# Small-Signal Stability Analysis for Power System Frequency Regulation with Renewable Energy Participation

Authors: Tingyi He; Shengnan Li; Shuijun Wu; Ke Li
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2021)

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## Abstract

With the improvement of the permeability of wind and photovoltaic (PV) energy, it has become one of the key problems to maintain the small-signal stability of the power system. Therefore, this paper analyzes the small-signal stability in a power system integrated with wind and solar energy. First, a mathematical model for small-signal stability analysis of power systems including the wind farm and PV station is established. And the characteristic roots of the New England power system integrated with wind energy and PV energy are obtained to study their small-signal stability. In addition, the validity of the theory is verified by the voltage drop of different nodes, which proves that power system integrated with wind-solar renewable energy participating in the frequency regulation can restore the system to the rated frequency in the shortest time and, at the same time, can enhance the robustness of each unit.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Recently, with the exhaustion of fossil energy and the deterioration of the natural environment, renewable energy has attracted wide attention [1]. Wind energy and solar energy are the most widely used intermittent clean energy, and they are highly complementary in terms of resource and time distribution [2]. If wind and solar energy are integrated to form a wind-solar complementary energy system and participate in the frequency regulation of the power system, the utilization efficiency of intermittent energy can be improved to a certain extent and the global energy shortage can be alleviated [3, 4].However, the random fluctuation of the output of wind and solar energy causes huge regulatory peak pressure to the power balance of the power system [5, 6]; on the other hand, the power system is disturbed by small-signal all the time during operation [7, 8]. An unstable system is difficult to operate properly in practice [9, 10]. Thus, the analysis of small-signal stability of power system becomes one of the important tasks of power system [11, 12]. Literature [13] establishes a small-signal model of PV generation connected to a weak AC grid. The stability of PV power generation under different power grid strength and control parameters is studied by means of eigenvalue analysis. Literature [14] studies the influence of a large number of wind power generation on small-signal stability and corresponding control strategies to alleviate this negative influence. In [15], the Lyapunov stability criterion is used to analyze the stability research method of the integrated hybrid system. Stability research can be carried out for different renewable energy sources, such as the wind power generation system, photovoltaic system, and micro hydropower system. However, the above analysis regards wind-solar and other renewable energy sources as a perturbation of the power system and does not consider their participation in the frequency regulation of the power system. Therefore, it is not effective in analyzing the stability of the power system in which wind-solar renewable energy participate in the frequency regulation.Thus, this paper studies the integrated energy system including wind power and PV system with the method of eigenvalue analysis and studies the oscillation modes of the power system when wind and solar power are connected separately, and when the wind farm is connected first and then the PV system is connected. The simulation model of the system is established and the New England power system is used to verify the correctness of the small-signal stability analysis.The remaining of this paper is organized as follows: Section2 develops the system modelling. In Section 3, small-signal stability analysis is described. Comprehensive case studies are undertaken in Section 4. The different systems are discussed in Section 5 and Section 6 summarizes the main contributions of the paper.


## 2. System Modelling

### 2.1. Multimachine Power System Modelling

The third-order model of theith generator in a multimachine power system can be expressed by the following formula:(1)δ˙i=ωi−ω0,ω˙i˙=ω02Hi˙Pmi˙−Diω0ωi˙−ω0−Pei˙,E˙qi′=1Td0iufdi+Ef0i−Eqi,i=1,2,…,n,Eqi=Eqi′−xdi−xdi′Idi,Pei=∑j=1nEqi′Eqj′βij,Qei=∑j=1nEqi′Eqj′αij,Idi=∑j=1nEqi′αij,Iqi=∑j=1nEqjvβij,Vti=Vdi2+Vqi2,Vdi=xqiIqiVdi=Eqj′−xdi′Idi,αij=Bijcosδi−δj+Gijsinδi−δj,βij=Bijsinδi−δj+Gijcosδi−δj,where subscript i denotes the variables of the ith machine; δi is the relative rotor angle; ωi is the generator rotor speed; ω0 is the system speed; Eqi and Eqi′ are the voltage and transient voltage on the q-axis; Pmi is the constant mechanical power input; Pei is the electric power output; Vti is the generator terminal voltage; Vdi and Vqi are the d-axis and q-axis generator terminal voltages; xdi and xdi′ are the d-axis synchronous and transient impedances; xqi is the q-axis synchronous impedance; Hi is the rotor inertia; Td0i is the d-axis transient short-circuit time constant; Idi and Iqi are the d-axis and q-axis generator currents; Yij is the equivalent admittance between the ith and jth nodes; Bij is the susceptance between i and j nodes; Gij is the conductance between i and j nodes; and ufdi and Efdi are the excitation voltage and the initial excitation voltage, respectively.


### 2.2. System Modelling of DFIG Based Wind Turbine

DFIG is connected to the power system through the voltage source converter, as shown in Figure1 [16].Figure 1
The grid-connected structure of wind turbine.The aerodynamic mathematical model of the wind turbine can be described as [16](2)Pm=12ρπR2Cpλ,βvwind3,λ=ωmRvwind,Cpλ,β=c1c2λi−c3β−c4e−c5/λ4+c6λ,with(3)1λi=1λ+0.08β−0.035β3+1,where ρ is the air density, R denotes the radius of the wind turbine, and vwind means the wind speed. CP (λ, β) is a function of tip-speed-ratio λ and blade pitch angle β representing the power coefficient. A specific wind speed corresponds to a wind turbine rotational speed to obtain CPmax, namely, the maximum power coefficient and therefore tracks the maximum mechanical (wind) power. ωm denotes the wind turbine rotational speed [17].The 4th-order mathematical model of DFIG can be described as(4)diqsdt=ωbLs′−R1iqs+ωsLs′iqs+ωrωseqs′−1Trωseds′−vqs+LmLrrvqr,didsdt=ωbLs′−ωsLs′iqs−R1iqs+1Trωseqs′+ωrωseds′−vds+LmLrrvqr,deqsvdt=ωbωsR2ids−1Trωseqs′+1−ωrωseds′−LmLrrvdr,deds′dt=ωbωs−R2iqs−1−ωrωseqs′−1Trωseds′+LmLrrvqr,where ωb represents the electrical base speed, ωs denotes the synchronous angle speed, and ωr means the rotor angle speed; eds′ and eqs′ denote the equivalent d-axis and q-axis (dq-) internal voltages; ids and iqs are the dq-stator currents; υds and υqs represent the dq-stator terminal voltages; and υdr and υqr are the dq-rotor voltages. Lm means mutual inductance.The pitch angle control system is designed to improve wind energy conversion efficiency and make wind turbine output stable. Its model can be described as follows:(5)dβdt=1Tββref−β,where βref is the reference value of pitch angle; Tβ is the inertia time constant of the pitch control system.The grid-side converter which is directly connected with the power system has the main function of maintaining constant capacitive voltage under the control of the DC regulating system and the function of adjusting the power factor. The DC sides of both converters are supported by a common capacitor. The power equation of the converter can be described as [18](6)Pr=Pg+PDC,Pr=vdridr+vqriqr,Pg=vdgidg+vqgiqg,PDC=vDCiDC=−CvDCdvDCdt,where Pr is the active power of the AC terminal of the machine side converter and Pg is the active power of the AC terminal of the grid-side converter. PDC is the active power of the capacitor tie line; idr and iqr are the d-q axis components of rotor current respectively; idg and iqg are the d-q axis components of the system side converter current, respectively; vdg and vqg are the d-q axis components of the system side converter voltage respectively; vDC and iDC are the current and voltage of the DC link in the converter; C is the capacity of the capacitor.Equation (6) can be rewritten as(7)CvDCdvDCdt=vdgidg+vqgiqg−vdridr+vqriqr.


### 2.3. Modelling of PV System

The control structure of the PV system is shown in Figure2 [19].Figure 2
The control structure block diagram of the PV system.According to Kirchhoff’s law, theU-I equation of PV cell can be described as(8)I=Isc′1−C1eU/C2Uoc−1,C1=1−Im′Isc′e−Um′/C2Uoc,C2=Um′Uoc′−1ln1−Im′Isc′−1,Isc′=IscΔI,Im′=ImΔI,Uoc′=UocΔU,Um′=UmΔU,ΔI=1+αT−TrefSSref,ΔU=1−γT−Treflne+βS−Sref,where Isc is the short-circuit current; Uoc is the open-circuit voltage; Um is the voltage at maximum power; Im is the current at maximum power; Srefis the illumination intensity under standard environment, which is 1 kW/m2. Tref is the temperature in the standard environment, which is 25°C. Isc′, Uoc′, Im′, and Um′ are, respectively, the correction values of Isc and Um under different environments. α and γ are temperature compensation coefficients; andβ is the compensation coefficient of PV irradiation.In addition, DC/DC converter mainly plays the role of Boost and power transformation, it can be described as(9)Ppv2=f1Ppv1=Ppv1,Vpv1=f2VD,Vpvm1=VD.DC link is the intermediate link connecting DC side and AC side, namely, the DC bus capacitance model. According to the capacitance energy and voltage relationship, the DC link model can be described as(10)dECdt=PPV2−PDe,EC=12CVD2.where PPV2 is the DC side input power of the DC link; Ppve is the output power of the DC link inverter side; C is the capacitance value of the DC link capacitance; VD is the voltage value of the dc link; the EC is the amount of energy stored on a capacitor.The wind-solar complementary energy system has three operating states: first, the wind turbine generated independently; second, the PV array independent power generation state; and third, wind-solar complementary power generation. Wind speed, solar radiation, load power consumption, and charging and discharging capacity of the energy storage device all determine the operation state of the wind-solar complementary energy system. Due to the randomness of these factors, the stability of the power system is bound to be affected to some extent. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the stability of the small-signal of the power system integrated with renewable energy. The control structure diagram of the wind-solar energy system is giving in Figure3.Figure 3
Control structure diagram of the wind-solar energy system.


## 2.1. Multimachine Power System Modelling

The third-order model of theith generator in a multimachine power system can be expressed by the following formula:(1)δ˙i=ωi−ω0,ω˙i˙=ω02Hi˙Pmi˙−Diω0ωi˙−ω0−Pei˙,E˙qi′=1Td0iufdi+Ef0i−Eqi,i=1,2,…,n,Eqi=Eqi′−xdi−xdi′Idi,Pei=∑j=1nEqi′Eqj′βij,Qei=∑j=1nEqi′Eqj′αij,Idi=∑j=1nEqi′αij,Iqi=∑j=1nEqjvβij,Vti=Vdi2+Vqi2,Vdi=xqiIqiVdi=Eqj′−xdi′Idi,αij=Bijcosδi−δj+Gijsinδi−δj,βij=Bijsinδi−δj+Gijcosδi−δj,where subscript i denotes the variables of the ith machine; δi is the relative rotor angle; ωi is the generator rotor speed; ω0 is the system speed; Eqi and Eqi′ are the voltage and transient voltage on the q-axis; Pmi is the constant mechanical power input; Pei is the electric power output; Vti is the generator terminal voltage; Vdi and Vqi are the d-axis and q-axis generator terminal voltages; xdi and xdi′ are the d-axis synchronous and transient impedances; xqi is the q-axis synchronous impedance; Hi is the rotor inertia; Td0i is the d-axis transient short-circuit time constant; Idi and Iqi are the d-axis and q-axis generator currents; Yij is the equivalent admittance between the ith and jth nodes; Bij is the susceptance between i and j nodes; Gij is the conductance between i and j nodes; and ufdi and Efdi are the excitation voltage and the initial excitation voltage, respectively.


## 2.2. System Modelling of DFIG Based Wind Turbine

DFIG is connected to the power system through the voltage source converter, as shown in Figure1 [16].Figure 1
The grid-connected structure of wind turbine.The aerodynamic mathematical model of the wind turbine can be described as [16](2)Pm=12ρπR2Cpλ,βvwind3,λ=ωmRvwind,Cpλ,β=c1c2λi−c3β−c4e−c5/λ4+c6λ,with(3)1λi=1λ+0.08β−0.035β3+1,where ρ is the air density, R denotes the radius of the wind turbine, and vwind means the wind speed. CP (λ, β) is a function of tip-speed-ratio λ and blade pitch angle β representing the power coefficient. A specific wind speed corresponds to a wind turbine rotational speed to obtain CPmax, namely, the maximum power coefficient and therefore tracks the maximum mechanical (wind) power. ωm denotes the wind turbine rotational speed [17].The 4th-order mathematical model of DFIG can be described as(4)diqsdt=ωbLs′−R1iqs+ωsLs′iqs+ωrωseqs′−1Trωseds′−vqs+LmLrrvqr,didsdt=ωbLs′−ωsLs′iqs−R1iqs+1Trωseqs′+ωrωseds′−vds+LmLrrvqr,deqsvdt=ωbωsR2ids−1Trωseqs′+1−ωrωseds′−LmLrrvdr,deds′dt=ωbωs−R2iqs−1−ωrωseqs′−1Trωseds′+LmLrrvqr,where ωb represents the electrical base speed, ωs denotes the synchronous angle speed, and ωr means the rotor angle speed; eds′ and eqs′ denote the equivalent d-axis and q-axis (dq-) internal voltages; ids and iqs are the dq-stator currents; υds and υqs represent the dq-stator terminal voltages; and υdr and υqr are the dq-rotor voltages. Lm means mutual inductance.The pitch angle control system is designed to improve wind energy conversion efficiency and make wind turbine output stable. Its model can be described as follows:(5)dβdt=1Tββref−β,where βref is the reference value of pitch angle; Tβ is the inertia time constant of the pitch control system.The grid-side converter which is directly connected with the power system has the main function of maintaining constant capacitive voltage under the control of the DC regulating system and the function of adjusting the power factor. The DC sides of both converters are supported by a common capacitor. The power equation of the converter can be described as [18](6)Pr=Pg+PDC,Pr=vdridr+vqriqr,Pg=vdgidg+vqgiqg,PDC=vDCiDC=−CvDCdvDCdt,where Pr is the active power of the AC terminal of the machine side converter and Pg is the active power of the AC terminal of the grid-side converter. PDC is the active power of the capacitor tie line; idr and iqr are the d-q axis components of rotor current respectively; idg and iqg are the d-q axis components of the system side converter current, respectively; vdg and vqg are the d-q axis components of the system side converter voltage respectively; vDC and iDC are the current and voltage of the DC link in the converter; C is the capacity of the capacitor.Equation (6) can be rewritten as(7)CvDCdvDCdt=vdgidg+vqgiqg−vdridr+vqriqr.


## 2.3. Modelling of PV System

The control structure of the PV system is shown in Figure2 [19].Figure 2
The control structure block diagram of the PV system.According to Kirchhoff’s law, theU-I equation of PV cell can be described as(8)I=Isc′1−C1eU/C2Uoc−1,C1=1−Im′Isc′e−Um′/C2Uoc,C2=Um′Uoc′−1ln1−Im′Isc′−1,Isc′=IscΔI,Im′=ImΔI,Uoc′=UocΔU,Um′=UmΔU,ΔI=1+αT−TrefSSref,ΔU=1−γT−Treflne+βS−Sref,where Isc is the short-circuit current; Uoc is the open-circuit voltage; Um is the voltage at maximum power; Im is the current at maximum power; Srefis the illumination intensity under standard environment, which is 1 kW/m2. Tref is the temperature in the standard environment, which is 25°C. Isc′, Uoc′, Im′, and Um′ are, respectively, the correction values of Isc and Um under different environments. α and γ are temperature compensation coefficients; andβ is the compensation coefficient of PV irradiation.In addition, DC/DC converter mainly plays the role of Boost and power transformation, it can be described as(9)Ppv2=f1Ppv1=Ppv1,Vpv1=f2VD,Vpvm1=VD.DC link is the intermediate link connecting DC side and AC side, namely, the DC bus capacitance model. According to the capacitance energy and voltage relationship, the DC link model can be described as(10)dECdt=PPV2−PDe,EC=12CVD2.where PPV2 is the DC side input power of the DC link; Ppve is the output power of the DC link inverter side; C is the capacitance value of the DC link capacitance; VD is the voltage value of the dc link; the EC is the amount of energy stored on a capacitor.The wind-solar complementary energy system has three operating states: first, the wind turbine generated independently; second, the PV array independent power generation state; and third, wind-solar complementary power generation. Wind speed, solar radiation, load power consumption, and charging and discharging capacity of the energy storage device all determine the operation state of the wind-solar complementary energy system. Due to the randomness of these factors, the stability of the power system is bound to be affected to some extent. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the stability of the small-signal of the power system integrated with renewable energy. The control structure diagram of the wind-solar energy system is giving in Figure3.Figure 3
Control structure diagram of the wind-solar energy system.


## 3. Small-Signal Stability Analysis

The Lyapunov linearization method is related to the local stability of nonlinear systems. The basic idea is to obtain the local stability of nonlinear systems near their equilibrium operation points from the linear approximation stability property of nonlinear systems [20–22].For the dynamic characteristic differential-algebraic equation of the power system, linearization at the steady-state operating point (x0, y0) can be obtained as follows [23–25]:(11)dΔxdt0=A˜B˜C˜D˜ΔxΔy,where Δx represents the state variable that describes the dynamic characteristics of the power system in the system of differential equations and Δy represents the operating parameters of the system in algebraic equations. A˜,B˜,C˜,D˜ are, respectively, their partial derivatives at steady-state operating point (x0, y0).Omitting operation parametery, the following equation can be obtained:(12)dΔxdt=AΔx,with(13)A=A˜−B˜D˜−1C˜,A˜=A10000A20000A30000A10,B˜=B100000B200000B300000B100,C˜=−C10000−C20000−C30000−C100000,D˜=YGG−DGYGLYLGYLL.Matrix A is usually called the state matrix of the system. The stability of the analyzed system at the steady-state operating point (x, y) can be judged by obtaining the eigenvalue of matrix A [26–28]:(a)
When the real part of all eigenvalues ofA is negative, it means that the actual power system can maintain stability when the equilibrium point encounters a small-signal.(b)
When at least one real part of all eigenvalues ofA is positive, it means that the actual power system will lose stability when it encounters a small-signal at the equilibrium point.(c)
When all eigenvalues ofA have no positive eigenvalue of the real part, but at least one eigenvalue of the real part is zero, then the linearized system is in A critical stable state, but it cannot be used to judge whether the actual power system is stable at the equilibrium point.(d)
A real characteristic root corresponds to a nonoscillating mode. The modes represented by negative real characteristic roots are attenuated, and the greater the absolute value, the faster the corresponding modes decay.(e)
Complex characteristic roots always appear as conjugate pairs and can be described as(14)λ=σ±jω.Complex eigenvalues are always composed of conjugate pairs, which can be described as the negative real part represents the damping oscillation mode [29–31]. The positive real part represents the increased oscillation, and the real part of the eigenvalue represents the damping of the system oscillation, while the imaginary part represents the frequency of the system oscillation [32]. The frequency of oscillation can be expressed as [33](15)f=ω2π.The damping ratio is defined as(16)ζ=−σσ2+ω2.It represents the attenuation characteristic of the oscillation amplitude.


## 4. Case Studies

The proposed methodology is tested on the New England power system, as shown in Figure4. It consists of 39 buses and 10 generators, and the New York grid connected to the New England power system is represented by the first generator. In addition, detailed system parameters are shown in literature [16]. The proposed methodology has been developed in MATLAB 2017 b environment. In order to analyze the damping characteristics of interconnected systems when wind farm and PV system are connected to the power system, the eigenvalue analysis is carried out for the following four working conditions:(a)
Initial system(b)
Only wind farms are connected on bus #1 and output 5 MW(c)
Only the PV system is connected on bus #2 and output 5 MW(d)
Wind farms and the PV system are both connected on bus #1 and bus #2, respectively, and the output is 2.5 MW and 2.5 MW, respectivelyFigure 4
The configuration of the New England power system.Table1 shows the partial eigenvalues of the system in four cases. It can be seen that when wind farm and PV system are connected separately, their characteristic roots are all far away from the imaginary axis. In particular, after the addition of wind and solar energy, the characteristic root distribution was well improved, which indicates that wind power and PV system independent access system both can significantly improve the stability and, at the same time, are complementary to each other. And Root loci distribution of different conditions is given in Figure 5.Table 1
Eigenvalues of the system.
CaseCharacteristic rootFluctuating frequency (Hz)Damping ratioRelevant unitsWithout wind or PV−0.9789 ± j6.87841.09470.1408G1, G2−1.2415 ± j7.48951.23320.1582G1, G3−0.3021 ± j4.12980.65730.0730G1, G5−0.8243 ± j7.17761.00650.1292G1, G8−0.5194 ± j7.98440.94760.0869G1, G9−0.4123 ± j4.47770.79370.0824G1, G10−0.6512 ± j6.67440.81560.1260G2, G3−1.1654 ± j6.27320.74020.2430G2, G4−0.9426 ± j5.00381.11160.1337G2, G5Only wind−1.1584 ± j7.17771.14230.1593G1, G2−1.3828 ± j7.98441.27070.1706G1, G3−0.5108 ± j4.47780.71260.1133G1, G5−1.0342 ± j6.67441.06220.1531G1, G8−0.7109 ± j6.27320.99840.1126G1, G9−0.4223 ± j5.00380.79630.0841G1, G10−0.6718 ± j5.15940.82110.1291G2, G3−1.2612 ± j4.81120.76570.2535G2, G4−1.1018 ± j7.24961.15380.1502G2, G5−0.4291 ± j0.79620.12670.4744G1-G10, DFIGOnly PV−1.3548 ± j7.50491.19440.1776G1, G2−1.5051 ± j8.18821.30310.1807G1, G3−0.7568 ± j4.88780.77790.1530G1, G5−1.2497 ± j7.03361.11940.1749G1, G8−1.0015 ± j6.75751.07550.1466G1, G9−0.5817 ± j5.26950.83860.1097G1, G10−0.7693 ± j5.32200.84700.1431G2, G3−1.2929 ± j4.86400.77410.2569G2, G4−1.2851 ± j7.55511.20240.1677G2, G5−0.6627 ± j1.18560.18860.4879G1-G10, PVCombination of wind and PV−1.4818 ± j7.71661.22810.1885G1, G2−1.5323 ± j8.23361.31040.1829G1, G3−0.8368 ± j5.02100.79910.1643G1, G5−1.2958 ± j7.11051.13160.1792G1, G8−1.0858 ± j6.89811.09780.1554G1, G9−0.7138 ± j5.48950.87360.1289G1, G10−0.9275 ± j5.58550.88890.1638G2, G3−1.4302 ± j5.09270.81050.2703G2, G4−1.5478 ± j7.99281.27210.1901G2, G5−0.8182 ± j1.44460.22990.4928G1-G10, DFIG−0.7283 ± j5.06650.80640.1423G1-G10, PVFigure 5
Root loci distribution of different conditions.


### 4.1. Bus #3 Voltage Drop

In order to further verify the validity of the characteristic roots above, voltage drop 0.8 p.u. occurred at bus #3 whent = 5 s and recovered after 0.1 s. The corresponding system response is shown in Figure 6. It can be seen that the system that does not involve wind-solar renewable energy in frequency modulation has the worst recovery ability after small-signal, while, with the connection of wind and solar energy, the recovery ability of the system after small-signal is improved. In particular, the system combination of wind and solar energy has the best recovery from small-signal and the ability to adjust the system frequency to near the rated frequency in the shortest amount of time.Figure 6
System responses obtained under bus #3 voltage drop.


### 4.2. Bus #15 Voltage Drop

In order to verify the recovery ability of the system after receiving small-signal at different positions, voltage drop 0.8 p.u. occurred at bus #15 whent = 5 s and recovered after 0.1 s. And the voltage was restored after 0.1 s. The corresponding system response is shown in Figure 7. It can be found that, with the system combination of wind and PV, the rotor angle difference regulation capacity of generator G1 is significantly improved, its oscillation amplitude is significantly reduced, and it is restored to the rated value in the shortest time. In addition, it has the best regulation ability for active power and reactive power and will adjust the system to the steady-state in the shortest period, so that the system subject to small-signal has the strongest frequency regulation ability.Figure 7
System responses obtained under bus #15 voltage drop.


## 4.1. Bus #3 Voltage Drop

In order to further verify the validity of the characteristic roots above, voltage drop 0.8 p.u. occurred at bus #3 whent = 5 s and recovered after 0.1 s. The corresponding system response is shown in Figure 6. It can be seen that the system that does not involve wind-solar renewable energy in frequency modulation has the worst recovery ability after small-signal, while, with the connection of wind and solar energy, the recovery ability of the system after small-signal is improved. In particular, the system combination of wind and solar energy has the best recovery from small-signal and the ability to adjust the system frequency to near the rated frequency in the shortest amount of time.Figure 6
System responses obtained under bus #3 voltage drop.


## 4.2. Bus #15 Voltage Drop

In order to verify the recovery ability of the system after receiving small-signal at different positions, voltage drop 0.8 p.u. occurred at bus #15 whent = 5 s and recovered after 0.1 s. And the voltage was restored after 0.1 s. The corresponding system response is shown in Figure 7. It can be found that, with the system combination of wind and PV, the rotor angle difference regulation capacity of generator G1 is significantly improved, its oscillation amplitude is significantly reduced, and it is restored to the rated value in the shortest time. In addition, it has the best regulation ability for active power and reactive power and will adjust the system to the steady-state in the shortest period, so that the system subject to small-signal has the strongest frequency regulation ability.Figure 7
System responses obtained under bus #15 voltage drop.


## 5. Discussion

### 5.1. Bus #3 Voltage Drop

In order to further study the positive effect of the energy storage system on the PV station, based on the above case, this paper considers that the energy storage system is configured in the PV station connected to bus #2. In addition, voltage drop 0.8 p.u. occurred at bus #3 when 5 s and recovered after 0.1 s, and its system response is shown in Figure8. It can be seen that after the PV system is configured with the energy storage system, the stability of small-signal is better. Compared with the initial PV system, it can restore system frequency in a relatively short time.Figure 8
System responses obtained under bus #3 voltage drop.


### 5.2. Bus #15 Voltage Drop

Consider the following fault: voltage drop 0.8 p.u. occurred at bus #15 with 5 s and recovered after 0.1 s. To verify the stability of the system in case of failure at different locations, its system response is shown in Figure9. It can be found that the frequency regulation ability of the PV station equipped with the energy storage system is greatly improved, which can well suppress the frequency fluctuation of the power system subjected to small-signal disturbance. In addition, it can help the synchronous generator to recover to the stable state in a short time.Figure 9
System responses obtained under bus #15 voltage drop.


### 5.3. Comparative Analysis

The integral of absolute error (IAE) of each index in different fault locations is given in Table2, in which IAEx=∫0Tx−x∗dt and x∗ denotes the reference of variable x, respectively. In particular, IAEδ12 of the system of combination of wind and PV is merely 61.90%, 74.79%, 78.49%, 82.84%, and 88.27% of that without wind and PV, only wind, only PV, PV station with energy storage system, and PV followed by wind, respectively, acquired in #3 bus voltage drop (bold colour indicates the best results in Table 2).Table 2
IAE indices of six parameters acquired in two fault locations (in p.u.).
Cases: bus #3 voltage dropIAEδ12IAEω12IAEU3IAEfIAEP1IAEQ1Without wind or PV1.1551.239 ×10−20.7850.0940.5450.759Only wind0.9561.058 ×10−20.6960.0890.5160.694Only PV0.9111.042 ×10−20.6770.0870.5050.696PV with energy storage system0.8701.024 ×10−20.6510.0830.4890.675PV followed by wind0.8100.985 ×10−20.5940.0810.4700.648Combination of wind and PV0.7150.898 ×10−20.4520.0760.4410.617Cases: bus #15 voltage dropIAEδ39IAEω39IAEU15IAEfIAEP3IAEQ3Without wind or PV1.1961.314 ×10−20.8180.0980.5590.776Only wind0.9281.082 ×10−20.7340.0950.5420.746Only PV0.8971.066 ×10−20.6950.0920.5240.714PV with energy storage system0.8461.034 ×10−20.6690.0880.5160.701PV followed by wind0.7970.997 ×10−20.6190.0860.4900.692Combination of wind and PV0.7310.921 ×10−20.4810.0780.4450.658


## 5.1. Bus #3 Voltage Drop

In order to further study the positive effect of the energy storage system on the PV station, based on the above case, this paper considers that the energy storage system is configured in the PV station connected to bus #2. In addition, voltage drop 0.8 p.u. occurred at bus #3 when 5 s and recovered after 0.1 s, and its system response is shown in Figure8. It can be seen that after the PV system is configured with the energy storage system, the stability of small-signal is better. Compared with the initial PV system, it can restore system frequency in a relatively short time.Figure 8
System responses obtained under bus #3 voltage drop.


## 5.2. Bus #15 Voltage Drop

Consider the following fault: voltage drop 0.8 p.u. occurred at bus #15 with 5 s and recovered after 0.1 s. To verify the stability of the system in case of failure at different locations, its system response is shown in Figure9. It can be found that the frequency regulation ability of the PV station equipped with the energy storage system is greatly improved, which can well suppress the frequency fluctuation of the power system subjected to small-signal disturbance. In addition, it can help the synchronous generator to recover to the stable state in a short time.Figure 9
System responses obtained under bus #15 voltage drop.


## 5.3. Comparative Analysis

The integral of absolute error (IAE) of each index in different fault locations is given in Table2, in which IAEx=∫0Tx−x∗dt and x∗ denotes the reference of variable x, respectively. In particular, IAEδ12 of the system of combination of wind and PV is merely 61.90%, 74.79%, 78.49%, 82.84%, and 88.27% of that without wind and PV, only wind, only PV, PV station with energy storage system, and PV followed by wind, respectively, acquired in #3 bus voltage drop (bold colour indicates the best results in Table 2).Table 2
IAE indices of six parameters acquired in two fault locations (in p.u.).
Cases: bus #3 voltage dropIAEδ12IAEω12IAEU3IAEfIAEP1IAEQ1Without wind or PV1.1551.239 ×10−20.7850.0940.5450.759Only wind0.9561.058 ×10−20.6960.0890.5160.694Only PV0.9111.042 ×10−20.6770.0870.5050.696PV with energy storage system0.8701.024 ×10−20.6510.0830.4890.675PV followed by wind0.8100.985 ×10−20.5940.0810.4700.648Combination of wind and PV0.7150.898 ×10−20.4520.0760.4410.617Cases: bus #15 voltage dropIAEδ39IAEω39IAEU15IAEfIAEP3IAEQ3Without wind or PV1.1961.314 ×10−20.8180.0980.5590.776Only wind0.9281.082 ×10−20.7340.0950.5420.746Only PV0.8971.066 ×10−20.6950.0920.5240.714PV with energy storage system0.8461.034 ×10−20.6690.0880.5160.701PV followed by wind0.7970.997 ×10−20.6190.0860.4900.692Combination of wind and PV0.7310.921 ×10−20.4810.0780.4450.658


## 6. Conclusions

More and more large- and medium-sized renewable energy power stations have been built and connected to the power system, and they account for an increasing proportion of the power system. It affects the stability and damping characteristics of the traditional power system. In this paper, the influence of wind power and photovoltaic energy on the stability of the power system is studied, and the main conclusions are as follows:(a)
Based on the calculation of characteristic roots, it is proved that power system integrated with wind and solar energy participating in frequency regulation has better stability.(b)
Based on the New England power system, the damping characteristics of the system can be effectively improved and the system can be more stable after the wind-solar renewable energy is incorporated into the power system.(c)
Based on the New England power system test, it is verified that the photovoltaic power station can improve its stability to a certain extent after installing the energy storage system. Particularly,IAEf acquired by PV with energy storage system is merely 88.30% and 95.40% of that without wind or PV and only PV, respectively, on the case of bus #3 voltage drop.



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*Source: 5556062-2021-04-05.xml*