# Downlink Cofrequency Interference Analysis of Vehicles and UAV Network in Ka Band

Authors: Maolin Wang; YuXin Zhang; Zhi Wang
Journal: Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
 (2022)

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## Abstract

With the rapid development of radio and computer technologies, the application scenarios of UAV carrying computer flight control systems are becoming more and more abundant. UAV can form a collaborative network with ground IoV (Internet of Vehicle) to improve the link quality of vehicle signals in some environments with poor network connectivity. For UAV and ground vehicles that are far apart, satellites can assist in the transmission of data between them. UAVs are allowed to be included in the satellite communication network in the Ka band in the 2015 World Radiocommunication Conference. In order to avoid the interference with existing communication services in the Ka band, it is necessary to limit the flying height of the UAV. This article will study the frequency compatibility between UAV and Internet of Vehicles in the same-frequency band. First, model the propagation environment of the UAV transmitting signal is modeled and the path loss of it is calculated, including the basic transmission loss in free space of the signal and the atmospheric propagation loss when the signal passes through the atmosphere. Then the radiation pattern of the receiving antenna is modeled, which is a 4 × 2 antenna array in this article, and the total antenna gain is obtained by adding the element gain and the array gain. Finally, the interference between UAV and Internet of Vehicles is simulated, calculating the interference and noise ratio of UAV to the Internet of Vehicles under different pointing angles between the interference and the interfered antenna and different elevation angles from UAV to the GSO satellite. Finally, the safe separation distance to protect the Internet of Vehicles from interference is got.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Due to the mobility and rapid deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles, the application scenarios of UAVs are becoming more and more abundant in recent years, such as surveillance, disaster relief, and provision of cellular coverage [1–4]. The popularity of 5G technology has further accelerated the deployment process of UAVs in various applications [5–8]. UAVs can assist ground nodes in the air for data transmission, responsible for the relay and forwarding of transmitted data [9–11]. When a certain part of the Internet of Vehicles is facing a sudden increase in communication demand, the UAV can share part of the traffic, ensuring the communication demand for a certain period of time. UAV will be recovered after the emergency, effectively solving the problem of dynamic traffic load. In areas where natural disasters such as earthquakes occur, communication infrastructure is usually damaged and unable to work. UAV base stations can be deployed to provide communication services for rescue vehicles to ensure the smooth progress of rescue work. For remote areas on land or on the sea surface beyond the coverage of the ground vehicle network, satellites can help transmit data between UAVs and ground vehicles that are far apart. Therefore, satellite-enabled UAV communication is a promising development direction for future communication networks [12].Although the UAV network has a lot of advantages, there are still many problems that have not been resolved, such as high data transmission pressure and shortage of working spectrum. As a rapidly developing new technology, the UAV network requires new terrestrial spectrum and satellite spectrum allocation to support the growth of its service. The increasing demand for spectrum has put tremendous pressure on existing services [13]. The 2015 World Radiocommunication Conference determined that UAVs are allowed to be included in the satellite communication network in the Ka band, so that communication links between UAVs and remote pilots can be established through the fixed satellite service network [14]. Since other services (such as Internet of Vehicles services) have already existed in the Ka frequency band, UAVs need to share this frequency band with existing services. Frequency reuse causes cofrequency interference. Moreover, because of the high altitude of UAV, the communication link between UAV and ground vehicles is often dominated by the line-of-sight channel, which causes serious downlink interference from UAVs to many adjacent but unrelated ground vehicles [15–17], greatly reducing the communication performance of the UAV in the downlink. Therefore, the cochannel interference of the downlink urgently needs to be studied.


## 2. Materials and Methods

As shown in Figure1, considering the downlink communication of the UAV and IoV collaborative network in a specific area, the ground vehicle and UAV coexist in the same area. Due to frequency reuse, UAV and ground vehicles share the Ka frequency band, resulting in potential strong interference from UAV to vehicles through the downlink loss channel [18]. The link marked x is the interference path from the UAV to the ground vehicle. The UAV flies on a great circle path at a constant height d, equipped with a beamforming array antenna, the main beam axis of which points to the GSO FSS satellite. Depending on the relative position of UAV and satellite, the elevation angle to the satellite takes different values. The relative position relationship of the UAV, FSS satellite, and ground vehicle in the horizontal plane is shown in Figure 2. The relative azimuth angle between the UAV antenna and the vehicle antenna is φ. The downlink cofrequency interference will be analyzed in this article to impose restrictions on the operating parameters of the UAV, limiting the operation height of the UAV, so as to avoid serious interference to ground vehicles [19].Figure 1
The positional relationship of UAVs, vehicles, and satellites in the vertical plane.Figure 2
The positional relationship of UAVs, vehicles, and satellites in the horizontal plane.The interference caused by UAVs to the Internet of Vehicles is represented by the interference-to-noise ratio (I/N) [20], which is calculated by the following equation:(1)IN=PUAV−AUAV tovehicle−Pfs−PFuselage−Patmosphere+Gvehicle−Nvehicle,where PUAV is the UAV antenna transmit power towards vehicles, and the value of PUAV is determined, given in Table 1 [21].Table 1
The EIRP restrictions that UAVs should comply with when operating in the Ka band.
Angle ΘMaximum EIRP per 40 kHz2°≤Θ≤7°19−25logΘdBW/40kHz7°<Θ≤9.2°−2dBW/40kHz9.2°<Θ≤48°22−25logΘdBW/40kHz48°<Θ≤180°−10dBW/40kHzThe main axis of the UAV antenna points to the corresponding FSS satellite, andΘ is defined as the angle between the antenna main axis and the vector from UAV to ground vehicles, i.e., off-axis angle, which is more than two degrees, as shown in Figure 1. It should be noted that the values in the table are the maximum values under clear sky conditions, and the rainfall attenuation is not considered.AUAV to vehicle is an adjustment parameter to unify the unit. In this example, it is equal to 10log (100 MHz/40 kHz). Pfs is the free space basic transmission loss of the point-to-point link, calculated by the following equation [22].(2)Pfs=32.4+20logfUAV+20logdUAV to vehicle,where fUAV is the working frequency of UAV communication in MHz, and dUAV to vehicle is the distance in km between UAV and the interfered vehicle.Patmosphere is the atmospheric attenuation, which is composed of the attenuation caused by dry air and water vapor. It can be obtained by the sum of oxygen and water vapor spectral lines when the pressure, temperature, and humidity of a certain place are known. The gas attenuation of the inclined path in the uplink between the heights h1 and h2 is calculated as follows (h2 >h1 ≥0 km):(3)Agas=∫h1h2γhsinϕhdh=∫h1h2γh1−cos2ϕhdh,cosϕh=RE+h1nh1RE+hnhcosϕ1,where γh is the specific attenuation at height h, RE is the average earth radius (valued at 6371 km), φ1 is the apparent elevation angle at height h1, and nh is the refractive index at height h. Downlink attenuation and uplink attenuation are symmetrical.The calculation formula for specific attenuationγh is as follows:(4)γ=0.1820fN″Oxyf+N″waterfdB/km,NOxy″f=∑jOxySjFj+ND″f,Nwater″f=∑jwaterSjFj,where Sj is the intensity of the jth oxygen spectrum line or water vapor spectrum line:(5)Sj=α1p300T3expα21−300T×10−7,oxygen=β1e300T3.5expβ21−300T×10−1,vapor,where p is the dry air pressure (hPa), α and β are the spectral data of oxygen and water vapor, respectively, and e is the partial pressure of water vapor (hPa), which can be calculated from the water vapor density ρ and temperature T at a given height:(6)e=ρT216.7,where T is the temperature (k) and Fj is the shape factor of the oxygen or water vapor line:(7)Fj=ffjΔf–δfj–ffj–f2+Δf2+Δf–δf+ffj+f2+Δf2,where fj is the line frequency of oxygen or water vapor, and Δf is the line width:(8)Δf=α3×10–4pθ0.8−α4+1.1eθ,oxygen=β3×10–4pθβ4+β5eθβ6,vapor.The calculation of the line widthΔf takes into account the Zeeman split of the oxygen line and the Doppler broadening of the water vapor line:(9)Δf=Δf2+2.25×10−6,oyxgen=0.535Δf+0.217Δf2+2.1316×10−12fi2θ,vapor.δ is the correction factor for interference between oxygen lines:(10)δ=a5+a6θ×10−4p+eθ0.8,oyxgen=0,vapor.ND″f is the continuous absorption spectrum of dry air resulted by the nitrogen attenuation caused by air pressure and the Debye spectrum, calculated as follows:(11)ND″f=fpθ26.14×10–5w1+f/w2+1.4×10−12pθ1.51+1.9×10−5f1.5,where w is the width parameter of the Debye spectrum:(12)w=5.6×10−4θ0.8p+e.Gvehicle is the gain of the ground vehicle antenna towards the UAV. Ground mobile systems in the Ka frequency band usually use patch array antennas. Several identical patch elements are distributed on the y-z plane at a fixed spacing distance λ/2 [23–25], and the maximum gain is along the x-axis direction. The arrow in Figure 3 indicates the signal transmission direction, the elevation angle is θ, 0°≤θ≤180°, and the azimuth angle is φ, −180°≤φ≤180°.Figure 3
Antenna geometry model of the interfered system.The radiation pattern of a single element in antenna array is calculated by the following equation:(13)AEleϕ,θ=GEle,max−min−AEle,Horizonϕ+AEle,Verticalθ,Am.Among them, the horizontal and vertical radiation patterns are(14)AEle,Horizonϕ=−min12ϕϕ3dB2,SLA,AEle,Verticalθ=−min12θ−90θ3dB2,SLA,where GE,max is the peak gain of the array component, SLA is the front-to-back ratio, and φ3dB and θ3dB are the 3 dB beam widths.The final radiation pattern of the beamforming array antenna is obtained by the following formula:(15)AAθ,ϕ=AEθ,ϕ+10log10∑i=1NH∑j=1NVui,j⋅vi,j2,where(16)vi,j=e∧−1⋅2πi−1dVλcosθ+j−1dHλsinθsinϕ,ui,j=1NHNVe∧−1⋅2πi−1dVλsinθ−j−1dHλcosθsin90−ϕ,where NV and NH are the number of elements, and dV and dH are the separation distances of the elements in the vertical and horizontal directions of the antenna array, respectively.The last termNvehicle in (1) is the total noise at vehicles:(17)Nvehicle=10log10kBT+Nf,where k is Boltzmann’s constant, B is the working bandwidth of vehicles, T is the thermodynamic temperature, and Nf is the noise figure.


## 3. Results and Discussion

Simulation results of cochannel interference between UAVs and vehicles is provided in this section to analyze the downlink interference situation of the UAV network. The simulation parameters are given in Table2. Consider the situation where there is only one UAV interference source within the line of sight of the vehicle in a specific area at a specific time. The vehicle antenna height is 1.5 m. The acceptable interference level threshold for the Internet of Vehicles service at 28 GHz is −6 dB [26]. The UAV network has a working bandwidth of 100 MHz. In order to fully analyze different interference scenarios, consider the following two cases:(1)
The antennas of the vehicle and the UAV are directed to each other with maximum gain, and the downlink interference between the UAV network and the Internet of Vehicles service is analyzed under different relative positions between the UAV and the satellite. In this case, the elevation angles from the UAV to the satellite are 5°, 45°, and 70°, and the antenna gains of the UAV and the vehicle are both peak gains, that is,θ=90°, φ=180° in (15).(2)
The elevation angle from UAV to the satellite is fixed to 10°, and the interference between the UAV and the vehicle is analyzed at different antenna relative points. In this case, it is assumed that the vehicle antenna has a mechanical downtilt angle of 10° [27] and a maximum of 6° [28] electronic uptilt. The antenna of the user end keeps pointing horizontally, and the azimuth angle between the UAV and the vehicle antenna is 5°, 30°, and 180°.Table 2
Simulation parameters in this study.
ParameterValueParameterValueGE, max5 dBiφ3 dB80°SLA30θ3 dB65°Nv4NH2dV0.5λdH0.5λThe simulation result of case 1 is shown in Figures4–6. The 3 curves of blue, green, and yellow, respectively, represent the three flying heights 1, 5, and 10 km of UAV, and the red horizontal line represents the acceptable interference threshold of ground vehicles. The abscissa is the distance between UAV and vehicle in the horizontal direction, and the ordinate is the level of interference caused by the UAV to ground vehicles. The abscissa corresponding to the intersection of the interference curve and the horizontal line is the minimum separation distance required to protect the ground vehicle network from interference.Figure 4
Case 1, when the vehicle is interfered at an elevation angle of 5°.Figure 5
Case 1, when the vehicle is interfered at an elevation angle of 45°.Figure 6
Case 1, when the vehicle is interfered at an elevation angle of 70°.It can be seen that as the flying height of UAVs increases, the interference level of UAVs to ground vehicles gradually decreases, and the required separation distance between the two is getting smaller and smaller. When the flying height is 10 km, the interference curve keeps below the threshold. In this situation, even if the UAV is directly above the vehicle, it will not cause unacceptable interference to the vehicle. The envelope of the interference curve decreases as the distance increases, which is consistent with experience, because the interference signal will attenuate in the propagation path. The fluctuations of the interference curve are caused by the radiation pattern of the receiving antenna. In the radiation pattern, the antenna gain continuously fluctuates with the change of elevation and azimuth. While the altitude difference of UAV and vehicle antenna keeps the same, the relative elevation angle between the antennas will change with the separation distance, so the interference curve also has ups and downs.In order to express the simulation results more clearly, read the abscissa value of the intersection of each curve and the threshold line and fill in the table, as given in Table3.Table 3
The safe separation distance between UAV and the vehicle in case 1.
UAV height (km)Minimum separation distance (km)1510UAV elevation angle (°)58.15.060458.025.10708.044.920It can be seen that when the elevation angles of the UAV relative to the satellite are 5°, 45°, and 70°, there is no significant difference in the minimum separation distance between the UAV and the vehicle. Therefore, the elevation angle between the UAV and the satellite, that is, the relative position relationship between the two, has no significant impact on the level of interference between the UAV and the Internet of Vehicles and can be ignored in the interference analysis. Since the case 1 assumes that the vehicle and the UAV antenna keep the maximum gain pointing to each other, the interference level simulating this time is actually the maximum possible value, and it is almost impossible to reach the maximum value in reality. In order to get a simulation result closer to the actual situation, continue with the simulation of case 2.The simulation results of case 2 are shown in Figures7–9. It can be clearly seen that the greater the azimuth angle between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna, the lower the level of interference that the vehicle will receive, and the shorter the separation distance between the UAV and the vehicle needs to keep. When the relative azimuth angle is 180°, i.e., the main axis of receiving antenna and transmitting antenna beams deviate from each other, the interference from UAV to the Internet of Vehicles is almost negligible, and there is no need to impose restrictions on the flying height of the UAV. This is because the antenna peak gain is at the azimuth angle of 0°, and the further away from 0°, the smaller the gain, so the interference received by the interfered vehicle is also lower. The abscissa value of the intersection of each interference curve and the threshold line is given in Table 4.Figure 7
Case 2, when the vehicle is interfered at an azimuth angle of 5°.Figure 8
Case 2, when the vehicle is interfered at an azimuth angle of 30°.Figure 9
Case 2, when the vehicle is interfered at an azimuth angle of 180°.Table 4
The safe separation distance between the UAV and the vehicle in case 2.
UAV height (km)Minimum separation distance (km)1510Azimuth angle between UAV and vehicle58.065.140306.94.2801800.4800It can be seen from the table that the larger the azimuth angle between the antennas of the UAV and the ground vehicle, the shorter the separation distance between the two needs to be maintained. When the azimuth angle is 5°, the separation distance value is close to the simulation result of case 1 because the antenna gain decays slowly near the peak. When the azimuth angle is 30°, the separation distance value at different flying altitudes has been reduced by about 1 km. Combining Tables3 and 4, we can see that when the acceptable interference threshold of the Internet of Vehicles is −6 dB; in order to protect the Internet of Vehicles from interference, the flying height of the UAV needs to be limited to more than 10 km, while the horizontal distance between the UAV and the ground vehicle is not restricted. It should be noted that this simulation is a static simulation, and the duration of interference and the possibility of interference are not taken into consideration in the calculation process. To obtain simulation results closer to the actual situation, the above two factors need to be considered.


## 4. Conclusion

In this study, a simulation analysis of the same-frequency interference between UAVs and the Internet of Vehicles working in the Ka band was done to calculate the separation distance required to protect the Internet of Vehicles from UAV interference. When calculating the cofrequency interference, the propagation environment of the radio signal was modeled. The UAV transmitting signal experienced free space loss and atmospheric loss during the propagation process and finally became an interference signal after amplified by the receiving antenna. The receiving antenna model was a 4 × 2 antenna array. Two cases were considered in the calculation. One was the worst case, i.e., the UAV antenna and the vehicle antenna kept pointing to each other with maximum gain, and the azimuth angle was fixed at 0°. The second was the general case, i.e., the antenna gain would vary with the change of the azimuth angle. For the worst case, the elevation angle from the UAV to the GSO satellite was set to 3 different values to study the interference between the UAV and the vehicle at different relative positions between the UAV and satellite. For the general case, the azimuth angle between the UAV antenna and the vehicle antenna was set to 3 different values to study the interference of the 2 antennas at different mutual pointing angles. The safe separation distance calculated finally between the UAV and the Internet of Vehicles was summarized in the table. In actual situations, different standards could be selected according to the specific local conditions.



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*Source: 5883770-2022-01-31.xml*