# Phytochemical Profiling of Leaf, Stem, and Tuber Parts ofSolena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi Using GC-MS

Authors: Karthika Krishnamoorthy; Paulsamy Subramaniam
Journal: International Scholarly Research Notices
 (2014)

1
1,3-Cyclopentanedione
3.929
C5H6O2
98.09
4.47
Cyclic diketone
No activity reported
2
Undecane
6.718
C11H24
156.30
3.92
Alkane
Antimicrobial agents, transducer for immunosensor and its method of production. carcinogens, enzyme inhibitors, solvents
3
1,2,4-Triazino [5,6-E][1,2,4]-triazine-3,6-dione, hexahydro-
7.633
C4H8N6O2
172.14
0.36
Triazine
No activity reported
4
4-Hydroxyphenyl 3-nitrobenzoate
10.218
C13H9NO5
259.21
0.52
Aromatic nitro compound
No activity reported
5
Taurolidine
10.261
C7H16N4O4S2
284.35
0.17
Taurine amino acid derivative
Antimicrobial, anti-lipopolysaccharide, anti-tumor properties, anti-infective agents, antineoplastic agents
6
4-(4-Ethoxyphenyl) but-3-en-2-one
12.033
C12H14O2
190.24
56.90
Aliphatic acid
No activity reported
7
Trehalose
12.469
C12H22O11
342.29
11.49
Sucrose
Treat amyloidosis (prevent the deposition of amyloid protein in the body)
8
d-Glycero-d-tallo-heptose
12.701
C7H14O7
210.18
1.68
Aldo heptose
No activity reported
9
Benzaldehyde, 6-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2,3-dimethyl-
13.442
C10H12O3
180.20
1.71
Aromatic benzaldehyde
No activity reported
10
9-Tetradecen-1-ol, acetate, (Z)-
16.303
C16H30O2
254.40
1.40
Aliphatic ester
No activity reported
11
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester
17.174
C17H34O2
270.45
6.52
Linoleic acid ester
Anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, cancer preventive, hepatoprotective, nematicide, insectifuge, antihistaminic, antieczemic, antiacne, alpha reductase inhibitor, antiandrogenic, antiarthritic, anticoronary
12
1-Methyl-3-ethyladamantane
17.581
C13H22
178.31
1.37
Bicyclic alkane
No activity reported
13
9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester
18.844
C19H36O2
296.48
6.76
Linoleic acid ester
Anti-inflammatory, antiandrogenic cancer preventive, dermatitigenic hypocholesterolemic,5-alpha reductase inhibitor, anemiagenic, insectifuge
14
Benzaldehyde, 2-nitro-, diaminomet hylidenhydrazone
18.975
C8H9N5O2
207.18
1.42
Nitrogen compound
Antimicrobial
15
Heptadecanoic acid, 10-methyl-, methyl ester
19.077
C19H38O2
298.50
1.29
Fatty ester
No activity reported
*Source: Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases (online database).Table 3
Compounds identified in the methanolic tuber extract ofSolena amplexicaulis by GC-MS.
S. number
Name of the compound
RT
Molecular formula
Molecular weight
Peak area %
Structure
Category of the compound
Activity*
1
Dodecanoic acid
13.776
C12H24O2
200.31
2.40
Fatty acids
No activity reported
2
Tetradecanoic acid
16.071
C14H28O2
228.37
0.95
Myristic acid
Antioxidant, cancer preventive, nematicide, hypocholesterolemic, lubricant
3
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester
17.189
C16H22O4
278.34
0.74
Phthalic ester
Used in preparation of perfumes and cosmetics, plasticized vinyl seats on furniture, cars, and clothing including jackets, raincoats, and boots and used in textiles, as dyestuffs, cosmetics, and glass making
4
Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester
17.842
C17H34O2
270.45
4.61
Fatty ester
No activity reported
5
n-Hexadecanoic acid
18.176
C16H32O2
256.42
21.75
Palmitic acid
Antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, nematicide, pesticide, lubricant, hemolytic inhibitor, antiandrogenic
6
Cystodytin
18.510
C22H19O3N3
373.78
1.58
Aromatic alkaloid
Antiproliferative activity in human tumor cell lines
7
1-Decanol, 2-hexyl-
18.583
C16H34O
242.44
1.21
Aliphatic alcohols
Antimicrobial
8
10,13-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester
19.469
C19H34O2
294.47
4.72
Linoleic acid esters
Anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, cancer preventive, hepatoprotective, nematicide, insectifuge, antieczemic, anticancer, antiarthritic, insectifuge, antihistaminic, anticoronary
9
trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester
19.527
C19H36O2
296.48
3.55
Linoleic acid esters
Anti-inflammatory, antiandrogenic, cancer preventive, dermatitigenic, irritant, antileukotriene—D4, hypocholesterolemic, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, anemiagenic, insectifuge, flavor
10
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-
19.817
C18H32O2
280.44
9.35
Linolenic acid
Anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, cancer preventive, insectifuge, antiarthritic, hepatoprotective, antiandrogenic, nematicide, antihistaminic, antieczemic
11
9,17-Octadecadienal, (Z)-
19.876
C18H32O
264.44
21.77
Unsaturated aldehyde
Antimicrobial
12
Phthalic acid, di(2-propylpentyl) ester
23.201
C24H38O4
390.55
9.48
Dicarboxylic acid ester
Oral toxicity during pregnancy and sucking in the Long-Evans Rat
13
Anthracene, 9-ethyl-9,10-dihydro-10-t-butyl-
25.699
C20H24
264.40
1.26
Hydrocarbons
No activity reported
14
4-Dehydroxy-N-(4,5-methylenedioxy-2-nitrobenzylidene) tyramine
32.148
C16H14N2O4
298.29
6.72
Tyramine derivative
No activity reported
*Source: Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases (online database).Figure 1
GC-MS chromatogram of methanolic leaf extract ofSolena amplexicaulis.Figure 2
GC-MS chromatogram of methanolic stem extract ofSolena amplexicaulis.Figure 3
GC-MS chromatogram of methanolic tuber extract ofSolena amplexicaulis.(a) Mass spectrum of carane. (b) Mass spectrum of phytol. (c) Mass spectrum of 4-(4-ethoxyphenyl) but-3-en-2-one. (d) Mass spectrum of trehalose. (e) Mass spectrum of n-hexadecanoic acid. (f) Mass spectrum of 9,17-octadecadienal, (Z)-.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)


## 4. Discussion

The gas chromatogram shows that the relative concentrations of various compounds are getting eluted as a function of retention time. The height of the peaks indicates the relative concentrations of the compounds present in the plant. The mass spectrometer analyzes of the compounds eluted at different times to identify the nature and structure of the compounds. The large compound fragments into small compounds give rise to appearance of peaks at differentm
/
z ratios. These mass spectra are fingerprint of that compound which can be identified from the data library.Generally, the reliability of medicinal plant for its usage is evaluated by correlating the phytochemical compounds with their biological activities [21]. In the present study, the GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extracts of leaf, stem, and tuber parts ofS. amplexicaulis altogether showed the presence of 35 compounds. In this account, the leaf extract contained six compounds among them, phytol (38.24%) is having anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, diuretic, and chemopreventive properties and used in vaccine formulations [22, 23]. The other compound, carane (18.76%) is having antifeedant and antioxidant properties [24, 25]. The methanolic stem and tuber extracts showed the presence of greater number of 14 and 15 compounds, respectively. The six phytoconstituents, namely, undecane, taurolidine, trehalose, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, and benzaldehyde, 2-nitro-, diaminomet hylidenhydrazone in stem extracts have possessed medicinal properties [26]. Undecane, an alkane, is an antimicrobial agent, used as carcinogen [27, 28]. Similarly, the other compound, taurolidine, a taurine amino acid derivative, has antimicrobial, antilipopolysaccharidal, and antitumor properties [29, 30]. The sucrose compound, trehalose, is used for the treatment of amyloidosis [31]. The linoleic acid esters present in the stem, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, are reported to have anti-inflammatory, cancer preventive, hepatoprotective, antiarthritic, and anticoronary properties. The other linoleic acid ester, 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, is also having anti-inflammatory, antiandrogenic, and anemiagenic properties [32]. The nitrogen compound, benzaldehyde, 2-nitro-, diaminomet hylidenhydrazone, is known to have the property of curing infectious diseases by its antimicrobial activity. In the tuber extracts, the compounds identified, namely, 10,13-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester, trans-13-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, are possessed with anti-inflammatory and cancer preventive characters. The two compounds, namely, tetradecanoic acid and n-hexadecanoic acid, are antioxidants. The phthalic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, is used in the preparation of perfumes and cosmetics. The unsaturated alcoholic compound, 9,17-octadecadienal, (Z)-, is reported to have antimicrobial property [33]. The study speciesS. amplexicaulis is endowed with various medicinal properties maybe due to the presence of all these compounds described. In a similar fashion, certain traditional medicinal plant species of Cucurbitaceae have been analyzed phytochemically by using GC-MS and suggested for drug preparation after succeeding in clinical trials [34, 35]. The therapeutic properties of the other compounds in all the three parts ofS. amplexicaulis were not yet reported.Our investigation through the present study revealed that the speciesS. amplexicaulis is a reliable source of bioactive compounds like fatty acid esters, alcohols, hydrocarbons, alkanes, amines, terpenes, and sugars that justify the traditional usage of this species [16–18] by the local healers in Coimbatore and Tirupur districts of Tamil Nadu, India, for various ailments. As GC-MS is the first step towards understanding the nature of active principles [36, 37], further investigation in this species is suggested for the development of novel drugs.



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*Source: 567409-2014-07-14.xml*