# Complementary Configuration and Optimal Energy Flow of CCHP-ORC Systems Using a Matrix Modeling Approach

Authors: Wencong Huang; Yufang Chang; Youxin Yuan
Journal: Complexity
 (2019)

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## Abstract

A mass of thermal energy from the combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system will be wasted by the buildings with low ratio of heat to power demand. To further improve the using efficiency of the excess thermal energy, an active method, which adds the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) equipment in the CCHP system, is configured. A complementary configuration of this CCHP-ORC is also investigated. This paper presents a matrix modeling approach to establish a mathematical model of the CCHP-ORC system. The CCHP-ORC system can be viewed as a multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) model. Energy conversion of the system components is described as the efficiency matrices. Energy flow between the system components is described as dispatch matrices. Energy conversion and flow from the system input to output are modeled by a conversion matrix. The objective function and the constraints of the system are determined. The optimal operation strategies are obtained by solving the optimization problem of minimizing the evaluation criteria function. Comprehensive case studies are conducted based on a hypothetical CCHP-ORC system. The study results reveal that the effectiveness and economic efficiency of the proposed approaches outperform those obtained from conventional CCHP systems.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

According to the statistical data from the Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy, in many countries, building energy consumption accounts for about 36% of the total energy consumption, and nearly 30% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [1]. Particularly in China, the building energy consumption has an annual growth rate over 10% with the rapid development of economy [2, 3]. The increasing building energy consumption has led to serious building-related problems such as restricting economic development, exacerbating energy crisis, and environmental issues such as greenhouse effect and air pollution. To deal with these problems, combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) systems which can improve energy utilization efficiency and reduce GHG emissions are developed.A CCHP system is an integrated energy supply system, which can also be referred to as the trigeneration system [4]. It provides building users electricity, cooling energy, and heating energy by installing the power generation unit (PGU) [5, 6]. The CCHP system makes use of the rejected heat from the PGU to generate thermal energy for cooling and heating demands [7, 8]. As a result, the overall fuel energy utilization efficiency of CCHP systems can reach 70%-90%, which is significantly higher than that of separation production (SP) systems [9, 10]. As shown in the literature, CCHP systems have been broadly applied in office buildings, hotels, hospitals, commercial malls, and other building types.Performance of the CCHP system depends on the system structure and the operation strategy. In [11], the authors propose a new CCHP system structure with both absorption and electric chillers to provide more flexibility in supplying energy. Four typical CCHP systems with existing technologies for various size ranges are illustrated in [12]. With the development of the renewable energy, solar-integrated CCHP systems [13–17], SOFC-trigeneration systems [18, 19], and biomass-trigeneration system [20] are studied.Once the system structure is determined and implemented, the operation strategy is the crucial factor for the CCHP system design. There are two popular operation strategies [21–24]: following the electric load (FEL) and following the thermal load (FTL). However, as illustrated in the literature [11] both of the FEL and FTL strategies inherently waste a certain amount of energy. Therefore, designing an optimal operation strategy to improve the energy utilization efficiency by reducing the energy waste is urged.Operation strategy design relies on the selection of evaluation criteria, which should be aligned with the stakeholders’ objectives. Energy savings and environmental impacts are two popular aspects when constructing evaluation criteria. Fumoet al. proposed the evaluation criteria considering the primary energy consumption saving (PECS) and carbon dioxide emission reduction (CDER) [25, 26]. Liet al. established a mix-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model to evaluate economic efficiency and sensitivity of CCHP systems [27]. Wanget al. studied the energetic and environmental benefits of the CCHP system in comparison to SP systems based on a particle swarm optimization algorithm [28]. Jinget al. estimated the PEC and pollution emissions of the BCHP system in FEL and FTL operation strategies based on life cycle assessment (LCA) [29, 30].For an existing CCHP system, when the electricity to thermal energy requirement ratio of building users is exactly equal to the output ratio of the PGU, the maximum efficiency of the CCHP system is achieved [31]. However, this ideal situation rarely happens due to the random variation of energy requirements. When the supply is insufficient, adding extra energy (fuel or electricity) is a direct treatment. However, when the supply exceeds the demand, the situation becomes complicated. In the case surplus electricity is generated, it can be sold back to power grid or converted to thermal energy. Similarly, the excess thermal energy can be stored in thermal storage units or converted to electricity by some special equipment, such as organic ranking cycle (ORC). In this paper, an active excess thermal energy treatment method which uses an ORC to convert the excess thermal to electricity is investigated.In recent years, more attention has been put on the ORC system. A complementary structure of CCHP-ORC system is configured in [31, 32]. A biomass fuelled trigeneration system integrated with ORC is studied in [33]. Three trigeneration systems, combined SOFC with ORC, combined biomass combustor with ORC, and combined solar collectors with ORC, are analyzed in [34]. Liuet al. researched five kinds of building in Shanghai and evaluated the CCHP-ORC system [35]. The aforementioned literature shows that the ORC technology has advantages in using the thermal energy and its combination with trigeneration system has good application prospects. So we are going to adopt the CCHP-ORC structure which uses the gas turbine as PGU, an ORC as waste heat recycle equipment, and electric and absorption chillers as hybrid chillers. The advantages of our CCHP-ORC system are reflected by the higher energy utilization, and the adjustability of the electricity to thermal energy output ratio.When the structure of the CCHP-ORC system is configured, the operation strategy should be designed. Firstly, the mathematical model of the CCHP-ORC system should be established. From the perspective of control theory, the CCHP-ORC system can be treated as the connection between the energy input and the building users’ demand. We consider using transfer function in control theory to describe this input-output relation. Because the energy input includes fuel and electricity from the power grid, and the building users’ demand includes cooling, heating, and power, the CCHP-ORC system is a multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) system. In [36], the concepts of dispatch factors and coupling matrix are used to describe the system, and the power flow and operation strategy are optimized using Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions. In [37], the authors model the system by introducing the concepts of bifurcations, junctions, and the backtracking. However these modeling methods are too complicated.The main contribution of this paper is that a more intuitive and comprehensive approach, a matrix transfer function modeling approach (referred to as matrix modeling approach), is proposed to model the CCHP-ORC system. Based on the matrix modeled system, sequential quadratic programming (SPQ) algorithm is adopted to optimize the linear objective function, which is subjected to the nonlinear equalities and inequalities. The result of the optimization problem is the optimal flow and operation strategy for the CCHP-ORC.This paper is organized as follows. The configuration and matrix modeling of the CCHP-ORC system are described in Section2. In Section 3, the performance criteria for the CCHP-ORC system are presented and the optimization problem is established. Finally, the effectiveness of the system configuration and operation strategy are verified through a case study of a hypothetical office building in Section 4. Section 5 concludes this paper.


## 2. System Configuration and Matrix Modeling

In this section, an optimal CCHP-ORC structure and an intuitive matrix modeling of the CCHP-ORC system will be introduced. In order to make full use of energy and improve the flexibility of energy supply, the configuration of the CCHP-ORC system is presented in Figure1.Figure 1
Structure diagram of a CCHP-ORC system.In addition to traditional equipment, a complementary ORC and an electric chiller are added as important components which can not only utilize the excess thermal energy but also dynamically adjust the electricity to thermal energy output ratio of the entire system. In Figure1, when Qr+Qb>Qhrc+Qhrh, the excess thermal energy exists. The ORC is used to convert the excess thermal to electricity. The cooling load is provided by absorption and electric chillers. The electric chiller has a high coefficient of performance (COP) which leads to a high cooling efficiency. The output of the ORC and the electric chiller can be adjusted dynamically to keep the CCHP-ORC system running at the matched status according to the users’ energy requirements.


### 2.1. Efficiency Matrices of System Components

The energy conversion of the components in the CCHP-ORC system can be described using efficiency matrices, namely, coupling matrices. In this paper,u is an equipment set and equipment m∈u, F, E, Qc, and Qh denote the fuel, electricity, cooling energy, and heating energy, respectively. The input and the output of the component m are defined as Vim=[FimEimQcimQhim]T and Vom=[FomEomQcomQhom]T, respectively. So the input-output relation of the component m can be described as(1)Vom=HmVim,where Hm is the efficiency matrix of the component m.Consequently, the input-output relation of the ORC can be represented in the following matrix form:(2)0Eoorc00=0000000COPorc00000000000Qhiorc=HorcViorc.Following the same procedure, efficiency matrices for the PGU, auxiliary boiler, heat recovery system, heating unit, electric chiller, and absorption chiller can be obtained as(3)Hpgu=0000ηpgu00000001-ηpgu000,Hb=000000000000ηb000,Hhrs=000000000000000ηhrs,Hh=000000000000000ηh,Hec=000000000COPec000000,Hac=00000000000COPac0000.Each efficiency matrix represents the performance of the energy conversion of each component in the CCHP-ORC system.


### 2.2. Dispatch Matrices of System

The dispatch matrices indicate the energy flow between the components in the system. Usually, the dispatch factors exist at the bifurcations of the system. For example in Figure1, the thermal energy produced by the heat recovery system and the auxiliary boiler will be separated into three parts: one for the absorption chiller, one for the heating unit, and the last one for the ORC. Let αac, αh, and αorc denote the dispatch factors for the absorption chiller, the heating unit, and the ORC, respectively. Then we have(4)Qhrc=αacQr+Qb,(5)Qhrh=αhQr+Qb,(6)Qorc=αorcQr+Qb,subject to(7a)0≤αac+αh+αorc≤1,(7b)0≤αac≤1,(7c)0≤αh≤1,(7d)0≤αorc≤1.At the ORC side, we have(8)Qorc=αpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηbαorcFm,where αpgu and αb denote the dispatch factors for the PGU and the auxiliary boiler. To facilitate the later optimization-based operation strategy design, (8) can be rewritten in a matrix form as(9)Viorc=000000000000αorcαpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηb000FmEgrid00=TorcViwhere Torc is the dispatch matrix for the ORC and Vi is the system input.By following the similar procedure, the dispatch matrices for the PGU, the auxiliary boiler, electric chiller, heat recovery system, heating unit, and absorption chiller can be defined as(10)Tpgu=αpgu000000000000000,Tb=αb000000000000000,Tec=00000αec0000000000,Thrs=000000000000αpgu1-ηpgu000,Th=000000000000αhαpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηb000,Tac=000000000000αacαpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηb000.Similarly, in addition to (7a), (7b), (7c), and (7d), we have(11a)αpgu+αb=1,(11b)αuser+αec=1,(11c)αac+αh+αorc=1,(11d)0≤αpgu,αb,αuser,αec,αac,αh,αorc≤1.


### 2.3. Conversion Matrix of the CCHP-ORC System

The CCHP-ORC system modeled in a matrix form can be viewed as an input-out model. The conversion matrix of the CCHP-ORC system describes the relationship between the input and the output and represents the energy flow procedure of the system. From Figure1, the system input and output are defined as(12)Vi=FmEgridQciQhiT=FmEgrid00T,(13)Vo=FoEuserQcQhT=0EuserQcQhT,respectively.Then the conversion matrix of the CCHP-ORC system,G, can be defined as(14)Vo=GVi.In order to obtain the conversion matrixG, the expression of the output elements, Euser, Qc, and Qh, should be written as functions of the system input. Without the loss of generality, the parasitic electricity Ep can be assumed to be a constant and further assumed to be zero. The output element Euser can be represented as(15)Euser=αuserEpgu+Eorc+Egrid=αuserαpguηpgu+αpgu1-ηpguηhrsαorcCOPorcαuser+αbηbαorcηorcαuserFm+αuserEgrid.For the cooling part, we have(16)Qc=Qec+Qac=αecCOPecEpgu+Eorc+Egrid+αacCOPacFmαpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηb=αpguηpguαecCOPec+αpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηbαorcCOPorcαecCOPec+αpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηbαacCOPacFm+αecCOPecEgrid.where the electric cooling to cool load ratio, which is inherently included in the modeling procedure and can be obtained through the optimization, is defined as e=Qec/Qc.The heating demand is solely provided by the heating unit. Thus, we have(17)Qh=Qr+Qbαhηh=αpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηbαhηhFm.The conversion matrix of the CCHP-ORC system can be obtained from (15)–(17) as(18)G=0000G21αuser00G31αecCOPec00G41000.where(19)G21=αuserαpguηpgu+αpgu1-ηpguηhrsαorcCOPorcαuser+αbηbαorcηorcαuser,G31=αpguηpguαecCOPec+αpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηbαorcCOPorcαecCOPec+αpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηbαacCOPac,G41=αpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηbαhηh.The main objective of this paper is to determine the dispatch factors and the system input to optimize the performance criteria objective function.


## 2.1. Efficiency Matrices of System Components

The energy conversion of the components in the CCHP-ORC system can be described using efficiency matrices, namely, coupling matrices. In this paper,u is an equipment set and equipment m∈u, F, E, Qc, and Qh denote the fuel, electricity, cooling energy, and heating energy, respectively. The input and the output of the component m are defined as Vim=[FimEimQcimQhim]T and Vom=[FomEomQcomQhom]T, respectively. So the input-output relation of the component m can be described as(1)Vom=HmVim,where Hm is the efficiency matrix of the component m.Consequently, the input-output relation of the ORC can be represented in the following matrix form:(2)0Eoorc00=0000000COPorc00000000000Qhiorc=HorcViorc.Following the same procedure, efficiency matrices for the PGU, auxiliary boiler, heat recovery system, heating unit, electric chiller, and absorption chiller can be obtained as(3)Hpgu=0000ηpgu00000001-ηpgu000,Hb=000000000000ηb000,Hhrs=000000000000000ηhrs,Hh=000000000000000ηh,Hec=000000000COPec000000,Hac=00000000000COPac0000.Each efficiency matrix represents the performance of the energy conversion of each component in the CCHP-ORC system.


## 2.2. Dispatch Matrices of System

The dispatch matrices indicate the energy flow between the components in the system. Usually, the dispatch factors exist at the bifurcations of the system. For example in Figure1, the thermal energy produced by the heat recovery system and the auxiliary boiler will be separated into three parts: one for the absorption chiller, one for the heating unit, and the last one for the ORC. Let αac, αh, and αorc denote the dispatch factors for the absorption chiller, the heating unit, and the ORC, respectively. Then we have(4)Qhrc=αacQr+Qb,(5)Qhrh=αhQr+Qb,(6)Qorc=αorcQr+Qb,subject to(7a)0≤αac+αh+αorc≤1,(7b)0≤αac≤1,(7c)0≤αh≤1,(7d)0≤αorc≤1.At the ORC side, we have(8)Qorc=αpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηbαorcFm,where αpgu and αb denote the dispatch factors for the PGU and the auxiliary boiler. To facilitate the later optimization-based operation strategy design, (8) can be rewritten in a matrix form as(9)Viorc=000000000000αorcαpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηb000FmEgrid00=TorcViwhere Torc is the dispatch matrix for the ORC and Vi is the system input.By following the similar procedure, the dispatch matrices for the PGU, the auxiliary boiler, electric chiller, heat recovery system, heating unit, and absorption chiller can be defined as(10)Tpgu=αpgu000000000000000,Tb=αb000000000000000,Tec=00000αec0000000000,Thrs=000000000000αpgu1-ηpgu000,Th=000000000000αhαpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηb000,Tac=000000000000αacαpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηb000.Similarly, in addition to (7a), (7b), (7c), and (7d), we have(11a)αpgu+αb=1,(11b)αuser+αec=1,(11c)αac+αh+αorc=1,(11d)0≤αpgu,αb,αuser,αec,αac,αh,αorc≤1.


## 2.3. Conversion Matrix of the CCHP-ORC System

The CCHP-ORC system modeled in a matrix form can be viewed as an input-out model. The conversion matrix of the CCHP-ORC system describes the relationship between the input and the output and represents the energy flow procedure of the system. From Figure1, the system input and output are defined as(12)Vi=FmEgridQciQhiT=FmEgrid00T,(13)Vo=FoEuserQcQhT=0EuserQcQhT,respectively.Then the conversion matrix of the CCHP-ORC system,G, can be defined as(14)Vo=GVi.In order to obtain the conversion matrixG, the expression of the output elements, Euser, Qc, and Qh, should be written as functions of the system input. Without the loss of generality, the parasitic electricity Ep can be assumed to be a constant and further assumed to be zero. The output element Euser can be represented as(15)Euser=αuserEpgu+Eorc+Egrid=αuserαpguηpgu+αpgu1-ηpguηhrsαorcCOPorcαuser+αbηbαorcηorcαuserFm+αuserEgrid.For the cooling part, we have(16)Qc=Qec+Qac=αecCOPecEpgu+Eorc+Egrid+αacCOPacFmαpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηb=αpguηpguαecCOPec+αpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηbαorcCOPorcαecCOPec+αpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηbαacCOPacFm+αecCOPecEgrid.where the electric cooling to cool load ratio, which is inherently included in the modeling procedure and can be obtained through the optimization, is defined as e=Qec/Qc.The heating demand is solely provided by the heating unit. Thus, we have(17)Qh=Qr+Qbαhηh=αpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηbαhηhFm.The conversion matrix of the CCHP-ORC system can be obtained from (15)–(17) as(18)G=0000G21αuser00G31αecCOPec00G41000.where(19)G21=αuserαpguηpgu+αpgu1-ηpguηhrsαorcCOPorcαuser+αbηbαorcηorcαuser,G31=αpguηpguαecCOPec+αpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηbαorcCOPorcαecCOPec+αpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηbαacCOPac,G41=αpgu1-ηpguηhrs+αbηbαhηh.The main objective of this paper is to determine the dispatch factors and the system input to optimize the performance criteria objective function.


## 3. Optimal Operation Strategy Design

Having the whole system modeled in a matrix form, we can formulate the operation strategy design as an optimization problem. The objective function and associated constraints will be illustrated in the rest of this section.


### 3.1. Performance Criteria for the CCHP-ORC System

As mentioned in Section1. Evaluation of a CCHP system may contain many factors, including primary energy consumption, energy conversion efficiency, total cost of the system, environmental impact, life cycle assessment, and combination of multiple factors. In this paper, three popular criteria, i.e., primary energy consumption, the total cost of the system, and the environmental impact, are adopted to evaluate the performance of the CCHP-ORC system.


#### 3.1.1. Primary Energy Consumption (PEC)

PEC is a direct and common indicator to reflect the operating efficiency of a CCHP-ORC system. PEC is defined as(20)PEC≜Euser+Epηeηgrid+QcCOPecηeηgrid+Qhηhηb,where Ep is the parasitic electricity, ηe is the generation efficiency of the grid power plant, and ηgrid is the transmission efficiency of grid.


#### 3.1.2. Hourly Total Cost (HTC)

In order to obtain the optimal energy flow and operation strategy for every hour, HTC is adopted as a key element in the operation strategy optimization. HTC of the CCHP-ORC system is defined as(21)HTC≜EgridCe+EgridμeCca+FmCf+FmμfCca+∑k=1lNkCk8760L,where Ce and Cf are the unit prices of electricity and the fuel, respectively; μe and μf are the carbon conversion factors of the the electricity and fuel, respectively; Cca is the carbon tax rate; Nk is the installed capacity of each equipment and Ck is the initial capital cost of each equipment; l is the number of equipment included in the CCHP-ORC system; and L is the life of each equipment, where we assume that all equipment have the same life time. 8760 (h) represents the hours number of the whole year.


#### 3.1.3. Carbon Dioxide Emission (CDE)

Greenhouse gas emission control is an emerging topic in the CCHP system design. In a CCHP-ORC system equipped with fossil-fuel combustion units, CDE serves as an indicator of environment impacts and can be calculated as(22)CDE≜Egridμe+Fmμf,where μe and μf are the carbon conversion factors of the the electricity and fuel, respectively.


#### 3.1.4. Performance Evaluation Criteria (EC) Function

To comprehensively evaluate the system performance, we define a performance evaluation criteria (EC) function as a weighted summation of the three above mentioned criteria. The most commonly used way to evaluate the performance of a CCHP-ORC system is to compare those factors with those of the SP system. Thus, the hourly EC function can be redefined as(23)EChour≜ω1PECPECSP+ω2HTCHTCSP+ω3CDECDESP,where ω1, ω2, and ω3 are the weights of PEC, HTC, and CDE, respectively. Three weights satisfy(24a)ω1+ω2+ω3=1(24b)0≤ω1,ω2,ω3≤1.PECSP, HTCSP, and CDESP are PEC, HTC, and CDE of the SP system and can be, respectively, calculated as (20), (21), and (22).Consequently, the annualEC function can be written as(25)ECannual≜∑i=1365∑j=124EChourijwhere EChourij is the hourly EC function value on day i at hour j.


### 3.2. Optimization Problem Formulation

Formulating a complete optimization problem includes determining decision variables, designing objective function, and setting constraints. The whole procedure will be elaborated on this part.


#### 3.2.1. Decision Variables

As mention in Section2, dispatch factors and energy inputs are the variables that need to be adjusted to coordinate the energy flow of the system, meet the building demand, and minimize the objective function. Thus, the dispatch factors and system energy inputs can be selected as decision variables.It can be readily observed from (7a), (7b), (7c), (7d) and (11a), (11b), (11c), (11d) that the dispatch factors αpgu, αb, αuser, αec, αac, αorc, and αh are dependent variables. Thus, the dispatch factors can be reduced to be αpgu, αuser, αac, and αorc, which are independent of each other.The system energy inputs includeFm and Egrid. Thus, the optimizer consisting of all the above-mentioned decision variables can be defined as(26)x=αpguαuserαacαorcFmEgridT.


#### 3.2.2. Objective Function

By using the defined optimizerx, the EChour function in (23) can be written as a linear function of the optimizer x as(27)EChourx=ω1BxPECSP+ω2Cx+LHTCSP+ω3DxCDESP.where(28)B=000011ηeSPηgrid,C=0000Cf+μfCcaCe+μeCe,D=0000μfμe,L=∑k=1lNkCk8760L.E C h o u r ( x ) will serve as the objective function of the optimization-based operation strategy design. ω1, ω2, and ω3 can be set according to different evaluation requirements. For example, ω3 would be set relatively higher if more emphases are put on the environmental aspect.


#### 3.2.3. Equality Constraint

In the sense of balance, (14) will serve as the equality constraint of the optimization problem. Further, since some elements in G are represented by the decision variables, it is necessary to write G as a function of x. Thus we have(29)G=g211W22+g311W33+g313W32+g315W34-g411W43xxTU11+g312W33+g314W31+g316W34+g411W41-g412W43xQ11+g212W22-g316W32+g213W22xTQ1-g315W32xTQ1xxTU41+g221W22-g321W32xQ12+CONcopec+CONηhηb,where(30)W22=000000010000000000000000,W31=000000000000100000000000,W32=000000000000010000000000,W33=000000000000001000000000,W41=000000000000000000100000,W43=000000000000000000001000,Q11=1000,Q12=0100,Q1=100000T,U11=100000000000000000000000,U41=000000000000100000000000,CONCOPec=100000000COPec000000,CONηhηb=000000000000ηhηb000,and(31)g211=ηpgu,g221=1,g212=ηbCOPorc,g213=1-ηpguηhrs-ηbCOPorc,g312=ηbCOPac,g313=-ηpguCOPec,g321=-COPec,g314=ηpguCOPec,g412=ηhηb,g316=ηbCOPorcCOPec,g311=ηhrs-ηpguηhrs-ηbCOPac,g315=ηhrs-ηpguηhrs-ηbCOPorcCOPec,g411=ηhrs-ηpguηhrs-ηbηh.Similarly, the system inputVi should also be represented by x as(32)Vi=Px,where(33)P=000010000001000000000000.Then the nonlinear equality constraint in (14) becomes(34)g211W22+g311W33+g313W32+g315W34-g411W43xxTU11Px+g312W33+g314W31+g316W34+g411W41-g412W43xQ11Px+g212W22-g316W32+g213W22-g315W32xTQ1xxTU41Px+g221W22+g321W32xQ12Px+CONcopec+CONηhηbPx-Vo=0.


#### 3.2.4. Inequality Constraints

The inequality constraints include the bound of the decision variables, various capacities of system components, and thresholds of the components output. The decision variables can be separated into two parts: one consists of dispatch factors, and the other consists of system input. To facilitate the later derivation, we defineα dispatch factor vector as(35)α=αpguαuserαacαorcT.According to (7a), (7b), (7c), (7d) and (11a), (11b), (11c), (11d), we have(36a)-α≤0,(36b)α-1≤0.In this paper, we assume that no electricity would be sold back; thus the constraints for fuel and electricity input can be represented by(37)β=FmEgridT.(38)-β≤0.Inequalities in (36a), (36b), and (38) are linear inequality constraints seeing as the bounds of the decision variables.Each component in the CCHP-ORC system has a specific capacity, which is the output upper bound. DenoteForcm the capacity of ORC; then the upper bound of the ORC output can be represented as(39)V¯oorc=0E¯oorc00=0ForcmCOPorc00.The output upper bound of the PGU, heat recovery system, auxiliary boiler, electric chiller, absorption chiller, and heating unit can be denoted asV¯opgu, V¯ohrs, V¯ob, V¯oec, V¯oac, and V¯oh and defined in a similar way as in (39), respectively.In addition, the lower bound of the ORC, PGU, heat recovery system, auxiliary boiler, electric chiller, absorption chiller, and heating unit can be denoted asVoorc, V_opgu, V_ohrs, V_ob, V_oec, V_oac, and V_oh. The lower bound of a component implies that the output will be cut down when the expected output of the component is lower than this bound. In this paper, the lower bound can be set as 5 percent of the maximum capacity of each component.Based on the above discussions, the bounding conditions for component output can be represented by(40a)HmVim-V¯om≤0,(40b)V_om-HmVil≤0.Then from (9) and (32), (40a), (40b) can be rewritten as(41a)HmTmPx-V¯om≤0,(41b)V_om-HmTmPx≤0,where Tm is the dispatch matrix for the component m in the CCHP-ORC system and can also be represented by the function of x by following the similar procedure of deriving (29) as(42)Tpgu=W11xQ11,Tb=I11-W11xQ11,Thrs=δ1W41xQ11,Tec=I22-W22xQ12,Tac=δ2W43xxTU11+δ3W43xQ11,Th=-δ2W43xxTU11+δ2W41-δ3W43xQ11+CONηb,Torc=δ2W44xxTU11+δ3W44xQ11,where(43)W11=100000000000000000000000,W44=000000000000000000000100,I11=1000000000000000,I22=0000010000000000,CONηb=000000000000ηb000,and δ1=1-ηpgu, δ2=g411/ηh, and δ3=g412/ηh.Therefore, (36a), (36b), and (38) are the linear inequality constraints, and (41a) and (41b) are the nonlinear inequality constraint of the optimization problem. The optimal solution can be obtained by solving(44)minxω1BxPECSP+ω2Cx+LHTCSP+ω3DxCDESPs.t.34,36a,36b,38,41a,and41b.The objective function integrates three aspects, i.e., PEC, HTC, and CDE, into it, and it is comprehensive. Three weightsω1, ω2, and ω3, can be selected according to different requirements. For example, if more priority is need to be given to environmental factors, the carbon dioxide emission (CDE) should be put on more emphasis, then ω3 is raised, and ω1 and ω2 are accordingly decreased.


## 3.1. Performance Criteria for the CCHP-ORC System

As mentioned in Section1. Evaluation of a CCHP system may contain many factors, including primary energy consumption, energy conversion efficiency, total cost of the system, environmental impact, life cycle assessment, and combination of multiple factors. In this paper, three popular criteria, i.e., primary energy consumption, the total cost of the system, and the environmental impact, are adopted to evaluate the performance of the CCHP-ORC system.


### 3.1.1. Primary Energy Consumption (PEC)

PEC is a direct and common indicator to reflect the operating efficiency of a CCHP-ORC system. PEC is defined as(20)PEC≜Euser+Epηeηgrid+QcCOPecηeηgrid+Qhηhηb,where Ep is the parasitic electricity, ηe is the generation efficiency of the grid power plant, and ηgrid is the transmission efficiency of grid.


### 3.1.2. Hourly Total Cost (HTC)

In order to obtain the optimal energy flow and operation strategy for every hour, HTC is adopted as a key element in the operation strategy optimization. HTC of the CCHP-ORC system is defined as(21)HTC≜EgridCe+EgridμeCca+FmCf+FmμfCca+∑k=1lNkCk8760L,where Ce and Cf are the unit prices of electricity and the fuel, respectively; μe and μf are the carbon conversion factors of the the electricity and fuel, respectively; Cca is the carbon tax rate; Nk is the installed capacity of each equipment and Ck is the initial capital cost of each equipment; l is the number of equipment included in the CCHP-ORC system; and L is the life of each equipment, where we assume that all equipment have the same life time. 8760 (h) represents the hours number of the whole year.


### 3.1.3. Carbon Dioxide Emission (CDE)

Greenhouse gas emission control is an emerging topic in the CCHP system design. In a CCHP-ORC system equipped with fossil-fuel combustion units, CDE serves as an indicator of environment impacts and can be calculated as(22)CDE≜Egridμe+Fmμf,where μe and μf are the carbon conversion factors of the the electricity and fuel, respectively.


### 3.1.4. Performance Evaluation Criteria (EC) Function

To comprehensively evaluate the system performance, we define a performance evaluation criteria (EC) function as a weighted summation of the three above mentioned criteria. The most commonly used way to evaluate the performance of a CCHP-ORC system is to compare those factors with those of the SP system. Thus, the hourly EC function can be redefined as(23)EChour≜ω1PECPECSP+ω2HTCHTCSP+ω3CDECDESP,where ω1, ω2, and ω3 are the weights of PEC, HTC, and CDE, respectively. Three weights satisfy(24a)ω1+ω2+ω3=1(24b)0≤ω1,ω2,ω3≤1.PECSP, HTCSP, and CDESP are PEC, HTC, and CDE of the SP system and can be, respectively, calculated as (20), (21), and (22).Consequently, the annualEC function can be written as(25)ECannual≜∑i=1365∑j=124EChourijwhere EChourij is the hourly EC function value on day i at hour j.


## 3.1.1. Primary Energy Consumption (PEC)

PEC is a direct and common indicator to reflect the operating efficiency of a CCHP-ORC system. PEC is defined as(20)PEC≜Euser+Epηeηgrid+QcCOPecηeηgrid+Qhηhηb,where Ep is the parasitic electricity, ηe is the generation efficiency of the grid power plant, and ηgrid is the transmission efficiency of grid.


## 3.1.2. Hourly Total Cost (HTC)

In order to obtain the optimal energy flow and operation strategy for every hour, HTC is adopted as a key element in the operation strategy optimization. HTC of the CCHP-ORC system is defined as(21)HTC≜EgridCe+EgridμeCca+FmCf+FmμfCca+∑k=1lNkCk8760L,where Ce and Cf are the unit prices of electricity and the fuel, respectively; μe and μf are the carbon conversion factors of the the electricity and fuel, respectively; Cca is the carbon tax rate; Nk is the installed capacity of each equipment and Ck is the initial capital cost of each equipment; l is the number of equipment included in the CCHP-ORC system; and L is the life of each equipment, where we assume that all equipment have the same life time. 8760 (h) represents the hours number of the whole year.


## 3.1.3. Carbon Dioxide Emission (CDE)

Greenhouse gas emission control is an emerging topic in the CCHP system design. In a CCHP-ORC system equipped with fossil-fuel combustion units, CDE serves as an indicator of environment impacts and can be calculated as(22)CDE≜Egridμe+Fmμf,where μe and μf are the carbon conversion factors of the the electricity and fuel, respectively.


## 3.1.4. Performance Evaluation Criteria (EC) Function

To comprehensively evaluate the system performance, we define a performance evaluation criteria (EC) function as a weighted summation of the three above mentioned criteria. The most commonly used way to evaluate the performance of a CCHP-ORC system is to compare those factors with those of the SP system. Thus, the hourly EC function can be redefined as(23)EChour≜ω1PECPECSP+ω2HTCHTCSP+ω3CDECDESP,where ω1, ω2, and ω3 are the weights of PEC, HTC, and CDE, respectively. Three weights satisfy(24a)ω1+ω2+ω3=1(24b)0≤ω1,ω2,ω3≤1.PECSP, HTCSP, and CDESP are PEC, HTC, and CDE of the SP system and can be, respectively, calculated as (20), (21), and (22).Consequently, the annualEC function can be written as(25)ECannual≜∑i=1365∑j=124EChourijwhere EChourij is the hourly EC function value on day i at hour j.


## 3.2. Optimization Problem Formulation

Formulating a complete optimization problem includes determining decision variables, designing objective function, and setting constraints. The whole procedure will be elaborated on this part.


### 3.2.1. Decision Variables

As mention in Section2, dispatch factors and energy inputs are the variables that need to be adjusted to coordinate the energy flow of the system, meet the building demand, and minimize the objective function. Thus, the dispatch factors and system energy inputs can be selected as decision variables.It can be readily observed from (7a), (7b), (7c), (7d) and (11a), (11b), (11c), (11d) that the dispatch factors αpgu, αb, αuser, αec, αac, αorc, and αh are dependent variables. Thus, the dispatch factors can be reduced to be αpgu, αuser, αac, and αorc, which are independent of each other.The system energy inputs includeFm and Egrid. Thus, the optimizer consisting of all the above-mentioned decision variables can be defined as(26)x=αpguαuserαacαorcFmEgridT.


### 3.2.2. Objective Function

By using the defined optimizerx, the EChour function in (23) can be written as a linear function of the optimizer x as(27)EChourx=ω1BxPECSP+ω2Cx+LHTCSP+ω3DxCDESP.where(28)B=000011ηeSPηgrid,C=0000Cf+μfCcaCe+μeCe,D=0000μfμe,L=∑k=1lNkCk8760L.E C h o u r ( x ) will serve as the objective function of the optimization-based operation strategy design. ω1, ω2, and ω3 can be set according to different evaluation requirements. For example, ω3 would be set relatively higher if more emphases are put on the environmental aspect.


### 3.2.3. Equality Constraint

In the sense of balance, (14) will serve as the equality constraint of the optimization problem. Further, since some elements in G are represented by the decision variables, it is necessary to write G as a function of x. Thus we have(29)G=g211W22+g311W33+g313W32+g315W34-g411W43xxTU11+g312W33+g314W31+g316W34+g411W41-g412W43xQ11+g212W22-g316W32+g213W22xTQ1-g315W32xTQ1xxTU41+g221W22-g321W32xQ12+CONcopec+CONηhηb,where(30)W22=000000010000000000000000,W31=000000000000100000000000,W32=000000000000010000000000,W33=000000000000001000000000,W41=000000000000000000100000,W43=000000000000000000001000,Q11=1000,Q12=0100,Q1=100000T,U11=100000000000000000000000,U41=000000000000100000000000,CONCOPec=100000000COPec000000,CONηhηb=000000000000ηhηb000,and(31)g211=ηpgu,g221=1,g212=ηbCOPorc,g213=1-ηpguηhrs-ηbCOPorc,g312=ηbCOPac,g313=-ηpguCOPec,g321=-COPec,g314=ηpguCOPec,g412=ηhηb,g316=ηbCOPorcCOPec,g311=ηhrs-ηpguηhrs-ηbCOPac,g315=ηhrs-ηpguηhrs-ηbCOPorcCOPec,g411=ηhrs-ηpguηhrs-ηbηh.Similarly, the system inputVi should also be represented by x as(32)Vi=Px,where(33)P=000010000001000000000000.Then the nonlinear equality constraint in (14) becomes(34)g211W22+g311W33+g313W32+g315W34-g411W43xxTU11Px+g312W33+g314W31+g316W34+g411W41-g412W43xQ11Px+g212W22-g316W32+g213W22-g315W32xTQ1xxTU41Px+g221W22+g321W32xQ12Px+CONcopec+CONηhηbPx-Vo=0.


### 3.2.4. Inequality Constraints

The inequality constraints include the bound of the decision variables, various capacities of system components, and thresholds of the components output. The decision variables can be separated into two parts: one consists of dispatch factors, and the other consists of system input. To facilitate the later derivation, we defineα dispatch factor vector as(35)α=αpguαuserαacαorcT.According to (7a), (7b), (7c), (7d) and (11a), (11b), (11c), (11d), we have(36a)-α≤0,(36b)α-1≤0.In this paper, we assume that no electricity would be sold back; thus the constraints for fuel and electricity input can be represented by(37)β=FmEgridT.(38)-β≤0.Inequalities in (36a), (36b), and (38) are linear inequality constraints seeing as the bounds of the decision variables.Each component in the CCHP-ORC system has a specific capacity, which is the output upper bound. DenoteForcm the capacity of ORC; then the upper bound of the ORC output can be represented as(39)V¯oorc=0E¯oorc00=0ForcmCOPorc00.The output upper bound of the PGU, heat recovery system, auxiliary boiler, electric chiller, absorption chiller, and heating unit can be denoted asV¯opgu, V¯ohrs, V¯ob, V¯oec, V¯oac, and V¯oh and defined in a similar way as in (39), respectively.In addition, the lower bound of the ORC, PGU, heat recovery system, auxiliary boiler, electric chiller, absorption chiller, and heating unit can be denoted asVoorc, V_opgu, V_ohrs, V_ob, V_oec, V_oac, and V_oh. The lower bound of a component implies that the output will be cut down when the expected output of the component is lower than this bound. In this paper, the lower bound can be set as 5 percent of the maximum capacity of each component.Based on the above discussions, the bounding conditions for component output can be represented by(40a)HmVim-V¯om≤0,(40b)V_om-HmVil≤0.Then from (9) and (32), (40a), (40b) can be rewritten as(41a)HmTmPx-V¯om≤0,(41b)V_om-HmTmPx≤0,where Tm is the dispatch matrix for the component m in the CCHP-ORC system and can also be represented by the function of x by following the similar procedure of deriving (29) as(42)Tpgu=W11xQ11,Tb=I11-W11xQ11,Thrs=δ1W41xQ11,Tec=I22-W22xQ12,Tac=δ2W43xxTU11+δ3W43xQ11,Th=-δ2W43xxTU11+δ2W41-δ3W43xQ11+CONηb,Torc=δ2W44xxTU11+δ3W44xQ11,where(43)W11=100000000000000000000000,W44=000000000000000000000100,I11=1000000000000000,I22=0000010000000000,CONηb=000000000000ηb000,and δ1=1-ηpgu, δ2=g411/ηh, and δ3=g412/ηh.Therefore, (36a), (36b), and (38) are the linear inequality constraints, and (41a) and (41b) are the nonlinear inequality constraint of the optimization problem. The optimal solution can be obtained by solving(44)minxω1BxPECSP+ω2Cx+LHTCSP+ω3DxCDESPs.t.34,36a,36b,38,41a,and41b.The objective function integrates three aspects, i.e., PEC, HTC, and CDE, into it, and it is comprehensive. Three weightsω1, ω2, and ω3, can be selected according to different requirements. For example, if more priority is need to be given to environmental factors, the carbon dioxide emission (CDE) should be put on more emphasis, then ω3 is raised, and ω1 and ω2 are accordingly decreased.


## 3.2.1. Decision Variables

As mention in Section2, dispatch factors and energy inputs are the variables that need to be adjusted to coordinate the energy flow of the system, meet the building demand, and minimize the objective function. Thus, the dispatch factors and system energy inputs can be selected as decision variables.It can be readily observed from (7a), (7b), (7c), (7d) and (11a), (11b), (11c), (11d) that the dispatch factors αpgu, αb, αuser, αec, αac, αorc, and αh are dependent variables. Thus, the dispatch factors can be reduced to be αpgu, αuser, αac, and αorc, which are independent of each other.The system energy inputs includeFm and Egrid. Thus, the optimizer consisting of all the above-mentioned decision variables can be defined as(26)x=αpguαuserαacαorcFmEgridT.


## 3.2.2. Objective Function

By using the defined optimizerx, the EChour function in (23) can be written as a linear function of the optimizer x as(27)EChourx=ω1BxPECSP+ω2Cx+LHTCSP+ω3DxCDESP.where(28)B=000011ηeSPηgrid,C=0000Cf+μfCcaCe+μeCe,D=0000μfμe,L=∑k=1lNkCk8760L.E C h o u r ( x ) will serve as the objective function of the optimization-based operation strategy design. ω1, ω2, and ω3 can be set according to different evaluation requirements. For example, ω3 would be set relatively higher if more emphases are put on the environmental aspect.


## 3.2.3. Equality Constraint

In the sense of balance, (14) will serve as the equality constraint of the optimization problem. Further, since some elements in G are represented by the decision variables, it is necessary to write G as a function of x. Thus we have(29)G=g211W22+g311W33+g313W32+g315W34-g411W43xxTU11+g312W33+g314W31+g316W34+g411W41-g412W43xQ11+g212W22-g316W32+g213W22xTQ1-g315W32xTQ1xxTU41+g221W22-g321W32xQ12+CONcopec+CONηhηb,where(30)W22=000000010000000000000000,W31=000000000000100000000000,W32=000000000000010000000000,W33=000000000000001000000000,W41=000000000000000000100000,W43=000000000000000000001000,Q11=1000,Q12=0100,Q1=100000T,U11=100000000000000000000000,U41=000000000000100000000000,CONCOPec=100000000COPec000000,CONηhηb=000000000000ηhηb000,and(31)g211=ηpgu,g221=1,g212=ηbCOPorc,g213=1-ηpguηhrs-ηbCOPorc,g312=ηbCOPac,g313=-ηpguCOPec,g321=-COPec,g314=ηpguCOPec,g412=ηhηb,g316=ηbCOPorcCOPec,g311=ηhrs-ηpguηhrs-ηbCOPac,g315=ηhrs-ηpguηhrs-ηbCOPorcCOPec,g411=ηhrs-ηpguηhrs-ηbηh.Similarly, the system inputVi should also be represented by x as(32)Vi=Px,where(33)P=000010000001000000000000.Then the nonlinear equality constraint in (14) becomes(34)g211W22+g311W33+g313W32+g315W34-g411W43xxTU11Px+g312W33+g314W31+g316W34+g411W41-g412W43xQ11Px+g212W22-g316W32+g213W22-g315W32xTQ1xxTU41Px+g221W22+g321W32xQ12Px+CONcopec+CONηhηbPx-Vo=0.


## 3.2.4. Inequality Constraints

The inequality constraints include the bound of the decision variables, various capacities of system components, and thresholds of the components output. The decision variables can be separated into two parts: one consists of dispatch factors, and the other consists of system input. To facilitate the later derivation, we defineα dispatch factor vector as(35)α=αpguαuserαacαorcT.According to (7a), (7b), (7c), (7d) and (11a), (11b), (11c), (11d), we have(36a)-α≤0,(36b)α-1≤0.In this paper, we assume that no electricity would be sold back; thus the constraints for fuel and electricity input can be represented by(37)β=FmEgridT.(38)-β≤0.Inequalities in (36a), (36b), and (38) are linear inequality constraints seeing as the bounds of the decision variables.Each component in the CCHP-ORC system has a specific capacity, which is the output upper bound. DenoteForcm the capacity of ORC; then the upper bound of the ORC output can be represented as(39)V¯oorc=0E¯oorc00=0ForcmCOPorc00.The output upper bound of the PGU, heat recovery system, auxiliary boiler, electric chiller, absorption chiller, and heating unit can be denoted asV¯opgu, V¯ohrs, V¯ob, V¯oec, V¯oac, and V¯oh and defined in a similar way as in (39), respectively.In addition, the lower bound of the ORC, PGU, heat recovery system, auxiliary boiler, electric chiller, absorption chiller, and heating unit can be denoted asVoorc, V_opgu, V_ohrs, V_ob, V_oec, V_oac, and V_oh. The lower bound of a component implies that the output will be cut down when the expected output of the component is lower than this bound. In this paper, the lower bound can be set as 5 percent of the maximum capacity of each component.Based on the above discussions, the bounding conditions for component output can be represented by(40a)HmVim-V¯om≤0,(40b)V_om-HmVil≤0.Then from (9) and (32), (40a), (40b) can be rewritten as(41a)HmTmPx-V¯om≤0,(41b)V_om-HmTmPx≤0,where Tm is the dispatch matrix for the component m in the CCHP-ORC system and can also be represented by the function of x by following the similar procedure of deriving (29) as(42)Tpgu=W11xQ11,Tb=I11-W11xQ11,Thrs=δ1W41xQ11,Tec=I22-W22xQ12,Tac=δ2W43xxTU11+δ3W43xQ11,Th=-δ2W43xxTU11+δ2W41-δ3W43xQ11+CONηb,Torc=δ2W44xxTU11+δ3W44xQ11,where(43)W11=100000000000000000000000,W44=000000000000000000000100,I11=1000000000000000,I22=0000010000000000,CONηb=000000000000ηb000,and δ1=1-ηpgu, δ2=g411/ηh, and δ3=g412/ηh.Therefore, (36a), (36b), and (38) are the linear inequality constraints, and (41a) and (41b) are the nonlinear inequality constraint of the optimization problem. The optimal solution can be obtained by solving(44)minxω1BxPECSP+ω2Cx+LHTCSP+ω3DxCDESPs.t.34,36a,36b,38,41a,and41b.The objective function integrates three aspects, i.e., PEC, HTC, and CDE, into it, and it is comprehensive. Three weightsω1, ω2, and ω3, can be selected according to different requirements. For example, if more priority is need to be given to environmental factors, the carbon dioxide emission (CDE) should be put on more emphasis, then ω3 is raised, and ω1 and ω2 are accordingly decreased.


## 4. Case Study

### 4.1. Description of a Hypothetical Building

In this section, a CCHP-ORC system is installed for a hypothetical office building in Wuhan, Hubei, China, because the CCHP-ORC system is more suitable to the commercial building and the office building with low ratio of heat to power demand [35]. We chose EnergyPlus [38, 39] to analyze energy consumption of this building. This building is assumed to operate all year round and has five floors with a total construction area of 6000m2. The first floor consists of 400m2 exhibition halls and 800m2 office rooms. The second to the fifth floors are office rooms. Some important construction parameters of the hypothetical office building are listed in Table 1.Table 1
Construction parameters of the office building.
Parameters Values Each floor area 1200 m2 (30m × 40m)  Each floor height 3.2 m  Glass area 38% in each wall  Glazing heat transfer coefficient 4.128 W/(m2K)  Exterior wall heat transfer coefficient 0.440 W/(m2K)  Interior wall heat transfer coefficient 0.716 W/(m2K)  Floor heat transfer coefficient 2.300 W/(m2K)  Roof heat transfer coefficient 0.368 W/(m2K)  Electric equipment, lights, and people densities According to Wuhan’s energy-saving design standardThe hourly cooling, heating, and power requirements in one year of the hypothetical office building are shown in Figure2.Figure 2
One-year energy consumption.To ease the performance comparison, the hourly cooling, heating, and power requirements in representative days of spring, summer, autumn, and winter are shown in Figures3–6, respectively.Figure 3
Hourly energy requirements in a spring day.Figure 4
Hourly energy requirements in a summer day.Figure 5
Hourly energy requirements in a autumn day.Figure 6
Hourly energy requirements in a winter day.From Figures2–6, it can be noticed that the cooling requirements in summer are the most, the heating requirements in winter are more than those of other seasons, and the electricity requirements are substantially the same for each season.


### 4.2. Simulation Parameters

Table2 shows a set of technical parameters of the installed CCHP-ORC system for the hypothetical building. In this paper, the fuel is the natural gas which is widely used in China. The gas turbine is chosen as PGU. For performance comparison, some parameters of a conventional CCHP system, coefficient of performance, and efficiency of the components in the CCHP-ORC system, conversion factors, and weight factors are included in Table 2. The weighting factors of the evaluation criteria can be chosen to satisfy different requirements. Some parameters listed in Table 2 fluctuate with the market, such as price of electricity, natural gas, and carbon tax. Most of the system parameters can be gotten from equipment manual and some references.Table 2
System coefficients.
Symbol Variable Value ηpgu Efficiency of PGU in CCHP-ORC system 0.35  ηeSP Generation efficiency SP system 0.40  ηh Efficiency of heating unit 0.78  ηb Efficiency of auxiliary boiler 0.78  ηhrs Efficiency of heat recovery system 0.81  COPorc Coefficient of performance of ORC 0.17  COPac Coefficient of performance of absorption chiller 0.72  COPec Coefficient of performance of electric chiller 2.98  ηgrid Transmission efficiency of local grid 0.92  μe C O 2 emission conversion factor of electricity (g/kW h) 970  μf C O 2 emission conversion factor of natural gas (g/kW h) 218  Cc Carbon tax rates (yuan/kW h) 0.00002  Ce Electricity rates (yuan/kW h) 0.642  Cf Natural gas rates (yuan/kW h) 0.375  Cpgu Unit price of PGU (yuan/kW h) 6800  Cb Unit price of auxiliary boiler (yuan/kW h) 300  Ch Unit price of heating unit (yuan/kW h) 200  Cac Unit price of absorption chiller (yuan/kW h) 1200  Cec Unit price of electric chiller (yuan/kW h) 970  Corc Unit price of ORC (yuan/kW ) 12000  L Facilities’ lives (year) 20  ω1 Coefficient of PEC 0.6  ω2 Coefficient of HTC 0.3  ω3 Coefficient of CDE 0.1


### 4.3. Test Result

SQP algorithms have been proved highly effective for solving general constrained problems with smooth objective and constraint functions [40]. In this paper, we chose SQP algorithms to solve the optimization problem established in Section 3.2. In order to accelerate the convergence, some feasible initial points which are calculated from FEL and FTL strategies are manually designated. So the local optimal solution can be avoided and the convergence time is significantly reduced.The constructed optimization problem is solved in MATLAB by using fmincon.m. The computer used to solve this problem is configured with 2.6 GHz Intel Core i5-3230M processor and 4 GB 1067 MHz memory. Time elapsed for each step of optimization is about0.25s. This time is much shorter than one hour; in other words, the optimal energy flow and operation strategy for the next hour can be quickly obtained at the beginning of this hour. Thus, we can say that the optimization method is appropriate for practical use.The performance comparison of FEL, FTL, and the proposed optimal operation strategy is shown in Figures7–10 which includes spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. From Figures 8 and 10, all EChour values of the optimal operation strategy are obviously less than those of the FEL and FTL strategies. From Figures 7 and 9, most EChour values are also obviously less than those of FEL and FTL except 8:00-10:00. Because it is the beginning working time during 8:00-10:00, electricity requirements are very large, and there are almost no heating and cooling requirements. Taking into account the full day values, the performance of the optimal operation strategy is much better than that of FEL and FTL strategies. In spring, summer, and autumn, especially in the morning and in the evening, the optimal energy flow has excellent performance, while in the middle of a day, the advantage is not that evident. In winter, the performance in the middle of a day is much better than that in the morning and in the evening.Figure 7
Comparison of three strategies in a spring day.Figure 8
Comparison of three strategies in a summer day.Figure 9
Comparison of three strategies in an autumn day.Figure 10
Comparison of three strategies in a winter day.The reason for the proposed optimal operation strategy performing better than FEL and FTL strategies is that both FEL and FTL strategies are inevitably wasting energy. When operating at FEL mode, electricity for the building is firstly satisfied, and then if the thermal energy provided by PGU cannot meet the thermal demand, the auxiliary boiler will be activated; if the thermal supply exceeds the thermal demand, the excess thermal energy will be wasted. When operating at FTL mode, the thermal requirements are firstly satisfied, and then if the electricity provided by PGU cannot meet the electricity demand, additional electricity should be purchased from the power grid; if the electricity provided by PGU is sufficient, a certain amount of electricity will be wasted.The CCHP-ORC system includes ORC component as a power generator to make full use of excess thermal energy, and its integration with CCHP system has good application prospects. According to the energy requirements in representative days shown in Figures3–6, the hourly outputs of the electric chiller and the ORC in representative days can be calculated as Figures 11–14.Figure 11
Hourly outputs of the EC and ORC in a spring day.Figure 12
Hourly outputs of the EC and ORC in a summer day.Figure 13
Hourly outputs of the EC and ORC in an autumn day.Figure 14
Hourly outputs of the EC and ORC in a winter day.From Figures11–14, we can find that the electric chiller has high utilization rate in summer because of the high temperature in Wuhan, and the ORC plays a significant role in other three seasons.Substituting the primary energy consumptions, the daily total cost, and the carbon dioxide emission into (20)–(22), the daily performance criteria (i.e., PEC, DTC, CDE) for the CCHP-ORC and the CCHP system can be calculated. Capacities of all equipment in the CCHP-ORC and CCHP system are listed in Table 3.Table 3
Equipment’s capacities.
Items PGU ORC Auxiliary Electric Absorption Heating boiler chiller chiller coil CCHP (kW) 100 - 200 450 450 220  CCHP-ORC (kW) 80 20 100 450 450 220In Table3, the capacity of PGU in the CCHP system is 100 kW, which is searched in [1,500] with the whole year (8760h) data using enumeration algorithm. In the CCHP-ORC system, ORC is combined as power generator. In order to satisfy the power requirements, the sum capacity of PGU and ORC should be equal 100kW which is the optimal capacity in the CCHP system. In addition, efficiency of PGU is higher than that of the ORC. For the office building with low ratio of heat to power demand, power requirements are more than other requirements, so the capacity of PGU should be far larger than that of ORC. Through enumeration, the optimal capacity of PGU and ORC is 80kW and 20kW, respectively.The performance comparisons of the CCHP-ORC system and the CCHP system are shown in Table4. It is clear that all the performance values of the CCHP-ORC system are smaller than those of the CCHP system and the performances of the CCHP-ORC system are better than those of the CCHP system. The integration of ORC and PGU can improve the energy efficiency and reduce the capacity requirements of the auxiliary boiler and PGU. With the reduction of the ORC’s price, the superiority of the CCHP-ORC system will be more and more outstanding.Table 4
Performance comparisons of the CCHP-ORC system and the CCHP system.
Representative days PEC(kWh) DTC(Yuan) CDE(g) CCHP CCHP-ORC CCHP CCHP-ORC CCHP CCHP-ORC Spring day 3374.1 3230.9 1021.2 992.5 821740.0 790230.0  Summer day 11909.0 11455.0 3077.7 2986.7 2956700.0 2856900.0  Autumn day 2247.1 2214.3 762.5 758.3 548660.0 543260.0  Winter day 2626.3 2618.6 869.9 817.0 648430.0 607230.0If we assume that the price of ORC is about 100000 Yuan, from Table4, we only consider the PEC and DTC, we can find the whole year’s PEC saving is 58190.13 Yuan, the total consumption reduction is 16123.88 Yuan, and the sum of the whole year’s PEC saving and the total consumption reduction is 74314 Yuan. So the CCHP-ORC system runs 1 year and 4 months, and the cost of ORC is recovered.


## 4.1. Description of a Hypothetical Building

In this section, a CCHP-ORC system is installed for a hypothetical office building in Wuhan, Hubei, China, because the CCHP-ORC system is more suitable to the commercial building and the office building with low ratio of heat to power demand [35]. We chose EnergyPlus [38, 39] to analyze energy consumption of this building. This building is assumed to operate all year round and has five floors with a total construction area of 6000m2. The first floor consists of 400m2 exhibition halls and 800m2 office rooms. The second to the fifth floors are office rooms. Some important construction parameters of the hypothetical office building are listed in Table 1.Table 1
Construction parameters of the office building.
Parameters Values Each floor area 1200 m2 (30m × 40m)  Each floor height 3.2 m  Glass area 38% in each wall  Glazing heat transfer coefficient 4.128 W/(m2K)  Exterior wall heat transfer coefficient 0.440 W/(m2K)  Interior wall heat transfer coefficient 0.716 W/(m2K)  Floor heat transfer coefficient 2.300 W/(m2K)  Roof heat transfer coefficient 0.368 W/(m2K)  Electric equipment, lights, and people densities According to Wuhan’s energy-saving design standardThe hourly cooling, heating, and power requirements in one year of the hypothetical office building are shown in Figure2.Figure 2
One-year energy consumption.To ease the performance comparison, the hourly cooling, heating, and power requirements in representative days of spring, summer, autumn, and winter are shown in Figures3–6, respectively.Figure 3
Hourly energy requirements in a spring day.Figure 4
Hourly energy requirements in a summer day.Figure 5
Hourly energy requirements in a autumn day.Figure 6
Hourly energy requirements in a winter day.From Figures2–6, it can be noticed that the cooling requirements in summer are the most, the heating requirements in winter are more than those of other seasons, and the electricity requirements are substantially the same for each season.


## 4.2. Simulation Parameters

Table2 shows a set of technical parameters of the installed CCHP-ORC system for the hypothetical building. In this paper, the fuel is the natural gas which is widely used in China. The gas turbine is chosen as PGU. For performance comparison, some parameters of a conventional CCHP system, coefficient of performance, and efficiency of the components in the CCHP-ORC system, conversion factors, and weight factors are included in Table 2. The weighting factors of the evaluation criteria can be chosen to satisfy different requirements. Some parameters listed in Table 2 fluctuate with the market, such as price of electricity, natural gas, and carbon tax. Most of the system parameters can be gotten from equipment manual and some references.Table 2
System coefficients.
Symbol Variable Value ηpgu Efficiency of PGU in CCHP-ORC system 0.35  ηeSP Generation efficiency SP system 0.40  ηh Efficiency of heating unit 0.78  ηb Efficiency of auxiliary boiler 0.78  ηhrs Efficiency of heat recovery system 0.81  COPorc Coefficient of performance of ORC 0.17  COPac Coefficient of performance of absorption chiller 0.72  COPec Coefficient of performance of electric chiller 2.98  ηgrid Transmission efficiency of local grid 0.92  μe C O 2 emission conversion factor of electricity (g/kW h) 970  μf C O 2 emission conversion factor of natural gas (g/kW h) 218  Cc Carbon tax rates (yuan/kW h) 0.00002  Ce Electricity rates (yuan/kW h) 0.642  Cf Natural gas rates (yuan/kW h) 0.375  Cpgu Unit price of PGU (yuan/kW h) 6800  Cb Unit price of auxiliary boiler (yuan/kW h) 300  Ch Unit price of heating unit (yuan/kW h) 200  Cac Unit price of absorption chiller (yuan/kW h) 1200  Cec Unit price of electric chiller (yuan/kW h) 970  Corc Unit price of ORC (yuan/kW ) 12000  L Facilities’ lives (year) 20  ω1 Coefficient of PEC 0.6  ω2 Coefficient of HTC 0.3  ω3 Coefficient of CDE 0.1


## 4.3. Test Result

SQP algorithms have been proved highly effective for solving general constrained problems with smooth objective and constraint functions [40]. In this paper, we chose SQP algorithms to solve the optimization problem established in Section 3.2. In order to accelerate the convergence, some feasible initial points which are calculated from FEL and FTL strategies are manually designated. So the local optimal solution can be avoided and the convergence time is significantly reduced.The constructed optimization problem is solved in MATLAB by using fmincon.m. The computer used to solve this problem is configured with 2.6 GHz Intel Core i5-3230M processor and 4 GB 1067 MHz memory. Time elapsed for each step of optimization is about0.25s. This time is much shorter than one hour; in other words, the optimal energy flow and operation strategy for the next hour can be quickly obtained at the beginning of this hour. Thus, we can say that the optimization method is appropriate for practical use.The performance comparison of FEL, FTL, and the proposed optimal operation strategy is shown in Figures7–10 which includes spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. From Figures 8 and 10, all EChour values of the optimal operation strategy are obviously less than those of the FEL and FTL strategies. From Figures 7 and 9, most EChour values are also obviously less than those of FEL and FTL except 8:00-10:00. Because it is the beginning working time during 8:00-10:00, electricity requirements are very large, and there are almost no heating and cooling requirements. Taking into account the full day values, the performance of the optimal operation strategy is much better than that of FEL and FTL strategies. In spring, summer, and autumn, especially in the morning and in the evening, the optimal energy flow has excellent performance, while in the middle of a day, the advantage is not that evident. In winter, the performance in the middle of a day is much better than that in the morning and in the evening.Figure 7
Comparison of three strategies in a spring day.Figure 8
Comparison of three strategies in a summer day.Figure 9
Comparison of three strategies in an autumn day.Figure 10
Comparison of three strategies in a winter day.The reason for the proposed optimal operation strategy performing better than FEL and FTL strategies is that both FEL and FTL strategies are inevitably wasting energy. When operating at FEL mode, electricity for the building is firstly satisfied, and then if the thermal energy provided by PGU cannot meet the thermal demand, the auxiliary boiler will be activated; if the thermal supply exceeds the thermal demand, the excess thermal energy will be wasted. When operating at FTL mode, the thermal requirements are firstly satisfied, and then if the electricity provided by PGU cannot meet the electricity demand, additional electricity should be purchased from the power grid; if the electricity provided by PGU is sufficient, a certain amount of electricity will be wasted.The CCHP-ORC system includes ORC component as a power generator to make full use of excess thermal energy, and its integration with CCHP system has good application prospects. According to the energy requirements in representative days shown in Figures3–6, the hourly outputs of the electric chiller and the ORC in representative days can be calculated as Figures 11–14.Figure 11
Hourly outputs of the EC and ORC in a spring day.Figure 12
Hourly outputs of the EC and ORC in a summer day.Figure 13
Hourly outputs of the EC and ORC in an autumn day.Figure 14
Hourly outputs of the EC and ORC in a winter day.From Figures11–14, we can find that the electric chiller has high utilization rate in summer because of the high temperature in Wuhan, and the ORC plays a significant role in other three seasons.Substituting the primary energy consumptions, the daily total cost, and the carbon dioxide emission into (20)–(22), the daily performance criteria (i.e., PEC, DTC, CDE) for the CCHP-ORC and the CCHP system can be calculated. Capacities of all equipment in the CCHP-ORC and CCHP system are listed in Table 3.Table 3
Equipment’s capacities.
Items PGU ORC Auxiliary Electric Absorption Heating boiler chiller chiller coil CCHP (kW) 100 - 200 450 450 220  CCHP-ORC (kW) 80 20 100 450 450 220In Table3, the capacity of PGU in the CCHP system is 100 kW, which is searched in [1,500] with the whole year (8760h) data using enumeration algorithm. In the CCHP-ORC system, ORC is combined as power generator. In order to satisfy the power requirements, the sum capacity of PGU and ORC should be equal 100kW which is the optimal capacity in the CCHP system. In addition, efficiency of PGU is higher than that of the ORC. For the office building with low ratio of heat to power demand, power requirements are more than other requirements, so the capacity of PGU should be far larger than that of ORC. Through enumeration, the optimal capacity of PGU and ORC is 80kW and 20kW, respectively.The performance comparisons of the CCHP-ORC system and the CCHP system are shown in Table4. It is clear that all the performance values of the CCHP-ORC system are smaller than those of the CCHP system and the performances of the CCHP-ORC system are better than those of the CCHP system. The integration of ORC and PGU can improve the energy efficiency and reduce the capacity requirements of the auxiliary boiler and PGU. With the reduction of the ORC’s price, the superiority of the CCHP-ORC system will be more and more outstanding.Table 4
Performance comparisons of the CCHP-ORC system and the CCHP system.
Representative days PEC(kWh) DTC(Yuan) CDE(g) CCHP CCHP-ORC CCHP CCHP-ORC CCHP CCHP-ORC Spring day 3374.1 3230.9 1021.2 992.5 821740.0 790230.0  Summer day 11909.0 11455.0 3077.7 2986.7 2956700.0 2856900.0  Autumn day 2247.1 2214.3 762.5 758.3 548660.0 543260.0  Winter day 2626.3 2618.6 869.9 817.0 648430.0 607230.0If we assume that the price of ORC is about 100000 Yuan, from Table4, we only consider the PEC and DTC, we can find the whole year’s PEC saving is 58190.13 Yuan, the total consumption reduction is 16123.88 Yuan, and the sum of the whole year’s PEC saving and the total consumption reduction is 74314 Yuan. So the CCHP-ORC system runs 1 year and 4 months, and the cost of ORC is recovered.


## 5. Conclusion

A complementary configuration of the CCHP-ORC system is investigated to further improve the utilization efficiency of the excess thermal energy from the CCHP system. A comprehensive and systematic matrix modeling approach is proposed to describe the CCHP-ORC system. The matrix model includes efficiency matrices of system components, system conversion matrix, and dispatch factors. The optimal operation strategy is obtained by solving the optimization problem. Both economic and environmental factors are considered in the objective function of the optimal operation strategy design. The weights of economic and environmental factors can be changed according to different requirements. At last, an illustrative case study is conducted to show that the effectiveness and economic efficiency of the proposed approaches outperform those obtained from conventional CCHP systems.The main challenges of applying this method to real system are that some uncertainties in the CCHP-ORC system exist; for example, a likely source of uncertainty in the heat exchanger components of the CCHP-ORC system is fouling. The efficiencies of heat exchanger components are changed. In real system, we should consider these uncertainties by adding an error of less than 5% of the nominal value of the parameters.The main problem of the CCHP-ORC system is high investment cost of the ORC. However the unit price of the ORC will continually decline because of the technology maturing in recent years. Therefore the CCHP-ORC system will be more attractive and valuable. In addition, all calculation in this paper is based on an accurate load profile. While, in practical applications, accurate load profile does not exist, therefore, in future work, accurate load forecasting should be considered. In a further step, excess electricity sold back feature can be considered. In recent years, with the development of the renewable energy including solar energy, wind energy, and tide energy, more and more renewable energy should be incorporated into the CCHP system to make the trigeneration system more efficient.



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*Source: 5897438-2019-04-18.xml*