# Transverse Vibration of a Moving Viscoelastic Hard Membrane Containing Scratches

Authors: Mingyue Shao; Jimei Wu; Yan Wang; Hongmei Zhang; Qiumin Wu
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2019)

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## Abstract

The transverse vibration and stability of a moving viscoelastic hard printing membrane containing scratches are investigated. Based on the viscoelastic differential constitutive relation, thin plate theory, and d’Alembert principle, the differential equation of a moving viscoelastic hard membrane with a straight scratch through the surface is derived by using the continuity condition of the scratches. The complex characteristic equation is obtained by using the differential quadrature method. The effects of the scratch depth and scratch position on the critical instability speed of the moving hard membrane were highlighted by solving the differential equation and numerical calculation, and the coupling effects of speed and scratch depth on vibration characteristics of the hard membrane are also analyzed. Numerical calculation results show that the hard membrane experiences divergence instability when the actual printing speed isv=23.2 m/s, and the membrane is stable whenv<23.2 m/s. The theoretical guidance and method for scratches detection of the precision coated hard membrane are provided.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Hard scratches are often caused by fine particles and sharp iron filings on the surface of a precision coated hard membrane. The hard membrane has a certain hardness and can take bending rigidity [1], the thin plate theory is used to analyze the hard membrane. This part of the membrane material with scratches is a waste product, which must be diagnosed and eliminated in time to ensure the quality and productivity of the printing product. The damage effect can cause changes in the dynamic characteristics of the vibration mode and frequency of the structure. Therefore, changes in dynamic characteristics can be used to identify scratch damage of the membrane structure. Therefore, it is necessary to study the vibration characteristics of a viscoelastic hard membrane containing scratches.In the past decade, many scholars have studied the dynamic characteristics of moving viscoelastic plates. Marynowski [2] investigated moving velocity, and relaxation times affected the dynamic behavior of a moving plate based on the viscoelastic theory. Li [3] studied multimodal coupling characteristics of a moving viscoelastic sandwich rectangular plate by using the Galerkin method and the thin plate theory. Tang and Chen [4] analyzed steady-state responses of axially moving viscoelastic plates with variable speed, and the Kelvin-Voigt model was used in plate material. Pan et al. [5] analyzed the effect of thermal parameters on the transverse vibration of a viscoelastic thin plate. The conclusion is that critical divergence and restabilization speed of the first-order mode decrease with the increase of thermal parameters. Tang et al. [6] examined the vibration and dynamic stability of axially viscoelastic plates with variable tension by using the method of multiple scales and the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. Robinson and Adali [7] investigated the influence of the thickness ratio and the cross-section on the vibration of in-plane moving viscoelastic plates. The effects of aspect ratio and viscosity of plates on the vibration frequencies are presented by applying the differential quadrature method in [8]. Zheng and Deng [9] studied nonlinear free vibration of a viscoelastic moderately thick laminated plate with damage by using the iterative methods, Newton-Cotes and Simpson integration. Marynowski [1, 10] then studied nonlinear behavior of a paper web; the viscoelastic beam theory was applied to establish the paper web model and the viscous damping was considered. He also discussed the significant influence of the tension fluctuation amplitude on the nonlinear bifurcation of the system, and the chaos and regular motion appeared alternately when the tension fluctuation amplitude increased. Zhou and Wang [11] investigated the dynamic characteristics and stability of axially moving viscoelastic thin plates by the differential quadrature method.In recent years, scholars have conducted a lot of research on damage identification and vibration of structures with cracks. Bose and Mohanty [13] applied the Kirchhoff plate theory to analyze the vibration of a rectangular thin isotropic plate with part-through surface cracks under different boundary conditions. Diba et al. [14] analyzed the influence of parameters such as the position of excitation force, the angle of crack, and the length of crack on vibration of an isotropic rectangular plate containing an inclined crack. Wang et al. [15] employed the DQM (differential quadrature method) to analyze vibration and stability of a viscoelastic cracked plate containing changing thickness. Joshi and Jain [16] applied the classical plate theory to study the parameter vibration and thermal buckling behavior of a thin plate with internal crack. It was noted that the temperature affected natural frequencies. Joshi et al. [17] investigated the effects of boundary conditions, thickness, crack location, crack length, and varying elasticity ratio on the fundamental frequencies of a plate containing an internal crack by using Galerkin method and multiple scales perturbation method. Ramtekkar et al. [18] studied vibration and stability of plates with two perpendicular cracks, and the effects of boundary conditions and length ratios of a crack on the natural frequencies of cracked plates were analyzed.Many studies have developed viscoelastic cracked plates with no axial moving speed, while the vibration characteristics of an axially moving viscoelastic hard membrane with cracks in the printing field have received little attention. In this paper, the dynamic properties of a viscoelastic hard membrane with scratches are studied. The theory of fracture mechanics is used to study the scratched membrane, and the complex characteristic equation of the hard membrane containing scratches is established. The influence of the scratch position and depth on the vibration and stability is analyzed. The study provides methods for scratch detection and troubleshooting identification.


## 2. The Differential Equation of Motion is Established

A schematic diagram of a precision coated hard membrane with a scratch is shown in Figure1. There is a scratch at the x=xc, scratch depth is hc, and the moving hard membrane is divided into two parts by the scratch. The density of the hard membrane isρ,the thickness ish, and the speed is v.Figure 1
Hard printing membrane with a scratch.According to Kirchhoff’s hypothesis that the strain and stress of an infinitesimal element of the hard membrane areεx, εy, εxy, σx, σy, τxy, the stress-strain relationship of a viscoelastic hard membrane is written as follows [19].(1)P-′P-′Q-′′+2Q-′P-′′σ-x=Q-′2P-′Q-′′+Q-′P-′′ε-x+Q-′P-′Q-′′-Q-′P-′′ε-yP-′P-′Q-′′+2Q-′P-′′σ-y=Q-′P-′Q-′′-Q-′P-′′ε-x+Q-′2P-′Q-′′+Q-′P-′′ε-yP-′τ-xy=Q-′ε-xyP - ′, Q-′, P-′′, Q-′′ denote three-dimensional constitutive relationship.(2)P′sij=Q′eijP′′σii=Q′′εiiTake Laplace transform onP′, Q′, P′′, Q′′, where “–” stands for the Laplace transform.(3)P-′=∑k=0m′pk′s1k,Q-′=∑k=0n′qk′s1k,P-′′=∑k=0m′′pk′′s1k,Q-′′=∑k=0n′′qk′′s1kwhere s1 is Laplacian variable.Supposing that(4)P-0=P-′P-′Q-′′+2Q-′P-′′Q-0=Q-′2P-′Q-′′+Q-′P-′′Q-1=Q-′P-′Q-′′-Q-′P-′′(1) can be expressed as follows.(5)P-0σ-x=Q-0ε-x+Q-1ε-yP-0σ-y=Q-1ε-x+Q-0ε-yP-′τ-xy=Q-′ε-xyThen(6)εx=∂u∂x=-z∂2w∂x2εy=∂v∂y=-z∂2w∂y2γxy=∂u∂y+∂v∂x=-2z∂2w∂x∂y.According to the thin plate theory, moment and torque of the hard membrane are defined as follows.(7)Mx=∫-h/2h/2zσxdzMy=∫-h/2h/2zσydz(8)Mxy=∫-h/2h/2zτxydz=Myx=∫-h/2h/2zτyxdzLaplace transform is performed on (7) and (8), and then they are multiplied by P-0,P-′.(9)P-0M-x=∫-h/2h/2zP-0σ-xdzP-0M-y=∫-h/2h/2zP-0σ-ydzP-′M-xy=∫-h/2h/2zP-′τ-xydzSubstituting (5) and (6) into (9) yields the following.(10)P-0M-x=-∫-h/2h/2z2Q-0∂2w-∂x2+Q-1∂2w-∂y2dzP-0M-y=-∫-h/2h/2z2Q-1∂2w-∂x2+Q-0∂2w-∂y2dzP-′M-xy=P-′M-yx=-∫-h/2h/2z2Q-′∂2w-∂x∂ydzThe speed of the moving hard membrane in thez direction is as follows.(11)v-t=dwdt=∂w∂t+v∂w∂xAcceleration in thezdirection is written as follows. (12)a-=dv-dt=∂∂w/∂t+v∂w/∂x∂t+v∂∂w/∂t+v∂w/∂x∂x=∂2w∂t2+2v∂2w∂x∂t+v2∂2w∂x2The partial differential equation of the hard membrane is obtained according to the d’Alembert principle.(13)∂2Mx∂x2+2∂2Mxy∂x∂y+∂2My∂y2-ρh∂2w∂t2+2v∂2w∂x∂t+v2∂2w∂x2=0Performing a Lagrangian transformation on (13), then multiplying it by P-0P-′, the following equation is obtained.(14)P-0P-′∂2M-x∂x2+2P-0P-′∂2M-xy∂x∂y+P-0P-′∂2M-y∂y2-ρhP-0P-′s12w-+2vs1∂w-∂x+v2∂2w-∂x2=0Equation (14) is changed into the following.(15)P-′∂2P-0M-x∂x2+2P-0∂2P-′M-xy∂x∂y+P-′∂2P-0M-y∂y2-ρhP-0P-′s12w-+2vs1∂w-∂x+v2∂2w-∂x2=0Substituting (10) into (15), the differential equation of a hard printing membrane in the Lagrangian domain is obtained.(16)h312P-′Q-0∇4w-+ρhP-0P-′s12w-+2vs1∂w-∂x+v2∂2w-∂x2=0Assuming that the shape distortion of the hard printing membrane satisfies the Kelvin-Voigt model, then we obtain the following.(17)P-′=1,Q-′=2G+2ηs1P-′′=1,Q-′′=3KSubstituting (17) into (16) and then performing inverse Lagrangian transformation, the differential equation of the moving hard membrane in the time domain that satisfies the Kelvin-Voigt model is obtained:(18)h312A3+A4∂∂t+A5∂2∂t2∇4wI+ρhA1+A2∂∂t∂2wI∂t2+2v∂2wI∂t∂x+v2∂2wI∂x2=0where A1=3K+4G, A2=4η, A3=2G6K+2G, A4=8Gη+12Kη, A5=4η2, G=E/2(1+μ), K=E/3(1-2μ), μ denotes the Poisson’s ratio of the hard membrane, ∇4wI=∂4wI/∂x4+2∂4wI/∂x2∂y2+∂4wI/∂y4.The discontinuity of the hard membrane is caused by the scratches.Θ is additional angle caused by scratches. The continuous conditions of the scratch [20–22] are (19a)-(19d).The deflection is as follows.(19a)wIxI-,y,t=wI+1xI+,y,tThe bending moment is as follows.(19b)MIxxI-,y,t=MI+1xxI+,y,tThe equivalent shear is as follows.(19c)VIxxI-,y,t=VI+1xxI+,y,tThe angle is(19d)wI,xxI-,y,t+Θ-wI+1,xxI+,y,t=0where VIx=QIx+MIxy,y.Performing a Lagrangian transformation on (18), then multiplying it by P-0, P-0P-′, the following equations are obtained:(20a)w-IxI-,y=w-I+1xI+,y(20b)P-0M-IxxI-,y=P-0M-I+1xxI+,y(20c)P-0P-′Q-IxxI-,y+P-0P-′M-Ixy,yxI-,y=P-0P-′Q-I+1xxI+,y+P-0P-′M-I+1xy,yxI+,y(20d)w-I,xxI-,y+Θ--w-I+1,xxI+,y=0where(21)3Q-′Q-′′2P-′Q-′′+P-′′Q-′Θ-=122P-′Q-′′+P-′′Q-′2-P-′Q-′′-P-′′Q-′2αbbσ-b.Performing a Lagrangian transformation onσb and multiplying it by P-0, we get the following.(22)2P-′P-′Q-′′+2Q-′P-′′σ-b=-hQ-′2P-′Q-′′+P-′′Q-′∂2w-I∂x2+P-′Q-′′-P-′′Q-′∂2w-I∂y2The scratch characteristic coefficient is denoted asαbb(23)αbb=∫0Scgb2dςwhere Sc=hc/h, and scratch depth function gb is defined as follows.(24)gb=ς1/21.99-2.47ς+12.97ς2-23.17ς3+24.80ς4The viscoelastic membrane body changes to an elastic one, and the shape distortion satisfies the Kelvin-Voigt model; then we obtain(25)A6+A7∂∂tΘ=-6hαbbA6+A7∂∂t∂2wI∂x2+A8-A7∂∂t∂2wI∂y2where A6=6K+2G,A7=2η,A8=3K-2G.The dimensionless quantities are expressed as follows.(26)ξ=xa,ψ=yb,W-I=wIa,λ=ab,r=ha,τ=tha2E12ρ1-μ2,c=ah12ρ1-μ2Ev,H=ha2E12ρ1-μ2ηEThe dimensionless governing equations of the moving hard membrane can be obtained as follows:(27)1+42-μ1+μ3H∂∂τ+41-2μ1+μ23H2∂2∂τ2∇4W-I+1+41-2μ1+μ31-μH∂∂τ∂2W-I∂τ2+2c∂2W-I∂ξ∂τ+c2∂2W-I∂ξ2=0whereHrepresents dimensionless delay time,crepresents the dimensionless speed,τis dimensionless time, ∇4W-I=∂4W-I/∂ξ4+2λ2∂4W-I/∂ξ2∂ψ2+λ4∂4W-I/∂ψ4.The dimensionless continuous conditions of the scratch are(28)W-IξI-,ψ,τ=W-I+1ξI+,ψ,τB1∂2W-IξI-,ψ,τ∂ξ2+B2λ2∂2W-IξI-,ψ,τ∂ψ2=B1∂2W-I+1ξI+,ψ,τ∂ξ2+B2λ2∂2W-I+1ξI+,ψ,τ∂ψ2B1∂3W-IξI-,ψ,τ∂ξ3+B3λ2∂3W-IξI-,ψ,τ∂ξ∂ψ2=B1∂3W-I+1ξI+,ψ,τ∂ξ3+B3λ2∂3W-I+1ξI+,ψ,τ∂ξ∂ψ2B1∂W-IξI-,ψ,τ∂ξ-∂W-I+1ξI+,ψ,τ∂ξ=-6rαbbB1∂2W-IξI-,ψ,τ∂ξ2+B2λ2∂2W-IξI-,ψ,τ∂ψ2where B1=1+2/31-2μ1+μH∂/∂τ, B2=μ-2/31-2μ1+μH∂/∂τ,  B3=2-μ+21-2μ1+μH∂/∂τ.Supposing the solution of (27) is W-Iξ,ψ,τ=WIξ,ψejωτ, the vibration differential equation of the moving hard membrane that satisfies the Kelvin-Voigt model is expressed as(29)D1∇4WI+D2-ω2WI+2cjω∂WI∂ξ+c2∂2WI∂ξ2=0where D1=1-(41-2μ1+μ2/3)H2ω2+42-μ1+μ/3Hωj, D2=1+41-2μ1+μ/31-μHωj, j=-1, ω is the frequency of a hard membrane.SubstitutingW-Iξ,ψ,τ=WIξ,ψejωτ into (28) yields(30)WIξI-,ψ=WI+1ξI+,ψD3∂2WIξI-,ψ∂ξ2+D4λ2∂2WI+1ξI-,ψ∂ψ2=D3∂2WI+1ξI+,ψ∂ξ2+D4λ2∂2WI+1ξI+,ψ∂ψ2D3∂3WIξI-,ψ∂ξ3+D5λ2∂3WIξI-,ψ∂ξ∂ψ2=D3∂3WI+1ξI+,ψ∂ξ3+D5λ2∂3WI+1ξI+,ψ∂ξ∂ψ2D3∂WIξI-,ψ∂ξ-∂WI+1ξI+,ψ∂ξ=-6rαbbD3∂2WIξI-,ψ∂ξ2+D4λ2∂2WIξI-,ψ∂ψ2where D3=1+2/31-2μ1+μHjω, D5=2-μ+21-2μ1+μHjω,  D4=μ-2/31-2μ1+μHjω.The boundary conditions of a moving viscoelastic hard membrane are as follows.(31)ξ=0,1:Wξ,ψ=∂W∂ξ=0ψ=0,1:Wξ,ψ=∂2W∂ψ2=0


## 3. Solving Equation

Equation (28) is discretized by differential quadrature method [23].(32)41-2μ1+μ31-μHj3Wijω3+41-2μ1+μ23H2j2∑k=1NAik4Wkj+2λ2∑m=1NBjm2∑k=1NAik2Wkm+λ4∑k=1NBjk4Wik+41-2μ1+μ31-μ2cHj2∑k=1NAikWkj+j2Wijω2+42-μ1+μ3Hj∑k=1NAik4Wkj+2λ2∑m=1NBjm2∑k=1NAik2Wkm+λ4∑k=1NBjk4Wik+41-2μ1+μ31-μHjc2∑k=1NAik2Wkj+2cj∑k=1NAikWkjω+∑k=1NAik4Wkj+2λ2∑m=1NBjm2∑k=1NAik2Wkm+λ4∑k=1NBjk4Wik+c2∑k=1NAik2Wkj=0Scratch continuous conditions are discretized by differential quadrature method(33)Wcj-Wcj=0j=1,2,…,N(34a)D3∑k=1NAc+2,k2Wkj+D4λ2∑m=1NAc+2,m2Wkm=D3∑k=1NAc+2,k2Wkj+D4λ2∑m=1NAc+2,m2Wkm(34b)D3∑k=1NAc+3,k3Wkj+D5λ2∑k=1NAc+3,k1∑m=1NAc+3,m2Wkm=D3∑k=1NAc+3,k3Wkj+D5λ2∑k=1NAc+3,k1∑m=1NAc+3,m2Wkm(34c)D3∑k=1NAc+1,k1Wkj+D3∑k=1NAc+1,k1Wkj+6rαbbD3∑k=1NAc+1,k2Wkj+D4λ2∑k=1NAc+1,k2Wkj=0The numbers of discrete points in thex and y directions are equal. The discrete forms of the node are as follows.(35a)ξ1=0,ξN=1,ξi=121-cos⁡2i-32N-4πi=2,3,…,N-1ψ1=0,ψN=1,ψi=121-cos⁡2i-32N-4πi=2,3,…,N-1(35b)ξ1=0,ξ2=δ,ξN-1=1-δ,ξN=1,ξi=121-cos⁡i-2N-3πi=3,4,…,N-2ψ1=0,ψN=1,ψi=121-cos2i-32N-4πi=2,3,…,N-1Then the discrete forms of boundary conditions in equation (31) are as follows.(36)W1j=WNj=Wi1=WiN=0i,j=1,2,…,N∑k=1NAik2Wkj=0i=1,Nj=1,2,…,N∑k=1NBjk2Wik=0j=1,Ni=1,2,…,NCombine (36) with (32), (33), (34a), (34b) and (34c):(37)ω3Q+ω2R+ωG+KWkj=0with Q, R, G, K including scratch position ξc, scratch depth Sc, hard membrane thickness ratio r, aspect ratio λ, delay time H, and moving speed c.The characteristic equation of the hard membrane with a scratch is expressed as follows.(38)ω3Q+ω2R+ωG+K=0


## 4. Numerical Results

When delay timeH=10−5, moving speed c=2, scratch depth Sc=0, the problem degenerates into a vibration problem of a moving viscoelastic hard membrane without scratches. The vibration natural frequency of the nonscratched moving viscoelastic hard membrane is solved and then compared with [12] as shown in Table 1.Table 1
Comparison between the natural frequencies of a moving viscoelastic hard membrane and [12](c=2, H=10−5).
aspect ratio This paper Reference [12] ω 1 ω 2 ω 3 ω 1 ω 2 ω 3 λ=1 27.490 53.580 68.090 27.487 53.576 68.091  λ=0.8 24.820 40.520 65.270 24.818 40.519 65.267As a result, the natural frequency of a moving viscoelastic hard membrane without scratches is consistent with the literature solution.


### 4.1. The Effects of Scratch Depth on Stability

Figure3 shows the relationship between the complex frequency of a hard membrane and the speed with the different scratch depths; aspect ratio λ=1, delay time H=10-6, scratch position is 0.5, and the scratch depth is 0.1, 0.4, 0.5, separately. When scratch depth Sc=0.5, 0≤c<7.8, the imaginary parts of the first three modes are zero, and the real parts are decreased. When the speedc=7.8, the first-order frequency Re(ω)=0, the imaginary part has both positive and negative values, and the membrane is divergent and unstable. When c=10.16, the membrane becomes stable again. Whenc=11, the first and third modes are coupled chatter. Comparing the three curves when Sc=0.1,0.4, 0.5, it can be seen that the variation laws of the real part and the imaginary part of the frequencies containing different scratch depths are almost the same. When the scratch depth is deeper, the critical divergence velocity and the critical velocity of coupled chatter are smaller.


### 4.2. The Effects of Scratch Position on Stability

Figure3 shows the relationship between the complex frequencies and membrane speed with the different scratch position; the aspect ratio λ=1, the delay timeH is 10-6, the scratch depth Sc is 0.4, and the scratch position ξc is 0.07, 0.36, 0.5, respectively. When ξc=0.07, the speed 0≤c<8.16,the imaginary parts of the first three modes are zero, and the real parts are decreased with the increase of the speed. When the speedc=8.16, the first-order mode is divergence instability. When the speedc=10.12, the membrane becomes stable again. Whenc=11.08, the first and third modes are coupled chatter. It can be seen from Figure 3 that the scratch depth is kept constant; the closer the scratch position is to the middle portion, the lower the critical speed is when hard membrane shows the divergence instability and coupled chatter instability.


### 4.3. The Effects of Scratch Depth and Scratch Position on Stability

Figures4, 5, and 6 show the relationship between the complex frequencies of the hard membrane and the scratch depth when the scratch depth is gradually increased, and the parameters are H=10-4,λ=1.5,  c=1,  ξc=0.5. It is noted that when the scratch depth gradually increases, the real part of complex frequency decreases, the imaginary part increases, and change laws of the first-order, second-order, and third-order modes are the same. As a result, the occurrence of scratches can lead to the decrease of the membrane stiffness, and the stiffness is reduced with the increase of the scratch depth.Figure7 shows the relationship between the complex frequency of the hard membrane and the scratch position, when H=10-4, λ=1.5, c=1, Sc=0.4. It can be noted that when the scratch position changes from left to right, the real part of the complex frequency firstly decreases and then increases, and the imaginary part firstly decreases, then increases, and lastly decreases. The real part and imaginary part of the complex frequency are equal when the scratch positions are ξc=1 and ξc=0. The real part of complex frequency is the smallest when the scratch position is in the middle.


### 4.4. Coupling Effect of Speed and Scratch Depth on Membrane Vibration

Tables2 and 3 show the frequency ratio (Reωc/Reω) caused by the scratch depth under different speeds, and the frequency ratio (Reωv/Reω) caused by the speed under different scratch depths. It can be seen from Table 2 that the frequency is decreasing with the increase in the scratch depth, and the frequency reduction caused by scratches becomes faster as the speed increases. It can be seen from Table 3 that the frequency is decreasing along with the speed increasing, and the frequency reduction caused by the speed becomes faster as the scratch depth expands. It is noted that the coupling of speed and scratch depth affects the hard membrane frequency.Table 2
Frequency ratios versus the scratch depth.
Speedv InitialReω Frequency ratioReωc/Reω (%) Scratch depthSc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 39.09 99.86 99.43 98.67 97.38 95.13  2 37.80 99.85 99.42 98.64 97.31 95.00  4 33.98 99.84 99.37 98.52 97.08 94.56  6 27.69 99.81 99.25 98.24 96.52 93.48  8 19.03 99.73 98.92 97.45 94.93 90.39Table 3
Frequency ratios versus the axial velocity.
Scratch depthSc InitialReω Frequency ratioReωv/Reω (%) Speedv 2 4 6 8 0.0 39.09 96.71 86.93 70.84 48.68  0.1 39.04 96.71 86.91 70.81 48.62  0.2 38.87 96.70 86.87 70.72 48.43  0.3 38.57 96.68 86.80 70.54 48.08  0.4 38.07 96.65 86.67 70.22 47.46  0.5 37.19 96.59 86.42 69.62 46.26


### 4.5. Numeral Calculations

As can be seen from Figure2, the hard membrane undergoes divergence instability when the dimensionless speedc=7.8. The relationship between the dimensionless speed and the actual moving speed [11] is as follows.(39)v=cha12ρ1-μ2/EFigure 2
The relationship of complex frequencies and velocity under different scratch depths (H=10-6,λ=1,ξc=0.5).Figure 3
The relationship of complex frequencies and velocity under different scratch position (H=10-6,λ=1,Sc=0.4).Figure 4
The relationship of first-order complex frequencies and scratch depth (H=10-4,λ=1.5,c=1,ξc=0.5).Figure 5
The relationship of second-order complex frequencies and scratch depth (H=10-4,λ=1.5,c=1,ξc=0.5).Figure 6
The relationship of third-order complex frequencies and scratch depth (H=10-4,λ=1.5,c=1,ξc=0.5).Figure 7
The first-order complex frequencies versus scratch position (H=10-4,λ=1.5,c=1,Sc=0.4).The basic parameters of a precision coating hard membrane are shown in Table4. The hard membrane undergoes divergence instability when the actual printing speed isv=23.2 m/s; that is, the membrane is stable whenv<23.2 m/s.Table 4
The basic parameters of the precision coating hard membrane.
parameters parameters values a hard membrane width 530mm h hard membrane thickness 1.2mm ρ density 333kg/m3 μ Poisson’s ratio 0.3 E elastic modulus 6.26G/Pa


## 4.1. The Effects of Scratch Depth on Stability

Figure3 shows the relationship between the complex frequency of a hard membrane and the speed with the different scratch depths; aspect ratio λ=1, delay time H=10-6, scratch position is 0.5, and the scratch depth is 0.1, 0.4, 0.5, separately. When scratch depth Sc=0.5, 0≤c<7.8, the imaginary parts of the first three modes are zero, and the real parts are decreased. When the speedc=7.8, the first-order frequency Re(ω)=0, the imaginary part has both positive and negative values, and the membrane is divergent and unstable. When c=10.16, the membrane becomes stable again. Whenc=11, the first and third modes are coupled chatter. Comparing the three curves when Sc=0.1,0.4, 0.5, it can be seen that the variation laws of the real part and the imaginary part of the frequencies containing different scratch depths are almost the same. When the scratch depth is deeper, the critical divergence velocity and the critical velocity of coupled chatter are smaller.


## 4.2. The Effects of Scratch Position on Stability

Figure3 shows the relationship between the complex frequencies and membrane speed with the different scratch position; the aspect ratio λ=1, the delay timeH is 10-6, the scratch depth Sc is 0.4, and the scratch position ξc is 0.07, 0.36, 0.5, respectively. When ξc=0.07, the speed 0≤c<8.16,the imaginary parts of the first three modes are zero, and the real parts are decreased with the increase of the speed. When the speedc=8.16, the first-order mode is divergence instability. When the speedc=10.12, the membrane becomes stable again. Whenc=11.08, the first and third modes are coupled chatter. It can be seen from Figure 3 that the scratch depth is kept constant; the closer the scratch position is to the middle portion, the lower the critical speed is when hard membrane shows the divergence instability and coupled chatter instability.


## 4.3. The Effects of Scratch Depth and Scratch Position on Stability

Figures4, 5, and 6 show the relationship between the complex frequencies of the hard membrane and the scratch depth when the scratch depth is gradually increased, and the parameters are H=10-4,λ=1.5,  c=1,  ξc=0.5. It is noted that when the scratch depth gradually increases, the real part of complex frequency decreases, the imaginary part increases, and change laws of the first-order, second-order, and third-order modes are the same. As a result, the occurrence of scratches can lead to the decrease of the membrane stiffness, and the stiffness is reduced with the increase of the scratch depth.Figure7 shows the relationship between the complex frequency of the hard membrane and the scratch position, when H=10-4, λ=1.5, c=1, Sc=0.4. It can be noted that when the scratch position changes from left to right, the real part of the complex frequency firstly decreases and then increases, and the imaginary part firstly decreases, then increases, and lastly decreases. The real part and imaginary part of the complex frequency are equal when the scratch positions are ξc=1 and ξc=0. The real part of complex frequency is the smallest when the scratch position is in the middle.


## 4.4. Coupling Effect of Speed and Scratch Depth on Membrane Vibration

Tables2 and 3 show the frequency ratio (Reωc/Reω) caused by the scratch depth under different speeds, and the frequency ratio (Reωv/Reω) caused by the speed under different scratch depths. It can be seen from Table 2 that the frequency is decreasing with the increase in the scratch depth, and the frequency reduction caused by scratches becomes faster as the speed increases. It can be seen from Table 3 that the frequency is decreasing along with the speed increasing, and the frequency reduction caused by the speed becomes faster as the scratch depth expands. It is noted that the coupling of speed and scratch depth affects the hard membrane frequency.Table 2
Frequency ratios versus the scratch depth.
Speedv InitialReω Frequency ratioReωc/Reω (%) Scratch depthSc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 39.09 99.86 99.43 98.67 97.38 95.13  2 37.80 99.85 99.42 98.64 97.31 95.00  4 33.98 99.84 99.37 98.52 97.08 94.56  6 27.69 99.81 99.25 98.24 96.52 93.48  8 19.03 99.73 98.92 97.45 94.93 90.39Table 3
Frequency ratios versus the axial velocity.
Scratch depthSc InitialReω Frequency ratioReωv/Reω (%) Speedv 2 4 6 8 0.0 39.09 96.71 86.93 70.84 48.68  0.1 39.04 96.71 86.91 70.81 48.62  0.2 38.87 96.70 86.87 70.72 48.43  0.3 38.57 96.68 86.80 70.54 48.08  0.4 38.07 96.65 86.67 70.22 47.46  0.5 37.19 96.59 86.42 69.62 46.26


## 4.5. Numeral Calculations

As can be seen from Figure2, the hard membrane undergoes divergence instability when the dimensionless speedc=7.8. The relationship between the dimensionless speed and the actual moving speed [11] is as follows.(39)v=cha12ρ1-μ2/EFigure 2
The relationship of complex frequencies and velocity under different scratch depths (H=10-6,λ=1,ξc=0.5).Figure 3
The relationship of complex frequencies and velocity under different scratch position (H=10-6,λ=1,Sc=0.4).Figure 4
The relationship of first-order complex frequencies and scratch depth (H=10-4,λ=1.5,c=1,ξc=0.5).Figure 5
The relationship of second-order complex frequencies and scratch depth (H=10-4,λ=1.5,c=1,ξc=0.5).Figure 6
The relationship of third-order complex frequencies and scratch depth (H=10-4,λ=1.5,c=1,ξc=0.5).Figure 7
The first-order complex frequencies versus scratch position (H=10-4,λ=1.5,c=1,Sc=0.4).The basic parameters of a precision coating hard membrane are shown in Table4. The hard membrane undergoes divergence instability when the actual printing speed isv=23.2 m/s; that is, the membrane is stable whenv<23.2 m/s.Table 4
The basic parameters of the precision coating hard membrane.
parameters parameters values a hard membrane width 530mm h hard membrane thickness 1.2mm ρ density 333kg/m3 μ Poisson’s ratio 0.3 E elastic modulus 6.26G/Pa


## 5. Conclusions

The transverse vibration and stability of a moving viscoelastic hard membrane containing scratches are investigated. The conclusions are below:( 1 ) The critical speeds of the flutter instability and divergence instability are decreasing with the increase of the scratch depth.( 2 ) Changes in the scratch position will affect the unstable form of the hard membrane. When the moving speed is increasing, the closer the scratch position is to the middle, the more easily the hard membrane experiences flutter instability and divergence instability.( 3 ) The coupling of speed and scratch depth affects the hard membrane frequency. The frequency reduction caused by scratches becomes faster as the speed increases, and the frequency reduction caused by the speed becomes faster as the scratch depth expands.



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*Source: 5671361-2019-01-22.xml*