# Weak Fault Detection for Rolling Bearings in Varying Working Conditions through the Second-Order Stochastic Resonance Method with Barrier Height Optimization

Authors: Huaitao Shi; Yangyang Li; Peng Zhou; Shenghao Tong; Liang Guo; Baicheng Li
Journal: Shock and Vibration
 (2021)

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## Abstract

The stochastic resonance (SR) method is widely applied to fault feature extraction of rotary machines, which is capable of improving the weak fault detection performance by energy transformation through the potential well function. The potential well functions are mostly set fixed to reduce computational complexity, and the SR methods with fixed potential well parameters have better performances in stable working conditions. When the fault frequency changes in variable working conditions, the signal processing effect becomes different with fixed parameters, leading to errors in fault detection. In this paper, an underdamped second-order adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance (USAGVSR) method with potential well parameters’ optimization is put forward. For input signals with different fault frequencies, the potential well parameters related to the barrier height are figured out and optimized through the ant colony algorithm. On this basis, further optimization is carried out on undamped factor and step size for better fault detection performance. Cases with diverse fault types and in different working conditions are studied, and the performance of the proposed method is validated through experiments. The results testify that this method has better performances of weak fault feature extraction and can accurately identify different fault types in the input signals. The method proves to be effective in the weak fault extraction and classification and has a good application prospect in rolling bearings’ fault feature recognition.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Rotary machines are generally applied to modern industrial production, and rolling bearings play a key role in rotary machines [1–3]. Unexpected rolling bearing failures lead to machine failures and shutdowns, causing huge economic losses and even threatening the personal safety of workers [4–6]. Therefore, weak fault feature recognition and fault detection of bearings are very important [7–9].The information on the running states of rolling bearings is contained in vibration signals. In recent years, many scholars have used the vibration signals of rolling bearings for fault diagnosis [10–13]. However, information on fault characteristics is often obscured by equipment operation noise and environmental background noise, and it is difficult to extract weak faults of bearings [14, 15]. Therefore, some scholars put forward some methods to analyze weak characteristic signals, such as empirical mode decomposition, wavelet transform, and time-frequency analysis [16–18]. These methods can extract the characteristics of weak signals by eliminating or suppressing noise. In this process, the weak fault information of rolling bearings is possible to be suppressed. According to the limitations of the above methods, Zhang and Zhou [19] proposed the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method, which introduced noise to deal with the mode aliasing problem, so as to realize the fault feature extraction. Noise acts as a kind of energy signal, and the stochastic resonance method improves the detection performance of weak faults by converting noise energy into weak signals and then realizes fault feature extraction of bearings [20, 21].In recent years, the SR method has been widely applied in fault feature extraction and recognition of bearings [22, 23]. Li and Shi [24] introduced a new piecewise nonlinear SR to enhance early fault features of machinery. He et al. [25] analyzed the multiscale SR spectral method, which studied the time-frequency distribution of the signal and used its scale as a modulation system to recognize the fault characteristics of rolling bearings. Li et al. [26] introduced a new adaptive SR method, which improved the detection performance of weak faults by using indicators such as correlation coefficient. Lei et al. [27] made use of the steady state for matching, and an underdamped SR was proposed, which had a good enhancement capability for weak signals by suppressing multiscale noise. Li et al. [28] introduced a delay feedback term into the overdamped monostable system, which can availably use history information of the input signal to intensify the influence on the resonance phenomenon. By selecting appropriate underdamping factor and calculating step size, Lu et al. [29] introduced an underdamped variable step-size second-order SR method, and output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is increased.In order to simplify the complexity of the system and increase computational efficiency, most of the existing SR methods fix the parameters as specific values. The potential barrier is crucial in the output of the SR system. The optimal potential barrier corresponds to the optimal output of the system. However, different input signals have different dominant barriers, and fixed SR barrier parameters limit the system to achieving the optimal output. Optimizing the barrier height is the basis for the system to achieve the optimal output. Therefore, an underdamped second-order adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance method with the optimization of potential well parameters is introduced for bearing fault detection. According to different input signals, the optimal parameters of the system are adaptively matched by optimization algorithm, and optimal barriers corresponding to different input signals are obtained, respectively. On the basis of the most dominant barrier, the optimal matching of noise, the input signal, and the nonlinear system are realized, and the weak fault features of bearings are recognized.The following research contents are as follows: in the second part, the USAGVSR diagnosis method is introduced. The third part carries on the simulation. In the fourth part, cases of diverse fault types in rolling bearings are studied. In the fifth part, the rolling bearing faults under different working conditions are studied, and the accuracy of the proposed method is verified. The sixth part is the result and discussion of this paper. The seventh part draws the conclusion of this paper.


## 2. Method

### 2.1. Underdamped Second-Order Adaptive General Variable-Scale Stochastic Resonance

The classical model of SR is a bistable system. The dynamic equation of bistable SR is [29](1)dxtdt=−dUxdx+St+Nt,where S(t) represents the weak periodic signal to be detected, N(t) represents the Gaussian white noise, U(x) is the potential function, and x(t) represents the oscillation trajectory of the particle. U(x) is expressed as(2)Ux=−a2x2+b4x4,where a and b are potential well parameters, respectively; the barrier height is ΔU=a2/4b. N(t) is expressed as(3)Nt=0,NtN0=2Dδt,where D is the noise intensity, δt is the Dirac function, and < > is the statistical average operator. The weak signal S(t) to be detected is denoted as(4)St=Acos2πft+φ.The output effect of SR depends on the transition of the Brownian particle in the potential well. The motion diagram of the Brownian particle in the SR system is shown in Figure1. As shown in Figure 1(a), the Brownian particle is initially located in the left potential well. Under the excitation of the weak periodic signal and the noise, the particle transitions from the left potential well to the right potential well, as shown in Figure 1(b). The Brownian particle is in a stable state, located in the right potential well, as shown in Figure 1(c). Due to the joint excitation of the weak periodic signal and the noise, the Brownian particle again generates a transition, jumping from the right potential well to the left potential well, as shown in Figure 1(d).Figure 1
The motion diagram of the Brownian particle.As shown in Figure1, the barrier height affects the transition frequency of the Brownian particle. When the barrier height is too high, the Brownian particle cannot obtain enough energy to generate the transition in the left and right potential wells. When the barrier height is too low, the Brownian particle jumps violently in the left and right potential wells and moves irregularly. In this case, the SR energy distribution is not enough to meet the demand of weak fault feature extraction. When the transition frequency of the Brownian particle is consistent with the input signal frequency, the output effect of SR is the best. Under different working conditions, the frequency of the input signal changes. In order to achieve the best output effect of SR, the transition frequency of the Brownian particle is changed by optimizing the barrier height so that the transition frequency of the Brownian particle is consistent with the input signal frequency. Optimizing the barrier height is the basis for the system to achieve the optimal output.In practical engineering applications, underdamping phenomenon is common, and the damping factor of the SR system will affect the output response of the system. Therefore, considering the damping factor of the system, the model of SR is expressed as(5)d2xtdt2=−dUxdx−kdxtdt+St+Nt,where k represents the underdamping factor. Substitute equations (2)–(4) into equation (5) and convert into(6)d2xtdt2=axt−bxt3−kdxtdt+Acos2πft+φ+2Dξt.Classical SR is suitable for small parameters, but it is a high-frequency signal in engineering practice, so the general variable-scale stochastic resonance model is used to make it suitable for the high-frequency weak signal, and substitution variables are introduced [30]:(7)xt=zτ,τ=mt,where m is the scale coefficient. Substitute equation (7) into equation (6) to get(8)d2zτdτ2=am2zτ−bm2z3τ−kmdzτdτ+Am2cos2πfmτ+φ+2Dm3ξτ.Makea/m2=a1, b/m2=b1, k/m=k1, f/m=f1, A/m2=A1, and D/m2=D1, and substitute them into equation (8):(9)d2zτdτ2=a1zτ−b1z3τ−k1dzτdτ+A1cos2πf1τ+φ+2D1mξτ.Equation (9) is the general variable-scale form of the underdamped bistable system in equation (6), equation (9) shows that, after dealing with the variable scale, the signal frequency f1 is changed to 1/m of the original frequency, the conversion between high and low frequency is realized by selecting an appropriate m value, and S(t) and N(t) are changed to 1/m2 of the original signal, it can meet the requirements of classical SR for small parameters.The output of the USAGVSR system is complex and difficult to be analyzed by the analytical method. Therefore, the fourth-order Runge–Kutta is applied to numerical analysis. The expression of iterative algorithms is as follows:(10)y1=yi,x1=−U′xi−ky1+Si+Ni,y2=yi+x1h2,x2=−U′xi+y1h2−ky2+Si+Ni,y3=yi+x2h2,x3=−U′xi+y2h2−ky3+Si+1+Ni+1,y4=yi+x3h,x4=−U′xi+y3h−ky4+Si+1+Ni+1,xi+1=xi+y1+2y2+2y3+y4h6,yi+1=yi+x1+2x2+2x3+x4h6,where y=dx/dt, x[i], S[i], and N[i] are discrete representations of x(t), S(t), and N(t), respectively, and i = 1, 2, n, n represents lengths of discrete sampled data, and h represents the calculation step size.For equation (6), let yt=dxt/dt, and get(11)dytdt=axt−bxt3−kyt+Acos2πft+φ+2Dξt.Makedxt/dt=0, dyt/dt=0, A = 0, and D = 0, and the three singularities of the system are obtained: x+,y+=a/b,0, x0,y0=0,0, and x−,y−=−a/b,0.The output SNR is [31](12)SNR=∫0∞PSidiPNi=2πf,where PS(i) represents power spectra of the signal and PN(i) represents power spectra of noise.


### 2.2. Fault Identification with Optimization of Potential Well Parameters

In SR systems, the barrier height determines the output of SR. For different input signals, the corresponding most advantageous barrier is different. Therefore, it is very important to determine the most advantageous barriers for different input signals in practical engineering applications. In this paper, the bistable adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance model and ant colony optimization algorithm are applied to find the most advantageous well parametersa1 and b1 corresponding to different input signals, and the optimal potential barriers are found. The SNR is applied to evaluate the output of the system, and SNR is expressed as(13)SNR=10lgP1fP2f,P1f=2Xf2,P2f=2n∑k=1n/2Xfk2−P1f,where X(fk) represents the discrete Fourier transform of the corresponding signal sequence X(n), P1(f) represents the signal energy, and P2(f) represents the noise energy.The steps of ant colony algorithm are as follows [32]:(1)
Initialize system parameters, including the number of antsm1, pheromone concentration T, maximum iteration number NC_max, and termination condition e.(2)
Placem1 ants randomly on the initial node, constantly modify the information of nodes with ants, calculate SNR, and update pheromone based on the SNR.(3)
Find the maximum probability and judge whethere is satisfied. If it is, end the program; if not, return to Step (2).(4)
Output the maximum SNR and optimal parametersa1 and b1 of the system.For different input signals, the ant colony algorithm is applied to match the corresponding most advantageous barrier adaptively by calculating SNR, and the optimal parametersa1 and b1 are determined. On this basis, the signals are processed by the underdamped second-order stochastic resonance (USSR) system, and then ant colony optimization algorithm is applied to search for optimal underdamped factor and step size, so as to achieve the optimal system response. The USAGVSR method with potential well parameters’ optimization is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
The USAGVSR method with potential well parameters’ optimization.The potential barrier plays an important role in the output of the SR system, and the optimal potential barrier corresponds to the optimal output of the system. For different input signals, the corresponding most advantageous barrier is different. Optimization of potential well parameters is the basis of SR system processing. The steps of the USAGVSR method with potential well parameters’ optimization are as follows: vibration signals of rolling bearings are collected by vibration sensors, and the collected vibration signals are preprocessed. The underdamping factor in equation (9) is equal to 0, the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system model is obtained and used to process vibration signals, and the parameters are optimized by ant colony algorithm. The SNR is used to quantify the optimization results to confirm whether the cutoff conditions of optimization iteration are met. If not, the local search range of parameters a and b is changed by using the tabu table, and then SNR is calculated again to optimize the parameters. If the cutoff condition is satisfied, that is, when a certain number of iterations are reached, SNR tends to be stable, the optimal barriers corresponding to the vibration signals are obtained, and the optimal parameters a1 and b1 are output. Then, the vibration signals are input to the underdamped second-order stochastic resonance system and take advantage of the corresponding most advantageous barriers, and the system parameters are initialized. The optimum SNR is searched by the optimization algorithm, and then the optimal output parameters are obtained. The corresponding frequency domain graphs of vibration signals are obtained, the weak fault features are extracted, and the fault types are identified.


## 2.1. Underdamped Second-Order Adaptive General Variable-Scale Stochastic Resonance

The classical model of SR is a bistable system. The dynamic equation of bistable SR is [29](1)dxtdt=−dUxdx+St+Nt,where S(t) represents the weak periodic signal to be detected, N(t) represents the Gaussian white noise, U(x) is the potential function, and x(t) represents the oscillation trajectory of the particle. U(x) is expressed as(2)Ux=−a2x2+b4x4,where a and b are potential well parameters, respectively; the barrier height is ΔU=a2/4b. N(t) is expressed as(3)Nt=0,NtN0=2Dδt,where D is the noise intensity, δt is the Dirac function, and < > is the statistical average operator. The weak signal S(t) to be detected is denoted as(4)St=Acos2πft+φ.The output effect of SR depends on the transition of the Brownian particle in the potential well. The motion diagram of the Brownian particle in the SR system is shown in Figure1. As shown in Figure 1(a), the Brownian particle is initially located in the left potential well. Under the excitation of the weak periodic signal and the noise, the particle transitions from the left potential well to the right potential well, as shown in Figure 1(b). The Brownian particle is in a stable state, located in the right potential well, as shown in Figure 1(c). Due to the joint excitation of the weak periodic signal and the noise, the Brownian particle again generates a transition, jumping from the right potential well to the left potential well, as shown in Figure 1(d).Figure 1
The motion diagram of the Brownian particle.As shown in Figure1, the barrier height affects the transition frequency of the Brownian particle. When the barrier height is too high, the Brownian particle cannot obtain enough energy to generate the transition in the left and right potential wells. When the barrier height is too low, the Brownian particle jumps violently in the left and right potential wells and moves irregularly. In this case, the SR energy distribution is not enough to meet the demand of weak fault feature extraction. When the transition frequency of the Brownian particle is consistent with the input signal frequency, the output effect of SR is the best. Under different working conditions, the frequency of the input signal changes. In order to achieve the best output effect of SR, the transition frequency of the Brownian particle is changed by optimizing the barrier height so that the transition frequency of the Brownian particle is consistent with the input signal frequency. Optimizing the barrier height is the basis for the system to achieve the optimal output.In practical engineering applications, underdamping phenomenon is common, and the damping factor of the SR system will affect the output response of the system. Therefore, considering the damping factor of the system, the model of SR is expressed as(5)d2xtdt2=−dUxdx−kdxtdt+St+Nt,where k represents the underdamping factor. Substitute equations (2)–(4) into equation (5) and convert into(6)d2xtdt2=axt−bxt3−kdxtdt+Acos2πft+φ+2Dξt.Classical SR is suitable for small parameters, but it is a high-frequency signal in engineering practice, so the general variable-scale stochastic resonance model is used to make it suitable for the high-frequency weak signal, and substitution variables are introduced [30]:(7)xt=zτ,τ=mt,where m is the scale coefficient. Substitute equation (7) into equation (6) to get(8)d2zτdτ2=am2zτ−bm2z3τ−kmdzτdτ+Am2cos2πfmτ+φ+2Dm3ξτ.Makea/m2=a1, b/m2=b1, k/m=k1, f/m=f1, A/m2=A1, and D/m2=D1, and substitute them into equation (8):(9)d2zτdτ2=a1zτ−b1z3τ−k1dzτdτ+A1cos2πf1τ+φ+2D1mξτ.Equation (9) is the general variable-scale form of the underdamped bistable system in equation (6), equation (9) shows that, after dealing with the variable scale, the signal frequency f1 is changed to 1/m of the original frequency, the conversion between high and low frequency is realized by selecting an appropriate m value, and S(t) and N(t) are changed to 1/m2 of the original signal, it can meet the requirements of classical SR for small parameters.The output of the USAGVSR system is complex and difficult to be analyzed by the analytical method. Therefore, the fourth-order Runge–Kutta is applied to numerical analysis. The expression of iterative algorithms is as follows:(10)y1=yi,x1=−U′xi−ky1+Si+Ni,y2=yi+x1h2,x2=−U′xi+y1h2−ky2+Si+Ni,y3=yi+x2h2,x3=−U′xi+y2h2−ky3+Si+1+Ni+1,y4=yi+x3h,x4=−U′xi+y3h−ky4+Si+1+Ni+1,xi+1=xi+y1+2y2+2y3+y4h6,yi+1=yi+x1+2x2+2x3+x4h6,where y=dx/dt, x[i], S[i], and N[i] are discrete representations of x(t), S(t), and N(t), respectively, and i = 1, 2, n, n represents lengths of discrete sampled data, and h represents the calculation step size.For equation (6), let yt=dxt/dt, and get(11)dytdt=axt−bxt3−kyt+Acos2πft+φ+2Dξt.Makedxt/dt=0, dyt/dt=0, A = 0, and D = 0, and the three singularities of the system are obtained: x+,y+=a/b,0, x0,y0=0,0, and x−,y−=−a/b,0.The output SNR is [31](12)SNR=∫0∞PSidiPNi=2πf,where PS(i) represents power spectra of the signal and PN(i) represents power spectra of noise.


## 2.2. Fault Identification with Optimization of Potential Well Parameters

In SR systems, the barrier height determines the output of SR. For different input signals, the corresponding most advantageous barrier is different. Therefore, it is very important to determine the most advantageous barriers for different input signals in practical engineering applications. In this paper, the bistable adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance model and ant colony optimization algorithm are applied to find the most advantageous well parametersa1 and b1 corresponding to different input signals, and the optimal potential barriers are found. The SNR is applied to evaluate the output of the system, and SNR is expressed as(13)SNR=10lgP1fP2f,P1f=2Xf2,P2f=2n∑k=1n/2Xfk2−P1f,where X(fk) represents the discrete Fourier transform of the corresponding signal sequence X(n), P1(f) represents the signal energy, and P2(f) represents the noise energy.The steps of ant colony algorithm are as follows [32]:(1)
Initialize system parameters, including the number of antsm1, pheromone concentration T, maximum iteration number NC_max, and termination condition e.(2)
Placem1 ants randomly on the initial node, constantly modify the information of nodes with ants, calculate SNR, and update pheromone based on the SNR.(3)
Find the maximum probability and judge whethere is satisfied. If it is, end the program; if not, return to Step (2).(4)
Output the maximum SNR and optimal parametersa1 and b1 of the system.For different input signals, the ant colony algorithm is applied to match the corresponding most advantageous barrier adaptively by calculating SNR, and the optimal parametersa1 and b1 are determined. On this basis, the signals are processed by the underdamped second-order stochastic resonance (USSR) system, and then ant colony optimization algorithm is applied to search for optimal underdamped factor and step size, so as to achieve the optimal system response. The USAGVSR method with potential well parameters’ optimization is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
The USAGVSR method with potential well parameters’ optimization.The potential barrier plays an important role in the output of the SR system, and the optimal potential barrier corresponds to the optimal output of the system. For different input signals, the corresponding most advantageous barrier is different. Optimization of potential well parameters is the basis of SR system processing. The steps of the USAGVSR method with potential well parameters’ optimization are as follows: vibration signals of rolling bearings are collected by vibration sensors, and the collected vibration signals are preprocessed. The underdamping factor in equation (9) is equal to 0, the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system model is obtained and used to process vibration signals, and the parameters are optimized by ant colony algorithm. The SNR is used to quantify the optimization results to confirm whether the cutoff conditions of optimization iteration are met. If not, the local search range of parameters a and b is changed by using the tabu table, and then SNR is calculated again to optimize the parameters. If the cutoff condition is satisfied, that is, when a certain number of iterations are reached, SNR tends to be stable, the optimal barriers corresponding to the vibration signals are obtained, and the optimal parameters a1 and b1 are output. Then, the vibration signals are input to the underdamped second-order stochastic resonance system and take advantage of the corresponding most advantageous barriers, and the system parameters are initialized. The optimum SNR is searched by the optimization algorithm, and then the optimal output parameters are obtained. The corresponding frequency domain graphs of vibration signals are obtained, the weak fault features are extracted, and the fault types are identified.


## 3. Simulation

To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, three analog signals are introduced to analysis parameters. The analog signal isXi=Aicos2πfit, where i = 1, 2, and 3. And the amplitude A1 = 0.1; A2 = 0.5; A3 = 1, frequency f1 = 50 Hz; f2 = 100 Hz; and f3 = 150 Hz, and Gaussian white noise is added to the analog signals, respectively. For given different potential well parameters a1 and b1, Figure 3 shows the corresponding potential barriers of the system.Figure 3
Barriers for different well parameters.Figure3 shows that when the parameters a1 and b1 are different, the height and width of the barrier corresponding to the system are also different, and the Brownian particle also has different transition frequencies. Therefore, for different input signals, it is important to determine the most dominant barriers and the best potential well parameters in order to achieve the optimal system output.For three different analog signals, the optimal SNR is searched by the ant colony algorithm, respectively, the most dominant barriers corresponding to the analog signals are obtained, and the best potential well parametersa1 and b1 are obtained. For analog signal X1, the optimal barrier height ΔU is 0.017, and the corresponding optimal potential well parameters a1 = 0.241 and b1 = 0.852. Set fixed potential well parameters a2 = 1 and b2 = 1. For the optimal and fixed potential well parameters, the SNR change of analog signal X1 with the increase of D is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4
SNR variation of analog signalX1.max1 represents the maximum SNR corresponding to the analog signal in the case of the optimal potential well parameters, and max2 represents the maximum SNR corresponding to the analog signal in the case of the fixed potential well parameters. Similarly, for analog signalX2, the optimal barrier height ΔU is 0.002, and the optimal potential well parameters a1 = 0.076 and b1 = 0.754. For analog signal X3, the optimal barrier height ΔU is 0.060, and the optimal potential well parameters a1 = 0.364 and b1 = 0.958. Figure 5 shows the SNR changes of analog signals X2 and X3 with the increase of D.Figure 5
SNR variation of (a) analog signalX2 and (b) analog signal X3.
(a)(b)The figures show that the most dominant barriers corresponding to different analog signals are different, and the most dominant well parameters are also different. The maximum SNR values corresponding to the most dominant well parameters of the three analog signals are all larger than the SNR values of the fixed potential well parameters. Therefore, for different input signals, it is crucial to determine the most dominant wells to obtain the best output of the system.After determining the most dominant well parameters of the three analog signals, the SNR changes with the change of step size and underdamping factor are shown in Figure6.Figure 6
The trend of SNR with (a) step size and (b) underdamping factor.
(a)(b)Figure6 shows that, with the change of step size and underdamping factor, the corresponding SNR also changes significantly for different analog signals. The most optimal SNR and system output can be obtained by selecting the appropriate step size and underdamping factor.


## 4. Case Studies with Different Fault Types

A machinery fault simulator is used for case analysis in this paper, as shown in Figure7.Figure 7
The machinery fault simulator.The testing bearings are installed on the test bench, and the bearing information is shown in Table1. The accelerometers are placed on the bearing seats of the bearings under test, and the vibration signals are collected by the vibration data collector. The sampling frequency is 16,384 Hz, and data points are 81,920. The formulas for calculating fault characteristic frequency (fcf) of rolling bearings are as follows:(14)BPFO=N12n11−dD1cosφ,BPFI=N12n11+dD1cosφ,BSF=N12D1d1−dD1cosφ2,where BPFO, BPFI, and BSF represent fcf of the outer ring, inner ring, and rolling element, respectively, d and n1 represent the diameter and number of rolling elements, respectively, D1 is the pitch diameter, φ is the contact angle, and N1 is the rotational speed of the shaft.Table 1
Information of the tested bearings.
Number of rolling elementsRolling element diameter (inch)Pitch diameter (inch)Contact angle80.31251.3190According to the relevant parameters of bearings, Table2 shows the theoretical fault characteristic frequencies of rolling bearings.Table 2
Fault characteristic frequencies of rolling bearings.
Speed of the motor (r/min)BPFO (Hz)BPFI (Hz)BSF (Hz)120061.0598.9539.842400122.09197.9179.684800244.19395.82159.36


### 4.1. Outer Ring Fault Detection

The outer ring fault is used as a case, which is set in the outer raceway of the bearing. The speed of the motor is 2400 r/min. Figure8 shows the time and frequency domain graphs of the original vibration signal.Figure 8
Original vibration signal.As can be seen from Figure8, the waveform is not periodic, the fault features of rolling bearings are not obvious, the peaks corresponding to the rotational frequency (fc) and double rotational frequency (2fc) are more obvious, there are a large number of mixed peaks, and the weak fault features of rolling bearings are not easy to extract, and they can easily lead to misdiagnosis. The proposed USAGVSR method is used to process the vibration signal and compared with the stochastic resonance, time-delayed feedback stochastic resonance (TFSR), and underdamped second-order stochastic resonance methods as follows.


#### 4.1.1. Stochastic Resonance

At present, most of the existing SR methods fix the potential well parameters as specific values to simplify the complexity of the system and improve the efficiency of calculation. The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2, the collected vibration signal is preprocessed, and the carrier frequency fc1 = 100 Hz is set for modulation processing. Then, the SR system deals with the processed vibration signal, and the step size is optimized by ant colony algorithm. When SNR = −0.5710 dB, the best result is obtained, h = 0.035, and then the optimal output signal is demodulated. Figure 9 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the SR system.Figure 9
Signal processed by SR.As can be seen from Figure9, the hybrid peak value of the vibration signal processed by the SR system is weakened, but the peaks corresponding to fc and 2fc are more obvious. Moreover, there is an obvious peak value at the inner ring fault characteristic frequency, which easily leads to the misidentification of bearing fault types.


#### 4.1.2. Time-Delayed Feedback Stochastic Resonance

The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The TFSR system is used to process the vibration signal, and ant colony algorithm is used to optimize the step size h and feedback strength β. When SNR = −0.5821 dB, h = 0.027, and β = 0.035, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 10 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the TFSR system.Figure 10
Signal processed by TFSR.As can be seen from Figure10, the vibration signal processed by the TFSR system still has a large number of hybrid peaks, and the corresponding peaks of fc and 2fc are obvious, which is not conducive to the extraction of rolling bearing weak fault features.


#### 4.1.3. Underdamped Second-Order Stochastic Resonance

In the same way, the potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The USSR system is used to process the vibration signal, and the underdamped factor and step size are optimized by ant colony algorithm. When SNR = −0.533 dB, h = 0.004, and k = 0.14, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 11 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USSR system.Figure 11
Signal processed by USSR.Figure11 indicates that the signal waveform processed by the USSR system is periodic, the corresponding peak of 2fc is obvious, and the corresponding peak value at fcf is also evident.


#### 4.1.4. Underdamped Second-Order Adaptive General Variable-Scale Stochastic Resonance

On the basis of the USSR, the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance is introduced, and the optimal barrier parameters are first made sure according to input signals. The collected vibration signal is preprocessed and then input into the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system. Set the scale coefficientm = 2000 and D = 0.05, and the dominant well parameters a1 and b1 are found by ant colony algorithm. When SNR is the largest, the optimal barrier and well parameters a1 and b1 are obtained, which are ΔU = 0.004073, a1 = 0.0315, and b1 = 0.0609, respectively. After the optimal barrier is determined, the USSR system processes the vibration signal, and the underdamped factor and step size are optimized by ant colony algorithm. The optimal system result is obtained when SNR = −0.0328 dB, at which h = 0.0182 and k = 0.86. Figure 12 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USAGVSR system.Figure 12
Signals processed by USAGVSR.Figure12 indicates that the signal waveform processed by the USAGVSR system has an obvious periodicity. In the frequency domain graph, there is a peak at fc, and compared with the above systems, the peak value at fcf is more obvious, and the SNR is also significantly improved. Therefore, the USAGVSR system has better effects, more weak fault features are extracted, and the fault types are accurately recognized.


### 4.2. Inner Ring Fault Detection

The fault is set in the inner raceway of the bearing. The speed of the motor is 2400 r/min. The original vibration signal time and frequency domain graphs are shown in Figure13. There is no periodicity in the waveform, the peak value corresponding to fc is obvious, the fault features are weak, and they are not easy to extract.Figure 13
Original vibration signal.


#### 4.2.1. Stochastic Resonance

The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The SR system is used to process the vibration signal, and ant colony algorithm is used to optimize the step size. When SNR = −0.7629 dB and h = 0.043, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 14 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the SR system.Figure 14
Signal processed by SR.Figure14 indicates that the peak value at fc is obvious, the fault features are weak, and there are some chaotic peaks, which are not conducive to the extraction of fault information.


#### 4.2.2. Time-Delayed Feedback Stochastic Resonance

The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The TFSR system is used to process the vibration signal, and ant colony algorithm is used to optimize the step size and feedback strength. When SNR = −0.7751 dB, h = 0.018, and β = 0.024, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 15 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the TFSR system.Figure 15
Signal processed by TFSR.Figure15 indicates that the vibration signal processed by the TFSR system has weak periodicity, the fault features are not obvious, and SNR is low, which is not conducive to the fault identification of rolling bearings.


#### 4.2.3. Underdamped Second-Order Stochastic Resonance

Similarly, the parametersa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2 are set, and the vibration signal is processed by the USSR system. When SNR = −0.765 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, at which h = 0.0062 and k = 0.75. Figure 16 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USSR system.Figure 16
Signal processed by USSR.Figure16 indicates that the signal processed by the USSR system has a clear waveform graph, and the peak value at the modulation frequency is relatively obvious, so is the peak value at fcf.


#### 4.2.4. Underdamped Second-Order Adaptive General Variable-Scale Stochastic Resonance

Similarly, the collected vibration signal is input into the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system, and the corresponding most dominant barrier parameters are found by ant colony algorithm, which area1 = 0.175, b1 = 0.0625, and ΔU = 0.1225, respectively. After the optimal potential barrier is determined, the vibration signal is input into the USSR system. When SNR = −0.4319 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, at which h = 0.0058 and k = 0.93. Figure 17 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USAGVSR system.Figure 17
Signals processed by USAGVSR.Figure17 indicates that the signal waveform graph processed by the USAGVSR system is clearer and has a more obvious periodicity. In the frequency domain graph, the amplitude at fcf is relatively evident, and compared with the processing results of the above systems, SNR is also significantly improved.


### 4.3. Rolling Element Fault Detection

In addition, the fault is set in the rolling element of the bearing. The speed of the motor is 2400 r/min. Figure18 shows the time and frequency domain graphs of the original vibration signal. It can be seen that there are many irregular pulse shocks on the waveform graph, and there are some high-energy spikes in the frequency domain graph, which may cause misdiagnosis of fault types.Figure 18
Original vibration signal.


#### 4.3.1. Stochastic Resonance

The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The SR system is used to process the vibration signal, and ant colony algorithm is used to optimize the step size. When SNR = −0.6003 dB and h = 0.0027, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 19 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the SR system.Figure 19
Signal processed by SR.Figure19 indicates that the peak value at fc is relatively obvious, the fault feature is weak, and the fault information of the rolling bearing cannot be extracted.


#### 4.3.2. Time-Delayed Feedback Stochastic Resonance

The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The TFSR system is used to process the vibration signal, and ant colony algorithm is used to optimize the step size and feedback strength. When SNR = −0.5969 dB, h = 0.031, and β = 0.079, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 20 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the TFSR system.Figure 20
Signal processed by TFSR.Figure20 indicates that there is a high peak value at fc, and the fault feature is not obvious. In addition, there are a large number of hybrid peaks at fcf, and the fault identification of the rolling bearing cannot be carried out.


#### 4.3.3. Underdamped Second-Order Stochastic Resonance

The parametersa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2 are set, and the vibration signal is processed by the USSR system. When SNR = −0.5924 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, at which h = 0.0079 and k = 0.67. Figure 21 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USSR system.Figure 21
Signal processed by USSR.Figure21 indicates that the signal processed by the USSR system has a peak at fcf, which can diagnose the existence of the rolling element fault, but the corresponding amplitude at fc is relatively high.


#### 4.3.4. Underdamped Second-Order Adaptive General Variable-Scale Stochastic Resonance

Similarly, the collected vibration signal is input into the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system, and the corresponding most dominant barrier parameters are found by ant colony algorithm, which area1 = 0.0875, b1 = 0.0625, and ΔU = 0.030625, respectively. After the optimal potential barrier is determined, the vibration signal is input into the USSR system. When SNR = −0.1355 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, where h = 0.014 and k = 0.40. Figure 22 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USAGVSR system.Figure 22
Signals processed by USAGVSR.Figure22 indicates that the signal waveform graph processed by the USAGVSR system is clearer and has a more obvious periodicity. Compared with the processing results of the above systems, the amplitude at fc is significantly decreased, the amplitude at fcf is obviously increased, and SNR is also significantly improved. Therefore, the USAGVSR method has a better effect and can precisely identify the fault types of bearings.


## 4.1. Outer Ring Fault Detection

The outer ring fault is used as a case, which is set in the outer raceway of the bearing. The speed of the motor is 2400 r/min. Figure8 shows the time and frequency domain graphs of the original vibration signal.Figure 8
Original vibration signal.As can be seen from Figure8, the waveform is not periodic, the fault features of rolling bearings are not obvious, the peaks corresponding to the rotational frequency (fc) and double rotational frequency (2fc) are more obvious, there are a large number of mixed peaks, and the weak fault features of rolling bearings are not easy to extract, and they can easily lead to misdiagnosis. The proposed USAGVSR method is used to process the vibration signal and compared with the stochastic resonance, time-delayed feedback stochastic resonance (TFSR), and underdamped second-order stochastic resonance methods as follows.


### 4.1.1. Stochastic Resonance

At present, most of the existing SR methods fix the potential well parameters as specific values to simplify the complexity of the system and improve the efficiency of calculation. The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2, the collected vibration signal is preprocessed, and the carrier frequency fc1 = 100 Hz is set for modulation processing. Then, the SR system deals with the processed vibration signal, and the step size is optimized by ant colony algorithm. When SNR = −0.5710 dB, the best result is obtained, h = 0.035, and then the optimal output signal is demodulated. Figure 9 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the SR system.Figure 9
Signal processed by SR.As can be seen from Figure9, the hybrid peak value of the vibration signal processed by the SR system is weakened, but the peaks corresponding to fc and 2fc are more obvious. Moreover, there is an obvious peak value at the inner ring fault characteristic frequency, which easily leads to the misidentification of bearing fault types.


### 4.1.2. Time-Delayed Feedback Stochastic Resonance

The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The TFSR system is used to process the vibration signal, and ant colony algorithm is used to optimize the step size h and feedback strength β. When SNR = −0.5821 dB, h = 0.027, and β = 0.035, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 10 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the TFSR system.Figure 10
Signal processed by TFSR.As can be seen from Figure10, the vibration signal processed by the TFSR system still has a large number of hybrid peaks, and the corresponding peaks of fc and 2fc are obvious, which is not conducive to the extraction of rolling bearing weak fault features.


### 4.1.3. Underdamped Second-Order Stochastic Resonance

In the same way, the potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The USSR system is used to process the vibration signal, and the underdamped factor and step size are optimized by ant colony algorithm. When SNR = −0.533 dB, h = 0.004, and k = 0.14, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 11 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USSR system.Figure 11
Signal processed by USSR.Figure11 indicates that the signal waveform processed by the USSR system is periodic, the corresponding peak of 2fc is obvious, and the corresponding peak value at fcf is also evident.


### 4.1.4. Underdamped Second-Order Adaptive General Variable-Scale Stochastic Resonance

On the basis of the USSR, the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance is introduced, and the optimal barrier parameters are first made sure according to input signals. The collected vibration signal is preprocessed and then input into the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system. Set the scale coefficientm = 2000 and D = 0.05, and the dominant well parameters a1 and b1 are found by ant colony algorithm. When SNR is the largest, the optimal barrier and well parameters a1 and b1 are obtained, which are ΔU = 0.004073, a1 = 0.0315, and b1 = 0.0609, respectively. After the optimal barrier is determined, the USSR system processes the vibration signal, and the underdamped factor and step size are optimized by ant colony algorithm. The optimal system result is obtained when SNR = −0.0328 dB, at which h = 0.0182 and k = 0.86. Figure 12 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USAGVSR system.Figure 12
Signals processed by USAGVSR.Figure12 indicates that the signal waveform processed by the USAGVSR system has an obvious periodicity. In the frequency domain graph, there is a peak at fc, and compared with the above systems, the peak value at fcf is more obvious, and the SNR is also significantly improved. Therefore, the USAGVSR system has better effects, more weak fault features are extracted, and the fault types are accurately recognized.


## 4.1.1. Stochastic Resonance

At present, most of the existing SR methods fix the potential well parameters as specific values to simplify the complexity of the system and improve the efficiency of calculation. The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2, the collected vibration signal is preprocessed, and the carrier frequency fc1 = 100 Hz is set for modulation processing. Then, the SR system deals with the processed vibration signal, and the step size is optimized by ant colony algorithm. When SNR = −0.5710 dB, the best result is obtained, h = 0.035, and then the optimal output signal is demodulated. Figure 9 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the SR system.Figure 9
Signal processed by SR.As can be seen from Figure9, the hybrid peak value of the vibration signal processed by the SR system is weakened, but the peaks corresponding to fc and 2fc are more obvious. Moreover, there is an obvious peak value at the inner ring fault characteristic frequency, which easily leads to the misidentification of bearing fault types.


## 4.1.2. Time-Delayed Feedback Stochastic Resonance

The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The TFSR system is used to process the vibration signal, and ant colony algorithm is used to optimize the step size h and feedback strength β. When SNR = −0.5821 dB, h = 0.027, and β = 0.035, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 10 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the TFSR system.Figure 10
Signal processed by TFSR.As can be seen from Figure10, the vibration signal processed by the TFSR system still has a large number of hybrid peaks, and the corresponding peaks of fc and 2fc are obvious, which is not conducive to the extraction of rolling bearing weak fault features.


## 4.1.3. Underdamped Second-Order Stochastic Resonance

In the same way, the potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The USSR system is used to process the vibration signal, and the underdamped factor and step size are optimized by ant colony algorithm. When SNR = −0.533 dB, h = 0.004, and k = 0.14, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 11 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USSR system.Figure 11
Signal processed by USSR.Figure11 indicates that the signal waveform processed by the USSR system is periodic, the corresponding peak of 2fc is obvious, and the corresponding peak value at fcf is also evident.


## 4.1.4. Underdamped Second-Order Adaptive General Variable-Scale Stochastic Resonance

On the basis of the USSR, the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance is introduced, and the optimal barrier parameters are first made sure according to input signals. The collected vibration signal is preprocessed and then input into the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system. Set the scale coefficientm = 2000 and D = 0.05, and the dominant well parameters a1 and b1 are found by ant colony algorithm. When SNR is the largest, the optimal barrier and well parameters a1 and b1 are obtained, which are ΔU = 0.004073, a1 = 0.0315, and b1 = 0.0609, respectively. After the optimal barrier is determined, the USSR system processes the vibration signal, and the underdamped factor and step size are optimized by ant colony algorithm. The optimal system result is obtained when SNR = −0.0328 dB, at which h = 0.0182 and k = 0.86. Figure 12 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USAGVSR system.Figure 12
Signals processed by USAGVSR.Figure12 indicates that the signal waveform processed by the USAGVSR system has an obvious periodicity. In the frequency domain graph, there is a peak at fc, and compared with the above systems, the peak value at fcf is more obvious, and the SNR is also significantly improved. Therefore, the USAGVSR system has better effects, more weak fault features are extracted, and the fault types are accurately recognized.


## 4.2. Inner Ring Fault Detection

The fault is set in the inner raceway of the bearing. The speed of the motor is 2400 r/min. The original vibration signal time and frequency domain graphs are shown in Figure13. There is no periodicity in the waveform, the peak value corresponding to fc is obvious, the fault features are weak, and they are not easy to extract.Figure 13
Original vibration signal.


### 4.2.1. Stochastic Resonance

The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The SR system is used to process the vibration signal, and ant colony algorithm is used to optimize the step size. When SNR = −0.7629 dB and h = 0.043, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 14 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the SR system.Figure 14
Signal processed by SR.Figure14 indicates that the peak value at fc is obvious, the fault features are weak, and there are some chaotic peaks, which are not conducive to the extraction of fault information.


### 4.2.2. Time-Delayed Feedback Stochastic Resonance

The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The TFSR system is used to process the vibration signal, and ant colony algorithm is used to optimize the step size and feedback strength. When SNR = −0.7751 dB, h = 0.018, and β = 0.024, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 15 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the TFSR system.Figure 15
Signal processed by TFSR.Figure15 indicates that the vibration signal processed by the TFSR system has weak periodicity, the fault features are not obvious, and SNR is low, which is not conducive to the fault identification of rolling bearings.


### 4.2.3. Underdamped Second-Order Stochastic Resonance

Similarly, the parametersa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2 are set, and the vibration signal is processed by the USSR system. When SNR = −0.765 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, at which h = 0.0062 and k = 0.75. Figure 16 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USSR system.Figure 16
Signal processed by USSR.Figure16 indicates that the signal processed by the USSR system has a clear waveform graph, and the peak value at the modulation frequency is relatively obvious, so is the peak value at fcf.


### 4.2.4. Underdamped Second-Order Adaptive General Variable-Scale Stochastic Resonance

Similarly, the collected vibration signal is input into the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system, and the corresponding most dominant barrier parameters are found by ant colony algorithm, which area1 = 0.175, b1 = 0.0625, and ΔU = 0.1225, respectively. After the optimal potential barrier is determined, the vibration signal is input into the USSR system. When SNR = −0.4319 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, at which h = 0.0058 and k = 0.93. Figure 17 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USAGVSR system.Figure 17
Signals processed by USAGVSR.Figure17 indicates that the signal waveform graph processed by the USAGVSR system is clearer and has a more obvious periodicity. In the frequency domain graph, the amplitude at fcf is relatively evident, and compared with the processing results of the above systems, SNR is also significantly improved.


## 4.2.1. Stochastic Resonance

The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The SR system is used to process the vibration signal, and ant colony algorithm is used to optimize the step size. When SNR = −0.7629 dB and h = 0.043, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 14 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the SR system.Figure 14
Signal processed by SR.Figure14 indicates that the peak value at fc is obvious, the fault features are weak, and there are some chaotic peaks, which are not conducive to the extraction of fault information.


## 4.2.2. Time-Delayed Feedback Stochastic Resonance

The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The TFSR system is used to process the vibration signal, and ant colony algorithm is used to optimize the step size and feedback strength. When SNR = −0.7751 dB, h = 0.018, and β = 0.024, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 15 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the TFSR system.Figure 15
Signal processed by TFSR.Figure15 indicates that the vibration signal processed by the TFSR system has weak periodicity, the fault features are not obvious, and SNR is low, which is not conducive to the fault identification of rolling bearings.


## 4.2.3. Underdamped Second-Order Stochastic Resonance

Similarly, the parametersa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2 are set, and the vibration signal is processed by the USSR system. When SNR = −0.765 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, at which h = 0.0062 and k = 0.75. Figure 16 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USSR system.Figure 16
Signal processed by USSR.Figure16 indicates that the signal processed by the USSR system has a clear waveform graph, and the peak value at the modulation frequency is relatively obvious, so is the peak value at fcf.


## 4.2.4. Underdamped Second-Order Adaptive General Variable-Scale Stochastic Resonance

Similarly, the collected vibration signal is input into the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system, and the corresponding most dominant barrier parameters are found by ant colony algorithm, which area1 = 0.175, b1 = 0.0625, and ΔU = 0.1225, respectively. After the optimal potential barrier is determined, the vibration signal is input into the USSR system. When SNR = −0.4319 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, at which h = 0.0058 and k = 0.93. Figure 17 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USAGVSR system.Figure 17
Signals processed by USAGVSR.Figure17 indicates that the signal waveform graph processed by the USAGVSR system is clearer and has a more obvious periodicity. In the frequency domain graph, the amplitude at fcf is relatively evident, and compared with the processing results of the above systems, SNR is also significantly improved.


## 4.3. Rolling Element Fault Detection

In addition, the fault is set in the rolling element of the bearing. The speed of the motor is 2400 r/min. Figure18 shows the time and frequency domain graphs of the original vibration signal. It can be seen that there are many irregular pulse shocks on the waveform graph, and there are some high-energy spikes in the frequency domain graph, which may cause misdiagnosis of fault types.Figure 18
Original vibration signal.


### 4.3.1. Stochastic Resonance

The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The SR system is used to process the vibration signal, and ant colony algorithm is used to optimize the step size. When SNR = −0.6003 dB and h = 0.0027, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 19 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the SR system.Figure 19
Signal processed by SR.Figure19 indicates that the peak value at fc is relatively obvious, the fault feature is weak, and the fault information of the rolling bearing cannot be extracted.


### 4.3.2. Time-Delayed Feedback Stochastic Resonance

The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The TFSR system is used to process the vibration signal, and ant colony algorithm is used to optimize the step size and feedback strength. When SNR = −0.5969 dB, h = 0.031, and β = 0.079, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 20 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the TFSR system.Figure 20
Signal processed by TFSR.Figure20 indicates that there is a high peak value at fc, and the fault feature is not obvious. In addition, there are a large number of hybrid peaks at fcf, and the fault identification of the rolling bearing cannot be carried out.


### 4.3.3. Underdamped Second-Order Stochastic Resonance

The parametersa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2 are set, and the vibration signal is processed by the USSR system. When SNR = −0.5924 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, at which h = 0.0079 and k = 0.67. Figure 21 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USSR system.Figure 21
Signal processed by USSR.Figure21 indicates that the signal processed by the USSR system has a peak at fcf, which can diagnose the existence of the rolling element fault, but the corresponding amplitude at fc is relatively high.


### 4.3.4. Underdamped Second-Order Adaptive General Variable-Scale Stochastic Resonance

Similarly, the collected vibration signal is input into the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system, and the corresponding most dominant barrier parameters are found by ant colony algorithm, which area1 = 0.0875, b1 = 0.0625, and ΔU = 0.030625, respectively. After the optimal potential barrier is determined, the vibration signal is input into the USSR system. When SNR = −0.1355 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, where h = 0.014 and k = 0.40. Figure 22 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USAGVSR system.Figure 22
Signals processed by USAGVSR.Figure22 indicates that the signal waveform graph processed by the USAGVSR system is clearer and has a more obvious periodicity. Compared with the processing results of the above systems, the amplitude at fc is significantly decreased, the amplitude at fcf is obviously increased, and SNR is also significantly improved. Therefore, the USAGVSR method has a better effect and can precisely identify the fault types of bearings.


## 4.3.1. Stochastic Resonance

The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The SR system is used to process the vibration signal, and ant colony algorithm is used to optimize the step size. When SNR = −0.6003 dB and h = 0.0027, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 19 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the SR system.Figure 19
Signal processed by SR.Figure19 indicates that the peak value at fc is relatively obvious, the fault feature is weak, and the fault information of the rolling bearing cannot be extracted.


## 4.3.2. Time-Delayed Feedback Stochastic Resonance

The potential well parameters are fixed asa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2. The TFSR system is used to process the vibration signal, and ant colony algorithm is used to optimize the step size and feedback strength. When SNR = −0.5969 dB, h = 0.031, and β = 0.079, the best output signal is obtained. Figure 20 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the TFSR system.Figure 20
Signal processed by TFSR.Figure20 indicates that there is a high peak value at fc, and the fault feature is not obvious. In addition, there are a large number of hybrid peaks at fcf, and the fault identification of the rolling bearing cannot be carried out.


## 4.3.3. Underdamped Second-Order Stochastic Resonance

The parametersa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2 are set, and the vibration signal is processed by the USSR system. When SNR = −0.5924 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, at which h = 0.0079 and k = 0.67. Figure 21 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USSR system.Figure 21
Signal processed by USSR.Figure21 indicates that the signal processed by the USSR system has a peak at fcf, which can diagnose the existence of the rolling element fault, but the corresponding amplitude at fc is relatively high.


## 4.3.4. Underdamped Second-Order Adaptive General Variable-Scale Stochastic Resonance

Similarly, the collected vibration signal is input into the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system, and the corresponding most dominant barrier parameters are found by ant colony algorithm, which area1 = 0.0875, b1 = 0.0625, and ΔU = 0.030625, respectively. After the optimal potential barrier is determined, the vibration signal is input into the USSR system. When SNR = −0.1355 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, where h = 0.014 and k = 0.40. Figure 22 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USAGVSR system.Figure 22
Signals processed by USAGVSR.Figure22 indicates that the signal waveform graph processed by the USAGVSR system is clearer and has a more obvious periodicity. Compared with the processing results of the above systems, the amplitude at fc is significantly decreased, the amplitude at fcf is obviously increased, and SNR is also significantly improved. Therefore, the USAGVSR method has a better effect and can precisely identify the fault types of bearings.


## 5. Case Studies with Different Speeds

The outer ring fault is used as a case, the rotational speed of the shaft is set to 1200 r/min, 2400 r/min, and 4800 r/min, respectively, and the rotation speed of 2400 r/min is analyzed as above. The following is an analysis of the rotational speeds of 1200 r/min and 4800 r/min.


### 5.1. Outer Ring Fault at 1200 r/min

The original vibration signal time and frequency domain graphs are shown in Figure23.Figure 23
Original vibration signal.As can be seen from Figure23, the amplitude of fcf of the original vibration signal is obvious, but there are some hybrid peaks, which are not conducive to the weak fault feature extraction of rolling bearings. The original vibration signal is processed by USSR and the proposed USAGVSR method, and the processing results are as follows.


#### 5.1.1. Underdamped Second-Order Stochastic Resonance

The parametersa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2 are set, and the vibration signal is processed by the USSR system. When SNR = −4.0449 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, at which h = 0.0162 and k = 0.126. Figure 24 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USSR system.Figure 24
Signal processed by USSR.Figure24 indicates that the signal processed by the USSR system has an obvious peak at fcf, but there is still a high hybrid peak frequency, which is easy to cause misdiagnosis.


#### 5.1.2. Underdamped Second-Order Adaptive General Variable-Scale Stochastic Resonance

Similarly, the collected vibration signal is input into the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system, and the corresponding most dominant barrier parameters are found by ant colony algorithm, which area1 = 0.42, b1 = 0.094, and ΔU = 0.4691, respectively. After the optimal potential barrier is determined, the vibration signal is input into the USSR system. When SNR = −3.2370 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, where h = 0.025 and k = 0.643. Figure 25 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USAGVSR system.Figure 25
Signals processed by USAGVSR.Figure25 indicates that the amplitude at fcf of the signal processed by the USAGVSR system is obvious, the hybrid peak value is weakened, and the SNR is improved obviously.


### 5.2. Outer Ring Fault at 4800 r/min

The original vibration signal time and frequency domain graphs are shown in Figure26.Figure 26
Original vibration signal.As can be seen from Figure26, the 2fc amplitude of the original vibration signal is obvious, while the fcf amplitude is the lower, which is not conducive to the weak fault feature extraction of rolling bearings. The original vibration signal is processed by USSR and the proposed USAGVSR method, and the processing results are as follows.


#### 5.2.1. Underdamped Second-Order Stochastic Resonance

The parametersa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2 are set, and the vibration signal is processed by the USSR system. When SNR = −1.226 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, at which h = 0.01 and k = 0.39. Figure 27 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USSR system.Figure 27
Signal processed by USSR.Figure27 indicates that the signal processed by the USSR system has obvious peaks at fc and 2fc, but fcf cannot be extracted, which is not conducive to the fault diagnosis of rolling bearings.


#### 5.2.2. Underdamped Second-Order Adaptive General Variable-Scale Stochastic Resonance

Similarly, the collected vibration signal is input into the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system, and the corresponding most dominant barrier parameters are found by ant colony algorithm, which area1 = 0.467, b1 = 0.018, and ΔU = 3.029, respectively. After the optimal potential barrier is determined, the vibration signal is input into the USSR system. When SNR = −0.4633 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, where h = 0.008 and k = 0.289. Figure 28 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USAGVSR system.Figure 28
Signals processed by USAGVSR.Figure28 indicates that the amplitudes at 2fc and fcf of the signal processed by the USAGVSR system are obvious, and the SNR is improved obviously, which is beneficial to extracting the fault characteristic information of rolling bearings. Therefore, the USAGVSR method has a better effect and can precisely identify the fault types of bearings.


## 5.1. Outer Ring Fault at 1200 r/min

The original vibration signal time and frequency domain graphs are shown in Figure23.Figure 23
Original vibration signal.As can be seen from Figure23, the amplitude of fcf of the original vibration signal is obvious, but there are some hybrid peaks, which are not conducive to the weak fault feature extraction of rolling bearings. The original vibration signal is processed by USSR and the proposed USAGVSR method, and the processing results are as follows.


### 5.1.1. Underdamped Second-Order Stochastic Resonance

The parametersa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2 are set, and the vibration signal is processed by the USSR system. When SNR = −4.0449 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, at which h = 0.0162 and k = 0.126. Figure 24 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USSR system.Figure 24
Signal processed by USSR.Figure24 indicates that the signal processed by the USSR system has an obvious peak at fcf, but there is still a high hybrid peak frequency, which is easy to cause misdiagnosis.


### 5.1.2. Underdamped Second-Order Adaptive General Variable-Scale Stochastic Resonance

Similarly, the collected vibration signal is input into the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system, and the corresponding most dominant barrier parameters are found by ant colony algorithm, which area1 = 0.42, b1 = 0.094, and ΔU = 0.4691, respectively. After the optimal potential barrier is determined, the vibration signal is input into the USSR system. When SNR = −3.2370 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, where h = 0.025 and k = 0.643. Figure 25 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USAGVSR system.Figure 25
Signals processed by USAGVSR.Figure25 indicates that the amplitude at fcf of the signal processed by the USAGVSR system is obvious, the hybrid peak value is weakened, and the SNR is improved obviously.


## 5.1.1. Underdamped Second-Order Stochastic Resonance

The parametersa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2 are set, and the vibration signal is processed by the USSR system. When SNR = −4.0449 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, at which h = 0.0162 and k = 0.126. Figure 24 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USSR system.Figure 24
Signal processed by USSR.Figure24 indicates that the signal processed by the USSR system has an obvious peak at fcf, but there is still a high hybrid peak frequency, which is easy to cause misdiagnosis.


## 5.1.2. Underdamped Second-Order Adaptive General Variable-Scale Stochastic Resonance

Similarly, the collected vibration signal is input into the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system, and the corresponding most dominant barrier parameters are found by ant colony algorithm, which area1 = 0.42, b1 = 0.094, and ΔU = 0.4691, respectively. After the optimal potential barrier is determined, the vibration signal is input into the USSR system. When SNR = −3.2370 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, where h = 0.025 and k = 0.643. Figure 25 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USAGVSR system.Figure 25
Signals processed by USAGVSR.Figure25 indicates that the amplitude at fcf of the signal processed by the USAGVSR system is obvious, the hybrid peak value is weakened, and the SNR is improved obviously.


## 5.2. Outer Ring Fault at 4800 r/min

The original vibration signal time and frequency domain graphs are shown in Figure26.Figure 26
Original vibration signal.As can be seen from Figure26, the 2fc amplitude of the original vibration signal is obvious, while the fcf amplitude is the lower, which is not conducive to the weak fault feature extraction of rolling bearings. The original vibration signal is processed by USSR and the proposed USAGVSR method, and the processing results are as follows.


### 5.2.1. Underdamped Second-Order Stochastic Resonance

The parametersa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2 are set, and the vibration signal is processed by the USSR system. When SNR = −1.226 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, at which h = 0.01 and k = 0.39. Figure 27 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USSR system.Figure 27
Signal processed by USSR.Figure27 indicates that the signal processed by the USSR system has obvious peaks at fc and 2fc, but fcf cannot be extracted, which is not conducive to the fault diagnosis of rolling bearings.


### 5.2.2. Underdamped Second-Order Adaptive General Variable-Scale Stochastic Resonance

Similarly, the collected vibration signal is input into the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system, and the corresponding most dominant barrier parameters are found by ant colony algorithm, which area1 = 0.467, b1 = 0.018, and ΔU = 3.029, respectively. After the optimal potential barrier is determined, the vibration signal is input into the USSR system. When SNR = −0.4633 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, where h = 0.008 and k = 0.289. Figure 28 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USAGVSR system.Figure 28
Signals processed by USAGVSR.Figure28 indicates that the amplitudes at 2fc and fcf of the signal processed by the USAGVSR system are obvious, and the SNR is improved obviously, which is beneficial to extracting the fault characteristic information of rolling bearings. Therefore, the USAGVSR method has a better effect and can precisely identify the fault types of bearings.


## 5.2.1. Underdamped Second-Order Stochastic Resonance

The parametersa2 = 1 and b2 = 0.2 are set, and the vibration signal is processed by the USSR system. When SNR = −1.226 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, at which h = 0.01 and k = 0.39. Figure 27 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USSR system.Figure 27
Signal processed by USSR.Figure27 indicates that the signal processed by the USSR system has obvious peaks at fc and 2fc, but fcf cannot be extracted, which is not conducive to the fault diagnosis of rolling bearings.


## 5.2.2. Underdamped Second-Order Adaptive General Variable-Scale Stochastic Resonance

Similarly, the collected vibration signal is input into the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system, and the corresponding most dominant barrier parameters are found by ant colony algorithm, which area1 = 0.467, b1 = 0.018, and ΔU = 3.029, respectively. After the optimal potential barrier is determined, the vibration signal is input into the USSR system. When SNR = −0.4633 dB, the optimal system output is obtained, where h = 0.008 and k = 0.289. Figure 28 shows the time and frequency domain graphs processed by the USAGVSR system.Figure 28
Signals processed by USAGVSR.Figure28 indicates that the amplitudes at 2fc and fcf of the signal processed by the USAGVSR system are obvious, and the SNR is improved obviously, which is beneficial to extracting the fault characteristic information of rolling bearings. Therefore, the USAGVSR method has a better effect and can precisely identify the fault types of bearings.


## 6. Results and Discussion

The USAGVSR method proposed in this paper can effectively extract the weak fault feature information of rolling bearings. For different input signals, the adaptive general variable-scale stochastic resonance system is used to match the optimal potential barriers, and the optimal potential well parametersa1 and b1 are determined. Then, the signal is processed by the USSR system, and the parameters are adjusted by ant colony algorithm to get the optimal system output. When the fault types are different, the comparison between the proposed method and the results of the above three systems is shown in Table 3. The comparison between the method proposed in this paper and the USSR method under different working conditions is shown in Table 4.Table 3
Output SNR comparison of different fault types.
Output SNR of SR (dB)Output SNR of TFSR (dB)Output SNR of USSR (dB)Output SNR of USAGVSR (dB)BPFO−0.5710−0.5821−0.5330−0.0328BPFI−0.7629−0.7751−0.7650−0.4319BSF−0.6003−0.5969−0.5924−0.1355Table 4
Output SNR comparison of different rotation speeds.
Output SNR of USSR (dB)Output SNR of USAGVSR (dB)SNR increment (dB)1200 r/min−−4.0449−3.23700.80792400 r/min−0.5330−0.0320.50024800 r/min−1.2260−0.46330.7627According to different fault types of rolling bearings and the faults under different working conditions, compared with the other methods, the SNR of the USAGVSR method is significantly improved. For different input signals, the USAGVSR method makes the transition frequency of the Brownian particle and the frequency of the input signal match best and determines the corresponding most advantageous barrier, which is the basis of subsequent SR processing. On the basis of the most dominant barrier, the optimal output of the SR is achieved. For different fault types and faults under different working conditions, the signals processed by this method have an obvious peak value atfcf, which can better extract weak fault information, obtain the optimal output results, and accurately recognize the fault types.


## 7. Conclusion

The potential well parameters’ optimization on USAGVSR is conducted for weak fault detection of rolling bearings. The main findings are as follows:(1)
This method is compared with traditional methods with fixed potential well parameters, and the SNR is significantly improved, the fault characteristics of the output waveform are more obvious, and the bearing fault types are easier to identify(2)
According to different input signals, the corresponding barriers are adaptively matched, which lays a foundation for SR processing, and it is easier to obtain the best system output(3)
The method extracts the weak fault features of rolling bearings, which is beneficial to fault identification and accurate determination of fault typesThe USAGVSR method has a good application prospect in rolling bearing fault diagnosis. In future research, we will combine the advantages of the proposed method with other fault diagnosis methods to carry out weak fault feature recognition of rolling bearings.



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*Source: 5539912-2021-06-16.xml*