# Extended Mapping Method and Its Applications to Nonlinear Evolution Equations

Authors: J. F. Alzaidy
Journal: Journal of Applied Mathematics
 (2012)

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## Abstract

We use extended mapping method and auxiliary equation method for finding new periodic wave solutions of nonlinear evolution equations in mathematical physics, and we obtain some new periodic wave solution for the Boussinesq system and the coupled KdV equations. This method is more powerful and will be used in further works to establish more entirely new solutions for other kinds of nonlinear partial differential equations arising in mathematical physics.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The effort in finding exact solutions to nonlinear equations is important for the understanding of most nonlinear physical phenomena. For instance, the nonlinear wave phenomena observed in fluid dynamics, plasma, and optical fibers are often modeled by the bell-shapedsech solutions and the kink-shaped tanh solutions. Many effective methods have been presented, such as inverse scattering transform method [1], Bäcklund transformation [2], Darboux transformation [3], Hirota bilinear method [4], variable separation approach [5], various tanh methods [6–9], homogeneous balance method [10], similarity reductions method [11, 12], (G′/G)-expansion method [13], the reduction mKdV equation method [14], the trifunction method [15, 16], the projective Riccati equation method [17], the Weierstrass elliptic function method [18], the Sine-Cosine method [19, 20], the Jacobi elliptic function expansion [21, 22], the complex hyperbolic function method [23], the truncated Painlevé expansion [24], the F-expansion method [25], the rank analysis method [26], the ansatz method [27, 28], the exp-function expansion method [29], and the sub-ODE method [30].The main objective of this paper is using the extended mapping method to construct the exact solutions for nonlinear evolution equations in the mathematical physics via the Boussinesq system and the coupled KdV equations.


## 2. Description of the Extended Mapping Method

Suppose we have the following nonlinear PDE:(2.1)F(u,ut,ux,utt,uxx,uxt,…)=0,
where u=u(x,t) is an unknown function, F is a polynomial in u=u(x,t) and its various partial derivatives in which the highest order derivatives and nonlinear terms are involved. In the following we give the main steps of a deformation method.Step 1.
The traveling wave variable(2.2)u(x,t)=u(ξ),ξ=k(x-ωt),
where k and ω are the wave number and the wave speed, respectively. Under the transformation (2.2), (2.1) becomes an ordinary differential equation (ODE) as
(2.3)P(u,u′,u′′,u′′′,…)=0.Step 2.
If all the terms of (2.3) contain derivatives in ζ, then by integrating this equation and taking the constant of integration to be zero, we obtain a simplified ODE.Step 3.
Suppose that the solution (2.3) has the following form:
(2.4)u(ξ)=a0+∑i=1n(aifi(ξ)+bif-i(ξ))+∑i=2ncifi-2(ξ)f′(ξ)+∑i=-1ndifi(ξ)f′(ξ),
where a0, ai, bi, ci, and di are constants to be determined later, while f(ξ) satisfies the nonlinear ODE:
(2.5)[f′(ξ)]2=pf4(ξ)+qf2(ξ)+r,
where p, q, and r are constants.Step 4.
The positive integer “n” can be determined by considering the homogeneous balance between the highest derivative term and the nonlinear terms appearing in (2.3). Therefore, we can get the value of n in (2.4).Step 5.
Substituting (2.4) into (2.3) with the condition (2.5), we obtain polynomial in fi(ξ)[f′(ξ)]j, (i=…,-2,-1,0,1,2,…;j=0,1). Setting each coefficient of this polynomial to be zero yields a set of algebraic equations for a0, ai, bi, ci, di, ω, and k.Step 6.
Solving the algebraic equations by use of Maple or Mathematica, we havea0, ai, bi, ci, di, and k expressed by p, q, r.Step 7.
Since the general solutions of (2.5) have been well known for us (see Appendix A), then substituting the obtained coefficients and the general solution of (2.5) into (2.4), we have the travelling wave solutions of the nonlinear PDE (2.1).


## 3. Applications of the Method

In this section, we apply the extended mapping method to construct the exact solutions for the Boussinesq system and the coupled KdV equations, which are very important nonlinear evolution equations in mathematical physics and have been paid attention by many researchers.Example 3.1 (the Boussinesq system).
We start the Boussinesq system [32] in the following form:
(3.1)vt=13uxxx+83uux,ut=vx.
The traveling wave variable (2.2) permits us converting (3.1) into the following ODE:
(3.2)ωv′+13k2u′′′+83uu′=0,ωu′+v′=0.
Integrating (3.2) with respect to ξ once and taking the constant of integration to be zero, we obtain
(3.3)ωv+13k2u′′+43u2=0,(3.4)ωu+v=0.
Suppose that the solutions of (3.3) and (3.4) can be expressed by
(3.5)u(ξ)=a0+∑i=1n(aifi(ξ)+bif-i(ξ))+∑i=2ncifi-2(ξ)f′(ξ)+∑i=-1-ndifi(ξ)f′(ξ),v(ξ)=A0+∑i=1m(Aifi(ξ)+Bif-i(ξ))+∑i=2mLifi-2(ξ)f′(ξ)+∑i=-1-mHifi(ξ)f′(ξ),
wherea0, ai, bi, ci, di,  Ai, Bi, Li, and Hi are constants to be determined later.Considering the homogeneous balance between the highest order derivativeu′′ and the nonlinear term u2 in (3.3), the order of u and v in (3.4), then we can obtain n=m=2, hence the exact solutions of (3.5) can be rewritten as,
(3.6)u(ξ)=a0+a1f(ξ)+b11f(ξ)+a2f2(ξ)+b21f2(ξ)+c2f′(ξ)+d1f′(ξ)f(ξ)+d2f′(ξ)f2(ξ),v(ξ)=A0+A1f(ξ)+B11f(ξ)+A2f2(ξ)+B21f2(ξ)+L2f′(ξ)+H1f′(ξ)f(ξ)+H2f′(ξ)f2(ξ),
where a0, a1, a2, b1, b2, c2, d1, d2, A0, A1, B1, B2, L2, H1, and H2 are constants to be determined later. Substituting (3.6)   with the condition (2.5) into (3.3) and (3.4) and collecting all terms with the same power of fi(ξ)[f′(ξ)]j,   (i=…,-2,-1,0,1,2,…;j=0,1). Setting each coefficients of this polynomial to be zero, we get a system of algebraic equations which can be solved by Maple or Mathematica to get the following solutions.Case 1.
Consider(3.7)a0=a1=a2=b1=c2=d1=d2=A1=A2=B1=L1=H1=H2=0,A0=arbitraryconstant,b2=-9ω2r8q,B2=9ω3r8q,k=±ω32q.Case 2.
Consider(3.8)a0=a1=b2=b1=c2=d1=d2=A1=B2=B1=L1=H1=H2=0,A0=arbitraryconstant,a2=-9ω2p8q,A2=9ω3p8q,k=±ω32q.Case 3.
Consider(3.9)a0=a1=a2=b1=c2=d1=A2=A1=B1=L1=H1=0,b2=-9ω2r4q,d2=∓9ω2r4q,B2=9ω3r4q,H2=±9ω3r4q,A0=arbitraryconstant,k=ω3q.Case 4.
Consider(3.10)a0=a1=b1=c2=d1=d2=A1=B1=L1=H1=H2=0,a2=-9ω2p8q,b2=-9ω2r8q,A2=9ω3p8q,B2=9ω3r8q,A0=arbitraryconstant,k=±ω32q.Note that there are other cases which are omitted here. Since the solutions obtained here are so many, we just list some of the exact solutions corresponding to Case4 to illustrate the effectiveness of the extended mapping method.Substituting (3.10) into (3.6) yields
(3.11)u(ξ)=-9ω2p8qf2(ξ)-9ω2r8q1f2(ξ),v(ξ)=9ω3p8qf2(ξ)+9ω3r8q1f2(ξ),
where
(3.12)ξ=±ω32q(x-ωt).According to AppendixA, we have the following families of exact solutions.Family 1.
If
r
=
1
,
q
=
-
(
1
+
m
2
)
,
p
=
m
2
,
f
(
ξ
)
=
s
n
(
ξ
), then we get
(3.13)u(ξ)=9ω28(1+m2)[m2sn2(ξ)+ns2(ξ)],v(ξ)=-9ω38(1+m2)[m2sn2(ξ)+ns2(ξ)],
where
(3.14)ξ=±ω32i1+m2(x-ωt).Family 2.
Ifr=1-m2, q=2m2-1, p=-m2, f(ξ)=cn(ξ), then we get
(3.15)u(ξ)=9ω28(2m2-1)[m2cn2(ξ)-(1-m2)nc2(ξ)],v(ξ)=-9ω3m28(2m2-1)[cn2(ξ)-(1-m2)nc2(ξ)],
where
(3.16)ξ=±ω322m2-1(x-ωt).Family 3.
Ifr=m2-1, q=2-m2, p=-1, f(ξ)=dn(ξ), then we get
(3.17)u(ξ)=9ω28(2-m2)[dn2(ξ)-(m2-1)nd2(ξ)],v(ξ)=-9ω38(2-m2)[dn2(ξ)-(m2-1)nd2(ξ)],
where
(3.18)ξ=±ω32m2-1(x-ωt).Family 4.
Ifr=m2, q=-(1+m2),  p=1, f(ξ)=dc(ξ), then we get
(3.19)u(ξ)=9ω28(1+m2)[dc2(ξ)+m2cd2(ξ)],v(ξ)=-9ω38(1+m2)[dc2(ξ)+m2cd2(ξ)],
where
(3.20)ξ=±ω32i1+m2(x-ωt).Family 5.
Ifr=1, q=2-m2, p=1-m2, f(ξ)=sc(ξ), then we get
(3.21)u(ξ)=-9ω28(2-m2)[(1-m2)sc2(ξ)+cs2(ξ)],v(ξ)=9ω38(2-m2)[(1-m2)sc2(ξ)+cs2(ξ)],
where
(3.22)ξ=±ω322-m2(x-ωt).Family 6.
Ifr=1/4,  q=(1/2)(1-2m2), p=1/4, f(ξ)=ns(ξ)±cs(ξ), then we get
(3.23)u(ξ)=9ω2(1-2ns2(ξ))8(1-2m2),v(ξ)=-9ω3(1-2ns2(ξ))8(1-2m2),
where
(3.24)ξ=±ω32(1/2)(1-2m2)(x-ωt).Family 7.
Ifr=(1/4)(1-m2), q=(1/4)(1+m2), p=(1/4)(1-m2), f(ξ)=nc(ξ)±sc(ξ), then we get
(3.25)u(ξ)=-9ω2(1-m2)(sc2(ξ)+nc2(ξ))4(1+m2),v(ξ)=9ω3(1-m2)(sc2(ξ)+nc2(ξ))4(1+m2),
where
(3.26)ξ=±ω31+m2(x-ωt).
Similarly, we can write down the other families of exact solutions of (3.1) which are omitted for convenience.Example 3.2 (the coupled KdV equations).
In this subsection, consider the coupled KdV equations [32]:
(3.27)ut=uxxx+6uux+6vvx,vt=vxxx+6uvx+6vux.
Substituting (2.2) into (3.27) yields
(3.28)ωu′+k2u′′′+3(u2+v2)′=0,ωv′+k2v′′′+6(uv)′=0.
Integrating (3.2) with respect to ξ once and taking the constant of integration to be zero, we obtain
(3.29)ωu+k2u′′+3(u2+v2)=0,(3.30)ωv+k2v′′+6(uv)=0.
Suppose that the solutions of (3.27) can be expressed by
(3.31)u(ξ)=a0+∑i=1n(aifi(ξ)+bif-i(ξ))+∑i=2ncifi-2(ξ)f′(ξ)+∑i=-1-ndifi(ξ)f′(ξ),v(ξ)=α0+∑i=1m(αifi(ξ)+βif-i(ξ))+∑i=2mγifi-2(ξ)f′(ξ)+∑i=-1-meifi(ξ)f′(ξ),
where a0, ai, bi, ci, di, αi, βi, γi, and ei are constants to be determined later.
Balancing the order ofu′′ and v2 in (3.29), the order of v′′ and uv in (3.30), then we can obtain n=m=2, so (3.31) can be rewritten as
(3.32)u(ξ)=a0+a1f(ξ)+b11f(ξ)+a2f2(ξ)+b21f2(ξ)+c2f′(ξ)+d1f′(ξ)f(ξ)+d2f′(ξ)f2(ξ),v(ξ)=α0+α1f(ξ)+β11f(ξ)+α2f2(ξ)+β21f2(ξ)+γ2f′(ξ)+e1f′(ξ)f(ξ)+e2f′(ξ)f2(ξ),
where a0, a1, a2, b1, b2, c2, d1, d2, α0, α1, β1, β2, γ2, e1, and e2 are constants to be determined later. Substituting (3.31) with the condition (2.5) into (3.29) and (3.30) and collecting all terms with the same power of fi(ξ)[f′(ξ)]j, (i=…,-2,-1,0,1,2,…;j=0,1). Setting each coefficient of this polynomial to be zero, we get a system of algebraic equations which can be solved by Maple or Mathematica to get the following solutions.Case 1.
Consider(3.33)a1=a2=b1=c2=d1=d2=α1=α2=β1=e1=e2=γ2=0,a0=-ω12(1+qq2-3pr),b2=-ωr4q2-3pr,α0=-ω12(1+qq2-3pr),β2=-ωr4q2-3pr,k=±ω2q2-3pr4.Case 2.
Consider(3.34)a1=b1=b2=c2=d1=d2=α1=β1=β2=e1=e2=γ2=0,a0=-ω12(1+qq2-3pr),a2=-ωp4q2-3pr,α0=ω12(1+qq2-3pr),α2=ωp4q2-3pr,k=±ω2q2-3pr4.Case 3.
Consider(3.35)a1=b1=c2=d1=d2=α1=β2=e1=e2=γ2=0,a0=-ω12(3+qq2+12pr),a2=-ωp4q2+12pr,b2=-ωr4q2+12pr,α0=-ω12(1-qq2+12pr),α2=ωp4q2+12pr,β2=ωr4q2+12pr,k=±ω2q2+12pr4.Case 4.
Consider(3.36)a1=b1=b2=d1=d2=α1=β1=β2=e1=e2=0,a0=-ω12(1+qq2+12pr),a2=-ωp2q2+12pr,c2=-ωp2q2+12pr,α0=ω12(1+qq2+12pr),α2=ωp2q2+12pr,γ2=ωp2q2+12pr,k=±ωq2+12pr4.
Note that there are other cases which are omitted here. Since the solutions obtained here are so many, we just list some of the exact solutions corresponding to Case 4 to illustrate the effectiveness of the extended mapping method.Substituting (3.36) into (3.32) yields
(3.37)u(ξ)=-ω12(1+qq2+12pr)-ωp2q2+12prf2(ξ)-ωp2q2+12prf′(ξ),v(ξ)=ω12(1+qq2+12pr)+ωp2q2+12prf2(ξ)+ωp2q2+12prf′(ξ),
where
(3.38)ξ=±ωq2+12pr4(x-ωt).According to AppendixA, we have the following families of exact solutions.Family 1.
Ifr=1, q=2m2-1, p=m2(m2-1), f(ξ)=sd(ξ), then we get
(3.39)u(ξ)=-ω12(1+2m2-116m4-16m2+1)-ωm2(m2-1)sd⁡2(ξ)216m4-16m2+1-ωmm2-1nd(ξ)cd(ξ)216m4-16m2+1,v(ξ)=ω12(1+2m2-116m4-16m2+1)+ωm2(m2-1)sd⁡2(ξ)216m4-16m2+1+ωmm2-1nd(ξ)cd(ξ)216m4-16m2+1,
where
(3.40)ξ=±ω16m4-16m2+14(x-ωt).Family 2.
Ifr=m2(m2-1), q=2m2-1,p=1, f(ξ)=ds(ξ), then we get
(3.41)u(ξ)=-ω12(1+2m2-116m4-16m2+1)-ωds2(ξ)216m4-16m2+1+ωcs(ξ)ns(ξ)216m4-16m2+1,v(ξ)=ω12(1+2m2-116m4-16m2+1)+ωds2(ξ)216m4-16m2+1-ωcs(ξ)ns(ξ)216m4-16m2+1,
where
(3.42)ξ=±ω16m4-16m2+14(x-ωt).Family 3.
Ifr=m2/4, q=(1/2)(m2-2), p=m2/4, f(ξ)=sn(ξ)±icn(ξ), then we get
(3.43)u(ξ)=-ω12(1+m2-22m4-m2+1)-ωm2(sn(ξ)±icn(ξ))28m4-m2+1-ωm(cn(ξ)dn(ξ)∓isn(ξ)dn(ξ))4m4-m2+1,v(ξ)=ω12(1+m2-22m4-m2+1)+ωm2(sn(ξ)±icn(ξ))28m4-m2+1+ωm(cn(ξ)dn(ξ)∓isn(ξ)dn(ξ))4m4-m2+1,
where
(3.44)ξ=±ωm4-m2+14(x-ωt).Family 4.
Ifr=1,q=-(1+m2), p=m2, f(ξ)=sn(ξ), then we get
(3.45)u(ξ)=-ω12(1-1+m2m4+14m2+1)-ωm2sn2(ξ)2m4+14m2+1-ωmcn(ξ)dn(ξ)2m4+14m2+1,v(ξ)=ω12(1-1+m2m4+14m2+1)+ωm2sn2(ξ)2m4+14m2+1+ωmcn(ξ)dn(ξ)2m4+14m2+1,
where
(3.46)ξ=±ωm4+14m2+14(x-ωt).Family 5.
Ifr=1-m2, q=2m2-1, p=-m2, f(ξ)=cn(ξ), then we get
(3.47)u(ξ)=-ω12(1+2m2-116m4-16m2+1)+ωm2cn2(ξ)216m4-16m2+1+iωmsn(ξ)dn(ξ)216m4-16m2+1,v(ξ)=ω12(1+2m2-116m4-16m2+1)-ωm2cn2(ξ)216m4-16m2+1-iωmsn(ξ)dn(ξ)216m4-16m2+1,
where
(3.48)ξ=±ω16m4-16m2+14(x-ωt).Family 6.
Ifr=1-m2, q=2-m2, p=1, f(ξ)=cs(ξ), then we get
(3.49)u(ξ)=-ω12(1+2-m2m4-16m2+16)-ωcs2(ξ)2m4-16m2+16+ωns(ξ)ds(ξ)2m4-16m2+16,v(ξ)=ω12(1+2-m2m4-16m2+16)+ωcs2(ξ)2m4-16m2+16-ωns(ξ)ds(ξ)2m4-16m2+16,
where
(3.50)ξ=±ωm4-16m2+164(x-ωt).Family 7.
Ifr=-1,  q=2-m2,p=m2-1, f(ξ)=nd(ξ), then we get
(3.51)u(ξ)=-ω12(1+2-m2m4-16m2+16)-ω(m2-1)nd2(ξ)2m4-16m2+16-ωm2m2-1sd⁡(ξ)cd(ξ)2m4-16m2+16,v(ξ)=ω12(1+2-m2m4-16m2+16)+ω(m2-1)nd2(ξ)2m4-16m2+16+ωm2m2-1sd⁡(ξ)cd(ξ)2m4-16m2+16,
where
(3.52)ξ=±ωm4-16m2+164(x-ωt).


## 4. Conclusion

The main objective of this paper is that we have found new exact solutions for the Boussinesq system and the coupled KdV equations by using the extended mapping method with the auxiliary equation method. Also, we conclude according to AppendixB that our results in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions generate into hyperbolic functions when m→1 and generate into trigonometric functions when m→0. This method provides a powerful mathematical tool to obtain more general exact solutions of a great many nonlinear PDEs in mathematical physics.



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*Source: 597983-2012-09-05.xml*