of the reshaped soil sample is calculated as: a=n1a0/n11−a0n1a0/n11−a0∗100%, experimental analysis shows that the moisture content of the soil will have a significant impact on the strength of the soil, and the compressive strength of the soil sample can be significantly improved by 7% PS reinforcement [11]. In the chemical reinforcement protection of earthen ruins, the color change of the soil before and after reinforcement is one of the criteria for judging whether the material is applicable. Some researchers have proposed to use the Munsell system to record the color of the soil, using the color difference calculation formula ΔEab∗=ΔL∗2+Δa∗2+Δb∗2 and the gray sample card to calculate and evaluate the color difference change of the soil before and after reinforcement. Through the systematic discussion of the color system, it is recommended to use “gray card grade greater than or equal to grade four, or less than or equal to grade six” as the criterion for the qualification of earthen site reinforcement materials in terms of color difference performance [12].In academia, relative humidity is usually used to reflect environmental humidity [13]. The so-called relative humidity is generally expressed in RH%. RH%=E/EwE/Ew∗100% (E-partial pressure of water vapor in the atmosphere; Ew-pressure of saturated water vapor). In addition, relative humidity can reflect the humid environment, there are two parameters of water content and humidity coefficient [14]. The moisture content is the percentage of the moisture content of the object to the total weight. The humidity coefficient Ka is the ratio of annual precipitation Rb (mm) to annual evaporation Zc (mm): Ka = Rb/Zc. The number, status, and problems of ancient sites in different regions of our country are different. As an important dividing line of the Qinling and Huaihe River, East China has high temperature and moisture conditions, abundant rain, relatively rainy in spring, rainfall is concentrated in summer, and high humidity, it is a humid environment [15].Some experts have done relevant research and application on vegetation reinforcement and protection of wet soil sites. Plants have two functions: destroying and protecting earthen sites. According to the protection characteristics of earthen sites, through analyzing the influence mechanism of plants on earthen sites, we can reduce the destructive effects of plants on earthen sites and give full play to their protective effects. It is concluded that the vegetation protection in the unearthed ruins is suitable for the relics that have more vegetation and cannot be better protected in other ways. Through preliminary analysis, it is better to select plants with relatively thin rhizomes, and low evergreen plants no larger than 50 cm. In view of the fact that each site is of different type and has different preservation requirements, it is necessary to further investigate the applicability of a variety of animal and plant types to earthen sites[16]. Zhejiang Liangzhu culture is the most important prehistoric culture in the Yangtze River basin in the neolithic age of China. The Tangshan site is located in the northwest of the Liangzhu cultural site. Four types of protective materials, including ethyl acid, ethyl ester, were used for experimental research on the protection and reinforcement of the Tangshan site. The experimental results show that RTV has better reinforcement and waterproof effects, and the greater the solid content, the higher the strength [17]. In addition, the stability and safety of the on-site soil reinforcement were done using thin bamboo bolts to solve problems such as collapse that easily occurs in wet environments, and related research and applications on stability and safety were carried out [18]. Increasing the anchoring depth within a certain range can increase the anchoring force. Keeping pace with the times, pioneering, and innovating, there is also a three-dimensional laser scanning technology used in archaeological site units that provides a strong support for future archaeological undertakings [19]. As we all know, lime and limestone have been used in large quantities in construction very early, and they still have an irreplaceable position in the industry. It is also an inorganic cementitious material and is used in the protection of earthen ruins [20]. Some researchers have also prepared a calcium-based liquid hydraulic inorganic cementitious material and applied it to the reinforcement of moist soil sites. The effect is surprising. The material fills the pores of soil particles under the action of moisture and improve the strength and water resistance of the site soil [21]. All the above studies show that the protection research on wet soil sites is not mature, and more relevant research is still needed.


### 2.2. Current Status of Research and Application of Composite Nano-Calcium Bases in Ruins

Composite materials are widely used in military, national defense, large passenger aircraft, sports, and other fields due to their excellent comprehensive properties, especially the designability of materials. The protection of sites in a humid environment is a thought-provoking issue, and it is also one of the most difficult categories in the protection of different cultural heritage. In the case of in-situ protection, coupled with many problems in a humid environment, long-term waterproofing and reinforcement is a challenging task. Especially for the protection of large earthen ruins, a single chemical or physical measure cannot protect the ruins well [22]. The protection of earthen relics increasingly represents the convergence and integration of multiple disciplines such as geology, modern analytical technology, applied chemistry, and materials science. The related work has a long way to go, and we must move forward. Therefore, for some new concepts and new composite materials in the reinforcement and protection of wet soil sites, we still need more research and development before they are put into use. The combination and synergy of multi-component materials, and the research and application of composite materials are the main directions and trends of the development of earthen site protection and reinforcement technology [23].Calcium-based nanocomposites are a kind of multifunctional materials with great research value [24]. The calcium-based nanocomposite material adopts the co-rotating twin-screw extrusion method to disperse the nanometer powder, and the dispersion level reaches the nanometer level, and the nanocomposite material whose performance meets the design requirements is obtained. When modifying it, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the characteristics and uses of the material itself, and select suitable materials for the construction of composite materials. While playing the advantages of each component, avoid or overcome the shortcomings of a single component, so as to play a composite synergistic effect of materials [25]. This is the idea of new material design and the future application of reinforcement and protection of earthen ruins in humid environment.


## 2.1. Relevant Methods for the Protection of Soil Sites in Humid Environments

In recent years, the protection of ancient ruins has received global attention. How to effectively protect the ruins on the spot for a longer period of time is an urgent problem. In a humid environment, the topic of protecting relics becomes more urgent in the field of heritage cultural relics protection. [8] The main factor for the destruction of moist soil sites is water. At present, there are four main types of water barrier measures adopted by some moist soil sites in China. Retaining walls are those that support the slippage of dirt on high slopes or steep roads. The front end of the retaining wall base is called the wall toe, and the rear end of the base is called the wall heel. Method. The first method is a retaining wall. As the name suggests, a wall is built around to block water from all around. The disadvantage of this method is that it will fail when the water level is higher than the wall [9]. The principle of a retaining wall is the same as that of a water retaining gallery. They both prevent the surrounding water from infiltrating. The difference is that the water-retaining space is added in the middle of the retaining corridor to enhance the effect of water isolation, but it still cannot block the bottom. The role of pumping is to actively reduce groundwater. But when the local water level is high, the pumping method will fail [10]. Multiple relatively independent arch vouchers were combined side by side in the width direction. The arches are made of the same material. Each hanging piece was operated independently. Through the interaction between the arches, it has the effect of reinforcement. The arch voucher method is to cut off the connection between the ruins and the groundwater as much as possible to prevent the rise of groundwater from causing damage to the ruins. The advantage of the voucher method is that it can completely isolate the influence of groundwater. Some researchers have compared a variety of methods and concluded that the voucher method is the most effective method. However, the operation of the voucher method is difficult and costly, and it is more difficult to operate in the case of high groundwater level, such as the structure must not have loopholes. Some scholars also adopted the “soil test method standard” in the soil sample test. Through sampling method, original image crushing and initial soil sample moisture analysis, the water content a0 was determined, and the soil was introduced into a fixed-size sieve and standard abrasive tools. The sample size, where the water content of the reshaped soil sample is calculated as: a=n1a0/n11−a0n1a0/n11−a0∗100%, experimental analysis shows that the moisture content of the soil will have a significant impact on the strength of the soil, and the compressive strength of the soil sample can be significantly improved by 7% PS reinforcement [11]. In the chemical reinforcement protection of earthen ruins, the color change of the soil before and after reinforcement is one of the criteria for judging whether the material is applicable. Some researchers have proposed to use the Munsell system to record the color of the soil, using the color difference calculation formula ΔEab∗=ΔL∗2+Δa∗2+Δb∗2 and the gray sample card to calculate and evaluate the color difference change of the soil before and after reinforcement. Through the systematic discussion of the color system, it is recommended to use “gray card grade greater than or equal to grade four, or less than or equal to grade six” as the criterion for the qualification of earthen site reinforcement materials in terms of color difference performance [12].In academia, relative humidity is usually used to reflect environmental humidity [13]. The so-called relative humidity is generally expressed in RH%. RH%=E/EwE/Ew∗100% (E-partial pressure of water vapor in the atmosphere; Ew-pressure of saturated water vapor). In addition, relative humidity can reflect the humid environment, there are two parameters of water content and humidity coefficient [14]. The moisture content is the percentage of the moisture content of the object to the total weight. The humidity coefficient Ka is the ratio of annual precipitation Rb (mm) to annual evaporation Zc (mm): Ka = Rb/Zc. The number, status, and problems of ancient sites in different regions of our country are different. As an important dividing line of the Qinling and Huaihe River, East China has high temperature and moisture conditions, abundant rain, relatively rainy in spring, rainfall is concentrated in summer, and high humidity, it is a humid environment [15].Some experts have done relevant research and application on vegetation reinforcement and protection of wet soil sites. Plants have two functions: destroying and protecting earthen sites. According to the protection characteristics of earthen sites, through analyzing the influence mechanism of plants on earthen sites, we can reduce the destructive effects of plants on earthen sites and give full play to their protective effects. It is concluded that the vegetation protection in the unearthed ruins is suitable for the relics that have more vegetation and cannot be better protected in other ways. Through preliminary analysis, it is better to select plants with relatively thin rhizomes, and low evergreen plants no larger than 50 cm. In view of the fact that each site is of different type and has different preservation requirements, it is necessary to further investigate the applicability of a variety of animal and plant types to earthen sites[16]. Zhejiang Liangzhu culture is the most important prehistoric culture in the Yangtze River basin in the neolithic age of China. The Tangshan site is located in the northwest of the Liangzhu cultural site. Four types of protective materials, including ethyl acid, ethyl ester, were used for experimental research on the protection and reinforcement of the Tangshan site. The experimental results show that RTV has better reinforcement and waterproof effects, and the greater the solid content, the higher the strength [17]. In addition, the stability and safety of the on-site soil reinforcement were done using thin bamboo bolts to solve problems such as collapse that easily occurs in wet environments, and related research and applications on stability and safety were carried out [18]. Increasing the anchoring depth within a certain range can increase the anchoring force. Keeping pace with the times, pioneering, and innovating, there is also a three-dimensional laser scanning technology used in archaeological site units that provides a strong support for future archaeological undertakings [19]. As we all know, lime and limestone have been used in large quantities in construction very early, and they still have an irreplaceable position in the industry. It is also an inorganic cementitious material and is used in the protection of earthen ruins [20]. Some researchers have also prepared a calcium-based liquid hydraulic inorganic cementitious material and applied it to the reinforcement of moist soil sites. The effect is surprising. The material fills the pores of soil particles under the action of moisture and improve the strength and water resistance of the site soil [21]. All the above studies show that the protection research on wet soil sites is not mature, and more relevant research is still needed.


## 2.2. Current Status of Research and Application of Composite Nano-Calcium Bases in Ruins

Composite materials are widely used in military, national defense, large passenger aircraft, sports, and other fields due to their excellent comprehensive properties, especially the designability of materials. The protection of sites in a humid environment is a thought-provoking issue, and it is also one of the most difficult categories in the protection of different cultural heritage. In the case of in-situ protection, coupled with many problems in a humid environment, long-term waterproofing and reinforcement is a challenging task. Especially for the protection of large earthen ruins, a single chemical or physical measure cannot protect the ruins well [22]. The protection of earthen relics increasingly represents the convergence and integration of multiple disciplines such as geology, modern analytical technology, applied chemistry, and materials science. The related work has a long way to go, and we must move forward. Therefore, for some new concepts and new composite materials in the reinforcement and protection of wet soil sites, we still need more research and development before they are put into use. The combination and synergy of multi-component materials, and the research and application of composite materials are the main directions and trends of the development of earthen site protection and reinforcement technology [23].Calcium-based nanocomposites are a kind of multifunctional materials with great research value [24]. The calcium-based nanocomposite material adopts the co-rotating twin-screw extrusion method to disperse the nanometer powder, and the dispersion level reaches the nanometer level, and the nanocomposite material whose performance meets the design requirements is obtained. When modifying it, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the characteristics and uses of the material itself, and select suitable materials for the construction of composite materials. While playing the advantages of each component, avoid or overcome the shortcomings of a single component, so as to play a composite synergistic effect of materials [25]. This is the idea of new material design and the future application of reinforcement and protection of earthen ruins in humid environment.


## 3. Properties of Composite Nano-Calcium-Based Materials to Reinforce Moist Site Soil

The soil used in the experiment was the soil from the underground palace site of Baoen Temple in Nanjing. Because it is difficult to reinforce earthen ruins, the choice of curing materials is particularly important. The composite nano-calcium base is widely used in the field of sand fixation and soil fixation because of its very good characteristics. This article tries to apply it to the wet site soil to study its reinforcement effect and mechanism. Set the density of the sample to 1.55 g/cm3, 1.65 g/cm3, and 1.75 g/cm3, prepare composite nano-calcium matrix solid content of 0%, 0.2%, and 0.4% remodeled samples, and test its performance.


### 3.1. Age Performance

The age performance of the sample refers to the change of the physical and mechanical properties of the sample with the increase of the curing cycle. The age performance can indirectly reflect the changing law of the internal structure of the sample. This test evaluates the age performance of the sample from three indicators: water content test, surface hardness test, and unconfined compressive strength test. The aging test time is generally specified according to the requirements of the product standard, not the provisions of the service life, and there is no clear formula algorithm, which needs to be tested to agree on the use time.


#### 3.1.1. Water Content Test

Soil water content is the ratio of soil to water in the soil, generally refers to the absolute water content of the soil, expressed as a percentage. Soil water content is one of the indicators of the physical properties of soil. It can reflect the state of soil, and its change will change a series of physical and mechanical properties of soil. Refer to “Geotechnical Test Method Standard” (GB/T50123-1999) to determine the moisture content of the sample. After 28 days of continuous measurement, the sample was dried in an oven at a constant temperature of 108°C for 12 hours, and the dry mass was weighed. The sample used in the moisture content test as it is a disturbance sample is no longer used as a sample for other mechanical tests.The moisture content of the sample is calculated as follows (accurate to 0.01%): = ×(1)K=w−w0w0∗100%,where K—the moisture content of the sample, %; w—the mass of the sample changes with age, g; w0—the mass of the sample after drying, g.In Figure2 a is the solid content of composite nano-calcium base;Figure 2
Variation curve of sample moisture content with age.
(a)(b)(c)Figure2(a): 1.55 g/cm3 sample water content change curve with age;Figure2(b): the moisture content of 1.65 g/cm3 sample varies with age;Figure2(c): the moisture content of 1.75 g/cm3 sample varies with age.Figures2(a)–2(c) show the changes in moisture content of samples with different composite nano-calcium-based solid content under different densities with age. The curves in the figure have gone through three stages of steep-slow-flat decline, that is, the sample will lose water rapidly in the initial stage of curing, and slowly lose water in the middle stage, and the moisture content will basically remain stable in the later stage and no longer lose water.After 28 days of curing, the final moisture content will be the same, maintaining at about 1.8%, indicating that the composite nano-calcium-based material will not change the final moisture content of the site soil. The moisture content of the sample cured for 28 days under laboratory conditions is slightly higher than the natural moisture content of the original soil sample, which is mainly determined by the temperature and humidity of the laboratory.


#### 3.1.2. Surface Hardness Test

Hardness refers to the ability of a material to locally resist hard objects pressed into its surface. It can reflect the ability of a material to resist external damage and has a certain correlation with other mechanical properties of the material, such as elasticity, plasticity, and wear resistance. There are many hardness testing methods, which are basically divided into pressing method and scribing method. The indentation method is commonly used in the industry to measure the hardness, and the indentation method can be divided into Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness, etc., which are just some different experimental methods. Through the hardness test of the composite nano-calcium-based materials at different ages in the laboratory conditions to strengthen the wet environment site soil samples, we can understand the hardness characteristics of the samples before and after the reinforcement, and indirectly reflect the mechanical properties of the reinforced samples.This test uses the BH-300B Leeb hardness tester and standard to measure the impact velocity and rebound velocity of the impact body 1 mm from the sample surface to calculate the hardness value. As a dynamic force test, the measured data has a certain discrete type, so each part of the sample is tested 5 times, and the average value is taken after removing the too discrete data. Hardness tests were carried out on samples cured for 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, 21 d, 28 d, and the test results are shown in Table1.Table 1
Surface hardness of the sample.
Density (g cm−3)a-solid content (%)Hardness (HL)3 d7 d14 d21 d28 d1.5502082132162162170.22062122192212230.42142192222262251.6501962172182212200.22152072152242250.42122212252272291.7501902232282302310.21892122342402420.4208231242246249It can be seen from Table1 that the surface hardness of the samples with different proportions has been improved to varying degrees with the increase of age.a: solid content of composite nano-calcium base;den: density, g/cm3Figure3(a): 1.55 g/cm3 sample hardness change curve with age;Figure 3
Variation curve of sample hardness with age.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Figure3(b): the hardness of 1.65 g/cm3 sample varying with age;Figure3(c): the hardness of 1.75 g/cm3 sample varying with age;Figure3(d): the hardness curve of each group of samples after 28 d.Figure3(d) is the hardness comparison curve of each group of samples after 28 days of curing. It can be seen from the figure that the hardness value of the same density sample is positively correlated with the composite nano-calcium-based solid content, indicating that the composite nano-calcium-based material makes the sample, the surface structure, denser, thereby increasing the surface hardness.


#### 3.1.3. Unconfined Compressive Strength Test

The unconfined compressive strength of the sample is an important indicator of its mechanical properties. It can not only directly reflect the resistance of the SH cured sample to deformation, but also indirectly reflect the compactness and internal structure of the sample. This test was referred from the “Technical Specifications for Soil Site Protection Tests” (WW/T0039-2012) and “Standards for Geotechnical Test Methods” (GB/T50123-1999), and was conducted using the WDW-100 microcomputer-controlled electronic universal testing machine. The force range of the testing machine was 0–100 kN, and the accuracy level was 0.5, which meets the test requirements. In the test, a loading speed of 1 mm/min was used.Unconfined compressive strength of composite nano-calcium-based cured samples with different proportions of curing for 3 d, 7 d, 21 d, 28 d were carried out. Three parallel samples were set for each group of samples, and the average value was calculated after removing abnormal values. Before the test, the area of the pressure surface of the sample needs to be measured. After measurement, the diameter of the cylindrical sample does not change after curing, and the cross-sectional area was 19.625 cm2. The testing machine can record the stress and strain values of the sample in real time during the test and automatically generate a stress-strain curve. When the residual strength of the sample was stabilized, the test would be stopped. During the test, a camera needs to be used to record the deformation process of the sample. According to the test record data, the maximum stress value was removed, and the unconfined compressive strength of the sample was calculated according to the following formula:(2)pn=FaS,where: Pn—the compressive strength of the sample, MPa; Fa—maximum load at failure, N; S—the area of the compressed part of the sample, mm2.The test results are shown in Table2.Table 2
Compressive strength at different ages.
Density (g·cm3)a-solid content (%)Compressive strength (MPa)3 d7 d14 d28 d90 d1.5500.260.370.460.570.640.20.330.460.620.690.710.40.430.520.690.700.801.6500.530.530.670.700.720.20.790.791.091.111.160.40.920.981.131.261.301.7500.930.931.351.841.880.21.031.131.711.882.000.41.271.272.052.202.22It can be seen from Table2 that the unconfined compressive strength of samples with different proportions has been improved to varying degrees with the increase of age.a: solid content of composite nano-calcium base;CS: compressive strength, MPa;Figure4(a): the compressive strength of 1.55 g/cm3 sample varying with age;Figure 4
Variation curve of sample compressive strength with age.
(a)(b)(c)Figure4(b): the compressive strength of 1.65 g/cm3 sample varying with age;Figure4(c): the compressive strength of the 1.75 g/cm3 sample varying with age.Figures4(a)–4(c) show the relationship between the unconfined compressive strength of the composite nano-calcium-based material and the solid content of the composite nano-calcium-based material to strengthen the wet site soil samples under different densities. The unconfined compressive strength test of the composite nano-calcium-based material solidified relic soil samples with different proportions after curing at different ages shows that the compressive strength increases with age, but through comparison, it was found that the strength of the sample remained stable after 28 days of curing, so the 28-day-old sample can be selected as the cured sample for other experiments.


### 3.2. Mechanical Properties

Through the unconfined compressive strength of samples with different densities and different composite nano-calcium-based solid content after curing for 28 days under laboratory conditions, the influence of sample density and composite nano-calcium-based solid content on compressive strength was analyzed and compared. The test results are shown in Figure5.Figure 5
The relationship between the compressive strength of the sample and the solid content of the composite nano-calcium matrix.In Figure5, CS—compressive strength, MPa; SC—composite nano-calcium base solid content/%; den—density, g/cm3.It can be seen from Figure5 that the strength of the specimens has been improved to varying degrees after the wet site soil is mixed with different amounts of composite nano-calcium-based materials. 4.06 times higher, indicating that the composite nano-calcium-based material has a good reinforcement effect on the wet site soil.The addition of composite nano-calcium-based materials significantly improves the unconfined compressive strength of the samples with a density of 1.65 g/cm3 and 1.75 g/cm3 and the unconfined compressive strength of the samples with a solid content of 0.4% of the composite nano-calcium-based. Compared with other solid content samples, the strength growth rate has a qualitative improvement, so the optimal composite nano-calcium-based solid content is 0.4%.


### 3.3. Water Physical Properties

The ruins in a humid environment are mainly affected by physical factors such as precipitation, groundwater flow, sudden changes in temperature and humidity, salt precipitation, and other physical factors, resulting in varying degrees of damage to the underground palace ruins. Therefore, the hydraulic property of the cured sample was an important index to evaluate its reinforcement effect. Only when the solidified ruins’ soil has good hydraulic properties, can its long-term and stable preservation be ensured. In this experiment, penetration tests and disintegration tests were carried out on samples with different proportions after curing for 28 days under laboratory conditions to test the hydraulic properties of the composite nano-calcium-based reinforced wet site soil.


#### 3.3.1. Penetration Test

The property of soil being permeated by liquids such as water is called soil permeability, and the permeability coefficient can reflect an index of soil permeability. In this experiment, the permeability tester for measuring the permeability coefficient was used to conduct variable head permeability tests on the 5.18 cm × 6 cm composite nano-calcium-based solidified samples with different proportions after 28 days of curing. Two parallel samples were set for each group of samples.Calculate the variable head permeability coefficient of the sample according to the following formula:(3)Ka=2.3vTXm2−m1snP1P2.Ka—permeability coefficient of the sample at water temperature, cm/s; v—the sectional area of the water pipe, cm2; T—permeation path, that is, the height of the sample, cm; X—the cross-sectional area of the sample, cm2; m1—start time of head reading, s; m2—the end time of water head reading, s; P1, P2—start and end heads, cm.In the figure, a is the solid content of composite nano-calcium base.It can be seen from Table3 that under the condition of the same density, the permeability coefficient of the sample decreases with the increase of the composite nano-calcium-based content, indicating that the composite nano-calcium-based material can improve the impermeability of the site soil.Table 3
Permeability coefficient of sample.
Density (g cm3)Permeability coefficient (cm·s−1)a-0%a-0.2%a-0.4%1.55Ka6.73∗ 10−34.28∗ 10−32.38∗ 10−41.659.83∗ 10−49.0∗ 10−41.67∗ 10−41.754.18∗ 10−41.88∗ 10−42.26∗ 10−5


#### 3.3.2. Disintegration Test

The disintegration of soil refers to the phenomenon that the soil ruptures and collapses after the soil is immersed in water. This test adopts the method of qualitative research, using the soil humidification tester, during the disintegration test of 6 cm × 6 cm × 6 cm composite nano-calcium-based solidified samples with different proportions cured for 28 days under laboratory conditions, each group of samples was set two parallel samples. In the test, the morphological changes of the sample in the humidifier with water was observed and described, and the time for its complete disintegration was recorded. For dry mass, the amount of disintegration was calculated.The disintegration process can be roughly divided into three stages, as shown in Figure6 below:Figure 6
Disintegration process of soil.The test results are shown in Table4.Table 4
Test results of sample disintegration.
a-solid content (%)Density (g cm3)DisintegrationDisintegration in 7 days (%)01.55After 20 minutes, the sample becomes cone-shaped, and occasionally broken particles fall56.381.65After 45 minutes, the sample becomes conical, and occasionally broken particles fall45.211.75Become a cone after 1 hour, occasionally broken particles fall36.870.21.55After 1 hour, the corners are completely peeled off, occasionally broken pieces fall off15.231.65The corners fell off severely after 1 hour and 30 minutes, occasionally broken pieces fell off10.521.75The corners fell off severely after 2 hours, occasionally broken pieces fell off8.520.41.55The corners will fall off a little after 1 hour and remain stable afterwards3.281.65The corners will fall off a little after 1 hour and 30 minutes, and then remain stable1.661.75The corners will fall off a little after 2 hours and remain stable afterwards0.72In the table, a is the composite nano-calcium base.It can be seen from Table4 that under the condition of the same density, as the solid content of the composite nano-calcium matrix increases, the anti-disintegration performance of the sample is significantly enhanced. At the same time, the density will also affect the disintegration performance of the sample.


### 3.4. Durability-Salt and Alkali Resistance Test

In a humid environment, the dissolution of saline and alkali is one of the main reasons for the shedding of the surface of the site. Therefore, salt and alkali resistance is an important indicator of durability. This article has studied the salt and alkali resistance of the cured samples by simulating the outdoor environment.Among the many diseases in earthen ruins, undercutting is an extremely common and extremely harmful disease. Therefore, the salt tolerance of solidified ruins is also an important index to judge its solidification effect, and sulfate is the most important salt that causes the destruction of Earth ruins.According to the investigation of the underground palace of Baoen Temple, the pH value of the soil at the underground palace of Baoen Temple ranges from 6.28 to 8.56, which is slightly alkaline, and thus, the alkali resistance of the cured sample is also an important indicator of its durability.In this experiment, different dosages of composite nano-calcium-based cured samples cured for 28 days were tested for salt and alkali resistance. 5 cycles were carried out, where one cycle is to put the sample into 1% sodium sulfate solution and sodium hydroxide solution, respectively, and dry it in an oven at 108°C for 12 hours after being completely absorbed. After completing 5 cycles, the unconfined compressive strength of the sample was tested. During the test, the changes of the sample were observed and recorded. The test results are shown in Tables5 and 6.Table 5
Compressive strength after salt resistance test.
Density (g cm3)Compressive strength (MPa)a-0%a-0.2%a-0.4%1.55The first loop breakBreaking the fifth cycle0.701.65The third loop break0.300.861.75The third loop break0.461.50Table 6
Compressive strength after alkali resistance test.
Density (g cm3)Compressive strength (MPa)a-0%a-0.2%a-0.4%1.55The first loop breakBreaking the fifth cycle0.461.65The second loop breakBreaking the fifth cycle1.021.75The third loop break0.311.06In the table, a is the solid content of composite nano-calcium base.From Table5 and Figures 7(a)–7(c), it can be seen that the samples with a solid content of 0% were destroyed before 3 test cycles, and the compressive strength cannot be measured. It can be concluded that sodium sulfate has a very obvious destructive effect on the site soil. The experimental results show that, compared with other samples, the sample with a composite nano-calcium-based solid content of 0.4% has a smaller drop and has better salt tolerance.Figure 7
Salt resistance strength of cured sample.
(a)(b)(c)In Figure7,a—composite nano-calcium base.Figure7(a): 1.55 g/cm3a cured sample salt resistance strength;Figure7(b): salt resistance strength of 1.65 g/cm3a cured sample;Figure7(c): salt resistance strength of cured sample at 1.75 g/cm3a.Due to the migration of water and salt between the soil of the site and the water in the surrounding soil, the two will have a chemical reaction, and the chemical products are different when the water is sufficient and when it is insufficient. This resulted in the destruction of the internal structure of the soil, and experiments showed that the addition of composite nano-calcium-based materials would improve the salt tolerance of the site soil.From Table6 and Figures 8(a)–8(c), it can be seen that the site soil with a solid content of 0% was destroyed before 3 test cycles, indicating that sodium hydroxide is extremely destructive. Experiments show that compared with other samples, the sample with a solid content of 0.4% composite nano-calcium matrix has a smaller drop and has better alkali resistance.Figure 8
Alkali resistance strength of cured sample.
(a)(b)(c)In Figure8, a—composite nano-calcium base.Figure8(a): 1.55 g/cm3a cured sample alkali resistance strength;Figure8(b): alkali resistance strength of 1.65 g/cm3a cured sample;Figure8(c): 1.75 g/cm3a cured sample alkali resistance strength.The sodium hydroxide reacts physically and chemically with the water, carbon dioxide, and other components in the soil, and under the common action, the soil is disintegrated. Through data analysis, it can be known that composite nano-calcium-based materials can increase the alkali resistance strength of the site soil.


## 3.1. Age Performance

The age performance of the sample refers to the change of the physical and mechanical properties of the sample with the increase of the curing cycle. The age performance can indirectly reflect the changing law of the internal structure of the sample. This test evaluates the age performance of the sample from three indicators: water content test, surface hardness test, and unconfined compressive strength test. The aging test time is generally specified according to the requirements of the product standard, not the provisions of the service life, and there is no clear formula algorithm, which needs to be tested to agree on the use time.


### 3.1.1. Water Content Test

Soil water content is the ratio of soil to water in the soil, generally refers to the absolute water content of the soil, expressed as a percentage. Soil water content is one of the indicators of the physical properties of soil. It can reflect the state of soil, and its change will change a series of physical and mechanical properties of soil. Refer to “Geotechnical Test Method Standard” (GB/T50123-1999) to determine the moisture content of the sample. After 28 days of continuous measurement, the sample was dried in an oven at a constant temperature of 108°C for 12 hours, and the dry mass was weighed. The sample used in the moisture content test as it is a disturbance sample is no longer used as a sample for other mechanical tests.The moisture content of the sample is calculated as follows (accurate to 0.01%): = ×(1)K=w−w0w0∗100%,where K—the moisture content of the sample, %; w—the mass of the sample changes with age, g; w0—the mass of the sample after drying, g.In Figure2 a is the solid content of composite nano-calcium base;Figure 2
Variation curve of sample moisture content with age.
(a)(b)(c)Figure2(a): 1.55 g/cm3 sample water content change curve with age;Figure2(b): the moisture content of 1.65 g/cm3 sample varies with age;Figure2(c): the moisture content of 1.75 g/cm3 sample varies with age.Figures2(a)–2(c) show the changes in moisture content of samples with different composite nano-calcium-based solid content under different densities with age. The curves in the figure have gone through three stages of steep-slow-flat decline, that is, the sample will lose water rapidly in the initial stage of curing, and slowly lose water in the middle stage, and the moisture content will basically remain stable in the later stage and no longer lose water.After 28 days of curing, the final moisture content will be the same, maintaining at about 1.8%, indicating that the composite nano-calcium-based material will not change the final moisture content of the site soil. The moisture content of the sample cured for 28 days under laboratory conditions is slightly higher than the natural moisture content of the original soil sample, which is mainly determined by the temperature and humidity of the laboratory.


### 3.1.2. Surface Hardness Test

Hardness refers to the ability of a material to locally resist hard objects pressed into its surface. It can reflect the ability of a material to resist external damage and has a certain correlation with other mechanical properties of the material, such as elasticity, plasticity, and wear resistance. There are many hardness testing methods, which are basically divided into pressing method and scribing method. The indentation method is commonly used in the industry to measure the hardness, and the indentation method can be divided into Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness, etc., which are just some different experimental methods. Through the hardness test of the composite nano-calcium-based materials at different ages in the laboratory conditions to strengthen the wet environment site soil samples, we can understand the hardness characteristics of the samples before and after the reinforcement, and indirectly reflect the mechanical properties of the reinforced samples.This test uses the BH-300B Leeb hardness tester and standard to measure the impact velocity and rebound velocity of the impact body 1 mm from the sample surface to calculate the hardness value. As a dynamic force test, the measured data has a certain discrete type, so each part of the sample is tested 5 times, and the average value is taken after removing the too discrete data. Hardness tests were carried out on samples cured for 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, 21 d, 28 d, and the test results are shown in Table1.Table 1
Surface hardness of the sample.
Density (g cm−3)a-solid content (%)Hardness (HL)3 d7 d14 d21 d28 d1.5502082132162162170.22062122192212230.42142192222262251.6501962172182212200.22152072152242250.42122212252272291.7501902232282302310.21892122342402420.4208231242246249It can be seen from Table1 that the surface hardness of the samples with different proportions has been improved to varying degrees with the increase of age.a: solid content of composite nano-calcium base;den: density, g/cm3Figure3(a): 1.55 g/cm3 sample hardness change curve with age;Figure 3
Variation curve of sample hardness with age.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Figure3(b): the hardness of 1.65 g/cm3 sample varying with age;Figure3(c): the hardness of 1.75 g/cm3 sample varying with age;Figure3(d): the hardness curve of each group of samples after 28 d.Figure3(d) is the hardness comparison curve of each group of samples after 28 days of curing. It can be seen from the figure that the hardness value of the same density sample is positively correlated with the composite nano-calcium-based solid content, indicating that the composite nano-calcium-based material makes the sample, the surface structure, denser, thereby increasing the surface hardness.


### 3.1.3. Unconfined Compressive Strength Test

The unconfined compressive strength of the sample is an important indicator of its mechanical properties. It can not only directly reflect the resistance of the SH cured sample to deformation, but also indirectly reflect the compactness and internal structure of the sample. This test was referred from the “Technical Specifications for Soil Site Protection Tests” (WW/T0039-2012) and “Standards for Geotechnical Test Methods” (GB/T50123-1999), and was conducted using the WDW-100 microcomputer-controlled electronic universal testing machine. The force range of the testing machine was 0–100 kN, and the accuracy level was 0.5, which meets the test requirements. In the test, a loading speed of 1 mm/min was used.Unconfined compressive strength of composite nano-calcium-based cured samples with different proportions of curing for 3 d, 7 d, 21 d, 28 d were carried out. Three parallel samples were set for each group of samples, and the average value was calculated after removing abnormal values. Before the test, the area of the pressure surface of the sample needs to be measured. After measurement, the diameter of the cylindrical sample does not change after curing, and the cross-sectional area was 19.625 cm2. The testing machine can record the stress and strain values of the sample in real time during the test and automatically generate a stress-strain curve. When the residual strength of the sample was stabilized, the test would be stopped. During the test, a camera needs to be used to record the deformation process of the sample. According to the test record data, the maximum stress value was removed, and the unconfined compressive strength of the sample was calculated according to the following formula:(2)pn=FaS,where: Pn—the compressive strength of the sample, MPa; Fa—maximum load at failure, N; S—the area of the compressed part of the sample, mm2.The test results are shown in Table2.Table 2
Compressive strength at different ages.
Density (g·cm3)a-solid content (%)Compressive strength (MPa)3 d7 d14 d28 d90 d1.5500.260.370.460.570.640.20.330.460.620.690.710.40.430.520.690.700.801.6500.530.530.670.700.720.20.790.791.091.111.160.40.920.981.131.261.301.7500.930.931.351.841.880.21.031.131.711.882.000.41.271.272.052.202.22It can be seen from Table2 that the unconfined compressive strength of samples with different proportions has been improved to varying degrees with the increase of age.a: solid content of composite nano-calcium base;CS: compressive strength, MPa;Figure4(a): the compressive strength of 1.55 g/cm3 sample varying with age;Figure 4
Variation curve of sample compressive strength with age.
(a)(b)(c)Figure4(b): the compressive strength of 1.65 g/cm3 sample varying with age;Figure4(c): the compressive strength of the 1.75 g/cm3 sample varying with age.Figures4(a)–4(c) show the relationship between the unconfined compressive strength of the composite nano-calcium-based material and the solid content of the composite nano-calcium-based material to strengthen the wet site soil samples under different densities. The unconfined compressive strength test of the composite nano-calcium-based material solidified relic soil samples with different proportions after curing at different ages shows that the compressive strength increases with age, but through comparison, it was found that the strength of the sample remained stable after 28 days of curing, so the 28-day-old sample can be selected as the cured sample for other experiments.


## 3.1.1. Water Content Test

Soil water content is the ratio of soil to water in the soil, generally refers to the absolute water content of the soil, expressed as a percentage. Soil water content is one of the indicators of the physical properties of soil. It can reflect the state of soil, and its change will change a series of physical and mechanical properties of soil. Refer to “Geotechnical Test Method Standard” (GB/T50123-1999) to determine the moisture content of the sample. After 28 days of continuous measurement, the sample was dried in an oven at a constant temperature of 108°C for 12 hours, and the dry mass was weighed. The sample used in the moisture content test as it is a disturbance sample is no longer used as a sample for other mechanical tests.The moisture content of the sample is calculated as follows (accurate to 0.01%): = ×(1)K=w−w0w0∗100%,where K—the moisture content of the sample, %; w—the mass of the sample changes with age, g; w0—the mass of the sample after drying, g.In Figure2 a is the solid content of composite nano-calcium base;Figure 2
Variation curve of sample moisture content with age.
(a)(b)(c)Figure2(a): 1.55 g/cm3 sample water content change curve with age;Figure2(b): the moisture content of 1.65 g/cm3 sample varies with age;Figure2(c): the moisture content of 1.75 g/cm3 sample varies with age.Figures2(a)–2(c) show the changes in moisture content of samples with different composite nano-calcium-based solid content under different densities with age. The curves in the figure have gone through three stages of steep-slow-flat decline, that is, the sample will lose water rapidly in the initial stage of curing, and slowly lose water in the middle stage, and the moisture content will basically remain stable in the later stage and no longer lose water.After 28 days of curing, the final moisture content will be the same, maintaining at about 1.8%, indicating that the composite nano-calcium-based material will not change the final moisture content of the site soil. The moisture content of the sample cured for 28 days under laboratory conditions is slightly higher than the natural moisture content of the original soil sample, which is mainly determined by the temperature and humidity of the laboratory.


## 3.1.2. Surface Hardness Test

Hardness refers to the ability of a material to locally resist hard objects pressed into its surface. It can reflect the ability of a material to resist external damage and has a certain correlation with other mechanical properties of the material, such as elasticity, plasticity, and wear resistance. There are many hardness testing methods, which are basically divided into pressing method and scribing method. The indentation method is commonly used in the industry to measure the hardness, and the indentation method can be divided into Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness, etc., which are just some different experimental methods. Through the hardness test of the composite nano-calcium-based materials at different ages in the laboratory conditions to strengthen the wet environment site soil samples, we can understand the hardness characteristics of the samples before and after the reinforcement, and indirectly reflect the mechanical properties of the reinforced samples.This test uses the BH-300B Leeb hardness tester and standard to measure the impact velocity and rebound velocity of the impact body 1 mm from the sample surface to calculate the hardness value. As a dynamic force test, the measured data has a certain discrete type, so each part of the sample is tested 5 times, and the average value is taken after removing the too discrete data. Hardness tests were carried out on samples cured for 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, 21 d, 28 d, and the test results are shown in Table1.Table 1
Surface hardness of the sample.
Density (g cm−3)a-solid content (%)Hardness (HL)3 d7 d14 d21 d28 d1.5502082132162162170.22062122192212230.42142192222262251.6501962172182212200.22152072152242250.42122212252272291.7501902232282302310.21892122342402420.4208231242246249It can be seen from Table1 that the surface hardness of the samples with different proportions has been improved to varying degrees with the increase of age.a: solid content of composite nano-calcium base;den: density, g/cm3Figure3(a): 1.55 g/cm3 sample hardness change curve with age;Figure 3
Variation curve of sample hardness with age.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Figure3(b): the hardness of 1.65 g/cm3 sample varying with age;Figure3(c): the hardness of 1.75 g/cm3 sample varying with age;Figure3(d): the hardness curve of each group of samples after 28 d.Figure3(d) is the hardness comparison curve of each group of samples after 28 days of curing. It can be seen from the figure that the hardness value of the same density sample is positively correlated with the composite nano-calcium-based solid content, indicating that the composite nano-calcium-based material makes the sample, the surface structure, denser, thereby increasing the surface hardness.


## 3.1.3. Unconfined Compressive Strength Test

The unconfined compressive strength of the sample is an important indicator of its mechanical properties. It can not only directly reflect the resistance of the SH cured sample to deformation, but also indirectly reflect the compactness and internal structure of the sample. This test was referred from the “Technical Specifications for Soil Site Protection Tests” (WW/T0039-2012) and “Standards for Geotechnical Test Methods” (GB/T50123-1999), and was conducted using the WDW-100 microcomputer-controlled electronic universal testing machine. The force range of the testing machine was 0–100 kN, and the accuracy level was 0.5, which meets the test requirements. In the test, a loading speed of 1 mm/min was used.Unconfined compressive strength of composite nano-calcium-based cured samples with different proportions of curing for 3 d, 7 d, 21 d, 28 d were carried out. Three parallel samples were set for each group of samples, and the average value was calculated after removing abnormal values. Before the test, the area of the pressure surface of the sample needs to be measured. After measurement, the diameter of the cylindrical sample does not change after curing, and the cross-sectional area was 19.625 cm2. The testing machine can record the stress and strain values of the sample in real time during the test and automatically generate a stress-strain curve. When the residual strength of the sample was stabilized, the test would be stopped. During the test, a camera needs to be used to record the deformation process of the sample. According to the test record data, the maximum stress value was removed, and the unconfined compressive strength of the sample was calculated according to the following formula:(2)pn=FaS,where: Pn—the compressive strength of the sample, MPa; Fa—maximum load at failure, N; S—the area of the compressed part of the sample, mm2.The test results are shown in Table2.Table 2
Compressive strength at different ages.
Density (g·cm3)a-solid content (%)Compressive strength (MPa)3 d7 d14 d28 d90 d1.5500.260.370.460.570.640.20.330.460.620.690.710.40.430.520.690.700.801.6500.530.530.670.700.720.20.790.791.091.111.160.40.920.981.131.261.301.7500.930.931.351.841.880.21.031.131.711.882.000.41.271.272.052.202.22It can be seen from Table2 that the unconfined compressive strength of samples with different proportions has been improved to varying degrees with the increase of age.a: solid content of composite nano-calcium base;CS: compressive strength, MPa;Figure4(a): the compressive strength of 1.55 g/cm3 sample varying with age;Figure 4
Variation curve of sample compressive strength with age.
(a)(b)(c)Figure4(b): the compressive strength of 1.65 g/cm3 sample varying with age;Figure4(c): the compressive strength of the 1.75 g/cm3 sample varying with age.Figures4(a)–4(c) show the relationship between the unconfined compressive strength of the composite nano-calcium-based material and the solid content of the composite nano-calcium-based material to strengthen the wet site soil samples under different densities. The unconfined compressive strength test of the composite nano-calcium-based material solidified relic soil samples with different proportions after curing at different ages shows that the compressive strength increases with age, but through comparison, it was found that the strength of the sample remained stable after 28 days of curing, so the 28-day-old sample can be selected as the cured sample for other experiments.


## 3.2. Mechanical Properties

Through the unconfined compressive strength of samples with different densities and different composite nano-calcium-based solid content after curing for 28 days under laboratory conditions, the influence of sample density and composite nano-calcium-based solid content on compressive strength was analyzed and compared. The test results are shown in Figure5.Figure 5
The relationship between the compressive strength of the sample and the solid content of the composite nano-calcium matrix.In Figure5, CS—compressive strength, MPa; SC—composite nano-calcium base solid content/%; den—density, g/cm3.It can be seen from Figure5 that the strength of the specimens has been improved to varying degrees after the wet site soil is mixed with different amounts of composite nano-calcium-based materials. 4.06 times higher, indicating that the composite nano-calcium-based material has a good reinforcement effect on the wet site soil.The addition of composite nano-calcium-based materials significantly improves the unconfined compressive strength of the samples with a density of 1.65 g/cm3 and 1.75 g/cm3 and the unconfined compressive strength of the samples with a solid content of 0.4% of the composite nano-calcium-based. Compared with other solid content samples, the strength growth rate has a qualitative improvement, so the optimal composite nano-calcium-based solid content is 0.4%.


## 3.3. Water Physical Properties

The ruins in a humid environment are mainly affected by physical factors such as precipitation, groundwater flow, sudden changes in temperature and humidity, salt precipitation, and other physical factors, resulting in varying degrees of damage to the underground palace ruins. Therefore, the hydraulic property of the cured sample was an important index to evaluate its reinforcement effect. Only when the solidified ruins’ soil has good hydraulic properties, can its long-term and stable preservation be ensured. In this experiment, penetration tests and disintegration tests were carried out on samples with different proportions after curing for 28 days under laboratory conditions to test the hydraulic properties of the composite nano-calcium-based reinforced wet site soil.


### 3.3.1. Penetration Test

The property of soil being permeated by liquids such as water is called soil permeability, and the permeability coefficient can reflect an index of soil permeability. In this experiment, the permeability tester for measuring the permeability coefficient was used to conduct variable head permeability tests on the 5.18 cm × 6 cm composite nano-calcium-based solidified samples with different proportions after 28 days of curing. Two parallel samples were set for each group of samples.Calculate the variable head permeability coefficient of the sample according to the following formula:(3)Ka=2.3vTXm2−m1snP1P2.Ka—permeability coefficient of the sample at water temperature, cm/s; v—the sectional area of the water pipe, cm2; T—permeation path, that is, the height of the sample, cm; X—the cross-sectional area of the sample, cm2; m1—start time of head reading, s; m2—the end time of water head reading, s; P1, P2—start and end heads, cm.In the figure, a is the solid content of composite nano-calcium base.It can be seen from Table3 that under the condition of the same density, the permeability coefficient of the sample decreases with the increase of the composite nano-calcium-based content, indicating that the composite nano-calcium-based material can improve the impermeability of the site soil.Table 3
Permeability coefficient of sample.
Density (g cm3)Permeability coefficient (cm·s−1)a-0%a-0.2%a-0.4%1.55Ka6.73∗ 10−34.28∗ 10−32.38∗ 10−41.659.83∗ 10−49.0∗ 10−41.67∗ 10−41.754.18∗ 10−41.88∗ 10−42.26∗ 10−5


### 3.3.2. Disintegration Test

The disintegration of soil refers to the phenomenon that the soil ruptures and collapses after the soil is immersed in water. This test adopts the method of qualitative research, using the soil humidification tester, during the disintegration test of 6 cm × 6 cm × 6 cm composite nano-calcium-based solidified samples with different proportions cured for 28 days under laboratory conditions, each group of samples was set two parallel samples. In the test, the morphological changes of the sample in the humidifier with water was observed and described, and the time for its complete disintegration was recorded. For dry mass, the amount of disintegration was calculated.The disintegration process can be roughly divided into three stages, as shown in Figure6 below:Figure 6
Disintegration process of soil.The test results are shown in Table4.Table 4
Test results of sample disintegration.
a-solid content (%)Density (g cm3)DisintegrationDisintegration in 7 days (%)01.55After 20 minutes, the sample becomes cone-shaped, and occasionally broken particles fall56.381.65After 45 minutes, the sample becomes conical, and occasionally broken particles fall45.211.75Become a cone after 1 hour, occasionally broken particles fall36.870.21.55After 1 hour, the corners are completely peeled off, occasionally broken pieces fall off15.231.65The corners fell off severely after 1 hour and 30 minutes, occasionally broken pieces fell off10.521.75The corners fell off severely after 2 hours, occasionally broken pieces fell off8.520.41.55The corners will fall off a little after 1 hour and remain stable afterwards3.281.65The corners will fall off a little after 1 hour and 30 minutes, and then remain stable1.661.75The corners will fall off a little after 2 hours and remain stable afterwards0.72In the table, a is the composite nano-calcium base.It can be seen from Table4 that under the condition of the same density, as the solid content of the composite nano-calcium matrix increases, the anti-disintegration performance of the sample is significantly enhanced. At the same time, the density will also affect the disintegration performance of the sample.


## 3.3.1. Penetration Test

The property of soil being permeated by liquids such as water is called soil permeability, and the permeability coefficient can reflect an index of soil permeability. In this experiment, the permeability tester for measuring the permeability coefficient was used to conduct variable head permeability tests on the 5.18 cm × 6 cm composite nano-calcium-based solidified samples with different proportions after 28 days of curing. Two parallel samples were set for each group of samples.Calculate the variable head permeability coefficient of the sample according to the following formula:(3)Ka=2.3vTXm2−m1snP1P2.Ka—permeability coefficient of the sample at water temperature, cm/s; v—the sectional area of the water pipe, cm2; T—permeation path, that is, the height of the sample, cm; X—the cross-sectional area of the sample, cm2; m1—start time of head reading, s; m2—the end time of water head reading, s; P1, P2—start and end heads, cm.In the figure, a is the solid content of composite nano-calcium base.It can be seen from Table3 that under the condition of the same density, the permeability coefficient of the sample decreases with the increase of the composite nano-calcium-based content, indicating that the composite nano-calcium-based material can improve the impermeability of the site soil.Table 3
Permeability coefficient of sample.
Density (g cm3)Permeability coefficient (cm·s−1)a-0%a-0.2%a-0.4%1.55Ka6.73∗ 10−34.28∗ 10−32.38∗ 10−41.659.83∗ 10−49.0∗ 10−41.67∗ 10−41.754.18∗ 10−41.88∗ 10−42.26∗ 10−5


## 3.3.2. Disintegration Test

The disintegration of soil refers to the phenomenon that the soil ruptures and collapses after the soil is immersed in water. This test adopts the method of qualitative research, using the soil humidification tester, during the disintegration test of 6 cm × 6 cm × 6 cm composite nano-calcium-based solidified samples with different proportions cured for 28 days under laboratory conditions, each group of samples was set two parallel samples. In the test, the morphological changes of the sample in the humidifier with water was observed and described, and the time for its complete disintegration was recorded. For dry mass, the amount of disintegration was calculated.The disintegration process can be roughly divided into three stages, as shown in Figure6 below:Figure 6
Disintegration process of soil.The test results are shown in Table4.Table 4
Test results of sample disintegration.
a-solid content (%)Density (g cm3)DisintegrationDisintegration in 7 days (%)01.55After 20 minutes, the sample becomes cone-shaped, and occasionally broken particles fall56.381.65After 45 minutes, the sample becomes conical, and occasionally broken particles fall45.211.75Become a cone after 1 hour, occasionally broken particles fall36.870.21.55After 1 hour, the corners are completely peeled off, occasionally broken pieces fall off15.231.65The corners fell off severely after 1 hour and 30 minutes, occasionally broken pieces fell off10.521.75The corners fell off severely after 2 hours, occasionally broken pieces fell off8.520.41.55The corners will fall off a little after 1 hour and remain stable afterwards3.281.65The corners will fall off a little after 1 hour and 30 minutes, and then remain stable1.661.75The corners will fall off a little after 2 hours and remain stable afterwards0.72In the table, a is the composite nano-calcium base.It can be seen from Table4 that under the condition of the same density, as the solid content of the composite nano-calcium matrix increases, the anti-disintegration performance of the sample is significantly enhanced. At the same time, the density will also affect the disintegration performance of the sample.


## 3.4. Durability-Salt and Alkali Resistance Test

In a humid environment, the dissolution of saline and alkali is one of the main reasons for the shedding of the surface of the site. Therefore, salt and alkali resistance is an important indicator of durability. This article has studied the salt and alkali resistance of the cured samples by simulating the outdoor environment.Among the many diseases in earthen ruins, undercutting is an extremely common and extremely harmful disease. Therefore, the salt tolerance of solidified ruins is also an important index to judge its solidification effect, and sulfate is the most important salt that causes the destruction of Earth ruins.According to the investigation of the underground palace of Baoen Temple, the pH value of the soil at the underground palace of Baoen Temple ranges from 6.28 to 8.56, which is slightly alkaline, and thus, the alkali resistance of the cured sample is also an important indicator of its durability.In this experiment, different dosages of composite nano-calcium-based cured samples cured for 28 days were tested for salt and alkali resistance. 5 cycles were carried out, where one cycle is to put the sample into 1% sodium sulfate solution and sodium hydroxide solution, respectively, and dry it in an oven at 108°C for 12 hours after being completely absorbed. After completing 5 cycles, the unconfined compressive strength of the sample was tested. During the test, the changes of the sample were observed and recorded. The test results are shown in Tables5 and 6.Table 5
Compressive strength after salt resistance test.
Density (g cm3)Compressive strength (MPa)a-0%a-0.2%a-0.4%1.55The first loop breakBreaking the fifth cycle0.701.65The third loop break0.300.861.75The third loop break0.461.50Table 6
Compressive strength after alkali resistance test.
Density (g cm3)Compressive strength (MPa)a-0%a-0.2%a-0.4%1.55The first loop breakBreaking the fifth cycle0.461.65The second loop breakBreaking the fifth cycle1.021.75The third loop break0.311.06In the table, a is the solid content of composite nano-calcium base.From Table5 and Figures 7(a)–7(c), it can be seen that the samples with a solid content of 0% were destroyed before 3 test cycles, and the compressive strength cannot be measured. It can be concluded that sodium sulfate has a very obvious destructive effect on the site soil. The experimental results show that, compared with other samples, the sample with a composite nano-calcium-based solid content of 0.4% has a smaller drop and has better salt tolerance.Figure 7
Salt resistance strength of cured sample.
(a)(b)(c)In Figure7,a—composite nano-calcium base.Figure7(a): 1.55 g/cm3a cured sample salt resistance strength;Figure7(b): salt resistance strength of 1.65 g/cm3a cured sample;Figure7(c): salt resistance strength of cured sample at 1.75 g/cm3a.Due to the migration of water and salt between the soil of the site and the water in the surrounding soil, the two will have a chemical reaction, and the chemical products are different when the water is sufficient and when it is insufficient. This resulted in the destruction of the internal structure of the soil, and experiments showed that the addition of composite nano-calcium-based materials would improve the salt tolerance of the site soil.From Table6 and Figures 8(a)–8(c), it can be seen that the site soil with a solid content of 0% was destroyed before 3 test cycles, indicating that sodium hydroxide is extremely destructive. Experiments show that compared with other samples, the sample with a solid content of 0.4% composite nano-calcium matrix has a smaller drop and has better alkali resistance.Figure 8
Alkali resistance strength of cured sample.
(a)(b)(c)In Figure8, a—composite nano-calcium base.Figure8(a): 1.55 g/cm3a cured sample alkali resistance strength;Figure8(b): alkali resistance strength of 1.65 g/cm3a cured sample;Figure8(c): 1.75 g/cm3a cured sample alkali resistance strength.The sodium hydroxide reacts physically and chemically with the water, carbon dioxide, and other components in the soil, and under the common action, the soil is disintegrated. Through data analysis, it can be known that composite nano-calcium-based materials can increase the alkali resistance strength of the site soil.


## 4. Discussion

This paper mainly studies the physical properties and durability of the soil of the relics reinforced by composite nano-calcium-based materials through a series of indoor tests on age performance, mechanical properties, and hydraulic properties, and draws the following conclusions:Through the moisture content test, surface hardness test, and unconfined compressive strength test of specimens cured under laboratory conditions to study their age performance, the test results show that as the age increases, the sample performance is as follows: (1) the moisture content decreases accordingly; (2) the surface hardness gradually increases with time; (3) the unconfined compressive strength increases correspondingly, with a rapid initial increase, and then, a slow increase, until the compressive strength is basically stable after 28 days.Compared with plain soil, the specimens strengthened by composite nano-calcium-based materials have different degrees of improvement in mechanical strength. The unconfined compressive strength increases with the increase of the solid content and density of the composite nano-calcium-based material. The composite nano-calcium-based material has a more obvious reinforcement effect on the dense site soil, and the strength of the cured sample with a solid content of 0.4% increases. The highest rate can be used as the optimal ratio.(3) The hydraulic properties of composite nano-calcium-based solidified samples were studied through penetration test and disintegration test. The test results show that the sample reinforced by the composite nano-calcium-based material has a different degree of permeability reduction with the increase of the composite nano-calcium-based solid content, and the anti-disintegration performance was enhanced, indicating that the composite nano-calcium-based material can be significantly improve the hydrological properties of the site soil.(4) Simulating a series of harsh environments indoors, the durability of the specimens cured by the composite nano-calcium base was significantly improved compared with the plain soil specimens. After five cycles of salt tolerance and alkali tolerance, the sample was damaged seriously. Relatively speaking, the sample with high solid content of composite nano-calcium matrix can still maintain good morphology and mechanical properties.(5) It can be seen from the reinforcement effect of different density samples that the density has an impact on all aspects of the properties of the samples. The samples with higher density show more excellent properties in terms of mechanical properties, hydraulic properties, and durability.


## 5. Conclusions and Prospects

First, the research conclusions of this article are summarized as follows: through the evaluation of age performance, each index shows a good trend. And they are all stable at 28 d, indicating that the sample completed the process of losing water at 28 d, and the internal structure remained stable, so, 28 d can be used as a reference curing time for materials in engineering practice. (1) Improved mechanical properties. Compared with plain soil samples, the unconfined compressive strength of the samples strengthened by the composite nano-calcium-based materials was improved, and showed a trend of gradually increasing with the increase of the solid content of the composite nano-calcium-based materials. (2) Improved water properties. The permeability coefficient of the composite nano-calcium-based material cured sample is lower than that of the plain soil sample, and the permeability of the sample decreases with the increase of the composite nano-calcium-based solid content; the disintegration resistance is greatly improved. (3) Good durability. After five cycles of salt resistance and alkali resistance test, the samples were damaged severely, and the samples with high solid content of composite nano-calcium matrix can still maintain good morphology and mechanical properties. (4) The composite nano-calcium-based material has a good reinforcement effect on the site soil. The composite nano-calcium-based material will make the surface structure of the sample denser, and the unconfined compressive strength of the sample after being reinforced by the composite nano-calcium-based material increased to the highest i.e., 4.06 times, the structure was more stable. In this paper, some preliminary research results have been obtained by using composite nano-calcium-based materials to reinforce the site. However, in view of the fact that the reaction between the curing agent and the site soil is a very complex physical and chemical process, this test still has many shortcomings. The series of tests in this article are all done under laboratory conditions, and there is no research on the performance of the samples under different curing conditions, and there are some differences with the actual working conditions. In the test of mechanical properties, only the unconfined compressive strength test was carried out, and the flexural and tensile properties of the specimen were not studied. When exploring the durability of the composite nano-calcium-based material to strengthen the site soil, only salt and alkali resistance analysis experiments were carried out, and the internal morphology before and after the reinforcement were analyzed. If further research is required, freeze-thaw cycle tests and ultraviolet aging tests are required.



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*Source: 6267239-2022-09-19.xml*