# Application of Gel Method Ba2TiSi2O8 Ferroelectric Thin Film in Contemporary Handicraft Three-Dimensional Fiber Art Works

Authors: Zhe Li
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2022)

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## Abstract

The concept of “fiber art” not only expresses a kind of art but also reflects the course of this art—the evolution from a material to an art. It also reflects the characteristics of this art form—art produced by materials. This article aims to explore the application analysis of the gel method Ba2TiSi2O8 ferroelectric thin film in contemporary handicraft three-dimensional fiber art works. This article first discusses the influence of ferroelectric domains on ferroelectric thin films and concludes that domains are the basis of various physical properties and applications of ferroelectric materials. By changing the types and quantities of domains, the performance of ferroelectric materials can be controlled. Then the measurement principle of the ferromagnetic resonance line width in the ferroelectric thin film is proposed, and the Ba2TiSi2O8 ferroelectric thin film is prepared by the gel method. Then the ferromagnetism and temperature stability of the Ba2TiSi2O8 ferroelectric film are discussed, and the contemporary handicraft three-dimensional fiber art works are analyzed based on the ferroelectric film. The classical methods to detect ferromagnetic permeability tensors mainly include non-resonance method, Faraday rotation method, resonance method, resonance perturbation method, and so on. The experimental results in this paper show that the polarization strength of the flexible film at high temperature is slightly reduced. As the temperature increases, the flexible film still has a good hysteresis loop, and the saturation polarization strength does not change much. It shows that the Ba2TiSi2O8 structured flexible film has good temperature stability at about 80°C, and the contemporary handicraft three-dimensional fiber art work based on ferroelectric film not only has a good economic mechanism but also has its flexibility and beauty increased by 80%.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Fiber technology is to use natural animal, plant fibers, or man-made fibers to create a flat and three-dimensional image through various processes such as knitting, looping, winding, stitching, and pasting. The rapid development of modern fiber art has been loved by artists and related people. Fiber art originated from traditional textile crafts and has developed to this day, with considerable development and a brand-new look. Modern fiber art pays attention to the expression of materials, which can be said to be material art. Contemporary art also tends to express concepts and ideas through materials. Therefore, exploring the contemporary nature of fiber art is a topic worthy of research. Fiber art materials are easy to obtain, easy to control, and feel warm and close to people’s hearts, so they are used as common materials in contemporary art creation. Based on the use of materials, modern people classify works based on fiber materials as fiber art. At the same time, because fiber materials are simple and easy to obtain, contemporary artists often use fiber materials as the medium for expressing their works.Throughout the theoretical articles on fiber art, the artistic value of fiber art itself and its position in graphic art are rarely discussed. Among the existing visual art categories, what is the current status and status of the artistic value of fiber art at home and abroad, how its attributes have changed and how it is connected to painting, and what kind of relationship and influence does this change have on the development of fiber art and the value of art? The purpose of studying this type of problem is to try to sort out the difference, gap, and value of art between fiber art and other types of art, which will help further clearly see the objective understanding of the status, value, and development of fiber art in the current visual art. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application and analysis of the gel method Ba2TiSi2O8 ferroelectric thin film in contemporary handicraft three-dimensional fiber art works, in order to make certain contributions to fiber art.According to the research progress at home and abroad, different scholars have also made certain research on the gel method ferroelectric film and fiber art: Zhao and Wang introduced the application of optical fiber reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) in the analysis of identifying pigments, dyes, and binders, as well as protection results and environmental protection research. The detection limit, reproducibility, and signal characterization methods are discussed, and the future development of FORS in the research of cultural relics and artworks is summarized [1]. Omrani et al. introduced natural fiber reinforced composite materials, with special mention of fiber type, matrix polymer, fiber treatment, and test parameters. The results show that the tribological properties of composite materials reinforced with natural fibers have been improved, and their performance is comparable to that of conventional fibers [2]. Ha studied the use of charge screening methods to obtain high-performance solution-processed zinc tin oxide (ZTO) thin film transistors (TFT) for transparent flexible displays and proved the long-term stability of ZTO/PVDF-TrFETFT to electric bias and 60°C visible light illumination [3]. Won et al.’s research found that film capacitors exhibit a fast discharge time of several microseconds and high-temperature stability up to 200°C and proved their strong potential in high-energy-density storage and conversion applications [4]. Tang et al. proposed a biaxial molecular ferroelectric thin film, and a perfect ferroelectric hysteresis loop can be observed even at 10 kHz. In addition, using a piezoelectric response force microscope, Tang et al. clearly observed the coexistence of 180° and non-180° ferroelectric domains and provided direct experimental proof that both 180° ferroelectric switching and non-180° ferroelectric switching are realized NS. These results have opened up a new way for the application of molecular ferroelectrics and will stimulate further exploration of high-performance multiaxial molecular ferroelectric films [5]. Chouprik et al. proved that ferroelectricity can be customized at the nanometer level through arbitrary patterns in non-ferroelectric thin films. In order to induce ferroelectric nanoregions in a non-ferroelectric environment, Chouprik et al. have developed a technology-compatible method of local doping of thin (10 nm) HfO2 films with Ga ions in thin film capacitor devices through focused ion beam implantation. It is found that the lateral spatial resolution of ferroelectric tailoring is 200 nm, which makes it possible for multiple applications of switchable photonics and microelectronic memory [6]. Chae et al. use the sol-gel method to prepare silica-coated magnetite (Fe3O4@SiO2) core-shell nanoparticles through a two-step process. The structure and properties of core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles were characterized, and the results showed that Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles are a kind of soft magnetic material [7]. However, these scholars did not combine the gel method ferroelectric film with fiber art to discuss the problem but only unilaterally explored their significance.The innovation of this paper is mainly reflected in: (1) the measurement principle of ferromagnetic resonance line width in ferroelectric thin films that is analyzed and explored and, (2) on the basis of ferroelectric thin films, the contemporary handicraft three-dimensional fiber art works that are analyzed and discussed.


## 2. Application Method of Gel Method Ba2TiSi2O8 Ferroelectric Film in Contemporary Handicraft Three-Dimensional Fiber Art Works

### 2.1. Influence of Ferroelectric Domains on Ferroelectric Thin Films

Ferroelectric materials refer to a class of materials with the ferroelectric effect, which is a branch of pyroelectric materials. The ferroelectric material is a kind of material with two or more spontaneous polarization directions, and its polarization energy changes with the change of the external electric field [8]. The crystal structure of most ferroelectric materials is the ABO3 perovskite structure [9]. Taking PbTiO3 as an example, the Pb molecules are in the corners of the unit cell; the O molecules are in the face center of the unit cell; and the Ti molecules are in the center of the face of the unit cell [10]. Under natural circumstances, the Ti molecule will be polarized at the equilibrium position of its center, and this will cause the charge centers of the unit cell to not overlap, resulting in spontaneous polarization. Under the influence of the electric field, the polarization direction of Ti atoms will also change with the change of the external electric field, and this causes the degree of polarization to occur with the change of the external electric field [11]. And the change of polarization is not synchronized with the change of the external electric field, and there is a hysteresis effect, forming a so-called electric hysteresis loop [12]. All ferroelectric materials are both ferroelectric and piezoelectric. Ferroelectricity refers to the spontaneous polarization of materials within a certain temperature range.In addition to ferromagnetic properties, ferroelectric materials also possess many properties such as piezoelectricity, dielectric properties, and pyroelectric properties. Through different properties, various electronic components can be constructed and used in many fields. For example, the high ferroelectricity of ferroelectric materials can be used to make non-volatile memory; the piezoelectricity can be used to make electro-optical regulators and pressure-sensitive sensors, as shown in Figure1, for an energy storage electric field architecture diagram. Using its electric heating performance, it can be made into a solid refrigerator [13].Figure 1
Energy storage type electric field architecture diagram.A ferroelectric domain refers to a region in a ferroelectric body with the same direction of spontaneous polarization. In ferroelectric materials, there will be sections with similar electrode orientations, and these smaller sections with similar electrode orientations are called ferroelectric domains, and the boundary walls between domains and domains are called iron domain walls [14]. There can be single- and multi-domain structures such as 71°, 109°, 90°, and 180° domains in ferroelectric materials. Studies have shown that domains have a great influence on the properties of ferroelectric materials [15]. Therefore, the piezoelectric and dielectric properties of ferroelectric materials are closely related to ferroelectric domains. Studies have also shown that due to the shrinking of the ferroelectric domain size, the piezoelectric coefficient of ferroelectric materials will also increase, resulting in significant changes in the piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric materials [16]. In the BiFeO3 film, the conductivity at the 109° domain wall is 3 times higher than that at the 71° domain wall [17]. There are charged domain walls in the ErMnO3 film, and due to the accumulation of carriers at the domain walls and the band structure bending at the domain walls, as a result, the electrical conductivity at the head-to-head domain wall and the electrical conductivity at the tail-to-tail domain wall differ by an order of magnitude. Therefore, domains are the basis of various physical properties and applications of ferroelectric materials. By changing the type and number of domains, the performance of ferroelectric materials can be controlled [18]. Under the action of an electric field, the domain walls can move. The domains that are basically consistent with the direction of the electric field grow forward through the new needle-like domains and finally tend to the direction of the electric field. The electric domain is associated with spontaneous polarization, so it exists in the temperature range below the Curie point.


#### 2.1.1. Introduction to Ferroelectric Domains

Each spontaneously polarized small region is called a ferroelectric domain, and its dimensions are on the order of micrometers. Each electric dipole moment in the same ferroelectric domain has the same orientation, and the spontaneous polarization directions of different ferroelectric domains are generally different, so the total electric dipole moment on the macroscopic scale is zero.


### 2.2. Measuring Principle of Ferromagnetic Resonance Line Width in Ferroelectric Thin Film

The scientific research on the phenomenon of ferromagnetic resonance usually requires the determination of microwave energy loss parameters, such as the imaginary part of the permeability and the magnetic power absorption P. Ferromagnetic resonance is a spectroscopic technique for detecting the magnetization of ferromagnetic materials. It is a standard tool for probing spin waves and spin dynamics. The line width of ferromagnetic resonance can generally be tested by the following two more typical methods: the field sweep method and the sweep frequency method [19]. Sweeping field method: fix the frequency of the high-frequency magnetic field, continuously change the field strength near the resonance magnetic field strength, and sweep the resonance point. In the field sweep method, since the working frequency band is constant, the correlation between the power loss working parameters and the applied DC electromagnetic can be determined by adjusting the amplitude of the applied DC electromagnetic [20]. Figure 2(a) shows the field sweep method. The two basic parameters of resonant magnetic field G0 and resonant line width ∆G can be inferred from the ferromagnetic resonance curve [21]. The gyromagnetic ratio can also be calculated from the following relationship:(1)δ0=φG0,Figure 2
Two typical ferromagnetic resonance curves.
(a)(b)whereδ0 represents the operating frequency. After obtaining φ, the k factor can be calculated by the following equation [22]:(2)φ=kr2ns.The relationship between line width∆G, gyromagnetic ratio φ, and relaxation time a is(3)∆G=1φa.The damping coefficient can finally be obtained by formula (1):(4)β=φD⟶δ0a.


#### 2.2.1. Frequency Sweep Method

In a fixed magnetic field, the frequency of the high-frequency magnetic field is continuously changed. In the frequency sweep method, because the applied DC electromagnetic is a constant frequency, the relationship between the working parameters of electric energy consumption and the working frequency of microwave technology can be determined by changing the working frequency [23]. In the frequency sweeping method shown in Figure 2(b), the two parameters of resonant frequency δ0 and resonant line width ∆G can be determined by ∆G [24]. The gyromagnetic ratio can also be calculated from δ0 by formula (1). In the frequency sweep method, G0 is a certain external DC magnetic field. The relationship between ∆G and δ0 measured using the two methods shown in Figure 2 is(5)∆δ=φ∆G=1a.When determining the ferromagnetic resonance curve, in addition to the energy absorption method given in Figure2, the cross-coupling method can also be used. However, because ferromagnetic resonance can also be expressed by the coupling relationship between two orthogonal models, these two models are often separated from each other when the sample is in a non-resonant state [25].For magnetic samples with saturation magnetization along thez-axis, the RF magnetization is related to the strength of the RF technical field according to the magnetic susceptibility tensor:(6)kpkq=βppβpqβqpβqqgpgq.The mutual coupling between two orthogonal modes is related to the non-diagonal componentβpqβpq=−βqp. Because the power coupling relationship between the two modes is proportional to βpq2, the difference between δ0 and ∆G can also be defined in the same way. Obviously, the standard for determining the resonant line width is(7)βpq∆G=βpqmax2,whereβpqmax is the maximum value of βpq corresponding to G0, and βpq∆G is the value of βpq corresponding to ∆G.These discussions have pointed out that accurate signals of the magnetic state of atoms in ferromagnetic media can be obtained by using its ferromagnetic resonance curve. In addition, the components of the susceptibility tensor can also be obtained from the statistics of ferromagnetic resonance parameters.The susceptibility tensor is controlled byβpp and βpq. The diagonal elements and non-diagonal elements are both single and plural nouns. They are functions of many parameters, namely DC electromagnetic G0, radio frequency δ, magnetization D, gyromagnetic ratio φ, and attenuation constant β. According to equations (1) and (6), we can get(8)βpp=βqq=δ0+f∆δδdδ0+f∆δ2−δ2,βqp=−βpq=−δ0δdδ0+f∆δ2−δ2δd=φ4πD0,δ0=φG0.,whereD0 is the magnetization of the sample under the action of the external DC magnet G0.The classic methods of detecting the ferromagnetic permeability tensor mainly include the non-resonance method, the Faraday rotation method, the resonance method, and the resonance-perturbation method. In theory, this method can also be used for the research and development of ferromagnetic resonance technology. However, if we only measure the ferromagnetic resonance curve, it cannot represent the fraction of the entire ferromagnetic permeability tensor.


## 2.1. Influence of Ferroelectric Domains on Ferroelectric Thin Films

Ferroelectric materials refer to a class of materials with the ferroelectric effect, which is a branch of pyroelectric materials. The ferroelectric material is a kind of material with two or more spontaneous polarization directions, and its polarization energy changes with the change of the external electric field [8]. The crystal structure of most ferroelectric materials is the ABO3 perovskite structure [9]. Taking PbTiO3 as an example, the Pb molecules are in the corners of the unit cell; the O molecules are in the face center of the unit cell; and the Ti molecules are in the center of the face of the unit cell [10]. Under natural circumstances, the Ti molecule will be polarized at the equilibrium position of its center, and this will cause the charge centers of the unit cell to not overlap, resulting in spontaneous polarization. Under the influence of the electric field, the polarization direction of Ti atoms will also change with the change of the external electric field, and this causes the degree of polarization to occur with the change of the external electric field [11]. And the change of polarization is not synchronized with the change of the external electric field, and there is a hysteresis effect, forming a so-called electric hysteresis loop [12]. All ferroelectric materials are both ferroelectric and piezoelectric. Ferroelectricity refers to the spontaneous polarization of materials within a certain temperature range.In addition to ferromagnetic properties, ferroelectric materials also possess many properties such as piezoelectricity, dielectric properties, and pyroelectric properties. Through different properties, various electronic components can be constructed and used in many fields. For example, the high ferroelectricity of ferroelectric materials can be used to make non-volatile memory; the piezoelectricity can be used to make electro-optical regulators and pressure-sensitive sensors, as shown in Figure1, for an energy storage electric field architecture diagram. Using its electric heating performance, it can be made into a solid refrigerator [13].Figure 1
Energy storage type electric field architecture diagram.A ferroelectric domain refers to a region in a ferroelectric body with the same direction of spontaneous polarization. In ferroelectric materials, there will be sections with similar electrode orientations, and these smaller sections with similar electrode orientations are called ferroelectric domains, and the boundary walls between domains and domains are called iron domain walls [14]. There can be single- and multi-domain structures such as 71°, 109°, 90°, and 180° domains in ferroelectric materials. Studies have shown that domains have a great influence on the properties of ferroelectric materials [15]. Therefore, the piezoelectric and dielectric properties of ferroelectric materials are closely related to ferroelectric domains. Studies have also shown that due to the shrinking of the ferroelectric domain size, the piezoelectric coefficient of ferroelectric materials will also increase, resulting in significant changes in the piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric materials [16]. In the BiFeO3 film, the conductivity at the 109° domain wall is 3 times higher than that at the 71° domain wall [17]. There are charged domain walls in the ErMnO3 film, and due to the accumulation of carriers at the domain walls and the band structure bending at the domain walls, as a result, the electrical conductivity at the head-to-head domain wall and the electrical conductivity at the tail-to-tail domain wall differ by an order of magnitude. Therefore, domains are the basis of various physical properties and applications of ferroelectric materials. By changing the type and number of domains, the performance of ferroelectric materials can be controlled [18]. Under the action of an electric field, the domain walls can move. The domains that are basically consistent with the direction of the electric field grow forward through the new needle-like domains and finally tend to the direction of the electric field. The electric domain is associated with spontaneous polarization, so it exists in the temperature range below the Curie point.


### 2.1.1. Introduction to Ferroelectric Domains

Each spontaneously polarized small region is called a ferroelectric domain, and its dimensions are on the order of micrometers. Each electric dipole moment in the same ferroelectric domain has the same orientation, and the spontaneous polarization directions of different ferroelectric domains are generally different, so the total electric dipole moment on the macroscopic scale is zero.


## 2.1.1. Introduction to Ferroelectric Domains

Each spontaneously polarized small region is called a ferroelectric domain, and its dimensions are on the order of micrometers. Each electric dipole moment in the same ferroelectric domain has the same orientation, and the spontaneous polarization directions of different ferroelectric domains are generally different, so the total electric dipole moment on the macroscopic scale is zero.


## 2.2. Measuring Principle of Ferromagnetic Resonance Line Width in Ferroelectric Thin Film

The scientific research on the phenomenon of ferromagnetic resonance usually requires the determination of microwave energy loss parameters, such as the imaginary part of the permeability and the magnetic power absorption P. Ferromagnetic resonance is a spectroscopic technique for detecting the magnetization of ferromagnetic materials. It is a standard tool for probing spin waves and spin dynamics. The line width of ferromagnetic resonance can generally be tested by the following two more typical methods: the field sweep method and the sweep frequency method [19]. Sweeping field method: fix the frequency of the high-frequency magnetic field, continuously change the field strength near the resonance magnetic field strength, and sweep the resonance point. In the field sweep method, since the working frequency band is constant, the correlation between the power loss working parameters and the applied DC electromagnetic can be determined by adjusting the amplitude of the applied DC electromagnetic [20]. Figure 2(a) shows the field sweep method. The two basic parameters of resonant magnetic field G0 and resonant line width ∆G can be inferred from the ferromagnetic resonance curve [21]. The gyromagnetic ratio can also be calculated from the following relationship:(1)δ0=φG0,Figure 2
Two typical ferromagnetic resonance curves.
(a)(b)whereδ0 represents the operating frequency. After obtaining φ, the k factor can be calculated by the following equation [22]:(2)φ=kr2ns.The relationship between line width∆G, gyromagnetic ratio φ, and relaxation time a is(3)∆G=1φa.The damping coefficient can finally be obtained by formula (1):(4)β=φD⟶δ0a.


### 2.2.1. Frequency Sweep Method

In a fixed magnetic field, the frequency of the high-frequency magnetic field is continuously changed. In the frequency sweep method, because the applied DC electromagnetic is a constant frequency, the relationship between the working parameters of electric energy consumption and the working frequency of microwave technology can be determined by changing the working frequency [23]. In the frequency sweeping method shown in Figure 2(b), the two parameters of resonant frequency δ0 and resonant line width ∆G can be determined by ∆G [24]. The gyromagnetic ratio can also be calculated from δ0 by formula (1). In the frequency sweep method, G0 is a certain external DC magnetic field. The relationship between ∆G and δ0 measured using the two methods shown in Figure 2 is(5)∆δ=φ∆G=1a.When determining the ferromagnetic resonance curve, in addition to the energy absorption method given in Figure2, the cross-coupling method can also be used. However, because ferromagnetic resonance can also be expressed by the coupling relationship between two orthogonal models, these two models are often separated from each other when the sample is in a non-resonant state [25].For magnetic samples with saturation magnetization along thez-axis, the RF magnetization is related to the strength of the RF technical field according to the magnetic susceptibility tensor:(6)kpkq=βppβpqβqpβqqgpgq.The mutual coupling between two orthogonal modes is related to the non-diagonal componentβpqβpq=−βqp. Because the power coupling relationship between the two modes is proportional to βpq2, the difference between δ0 and ∆G can also be defined in the same way. Obviously, the standard for determining the resonant line width is(7)βpq∆G=βpqmax2,whereβpqmax is the maximum value of βpq corresponding to G0, and βpq∆G is the value of βpq corresponding to ∆G.These discussions have pointed out that accurate signals of the magnetic state of atoms in ferromagnetic media can be obtained by using its ferromagnetic resonance curve. In addition, the components of the susceptibility tensor can also be obtained from the statistics of ferromagnetic resonance parameters.The susceptibility tensor is controlled byβpp and βpq. The diagonal elements and non-diagonal elements are both single and plural nouns. They are functions of many parameters, namely DC electromagnetic G0, radio frequency δ, magnetization D, gyromagnetic ratio φ, and attenuation constant β. According to equations (1) and (6), we can get(8)βpp=βqq=δ0+f∆δδdδ0+f∆δ2−δ2,βqp=−βpq=−δ0δdδ0+f∆δ2−δ2δd=φ4πD0,δ0=φG0.,whereD0 is the magnetization of the sample under the action of the external DC magnet G0.The classic methods of detecting the ferromagnetic permeability tensor mainly include the non-resonance method, the Faraday rotation method, the resonance method, and the resonance-perturbation method. In theory, this method can also be used for the research and development of ferromagnetic resonance technology. However, if we only measure the ferromagnetic resonance curve, it cannot represent the fraction of the entire ferromagnetic permeability tensor.


## 2.2.1. Frequency Sweep Method

In a fixed magnetic field, the frequency of the high-frequency magnetic field is continuously changed. In the frequency sweep method, because the applied DC electromagnetic is a constant frequency, the relationship between the working parameters of electric energy consumption and the working frequency of microwave technology can be determined by changing the working frequency [23]. In the frequency sweeping method shown in Figure 2(b), the two parameters of resonant frequency δ0 and resonant line width ∆G can be determined by ∆G [24]. The gyromagnetic ratio can also be calculated from δ0 by formula (1). In the frequency sweep method, G0 is a certain external DC magnetic field. The relationship between ∆G and δ0 measured using the two methods shown in Figure 2 is(5)∆δ=φ∆G=1a.When determining the ferromagnetic resonance curve, in addition to the energy absorption method given in Figure2, the cross-coupling method can also be used. However, because ferromagnetic resonance can also be expressed by the coupling relationship between two orthogonal models, these two models are often separated from each other when the sample is in a non-resonant state [25].For magnetic samples with saturation magnetization along thez-axis, the RF magnetization is related to the strength of the RF technical field according to the magnetic susceptibility tensor:(6)kpkq=βppβpqβqpβqqgpgq.The mutual coupling between two orthogonal modes is related to the non-diagonal componentβpqβpq=−βqp. Because the power coupling relationship between the two modes is proportional to βpq2, the difference between δ0 and ∆G can also be defined in the same way. Obviously, the standard for determining the resonant line width is(7)βpq∆G=βpqmax2,whereβpqmax is the maximum value of βpq corresponding to G0, and βpq∆G is the value of βpq corresponding to ∆G.These discussions have pointed out that accurate signals of the magnetic state of atoms in ferromagnetic media can be obtained by using its ferromagnetic resonance curve. In addition, the components of the susceptibility tensor can also be obtained from the statistics of ferromagnetic resonance parameters.The susceptibility tensor is controlled byβpp and βpq. The diagonal elements and non-diagonal elements are both single and plural nouns. They are functions of many parameters, namely DC electromagnetic G0, radio frequency δ, magnetization D, gyromagnetic ratio φ, and attenuation constant β. According to equations (1) and (6), we can get(8)βpp=βqq=δ0+f∆δδdδ0+f∆δ2−δ2,βqp=−βpq=−δ0δdδ0+f∆δ2−δ2δd=φ4πD0,δ0=φG0.,whereD0 is the magnetization of the sample under the action of the external DC magnet G0.The classic methods of detecting the ferromagnetic permeability tensor mainly include the non-resonance method, the Faraday rotation method, the resonance method, and the resonance-perturbation method. In theory, this method can also be used for the research and development of ferromagnetic resonance technology. However, if we only measure the ferromagnetic resonance curve, it cannot represent the fraction of the entire ferromagnetic permeability tensor.


## 3. Experimental Results of the Application of the Gel Method Ba2TiSi2O8 Ferroelectric Thin Film in Contemporary Handicraft Three-Dimensional Fiber Art Works

### 3.1. Preparation of Ba2TiSi2O8 Ferroelectric Thin Film by Gel Method

A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. Solvents are mainly used to dissolve the solutes from the three elements, so the solubility of the three solutes and the quality of the prepared film are evaluated to evaluate the quality of the solvent. Solvents play a great role in adhesives. Some are used as a polymerization medium to moderate the reaction and control the temperature easily; some are used to purify monomers and additives; some are used to dissolve the binder and become a component of the adhesive. When the solute is uniformly dispersed in the solvent, a high-quality film with uniform thickness, compact structure, fewer defects, fewer pores, and no cracks can be obtained. In addition to considering the solubility of the solvent, the volatility of the solvent should also be considered. When the selected solvent evaporates too fast, it will lead to the formation of pores on the surface of the film. In this experiment, ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol methyl ether, and ethylene glycol ethyl ether solvents were used for comparative analysis to observe their effects on the quality of films prepared by different precursor monomers. The analysis and observation mainly evaluate the solubility of the three metal salts by the solvent, the volatilization rate of the solvent, and the quality of the film. The analysis results are shown in Table1, where 0 means bad, 1 means good, and 2 means better.Table 1
The influence of solvents on the quality of film formation.
Type of solventSolubility of Zr4+Solubility of Ti4+Solubility of Pb2+Film qualitySpeed of dryingEthanol112Small thickness, pores, and less cracksDry fasterEthylene glycol methyl ether011Moderate membrane, less pores, goodModerately dryGlycol ethyl ether011Moderate membrane, less pores, less cracksSlowly dryMethanol212Thin membrane with pores and less cracksQuickly dryFrom Table1, we can see that the quality of the film prepared when using ethylene glycol methyl ether as the solvent is better than that of the other types. But it has a disadvantage that the solubility of zirconium ions is slightly poor. However, ethanol has better solubility for zirconium ions, so when dissolving zirconium ions, ethanol can be appropriately added. During the heat treatment of the film, cracks will occur in the film due to the rupture of the gel network structure. The essential reason for this phenomenon is that the volatilization of water and the burning of organic solvents generate pores and further cause the network structure to break. In order to slow down the generation of pores, a solvent with a high boiling point is selected. Ethylene glycol methyl ether is obviously better than ethanol, ethylene glycol, or ethyl glycol ether. In this paper, zirconyl nitrate is selected as the source of zirconium, and butyl titanate is used as the source of titanium. Among them, tetrabutyl titanate has a higher viscosity, and the ethylene glycol methyl ether solvent is beneficial to increase its solubility due to its strong polarity. In summary, ethylene glycol methyl ether is the best solvent choice.Ethylene glycol methyl ether was used as the organic solvent; zirconyl nitrate was used as the source of Zr4+; lead acetate was used as the source of Pb2+; and butyl titanate was used as the source of Ti4+. Acetic acid is used as a catalyst; formamide is used as a desiccant; and acetylacetone is used as a viscosity regulator. The stability of the sol will be affected by the viscosity of the precursor, and the molecular weight of the sol will increase as the viscosity increases. The larger the molecular weight, the more violent the reaction will easily lead to precipitation. It can be seen that the greater the viscosity, the more violent the reaction. However, when the intrinsic viscosity of the precursor solution is too low, it cannot be spin-coated to form a film. In this paper, the effects of different pH values, different water additions, and viscosity on the precursor are studied separately, so as to determine the optimal process conditions. First, explore the effect of pH on the viscosity of the precursor solution. The preparation parameters of precursor solutions with different pH values are shown in Table 2.Table 2
Preparation parameters of precursor solutions with different pH values.
Sample numberAcetic acid (ml)Formamide (ml)Water bath temperature (°C)Degree of water addition (ml)pH value1103702326370243437034.543370355237055.56137056.5During the preparation of the Ba2TiSi2O8 ferroelectric thin film, under the same other conditions, as the water content increases, the reaction severity is different. The viscosity can be measured to select the appropriate amount of water to be added. Table 3 shows the parameters of several groups of comparative experiments. The volume of the test sol in each group is 30 ml and the concentration is 0.4 M.Table 3
Precursor solution preparation parameters with different amounts of water added.
Sample numberFormamide (ml)Acetic acid (ml)Water bath temperature (°C)Degree of water addition (ml)pH value1377014.52377024.53377034.54377044.55377054.56377064.5When the amount of water during the reaction is insufficient, the degree of the hydrolysis reaction is limited. When the amount of water is insufficient, the hydrolysis reaction is incomplete; the solute is left; and the product cannot be highly cross-linked, or even the Tyndall effect cannot be produced. Therefore, a low concentration of sol cannot form a film. When continuously adding deionized water to the precursor solution, when the amount of water is within a certain range, with the increase of the amount of water added, the hydrolysis process in the hydrolysis-polycondensation reaction is promoted so that the raw materials are completely reacted to form particle clusters with a spatial network structure. At this time, the sol system is uniform and stable, and an obvious Tyndall phenomenon can be observed; however, as the amount of water added continues to increase, the hydrolysis reaction rate is too large and exceeds the polycondensation reaction, and the sol will form larger particle clusters and generate precipitates. Based on the above considerations and through the colloid rejection experiment, the amount of water added is 3 ml as the amount of water added for the glue. The viscosity of the sol under this added amount of water is moderate, and the gel rejection can proceed smoothly.


### 3.2. Ferromagnetism and Temperature Stability of Ba2TiSi2O8 Ferroelectric Thin Film

The Ba2TiSi2O8 ferroelectric thin film has a multi-iron effect at room temperature, with a Curie temperature of 830°C and a Neer temperature of 370°C. The in-plane hysteresis loop test was performed on the Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric thin film doped with 5 mol%, 10 mol%, and 15 mol% HoMnO3 at room temperature (300 K) using a magnetic measurement system, and the maximum applied magnetic field was 10 kOe. Figure 3 shows the hysteresis loop of the Ba2TiSi2O8 series of flexible films, all of which have good ferromagnetic properties. With the increase of the magnetic field, the magnetization of the film increases rapidly, then stabilizes, and reaches a saturated state. According to the literature, when the thickness of the pure Ba2TiSi2O8 film is in the range of 100 nm, the interfacial stress of the film suppresses the spiral periodic structure of the material, which makes the film exhibit macroscopic ferromagnetism. As shown in Figure 3, the saturation magnetization Ms of the Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric thin film doped with 5 mol%, 10 mol%, and 15 mol% HoMnO3 are 13.56 emu/cm3, 20.87 emu/cm3, and 10.26 emu/cm3, respectively. With the gradual increase of the doping amount of HoMnO3, the saturation magnetization Ms of the Ba2TiSi2O8 series ferroelectric flexible film first increases and then decreases, and the magnetization of the 10 mol% Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric films doped with 10 mol% is the largest.Figure 3
Hysteresis loop of Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible film.According to the literature, the magnetic properties of Ba2TiSi2O8 are weak, and people improve their magnetic properties by doping. Mn3+ has good magnetic properties. Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric thin film uses Mn3+ to replace part of Fe3+ to improve magnetic properties. When a small amount of Mn3+ is doped into the film, the magnetic moment and size of Mn3+ and Fe3+ are different, which changes the arrangement of Fe3+ and destroys the periodic spiral cycloid structure of the Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible film. The macroscopically reflects the improvement of magnetic properties. According to literature reports, the Fe-O-Mn bond can improve the magnetic properties, while the interaction of Fe-O-Fe and Mn-O-Mn reduces the magnetic properties of the material. Therefore, as the doping content of HoMnO3 increases, the magnetic properties of the flexible film increase first and then decrease. The reason is that the octahedral structure of the film appears to interact with Fe-O-Fe and Mn-O-Mn to reduce the magnetic properties of the film. Therefore, the magnetic properties of the Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible film increase with the increase of Mn3+ content, and when the doping amount of Mn element exceeds 10 mol%, Fe-O-Fe and Mn-O-Mn interactions occur in the flexible film, which reduces the magnetic properties of the flexible film. It can be seen from the figure that the coercive field of the Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric thin film doped with 10 mol% HoMnO3 is relatively small. The smaller coercive field indicates that the Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric film doped with 10 mol% HoMnO3 is a soft magnetic material, so the 0.9Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric film has potential application prospects.It can be seen from Table4 that the grain sizes of the Ba2TiSi2O8 series of flexible films are 268 nm, 495 nm, and 543 nm, and the average surface roughness is 5.4 nm, 8.1 nm, and 13.0 nm, respectively. With the increase of HoMnO3 doping, the grain size and surface roughness of the flexible film increase slightly. The reason is that as the doping amount of HoMnO3 increases, the crystal lattice of the flexible film is distorted, which increases the grain size and surface roughness of the film.Table 4
Average grain size and surface roughness of Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric thin film.
(1 −x) Ba2TiSi2O8Grain sizeRoot mean square roughnessAverage roughnessx = 0.062715.94.9x = 0.115019.87.9x = 0.1653921.112.8In order to study the optical band gap of the Ba2TiSi2O8 series of flexible ferroelectric films, a pulsed laser deposition method was used to deposit the Ba2TiSi2O8 series of flexible transparent ferroelectric films on the bottom electrode ITO. This experiment uses a PG2000 spectrophotometer to test the optical properties of the film. The wavelength range tested is 300 nm–800 nm. As shown in Figure 4, the transmission spectrum and optical band gap of the Ba2TiSi2O8 series of flexible ferroelectric films are fitted. It can be seen from the figure that the light transmittance of the Ba2TiSi2O8 series of flexible films is good. When the wavelength is greater than 480 nm, the light transmittance of the flexible film exceeds 50%, and the curve at the wavelength of 560 nm has a certain swing, indicating that the flexible film is uniformly prepared.Figure 4
The fitting of transmission spectrum and optical band gap of Ba2TiSi2O8 series of flexible ferroelectric thin films.According to the fitting data, the optical band gap of Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric thin film doped with 5 mol%, 10 mol%, and 15 mol% HoMnO3 is divided into 3.42 eV, 3.15 eV, and 3.37 eV. Among them, the 0.9Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric film has a smaller optical band gap; the reason may be that as the doping amount of HoMnO3 increases, the doped ions enter the band gap and become impurity levels, reducing the optical band gap of the ferroelectric thin film. With the further increase of the doping amount, the non-conductivity of HoMnO3 and the quantum size effect increase the optical band gap of the film. The smaller the band gap, the easier it is for electrons to move from the valence band to the conduction band, enhancing the ferroelectric effect of the flexible film.In order to study the temperature stability of the ferroelectric properties of the Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible film, a pulsed laser deposition method was used to deposit a Ba2TiSi2O8 structured flexible film on a mica substrate. Combined with micropiezoelectricity, the flexible film has ferroelectric properties. Paste the flexible film on the glass slide and place the pasted film on the heating table for heating. Since there is a glass slide between the heating station and the film, the set temperature of the heating station and the actual temperature of the film surface have a certain error. The temperature of the film surface is detected by a laser thermometer to determine the actual temperature of the flexible film during the heating process. The hysteresis loop of a 500 nm thick flexible film was tested at a frequency of 50 kHz and an external electric field of 300 kV/cm. Figure 5 shows the hysteresis loop of the Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible film tested under different temperature conditions using a ferroelectric tester.Figure 5
Electric hysteresis loops of Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric film at different temperatures.
(a)(b)As can be seen from Figure5, the saturation polarization of the 0.9Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible film at 20°C, 40°C, 60°C, and 80°C are 66.8 μC/cm2, 61.4 μC/cm2, 57.9 μC/cm2, and 55.4 μC/cm2, respectively. The coercive fields are 197 kV/cm, 185 kV/cm, 179 kV/cm, and 179 kV/cm, respectively. As the test temperature increases, the saturation polarization of the 0.9 Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible film gradually decreases, and the coercive field gradually increases. The reason may be that the temperature causes the depolarization of the flexible film, and the higher the temperature, the greater the degree of depolarization of the film. When the temperature increases to 125°C, the domain inversion of the film almost disappears, indicating that the polarization strength of the flexible film at high temperature is slightly reduced. As the temperature increases, the flexible film still has a good hysteresis loop, and the saturation polarization intensity does not change much, indicating that the Ba2TiSi2O8 structured flexible film has good temperature stability at about 80°C.


### 3.3. Contemporary Handicraft Three-Dimensional Fiber Art Works Based on Ferroelectric Film

Fiber art is affirmed and loved by people because of its beautiful form and inherent attributes, and it also comes into people’s lives. It blends well in space, decoration, architecture, and environment and has a very good economic value. The contemporary handicraft three-dimensional fiber art work based on ferroelectric film not only has a good economic mechanism but also has its flexibility and beauty increased by 80%.Pure paintings have their own independence due to specific materials. No matter where a painting is placed, it is difficult to organically connect it with the surrounding environment. Its function is very simple and single, that is, the story it tells itself; putting a classical oil painting in the environment of a modern place will not make people feel uncoordinated, just like any environment which can place a TV set. People only pay attention to the content released by the TV itself. The independence of this content has nothing to do with the surroundings. There is a difference between fiber art and painting art in this respect. Fiber art itself has evolved from daily necessities and therefore has the concept of “derived from life” in terms of attributes. In addition to being ornamental in the early days, the tapestries of fiber art can also play a role in keeping warm and can play a role of contrast between rigidity and softness in modern hard indoor spaces. Therefore, the work of fiber art and the environment have obvious relevance. The relevance of this environment can become a demand for the environment, and this demand can provide a long-term foothold for fiber art. Therefore, when fiber art enters the space of the built environment like paintings and sculptures, it will bring a new visual perspective to the viewer. The work of fiber art gives people a desire to touch, which is different from traditional sculptures and oil paintings. The particularity of the material makes the fiber art work more attractive, and it also increases the closeness to the viewer. Therefore, fiber art is easily accepted by people (or party A) as indoor decorative art. The softness of materials, the unexpectedness of the graphics, textures, and shapes created by the materials all add endless charm to this art and let us see the considerable development of this art. Figure6 is a contemporary handicraft three-dimensional fiber art work based on the ferroelectric film.Figure 6
Contemporary handicraft three-dimensional fiber art works.Although plane fiber art and murals have the same artistic goals and artistic value, most of the craftsmanship of plane fiber works comes from warp and weft crafts. The greatest function of the warp and weft process is to produce products for human life needs, which is easily reminiscent of the weaving crafts in the textile attribute, that is to say, the historical component of the fiber art is somewhat “unclean.” Indeed, in art colleges, the establishment of the fiber art discipline was not in the painting department, but in the dyeing and weaving department in the craft department. Just like a revolutionary activist with a bad composition during the Chinese Revolution, even if he is advanced and active, he will always have a bad composition. Fortunately, the four-dimensional space works of fiber art gradually dispel this impression.Painting and sculpture have been fixed forms of expression since their birth. They are works of art, and they are pure and innocent, beyond reproach. Such “innocent” art has official associations and auctions. There are related associations for fiber art abroad, but such associations have not been popularized in China, and there is a lack of independent economic markets. It is also difficult to see fiber art in the auction market of painting art; even if there are certain embroidery pieces, they are also in the category of cultural relics. Fiber art works can be seen in some large public places both at home and abroad. This shows that people’s recognition and love for this new type of art will inevitably bring about prosperity and market value for this art.


## 3.1. Preparation of Ba2TiSi2O8 Ferroelectric Thin Film by Gel Method

A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. Solvents are mainly used to dissolve the solutes from the three elements, so the solubility of the three solutes and the quality of the prepared film are evaluated to evaluate the quality of the solvent. Solvents play a great role in adhesives. Some are used as a polymerization medium to moderate the reaction and control the temperature easily; some are used to purify monomers and additives; some are used to dissolve the binder and become a component of the adhesive. When the solute is uniformly dispersed in the solvent, a high-quality film with uniform thickness, compact structure, fewer defects, fewer pores, and no cracks can be obtained. In addition to considering the solubility of the solvent, the volatility of the solvent should also be considered. When the selected solvent evaporates too fast, it will lead to the formation of pores on the surface of the film. In this experiment, ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol methyl ether, and ethylene glycol ethyl ether solvents were used for comparative analysis to observe their effects on the quality of films prepared by different precursor monomers. The analysis and observation mainly evaluate the solubility of the three metal salts by the solvent, the volatilization rate of the solvent, and the quality of the film. The analysis results are shown in Table1, where 0 means bad, 1 means good, and 2 means better.Table 1
The influence of solvents on the quality of film formation.
Type of solventSolubility of Zr4+Solubility of Ti4+Solubility of Pb2+Film qualitySpeed of dryingEthanol112Small thickness, pores, and less cracksDry fasterEthylene glycol methyl ether011Moderate membrane, less pores, goodModerately dryGlycol ethyl ether011Moderate membrane, less pores, less cracksSlowly dryMethanol212Thin membrane with pores and less cracksQuickly dryFrom Table1, we can see that the quality of the film prepared when using ethylene glycol methyl ether as the solvent is better than that of the other types. But it has a disadvantage that the solubility of zirconium ions is slightly poor. However, ethanol has better solubility for zirconium ions, so when dissolving zirconium ions, ethanol can be appropriately added. During the heat treatment of the film, cracks will occur in the film due to the rupture of the gel network structure. The essential reason for this phenomenon is that the volatilization of water and the burning of organic solvents generate pores and further cause the network structure to break. In order to slow down the generation of pores, a solvent with a high boiling point is selected. Ethylene glycol methyl ether is obviously better than ethanol, ethylene glycol, or ethyl glycol ether. In this paper, zirconyl nitrate is selected as the source of zirconium, and butyl titanate is used as the source of titanium. Among them, tetrabutyl titanate has a higher viscosity, and the ethylene glycol methyl ether solvent is beneficial to increase its solubility due to its strong polarity. In summary, ethylene glycol methyl ether is the best solvent choice.Ethylene glycol methyl ether was used as the organic solvent; zirconyl nitrate was used as the source of Zr4+; lead acetate was used as the source of Pb2+; and butyl titanate was used as the source of Ti4+. Acetic acid is used as a catalyst; formamide is used as a desiccant; and acetylacetone is used as a viscosity regulator. The stability of the sol will be affected by the viscosity of the precursor, and the molecular weight of the sol will increase as the viscosity increases. The larger the molecular weight, the more violent the reaction will easily lead to precipitation. It can be seen that the greater the viscosity, the more violent the reaction. However, when the intrinsic viscosity of the precursor solution is too low, it cannot be spin-coated to form a film. In this paper, the effects of different pH values, different water additions, and viscosity on the precursor are studied separately, so as to determine the optimal process conditions. First, explore the effect of pH on the viscosity of the precursor solution. The preparation parameters of precursor solutions with different pH values are shown in Table 2.Table 2
Preparation parameters of precursor solutions with different pH values.
Sample numberAcetic acid (ml)Formamide (ml)Water bath temperature (°C)Degree of water addition (ml)pH value1103702326370243437034.543370355237055.56137056.5During the preparation of the Ba2TiSi2O8 ferroelectric thin film, under the same other conditions, as the water content increases, the reaction severity is different. The viscosity can be measured to select the appropriate amount of water to be added. Table 3 shows the parameters of several groups of comparative experiments. The volume of the test sol in each group is 30 ml and the concentration is 0.4 M.Table 3
Precursor solution preparation parameters with different amounts of water added.
Sample numberFormamide (ml)Acetic acid (ml)Water bath temperature (°C)Degree of water addition (ml)pH value1377014.52377024.53377034.54377044.55377054.56377064.5When the amount of water during the reaction is insufficient, the degree of the hydrolysis reaction is limited. When the amount of water is insufficient, the hydrolysis reaction is incomplete; the solute is left; and the product cannot be highly cross-linked, or even the Tyndall effect cannot be produced. Therefore, a low concentration of sol cannot form a film. When continuously adding deionized water to the precursor solution, when the amount of water is within a certain range, with the increase of the amount of water added, the hydrolysis process in the hydrolysis-polycondensation reaction is promoted so that the raw materials are completely reacted to form particle clusters with a spatial network structure. At this time, the sol system is uniform and stable, and an obvious Tyndall phenomenon can be observed; however, as the amount of water added continues to increase, the hydrolysis reaction rate is too large and exceeds the polycondensation reaction, and the sol will form larger particle clusters and generate precipitates. Based on the above considerations and through the colloid rejection experiment, the amount of water added is 3 ml as the amount of water added for the glue. The viscosity of the sol under this added amount of water is moderate, and the gel rejection can proceed smoothly.


## 3.2. Ferromagnetism and Temperature Stability of Ba2TiSi2O8 Ferroelectric Thin Film

The Ba2TiSi2O8 ferroelectric thin film has a multi-iron effect at room temperature, with a Curie temperature of 830°C and a Neer temperature of 370°C. The in-plane hysteresis loop test was performed on the Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric thin film doped with 5 mol%, 10 mol%, and 15 mol% HoMnO3 at room temperature (300 K) using a magnetic measurement system, and the maximum applied magnetic field was 10 kOe. Figure 3 shows the hysteresis loop of the Ba2TiSi2O8 series of flexible films, all of which have good ferromagnetic properties. With the increase of the magnetic field, the magnetization of the film increases rapidly, then stabilizes, and reaches a saturated state. According to the literature, when the thickness of the pure Ba2TiSi2O8 film is in the range of 100 nm, the interfacial stress of the film suppresses the spiral periodic structure of the material, which makes the film exhibit macroscopic ferromagnetism. As shown in Figure 3, the saturation magnetization Ms of the Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric thin film doped with 5 mol%, 10 mol%, and 15 mol% HoMnO3 are 13.56 emu/cm3, 20.87 emu/cm3, and 10.26 emu/cm3, respectively. With the gradual increase of the doping amount of HoMnO3, the saturation magnetization Ms of the Ba2TiSi2O8 series ferroelectric flexible film first increases and then decreases, and the magnetization of the 10 mol% Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric films doped with 10 mol% is the largest.Figure 3
Hysteresis loop of Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible film.According to the literature, the magnetic properties of Ba2TiSi2O8 are weak, and people improve their magnetic properties by doping. Mn3+ has good magnetic properties. Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric thin film uses Mn3+ to replace part of Fe3+ to improve magnetic properties. When a small amount of Mn3+ is doped into the film, the magnetic moment and size of Mn3+ and Fe3+ are different, which changes the arrangement of Fe3+ and destroys the periodic spiral cycloid structure of the Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible film. The macroscopically reflects the improvement of magnetic properties. According to literature reports, the Fe-O-Mn bond can improve the magnetic properties, while the interaction of Fe-O-Fe and Mn-O-Mn reduces the magnetic properties of the material. Therefore, as the doping content of HoMnO3 increases, the magnetic properties of the flexible film increase first and then decrease. The reason is that the octahedral structure of the film appears to interact with Fe-O-Fe and Mn-O-Mn to reduce the magnetic properties of the film. Therefore, the magnetic properties of the Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible film increase with the increase of Mn3+ content, and when the doping amount of Mn element exceeds 10 mol%, Fe-O-Fe and Mn-O-Mn interactions occur in the flexible film, which reduces the magnetic properties of the flexible film. It can be seen from the figure that the coercive field of the Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric thin film doped with 10 mol% HoMnO3 is relatively small. The smaller coercive field indicates that the Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric film doped with 10 mol% HoMnO3 is a soft magnetic material, so the 0.9Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric film has potential application prospects.It can be seen from Table4 that the grain sizes of the Ba2TiSi2O8 series of flexible films are 268 nm, 495 nm, and 543 nm, and the average surface roughness is 5.4 nm, 8.1 nm, and 13.0 nm, respectively. With the increase of HoMnO3 doping, the grain size and surface roughness of the flexible film increase slightly. The reason is that as the doping amount of HoMnO3 increases, the crystal lattice of the flexible film is distorted, which increases the grain size and surface roughness of the film.Table 4
Average grain size and surface roughness of Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric thin film.
(1 −x) Ba2TiSi2O8Grain sizeRoot mean square roughnessAverage roughnessx = 0.062715.94.9x = 0.115019.87.9x = 0.1653921.112.8In order to study the optical band gap of the Ba2TiSi2O8 series of flexible ferroelectric films, a pulsed laser deposition method was used to deposit the Ba2TiSi2O8 series of flexible transparent ferroelectric films on the bottom electrode ITO. This experiment uses a PG2000 spectrophotometer to test the optical properties of the film. The wavelength range tested is 300 nm–800 nm. As shown in Figure 4, the transmission spectrum and optical band gap of the Ba2TiSi2O8 series of flexible ferroelectric films are fitted. It can be seen from the figure that the light transmittance of the Ba2TiSi2O8 series of flexible films is good. When the wavelength is greater than 480 nm, the light transmittance of the flexible film exceeds 50%, and the curve at the wavelength of 560 nm has a certain swing, indicating that the flexible film is uniformly prepared.Figure 4
The fitting of transmission spectrum and optical band gap of Ba2TiSi2O8 series of flexible ferroelectric thin films.According to the fitting data, the optical band gap of Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric thin film doped with 5 mol%, 10 mol%, and 15 mol% HoMnO3 is divided into 3.42 eV, 3.15 eV, and 3.37 eV. Among them, the 0.9Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric film has a smaller optical band gap; the reason may be that as the doping amount of HoMnO3 increases, the doped ions enter the band gap and become impurity levels, reducing the optical band gap of the ferroelectric thin film. With the further increase of the doping amount, the non-conductivity of HoMnO3 and the quantum size effect increase the optical band gap of the film. The smaller the band gap, the easier it is for electrons to move from the valence band to the conduction band, enhancing the ferroelectric effect of the flexible film.In order to study the temperature stability of the ferroelectric properties of the Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible film, a pulsed laser deposition method was used to deposit a Ba2TiSi2O8 structured flexible film on a mica substrate. Combined with micropiezoelectricity, the flexible film has ferroelectric properties. Paste the flexible film on the glass slide and place the pasted film on the heating table for heating. Since there is a glass slide between the heating station and the film, the set temperature of the heating station and the actual temperature of the film surface have a certain error. The temperature of the film surface is detected by a laser thermometer to determine the actual temperature of the flexible film during the heating process. The hysteresis loop of a 500 nm thick flexible film was tested at a frequency of 50 kHz and an external electric field of 300 kV/cm. Figure 5 shows the hysteresis loop of the Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible film tested under different temperature conditions using a ferroelectric tester.Figure 5
Electric hysteresis loops of Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible ferroelectric film at different temperatures.
(a)(b)As can be seen from Figure5, the saturation polarization of the 0.9Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible film at 20°C, 40°C, 60°C, and 80°C are 66.8 μC/cm2, 61.4 μC/cm2, 57.9 μC/cm2, and 55.4 μC/cm2, respectively. The coercive fields are 197 kV/cm, 185 kV/cm, 179 kV/cm, and 179 kV/cm, respectively. As the test temperature increases, the saturation polarization of the 0.9 Ba2TiSi2O8 flexible film gradually decreases, and the coercive field gradually increases. The reason may be that the temperature causes the depolarization of the flexible film, and the higher the temperature, the greater the degree of depolarization of the film. When the temperature increases to 125°C, the domain inversion of the film almost disappears, indicating that the polarization strength of the flexible film at high temperature is slightly reduced. As the temperature increases, the flexible film still has a good hysteresis loop, and the saturation polarization intensity does not change much, indicating that the Ba2TiSi2O8 structured flexible film has good temperature stability at about 80°C.


## 3.3. Contemporary Handicraft Three-Dimensional Fiber Art Works Based on Ferroelectric Film

Fiber art is affirmed and loved by people because of its beautiful form and inherent attributes, and it also comes into people’s lives. It blends well in space, decoration, architecture, and environment and has a very good economic value. The contemporary handicraft three-dimensional fiber art work based on ferroelectric film not only has a good economic mechanism but also has its flexibility and beauty increased by 80%.Pure paintings have their own independence due to specific materials. No matter where a painting is placed, it is difficult to organically connect it with the surrounding environment. Its function is very simple and single, that is, the story it tells itself; putting a classical oil painting in the environment of a modern place will not make people feel uncoordinated, just like any environment which can place a TV set. People only pay attention to the content released by the TV itself. The independence of this content has nothing to do with the surroundings. There is a difference between fiber art and painting art in this respect. Fiber art itself has evolved from daily necessities and therefore has the concept of “derived from life” in terms of attributes. In addition to being ornamental in the early days, the tapestries of fiber art can also play a role in keeping warm and can play a role of contrast between rigidity and softness in modern hard indoor spaces. Therefore, the work of fiber art and the environment have obvious relevance. The relevance of this environment can become a demand for the environment, and this demand can provide a long-term foothold for fiber art. Therefore, when fiber art enters the space of the built environment like paintings and sculptures, it will bring a new visual perspective to the viewer. The work of fiber art gives people a desire to touch, which is different from traditional sculptures and oil paintings. The particularity of the material makes the fiber art work more attractive, and it also increases the closeness to the viewer. Therefore, fiber art is easily accepted by people (or party A) as indoor decorative art. The softness of materials, the unexpectedness of the graphics, textures, and shapes created by the materials all add endless charm to this art and let us see the considerable development of this art. Figure6 is a contemporary handicraft three-dimensional fiber art work based on the ferroelectric film.Figure 6
Contemporary handicraft three-dimensional fiber art works.Although plane fiber art and murals have the same artistic goals and artistic value, most of the craftsmanship of plane fiber works comes from warp and weft crafts. The greatest function of the warp and weft process is to produce products for human life needs, which is easily reminiscent of the weaving crafts in the textile attribute, that is to say, the historical component of the fiber art is somewhat “unclean.” Indeed, in art colleges, the establishment of the fiber art discipline was not in the painting department, but in the dyeing and weaving department in the craft department. Just like a revolutionary activist with a bad composition during the Chinese Revolution, even if he is advanced and active, he will always have a bad composition. Fortunately, the four-dimensional space works of fiber art gradually dispel this impression.Painting and sculpture have been fixed forms of expression since their birth. They are works of art, and they are pure and innocent, beyond reproach. Such “innocent” art has official associations and auctions. There are related associations for fiber art abroad, but such associations have not been popularized in China, and there is a lack of independent economic markets. It is also difficult to see fiber art in the auction market of painting art; even if there are certain embroidery pieces, they are also in the category of cultural relics. Fiber art works can be seen in some large public places both at home and abroad. This shows that people’s recognition and love for this new type of art will inevitably bring about prosperity and market value for this art.


## 4. Discussion

The Ba2TiSi2O8 ferroelectric thin film is prepared by sol-gel, and ethylene glycol methyl ether is selected as the solvent, lead acetate, zirconyl nitrate; butyl titanate are the solutes, acetylacetone, and formamide are additives; and glacial acetic acid is the catalyst. The sol-gel was prepared by controlling the pH to 4.5. The spin coating method chooses low-speed (1,000 r/min) rotation for 10 s and high-speed (4,000 r/min) rotation for 30 s. The annealing method is a combination of traditional slow heat treatment (CAF) and rapid heat treatment (RTA). When the film starts to anneal, use a lower heating rate for heating, at a rate of 2–3°C/min, and raise the temperature to the high-temperature pyrolysis temperature of the film, which is about 320°C. Then the film is sintered at a higher heating rate at a rate of 15°C/min. After sintering to the required annealing temperature of 650°C, heat preservation is performed and finally cooling is performed. And, as the temperature increases, the flexible film still has a good hysteresis loop, and the saturation polarization intensity does not change much, indicating that the Ba2TiSi2O8 structured flexible film has good temperature stability at about 80°C. And this also provides an important reference value for the creation of three-dimensional fiber art works in handicrafts.


## 5. Conclusions

The basic development of the predecessor of fiber art has a long history, but it is not long after the conceptual gorgeous turn, so it is long and young. The fiber art after the turn is displayed in people’s vision with a brand new look. Its artistic abstract context and novel and peculiar art forms have brought unprecedented visual shock to people, and its unique material creativity makes people cordial and unexpected. This “accident” deeply blooms its artistic charm. Works without a sense of surprise can only be included in the category of handicrafts. Because of “accidents,” the creation has become more difficult, and the exploration of materials and expression of fiber art have more innovations. We firmly believe that the more difficult the work, the more artistic charm. The contemporary handicraft three-dimensional fiber art work based on ferroelectric film not only has a good economic mechanism but also has its flexibility and aesthetics greatly improved. However, due to the limitations of time and technology, we have not discussed the in-depth level of fiber art. We will conduct further analysis and research on this in the follow-up.



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*Source: 5997536-2022-09-09.xml*