# Modulation of the Transmission Spectra of the Double-Ring Structure by Surface Plasmonic Polaritons

Authors: Senfeng Lai; Yanpei Guo; Guiyang Liu; Chun Shan; Lixin Huang; Yicong Zhang; Yanghui Wu; Wenhua Gu; Wen Wu
Journal: Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
 (2021)

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## Abstract

This paper proposes a new structural design to excite surface plasmonic polaritons to enhance the double-ring interference structure. The double-ring structure was etched into a thin film to form fundamental interference patterns, and periodic concentric-ring grooves were employed to gather energy from the surrounding regions through the excitation of surface plasmonic polaritons. Accordingly, the energy of the incident light can be concentrated at the center. The surface plasmon modulates the interference pattern and the transmission spectra. The transmission peak position and its intensity can be tuned by changing the alignment of the grooves. The proposed structure can be applied for designing plasmonic devices as useful components of the plasmonic toolbox.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

With the development of Internet of things and cloud technology, the amount of data that modern communication needs to process is becoming more and more huge [1–5]. In order to improve the communication bandwidth, more and more communication networks choose optical fiber transmission. In the optical transmission, how to increase the light intensity has become a hot topic. The double-slit interference experiment has been known as one of the most profound experiments in physics since the last century. However, surface plasmonic polaritons (SPPs), as a hot research topic owing to their energy enhancement effect at a specific wavelength, are a relatively new concept in physics. The combination of surface plasmonic polaritons and double-slit interference is an exciting research topic [6–20]. The outcomes have potential applications in quantum physics, fundamental optics, optical imaging, detection, integrated circuit design, and other fields [21–28].In this paper, a new double-ring structure, as shown in Figures1(a) and 1(b), is proposed to combine the double-slit interference with SPPs to explore exciting possibilities. The proposed structure is a double-ring structure formed by the combination of the periodic concentric-ring grooves [7, 15] and a modified version of Young’s double-slit structure and allows for a strong interaction between the two substructures. In the structures shown in Figures 1(a) and 1(b), two concentric rings are shown etched into a silver thin film to make scope for a fundamental double-ring interference. A series of periodic concentric-ring grooves was etched into both the upper and lower surfaces of a silver film to stimulate surface plasmonic polaritons.Figure 1
Schematic diagram of the proposed structure: double-ring aperture at the center of the silver film surrounded by periodic concentric-ring grooves, top view (a) and side view (b); schematic diagram of the reference aperture-only structure: double-ring aperture at the center of the silver film, top view (c) and side view (d); schematic diagram of the bull’s eye structure, top view (e) and side view (f).
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Simulations were used to study the transmitted interference pattern and the transmission spectrum of the proposed structure based on the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The standout feature of the proposed structure is that it makes use of the classic bull’s eye structure to efficiently gather the energy from the surrounding areas and supply it to the center of the interference pattern. It also contains many geometric factors for adjusting and fine-tuning the transmission results. Both the interference pattern and the transmission spectrum were studied.


## 2. Precise Modulation of the Transmission Spectrum of the Concentric-Ring Interference

The proposed structure is displayed in Figures1(a) (top view) and 1(b) (side view). The silver thin film consists of two concentric-ring apertures at the center, and a series of periodic concentric-ring grooves was etched into the thin film from both sides. The concentric-ring pitch was p=600nm and the width was w=300nm, for the center apertures as well as the surrounding grooves. The groove depth was e=60nm on each side, and the thickness of the thin film before etching was h=300nm. The reference aperture-only structure was also studied as a comparison, as shown in Figures 1(c) (top view) and 1(d) (side view). The standard bull’s eye structure, which contained only one round aperture at the center as shown in Figures 1(e) (top view) and 1(f) (side view), had the same concentric-ring grooves in the surroundings as in Figures 1(a) and 1(c). The radius of the central aperture was 300 nm. The surrounding medium was air. All the other conditions were kept identical for the above three structures. The incident light was a plane wave transmitted under the thin film from the −z-direction to the +z-direction. The finite difference time-domain (FDTD) method was used to calculate the EM field intensity and distribution before and after the incident light hit the studied structures.Based on the structure shown in Figures1(a) and 1(b), some more geometric modifications were applied to the structure. The most exciting modification was found to be the impact of the relative position of the upper and lower concentric-ring grooves. As shown in Figure 2, the relative distance between the centers of the upper and lower adjacent concentric rings was defined as D, and 0 for the symmetric structures shown in Figure 1. For a positive value of D, the lower concentric-ring grooves remained closer to the center than the upper ones; while for a negative value of D, the opposite observation was recorded.Figure 2
Modification of the relative position of the upper and lower concentric rings.The transmission spectra shown in Figure3 were obtained by varying the values of D within the range of -200 nm to +200 nm, while other parameters (film thickness, etching depth, concentric ring period, and the number of the concentric rings, etc.) remained unchanged. Since our structure is perfectly symmetrical, the optical wave simulation in this paper will not produce the phenomenon of polarization conversion.Figure 3
Transmission spectra in the far-field region at 0° collection angle for different values ofD: (a) D>0 and (b) D<0.
(a)(b)Figure3 reveals that when the relative distance D is greater than 0, the peak wavelength of the transmission spectrum experiences a blueshift. With the increase in the relative distance D, the magnitude of the blueshift increases, in addition to the decrease in peak field intensity. When D is less than 0, the peak wavelength of the transmission spectrum is redshifted. With the decrease in the relative position of D, the redshift magnitude increases, while the peak field intensity decreases. For further analysis of the relationship between the peak wavelength shift and D, the former is plotted as the y-axis against the latter as the x-axis in Figure 4. The relationship between the peak field intensity and D is plotted in Figure 5.Figure 4
Relationship between the peak wavelength shift andD.Figure 5
Relationship between the peak intensity andD.From Figure4, it is obvious that the peak wavelength shift and the relative distance D have a near-linear relationship, and the fitting formula is in(1)shiftwavelength=−0.0839×D−0.2182.The relationship curve is symmetric to the original point, which can be very useful and convenient in potential applications. It is well-known that both the upper and lower concentric-ring grooves can generate surface plasmonic waves. The final transmission peak arises as a result of the superposition and resonance of these waves. When the value ofDis greater than 0, i.e., the lower grooves come closer to the center, this leads to the reduction in the effective aperture width of the lower structure. The aperture gets narrower for the entire structure, leading to a shorter peak wavelength, thus being blueshifted. Likewise, when the value ofDis less than 0, i.e., the lower grooves tend to go further away from the center, and the effective aperture width of the lower structure gets wider for the entire structure, this leads to a longer peak wavelength, and hence is redshifted.Figure5 is easy to understand. The plasmonic wave produced by upper and lower concentric-ring grooves displays identical properties since the geometries and materials are all the same. When the upper and lower grooves get aligned (D=0), the two surface plasmonic waves resonate. Thus, the highest transmission is generated. As a result, the peak transmission reaches a maximum when D=0. The shift from the aligned position (D>0 or D<0) destroys the resonance and causes a decrease in the transmission intensity.


## 3. Details of the Interference Pattern Subheadings

Since the transmission spectrum was modulated by a double-ring structure, a valid question arose about the process of change of the interference patterns for the proposed structure. The detailed interference patterns of the three structures shown in Figure1 produced results based on which this question could be answered. The detailed discussion is presented in the following subsections.


### 3.1. Enhancement of the Interference Patterns

The far-field intensity patterns at 715 nm are shown in Figure6. Figure 6(a) is the far-field pattern of the proposed structure, Figure 6(b) is the reference aperture-only structure, and Figure 6(c) is that of the bull’s eye structure [4]. After adding a series of concentric rings in the surroundings, the intensity of the transmitted spectrum gets noticeably concentrated in the central area of the proposed structure, and the intensity at the center increases by one order of magnitude. Moreover, tightly squeezed circular interference fringes are produced by the proposed structure, as compared to the aperture-only structure. The proposed structure has the largest electric field intensity.Figure 6
Far field of the film at 715 nm for (a) the proposed structure, (b) the reference aperture-only structure, and (c) the bull’s eye structure.
(a)(b)(c)The corresponding angle dependence relationship at 715 nm can be a more precise description of the pattern squeeze, as shown in Figure7.Figure 7
The angle dependence of the transmission light intensity at 715 nm of the structure: original data (a) and normalized data (b).
(a)(b)Figure7(a) displays the near 20-fold increase in the transmitted light intensity magnitude of the proposed structure versus the aperture-only structure. Figure 7(b) displays the normalized angle dependence, which clearly demonstrates that the distribution of the side lobes in the transmission pattern is practically the same for the two structures, and the crucial difference lies in the distribution of light intensity. The light intensity is highly concentrated in the main lobe for the proposed structure, which is nearly 10 times higher than the first side lobe pair. In contrast, the first side lobe pair is nearly 85% of the main lobe in the aperture-only structure.This squeezed pattern is attributable to the strong resonance of the stimulated SPPs with the double-ring interference and can be useful in certain applications, including high-energy physics and coherent laser light focusing.


### 3.2. Enhancement of the Transmission Spectra

The transmission spectra of the three structures studied at a collection angle of 0° are shown in Figure8.Figure 8
Transmission spectra for the three structures studied in the far-field region at 0° collection angle. Color code: red squares joined by red line: proposed structure; blue dots joined by blue line: aperture-only structure; purple triangles joined by purple line: bull’s eye structure.From Figure8, it can be clearly understood that in the aperture-only structure, the transmission spectrum curve is comparatively flat, with a few shallow ups and downs, but without any evident frequency-selectivity characteristics. While the bull’s eye structure displays one clear transmission peak at 685 nm, transmission at other wavelengths is negligible. The proposed structure displays combined characteristics of the aperture-only structure and bull’s eye structure, with signs of enhanced power transmission as well as stronger interference. Understanding of the transmission spectrum of the proposed structure is based on the following concepts: the double-ring aperture controls the interference patterns over the whole wavelength range, but the SPP effect takes place only at a specific SPP frequency, as evident from the transmission peak of the bull’s eye structure. Therefore, supervision of the two structures, i.e., the proposed structure in this work, shows the fundamental interference patterns as the background, with strong modification by SPP around the SPP wavelength.A more careful observation of the transmission spectra indicates that the total transmission power of the proposed structure is greater than the aperture-only structure, implying a much higher energy-collection capability. The peak intensity for the proposed structure is roughly twice of the aperture-only structure. This is because the SPP mode gets excited by the surrounding grooves that result in efficient collection of the surrounding energy.The redshift of the transmission peak of the proposed structure from 685 nm to 715 nm, as compared to the bull’s eye structure, is an interesting observation. This phenomenon most likely occurs because the concentric-ring in the center can become equivalent to the wider aperture in the bull’s eye structure. As it is well-known, for bull’s eye structures, the wider the central through-aperture is, the longer the peak wavelength will be.


## 3.1. Enhancement of the Interference Patterns

The far-field intensity patterns at 715 nm are shown in Figure6. Figure 6(a) is the far-field pattern of the proposed structure, Figure 6(b) is the reference aperture-only structure, and Figure 6(c) is that of the bull’s eye structure [4]. After adding a series of concentric rings in the surroundings, the intensity of the transmitted spectrum gets noticeably concentrated in the central area of the proposed structure, and the intensity at the center increases by one order of magnitude. Moreover, tightly squeezed circular interference fringes are produced by the proposed structure, as compared to the aperture-only structure. The proposed structure has the largest electric field intensity.Figure 6
Far field of the film at 715 nm for (a) the proposed structure, (b) the reference aperture-only structure, and (c) the bull’s eye structure.
(a)(b)(c)The corresponding angle dependence relationship at 715 nm can be a more precise description of the pattern squeeze, as shown in Figure7.Figure 7
The angle dependence of the transmission light intensity at 715 nm of the structure: original data (a) and normalized data (b).
(a)(b)Figure7(a) displays the near 20-fold increase in the transmitted light intensity magnitude of the proposed structure versus the aperture-only structure. Figure 7(b) displays the normalized angle dependence, which clearly demonstrates that the distribution of the side lobes in the transmission pattern is practically the same for the two structures, and the crucial difference lies in the distribution of light intensity. The light intensity is highly concentrated in the main lobe for the proposed structure, which is nearly 10 times higher than the first side lobe pair. In contrast, the first side lobe pair is nearly 85% of the main lobe in the aperture-only structure.This squeezed pattern is attributable to the strong resonance of the stimulated SPPs with the double-ring interference and can be useful in certain applications, including high-energy physics and coherent laser light focusing.


## 3.2. Enhancement of the Transmission Spectra

The transmission spectra of the three structures studied at a collection angle of 0° are shown in Figure8.Figure 8
Transmission spectra for the three structures studied in the far-field region at 0° collection angle. Color code: red squares joined by red line: proposed structure; blue dots joined by blue line: aperture-only structure; purple triangles joined by purple line: bull’s eye structure.From Figure8, it can be clearly understood that in the aperture-only structure, the transmission spectrum curve is comparatively flat, with a few shallow ups and downs, but without any evident frequency-selectivity characteristics. While the bull’s eye structure displays one clear transmission peak at 685 nm, transmission at other wavelengths is negligible. The proposed structure displays combined characteristics of the aperture-only structure and bull’s eye structure, with signs of enhanced power transmission as well as stronger interference. Understanding of the transmission spectrum of the proposed structure is based on the following concepts: the double-ring aperture controls the interference patterns over the whole wavelength range, but the SPP effect takes place only at a specific SPP frequency, as evident from the transmission peak of the bull’s eye structure. Therefore, supervision of the two structures, i.e., the proposed structure in this work, shows the fundamental interference patterns as the background, with strong modification by SPP around the SPP wavelength.A more careful observation of the transmission spectra indicates that the total transmission power of the proposed structure is greater than the aperture-only structure, implying a much higher energy-collection capability. The peak intensity for the proposed structure is roughly twice of the aperture-only structure. This is because the SPP mode gets excited by the surrounding grooves that result in efficient collection of the surrounding energy.The redshift of the transmission peak of the proposed structure from 685 nm to 715 nm, as compared to the bull’s eye structure, is an interesting observation. This phenomenon most likely occurs because the concentric-ring in the center can become equivalent to the wider aperture in the bull’s eye structure. As it is well-known, for bull’s eye structures, the wider the central through-aperture is, the longer the peak wavelength will be.


## 4. Conclusions

In this paper, a new structure was proposed by combining the double-ring structure for interference with the bull’s eye structure for SPP stimulation. It was observed that the new structure could introduce a stronger interference pattern and modify the transmission spectrum, which led to some interesting results. By altering the relative position of the upper and lower periodic grooves, both the intensity and the position of the peak of the transmission spectrum could be precisely adjusted. The results are useful in potential applications in both fundamental physics and applied optics.



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*Source: 5529655-2021-04-15.xml*