# Corporate Environmental Governance Performance Evaluation and Index System Construction under the Mobile Communication System

Authors: Fujiang Chen; Cangqian Sun; Junying Chen; Chao Wen; Rongqian Duan; Haoyu Wu
Journal: International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems
 (2022)

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## Abstract

As environmental pollution has become more and more serious, in order to alleviate environmental and energy problems, people have begun to find new ways of governance in environmental management. Many countries have proposed to incorporate environmental performance into corporate performance for assessment. Under the historical background that the construction of ecological civilization has risen to a national strategy, the research on corporate environmental performance has attracted more and more attention. This paper constructs an environmental performance evaluation index system, evaluates the environmental performance of the enterprise, finds out the problems in the environmental performance of the enterprise, and proposes improvement suggestions. This is conducive to the change of the environmental policy of the enterprise, the improvement of the environmental performance level of the enterprise, and the protection of the ecological environment. This article introduces the mobile communication network, constructs the LMS model of the satellite mobile communication system, and analyzes the structure and main functions of the model. The article explains the role of corporate environmental governance, builds an environmental performance indicator system, selects several companies to evaluate the environmental governance performance of the past two years, and obtains the comprehensive performance index, stress index, state improvement index, and response index of the four companies in 2020. The four indexes of company A are 1.28, 1.3, 12, and 1.45, and the four indexes of company B are 2.96, 3.1, 8, and 2.9.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The environmental problems of modern society have become major issues that we must face squarely. In recent years, the deterioration of environmental problems has led to an increasing number of environmental governance projects. Environmental issues have become a difficult problem that affects the country’s social development. The difficulty of environmental governance has made environmental management lagging prominently. As a necessary part of environmental management, environmental management performance evaluation is an evaluation of the environmental management results of a company in the past period of time. It is not only a phased summary of the company’s environmental management work but also a guide to the future of the company’s environmental management work.A good environmental management performance evaluation system, on the one hand, can reasonably judge the success of environmental management in the past period of time, and make it visible to the effectiveness of environmental management, so as to further encourage all parts of the enterprise to actively participate in future environmental management activities, in order to create greater benefits for the organization; on the other hand, it can make all parts of the organization clearly recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the past work, so that it can establish the direction of the new era. Encouraged by the incentive policies of the performance evaluation system, actively make efforts for the next stage of environmental management work.For environmental governance, relevant scientists have done the following research. Feris aims to analyze the relationship between good environmental governance in South Africa (especially as evidenced by the decision of public authorities) and sustainable development and analyze good governance decisions in the context of the environment. He critically evaluated recent case law, trying to understand the way local courts evaluate the authorities’ environmental decisions. In achieving its goals, Feris also considered how environmental decisions are made and asked a question: what is the value choice behind government decisions, and what role does sustainable development play in providing information for good environmental governance decisions [1]. Based on the hypothesis that the failure of governance of environmental problems in the agricultural food system is significantly related to social and cultural aspects, Forney explored the literature in social sciences to seek explanations. The first statement is that research on agricultural environmental governance (AEG) issues is still divided into two subgroups on a global scale; one focuses on public policy, and the other focuses on civil society or the market for environmental certification, with little exchange or horizontal analysis between the two. Forney calls for the development of AEG research to produce a theoretical framework that transcends preexisting categories to allow new conceptualization of governance practices in complex or mixed systems [2]. Shen and Tai analyzed an environmental governance case from the perspective of social networks and explored how social networks that support and oppose environmental laws and regulations were formed and developed and how these social networks promote or hinder environmental laws and regulations in different periods. The results show that as the key node of the social network, government leaders with political power can connect a specific network with its value orientation, thereby affecting the structure and development of the network, thereby significantly affecting the subsequent policy formation and governance results. The social network influences the process and results of environmental governance and is affected by it [3]. Chen established an equation system to clarify the interaction between the rule of law, economic development, and environmental policy stringency and used sensitivity and weak instrumental variable tests to test the robustness of variables. He studied the nine determinants of the rule of law, including the existence of a parliamentary system, coup d’etat, and the degree of social division. Chen found that economic development, the rule of law, and their interaction have direct and indirect effects on a country’s environmental policy. At the same time, he further discovered that political coups had a major impact on compliance with the rule of law. Nonparametric simulations show that the long-term impact of the development of the rule of law on environmental protection may be far greater than its direct impact [4]. Moon et al. believe that the design of environmental institutions and the critical analysis of these institutions bear the hallmarks of the early twentieth century’s perception of the superiority of scientific knowledge and its unique capabilities for basic decision-making, albeit indirectly. Moon et al. believe that it is necessary to provide a richer and more detailed description of the coproduction of ecological indicators (such as goals and indicators) and their potential contributions to ecosystem governance and sustainability. With such a description, scholars and political authorities will be able to better solve the very real pitfalls and dangers in computing practice without feeling compelled to give up these potentially powerful methods [5]. The purpose of Zang and Liu research is to discuss the direct and indirect effects of fiscal decentralization on the efficiency of environmental governance (hereinafter referred to as EGE). First, he used the theoretical framework to put forward hypotheses and then used panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2003 to 2015 to conduct empirical investigations. He used a provincial data set to measure EGE and regressed fiscal decentralization with new indicators. The results show that fiscal decentralization has a significant negative impact on EGE, and government environmental preferences play an intermediary role in the relationship between fiscal decentralization and EGE. When using different methods, the results obtained are reliable. Further investigation of the heterogeneous response to cross-regional policy changes shows that the impact of fiscal decentralization on EGE shows obvious regional heterogeneity [6]. Wang M conducted a series of regression analyses on the empirical data set of 282 prefecture-level cities from 2010 to 2018. The result determined the effective implementation mechanism of CEPI from the perspective of sports governance. Wang M's research also shows the heterogeneity of local officials' campaign-style environmental governance behavior, including the type of position and cultural background. Second, the research shows that the campaign-style governance behavior of local officials has a moderating effect on the relationship between environmental pollution and the promotion of local officials. Finally, Wang suggested that the higher-level government should adopt effective incentive policies to resolve the gap between environmental policy and implementation [7]. These methods have provided some references for our research, but due to the short time and small sample size of the relevant research, the research has not been recognized by the public.The innovation of this paper is to introduce a satellite mobile communication system and PSR model to study the performance evaluation and index system construction of corporate environmental governance. In satellite mobile communications, the magnitude of the frequency shift caused by the signal is called the Doppler shift, and a schematic diagram of the Doppler shift is obtained, selecting 23 representative quantitative indicators to construct an indicator system for governance performance evaluation and evaluating corporate environmental governance performance.


## 2. Corporate Environmental Governance Performance Evaluation Method

### 2.1. Mobile Communications

Mobile communication is a way of communicating between mobile users and fixed-point users or between mobile users. There is communication in which one or both parties are in motion, including land, sea, and air mobile communications. The frequency bands are used to cover low frequency, intermediate frequency, high frequency, VHF, and UHF. The mobile communication system is composed of a mobile station, a base station, and a mobile switching office. To communicate with a mobile station, the mobile switching office sends a call to the entire network through each base station, the called station sends a response signal after receiving it, and the mobile switching office allocates a channel to the mobile station after receiving the response, and then the voice channel sends a signal to make it ring.Mobile Internet and Internet of Things are the two driving forces of future mobile communications [8–10]. The mobile Internet has changed the traditional way of providing mobile services and can provide users with interesting business and extreme opportunities such as ultrahigh-definition (3D) video, augmented reality, virtual reality, and mobile cloud. At the same time, it has also promoted a wide range of innovations in communication modes and promoted the rapid development of wireless technology and industry [11]. For example, Figure 1 shows the 5G application prospects.Figure 1
5G application vision.In the past half century, the development of mobile communications has had a profound impact on people’s lives, production, work, entertainment, politics, economy, and culture. The unmanned aerial vehicles, smart homes, online video, online shopping, and so on in the fantasy 30 years ago have all been realized. Mobile communication technology has gone through five development stages: analog transmission, digital voice transmission, Internet communication, personal communication, and new generation wireless mobile communication. In the process of governance of the ecological environment, the model of environmental governance has undergone three generations of changes: the first generation: the traditional “command and control” environmental management model; the second generation: the market-incentive environmental governance model; the third generation: environmental cooperative governance model.Since different application scenarios have their own performance requirements, user experience rate, connection density, end-to-end delay, traffic density, energy efficiency, etc., may all become the most critical demand indicators. Therefore, 5G will face the need for differentiated performance indicators in different application scenarios, research, and provide corresponding solutions [12]. The main performance indicators of 5G are shown in Table 1.Table 1
The main performance indicators of 5G.
HeadingDefinitionUser experience rate (bps)The lowest transfer rate available to users in a real network environmentConnection density (/Km2)The total number of online devices supported per unit areaEnd-to-end delay (ms)The time when the data packet is transmitted from the source node to the correct reception by the destination nodeMobility (Km/h)When meeting certain performance requirements, the maximum relative moving speed between the sender and receiverFlow density (bps/Km2)Total flow per unit areaPeak user rate (bps)The highest transmission rate available for a single userFrom the simple voice communication that first appeared in mobile communication, through the development of the mobile Internet, to the current big data, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and cloud computing, all have put forward higher requirements for mobile communication, also encouraging many scientific researchers to continuously study new communication technologies, explore new transmission theories, and build faster transmission networks [13–15]. For example, Figure 2 shows the growth trend of mobile communication data traffic and the number of devices.Figure 2
The growth trend of mobile communication data traffic and the number of devices.The characteristics of mobile communication include the following:(1)
Mobility. It is to maintain the communication of the object in the moving state, so it must be wireless communication or a combination of wireless communication and wired communication.(2)
The radio wave propagation conditions are complicated. Because moving objects may move in various environments, electromagnetic waves will produce reflection, refraction, diffraction, Doppler effect, and other phenomena when they propagate, resulting in effects such as multipath interference, signal propagation delay, and broadening.(3)
The noise and interference are serious. In the urban environment, automobile spark noise, various industrial noises, intermodulation interference between mobile users, adjacent channel interference, cofrequency interference, etc.(4)
The system and network structure are complex. It is a multiuser communication system and network, and users must not interfere with each other and work in a coordinated manner. In addition, the mobile communication system should also be interconnected with the local telephone network, satellite communication network, data network, etc. The entire network structure is very complicated.(5)
High frequency band utilization and good equipment performance are required.For cellular communication, the channel gain between the base stationBS and communication receiver D is as follows:(1)MBS,Cell=10−LBS,Cell.The signal-to-noise ratio at the receiverD of the cellular communication is as follows:(2)SNRCell=PBS⋅GBS,CellN0.The signal-to-noise ratio of cellular communication at the base stationBS is as follows:(3)SNRCell=PCells⋅GBS,CellsN0.For D2D communication, a single-slope path loss model is proposed, namely:(4)QDd=λ⋅QS⋅d−β,QDd-Signal power received by receiver D. β-Single oblique path loss exponential constant. λ-Single oblique path loss normalized constant.(5)GS,D=λ⋅dS,D−β,dS,D-D2D communication distance between S and D.Since it is assumed that the dedicated mode of wireless spectrum is used for communication, the signal-to-noise ratio SNR of D2D communication forS and D at the receiver D is as follows:(6)SNRD=PS⋅GS,DN0,SNRD=PS⋅λ⋅dS,D−βN0.The channel gain of the D2D communication user to the senderS and the relay user Ri can be expressed as follows:(7)GS,Ri=λ⋅dS,Ri−β.Therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio at the two-hop D2D communication relayRi is as follows:(8)SNRRi=PS⋅GS,RiN0,SNRRi=PS⋅λ⋅dS,Ri−βN0,RCSS,D=Ri|1<i<N,maxlS,Ri,lRi,D<lmax.When usersS and D use direct D2D communication, the information transmission rate is as follows:(9)fS,DΘ=Z⋅log21+SNRD,fS,DΘ=Z⋅log21+PS⋅λ⋅dS,D−βN0,RCSS,D=Ri|1<i<N,minGS,Ri,GRi,D>Gmin,Z-Transmission bandwidth. dS,D-D2D communication distance between S and D.When usersS and D use multi-hop D2D communication, assuming that the relay used is Ri, the information transmission rate is as follows:(10)fS,DRi=Z⋅log21+minSNRRi,SNRD,fS,DRi=Z⋅log21+minPS⋅λ⋅dS,Ri−βN0,PRi⋅λ⋅dRi,D−βN0,fS,DpRi=fS,DRipRi.When usersS and D use cellular communication, the information transmission rate is as follows:(11)fS,DA=Z⋅log21+minSNRBS,SNRCell,fS,DA=Z⋅log21+minPCell⋅GBS,CellN0,PBS⋅GBS,CellN0,fsum=∑SeCfS,DΘ+∑SeLfS,DC+∑SeMDfS,DRi,A-A collection of users who use cellular communication. L-A collection of user pairs using direct D2D communication. N0-Number of cellular users.


### 2.2. Environmental Governance

The use of the word governance in English originates from ancient Greek and Latin and was originally meant to control and guide. In current applications, governance is mainly used to manage the political activities of public affairs and is often confused or even confused with the term rule. The various definitions of governance in academia refer to the use of state power by the government or nongovernmental organizations to regulate and guide various activities of citizens, maintain public order, and maximize public interests. Environmental governance is a comprehensive analysis of air, water, soil, and other environmental conditions, combining environmental quality assessment, standardization, design prevention and monitoring, and manual control to protect the environment from pollution, and then get the results of environmental policy reforms [16]. As shown in Figure 3, the left picture shows the cumulative number of days of severe pollution and heavy pollution in cities across the country, and the right picture shows the concentration comparison of six pollutants.Figure 3
Pollution survey data.With the rapid development of the social economy, environmental problems have become increasingly serious. The contradiction between man and nature has become more acute, revealing the conflict between the economic growth brought about by the traditional industrialization road and the continuous destruction of natural resources and the environment. It reveals that the traditional economic development model advocated by the Industrial Revolution is actually an unsustainable development path. Problems such as overpopulation, severe resource depletion, and environmental pollution have become widespread environmental resource problems worldwide [17]. Therefore, environmental management has gradually become an important tool for countries to solve environmental problems and improve environmental conditions [18, 19]. Methods of interagency, interregional, and international cooperation have been developed around the world to manage the environment and protect resources.The term “environmental protection” usually refers to measures or general measures aimed at reducing or preventing pollution and threats to the environment [20]. It can be concluded that the national environmental obligations mainly include the following three aspects: (1) Reducing current and future environmental damage; (2) Eliminating or reducing potential or existing hazards to the environment; (3) Taking preventive measures to prevent future environmental hazards. Table 2 is China’s modern ecological development index.Table 2
China modern ecological development index.
First-level evaluation indexWeights2021 yearEvaluation of the surrounding environment2563.5Evaluation of China’s ecological and environmental protection policies, laws, and regulations system1568.7Government investment, implementation, and efficiency recognition of environmental protection3067.1Self-evaluation of environmental awareness and participation2067.4Prospects of ecological environment protection1075.2Modern ecological development index10067.3


### 2.3. Performance Evaluation

Performance, literally, is a combination of performance and effectiveness. Achievement is performance, and effect is efficiency, benefit, behavior, etc. The definition of performance by domestic and foreign scholars is very broad and can be roughly divided into the following three viewpoints. (1) They believe that performance is the result or goal to be achieved by the work. Performance should be defined as the result of work because the influencing factors closely related to the results of these works include the organization’s strategic goals, customer satisfaction, and capital injection. (2) They believe that performance is behavior. They believe that performance is the behavior itself, independent of the result, is actually done, is related to the organization’s task and can be observed action or behavior, and emphasizes the behavioral process in achieving organizational goals, which is produced to make up for the lack of result performance. (3) They believe that performance refers to the combination of results and behaviors. Behavior is one of the necessary conditions for achieving results. It is not only the means and tools to achieve results but also the results themselves, which can be judged separately from the results. It is generally recognized by the domestic academic community [21]. This article believes that the third point of view is more comprehensive and scientific, covering performance considerations in the three aspects of behavior, implementation process, and results. Under certain conditions, behavior and results are mutually causal, which meets the requirements of performance evaluation.In the process of the government’s efforts to build an ecological civilization, performance as a predicted result has the following three characteristics:(1)
Long-term. Performance is the result of the government’s influence on pollution protection issues. This process takes a long time, and environmental protection issues are likely to continue in the foreseeable future. Therefore, to a certain extent, it determines that performance has long-term characteristics, which is mainly reflected in the effect of government governance issues and the degree of governance goals achieved.(2)
Multidimensionality. Performance prediction needs to include various indicators corresponding to it. Indicators are a prerequisite for achieving performance predictions and the results of environmental protection and pollution control. When selecting performance indicators, try to describe and express all aspects of the environmental governance process so that the content of the indicators is relatively rich. Therefore, this reflects the multidimensionality of performance, and its performance itself has the characteristics of comprehensive performance.(3)
Complexity. As environmental protection and pollution control issues involve a wide range of issues, the performance of environmental governance is particularly complex in content and expression, which is more complex than other types of performance, such as economic performance. The measures implemented by the government in the process of environmental protection have a certain contribution to the improvement of ecology, but at the same time it will also affect the development of other aspects of building an ecological civilization, and even to a certain extent, have a counterproductive effect on the improvement of quality.Performance is essentially a category of performance, and its connotation is essentially the same as performance. Correctly defining the connotation of performance is the logical starting point for performance evaluation. Because it is a system concept that integrates various influencing factors, it will affect human behavior in any state and then produce corresponding results. The performance referred to in this article refers to the achievements and results achieved by the government in implementing environmental protection and pollution control for the realization of ecological civilization.Evaluation is a part that should be included in the concept of performance. Based on the research results of performance evaluation by domestic scholars, it is believed that performance evaluation is the application of certain evaluation standards and evaluation indicators by the evaluation subject, using scientific evaluation methods to comprehensively evaluate the completion progress of the set goals and the results achieved [22].As a new, effective, and quantifiable tool and method used in government governance, performance evaluation has the following characteristics in practice:(1)
Diagnostic. Performance evaluation is a consideration of the effectiveness of protection and pollution problems. The diagnostic characteristics are mainly reflected in two aspects. One is the prediction before the implementation of the performance evaluation, which is a prerequisite for effective governance; second, in the process of performance evaluation implementation, it is possible to timely discover the problems that arise in the governance of various levels of government. This feature provides a reliable basis for the municipal governments to adopt performance evaluations in accordance with time conditions.(2)
Flexibility. Governance and pollution problems are not static. As pollution sources increase or decrease, performance evaluation indicators will increase or decrease, and the governance content it represents will also change, so performance evaluation results will also change accordingly. Therefore, in the process of implementing performance evaluation, the evaluation indicators should be adjusted in time according to the feedback information so that it can be effectively developed in the continuous changes of governance, and the governance performance evaluation results obtained in this way are more time-effective and accurate.


## 2.1. Mobile Communications

Mobile communication is a way of communicating between mobile users and fixed-point users or between mobile users. There is communication in which one or both parties are in motion, including land, sea, and air mobile communications. The frequency bands are used to cover low frequency, intermediate frequency, high frequency, VHF, and UHF. The mobile communication system is composed of a mobile station, a base station, and a mobile switching office. To communicate with a mobile station, the mobile switching office sends a call to the entire network through each base station, the called station sends a response signal after receiving it, and the mobile switching office allocates a channel to the mobile station after receiving the response, and then the voice channel sends a signal to make it ring.Mobile Internet and Internet of Things are the two driving forces of future mobile communications [8–10]. The mobile Internet has changed the traditional way of providing mobile services and can provide users with interesting business and extreme opportunities such as ultrahigh-definition (3D) video, augmented reality, virtual reality, and mobile cloud. At the same time, it has also promoted a wide range of innovations in communication modes and promoted the rapid development of wireless technology and industry [11]. For example, Figure 1 shows the 5G application prospects.Figure 1
5G application vision.In the past half century, the development of mobile communications has had a profound impact on people’s lives, production, work, entertainment, politics, economy, and culture. The unmanned aerial vehicles, smart homes, online video, online shopping, and so on in the fantasy 30 years ago have all been realized. Mobile communication technology has gone through five development stages: analog transmission, digital voice transmission, Internet communication, personal communication, and new generation wireless mobile communication. In the process of governance of the ecological environment, the model of environmental governance has undergone three generations of changes: the first generation: the traditional “command and control” environmental management model; the second generation: the market-incentive environmental governance model; the third generation: environmental cooperative governance model.Since different application scenarios have their own performance requirements, user experience rate, connection density, end-to-end delay, traffic density, energy efficiency, etc., may all become the most critical demand indicators. Therefore, 5G will face the need for differentiated performance indicators in different application scenarios, research, and provide corresponding solutions [12]. The main performance indicators of 5G are shown in Table 1.Table 1
The main performance indicators of 5G.
HeadingDefinitionUser experience rate (bps)The lowest transfer rate available to users in a real network environmentConnection density (/Km2)The total number of online devices supported per unit areaEnd-to-end delay (ms)The time when the data packet is transmitted from the source node to the correct reception by the destination nodeMobility (Km/h)When meeting certain performance requirements, the maximum relative moving speed between the sender and receiverFlow density (bps/Km2)Total flow per unit areaPeak user rate (bps)The highest transmission rate available for a single userFrom the simple voice communication that first appeared in mobile communication, through the development of the mobile Internet, to the current big data, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and cloud computing, all have put forward higher requirements for mobile communication, also encouraging many scientific researchers to continuously study new communication technologies, explore new transmission theories, and build faster transmission networks [13–15]. For example, Figure 2 shows the growth trend of mobile communication data traffic and the number of devices.Figure 2
The growth trend of mobile communication data traffic and the number of devices.The characteristics of mobile communication include the following:(1)
Mobility. It is to maintain the communication of the object in the moving state, so it must be wireless communication or a combination of wireless communication and wired communication.(2)
The radio wave propagation conditions are complicated. Because moving objects may move in various environments, electromagnetic waves will produce reflection, refraction, diffraction, Doppler effect, and other phenomena when they propagate, resulting in effects such as multipath interference, signal propagation delay, and broadening.(3)
The noise and interference are serious. In the urban environment, automobile spark noise, various industrial noises, intermodulation interference between mobile users, adjacent channel interference, cofrequency interference, etc.(4)
The system and network structure are complex. It is a multiuser communication system and network, and users must not interfere with each other and work in a coordinated manner. In addition, the mobile communication system should also be interconnected with the local telephone network, satellite communication network, data network, etc. The entire network structure is very complicated.(5)
High frequency band utilization and good equipment performance are required.For cellular communication, the channel gain between the base stationBS and communication receiver D is as follows:(1)MBS,Cell=10−LBS,Cell.The signal-to-noise ratio at the receiverD of the cellular communication is as follows:(2)SNRCell=PBS⋅GBS,CellN0.The signal-to-noise ratio of cellular communication at the base stationBS is as follows:(3)SNRCell=PCells⋅GBS,CellsN0.For D2D communication, a single-slope path loss model is proposed, namely:(4)QDd=λ⋅QS⋅d−β,QDd-Signal power received by receiver D. β-Single oblique path loss exponential constant. λ-Single oblique path loss normalized constant.(5)GS,D=λ⋅dS,D−β,dS,D-D2D communication distance between S and D.Since it is assumed that the dedicated mode of wireless spectrum is used for communication, the signal-to-noise ratio SNR of D2D communication forS and D at the receiver D is as follows:(6)SNRD=PS⋅GS,DN0,SNRD=PS⋅λ⋅dS,D−βN0.The channel gain of the D2D communication user to the senderS and the relay user Ri can be expressed as follows:(7)GS,Ri=λ⋅dS,Ri−β.Therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio at the two-hop D2D communication relayRi is as follows:(8)SNRRi=PS⋅GS,RiN0,SNRRi=PS⋅λ⋅dS,Ri−βN0,RCSS,D=Ri|1<i<N,maxlS,Ri,lRi,D<lmax.When usersS and D use direct D2D communication, the information transmission rate is as follows:(9)fS,DΘ=Z⋅log21+SNRD,fS,DΘ=Z⋅log21+PS⋅λ⋅dS,D−βN0,RCSS,D=Ri|1<i<N,minGS,Ri,GRi,D>Gmin,Z-Transmission bandwidth. dS,D-D2D communication distance between S and D.When usersS and D use multi-hop D2D communication, assuming that the relay used is Ri, the information transmission rate is as follows:(10)fS,DRi=Z⋅log21+minSNRRi,SNRD,fS,DRi=Z⋅log21+minPS⋅λ⋅dS,Ri−βN0,PRi⋅λ⋅dRi,D−βN0,fS,DpRi=fS,DRipRi.When usersS and D use cellular communication, the information transmission rate is as follows:(11)fS,DA=Z⋅log21+minSNRBS,SNRCell,fS,DA=Z⋅log21+minPCell⋅GBS,CellN0,PBS⋅GBS,CellN0,fsum=∑SeCfS,DΘ+∑SeLfS,DC+∑SeMDfS,DRi,A-A collection of users who use cellular communication. L-A collection of user pairs using direct D2D communication. N0-Number of cellular users.


## 2.2. Environmental Governance

The use of the word governance in English originates from ancient Greek and Latin and was originally meant to control and guide. In current applications, governance is mainly used to manage the political activities of public affairs and is often confused or even confused with the term rule. The various definitions of governance in academia refer to the use of state power by the government or nongovernmental organizations to regulate and guide various activities of citizens, maintain public order, and maximize public interests. Environmental governance is a comprehensive analysis of air, water, soil, and other environmental conditions, combining environmental quality assessment, standardization, design prevention and monitoring, and manual control to protect the environment from pollution, and then get the results of environmental policy reforms [16]. As shown in Figure 3, the left picture shows the cumulative number of days of severe pollution and heavy pollution in cities across the country, and the right picture shows the concentration comparison of six pollutants.Figure 3
Pollution survey data.With the rapid development of the social economy, environmental problems have become increasingly serious. The contradiction between man and nature has become more acute, revealing the conflict between the economic growth brought about by the traditional industrialization road and the continuous destruction of natural resources and the environment. It reveals that the traditional economic development model advocated by the Industrial Revolution is actually an unsustainable development path. Problems such as overpopulation, severe resource depletion, and environmental pollution have become widespread environmental resource problems worldwide [17]. Therefore, environmental management has gradually become an important tool for countries to solve environmental problems and improve environmental conditions [18, 19]. Methods of interagency, interregional, and international cooperation have been developed around the world to manage the environment and protect resources.The term “environmental protection” usually refers to measures or general measures aimed at reducing or preventing pollution and threats to the environment [20]. It can be concluded that the national environmental obligations mainly include the following three aspects: (1) Reducing current and future environmental damage; (2) Eliminating or reducing potential or existing hazards to the environment; (3) Taking preventive measures to prevent future environmental hazards. Table 2 is China’s modern ecological development index.Table 2
China modern ecological development index.
First-level evaluation indexWeights2021 yearEvaluation of the surrounding environment2563.5Evaluation of China’s ecological and environmental protection policies, laws, and regulations system1568.7Government investment, implementation, and efficiency recognition of environmental protection3067.1Self-evaluation of environmental awareness and participation2067.4Prospects of ecological environment protection1075.2Modern ecological development index10067.3


## 2.3. Performance Evaluation

Performance, literally, is a combination of performance and effectiveness. Achievement is performance, and effect is efficiency, benefit, behavior, etc. The definition of performance by domestic and foreign scholars is very broad and can be roughly divided into the following three viewpoints. (1) They believe that performance is the result or goal to be achieved by the work. Performance should be defined as the result of work because the influencing factors closely related to the results of these works include the organization’s strategic goals, customer satisfaction, and capital injection. (2) They believe that performance is behavior. They believe that performance is the behavior itself, independent of the result, is actually done, is related to the organization’s task and can be observed action or behavior, and emphasizes the behavioral process in achieving organizational goals, which is produced to make up for the lack of result performance. (3) They believe that performance refers to the combination of results and behaviors. Behavior is one of the necessary conditions for achieving results. It is not only the means and tools to achieve results but also the results themselves, which can be judged separately from the results. It is generally recognized by the domestic academic community [21]. This article believes that the third point of view is more comprehensive and scientific, covering performance considerations in the three aspects of behavior, implementation process, and results. Under certain conditions, behavior and results are mutually causal, which meets the requirements of performance evaluation.In the process of the government’s efforts to build an ecological civilization, performance as a predicted result has the following three characteristics:(1)
Long-term. Performance is the result of the government’s influence on pollution protection issues. This process takes a long time, and environmental protection issues are likely to continue in the foreseeable future. Therefore, to a certain extent, it determines that performance has long-term characteristics, which is mainly reflected in the effect of government governance issues and the degree of governance goals achieved.(2)
Multidimensionality. Performance prediction needs to include various indicators corresponding to it. Indicators are a prerequisite for achieving performance predictions and the results of environmental protection and pollution control. When selecting performance indicators, try to describe and express all aspects of the environmental governance process so that the content of the indicators is relatively rich. Therefore, this reflects the multidimensionality of performance, and its performance itself has the characteristics of comprehensive performance.(3)
Complexity. As environmental protection and pollution control issues involve a wide range of issues, the performance of environmental governance is particularly complex in content and expression, which is more complex than other types of performance, such as economic performance. The measures implemented by the government in the process of environmental protection have a certain contribution to the improvement of ecology, but at the same time it will also affect the development of other aspects of building an ecological civilization, and even to a certain extent, have a counterproductive effect on the improvement of quality.Performance is essentially a category of performance, and its connotation is essentially the same as performance. Correctly defining the connotation of performance is the logical starting point for performance evaluation. Because it is a system concept that integrates various influencing factors, it will affect human behavior in any state and then produce corresponding results. The performance referred to in this article refers to the achievements and results achieved by the government in implementing environmental protection and pollution control for the realization of ecological civilization.Evaluation is a part that should be included in the concept of performance. Based on the research results of performance evaluation by domestic scholars, it is believed that performance evaluation is the application of certain evaluation standards and evaluation indicators by the evaluation subject, using scientific evaluation methods to comprehensively evaluate the completion progress of the set goals and the results achieved [22].As a new, effective, and quantifiable tool and method used in government governance, performance evaluation has the following characteristics in practice:(1)
Diagnostic. Performance evaluation is a consideration of the effectiveness of protection and pollution problems. The diagnostic characteristics are mainly reflected in two aspects. One is the prediction before the implementation of the performance evaluation, which is a prerequisite for effective governance; second, in the process of performance evaluation implementation, it is possible to timely discover the problems that arise in the governance of various levels of government. This feature provides a reliable basis for the municipal governments to adopt performance evaluations in accordance with time conditions.(2)
Flexibility. Governance and pollution problems are not static. As pollution sources increase or decrease, performance evaluation indicators will increase or decrease, and the governance content it represents will also change, so performance evaluation results will also change accordingly. Therefore, in the process of implementing performance evaluation, the evaluation indicators should be adjusted in time according to the feedback information so that it can be effectively developed in the continuous changes of governance, and the governance performance evaluation results obtained in this way are more time-effective and accurate.


## 3. Corporate Environmental Governance Performance Evaluation Experiment

The construction of an environmental management performance evaluation system is a necessary part of a company’s environmental management activities. Environmental management performance evaluation is an evaluation of the company’s environmental management results over a period of time. It is not only a staged summary of the environmental management work of the enterprise but also a mirror for the future environmental management work of the enterprise. Building a system is a complicated process. We must first clarify what kind of goals we want to achieve when building the system. Under the guidance of this goal, select an appropriate evaluation angle, and establish the evaluation content of the system according to the selected angle. That is, after the evaluation objects of the system have been clarified, we need to consider which indicators to use to evaluate the environmental management performance of these objects.The evaluation system constructed in this article is a multiangle evaluation system. Therefore, the design of the evaluation content should include the evaluation points that are observed from three different angles. Based on this consideration, this article positions the constructed environmental management performance evaluation system as a system that combines three dimensions: enterprise production, social consumption, and government regulation and control. If we imagine the performance of corporate environmental management as a triangular pyramid, then companies, consumers, and the government are like three eyes. They observe and evaluate corporate environmental management performance from different angles.This text introduces the satellite mobile communication system and uses the satellite mobile communication system to detect the urban environment. General software radio peripherals, which were originally designed as the hardware part of the software radio platform, can be used as the radio frequency front end of the computer so that the computer can also complete the radio work can send and receive radio frequency signals, and transmit signals with a bandwidth of up to 56 MHz. Each functional module cooperates and works together as the digital baseband and radio frequency front-end in the communication system. Its working principle is shown in Figure4.Figure 4
Schematic diagram of general software radio peripherals.The USRP device first receives the radio frequency signal through the antenna, sequentially goes through downconversion, band-pass filter, A/D conversion, and finally is sampled and converted into a digital baseband signal and sent to the computer. When the USRP sends a signal, it is an inverse process. After sampling, shaping filtering, D/A conversion, and finally up-conversion, the signal is sent out through the radio frequency antenna.In satellite mobile communication, the quality of communication is affected by the propagation characteristics of the satellite channel [23]. Therefore, to develop communication equipment and improve communication quality, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of the communication environment. When the wireless signal arrives from the satellite to the receiver on the Earth, it will be affected by multiple factors.In a wireless communication system, when there is relative movement between the sending end and the receiving end, due to the change of the transmission path, the phase of the received signal is changed, and the frequency of the received signal is shifted. This phenomenon is called the Doppler effect, and the resulting signal frequency shift is called the Doppler shift. Figure5 is a schematic diagram of the Doppler frequency shift.Figure 5
Schematic diagram of doppler shift.When the mobile terminal moves at a speed on the path, it receives the signal from the signal source when the distance is moved. The path difference of the radio wave is as follows:(12)Δl=dcosθ=vΔtcosθ,Here, t is the time required for the mobile terminal to move d, and θ is the angle between the direction of movement and the incident wave. Since the signal source and the terminal are far away, the angles before and after the movement can be considered equal.The LMS model is a three-state channel model based on Markov chain switching. It divides the channel environment into three states: LOS state, medium shadow masking state, and deep shadow masking state, which can be applied to different environments. In satellite mobile communications, the communication angle varies widely, and the channel environment changes accordingly. Therefore, the use of multistate models to describe channel characteristics is more comprehensive and close [24]. The LMS model uses a three-state homogeneous chain to describe the channel state, as shown in Figure 6 for a schematic diagram of conversion.The LMS model assumes that the received signal is composed of two parts, the direct component and the multipath scattered component (caused by the direct component), among which the direct component and the multipath component induced by it are dominant [25].(1)
Direct component. The direct component is divided into very slow change and slow change according to the speed of change. Among them, the extremely slow change is described according to the Markov state, which is mainly caused by the change of the elevation angle of satellite communication, such as operating from a high-elevation open environment to a low-elevation environment; the slow change characterizes the small-scale changes in shadow occlusion, such as shadow changes caused by moving in the same forest or building. It obeys the lognormal distribution.(2)
The LMS model of multipath components considers that there are two main types of multipath components, the scattering component of the direct component near the receiving end and the possible image component.The channel statistical fading characteristics of the three specific states of the LMS model can be characterized by Loo distributions of different parameters. In practice, the Loo distribution considers that the received signal is superimposed by two parts: the direct signal that obeys the lognormal distribution affected by shadow occlusion and the multipath signal that obeys the Rayleigh distribution that is not affected by shadow occlusion. The structure of the LMS model in a certain state is shown in Figure7.Figure 6
Three-state Markov chain state transition diagram.Figure 7
LMS model channel structure in a specific state.The main function of the LMS model is to add fading effects to the transmission signal, including shadow fading and multipath fading. When the scheduling module calls the LMS model module with the current communication angle as a parameter, first, select the corresponding state probability matrix and state transition matrix according to the communication angle, and combine the current state to determine the next state of the Markov chain, and find the corresponding distribution parameters. Then according to the found distribution parameters, corresponding multipath channels and lognormal channels are generated, respectively [26]. Finally, the signals are, respectively, passed through the generated channels, and finally superimposed to obtain the data after the channel simulation. For example, the upper figure in Figure 8 is the parameter flow chart, and the figure below is the state determination flow chart.Figure 8
Parameter flow chart.
(a)(b)The environmental management performance evaluation system should be a comprehensive evaluation system based on the idea of sustainable development. It should be designed to provide relevant and verifiable information to the management in a continuous manner to assist them in making business decisions so that the enterprise can achieve coordinated development of economic, environmental, and social benefits. Under the current new environmental conditions, the performance evaluation system of corporate management accounting can no longer be limited to the maximization of economic benefits in the traditional economy in the past. We have now realized that only by carrying out economic cycles can we achieve sustainable social development and maximize the benefits of the whole society. Therefore, under the new economic environment, our enterprises must strive to achieve the coordinated development of economic, environmental, and social benefits.An enterprise environmental management activity is an activity that attracts the attention of all stakeholders in the society, is jointly participated by all parties, and is specifically implemented by the enterprise. Therefore, the evaluation of corporate environmental management performance will receive attention from many parties. Of course, the construction of the evaluation system cannot be carried out from a single perspective but must be evaluated in a multi-faceted and three-dimensional manner.An enterprise’s ultrahigh environmental performance often implies that the enterprise has strong competitiveness. When decentralized to a specific industry, the environmental investment is much higher than the general level in the industry. Especially, for some top industrial chains, the environmental impact far exceeds the additional effects of production [27]. In the past, when dealing with the issue of pollution reduction, an enterprise is always expected to maintain operations at the lowest cost. The technology often used was also low-end technical means, and the cost was extremely low. They believe that too much investment in environmental governance will inevitably affect their own income, but now they have a new understanding that the more environmental investment they make, the higher their income will be in the future. They realized more clearly that good environmental conditions saved a lot of pollution control in the later stage, and the latter required a much higher cost than the initial environmental investment. There are three specific explanations:(1)
The initial investment in environmental pollution control requires a very low cost, which will cause a large number of financial resources to be spent in the later period to control the pollution problem. This cost investment far exceeds the cost of stifling the pollution at the source. This forces companies to continuously innovate, develop new environmental protection technologies, reduce pollution from the source, and use new technologies to increase resource utilization and increase unit output.(2)
The stronger the innovation capability of an enterprise, the more obvious its external advantages.(3)
The concept of low-carbon has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and people are willing to contribute to low-carbon emission reduction.The objective and comprehensive principle is one of the important principles for the construction of corporate environmental performance evaluation indicators. The selection of indicators should be compatible with the current level of corporate environmental performance in China. It is necessary to avoid the indicator design from being too advanced and prevent the indicator design from becoming too obsolete. On the basis of fully understanding the actual situation of the company, combined with international standards and consensus, objectively and comprehensively select indicators so that it can objectively and fully reflect the company's environmental performance and ensure the integrity of the company's environmental performance evaluation and the accuracy of the evaluation results. For example, the selection of indicators should be tailored to local conditions, combined with industry characteristics, enterprise size, enterprise nature, and current national development level. Multiple relevant indicators can be established at the sublevel indicator level to fully reflect the company's environmental performance.The selection of indicators should be operable. Operability is the basic requirement for the design of corporate environmental performance evaluation indicators. The choice of indicators should be based on reality, and try to use indicators that are easy to collect data and have clear concepts, so that the indicator evaluation system has strong practicability, just like a “fool camera,” which can be operated by hand. When constructing corporate environmental performance evaluation indicators, this article screens the indicators according to this principle and selects scientific, practical, and operable indicators for analysis.Enterprise environmental performance evaluation involves all aspects of enterprise production and operation activities. In order to be able to accurately and effectively evaluate enterprise environmental performance, the principle of combining qualitative indicators and quantitative indicators should be followed when designing indicators. Quantitative indicators have specific and clear characteristics and can be more objective and accurate when evaluating environmental performance. However, due to the complexity of environmental performance evaluation, the indicators that reflect corporate environmental performance evaluation are mainly nonquantitative indicators. Under such circumstances, the guiding ideology of the design of this article is to quantify the quantifiable indicators as much as possible and to define the indicators that cannot be quantified reasonably and accurately to clarify their scope of application. Combine qualitative indicators and quantitative indicators through relatively objective and scientific methods and comprehensively calculate its environmental performance score.Domestic research on ecological performance evaluation started late and the research scope is relatively targeted. In the process of evaluating the performance of China’s provincial regions, the DPSIR model is used to construct a provincial performance evaluation index system. This indicator system is mainly to construct an evaluation indicator system from four aspects of quality, ecological protection, sustainable use of resources, and governance, covering almost all indicators for evaluating performance, which is more comprehensive and specific [28]. As shown in Tables 3 and 4, it can be used as an environmental governance performance evaluation indicator.Table 3
Quality and ecological protection indicators.
First level indicatorSecondary indicatorsThree-level indicatorsQualityAirAnnual average concentration of sulfur dioxideAnnual average concentration of nitrogen dioxideProportion of days with air quality reaching level 2 or higherWaterUrban water penetration rateRural water reform rate of returnToxic chemicalsDischarge equivalent of harmful substances in industrial wastewaterSafe disposal rate of industrial hazardous wasteWaste management and sanitationIndustrial solid waste discharge intensityHarmless treatment rate of urban domestic garbageWastewater discharge intensityEcological protectionBiodiversityThe proportion of nature reserves in the area of jurisdictionVegetation cover indexBiological abundance indexUrban greeningPark green area per capitaClimate changeCO2 emissions per unit of GDPTable 4
Sustainable resource utilization and governance indicators.
Sustainable use of resourcesEnergy useTotal energy consumption per unit of GDPEnergy consumption per unit of industrial added valueResource utilizationFresh water consumption per unit GDPFresh water consumption per unit of industrial added valueIndustrial water reuse rateComprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid wasteGovernanceManageGovernance investment as a percentage of GDPAccident occurrence indexLetters and visits ratioPollution controlExhaust emission intensityDischarge intensity of nitrogen and ammonia in wastewaterSolid waste emission intensityPollution governanceIndustrial S02 emission compliance rateIndustrial wastewater discharge compliance rateUrban sewage treatment rateA set of reasonable and effective environmental governance performance evaluation index systems should include two aspects. One is the evaluation of environmental governance results, that is, the improvement of environmental quality; the second is the evaluation of the environmental governance process, and then the comprehensive performance of all elements in the comprehensive environmental governance process [29]. This paper uses the PSR model to construct an environmental governance performance indicator system. Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of the model.Figure 9
Schematic diagram of the model.The PSR (pressure-state-response) three indicators have an interactive relationship, and the logical quantity relationship diagram is shown in Figure10. The Pressure—State—Response model is referred to as PSR for short, and the model is divided into three types of indicators. The first category is pressure indicators, which characterize the damage and potential threats to the ecology caused by unreasonable human social and economic activities and form pressure on the ecology; the second category is the status indicator, which refers to the improvement of environmental quality and the degree of status change; the third category is response indicators, which respond to the decline in environmental quality through conscious environmental protection activities and policy measures, so as to minimize the negative impact on the environment and maximize repair and improvement.Figure 10
P-S-R interaction mechanism.Building an environmental governance performance evaluation indicator system around the pressure-state-response model (PSR), the performance evaluation indicators should include three aspects: resource utilization efficiency, output and discharge of nonproduct pollutants, corresponding capital investment for governance, and traceability. The utilization rate of resources is mainly manifested by the emission of SO2, NO2, smoke (dust), wastewater, solid waste, etc. This type of index belongs to the pressure index, and its measurement method is mainly the ratio of pollutant emissions to GDP. The lower the index value, the lower the pressure caused by human social and economic activities. Therefore, 23 representative quantitative indicators are selected to construct an indicator system for governance performance evaluation [30]. The results are shown in Tables 5–7.Table 5
Stress indicators.
Indicator typeIndicator numberIndex contentUnitIndex natureStress indicatorsP1SO2 emission fee per unit GDPTons/100 million yuan↓P2Nitrogen oxide emission fee per unit GDPTons/100 million yuan↓P3Total smoke (dust) emissions per unit of GDPTons/100 million yuan↓P4Industrial waste gas emissions per unit GDP100 million cubic meters/100 million yuan↓P5Industrial wastewater discharge per unit GDPTons/100 million yuan↓P6Water consumption per unit of GDPCubic meter/ten thousand yuan↓P7COD emissions per unit GDPTons/100 million yuan↓P8Amount of industrial solid waste generated per unit of GDPTons/100 million yuan↓P9Energy consumption per unit of GDPTons of standard coal/ten thousand yuan↓Table 6
State improvement indicators.
Indicator typeIndicator numberIndex contentUnitIndex natureState improvement indicatorsS1Decrease in annual average concentration of PM10 per unit spaceμg/m3↑S2The average concentration of SO2 decreasesμg/m3↑S3Decrease in annual average concentration of NO2μg/m3↑S4Increase in the number of days when air quality reaches level 2 or higherDay↑S5Industrial wastewater discharge compliance rate%↑S6Geological compliance rate of centralized drinking water sources%↑S7Comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste%↑S8Centralized treatment rate of urban sewage%↑S9Harmless treatment rate of domestic garbage%↑Table 7
Response index.
Indicator typeIndicator numberIndex contentUnitIndex natureResponse indexR1Ecological environmental protection management affairs expenditureTen thousand yuan↑R2Forestry investment amountTen thousand yuan↑R3Total sewage charges collected100 million yuan↑R4Number of visits and suggestions on environmental protection issues from the general publicFrequency↑R5Environmental monitoring and supervision expenditureTen thousand yuan↑According to the proposed environmental performance indicators, several companies were selected to evaluate their indexes in the past two years [31]. The evaluation results are shown in Figure 11. The left picture shows the 2019 evaluation data, and the right picture shows the 2020 evaluation data.Figure 11
Index evaluation data.


## 4. Discussion

The LEO satellite mobile communication system has the characteristics of short transmission delay and low path loss, and the transmitted and received radio waves are less affected by interference from outer space. Therefore, the LEO system is considered to be the most promising satellite mobile communication system, and it has attracted more and more attention. In order to evaluate the performance of mobile communications, it is necessary to conduct multiple and long-term experiments in the corresponding environment, and testing in a real environment will consume a lot of time, manpower, and material resources. In order to solve these problems, shorten the development cycle, and save scientific research costs, the use of analog channels is the best choice [32].The business characteristics of enterprises in different industries are different, so the impact of this type of enterprise on the environment is also different, so the focus of the evaluation will also be different, such as thermal power companies, which mainly implement environmental pollution through exhaust gas emissions, so the exhaust gas load per unit product will be the focus of evaluation of the environmental management performance of this type of enterprise. As for the “waste” produced by mining companies’ production will be manifested in the form of local vegetation destruction, then the company should set the “vegetation area destroyed per unit of mining volume” as an evaluation indicator in a timely manner. Therefore, if an enterprise wants to obtain a series of horizontally comparable data in the environmental management evaluation, it should choose more content that conforms to the business characteristics of the industry and that most companies are concerned about as the evaluation point. Only in this way can the data be comparable among enterprises in the same industry, and it is also convenient for the government to verify this part of the data [33].


## 5. Conclusion

While the industrial revolution brought about rapid economic growth, it also brought towering black chimneys. This huge chimney not only “burned” a large number of nonrenewable resources on the Earth but also reduced energy conversion inefficiently. A lot of polluting elements are discharged into our living environment. As a necessary part of environmental management, environmental management performance evaluation is an evaluation of the environmental management results of a company in the past period of time. It is not only a phased summary of the company’s environmental management work but also a guide to the future of the company’s environmental management work. This article introduces the concept of a satellite mobile communication system, obtains the working principle of the software radio platform, and analyzes an influencing factor in the signal transmission process. The influencing factor is the frequency deviation of the signal, which is called the Doppler shift. This article starts with a preliminary forecasting study. In view of the limited data sources and academic level, there are unavoidable omissions in the study. The analysis of the status quo analysis stage is not thorough enough, only showing the changes of relevant indicators, lacking internal judgment analysis; in the theoretical research stage, the grasp of the theory is not deep enough. With the continuous attention to regional environmental issues, quantitative research on environmental governance is bound to increase. Choosing a suitable environmental governance performance evaluation method has a great relationship with the objectiveness of the evaluation results. Therefore, there is still much room for research to focus on more effective environmental governance performance evaluation methods.



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