# Estimation of Individual Cylinder Air-Fuel Ratio in Gasoline Engine with Output Delay

Authors: Changhui Wang; Zhiyuan Liu
Journal: Journal of Sensors
 (2016)

---

## Abstract

The estimation of the individual cylinder air-fuel ratio (AFR) with a single universal exhaust gas oxygen (UEGO) sensor installed in the exhaust pipe is an important issue for the cylinder-to-cylinder AFR balancing control, which can provide high-quality torque generation and reduce emissions in multicylinder engine. In this paper, the system dynamic for the gas in exhaust pipe including the gas mixing, gas transport, and sensor dynamics is described as an output delay system, and a new method using the output delay system observer is developed to estimate the individual cylinder AFR. With the AFR at confluence point augmented as a system state, an observer for the augmented discrete system with output delay is designed to estimate the AFR at confluence point. Using the gas mixing model, a method with the designed observer to estimate the individual cylinder AFR is presented. The validity of the proposed method is verified by the simulation results from a spark ignition gasoline engine from engine software enDYNA by Tesis.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

Cylinder-to-cylinder air-fuel ratio (AFR) balancing control in internal combustion engines with multiple cylinders is one of the technology trends to satisfy the increasingly stringent emission regulations, which can also improve the engine performance, such as thermal efficiency and fuel economy. The AFR of each cylinder is decided by the aspirated air mass, the injected fuel mass, and the residual gas from the prior cycle, in which the combustion stroke of each cylinder sequentially occurs along the rotational angle of the crankshaft. Due to the air breathing variability and injector variability, there exists AFR imbalance between cylinders, leading to adverse impacts on emission performance using the conventional controllers [1, 2].In order to improve the AFR control accuracy, there has been a great deal of research that focuses on the AFR control of individual cylinders [3–10]. In fact, the estimation of the individual cylinder AFR with a single universal exhaust gas oxygen (UEGO) sensor installed in the exhaust pipe is one of the key technology trends for the individual cylinder AFR control. The digital filtering techniques are employed to extract the AFR imbalance signals from oxygen sensor voltage signals in [11], in which the oxygen sensor voltage signal is processed to determine imbalanced cylinder identification and AFR cylinder imbalance levels. In [12], a modeling method to estimate the individual fuel-gas ratio is proposed to estimate AFR, which is used for an adaptive generalized predictive control approach to balance the individual cylinder characteristics in the static engine operation mode. A static steady state observer based on the individual cylinder AFR model along the air mass flow, gas mixing, and sensor dynamics in an exhaust manifold can be found in [13]. In the diesel engines, a nonlinear observer is proposed to estimate the individual cylinder AFR [14]. In [15], a PI compensator is designed to compensate the cylinder-by-cylinder variations, in which an input observer is proposed to estimate individual cylinder AFR.However, the transport delay and sensor delay from the exhaust confluence point to UEGO sensor output are ignored in the proposed observers from the above papers, which may reduce the accuracy of the AFR estimation of each cylinder. In order to improve the individual cylinder AFR estimation accuracy, the system dynamics in the exhaust pipe including gas transport and sensor dynamics is described as an augmented discrete system with output delay in this paper, in which the AFR at confluence point is augmented as a system state. Then, an observer for the augmented discrete system with output delay is designed. With the combination of the designed observer and the gas mixing model at confluence point, the method to estimate the individual cylinder AFR is presented. The performance of the proposed method is validated against the simulation result from engine software enDYNA provided by Tesis, and a comparison with existing method is given during an urban driving cycle, which demonstrates that the proposed method can improve the accuracy of the individual cylinder AFR estimation.This paper is organized as follows. In Section2, the system dynamics in the exhaust pipe including gas transport and UEGO sensor dynamics is described as an augmented system with output delay. In Section 3, an observer for the output delay system is designed, and the method to estimate the individual cylinder AFR is presented. Simulation results from enDYNA are presented in Section 4, and the conclusions are summarized in Section 5.


## 2. Problem Formulation

A schematic diagram of a 4-cylinder spark-ignited (SI) gasoline engine is shown in Figure1, where the fuel injectors equipped at the inlet port near to the intake valve are controlled individually. The fuel mass burnt in each cylinder is injected by the corresponding injector, and the fuel injection command is delivered to the injector of each cylinder serially along the crank angle. The AFR of each cylinder is λ
i
=
m
c
y
l
i
/
m
a
i
r
,
i
=
1,2
,
3,4, where m
c
y
l
i is the fuel mass into the cylinder and m
a
i
r is the air mass into the cylinder.Figure 1
Schematic of the 4-cylinder SI gasoline engine.After combustion, the combusted gas of each cylinder is exhausted into the corresponding runner during the exhaust stroke of each cylinder and passes through their runners and confluence in the public exhaust manifold. Then, the AFR of the mixed gas is measured by a UEGO sensor, and the mixed gas runs to the outside passing through the catalyst. The system dynamics in the exhaust pipe includes the gas mixing, gas transport, and sensor dynamics, in which the transfer function from the confluence point to sensor output can be given by [13](1)
G
e
x
h
s
=
λ
s
e
n
s
λ
c
s
=
e
-
δ
s
1
+
τ
m
i
x
s
1
+
τ
s
e
n
s
,where λ
c is the AFR at the exhaust confluence point, λ
s
e
n is the measured AFR of the UEGO sensor, δ
=
δ
m
i
x
+
δ
s
e
n is the time delay including the transport delay δ
m
i
x and sensor delay δ
s
e
n, τ
m
i
x is the time constant of the mixing process, and τ
s
e
n is the sensor time constant.For an engine with 4 cylinders, the combined UEGO sensor signal is sampled at the exhaust top dead center of each cylinder, and the sampling periodT
s is related to the engine cycle period as T
s
=
T
c
/
4, in which the engine cycle period is T
c
=
120
/
n
e, where n
e is the engine speed in rpm. Consisting of the zero-order holder and the mixing and sensor dynamics, the discrete form of model (1) with the sampling period T
s can be given by [13](2)
Q
e
x
h
z
=
z
-
m
1
+
a
z
-
1
z
-
α
m
i
x
+
b
z
-
1
z
-
α
s
e
n
,where(3)
α
m
i
x
=
e
-
T
s
/
τ
m
i
x
,
α
s
e
n
=
e
-
T
s
/
τ
s
e
n
,
m
=
δ
T
s
,
a
=
-
τ
m
i
x
τ
m
i
x
-
τ
s
e
n
,
b
=
τ
s
e
n
τ
m
i
x
-
τ
s
e
n
,
z
=
e
T
s
s
.Furthermore, (2) can be written as a state-space form with input delay [15]:(4)
x
q
l
+
1
=
A
q
x
q
l
+
B
q
λ
c
l
-
m
,
λ
s
e
n
l
=
C
q
x
q
l
,where(5)
A
q
=
α
m
i
x
0
0
α
s
e
n
,
B
q
=
1
1
,
C
q
=
a
α
m
i
x
-
1
b
α
s
e
n
-
1
,
x
q
l
=
x
q
1
l
x
q
2
l
,
x
q
1
l
=
λ
s
e
n
l
-
b
α
s
e
n
-
1
x
q
2
l
a
α
m
i
x
-
1
,
x
q
2
l
=
1
α
s
e
n
-
α
m
i
x
b
α
s
e
n
-
1
α
s
e
n
λ
s
e
n
l
-
α
m
i
x
α
s
e
n
λ
s
e
n
l
-
1
+
1
-
2
a
α
s
e
n
-
2
b
α
m
i
x
-
α
m
i
x
-
α
s
e
n
+
a
+
b
λ
c
l
-
m
+
a
α
s
e
n
+
b
α
m
i
x
+
α
m
i
x
α
s
e
n
λ
c
l
-
m
-
1
.Define the new system state asx
-
q
l
=
x
q
l
+
m, and (4) with input delay can also be rewritten as the following discrete system with output delay:(6)
x
-
q
l
+
1
=
A
q
x
-
q
l
+
B
q
λ
c
l
,
λ
s
e
n
l
=
C
q
x
-
q
l
-
m
.λ
c
l in (6) is unknown, which can be considered as a system state due to the small rate of change of λ
c
l. Then, an augmented discrete system with output delay from (6) can be obtained:(7)
x
l
+
1
=
A
x
l
,
y
l
=
C
x
l
-
m
,where(8)
x
l
=
x
-
q
l
λ
c
l
,
A
=
α
m
i
x
0
1
0
α
s
e
n
1
0
0
1
,
y
l
=
λ
s
e
n
l
,
C
=
a
α
m
i
x
-
1
b
α
s
e
n
-
1
0
.Equation (7) indicates that the estimation of the AFR λ
c at the exhaust confluence point becomes the state estimation of the discrete system with output delay (7).


## 3. Observer Design for Discrete System with Output Delay

The observer for the output delay system (7) is given:(9)
x
^
l
+
1
=
A
x
^
l
+
L
y
l
-
C
x
^
l
-
m
,
y
^
l
=
C
x
^
l
-
m
,where x
^
∈
R is the state estimate and L
∈
R
3
×
1 is the feedback gain matrix. The asymptotical stability of the proposed observer (9) is analyzed in the following theorem.Theorem 1.
There exist matricesL, P
=
P
T
>
0, Q
=
Q
T
≥
0, and Z
=
Z
T
≥
0, such that the following linear matrix inequality (LMI) is feasible: (10)
Ξ
=
-
P
+
Q
+
M
T
+
M
-
M
T
+
N
A
T
P
M
T
A
T
-
I
Z
-
M
+
N
T
-
Q
-
N
T
-
N
-
C
T
L
T
P
N
T
-
C
T
L
T
Z
P
A
-
P
L
C
-
P
0
0
M
N
0
-
m
-
1
Z
0
Z
A
-
I
-
Z
L
C
0
0
m
-
1
Z
-
2
P
<
0
;then observer (9) is asymptotically stable.Proof.
Set the estimation errore
l
=
x
^
l
-
x
l, and the error dynamic system between (7) and (9) is obtained:(11)
e
l
+
1
=
A
e
l
-
L
C
e
l
-
m
.
Denoteη
l
=
e
l
+
1
-
e
l; then we have(12)
e
l
-
m
=
e
l
-
∑
n
=
l
-
m
l
-
1
η
n
,
η
l
=
A
-
I
e
l
-
L
C
e
l
-
m
.Choose a Lyapunov functional candidate as(13)
V
l
=
e
T
l
P
e
l
+
∑
i
=
l
-
m
l
-
1
e
T
i
Q
e
i
+
∑
j
=
-
m
+
1
0
∑
i
=
l
-
1
+
j
l
-
1
η
T
i
Z
η
i
.Define Δ
V
=
V
l
+
1
-
V
l; then along the solution of (11) and (12) we have(14)
Δ
V
l
=
e
l
e
l
-
m
T
-
P
+
Q
+
A
T
P
A
-
A
T
P
L
C
-
C
T
L
T
P
A
-
Q
+
C
T
L
T
P
L
C
e
l
e
l
-
m
+
m
η
T
l
Z
η
l
-
∑
n
=
l
-
m
l
-
1
η
T
n
Z
η
n
.According to Lemma  1 in [16], for any constant matrix Z
>
0, M, and N, the following inequality holds: (15)
-
∑
n
=
l
-
m
l
-
1
η
T
n
Z
η
n
≤
e
l
e
l
-
m
T
M
T
+
M
-
M
T
+
N
-
M
+
N
T
-
N
T
-
N
e
l
e
l
-
m
+
m
e
l
e
l
-
m
T
M
T
N
T
Z
-
1
M
N
e
l
e
l
-
m
.
With the combination of (14) and (15), we have(16)
Δ
V
l
≤
e
l
e
l
-
m
T
Ω
e
l
e
l
-
m
,where(17)
Ω
=
-
P
+
Q
+
M
T
+
M
+
A
T
P
A
+
m
A
-
I
T
Z
A
-
I
+
m
M
T
Z
-
1
M
-
M
T
+
N
-
A
T
P
L
C
-
m
A
-
I
T
Z
L
C
+
m
M
T
Z
-
1
N
∗
-
Q
-
N
T
-
N
+
C
T
L
T
P
L
C
-
m
C
T
L
T
Z
L
C
+
m
N
T
Z
-
1
N
.
By Schur complement [17], the following LMI (18) guarantees Ω
<
0, which can guarantee Δ
V
l
<
0 and the asymptotical stability of observer (9):(18)
Π
=
-
P
+
Q
+
M
T
+
M
-
M
T
+
N
A
T
P
M
T
A
T
-
I
Z
-
M
+
N
T
-
Q
-
N
T
-
N
-
C
T
L
T
P
N
T
-
C
T
L
T
Z
P
A
-
P
L
C
-
P
0
0
M
N
0
-
m
-
1
Z
0
Z
A
-
I
-
Z
L
C
0
0
-
m
-
1
Z
<
0
.
Now, condition (10) guaranteeing (18) must be proved. Define W
=
d
i
a
g
I
,
I
,
I
,
I
,
P
Z
-
1, and we have(19)
W
T
Π
W
=
-
P
+
Q
+
M
T
+
M
-
M
T
+
N
A
T
P
M
T
A
T
-
I
P
-
M
+
N
T
-
Q
-
N
T
-
N
-
C
T
L
T
P
N
T
-
C
T
L
T
P
P
A
-
P
L
C
-
P
0
0
M
N
0
-
m
-
1
Z
0
P
A
-
I
-
P
L
C
0
0
-
m
-
1
P
Z
-
1
P
.
Because of the fact thatP
-
Z
Z
-
1
P
-
Z
≥
0, we have -
P
Z
-
1
P
≤
Z
-
2
P. Therefore, condition (10) can guarantee W
Τ
Π
W
<
0; then (18) holds.
The estimation of the AFRλ
c at the exhaust confluence point can be obtained according to observer (9). In order to obtain the AFR of each cylinder, the relationship between the AFR of each cylinder and the AFR at the exhaust confluence point is analyzed in the following.
The combusted gas of each cylinder is discharged into the corresponding exhaust port and flows to the exhaust confluence point in the exhaust manifold, in which we assume that exhaust gas mixing in the individual exhaust runner can be neglected. Hence, the AFR in the exhaust runner is constant during one engine cycle, and the AFRλ
c at the exhaust confluence point in the kth engine cycle can be given by [15](20)
λ
c
k
T
c
+
i
-
1
T
s
=
∑
j
=
1
i
m
˙
c
j
k
T
c
+
i
-
1
T
s
λ
j
k
∑
l
=
1
4
m
˙
c
l
k
T
c
+
i
-
1
T
s
+
∑
j
=
1
4
m
˙
c
j
k
T
c
+
i
-
1
T
s
λ
j
k
-
1
∑
l
=
1
4
m
˙
c
l
k
T
c
+
i
-
1
T
s
,where m
˙
c
i is the exhaust air mass flow in the ith exhaust manifold passing through the confluence point and λ
i is the AFR in the ith cylinder. Furthermore, under the assumption that air mass aspirated into cylinders in each cycle is constant, exhaust air flow has the same shape between successive cycles; then a periodic function can be obtained:(21)
γ
i
j
k
=
m
˙
c
j
k
T
c
+
i
-
1
T
s
∑
l
=
1
4
m
˙
c
l
k
T
c
+
i
-
1
T
s
=
m
˙
c
j
i
-
1
T
s
∑
l
=
1
4
m
˙
c
l
i
-
1
T
s
.
Therefore, the gas mixing behavior (20) can be rewritten in the T
s domain as(22)
λ
c
l
=
∑
i
=
0
3
γ
l
l
-
i
λ
l
-
i
l
-
i
,where l
=
i
mod
⁡
4
+
1. The relationship between the AFR of each cylinder and the AFR at the exhaust confluence point can be obtained by (22).
The algorithm to estimate the individual cylinder AFR is as follows: First, the AFRλ
c at the exhaust confluence point is obtained according to observer (9). Then, the individual cylinder AFR can be calculated through (22). With the combination of (9) and (22), the method for the estimation of each cylinder AFR can be given as follows: (23)
x
^
l
+
1
=
A
x
^
l
+
L
y
l
-
C
x
^
l
-
m
,
λ
^
c
l
=
0
0
1
·
x
^
l
,
λ
^
l
l
=
1
γ
l
l
-
∑
i
=
1
3
γ
l
l
-
i
·
λ
^
l
-
i
l
-
i
+
λ
^
c
l
.


## 4. Simulation Studies

In this section, the simulation study of the estimation of the individual cylinder AFR is presented in the environment of a 2.0 L 4-cylinder SI gasoline engine from enDYNA [18, 19]. The enDYNA is a professional software tool for the real-time simulation of internal combustion engines, providing ready-to-use models for all common engine types comprising crank angle synchronous combustion, gas path, fuel system, cooling system, drivetrain, driver, and soft-ECU. The R4-cylinder SI-engine is an example in enDYNA to simulate a 4-cylinder SI gasoline engine, whose specifications are given in Table 1. The observer architecture is illustrated in Figure 2.Table 1
Engine specifications.
Fuel system
Direct injection
Displacement (m3)
0.002
Intake manifold volume (m3)
0.004
Exhaust manifold volume (m3)
0.0015
Max engine speed (rad/s)
785Figure 2
Schematic diagram for the estimation of the individual cylinder AFR.The parameters of the system dynamics in the exhaust pipe (2) and the gas mixing (22) are presented as follows [15]:(24)
τ
m
i
x
=
0.01
s
,
τ
s
e
n
=
0.12
s
,
m
=
1
,
T
c
=
0.08
s
,
T
s
=
0.02
s
,
Γ
=
0.55
0.05
0.15
0.25
0.25
0.6
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.25
0.5
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.7
.Then, the system matrix can be obtained:(25)
A
=
0.1353
0
1
0
0.8465
1
0
0
1
,
C
=
-
0.0786
0.1675
0
.According to the inequality (10), the gain matrix can be given by L
=
0.97
3.79
0.73
T.Here, the input of the throttle angle in enDYNA is designed as a step signal presented in Figure3. Accordingly, the estimation results of the individual cylinder AFR by the proposed method are shown in Figure 3, and the estimation errors are plotted in Figure 4. When the throttle changes suddenly, the estimation errors of the individual cylinder AFR are about 0.06%, and then the steady state errors tend to decay within 0.01%.Figure 3
Individual cylinder AFR estimation results.Figure 4
Evolution of the estimation error.In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method under driving cycle condition, one segment of the urban driving cycle ECE (Economic Commission for Europe) is used [19], under which the throttle angle u
t
h, engine speed n
e, intake manifold pressure p
i
m, and vehicle velocity are plotted in Figure 5. Accordingly, the comparison of the individual cylinder AFR estimation between the proposed method and the input observer in [15] are presented in Figure 6, and the estimation errors are plotted in Figure 7. Clearly, the error of the proposed method is smaller than the input observer when the AFR changes slowly, in which the steady state error of the input observer is 0.03%. When the AFR changes severely, there exist fluctuations of the AFR estimation error from both the proposed method and input observer in [15]. However, the estimation error from the proposed method is smaller. It is demonstrating that the proposed method considering time delay can improve the accuracy of the individual cylinder AFR estimation.Figure 5
Evolution of throttle angleu
t
h, engine speed n
e, intake manifold pressure p
i
m, and vehicle velocity under ECE cycle.Figure 6
Individual cylinder AFR estimation results of the proposed method and unknown input observer under ECE cycle.Figure 7
Evolution of the estimation error of the proposed method and unknown input observer.


## 5. Conclusion

An efficient method for the estimation of the individual cylinder AFR with a single UEGO sensor was developed to improve the estimation accuracy. The system dynamics in the exhaust pipe was described as an augmented discrete system with output delay, in which the AFR at confluence point was augmented as a system state and beneficial to be estimated comparing the system with input delay. Then, an observer for the augmented system with output delay was designed to estimate the AFR at confluence point, which can avoid accurately inverting the engine model including delays. Using the gas mixing model, a method to estimate the individual cylinder AFR based on the proposed observer was presented. The performance of the proposed method was validated by the simulation data from engine software enDYNA provided by Tesis, and a comparison with existing method was obtained during ECE cycle, demonstrating that the proposed method considering time delay from exhaust gas transport and UEGO sensor dynamics can improve the accuracy of the individual cylinder AFR estimation.



---

*Source: 5908459-2016-08-10.xml*