# On Structural Patterns of Mechanical Systems with Impacts with One and Two Degrees-of-Freedom

Authors: Barbara Blazejczyk-Okolewska
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2013)

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## Abstract

Structural patterns of mechanical systems with impacts with one degree-of-freedom and two degrees-of-freedom, with elastic connections, have been identified and described. For their identification, a general method proposed by the author has been applied.  This method uses (i)  a matrix representation of the system with impacts, (ii) procedures that enable generations of all combinations of such systems as well as their identification and elimination of redundant equivalent combinations, and (iii) a procedure for elimination of disconnected systems.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Systems with one degree-of-freedom belong to the simplest mechanical systems. These systems have been analyzed by numerous authors (e.g., [1–44]), and their dynamics have been investigated in a wide range. The following issues have been considered in the above-mentioned publications: steady periodic motions, subharmonic motions, stability of vibrations, elastic and plastic impacts, time and phase characteristics, behavior of the system under an influence of variations in the rigidity coefficient, the viscous damping coefficient, or the dry friction coefficient.Special attention should be here drawn to works by Peterka and his coworkers, Nordmark, Chin et al., Ivanov, Shaw, and by Shaw and Holmes. Peterka et al. [32–34, 75] determine the regions of stable periodic motions and show a transition to chaotic motions both for the case of a linear, elastic-damping supporting structure, and for the case where dry friction occurs in the system. They present the results of numerical investigations in the form of time functions, phase trajectories, and Poincare maps. Nordmark [29] conducted the investigations on a motion of the one-degree-of-freedom oscillator in which impacts occur under the influence of external excitation. He undertook a trial to describe the moment of impact and showed that a change in external parameters could lead to qualitative changes in the motion character, from a periodic motion, through bifurcation cycles, up to chaotic motions. Moreover, using analytical methods, he presented a new impact phenomenon of the grazing type and a new type of bifurcation that follows from it. Various types of grazing bifurcations were discussed by Chin et al. [7]. The grazing type impacts were dealt with by Ivanov ([17, 18]) as well. Shaw and Holmes [37–39] discuss a simple conservative system with one limiting stop. On the assumption that the coefficient of restitution equals zero, the authors reduce the considerations to a one-dimensional map whose analysis shows that stable orbits exist for nearly all frequencies of the excitation force. Shaw [36] observed harmonic, subharmonic, and chaotic motions while analyzing the linear model of an oscillator with two limiting stops subjected to harmonic excitation, in which the processes occurring in the system at the instant of impact are modeled with Newton’s hypothesis (Goldsmith [79]).In many studies (e.g., [4, 19, 26, 49, 80–85]), the impact is modeled as an abrupt change in rigidity. It allows one to use various analytical methods in the dynamical analysis of the system.  For instance, Blankenship and Kahraman [4] as well as Kahraman and Singh [19] analyzed a vibroimpact system with clearances subjected to parametric and periodic excitation. The results of the numerical analyses conducted on the basis of the methods of the harmonics balance were confirmed by the experimental results. Kim and Noah [80] employed the harmonics balance method connected with a Fourier transform procedure to analyze the system dynamics with linear characteristics in segments.The literature devoted to mechanical systems with impacts on two degrees-of-freedom is much less extensive. Although, in this case, the first studies were published slightly later, interesting applications were already mentioned in them. Special attention should be paid to Sadek [71], Masri [86], Masri and Caughey [70], Masri and Ibrahim [73], Araki et al. [87], Bapat and Sankar [88], Cempel [5], Peterka [32, 33], Chatterjee et al. [72], Bazhenov et al. [55], Peterka and Blazejczyk-Okolewska [75], including theoretical, experimental, and numerical analyses of impact vibration dampers, Karpenko et al. ([89–91]), providing extensive analytical, numerical, and experimental studies of a Jeffcott rotor with a snubber ring, and Koizumi [92], Park [93], and Luo et al. [60], describing the applications of impact oscillators as models of moulding machines. Numerous examples of other applications of systems with impacts can be found in A. E. Kobrinskii and A. Kobrinskii [20], Babickiĭ [47], and Jerrelind and Stensson [94].Lately the efforts of researchers investigating the dynamics of vibroimpact systems have been focused on the theory of stability, bifurcations, the reasons for occurrence of chaos (e.g., Aidanpӓӓ and Gupta [51], Brach [95], Chen [96], Chin et al. [7], Blazejczyk-Okolewska and Kapitaniak [76, 77], Czolczynski [57], Czolczynski and Kapitaniakt [58], Di Bernardo et al. [9], Han et al. [67], Ivanov [18], Awrejcewicz and Lamarque [97], Bishop [98], Blazejczyk-Okolewska et al. [99], Brogliato [100], Guckenheimer and Holmes [101], Ibrahim [102], Rand and Moon [103], and Thompson and Bishop [104]), and control of such systems (e.g., Awrejcewicz et al. [2], Gutiérrez and Arrowsmith [105], de Souza and Caldas [66], de Souza et al. [106], Lee and Yan [23], Luo [107], Luo and Lv [62], Zhao and Wang [108], and Zinjade and Mallik [109]).In the literature survey presented here, first of all the publications devoted to new dynamic behaviors have been mentioned. The occurrence of specific behaviors of the system is strictly related to the physical model assumed for its analysis. In Blazejczyk-Okolewska et al. [110], numerous schemes of models of mechanical systems with impacts were presented. For the initial analysis of the above-mentioned systems, physical models in which all linear and nonlinear supporting structures are described with the most elementary rheological model, a spring with linear characteristics, can be used.The comparative studies of physical models of vibroimpact systems used in scientific considerations have led to the determination of assumptions and principles of classification of mechanical systems with impacts in which models are rigid bodies that can move along a straight line without a possibility to rotate (Blazejczyk-Okolewska et al. [110]) and to the development of the method that allows one to determine structural patterns of all such systems with an arbitrary number of degrees-of-freedom (Blazejczyk-Okolewska [111]). By a structural pattern of the mechanical system with impacts is understood a certain series of systems characterized by a specified structure of component elements (a definite configuration of fenders and connections). All structural patterns of mechanical systems constitute a set in which a kind of the connection (a spring or a damper), its character (linearity or nonlinearity), and the way the impact phenomenon is modeled are not differentiating parameters.In the present study, the above-mentioned method has been illustrated on the example of one- and two-degrees-of-freedom systems. All structural patterns of mechanical one- and two-degrees-of-freedom systems with impacts, with arbitrary connections, have been identified and described with this method. Next, structural patterns have been assigned to vibroimpact systems selected from the literature. The knowledge of all systems with impacts of a given number of degrees-of-freedom allows us to state which types have been already analyzed and which have not been investigated yet. The proposed classification of mechanical systems with impacts according to their structure allows us to rearrange the knowledge on systems with impacts and is the basis for understanding the sources of their diversity. Providing a full set of objects to be analyzed, it gives hints for new ideas and directions in designing technical devices.In the considerations below, the terminology, concepts, and notations introduced by Blazejczyk-Okolewska [111] have been used.


## 2. Systems with Two Degrees-of-Freedom

Systems with two degrees-of-freedom (n=2) have one connectedness zone. Numerous equivalent combinations and many disconnected systems can be identified among them.The maximal number of springs (spring connections)s=3 (k1 is the spring connecting the subsystem of a mass m1 with the frame, k12 the spring connecting the subsystem of a mass m1 with the subsystem of the mass m2, and k2 the spring connecting the subsystem of a mass m2 with the frame). The number of possible spring combinations is is=8. All connected and disconnected combinations are presented in Figures 1 and 2.Figure 1
Connected spring combinations forn=2.Figure 2
Disconnected spring combinations forn=2.The spring connectedness zone is located between the subsystems with the massesm1 and m2. This zone consists of just one spring k12, which decides whether the basic spring system will be divided into two subsystems or not (in the case of a system with a higher number of degrees-of-freedom, a division into two or more subsystems can occur, of course). The number is-s of all connected spring combinations is equal to a product of the number of possible arrangements of the springs that decide about connectedness (one) and the number of possible arrangements beyond the spring connectedness zone of the remaining 0, 1, or 2 springs (four); that is to say, is-s=1×4=4 (see Figure 1). The notations of connected spring combinations (S1, S2, S5, and S6) have been introduced according to the generation procedure presented by Blazejczyk-Okolewska ([111, Subsection 4.1.1]). One of these systems (S1) is the basic spring system.Similarly, the numberis-n of all disconnected spring combinations can be defined. This number is equal to a product of the number of possible arrangements of the springs that decide about the connectedness (one) and the number of possible arrangements beyond the spring connectedness zone of the remaining 0, 1, or 2 springs (four); that is to say, is-n=1×4=4 (see Figure 2). The notations of disconnected spring combinations (S3, S4, S7, and S8) have been introduced according to the above-mentioned generation procedure. The total number of connected and disconnected spring combinations is of course equal to the number of all spring combinations; that is, is=is-s+is-n=4+4=8.In the case of connected spring combinations (Figure1), the body of a mass m1 acts on the body of a mass m2 (and vice versa, of course), due to an occurrence of the spring connection between these bodies (the spring k12). On the other hand, in the case of disconnected spring combinations (Figure 2), the body of a mass m1 will never affect the behavior of the body of a mass m2 (and vice versa, of course). A lack of the spring connection results in the fact that the bodies “will not know” about each other.Spring adjacency matrices are attributed to all spring combinations. To list them, also the generation procedure has been used. Let us pay attention to the fact that elements and indices of some spring adjacency matrices have been bolded (in Figure1: S1, S6; in Figure 2: S3, S8). This bolding refers to spring systems that are equivalent to each other by inversion (the definition of equivalency has been given by Blazejczyk-Okolewska [111]).We will conduct a similar analysis for impact connections. The maximal number of fenders (impact connections) is equal toz=6. These are the following connections: z1g is the upper impact connection of the subsystem of a mass m1 with the frame, z1d the lower impact connection of the subsystem of a mass m1 with the frame, z12g the upper impact connection of the subsystem of a mass m1 with the subsystem of a mass m2, z12d the lower impact connection of the subsystem of a mass m1 with the subsystem of a mass m2, z2g—upper impact connection of the subsystem of a mass m2 with the frame, and z2d the lower impact connection of the subsystem of a mass m2 with the frame. The number of impact connections is equal to iz=64. All connected and disconnected impact combinations are presented in Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6.Figure 3
Connected impact combinations (fendersz12g and z12d) for n=2.Figure 4
Connected impact combinations (fenderz12d) for n=2.Figure 5
Connected impact combinations (fenderz12g) for n=2.Figure 6
Disconnected impact combinations (lack of the fendersz12g and z12d) for n=2.The impact connectedness zone is located between the subsystems of massesm1 and m2. This zone consists of two fenders z12g and z12d that decide whether a division of the basic impact system into two subsystems will occur or not. The number iz-s of all connected impact combinations is equal to a product of the  number of possible arrangements of the impact connections that decide about the connectedness (three) and the number of possible arrangements, beyond the impact adjacency zone, of the remaining impact connections (24=16); that is to say, iz-s=3×16=48. Figure 3 shows the systems: Z1, Z2, Z5, Z6, Z9, Z10, Z13, Z14, Z17, Z18, Z21, Z22, Z25, Z26, Z29, and Z30, that is, all such connected impact combinations that the connection between subsystems occurs both via the upper fender z12g and via the lower fender z12d. One of these systems (Z1) is the basic impact system. In Figure 4 the following systems are marked: Z3, Z4, Z7, Z8, Z11, Z12, Z15, Z16, Z19, Z20, Z23, Z24, Z27, Z28, Z31, and Z32, that is, all connected impact combinations in which the connection between subsystems occurs only via the lower fender z12d. Figure 5 presents the systems: Z33, Z34, Z37, Z38, Z41, Z42, Z45, Z46, Z49, Z50, Z53, Z54, Z57, Z58, Z61, and Z62, that is, all connected impact combinations in which the connection between subsystems occurs only via the upper fender z12g. The notations of connected impact combinations have been introduced according to the generation procedure discussed by Blazejczyk-Okolewska ([111, Section 4.1.1]). The number iz-n of all disconnected impact combinations is equal to a product of the number of possible arrangements of the impact connections that decide about the disconnectedness (one) and the number of possible arrangements, beyond the impact connectedness zone, of the remaining impact connections (24=16); that is to say, iz-n=1×16=16. In Figure 6, the following systems are depicted: Z35, Z36, Z39, Z40, Z43, Z44, Z47, Z48, Z51, Z52, Z55, Z56, Z59, Z60, Z63, and   Z64, that is, all disconnected impact combinations. The total number of connected and disconnected impact combinations is equal to the number of all impact combinations iz=iz-s+iz-n=48+16=64. The impact adjacency matrices are attributed to all impact combinations.Let us notice that the elements and indices of some impact adjacency matrices, similarly as spring adjacency matrices, have been bolded (in Figure3: Z1, Z6, Z13, Z18, Z25, and Z30; in Figure 4: Z3, Z15, Z20, and Z32; in Figure 5: Z33, Z45, Z50, and Z62; in Figure 6: Z35, Z40, Z47, Z52, Z59, and Z64). These are all impact systems equivalent to each other via inversion or translocation.In the case of forty-eight connected impact combinations (Figures3, 4, and 5), the body of a mass m1 acts on the body of a mass m2 due to an occurrence of the impact connection between the subsystems (fenders z12g and z12d in Figure 3, one of these fenders in Figures 4 and 5). On the other hand, in the case of sixteen disconnected impact combinations (Figure 6), the body of a mass m1 will never affect the behavior of the body of a mass m2 (and vice versa, of course). A lack of the impact connection (a lack of both fenders z12g and z12d) will cause that the bodies “will not know” about each other.According to the assumed principle (Phase I, Blazejczyk-Okolewska [111]), we will match now each spring combination with each impact combination. The total number of connected spring-impact combinations (for n=2 before elimination) is equal to isz-s=448, whereas the total number of disconnected spring-impact combinations (before elimination) is equal to isz-n=64. Table 1 shows Phase I for the system of n=2. As a result of matching all connected spring combinations (Figure 1) with all connected impact combinations (Figures 3, 4, and 5), connected spring-impact combinations arise. Their total number equals isz-s=is-s×iz-s=4×48=192. As a result of matching all connected spring combinations (Figure 1) with all disconnected impact combinations (Figure 6), connected spring-impact combinations arise. Their total number is isz-s=is-s×iz-n=4×16=64. As a result of matching all disconnected spring combinations (Figure 2) with all connected impact combinations (Figures 3, 4, and 5), connected spring-impact combinations arise. Their number is equal to isz-s=is-n×iz-s=4×48=192. As a result of matching all disconnected spring combinations (Figure 2) with all disconnected impact combinations (Figure 6), disconnected spring-impact combinations arise. Their number equals isz-n=is-n×iz-n=4×16=64. The number of connected spring-impact combinations added to the number of disconnected spring-impact combinations is equal to the number of all spring-impact combinations; that is to say, isz=isz-s+isz-n=448+64=512.Table 1
The way connected and disconnected spring-impact combinations are generated (before elimination) forn=2.
i
s
-
s = 4: connected spring combinations
i
s
-
n = 4: disconnected spring combinations
i
z
-
s = 48: connected impact combinations
i
s
z
-
s
=
i
s
-
s
×
i
z
-
s
=
4
×
48 = 192: connected spring-impact combinations
i
s
z
-
s
=
i
s
-
n
×
i
z
-
s
=
4
×
48 = 192: connected spring-impact combinations
i
z
-
n = 16: disconnected impact combinations
i
s
z
-
s
=
i
s
-
s
×
i
z
-
n
=
4
×
16 = 64: connected spring-impact  combinations
i
s
z
-
n
=
i
s
-
n
×
i
z
-
n
=
4
×
16 = 64: disconnected spring-impact combinationsDue to the convenience of presentation, spring, impact and spring-impact combinations will be referred to as spring, impact, and spring-impact systems up to the end of this section.The next stage consists in the elimination of equivalent combinations (subphase I ofPhase II, Blazejczyk-Okolewska [111]). For n=2, it can be conducted without a computer, but it is a very time-consuming procedure.Let us begin with the generation of the adjacency matrix of all spring-impact systems. We take the first one, and we generate a transposed, inverted, and translocated matrix to it. Next, we check the equivalency of the taken matrix to itself and to the adjacency matrices of the subsequent spring-impact systems. If any equivalency is identified (see equations (2)÷ (4), Blazejczyk-Okolewska [111]), we make a class of relations, and we choose the system with the highest member as its representative (see the principles of selection, Blazejczyk-Okolewska [111]). The above-mentioned activities should be repeated for each spring-impact system which has not been included in any class of relations yet.As an example, let us consider the spring-impact systemS2Z23. It is equivalent to other systems S2Z53S5Z12 and S5Z42. The class of relations in this case has four elements. We choose S5Z42 as its representative as it is the system with the highest number, and the systems S2Z23, S2Z53, and S5Z12 are thus eliminated.Table2 presents a list of selected classes of relations and their representatives. The first two columns include all spring-impact systems that arise as a result of matching the spring system S1 with all impact systems Z1÷Z64. An analogous list can be given for the remaining spring systems equivalent to one another via inversion, that is, S3, S6, and S8 (in Table 2, we replace S1 by the subsequent systems S3, S6, and S8). The last two columns in the table include all spring-impact systems that result from matching the spring system S5 with all impact systems Z1÷Z64. An analogous list can be prepared for the spring system S7 (in Table 2, we replace S5 by the spring system S7 and S2 by the spring system S4). For n=2, there are 168 classes of relations. Among them, we can distinguish 24 classes of relations in which spring-impact systems are disconnected (see Table 5 discussed further in this section as well). Classes of spring-impact relations can be one-element (one spring-impact system which is simultaneously the representative of the class of relations), two elements (two equivalent spring-impact systems and one of them is the representative of the class of relations), or four elements (four equivalent spring-impact systems and one of them is the representative of the class of relations).Table 2
Selected classes of spring-impact relations and their representatives.
Classes of spring-impact relations
Representatives of the class of relations
Remaining systems from the class of relations
Representatives of the class of relations
Remaining systems from the class of relations
S
1
Z
1
S
5
Z
1
S
2
Z
1
S
1
Z
17
S
1
Z
2, S1Z9, S1Z5
S
5
Z
9
S
5
Z
2, S2Z5, S2Z17
S
1
Z
18
S
1
Z
13
S
5
Z
10
S
2
Z
21
S
1
Z
21
S
1
Z
10
S
5
Z
17
S
2
Z
2, S2Z9, S5Z5
S
1
Z
25
S
1
Z
6
S
5
Z
18
S
2
Z
13, S2Z18, S5Z13
S
1
Z
29
S
1
Z
14, S1Z26, S1Z22
S
5
Z
21
S
2
Z
10
S
1
Z
30
S
5
Z
25
S
2
Z
6, S2Z25, S5Z6
S
1
Z
33
S
1
Z
3
S
5
Z
26
S
5
Z
14, S2Z22, S2Z29
S
1
Z
35
S
5
Z
29
S
2
Z
14, S2Z26, S5Z22
S
1
Z
41
S
1
Z
4, S1Z37, S1Z19
S
5
Z
30
S
2
Z
30
S
1
Z
45
S
1
Z
20
S
5
Z
33
S
2
Z
3, S2Z33, S5Z3
S
1
Z
49
S
1
Z
7, S1Z34, S1Z11
S
5
Z
34
S
2
Z
7, S2Z49, S5Z11
S
1
Z
50
S
1
Z
15
S
5
Z
35
S
2
Z
35
S
1
Z
51
S
1
Z
36, S1Z43, S1Z39
S
5
Z
37
S
2
Z
4, S2Z41, S5Z19
S
1
Z
52
S
1
Z
47
S
5
Z
38
S
2
Z
8, S2Z57, S5Z27
S
1
Z
53
S
1
Z
12, S1Z42, S1Z23
S
5
Z
41
S
5
Z
4, S2Z37, S2Z19
S
1
Z
55
S
1
Z
44
S
5
Z
42
S
5
Z
12, S2Z53, S2Z23
S
1
Z
57
S
1
Z
8, S1Z38, S1Z27
S
5
Z
43
S
5
Z
36, S2Z39, S2Z51
S
1
Z
58
S
1
Z
16, S1Z54, S1Z31
S
5
Z
44
S
2
Z
55
S
1
Z
59
S
1
Z
40
S
5
Z
45
S
2
Z
20, S2Z45, S5Z20
S
1
Z
61
S
1
Z
24, S1Z46, S1Z28
S
5
Z
46
S
2
Z
24, S2Z61, S5Z28
S
1
Z
62
S
1
Z
32
S
5
Z
49
S
5
Z
7, S2Z34, S2Z11
S
1
Z
63
S
1
Z
48, S1Z60, S1Z56
S
5
Z
50
S
2
Z
15, S2Z50, S5Z15
S
1
Z
64
S
5
Z
51
S
2
Z
36, S2Z43, S5Z39
S
5
Z
52
S
2
Z
47, S2Z52, S5Z47
S
5
Z
53
S
2
Z
12, S2Z42, S5Z23
S
5
Z
54
S
2
Z
16, S2Z58, S5Z31
S
5
Z
55
S
2
Z
44
S
5
Z
57
S
5
Z
8, S2Z38, S2Z27
S
5
Z
58
S
5
Z
16, S2Z54, S2Z31
S
5
Z
59
S
2
Z
40, S2Z59, S5Z40
S
5
Z
60
S
5
Z
48, S2Z56, S2Z63
S
5
Z
61
S
5
Z
24, S2Z46, S2Z28
S
5
Z
62
S
2
Z
32, S2Z62, S5Z32
S
5
Z
63
S
2
Z
48, S2Z60, S5Z56
S
5
Z
64
S
2
Z
64Below, in the context of the two-degrees-of-freedom system, an application of the procedures developed by Blazejczyk-Okolewska [111] will be discussed. It is worth noticing that, whenever we take the subsequent adjacency matrix, we will have the full information on equivalencies to other adjacency matrices (both for spring and impact systems).Table3 is a table of spring relations for n=2, that is to say, a list of all spring systems (the first column Si) together with the information on their inversed equivalency (the second column SiP). This table has been made on the basis of the spring table generation procedure (Blazejczyk-Okolewska [111, Section 4.1.2]). Whenever we take the subsequent spring adjacency matrix, we have the full information on it. It follows from Table 3 that four spring systems are equivalent to one another via inversion (S1, S3, S6, and S8), and there are two pairs of spring systems equivalent via inversion: S5~S2 and S7~S4 (5=S5>S2=2, 7=S7>S4=4).Table 3
Table of spring relations forn=2.
Fields of spring information
S
i
S
i
P
1
1
2
5
3
3
4
7
5
2
6
6
7
4
8
8Table4 is a table of impact relations for n=2, that is to say, a list of all impact systems (the first column Zi) with the information on their transposed (the second column ZiT), inversed (the third column ZiP), and translocated (the fourth column ZiPT) equivalency. This table has been made according to the impact table generation procedure (Blazejczyk-Okolewska [111, Section 4.1.2]). Whenever we take the next impact adjacency matrix, we have the full information on it. We can read from Table 4 that for twenty-four impact systems, the number of the matrix Zi (it refers to the lower index) fulfils condition (6) described by Blazejczyk-Okolewska [111]. All the systems (Z1, Z17, Z18, Z21, Z25, Z29, Z30, Z33, Z35, Z41, Z45, Z49, Z50, Z51, Z52, Z53, Z55, Z57, Z58, Z59, Z61, Z62, Z63, and Z64) will be matched to those spring systems which are equivalent to one another via inversion (S1, S3, S6, and S8). After matching, we will obtain 96 spring-impact systems that are the representatives of classes of relations. Among them, 48 systems are equivalent to one another via inversion or translocation. Their lower indices will be bolded.Table 4
Table of impact relations forn=2.
Fields of impact information
Z
i
Z
i
T
Z
i
P
Z
i
P
T
1
1
1
1
2
9
5
17
3
33
33
3
4
41
37
19
5
17
2
9
6
25
6
25
7
49
34
11
8
57
38
27
9
2
17
5
10
10
21
21
11
34
49
7
12
42
53
23
13
18
18
13
14
26
22
29
15
50
50
15
16
58
54
31
17
5
9
2
18
13
13
18
19
37
41
4
20
45
45
20
21
21
10
10
22
29
14
26
23
53
42
12
24
61
46
28
25
6
25
6
26
14
29
22
27
38
57
8
28
46
61
24
29
22
26
14
30
30
30
30
31
54
58
16
32
62
62
32
33
3
3
33
34
11
7
49
35
35
35
35
36
43
39
51
37
19
4
41
38
27
8
57
39
51
36
43
40
59
40
59
41
4
19
37
42
12
23
53
43
36
51
39
44
44
55
55
45
20
20
45
46
28
24
61
47
52
52
47
48
60
56
63
49
7
11
34
50
15
15
50
51
39
43
36
52
47
47
52
53
23
12
42
54
31
16
58
55
55
44
44
56
63
48
60
57
8
27
38
58
16
31
54
59
40
59
40
60
48
63
56
61
24
28
46
62
32
32
62
63
56
60
48
64
64
64
64Table 5
List of connected and disconnected representatives of classes of connection-impact (spring-impact) relations.
Connected representatives of classes of relations
Z
1  1
Z
17  4
Z
18  2
Z
21  2
Z
25  2
Z
29  4
Z
30  1
P
1
=
S
1
Z
33  2
Z
41  4
Z
45  2
Z
49  4
Z
50  2
Z
53  4
Z
57  4
Z
58  4
Z
61  4
Z
62  2
Z
35  1
Z
51  4
Z
52  2
Z
55  2
Z
59  2
Z
63  4
Z
64
*
1
P
3
=
S
3
Z
1  1
Z
17  4
Z
18  2
Z
21  2
Z
25  2
Z
29  4
Z
30  1
Z
33  2
Z
41  4
Z
45  2
Z
49  4
Z
50  2
Z
53  4
Z
57  4
Z
58  4
Z
61  4
Z
62  2
Z
1  2
Z
9  4
Z
10  2
Z
17  4
Z
18  4
Z
21  2
Z
25  4
Z
26  4
Z
29  4
Z
30  2
P
5
=
S
5
Z
33  4
Z
34  4
Z
37  4
Z
38  4
Z
41  4
Z
42  4
Z
45  4
Z
46  4
Z
49  4
Z
50  4
Z
53  4
Z
54  4
Z
57  4
Z
58  4
Z
61  4
Z
62  4
Z
35  2
Z
43  4
Z
44  2
Z
51  4
Z
52  4
Z
55  2
Z
59  4
Z
60  4
Z
63  4
Z
64
*  2
Z
1  1
Z
17  4
Z
18  2
Z
21  2
Z
25  2
Z
29  4
Z
30  1
P
6
=
S
6
Z
33  2
Z
41  4
Z
45  2
Z
49  4
Z
50  2
Z
53  4
Z
57  4
Z
58  4
Z
61  4
Z
62  2
Z
35  1
Z
51  4
Z
52  2
Z
55  2
Z
59  2
Z
63  4
Z
64
*  1
P
7
=
S
7
Z
1  2
Z
9  4
Z
10  2
Z
17  4
Z
18  4
Z
21  2
Z
25  4
Z
26  4
Z
29  4
Z
30  2
Z
33  4
Z
34  4
Z
37  4
Z
38  4
Z
41  4
Z
42  4
Z
45  4
Z
46  4
Z
49  4
Z
50  4
Z
53  4
Z
54  4
Z
57  4
Z
58  4
Z
61  4
Z
62  4
P
8
=
S
8
#
Z
1  1
Z
17  4
Z
18  2
Z
21  2
Z
25  2
Z
29  4
Z
30  1
Z
33  2
Z
41  4
Z
45  2
Z
49  4
Z
50  2
Z
53  4
Z
57  4
Z
58  4
Z
61  4
Z
62  2
Disconnected representatives of classes of relations
P
3
=
S
3
Z
35  1
Z
51  4
Z
52  2
Z
55  2
Z
59  2
Z
63  4
Z
64
*  1
P
7
=
S
7
Z
35  2
Z
43  4
Z
44  2
Z
51  4
Z
52  4
Z
55  2
Z
59  4
Z
60  4
Z
63  4
Z
64
*  2
P
8
=
S
8
#
Z
35  1
Z
51  4
Z
52  2
Z
55  2
Z
59  2
Z
63  4
Z
64
*  1
*Intensively shaded.
#Slightly shaded.The remaining two spring systems (S5 and S7) should be matched to impact systems fulfilling condition  (6) and, additionally, to impact systems from the classes of relations that fulfill condition  (7) of the numbers equal to the higher number out of the two numbers ZP and ZPT. All the impact systems satisfying these conditions, and we have 36 such systems altogether (Z1, Z9, Z10, Z17, Z18, Z21, Z25, Z26, Z29, Z30, Z33, Z34, Z35, Z37, Z38, Z41, Z42, Z43, Z44, Z45, Z46, Z49, Z50, Z51, Z52, Z53, Z54, Z55, Z57, Z58, Z59, Z60, Z61, Z62, Z63, and Z64), after matching to the spring systems (S5 and S7), yield 72 spring-impact systems that make another group of the representatives of classes of relations.The total number of spring-impact systems which remain after the elimination of equivalent systems is thus96+72=168.Table5 shows all spring-impact systems that have not been eliminated. They are divided into two groups: connected systems and disconnected systems.The list has been obtained with the identity procedures (Blazejczyk-Okolewska [111, Subsections 4.1 and 4.2]), which eliminate equivalent systems and investigate their connectedness. In the first column of Table 5, there are spring systems. In the remaining part of the table, there are impact systems. The digit written under the symbol of the impact system corresponds to the number of systems in the given class of spring-impact relations (including the representative of this class). The bolding of this digit and of the index of the adjacency matrix SiZj  means that the given spring-impact system is equivalent to itself via inversion of translocation. On such a list as the one prepared, an actual spring-impact system can be found easily. There are altogether 144 connected spring-impact systems (including 3 combinations without impacts), whereas the number of all disconnected spring-impact systems is equal to 24. It means that, as a result of the elimination of equivalent and disconnected systems, the original number of systems (512) has decreased more than three times (144).Table5 presents these spring-impact systems that have been selected as the representatives of classes of relations. Its comparison to Tables 3 and 4 provides the information on all the systems which belong to the given class of relations.The spring-impact systems (structural patterns) presented in Table5 are written in such a way that the given spring connection and the first line starting with Z1 correspond to the connections of the impact systems having both fenders in the connectedness zone, the second line beginning with Z33 to the connections of the impact systems that have one fender in the connectedness zone, and the third line starting with Z33 to the connections of the impact system that do not have fenders in the connectedness zone. The shaded cells describe systems in which there is no impact connection (the cell intensively shaded), they have no spring connection (the cell lightly shaded), or there is no impact or spring connection (connection of the cell slightly shaded to the cell very intensively shaded). Such systems will be considered in Sections 3 and 4.One of the spring-impact systems described in Table5, that is, S1Z1, includes the full configuration of springs and fenders (the maximum number of springs and the maximum number of fenders). It is thus the basic spring-impact system for n=2. All the remaining spring-impact systems can be made out of it via removing a certain number of springs or fenders.The analysis of spring-impact systems is definitely simplified forn=1 and becomes much more difficult for n≥3. A classification of spring-impact systems with one degree-of-freedom is presented below.


## 3. Systems with One Degree-of-Freedom

The maximum number of springs for the system with one degree-of-freedom (n=1) is equal to s=1 (k1 is the spring connecting the body of a mass m1 with the frame, see the first system in Figure 7). The number of possible spring combinations is=2. In Figure 7, all combinations with their adjacency matrices are presented.Figure 7
Spring combinations forn=1.In this case it is difficult to talk about the spring connectedness (subphase II ofPhase II): either the system has no spring connecting it to the frame (S2 in Figure 7), or has such a spring (S1 in Figure 7), but it does not belong to the spring connectedness zone.The maximum number of fenders (impact connections) forn=1 is z=2 (z1g is the upper impact connection of the body of a mass m1 with the frame and z1d and the lower impact connection of the body of a mass m1 with the frame). Both impact connections and their notations are marked in Figure 8. The number of possible impact combinations iz=4. Figure 8 shows all such combinations along with their adjacency matrices. In the case of impact combinations of n=1, it is also difficult to talk about impact connectedness (subphase of Phase II): either the system does not have any fenders connecting it to the frame (Z4 in Figure 8), has one fender (lower Z2 in Figure 8 or upper Z3 in Figure 8) or has two such fenders (Z1 in Figure 8), but they do not belong to the impact connectedness zone. The following relations take place in them: the impact combination Z1 is equivalent to itself, the Z4 combination is equivalent to itself, and the Z2 combination is equivalent to the combination Z3 via transposition.Figure 8
Impact combinations forn=1.According to the assumed principle (Phase I), we match now each spring combination with each impact combination. As a result of the elimination of redundant equivalent combinations (via transposition), we obtain the spring-impact systems presented in Figure 9. As all spring and impact combinations with one degree-of-freedom are connected; thus all spring-impact systems formed as a result of matching such combinations are connected. In Figure 9 the systems in which there are no impact connections (S1Z4), spring connections (S2Z1 and S2Z3), impact connections, and spring connections (S2Z4) are marked.Figure 9
Connection-impact (spring-impact) combinations forn=1.Let us notice that systems with one degree-of-freedom can be treated as subsystems of disconnected systems with two degrees-of-freedom. The subsystems of matching spring systems would correspond to the systems shown in Figure9: S7 (the spring connection of the system of a mass m1 with the frame) and S8 (there is no spring connection of the subsystem of a mass m1 with the frame), with the following disconnected impact systems: Z55 (the impact connection via the fenders z1g and z1d of the subsystem of a mass m1 with the frame), Z63 (the impact connection via the fender z1g of the subsystem of a mass m1 with the frame), and Z64 (there is no impact connection of the subsystem of a mass m1 with the frame).


## 4. Examples of Systems Considered in the  Literature and Their Structural Patterns

Let is notice that instead of a spring connection, we can introduce any other connection that describes the action of at least one force (linear or nonlinear) that depends on displacement or velocity in the system. It cannot only be an elasticity force, but also a viscous damping force, a friction force, or an elastic-damping force or even a triple combination of these forces. As the occurrence of a fender does not determine the way the impact is modeled, thus the approach described here enables identification of all structural patterns of connection-impact systems for the givenn. Let us draw attention to the fact that their number does not grow with an appearance of subsequent qualitatively different forces (dependent on displacement or velocity) or with a change in the impact modeling method. All the considerations conducted for spring-impact systems can be thus repeated without any obstacles for connection-impact systems. The obtained adjacency matrices of PZ connection-impact systems are identical to the adjacency matrices of SZ spring-impact systems. Hence, we can state that for n=1 (P1Z1, P1Z3, P2Z1, and P2Z3 in  Figure 9) and n=2 (all connected representatives of classes of relations without P1Z64, P5Z64, and P6Z64; see Table 5); we have identified all structural patterns of connection-impact systems. Tables 6 and 7 include selected examples of mechanical one- and two-degrees-of-freedom systems chosen from the literature. for all systems, their structural patterns Sp have been assigned according to the classification method proposed in [111]. Similarly, structural patterns for other examples from the literature can be defined.Table 6
Examples from the references (n=1) and the notations of the structural pattern (Sp) of the systems considered in them.
No.
Model of the system
Considered by, for example,
Structural pattern (Sp)
1
Cempel [5]
S
p
=
P
2
Z
3
2
Krivtsov and Wiercigroch [45]
S
p
=
P
2
Z
3
3
Pavlovskaia et al. [31]
S
p
=
P
2
Z
3
4
Ajibose et al. [46]
S
p
=
P
2
Z
3
5
Babickiĭ [47];Li and Lu [25];Peterka [33];Shaw and Holmes [37]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
3
6
Chin et al. [6, 7]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
3
7
de Weger et al. [8]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
3
8
Hinrichs et al. [14]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
3
9
Bichri et al. [3]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
3
10
Di Bernardo et al. [9];Foale and Bishop [13];Isomäki et al. [16];Ivanov [18];Peterka and Vacík [34]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
3
11
Stefanski and Kapitaniak [40, 41]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
3
12
Awrejcewicz et al. [2]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
3
13
Ma et al. [48]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
3
14
Nordmark [30]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
3
15
Ing et al. [49];Shaw and Holmes [37]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
3
16
Ma et al. [48]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
3
17
Andreaus et al. [1];Kundu et al. [22];Ma et al. [48]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
3
18
Půst and Peterka [35]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
3
19
Ma et al. [48]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
3
20
Babickiĭ [47];Cempel [5];Lee and Yan [23]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
1
21
Luo and Menon [27]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
1
22
Blankenship and Kahraman [4];Kahraman and Singh [19]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
1
23
Lin and Bapat [26];Wiercigroch and Sin [50]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
1
24
Leine and van Campen [24]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
1Table 7
Examples from the references (n=2) and the notations of the structural pattern (Sp) of the systems considered in them.
No.
Model of the system
Considered by, for example,
Structural pattern (Sp)
1
Aidanpää and Gupta [51];Luo and Xie [52]
S
p
=
P
5
Z
63
2
Wiercigroch et al. [53]
S
p
=
P
5
Z
63
3
Valente et al. [54]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
63
4
Peterka [32]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
63
5
Bazhenov et al. [55]
S
p
=
P
5
Z
62
6
Ho et al. [56]
S
p
=
P
5
Z
62
7
Czolczynski [57]
S
p
=
P
3
Z
62
8
Czolczynski and Kapitaniakt [58]
S
p
=
P
3
Z
62
9
Blazejczyk-Okolewska et al. [59];Luo et al. [60]
S
p
=
P
3
Z
62
10
Luo [61]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
62
11
Luo and Lv [62];Luo et al. [60]
S
p
=
P
1
Z
62
12
Luo et al. [63]
S
p
=
P
5
Z
55
13
Wagg [64]
S
p
=
P
5
Z
52
14
de Souza et al. [65];de Souza and Caldas [66];Han et al. [67];Luo [68]
S
p
=
P
8
Z
30
15
De Souza and Caldas [69];Masri and Caughey [70];Sadek [71]
S
p
=
P
7
Z
30
16
Chatterjee et al. [72]
S
p
=
P
7
Z
30
17
Masri and Ibrahim [73]
S
p
=
P
7
Z
30
18
Blazejczyk-Okolewska [74];Peterka and  Blazejczyk-Okolewska [75]
S
p
=
P
5
Z
30
19
Blazejczyk-Okolewska and Kapitaniak [76, 77]
S
p
=
P
5
Z
30
20
Yue and Xie [78]
S
p
=
P
3
Z
30An introduction of arbitrary connections instead of spring connections also leads to the determination of all structural patterns for mechanical systems without impacts (referred to as oscillators) ofn=1 (P1Z4 in Figure 9) and n=2 (P1Z64, P5Z64, and P6Z64 in Table 5). Such systems are commonly analyzed. As an example, we can take the P5Z64 pattern, which is considered to be a dynamic vibration damper in the majority of books on theory of vibrations of machines and devices (e.g., Den Hartog [112], Timoshenko [113]). On the other hand, with the P1Z4 (Figure 9) pattern, all systems with one degree-of-freedom can be described.  The analysis of various oscillators of n=1 (linear and nonlinear) can be found, for example, in monographs by Den Hartog [112], Timoshenko [113], Kapitaniak [114], and Guckenheimer and Holmes [101].


## 5. Conclusions

In the study, the classification method developed by Blazejczyk-Okolewska [111] has been illustrated in the example of mechanical systems with one and two degrees-of-freedom. The relations occurring in the system have been described in terms of the matrix representation. The identification and the elimination of redundant adjacency matrices and the identification of connected systems have been conducted with the previously developed procedures. According to the principles of selection, the connected representatives of connection-impact classes of relations have been determined. They constitute a set of all structural patterns of vibroimpact systems. Four patterns of impact oscillators with one degree-of-freedom and 141 patterns of impact oscillators with two degrees-of-freedom have been distinguished. The knowledge of classification principles enables classification of each mechanical system with impacts with arbitrary connections. The procedure for classification of the given system has been presented in numerous examples taken from the literature devoted to the subject.The considerations conducted for systems with impacts have allowed for defining the number of patterns of systems without impacts, commonly referred to as oscillators. In this case, one pattern with one degree-of-freedom and three patterns with two degrees-of-freedom have been distinguished.The proposed classification of mechanical systems with impacts according to characteristic properties of their structure seems to be a natural classification. It reflects the relationships between the system structures, tells us about their way of evolution, and presents their genesis. It allows us to rearrange the knowledge on systems with impacts and is the basis for understanding the sources of their diversity. Providing a full set of objects to be analyzed, it gives hints for new ideas and directions in designing technical devices.



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*Source: 612942-2013-02-20.xml*