# Enhanced Bearing Fault Detection Using Step-Varying Vibrational Resonance Based on Duffing Oscillator Nonlinear System

Authors: Yongbin Liu; Zhijia Dai; Siliang Lu; Fang Liu; Jiwen Zhao; Jiale Shen
Journal: Shock and Vibration
 (2017)

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## Abstract

Bearing is a key part of rotary machines, and its working condition is critical in normal operation of rotary machines. Vibrational signals are usually analyzed to monitor the status of bearing. However, information on the status of bearing is always buried in heavy background noise; that is, status information of bearing is weaker than the background noise. Extracting the status features of bearing from signals buried in noise is difficult. Given this, a step-varying vibrational resonance (SVVR) method based on Duffing oscillator nonlinear system is proposed to enhance the weak status feature of bearing by tuning different parameters. Extraction ability of SVVR was verified by analyzing simulation signal and practical bearing signal. Experimental results show that SVVR is more effective in extracting weak characteristic information than other methods, including multiscale noise tuning stochastic resonance (SR), Woods–Saxon potential-based SR, and joint Woods–Saxon and Gaussian potential-based SR. Two evaluation indices are investigated to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the fault detection capability of the SVVR method. The results show that the SVVR can effectively identify the weak status information of bearing.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Bearing plays an important role in ensuring the normal operation of mechanical components [1–3]. According to statistics, approximately 30% of rotary machine faults are caused by bearing failure. Vibrational signals acquired from bearing are usually used to monitor the working condition of bearings [4]. However, vibrational signals acquired by an accelerometer are always buried in heavy background noise. Weak signal detection (WSD) methods have been widely used to simultaneously enhance weak signals and suppress heavy noise. For example, Xiang and Shi proposed a WSD method based on information fusion and chaotic oscillator [5]. Moreover, Zhao et al. proposed a WSD method called improved harmonic product spectrum for train bearings fault detection [6]. Zhang et al. proposed a bearing fault detection method based on compressive measurements technology [7]. Additionally, Lu et al. proposed a new WSD method based on second-order stochastic resonance (SR) nonlinear physical model to enhance the periodicity of weak signals [8].Two approaches in detection methods are available for denoising background noise. The first approach in WSD is noise suppression. The common related denoising methods include principal component analysis [9], kernel principal component analysis [10], empirical mode decomposition [11], independent component analysis [12], and wavelet transform [13].The other approach in WSD involves the use of noise or high-frequency signal to enhance weak signals. The representative approaches include SR [14–16] and vibrational resonance (VR) [17]. The amplification mechanism of SR is described as follows: the energy of a particle in a bistable system is initially too small to allow the particle to move across the potential well. The energy of the particle becomes sufficiently high only with the help of a proper noise, which allows the particle to move across the well, resulting in interwell oscillation; this unconventional phenomenon is known as SR [18]. Since Benzi et al. proposed SR in 1981, SR has greatly attracted the attention of many researchers, especially those in the field of nonlinear system [19–21]. However, the use of SR is restricted by small parameters (driving frequency and amplitude of weak low-frequency signal are significantly smaller than one) [22].Another nonnormal phenomenon named VR, a nonlinear filter similar to SR, was discovered by Landa and McClintock [23]. From the perspective of physics, a particle filled with energy is considerably weak and thus fails to move across a potential well. The particle can move across the potential well only with the assistance of the perturbation for an appropriate high-frequency signal. Owing to the perturbation of the high-frequency periodic force, the particle energy would be transferred, and the weak signal is instantaneously enhanced. VR was recently used as a special nonlinear filter in many nonlinear systems. For example, a time-delayed mechanism is used to control VR in a multistable system [24]; additionally, VR based on fractional-order damping in a Duffing system [25] and a new nonlinear physical model, namely, ultrasensitive vibrational resonance [26], were proposed to be applied in the field of nonlinear system.A WSD method called step-varying vibrational resonance (SVVR) is proposed to extract the fault characteristic frequency of a series of defective bearing signals. In this paper, VR based on Duffing oscillator system combined with the parameter adjustment method is applied to solve the engineering problem. The optimal output signal can be obtained by selecting the optimal parameters. Finally, the periodicity of the weak signal would be improved.This paper is organized as follows. Section2 introduces a theoretical background of VR physical model. Section 3 combines the VR model with fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK4) algorithm to obtain output signal. Section 4 uses a simulation signal to evaluate the filtering effect of SVVR method. Section 5 uses a set of defective bearing signals, which were processed by different WSD methods, to qualitatively and quantitatively verify the fault detection performance of SVVR. Section 6 provides a summary of this paper.


## 2. Theoretical Background of VR

### 2.1. VR Physical Model

Figure1 shows the simple block diagram of VR. The diagram includes two signals with different frequencies, namely, weak low- and high-frequency periodic signals expressed as T(t) and S(t), respectively. The output signal x(t) is obtained when two superimposed signals are processed by a nonlinear system. The VR model is expressed as follows:(1)d2xdt2=-dVxdx-γdxdt+Tt+St,where γ is the damping parameter, Tt=Acos⁡2πft, and St=Bcos⁡(Ωt), where f is driving frequency of T(t) and Ω denotes angular frequency of S(t). V(x) is a bistable potential well function as shown in (2)Vx=-12ax2+14bx4,where a and b denote the potential well parameters with positive values. Equation (3) is deduced by substituting T(t), S(t), and V(x) into (1), as shown in (3)d2xdt2=ax-bx3-γdxdt+Acos⁡2πft+Bcos⁡Ωt.Figure 1
Simple block diagram of VR.


### 2.2. System Response Analysis

For brevity, letdx/dt=y; equation (3) can then be divided into the following equation sets:(4)dxdt=ydydt=ax-bx3-γy+Acos⁡2πft+Bcos⁡Ωt.In (4), let A=0, B=0, dx/dt=0, and dy/dt=0; then three equilibria, namely, X∗+=x+,y+=a/b,0, X∗=x0,y0=0,0, and X∗-=x-,y-=-a/b,0, are obtained.Given that (3) exists in two different frequencies, output x(t) can be separated into fast and slow motions, respectively [27]. Let x=X+Ψ, where X and Ψ are slow and fast variables with periods of TL=2π/2πf=1/f and TH=2π/Ω, respectively [25]. Equation (5) is deduced by substituting x=X+Ψ into (3), as follows:(5)d2Xdt2+d2Ψdt2=aX+aΨ-bX3+3X2Ψ+3XΨ2+Ψ3-γdXdt-γdΨdt+Acos⁡2πft+Bcos⁡Ωt,and (6) is deduced from (5) as follows:(6)d2Xdt2+d2Ψdt2+γdXdt+γdΨdt-aX-aΨ+bX3+3bX2Ψ+3bXΨ2+bΨ3=Acos⁡2πft+Bcos⁡Ωt,and the linear equation of the fast variable Ψ is shown in (7)d2Ψdt2+γdΨdt-aΨ=Bcos⁡Ωt,and Ψ is obtained as shown in (8)Ψ=Bμcos⁡Ωt+Θ,in which(9)μ2=-a-Ω22+γΩ2,Θ=-tan-1γΩ-a-Ω2.Equation (10) is obtained by substituting (8) into (6) and by integrating the total items at the range of [0,TH], as follows:(10)d2Xdt2+γdXdt+C1X+bX3=Acos⁡2πft,where C1=3bB2/(2μ2)-a.The branch point is given by(11)Fc=2μ2a3b1/2.The following equation is obtained considering the deviation Y of X from X∗:(12)d2Ydt2+γdYdt+gY+3bX∗Y2+bY3=Acos⁡2πft,where g=C1+3bX∗2. Equation (13) is obtained regardless of the nonlinear part in (12); that is, let b=0; the deduced result is shown as follows:(13)d2Ydt2+γdYdt+gY=Acos⁡2πft.Equation (13) is obtained as Y=ALcos⁡2πft+φ, in which AL=A/S:(14)S=g-2πf22+γ2πf2,φ=-tan-1⁡γ2πfg-2πf2.Thus, the response amplitude Q is obtained as follows:(15)Q=1g-2πf22+γ2πf2.Figure2 shows the analysis result for resonance response. Parameters are configured as follows: A=0.1, f=1/2π, Ω=10, a=0.5, b=1, γ=[0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2], and B varies from 0 to 150 with 1 data interval. Response amplitude Q increases as B increases, subsequently peaks decrease, and finally Q gets close to zero. As shown in Figure 2, different values of γ induce the occurrence of the resonance phenomenon. Thus, optimal output signal is obtained by adjusting variables, such as γ, and other parameters.Figure 2
Resonance response curve.


## 2.1. VR Physical Model

Figure1 shows the simple block diagram of VR. The diagram includes two signals with different frequencies, namely, weak low- and high-frequency periodic signals expressed as T(t) and S(t), respectively. The output signal x(t) is obtained when two superimposed signals are processed by a nonlinear system. The VR model is expressed as follows:(1)d2xdt2=-dVxdx-γdxdt+Tt+St,where γ is the damping parameter, Tt=Acos⁡2πft, and St=Bcos⁡(Ωt), where f is driving frequency of T(t) and Ω denotes angular frequency of S(t). V(x) is a bistable potential well function as shown in (2)Vx=-12ax2+14bx4,where a and b denote the potential well parameters with positive values. Equation (3) is deduced by substituting T(t), S(t), and V(x) into (1), as shown in (3)d2xdt2=ax-bx3-γdxdt+Acos⁡2πft+Bcos⁡Ωt.Figure 1
Simple block diagram of VR.


## 2.2. System Response Analysis

For brevity, letdx/dt=y; equation (3) can then be divided into the following equation sets:(4)dxdt=ydydt=ax-bx3-γy+Acos⁡2πft+Bcos⁡Ωt.In (4), let A=0, B=0, dx/dt=0, and dy/dt=0; then three equilibria, namely, X∗+=x+,y+=a/b,0, X∗=x0,y0=0,0, and X∗-=x-,y-=-a/b,0, are obtained.Given that (3) exists in two different frequencies, output x(t) can be separated into fast and slow motions, respectively [27]. Let x=X+Ψ, where X and Ψ are slow and fast variables with periods of TL=2π/2πf=1/f and TH=2π/Ω, respectively [25]. Equation (5) is deduced by substituting x=X+Ψ into (3), as follows:(5)d2Xdt2+d2Ψdt2=aX+aΨ-bX3+3X2Ψ+3XΨ2+Ψ3-γdXdt-γdΨdt+Acos⁡2πft+Bcos⁡Ωt,and (6) is deduced from (5) as follows:(6)d2Xdt2+d2Ψdt2+γdXdt+γdΨdt-aX-aΨ+bX3+3bX2Ψ+3bXΨ2+bΨ3=Acos⁡2πft+Bcos⁡Ωt,and the linear equation of the fast variable Ψ is shown in (7)d2Ψdt2+γdΨdt-aΨ=Bcos⁡Ωt,and Ψ is obtained as shown in (8)Ψ=Bμcos⁡Ωt+Θ,in which(9)μ2=-a-Ω22+γΩ2,Θ=-tan-1γΩ-a-Ω2.Equation (10) is obtained by substituting (8) into (6) and by integrating the total items at the range of [0,TH], as follows:(10)d2Xdt2+γdXdt+C1X+bX3=Acos⁡2πft,where C1=3bB2/(2μ2)-a.The branch point is given by(11)Fc=2μ2a3b1/2.The following equation is obtained considering the deviation Y of X from X∗:(12)d2Ydt2+γdYdt+gY+3bX∗Y2+bY3=Acos⁡2πft,where g=C1+3bX∗2. Equation (13) is obtained regardless of the nonlinear part in (12); that is, let b=0; the deduced result is shown as follows:(13)d2Ydt2+γdYdt+gY=Acos⁡2πft.Equation (13) is obtained as Y=ALcos⁡2πft+φ, in which AL=A/S:(14)S=g-2πf22+γ2πf2,φ=-tan-1⁡γ2πfg-2πf2.Thus, the response amplitude Q is obtained as follows:(15)Q=1g-2πf22+γ2πf2.Figure2 shows the analysis result for resonance response. Parameters are configured as follows: A=0.1, f=1/2π, Ω=10, a=0.5, b=1, γ=[0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2], and B varies from 0 to 150 with 1 data interval. Response amplitude Q increases as B increases, subsequently peaks decrease, and finally Q gets close to zero. As shown in Figure 2, different values of γ induce the occurrence of the resonance phenomenon. Thus, optimal output signal is obtained by adjusting variables, such as γ, and other parameters.Figure 2
Resonance response curve.


## 3. SVVR Strategy

### 3.1. SVVR with Numerical Implementation

Section2 provides the theoretical background of the VR model, which is a continuous-time function. Given that practical bearing signals contain noise components, noise is added to the simulation signal. Equation (16) is then expressed as(16)d2xdt2=-V′x-γdxdt+Tt+St+ξt,where ξt is an additive Gaussian white noise with mean value ξt=0 and autocorrelation coefficient ξt,ξ0=2Dδt [28, 29]. On the perspective of physics, white noise does not exist in nature. If the bandwidth of the added noise is far larger than the signal bandwidth, it can be approximately regarded as white noise. The noise intensity 2D=σ2Δt, where σ is an objective physical quantity which means the variance root of noise [30]. The sampling time-interval Δt is the noise correlation time.The input signal consists of a weak low-frequency sinusoidT(t), an additive Gaussian white noise ξ(t), and an additional high-frequency sinusoid S(t). The weak low-frequency sinusoid T(t) is the driving signal.The continuous-time functionxt of (16) is solved using (17)x1=-V′xn-γy1+Tn+Sn+ξn;x2=-V′xn+y1h2-γy2+Tn+Sn+ξn;x3=-V′xn+y2h2-γy3+Tn+1+Sn+1+ξn+1;x4=-V′xn+y3h-γy4+Tn+1+Sn+1+ξn+1,where(18)y1=yn;y2=yn+x1h2;y3=yn+x2h2;y4=yn+x3h;x1=0,y1=0;xn=xn-1+y1+2y2+2y3+y4h6,n=2,3,4,…,R;yn=yn-1+x1+2x2+2x3+x4h6;n=2,3,4,…,R,where discrete matrices xn, yn, T[n], S[n], and ξ[n] are obtained by discretizing the continuous-time functions x(t), y(t), T(t), S(t), and ξ(t), respectively. Discrete output x[n] is obtained through multiple iterative computation. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is selected as an evaluation index. The definition of SNR is shown as follows:(19)SNR=10log10⁡Ps∑i=1M/2Pi-Ps=10log10⁡Proundfd/Δf+1∑i=1M/2Pi-Proundfd/Δf+1,where M is the discrete-time array length, P[·] denotes the signal’s power in spectrum, Ps denotes the driving signal’s energy, Pi is the input signal’s total energy, the sum term ∑i=1M/2Pi-Ps denotes the energy of the noise components, and fd is the driving frequency. Frequency resolution is defined as Δf=fs/M, where fs is the sampling frequency of input signal.


### 3.2. Algorithm Flow Chart of SVVR Method

Six parameters, namely, bistable potential well parametersa and b, damping parameter γ, amplitude of high-frequency signal B, angular frequency of high-frequency signal Ω, and calculation step of RK4 algorithm h, can be tuned. The optimal output signal can be obtained when each adjustable parameter searches for an optimal value. Figure 3 shows the algorithm flow chart, and the algorithm steps are demonstrated as follows.Figure 3
The algorithm flow chart.(
1) Signal Preprocessing. The uncorrelated noise signals possibly affect the accuracy of fault signal detection. A band-pass filter is used to eliminate the uncorrelated noise components in the first step. Subsequently, Hilbert transform is used to demodulate the fault signal, which was processed by the band-pass filter.(
2) Parameter Initialization. First, an initialized value for maximum SNR is given. The search scopes of the adjustable parameters are subsequently initialized. A six-layer loop is used to delimit the search scopes.(
3) Determination of the Optimal Parameters and Maximum SNR. The output signal is obtained using (17). Each tuned variable then obtains an independent numerical value. The objective function is shown in (20). When the optimal parameters aopt, bopt, γopt, Bopt, Ωopt, and hoptall lay within the search scopes, the fourth step is performed; otherwise, the process returns to the second step. Five tuned parameters, namely, a, b, B, Ω, and h, should fall within the bounded ranges even if their theoretical values range from 0 to +inf.(20)maximizeSNRa,b,γ,B,Ω,hsubjecttoa,b,B,Ω,h∈0,+∞,γ∈0,1.(
4) Signal Postprocessing. When the optimal ranges of parameters are determined, the maximum SNR and optimal parameter values are acquired simultaneously. Finally, the optimal output signal is obtained according to the optimal parameters.


## 3.1. SVVR with Numerical Implementation

Section2 provides the theoretical background of the VR model, which is a continuous-time function. Given that practical bearing signals contain noise components, noise is added to the simulation signal. Equation (16) is then expressed as(16)d2xdt2=-V′x-γdxdt+Tt+St+ξt,where ξt is an additive Gaussian white noise with mean value ξt=0 and autocorrelation coefficient ξt,ξ0=2Dδt [28, 29]. On the perspective of physics, white noise does not exist in nature. If the bandwidth of the added noise is far larger than the signal bandwidth, it can be approximately regarded as white noise. The noise intensity 2D=σ2Δt, where σ is an objective physical quantity which means the variance root of noise [30]. The sampling time-interval Δt is the noise correlation time.The input signal consists of a weak low-frequency sinusoidT(t), an additive Gaussian white noise ξ(t), and an additional high-frequency sinusoid S(t). The weak low-frequency sinusoid T(t) is the driving signal.The continuous-time functionxt of (16) is solved using (17)x1=-V′xn-γy1+Tn+Sn+ξn;x2=-V′xn+y1h2-γy2+Tn+Sn+ξn;x3=-V′xn+y2h2-γy3+Tn+1+Sn+1+ξn+1;x4=-V′xn+y3h-γy4+Tn+1+Sn+1+ξn+1,where(18)y1=yn;y2=yn+x1h2;y3=yn+x2h2;y4=yn+x3h;x1=0,y1=0;xn=xn-1+y1+2y2+2y3+y4h6,n=2,3,4,…,R;yn=yn-1+x1+2x2+2x3+x4h6;n=2,3,4,…,R,where discrete matrices xn, yn, T[n], S[n], and ξ[n] are obtained by discretizing the continuous-time functions x(t), y(t), T(t), S(t), and ξ(t), respectively. Discrete output x[n] is obtained through multiple iterative computation. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is selected as an evaluation index. The definition of SNR is shown as follows:(19)SNR=10log10⁡Ps∑i=1M/2Pi-Ps=10log10⁡Proundfd/Δf+1∑i=1M/2Pi-Proundfd/Δf+1,where M is the discrete-time array length, P[·] denotes the signal’s power in spectrum, Ps denotes the driving signal’s energy, Pi is the input signal’s total energy, the sum term ∑i=1M/2Pi-Ps denotes the energy of the noise components, and fd is the driving frequency. Frequency resolution is defined as Δf=fs/M, where fs is the sampling frequency of input signal.


## 3.2. Algorithm Flow Chart of SVVR Method

Six parameters, namely, bistable potential well parametersa and b, damping parameter γ, amplitude of high-frequency signal B, angular frequency of high-frequency signal Ω, and calculation step of RK4 algorithm h, can be tuned. The optimal output signal can be obtained when each adjustable parameter searches for an optimal value. Figure 3 shows the algorithm flow chart, and the algorithm steps are demonstrated as follows.Figure 3
The algorithm flow chart.(
1) Signal Preprocessing. The uncorrelated noise signals possibly affect the accuracy of fault signal detection. A band-pass filter is used to eliminate the uncorrelated noise components in the first step. Subsequently, Hilbert transform is used to demodulate the fault signal, which was processed by the band-pass filter.(
2) Parameter Initialization. First, an initialized value for maximum SNR is given. The search scopes of the adjustable parameters are subsequently initialized. A six-layer loop is used to delimit the search scopes.(
3) Determination of the Optimal Parameters and Maximum SNR. The output signal is obtained using (17). Each tuned variable then obtains an independent numerical value. The objective function is shown in (20). When the optimal parameters aopt, bopt, γopt, Bopt, Ωopt, and hoptall lay within the search scopes, the fourth step is performed; otherwise, the process returns to the second step. Five tuned parameters, namely, a, b, B, Ω, and h, should fall within the bounded ranges even if their theoretical values range from 0 to +inf.(20)maximizeSNRa,b,γ,B,Ω,hsubjecttoa,b,B,Ω,h∈0,+∞,γ∈0,1.(
4) Signal Postprocessing. When the optimal ranges of parameters are determined, the maximum SNR and optimal parameter values are acquired simultaneously. Finally, the optimal output signal is obtained according to the optimal parameters.


## 4. The Performance Evaluation of SVVR

### 4.1. Simulation Signal Analysis

A simulation signal is used to verify the validity of the SVVR method. Multiscale noise tuning SR (MSTSR) is implemented in the simulation signal to highlight the superiority of the SVVR method [13]. MSTSR is a parameter-tuning approach, and four parameters, namely, wavelet decomposition levelK, bistable potential well parameters a and b, and calculation step h, can be tuned. The difference between MSTSR and traditional SR methods depends on noise types. The noise in the traditional SR is an additive Gaussian white noise, whereas that in MSTSR is a multiscale noise. Thus, the filtering effect of MSTSR method is more effective than that of the conventional SR method. A key step in MSTSR lies in the construction of the 1/f noise. Discrete wavelet transform is applied to obtain the multiscale noise and reconstruct the input signal. RK4 algorithm is then conducted to solve the equation set. Finally, MSTSR output can be obtained.A simulation signal is constructed by combining a sinusoid with an additive Gaussian white noise. The number of sampling pointsR is 4000, and the sampling frequency fs is 12 kHz. The parameters of the input signal are set as follows: A=1, fd=100 Hz, and D=25. Processed results are shown in Figure 4. Figure 4(a) shows the raw signal both in time and in frequency domains. Noise components are considerably heavy such that the wave interval is buried in heavy background noise. From the perspective of power spectrum, noise interference is obvious and the driving frequency fd cannot be efficiently recognized in the frequency domain. Figure 4(b) displays the processed MSTSR output signal. The periodicity of MSTSR signal is better than that of the original signal, and its waveform interval is distributed optionally. Although fd can be pinpointed in the power spectrum, the energy of one noise component is higher than fd. Figure 4(c) displays the processed optimal SVVR output signal. Its periodicity improved compared with that of the MSTSR output signal, and fd is extracted in the frequency domain and most of the noise components are suppressed at the same time. The SNRs from each subfigure imply that the SVVR method is more effective in extracting the weak feature component than the MSTSR method. A higher SNR indicates a more accurate detection performance for fault signals [31–34].Figure 4
Comparison of the periodicity and noise suppression performance of two WSD methods: (a) input signal; (b) MSTSR output signal (optimal parameters:a=0.7, b=8e-4, h=0.01, and K=6); and (c) optimal SVVR output signal (optimal parameters: a=1.9, b=2.9, γ=0.009, h=0.015, B=1.6, and Ω=23236 rad/s).
(a)
(b)
(c)


### 4.2. Frequency Response Analysis

The analysis result of frequency response is shown in Figure5. The parameters are configured as follows: a=0.0008, b=1000, B=0.8, Ω=8971 rad/s, h=0.062, γ=0.3, A=1, D=2, fs=3 kHz, R=3000, and fd is changed from 5 Hz to 350 Hz with 5 Hz data interval. Each data point is processed approximately 1000 times using the ensemble average method to display the smooth performance of the curve. The frequency response analysis of SVVR shows that it is a band-pass filter. Consequently, SVVR can filter both high- and low-frequency noise components.Figure 5
Frequency response analysis for SVVR.


### 4.3. Antinoise Performance Analysis

The analysis result of antinoise performance is displayed in Figure6. The parameters are configured as follows: fd=100 Hz, A=1, and D is changed from 1 to 20 with one-step variation. Figure 6 shows that all the SNRs decrease with the increase in D. Although Figure 6 presents a decaying trend, the SVVR output SNR is higher than the MSTSR output SNR and input SNR. Thus, SVVR shows a better antinoise capability compared with MSTSR.Figure 6
Performance analysis of noise suppression using different WSD methods.


## 4.1. Simulation Signal Analysis

A simulation signal is used to verify the validity of the SVVR method. Multiscale noise tuning SR (MSTSR) is implemented in the simulation signal to highlight the superiority of the SVVR method [13]. MSTSR is a parameter-tuning approach, and four parameters, namely, wavelet decomposition levelK, bistable potential well parameters a and b, and calculation step h, can be tuned. The difference between MSTSR and traditional SR methods depends on noise types. The noise in the traditional SR is an additive Gaussian white noise, whereas that in MSTSR is a multiscale noise. Thus, the filtering effect of MSTSR method is more effective than that of the conventional SR method. A key step in MSTSR lies in the construction of the 1/f noise. Discrete wavelet transform is applied to obtain the multiscale noise and reconstruct the input signal. RK4 algorithm is then conducted to solve the equation set. Finally, MSTSR output can be obtained.A simulation signal is constructed by combining a sinusoid with an additive Gaussian white noise. The number of sampling pointsR is 4000, and the sampling frequency fs is 12 kHz. The parameters of the input signal are set as follows: A=1, fd=100 Hz, and D=25. Processed results are shown in Figure 4. Figure 4(a) shows the raw signal both in time and in frequency domains. Noise components are considerably heavy such that the wave interval is buried in heavy background noise. From the perspective of power spectrum, noise interference is obvious and the driving frequency fd cannot be efficiently recognized in the frequency domain. Figure 4(b) displays the processed MSTSR output signal. The periodicity of MSTSR signal is better than that of the original signal, and its waveform interval is distributed optionally. Although fd can be pinpointed in the power spectrum, the energy of one noise component is higher than fd. Figure 4(c) displays the processed optimal SVVR output signal. Its periodicity improved compared with that of the MSTSR output signal, and fd is extracted in the frequency domain and most of the noise components are suppressed at the same time. The SNRs from each subfigure imply that the SVVR method is more effective in extracting the weak feature component than the MSTSR method. A higher SNR indicates a more accurate detection performance for fault signals [31–34].Figure 4
Comparison of the periodicity and noise suppression performance of two WSD methods: (a) input signal; (b) MSTSR output signal (optimal parameters:a=0.7, b=8e-4, h=0.01, and K=6); and (c) optimal SVVR output signal (optimal parameters: a=1.9, b=2.9, γ=0.009, h=0.015, B=1.6, and Ω=23236 rad/s).
(a)
(b)
(c)


## 4.2. Frequency Response Analysis

The analysis result of frequency response is shown in Figure5. The parameters are configured as follows: a=0.0008, b=1000, B=0.8, Ω=8971 rad/s, h=0.062, γ=0.3, A=1, D=2, fs=3 kHz, R=3000, and fd is changed from 5 Hz to 350 Hz with 5 Hz data interval. Each data point is processed approximately 1000 times using the ensemble average method to display the smooth performance of the curve. The frequency response analysis of SVVR shows that it is a band-pass filter. Consequently, SVVR can filter both high- and low-frequency noise components.Figure 5
Frequency response analysis for SVVR.


## 4.3. Antinoise Performance Analysis

The analysis result of antinoise performance is displayed in Figure6. The parameters are configured as follows: fd=100 Hz, A=1, and D is changed from 1 to 20 with one-step variation. Figure 6 shows that all the SNRs decrease with the increase in D. Although Figure 6 presents a decaying trend, the SVVR output SNR is higher than the MSTSR output SNR and input SNR. Thus, SVVR shows a better antinoise capability compared with MSTSR.Figure 6
Performance analysis of noise suppression using different WSD methods.


## 5. Engineering Application

In this section, the defective bearing signals are selected for analysis. Two WSD methods, namely, the Woods–Saxon potential-based SR (WSSR) [35] and the joint Woods–Saxon and Gaussian potential-based SR (WSGSR) [36], are applied to evaluate the fault extraction capability of SVVR. The mathematical expression of the Woods–Saxon potential is shown in (21)Uwsx=-V01+exp⁡x-R1/c,whereV0,R1, andc are the depth, radius, and the steep extent of the Woods–Saxon potential, respectively. The expression of the Gaussian potential is(22)UGx=-V1exp⁡-x2R22,where V1 and R2 are the depth and radius of the Gaussian potential, respectively. By combining (21) and (22), then the Woods–Saxon and Gaussian joint potential is deduced in (23)UwsGx=Uwsx-UGx=-V01+expx-R1/c+V1exp⁡-x2R22.The acquired defective bearing signals are downloaded freely from the bearing data center of Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) [37]. The experimental test platform and physical dimension of the tested bearing are shown in Figure 7 and Table 1, respectively. The sampling frequency fs is 12 kHz, and the number of sampling points R is 8192. The fault characteristic frequencies for the inner race, outer race, and rolling element are denoted as fBPFI, fBPFO, and fBSF, respectively. These fault characteristic frequencies can be calculated according to the physical dimension of the tested bearing [38]. The related calculation equations for different fault characteristic frequencies are shown as follows:(24)fBPFI=rfr21+d1d2cos⁡α,fBPFO=rfr21-d1d2cos⁡α,fBSF=frd22d11-d1d2cos⁡α2,where r is the quantity of the rollers, d1 is the roller diameter of the bearing, d2 is the pitch diameter of the bearing, α is the bearing’s contact angle, and fr is the rotating frequency of the bearing, respectively. The rolling bearing size and the fault characteristic frequencies at different locations of the fault bearing are listed in Table 2.Table 1
Physical dimensions of the tested rolling bearing.
Roller diameter(inch; d1)
Pitch diameter (inch;d2)
Number of the rollers (r)
0.3126
1.537
9Table 2
Acquisition information of the rolling bearing from the bearing data center of CWRU.
Fault types
Size of fault (D×W; inch)
Approximate rotational speed (r/min)
Theoretical fault characteristic frequency (Hz)
Inner race
0.011
×
0.014
1797
162.2
Outer race
0.011
×
0.021
1730
103.4
Rolling element
0.011
×
0.014
1772
139.2Figure 7
Experimental test platform.


### 5.1. Fault Detection for the Inner Race of the Bearing

The bearing signal with defective inner race is initially selected for analysis. Acquired vibrational signals in the time and frequency domains are shown in Figure9(a). The impulse interval in the time domain is difficult to recognize because of the considerably poor periodicity. Then, a band-pass filter is used to filter the uncorrelated noises of the original fault signal. Recently, many new methods have been proposed to determine the bandwidth and central frequency of the band-pass filter [39–42]. The fast kurtogram method is introduced in this section to choose the proper bandwidth and central frequency of the band-pass filter automatically and intelligently. The fast kurtogram is used to detect the inner race, outer race, and rolling element of the defective bearings, and the processed results are shown in Figures 8, 10, and 12, respectively.Figure 8
Processed results using fast kurtogram for detecting an inner race fault. Central frequencyfc=2750 Hz, bandwidth Bw=500 Hz, and level k=3.5.Figure 9
Analysis results for the bearing signal with a defective inner race: (a) original signal; (b) envelope signal with a filtering band at 2500–3000 Hz; (c) optimal MSTSR output signal (optimal parameters:a=1e-6, b=8827, h=0.008, and K=6); (d) optimal WSSR output signal (optimal parameters: R1=0.3, V0=16, c=0.03, and h=0.09); (e) optimal WSGSR output signal (optimal parameters: R1=1, R2=1, V0=18,V1 = 0.8, c=0.4, and h=0.2); and (f) optimal SVVR output signal (optimal parameters: a=1.2, b=5, γ=0.008, h=0.05, B=0.06, and Ω=36505 rad/s).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)Figure 10
Processed results using fast kurtogram for detecting an outer race fault. Central frequencyfc=3375 Hz, bandwidth Bw=750 Hz, and level k=3.Then, Hilbert transform is used to demodulate the fault signal which was processed by the band-pass filter. The processed results of the enveloped signal are displayed in Figure9(b). It can be seen from Figure 9(b) that the fault characteristic frequency fBPFI can be pointed out from the frequency domain, but the noise interference is significantly heavy, such that fBPFI is overwhelmed by the noise components. Therefore, MSTSR is used to enhance the weak signal. The analyzed results are displayed in Figure 9(c). The time domain shows that the periodicity has been improved, but the impulse interval is still disturbed by the noise. From the view of the frequency domain, some low-frequency components are higher than fBPFI. The processed results for WSSR and WSGSR output signals are shown in Figures 9(d) and 9(e), respectively. Although the periodicities of the MSTSR, WSSR, and WSGSR output signals are better than the envelope signal, the noise components are higher than fBPFI in their corresponding frequency domains. The processed results of the SVVR output signal are shown in Figure 9(f). The periodicity in the time domain is better than those of the other signals, and the impulse interval is recognized. The power of fBPFI is the highest one in the power spectrum, and the other noise components tended to zero. From the perspective of noise filtering, fBPFI is extracted in the frequency domain, and the noise components around fBPFI are almost eliminated.


### 5.2. Fault Detection for the Outer Race of the Bearing

The bearing signal of the defective outer race is analyzed in this section. The obtained results are shown in Figure11. The proposed SVVR method presents a better filtering performance than MSTSR, WSSR, and WSGSR in the time and frequency domains. The periodicity of the fault signal is improved, and fBPFO can be recognized from the power spectrum. Thus, SVVR is better than the other WSD methods in detecting bearing fault signals.Figure 11
Analysis results for the bearing signal with a defective outer race: (a) original signal; (b) envelope signal with a filtering band at 3000–3750 Hz; (c) optimal MSTSR output signal (optimal parameters:a=0.4, b=1, h=2e-4, and K=6); (d) optimal WSSR output signal (optimal parameters: R1=0.08, V0=36, c=0.6, and h=1e-4); (e) optimal WSGSR output signal (optimal parameters: R1=0.05, R2=2.1, V0=25, V1=0.5, c=0.4, and h=4e-5); and (f) optimal SVVR output signal (optimal parameters: a=7.2, b=3.8, γ=6e-6, h=0.03, B=4e-5, and Ω=16736 rad/s).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)Figure 12
Processed results using fast kurtogram for detecting a rolling element fault. Central frequencyfc=4125 Hz, bandwidth Bw=750 Hz, and level k=3.


### 5.3. Fault Detection for the Rolling Element of the Bearing

The processed results for the bearing signal with a defective rolling element are shown in Figure13. The results show that the proposed method also detects the objective frequency fBSF effectively. The periodicity is enhanced, and fBSF is highlighted in the frequency domain. The signal enhancement mechanism for SVVR is described as follows. Initially, only one harmonic force is involved; therefore, this force cannot help the particle move across the potential well. The particle energy can be enhanced and can move across the potential well with the assistance of the perturbation of a proper high-frequency periodic harmonic force. Thus, the particle can move freely in the bistable potential well benefiting from the stimulation of the high-frequency signal and, finally, the weak signal can be enhanced.Figure 13
Analysis results for the bearing signal with a defective rolling element: (a) original signal; (b) envelope signal with a filtering band at 3750–4500 Hz; (c) optimal MSTSR output signal (optimal parameters:a=2e-14, b=8800, h=0.034, and K=6); (d) optimal WSSR output signal (optimal parameters: R1=0.002, V0=10, c=1.5, and h=0.004); (e) optimal WSGSR output signal (optimal parameters: R1=1e-3, R2=3.7, V0=12, V1=0.5, c=1.3, and h=0.007); and (f) optimal SVVR output signal (optimal parameters: a=1.9, b=4.6, γ=8e-5, h=0.044, B=0.006, and Ω=12354 rad/s).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)


### 5.4. Quantitative Analysis

Two evaluation indexes are used to evaluate the fault detection capability of SVVR quantitatively. The first evaluation index is SNR, and the analysis results are listed in Table3. The SNRs of the fault signals processed by SVVR are higher than those of the other methods. Table 3 shows that SVVR has a better fault detection capability compared with the other methods.Table 3
SNRs with various bearing fault types processed by different WSD methods.
Fault types
EnvelopesignalSNR (dB)
MSTSRoutputSNR (dB)
WSSRoutputSNR (dB)
WSGSRoutputSNR (dB)
SVVRoutputSNR (dB)
Inner race
−12.02
−8.41
−11.66
−11.27
−3.00
Outer race
−19.81
−9.23
−12.91
−11.23
−4.27
Rolling element
−26.01
−12.80
−13.42
−12.70
−0.41Another evaluation index Ind proposed by Wang et al. is discussed to evaluate the fault detection capability of SVVR [43]. Ind is defined as shown in (25)Ind=∑j=15ESj×roundfF/Δf+1∑i=1MESi/M,where ES· represents the discrete envelope spectrum, fF is the fault characteristic frequency, Δf is the frequency resolution of the fast Fourier transform, and M is the time series length of the envelope spectrum. Equation (25) considers the power of fF and its harmonics. A high Ind indicates that fF and its harmonics are highlighted in the envelope spectrum, demonstrating the capability to detect bearing faults [43]. The computed Inds with various fault types of the bearing are listed in Table 4. The Ind calculated using SVVR is higher than those of the other WSD methods. Thus, SVVR can detect defective bearing signals more effectively.Table 4
Ind’s with various bearing fault types processed by different WSD methods.
Fault types
Envelope signalInd
MSTSR outputInd
WSSR outputInd
WSGSR outputInd
SVVR outputInd
Inner race
248.6
519.2
276.9
133.3
1369.6
Outer race
359.4
1000
386.2
352.1
1120.9
Rolling element
89.4
205
106.9
186.9
649.4


### 5.5. Discussion

Some discussions are listed as follows:(1)
This paper used the traversal algorithm to search for the optimal parameters, but the convergence rate of the traversal algorithm is so slow that it needs a long calculation time. In future works, intelligence algorithms such as genetic algorithms [34], ant colony algorithms [44], and artificial fish swarm algorithms [45] should be used to improve the algorithm efficiency.(2)
The fault type of the bearing may not be related to the resonance frequency band of the band-pass filter. We can calculate the different fault characteristic frequencies of the fault bearings in accordance with the theoretical equations. If the fault type of the bearing is unidentified in advance, the fast kurtogram method can still be used to determine the bandwidth and central frequency of the band-pass filter automatically and intelligently.(3)
Since this study concentrates on VR model and on the filtering effect of VR, the classical evaluation index, SNR, is applied to evaluate the fault detection capability of the proposed SVVR method. However, SNR requires the prior knowledge of the interested signal and this information may not be available in practice. To address this issue, many adaptive methods have been proposed to adaptively enhance weak signals without prior knowledge related to the driving frequency by considering other indexes. For instance, Wang et al. proposed an adaptive index named weighted power spectrum kurtosis for detecting the fault characteristic frequency of the rolling element bearing [45]. Zhou et al. proposed a synthetic index method for extracting the fault characteristic frequency of the rolling element bearing adaptively [46]. In this regard, to make this method more practical, some adaptive indexes could be introduced in the proposed SVVR method, and adaptive VR will be a further study in the future.(4)
Different dynamical systems may affect the output response of VR. In this study, the classical bistable potential is used in VR model to enhance weak signals. Other potentials, such as monostable potential, tristable potential, and exponential potential, might be introduced in weak signal enhancement and bearing fault diagnosis. This point deserves to be a further study in the future.


## 5.1. Fault Detection for the Inner Race of the Bearing

The bearing signal with defective inner race is initially selected for analysis. Acquired vibrational signals in the time and frequency domains are shown in Figure9(a). The impulse interval in the time domain is difficult to recognize because of the considerably poor periodicity. Then, a band-pass filter is used to filter the uncorrelated noises of the original fault signal. Recently, many new methods have been proposed to determine the bandwidth and central frequency of the band-pass filter [39–42]. The fast kurtogram method is introduced in this section to choose the proper bandwidth and central frequency of the band-pass filter automatically and intelligently. The fast kurtogram is used to detect the inner race, outer race, and rolling element of the defective bearings, and the processed results are shown in Figures 8, 10, and 12, respectively.Figure 8
Processed results using fast kurtogram for detecting an inner race fault. Central frequencyfc=2750 Hz, bandwidth Bw=500 Hz, and level k=3.5.Figure 9
Analysis results for the bearing signal with a defective inner race: (a) original signal; (b) envelope signal with a filtering band at 2500–3000 Hz; (c) optimal MSTSR output signal (optimal parameters:a=1e-6, b=8827, h=0.008, and K=6); (d) optimal WSSR output signal (optimal parameters: R1=0.3, V0=16, c=0.03, and h=0.09); (e) optimal WSGSR output signal (optimal parameters: R1=1, R2=1, V0=18,V1 = 0.8, c=0.4, and h=0.2); and (f) optimal SVVR output signal (optimal parameters: a=1.2, b=5, γ=0.008, h=0.05, B=0.06, and Ω=36505 rad/s).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)Figure 10
Processed results using fast kurtogram for detecting an outer race fault. Central frequencyfc=3375 Hz, bandwidth Bw=750 Hz, and level k=3.Then, Hilbert transform is used to demodulate the fault signal which was processed by the band-pass filter. The processed results of the enveloped signal are displayed in Figure9(b). It can be seen from Figure 9(b) that the fault characteristic frequency fBPFI can be pointed out from the frequency domain, but the noise interference is significantly heavy, such that fBPFI is overwhelmed by the noise components. Therefore, MSTSR is used to enhance the weak signal. The analyzed results are displayed in Figure 9(c). The time domain shows that the periodicity has been improved, but the impulse interval is still disturbed by the noise. From the view of the frequency domain, some low-frequency components are higher than fBPFI. The processed results for WSSR and WSGSR output signals are shown in Figures 9(d) and 9(e), respectively. Although the periodicities of the MSTSR, WSSR, and WSGSR output signals are better than the envelope signal, the noise components are higher than fBPFI in their corresponding frequency domains. The processed results of the SVVR output signal are shown in Figure 9(f). The periodicity in the time domain is better than those of the other signals, and the impulse interval is recognized. The power of fBPFI is the highest one in the power spectrum, and the other noise components tended to zero. From the perspective of noise filtering, fBPFI is extracted in the frequency domain, and the noise components around fBPFI are almost eliminated.


## 5.2. Fault Detection for the Outer Race of the Bearing

The bearing signal of the defective outer race is analyzed in this section. The obtained results are shown in Figure11. The proposed SVVR method presents a better filtering performance than MSTSR, WSSR, and WSGSR in the time and frequency domains. The periodicity of the fault signal is improved, and fBPFO can be recognized from the power spectrum. Thus, SVVR is better than the other WSD methods in detecting bearing fault signals.Figure 11
Analysis results for the bearing signal with a defective outer race: (a) original signal; (b) envelope signal with a filtering band at 3000–3750 Hz; (c) optimal MSTSR output signal (optimal parameters:a=0.4, b=1, h=2e-4, and K=6); (d) optimal WSSR output signal (optimal parameters: R1=0.08, V0=36, c=0.6, and h=1e-4); (e) optimal WSGSR output signal (optimal parameters: R1=0.05, R2=2.1, V0=25, V1=0.5, c=0.4, and h=4e-5); and (f) optimal SVVR output signal (optimal parameters: a=7.2, b=3.8, γ=6e-6, h=0.03, B=4e-5, and Ω=16736 rad/s).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)Figure 12
Processed results using fast kurtogram for detecting a rolling element fault. Central frequencyfc=4125 Hz, bandwidth Bw=750 Hz, and level k=3.


## 5.3. Fault Detection for the Rolling Element of the Bearing

The processed results for the bearing signal with a defective rolling element are shown in Figure13. The results show that the proposed method also detects the objective frequency fBSF effectively. The periodicity is enhanced, and fBSF is highlighted in the frequency domain. The signal enhancement mechanism for SVVR is described as follows. Initially, only one harmonic force is involved; therefore, this force cannot help the particle move across the potential well. The particle energy can be enhanced and can move across the potential well with the assistance of the perturbation of a proper high-frequency periodic harmonic force. Thus, the particle can move freely in the bistable potential well benefiting from the stimulation of the high-frequency signal and, finally, the weak signal can be enhanced.Figure 13
Analysis results for the bearing signal with a defective rolling element: (a) original signal; (b) envelope signal with a filtering band at 3750–4500 Hz; (c) optimal MSTSR output signal (optimal parameters:a=2e-14, b=8800, h=0.034, and K=6); (d) optimal WSSR output signal (optimal parameters: R1=0.002, V0=10, c=1.5, and h=0.004); (e) optimal WSGSR output signal (optimal parameters: R1=1e-3, R2=3.7, V0=12, V1=0.5, c=1.3, and h=0.007); and (f) optimal SVVR output signal (optimal parameters: a=1.9, b=4.6, γ=8e-5, h=0.044, B=0.006, and Ω=12354 rad/s).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)


## 5.4. Quantitative Analysis

Two evaluation indexes are used to evaluate the fault detection capability of SVVR quantitatively. The first evaluation index is SNR, and the analysis results are listed in Table3. The SNRs of the fault signals processed by SVVR are higher than those of the other methods. Table 3 shows that SVVR has a better fault detection capability compared with the other methods.Table 3
SNRs with various bearing fault types processed by different WSD methods.
Fault types
EnvelopesignalSNR (dB)
MSTSRoutputSNR (dB)
WSSRoutputSNR (dB)
WSGSRoutputSNR (dB)
SVVRoutputSNR (dB)
Inner race
−12.02
−8.41
−11.66
−11.27
−3.00
Outer race
−19.81
−9.23
−12.91
−11.23
−4.27
Rolling element
−26.01
−12.80
−13.42
−12.70
−0.41Another evaluation index Ind proposed by Wang et al. is discussed to evaluate the fault detection capability of SVVR [43]. Ind is defined as shown in (25)Ind=∑j=15ESj×roundfF/Δf+1∑i=1MESi/M,where ES· represents the discrete envelope spectrum, fF is the fault characteristic frequency, Δf is the frequency resolution of the fast Fourier transform, and M is the time series length of the envelope spectrum. Equation (25) considers the power of fF and its harmonics. A high Ind indicates that fF and its harmonics are highlighted in the envelope spectrum, demonstrating the capability to detect bearing faults [43]. The computed Inds with various fault types of the bearing are listed in Table 4. The Ind calculated using SVVR is higher than those of the other WSD methods. Thus, SVVR can detect defective bearing signals more effectively.Table 4
Ind’s with various bearing fault types processed by different WSD methods.
Fault types
Envelope signalInd
MSTSR outputInd
WSSR outputInd
WSGSR outputInd
SVVR outputInd
Inner race
248.6
519.2
276.9
133.3
1369.6
Outer race
359.4
1000
386.2
352.1
1120.9
Rolling element
89.4
205
106.9
186.9
649.4


## 5.5. Discussion

Some discussions are listed as follows:(1)
This paper used the traversal algorithm to search for the optimal parameters, but the convergence rate of the traversal algorithm is so slow that it needs a long calculation time. In future works, intelligence algorithms such as genetic algorithms [34], ant colony algorithms [44], and artificial fish swarm algorithms [45] should be used to improve the algorithm efficiency.(2)
The fault type of the bearing may not be related to the resonance frequency band of the band-pass filter. We can calculate the different fault characteristic frequencies of the fault bearings in accordance with the theoretical equations. If the fault type of the bearing is unidentified in advance, the fast kurtogram method can still be used to determine the bandwidth and central frequency of the band-pass filter automatically and intelligently.(3)
Since this study concentrates on VR model and on the filtering effect of VR, the classical evaluation index, SNR, is applied to evaluate the fault detection capability of the proposed SVVR method. However, SNR requires the prior knowledge of the interested signal and this information may not be available in practice. To address this issue, many adaptive methods have been proposed to adaptively enhance weak signals without prior knowledge related to the driving frequency by considering other indexes. For instance, Wang et al. proposed an adaptive index named weighted power spectrum kurtosis for detecting the fault characteristic frequency of the rolling element bearing [45]. Zhou et al. proposed a synthetic index method for extracting the fault characteristic frequency of the rolling element bearing adaptively [46]. In this regard, to make this method more practical, some adaptive indexes could be introduced in the proposed SVVR method, and adaptive VR will be a further study in the future.(4)
Different dynamical systems may affect the output response of VR. In this study, the classical bistable potential is used in VR model to enhance weak signals. Other potentials, such as monostable potential, tristable potential, and exponential potential, might be introduced in weak signal enhancement and bearing fault diagnosis. This point deserves to be a further study in the future.


## 6. Conclusion

The WSD method SVVR is proposed to extract the fault characteristic frequency, which is overwhelmed by heavy background noise. Weak signals can be enhanced by optimizing the parameters. Finally, the periodicity of the weak input signal can be recognized in the time domain. The proposed method has following advantages: (1) the output signal presents good periodicity; (2) antinoise performance analysis shows that the SNR is increased; and (3) frequency response analysis indicates that SVVR serves as a band-pass filter because it can filter low- and high-frequency noise components. Consequently, SVVR can effectively suppress heavy background noise. Simulation and engineering signals are used to verify the practicability of SVVR. SVVR can improve the fault detection capability, thereby benefiting for bearing fault recognition. The proposed method shows application prospects in rotary machine fault detection and other fields concerned with weak periodic signal enhancement.



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*Source: 5716296-2017-08-13.xml*