# Multiobjective Optimization Design of Time-Modulated Concentric Circular Ring Arrays

Authors: Weilong Liang; Zhao Wu; Li Zhang
Journal: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
 (2018)

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## Abstract

A multiobjective approach based on the third evolution step of generalized differential evolution (GDE3) algorithm is proposed for optimizing the time-modulated array (TMA) in this paper. Different from the single-objective optimization, which optimizes a weighted sum of the peak sidelobe level (PSLL) and the peak sideband level (PSBL) of the array, the multiobjective algorithm treats the PSLL and the PSBL as two distinct objectives that are to be optimized simultaneously. Furthermore, not only one outstanding optimization result can be acquired but also a set of solutions known as Pareto front is obtained by using the GDE3 algorithm, which will guide the design of time-modulated array more effectively. Users can choose one appropriate outcome which has a suitable tradeoff between the PSLL and the PSBL. This approach is illustrated through a time-modulated concentric circular ring array (CCRA). The optimal parameters and the corresponding radiation patterns are presented at last. Experimental results reveal that the multiobjective optimization can be an effective approach for the TMA synthesis problems.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The time-modulated array (TMA) was proposed in 1959 by Shanks and Bickmore [1] and then improved by Kummer et al. in 1963 [2]. Compared with the conventional antenna arrays, an additional high-speed RF switch is connected to each antenna element in the TMA, which introduces the fourth dimension, time, into the design. By controlling the switch-on time interval in a period, the TMA has great flexibility in the control of the aperture excitation which tapers the distribution easily and rapidly. So the realization of low/ultralow sidelobe level (SLL) antenna array becomes much simpler. However, the TMA has an inherent drawback in that there are many sideband signals spaced at multiples of the modulation frequency, which are usually useless. Generally, the sideband level (SBL) needs to be suppressed in order to reduce the energy loss and interference. As the objective function in the TMA pattern synthesis is highly nonlinear and nondifferentiable with different diverse constraint conditions, various algorithms are adopted to optimize the TMA by adjusting the excitation amplitudes or switch-on time sequence. Approaches based on differential evolution (DE) algorithm in [3–5] were proposed to suppress the SBL in the TMA by rearranging the switch-on time. In [6], a linear array with low SLLs, low SBLs, and uniform excitations simultaneously was obtained based on the direct optimization of the switch-on time sequence via the simple genetic algorithm (SGA). Particle swarm optimization (PSO) was used to minimize the power losses in the TMA by properly modifying the modulation sequence [7]. In [8], a novel hybrid algorithm based on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm and DE algorithm called ABC-DE was used to overcome the drawback of the TMA. Furthermore, a hybrid enhanced PSO and DE (hybrid DPSO/DE) was used to optimize the concentric hexagonal antenna array and concentric circular ring array [9]. Also flower pollination algorithm or enhanced flower pollination algorithm is used in the synthesis of circular array antenna [10] and the linear antenna arrays [11].As mentioned above, the TMA has been optimized by different kinds of optimization algorithms. In these algorithms, single objective is optimized, which means only one best result can be concluded after optimization. However, the electromagnetic optimization objectives are often in conflict with each other, and there may not exist a solution that is the global best one. In fact, there are a set of solutions known as Pareto front or nondominated solutions [12–17]. Therefore, multiobjective evolutionary algorithms have been employed to solve complicated antenna design problems such as the optimal synthesis of linear arrays, planar arrays, or concentric ring arrays [18–22].In this paper, an approach based on the third evolution step of generalized differential evolution (GDE3) [23] is presented for the TMA optimization. In order to demonstrate the methodology, the time-modulated concentric circular ring array (CCRA) is considered. Two objective functions, the peak sidelobe level (PSLL) and peak sideband level (PSBL) of the time-modulated CCRA, are optimized as a biobjective problem. By optimizing the normalized switch-on time sequence, the number of elements, and the ring spacing, an extensive set of solutions is obtained, and users can choose the most suitable one from it. This method shows the relationship between the PSLL and the PSBL of the TMA, which indicates that the PSLL is inversely proportional to the PSBL.The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section2 describes properties of the time-modulated CCRA and the parameters defined the radiating structure. Then, the numerical results after optimization are presented in Section 3. Finally, the conclusion is given in Section 4.


## 2. Pattern Synthesis with Time Modulation Technique

The configuration ofNr ring CCRA with ring n having Nn equally spaced isotropic elements at a radius of rn is shown in Figure 1. The physical distance between adjacent elements on ring n is constant. In the time-modulated CCRA, all the antenna elements in the same ring have the same weight and are controlled by a same high-speed RF switch. The far-field array factor of the time-modulated CCRA is expressed as
(1)AF=ej2πf0t1+∑n=1Nr∑m=1NnUntejkrnsinθcosφ−φnm,where f0 is the center frequency, θ is the elevation angle with respect to Z axis, β is the wavenumber, and Un is the periodic switch-on time sequence function in which antenna elements on ring n are switched on for τn (0≤τn≤Tp) in each period Tp. Un is defined as
(2)Unt=1,0≤t≤τn0,otherwise.Figure 1
The configuration of the CCRA.By decomposing into Fourier series with different frequency components (s=0,±1,…,±∞), the far-field array factor can be described as
(3)AFs=ej2πf0+s/Tpt1+∑n=1Nr∑m=1Nnαs,nejkrnsinθcosφ−φnm,where αs,n is the complex amplitude, which is given by
(4)αs,n=1Tp∫0TpUnt⋅e−j2πst/Tp⋅dt=τnTp⋅sincπsτnTp⋅e−jπsτn/Tp,sincx=sinxx.At the center frequency (s = 0), the far-field array factor can be simplified as
(6)AF0=ej2πf0t1+∑n=1Nr∑m=1NnτnTpejkrnsinθcosφ−φnm.It can be seen from the functions that the far-field array factor of the time-modulated CCRA can be adjusted through controlling the normalized switch-on time sequenceτn/Tp when all the elements are uniformly excited. Thus, the low PSLL can be realized without complicated feeding network. The PSLL and the PSBL to be minimized can be formulated as the following expressions:
(7)minimizePSLLG=20logmaxθ,ϕ∈YAF0AF0max,minimizePSBLG=20logmaxAF1AF0max,subjecttoFNBWAF0≤30°.where Y denotes the sidelobe region. G is the optimal variables including the normalized switch-on time sequence τn/Tp, the ring spacing rn, and the number of elements Nn. The FNBW is the first null beamwidth of the CCRA at the center frequency. It is set as a constraint to maintain the directivity of the array. When the FNBW is larger than 30°, the PSLL and the PSBL are set to large values, thereby eliminating the improper solutions.To optimize the PSLL of the time-modulated CCRA, and to get the relationship between the PSLL and the PSBL, the multiobjective evolutionary algorithm GDE3 [20] is adopted in this paper. The flowchart of the GDE3 is shown in Figure 2. Without loss of generality, the antenna arrays to be considered in this paper are nine-ring CCRAs and a six-ring CCRA with isotropic elements presented in [21]. The spacing between adjacent elements on the same ring is constant and greater than or equal to λ/2, where λ is the wavelength at the center frequency. The GDE3 algorithm is employed to optimize the normalized switch-on time sequence, the number of elements, and the ring spacing by balancing the PSLL and the PSBL. Parameters for the GDE3 algorithm are set as follows: population size NP = 100, scaling factor F = 0.5, crossover rate CR = 0.9, and the maximum number of generation gmax = 2000. The first design objective is the PSLL, and the second design objective is the PSBL. These two objects are incompatible objective functions. The algorithm is run for 10 times independently for each problem, and the best results are presented in the next section.Figure 2
The flowchart of the GDE3 algorithm.


## 3. Numerical Results

Consider a uniformly excited nine-ring CCRA presented in [24]. There are nine rings with ring spacing rn=nλ/2, and spacing between adjacent elements within the same ring dn=λ/2. Parameters of the nine-ring CCRA are listed in Table 1.Table 1
Ring spacing and numbers of elements for case 1.
Ring number
Ring spacing (λ)
Number of elements
1
0.5
6
2
1.0
12
3
1.5
18
4
2.0
25
5
2.5
31
6
3.0
37
7
3.5
43
8
4.0
50
9
4.5
56To realize low PSLL, three examples are presented in this paper. Firstly, the normalized switch-on time sequence is optimized in case 1, with the ring spacing and numbers of elements unchanged.To reduce the PSLL, a thin nine-ring CCRA is considered as case 2. The ring spacing remains unchanged like case 1. The spacing between adjacent elements within the same ring and the normalized switch-on time sequence are optimized simultaneously.In case 3, to realize much lower PSLL with acceptable PSBL, the ring spacing, the number of elements, and the normalized switch-on time sequence for each ring are all optimized. For comparison, the six-ring CCRA presented in [21] is considered.As is known, the Pareto front of biobjective problem offers a set of solutions that fulfill the aforementioned constrain. So in each case, three representative individuals, denoted by A, B, and C, are selected for the design. Individual A has the lowest PSBL, and individual B has the lowest PSLL. In consideration of practical using and comparison, the PSLL of individual C is as low as possible if the PSBL is close to −20 dB. The numerical results of three examples are shown in the following.


### 3.1. Case 1

The Pareto front of case 1 is shown in Figure3. The circles in the figure represent the performance of each individual. From the picture, it can be seen that the PSLL varies inversely proportional to the PSBL.Figure 3
The Pareto front for case 1.The performances and the optimized normalized switch-on time sequences of the three representative individuals are listed in Tables2 and 3, respectively. Obviously, individual A1 has the lowest PSBL, but its PSLL is also the highest. For individual B1, it has the lowest PSLL but with the highest PSBL. There is a tradeoff between the PSLL and the PSBL for individual C1 with PSLL = −25.4 dB and PSBL = −20.14 dB. Compared with the conventional nine-ring CCRA in [21], the time-modulated individual C1 has much lower PSLL whilst it has acceptable PSBL, though the FNBW becomes little larger. As is shown in Table 3, to realize low PSLL, the switch-on times of elements in marginal rings are much lower than those of elements in center ring as individuals B1 and C1 show. It indicates that the tapered normalized switch-on time sequence is equal to the tapered excitation distribution. Meanwhile, to realize low PSBL, the normalized switch-on time sequence should be as large as possible just like A1. The radiation patterns of individual C1 are presented in Figure 4. It can be seen that the PSLL is reduced to −25.4 dB, which is 8 dB smaller than that of the conventional uniform CCRA, whilst the optimized CCRA has relatively low PSBL. The numerical results show that the time modulation approach is an achievable method for reducing the PSLL even if the amplitude excitations are uniform. Meanwhile, the multiobjective approach offers different solutions for the tradeoff between the PSLL and the PSBL, and a user can choose an appropriate one for the design.Table 2
Performances of three individuals in case 1.
Individual
PSLL (dB)
PSBL (dB)
FNBW (deg)
A1
−20.11
−40.42
16
B1
−40.92
−8.82
25.2
C1
−25.40
−20.14
20.6Table 3
The normalized switch-on time sequences for individuals A1, B1, and C1.
Ring number
τn/Tp
A1
B1
C1
1
0.9268
0.9949
0.9956
2
0.9456
0.9988
0.9685
3
0.9814
0.9545
0.9412
4
0.9818
0.6999
0.9977
5
0.9673
0.5898
0.8362
6
0.9834
0.3792
0.1515
7
0.9799
0.2443
0.8213
8
0.1007
0.1486
0.1197
9
0.9781
0.1005
0.1011Figure 4
Radiation patterns for individual C1: (a) at the center frequency (s = 0) and (b) at the first sideband (s = 1).
(a)
(b)


### 3.2. Case 2

The Pareto front is shown in Figure5. The PSLL varies from −24.34 dB to −42.70 dB, and the PSBL varies from −12.06 dB to −40.28 dB. The performances of the marginal individuals A2 and B2 and the acceptable individual C2 are shown in Table 4. It can be seen that individual C2 has a well balance between the PSLL and the PSBL. Compared with that in [21], the time-modulated individual C2 has lower PSLL = −33.95 dB, which is 8 dB lower than the conventional CCRA, whilst it has acceptable PSBL = −20.01 dB. The number of elements and the normalized switch-on time sequences for individuals A2, B2, and C2 are listed in Table 5. It can be concluded that, to realize low PSLL, the key point is the number of elements in marginal rings. After optimization, the number of elements in the first three rings changes little for individuals A2, B2, and C2. The total number of elements decreases from 278 in case 1 to 206 in case 2 for individual C2. Also it can be seen that the tapered excitation distribution transforms into the tapered switch-on time sequence in B2 and C2, which reveals that, even with the uniform excitation, the time-modulated technology can realize much lower PSLL with acceptable PSBL than the conventional CCRA can. The multiobjective optimization can also offer the relationship between the PSLL and the PSBL, and users can select one appropriate mode from it. The radiation patterns for individual C2 are shown in Figure 6.Figure 5
The Pareto front for case 2.Table 4
Performances of three individuals in case 2.
Individual
PSLL (dB)
PSBL (dB)
FNBW (deg)
A2
−24.34
−40.28
17.2
B2
−42.70
−12.06
26.8
C2
−33.95
−20.01
22.8Table 5
The numbers of elements and the normalized switch-on time sequences for individuals A2, B2, and C2.
Ring number
Number of elements
τn/Tp
A2
B2
C2
A2
B2
C2
1
6
6
6
0.9806
0.9945
0.9862
2
12
12
13
0.9837
0.9740
0.9985
3
19
17
18
0.9896
0.9093
0.9849
4
25
20
20
0.9917
0.8247
0.9592
5
20
21
19
0.9784
0.7642
0.8653
6
23
26
22
0.9884
0.4796
0.8162
7
25
31
25
0.9961
0.2931
0.7361
8
28
43
38
0.1062
0.1430
0.1345
9
55
31
45
0.9662
0.1063
0.1366Figure 6
Radiation patterns for individual C2: (a) at the center frequency (s = 0) and (b) at the first sideband (s = 1).
(a)
(b)


### 3.3. Case 3

Figure7 shows the Pareto front of case 3. From the figure, it can be seen that the Pareto front offers a set of solutions which have the tradeoff between the PSLL and the PSBL. We may find different design parameters for different requirements from the Pareto front.Figure 7
The Pareto front for case 3.A3, B3, and C3 are chosen as three representative individuals acquired by the GDE3 algorithm. Performances of these three individuals are shown in Table 6. Individual A3 has the lowest PSBL with highest PSLL. Individual B3 has the lowest PSLL but with highest PSBL. For individual C3, there is a tradeoff between the PSLL and the PSBL with PSLL = −33.7 dB and PSBL = −20.24 dB. Meanwhile the PSLL of individual C3 is nearly 6 dB lower than that of [21]. The optimal ring spacing, number of elements, and normalized switch-on time sequences for individuals A3, B3, and C3 are listed in Tables 7–9, respectively. It can be seen that the optimal ring spacing becomes larger than that of case 1. The distribution relationships for the number of elements and the normalized switch-on time sequence are the same with case 1 and case 2. Furthermore, the radiation patterns for individual C3 are presented in Figure 8. It can be seen that the optimized individual has both low PSLL and low PSBL.Table 6
Performances of three individuals in case 3.
Individual
PSLL (dB)
PSBL (dB)
FNBW (deg)
A3
−16.61
−46.97
8.8
B3
−43.40
−14.96
28.4
C3
−34.58
−20.55
24.4Table 7
The ring spacing for individuals A3, B3, and C3.
Ring number
Ring spacing (λ)
A3
B3
C3
1
0.8999
0.5937
0.5543
2
2.2715
1.2132
1.1770
3
3.4688
1.9433
1.8761
4
4.4764
2.7259
2.6182
5
5.8588
3.5232
3.3798
6
7.0763
4.3241
4.1684Table 8
The numbers of elements for individuals A3, B3, and C3.
Ring number
Number of elements
A3
B3
C3
1
10
7
7
2
18
15
15
3
43
21
22
4
42
22
21
5
66
23
25
6
88
46
47Table 9
The normalized switch-on time sequences for individuals A3, B3, and C3.
Ring number
τn/Tp
A3
B3
C3
1
0.9878
0.8974
0.9755
2
0.9776
0.9737
0.9759
3
0.9960
0.9348
0.9617
4
0.9954
0.8002
0.9479
5
0.9965
0.3768
0.7036
6
0.9987
0.1255
0.1418Figure 8
Radiation patterns for individual C3: (a) at the center frequency (s = 0) and (b) at the first sideband (s = 1).
(a)
(b)


## 3.1. Case 1

The Pareto front of case 1 is shown in Figure3. The circles in the figure represent the performance of each individual. From the picture, it can be seen that the PSLL varies inversely proportional to the PSBL.Figure 3
The Pareto front for case 1.The performances and the optimized normalized switch-on time sequences of the three representative individuals are listed in Tables2 and 3, respectively. Obviously, individual A1 has the lowest PSBL, but its PSLL is also the highest. For individual B1, it has the lowest PSLL but with the highest PSBL. There is a tradeoff between the PSLL and the PSBL for individual C1 with PSLL = −25.4 dB and PSBL = −20.14 dB. Compared with the conventional nine-ring CCRA in [21], the time-modulated individual C1 has much lower PSLL whilst it has acceptable PSBL, though the FNBW becomes little larger. As is shown in Table 3, to realize low PSLL, the switch-on times of elements in marginal rings are much lower than those of elements in center ring as individuals B1 and C1 show. It indicates that the tapered normalized switch-on time sequence is equal to the tapered excitation distribution. Meanwhile, to realize low PSBL, the normalized switch-on time sequence should be as large as possible just like A1. The radiation patterns of individual C1 are presented in Figure 4. It can be seen that the PSLL is reduced to −25.4 dB, which is 8 dB smaller than that of the conventional uniform CCRA, whilst the optimized CCRA has relatively low PSBL. The numerical results show that the time modulation approach is an achievable method for reducing the PSLL even if the amplitude excitations are uniform. Meanwhile, the multiobjective approach offers different solutions for the tradeoff between the PSLL and the PSBL, and a user can choose an appropriate one for the design.Table 2
Performances of three individuals in case 1.
Individual
PSLL (dB)
PSBL (dB)
FNBW (deg)
A1
−20.11
−40.42
16
B1
−40.92
−8.82
25.2
C1
−25.40
−20.14
20.6Table 3
The normalized switch-on time sequences for individuals A1, B1, and C1.
Ring number
τn/Tp
A1
B1
C1
1
0.9268
0.9949
0.9956
2
0.9456
0.9988
0.9685
3
0.9814
0.9545
0.9412
4
0.9818
0.6999
0.9977
5
0.9673
0.5898
0.8362
6
0.9834
0.3792
0.1515
7
0.9799
0.2443
0.8213
8
0.1007
0.1486
0.1197
9
0.9781
0.1005
0.1011Figure 4
Radiation patterns for individual C1: (a) at the center frequency (s = 0) and (b) at the first sideband (s = 1).
(a)
(b)


## 3.2. Case 2

The Pareto front is shown in Figure5. The PSLL varies from −24.34 dB to −42.70 dB, and the PSBL varies from −12.06 dB to −40.28 dB. The performances of the marginal individuals A2 and B2 and the acceptable individual C2 are shown in Table 4. It can be seen that individual C2 has a well balance between the PSLL and the PSBL. Compared with that in [21], the time-modulated individual C2 has lower PSLL = −33.95 dB, which is 8 dB lower than the conventional CCRA, whilst it has acceptable PSBL = −20.01 dB. The number of elements and the normalized switch-on time sequences for individuals A2, B2, and C2 are listed in Table 5. It can be concluded that, to realize low PSLL, the key point is the number of elements in marginal rings. After optimization, the number of elements in the first three rings changes little for individuals A2, B2, and C2. The total number of elements decreases from 278 in case 1 to 206 in case 2 for individual C2. Also it can be seen that the tapered excitation distribution transforms into the tapered switch-on time sequence in B2 and C2, which reveals that, even with the uniform excitation, the time-modulated technology can realize much lower PSLL with acceptable PSBL than the conventional CCRA can. The multiobjective optimization can also offer the relationship between the PSLL and the PSBL, and users can select one appropriate mode from it. The radiation patterns for individual C2 are shown in Figure 6.Figure 5
The Pareto front for case 2.Table 4
Performances of three individuals in case 2.
Individual
PSLL (dB)
PSBL (dB)
FNBW (deg)
A2
−24.34
−40.28
17.2
B2
−42.70
−12.06
26.8
C2
−33.95
−20.01
22.8Table 5
The numbers of elements and the normalized switch-on time sequences for individuals A2, B2, and C2.
Ring number
Number of elements
τn/Tp
A2
B2
C2
A2
B2
C2
1
6
6
6
0.9806
0.9945
0.9862
2
12
12
13
0.9837
0.9740
0.9985
3
19
17
18
0.9896
0.9093
0.9849
4
25
20
20
0.9917
0.8247
0.9592
5
20
21
19
0.9784
0.7642
0.8653
6
23
26
22
0.9884
0.4796
0.8162
7
25
31
25
0.9961
0.2931
0.7361
8
28
43
38
0.1062
0.1430
0.1345
9
55
31
45
0.9662
0.1063
0.1366Figure 6
Radiation patterns for individual C2: (a) at the center frequency (s = 0) and (b) at the first sideband (s = 1).
(a)
(b)


## 3.3. Case 3

Figure7 shows the Pareto front of case 3. From the figure, it can be seen that the Pareto front offers a set of solutions which have the tradeoff between the PSLL and the PSBL. We may find different design parameters for different requirements from the Pareto front.Figure 7
The Pareto front for case 3.A3, B3, and C3 are chosen as three representative individuals acquired by the GDE3 algorithm. Performances of these three individuals are shown in Table 6. Individual A3 has the lowest PSBL with highest PSLL. Individual B3 has the lowest PSLL but with highest PSBL. For individual C3, there is a tradeoff between the PSLL and the PSBL with PSLL = −33.7 dB and PSBL = −20.24 dB. Meanwhile the PSLL of individual C3 is nearly 6 dB lower than that of [21]. The optimal ring spacing, number of elements, and normalized switch-on time sequences for individuals A3, B3, and C3 are listed in Tables 7–9, respectively. It can be seen that the optimal ring spacing becomes larger than that of case 1. The distribution relationships for the number of elements and the normalized switch-on time sequence are the same with case 1 and case 2. Furthermore, the radiation patterns for individual C3 are presented in Figure 8. It can be seen that the optimized individual has both low PSLL and low PSBL.Table 6
Performances of three individuals in case 3.
Individual
PSLL (dB)
PSBL (dB)
FNBW (deg)
A3
−16.61
−46.97
8.8
B3
−43.40
−14.96
28.4
C3
−34.58
−20.55
24.4Table 7
The ring spacing for individuals A3, B3, and C3.
Ring number
Ring spacing (λ)
A3
B3
C3
1
0.8999
0.5937
0.5543
2
2.2715
1.2132
1.1770
3
3.4688
1.9433
1.8761
4
4.4764
2.7259
2.6182
5
5.8588
3.5232
3.3798
6
7.0763
4.3241
4.1684Table 8
The numbers of elements for individuals A3, B3, and C3.
Ring number
Number of elements
A3
B3
C3
1
10
7
7
2
18
15
15
3
43
21
22
4
42
22
21
5
66
23
25
6
88
46
47Table 9
The normalized switch-on time sequences for individuals A3, B3, and C3.
Ring number
τn/Tp
A3
B3
C3
1
0.9878
0.8974
0.9755
2
0.9776
0.9737
0.9759
3
0.9960
0.9348
0.9617
4
0.9954
0.8002
0.9479
5
0.9965
0.3768
0.7036
6
0.9987
0.1255
0.1418Figure 8
Radiation patterns for individual C3: (a) at the center frequency (s = 0) and (b) at the first sideband (s = 1).
(a)
(b)


## 4. Conclusion

In this paper, an attempt based on the multiobjective algorithm is made to solve the pattern synthesis problems of the time-modulated CCRA. By utilizing the GDE3 multiobjective algorithm, a set of solutions known as the Pareto front is obtained, which is beneficial to the design of time-modulated antenna array. In this design, the PSLL and the PSBL are set as two objectives. Three examples are studied in detail. Firstly, the normalized switch-on time sequence is optimized only. Then, both the number of elements and the normalized switch-on time sequence are optimized. The ring spacing, the number of elements within the same ring, and the normalized switch-on time sequence are all optimized at last. Moreover, the corresponding Pareto front, parameters of representative individuals, and radiation patterns are presented for all cases. Compared with the conventional CCRA, the selected three time-modulated CCRAs, C1, C2, and C3, have lower PSLL and acceptable PSBL. In addition, users can choose the most appropriate individuals from the Pareto front to fulfill different antenna design requirements. The numerical results reveal that the approach based on the multiobjective optimization is an effective method for the TMA design.



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