# Coordinated Development of Logistics Development and Low-Carbon Environmental Economy Base on AHP-DEA Model

Authors: Jinlan Wang; Huiwen Li; Huifang Guo
Journal: Scientific Programming
 (2022)

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## Abstract

With the intensification of global environmental pollution and the overexploitation of resources and energy, low-carbon environmental economy (LCEE) has become the important means for countries in the world to achieve sustainable economic, resource, and environmental development. Therefore, the research on the coordinated development of logistics development and LCEE is very necessary in the development of our country’s LCEE. Firstly, this paper discusses the development level of logistics industry in Hainan Province from five aspects: energy consumption, carbon emission, carbon productivity, economic benefit index, and carbon emission efficiency. Secondly, choose carbon emission intensity to represent the development level of low-carbon economy. Based on the efficiency coefficient method, coefficient of variation method, linear weighting method, spatial description method, and system evolution equation method, the coordination measurement method is adopted. Finally, the coordinated development of logistics development and low-carbon environmental economy in Hainan Province is analyzed. On this basis, this paper puts forward the related promotion strategies for the coordinated development of logistics development and logistics industry in Hainan. The research results show that the system coupling degree in Hainan Province is about 0.9, indicating that the logistics industry and the low-carbon economic subsystem have a relatively high degree of coupling development. Compared with other provinces, Hainan’s level of coupled and coordinated development is at the upstream level.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The LCEE is my country’s face of global warming, high resource and energy consumption, high pollutant emissions, and increasingly severe atmospheric environment, so as to promote my country to seize the future economic and industrial development and raise the commanding heights. At present, countries all over the world are fiercely competing in new energy and new technologies, which also poses a very serious challenge to the development of my country’s LCEE, but at the same time it is also a huge opportunity for the development of LCEE.Literature [1] found that there is an interactive relationship by studying the relationship between the logistics industry and the regional economy. Logistics industry is more important in the development of regional economy, which affects the speed and efficiency of regional economy [2]. LCEE is the main line of controlling greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and changing energy [3], production, and lifestyles. The low-carbon environmental economic model [4] is a win-win model for the coordinated development of ecological environment and economic environment. The manufacturing industry and the logistics industry [5–9] are interdependent, but the linkage between the two will cause a lot of pollution, and we can promote the low carbonization of the two to reduce pollution. The logistics industry has been greatly developed after the emergence of e-commerce [10], and the logistics industry has become an important pillar industry for regional economic development. Nowadays, the logistics industry not only plays an important pillar role in the regional economy but also becomes a restrictive element of the speed and efficiency of the regional economy. There are still some problems in my country’s logistics management [12], which lead to unreasonable resource allocation and serious waste. Concentrated, efficient, and economical [13–15] use of resources is an important way to achieve a low-carbon environment and economic development. The development of modern logistics has a certain positive effect on the intensive use of resources. To achieve low-carbon environmental economic development, it is necessary to further integrate and utilize existing logistics resources and strengthen the construction and connection of logistics infrastructure. It is of great significance to learn from foreign experience [16], explore my country’s logistics development in a low-carbon environment economy, strengthen international strategic low-carbon logistics planning, formulate specific low-carbon logistics policies and regulations, and standardize low-carbon logistics goals. Green logistics has become one of the important directions for the development of modern logistics industry [17]. In order to promote the healthy development of green logistics, relevant departments must seize new opportunities and strive to build a trading support system consisting of an emission standard system, a trading rule system, and a supporting platform system.


## 2. The Coordinated Development of Logistics and LCEE

Coordination is the interaction and mutual influence between two or more systems. Coordination is in the nature of the development process overall effect of the interaction between the various elements of the system or generated, emphasizing the mutual cooperation between elements to achieve a stable and orderly development process.Measurement methods play a great role in all fields of society; in the social and economic field, the main utilization aspects are the compound system such as the coupling of economy and ecological environment, the coupling of industry and urban development, and the coupling of economy and human settlement environment. The main research direction is the role of the relationship between subsystems in promoting the benign interactive development of the compound system. Coordination measurement methods mainly include the following: based on efficiency coefficient, coefficient of variation method, linear weighted sum method, spatial description method, system evolution equation method, etc., as shown in Table1.Table 1
System evolution equation method.
MethodFormulaAdvantages and disadvantagesMultivariable synthesis methodC=∑i=1nwiUAui where A is the stable region of the system; effect of UAui as variable ui on system orderThe calculation is simple and easy to operate, and the reference index determination is inconsistent and the comparability is poorEfficiency coefficient methodC=fXgY/fX+gY/22kD=C,T;T=αfx+βgy where fx and gy are evaluation functions; C∈0,1; D is coordination degree, T is comprehensive evaluation index, and α and β are weightsIt is simple and easy to introduce order parameters, and it is difficult to select reasonable indexesCoefficient of variation methodC=αcm+βcn+γcu where α,β,andγ are coefficients; cm,cn,andcu are subsystemsThe model is simple, the principle is clear, and the selection of the two system indexes should be accurate and representativeSpatial description methodIXYCt=1−α1Ixt−IXYt2−α2IYt−IXYt2. Among them, XandY are two subsystems; IxtandIYt are the degrees of development of two subsystems; IXYt is the average level of the development of two subsystems; α1andα2 are the weightsAnalyze the coordination degree from static and dynamic; to calculate the coordination degree of multisystem, the model is complex and the amount of calculation is largeSystem evolution equationdxt/dt=fx1,x2…xnVA=dA/dtVB=dB/dttanθ=VA/VB. Among them, A and B are two subsystems; VA and VB are the evolution rates of the two subsystems; θ is the coupling degree of the coupled systemConsidering the dynamic changes of the system with time, the coordination degree of the system is divided into absolute coordination degree and relative coordination degree, which is complicated in operation and requires high continuity of indicators and dataComparing and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the above coordination measurement methods based on the efficiency coefficient method can better reflect the coordinated development of logistics economy, so this paper chooses the efficiency coefficient method to analyze the coordinated development of logistics economy.


## 3. DEA Model

### 3.1. Carbon Emission Estimation Method

At present, there is no special statistical data or calculation standard of carbon emissions in China, so we can only estimate carbon emissions. In this paper, the IPCC inventory method is chosen, which uses the carbon emission coefficient and energy consumption in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guide. Its advantages are easy to obtain data and wide application range. Therefore, referring to other literature studies, this paper selects the IPCC inventory preparation method to estimate carbon emissions, and the specific calculation formula is defined.(1)Ct=∑i=1nEitθiδi.Here,Ct is the carbon emission of regional logistics in the t period, Eit is the energy consumption in the t period i, including raw coal, coke, crude oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas (nine types of energy), θi is the reference coefficient of the i-th energy converted into standard coal, and δi is the carbon emission coefficient of the i-th energy.


### 3.2. Carbon Productivity

Carbon productivity is the GDP output efficiency per unit of carbon dioxide, and its role is to reflect the economic benefits produced by the unit of carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon productivity is also defined as the reciprocal relationship between “carbon average” and “unit carbon emission intensity”. The process of reducing carbon emissions is the process of increasing carbon productivity, and the decline of carbon intensity indicates the improvement of carbon productivity. The specific calculation formula is as follows:(2)carbon productivity=outputCO2emission.


### 3.3. Carbon Emissions Per Capita

Social and economic development should not only consider the carrying capacity of ecological environment, more consideration should be given to the rational distribution, but also been unanimously recognized internationally. Per capita carbon emissions can exclude the influence of regional population size, so per capita carbon emissions can better reflect the characteristics of total carbon emissions. The calculation formula is as follows:(3)carbon emissions per capita=CO2emissionsnumber of people.


### 3.4. Economic Efficiency Index (EEI)

The rapid growth of social economy is closely related to regional carbon emissions. Therefore, this paper draws lessons from other literature studies. The EEI is used to measure the relationship between GDP and carbon emissions in various provinces of China. That is, the EEI is equal to the proportion of the contribution rate of logistics industry to GDP and the contribution rate of logistics industry carbon emissions to overall carbon emissions. If the proportion of carbon emissions of logistics industry in a province is greater than the contribution rate of GDP, it indicates that the economic efficiency is relatively low. The logistics industry in the province and other banks interact in carbon emissions, whereas the regional economic efficiency is relatively high.(4)EEI=GLi/GICLi/Ci,where GLi and GI are the output value of logistics industry and GDP of each province and the carbon emissions of logistics industry in CLi and Ci and the total carbon emissions of each province.


### 3.5. Calculation Method of Carbon Emission Efficiency

Carbon emission efficiency refers to the maximum output capacity under constant input, or the minimum input required for a certain output. The DEA model has been used to study carbon emission efficiency in many literature studies. DEA models include CCR, BCC, etc. The CCR model takes decision-making efficiency as the final goal and constructs the DEA model with constant return to scale. Adding constraints to the CCR model becomes the BCC model. The traditional DEA and BCC models are constructed to measure the technical efficiency of carbon dioxide emissions. The BCC model can be expressed as follows:(5)Minθi0−εeTs++eTs−,(6)s.t.∑i=1Nxiλi+s−=θi0xi0∑i=1Nyiλi−s+=yi0∑i=1Nλi=1,λi≥0,i=1,2,…,ns+≥0,s−≥0.Here,s+ and s− are slack variables, eT is the unit row vector, θi0 is the relative efficiency value of the decision-making unit, and λ is the weight vector.


## 3.1. Carbon Emission Estimation Method

At present, there is no special statistical data or calculation standard of carbon emissions in China, so we can only estimate carbon emissions. In this paper, the IPCC inventory method is chosen, which uses the carbon emission coefficient and energy consumption in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guide. Its advantages are easy to obtain data and wide application range. Therefore, referring to other literature studies, this paper selects the IPCC inventory preparation method to estimate carbon emissions, and the specific calculation formula is defined.(1)Ct=∑i=1nEitθiδi.Here,Ct is the carbon emission of regional logistics in the t period, Eit is the energy consumption in the t period i, including raw coal, coke, crude oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas (nine types of energy), θi is the reference coefficient of the i-th energy converted into standard coal, and δi is the carbon emission coefficient of the i-th energy.


## 3.2. Carbon Productivity

Carbon productivity is the GDP output efficiency per unit of carbon dioxide, and its role is to reflect the economic benefits produced by the unit of carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon productivity is also defined as the reciprocal relationship between “carbon average” and “unit carbon emission intensity”. The process of reducing carbon emissions is the process of increasing carbon productivity, and the decline of carbon intensity indicates the improvement of carbon productivity. The specific calculation formula is as follows:(2)carbon productivity=outputCO2emission.


## 3.3. Carbon Emissions Per Capita

Social and economic development should not only consider the carrying capacity of ecological environment, more consideration should be given to the rational distribution, but also been unanimously recognized internationally. Per capita carbon emissions can exclude the influence of regional population size, so per capita carbon emissions can better reflect the characteristics of total carbon emissions. The calculation formula is as follows:(3)carbon emissions per capita=CO2emissionsnumber of people.


## 3.4. Economic Efficiency Index (EEI)

The rapid growth of social economy is closely related to regional carbon emissions. Therefore, this paper draws lessons from other literature studies. The EEI is used to measure the relationship between GDP and carbon emissions in various provinces of China. That is, the EEI is equal to the proportion of the contribution rate of logistics industry to GDP and the contribution rate of logistics industry carbon emissions to overall carbon emissions. If the proportion of carbon emissions of logistics industry in a province is greater than the contribution rate of GDP, it indicates that the economic efficiency is relatively low. The logistics industry in the province and other banks interact in carbon emissions, whereas the regional economic efficiency is relatively high.(4)EEI=GLi/GICLi/Ci,where GLi and GI are the output value of logistics industry and GDP of each province and the carbon emissions of logistics industry in CLi and Ci and the total carbon emissions of each province.


## 3.5. Calculation Method of Carbon Emission Efficiency

Carbon emission efficiency refers to the maximum output capacity under constant input, or the minimum input required for a certain output. The DEA model has been used to study carbon emission efficiency in many literature studies. DEA models include CCR, BCC, etc. The CCR model takes decision-making efficiency as the final goal and constructs the DEA model with constant return to scale. Adding constraints to the CCR model becomes the BCC model. The traditional DEA and BCC models are constructed to measure the technical efficiency of carbon dioxide emissions. The BCC model can be expressed as follows:(5)Minθi0−εeTs++eTs−,(6)s.t.∑i=1Nxiλi+s−=θi0xi0∑i=1Nyiλi−s+=yi0∑i=1Nλi=1,λi≥0,i=1,2,…,ns+≥0,s−≥0.Here,s+ and s− are slack variables, eT is the unit row vector, θi0 is the relative efficiency value of the decision-making unit, and λ is the weight vector.


## 4. Analysis of the Characteristics of the Logistics Industry

### 4.1. Carbon Emissions of the Logistics Industry in Provinces

According to formula (1), the carbon emissions of logistics industry in China’s provinces from 2016 to 2019 are calculated, as shown in Table 2.Table 2
Carbon emissions of the logistics industry in China’s provinces from 2016 to 2019 (unit: 10,000 tons).
Province2016201720182019Beijing443.9558.4648.1684.8Tianjin179.6236.2284.1335.7Hebei486.6537.2569.8701.1Shanxi333.5473.1524553.8Inner Mongolia654.2776.9934.11083.2Liaoning844.5982.71123.21289.7Jilin Province200.3254.8290.4351.1Heilongjiang267.4281.9505.8571.7Shanghai9511034.11092.51103.2Jiangsu561.5681.9853.51004.6Zhejiang578.1730819.5915.6Anhui Province242.7379467.4577.9Fujian337.4440.2504.7598.3Jiangxi213.2269.3327.2383.9Shandong1089.31451.31676.52126.1Henan497.5599.3709.8757.1Hubei590.2684.6842.5999.4Hunan355455.1548.5613.3Guangdong1062.31379.51582.11826.7Guangxi309.4378.5448.3581.7Hainan80.7152.7176.6178.9Chongqing267.1342.4400.1451.6Sichuan470.4622.5699.5782.1Guizhou206.7257.4330.6427.7Yunnan352.3387.9519.3595.1Shaanxi332.3476.7561.3604Gansu Province200.7226241.2245.2Qinghai38.159.975.776.2Ningxia34.762.886.996.6Xinjiang316.8347.9374.4484.9The carbon emissions of logistics industry in China’s provinces maintained a rapid growth trend from 2016 to 2019, and there were great differences and imbalances in carbon emissions among provinces. At present, the development of China’s logistics industry depends on energy consumption, mainly traditional coal and oil. Although the logistics industry has grown rapidly, it has led to more carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, the development of China’s logistics industry needs to change to the development mode of low emission, high efficiency, and high energy efficiency and get rid of the traditional extensive development mode, high energy consumption, and high pollution development mode.The growth of coal and oil consumption in Hainan Province is not high from 2016 to 2019 in Table3. Combined with Table 2, logistics industry level is lower than that of a province with large carbon emissions, but it provides a good environment for promoting the coordinated development of logistics development and LCEE.Table 3
Total energy consumption structure between Hainan Province and the whole country.
YearCoalOilHainanWhole countryHainanWhole country201630.7271.139.2218.8201730.0270.340.6818.3201832.1270.441.6817.9201931.636840.3419


### 4.2. Carbon Productivity Analysis

Carbon productivity, that is, the carbon emissions generated by unit GDP growth, is a relative indicator to measure the efficiency of carbon emissions and can also reflect the dependence of economic growth on high energy consuming industries. Therefore, this paper selects carbon productivity to measure the carbon emission level of regional logistics industry, and calculates the carbon productivity of logistics industry according to formula (2). The results are shown in Table 4.Table 4
Carbon productivity of the logistics industry in China’s provinces from 2013 to 2019.
Province2013201420152016201720182019Hainan1.831.872.122.212.532.582.51Beijing1.130.921.041.171.261.251.29Tianjin1.571.492.052.252.312.332.15Hebei2.342.492.833.253.663.693.37Shandong1.291.121.151.31.491.581.61Shanghai0.790.911.031.011.141.191.2Jiangsu0.770.750.840.851.051.171.07Zhejiang1.321.41.41.361.491.441.38Guangdong1.331.571.581.681.111.171.08Fujian0.770.740.650.730.820.840.85Shaanxi1.271.261.241.331.51.51.44Shanxi1.921.761.271.151.291.291.21Inner Mongolia1.881.771.751.781.952.081.95Henan1.521.551.511.541.61.81.75Hubei1.281.51.221.21.411.391.28Hunan1.721.811.411.281.381.571.72Jiangxi0.810.830.971.021.051.141.07Anhui1.321.31.591.581.771.841.9Gansu Province1.181.161.181.181.341.711.41Qinghai0.980.991.031.141.351.331.15Ningxia0.960.730.620.610.720.80.77Xinjiang0.970.961.051.011.171.231.27Guangxi1.071.050.860.850.930.970.95Chongqing0.770.731.61.621.841.821.8Sichuan0.550.590.490.380.430.470.45Guizhou0.920.880.920.91.011.091.08Yunnan0.870.970.990.991.211.361.4Liaoning0.860.820.920.981.0110.95Jilin Province1.251.32.011.952.222.282.06Heilongjiang0.550.570.630.610.710.80.86As can be seen from Table4, from 2013 to 2019, the carbon productivity of logistics industry in 30 provinces showed great differences. It can be seen that the carbon productivity of logistics industry in Hainan Province is on the rise and the growth rate is relatively large. The carbon productivity is as high as 20,000 yuan/ton of coal. The carbon productivity of logistics industry is much higher than that of other provinces. It means that Hainan Province pays more attention to the quality of economic growth while the logistics industry is growing rapidly, and can effectively use the input of science and technology, resources, and environment, so that the logistics industry has been effectively developed under the LCEE, and the good effect of coordinated development between logistics development and LCEE has been achieved.


### 4.3. Economic Efficiency Index Analysis

According to formula (4), the EEI of logistics industry in China’s provinces from 2013 to 2019 is calculated, as shown in Table 5.Table 5
Economic benefit index of the logistics industry in each province from 2013 to 2019.
Province2013201420152016201720182019Hainan0.350.280.350.330.360.310.93Beijing0.220.150.190.170.170.120.28Tianjin0.540.380.550.60.570.470.84Hebei1.031.061.161.291.41.283.13Shandong0.530.390.430.40.380.390.77Shanghai0.230.220.270.20.220.161.58Jiangsu0.550.470.480.450.50.490.83Zhejiang0.440.350.330.280.310.220.85Guangdong0.490.440.530.470.290.250.81Fujian0.230.20.180.170.190.160.3Shaanxi0.250.210.230.210.230.180.48Shanxi0.370.280.210.150.170.130.64Inner Mongolia0.290.210.290.290.290.250.64Henan0.310.250.280.240.240.230.67Hubei0.380.380.330.310.360.320.8Hunan0.290.250.20.160.190.190.94Jiangxi0.230.190.230.180.180.140.51Anhui0.280.210.260.210.210.20.71Gansu0.230.180.220.180.20.210.39Qinghai0.190.150.180.180.270.250.54Ningxia0.680.440.370.30.330.290.4Xinjiang0.130.10.120.080.120.10.47Guangxi0.210.170.160.130.150.110.35Chongqing0.190.130.280.240.260.191.79Sichuan0.20.160.140.090.110.080.29Guizhou0.360.290.330.270.280.250.81Yunnan0.60.560.560.450.530.51.27Liaoning0.270.250.30.260.260.210.66Jilin0.40.50.720.570.580.791.15Heilongjiang0.370.340.390.340.390.371.05As can be seen from Table5, on the whole, the EEI of Hainan Province from 2013 to 2019 was less than 0.5. It shows that the development of logistics industry in Hainan Province depends on the development mode of high energy input and high carbon emission output to a great extent, and the low level of energy utilization efficiency in the development of logistics industry means that the utilization of energy efficiency in the development of logistics industry in Hainan Province needs to be improved urgently. However, in 2018–2019, the EEI of Hainan Province has greatly increased to 0.93. Combined with Table 4, it shows that Hainan Province is actively developing LCEE, changing the development mode of logistics industry, and striving to achieve coordinated development of logistics development and LCEE.


### 4.4. Calculation of Carbon Emission Efficiency of the Logistics Industry

In this paper, DEAP2.1 software is used to solve formulas (5) and (6), and the carbon emission efficiency of logistics industry in 30 provinces of China from 2013 to 2019 is calculated. The results are shown in Table 6.Table 6
Carbon emission efficiency of the logistics industry in each province from 2013 to 2019.
Province2013201420152016201720182019Hainan0.820.870.830.780.720.690.88Beijing0.850.881.020.830.780.680.98Tianjin0.770.731.020.680.730.740.98Hebei0.570.560.760.730.780.710.85Shandong0.680.630.610.520.60.550.88Shanghai0.690.61.020.850.810.820.98Jiangsu0.720.691.020.770.840.830.8Zhejiang0.730.820.820.810.790.720.97Guangdong0.660.631.020.80.880.840.82Fujian0.770.720.810.670.660.680.98Shaanxi0.810.790.740.720.780.750.83Shanxi0.570.650.780.770.840.80.74Inner Mongolia0.640.680.790.70.770.740.75Henan0.680.670.850.850.850.80.76Hubei0.660.750.940.890.920.890.89Hunan0.720.650.720.70.730.710.66Jiangxi0.750.670.780.810.850.830.78Anhui0.80.820.880.880.940.910.89Gansu0.890.781.020.921.010.990.85Qinghai0.60.580.70.680.760.720.74Ningxia0.680.560.810.80.830.750.98Xinjiang0.630.720.840.80.820.830.98Guangxi0.660.660.760.750.610.60.98Chongqing0.530.510.550.450.520.510.74Sichuan0.510.470.540.520.570.560.89Guizhou0.610.690.750.760.690.690.93Yunnan0.490.460.490.450.530.490.98Liaoning0.680.710.540.530.540.510.98Jilin0.580.530.570.550.640.570.69Heilongjiang0.420.490.580.570.570.510.73The carbon emission efficiency of logistics industry in Hainan Province is about 0.8 in Table6, and the carbon emission efficiency is relatively high, indicating that Hainan Province pays more attention to the effective utilization of labor, capital, energy, and environment. Improving the utilization rate of all elements of logistics development is also conducive to the transformation of logistics development mode to low carbon and promotes the coordinated development of logistics development, low-carbon environment, and economy.


## 4.1. Carbon Emissions of the Logistics Industry in Provinces

According to formula (1), the carbon emissions of logistics industry in China’s provinces from 2016 to 2019 are calculated, as shown in Table 2.Table 2
Carbon emissions of the logistics industry in China’s provinces from 2016 to 2019 (unit: 10,000 tons).
Province2016201720182019Beijing443.9558.4648.1684.8Tianjin179.6236.2284.1335.7Hebei486.6537.2569.8701.1Shanxi333.5473.1524553.8Inner Mongolia654.2776.9934.11083.2Liaoning844.5982.71123.21289.7Jilin Province200.3254.8290.4351.1Heilongjiang267.4281.9505.8571.7Shanghai9511034.11092.51103.2Jiangsu561.5681.9853.51004.6Zhejiang578.1730819.5915.6Anhui Province242.7379467.4577.9Fujian337.4440.2504.7598.3Jiangxi213.2269.3327.2383.9Shandong1089.31451.31676.52126.1Henan497.5599.3709.8757.1Hubei590.2684.6842.5999.4Hunan355455.1548.5613.3Guangdong1062.31379.51582.11826.7Guangxi309.4378.5448.3581.7Hainan80.7152.7176.6178.9Chongqing267.1342.4400.1451.6Sichuan470.4622.5699.5782.1Guizhou206.7257.4330.6427.7Yunnan352.3387.9519.3595.1Shaanxi332.3476.7561.3604Gansu Province200.7226241.2245.2Qinghai38.159.975.776.2Ningxia34.762.886.996.6Xinjiang316.8347.9374.4484.9The carbon emissions of logistics industry in China’s provinces maintained a rapid growth trend from 2016 to 2019, and there were great differences and imbalances in carbon emissions among provinces. At present, the development of China’s logistics industry depends on energy consumption, mainly traditional coal and oil. Although the logistics industry has grown rapidly, it has led to more carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, the development of China’s logistics industry needs to change to the development mode of low emission, high efficiency, and high energy efficiency and get rid of the traditional extensive development mode, high energy consumption, and high pollution development mode.The growth of coal and oil consumption in Hainan Province is not high from 2016 to 2019 in Table3. Combined with Table 2, logistics industry level is lower than that of a province with large carbon emissions, but it provides a good environment for promoting the coordinated development of logistics development and LCEE.Table 3
Total energy consumption structure between Hainan Province and the whole country.
YearCoalOilHainanWhole countryHainanWhole country201630.7271.139.2218.8201730.0270.340.6818.3201832.1270.441.6817.9201931.636840.3419


## 4.2. Carbon Productivity Analysis

Carbon productivity, that is, the carbon emissions generated by unit GDP growth, is a relative indicator to measure the efficiency of carbon emissions and can also reflect the dependence of economic growth on high energy consuming industries. Therefore, this paper selects carbon productivity to measure the carbon emission level of regional logistics industry, and calculates the carbon productivity of logistics industry according to formula (2). The results are shown in Table 4.Table 4
Carbon productivity of the logistics industry in China’s provinces from 2013 to 2019.
Province2013201420152016201720182019Hainan1.831.872.122.212.532.582.51Beijing1.130.921.041.171.261.251.29Tianjin1.571.492.052.252.312.332.15Hebei2.342.492.833.253.663.693.37Shandong1.291.121.151.31.491.581.61Shanghai0.790.911.031.011.141.191.2Jiangsu0.770.750.840.851.051.171.07Zhejiang1.321.41.41.361.491.441.38Guangdong1.331.571.581.681.111.171.08Fujian0.770.740.650.730.820.840.85Shaanxi1.271.261.241.331.51.51.44Shanxi1.921.761.271.151.291.291.21Inner Mongolia1.881.771.751.781.952.081.95Henan1.521.551.511.541.61.81.75Hubei1.281.51.221.21.411.391.28Hunan1.721.811.411.281.381.571.72Jiangxi0.810.830.971.021.051.141.07Anhui1.321.31.591.581.771.841.9Gansu Province1.181.161.181.181.341.711.41Qinghai0.980.991.031.141.351.331.15Ningxia0.960.730.620.610.720.80.77Xinjiang0.970.961.051.011.171.231.27Guangxi1.071.050.860.850.930.970.95Chongqing0.770.731.61.621.841.821.8Sichuan0.550.590.490.380.430.470.45Guizhou0.920.880.920.91.011.091.08Yunnan0.870.970.990.991.211.361.4Liaoning0.860.820.920.981.0110.95Jilin Province1.251.32.011.952.222.282.06Heilongjiang0.550.570.630.610.710.80.86As can be seen from Table4, from 2013 to 2019, the carbon productivity of logistics industry in 30 provinces showed great differences. It can be seen that the carbon productivity of logistics industry in Hainan Province is on the rise and the growth rate is relatively large. The carbon productivity is as high as 20,000 yuan/ton of coal. The carbon productivity of logistics industry is much higher than that of other provinces. It means that Hainan Province pays more attention to the quality of economic growth while the logistics industry is growing rapidly, and can effectively use the input of science and technology, resources, and environment, so that the logistics industry has been effectively developed under the LCEE, and the good effect of coordinated development between logistics development and LCEE has been achieved.


## 4.3. Economic Efficiency Index Analysis

According to formula (4), the EEI of logistics industry in China’s provinces from 2013 to 2019 is calculated, as shown in Table 5.Table 5
Economic benefit index of the logistics industry in each province from 2013 to 2019.
Province2013201420152016201720182019Hainan0.350.280.350.330.360.310.93Beijing0.220.150.190.170.170.120.28Tianjin0.540.380.550.60.570.470.84Hebei1.031.061.161.291.41.283.13Shandong0.530.390.430.40.380.390.77Shanghai0.230.220.270.20.220.161.58Jiangsu0.550.470.480.450.50.490.83Zhejiang0.440.350.330.280.310.220.85Guangdong0.490.440.530.470.290.250.81Fujian0.230.20.180.170.190.160.3Shaanxi0.250.210.230.210.230.180.48Shanxi0.370.280.210.150.170.130.64Inner Mongolia0.290.210.290.290.290.250.64Henan0.310.250.280.240.240.230.67Hubei0.380.380.330.310.360.320.8Hunan0.290.250.20.160.190.190.94Jiangxi0.230.190.230.180.180.140.51Anhui0.280.210.260.210.210.20.71Gansu0.230.180.220.180.20.210.39Qinghai0.190.150.180.180.270.250.54Ningxia0.680.440.370.30.330.290.4Xinjiang0.130.10.120.080.120.10.47Guangxi0.210.170.160.130.150.110.35Chongqing0.190.130.280.240.260.191.79Sichuan0.20.160.140.090.110.080.29Guizhou0.360.290.330.270.280.250.81Yunnan0.60.560.560.450.530.51.27Liaoning0.270.250.30.260.260.210.66Jilin0.40.50.720.570.580.791.15Heilongjiang0.370.340.390.340.390.371.05As can be seen from Table5, on the whole, the EEI of Hainan Province from 2013 to 2019 was less than 0.5. It shows that the development of logistics industry in Hainan Province depends on the development mode of high energy input and high carbon emission output to a great extent, and the low level of energy utilization efficiency in the development of logistics industry means that the utilization of energy efficiency in the development of logistics industry in Hainan Province needs to be improved urgently. However, in 2018–2019, the EEI of Hainan Province has greatly increased to 0.93. Combined with Table 4, it shows that Hainan Province is actively developing LCEE, changing the development mode of logistics industry, and striving to achieve coordinated development of logistics development and LCEE.


## 4.4. Calculation of Carbon Emission Efficiency of the Logistics Industry

In this paper, DEAP2.1 software is used to solve formulas (5) and (6), and the carbon emission efficiency of logistics industry in 30 provinces of China from 2013 to 2019 is calculated. The results are shown in Table 6.Table 6
Carbon emission efficiency of the logistics industry in each province from 2013 to 2019.
Province2013201420152016201720182019Hainan0.820.870.830.780.720.690.88Beijing0.850.881.020.830.780.680.98Tianjin0.770.731.020.680.730.740.98Hebei0.570.560.760.730.780.710.85Shandong0.680.630.610.520.60.550.88Shanghai0.690.61.020.850.810.820.98Jiangsu0.720.691.020.770.840.830.8Zhejiang0.730.820.820.810.790.720.97Guangdong0.660.631.020.80.880.840.82Fujian0.770.720.810.670.660.680.98Shaanxi0.810.790.740.720.780.750.83Shanxi0.570.650.780.770.840.80.74Inner Mongolia0.640.680.790.70.770.740.75Henan0.680.670.850.850.850.80.76Hubei0.660.750.940.890.920.890.89Hunan0.720.650.720.70.730.710.66Jiangxi0.750.670.780.810.850.830.78Anhui0.80.820.880.880.940.910.89Gansu0.890.781.020.921.010.990.85Qinghai0.60.580.70.680.760.720.74Ningxia0.680.560.810.80.830.750.98Xinjiang0.630.720.840.80.820.830.98Guangxi0.660.660.760.750.610.60.98Chongqing0.530.510.550.450.520.510.74Sichuan0.510.470.540.520.570.560.89Guizhou0.610.690.750.760.690.690.93Yunnan0.490.460.490.450.530.490.98Liaoning0.680.710.540.530.540.510.98Jilin0.580.530.570.550.640.570.69Heilongjiang0.420.490.580.570.570.510.73The carbon emission efficiency of logistics industry in Hainan Province is about 0.8 in Table6, and the carbon emission efficiency is relatively high, indicating that Hainan Province pays more attention to the effective utilization of labor, capital, energy, and environment. Improving the utilization rate of all elements of logistics development is also conducive to the transformation of logistics development mode to low carbon and promotes the coordinated development of logistics development, low-carbon environment, and economy.


## 5. Analysis of Coordinated Development between Logistics Development and LCEE

### 5.1. Construction of the Evaluation Index System

Low energy consumption, low emission, and high efficiency are the advantages of LCEE. LCEE requires China to transform to low carbon. The evaluation idea of coordinated development of logistics industry and low-carbon economy is shown in Figure1. Firstly, after a large number of literature retrieval, the index system is sorted out; second, scientific treatment of indicators; thirdly, obtain the original data of indicators by inquiring the statistical yearbook; and fourthly, this paper analyzes the coordination degree and coupling degree between logistics industry and low-carbon economy by using index standardization data and weight, so as to provide theoretical basis for the coordinated development of logistics development and LCEE in China.Figure 1
The evaluation idea of coordinated development of logistics industry and low-carbon economy.The construction principles of evaluation index system are as follows: 1. Scientific principle; 2. the principle of low carbonization; and 3. dynamic principle. China’s logistics industry has high GDP, low energy utilization rate, and high carbon emissions. Under the constraint of resources and environment, it depends on resource elements and has a great impact on ecological environment. The proposal of low-carbon economy can promote the transformation of China’s logistics industry to low-carbon development mode, so as to consume less resources, improve energy utilization rate, reduce carbon emissions and obtain higher output, and realize the sustainable development of resources and environment. Referring to the relevant literature research results, this paper selects the evaluation index from three aspects: economic aggregate, economic scale, and economic benefit for regional economy, and selects the logistics subsystem from three aspects: logistics industry scale, logistics industry structure, and logistics benefit, and constructs the index system of coordinated development between logistics industry and low-carbon economy, as shown in Table7.Table 7
Evaluation index system of the logistics industry and low-carbon economy system.
SystemFirst-class indexSecondary indexIndicator interpretationEconomic systemEconomic aggregatePer capita GDPReflect the level of regional economic development (100 million yuan)Investment in fixed assets of the whole societyIncluding the construction and purchase of fixed assets (100 million yuan)


### 5.2. Coordinated Development Model

The efficiency coefficient of logistics industry and low-carbon economy subsystem to system order can be expressed as follows:(7)uij=xij−βijαij−βij,αij−xijαij−βij.In formula (7), uij is the contribution degree of the variable xij to the efficiency function of the coupled system, and αij and βij, respectively, represent the upper and lower limit values of the sequence parameter of the stability critical point of the coupled system.Because the logistics industry subsystem and the low-carbon economy subsystem are interactive but different, the total contribution to the order degree of each parameter in the subsystem is expressed by the integration method, using geometric average method and linear weighted sum method:(8)ui=∑i=1mλijuij,∑j=1mλij=1.Here,uij is the order parameter of the system and λij is the weight of each order parameter.


### 5.3. System Coupling Degree Model

The concept and model of capacitive coupling in physics are introduced in this paper, which is applied to the interaction between multiple subsystems. The coupling model can be expressed as follows:(9)Cn=u1,u2⋯um∏ui+uj1/n,C∈0,1,where n=2; the formula evolves as shown in formula (10), which represents the coupling model of the composite system:(10)C=u1×u2u1+u22.Here, the coupling degree index of logistics industry and low-carbon economy complex system isC, which means that the comprehensive evaluation indexes of logistics industry and low-carbon economy development are u1andu2, respectively.This paper constructs the coupling coordination function between logistics system and low-carbon economy system to reflect the coupling of the system. The coordination model of the composite system is as follows:(11)T=αu1+βu2,Du1,u2=C×T.Here,T is the low-carbon comprehensive development index; D is the coordinated development index; C, u1,u2 are the same as above; α, β are undetermined coefficients; and the value is 0.5 in this paper.


### 5.4. Criteria for the Division of Coordinated Development

According to the coupling theory, this paper divides the coordination types of logistics industry and low-carbon economy into six types:C=1 is benign resonance coupling; 0.8<C<1 is high level coupling; 0.5<C<0.8 is the running-in period; 0.3<C≤0.5 is the antiseptic period; 0<C≤0.3 is low level coupling; and C=0 is the irrelevant state. The coordination degree of the coupling system between logistics industry and regional economy is divided into twelve types and seven comparative relationship types in Table 8.Table 8
Classification and standards of coordinated development of logistics industry and low-carbon economy.
Degree of coordinationCoupling coordination typeValue rangeTypes of contrast relation betweenu1 and u2Extreme coordinationExtreme coupling coordination0.90<D≤1.0u1<u2: logistics industry laggingHigh-quality coupling coordination0.80<D≤0.900.8<u1/u2≤1: the logistics industry is relatively laggingHighly coordinatedGood coupling and coordination0.70<D≤0.800.6<u1/u2≤0.8: the logistics industry is seriously lagging behindIntermediate coupling coordination0.60<D≤0.700<u1/u2≤0.6: the logistics industry is extremely laggingPrimary coupling coordination0.50<D≤0.60u1>u2: low-carbon economy laggingModerate coordinationHarmony and coordination0.40<D≤0.500.8<u1/u2≤1: low-carbon economy is relatively laggingReluctantly reconcile and coordinate0.30<D≤0.400.6<u1/u2≤0.8: low-carbon economy severely lagging behindLow coordinationMild incongruity0.20<D≤0.300<u1/u2≤0.6: low-carbon economy extremely laggingSerious incongruity0.10<D≤0.20u1=u2: the logistics industry and the low-carbon economy are synchronizedExtremely incongruous0≤D≤0.10


### 5.5. Correlation Analysis between Logistics Development and Low-Carbon Economy

Using formula (11), the coordinated development degree of composite system in Hainan Province from 2010 to 2020 is obtained, and the calculation results are shown in Table 9.Table 9
Coupling degree between the logistics industry and low-carbon economy in Hainan.
Province20102011201220132014201520162017201820192020Hainan0.950.920.930.90.910.890.930.970.920.930.98The coupling degree of Hainan’s logistics industry and low-carbon economic development is in the range of 0.9–1.0, and the coupling degree is at a relatively high level of development, indicating that Hainan’s logistics development and LCEE have a relatively high level of coordinated development.Figure2 shows that in the process of economic development, the influence of the three industries changes. Because Hainan’s economy is a province of tourism economy, the tertiary industry, as a pillar industry, shows a strong economic growth rate and proportion. The development of primary industry and secondary industry is relatively slow and the proportion is small.Figure 2
Trend chart of added value of three major industries in Hainan Province from 2010 to 2018.In Figure3, we can see that under the low-carbon economic environment of Hainan Province, the GDP of each region is on the rise. Combining Table 10 and Figure 2, we can see that the tertiary industry where the logistics industry of Hainan Province is located accounts for the total production of Hainan Province. About 45% of the value and the tertiary industry GDP value added by Hainan Province’s logistics industry far exceeds that of other industries. With a relatively high level of coordinated development of logistics development and LCEE, the logistics industry in Hainan Province has been developing rapidly. It has done a very good job in the coordinated development of low-carbon environment and economy.Figure 3
The province’s GDP in a low-carbon environment from 2011 to 2020.Table 10
GDP structure of Hainan Province from 2010 to 2020.
Industry20102011201220132014201520162017201820192020Primary industry26.126.124.924.624.424.12422.32120.3520.5Secondary industry27.728.328.22624.823.622.3222320.0719.1Tertiary industry46.245.646.949.450.852.353.755.75758.9560.4


## 5.1. Construction of the Evaluation Index System

Low energy consumption, low emission, and high efficiency are the advantages of LCEE. LCEE requires China to transform to low carbon. The evaluation idea of coordinated development of logistics industry and low-carbon economy is shown in Figure1. Firstly, after a large number of literature retrieval, the index system is sorted out; second, scientific treatment of indicators; thirdly, obtain the original data of indicators by inquiring the statistical yearbook; and fourthly, this paper analyzes the coordination degree and coupling degree between logistics industry and low-carbon economy by using index standardization data and weight, so as to provide theoretical basis for the coordinated development of logistics development and LCEE in China.Figure 1
The evaluation idea of coordinated development of logistics industry and low-carbon economy.The construction principles of evaluation index system are as follows: 1. Scientific principle; 2. the principle of low carbonization; and 3. dynamic principle. China’s logistics industry has high GDP, low energy utilization rate, and high carbon emissions. Under the constraint of resources and environment, it depends on resource elements and has a great impact on ecological environment. The proposal of low-carbon economy can promote the transformation of China’s logistics industry to low-carbon development mode, so as to consume less resources, improve energy utilization rate, reduce carbon emissions and obtain higher output, and realize the sustainable development of resources and environment. Referring to the relevant literature research results, this paper selects the evaluation index from three aspects: economic aggregate, economic scale, and economic benefit for regional economy, and selects the logistics subsystem from three aspects: logistics industry scale, logistics industry structure, and logistics benefit, and constructs the index system of coordinated development between logistics industry and low-carbon economy, as shown in Table7.Table 7
Evaluation index system of the logistics industry and low-carbon economy system.
SystemFirst-class indexSecondary indexIndicator interpretationEconomic systemEconomic aggregatePer capita GDPReflect the level of regional economic development (100 million yuan)Investment in fixed assets of the whole societyIncluding the construction and purchase of fixed assets (100 million yuan)


## 5.2. Coordinated Development Model

The efficiency coefficient of logistics industry and low-carbon economy subsystem to system order can be expressed as follows:(7)uij=xij−βijαij−βij,αij−xijαij−βij.In formula (7), uij is the contribution degree of the variable xij to the efficiency function of the coupled system, and αij and βij, respectively, represent the upper and lower limit values of the sequence parameter of the stability critical point of the coupled system.Because the logistics industry subsystem and the low-carbon economy subsystem are interactive but different, the total contribution to the order degree of each parameter in the subsystem is expressed by the integration method, using geometric average method and linear weighted sum method:(8)ui=∑i=1mλijuij,∑j=1mλij=1.Here,uij is the order parameter of the system and λij is the weight of each order parameter.


## 5.3. System Coupling Degree Model

The concept and model of capacitive coupling in physics are introduced in this paper, which is applied to the interaction between multiple subsystems. The coupling model can be expressed as follows:(9)Cn=u1,u2⋯um∏ui+uj1/n,C∈0,1,where n=2; the formula evolves as shown in formula (10), which represents the coupling model of the composite system:(10)C=u1×u2u1+u22.Here, the coupling degree index of logistics industry and low-carbon economy complex system isC, which means that the comprehensive evaluation indexes of logistics industry and low-carbon economy development are u1andu2, respectively.This paper constructs the coupling coordination function between logistics system and low-carbon economy system to reflect the coupling of the system. The coordination model of the composite system is as follows:(11)T=αu1+βu2,Du1,u2=C×T.Here,T is the low-carbon comprehensive development index; D is the coordinated development index; C, u1,u2 are the same as above; α, β are undetermined coefficients; and the value is 0.5 in this paper.


## 5.4. Criteria for the Division of Coordinated Development

According to the coupling theory, this paper divides the coordination types of logistics industry and low-carbon economy into six types:C=1 is benign resonance coupling; 0.8<C<1 is high level coupling; 0.5<C<0.8 is the running-in period; 0.3<C≤0.5 is the antiseptic period; 0<C≤0.3 is low level coupling; and C=0 is the irrelevant state. The coordination degree of the coupling system between logistics industry and regional economy is divided into twelve types and seven comparative relationship types in Table 8.Table 8
Classification and standards of coordinated development of logistics industry and low-carbon economy.
Degree of coordinationCoupling coordination typeValue rangeTypes of contrast relation betweenu1 and u2Extreme coordinationExtreme coupling coordination0.90<D≤1.0u1<u2: logistics industry laggingHigh-quality coupling coordination0.80<D≤0.900.8<u1/u2≤1: the logistics industry is relatively laggingHighly coordinatedGood coupling and coordination0.70<D≤0.800.6<u1/u2≤0.8: the logistics industry is seriously lagging behindIntermediate coupling coordination0.60<D≤0.700<u1/u2≤0.6: the logistics industry is extremely laggingPrimary coupling coordination0.50<D≤0.60u1>u2: low-carbon economy laggingModerate coordinationHarmony and coordination0.40<D≤0.500.8<u1/u2≤1: low-carbon economy is relatively laggingReluctantly reconcile and coordinate0.30<D≤0.400.6<u1/u2≤0.8: low-carbon economy severely lagging behindLow coordinationMild incongruity0.20<D≤0.300<u1/u2≤0.6: low-carbon economy extremely laggingSerious incongruity0.10<D≤0.20u1=u2: the logistics industry and the low-carbon economy are synchronizedExtremely incongruous0≤D≤0.10


## 5.5. Correlation Analysis between Logistics Development and Low-Carbon Economy

Using formula (11), the coordinated development degree of composite system in Hainan Province from 2010 to 2020 is obtained, and the calculation results are shown in Table 9.Table 9
Coupling degree between the logistics industry and low-carbon economy in Hainan.
Province20102011201220132014201520162017201820192020Hainan0.950.920.930.90.910.890.930.970.920.930.98The coupling degree of Hainan’s logistics industry and low-carbon economic development is in the range of 0.9–1.0, and the coupling degree is at a relatively high level of development, indicating that Hainan’s logistics development and LCEE have a relatively high level of coordinated development.Figure2 shows that in the process of economic development, the influence of the three industries changes. Because Hainan’s economy is a province of tourism economy, the tertiary industry, as a pillar industry, shows a strong economic growth rate and proportion. The development of primary industry and secondary industry is relatively slow and the proportion is small.Figure 2
Trend chart of added value of three major industries in Hainan Province from 2010 to 2018.In Figure3, we can see that under the low-carbon economic environment of Hainan Province, the GDP of each region is on the rise. Combining Table 10 and Figure 2, we can see that the tertiary industry where the logistics industry of Hainan Province is located accounts for the total production of Hainan Province. About 45% of the value and the tertiary industry GDP value added by Hainan Province’s logistics industry far exceeds that of other industries. With a relatively high level of coordinated development of logistics development and LCEE, the logistics industry in Hainan Province has been developing rapidly. It has done a very good job in the coordinated development of low-carbon environment and economy.Figure 3
The province’s GDP in a low-carbon environment from 2011 to 2020.Table 10
GDP structure of Hainan Province from 2010 to 2020.
Industry20102011201220132014201520162017201820192020Primary industry26.126.124.924.624.424.12422.32120.3520.5Secondary industry27.728.328.22624.823.622.3222320.0719.1Tertiary industry46.245.646.949.450.852.353.755.75758.9560.4


## 6. Conclusion

The logistics industry is the main driving force of my country’s current economic growth and social progress. However, the proposal of an LCEE has brought severe challenges to the subsequent development of my country’s logistics industry. The coordinated development of low-carbon environment and economy is also a huge development opportunity. Under the serious threat of the shortage of resources and energy in our country and the destruction of the ecological environment, the coordinated development of logistics and LCEE is imperative. In order to realize the sustainable development of resources, environment, and social economy, it is necessary to study the coordinated development of logistics development and LCEE. Taking Hainan Province as an example, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for the coordinated development of Hainan’s logistics development and low-carbon economy and uses a coupling coordination model to measure the coordinated development of China’s Hainan Province’s logistics industry and low-carbon economy.



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*Source: 5891909-2022-02-02.xml*