# Black-Scholes Fuzzy Numbers as Indexes of Performance

Authors: M. R. Simonelli
Journal: Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing
 (2010)

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## Abstract

We use the set of propositions of some previous papers to define a fuzzy version of the Black-Scholes value where the risk free instantaneous interest intensity, the volatility and the initial stock price are fuzzy numbers whose parameters are built with statistical financial data. With our Black-Scholes fuzzy numbers we define indexes of performance varing in time. As an example, with data of the Italian Stock Exchange on MIB30, we see that in 2004 and 2006 our indexes are negative, that is, they are indexes of the refuse to invest and this refuse increased. So, on November 11, 2006 we could forecast that the market will become with more risk: the risk of loss will increase. Now, on January 25, 2010, we know that this forecast has happened. Obviously, the parameters of our Black-Scholes fuzzy numbers can be valued also with incomplete, possibilistic data. With respect to the probabilistic one, our fuzzy method is more simple and immediate to have a forecast on the financial market.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In this paper, we use the fuzzy theory of Zadeh [1], the set of propositions used in some previous papers of us [2–4] and statistical data, to have a fuzzy version of the Black-Scholes (B-S) value for a European call option, where the istantaneous intensity of the risk-free interest, the standard deviation of the instantaneous intensity of return from the underlying security (volatility), and the initial stock price are fuzzy numbers built with statistical financial data. Obviously, a similar method can be used if one has incomplete possibilistic data.With a theorem we deduce that our B-S fuzzy sets are fuzzy numbers.Then we give a statistical example: with the data of the Italian MIB 30, that is, with its time series, we build aB-S fuzzy number which for every belief degree gives a B-S value.With the support of our B-S fuzzy numbers we define indexes of the performance of the market varing in time. In particular, in 2004 and 2006 we see that these indexes are negative, that is, they are indexes of the refuse to invest. So, comparing our indexes of 2004 and 2006, on November 11, 2006 we could forecast for future loss in the gamble on the increase of the MIB30. The forecast happened.This paper is organized as follows. In Section2 we set the preliminaries and give the theorems which link the Zadeh's extension principle to the construction of fuzzy numbers with cut-functions in accordance with the theorems in [2, 3, 5] and Zadeh's identity; inSection 3we define three fuzzy numbers which we deduce by probabilistic densities to use for our applications; in Section 4 we give our model of the Black-Scholes fuzzy numbers and its theorem; and in Section 5 we put the applications and cues for further researchs.


## 2. Preliminaries and Theorems

Let(Ω,𝒜),be a probabilizable space, where Ω is the set of real numbers, 𝒜=ℬ(Ω) is the Borel's σ-field.We may identify a subsetA of Ω (event) with its characteristic function,(1)χA:ω∈Ω→χA(ω)∈{0,1},whereA is the support of χA:(2)χA(ω)={1,ω∈A;0,ω∉A.A fuzzy subsetA (fuzzy event) is identified with its membership function, f, (see Zadeh [1]):(3)f:ω∈Ω→f(ω)∈[0,1],that is,0≤f(ω)≤1; the support of f is Ã={ω∈Ω:f(ω)≠0}; f(ω) represents (i) a membership degree of ω as element of Ã; (ii) a belief degree that ω happens.The y-cut of f, stated at the level y∈[0,1], is defined by:(4)Cyf={ω∈Ω:f(ω)≥y}.We say thatf is a fuzzy number if f is convex, that is, all its y-cuts are closed and bounded real intervals; f is normal, that is, there exists ω0∈Ω such that f(ω0)=1; f is upper semi-continuous (usc); f is compactly supported on the real line. We denote by 𝒩 the set of fuzzy numbers.Iff∈𝒩 then(5)∀y∈[0,1],Cyf=[f-l(y),f-r(y)],wheref-l is increasing and is called the left cut-function of f,  f-r is decreasing and is called the right cut-function off. f-l, f-r are left-continuous because f∈𝒩 (see [2, page 5]). In this case, we have the following Zadeh's identity:(6)f(ω)=supy∈[0,1]y·χ[f-l(y),f-r(y)](ω),whereχ is the characteristic function of the real interval [f-l(y),f-r(y)].Zadeh's Extension Principle
Letx:=(x1,…,xn)∈Rn, h(x) a continuous deterministic function with values in Ω:
(7)h:x∈Rn→h(x)=ω∈Ω,f1,f2,…,fn,
let h be a deterministic function and f1,f2,…,fn,n  be fuzzy numbers. The Zadeh's extension principle (Z.e.pr.) gives a belief degree to every value ω=h(x), that is, the Z.e.pr. defines a belief degree or membership function, h̃, by
(8)h̃(ω):=supx∈Rn:h(x)=ωmin{f1(x1),…,fn(xn)}.
So, from the deterministic functionh, we have that the Z.e.pr. induces a fuzzy number, that is,
(9)h̃:ω→h̃(ω)∈[0,1]
and h̃ is obtained by the deterministic function h and the fuzzy numbers f1,…,fn, that is,
(10)(f1,…,fn)∈𝒩n→h̃∈𝒩.Proposition 1.
Iff1,…,fn are in 𝒩 and h is a continuous deterministic function, then (for all y∈[0,1]) the y-cut of the fuzzy number h̃(f1,…,fn) is equal to the h of the y-cuts of f1,…,fn:
(11)Cyh(f1,…,fn)=h(Cyf1,…,Cyfn)={ω=h(x1,…,xn)∈Ω:x1∈Cyf1,…,xn∈Cyfn}.This Proposition is an extension obtained by induction by a Proposition of Biacino-Lettieri (see [5, Section2.4)] and it is used in our previous papers [2–4].From Proposition1 we have the following proposition.Proposition 2.
Leth(x1,…,xn) be a continuous deterministic function increasing with respect to xi and decreasing with respect to xj and let f1,…,fn be in 𝒩, then we have that the membership function h̃ is in 𝒩 if we have that(i)
the left cut-functionh̃-l(y),y∈[0,1] is given by
(12)h̃-l(y)=h(…,fi-l(y),…,fj-r(y),…)
and is increasing;(ii)
the right cut-functionh̃-r(y),y∈[0,1] is given by
(13)h̃-r(y)=h(…,fi-r(y),…,fj-l(y),…)
and is decreasing;(iii)
for ally∈[0,1], h̃-l(y)≤h̃-r(y) and the equal holds if y=1.
Then the membership functionh̃ has the following shape
(14)h̃(ω)=maxy∈[0,1]y·χ[h̃-l(y),h̃-r(y)](ω)
and it is an element of 𝒩, where χ is the characteristic function of the real interval [h̃-l(y),h̃-r(y)].Proof.
Iff1,·,fn∈𝒩 then we have that for all y∈[0,1] their cuts are the following compact (closed and bounded) intervals, i∈{1,…n}:
(15)Cyfi=[fi-l(y),fi-r(y)].
On the other hand, by Proposition 1, from the hypothesis of continuity of h it follows that Cyh̃(f1,·,fn) is a compact interval. So, if the left cut-function h̃-l(y) is increasing and the right h̃-r(y) is decreasing, h̃-l(y)≤h̃-r(y) and h̃-l(1)=h̃-r(1), then Cyh̃ is equal to the following
(16)Cyh̃=[h̃-l(y),h̃-r(y)],
that is h̃ is in 𝒩 and by Zadeh's identity we have that h̃ has the following shape:
(17)h̃(ω)=maxy∈[0,1]y·χ[h̃-l(y),h̃-r(y)](ω).


## 3. Examples of Fuzzy Numbers Useful for Our Applications

For our option price fuzzy numbers we can use, for example, one of the following fuzzy numbers.(1) Triangular fuzzy numbers(18)f(ω)={ω-ab-a,ifω∈[a,b];c-ωc-b,ifω∈[b,c];0,elsewhere,wherea<b<c. The graph of f looks like a triangle. In our cases, the support [a,c] may be calculated by a statistical time series and b may be equal to its arithmetical mean or the value of the time series with the bigger frequence, but also with possibilistic data.In this case they-cuts are given by(19)∀y∈]0,1],[f-l(y),f-r(y)]with(20)f-l(y)=a+(b-a)y;f-r(y)=c-(c-b)y.(2) Gaussian fuzzy set(21)g(ω)=e-(ω-μ)2/2σ2,where the meanμ and the standard deviation σ are calculated using a statistical time series.For ally∈]0,1] the cut-functions are given by(22)g-l(y)=μ--2σ2loge(y),g-r(y)=μ+-2σ2loge(y).The belief degree ofω=μ is equal to g(μ)=1 which is the max of g. In fact the derivative of g is given by(23)g′(ω)=(-(ω-μ)σ2)e-(ω-μ)2/2σ2which is equal to zero ifω=μ. The function g has a symmetric and campanulate graph.The flex points areμ-σ,μ+σ. In fact the second derivative of g is given by(24)g′′(ω)=-1σ2e-(ω-μ)2/2σ2-ω-μσ2(-(ω-μ)σ2)e-(ω-μ)2/2σ2=-1σ2e-(ω-μ)2/2σ2[1-(ω-μ)2σ2],g′′(ω)=0 if and only if (1/σ2)(ω-μ)2=1, that is, if (ω-μ)2=σ2⇔ω-μ=±σ⇔ω=μ±σ. The function g is not in 𝒩 because its support is not compact.(3) Gaussian fuzzy number (with compact support)(25)g(ω)={e-(ω-μ)2/2σ2,ifω∈[μ-3.9σ,μ+3.9σ];0,elsewhere,whereμ and σ are calculated with the statistical time series or with possibilistic data. We choose 3.9 because the statistical tables are up to this number; the support of g is [μ-3.9σ,μ+3.9σ] which influences the results. We can use, for example, 4.1 to have a larger support [μ-4.1σ,μ+4.1σ].


## 4. Black-Scholes Fuzzy Numbers

Letk be the strike price, δ the annual istantaneous intensity of the risk-free interest, a the initial market price of the underlying security, t the expiration date, σ2 the variance of the annual istantaneous intensity of the random return from the underlying security, then the classical Black-Scholes value for a European call option at time zero is given by(26)c(a,δ,σ)=aN(d1)-ke-δtN(d2),
where N(x) is the cumulative distribution function for a standard normal random variable (r.v.):(27)N(x)=12π∫-∞xe-(1/2)ω2dω,also(28)d1=log(a/k)+(δ+(1/2)σ2)tσtandd2=d1-σt.Note that if the volatilityσ is very big then we may have d1>3.9 hence d2<-3.9. In this case the values of the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal r.v. become N(d1)=1,   N(d2)=0, respectively, and so we have that the price of the call is equal to the price of the underlying security at time zero (this is the extreme superior value of the call) (see [6, 7]).The price of the European call (26) depends in particular on the initial market price of the underlying security, a, and on the strike price, k. If we consider (26) varing in time, then its fuzzy versions give us indexes of performance as we see in Proposition 3 and Section 5 where we make a statistical application on MIB30.Proposition 3 (on black-scholes fuzzy numbers).
If we take these fuzzy numbers(29)f1=ã,f2=δ̃,f3=σ̃∈𝒩
instead of the corresponding crisp ones, then the fuzzy version of the Black-Scholes formula, h̃=c̃, is in 𝒩 if and only if (i)
the left cut-function ofc̃ given by
(30)c̃-l(y)=ã-l(y)N(d̃1-l(y))-ke-tδ̃-l(y)N(d̃2-r(y))
is increasing;(ii)
the right cut-function ofc̃ given by
(31)c̃-r(y)=ã-r(y)N(d̃1-r(y))-ke-tδ̃-r(y)N(d̃2-l(y))
is decreasing;(iii)
the left cut-function ofc̃ is less than the right:(32)c̃-l(y)≤c̃-r(y).
Moreover, with the left and right cut-functions we may write c̃:
(33)c̃(ω)=supy∈[0,1]y·χ[c-l(y),c-r(y)](ω),
and c̃ is an element of 𝒩.Proof.
We suppose to know these three fuzzy numbers(34)f1=ã,f2=δ̃,f3=σ̃∈𝒩,
that is, for all x=(x1,x2,x3)∈R3, we suppose to know the belief degree 0≤ã(x1)≤1 of the fuzzy event {a=x1} and analogously we know the belief degree 0≤δ̃(x2)≤1 and 0≤σ̃(x3)≤1 of the fuzzy events {δ=x2} and {σ=x3}, respectively.
Then we obtain the fuzzy price of the call,c̃  by the Zadeh’s extension principle:
(35)c̃(ω):=supx∈R3:c(x)=ωmin{ã(x1),δ̃(x2),σ̃(x3)}
according to the Black-Scholes formula
(36)c(a,δ,σ)=aN(d1)-ke-δtN(d2).
On the other hand, if we know the fuzzy numbers ã,δ̃,σ̃∈𝒩 then we can write their left and right cut-functions
(37)∀y∈[0,1],ã-l(y),δ̃-l(y),σ̃-l(y);ã-r(y),δ̃-r(y),σ̃-r(y).
Taking into account that d1 has σ at the denominator, we have that for every fixed belief degree, y∈[0,1], the cut functions of the fuzzy numbers d̃1 and d̃2 are given by
(38)d̃1-l(y)=log(ã-l(y)/k)+[δ̃-l(y)+(1/2)(σ̃-l(y))2]tσ̃-r(y)t;d̃2-l(y)=d1-l(y)-σ̃-r(y)t;d̃1-r(y)=log(ã-r(y)/k)+[δ̃-r(y)+(1/2)(σ̃-r(y))2]tσ̃-l(y)t;d̃2-r(y)=d1-r(y)-σ̃-l(y)t.
In this way, the left cut-functions are increasing and the right cut-functions are decreasing.
Sincec is increasing with respect to a, d1, and δ and decreasing with respect to d2, by Proposition 2, we have that the left and right cut-functions of c̃ are given by
(39)c̃-l(y)=ã-l(y)N(d̃1-l(y))-ke-tδ̃-l(y)N(d̃2-r(y)),c̃-r(y)=ã-r(y)N(d̃1-r(y))-ke-tδ̃-r(y)N(d̃2-l(y)).
Moreover we have c̃-l(y)≤c̃-r(y) and by Zadeh's identity
(40)c̃(ω)=supy∈[0,1]y·χ[c-l(y),c-r(y)](ω).
For y=0, we have that the support of the fuzzy Black-Schose number c̃ is
(41)Ω=[c̃-l(0),c̃-r(0)].
In particular we have that the real number c̃-l(0) is negative if ã-l(0)≪k and c̃-r(0) is positive if ã-r(0)≫k. The two prices
(42)c̃-l(0),c̃-r(0)
represent the pessimistic and optimistic performance on the future if we gamble on the increase of the price.
The real numbersc̃-l(0),c̃-r(0) are two synthesis of the fuzzy parameters which we use, so they may represent indexes of the performance of the market of the underlying security. Obviously if the underlying security is a market index, as the MIB30, then c̃-l(0),c̃-r(0) may represent indexes of the performance of the market. Obviously these indexes vary in time. We will see that their variations help us to evaluate and to forecast the future of the market.


## 5. Fuzzy Numbers with Parameters Valued with Statistical Observations

Here we build a fuzzy set using statistical observations of financial prices. We have a time series of the daily prices,(43)p(t)of the  “MIB 30” from the first of April 2001 to the first of October 2006 (for 67 months) and we want to build a fuzzy option price for an option, of the first of October 2006, with strike price 39500, maturity on 11 days.From the security time series of the daily price we build the time series of the instantaneous intensity of returns from the security (using continuous compounding),(44)r(t)=logep(t)p(t-1).Every month we have a daily arithmetical mean ofr(t). So, from the observation of 67 months we have 67 means:(45)∀k∈{1,2,…,67},m(k)=130∑t=130r(t)and67 daily arithmetical variances of rt:(46)∀k∈{1,2,…,67},s2(k)=129∑t=130(r(t)-m(k))2.So we have a time series of 67 standard deviations, that is,the volatility time series:(47)∀k∈{1,2,…,67},s(k)=s2(k).From this time series we can build a fuzzy number,σ̃, to represent the fuzzy volatility. We can do this in many ways. One of these is to calculate the arithmetical mean and the variance of the volatility time series:(48)μ=167∑k=167s(k),σ=167∑k=167(s(k)-m(s))2and to take the Gaussian fuzzy number with meanμ and variance σ2.Another way is using a triangular fuzzy number to represent the fuzzy volatility. In this case we need to know the support. We can do this reading the time series. In the case of the  “MIB 30” volatility we have(1)
the min variance of the volatility in August 2006: 0.000068;(2)
the max daily variance of the volatility in September 2002: 0.000521.We have to multiply by 365 for obtaining the min variance per annum:(49)0.000068·365=0.02482and the max variance per annum:(50)0.000521·365=0.190165.The min and max standard deviations per annum were(51)0.02482=0.1575,0.190165=0.436079,respectively.So we have the interval[0.1575,0.436079], but if we think that the standard deviation has in the interval [0.15,0.50] and the value with more belief degree is 0.25, we may take as triangular fuzzy annual volatility of the “MIB 30”, the following fuzzy number:(52)σ̃(ω)={ω-0.150.10,ifω∈[0.15,0.25];0.50-ω0.25,ifω∈[0.25,0.50];0,elsewhere.They-cuts are given by(53)∀y∈[0,1],[σ̃-l(y),σ̃-r(y)]σ̃-l(y)=0.15+0.10y;  σ̃-r(y)=0.50-0.25y.So with belief degreey=0.90 we have that the annual volatility is in the real interval Cyσ̃=[0.24,0.275] because
(54)σ̃-l(0.90)=0.15+0.10(0.90)=0.24,σ̃-r(0.90)=0.50-0.25(0.90)=0.275.For buildingthe fuzzy istantaneous intensity of the risk-free interest rate for the same duration of the option, we read(1)
the risk-free interest rates of the Italian Banks in the real intervali1∈[0.015,0.018] then it follows that δ1∈[0.0149,0.017];(2)
the interest rates of the  “Buoni Ordinari del Tesoro”i2∈[0.02,0.025]⇒δ2∈[0.0198,0.02469].So, we give a great belief degree to these data if we take the basic points of the triangle in this way:b=δ̃l(1)=0.02,a=0.014=δ̃l(0),c=0.025=δ̃r(0) so the support of the triangular fuzzy number δ̃ is the interval [0.014,0.025]:(55)δ̃(ω)={ω-0.0140.006,ifω∈[0.014,0.02];0.025-ω0.005,ifω∈[0.02,0.025];0,elsewhere.They-cut functions are δ̃-l(y)=0.014+0.006y;  δ̃-r(y)=0.025-0.005y.On October 30, 2006 the “MIB 30” had the following prices: the last price 39500, the max 40000 and min 38000. We can use these prices to build the triangular fuzzy number,ã in this way:(56)ã(ω)={ω-380001500,ifω∈[38000,39500];40000-ω500,ifω∈[39500,40000];0,elsewhere.They-cut functions are
(57)ã-l(y)=38000+1500y,ã-r(y)=40000-500y.With belief degreey=1 we have that our MIB30 is equal to ã-l(1)=ã-r(1)=39500. The values 38000 and 40000 have membership degrees equal to zero.But if we want to make evaluations on the future we may say that in the future with belief degreey=0.5 the min and max price of MIB30 will be equal to
(58)ã-l(0.50)=38000+1500·0.50=38750;ã-r(0.50)=40000-500·0.50=39750.Statistical Fuzzy Black-Scholes
Using the triangular fuzzy numbersã, δ̃, σ̃, built with statistical data, we may write the cut functions of the triangular fuzzy Black-Scholes, c̃, on “MIB 30 with strike price 39000, maturity on 11 days”.
The left cut-function of c̃ is given by
(59)c̃l(y)=ãl(y)N(d̃1l(y))-39000e-(11/365)δ̃l(y)N(d̃2r(y)),
where
(60)d̃1l(y)=log(ãl(y)/39000)+[δ̃l(y)+(1/2)(σ̃l(y))2](11/365)σ̃r(y)11/365
and d̃2l(y)=d1l(y)-σ̃r(y)11/365;
The right cut-function of c̃ is
(61)c̃r(y)=ãr(y)N(d̃1r(y))-39000e-tδ̃r(y)N(d̃2l(y)),
where
(62)d̃1r(y)=log(ãr(y)/39000)+[δ̃r(y)+(σ̃r(y))2/2]0.03σ̃l(y)0.03,
and  d̃2r(y)=d̃1r(y)-σ̃l(y)0.03.
Now we have to calculate the basic point of the triangle: the min value of the call with belief degree zero,c̃l(0), the mean value with belief degree 1, c̃l(1), and the max value of the call with belief degree zero c̃r(0).
The value of the cut function with the max belief degree,c̃l(1)=cr(1), is given by
(63)c̃l(1)=ãl(1)N(d̃1l(1))-39000e-11/365δ̃l(1)N(d̃2r(1)).
So we have to calculated̃1l(1)=d̃1r(1) and d̃2r(1):
(64)d̃1l(1)=log(ãl(1)/39000)+[δ̃l(1)+(σ̃l(1))2/2](11/365)σ̃r(1)11/365=log(39500/39000)+[0.02+(0.25)2/2](11/365)0.2511/365=0.328=d1r(1)
with the value of distribution function:
(65)N(d̃1l(1))=N(0.328)=0.6255.
Now we need d̃2r(1):
(66)d̃2r(1)=d1r(1)-σ̃l(1)11365=0.328-0.0434=0.2846
with
(67)N(d̃2r(1))=N(0.2846)=0.61.
Substituing these value in c̃l(1) we have
(68)c̃l(1)=39500·0.6255-39000·0.9994·0.61=931.524.
So the value of the call with max belief degree is c̃l(1)=931.524.
Now we calculate the minimum value of the call, that is,c̃l(0), that is
(69)c̃l(0)=ãl(0)N(d̃1l(0))-39000e-(11/365)δ̃l(0)N(d̃2r(0))
we need
(70)d̃1l(0)=log(3̃8000/39000)+[δ̃l(0)+1/2(σ̃l(0))2](11/365)σ̃r(0)11/365
passing to the numbers we have
(71)d̃1l(0)=log(38000/39000)+[0.014+(0.15)2/2](11/365)0.5011/365=-0.29
and we have
(72)N(d̃1l(0))=N(-0.29)=0.3859
now we need also d̃2r(0) so we have to calculate d1r(0):
(73)d̃1r(0)=log(ãr(y)/39000)+[δ̃r(y)+(σ̃r(y))2/2]0.03σ̃l(y)0.03=1.1686
the value of the distribution function is given by
(74)N(d1r(0))=N(1.16)=0.50+0.377=0.877.
Now we calculate d̃2r(0):
(75)d̃2r(0)=d̃1r(0)-σ̃l(0)11365=1.1431,N(d̃2r(0))=N(1.1431)=0.50+0.3729=0.8729.
Now we can calculate our minimum value of the call
(76)c̃l(0)=ãl(0)N(d̃1l(0))-39000e-(11/365)δ̃l(0)N(d̃2r(0))=38000·0.3859-39000·0.999·0.8729=-19344.85.
To have the max value of the call, c̃r(0), we have already N(d1r(0))=0.877, now we need N(d̃2l(0)), where d̃1l(0)=-0.29, so
(77)d̃2l(0)=d̃1l(0)-σ̃r(0)11365=-0.29-0.50·0.17=-0.3768
and N(d̃2l(0))=N(-0.3768)=0.50-0.1443=0.3557.
Substituing, we have our max value of the call:
(78)c̃r(0)=40000·N(d̃1r(0))-39000e-tδ̃r(0)N(d̃2l(0))=40000·0.877-39000·0.99·0.3557=21221.58
and our 2006-Black-Scholes triangular fuzzy number is given by
(79)c̃2006(ω)={ω-ab-a,ifω∈[a,b];c-ωc-b,ifω∈[b,c];0,elsewhere,
where a=c̃2006l(0)=-19344.85,  b=c̃2006l(1)=931.524,  c=c̃2006r(0)=21221.58.
Therefore, the 2006-Black-Scholes cut functions are given by for ally∈]0,1]
(80)c̃2006-l(y)=a+(b-a)y=-19344.85+20276.374·yc̃2006-r(y)=c-(c-b)y=21221.58-20290.056·y
The graph ofc̃2006 looks like a triangle with support: [-19344.85,21221.58]. These evaluations of MIB30 are with the prices of November 11, 2006 when the prices were increased up to 41034 Euro.
Let us see these evaluations also on January 1, 2004 when the MIB30 prices were lower than 2006. So, we take the strike price of the B-S call equal to 27500 and the following cut functions values of initial prices,ã2004-l(0)=26800; ã2004-l(1)=27000; and ã2004-r(0)=28000. Therefore, in the same way of the previous calculus, we have the following cut-functions values of the B-S fuzzy number c̃2004-l(0)=-329.90, c̃2004-l(1)=169.64, and c̃2004-r(0)=14933.83. Indeed, we have
(81)c̃2004(ω)={ω-(-329.9)169.64-(-329.9),ifω∈[-329.9,169.64];14933.83-ω14933.83-169.64,ifω∈[169.64,14933.83];0,elsewhere.
Now, let us compare the supports of our Black-Scholes fuzzy numbers in these two different dates. On January 1, 2004 the support of c̃2004 was Ω1=[-329.90,14933.83]. On November 11, 2006, the support of c̃2006 was Ω2=[-19344.85,21221.58]. So in 2004–2006 the max B-S value increases. But the min decreases:
(82)c̃2004-l(0)=-329.90,c̃2006l(0)=-19344.85,
these negative values can represent indexes of the investor refuse the possibility to buy the stocks of MIB30. The minimum price of the B-S changes from c̃2004-l(0)=-329.90, to c̃2006l(0)=-19344.85: the investor refuse increased in 2004–2006. So, on November 11, 2006 we could forecast that the market will become with more risks: the risk of loss will increase. The forecast happened, on January 25, 2010 we know that the market loss increases.
The MIB30 is an index of the Italian Stock Exchange so the max of these intervals are indexes of optimistic performance, but the minimum of these B-S intervals are indexes of pessimistic performance on the future. We see that the pessimistic performance becomes more pessimistic.
Further research can be made with Gaussian fuzzy numbers and dynamic program using Matlab.



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*Source: 607214-2010-03-24.xml*