# Image Denoising of Adaptive Fractional Operator Based on Atangana–Baleanu Derivatives

Authors: Xiaoran Lin; Yachao Wang; Guohao Wu; Jing Hao
Journal: Journal of Mathematics
 (2021)

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## Abstract

A fractional integral operator can preserve an image edge and texture details as a denoising filter. Recently, a newly defined fractional-order integral, Atangana–Baleanu derivatives (ABC), has been used successfully in image denoising. However, determining the appropriate order requires numerous experiments, and different image regions using the same order may cause too much smoothing or insufficient denoising. Thus, we propose an adaptive fractional integral operator based on the Atangana–Baleanu derivatives. Edge intensity, global entropy, local entropy, and local variance weights are used to construct an adaptive order function that can adapt to changes in different regions of an image. Then, we use the adaptive order function to improve the masks based on the Grumwald–Letnikov scheme (GL_ABC) and Toufik–Atangana scheme (TA_ABC), namely, Ada_GL_ABC and Ada_TA_ABC, respectively. Finally, multiple evaluation indicators are used to assess the proposed masks. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive operator can better preserve texture details when denoising than other similar operators. Furthermore, the image processed by the Ada_TA_ABC operator has less noise and more detail, which means the proposed adaptive function has universality.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The theory of fractional-order derivatives has been applied in many fields, such as physics, fluid mechanics, physiology, medical science, and epidemic diseases [1–4]. With the development of information science, fractional operators have gained incomparable advantages over integral operators in many fields. A fractional derivative recurrent neural network can effectively improve estimation accuracy in parameter identification [5]. Complex behaviors in fractional-order financial systems can provide theoretical basis for the government [6]. Fractional-order control systems perform more accurately and elegantly than traditional systems [7]. In signal processing, the characteristics of fractional differential operators, such as “nonlocality,” “memorability,” and “weak derivatives,” are also applied [8–10]. These properties can improve the high frequency of an image while preserving the performance of the low and medium frequencies. In other words, methods based on fractional calculus for enhanced images can enhance the texture details while preserving the texture details of the smooth region in images [11, 12]. Therefore, many scholars are engaged in research on the application of fractional operators in image enhancement and denoising. The most representative scholar is Y.F. Pu, who, with his team, constructed image enhancement and denoising operators by fractional calculus [10, 13]. Based on the Grunwald–Letnikov (GL) approximation, a medical image enhancement method was proposed by Guan et al. [14]. An adaptive image enhancement operator based on fractional-differential and image gradient feature was proposed by Lan [15]. Arian Azarang inferred different structure mask to image fusion [16]. An adaptive fractional-order integral filter was presented for echocardiographic image denoising [17].The basic theory of abovementioned fractional operators is mainly the definitions of GL and Riemann–Liouville (RL). The Caputo derivative is another definition of fractional order that is widely studied and applied; it includes the numerical solutions of fractional equations and the properties of systems [18, 19]. New fractional derivatives and applications based on the frame of the Caputo derivative have received much attention from experts. The existence and stability of Belouso–Zhabotinskii reaction systems with Atangana–Baleanu fractional-order derivatives are discussed in [20]. In [21], the locally and globally asymptotically stable of symbiosis system modelling by the Atangana–Baleanu derivative are analyzed. With the development of research, fractional-differential operators with nonlocal and nonsingular kernels are used to image filters [22–24]. Furthermore, an AB-fractional differential mask based on the Gaussian kernel has been introduced to detect blood vessels in retinal images [25]. Behzad Ghanbari and Abdon Atangana designed an ABC-fractional derivatives mask that is used for image denoising. The ABC-fractional derivatives mask is computationally efficient and has excellent performance in the denoising of nosy images [26]. In the process of denoising, many experiments are required to determine the order of the mask. Moreover, because using a fixed order may lead to excess or deficiency for denoising effect, an adaptive fractional operator based on Atangana–Baleanu derivatives is proposed in this paper, which is called Ada_GL_ABC. We consider the gradient of the image, local entropy, global entropy, and local variance weights to construct a function for solving the adaptive order. The starting point of this idea is removing the image noise while preserving the edge and texture details of the image as much as possible. The adaptive function proposed by us is different from that of other studies. We consider both global and local information, the adaptive function contains more comprehensive information when determining the order, and the order used for denoising is more appropriate. And, the adaptive function designed by us has a certain generality. The function can be applied not only to GL_ABC mask but also to TA_ABC mask, which is rarely seen in the previous literature.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: the basic definitions of fractional derivatives and the structure of fractional-masks are introduced inSection 2. In Section 3, the function of the adaptive fractional-order integral operator based on Atangana–Baleanu derivatives is described. The performance of the proposed adaptive operator is discussed in Section 4. In Section 5, the conclusions are elaborated.


## 2. Preliminaries

### 2.1. Definitions of the Fractional Derivatives

Many basic definitions of fractional derivatives exist [27]. Recently, the Mittag–Leffler function was introduced to compute fractional derivatives. This new definition is named the Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative; it is based on the definition of Liouville–Caputo (ABC) and can be defined as follows [28]:(1)D0ABCtγft=Aγ1−γ∫0tEγ−βt−τγ1−γfτ˙dτ,0<γ≤1.The Atangana–Baleanu fractional integral with orderβ can be depicted as(2)J0ABCtγft=1−γAγft+γΓγAγ∫0Tfτt−τγ−1dτ,0<γ≤1,where A∗ is a normalization function, and this function satisfies A(0) = A(1) = 1. It can be described by(3)Aγ=1−γ+γΓγ.The ABC derivative inherits the memory of the Mittag–Leffler function, which, with indexγ, is denoted as(4)Eγt=∑k=0∞tkΓγk+1,γ>0.The GL definition is one of the best-known definitions of discrete fractional calculus and is widely applied to image processing. Details of the GL definition are expounded in Definition1.Definition 1.
The GL definition of fractional calculus formula withα-order of [29] is described as(5)D0bαfx=limh⟶01hα∑j=0b−a/h−1jβjfx−jh,where h is the step, ∗ represents the rounded operation, βj=Γβ+1/j!Γβ−j+1, and Γβ is Gamma function.
Equation (5) can be further decomposed as follows:(6)DGLαfx=limh⟶01hαft+−αft−h+αα+12ft−h+⋯+Γα+1k!Γα−N+1ft−jh.
We know that equation (6) is the fractional derivative operator with α>0, and it takes a part of the fractional integral operator with α<0. When α>0, we set γ=−α, and the integral GL of order γ using equation (6) is described as(7)JGLγfx≈1Γγ∫0tfτt−τ1−γdτ=limh⟶01h−γft+γft−h+−γ−γ+12ft−h+⋯+Γ−γ+1k!Γ−γ−N+1ft−jh.
From the above discussion, the ABC-fractional integral can be described by equation (7):(8)J0ABCtβt=1−γAγft+γΓγAγ∫0Tfτt−τγ−1dτ≈1−γAγft+γAγh−γft+γft−h+−γ−γ+12ft−h+⋯.
In [26], the newly defined fractional order integral is mentioned. It can be approximated to the following as t=tn:(9)J0ABCtγtn=1−γAγft+γΓγAγ∫0tnfτt−τγ−1dτ=1−γAγft+γΓγAγ∑k=0N∫tktk+1fτt−τγ−1dτ.
The functionfτ can be described by a two-step Lagrange polynomial interpolation as follows:(10)fτ=ftkhτ−tk−1+ftk−1hτ−tk.
Using equation (10), equation (9) can be discretized as follows:(11)J0ABCtγtn=1−γΓγ+2+γhγβ+2AγΓγ+2ftn+γhγAγ−2∗γ+γ+32γ−4Γγ+2ftn−1+γhγ−2γ+1γ+γ+43γ+a−6∗2γ+2AγΓγ+2ftn−2+⋯.


### 2.2. The Mask Based on Grunwald–Letnikov (GL_ABC) and Toufik–Atangana (TA-ABC)

In an image, the distance between two pixels can be assumed to be 1. This distance is the same ash in equation (7). Therefore, the GL integral with fractional-order in the x and y directions [30] are described by equations (12) and (13):(12)JxGLγfx,y≈1Aγfx,y+γ2Aγfx−1,y+γ3−γ22Aγfx−2,y+⋯,0<γ≤1,(13)JyGLγfx,y≈1Aγfx,y+γ2Aγfx,y−1+γ3−γ22Aγfx,y−2+⋯,0<γ≤1.The TA_ABC integral with fractional-order [31] in the x and y directions is presented as equations (14) and (15):(14)JxTA−ABCγfx,y≈1−γΓγ+2+γγ+2AγΓγ+2fx,y+γhγAγ−2∗γ+γ+32γ−4Γγ+2fx−1,y+γ−2γ+1γ+γ+43γ+a−6∗2γ+2AγΓγ+2fx−2,y,(15)JyTA−ABCγfx,y≈1−γΓγ+2+γγ+2AγΓγ+2fx,y+γhγAγ−2∗γ+γ+32γ−4Γγ+2fx,y−1+γ−2γ+1γ+γ+43γ+a−6∗2γ+2AγΓγ+2fx,y−2.with equations (12)–(15), the 5∗5 fractional integral mask can be constructed as follows:This5∗5 mask is used in image denoising as the filter. The mask is rotation-invariant mainly because it is obtained by superimposition of fractional integral in eight directions. Thus, we can use different fractional-order integrals for airspace filtering to denoise images. Therefore, the coefficients of GL_ABC and TA_ABC mask are described by equations (16) and (17), respectively (Table 1).(16)Η0=1Aγ,Η1=γ2Aγ,Η2=γ3−γ22Aβ,(17)Η0=1−γΓγ+2+γγ+2AγΓγ+2,Η1=γAγ−2γ+γ+32γ−4Γγ+2,Η2=γ−2γ+1γ+γ+43γ+a−6∗2γ+2AγΓγ+2.Table 1
5∗5 mask.
H20H20H20H1H1H10H2H18 H0H1H20H1H1H10H20H20H2


## 2.1. Definitions of the Fractional Derivatives

Many basic definitions of fractional derivatives exist [27]. Recently, the Mittag–Leffler function was introduced to compute fractional derivatives. This new definition is named the Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative; it is based on the definition of Liouville–Caputo (ABC) and can be defined as follows [28]:(1)D0ABCtγft=Aγ1−γ∫0tEγ−βt−τγ1−γfτ˙dτ,0<γ≤1.The Atangana–Baleanu fractional integral with orderβ can be depicted as(2)J0ABCtγft=1−γAγft+γΓγAγ∫0Tfτt−τγ−1dτ,0<γ≤1,where A∗ is a normalization function, and this function satisfies A(0) = A(1) = 1. It can be described by(3)Aγ=1−γ+γΓγ.The ABC derivative inherits the memory of the Mittag–Leffler function, which, with indexγ, is denoted as(4)Eγt=∑k=0∞tkΓγk+1,γ>0.The GL definition is one of the best-known definitions of discrete fractional calculus and is widely applied to image processing. Details of the GL definition are expounded in Definition1.Definition 1.
The GL definition of fractional calculus formula withα-order of [29] is described as(5)D0bαfx=limh⟶01hα∑j=0b−a/h−1jβjfx−jh,where h is the step, ∗ represents the rounded operation, βj=Γβ+1/j!Γβ−j+1, and Γβ is Gamma function.
Equation (5) can be further decomposed as follows:(6)DGLαfx=limh⟶01hαft+−αft−h+αα+12ft−h+⋯+Γα+1k!Γα−N+1ft−jh.
We know that equation (6) is the fractional derivative operator with α>0, and it takes a part of the fractional integral operator with α<0. When α>0, we set γ=−α, and the integral GL of order γ using equation (6) is described as(7)JGLγfx≈1Γγ∫0tfτt−τ1−γdτ=limh⟶01h−γft+γft−h+−γ−γ+12ft−h+⋯+Γ−γ+1k!Γ−γ−N+1ft−jh.
From the above discussion, the ABC-fractional integral can be described by equation (7):(8)J0ABCtβt=1−γAγft+γΓγAγ∫0Tfτt−τγ−1dτ≈1−γAγft+γAγh−γft+γft−h+−γ−γ+12ft−h+⋯.
In [26], the newly defined fractional order integral is mentioned. It can be approximated to the following as t=tn:(9)J0ABCtγtn=1−γAγft+γΓγAγ∫0tnfτt−τγ−1dτ=1−γAγft+γΓγAγ∑k=0N∫tktk+1fτt−τγ−1dτ.
The functionfτ can be described by a two-step Lagrange polynomial interpolation as follows:(10)fτ=ftkhτ−tk−1+ftk−1hτ−tk.
Using equation (10), equation (9) can be discretized as follows:(11)J0ABCtγtn=1−γΓγ+2+γhγβ+2AγΓγ+2ftn+γhγAγ−2∗γ+γ+32γ−4Γγ+2ftn−1+γhγ−2γ+1γ+γ+43γ+a−6∗2γ+2AγΓγ+2ftn−2+⋯.


## 2.2. The Mask Based on Grunwald–Letnikov (GL_ABC) and Toufik–Atangana (TA-ABC)

In an image, the distance between two pixels can be assumed to be 1. This distance is the same ash in equation (7). Therefore, the GL integral with fractional-order in the x and y directions [30] are described by equations (12) and (13):(12)JxGLγfx,y≈1Aγfx,y+γ2Aγfx−1,y+γ3−γ22Aγfx−2,y+⋯,0<γ≤1,(13)JyGLγfx,y≈1Aγfx,y+γ2Aγfx,y−1+γ3−γ22Aγfx,y−2+⋯,0<γ≤1.The TA_ABC integral with fractional-order [31] in the x and y directions is presented as equations (14) and (15):(14)JxTA−ABCγfx,y≈1−γΓγ+2+γγ+2AγΓγ+2fx,y+γhγAγ−2∗γ+γ+32γ−4Γγ+2fx−1,y+γ−2γ+1γ+γ+43γ+a−6∗2γ+2AγΓγ+2fx−2,y,(15)JyTA−ABCγfx,y≈1−γΓγ+2+γγ+2AγΓγ+2fx,y+γhγAγ−2∗γ+γ+32γ−4Γγ+2fx,y−1+γ−2γ+1γ+γ+43γ+a−6∗2γ+2AγΓγ+2fx,y−2.with equations (12)–(15), the 5∗5 fractional integral mask can be constructed as follows:This5∗5 mask is used in image denoising as the filter. The mask is rotation-invariant mainly because it is obtained by superimposition of fractional integral in eight directions. Thus, we can use different fractional-order integrals for airspace filtering to denoise images. Therefore, the coefficients of GL_ABC and TA_ABC mask are described by equations (16) and (17), respectively (Table 1).(16)Η0=1Aγ,Η1=γ2Aγ,Η2=γ3−γ22Aβ,(17)Η0=1−γΓγ+2+γγ+2AγΓγ+2,Η1=γAγ−2γ+γ+32γ−4Γγ+2,Η2=γ−2γ+1γ+γ+43γ+a−6∗2γ+2AγΓγ+2.Table 1
5∗5 mask.
H20H20H20H1H1H10H2H18 H0H1H20H1H1H10H20H20H2


## 3. Adaptive Fractional Operators Based on Atangana–Baleanu Derivatives

For an image with noise of different intensities and in different regions, one fixed order in the fractional integral operator is insufficient to achieve a good denoising effect. Therefore, this paper proposes an adaptive fractional operator for image denoising. The edge intensity coefficient, image entropy, local entropy, and local variance weight are used to construct the expression of the adaptive fractional order. The image gradient represents the image edge intensity information. In this paper, The Kirsch algorithm is applied to calculate the image edge intensity. However, the Kirsch algorithm can suppress image noise [32].(18)GIx,y=max1,max5rk−3sk,k=0,1,…,7.Here,rk=Wk+Wk−π/4+Wk−π/2;sk=Wk−3π/4+Wk−π+Wk−5π/4+Wk−3π/2+Wk−7π/4. Moreover, when k=0,π/4,π/2,3π/4,π,5π/4,3π/2,7π/4, the eight directions of masks are depicted as follows:(19)W0=−3−35−305−3−35,Wπ/4=−355−305−3−3−3,Wπ/2=555−30−3−3−3−3,W3π/4=55−350−3−3−3−3,Wπ=5−3−350−35−3−3,W5π/4=−3−3−350−355−3,W3π/2=−3−3−3−30−3555,W7π/4=−3−3−3−305−355.Image entropy determines how much information an image contains. The smaller the entropy is, the more information it contains [31].(20)El=−∑L=1255PIj,klog2PIj,k,P is the probability that an image pixel will appear. The local variance weight can not only measure the local gray change of an image but also reflect the importance of the image local change rate in the whole image. The larger the difference in partial pixel values is, the greater the local variance weight. Conversely, the smaller the changes are, the smaller the value of the local variance weight [33].(21)Sth=1Num∑i=1NumσI2h′σI2h,where Num represents the number of image pixels, I is the image to be processed, h is the local pixel, h’ is the local pixel of the current window, and σI2h′ is the variance in the pixel value in the current window.The function established in this paper takes the global entropy of the image as a measure of the overall image characteristics. The order value should be small to maintain the texture details. We consider taking the product of three measures of frequency information, to ensure that the fractional-order is inversely proportional to high frequency information such as edges and texture details. The adaptive order function is as follows:(22)adav=Et∗ε−G∗St∗El,where Et represents the entropy of the whole image, ε is the coefficient of Et and take 0.22 in the experiment, and G∗St∗El is the product of the local information entropy, local gradient, and local variance. Then, the entropy of the global image is subtracted from the product. The results are small in the region of the edge and texture and high in the region of smoothness. According to this equation, the orders of different local textures of the image vary. As shown in Figure 1, the order used in the edge and texture details is relatively small, while the order used in the smooth area is larger. In this way, the obtained orders are reduced in the edge and texture detail region and enhanced in the smooth region so that the edge and texture detail information can be preserved as much as possible while denoising.Figure 1
A map of the adaptive order. (a) Lena. (b) Peppers.
(a)(b)


## 4. Numerical Examples

In this paper, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), entropy, and structural similarity index measurement (SSIM) are used to assess the performance of the proposed operator. The PSNR is the most popular assessment criterion to evaluate the performance of denoising algorithms. In general, the value of the PSNR is higher when the image quality is better. The PSNR is defined as follows [34]:(23)PSNR=10lg2552MSE,(24)MSE=1M∗N∑j=1M∑k=1NI′j,k−Ij,k2,where M and N are the size dimensions of the original image. Ij,k and I′j,k are the original and denoised images, respectively. The SSIM is also a well-known criterion among image quality assessment metrics [35] defined as(25)SSIM=2φpφq+ρ12σpq+ρ2φp2+φq2+ρ1σp2+σb2+ρ2,where p and q represent different images; φp and φq represent the mean of images p and q; σp2 and σb2 represent the variances of p and q, respectively; σpq is the covariance of p and q; and ρ1 and ρ2 are constants added to maintain stability. The value of the SSIM represents how similar two images are. When the SSIM value is higher, the pixel values of the two images are closer. The range of this index is [0, 1]. If the value of this index is closer to one, the two images are more approximate.In the experiments, we employed five grayscale images to test the proposed mask: “Lena,” “Elaine,” “Goldhill,” “Peppers,” and “Cameraman,” with512∗512 pixels each. We use the proposed adaptive function to improve the TA_ABC and GL_ABC mask. The improved mask “Ada_TA_ABC” and “Ada_GL_ABC” compare the “GL_ABC mask” [31], “TA_ABC mask” [30], and the method proposed in [36]. The orders γ in “GL_ABC mask” and “TA_ABC mask” are from literature [30]. In the experiments, we added noise with different variances σ∈15,20,25 to the test images, respectively. Figures 2–16 show the results for image denoising by the different methods. Tables 2–7 show the PSNR, SSIM and entropy of these test images for the different algorithms. From Figures 1–16, we find that the test images lost image details when TA_ABC mask was applied. The method proposed by [36] has a poor denoising ability. The Ada_TA_ABC mask performs better than the TA_ABC mask, the order of which is determined by our proposed method, as depicted by equation (15). The test images processed by the GL_ABC mask and Ada_GL_ABC mask contain less noise and more details. The Ada_GL_ABC mask is better than the GL_ABC mask. From another perspective, this result shows that the adaptive function proposed by us has certain universality. This result is verified in Tables 2–6. The PNSR of images proposed by the Ada_GL_ABC mask is higher than that of the other methods. This outcome means that the quality of images processed by the Ada_GL_ABC mask is better than that delivered by other methods. Meanwhile, the images processed by the Ada_GL_ABC mask are closer to the original images. This conclusion can be confirmed by the higher SSIM, which indicates the similarity between two images. Additionally, we calculated the entropy of test images, as shown in Table 7. The entropy of images processed by the Ada_GL_ABC mask is closer to that of the original images than that got by other masks, but it is also higher than that of the original images. The results demonstrate that the detailed information of images is preserved while denoising. For Figures 2–16, (e) and (f) are clearer than the others by visual evaluation. TA_ABC and GL_ABC have been improved by the proposed adaptive function. According to the quantitative indicators shown in the tables, the Ada_GL_ABC mask has better denoising and detail-preserving ability than other masks. Furthermore, Ada_GL_ABC and Ada_TA_ABC masks are robust for different intensity noise by the analysis of the results. The effectiveness of our proposed adaptive operator can be proved from the two aspects of vision and evaluation index.Figure 2
Comparison of different operators on “Lena” under Gaussian noise with varianceσ=15.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure 3
Comparison of different operators on “Lena” under Gaussian noise with varianceσ=20.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure 4
Comparison of different operators on “Lena” under Gaussian noise with varianceσ=25.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure 5
Comparison of different operators on “Elaine” under Gaussian noise with varianceσ=15.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure 6
Comparison of different operators on “Elaine” under Gaussian noise with varianceσ=20.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure 7
Comparison of different operators on “Elaine” under Gaussian noise with varianceσ=25.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure 8
Comparison of different operators on “Goldhill” under Gaussian noise with varianceσ=15.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure 9
Comparison of different operators on “Goldhill” under Gaussian noise with varianceσ=20.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure 10
Comparison of different operators on “Goldhill” under Gaussian noise with varianceσ=25.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure 11
Comparison of different operators on “Pepper” under Gaussian noise with varianceσ=15.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure 12
Comparison of different operators on “Pepper” under Gaussian noise with varianceσ=20.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure 13
Comparison of different operators on “Pepper” under Gaussian noise with varianceσ=25.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Table 2
Comparison of the effectiveness of different fractional operators for the Lena image.
Noisy imageMethod in [36]TA_ABCAda_TA_ABCGL_ABCAda_GL_ABCσ = 15PSNR24.604725.888726.685728.309530.682731.2764SSIM0.44660.4980.63250.71470.74980.8126σ = 20PSNR22.100623.647126.003227.607729.299529.9716SSIM0.33920.39530.5560.65240.69240.7482σ = 25PSNR20.183922.071825.313127.004128.321128.7544SSIM0.26820.32960.48950.59790.65160.6845Table 3
Comparison of the effectiveness of different fractional operators for the Elaine image.
Noisy imageMethod in [38]TA_ABCAda_TAGL_ABCAda_GL_ABCσ = 15PSNR24.60225.829.128430.518531.569332.5138SSIM0.42390.47540.64840.71740.75750.8033σ = 20PSNR22.129723.499928.050429.516230.406230.8692SSIM0.31010.3630.5740.660.7140.739σ = 25PSNR20.150721.767626.987428.54228.811429.3865SSIM0.2330.28670.50480.60240.63850.6719Table 4
Comparison of the effectiveness of different fractional operators for the Goldhill image.
Noisy imageMethod in [38]TA_ABCAda_TA_ABCGL_ABCAda_GL_ABCσ = 15PSNR24.605325.598425.895926.789229.26529.8402SSIM0.52460.5620.53390.60210.73120.7831σ = 20PSNR22.099623.262325.255726.309228.535328.9227SSIM0.40580.4490.47250.55790.70350.7343σ = 25PSNR20.169321.619724.660725.832627.662227.9387SSIM0.32050.37070.42260.51760.66340.6823Table 5
Comparison of the effectiveness of different fractional operators for the Pepper image.
Noisy imageMethod in [38]TA_ABCAda_TA_ ABCGL_ABCAda_GL_ABCσ = 15PSNR24.608925.567226.657527.50829.974630.3144SSIM0.45250.49130.64720.70390.74070.7979σ = 20PSNR22.116423.379226.005427.018828.852429.3238SSIM0.34510.39040.5760.65040.69270.7383σ = 25PSNR20.159821.603425.291926.436427.7228.2121SSIM0.27230.31780.50950.59440.63260.6733Table 6
Comparison of the effectiveness of different fractional operators for the Cameraman image.
Noisy imageMethod in [38]TA_ABCAda_TA_ ABCGL_ABCAda_GL_ABCσ = 15PSNR24.617125.753225.72428.360130.942331.5346SSIM0.40840.45240.63940.76680.73980.8214σ = 20PSNR22.117823.603425.143927.760329.553730.0694SSIM0.31160.36150.55020.70020.69020.7429σ = 25PSNR20.154321.747824.539726.890428.385728.7435SSIM0.24650.29230.47240.62410.6350.6674Table 7
Comparison of the entropy of different fractional operators for all images.
LenaElaineGoldhillPeppersCameramanΣ152025152025152025152025152025Original image7.44567.50017.47787.57157.0480Method in [36]7.60087.65127.68917.58737.61817.65257.60797.64787.67447.67677.69737.71217.39487.44167.4843TA_ABC7.447.46757.49897.47607.48747.50847.44947.47347.49567.61417.62687.64127.23397.29257.3342Ada_TA_ ABC7.42987.45157.47887.47347.48087.49797.44277.46217.48007.60717.61837.63027.18027.23817.2886GL_ABC7.48787.50287.51897.51187.51257.53037.52857.51977.52487.62697.63297.64447.26937.29657.3226Ada_GL_ABC7.45087.47447.50387.49447.50427.52057.74057.49017.51017.61017.62247.63657.21117.26747.3085Figure 14
Comparison of different operators on “Cameraman” under Gaussian noise with varianceσ=15.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure 15
Comparison of different operators on “Cameraman” under Gaussian noise with varianceσ=20.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure 16
Comparison of different operators on “Cameraman” under Gaussian noise with varianceσ=25. (a) Noisy image, (b) TA_ABC, (c) GL_ABC, (d) Method in [38], (e) Ada_TA_ABC, (f) Ada_GL_ABC.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)


## 5. Conclusions

In this paper, the adaptive denoising mask is proposed based on Atangana–Baleanu derivatives. The key to this method is the calculation of order. The order is determined by the intensity of the gradient, global entropy, local entropy, and local variance. These variables represent the whole and local information of the image. To protect the texture details, we design the adaptive order integral operator considering global and local information. This operator can produce smaller orders in the image edge and texture details while larger orders in the smooth region. The proposed function is used to improve the GL_ABC mask and TA_ABC mask operator. We test the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm on multiple images. From a visual point of view, the denoising ability of Ada_TA_ABC and Ada_GL_ABC are reliable. Compared with other operators by the evaluation indicators, the Ada_GL_ABC operator works better. And, the PSNR and the SSIM are all higher under different intensities of noise. The information entropy index of the image processed by Ada_TA_ABC and Ada_GL_ABC operators is closer to the original images. The entropy of image filtered by Ada_GL_ABC mask is slightly larger, which indicates that Ada_GL_ABC mask can preserve texture details. These experimental results confirm that GL_ABC and TA_ABC have all been improved. And, the proposed adaptive function has a certain degree of universality.



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*Source: 5581944-2021-04-07.xml*