# Further Developments of Bessel Functions via Conformable Calculus with Applications

Authors: Mahmoud Abul-Ez; Mohra Zayed; Ali Youssef
Journal: Journal of Function Spaces
 (2021)

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## Abstract

The theory of Bessel functions is a rich subject due to its essential role in providing solutions for differential equations associated with many applications. As fractional calculus has become an efficient and successful tool for analyzing various mathematical and physical problems, the so-called fractional Bessel functions were introduced and studied from different viewpoints. This paper is primarily devoted to the study of developing two aspects. The starting point is to present a fractional Laplace transform via conformable fractional-order Bessel functions (CFBFs). We establish several important formulas of the fractional Laplace Integral operator acting on the CFBFs of the first kind. With this in hand, we discuss the solutions of a generalized class of fractional kinetic equations associated with the CFBFs in view of our proposed fractional Laplace transform. Next, we derive an orthogonality relation of the CFBFs, which enables us to study an expansion of any analytic functions by means of CFBFs and to propose truncated CFBFs. A new approximate formula of conformable fractional derivative based on CFBFs is provided. Furthermore, we describe a useful scheme involving the collocation method to solve some conformable fractional linear (nonlinear) multiorder differential equations. Accordingly, several practical test problems are treated to illustrate the validity and utility of the proposed techniques and examine their approximate and exact solutions. The obtained solutions of some fractional differential equations improve the analog ones provided by various authors using different techniques. The provided algorithm may be beneficial to enrich the Bessel function theory via fractional calculus.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The theory of special functions is a critical branch of modern mathematical analysis. During the past three decades, several new classes of special functions have been proposed as solutions of fractional differential equations (FDEs). No other special functions have received such detailed treatment in readily available treatises as Bessel functions. The investigation of such functions is an important problem in fractional calculus, which has earned much attention as real-life problems can be analyzed well. Fractional calculus appears in many branches of science, such as medicine, material sciences, electromagnetics, and fluid mechanics (see [1–4]). Many applications have been performed through FDEs, and their solution techniques could be found, for example, in [5–11].We trace the existing efforts regarding fractional order derivatives. Several definitions of the fractional order derivative have been introduced by many famous authors, such as Euler, Fourier, Letnikov, Laurent, Grünwald-Letnikov, Caputo, and Riemann-Liouville. Other definitions have also been provided by Kilbas et al. and Miller and Ross in [3, 10]. The most popular definitions considered frequently in the literature are derivatives by Riemann-Liouville, Caputo, and Grünwald-Letnikov. Interestingly, each definition of the arbitrary order derivative captures only a few properties of the classical integral derivative. However, a few drawbacks exist; for instance, Daα1=0 does not fulfill the Riemann-Liouville definition. In Caputo’s definition, fx is assumed to be differentiable; otherwise, one cannot use such a definition. Moreover, Liouville’s theorem in the fractional setting does not hold. Therefore, it is clear that all definitions of fractional derivatives seem deficient regarding certain mathematical properties, such as the rules of product, quotient, and chain. For more details concerning other properties of these fractional order derivatives, see, for example, [4] and the references therein.Due to the mentioned arguments, a new definition of the fractional order derivative is needed to achieve suitable mathematical properties. Khalil et al. [12] introduced a well-extended definition of the noninteger order derivative called the conformable fractional derivative (CFD). This definition is formulated as follows:Definition 1 (see [12]).
For the initial real valuea, the conformable fractional derivative Daαfx of a real function f:a,∞⟶ℝ,α∈0,1 is defined by the following:
(1)Daαfx=limh⟶0fx+hx−a1−α−fxh,forallx>a.The initial valuea can be zero, and if the limit exists, then fx is called α-differentiable.Along with the CFD’s Definition1, if fx is differentiable, then Dαfx=x1−αf′x (see [12]). Moreover, if Definition 1 holds for α=0, we obtain D0fx=fx. Additionally, we have D0fx=xf′x; hence, x=fx/f′x, which indicates that x relies on some functions; it is unreasonable. Therefore, the CFD definition [12] does not need to hold for zero order. For the conformable fractional integral, we state the following definition as given in the following [12]:Definition 2 (see [12]).
Letf:0,∞⟶ℝ. Then, for any β∈0,1, the conformable fractional integral Iβfx of order β of f is defined as follows:
(2)Iβfx=∫0xtβ−1ftdt.Definition1 depends entirely on the basic limit like the classical order derivative. Furthermore, Definition 1 fulfills various classical properties, such as the mean value theorem and the product, quotient, and chain rules. Moreover, this definition is provided with the Leibniz rule, in which other fractional derivatives can not achieve (see [13]). Growing attention has been paid to explore the conformable derivatives due to the enormous number of their meaningful applications in many fields of science. Abul-Ez et al. [14] introduced a comprehensive study on the conformable fractional Legendre polynomials. They presented the shifted conformable fractional Legendre polynomials and described an applicable scheme using the collocation method to solve some fractional differential equations (FDEs) in the sense of conformable derivative. Recently, the conformable fractional Gauss hypergeometric function and a class of conformable fractional differential equations through that function were treated in [15]. Further interesting ideas on the conformable derivative can be found in the work by [16–23].Note that some authors have demonstrated that the conformable derivative is not the same as a fractional order derivative, but it is a first-order derivative multiplied by an additional factor (see for example [23]). Hence, Definition 1 seems to be a natural extension of the conventional order derivative to noninteger order loosing memory effect. In addition, a new approach for finding fractional operators was introduced by Antagan and Baleanu [24] with a nonsingular Mittag-Leffler kernel with a memory effect.Returning to the purpose of the present work, we observe that Bessel functions are playing a significant role in investigating the solution of important differential equations (for example, see [25]). The theory of Bessel functions is usually used when solving problems related to information theory, nuclear physics, radiophysics, and hydrodynamics. Recently, as in [26–30], a resurgence of interest has occurred in the study of Bessel functions in the framework of fractional calculus theory. Along with the work in [26, 27], we employ conformable fractional order Bessel functions (CFBFs) to solve problems of a fractional nature. The study of a Bessel function of half-integer order led to discovering another interesting class of orthogonal polynomials called the Bessel polynomials. Many authors have used these polynomials. For example, Yüzbaşi et al. [31] solved linear integral, differential, and integro-differential equations, while Parand et al. [32] applied Bessel functions to solve nonlinear Lane-Emden equations. In [33], fractional optimal control problems were solved using the Bessel collocation method.The present work proposes an approach to approximating the solution for some important linear and nonlinear FDEs in the conformable sense. The paper is designed with two objectives. The first is to establish some interesting properties of fractional Laplace-type integrals of functions via CFBFs. Then, we use the obtained results to establish the possible solutions of conformable fractional kinetic equations through CFBFs. The second objective is concerned with developing applications of the fundamental process of the proposed approach in terms of CFBFs. To achieve that, we derive an orthogonality relation, expand functions in terms of the truncated CFBFs, and effectively formulate a scheme involving the collocation method which employed to provide solutions of certain types of linear and nonlinear CFBEs.The structure of this paper is organized as follows. The needed concepts and features of CFD are collected in Section2. Next, Section 3 establishes useful properties of Laplace transforms in the sense of CFBFs, with some applications to solve a new type of conformable fractional kinetic equations. Section 4 is divided into four subsections. Section 4.1 provides essential results on orthogonality relations. A brief study on an expansion of any analytic function employing CFBFs is the subject of Section 4.2. In Section 4.3, we construct an algorithm for solving various kinds of problems using CFBFs through the collocation method. Section 4.4 presents the concepts that have been developed through previous subsections to solve some linear and nonlinear conformable fractional differential equations (CFDEs), including the nonlinear Riccati FDE. Concluding remarks are provided in Section 5.


## 2. Preliminaries and Basic Concepts

The Bessel equation is a special case of the Sturm-Liouville problem, and it can be written as [34]
(3)x2y′′+xy′+x2−n2y=0.In view of formula (1), the authors of [26] solved the following conformable fractional Bessel equation:
(4)x2αDαDαy+αxαDαy+α2x2α−n2y=0,around the regular singular point x=0, and introduced the CFBFs of the first kind Jnαx as its solution such that
(5)Jnαx=∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+1xα2n+2κ.Moreover, they investigated in [26] some of its recurrence relations from which we may mention
(6)DαxαnJnαx=αxαnJn−1αx,Dαx−αnJnαx=−αx−αnJn+1αx,DαJnαx=αJn−1αx−αnxαJnαx,DαJnαx=αnxαJnαx−αJn+1αx,In the following, we are about to recall some essential definitions and results which are needed in the sequel.Definition 3.
The Gauss hypergeometric function2F1a,b;c;x is defined by (see [35])
(7)2F1a,b;c;x=∑n=0∞anbncnxnn!,x<1where δn stands for the familiar Pochhammar symbol which can be written in terms of Gamma function as
(8)δn=Γδ+nΓδ=δδ+1δ+2,⋯,δ+n−1,n∈ℕ,δ0=1.Definition 4 (see [36]).
The functionpψqx where p and q refer to its numerators and denominators, respectively, is called the Fox-Wright function, and it can be defined by the formula
(9)pψqx=pψqai,μi1,pbj,νj1,q;x=∑n=0∞∏i=1pΓai+nμi∏j=1qΓbj+nνjxnn!,such that ∑j=1qνj−∑i=1pμi>−1, where ai,bj∈ℝi=1,2,⋯,p;j=1,2,⋯,q.In particular, whenμi=νj=1 in Definition 4, then the function pψqx immediately reduced to the generalized hypergeometric function pFq (see [35]). Abdeljawad [16] defined the fractional Laplace transform in the conformable sense as follows:Definition 5 (see [16]).
For a real valued functionf:0,∞⟶ℝ, the conformable fractional Laplace transform of noninteger order α,α∈0,1 is given by
(10)Lαft=Fαs=∫0∞e−stα/αftdαt=∫0∞e−stα/αfttα−1dt.The inverse fractional Laplace transform is the transformation of a fractional Laplace transform into a function of time. IfLαft=Fαs, then ft is the inverse fractional Laplace transform of Fαs, and it can be written as
(11)Lα−1Fαs=ft.Remark 6.
Ifα=1, then (10) is the classical definition of the Laplace transform of integer order.
Furthermore, the author in [16] gave the following interesting results.Lemma 7 [16].
For a real valued functionf:0,∞⟶ℝ satisfying Lαft=Fαs,α∈0,1, the following relations hold true:
(1)
Fαs=Lfαt1/α, where Lft=∫0∞e−stftdt(2)
Lα1=1/s,s>0(3)
Lαtp=αp/αΓ1+p/α/s1+p/α,s>0(4)
Lαektα/α=1/s−k


## 3. Fractional Laplace Transform of the CFBFs

In this section, we derive some new interesting fractional Laplace-type integrals of functions involving CFBFs. Then, as an application, we are going to employ the obtained results in order to find the possible solutions of the fractional kinetic equations in the conformable sense associated with CFBFs.


### 3.1. Fractional Laplace Integral Formulas

Theorem 8.
LetJnαx, α∈0,1 be the CFBFs; then,
(12)LαJnαt=αn2nsn+1F21n+12,n2+1;n+1;−α2s2.Proof.
Owing to the definition of CFBFs (5) and applying the conformable fractional Laplace transform operator of order α∈0,1 as stated in Lemma 7, we have
(13)LαJnαt=∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κLαtαn+2κ.
According to (3) of Lemma 7, one can see
(14)LαJnαt=∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2καn+2κΓn+2κ+1sn+2κ+1=αn2nsn+1∑κ=0∞Γn+2κ+1κ!Γn+κ+122κ−α2s2κ=αn2nsn+1∑κ=0∞n+12κκ!n+1κ22κ−α2s2κ.
Using the identityn+12κ=22κn+1/2κn/2+1κ, we obtain
(15)LαJnαt=αn2nsn+1∑κ=0∞n+1/2κn/2+1κκ!n+1κ−α2s2κ.
Therefore, the result is established.Now, consider the Fox-Wright function1Ψ1 defined in (9) to deduce the following important results.Theorem 9.
LetJnαx,α∈0,1 be the CFBFs. Then, the following relation is satisfied:
(16)LαJnαaμtμ=αaμn2nsμn+1ψ11μn+1,2μn+1,1;αa2μ4s2μ.Proof.
By combining (5) and (10), we get
(17)LαJnαaμtμ=Lα∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+1aμtμα2n+2κ=∑κ=0∞−1κaμn+2κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κLαtαμn+2κ.
Due to (3) of Lemma 7, it follows that
(18)LαJnαaμtμ=∑κ=0∞−1κaμn+2κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κ.αμn+2κΓμn+2μκ+1sμn+2μκ+1=αμnaμn2nsμn+1∑κ=0∞Γμn+2μκ+1κ!Γn+κ+1−αa2μ4s2μκ=αaμn2nsμn+1ψ11μn+1,2μn+1,1;−αa2μ4s2μ,as required.Theorem 10.
LetJnαx,α∈0,1 be the CFBFs. Then,
(19)Lαtαμ−1Jnαt=αn+μ2nsn+μψ11n+μ,2n+1,1;−α24s2.Proof.
As proceeded in the proof of Theorem8 then, relying on Equation (5) and Lemma 7, we conclude that
(20)Lαtαμ−1Jnαt=∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κLαtαn+2κ+μ−1=∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2καn+2κ+μΓn+2κ+μsn+2κ+μ=αn+μ2nsn+μ∑κ=0∞Γn+2κ+μΓn+κ+1κ!−α24s2κ.Theorem 11.
LetJnαx,α∈0,1 be the CFBFs. Then, the following identity holds:
(21)Lαtαμ−1Jnα1t=αμ−n2nsμ−nψ11μ−n,−2n+1,1;−s24α2.Proof.
The reduction of (5) and (10) yields
(22)Lαtαμ−1Jnα1t=∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κLαtαμ−n−2κ−1=∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2καμ−n−2κΓμ−n−2κsμ−n−2κ=αμ−n2nsμ−n∑κ=0∞Γμ−n−2κΓn+κ+1κ!−s24α2κ,which ends the proof.The above obtained results provide the necessary tools which enable us to carry out the following interesting study.


### 3.2. Fractional Kinetic Equations Associated with the CFBFs and Their Solutions via Fractional Laplace Transform

One of the most important equations in mathematical physics and natural sciences is the kinetic equation, which describes the continuity of motion of substances. Therefore, many researchers investigated extensions and generalizations of this equation in the context of various fractional calculus operators. For such type of work, we refer for example to [37, 38]. We begin by briefly reviewing these previous efforts; then, we introduce our extended form of the fractional kinetic differential equation associated with the CFBFs. Assuming that Nt denotes an arbitrary reaction which depends on time, d refers to the destruction rate, and p is the production rate on N, Haubold and Mathai [37] characterized the FDE of the quantities Nt,d and p, by the formula
(23)dNdt=−dNt+pNt,where Ntt∗=Nt−t∗ for t∗>0. In the case where spatial fluctuation or inhomogeneities in the quantity Nt is neglected, the authors in [37] handled the following equation:
(24)dNidt=−ciNit,where the primary condition Nit=0=N0 gives the number density of species i at time t=0 and constant ci>0. Equation (24) is known as the standard kinetic equation. Alternatively, if the index i is neglected, then, by integrating the standard kinetic Equation (24), one can get
(25)Nt−N0=c0D−1Nt,where 0D−1 is the standard integral operator. Equation Equation (25) has been extended to the fractional setting in the form (see [37]).
(26)Nt−N0=c0D−νNt,where 0D−ν denotes the standard fractional integral operator in Riemann-Liouville sense (see [10, 39]).Now, consider the conformable fractional kinetic equation in the form:(27)Nt−N0=cIαNt,where Iα· is the conformable fractional integral of order ν∈0,1 in the frame of Definition 2. Accordingly, we develop here a new type of generalization of the fractional kinetic differential equation in the conformable sense involving the fractional-order Bessel function in view of a fractional Laplace transform.Remark 12.
The solutions we are going to conclude for the conformable fractional kinetic equations will be determined through the generalized Mittag-Leffler functionEμ,νx [36], which is defined as
(28)Eμ,νx=∑n=0∞xnΓμn+ν,μ,ν>0.Theorem 13.
Ford>0 and α∈0,1, the following conformable fractional equation
(29)Nt−N0Jnαt=−dαIαNthas a solution in the form
(30)Nt=N0∑κ=0∞−1κΓn+2κ+1κ!Γn+κ+1tα2n+2κE1,n+2κ+1−dαtαα.Proof.
Following Abdeljawad [16], then, in virtue of Iαft, we have
(31)LαIαft=Fαss,where Fαs=Lαft defined in (10) and Iα is the conformable fractional integral operator (2). Acting by the conformable fractional Laplace transform on both sides of Equation (30) implies that
(32)LαNt−N0LαJnαt=−dαLαIαNt.
Combining Equation (5) and Equation (31) leads to
(33)Nαs−N0∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κLαtαn+2κ=−dαNαss,(34)Nαs1+dαs=N0∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κ∫0∞e−stα/αtαn+2κdαt.
Considering Equation (10) with (34), we obtain
(35)Nαs1+dαs=N0∑κ=0∞−1καn+2κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κΓn+2κ+1sn+2κ+1.
Therefore,(36)Nαs=N0∑κ=0∞−1καn+2κΓn+2κ+1κ!Γn+κ+12n+2κ1sn+2κ+11+dαs−1=N0∑κ=0∞−1kαn+2κΓn+2κ+1κ!Γn+κ+12n+2κ1sn+2κ+1∑i=0∞1i−dα/sii!=N0∑κ=0∞−1καn+2kΓn+2κ+1κ!Γn+κ+12n+2κ∑i=0∞−1idαisn+2κ+i+1.
With the aid of the inverse Laplace transform (10), it follows that
(37)Nt=N0∑κ=0∞−1καn+2κΓn+2κ+1κ!Γn+κ+12n+2κ∑i=0∞−1idαitαn+2κ+iαn+2κ+iΓn+2κ+i+1=N0∑κ=0∞−1κΓn+2κ+1k!Γn+κ+1tα2n+2κ∑i=0∞1Γn+2κ+i+1−dαtααi=N0∑κ=0∞−1κΓn+2κ+1κ!Γn+κ+1tα2n+2κE1,n+2κ+1−dαtαα.Theorem 14.
The solution of the following conformable fractional equation(38)Nt−N0Jnαdμtμ=−dαμIαNt,ford,μ>0,α∈0,1,is given by
(39)Nt=N0∑κ=0∞−1κΓnμ+2μκ+1κ!Γn+κ+1dαμtαμ2n+2κE1,nμ+2μκ+1−dαμtαα.Proof.
Operating the conformable fractional Laplace transform on both sides of Equation (38), we get
(40)LαNt−N0LαJnαdμtμ=−dαμLαIαt.
In view of Equations (5) and (31), we obtain
(41)Nαs+dαμNαss=N0∑κ=0∞−1κdμαn+2κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κLαtαμn+2κ.Hence, using (3) of Lemma 7 implies
(42)Nαs1+dαμs=N0∑κ=0∞−1κdμαn+2κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2καμn+2κΓnμ+2μκ+1snμ+2μκ+1,from which one can obtain
(43)Nαs=N0∑κ=0∞−1κdμαn+2καμn+2κΓnμ+2μκ+1κ!Γn+κ+12n+2κ1snμ+2μκ+1∑i=0∞−1idαiμisi.
Therefore,(44)Nαs=N0∑κ=0∞−1κdμαn+2καμn+2κΓnμ+2μκ+1κ!Γn+κ+12n+2κ∑i=0∞−1idαiμi1snμ+2μκ+i+1.
In view of the inverse fractional Laplace transform (10), it follows that
(45)Nt=N0∑κ=0∞−1κdμαn+2κΓnμ+2μκ+1κ!Γn+κ+12n+2κtαnμ+2μκ∑i=0∞1Γnμ+2μκ+i+1−dαμtααi=N0∑κ=0∞−1κΓnμ+2μκ+1κ!Γn+κ+1dμαtαμ2n+2κE1,μn+2μκ+1−dαμtαα.
Thus, the result is established.


## 3.1. Fractional Laplace Integral Formulas

Theorem 8.
LetJnαx, α∈0,1 be the CFBFs; then,
(12)LαJnαt=αn2nsn+1F21n+12,n2+1;n+1;−α2s2.Proof.
Owing to the definition of CFBFs (5) and applying the conformable fractional Laplace transform operator of order α∈0,1 as stated in Lemma 7, we have
(13)LαJnαt=∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κLαtαn+2κ.
According to (3) of Lemma 7, one can see
(14)LαJnαt=∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2καn+2κΓn+2κ+1sn+2κ+1=αn2nsn+1∑κ=0∞Γn+2κ+1κ!Γn+κ+122κ−α2s2κ=αn2nsn+1∑κ=0∞n+12κκ!n+1κ22κ−α2s2κ.
Using the identityn+12κ=22κn+1/2κn/2+1κ, we obtain
(15)LαJnαt=αn2nsn+1∑κ=0∞n+1/2κn/2+1κκ!n+1κ−α2s2κ.
Therefore, the result is established.Now, consider the Fox-Wright function1Ψ1 defined in (9) to deduce the following important results.Theorem 9.
LetJnαx,α∈0,1 be the CFBFs. Then, the following relation is satisfied:
(16)LαJnαaμtμ=αaμn2nsμn+1ψ11μn+1,2μn+1,1;αa2μ4s2μ.Proof.
By combining (5) and (10), we get
(17)LαJnαaμtμ=Lα∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+1aμtμα2n+2κ=∑κ=0∞−1κaμn+2κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κLαtαμn+2κ.
Due to (3) of Lemma 7, it follows that
(18)LαJnαaμtμ=∑κ=0∞−1κaμn+2κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κ.αμn+2κΓμn+2μκ+1sμn+2μκ+1=αμnaμn2nsμn+1∑κ=0∞Γμn+2μκ+1κ!Γn+κ+1−αa2μ4s2μκ=αaμn2nsμn+1ψ11μn+1,2μn+1,1;−αa2μ4s2μ,as required.Theorem 10.
LetJnαx,α∈0,1 be the CFBFs. Then,
(19)Lαtαμ−1Jnαt=αn+μ2nsn+μψ11n+μ,2n+1,1;−α24s2.Proof.
As proceeded in the proof of Theorem8 then, relying on Equation (5) and Lemma 7, we conclude that
(20)Lαtαμ−1Jnαt=∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κLαtαn+2κ+μ−1=∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2καn+2κ+μΓn+2κ+μsn+2κ+μ=αn+μ2nsn+μ∑κ=0∞Γn+2κ+μΓn+κ+1κ!−α24s2κ.Theorem 11.
LetJnαx,α∈0,1 be the CFBFs. Then, the following identity holds:
(21)Lαtαμ−1Jnα1t=αμ−n2nsμ−nψ11μ−n,−2n+1,1;−s24α2.Proof.
The reduction of (5) and (10) yields
(22)Lαtαμ−1Jnα1t=∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κLαtαμ−n−2κ−1=∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2καμ−n−2κΓμ−n−2κsμ−n−2κ=αμ−n2nsμ−n∑κ=0∞Γμ−n−2κΓn+κ+1κ!−s24α2κ,which ends the proof.The above obtained results provide the necessary tools which enable us to carry out the following interesting study.


## 3.2. Fractional Kinetic Equations Associated with the CFBFs and Their Solutions via Fractional Laplace Transform

One of the most important equations in mathematical physics and natural sciences is the kinetic equation, which describes the continuity of motion of substances. Therefore, many researchers investigated extensions and generalizations of this equation in the context of various fractional calculus operators. For such type of work, we refer for example to [37, 38]. We begin by briefly reviewing these previous efforts; then, we introduce our extended form of the fractional kinetic differential equation associated with the CFBFs. Assuming that Nt denotes an arbitrary reaction which depends on time, d refers to the destruction rate, and p is the production rate on N, Haubold and Mathai [37] characterized the FDE of the quantities Nt,d and p, by the formula
(23)dNdt=−dNt+pNt,where Ntt∗=Nt−t∗ for t∗>0. In the case where spatial fluctuation or inhomogeneities in the quantity Nt is neglected, the authors in [37] handled the following equation:
(24)dNidt=−ciNit,where the primary condition Nit=0=N0 gives the number density of species i at time t=0 and constant ci>0. Equation (24) is known as the standard kinetic equation. Alternatively, if the index i is neglected, then, by integrating the standard kinetic Equation (24), one can get
(25)Nt−N0=c0D−1Nt,where 0D−1 is the standard integral operator. Equation Equation (25) has been extended to the fractional setting in the form (see [37]).
(26)Nt−N0=c0D−νNt,where 0D−ν denotes the standard fractional integral operator in Riemann-Liouville sense (see [10, 39]).Now, consider the conformable fractional kinetic equation in the form:(27)Nt−N0=cIαNt,where Iα· is the conformable fractional integral of order ν∈0,1 in the frame of Definition 2. Accordingly, we develop here a new type of generalization of the fractional kinetic differential equation in the conformable sense involving the fractional-order Bessel function in view of a fractional Laplace transform.Remark 12.
The solutions we are going to conclude for the conformable fractional kinetic equations will be determined through the generalized Mittag-Leffler functionEμ,νx [36], which is defined as
(28)Eμ,νx=∑n=0∞xnΓμn+ν,μ,ν>0.Theorem 13.
Ford>0 and α∈0,1, the following conformable fractional equation
(29)Nt−N0Jnαt=−dαIαNthas a solution in the form
(30)Nt=N0∑κ=0∞−1κΓn+2κ+1κ!Γn+κ+1tα2n+2κE1,n+2κ+1−dαtαα.Proof.
Following Abdeljawad [16], then, in virtue of Iαft, we have
(31)LαIαft=Fαss,where Fαs=Lαft defined in (10) and Iα is the conformable fractional integral operator (2). Acting by the conformable fractional Laplace transform on both sides of Equation (30) implies that
(32)LαNt−N0LαJnαt=−dαLαIαNt.
Combining Equation (5) and Equation (31) leads to
(33)Nαs−N0∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κLαtαn+2κ=−dαNαss,(34)Nαs1+dαs=N0∑κ=0∞−1κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κ∫0∞e−stα/αtαn+2κdαt.
Considering Equation (10) with (34), we obtain
(35)Nαs1+dαs=N0∑κ=0∞−1καn+2κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κΓn+2κ+1sn+2κ+1.
Therefore,(36)Nαs=N0∑κ=0∞−1καn+2κΓn+2κ+1κ!Γn+κ+12n+2κ1sn+2κ+11+dαs−1=N0∑κ=0∞−1kαn+2κΓn+2κ+1κ!Γn+κ+12n+2κ1sn+2κ+1∑i=0∞1i−dα/sii!=N0∑κ=0∞−1καn+2kΓn+2κ+1κ!Γn+κ+12n+2κ∑i=0∞−1idαisn+2κ+i+1.
With the aid of the inverse Laplace transform (10), it follows that
(37)Nt=N0∑κ=0∞−1καn+2κΓn+2κ+1κ!Γn+κ+12n+2κ∑i=0∞−1idαitαn+2κ+iαn+2κ+iΓn+2κ+i+1=N0∑κ=0∞−1κΓn+2κ+1k!Γn+κ+1tα2n+2κ∑i=0∞1Γn+2κ+i+1−dαtααi=N0∑κ=0∞−1κΓn+2κ+1κ!Γn+κ+1tα2n+2κE1,n+2κ+1−dαtαα.Theorem 14.
The solution of the following conformable fractional equation(38)Nt−N0Jnαdμtμ=−dαμIαNt,ford,μ>0,α∈0,1,is given by
(39)Nt=N0∑κ=0∞−1κΓnμ+2μκ+1κ!Γn+κ+1dαμtαμ2n+2κE1,nμ+2μκ+1−dαμtαα.Proof.
Operating the conformable fractional Laplace transform on both sides of Equation (38), we get
(40)LαNt−N0LαJnαdμtμ=−dαμLαIαt.
In view of Equations (5) and (31), we obtain
(41)Nαs+dαμNαss=N0∑κ=0∞−1κdμαn+2κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2κLαtαμn+2κ.Hence, using (3) of Lemma 7 implies
(42)Nαs1+dαμs=N0∑κ=0∞−1κdμαn+2κκ!Γn+κ+12n+2καμn+2κΓnμ+2μκ+1snμ+2μκ+1,from which one can obtain
(43)Nαs=N0∑κ=0∞−1κdμαn+2καμn+2κΓnμ+2μκ+1κ!Γn+κ+12n+2κ1snμ+2μκ+1∑i=0∞−1idαiμisi.
Therefore,(44)Nαs=N0∑κ=0∞−1κdμαn+2καμn+2κΓnμ+2μκ+1κ!Γn+κ+12n+2κ∑i=0∞−1idαiμi1snμ+2μκ+i+1.
In view of the inverse fractional Laplace transform (10), it follows that
(45)Nt=N0∑κ=0∞−1κdμαn+2κΓnμ+2μκ+1κ!Γn+κ+12n+2κtαnμ+2μκ∑i=0∞1Γnμ+2μκ+i+1−dαμtααi=N0∑κ=0∞−1κΓnμ+2μκ+1κ!Γn+κ+1dμαtαμ2n+2κE1,μn+2μκ+1−dαμtαα.
Thus, the result is established.


## 4. Orthogonality of the CFBFs

Understanding the orthogonality relation of the CFBFs is mandatory to compute coefficients of series whose terms include the CFBFs. These series represent solutions of the FDEs as we will encounter in the application part of this section. Along with [40] and in view of the CFD definition (1), we introduce the following interesting results on orthogonality which will be useful in the current study.


### 4.1. An Orthogonal Relation of the CFBFs

Theorem 15.
The orthogonality relation of the CFBFsJnαx is deduced over 0,b with respect to the weight function wx=x2α−1 by the following:
(46)∫0bx2α−1JnαλsxJnαλrxdx=b2α2αJn+1αλsb2δλsλr,α∈0,1,where δλsλr is the familiar Kronker delta function and λs,λr are distinct roots of Jnαx=0.Proof.
SinceJnαx is a solution of the CFBE (4), it follows that y=Jnαλsx which satisfies the more general equation
(47)x2αDαDαyx+αxαDαyx+α2x2αλs2α−n2yx=0.
It is convenient to reformulate (47) in the following way:
(48)xαDαxαDαyx+α2x2αλs2α−n2yx=0.
Consequently,Jnαλsx and Jnαλrx satisfy the following CFDEs, respectively:
(49)xαDαxαDαJnαλsx+α2x2αλs2α−n2Jnαλsx=0,(50)xαDαxαDαJnαλrx+α2x2αλr2α−n2Jnαλrx=0.
Multiplying (49) by x−αJnαλrx and (50) by x−αJnαλsx and then subtracting the resulting equations produce
(51)λs2α−λr2αxαJnαλsxJnαλrx=JnαλsxDαxαDαJnαλrx−JnαλrxDαxαDαJnαλsx.
In view of the conformable fractional integral formula (2) over 0,b, we obtain
(52)λs2α−λr2α∫0bxαJnαλsxJnαλrxdαx=∫0bJnαλsxDαxαDαJnαλrxdαx−∫0bJnαλrxDαxαDαJnαλsxdαx.
By performing integration by parts [16] on the right-hand side divided by the factor λs2α−λr2α, one can conclude that
(53)∫0bxαJnαλsxJnαλrxdαx=xαλs2α−λr2αJnαλsxDαJnαλrx−JnαλrxDαJnαλsx0b.
Hence, according to the values ofλs and λr, we consider the following two cases:
(i)
Ifλs≠λr and by hypothesis Jnαλs=Jnαλr=0, then the right-hand side of (53) vanishes(ii)
Ifλs=λr, then the resulting integral(54)I=∫0bxαJnαλsx2dαx=∫0bx2α−1Jnαλsx2dxcreates an interest to look at. In order to deduce its value, we take the limit of (53) as λr⟶λs. As the right-hand side in (53) approaches the indeterminate form 0/0 in the limit, we apply L’Hopital’s rule, which leads to
(55)I=xα2αλsαDλsαJnαλsxDxαJnαλsx−JnαλsxDλsαDxαJnαλsx0b
Now, using the following recurrence relations of CFBFs [26]
(56)DλsαJnαλsx=nxαJnαλsx−λsαJn+1αλsx,DxαJnαλsx=nλsαJnαλsx−xαJn+1αλsx,it follows that
(57)I=n22αλs2αJnαλsx2+x2α2αJn+1αλsx2−nxα2αλsαJnαλsxJn+1αλsx0b=b2α2αJn+1αλsb2.As a special case of Theorem15, the following result can be easily verified.Corollary 16.
The CFBFsJnαx are orthogonal over 0,1 with respect to the weight function wx=x2α−1 and
(58)∫01x2α−1JnαλsxJnαλrxdx=12αJn+1αλs2δλsλr.The results obtained in the current Section4.1 treated the topic of orthogonal polynomials which pave the way to discuss a function representation via a series of the CFBFs.


### 4.2. Expansion of Functions via CFBFs

The classical theory of expressing analytic functions as expansions in terms of an arbitrary set of orthogonal polynomials can be described as the backbone of many topics in analysis. It was originated by several authors to whom we may mention Boas and Buck [41], Faber [42], and Whittaker and Gattegno [43] and later on in higher dimension by Abul-Ez et al. [29, 30, 44–46]. In the usual classical calculus, we found that not all functions have the Taylor power series representation around specific points, but this is not the case in the theory of conformable fractional calculus. This fact has been shown by Abdeljawad [16], where he also proposed the expansion of the fractional power series for an infinity α-differentiable function through the fractional Taylor series. The expansion of a given real function in a series of Bessel functions is extremely useful in determining the solution of certain FDEs involving radial symmetry [40]. Related to the work of finding the expansion of a given function by means of Bessel polynomials in the higher-dimensional context, see the work given in [29, 30]. Using the orthogonality property (46), one can easily represent a given function fx over the interval 0,b by a series of Bessel functions such as
(59)fx=∑i=0∞aiJnαλix,0<x<b,where Jnαλib=0,i=0,1,2,3,⋯, and ai are determined by
(60)ai=2αb2αJn+1αλib2∫0bx2α−1fxJnαλixdx,i=0,1,2,3,⋯As the topic of expansions of an arbitrary function, of either a real or a complex variable, into a series of polynomials has not been fully explored, we believe that several open problems remain untouched in particular in the framework of fractional calculus.


### 4.3. Applications

In this subsection, we intend to indicate the efficiency and applicability of the results developed in this study. Precisely, we construct a scheme which will be employed to solve some linear and nonlinear CFDEs. In this concern, we first define themth truncated CFBFs of the first kind. Then, we introduce the noninteger derivative in the conformable context of an approximated function expanded in terms of the CFBFs. Several important examples including famous FDEs have been comprehensively treated, and their solutions have been compared to other existing methods in the literature to show the consistency and accuracy of our proposed method.We begin by considering themth truncated CFBFs of the first kind as follows:
(61)J~mαx=∑κ=0M−m/2−1κκ!Γm+κ+1xα22κ+m,0≤x<∞,where M is a positive integer such that M≥m and m=0,1,2,⋯,M. For M=2, we have
(62)J~0αx=1−x2α4,J~1αx=xα2,J~m2x=x2α8.Figures1 and 2 show the graphs of the truncated CFBFs when M=2 and by taking various values of m and α.Figure 1
Graph of CFBFs withM=2,m=2 and various values of α=0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.Figure 2
Graph of CFBFs withM=2,α=0.5 and various values of m=0,1,2.Letfx be a function defined over 0,1; then, fx can be expanded in terms of CFBFs as follows:
(63)fx=∑i=0∞aiJ~iαx.Thus, the following truncated series forfx is supposed to be
(64)fx=∑m=0MamJ~mαx.Theorem 17.
The noninteger derivative of orderγ>0 of the CFBFs in the conformable sense is given by
(65)DγJ~mαx=∑κ=0M−m/2ηκ,mα,γxα2κ+m−γ,where
(66)ηκ,κα,γ=−1κΓα2κ+m+122κ+mk!Γm+κ+1Γα2κ+m−γ+1.Proof.
The linearity of the conformable derivative (see [12, 16]) leads to
(67)DγJ~mαx=∑κ=0M−m/2−1κ22κ+mκ!Γm+κ+1Dγxα2κ+m=∑κ=0M−m/2−1κ22κ+mκ!Γm+κ+1Γα2κ+m+1Γα2κ+m−γ+1xα2κ+m−γ,as required.Remark 18.
Ifα2κ+m<γ, where α2κ+m∈ℕ0, then, DγJ~mαx=0.Theorem 19.
LetuMx be an approximated function given by means of the truncated formula of CFBFs (61). Then,
(68)DγuMx=∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γxα2κ+m−γ.Proof.
The induction of Theorem17 and in view of the linearity property leads to the required result.


#### 4.3.1. Proposed Scheme

(1) Linear Multiorder CFDEs. Suppose that the generalized linear multiorder CFDE is given in the form
(69)Dγux+∑j=0sAjDγjux+As+1ux=As+2hx,∈0,1,subject to the initial conditions
(70)Diux=di,i=0,1,2,⋯,γ−1,where Dγ,0<γ1<γ2<⋯<γs<γ, denotes to the CFD of order γ>0,hx are known to be a continuous function, and di,i=0,1,2,⋯,γ−1 are some constants.Assume that the solution of the CFDE (69) can be given in the form
(71)uMx=∑m=0MamJ~mαx.Substituting (71) into (69) and using Theorem 19, we have
(72)∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γxα2κ+m−γ+∑j=0sAj∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γjxα2κ+m−γj+As+1∑m=0MamJ~mαx=As+2hx.Collocating Equation (72) at the points xq=q/M,=1,2,3,⋯,M+1−γ, we get
(73)∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γxqα2κ+m−γ+∑j=0sAj∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γjxqα2κ+m−γj+As+1∑m=0MamJ~mαxq=As+2hxq.These equations giveM+1−γ linear algebraic equations. Combining (71) and (70) produces γ-algebraic equations. Thus, we obtain a linear algebraic system of M+1 equations in the unknown am,m=0,1,2,⋯,M. By solving this system, we obtain the solution of Equation (69) associated with the initial condition (70).(2) Nonlinear Multiorder CFDEs. Consider the generalized nonlinear multiorder CFDE such that
(74)Dγux=Fx,ux,Dγ1ux,Dγ2ux,⋯,Dγsux,x∈0,1,with the initial conditions
(75)Diux=ci,i=0,1,2,⋯,γ−1,where Dγ,0<γ1<γ2<⋯<γs<γ, stands for the CFD of order γ>0,F is a nonlinear operator, and ci,i=0,1,2,⋯,γ−1 are given constants. A similar procedure as in establishing (69) can be used to approximate ux in terms of CFBFs. Thus, combining (71) with (74) and using Theorem 19 yield
(76)∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γxα2κ+m−γ=Fx,∑m=0MamJ~mαx,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γ1xα2κ+m−γ1,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γ2xα2κ+m−γ2,⋯,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γsxα2κ+m−γs.Collocating Equation (76) at the points xq,=1,2,3,⋯,M+1−γ, thus, we have the following:
(77)∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γxqα2κ+m−γ=Fxq,∑m=0MamJ~mαxq,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γ1xqα2κ+m−γ1,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γ2xqα2κ+m−γ2,⋯,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γsxqα2κ+m−γsEquation (77) determines M+1−γ nonlinear equations. In virtue of (71) and the initial conditions (75), we get γ equations. Immediately, one can get a system of M+1 nonlinear equations in the unknown am,m=0,1,2,⋯,M. As usual, Newton’s iterative method can be used to solve this system. Thus, the solution of the nonlinear CFDE (74) with (75) can be deduced.We can briefly clarify the achieved advantages of employing the proposed method as follows. The fractional-order Bessel functions approximate the fractional function with more accuracy. This feature has made the FBFs more effective than Bessel functions in solving the fractional problems. As the values of coefficients in Bessel polynomials are smaller than the coefficients of Chebyshev, Legendre, and Bernoulli polynomials, the computational error in the current method is less. Furthermore, our detailed treatment to these FDEs using the collocation method is aimed at encouraging the use of such approach which allows reaching the required solutions with ease and accuracy.In the following subsection, we discuss several numerical examples to demonstrate the consequences of the above-mentioned features.


### 4.4. Illustrative Examples

In view of the above arguments, it is interesting to employ the provided techniques to solve some useful FDEs, as we shall see through the following examples.Example 20.
Consider the famous Bagley-Torvik equation(78)D2ux+D3/2ux+ux=1+x,0≤x≤1,subject to the initial conditions
(79)u0=1,u′0=1.This equation has been solved using Legendre polynomials in view of the conformable fractional sense in [14], as well as in [47–50] in the sense of Caputo derivative. The exact solution of (78) was given in ([47, 49]) as ux=1+x; then for M=2 and α=1 in (71), one gets the approximated solution of (78) in the form
(80)u2x=∑m=02amJ~mαx.Owing to initial condition (79), then (80) gives
(81)a0=1,a1=2Using the collocation pointx=0.5 and in view of (81), one can get
(82)0.3982a2=0.7964.Hence,a2=2. Therefore, we have ux=1+x, which coincides with the one given in ([47, 49]).A similar procedure can be carried out as in Example20, so that we may summarize the corresponding details for two different CFDEs as follows.Remark 21.
(i)
The problem in Table1 has been treated in [47–50] with the Caputo fractional derivative using various methods such as Legendre polynomials, homotopy perturbation method, and homotopy analysis method(ii)
The problem in Table2 has been manipulated in [51] by means of Legendre polynomials with conformable derivative and in [52] in view of Laguerre polynomials involving Caputo derivativeExample 22.
Suppose that we have the following linear fractional differential equation in the form(83)Dγux+ux=0,0<γ≤1,with the initial condition
(84)u0=1.Table 1Conformable fractional differential equationD3ux+D5/2ux+u2x=x4,x∈0,1Initial conditionsu0=0,u′0=0, and u′′0=2Exact solutionx2 (as given by various authors in [47–50])Values ofM and α, as indicated in relation (71)M=4 and α=1Coefficients to be determined in relation (71)ai=0 for i=0,1,3, a2=8, and a4=32Solutionx2Table 2Conformable fractional differential equationD4ux+D7/2ux+u3x=x9,0<x≤1Initial conditionsu0=0, u′0=0, u′′0=0, and u′′′0=6Exact solutionx3 (as given in [51, 52])Values ofM and α, as is indicated in relation (71).M=4 and α=1Coefficients to be determined in relation (71)ai=0 for i=0,1,2,4, a3=48Solutionx3The exact solution of (83) is ux=exp−xγ/γ (see [47]). This problem has been evaluated using various methods (see for example [47, 49, 53]) in the sense of the Caputo fractional derivative. Putting M=5 in (71) with γ=α, then using the presented technique, we computed the approximate solution of the problem (83) for the values γ=α=0.5,0.7,0.9,1. We indicate the approximate solution through Figure 3, while Figure 4 compares the obtained solution with the exact solution of (83). Moreover, the corresponding absolute errors of our approximate solution are displayed in Table 3. From Figure 4, it is clear that the approximate solutions converge to the exact solutions.Example 23.
It is well known that the theory of Bessel functions is connected with the Riccati equations. In fact, Bessel functions are defined as solutions of Bessel equations, which can be derived from the Riccati equations. This motivates us to consider the following the nonlinear Riccati fractional differential equation:(85)Dγux+u2x=1,0<γ,x≤1,subject to the initial condition
(86)u0=0.Figure 3
Graph of the approximate solutions of Example22 when M=5 with γ=α=0.5,0.7,0.9,1.Figure 4
The comparison of the approximate solutions of Example22 with the exact solution when M=5 and for γ=α=0.5,0.7,0.9,1.Table 3
Absolute errors for example22 in the case of M=5 with various values of γ=α.
xα=0.5α=0.7α=0.9α=10.11.698913766905.10−32.01482483935533.10−42.55260108363852.10−59.4292936385015.10−60.21.341809039425.10−31.80206291971352.10−42.57393080246859.10−51.0100445353045.10−50.31.094073239144.10−31.53118426981402.10−42.22828517444373.10−58.740914169325.10−60.49.222016584745.10−41.32711916546735.10−41.9580499485472.10−57.674994977578.10−60.57.94771487391.10−41.17204363458189.10−41.77639190854228.10−57.0847477455521.10−60.66.94723214864.10−41.04225706794691.10−41.61290436707651.10−56.5282543029262.10−60.76.13410718572.10−49.28101826830340.10−51.43823651976849.10−55.7858773236572.10−60.85.46280728516.10−48.30201804029595.10−51.2815490789575.10−55.0984705504265.10−60.94.90369742377.10−47.50420455738476.10−51.18437600535870.10−54.8554037531864.10−614.42903116775.10−46.82330917218671.10−51.11289526305072.10−54.7847594708325.10−6This problem has the exact solutionuex=exp2xγ/γ−1/exp2xγ/γ+1 (see [21]), and it has been treated by many authors using various methods such as the collocation method, operational matrix method, homotopy perturbation Pade technique, homotopy analysis method, modified homotopy perturbation (MHP) method, modified variational iteration method, B-spline operational matrix method, and polynomial least squares method (see, for example, [54, 55]. In all these methods, the authors used the Caputo fractional derivative.Now, regarding the proposed method here, the approximated analytical solution of the initial value problem (85) has been computed for M=10 with various values of γ=α. Figure 5 shows the approximate solutions for M=10 and various values of γ=α=0.5,0.7,0.9,1. Table 4 illustrates both numerical and exact solutions of (85). The comparison between the obtained values of ux by the presented method and the modified Homotopy perturbation method (MHPM) given in [55] for γ=1 and M=10 is shown in Table 5. Table 5 illustrates that our method is more accurate compared to other methods.Example 24.
Suppose that a system of fractional differential equations is given in the form(87)Dγ1u1x=u1x+u2x,0<γ1≤1,0≤x≤1,Dγ2u2x=−u1x+u2x,0<γ2≤1,with the primary conditions
(88)u10=0,u20=1.Figure 5
The approximate solutions for various values ofγ=α in Example 23.Table 4
Obtained values ofux for Example 23 by the present method with M=10 and γ=α=0.7and0.9.
xγ=α=0.7γ=α=0.9Exact solutionuexAppr. Solu10xExact solutionuexAppr. Solu10x0.10.2775609372580270.3963292877686800.1389753572166080.1651427125495750.20.4325625070322380.5414722163031350.2552553380988120.2879267123301210.30.5476487702362100.6345138844659600.3592126613317670.3915274496968520.40.6364705554940070.7007749907344570.4519057772639550.4804396821750420.50.7061130276762490.7505345118402850.5337894650059380.5569145595314370.60.7612148327181650.7891715348687990.6053865086111840.6225801096500080.70.8050981304208620.8198966882932290.6673887476536720.6788107653259020.80.8402379732052430.8447711555926440.7206263813744150.7268317877170510.90.8685147973710470.8652060884246500.7660066607086060.76774461610294410.8913734677347190.8822146643399260.8044548002984010.802541763903386Table 5
Comparison of obtained values ofu10x with MHPM in Example 23 with γ=1.
xMHPM [55]Present methodExact solutionAbsolute error0.10.0996680.0996676714166680.0996679946249563.232082876148868.10−70.20.1973750.1973750122678250.1973753202249043.079570785998806.10−70.30.2913120.2913123188740210.2913126124515912.935775703234479.10−70.40.3799440.3799486883650820.3799489622552252.738901430200881.10−70.50.4620780.4621169056884590.4621171572600102.515715507406561.10−70.60.5368570.5370493399393480.5370495669980352.270586874674282.10−70.70.6036310.6043675735991570.6043677771171642.035180060362447.10−70.80.6617060.6640365914194640.6640367702678491.788483853309343.10−70.90.7099190.7162977140051850.7162978701990241.561938393935934.10−710.7460320.7615940240151540.7615941559557651.319406113975582.10−7We proceed the solution as follows. Whenγ1=γ2=1, the exact solution of this system was given in [56, 57] as u1x=exsinx, and u2x=excosx. Applying the same technique described above and by putting M=5 in (71) with α=γ1=γ2, we have computed the approximate solution for the values α=γ1=γ1=0.7,0.8,0.9,1. Figure 6 shows the graphs of approximate solution for various values of α=γ1=γ2 with M=5. Tables 6 and 7 display the corresponding absolute error to our approximate solutions for α=γ1=γ2=1 and various values of M. Note that the absolute error tends to zero when the terms M of CFBFs increase.Figure 6
Graph of the approximate solutionsu1x and u2x of Example 24 for M=5 and various values of α=γ1=γ2=0.7,0.8,0.9,1.Table 6
Absolute errors ofu1x for various values of M=5,8,10 with α=γ1=γ2=1 in Example 24.
xM=5M=8M=100.12.175152855412623.10−49.162421859512191.10−81.758976284592979.10−100.22.563542720906999.10−41.010603222372797.10−71.884819425658612.10−100.32.455251579074233.10−41.112064359635733.10−72.046192475246368.10−100.42.320713758760705.10−41.218391399387871.10−72.191098474404878.10−100.52.201273528237466.10−41.315382035648231.10−72.333426724860480.10−100.61.996737905732100.10−41.409308454622984.10−72.471041121886989.10−100.71.643238206067162.10−41.489432328394127.10−72.648922750010470.10−100.81.175657989381895.10−41.556332410815428.10−72.906084812992896.10−100.96.701651870429315.10−51.606609913492092.10−73.310520786806953.10−1016.404833938994381.10−61.601412220569667.10−74.151750389509799.10−10Table 7
Absolute errors ofu2x for various values of M=5,8,10 with α=γ1=γ2=1 in Example 24.
xM=5M=8M=100.11.764442982358745.10−41.289165400939913.10−86.228629314555091.10−120.22.483473612144735.10−43.801071933089472.10−91.613098247747954.10−110.32.943918013066388.10−46.996798181222391.10−93.734106142077792.10−110.43.463545496320502.10−41.992154729449800.10−86.483630453443810.10−110.54.089060754978633.10−43.538677484194269.10−89.820822938741669.10−110.64.761667760399912.10−45.339426604651616.10−81.410768556814162.10−100.75.435609065997361.10−47.429242006830613.10−82.010920588084222.10−100.86.132891968498514.10−49.811361566232743.10−82.860794615286945.10−100.96.915106434315280.10−41.250216107427356.10−74.199493848745102.10−1017.750844548684034.10−41.556557391707215.10−76.201785524511703.10−10


## 4.1. An Orthogonal Relation of the CFBFs

Theorem 15.
The orthogonality relation of the CFBFsJnαx is deduced over 0,b with respect to the weight function wx=x2α−1 by the following:
(46)∫0bx2α−1JnαλsxJnαλrxdx=b2α2αJn+1αλsb2δλsλr,α∈0,1,where δλsλr is the familiar Kronker delta function and λs,λr are distinct roots of Jnαx=0.Proof.
SinceJnαx is a solution of the CFBE (4), it follows that y=Jnαλsx which satisfies the more general equation
(47)x2αDαDαyx+αxαDαyx+α2x2αλs2α−n2yx=0.
It is convenient to reformulate (47) in the following way:
(48)xαDαxαDαyx+α2x2αλs2α−n2yx=0.
Consequently,Jnαλsx and Jnαλrx satisfy the following CFDEs, respectively:
(49)xαDαxαDαJnαλsx+α2x2αλs2α−n2Jnαλsx=0,(50)xαDαxαDαJnαλrx+α2x2αλr2α−n2Jnαλrx=0.
Multiplying (49) by x−αJnαλrx and (50) by x−αJnαλsx and then subtracting the resulting equations produce
(51)λs2α−λr2αxαJnαλsxJnαλrx=JnαλsxDαxαDαJnαλrx−JnαλrxDαxαDαJnαλsx.
In view of the conformable fractional integral formula (2) over 0,b, we obtain
(52)λs2α−λr2α∫0bxαJnαλsxJnαλrxdαx=∫0bJnαλsxDαxαDαJnαλrxdαx−∫0bJnαλrxDαxαDαJnαλsxdαx.
By performing integration by parts [16] on the right-hand side divided by the factor λs2α−λr2α, one can conclude that
(53)∫0bxαJnαλsxJnαλrxdαx=xαλs2α−λr2αJnαλsxDαJnαλrx−JnαλrxDαJnαλsx0b.
Hence, according to the values ofλs and λr, we consider the following two cases:
(i)
Ifλs≠λr and by hypothesis Jnαλs=Jnαλr=0, then the right-hand side of (53) vanishes(ii)
Ifλs=λr, then the resulting integral(54)I=∫0bxαJnαλsx2dαx=∫0bx2α−1Jnαλsx2dxcreates an interest to look at. In order to deduce its value, we take the limit of (53) as λr⟶λs. As the right-hand side in (53) approaches the indeterminate form 0/0 in the limit, we apply L’Hopital’s rule, which leads to
(55)I=xα2αλsαDλsαJnαλsxDxαJnαλsx−JnαλsxDλsαDxαJnαλsx0b
Now, using the following recurrence relations of CFBFs [26]
(56)DλsαJnαλsx=nxαJnαλsx−λsαJn+1αλsx,DxαJnαλsx=nλsαJnαλsx−xαJn+1αλsx,it follows that
(57)I=n22αλs2αJnαλsx2+x2α2αJn+1αλsx2−nxα2αλsαJnαλsxJn+1αλsx0b=b2α2αJn+1αλsb2.As a special case of Theorem15, the following result can be easily verified.Corollary 16.
The CFBFsJnαx are orthogonal over 0,1 with respect to the weight function wx=x2α−1 and
(58)∫01x2α−1JnαλsxJnαλrxdx=12αJn+1αλs2δλsλr.The results obtained in the current Section4.1 treated the topic of orthogonal polynomials which pave the way to discuss a function representation via a series of the CFBFs.


## 4.2. Expansion of Functions via CFBFs

The classical theory of expressing analytic functions as expansions in terms of an arbitrary set of orthogonal polynomials can be described as the backbone of many topics in analysis. It was originated by several authors to whom we may mention Boas and Buck [41], Faber [42], and Whittaker and Gattegno [43] and later on in higher dimension by Abul-Ez et al. [29, 30, 44–46]. In the usual classical calculus, we found that not all functions have the Taylor power series representation around specific points, but this is not the case in the theory of conformable fractional calculus. This fact has been shown by Abdeljawad [16], where he also proposed the expansion of the fractional power series for an infinity α-differentiable function through the fractional Taylor series. The expansion of a given real function in a series of Bessel functions is extremely useful in determining the solution of certain FDEs involving radial symmetry [40]. Related to the work of finding the expansion of a given function by means of Bessel polynomials in the higher-dimensional context, see the work given in [29, 30]. Using the orthogonality property (46), one can easily represent a given function fx over the interval 0,b by a series of Bessel functions such as
(59)fx=∑i=0∞aiJnαλix,0<x<b,where Jnαλib=0,i=0,1,2,3,⋯, and ai are determined by
(60)ai=2αb2αJn+1αλib2∫0bx2α−1fxJnαλixdx,i=0,1,2,3,⋯As the topic of expansions of an arbitrary function, of either a real or a complex variable, into a series of polynomials has not been fully explored, we believe that several open problems remain untouched in particular in the framework of fractional calculus.


## 4.3. Applications

In this subsection, we intend to indicate the efficiency and applicability of the results developed in this study. Precisely, we construct a scheme which will be employed to solve some linear and nonlinear CFDEs. In this concern, we first define themth truncated CFBFs of the first kind. Then, we introduce the noninteger derivative in the conformable context of an approximated function expanded in terms of the CFBFs. Several important examples including famous FDEs have been comprehensively treated, and their solutions have been compared to other existing methods in the literature to show the consistency and accuracy of our proposed method.We begin by considering themth truncated CFBFs of the first kind as follows:
(61)J~mαx=∑κ=0M−m/2−1κκ!Γm+κ+1xα22κ+m,0≤x<∞,where M is a positive integer such that M≥m and m=0,1,2,⋯,M. For M=2, we have
(62)J~0αx=1−x2α4,J~1αx=xα2,J~m2x=x2α8.Figures1 and 2 show the graphs of the truncated CFBFs when M=2 and by taking various values of m and α.Figure 1
Graph of CFBFs withM=2,m=2 and various values of α=0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.Figure 2
Graph of CFBFs withM=2,α=0.5 and various values of m=0,1,2.Letfx be a function defined over 0,1; then, fx can be expanded in terms of CFBFs as follows:
(63)fx=∑i=0∞aiJ~iαx.Thus, the following truncated series forfx is supposed to be
(64)fx=∑m=0MamJ~mαx.Theorem 17.
The noninteger derivative of orderγ>0 of the CFBFs in the conformable sense is given by
(65)DγJ~mαx=∑κ=0M−m/2ηκ,mα,γxα2κ+m−γ,where
(66)ηκ,κα,γ=−1κΓα2κ+m+122κ+mk!Γm+κ+1Γα2κ+m−γ+1.Proof.
The linearity of the conformable derivative (see [12, 16]) leads to
(67)DγJ~mαx=∑κ=0M−m/2−1κ22κ+mκ!Γm+κ+1Dγxα2κ+m=∑κ=0M−m/2−1κ22κ+mκ!Γm+κ+1Γα2κ+m+1Γα2κ+m−γ+1xα2κ+m−γ,as required.Remark 18.
Ifα2κ+m<γ, where α2κ+m∈ℕ0, then, DγJ~mαx=0.Theorem 19.
LetuMx be an approximated function given by means of the truncated formula of CFBFs (61). Then,
(68)DγuMx=∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γxα2κ+m−γ.Proof.
The induction of Theorem17 and in view of the linearity property leads to the required result.


### 4.3.1. Proposed Scheme

(1) Linear Multiorder CFDEs. Suppose that the generalized linear multiorder CFDE is given in the form
(69)Dγux+∑j=0sAjDγjux+As+1ux=As+2hx,∈0,1,subject to the initial conditions
(70)Diux=di,i=0,1,2,⋯,γ−1,where Dγ,0<γ1<γ2<⋯<γs<γ, denotes to the CFD of order γ>0,hx are known to be a continuous function, and di,i=0,1,2,⋯,γ−1 are some constants.Assume that the solution of the CFDE (69) can be given in the form
(71)uMx=∑m=0MamJ~mαx.Substituting (71) into (69) and using Theorem 19, we have
(72)∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γxα2κ+m−γ+∑j=0sAj∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γjxα2κ+m−γj+As+1∑m=0MamJ~mαx=As+2hx.Collocating Equation (72) at the points xq=q/M,=1,2,3,⋯,M+1−γ, we get
(73)∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γxqα2κ+m−γ+∑j=0sAj∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γjxqα2κ+m−γj+As+1∑m=0MamJ~mαxq=As+2hxq.These equations giveM+1−γ linear algebraic equations. Combining (71) and (70) produces γ-algebraic equations. Thus, we obtain a linear algebraic system of M+1 equations in the unknown am,m=0,1,2,⋯,M. By solving this system, we obtain the solution of Equation (69) associated with the initial condition (70).(2) Nonlinear Multiorder CFDEs. Consider the generalized nonlinear multiorder CFDE such that
(74)Dγux=Fx,ux,Dγ1ux,Dγ2ux,⋯,Dγsux,x∈0,1,with the initial conditions
(75)Diux=ci,i=0,1,2,⋯,γ−1,where Dγ,0<γ1<γ2<⋯<γs<γ, stands for the CFD of order γ>0,F is a nonlinear operator, and ci,i=0,1,2,⋯,γ−1 are given constants. A similar procedure as in establishing (69) can be used to approximate ux in terms of CFBFs. Thus, combining (71) with (74) and using Theorem 19 yield
(76)∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γxα2κ+m−γ=Fx,∑m=0MamJ~mαx,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γ1xα2κ+m−γ1,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γ2xα2κ+m−γ2,⋯,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γsxα2κ+m−γs.Collocating Equation (76) at the points xq,=1,2,3,⋯,M+1−γ, thus, we have the following:
(77)∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γxqα2κ+m−γ=Fxq,∑m=0MamJ~mαxq,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γ1xqα2κ+m−γ1,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γ2xqα2κ+m−γ2,⋯,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γsxqα2κ+m−γsEquation (77) determines M+1−γ nonlinear equations. In virtue of (71) and the initial conditions (75), we get γ equations. Immediately, one can get a system of M+1 nonlinear equations in the unknown am,m=0,1,2,⋯,M. As usual, Newton’s iterative method can be used to solve this system. Thus, the solution of the nonlinear CFDE (74) with (75) can be deduced.We can briefly clarify the achieved advantages of employing the proposed method as follows. The fractional-order Bessel functions approximate the fractional function with more accuracy. This feature has made the FBFs more effective than Bessel functions in solving the fractional problems. As the values of coefficients in Bessel polynomials are smaller than the coefficients of Chebyshev, Legendre, and Bernoulli polynomials, the computational error in the current method is less. Furthermore, our detailed treatment to these FDEs using the collocation method is aimed at encouraging the use of such approach which allows reaching the required solutions with ease and accuracy.In the following subsection, we discuss several numerical examples to demonstrate the consequences of the above-mentioned features.


## 4.3.1. Proposed Scheme

(1) Linear Multiorder CFDEs. Suppose that the generalized linear multiorder CFDE is given in the form
(69)Dγux+∑j=0sAjDγjux+As+1ux=As+2hx,∈0,1,subject to the initial conditions
(70)Diux=di,i=0,1,2,⋯,γ−1,where Dγ,0<γ1<γ2<⋯<γs<γ, denotes to the CFD of order γ>0,hx are known to be a continuous function, and di,i=0,1,2,⋯,γ−1 are some constants.Assume that the solution of the CFDE (69) can be given in the form
(71)uMx=∑m=0MamJ~mαx.Substituting (71) into (69) and using Theorem 19, we have
(72)∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γxα2κ+m−γ+∑j=0sAj∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γjxα2κ+m−γj+As+1∑m=0MamJ~mαx=As+2hx.Collocating Equation (72) at the points xq=q/M,=1,2,3,⋯,M+1−γ, we get
(73)∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γxqα2κ+m−γ+∑j=0sAj∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γjxqα2κ+m−γj+As+1∑m=0MamJ~mαxq=As+2hxq.These equations giveM+1−γ linear algebraic equations. Combining (71) and (70) produces γ-algebraic equations. Thus, we obtain a linear algebraic system of M+1 equations in the unknown am,m=0,1,2,⋯,M. By solving this system, we obtain the solution of Equation (69) associated with the initial condition (70).(2) Nonlinear Multiorder CFDEs. Consider the generalized nonlinear multiorder CFDE such that
(74)Dγux=Fx,ux,Dγ1ux,Dγ2ux,⋯,Dγsux,x∈0,1,with the initial conditions
(75)Diux=ci,i=0,1,2,⋯,γ−1,where Dγ,0<γ1<γ2<⋯<γs<γ, stands for the CFD of order γ>0,F is a nonlinear operator, and ci,i=0,1,2,⋯,γ−1 are given constants. A similar procedure as in establishing (69) can be used to approximate ux in terms of CFBFs. Thus, combining (71) with (74) and using Theorem 19 yield
(76)∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γxα2κ+m−γ=Fx,∑m=0MamJ~mαx,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γ1xα2κ+m−γ1,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γ2xα2κ+m−γ2,⋯,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γsxα2κ+m−γs.Collocating Equation (76) at the points xq,=1,2,3,⋯,M+1−γ, thus, we have the following:
(77)∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γxqα2κ+m−γ=Fxq,∑m=0MamJ~mαxq,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γ1xqα2κ+m−γ1,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γ2xqα2κ+m−γ2,⋯,∑m=0M∑κ=0M−m/2amηκ,mα,γsxqα2κ+m−γsEquation (77) determines M+1−γ nonlinear equations. In virtue of (71) and the initial conditions (75), we get γ equations. Immediately, one can get a system of M+1 nonlinear equations in the unknown am,m=0,1,2,⋯,M. As usual, Newton’s iterative method can be used to solve this system. Thus, the solution of the nonlinear CFDE (74) with (75) can be deduced.We can briefly clarify the achieved advantages of employing the proposed method as follows. The fractional-order Bessel functions approximate the fractional function with more accuracy. This feature has made the FBFs more effective than Bessel functions in solving the fractional problems. As the values of coefficients in Bessel polynomials are smaller than the coefficients of Chebyshev, Legendre, and Bernoulli polynomials, the computational error in the current method is less. Furthermore, our detailed treatment to these FDEs using the collocation method is aimed at encouraging the use of such approach which allows reaching the required solutions with ease and accuracy.In the following subsection, we discuss several numerical examples to demonstrate the consequences of the above-mentioned features.


## 4.4. Illustrative Examples

In view of the above arguments, it is interesting to employ the provided techniques to solve some useful FDEs, as we shall see through the following examples.Example 20.
Consider the famous Bagley-Torvik equation(78)D2ux+D3/2ux+ux=1+x,0≤x≤1,subject to the initial conditions
(79)u0=1,u′0=1.This equation has been solved using Legendre polynomials in view of the conformable fractional sense in [14], as well as in [47–50] in the sense of Caputo derivative. The exact solution of (78) was given in ([47, 49]) as ux=1+x; then for M=2 and α=1 in (71), one gets the approximated solution of (78) in the form
(80)u2x=∑m=02amJ~mαx.Owing to initial condition (79), then (80) gives
(81)a0=1,a1=2Using the collocation pointx=0.5 and in view of (81), one can get
(82)0.3982a2=0.7964.Hence,a2=2. Therefore, we have ux=1+x, which coincides with the one given in ([47, 49]).A similar procedure can be carried out as in Example20, so that we may summarize the corresponding details for two different CFDEs as follows.Remark 21.
(i)
The problem in Table1 has been treated in [47–50] with the Caputo fractional derivative using various methods such as Legendre polynomials, homotopy perturbation method, and homotopy analysis method(ii)
The problem in Table2 has been manipulated in [51] by means of Legendre polynomials with conformable derivative and in [52] in view of Laguerre polynomials involving Caputo derivativeExample 22.
Suppose that we have the following linear fractional differential equation in the form(83)Dγux+ux=0,0<γ≤1,with the initial condition
(84)u0=1.Table 1Conformable fractional differential equationD3ux+D5/2ux+u2x=x4,x∈0,1Initial conditionsu0=0,u′0=0, and u′′0=2Exact solutionx2 (as given by various authors in [47–50])Values ofM and α, as indicated in relation (71)M=4 and α=1Coefficients to be determined in relation (71)ai=0 for i=0,1,3, a2=8, and a4=32Solutionx2Table 2Conformable fractional differential equationD4ux+D7/2ux+u3x=x9,0<x≤1Initial conditionsu0=0, u′0=0, u′′0=0, and u′′′0=6Exact solutionx3 (as given in [51, 52])Values ofM and α, as is indicated in relation (71).M=4 and α=1Coefficients to be determined in relation (71)ai=0 for i=0,1,2,4, a3=48Solutionx3The exact solution of (83) is ux=exp−xγ/γ (see [47]). This problem has been evaluated using various methods (see for example [47, 49, 53]) in the sense of the Caputo fractional derivative. Putting M=5 in (71) with γ=α, then using the presented technique, we computed the approximate solution of the problem (83) for the values γ=α=0.5,0.7,0.9,1. We indicate the approximate solution through Figure 3, while Figure 4 compares the obtained solution with the exact solution of (83). Moreover, the corresponding absolute errors of our approximate solution are displayed in Table 3. From Figure 4, it is clear that the approximate solutions converge to the exact solutions.Example 23.
It is well known that the theory of Bessel functions is connected with the Riccati equations. In fact, Bessel functions are defined as solutions of Bessel equations, which can be derived from the Riccati equations. This motivates us to consider the following the nonlinear Riccati fractional differential equation:(85)Dγux+u2x=1,0<γ,x≤1,subject to the initial condition
(86)u0=0.Figure 3
Graph of the approximate solutions of Example22 when M=5 with γ=α=0.5,0.7,0.9,1.Figure 4
The comparison of the approximate solutions of Example22 with the exact solution when M=5 and for γ=α=0.5,0.7,0.9,1.Table 3
Absolute errors for example22 in the case of M=5 with various values of γ=α.
xα=0.5α=0.7α=0.9α=10.11.698913766905.10−32.01482483935533.10−42.55260108363852.10−59.4292936385015.10−60.21.341809039425.10−31.80206291971352.10−42.57393080246859.10−51.0100445353045.10−50.31.094073239144.10−31.53118426981402.10−42.22828517444373.10−58.740914169325.10−60.49.222016584745.10−41.32711916546735.10−41.9580499485472.10−57.674994977578.10−60.57.94771487391.10−41.17204363458189.10−41.77639190854228.10−57.0847477455521.10−60.66.94723214864.10−41.04225706794691.10−41.61290436707651.10−56.5282543029262.10−60.76.13410718572.10−49.28101826830340.10−51.43823651976849.10−55.7858773236572.10−60.85.46280728516.10−48.30201804029595.10−51.2815490789575.10−55.0984705504265.10−60.94.90369742377.10−47.50420455738476.10−51.18437600535870.10−54.8554037531864.10−614.42903116775.10−46.82330917218671.10−51.11289526305072.10−54.7847594708325.10−6This problem has the exact solutionuex=exp2xγ/γ−1/exp2xγ/γ+1 (see [21]), and it has been treated by many authors using various methods such as the collocation method, operational matrix method, homotopy perturbation Pade technique, homotopy analysis method, modified homotopy perturbation (MHP) method, modified variational iteration method, B-spline operational matrix method, and polynomial least squares method (see, for example, [54, 55]. In all these methods, the authors used the Caputo fractional derivative.Now, regarding the proposed method here, the approximated analytical solution of the initial value problem (85) has been computed for M=10 with various values of γ=α. Figure 5 shows the approximate solutions for M=10 and various values of γ=α=0.5,0.7,0.9,1. Table 4 illustrates both numerical and exact solutions of (85). The comparison between the obtained values of ux by the presented method and the modified Homotopy perturbation method (MHPM) given in [55] for γ=1 and M=10 is shown in Table 5. Table 5 illustrates that our method is more accurate compared to other methods.Example 24.
Suppose that a system of fractional differential equations is given in the form(87)Dγ1u1x=u1x+u2x,0<γ1≤1,0≤x≤1,Dγ2u2x=−u1x+u2x,0<γ2≤1,with the primary conditions
(88)u10=0,u20=1.Figure 5
The approximate solutions for various values ofγ=α in Example 23.Table 4
Obtained values ofux for Example 23 by the present method with M=10 and γ=α=0.7and0.9.
xγ=α=0.7γ=α=0.9Exact solutionuexAppr. Solu10xExact solutionuexAppr. Solu10x0.10.2775609372580270.3963292877686800.1389753572166080.1651427125495750.20.4325625070322380.5414722163031350.2552553380988120.2879267123301210.30.5476487702362100.6345138844659600.3592126613317670.3915274496968520.40.6364705554940070.7007749907344570.4519057772639550.4804396821750420.50.7061130276762490.7505345118402850.5337894650059380.5569145595314370.60.7612148327181650.7891715348687990.6053865086111840.6225801096500080.70.8050981304208620.8198966882932290.6673887476536720.6788107653259020.80.8402379732052430.8447711555926440.7206263813744150.7268317877170510.90.8685147973710470.8652060884246500.7660066607086060.76774461610294410.8913734677347190.8822146643399260.8044548002984010.802541763903386Table 5
Comparison of obtained values ofu10x with MHPM in Example 23 with γ=1.
xMHPM [55]Present methodExact solutionAbsolute error0.10.0996680.0996676714166680.0996679946249563.232082876148868.10−70.20.1973750.1973750122678250.1973753202249043.079570785998806.10−70.30.2913120.2913123188740210.2913126124515912.935775703234479.10−70.40.3799440.3799486883650820.3799489622552252.738901430200881.10−70.50.4620780.4621169056884590.4621171572600102.515715507406561.10−70.60.5368570.5370493399393480.5370495669980352.270586874674282.10−70.70.6036310.6043675735991570.6043677771171642.035180060362447.10−70.80.6617060.6640365914194640.6640367702678491.788483853309343.10−70.90.7099190.7162977140051850.7162978701990241.561938393935934.10−710.7460320.7615940240151540.7615941559557651.319406113975582.10−7We proceed the solution as follows. Whenγ1=γ2=1, the exact solution of this system was given in [56, 57] as u1x=exsinx, and u2x=excosx. Applying the same technique described above and by putting M=5 in (71) with α=γ1=γ2, we have computed the approximate solution for the values α=γ1=γ1=0.7,0.8,0.9,1. Figure 6 shows the graphs of approximate solution for various values of α=γ1=γ2 with M=5. Tables 6 and 7 display the corresponding absolute error to our approximate solutions for α=γ1=γ2=1 and various values of M. Note that the absolute error tends to zero when the terms M of CFBFs increase.Figure 6
Graph of the approximate solutionsu1x and u2x of Example 24 for M=5 and various values of α=γ1=γ2=0.7,0.8,0.9,1.Table 6
Absolute errors ofu1x for various values of M=5,8,10 with α=γ1=γ2=1 in Example 24.
xM=5M=8M=100.12.175152855412623.10−49.162421859512191.10−81.758976284592979.10−100.22.563542720906999.10−41.010603222372797.10−71.884819425658612.10−100.32.455251579074233.10−41.112064359635733.10−72.046192475246368.10−100.42.320713758760705.10−41.218391399387871.10−72.191098474404878.10−100.52.201273528237466.10−41.315382035648231.10−72.333426724860480.10−100.61.996737905732100.10−41.409308454622984.10−72.471041121886989.10−100.71.643238206067162.10−41.489432328394127.10−72.648922750010470.10−100.81.175657989381895.10−41.556332410815428.10−72.906084812992896.10−100.96.701651870429315.10−51.606609913492092.10−73.310520786806953.10−1016.404833938994381.10−61.601412220569667.10−74.151750389509799.10−10Table 7
Absolute errors ofu2x for various values of M=5,8,10 with α=γ1=γ2=1 in Example 24.
xM=5M=8M=100.11.764442982358745.10−41.289165400939913.10−86.228629314555091.10−120.22.483473612144735.10−43.801071933089472.10−91.613098247747954.10−110.32.943918013066388.10−46.996798181222391.10−93.734106142077792.10−110.43.463545496320502.10−41.992154729449800.10−86.483630453443810.10−110.54.089060754978633.10−43.538677484194269.10−89.820822938741669.10−110.64.761667760399912.10−45.339426604651616.10−81.410768556814162.10−100.75.435609065997361.10−47.429242006830613.10−82.010920588084222.10−100.86.132891968498514.10−49.811361566232743.10−82.860794615286945.10−100.96.915106434315280.10−41.250216107427356.10−74.199493848745102.10−1017.750844548684034.10−41.556557391707215.10−76.201785524511703.10−10


## 5. Conclusion

Exploring the multifaceted applications of Bessel functions in several fields of science with recognition of the growing impact conformable fractional calculus has in many applications, this paper exhibits further developments on the conformable fractional-order Bessel functions (CFBFs). The novelty of this research paper is determined by explaining the comparison between our obtained solutions (results) and the solutions in previously published articles by various authors. Such novelty may be described as follows. In the first part of the paper, some useful formulas concerning the properties of conformable fractional Laplace transforms are obtained. These formulas are successfully employed to obtain the solutions for a new type of fractional kinetic equations associated with the CFBFs in the conformable fractional sense which is generalized and developed in this study. These solutions are newly presented compared with those given by various authors (see [38, 58–61]).In addition, an interesting orthogonal relation of the CFBFs is established. This gives rise to the discussion of functions expansions where we present a given function in a series of the CFBFs. Consequently, we investigate the analytical and approximate solutions of some linear and nonlinear CFDEs using a proposed scheme depending on the collocation method, involving CFBFs. Particular emphasis is paid to indicate that our approach, in some sense, is easily applicable and provides more accurate results with refined errors. The proposed scheme is used to approximate the solutions of linear, nonlinear CFDEs, and also systems of CFDEs. The numerical examples show the validity and efficiency of the method. Notably, it is demonstrated that the presented method works well and achieves better accuracy compared with exact solutions and with results obtained using other methods. Our scheme is beneficial in the way that using the fractional-order Bessel functions leads to more accurate results in approximating the fractional function. Because of this characteristic, FBFs are more effective than Bessel functions in treating fractional problems. Because Bessel polynomials have smaller coefficients than Chebyshev, Legendre, and Bernoulli polynomials, the computational error in the current approach is less. Importantly, the employment of the collocation method provides convenient and accurate solutions. Furthermore, all the given solutions are obtained differently, unlike those established by the authors in [47–55] and the references therein where other fractional derivatives such as Caputo derivative were used.



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