# Development of the Fog Seal Layer Characterized by Durability in Terms of Skid Resistance

Authors: Yingjun Jiang; Jiangtao Fan; Pengyu Lv; Kejia Yuan; Yong Yi; Tian Tian; Chenfan Bai
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2021)

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## Abstract

In this paper, based on the thermosetting properties, bonding performance, high-temperature water damage resistance, and aging resistance properties of epoxy-emulsified asphalt, the best formulation of epoxy emulsified asphalt as a skid resistance fog sealing asphalt is studied. Through accelerated wheel wear and other tests, the effects of the ratio of the amount of skid resistance particles to the amount of epoxy emulsified asphalt, the total amount of skid resistance fog seal asphalt, and the construction process on the skid resistance durability of the skid resistance fog seal were studied. The results show that the epoxy emulsified asphalt formula code A80 (E2) (emulsified asphalt : water-based epoxy = 80 : 20) is the best formula; when the proportion of emery and epoxy emulsified asphalt is 1 : 1, the British Pendulum Number (BPN) reduction rate of the skid resistance fog seal-test piece worn 100,000 times was 27.4%. Compared with the same period, the reduction rate was reduced by 4.6% on average, with the smallest mass loss rate and the best skid resistance durability. When the total amount of skid resistance fog seal asphalt is 1.2 kg/m2, the BPN reduction rate of the skid resistance fog seal specimen worn 100,000 times was 27.4%, which is an average reduction of 5.8% over the same period, and the mass loss rate is the smallest, and the skid resistance durability optimal. When using the premixed process, the BPN of the specimen was reduced by 13.2% after abrasion of 100,000 times. Compared with the “one asphalt and one sand” and “double asphalt and one sand” molded specimens, the mass loss rate was reduced by 15.0%, 4eU&7.2%, showing the best skid resistance performance. The results can provide guidance for the design and construction of AC-13 and other pavement skid resistance fog seals.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Skid resistance fog seal layers (also known as sand fog seal layers) are composed of diluted liquid asphalt (emulsified asphalt or modified emulsified asphalt), fine aggregate, and catalyst. The layers can penetrate the gaps of aggregates and flow into pores, thereby restoring the adhesion of asphalt on the road surface, filling tiny cracks and voids, and preventing the road surface from underwater seeping [1]. Simultaneously, the sprayed fine aggregate provides good skid capability, strengthens the bonding of loose stones and pavement materials, delays the aging of the asphalt film of the road surface, prevents various types of damage caused by the asphalt film peeling, and beautifies the road surface [2, 3]. These layers can effectively reduce the lifecycle cost of pavements and present a cost-effective preventive maintenance technology [4–7].Scholars globally have studied the two composition materials (skid resistance particles and fog sealing asphalt) and their influence on the performance of the skid resistance fog seal layer.In research on fog sealing asphalt, studies by Im, Jeong Hyuk [8] have shown that polymer-modified emulsifiers exhibit better cohesive and impermeable properties than unmodified emulsifiers. Research by Hu et al. [9] showed that the water-based epoxy resin in the water-based epoxy asphalt modified emulsion (WEB) can significantly improve the skid resistance and durability of the fog-sealed pavement. Feng et al. [10] evaluated the skid resistance performance of the Tianjin BEST microsealing bonding reductant, the American Master seal, and a new type of bio-oil modified fog seal with sand based on an aggregate image. Measurement System II is a new method for evaluating the surface characteristics of solid fog seals with sand materials. Fei et al. [11] studied the uniform stability, setting time, and bonding strength of three sand fog seal materials mixed with water-based epoxy resin and analyzed the effects of different water-based epoxy resin content for sand fog seal material properties. To overcome the durability shortcomings of reduced skid resistance and insufficient wear resistance of hydrophobic emulsified asphalt coatings, Han et al. [12] proved that 12% WEB content is the best by conducting accelerated wear tests. Jiu-peng et al. [13] showed that considering the permeability and skid resistance performance of the pavement comprehensively, the spraying amount of the fog seal layer should be between 0.2 and 0.4 kg/m2.In a study on skid resistance particles, Estakhri and Agarwal [14] showed that spraying fine sand in the fog seal layer could prevent the rapid decline in the pavement’s skid resistance performance in the short term. Richard et al. [15] found that the spraying of fine sand on the fog seal can prevent the rapid decline in the skid resistance performance of the road surface in the short term. After the fog seal is constructed for 45–60 minutes, the skid resistance performance of the road can be restored to the original road surface within 24 hours. To optimize the application rate of the mist seal layer and regenerant seal, Qureshi et al. [16] studied and evaluated the friction performance and durability of three different types of mist seal layer. Aiming at the problem that the fog seal affects the skid resistance performance of the pavement, Chen et al. [17] used the tire-driven pavement function accelerated loading test system to simulate the actual pavement friction and studied the skid resistance performance of the fog seal spread with skid resistance particles.For the construction technology of the skid resistance fog seal layer, research by Li et al. [18] showed that simultaneous spraying of 0.3 kg/m2–0.35 kg/m2 solvent-based emulsified asphalt and 0.25 kg/m2 emery can improve the skid resistance performance. Yuan and Center [19] have shown that compared with traditional antifog sealant coatings, antislip antifog sealant coatings can improve the antislip performance of pavement and improve the antislip performance of pavement. Then, according to the highway application case, the raw material requirements of the antiskid mist seal layer and the quality control standards of the construction process are summarized.The above research shows that scholars globally have conducted much research on the material formulation and skid resistance performance of the skid resistance fog seal. However, after constructing the skid resistance fog seal, its skid resistance performance and bonding performance will rapidly decline because of vehicle load, tire friction, and other reasons [20]. Regardless of the road type, emulsifier, and usage, within three months, the international friction index parameter F-60 of the fog-sealed pavement will drop by 20%–40% and the surface of the fog seal will not return to the original friction level [21, 22]. The lack of durability was neglected in the early days [23]. The amount and ratio of the fog sealing asphalt and skid resistance in the skid resistance fog seal layer are critical for its skid resistance durability. If the amount of fog sealing asphalt is too high, the skid resistance performance of the pavement will be significantly reduced. If the amount of fog sealing asphalt is too low, the bonding and waterproof effect cannot be achieved, and the imbalance of the ratio between fog sealing asphalt and skid resistance particles will significantly reduce the durability of the antiskid mist seal layer [24]. For construction technology, research from scholars globally is even rarer, and most of them are based on the construction technology of developed countries [25]. Therefore, this article conducts an in-depth study of the above issues.In view of this, this article has carried out research on the following aspects. First, the performance of the mist sealant binder was tested and the optimal fog sealing asphalt formulation was developed. Then the ratio of the amount of fog sealing asphalt and the amount of antiskid particles, the total amount of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt, and the influence of different construction techniques on the BPN of the fog sealing asphalt test piece and the mass loss rate after abrasion were studied, and the amount of skid resistance particles the best ratio with the amount of fog sealing asphalt, the best total amount of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt, and the best construction technology were determined. Finally, the superiority of the recommended skid resistance fog sealing asphalt is verified by the microscopic analysis of the epoxy emulsified asphalt solidification and the BPN abrasion law and the mass loss rate of different asphalt skid resistance fog sealing asphalt samples.


## 2. Materials and Experiment Method

### 2.1. Raw Material

#### 2.1.1. Fog Sealing Asphalt

The research group independently developed the fog sealing asphalt. The principal components are BE-4-type emulsified asphalt, E-44-type water-based epoxy resin emulsion, and a water-based curing agent. Figure1 shows the three components of epoxy-emulsified asphalt.Figure 1
Three components of epoxy-emulsified asphalt. (left: emulsified asphalt for fog seal layer; middle: water-based epoxy resin emulsion; right: water-based curing agent).(1) Waterborne Epoxy Resin Emulsion. Using the reverse method, the E-44-type epoxy resin is emulsified using emulsifier A with the best HLB value to prepare the water-based epoxy resin emulsion [25]. According to the GB/T 38990-2020 [26], the E-44 epoxy resin was tested and its technical properties are shown in Table 1.Table 1
Technical properties of E-44 epoxy resin.
ExteriorSoftening point (oC)Epoxy equivalentShrinkage (%)Thermal expansion coefficient (%)Epoxy value (eq/100 g)Organic chlorine (%)Inorganic chlorine (ppm)Volatile (%)Transparent liquid16–24212.6∼238.1<26–10.20.42–0.47≤0.5≤2001.0(2) Emulsified Asphalt. According to the compatibility test, the BE-4-type emulsified asphalt, which has the best compatibility with the water-based epoxy resin emulsion, is adopted. According to the specification [26–28], the BE-4 emulsified asphalt was tested, and its technical properties are shown in Table 2.Table 2
Technical properties of BE-4 emulsified asphalt.
ProjectsMeasured valueSkills requirementExperiment methodDemulsification speedSlow crackSlow crackT0658Particle charge+Cation (+)T0653Remaining amount on the sieve (1.18 mm sieve) (%)0.01≯0.1T0652Engla viscometer E253.51∼6T0622Evaporation residueContent (%)50.7≮50T0651Penetration (100 g, 25°C, 5 s) (0.1 mm)8850∼300T0604Ductility (15°C) (cm)>100≮40T0605Storage stability at room temperature1 d (%)0.3≯1T06555 d (%)2.8≯5Compatibility (30 min)QualifiedQualifiedBlending method(3) Water-based Curing Agent. According to the compatibility test, the curing agent A with the best compatibility with the BE-4-type emulsified asphalt was selected as the curing agent used in the test. According to GB/T 38990-2020 [26], the curing agent A was tested, and its technical properties are shown in Table 3.Table 3
Technical properties of the water-based curing agent.
Active ingredient content (%)Density (g/cm3)Viscosity (MPa·s)Active hydrogen equivalent50.0 ± 1.01.05–1.125,000–20,000287


#### 2.1.2. Skid Resistance Particles

According to research results [12], Table 4 shows the technical properties of the selected skid resistance particles, which can meet the requirements of the specification [26].Table 4
The technical properties of the skid resistance particles.
Type of skid resistance particlesApparent density (g/cm3)Water content (%)Crushing value (%)Gradation0.6–1.180.3–0.60.6–1.18 : 0.3–0.6Emery3.570.614.728.917 : 3


#### 2.1.3. Asphalt Mixture

In the experiment, the AC-13 asphalt mixture was selected as the fog seal layer carrier, and the properties of the asphalt and aggregates used will not be mentioned. Table5 shows the gradation of the asphalt mixture.Table 5
Mineral grade grading of the AC-13 asphalt mixture.
Screen size (mm)1613.29.54.752.361.180.60.30.150.075Synthetic mass ratio (%)99.992.981.455.337.525.117.410.27.36.1Percentage of required quality pass (%)10090–10068–8538–6824–5015–3810–287–205–154–8


### 2.2. Test Plan

In all the following tests where replicates may be used, the number of specimens prepared shall be at least 4.


#### 2.2.1. Development of Fog Sealing Asphalt Formulation

Among the components of epoxy-emulsified asphalt, the emulsified asphalt is called the asphalt component and the blend system of the water-based epoxy resin emulsion and the water-based curing agent is called the epoxy system component. Take epoxy-emulsified asphalt (A80E2) as an example, where A represents the asphalt component, E represents the epoxy system component, 80 is the asphalt component mass accounting for 80% of the total mass of the epoxy-emulsified asphalt, and 2 represents the remaining epoxy system components. The mass ratio of water-based epoxy resin emulsion to a water-based curing agent is 2 : 1.Based on the previous research results [29] and comprehensively considering the thermosetting properties of the fog sealing asphalt, the formulation of the fog sealing asphalt is initially determined. Then, within the scope of the primary formulation, according to the influence of the components and proportions of various properties, an optimal formulation of the fog sealing asphalt is selected.


#### 2.2.2. Research on Influencing Factors of Skid Resistance Durability of the Skid Resistance Fog Seal

For the research on the factors affecting the skid resistance durability of the fog seal layer, this article plans to conduct the following three aspects: first, study the influence of the ratio of the number of antiskid particles to the amount of mist seal asphalt on the antiskid durability of the mist seal layer. In the test, epoxy-emulsified asphalt of 0.6 kg/m2 was used as the basis; use emery and epoxy-emulsified asphalt with a mass ratio of 4 : 6, 5 : 6, 1 : 1, 7 : 6, and 8 : 6, select the best dosage based on the change in BPN and the rate of abrasion mass loss, and analyze its laws. Second, the effect of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt dosage on the performance of skid resistance fog seal is studied. The skid resistance fog sealing asphalt is divided into skid resistance particle components and fog sealing asphalt components. This test selects the total amount of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt at 0.8 kg/m2, 1.0 kg/m2, 1.2 kg/m2, 1.4 kg/m2, and 1.6 kg/m2; the best choice is based on the change in BPN, and the rate of abrasion mass loss dosage and its law are analyzed. Finally, the influence of construction technology on the performance of the skid resistance fog seal is studied. It is planned to use the one asphalt one sand process, double asphalt and one sand process, and the premixed process to spread the epoxy-emulsified asphalt and emery. The best construction technology is selected through the surface 3D structure, the change in BPN, and the loss rate of abrasion mass, and its law is analyzed.


### 2.3. Experimental Method

#### 2.3.1. Thermosetting Performance Test

Place the cured epoxy-emulsified asphalt products of different formulations to be studied into an oven at a constant temperature curing. After the epoxy-emulsified asphalt is completely cured (48 h), place it in an oven at 90°C for 1 h and then remove it. Observe the surface of the sample.


#### 2.3.2. Bonding Performance Test

The research group developed the bond shear strength meter [30] to determine the bond shear strength between epoxy-emulsified asphalt and asphalt mixture specimens of different formulations and selected the best bond shear strength formulation. The normal stress of the interlayer material shear tester is 0.7 MPa, the loading rate is 10 mm/min, and the test temperature is 20°C. Figure 2 shows the appearance and working principle of the instrument. The test piece was placed in two hollow sleeves of the instrument, the sleeve is a cylinder, the height is 50 mm, and the bottom diameter is 105 mm.Figure 2
Pavement interlayer material shear tester.The test steps are described as follows: (1) according to 2.1.3, to form the rut board, use an automatic core drilling machine to remove the core sample of the rut board. Apply 0.5 kg/m2 of different formula fog sealing asphalt on the surface of the two core samples with structural depth and place it in a 20°C constant temperature curing box. Leave it for 1 h, then glue the two cores together and let it stand for 7 d; (2) place the cured test piece in the shearing mold and then place the whole into the sliding rail of the shearing instrument and set the test parameters; (3) turn on the oil pump and the instrument switch to start the test; (4) take out the test piece with a demolding instrument and repeat steps (2) and (3). Figure 3 shows the damaged form of the sample; (5) according to the calculation method of shear strength specified in formula (1), the bond shear strength τ of the fog sealing asphalt is obtained.(1)τf=FS.Figure 3
Sample destruction form.In the formula,τ is the bonding shear strength (MPa), F is the shearing force (breaking load), and S is the force area: S = π × 50.05 × 50.05 = 7,870 mm2.


#### 2.3.3. Resistance to High-temperature Water Damage Performance Test

The resistance to high-temperature water damage performance test steps is as follows: (1) prepare the Marshall sample. Weigh 1.0 kg/m2 of different fog sealing asphalt, evenly apply them on the surface of the Marshall specimens, and place them at room temperature for curing for three-dimensionally to solidify naturally; (2) divide the cured fog-sealed Marshall specimens into two groups. One group evaluates the Marshall stability, and the other group evaluates and calculates the stability of residual water immersion. Figure 4 shows the fog-sealed Marshall sample after fabrication.Figure 4
Fog-sealed Marshall specimen.


#### 2.3.4. Photothermal Aging Performance Test

The photothermal aging performance test uses a yellowing resistant aging box (Figure5) independently developed by Chang’an University to simulate the ultraviolet aging radiation in the Loess Plateau of northern Shanxi, China. The test parameters are irradiation intensity (250 W/m2), temperature (60°C), and irradiation height (30 cm) from the aging sample. The aging time is 48 h. According to the ultraviolet irradiance acceleration multiple conversion algorithm, a 48-h indoor ultraviolet irradiation box can simulate the ultraviolet aging of more than 205 d in northern Shaanxi. The test uses the mass loss rate and appearance of the cured product after 48 h UV-aging as the evaluation basis using the following formula:(2)N=UXU.Figure 5
Yellowing resistance aging box: (a) appearance of the box; (b) internal structure.
(a)(b)In the formula,N is the accelerated multiple of ultraviolet irradiation, UX is the irradiation intensity of the aging box (W/m2), and U is the average outdoor daily ultraviolet irradiation (W/m2).The test steps are as follows: (1) weigh the massm0 of the rotating film-aging test mold, pour the developed epoxy-emulsified asphalt, and place it in a thermostat not higher than 40°C for curing; (2) when the quality of the sample remains constant, weigh the sample mass m1 at this time, open the yellowing resistant ultraviolet aging box, set the temperature in the box to 60oC, and place four samples for rotating photothermal aging; (3) remove the samples after 48 h and weigh the mass of the aged samples in m2. Convert the mass loss rate of the cured product before and after photothermal aging. The evaluation indicators are as follows: the actual aging status of the emulsified asphalt evaporation residue in the UV-aging box can be divided into four levels, from low to high according to the severity of aging, namely local wrinkles on the surface of the cured material, increased bubbles on the asphalt surface and depression, a large number of wrinkles and slight wrinkles on the asphalt surface cracks, and large cracks on the asphalt surface causing asphalt fracture [29].


#### 2.3.5. Acceleration Wheel Wear Test

To simulate the abrasion effect of the vehicle while using the skid resistance fog seal, an accelerated abrasion tester (Figure6) developed by Chang’an University was used. The rotational linear speed of the polyurethane wheel is 84.78 km/h, which is close to the designed speed of the high-grade highway, and the vertical load is set to 1.4 MPa [31, 32].Figure 6
Accelerated wear tester.Acceleration wheel wear test steps are as follows: (1) sequentially measure the pendulum value BPN, the quality of the blank test piece, and the skid resistance fog seal-test sample with the pendulum instrument (Figure7); (2) place four rut plate test pieces in the installation slot; (3) start the accelerated abrasion test. After the instrument stops rotating, remove the test specimen and measure the BPN of the blank test specimen and the test specimen treated with skidding-resistance and fog sealing at the wear wheel trace and the mass after wear. Figure 8 shows the wear trajectory of the specimen during accelerated wear.Figure 7
British pendulum tester.Figure 8
Wear track of specimen during accelerated wear.The evaluation indicators are described. Figure8 shows the simplified model of the wheel trace after the four rut plate specimens wear, and the BPN on the wear track is measured. The BPN of the skid resistance fog seal sample under a certain amount of wear expresses the skid resistance performance under this amount of wear. The BPN drop of the skid resistance fog seal sample under a certain amount of wear shows that the skid resistance fog seal layer evaluated the skid resistance durability. Therefore, the larger the BPN value in the wear process, the better the skid resistance performance, the slower the BPN decline, and the better the skid resistance durability [33, 34]. Combined with the mass loss rate of the specimen after 100,000 abrasions, the durability of the skid resistance fog seal was evaluated comprehensively.See formula (3) for the calculation of the mass loss rate.(3)V1=m0−m1mb−ma×AA1.In the formula,V1 is the mass loss rate of the test specimen (%), m0 is the mass of the specimen before abrasion (g), m1 is the mass of the specimen after abrasion (g), ma is the skid resistance fog seal is not spread the mass of the specimen (g), mb is the mass of the specimen after the skid resistance fog seal layer is cured (g), A is the area of the specimen (A = 900 cm2), and A1 is the abrasion area of the specimen (A1 = 204.88 cm2).


#### 2.3.6. Test Method of Construction Technology

(1) One Oil and One Sand Process. When the sample is formed using the one oil and one sand process, the spraying device sprays the designed amount of fog sealing asphalt on the rut plate, and the corresponding amount of emery is used. After molding, the sample is placed in a 30°C blast box to keep the temperature constant. The surface is dry, and Figure 9 shows the shape and surface structure of the one-oil-one-sand specimen.Figure 9
One asphalt one sand.(2) Double Oil and One Sand Process. When the sample is formed using the double oil and one sand process, the spraying device sprays half of the designed amount of fog sealing asphalt on the rut plate, and sprinkle emery. After the surface of the sample is dry, the remaining part is sprayed with epoxy-emulsified asphalt. The test specimen is placed in a 30°C blast box at a constant temperature until the surface of the test piece is dry. Figure 10 shows the shape and surface structure of the double asphalt and one sand test specimen.Figure 10
Double asphalt one sand.(3) Premixed Process. When forming the test specimen in the premixing process chamber, weigh the epoxy-emulsified asphalt and emery in proportion, mix them well to form a mortar mixture, spread it evenly on the rut board, and use a scraper and other auxiliary tools to pave it evenly. Figure 11 shows the forming diagram and surface structure of the premix process specimen.Figure 11
Premix process.


## 2.1. Raw Material

### 2.1.1. Fog Sealing Asphalt

The research group independently developed the fog sealing asphalt. The principal components are BE-4-type emulsified asphalt, E-44-type water-based epoxy resin emulsion, and a water-based curing agent. Figure1 shows the three components of epoxy-emulsified asphalt.Figure 1
Three components of epoxy-emulsified asphalt. (left: emulsified asphalt for fog seal layer; middle: water-based epoxy resin emulsion; right: water-based curing agent).(1) Waterborne Epoxy Resin Emulsion. Using the reverse method, the E-44-type epoxy resin is emulsified using emulsifier A with the best HLB value to prepare the water-based epoxy resin emulsion [25]. According to the GB/T 38990-2020 [26], the E-44 epoxy resin was tested and its technical properties are shown in Table 1.Table 1
Technical properties of E-44 epoxy resin.
ExteriorSoftening point (oC)Epoxy equivalentShrinkage (%)Thermal expansion coefficient (%)Epoxy value (eq/100 g)Organic chlorine (%)Inorganic chlorine (ppm)Volatile (%)Transparent liquid16–24212.6∼238.1<26–10.20.42–0.47≤0.5≤2001.0(2) Emulsified Asphalt. According to the compatibility test, the BE-4-type emulsified asphalt, which has the best compatibility with the water-based epoxy resin emulsion, is adopted. According to the specification [26–28], the BE-4 emulsified asphalt was tested, and its technical properties are shown in Table 2.Table 2
Technical properties of BE-4 emulsified asphalt.
ProjectsMeasured valueSkills requirementExperiment methodDemulsification speedSlow crackSlow crackT0658Particle charge+Cation (+)T0653Remaining amount on the sieve (1.18 mm sieve) (%)0.01≯0.1T0652Engla viscometer E253.51∼6T0622Evaporation residueContent (%)50.7≮50T0651Penetration (100 g, 25°C, 5 s) (0.1 mm)8850∼300T0604Ductility (15°C) (cm)>100≮40T0605Storage stability at room temperature1 d (%)0.3≯1T06555 d (%)2.8≯5Compatibility (30 min)QualifiedQualifiedBlending method(3) Water-based Curing Agent. According to the compatibility test, the curing agent A with the best compatibility with the BE-4-type emulsified asphalt was selected as the curing agent used in the test. According to GB/T 38990-2020 [26], the curing agent A was tested, and its technical properties are shown in Table 3.Table 3
Technical properties of the water-based curing agent.
Active ingredient content (%)Density (g/cm3)Viscosity (MPa·s)Active hydrogen equivalent50.0 ± 1.01.05–1.125,000–20,000287


### 2.1.2. Skid Resistance Particles

According to research results [12], Table 4 shows the technical properties of the selected skid resistance particles, which can meet the requirements of the specification [26].Table 4
The technical properties of the skid resistance particles.
Type of skid resistance particlesApparent density (g/cm3)Water content (%)Crushing value (%)Gradation0.6–1.180.3–0.60.6–1.18 : 0.3–0.6Emery3.570.614.728.917 : 3


### 2.1.3. Asphalt Mixture

In the experiment, the AC-13 asphalt mixture was selected as the fog seal layer carrier, and the properties of the asphalt and aggregates used will not be mentioned. Table5 shows the gradation of the asphalt mixture.Table 5
Mineral grade grading of the AC-13 asphalt mixture.
Screen size (mm)1613.29.54.752.361.180.60.30.150.075Synthetic mass ratio (%)99.992.981.455.337.525.117.410.27.36.1Percentage of required quality pass (%)10090–10068–8538–6824–5015–3810–287–205–154–8


## 2.1.1. Fog Sealing Asphalt

The research group independently developed the fog sealing asphalt. The principal components are BE-4-type emulsified asphalt, E-44-type water-based epoxy resin emulsion, and a water-based curing agent. Figure1 shows the three components of epoxy-emulsified asphalt.Figure 1
Three components of epoxy-emulsified asphalt. (left: emulsified asphalt for fog seal layer; middle: water-based epoxy resin emulsion; right: water-based curing agent).(1) Waterborne Epoxy Resin Emulsion. Using the reverse method, the E-44-type epoxy resin is emulsified using emulsifier A with the best HLB value to prepare the water-based epoxy resin emulsion [25]. According to the GB/T 38990-2020 [26], the E-44 epoxy resin was tested and its technical properties are shown in Table 1.Table 1
Technical properties of E-44 epoxy resin.
ExteriorSoftening point (oC)Epoxy equivalentShrinkage (%)Thermal expansion coefficient (%)Epoxy value (eq/100 g)Organic chlorine (%)Inorganic chlorine (ppm)Volatile (%)Transparent liquid16–24212.6∼238.1<26–10.20.42–0.47≤0.5≤2001.0(2) Emulsified Asphalt. According to the compatibility test, the BE-4-type emulsified asphalt, which has the best compatibility with the water-based epoxy resin emulsion, is adopted. According to the specification [26–28], the BE-4 emulsified asphalt was tested, and its technical properties are shown in Table 2.Table 2
Technical properties of BE-4 emulsified asphalt.
ProjectsMeasured valueSkills requirementExperiment methodDemulsification speedSlow crackSlow crackT0658Particle charge+Cation (+)T0653Remaining amount on the sieve (1.18 mm sieve) (%)0.01≯0.1T0652Engla viscometer E253.51∼6T0622Evaporation residueContent (%)50.7≮50T0651Penetration (100 g, 25°C, 5 s) (0.1 mm)8850∼300T0604Ductility (15°C) (cm)>100≮40T0605Storage stability at room temperature1 d (%)0.3≯1T06555 d (%)2.8≯5Compatibility (30 min)QualifiedQualifiedBlending method(3) Water-based Curing Agent. According to the compatibility test, the curing agent A with the best compatibility with the BE-4-type emulsified asphalt was selected as the curing agent used in the test. According to GB/T 38990-2020 [26], the curing agent A was tested, and its technical properties are shown in Table 3.Table 3
Technical properties of the water-based curing agent.
Active ingredient content (%)Density (g/cm3)Viscosity (MPa·s)Active hydrogen equivalent50.0 ± 1.01.05–1.125,000–20,000287


## 2.1.2. Skid Resistance Particles

According to research results [12], Table 4 shows the technical properties of the selected skid resistance particles, which can meet the requirements of the specification [26].Table 4
The technical properties of the skid resistance particles.
Type of skid resistance particlesApparent density (g/cm3)Water content (%)Crushing value (%)Gradation0.6–1.180.3–0.60.6–1.18 : 0.3–0.6Emery3.570.614.728.917 : 3


## 2.1.3. Asphalt Mixture

In the experiment, the AC-13 asphalt mixture was selected as the fog seal layer carrier, and the properties of the asphalt and aggregates used will not be mentioned. Table5 shows the gradation of the asphalt mixture.Table 5
Mineral grade grading of the AC-13 asphalt mixture.
Screen size (mm)1613.29.54.752.361.180.60.30.150.075Synthetic mass ratio (%)99.992.981.455.337.525.117.410.27.36.1Percentage of required quality pass (%)10090–10068–8538–6824–5015–3810–287–205–154–8


## 2.2. Test Plan

In all the following tests where replicates may be used, the number of specimens prepared shall be at least 4.


### 2.2.1. Development of Fog Sealing Asphalt Formulation

Among the components of epoxy-emulsified asphalt, the emulsified asphalt is called the asphalt component and the blend system of the water-based epoxy resin emulsion and the water-based curing agent is called the epoxy system component. Take epoxy-emulsified asphalt (A80E2) as an example, where A represents the asphalt component, E represents the epoxy system component, 80 is the asphalt component mass accounting for 80% of the total mass of the epoxy-emulsified asphalt, and 2 represents the remaining epoxy system components. The mass ratio of water-based epoxy resin emulsion to a water-based curing agent is 2 : 1.Based on the previous research results [29] and comprehensively considering the thermosetting properties of the fog sealing asphalt, the formulation of the fog sealing asphalt is initially determined. Then, within the scope of the primary formulation, according to the influence of the components and proportions of various properties, an optimal formulation of the fog sealing asphalt is selected.


### 2.2.2. Research on Influencing Factors of Skid Resistance Durability of the Skid Resistance Fog Seal

For the research on the factors affecting the skid resistance durability of the fog seal layer, this article plans to conduct the following three aspects: first, study the influence of the ratio of the number of antiskid particles to the amount of mist seal asphalt on the antiskid durability of the mist seal layer. In the test, epoxy-emulsified asphalt of 0.6 kg/m2 was used as the basis; use emery and epoxy-emulsified asphalt with a mass ratio of 4 : 6, 5 : 6, 1 : 1, 7 : 6, and 8 : 6, select the best dosage based on the change in BPN and the rate of abrasion mass loss, and analyze its laws. Second, the effect of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt dosage on the performance of skid resistance fog seal is studied. The skid resistance fog sealing asphalt is divided into skid resistance particle components and fog sealing asphalt components. This test selects the total amount of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt at 0.8 kg/m2, 1.0 kg/m2, 1.2 kg/m2, 1.4 kg/m2, and 1.6 kg/m2; the best choice is based on the change in BPN, and the rate of abrasion mass loss dosage and its law are analyzed. Finally, the influence of construction technology on the performance of the skid resistance fog seal is studied. It is planned to use the one asphalt one sand process, double asphalt and one sand process, and the premixed process to spread the epoxy-emulsified asphalt and emery. The best construction technology is selected through the surface 3D structure, the change in BPN, and the loss rate of abrasion mass, and its law is analyzed.


## 2.2.1. Development of Fog Sealing Asphalt Formulation

Among the components of epoxy-emulsified asphalt, the emulsified asphalt is called the asphalt component and the blend system of the water-based epoxy resin emulsion and the water-based curing agent is called the epoxy system component. Take epoxy-emulsified asphalt (A80E2) as an example, where A represents the asphalt component, E represents the epoxy system component, 80 is the asphalt component mass accounting for 80% of the total mass of the epoxy-emulsified asphalt, and 2 represents the remaining epoxy system components. The mass ratio of water-based epoxy resin emulsion to a water-based curing agent is 2 : 1.Based on the previous research results [29] and comprehensively considering the thermosetting properties of the fog sealing asphalt, the formulation of the fog sealing asphalt is initially determined. Then, within the scope of the primary formulation, according to the influence of the components and proportions of various properties, an optimal formulation of the fog sealing asphalt is selected.


## 2.2.2. Research on Influencing Factors of Skid Resistance Durability of the Skid Resistance Fog Seal

For the research on the factors affecting the skid resistance durability of the fog seal layer, this article plans to conduct the following three aspects: first, study the influence of the ratio of the number of antiskid particles to the amount of mist seal asphalt on the antiskid durability of the mist seal layer. In the test, epoxy-emulsified asphalt of 0.6 kg/m2 was used as the basis; use emery and epoxy-emulsified asphalt with a mass ratio of 4 : 6, 5 : 6, 1 : 1, 7 : 6, and 8 : 6, select the best dosage based on the change in BPN and the rate of abrasion mass loss, and analyze its laws. Second, the effect of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt dosage on the performance of skid resistance fog seal is studied. The skid resistance fog sealing asphalt is divided into skid resistance particle components and fog sealing asphalt components. This test selects the total amount of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt at 0.8 kg/m2, 1.0 kg/m2, 1.2 kg/m2, 1.4 kg/m2, and 1.6 kg/m2; the best choice is based on the change in BPN, and the rate of abrasion mass loss dosage and its law are analyzed. Finally, the influence of construction technology on the performance of the skid resistance fog seal is studied. It is planned to use the one asphalt one sand process, double asphalt and one sand process, and the premixed process to spread the epoxy-emulsified asphalt and emery. The best construction technology is selected through the surface 3D structure, the change in BPN, and the loss rate of abrasion mass, and its law is analyzed.


## 2.3. Experimental Method

### 2.3.1. Thermosetting Performance Test

Place the cured epoxy-emulsified asphalt products of different formulations to be studied into an oven at a constant temperature curing. After the epoxy-emulsified asphalt is completely cured (48 h), place it in an oven at 90°C for 1 h and then remove it. Observe the surface of the sample.


### 2.3.2. Bonding Performance Test

The research group developed the bond shear strength meter [30] to determine the bond shear strength between epoxy-emulsified asphalt and asphalt mixture specimens of different formulations and selected the best bond shear strength formulation. The normal stress of the interlayer material shear tester is 0.7 MPa, the loading rate is 10 mm/min, and the test temperature is 20°C. Figure 2 shows the appearance and working principle of the instrument. The test piece was placed in two hollow sleeves of the instrument, the sleeve is a cylinder, the height is 50 mm, and the bottom diameter is 105 mm.Figure 2
Pavement interlayer material shear tester.The test steps are described as follows: (1) according to 2.1.3, to form the rut board, use an automatic core drilling machine to remove the core sample of the rut board. Apply 0.5 kg/m2 of different formula fog sealing asphalt on the surface of the two core samples with structural depth and place it in a 20°C constant temperature curing box. Leave it for 1 h, then glue the two cores together and let it stand for 7 d; (2) place the cured test piece in the shearing mold and then place the whole into the sliding rail of the shearing instrument and set the test parameters; (3) turn on the oil pump and the instrument switch to start the test; (4) take out the test piece with a demolding instrument and repeat steps (2) and (3). Figure 3 shows the damaged form of the sample; (5) according to the calculation method of shear strength specified in formula (1), the bond shear strength τ of the fog sealing asphalt is obtained.(1)τf=FS.Figure 3
Sample destruction form.In the formula,τ is the bonding shear strength (MPa), F is the shearing force (breaking load), and S is the force area: S = π × 50.05 × 50.05 = 7,870 mm2.


### 2.3.3. Resistance to High-temperature Water Damage Performance Test

The resistance to high-temperature water damage performance test steps is as follows: (1) prepare the Marshall sample. Weigh 1.0 kg/m2 of different fog sealing asphalt, evenly apply them on the surface of the Marshall specimens, and place them at room temperature for curing for three-dimensionally to solidify naturally; (2) divide the cured fog-sealed Marshall specimens into two groups. One group evaluates the Marshall stability, and the other group evaluates and calculates the stability of residual water immersion. Figure 4 shows the fog-sealed Marshall sample after fabrication.Figure 4
Fog-sealed Marshall specimen.


### 2.3.4. Photothermal Aging Performance Test

The photothermal aging performance test uses a yellowing resistant aging box (Figure5) independently developed by Chang’an University to simulate the ultraviolet aging radiation in the Loess Plateau of northern Shanxi, China. The test parameters are irradiation intensity (250 W/m2), temperature (60°C), and irradiation height (30 cm) from the aging sample. The aging time is 48 h. According to the ultraviolet irradiance acceleration multiple conversion algorithm, a 48-h indoor ultraviolet irradiation box can simulate the ultraviolet aging of more than 205 d in northern Shaanxi. The test uses the mass loss rate and appearance of the cured product after 48 h UV-aging as the evaluation basis using the following formula:(2)N=UXU.Figure 5
Yellowing resistance aging box: (a) appearance of the box; (b) internal structure.
(a)(b)In the formula,N is the accelerated multiple of ultraviolet irradiation, UX is the irradiation intensity of the aging box (W/m2), and U is the average outdoor daily ultraviolet irradiation (W/m2).The test steps are as follows: (1) weigh the massm0 of the rotating film-aging test mold, pour the developed epoxy-emulsified asphalt, and place it in a thermostat not higher than 40°C for curing; (2) when the quality of the sample remains constant, weigh the sample mass m1 at this time, open the yellowing resistant ultraviolet aging box, set the temperature in the box to 60oC, and place four samples for rotating photothermal aging; (3) remove the samples after 48 h and weigh the mass of the aged samples in m2. Convert the mass loss rate of the cured product before and after photothermal aging. The evaluation indicators are as follows: the actual aging status of the emulsified asphalt evaporation residue in the UV-aging box can be divided into four levels, from low to high according to the severity of aging, namely local wrinkles on the surface of the cured material, increased bubbles on the asphalt surface and depression, a large number of wrinkles and slight wrinkles on the asphalt surface cracks, and large cracks on the asphalt surface causing asphalt fracture [29].


### 2.3.5. Acceleration Wheel Wear Test

To simulate the abrasion effect of the vehicle while using the skid resistance fog seal, an accelerated abrasion tester (Figure6) developed by Chang’an University was used. The rotational linear speed of the polyurethane wheel is 84.78 km/h, which is close to the designed speed of the high-grade highway, and the vertical load is set to 1.4 MPa [31, 32].Figure 6
Accelerated wear tester.Acceleration wheel wear test steps are as follows: (1) sequentially measure the pendulum value BPN, the quality of the blank test piece, and the skid resistance fog seal-test sample with the pendulum instrument (Figure7); (2) place four rut plate test pieces in the installation slot; (3) start the accelerated abrasion test. After the instrument stops rotating, remove the test specimen and measure the BPN of the blank test specimen and the test specimen treated with skidding-resistance and fog sealing at the wear wheel trace and the mass after wear. Figure 8 shows the wear trajectory of the specimen during accelerated wear.Figure 7
British pendulum tester.Figure 8
Wear track of specimen during accelerated wear.The evaluation indicators are described. Figure8 shows the simplified model of the wheel trace after the four rut plate specimens wear, and the BPN on the wear track is measured. The BPN of the skid resistance fog seal sample under a certain amount of wear expresses the skid resistance performance under this amount of wear. The BPN drop of the skid resistance fog seal sample under a certain amount of wear shows that the skid resistance fog seal layer evaluated the skid resistance durability. Therefore, the larger the BPN value in the wear process, the better the skid resistance performance, the slower the BPN decline, and the better the skid resistance durability [33, 34]. Combined with the mass loss rate of the specimen after 100,000 abrasions, the durability of the skid resistance fog seal was evaluated comprehensively.See formula (3) for the calculation of the mass loss rate.(3)V1=m0−m1mb−ma×AA1.In the formula,V1 is the mass loss rate of the test specimen (%), m0 is the mass of the specimen before abrasion (g), m1 is the mass of the specimen after abrasion (g), ma is the skid resistance fog seal is not spread the mass of the specimen (g), mb is the mass of the specimen after the skid resistance fog seal layer is cured (g), A is the area of the specimen (A = 900 cm2), and A1 is the abrasion area of the specimen (A1 = 204.88 cm2).


### 2.3.6. Test Method of Construction Technology

(1) One Oil and One Sand Process. When the sample is formed using the one oil and one sand process, the spraying device sprays the designed amount of fog sealing asphalt on the rut plate, and the corresponding amount of emery is used. After molding, the sample is placed in a 30°C blast box to keep the temperature constant. The surface is dry, and Figure 9 shows the shape and surface structure of the one-oil-one-sand specimen.Figure 9
One asphalt one sand.(2) Double Oil and One Sand Process. When the sample is formed using the double oil and one sand process, the spraying device sprays half of the designed amount of fog sealing asphalt on the rut plate, and sprinkle emery. After the surface of the sample is dry, the remaining part is sprayed with epoxy-emulsified asphalt. The test specimen is placed in a 30°C blast box at a constant temperature until the surface of the test piece is dry. Figure 10 shows the shape and surface structure of the double asphalt and one sand test specimen.Figure 10
Double asphalt one sand.(3) Premixed Process. When forming the test specimen in the premixing process chamber, weigh the epoxy-emulsified asphalt and emery in proportion, mix them well to form a mortar mixture, spread it evenly on the rut board, and use a scraper and other auxiliary tools to pave it evenly. Figure 11 shows the forming diagram and surface structure of the premix process specimen.Figure 11
Premix process.


## 2.3.1. Thermosetting Performance Test

Place the cured epoxy-emulsified asphalt products of different formulations to be studied into an oven at a constant temperature curing. After the epoxy-emulsified asphalt is completely cured (48 h), place it in an oven at 90°C for 1 h and then remove it. Observe the surface of the sample.


## 2.3.2. Bonding Performance Test

The research group developed the bond shear strength meter [30] to determine the bond shear strength between epoxy-emulsified asphalt and asphalt mixture specimens of different formulations and selected the best bond shear strength formulation. The normal stress of the interlayer material shear tester is 0.7 MPa, the loading rate is 10 mm/min, and the test temperature is 20°C. Figure 2 shows the appearance and working principle of the instrument. The test piece was placed in two hollow sleeves of the instrument, the sleeve is a cylinder, the height is 50 mm, and the bottom diameter is 105 mm.Figure 2
Pavement interlayer material shear tester.The test steps are described as follows: (1) according to 2.1.3, to form the rut board, use an automatic core drilling machine to remove the core sample of the rut board. Apply 0.5 kg/m2 of different formula fog sealing asphalt on the surface of the two core samples with structural depth and place it in a 20°C constant temperature curing box. Leave it for 1 h, then glue the two cores together and let it stand for 7 d; (2) place the cured test piece in the shearing mold and then place the whole into the sliding rail of the shearing instrument and set the test parameters; (3) turn on the oil pump and the instrument switch to start the test; (4) take out the test piece with a demolding instrument and repeat steps (2) and (3). Figure 3 shows the damaged form of the sample; (5) according to the calculation method of shear strength specified in formula (1), the bond shear strength τ of the fog sealing asphalt is obtained.(1)τf=FS.Figure 3
Sample destruction form.In the formula,τ is the bonding shear strength (MPa), F is the shearing force (breaking load), and S is the force area: S = π × 50.05 × 50.05 = 7,870 mm2.


## 2.3.3. Resistance to High-temperature Water Damage Performance Test

The resistance to high-temperature water damage performance test steps is as follows: (1) prepare the Marshall sample. Weigh 1.0 kg/m2 of different fog sealing asphalt, evenly apply them on the surface of the Marshall specimens, and place them at room temperature for curing for three-dimensionally to solidify naturally; (2) divide the cured fog-sealed Marshall specimens into two groups. One group evaluates the Marshall stability, and the other group evaluates and calculates the stability of residual water immersion. Figure 4 shows the fog-sealed Marshall sample after fabrication.Figure 4
Fog-sealed Marshall specimen.


## 2.3.4. Photothermal Aging Performance Test

The photothermal aging performance test uses a yellowing resistant aging box (Figure5) independently developed by Chang’an University to simulate the ultraviolet aging radiation in the Loess Plateau of northern Shanxi, China. The test parameters are irradiation intensity (250 W/m2), temperature (60°C), and irradiation height (30 cm) from the aging sample. The aging time is 48 h. According to the ultraviolet irradiance acceleration multiple conversion algorithm, a 48-h indoor ultraviolet irradiation box can simulate the ultraviolet aging of more than 205 d in northern Shaanxi. The test uses the mass loss rate and appearance of the cured product after 48 h UV-aging as the evaluation basis using the following formula:(2)N=UXU.Figure 5
Yellowing resistance aging box: (a) appearance of the box; (b) internal structure.
(a)(b)In the formula,N is the accelerated multiple of ultraviolet irradiation, UX is the irradiation intensity of the aging box (W/m2), and U is the average outdoor daily ultraviolet irradiation (W/m2).The test steps are as follows: (1) weigh the massm0 of the rotating film-aging test mold, pour the developed epoxy-emulsified asphalt, and place it in a thermostat not higher than 40°C for curing; (2) when the quality of the sample remains constant, weigh the sample mass m1 at this time, open the yellowing resistant ultraviolet aging box, set the temperature in the box to 60oC, and place four samples for rotating photothermal aging; (3) remove the samples after 48 h and weigh the mass of the aged samples in m2. Convert the mass loss rate of the cured product before and after photothermal aging. The evaluation indicators are as follows: the actual aging status of the emulsified asphalt evaporation residue in the UV-aging box can be divided into four levels, from low to high according to the severity of aging, namely local wrinkles on the surface of the cured material, increased bubbles on the asphalt surface and depression, a large number of wrinkles and slight wrinkles on the asphalt surface cracks, and large cracks on the asphalt surface causing asphalt fracture [29].


## 2.3.5. Acceleration Wheel Wear Test

To simulate the abrasion effect of the vehicle while using the skid resistance fog seal, an accelerated abrasion tester (Figure6) developed by Chang’an University was used. The rotational linear speed of the polyurethane wheel is 84.78 km/h, which is close to the designed speed of the high-grade highway, and the vertical load is set to 1.4 MPa [31, 32].Figure 6
Accelerated wear tester.Acceleration wheel wear test steps are as follows: (1) sequentially measure the pendulum value BPN, the quality of the blank test piece, and the skid resistance fog seal-test sample with the pendulum instrument (Figure7); (2) place four rut plate test pieces in the installation slot; (3) start the accelerated abrasion test. After the instrument stops rotating, remove the test specimen and measure the BPN of the blank test specimen and the test specimen treated with skidding-resistance and fog sealing at the wear wheel trace and the mass after wear. Figure 8 shows the wear trajectory of the specimen during accelerated wear.Figure 7
British pendulum tester.Figure 8
Wear track of specimen during accelerated wear.The evaluation indicators are described. Figure8 shows the simplified model of the wheel trace after the four rut plate specimens wear, and the BPN on the wear track is measured. The BPN of the skid resistance fog seal sample under a certain amount of wear expresses the skid resistance performance under this amount of wear. The BPN drop of the skid resistance fog seal sample under a certain amount of wear shows that the skid resistance fog seal layer evaluated the skid resistance durability. Therefore, the larger the BPN value in the wear process, the better the skid resistance performance, the slower the BPN decline, and the better the skid resistance durability [33, 34]. Combined with the mass loss rate of the specimen after 100,000 abrasions, the durability of the skid resistance fog seal was evaluated comprehensively.See formula (3) for the calculation of the mass loss rate.(3)V1=m0−m1mb−ma×AA1.In the formula,V1 is the mass loss rate of the test specimen (%), m0 is the mass of the specimen before abrasion (g), m1 is the mass of the specimen after abrasion (g), ma is the skid resistance fog seal is not spread the mass of the specimen (g), mb is the mass of the specimen after the skid resistance fog seal layer is cured (g), A is the area of the specimen (A = 900 cm2), and A1 is the abrasion area of the specimen (A1 = 204.88 cm2).


## 2.3.6. Test Method of Construction Technology

(1) One Oil and One Sand Process. When the sample is formed using the one oil and one sand process, the spraying device sprays the designed amount of fog sealing asphalt on the rut plate, and the corresponding amount of emery is used. After molding, the sample is placed in a 30°C blast box to keep the temperature constant. The surface is dry, and Figure 9 shows the shape and surface structure of the one-oil-one-sand specimen.Figure 9
One asphalt one sand.(2) Double Oil and One Sand Process. When the sample is formed using the double oil and one sand process, the spraying device sprays half of the designed amount of fog sealing asphalt on the rut plate, and sprinkle emery. After the surface of the sample is dry, the remaining part is sprayed with epoxy-emulsified asphalt. The test specimen is placed in a 30°C blast box at a constant temperature until the surface of the test piece is dry. Figure 10 shows the shape and surface structure of the double asphalt and one sand test specimen.Figure 10
Double asphalt one sand.(3) Premixed Process. When forming the test specimen in the premixing process chamber, weigh the epoxy-emulsified asphalt and emery in proportion, mix them well to form a mortar mixture, spread it evenly on the rut board, and use a scraper and other auxiliary tools to pave it evenly. Figure 11 shows the forming diagram and surface structure of the premix process specimen.Figure 11
Premix process.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Preliminary Selection of the Fog Sealing Asphalt Material Ratio

The instructions for curing agent A show that the mass ratio of water-based epoxy resin emulsion and curing agent A ranges from 2 : 1 to 4 : 1.In the epoxy resin emulsified asphalt, when the asphalt component content exceeds 50%, the overall performance of the material approaches the asphalt property, and the fracture resistance is significantly improved. When the epoxy system component is higher than 50%, the overall resin is the matrix and the material is susceptible to tensile fracture [29, 30]. For pavement spray materials, once the proportion of epoxy system components (water-based epoxy resin emulsion and water-based curing agent) exceeds 50%, the cured product of epoxy-emulsified asphalt has a significant thermosetting and increased brittleness, causing it to break easily under the action of external factors and peels off from the surface layer. Therefore, it is unsuitable to be used as a pavement fog sealing asphalt. Given this, the test determined the mass range of the emulsified asphalt component in the epoxy-emulsified asphalt to be 50%–90% of the total mass. In the epoxy system components, the mass ratio of the water-based epoxy resin emulsion to the water-based curing agent was 2 : 1–4 : 1.To determine the range of epoxy-emulsified asphalt formulations, different formulations of epoxy-emulsified asphalt-cured products were used and put into an oven for constant temperature curing. After the epoxy-emulsified asphalt is completely cured, place it in an oven at 90°C and bake it for 1 h. The thermosetting test results are shown in Table6.Table 6
Thermosetting grade of cured product.
Formula codeA50(E2)A60(E2)A70(E2)A80(E2)A90(E2)Thermoset performanceNo changeSurface slightly flowsSurface flowsFlowing occurs above the middleThe whole is flowingFormula codeA50(E3)A60(E3)A70(E3)A80(E3)A90(E3)Thermoset performanceNo changeSurface flowsPartly flowingMost of it is flowingThe whole is flowingFormula codeA50(E4)A60(E4)A70(E4)A80(E4)A90(E4)Thermoset performanceNo changeSurface flowsFlowing occurs above the middleMost of it is flowingThe whole is flowingTable6 shows that after the cured product is baked, the samples with the formula codes A50(E2), A50(E3), and A50(E4) are thermosetting. When the cured product’s asphalt component mass accounts for no less than 60% of the total mass, as the proportion of the asphalt component increases and the ratio of the two components of the epoxy system increases, the cured product has a transformation tendency from thermosetting to thermoplastics.Therefore, follow-up tests are screened in the range ofAi (Ej) {i = 60, 70, 80, 90; j = 2, 3, 4}, combined with the bonding and aging performance of the fog sealing asphalt. The performance of high-temperature water damage resistance comprehensively determines the best formula of fog sealing asphalt.


### 3.2. Optimum Ratio of Fog Sealing Asphalt

#### 3.2.1. Bond Performance Test Results

Table7 and Figure 12 show the test results of the bond shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt with different formulations and common asphalt for fog seal.Table 7
Bond shear strength.
Formula codeA70(E2)A75(E2)A80(E2)A85(E2)A90(E2)F (kN)3.314.415.204.884.72τf (MPa)0.420.560.660.620.60Formula codeA70(E3)A75(E3)A80(E3)A85(E3)A90(E3)F (kN)3.544.725.354.964.71τf (MPa)0.450.600.680.630.60Formula codeA70(E4)A75(E4)A80(E4)A85(E4)A90(E4)F (kN)3.934.495.124.724.56τf (MPa)0.500.570.650.600.58Formula codeCommonly used asphalt for fog sealF (kN)4.41τf (MPa)0.55Figure 12
Cohesive shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt.Table7 and Figure 12 show that when the ratio of the two components of the epoxy system is constant, with the increase in the asphalt component content, the adhesive shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt will first increase and then decrease. And when the asphalt component reaches 75%, the adhesive shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt will become higher than that of common asphalt for fog seal. When the asphalt component increases to 80%, the bonding shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt reaches its peak. Among them, A80(E3) > A80(E2) > A80(E4). The adhesive shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt with sample numbers A80(E3), A80(E2), and A80(E4) is increased by 21%, 18%, and 16%, respectively, compared with the commonly used asphalt for fog seals.Based on the best consideration of bonding performance, the epoxy-emulsified asphalt formulations numbered A80(E3), A80(E2), and A80(E4) are adopted.


#### 3.2.2. High-Temperature Water Damage Test Results

Table8 shows the test results of residual immersion stability of different fog seal Marshall specimens.Table 8
Immersion residual stability of fog seal Marshall specimens.
Formula codeA60(E2)A60(E3)A60(E4)A70(E2)A70(E3)A70(E4)Blank specimenMS0 (%)93.393.993.990.193.093.286.6MS0/86.61.071.081.081.041.071.081Formula codeA80(E2)A80(E3)A80(E4)A90(E2)A90(E3)A90(E4)Commonly used asphalt for fog sealMS0 (%)97.796.495.089.087.688.391.6MS0/86.61.131.101.091.031.001.021.06As can be seen from Table8, the change in the ratio of the two components of the epoxy system has a specific impact on the residual stability of the mist seal Marshall specimens, but the impact is lower than the change in the quality of the asphalt components. When the asphalt component content is 80%, the fog seal Marshall specimen has the largest increase than the blank specimen. Among them, the fog seal asphalt under A80(E2) has the best high-temperature water damage resistance, and the residual stability of the specimen is comparable with the blank sample; it is increased by 13%.


#### 3.2.3. Resistance to Aging Performance Test Results

(1) The Quality Loss Rate of the Cured Product. Figure 13 shows the mass loss rate of the cured product of the epoxy-emulsified fog seal asphalt after 48-h photothermal aging. The mass loss rate of commonly used asphalt for fog seal is 5.7%.Figure 13
The mass loss rate of cured products after photothermal aging.Figure13 shows that when the asphalt component content is greater than 80%, the increase in the asphalt component and the ratio of the two components of the epoxy system will reduce the mass loss rate of the cured product after 48 h UV-aging, and both are lower than those commonly used in fog seals. For the asphalt quality loss rate, A90(E2) < A90(E3) < A90(E4) < A80(E2) < A80(E3). The mass loss rate of A90(E2) is 3.09%, which is the smallest among all UV-aging samples.(2) Aging Appearance Classification. According to the UV-aging classification method of the evaporation residue of emulsified asphalt, the light and heat aging resistance of the cured epoxy-emulsified asphalt of different formulations is analyzed. Figure 14 shows the appearance and morphology, and Table 9 shows the aging classification results based on the appearance and morphology.Figure 14
The morphology of the cured product of the fog seal asphalt after photothermal aging. (a) Level I aging (small wrinkles and bubbles). (b) Level II aging (significant bubbles, surface depression). (c) Level III aging (large folds). (d) Level IV aging (fracture).
(a)(b)(c)(d)Table 9
Photothermal aging status.
Aging conditionCured typeLevel IA90(E2) < A90(E3) < A90(E4) < A80(E2)Level IIA80(E3) < A70(E3) < A60(E2) < A80(E4) < Commonly used asphalt for fog sealLevel IIIA60(E3) < A70(E4) <A60(E4)Level IVA70(E2)(3) Formula Selection of Aging Resistance Fog Seal Asphalt. Combining the two indicators of the quality loss rate of the cured product and the appearance-aging evaluation, the fog seal asphalt formula with better aging resistance is A90(E2), A90(E3), A90(E4), and A80(E2).


#### 3.2.4. The Best Formulation of Epoxy-Emulsified Asphalt as a Fog Seal Asphalt

Combined with research on epoxy-emulsified asphalt bonding performance, high-temperature water damage resistance, and light and heat aging resistance, the best formulation for epoxy-emulsified asphalt is selected as the fog seal asphalt. Table10 shows the best formulations of various properties, and that by combining the three properties, epoxy-emulsified asphalt formula A80 (E2) is the most suitable as a fog sealing asphalt.Table 10
Optimal formula for various performance.
Fog seal asphalt performanceEpoxy emulsified asphalt formulaBonding performanceA80(E3); A80(E2); A80(E4)High-temperature water damage performanceA80(E2); A80(E3); A60(E3); A70(E4)Aging resistance performanceA90(E2); A90(E3); A90(E4); A80(E2)


### 3.3. Influence of the Ratio of the Number of Skid Resistance Particles to the Amount of Fog Seal Asphalt for the Skid Resistance Durability of the Skid Resistance Fog Seal Layer

Take the amount of epoxy-emulsified asphalt to be 0.6 kg/m2. Table 11 shows the proportion of emery content to epoxy-emulsified asphalt and the amount of emery spreading.Table 11
The ratio of the amount of emery to the amount of epoxy emulsified asphalt and the amount of emery spreading in the skid resistance fog seal-test specimen.
The ratio of emery content to epoxy emulsified asphalt4 : 65 : 61 : 17 : 68 : 6Emery content (kg/m2)0.40.50.60.70.8Total amount of emery (g)3645546372Figure15 shows the BPN change rule of the fog seal-test specimen formed in different proportions of emery content and epoxy-emulsified asphalt content during the wear process. Figure 16 shows the mass loss rate of the test piece after 100,000 times abrasion.Figure 15
BPN abrasion law of specimens.Figure 16
Mass loss rate of specimens.It can be seen from Figures15 and 16 that the wear times BPN curves of the molded specimens in varying proportions first decrease rapidly and then tend to be flat. As the proportion increases, the mass loss of the skid resistance fog seal specimens’ first decreases and then increases rapidly. Among the five ratios studied, the initial BPN value of the fog seal layer sample decreases with the increase in the ratio, that is, when the ratio of the two is 4 : 6, the initial skid resistance performance is the best. As the number of wear increases, when the ratio is 1 : 1, the BPN curve of the abraded skid resistance fog seal specimen is at the top, and the skid resistance durability is the best. When the ratio is small, the epoxy-emulsified asphalt does not adequately wrap the emery, resulting in a significant increase in the surface roughness of the unwearied test piece. However, because of insufficient adhesion between the whole skid resistance fog seal and the test specimen, it is easy to wear out and BPN decreases rapidly during the wear process. When the ratio is large, the skid resistance effect of emery is weakened because of the over-wrapping of epoxy-emulsified asphalt, the skid resistance fog seal layer wears seriously under the action of the wheel rolling, and the BPN decreases rapidly. When the ratio is close to 1 : 1, the emery is fully and uniformly covered by the epoxy-emulsified asphalt, and the surface structure is gradually filled. After repeated abrasions, it shows the best skid resistance performance. What is more, after 100,000 abrasions, the BPN values of the five specimens were reduced by 33.8, 35.1, 27.4, 31.0, and 28.2%. When the ratio was 1 : 1, the BPN decrease was the smallest. Similar to the BPN law, the mass loss rate curve reaches a minimum of 58.9% near the ratio of 1 : 1.In summary, when the proportion of emery and epoxy-emulsified asphalt is 1 : 1, the skid resistance durability of the fog seal is the best.


### 3.4. Influence of the Total Amount of Skid Resistance Fog Sealing Asphalt on the Skid Resistance Durability of the Skid Resistance Fog Seal Layer

Section3.3 explained that when the ratio of emery content to epoxy-emulsified asphalt is selected at 1 : 1, it can ensure better antiskid durability. This section, according to the change in the total amount of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt, calculates the required optimal skid resistance particle content and the amount of fog seal material used in each skid resistance fog seal-test specimen according to the ratio 1 : 1, as shown in Table 12.Table 12
The dosage and total dosage of each material component of skid resistance fog seal asphalt.
Each material component of skid resistance fog seal asphaltThe amount of each material component of the test specimen (g) when the total amount of the following skid resistance fog seal asphalt material (kg/m2)0.40.50.60.70.8Epoxy-emulsified asphalt3645546372Emery3645546372Total amount of materials7290108126144Figure17 shows the variation in BPN of epoxy-emulsified asphalt skid resistance fog seal-test specimens formed with the different total amount of skid resistance fog seal asphalt during accelerated wear. Figure 18 shows the mass loss rate of the test specimens after 100,000 abrasions.Figure 17
BPN abrasion law of specimens.Figure 18
Mass loss rate of specimens.As can be seen From Figures17 and 18 that the abrasion times BPN curves of the total amount of different skid resistance fog seal asphalt drop rapidly and then tend to be flat. With the increase in the total amount of skid resistance fog seal asphalt, the mass loss of the specimen wear first decreases and then increases. In the five types of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt materials studied, the initial BPN value of the test specimen decreases with the increase in the total amount. When the amount of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt is 0.8 kg/m2, the initial skid resistance performance is the best. As the number of wear increases, the BPN curve with a 1.2 kg/m2 of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt is at the top, and the skid resistance durability is the best. Although the proportion of emery and epoxy-emulsified asphalt is the same, when the total amount is smaller, emery penetrates the thinner skid resistance fog seal layer and the height of emery particles on the surface of the skid resistance fog seal is larger, causing its initial antiskid performance to be high. As the number of wear increases, the convex emery of the skid resistance fog seal with a smaller total amount has a smaller bond with the epoxy-emulsified asphalt, causing the emery to be easily worn off during the abrasion process, and the BPN decreases rapidly [35].In addition, the most representative specimen is 0.8 kg/m2. When it is worn out 80,000–90,000 times, the emery is first worn away. The BPN value in the early stage drops rapidly, and the epoxy-emulsified asphalt is almost completely worn out. The original surface of the test specimens is exposed, so the BPN is slightly improved in the later period. When the total amount is large, the emery is completely suspended in the epoxy-emulsified asphalt, producing a thicker oil film on the surface of the skid resistance fog seal layer, weakening the skid resistance performance, and the BPN is always small. When the dosage is 1.2 kg/m2, the thickness of the skid resistance fog seal layer is moderate, the height of the emery bulge is moderate, and the bond between emery and epoxy-emulsified asphalt is good. Therefore, BPN is the largest, and it shows the best skid resistance performance and durability performance after repeated abrasion. What is more, the BPN of the five specimens decreased by 37.3%, 34.2%, 27.4%, 28.8%, and 32.4% after 100,000 abrasions. Among them, when the total amount of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt is 1.2 kg/m2, the BPN decrease is the smallest. The result is similar when the total amount of antiskid fog seal cement is 1.2 kg/m2, the mass loss rate reaches the minimum 58.9%, showing the best skid resistance durability.In summary, when the total dosage is 1.2 kg/m2, the skid resistance fog seal layer exhibits better skid resistance durability.


### 3.5. Influence of the Construction Process on the Performance of the Skid Resistance Fog Seal

#### 3.5.1. Surface 3D Structure

The cured surface of the skid resistance fog seal-test specimens paved by the one asphalt one sand process, the double asphalt one sand process, and the premix process are captured by a camera and imported into Image-Pro Plus software for grayscale. The 3D structure map is derived from chemical processing [36], and the depth and uniformity of the surface structure are used to evaluate the impact of the three construction processes on the skid resistance durability of the pavement. Figure 19 shows the surface 3D structure of the specimens with different construction processes.Figure 19
The 3D structure of the surface of the specimen with different construction process: (a) one asphalt one sand; (b) double asphalt one sand; (c) premix process.
(a)(b)(c)It can be seen from Figure19 that the surface structure of the skid resistance fog seal-test specimen constructed using the one asphalt one sand process has the largest depth, which is characterized by the largest height difference but uneven distribution. This is because the skid resistance particles are spread on the fog seal asphalt and asphalt cannot completely cover the antislip particles. Therefore, the structure depth is relatively large, but spreading the skid resistance particles by hand results in poor uniformity because the skid resistance particles are spread between the two layers of fog seal asphalt, and the wrapping performance is better than the one asphalt one sand process. However, the skid resistance particles inevitably follow sliding when the surface layer of the fog seal asphalt is applied, resulting in a relatively concentrated phenomenon in the center of the skid resistance particles. In addition, the premixing process has the advantages of the above two processes. The surface height difference in the skid resistance fog seal layer specimens constructed by it is the smallest, and the overall uniformity of the specimens is excellent. This is because the premixing process first mixes and stirs the skid resistance particles and the fog seal asphalt to a specific proportion. The skid resistance particles are suspended in the fog seal asphalt in a specific gradation. After the skid resistance fog seal layer is sprayed, the skid resistance particles are evenly distributed and completely covered by the fog seal asphalt. Although the initial structure depth is reduced, the uniformity and skid resistance durability can be improved.


#### 3.5.2. Skid Resistance Durability

Figures20 and 21 show the BPN abrasion law of the skid resistance seal-test specimens formed by three construction processes and the mass loss rate after 100,000 abrasions.Figure 20
BPN wear law of different processes.Figure 21
Quality loss rate of different processes.It can be seen from Figures20 and 21 that after the three skid resistance fog seals are formed, the initial BPN of the premixed process specimen is the smallest, and the initial BPN of the one-bitumen-one-sand process specimen is the largest. This is because the premixed process fully coats the skid resistance particles with the fog seal asphalt, causing the skid resistance particles to lose their angularity and reduce the surface roughness. In the early stage of abrasion, the BPN of the one asphalt and one sand specimen decreased rapidly. When the abrasion was 30,000 times, the BPN decreased by 20.8%. Simultaneously, the BPN of the double asphalt and one sand specimen and the premixed process specimen decreased by 14.3% and 7.4%, and the decline of BPN was relatively flat. What is more, after 100,000 times of wear, the BPN of the three types of specimens was reduced by 25.0%, 20.0%, and 13.2%. The BPN of the specimens formed by the premixed process had the smallest decrease and the skid resistance durability was better. The premixed process can fully coat the fog sealing asphalt and the skid resistance particles, increase the adhesion area of the antislip particles and mist sealant, and further enhance the bonding force, so the skid resistance particles are not easy to be worn away. The premixed process shows better skid resistance performance and wear resistance. Moreover, after 100,000 times of wear, the mass loss rates were 58.0%, 53.1%, and 49.3%. Compared with the one asphalt and one sand and double asphalt and one sand specimens, the premixed specimens had a reduced quality loss rate of 15.0% and 7.2%, respectively, and it has better wear resistance.In summary, the skid resistance fog seal layer formed by the premixed process has better skid resistance performance and wear resistance. This also verifies the 3D structure map of the surface of the skid resistance fog seal-test specimens formed by different construction processes. Therefore, it is recommended to use the premixed process for constructing the skid resistance fog seal.


## 3.1. Preliminary Selection of the Fog Sealing Asphalt Material Ratio

The instructions for curing agent A show that the mass ratio of water-based epoxy resin emulsion and curing agent A ranges from 2 : 1 to 4 : 1.In the epoxy resin emulsified asphalt, when the asphalt component content exceeds 50%, the overall performance of the material approaches the asphalt property, and the fracture resistance is significantly improved. When the epoxy system component is higher than 50%, the overall resin is the matrix and the material is susceptible to tensile fracture [29, 30]. For pavement spray materials, once the proportion of epoxy system components (water-based epoxy resin emulsion and water-based curing agent) exceeds 50%, the cured product of epoxy-emulsified asphalt has a significant thermosetting and increased brittleness, causing it to break easily under the action of external factors and peels off from the surface layer. Therefore, it is unsuitable to be used as a pavement fog sealing asphalt. Given this, the test determined the mass range of the emulsified asphalt component in the epoxy-emulsified asphalt to be 50%–90% of the total mass. In the epoxy system components, the mass ratio of the water-based epoxy resin emulsion to the water-based curing agent was 2 : 1–4 : 1.To determine the range of epoxy-emulsified asphalt formulations, different formulations of epoxy-emulsified asphalt-cured products were used and put into an oven for constant temperature curing. After the epoxy-emulsified asphalt is completely cured, place it in an oven at 90°C and bake it for 1 h. The thermosetting test results are shown in Table6.Table 6
Thermosetting grade of cured product.
Formula codeA50(E2)A60(E2)A70(E2)A80(E2)A90(E2)Thermoset performanceNo changeSurface slightly flowsSurface flowsFlowing occurs above the middleThe whole is flowingFormula codeA50(E3)A60(E3)A70(E3)A80(E3)A90(E3)Thermoset performanceNo changeSurface flowsPartly flowingMost of it is flowingThe whole is flowingFormula codeA50(E4)A60(E4)A70(E4)A80(E4)A90(E4)Thermoset performanceNo changeSurface flowsFlowing occurs above the middleMost of it is flowingThe whole is flowingTable6 shows that after the cured product is baked, the samples with the formula codes A50(E2), A50(E3), and A50(E4) are thermosetting. When the cured product’s asphalt component mass accounts for no less than 60% of the total mass, as the proportion of the asphalt component increases and the ratio of the two components of the epoxy system increases, the cured product has a transformation tendency from thermosetting to thermoplastics.Therefore, follow-up tests are screened in the range ofAi (Ej) {i = 60, 70, 80, 90; j = 2, 3, 4}, combined with the bonding and aging performance of the fog sealing asphalt. The performance of high-temperature water damage resistance comprehensively determines the best formula of fog sealing asphalt.


## 3.2. Optimum Ratio of Fog Sealing Asphalt

### 3.2.1. Bond Performance Test Results

Table7 and Figure 12 show the test results of the bond shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt with different formulations and common asphalt for fog seal.Table 7
Bond shear strength.
Formula codeA70(E2)A75(E2)A80(E2)A85(E2)A90(E2)F (kN)3.314.415.204.884.72τf (MPa)0.420.560.660.620.60Formula codeA70(E3)A75(E3)A80(E3)A85(E3)A90(E3)F (kN)3.544.725.354.964.71τf (MPa)0.450.600.680.630.60Formula codeA70(E4)A75(E4)A80(E4)A85(E4)A90(E4)F (kN)3.934.495.124.724.56τf (MPa)0.500.570.650.600.58Formula codeCommonly used asphalt for fog sealF (kN)4.41τf (MPa)0.55Figure 12
Cohesive shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt.Table7 and Figure 12 show that when the ratio of the two components of the epoxy system is constant, with the increase in the asphalt component content, the adhesive shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt will first increase and then decrease. And when the asphalt component reaches 75%, the adhesive shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt will become higher than that of common asphalt for fog seal. When the asphalt component increases to 80%, the bonding shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt reaches its peak. Among them, A80(E3) > A80(E2) > A80(E4). The adhesive shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt with sample numbers A80(E3), A80(E2), and A80(E4) is increased by 21%, 18%, and 16%, respectively, compared with the commonly used asphalt for fog seals.Based on the best consideration of bonding performance, the epoxy-emulsified asphalt formulations numbered A80(E3), A80(E2), and A80(E4) are adopted.


### 3.2.2. High-Temperature Water Damage Test Results

Table8 shows the test results of residual immersion stability of different fog seal Marshall specimens.Table 8
Immersion residual stability of fog seal Marshall specimens.
Formula codeA60(E2)A60(E3)A60(E4)A70(E2)A70(E3)A70(E4)Blank specimenMS0 (%)93.393.993.990.193.093.286.6MS0/86.61.071.081.081.041.071.081Formula codeA80(E2)A80(E3)A80(E4)A90(E2)A90(E3)A90(E4)Commonly used asphalt for fog sealMS0 (%)97.796.495.089.087.688.391.6MS0/86.61.131.101.091.031.001.021.06As can be seen from Table8, the change in the ratio of the two components of the epoxy system has a specific impact on the residual stability of the mist seal Marshall specimens, but the impact is lower than the change in the quality of the asphalt components. When the asphalt component content is 80%, the fog seal Marshall specimen has the largest increase than the blank specimen. Among them, the fog seal asphalt under A80(E2) has the best high-temperature water damage resistance, and the residual stability of the specimen is comparable with the blank sample; it is increased by 13%.


### 3.2.3. Resistance to Aging Performance Test Results

(1) The Quality Loss Rate of the Cured Product. Figure 13 shows the mass loss rate of the cured product of the epoxy-emulsified fog seal asphalt after 48-h photothermal aging. The mass loss rate of commonly used asphalt for fog seal is 5.7%.Figure 13
The mass loss rate of cured products after photothermal aging.Figure13 shows that when the asphalt component content is greater than 80%, the increase in the asphalt component and the ratio of the two components of the epoxy system will reduce the mass loss rate of the cured product after 48 h UV-aging, and both are lower than those commonly used in fog seals. For the asphalt quality loss rate, A90(E2) < A90(E3) < A90(E4) < A80(E2) < A80(E3). The mass loss rate of A90(E2) is 3.09%, which is the smallest among all UV-aging samples.(2) Aging Appearance Classification. According to the UV-aging classification method of the evaporation residue of emulsified asphalt, the light and heat aging resistance of the cured epoxy-emulsified asphalt of different formulations is analyzed. Figure 14 shows the appearance and morphology, and Table 9 shows the aging classification results based on the appearance and morphology.Figure 14
The morphology of the cured product of the fog seal asphalt after photothermal aging. (a) Level I aging (small wrinkles and bubbles). (b) Level II aging (significant bubbles, surface depression). (c) Level III aging (large folds). (d) Level IV aging (fracture).
(a)(b)(c)(d)Table 9
Photothermal aging status.
Aging conditionCured typeLevel IA90(E2) < A90(E3) < A90(E4) < A80(E2)Level IIA80(E3) < A70(E3) < A60(E2) < A80(E4) < Commonly used asphalt for fog sealLevel IIIA60(E3) < A70(E4) <A60(E4)Level IVA70(E2)(3) Formula Selection of Aging Resistance Fog Seal Asphalt. Combining the two indicators of the quality loss rate of the cured product and the appearance-aging evaluation, the fog seal asphalt formula with better aging resistance is A90(E2), A90(E3), A90(E4), and A80(E2).


### 3.2.4. The Best Formulation of Epoxy-Emulsified Asphalt as a Fog Seal Asphalt

Combined with research on epoxy-emulsified asphalt bonding performance, high-temperature water damage resistance, and light and heat aging resistance, the best formulation for epoxy-emulsified asphalt is selected as the fog seal asphalt. Table10 shows the best formulations of various properties, and that by combining the three properties, epoxy-emulsified asphalt formula A80 (E2) is the most suitable as a fog sealing asphalt.Table 10
Optimal formula for various performance.
Fog seal asphalt performanceEpoxy emulsified asphalt formulaBonding performanceA80(E3); A80(E2); A80(E4)High-temperature water damage performanceA80(E2); A80(E3); A60(E3); A70(E4)Aging resistance performanceA90(E2); A90(E3); A90(E4); A80(E2)


## 3.2.1. Bond Performance Test Results

Table7 and Figure 12 show the test results of the bond shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt with different formulations and common asphalt for fog seal.Table 7
Bond shear strength.
Formula codeA70(E2)A75(E2)A80(E2)A85(E2)A90(E2)F (kN)3.314.415.204.884.72τf (MPa)0.420.560.660.620.60Formula codeA70(E3)A75(E3)A80(E3)A85(E3)A90(E3)F (kN)3.544.725.354.964.71τf (MPa)0.450.600.680.630.60Formula codeA70(E4)A75(E4)A80(E4)A85(E4)A90(E4)F (kN)3.934.495.124.724.56τf (MPa)0.500.570.650.600.58Formula codeCommonly used asphalt for fog sealF (kN)4.41τf (MPa)0.55Figure 12
Cohesive shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt.Table7 and Figure 12 show that when the ratio of the two components of the epoxy system is constant, with the increase in the asphalt component content, the adhesive shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt will first increase and then decrease. And when the asphalt component reaches 75%, the adhesive shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt will become higher than that of common asphalt for fog seal. When the asphalt component increases to 80%, the bonding shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt reaches its peak. Among them, A80(E3) > A80(E2) > A80(E4). The adhesive shear strength of epoxy-emulsified asphalt with sample numbers A80(E3), A80(E2), and A80(E4) is increased by 21%, 18%, and 16%, respectively, compared with the commonly used asphalt for fog seals.Based on the best consideration of bonding performance, the epoxy-emulsified asphalt formulations numbered A80(E3), A80(E2), and A80(E4) are adopted.


## 3.2.2. High-Temperature Water Damage Test Results

Table8 shows the test results of residual immersion stability of different fog seal Marshall specimens.Table 8
Immersion residual stability of fog seal Marshall specimens.
Formula codeA60(E2)A60(E3)A60(E4)A70(E2)A70(E3)A70(E4)Blank specimenMS0 (%)93.393.993.990.193.093.286.6MS0/86.61.071.081.081.041.071.081Formula codeA80(E2)A80(E3)A80(E4)A90(E2)A90(E3)A90(E4)Commonly used asphalt for fog sealMS0 (%)97.796.495.089.087.688.391.6MS0/86.61.131.101.091.031.001.021.06As can be seen from Table8, the change in the ratio of the two components of the epoxy system has a specific impact on the residual stability of the mist seal Marshall specimens, but the impact is lower than the change in the quality of the asphalt components. When the asphalt component content is 80%, the fog seal Marshall specimen has the largest increase than the blank specimen. Among them, the fog seal asphalt under A80(E2) has the best high-temperature water damage resistance, and the residual stability of the specimen is comparable with the blank sample; it is increased by 13%.


## 3.2.3. Resistance to Aging Performance Test Results

(1) The Quality Loss Rate of the Cured Product. Figure 13 shows the mass loss rate of the cured product of the epoxy-emulsified fog seal asphalt after 48-h photothermal aging. The mass loss rate of commonly used asphalt for fog seal is 5.7%.Figure 13
The mass loss rate of cured products after photothermal aging.Figure13 shows that when the asphalt component content is greater than 80%, the increase in the asphalt component and the ratio of the two components of the epoxy system will reduce the mass loss rate of the cured product after 48 h UV-aging, and both are lower than those commonly used in fog seals. For the asphalt quality loss rate, A90(E2) < A90(E3) < A90(E4) < A80(E2) < A80(E3). The mass loss rate of A90(E2) is 3.09%, which is the smallest among all UV-aging samples.(2) Aging Appearance Classification. According to the UV-aging classification method of the evaporation residue of emulsified asphalt, the light and heat aging resistance of the cured epoxy-emulsified asphalt of different formulations is analyzed. Figure 14 shows the appearance and morphology, and Table 9 shows the aging classification results based on the appearance and morphology.Figure 14
The morphology of the cured product of the fog seal asphalt after photothermal aging. (a) Level I aging (small wrinkles and bubbles). (b) Level II aging (significant bubbles, surface depression). (c) Level III aging (large folds). (d) Level IV aging (fracture).
(a)(b)(c)(d)Table 9
Photothermal aging status.
Aging conditionCured typeLevel IA90(E2) < A90(E3) < A90(E4) < A80(E2)Level IIA80(E3) < A70(E3) < A60(E2) < A80(E4) < Commonly used asphalt for fog sealLevel IIIA60(E3) < A70(E4) <A60(E4)Level IVA70(E2)(3) Formula Selection of Aging Resistance Fog Seal Asphalt. Combining the two indicators of the quality loss rate of the cured product and the appearance-aging evaluation, the fog seal asphalt formula with better aging resistance is A90(E2), A90(E3), A90(E4), and A80(E2).


## 3.2.4. The Best Formulation of Epoxy-Emulsified Asphalt as a Fog Seal Asphalt

Combined with research on epoxy-emulsified asphalt bonding performance, high-temperature water damage resistance, and light and heat aging resistance, the best formulation for epoxy-emulsified asphalt is selected as the fog seal asphalt. Table10 shows the best formulations of various properties, and that by combining the three properties, epoxy-emulsified asphalt formula A80 (E2) is the most suitable as a fog sealing asphalt.Table 10
Optimal formula for various performance.
Fog seal asphalt performanceEpoxy emulsified asphalt formulaBonding performanceA80(E3); A80(E2); A80(E4)High-temperature water damage performanceA80(E2); A80(E3); A60(E3); A70(E4)Aging resistance performanceA90(E2); A90(E3); A90(E4); A80(E2)


## 3.3. Influence of the Ratio of the Number of Skid Resistance Particles to the Amount of Fog Seal Asphalt for the Skid Resistance Durability of the Skid Resistance Fog Seal Layer

Take the amount of epoxy-emulsified asphalt to be 0.6 kg/m2. Table 11 shows the proportion of emery content to epoxy-emulsified asphalt and the amount of emery spreading.Table 11
The ratio of the amount of emery to the amount of epoxy emulsified asphalt and the amount of emery spreading in the skid resistance fog seal-test specimen.
The ratio of emery content to epoxy emulsified asphalt4 : 65 : 61 : 17 : 68 : 6Emery content (kg/m2)0.40.50.60.70.8Total amount of emery (g)3645546372Figure15 shows the BPN change rule of the fog seal-test specimen formed in different proportions of emery content and epoxy-emulsified asphalt content during the wear process. Figure 16 shows the mass loss rate of the test piece after 100,000 times abrasion.Figure 15
BPN abrasion law of specimens.Figure 16
Mass loss rate of specimens.It can be seen from Figures15 and 16 that the wear times BPN curves of the molded specimens in varying proportions first decrease rapidly and then tend to be flat. As the proportion increases, the mass loss of the skid resistance fog seal specimens’ first decreases and then increases rapidly. Among the five ratios studied, the initial BPN value of the fog seal layer sample decreases with the increase in the ratio, that is, when the ratio of the two is 4 : 6, the initial skid resistance performance is the best. As the number of wear increases, when the ratio is 1 : 1, the BPN curve of the abraded skid resistance fog seal specimen is at the top, and the skid resistance durability is the best. When the ratio is small, the epoxy-emulsified asphalt does not adequately wrap the emery, resulting in a significant increase in the surface roughness of the unwearied test piece. However, because of insufficient adhesion between the whole skid resistance fog seal and the test specimen, it is easy to wear out and BPN decreases rapidly during the wear process. When the ratio is large, the skid resistance effect of emery is weakened because of the over-wrapping of epoxy-emulsified asphalt, the skid resistance fog seal layer wears seriously under the action of the wheel rolling, and the BPN decreases rapidly. When the ratio is close to 1 : 1, the emery is fully and uniformly covered by the epoxy-emulsified asphalt, and the surface structure is gradually filled. After repeated abrasions, it shows the best skid resistance performance. What is more, after 100,000 abrasions, the BPN values of the five specimens were reduced by 33.8, 35.1, 27.4, 31.0, and 28.2%. When the ratio was 1 : 1, the BPN decrease was the smallest. Similar to the BPN law, the mass loss rate curve reaches a minimum of 58.9% near the ratio of 1 : 1.In summary, when the proportion of emery and epoxy-emulsified asphalt is 1 : 1, the skid resistance durability of the fog seal is the best.


## 3.4. Influence of the Total Amount of Skid Resistance Fog Sealing Asphalt on the Skid Resistance Durability of the Skid Resistance Fog Seal Layer

Section3.3 explained that when the ratio of emery content to epoxy-emulsified asphalt is selected at 1 : 1, it can ensure better antiskid durability. This section, according to the change in the total amount of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt, calculates the required optimal skid resistance particle content and the amount of fog seal material used in each skid resistance fog seal-test specimen according to the ratio 1 : 1, as shown in Table 12.Table 12
The dosage and total dosage of each material component of skid resistance fog seal asphalt.
Each material component of skid resistance fog seal asphaltThe amount of each material component of the test specimen (g) when the total amount of the following skid resistance fog seal asphalt material (kg/m2)0.40.50.60.70.8Epoxy-emulsified asphalt3645546372Emery3645546372Total amount of materials7290108126144Figure17 shows the variation in BPN of epoxy-emulsified asphalt skid resistance fog seal-test specimens formed with the different total amount of skid resistance fog seal asphalt during accelerated wear. Figure 18 shows the mass loss rate of the test specimens after 100,000 abrasions.Figure 17
BPN abrasion law of specimens.Figure 18
Mass loss rate of specimens.As can be seen From Figures17 and 18 that the abrasion times BPN curves of the total amount of different skid resistance fog seal asphalt drop rapidly and then tend to be flat. With the increase in the total amount of skid resistance fog seal asphalt, the mass loss of the specimen wear first decreases and then increases. In the five types of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt materials studied, the initial BPN value of the test specimen decreases with the increase in the total amount. When the amount of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt is 0.8 kg/m2, the initial skid resistance performance is the best. As the number of wear increases, the BPN curve with a 1.2 kg/m2 of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt is at the top, and the skid resistance durability is the best. Although the proportion of emery and epoxy-emulsified asphalt is the same, when the total amount is smaller, emery penetrates the thinner skid resistance fog seal layer and the height of emery particles on the surface of the skid resistance fog seal is larger, causing its initial antiskid performance to be high. As the number of wear increases, the convex emery of the skid resistance fog seal with a smaller total amount has a smaller bond with the epoxy-emulsified asphalt, causing the emery to be easily worn off during the abrasion process, and the BPN decreases rapidly [35].In addition, the most representative specimen is 0.8 kg/m2. When it is worn out 80,000–90,000 times, the emery is first worn away. The BPN value in the early stage drops rapidly, and the epoxy-emulsified asphalt is almost completely worn out. The original surface of the test specimens is exposed, so the BPN is slightly improved in the later period. When the total amount is large, the emery is completely suspended in the epoxy-emulsified asphalt, producing a thicker oil film on the surface of the skid resistance fog seal layer, weakening the skid resistance performance, and the BPN is always small. When the dosage is 1.2 kg/m2, the thickness of the skid resistance fog seal layer is moderate, the height of the emery bulge is moderate, and the bond between emery and epoxy-emulsified asphalt is good. Therefore, BPN is the largest, and it shows the best skid resistance performance and durability performance after repeated abrasion. What is more, the BPN of the five specimens decreased by 37.3%, 34.2%, 27.4%, 28.8%, and 32.4% after 100,000 abrasions. Among them, when the total amount of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt is 1.2 kg/m2, the BPN decrease is the smallest. The result is similar when the total amount of antiskid fog seal cement is 1.2 kg/m2, the mass loss rate reaches the minimum 58.9%, showing the best skid resistance durability.In summary, when the total dosage is 1.2 kg/m2, the skid resistance fog seal layer exhibits better skid resistance durability.


## 3.5. Influence of the Construction Process on the Performance of the Skid Resistance Fog Seal

### 3.5.1. Surface 3D Structure

The cured surface of the skid resistance fog seal-test specimens paved by the one asphalt one sand process, the double asphalt one sand process, and the premix process are captured by a camera and imported into Image-Pro Plus software for grayscale. The 3D structure map is derived from chemical processing [36], and the depth and uniformity of the surface structure are used to evaluate the impact of the three construction processes on the skid resistance durability of the pavement. Figure 19 shows the surface 3D structure of the specimens with different construction processes.Figure 19
The 3D structure of the surface of the specimen with different construction process: (a) one asphalt one sand; (b) double asphalt one sand; (c) premix process.
(a)(b)(c)It can be seen from Figure19 that the surface structure of the skid resistance fog seal-test specimen constructed using the one asphalt one sand process has the largest depth, which is characterized by the largest height difference but uneven distribution. This is because the skid resistance particles are spread on the fog seal asphalt and asphalt cannot completely cover the antislip particles. Therefore, the structure depth is relatively large, but spreading the skid resistance particles by hand results in poor uniformity because the skid resistance particles are spread between the two layers of fog seal asphalt, and the wrapping performance is better than the one asphalt one sand process. However, the skid resistance particles inevitably follow sliding when the surface layer of the fog seal asphalt is applied, resulting in a relatively concentrated phenomenon in the center of the skid resistance particles. In addition, the premixing process has the advantages of the above two processes. The surface height difference in the skid resistance fog seal layer specimens constructed by it is the smallest, and the overall uniformity of the specimens is excellent. This is because the premixing process first mixes and stirs the skid resistance particles and the fog seal asphalt to a specific proportion. The skid resistance particles are suspended in the fog seal asphalt in a specific gradation. After the skid resistance fog seal layer is sprayed, the skid resistance particles are evenly distributed and completely covered by the fog seal asphalt. Although the initial structure depth is reduced, the uniformity and skid resistance durability can be improved.


### 3.5.2. Skid Resistance Durability

Figures20 and 21 show the BPN abrasion law of the skid resistance seal-test specimens formed by three construction processes and the mass loss rate after 100,000 abrasions.Figure 20
BPN wear law of different processes.Figure 21
Quality loss rate of different processes.It can be seen from Figures20 and 21 that after the three skid resistance fog seals are formed, the initial BPN of the premixed process specimen is the smallest, and the initial BPN of the one-bitumen-one-sand process specimen is the largest. This is because the premixed process fully coats the skid resistance particles with the fog seal asphalt, causing the skid resistance particles to lose their angularity and reduce the surface roughness. In the early stage of abrasion, the BPN of the one asphalt and one sand specimen decreased rapidly. When the abrasion was 30,000 times, the BPN decreased by 20.8%. Simultaneously, the BPN of the double asphalt and one sand specimen and the premixed process specimen decreased by 14.3% and 7.4%, and the decline of BPN was relatively flat. What is more, after 100,000 times of wear, the BPN of the three types of specimens was reduced by 25.0%, 20.0%, and 13.2%. The BPN of the specimens formed by the premixed process had the smallest decrease and the skid resistance durability was better. The premixed process can fully coat the fog sealing asphalt and the skid resistance particles, increase the adhesion area of the antislip particles and mist sealant, and further enhance the bonding force, so the skid resistance particles are not easy to be worn away. The premixed process shows better skid resistance performance and wear resistance. Moreover, after 100,000 times of wear, the mass loss rates were 58.0%, 53.1%, and 49.3%. Compared with the one asphalt and one sand and double asphalt and one sand specimens, the premixed specimens had a reduced quality loss rate of 15.0% and 7.2%, respectively, and it has better wear resistance.In summary, the skid resistance fog seal layer formed by the premixed process has better skid resistance performance and wear resistance. This also verifies the 3D structure map of the surface of the skid resistance fog seal-test specimens formed by different construction processes. Therefore, it is recommended to use the premixed process for constructing the skid resistance fog seal.


## 3.5.1. Surface 3D Structure

The cured surface of the skid resistance fog seal-test specimens paved by the one asphalt one sand process, the double asphalt one sand process, and the premix process are captured by a camera and imported into Image-Pro Plus software for grayscale. The 3D structure map is derived from chemical processing [36], and the depth and uniformity of the surface structure are used to evaluate the impact of the three construction processes on the skid resistance durability of the pavement. Figure 19 shows the surface 3D structure of the specimens with different construction processes.Figure 19
The 3D structure of the surface of the specimen with different construction process: (a) one asphalt one sand; (b) double asphalt one sand; (c) premix process.
(a)(b)(c)It can be seen from Figure19 that the surface structure of the skid resistance fog seal-test specimen constructed using the one asphalt one sand process has the largest depth, which is characterized by the largest height difference but uneven distribution. This is because the skid resistance particles are spread on the fog seal asphalt and asphalt cannot completely cover the antislip particles. Therefore, the structure depth is relatively large, but spreading the skid resistance particles by hand results in poor uniformity because the skid resistance particles are spread between the two layers of fog seal asphalt, and the wrapping performance is better than the one asphalt one sand process. However, the skid resistance particles inevitably follow sliding when the surface layer of the fog seal asphalt is applied, resulting in a relatively concentrated phenomenon in the center of the skid resistance particles. In addition, the premixing process has the advantages of the above two processes. The surface height difference in the skid resistance fog seal layer specimens constructed by it is the smallest, and the overall uniformity of the specimens is excellent. This is because the premixing process first mixes and stirs the skid resistance particles and the fog seal asphalt to a specific proportion. The skid resistance particles are suspended in the fog seal asphalt in a specific gradation. After the skid resistance fog seal layer is sprayed, the skid resistance particles are evenly distributed and completely covered by the fog seal asphalt. Although the initial structure depth is reduced, the uniformity and skid resistance durability can be improved.


## 3.5.2. Skid Resistance Durability

Figures20 and 21 show the BPN abrasion law of the skid resistance seal-test specimens formed by three construction processes and the mass loss rate after 100,000 abrasions.Figure 20
BPN wear law of different processes.Figure 21
Quality loss rate of different processes.It can be seen from Figures20 and 21 that after the three skid resistance fog seals are formed, the initial BPN of the premixed process specimen is the smallest, and the initial BPN of the one-bitumen-one-sand process specimen is the largest. This is because the premixed process fully coats the skid resistance particles with the fog seal asphalt, causing the skid resistance particles to lose their angularity and reduce the surface roughness. In the early stage of abrasion, the BPN of the one asphalt and one sand specimen decreased rapidly. When the abrasion was 30,000 times, the BPN decreased by 20.8%. Simultaneously, the BPN of the double asphalt and one sand specimen and the premixed process specimen decreased by 14.3% and 7.4%, and the decline of BPN was relatively flat. What is more, after 100,000 times of wear, the BPN of the three types of specimens was reduced by 25.0%, 20.0%, and 13.2%. The BPN of the specimens formed by the premixed process had the smallest decrease and the skid resistance durability was better. The premixed process can fully coat the fog sealing asphalt and the skid resistance particles, increase the adhesion area of the antislip particles and mist sealant, and further enhance the bonding force, so the skid resistance particles are not easy to be worn away. The premixed process shows better skid resistance performance and wear resistance. Moreover, after 100,000 times of wear, the mass loss rates were 58.0%, 53.1%, and 49.3%. Compared with the one asphalt and one sand and double asphalt and one sand specimens, the premixed specimens had a reduced quality loss rate of 15.0% and 7.2%, respectively, and it has better wear resistance.In summary, the skid resistance fog seal layer formed by the premixed process has better skid resistance performance and wear resistance. This also verifies the 3D structure map of the surface of the skid resistance fog seal-test specimens formed by different construction processes. Therefore, it is recommended to use the premixed process for constructing the skid resistance fog seal.


## 4. Verification of Skid Resistance Fog Seal Performance

### 4.1. Microscopic Analysis of Cured Epoxy-Emulsified Asphalt

#### 4.1.1. Microscopic Morphology of Cured Product

The samples of the cured product with the best formulation of the molded epoxy-emulsified asphalt were, respectively, subjected to tensile fracture surface, petroleum ether etching, and gold spray treatment on the surface. Quanta200 environmental scanning electron microscope was used to observe the cross section and surface appearance structure of the sample (20 kV). Figure22 shows the microstructure.Figure 22
Micromorphology of cured epoxy-emulsified asphalt: (a) Internal section; (b) Surface.
(a)(b)Figure22 shows that the fracture surface of the cured product is rough and uneven, and the fracture toughness is good. After the surface of the sample is treated with petroleum ether, the asphalt is etched and the epoxy network skeleton is visible. The epoxy system (epoxy resin and curing agent) in the cured product can form a continuous 3D network structure, which has good mechanical properties and can effectively improve the strength and wear resistance of the asphalt material.


#### 4.1.2. Thermal Stability

The Pyris-II comprehensive thermal analyzer (TG-DTA) was used to analyze the thermal stability of the epoxy-emulsified asphalt-cured product and the common asphalt samples of the fog seal. Among them, the flow rate of the nitrogen atmosphere was set to 50 mL/min, and the temperature rise rate is 5°C/min. Figure23 shows the thermogravimetric (TG) analysis curve of the cured products of commonly used asphalt and thermosetting fog seal asphalt for fog seal layers.Figure 23
Thermogravimetric analysis curve of cured product: (a) commonly used asphalt-cured product for fog seal layer; (b) epoxy emulsified asphalt-cured product.Figure23 shows that the TG curves of the two materials are in the same trend, and each has a thermal weight loss platform. For the commonly used asphalt for fog seals, the initial thermal weight loss temperature is about 380°C, and the temperature is completely decomposed or oxidized when the temperature rises to 490°C. The temperature decomposition interval is 110°C, and the initial thermal weight loss temperature of epoxy-emulsified asphalt-cured product is about 300°C and is completely decomposed or oxidized at 460°C. Therefore, the initial thermal weight loss temperature is lower than that of fog seals, but the temperature decomposition interval is 160°C, which is higher than the temperature decomposition interval of commonly used asphalt for fog seals. Although the initial thermal weight loss temperature of the cured product is lower than the commonly used mist seal layer, it is higher than the environmental aging temperature. The incorporation of the epoxy resin system extends the temperature decomposition range of the material and slows the oxidation or decomposition rate of asphalt. Therefore, the cured epoxy-emulsified asphalt has better thermal stability and can improve the high-temperature resistance of the road surface when it is used as a fog sealing asphalt.


### 4.2. Verification of Skid Resistance Durability of Skid Resistance Fog Seal

Under the optimum dosage of each component being studied, Figures24 and 25 study the BPN abrasion law and mass loss rate after 100,000 abrasions of different asphalt type skid resistance fog seal samples, respectively.Figure 24
BPN abrasion law.Figure 25
The mass loss rate.Figures24 and 25 show that during the abrasion process, the BPN curve of the fog seal-test specimens formed by epoxy-emulsified asphalt is on the upper side, which has better skid resistance performance and durability. The mass loss rates of the three specimens after abrasion were 61.3%, 59.1%, and 58.0%, respectively. Compared with SBS-modified emulsified asphalt and the commonly used asphalt for fog seals, the mass loss rates of epoxy-emulsified asphalt specimens were reduced by 5.4% and 1.9%, with better wear resistance. In summary, when epoxy-emulsified asphalt is used as a mist seal binder, the skid resistance fog seal layer has better skid resistance performance and abrasion resistance.


## 4.1. Microscopic Analysis of Cured Epoxy-Emulsified Asphalt

### 4.1.1. Microscopic Morphology of Cured Product

The samples of the cured product with the best formulation of the molded epoxy-emulsified asphalt were, respectively, subjected to tensile fracture surface, petroleum ether etching, and gold spray treatment on the surface. Quanta200 environmental scanning electron microscope was used to observe the cross section and surface appearance structure of the sample (20 kV). Figure22 shows the microstructure.Figure 22
Micromorphology of cured epoxy-emulsified asphalt: (a) Internal section; (b) Surface.
(a)(b)Figure22 shows that the fracture surface of the cured product is rough and uneven, and the fracture toughness is good. After the surface of the sample is treated with petroleum ether, the asphalt is etched and the epoxy network skeleton is visible. The epoxy system (epoxy resin and curing agent) in the cured product can form a continuous 3D network structure, which has good mechanical properties and can effectively improve the strength and wear resistance of the asphalt material.


### 4.1.2. Thermal Stability

The Pyris-II comprehensive thermal analyzer (TG-DTA) was used to analyze the thermal stability of the epoxy-emulsified asphalt-cured product and the common asphalt samples of the fog seal. Among them, the flow rate of the nitrogen atmosphere was set to 50 mL/min, and the temperature rise rate is 5°C/min. Figure23 shows the thermogravimetric (TG) analysis curve of the cured products of commonly used asphalt and thermosetting fog seal asphalt for fog seal layers.Figure 23
Thermogravimetric analysis curve of cured product: (a) commonly used asphalt-cured product for fog seal layer; (b) epoxy emulsified asphalt-cured product.Figure23 shows that the TG curves of the two materials are in the same trend, and each has a thermal weight loss platform. For the commonly used asphalt for fog seals, the initial thermal weight loss temperature is about 380°C, and the temperature is completely decomposed or oxidized when the temperature rises to 490°C. The temperature decomposition interval is 110°C, and the initial thermal weight loss temperature of epoxy-emulsified asphalt-cured product is about 300°C and is completely decomposed or oxidized at 460°C. Therefore, the initial thermal weight loss temperature is lower than that of fog seals, but the temperature decomposition interval is 160°C, which is higher than the temperature decomposition interval of commonly used asphalt for fog seals. Although the initial thermal weight loss temperature of the cured product is lower than the commonly used mist seal layer, it is higher than the environmental aging temperature. The incorporation of the epoxy resin system extends the temperature decomposition range of the material and slows the oxidation or decomposition rate of asphalt. Therefore, the cured epoxy-emulsified asphalt has better thermal stability and can improve the high-temperature resistance of the road surface when it is used as a fog sealing asphalt.


## 4.1.1. Microscopic Morphology of Cured Product

The samples of the cured product with the best formulation of the molded epoxy-emulsified asphalt were, respectively, subjected to tensile fracture surface, petroleum ether etching, and gold spray treatment on the surface. Quanta200 environmental scanning electron microscope was used to observe the cross section and surface appearance structure of the sample (20 kV). Figure22 shows the microstructure.Figure 22
Micromorphology of cured epoxy-emulsified asphalt: (a) Internal section; (b) Surface.
(a)(b)Figure22 shows that the fracture surface of the cured product is rough and uneven, and the fracture toughness is good. After the surface of the sample is treated with petroleum ether, the asphalt is etched and the epoxy network skeleton is visible. The epoxy system (epoxy resin and curing agent) in the cured product can form a continuous 3D network structure, which has good mechanical properties and can effectively improve the strength and wear resistance of the asphalt material.


## 4.1.2. Thermal Stability

The Pyris-II comprehensive thermal analyzer (TG-DTA) was used to analyze the thermal stability of the epoxy-emulsified asphalt-cured product and the common asphalt samples of the fog seal. Among them, the flow rate of the nitrogen atmosphere was set to 50 mL/min, and the temperature rise rate is 5°C/min. Figure23 shows the thermogravimetric (TG) analysis curve of the cured products of commonly used asphalt and thermosetting fog seal asphalt for fog seal layers.Figure 23
Thermogravimetric analysis curve of cured product: (a) commonly used asphalt-cured product for fog seal layer; (b) epoxy emulsified asphalt-cured product.Figure23 shows that the TG curves of the two materials are in the same trend, and each has a thermal weight loss platform. For the commonly used asphalt for fog seals, the initial thermal weight loss temperature is about 380°C, and the temperature is completely decomposed or oxidized when the temperature rises to 490°C. The temperature decomposition interval is 110°C, and the initial thermal weight loss temperature of epoxy-emulsified asphalt-cured product is about 300°C and is completely decomposed or oxidized at 460°C. Therefore, the initial thermal weight loss temperature is lower than that of fog seals, but the temperature decomposition interval is 160°C, which is higher than the temperature decomposition interval of commonly used asphalt for fog seals. Although the initial thermal weight loss temperature of the cured product is lower than the commonly used mist seal layer, it is higher than the environmental aging temperature. The incorporation of the epoxy resin system extends the temperature decomposition range of the material and slows the oxidation or decomposition rate of asphalt. Therefore, the cured epoxy-emulsified asphalt has better thermal stability and can improve the high-temperature resistance of the road surface when it is used as a fog sealing asphalt.


## 4.2. Verification of Skid Resistance Durability of Skid Resistance Fog Seal

Under the optimum dosage of each component being studied, Figures24 and 25 study the BPN abrasion law and mass loss rate after 100,000 abrasions of different asphalt type skid resistance fog seal samples, respectively.Figure 24
BPN abrasion law.Figure 25
The mass loss rate.Figures24 and 25 show that during the abrasion process, the BPN curve of the fog seal-test specimens formed by epoxy-emulsified asphalt is on the upper side, which has better skid resistance performance and durability. The mass loss rates of the three specimens after abrasion were 61.3%, 59.1%, and 58.0%, respectively. Compared with SBS-modified emulsified asphalt and the commonly used asphalt for fog seals, the mass loss rates of epoxy-emulsified asphalt specimens were reduced by 5.4% and 1.9%, with better wear resistance. In summary, when epoxy-emulsified asphalt is used as a mist seal binder, the skid resistance fog seal layer has better skid resistance performance and abrasion resistance.


## 5. Conclusion

The following conclusion were obtained from the results of the study:(1)
Combining the best bonding performance (bonding shear strength: 0.66 MPa), the best high-temperature water damage resistance (MS0: 97.7), and an excellent aging resistance performance (mass loss rate: 3.57%, aging classification: Level I), the number of the best formula for epoxy emulsified asphalt is A80(E2).(2)
The influence of the ratio of the amount of skid resistance particles to the amount of fog seal asphalt for the skid resistance durability of the skid resistance fog seal layer showed that when the ratio is 1 : 1, the skid resistance fog seals show better performance (after abrasion of 100,000 times, BPN value: 54 and mass loss rate: 58.9%).(3)
The influence of the total amount of skid resistance fog sealing asphalt on the skid resistance durability of the skid resistance fog seal layer showed that, when the total amount approaches 1.2 kg/m2, the skid resistance fog seal specimens show the best performance (after abrasion of 100,000 times, BPN value: 54 and mass loss rate: 58.9%).(4)
The influence of the construction process on the performance of the skid resistance fog seal showed that, when choosing premixed process for construction, the skid resistance fog seal specimens show the best 3D surface texture performance (after abrasion of 100,000 times, BPN value: 57 and mass loss rate: 49.3%).(5)
The microscopic morphology and high-temperature resistance of the cured product of the fog sealing asphalt have been verified, and the skid resistance durability of the epoxy emulsified asphalt fog seal is verified by comparing the commonly used asphalt of the fog seal layer and the SBS-modified emulsified asphalt.



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*Source: 6210875-2021-11-05.xml*