# Soret and Radiation Effects on Mixture of Ethylene Glycol-Water (50%-50%) Based Maxwell Nanofluid Flow in an Upright Channel

Authors: Kashif Sadiq; Fahd Jarad; Imran Siddique; Bagh Ali
Journal: Complexity
 (2021)

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## Abstract

In this article, ethylene glycol (EG) + waterbased Maxwell nanofluid with radiation and Soret effects within two parallel plates has been investigated. The problem is formulated in the form of partial differential equations. The dimensionless governing equations for concentration, energy, and momentum are generalized by the fractional molecular diffusion, thermal flux, and shear stress defined by the Caputo–Fabrizio time fractional derivatives. The solutions of the problems are obtained via Laplace inversion numerical algorithm, namely, Stehfest’s. Nanoparticles of silver (Ag) are suspended in a mixture of EG + water to have a nanofluid. It is observed that the thermal conductivity of fluid is enhanced by increasing the values of time and volume fraction. The temperature and velocity of water-silver nanofluid are higher than those of ethylene glycol (EG) + water (H2O)-silver (Ag) nanofluid. The results are discussed at 2% of volume fraction. The results justified the thermo-physical characteristics of base fluids and nanoparticles shown in the tables. The effects of major physical parameters are illustrated graphically and discussed in detail.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Fluids like coolants (ethylene glycol and water), lubricants (oils), paraffin, biofluids, and polymer solutions are common conductive fluids. Nanofluids have better thermo-physical features such as viscosity, rate of heat transfer, thermal diffusion, and thermal conductivity compared with conventional fluids. Due to enhanced qualities, nanofluids have many applications in biomedical, engineering, and industries, for example, nanocryosurgery, magnetic drug, electronics cooling, vehicle cooling, smart fluids, industrial cooling, and heat transfer [1]. Heat exchangers, electric conductors, solar collectors, and piping are the most recent applications of heat transfer. These applications are used to reduce and enhance the heat of systems and depend on convection. Though, it is obvious that suitable fluids are essential for heat transfer.Many researchers are investigating the Soret effect on natural convection mass and heat transport due to its applications in scientific systems and engineering. The gradients of temperature cause mass diffusion which is called the Soret effect. Isotopes separation, geosciences, hydrology, petrology, and chemical processing are applications of Soret effects [2–7]. RamReddy et al. [8] studied mass and heat transport in mixed convection nanofluid flow on a plate influenced by the Soret effect. Raju et al. [9] analyzed the nanofluid flow on a moving vertical plate influenced by magnetic field, thermal radiation, and Soret effect.Ganesh et al. [10] investigated the flow of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) + water (H2O) (50 : 50) comprising the nanoparticles of boehmite alumina with Sakiadis and Blasius slip. Arani et al. [11] applied the simple algorithm to analyze the flow of a mixture of C2H6O2–H2O (50 : 50) and different shapes of nanoparticles of boehmite alumina in a channel. They found that the nanoparticles of spherical shape affect the thermal conductivity significantly. Monfared et al. [12] studied the effects of shapes of nanoparticles of boehmite alumina on entropy generation and thermal conductivity on the flow of a nanofluid in a heat exchanger double pipe. They concluded that the entropy generation has a maximum frictional rate for the nanoparticles of platelet shape. Nisar et al. [13] numerically investigated EG-water (50 : 50) based mixed convection hybrid nanofluid flow within two disks with thermal radiation.In diverse problems of physical sciences and engineering integer, order or classical derivative cannot represent the complex dynamics conditions entirely. In these cases, the fractional-order derivatives are more suitable approaches, in viscous flows, biology, biomedical sciences, signal and image handling, chemical reaction, treatment, and cancer diagnosis. Fractional-order derivatives can demonstrate the memory results of flow and describe the traditional properties. It is significant to discuss that fractional derivatives have numerous applications in the field of modern technology and science which consists of viscoelasticity, relaxation process, diffusion, and electrochemistry [14]. Markis et al. [15] investigated the fractional model of Maxwell’s fluid flow. They concluded that by changing the value of the fractional parameter, the results can be adjusted close to the experimental results. Zafer and Fetecau [16] used Caputo–Fabrizio fractional derivative to examine the Newtonian fluid flow on a vertical plate. Siddique and Bukhari [17] analyzed the effect of generalized fractional Fourier’s and Fick’s laws on convective flows of non-Newtonian fluid subject to Newtonian heating. Alkahtani and Atangana [18] applied diverse fractional methods to study heat transfer and memory effect. They developed new numerical techniques for the solution of fractional equations. Siddique et al. [19] studied the heat transfer analysis in convective flows of fractional second grade fluids with Caputo–Fabrizio and Atangana–Baleanu derivative subject to Newtonion heating. Abro et al. [20] calculated exact analytical results for Oldroyd-B fluid flow in a pipe. Siddique et al. [21] studied the unsteady flow of Walter's-B fluid subject to a consistent inclined magnetic field at an angle of inclination over the boundary of transverse xy-plane with fractional thermal transport. In this paper, they found the semianalytical solutions of the dimensionless temperature and velocity fields by using the Laplace inversion numerical algorithms such as Stehfest's and Tzou's. Vieru et al. [22] investigated the exact results of the flow of viscous fluid for the fractional model on a vertical plate with Newtonian heating and mass diffusion.Motivated by the above study, focus of this work is to examine the flow of mass and heat in an unsteady Maxwell nanofluid flow inside two vertical parallel plates with combined effect of Soret and thermal radiation. The numerical inverse Laplace transform is used to compute the solutions of equations. The graphical illustration of the significant constraints on concentration, heat, and flow profiles is presented and discussed in detail. The fractional model of nanofluid is developed to generalize the standard constitutive equations by using equation of shear stress, Fourier’s law, and molecular diffusion. It is obvious that most investigations considered water as base fluid. The inspiration of this examination is consequently to study the heat presentation of nanofluid using EG-water (50 : 50) as base fluid and nanoparticles of Ag. EG is a natural fluid of low instability and viscosity, which is totally mixable with water; hence, it very well may be utilized as a base fluid all alone or blended in with water to frame EG-water base fluid. The impacts of Soret effect on the concentration of fluid are additionally explored. The graphical description of the relevant parameters on the flow of fluid, mass, and heat exchange attributes is shown and completely examined.


## 2. Mathematical Model

An incompressible, unsteady, viscous 2D flow of Maxwell nanofluid within two infinite parallel plates having distanced between them in the presence of Soret and thermal radiation effects is considered. The nanofluid is prepared by adding nanoparticles of silver into the mixture of EG-water (50 : 50) at a fixed volume fraction ϕ. The Maxwell nanofluid is viewed as optically thick. Thus, the Rosseland estimations can be used for radiation impacts.X-axis is taken along the plates and y-axis is taken normal to the plates as demonstrated in Figure 1. At first, both nanofluid and plates are in equilibrium at fixed temperature T0 and concentration C0.The right plate slides at t˜≥0 in the plane along x-axis with the velocity U0. Simultaneously, concentration and temperature levels rise to C1 and T1. The radiative heat flux qr is outlined in the temperature equation.Figure 1
Flow geometry.Thermo-physical features of EG-H2O, H2O, and silver are given in Table 1, which are assumed to be constant. It is also considered that the fluid and nanoparticles are in thermal stability, and slippage among them is neglected. The viscous diffusion in the heat equation is ignored because of its little size in natural convection flows in spite of the fact that it can lessen the heat presentation of nanofluids which changes with the rate of flow. Then again, the dissipating of nanoparticles in a fluid is joined by a development of the viscosity which diminishes its flow. Subsequently, the scattering of nanoparticles in a base fluid cannot be subjective. It must be investigated or even improved.Table 1
Thermo-physical features of nanoparticles and EG [13].
MaterialEG-H2O (50 : 50)H2OSilver (Ag)ρ1056997.110500cp32884179235k0.4250.613429β×10−50.00341211.89Pr29.866.2—Since the boundaries of channel are infinitely long in thex- and z-axis, we can expect that all actual parameters describing heat transfer and the flow of fluid are elements of t˜ and y˜ only.The equation of continuity is uniformly justified for the velocity fieldv=u˜y˜,t˜,0,0, and the typical Boussinesq’s approximation is utilized. The expressions of the unsteady flow when pressure gradient is neglected are as follows [23]:The linear momentum equation is as follows:(1)ρnf∂u˜∂t˜=∂τ˜∂y˜+gρβTnfT˜−T0+gρβCnfC˜−C0.The shear stress is as follows:(2)1+λ˜∂∂t˜τ˜=μnf∂u˜∂y˜.The energy equation is as follows:(3)ρcpnf∂T˜∂t˜=−∂q˜∂y˜−∂qr∂y˜.The thermal flux is as follows:(4)q˜=−knf∂T˜∂y˜.The diffusion equation is as follows:(5)∂C˜∂t˜=−∂j˜∂y˜+DnfkTTm∂2T∂y2.The molecular diffusion is as follows:(6)j˜=−Dnf∂C˜∂y˜,with corresponding conditions such as(7)u˜0,t˜=0,u˜y,0=0,u˜d,t˜=U0,(8)T˜0,t˜=T0,T˜y,0=T0,T˜d,t˜=T1,(9)C˜y,0=C0,C˜0,t˜=C0,C˜d,t˜=C1.The thermal-physical properties of nanofluid are defined by [24](10)μnfμf=11−ϕ2.5,ρnfρf=1−ϕ+ϕρsρf,ρcpnfρcpf=1−ϕ+ϕρcpsρcpf,DnfDf=11−ϕ,ρβTnfρβTf=1−ϕ+ϕρβTsρβTf,ρβCnfρβCf=1−ϕ+ϕρβCsρβCf,knfkf=ks+2kf−2ϕkf−ksks+2kf+ϕkf−ks.Introducing the dimensionless parameters, variables, and functions,(11)u=uU0,t=vft˜d2,y=yd,θ=T−T0T1−T0,C=C−C0C1−C0,λ=λvfd2,q=qq0,q0=knfT1−T0d,τ=τ˜τ0,τ0=μnfU0d,j=yj0,j0=DnfC1−C0d,a1=μnfρnfvf,a2=GrβTnfβTf,a3=GmβCnfβCf,a4=1Prknfρcpfkfρcpnf,a5=NrPrρcpfρcpnf,a6=1ScDnfDf,a7=SrDnfDf,Gr=gβTfT1−T0d2U0vf,Sc=vfDf,Sr=DfkTT1−T0TmC1−C0νf,Gm=gβCfC2−C1d2U0vf,Nr=16σ′T133k′kf,Pr=ρcpfvfkf,where U0,τ0,q0, and j0 are characteristic scales.By switching equation (11) into equations (1)–(9), we get(12)∂u∂t=a1∂τ∂y+a2θ+a3C,(13)1+λ∂∂tτ=∂u∂y,(14)∂θ∂t=−a4∂q∂y+a5∂2θ∂y2,(15)qy,t=−∂θ∂y,(16)∂Cy,t∂t=−a6∂jy,t∂y+a7∂2θ∂y2,(17)jy,t=−∂Cy,t∂y,with corresponding conditions such as(18)uy,0=0,u0,t=0,u1,t=1,(19)θy,0=0,θ0,t=0,θ1,t=1,(20)Cy,0=0,C0,t=0,C1,t=1.To discuss the time fractional derivative models, the researchers consider the developed generalization of the standard constitutive equations (13), (15), and (17) by using the equation of shear stress as follows:(21)1+λ∂∂tτy,t=−DCFtα∂uy,t∂y,0≤α<1.Fourier’s law is as follows:(22)qy,t=−DCFtβ∂θy,t∂y,0≤β<1,and Fick’s law is as follows:(23)jy,t=−DCFtγ∂Cy,t∂y,0≤γ<1.In the above equations,DCFtζ⋅ represents the Caputo–Fabrizio time fractional derivative described by [25](24)DCFtξΨη,t=11−ξ∫0texp−ξt−Ω1−ξ∂Ψη,Ω∂ΩdΩ,0≤ξ<1.The Laplace transform of equation (24) is as follows:(25)LDCFtξΨη,t=sLΨη,t−Ψη,01−ξs+ξ.Remark.
IfΨη,0=0 and ξ⟶0, equation (25) becomes LDCFtξΨη,t=LΨη,t. Then, generalized shear stress, thermal flux, and molecular diffusion equations (21)–(23) reduce to the classical equations (13), (15), and (17).
Eliminatingτfrom (12) and (21), we get(26)1+λ∂∂t∂u∂t=a1DCFtα∂2u∂y2+a21+λ∂∂tθ+a31+λ∂∂tC.
Eliminatingqfrom (14) and (22), we get(27)∂θ∂t=a4DCFtβ∂2θ∂y2+a5∂2θ∂y2.
Now, eliminatingj from (16) and (23), we have(28)∂C∂t=a6DCFtγ∂2C∂y2+a7∂2θ∂y2.


## 3. Solution of the Problems

Applying the Laplace transform to equations (26)–(28) and using conditions (18)–(20), we obtain the following results:(29)u¯y,s=sinhywsssinhws+s+e1e0sps−wsa3pss+d1sd0ps−s−d1−a21+λssinhypsssinhps−sinhywsssinhws+a3d0s+e1e0ss+d1−d0ws1+a7pss+d1sd0ps−s−d1sinhywsssinhws−sinhys+d1/d0ssinhs+d1/d0,(30)θ¯y,s=sinhypsssinhps,(31)C¯y,s=sinhys+d1/d0ssinhs+d1/d0+a7pss+d1sd0ps−s−d1sinhys+d1/d0ssinhs+d1/d0−sinhypsssinhps,where(32)b0=a41−β,b1=β1−β,ps=ss+b1b0+a5s+a5b1,e0=a11−α,e1=α1−α,ws=s+e11+λse0,d0=a61−γ,d1=γ1−γ.To obtain the inverse of equations (29)–(31) numerically, Stehfest’s algorithm [26] is used.(33)uy,t≈ln2t∑j=12pdju¯y,jln2t,where(34)dj=−1j+p∑i=j+1/2minj,pip2i!p−i!i!i−1!j−1!2i−j!,where p is a positive integer.


## 4. Graphical Results and Discussion

In this section, the graphical analysis of temperature, concentration, and velocity profiles for fractional and flow parameter is carried out in detail. The fractional fluid model is solved by means of the Laplace transform method. Semianalytical results for concentration, temperature, and velocity fields are computed by applying the Laplace inversion numerical algorithm, namely, Stehfest’s.The results obtained shows the influences of the nondimensional governing parameters, namely, Maxwell fluid parameterλ, nanoparticles volume parameters ϕ, mass and thermal Grashof numbers (Gm and Gr), Soret effect Sr, radiation parameter Nr, Prandtl number Pr, Schmidt number Sc, and fractional parameters α,β,γ on the flow, temperature, and concentration profiles and are discussed and presented graphically in Figures 2–4. For numerical results, we used Sc=0.78,λ=0.1,ϕ=0.02,α=β=γ=0.4,Sr=2,Pr=29.86,Gr=0.2,Nr=0.4,Gm=0.3, and t=0.3. These values are kept common in entire study except the varied values in respective figures. Thermo-physical properties of base fluids (EG + H2O) and nanoparticle Ag are given in Table 1.Figure 2
Variation of concentration.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)Figure 3
Variation of temperature.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)Figure 4
Variation of velocity.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)Figures2(a), 3(a), and 4(a) depict the effect of volume fraction of nanoparticle ϕ on concentration, temperature, and velocity profiles for (EG + H2O)–Ag nanofluid. It is observed from figures that increase in volume fraction of nanoparticle decreases the concentration profile while increasing the velocity and temperature profiles of the flow. Generally increase in volume fraction of nanoparticles improves the thermal conductivity which makes the fluid hot. These improve the thermal boundary layer thickness along with velocity boundary layers.Figures2(b), 3(b), and 4(c) represent the effect of Prandtl number Pr on concentration, temperature, and velocity profiles. It is clear from figures that a raise in the value of Pr enhances the concentration profile and reduces the temperature and velocity profiles. As expected, it is due to the fact that increase in the values of Pr reduces the thermal conductivity making fluid more thick and reducing thickness of thermal boundary layer. Figures 2(c), 3(c), and 4(c) illustrate the effect of radiation parameter Nr on concentration, velocity, temperature, and velocity profiles. We observed from figures that increase in Nr decreases the concentration profile while increasing the velocity and temperature profiles of the flow. Clearly, with the increase in the values of Nr, the amount of heat transfers to the fluid increases which increases the temperature of the fluid and in turn enhances the flow of fractional nanofluid. Figures 2(d) and 4(d) depict the effect of Soret Sr on concentration and velocity profiles. It can be seen from figures that increase in Sr decreases the concentration profile while increasing the velocity profiles of the flow.Figures2(e), 3(d), and 4(e) symbolize the effect of fractional parameters α,β, andγ on concentration, temperature, and velocity profiles. It is obvious from figures that raise in the values of α reduces the concentration, temperature, and velocity profiles. Figures 2(f) and 4(f) represent the effect of Schmidt number Sc on concentration and velocity profiles. It is evident from figures that a raise in the value of Sc enhances the concentration and velocity profiles. Figures 2(g), 3(e), and 4(g) represent the effect of time t on concentration, temperature, and velocity profiles. From these figures, it is observed that concentration, temperature, and velocity increases for increasing values of t.Figure4(h) signifies the effect of Maxwell fluid parameter λ on velocity profile. This figure shows that the velocity is a decreasing function λ.Figures5(a) and 5(b) show a comparison of two different nanofluids when nanoparticles of Ag were added to the two kings of base fluids EG + H2O and H2O. It is interesting to mention that the enhancement in temperature and velocity profiles of H2O–Ag nanofluid is more than that of EG + H2O–Ag nanofluid.Figure 5
Variation of temperature (a) and velocity (b) of nanofluids.
(a)(b)


## 5. Conclusions

In this study, we analyzed the influence of thermal radiation and Soret parameters of an unsteady Maxwell fractional nanofluid flow in a vertical channel by considering EG + water (50 : 50)-Ag and water-Ag nanofluids. The fractionalized governing equations modeled with Caputo–Fabrizio time fractional derivative are solved via the Laplace transform method. Numerical inversion Laplace transforms technique, namely, Stehfest’s is used in MATHCADE software to find the inverse Laplace transform for concentration, temperature, and velocity graphically. Some important outcomes of this study are as follows:(1)
The EG + water based Maxwell nanofluid has lesser heat transfer rate than water-based nanofluid(2)
The heat transfer rate enhances with the higher concentration of nanoparticles(3)
The velocity reduces for higher values of Maxwell fluid parameterλ(4)
Temperature and velocity of the fluid can be controlled by using volume fraction and also by using mixture of conventional fluids as base fluid(5)
Greater values of volume fractionϕ demonstrated considerable effect on mass, energy, and momentum profiles(6)
The influence ofGr and Gm stabilizes the growth of momentum boundary layer(7)
The existence ofSr and substantial species increases the concentration(8)
The suspension of nanoparticles in EG + water provides a potential in increasing the heat transport performance



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