# Diagnosis Index System Setup for Implementation Status Management in Large-Scale Construction Projects

Authors: Wan-Yu Wang; Yi Wang
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2021)

---

## Abstract

In order to scientifically set up the diagnosis index system for the implementation state of large-scale construction projects, this paper proposed a new method which takes into account the indicators in all level states. Different from the index system constructed by other methods, the indexes/indicators established in this paper are more systematically correlated, with a better hierarchical progression in all levels of the index system. The particular diagnosis index parameters of the management objects are firstly analysed through the mathematic model based on the Rough Set. Then, the representation of the periodical management problems is taken as the study object, and the detailed establishing process to form the index system is presented based on the evidenced theory and the Rough Set extraction. Finally, a case study is presented to validate the proposed method. It is shown that the index system set up by the proposed method can not only represent the systematic hierarchical relationships among all corresponding indexes but also diagnose the macroscopic, the mesostates, and the microstates effectively.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

The establishing method of the index system for the construction projects is essential to scientific management [1]. Previous studies have validated the significance of the proper index system for sustainability in the highway construction projects [2, 3], and for the comprehensive assessment in the cross-border power grid interconnection projects [4].However, the current frame of the index system is far from qualified in engineering applications. It is found that the traditional plan-driven model sometimes is not the most appropriate approach to complex construction projects subject to successive changes, while more agile approaches might be more adequate [5]. For instance, the internal audit effectiveness measurement index system in architecture construction projects faces the problems of large losses and waste, ineffective audit rectification, and lagging audit innovation [6], while the gas pipeline projects follow the issue of energy security and the need to diversify suppliers [7]. The key reason is that the index system for different projects needs too many efforts to concretize and verify the indexes/indicators. Consequently, how to scientifically pick the sensitive parameters to form the effective index system has become the key point.The index parameters refer to many factors. Taking the modular integrated construction (MiC) project as an example, Wuni et al. identified and evaluated 22 potential critical failure factors (CFFs) for such MiC projects [8]. In addition, these parameters and factors correspond to varied project index types with different highlights and targets. Most commonly, the factors refer to the costs and waste [9, 10], the risk and safety [11–17], the procedure delay [18–20], the decision-making [21], and so forth. People have tried various methods to select the proper parameters and indicators for different index systems. Typically, Elfahham employed Neural Networks, Linear Regression, and Autoregressive Time Series to obtain the Construction Cost Index [9], while Okudan et al. proposed a knowledge-based risk management tool for the construction projects by using the case-based reasoning method [12]. To reduce the risk, the BIM-integrated safety assessment is widely used at the design stage in building projects [13]. For the construction projects which need to deal with multisource information, such as the tunnel construction [14] and the subway construction [16], the analytic network process and the extension cloud models are frequently employed to assess the safety and the risk of the project.The aforementioned research developed varied indicators to form the index system by multifarious methods and models. However, most of them primarily selected the most related indicators, while the correlation of these indicators in different level stages was not finely taken into account. It has been shown that the systematic and dynamics model which considers the factors that affect the behaviour of the study object will be more scientific to form the qualified index system [22].In this paper, we proposed a new approach which takes into account the indicators in all level states to set up the diagnosis index system for the implementation status management in large-scale construction projects. Different from the index system constructed by other methods, the indexes/indicators established in this paper are more systematically correlated, with a better hierarchical progression in all levels of the index system. The remainder of this paper is constructed as follows: the methodology to determine the diagnosis indicators and to construct the index system is proposed in Section2, while the case study and the validation of the established index system are presented in Section 3. Finally, the primary conclusions are drawn up in Section 4.


## 2. Methodology

### 2.1. Basic Method Theory

In order to realize the effective management of large-scale construction projects through the diagnosis system, how to ensure the scientificity as well as the systematicness and completeness of the diagnosis indicators in the system is the primary issue.Currently, there are many methods to analyse and determine the diagnosis index parameters of the implementation state of a project from many sources, such as the expert experience method, the homologous reference method, and the Rough Set (RS) extraction method [23–25]. Among these methods, the RS extraction method is the most effective one in practice. This method generally relies on the evidence-based theory and begins with the relative representation analysis.In our proposed approach, we primarily employ the Rough Set (RS) extraction method based on the evidence-based theory. The evidence-based theory is the most effective method to obtain the problem representation of the project implementation state [26]. It takes the actual environment and the practical data of the management object to obtain the information and complete the description of the management object. Therefore, it has become the most popular problem representation method.The application of the aforementioned RS extraction method based on the evidence-based theory requests three work steps, as illustrated in Figure1.Figure 1
Index system construction steps.As shown in Figure1, to construct the index system, the problem representation of the management object needs to be obtained firstly. Second, the characteristic parameters need to be obtained by analysing the problem representation. Third, the characteristic parameters need to be transformed into the corresponding diagnosis index. Based on these three steps, the index system can be constructed. Among the three steps, the second one is the most important. During this step, it determines the representation features from the core of the problem by removing the redundant information and then obtains the characteristic parameters.


### 2.2. Determination of Diagnosis Indicators

In order to obtain the problem representations of the management objects in the practical large-scale construction projects, we obtained 5,738 pieces of information that effectively reflected the problems at various stages of the project through a survey of 276 managers.By analysing the information obtained, we found that there are 258 common and typical problem representations, which are of 20 categories in total. Among these representations, 17 are for the decision-making stage belonging to 3 categories, 66 are for the preparation stage referring to 5 categories, 143 are for the construction stage belonging to 8 categories, and the other 32 are for the completion stage referring to 4 categories. Taking the decision-making stage as an example, the representations and the referring categories are listed in Table1.Table 1
Problem representations in decision-making stage.
CategoryProblem representationProblem symbolizationProject planningCurrent status unknownA1Developing trend unknownA2Policies not graspedA3Project positioning unclearA4Project decisions controversialA5Report inefficiently preparedA6Report delayedA7Feasibility analysisSurvey not actually performedA8Survey scope incomprehensiveA9Information not trueA10Method incorrectA11Content not comprehensiveA12Decisions and approvalsDecision reference not reliableA13Decision process incorrectA14Decision-making inefficientA15Approval process not standardA16Approval inefficientA17When dealing with the specific problems, the simplified information needs to be determined according to the project management rules, and the mathematical model can be written as [27](1)REDR=REDR−r,where {r} is the redundant information of the problem representation, and the kernel set CORDR is the rest of {KX} after the reduction. All of the representations x of the problems in all stages of the project K should be equivalent to the original set {KX} in R degree [28].Assuming thatT is the feature set of x element in {KX}, P is the parameter set corresponding to T, and I is the mapping index set with the same set potential as P; then, according to the RS theory, the kernel formed after reduction can be expressed as(2)CORDR=KX−Kr,where(3)Kr∉ICORDR:CORDR∈REDKX.SinceCORDR∈R:REDKX, all the objects contained in CORDR are related [29], and there is(4)CORDR∈REDKX⊆ΛKX,(5)KTR⊆INDCORDR⊆ΛKX,(6)KPR⊆INDKT⊆ΛKX.According to the coprime mapping, the parameters and the indicators have the same set potential, and we have(7)f:domR⟶injecranR⇒KP⟶injecKI,where KX, KT, and KP are problem-depend parameters and need to be specified and symbolized according to the detailed topics. These characteristic parameters can be extracted through the analysis of all problem representations in each stage of the system, and then the diagnosis indicators can be obtained to establish a complete index system. The key issue of the RS method is to obtain the problem representations.To determine the diagnosis index after obtaining the problem representations of the management object, an analysis on the characteristic parameters of the problem representation is needed. Taking the decision-making stageA as an example, the 17 representations of the 3 categories, namely, the project planning AX1, the feasibility study analysis AX2, and the decision-making approval AX3, have the relations as(8)AX⊇AX1,AX2,AX3=∪Axi∈AX,xi,i=1−17=A1,A2,⋯A1.Based on the analysis on the problem representations, it is shown that the decision-maker’s unawareness of the current status (A1), the developing tendency (A2), or the relative policy (A3) during the project planning stage will lead to the miss of the construction scale and investment intention (A4) and cause divergence and disputation (A5). Consequently, the inefficient project proposal (A6) and the delay of the approval to higher departments (A7) will be produced. Therefore, the primary problems focus on the project conception and the construction proposal. To solve these problems, it needs to carry out the subject indexing and the problem symbolizing, as shown in Table 2.Table 2
Subject indexing and representation symbols.
Category and indexingFeature and indexingProblem representation indexingRepresentation features and indexingCharacteristic parameters and indexingPlan project AX1Project idea AT11A1Incomplete information AT111Request information AP111A2A3A4Imperfection of planning AT112Plan and analysis AP112A5Submit advice AT12A6Inefficient report AT121Work efficiency AP121A7Then, according to the RS method, the characteristic parameters in AX1 can be extracted, and meanwhile, the diagnosis indicators can be obtained. The whole process can be expressed as(9)AX1=∪Axixi:i=1−7=A1,A2,⋯,A7,(10)CORDAR∈REDAX1⊆Λ∪Axixi:i=1−7.Specifically,(11)∵CORDAR1∈RED∪Axixi:i=1−3,CORDAR2∈RED∪Axixi:i=4−5,CORDAR3∈RED∪Axixi:i=6−7∴CORDAR⊇∪AR1,AR2,AR3,AT111R⊆INDCORDAR1⊆ΛAX1,AT112R⊆INDCORDAR2⊆ΛAX1,AT121R⊆INDCORDAR3⊆ΛAX1,AT11R⊇∪AT111,AT112,AT12R⊇∪AT121,ATR⊇AT11,AT12⊆ΛAX1∵APR⊆INDAT⊆ΛAX∴AP111R⊆INDAT111⊆ΛAX1,AP112R⊆AT112⊆ΛAX1AP121R⊆INDAT121⊆ΛAX1,APR⊇∪AP111,AP112,AP121.Further, based on the same set potential of the parameters and the indicators, there is(12)f:domAR⟶injecranAR⇒AP⟶injecAI,∵APR⊇UAP111,AP112,AP121,∴AIR⊇UAI111,AI112,AI121.Then, the diagnosis indicators of the management objects at all levels in the project planning stage are obtained. Similarly, the diagnosis indicators for the feasibility study stage and the decision approval stage can be determined as well; more details are shown in Table3.Table 3
Diagnosis index of management objects in the decision-making stage.
Diagnosis indexIndex codeProject planAI1Feasibility analysisAI2Decision approvalAI3ConceptionAI11ProposalAI12ConditionAI21AnalysisAI22DecisionAI31ApprovalAI32Information acquire rateAI111Analysis improving rateAI112Work-effect ratio of reportAI121Reliability rateAI211Satisfaction rateAI212Work-effect ratio of reportAI213Correctness rateAI221Comprehensive rateAI222Work-effect ratioAI311Disobeying rateAI321Work-effect ratioAI322By employing the aforementioned method, the diagnostic indicators of the management objects at various levels in other stages of large construction projects can be also obtained. Limited by space, this paper mainly focuses on the establishing method of the problem indicators, while the detailed processes which can be found in [30] are not presented.


### 2.3. Construction of Index System

As previously analysed, since the diagnosis indicators that are proposed based on the RS theory are particularly aiming at the problem representations, they are the most direct indexes to diagnose the practical problems in construction projects.Specifically, the indicators have the relationships as(13)AI111∪AI112∈AI11,AI121∈AI12,AI11∪AI12∈AI1.According to the above formulas, AI11 can be derived through AI11 and AI12, while AI12 can be inferred from AI121, and AI1 and be derived through AI11 and AI12. Similarly, AI21, AI22, and AI2 can be derived through AI121, AI211, AI212, AI213, AI221, and AI222, while AI31, AI32, and AI3 can be inferred from AI311, AI321, and AI322.Further, the overall situation of the project in the decision-making stage can be obtained through the derivation of AI1, AI2, and AI3. And the manager is able to obtain the systematic analysis and assessment on the managing objects in the decision-making stage from the microlayer to the macrolayer.By using the same method, the indicators as well as their membership function in the preparation stage, the construction stage, and the completion stage can be derived, respectively. Then, according to the system structure of the diagnosis index presented in the scientific theories, the general diagnosis index system for the implementation state of each management object can be set up both in micro- and macroaspects, as illustrated in Figure2.Figure 2
Diagnosis index system for implementation state of large-scale construction projects.


## 2.1. Basic Method Theory

In order to realize the effective management of large-scale construction projects through the diagnosis system, how to ensure the scientificity as well as the systematicness and completeness of the diagnosis indicators in the system is the primary issue.Currently, there are many methods to analyse and determine the diagnosis index parameters of the implementation state of a project from many sources, such as the expert experience method, the homologous reference method, and the Rough Set (RS) extraction method [23–25]. Among these methods, the RS extraction method is the most effective one in practice. This method generally relies on the evidence-based theory and begins with the relative representation analysis.In our proposed approach, we primarily employ the Rough Set (RS) extraction method based on the evidence-based theory. The evidence-based theory is the most effective method to obtain the problem representation of the project implementation state [26]. It takes the actual environment and the practical data of the management object to obtain the information and complete the description of the management object. Therefore, it has become the most popular problem representation method.The application of the aforementioned RS extraction method based on the evidence-based theory requests three work steps, as illustrated in Figure1.Figure 1
Index system construction steps.As shown in Figure1, to construct the index system, the problem representation of the management object needs to be obtained firstly. Second, the characteristic parameters need to be obtained by analysing the problem representation. Third, the characteristic parameters need to be transformed into the corresponding diagnosis index. Based on these three steps, the index system can be constructed. Among the three steps, the second one is the most important. During this step, it determines the representation features from the core of the problem by removing the redundant information and then obtains the characteristic parameters.


## 2.2. Determination of Diagnosis Indicators

In order to obtain the problem representations of the management objects in the practical large-scale construction projects, we obtained 5,738 pieces of information that effectively reflected the problems at various stages of the project through a survey of 276 managers.By analysing the information obtained, we found that there are 258 common and typical problem representations, which are of 20 categories in total. Among these representations, 17 are for the decision-making stage belonging to 3 categories, 66 are for the preparation stage referring to 5 categories, 143 are for the construction stage belonging to 8 categories, and the other 32 are for the completion stage referring to 4 categories. Taking the decision-making stage as an example, the representations and the referring categories are listed in Table1.Table 1
Problem representations in decision-making stage.
CategoryProblem representationProblem symbolizationProject planningCurrent status unknownA1Developing trend unknownA2Policies not graspedA3Project positioning unclearA4Project decisions controversialA5Report inefficiently preparedA6Report delayedA7Feasibility analysisSurvey not actually performedA8Survey scope incomprehensiveA9Information not trueA10Method incorrectA11Content not comprehensiveA12Decisions and approvalsDecision reference not reliableA13Decision process incorrectA14Decision-making inefficientA15Approval process not standardA16Approval inefficientA17When dealing with the specific problems, the simplified information needs to be determined according to the project management rules, and the mathematical model can be written as [27](1)REDR=REDR−r,where {r} is the redundant information of the problem representation, and the kernel set CORDR is the rest of {KX} after the reduction. All of the representations x of the problems in all stages of the project K should be equivalent to the original set {KX} in R degree [28].Assuming thatT is the feature set of x element in {KX}, P is the parameter set corresponding to T, and I is the mapping index set with the same set potential as P; then, according to the RS theory, the kernel formed after reduction can be expressed as(2)CORDR=KX−Kr,where(3)Kr∉ICORDR:CORDR∈REDKX.SinceCORDR∈R:REDKX, all the objects contained in CORDR are related [29], and there is(4)CORDR∈REDKX⊆ΛKX,(5)KTR⊆INDCORDR⊆ΛKX,(6)KPR⊆INDKT⊆ΛKX.According to the coprime mapping, the parameters and the indicators have the same set potential, and we have(7)f:domR⟶injecranR⇒KP⟶injecKI,where KX, KT, and KP are problem-depend parameters and need to be specified and symbolized according to the detailed topics. These characteristic parameters can be extracted through the analysis of all problem representations in each stage of the system, and then the diagnosis indicators can be obtained to establish a complete index system. The key issue of the RS method is to obtain the problem representations.To determine the diagnosis index after obtaining the problem representations of the management object, an analysis on the characteristic parameters of the problem representation is needed. Taking the decision-making stageA as an example, the 17 representations of the 3 categories, namely, the project planning AX1, the feasibility study analysis AX2, and the decision-making approval AX3, have the relations as(8)AX⊇AX1,AX2,AX3=∪Axi∈AX,xi,i=1−17=A1,A2,⋯A1.Based on the analysis on the problem representations, it is shown that the decision-maker’s unawareness of the current status (A1), the developing tendency (A2), or the relative policy (A3) during the project planning stage will lead to the miss of the construction scale and investment intention (A4) and cause divergence and disputation (A5). Consequently, the inefficient project proposal (A6) and the delay of the approval to higher departments (A7) will be produced. Therefore, the primary problems focus on the project conception and the construction proposal. To solve these problems, it needs to carry out the subject indexing and the problem symbolizing, as shown in Table 2.Table 2
Subject indexing and representation symbols.
Category and indexingFeature and indexingProblem representation indexingRepresentation features and indexingCharacteristic parameters and indexingPlan project AX1Project idea AT11A1Incomplete information AT111Request information AP111A2A3A4Imperfection of planning AT112Plan and analysis AP112A5Submit advice AT12A6Inefficient report AT121Work efficiency AP121A7Then, according to the RS method, the characteristic parameters in AX1 can be extracted, and meanwhile, the diagnosis indicators can be obtained. The whole process can be expressed as(9)AX1=∪Axixi:i=1−7=A1,A2,⋯,A7,(10)CORDAR∈REDAX1⊆Λ∪Axixi:i=1−7.Specifically,(11)∵CORDAR1∈RED∪Axixi:i=1−3,CORDAR2∈RED∪Axixi:i=4−5,CORDAR3∈RED∪Axixi:i=6−7∴CORDAR⊇∪AR1,AR2,AR3,AT111R⊆INDCORDAR1⊆ΛAX1,AT112R⊆INDCORDAR2⊆ΛAX1,AT121R⊆INDCORDAR3⊆ΛAX1,AT11R⊇∪AT111,AT112,AT12R⊇∪AT121,ATR⊇AT11,AT12⊆ΛAX1∵APR⊆INDAT⊆ΛAX∴AP111R⊆INDAT111⊆ΛAX1,AP112R⊆AT112⊆ΛAX1AP121R⊆INDAT121⊆ΛAX1,APR⊇∪AP111,AP112,AP121.Further, based on the same set potential of the parameters and the indicators, there is(12)f:domAR⟶injecranAR⇒AP⟶injecAI,∵APR⊇UAP111,AP112,AP121,∴AIR⊇UAI111,AI112,AI121.Then, the diagnosis indicators of the management objects at all levels in the project planning stage are obtained. Similarly, the diagnosis indicators for the feasibility study stage and the decision approval stage can be determined as well; more details are shown in Table3.Table 3
Diagnosis index of management objects in the decision-making stage.
Diagnosis indexIndex codeProject planAI1Feasibility analysisAI2Decision approvalAI3ConceptionAI11ProposalAI12ConditionAI21AnalysisAI22DecisionAI31ApprovalAI32Information acquire rateAI111Analysis improving rateAI112Work-effect ratio of reportAI121Reliability rateAI211Satisfaction rateAI212Work-effect ratio of reportAI213Correctness rateAI221Comprehensive rateAI222Work-effect ratioAI311Disobeying rateAI321Work-effect ratioAI322By employing the aforementioned method, the diagnostic indicators of the management objects at various levels in other stages of large construction projects can be also obtained. Limited by space, this paper mainly focuses on the establishing method of the problem indicators, while the detailed processes which can be found in [30] are not presented.


## 2.3. Construction of Index System

As previously analysed, since the diagnosis indicators that are proposed based on the RS theory are particularly aiming at the problem representations, they are the most direct indexes to diagnose the practical problems in construction projects.Specifically, the indicators have the relationships as(13)AI111∪AI112∈AI11,AI121∈AI12,AI11∪AI12∈AI1.According to the above formulas, AI11 can be derived through AI11 and AI12, while AI12 can be inferred from AI121, and AI1 and be derived through AI11 and AI12. Similarly, AI21, AI22, and AI2 can be derived through AI121, AI211, AI212, AI213, AI221, and AI222, while AI31, AI32, and AI3 can be inferred from AI311, AI321, and AI322.Further, the overall situation of the project in the decision-making stage can be obtained through the derivation of AI1, AI2, and AI3. And the manager is able to obtain the systematic analysis and assessment on the managing objects in the decision-making stage from the microlayer to the macrolayer.By using the same method, the indicators as well as their membership function in the preparation stage, the construction stage, and the completion stage can be derived, respectively. Then, according to the system structure of the diagnosis index presented in the scientific theories, the general diagnosis index system for the implementation state of each management object can be set up both in micro- and macroaspects, as illustrated in Figure2.Figure 2
Diagnosis index system for implementation state of large-scale construction projects.


## 3. Case Study and Validation

### 3.1. Case Study

In order to verify the scientificity and the effectiveness of the index system constructed by the aforementioned method, the index system was applied to a construction project for the implementation state diagnosis. The decision-making stage was taken as the specific detection object. The required information of the related 11 microdiagnosis indicators was input into the system to obtain the diagnosis valueTN. Then, the diagnosis values of the macro- and the mesomanagement objects were calculated as well.Meanwhile, six senior engineers, who were in charge of the project and had more than 15 years’ experience, were invited to evaluate the actual status of the management objects in macro-, meso-, and microaspects. Scores were given by these engineers with the same criterion of the index system. Then, the test RN value can be obtained after the normalized performance on the scores. Finally, the error rate VR between TN and RN can be calculated, as shown in Table4.Table 4
Effectiveness comparison of the diagnosis index system.
MacrostateMedium stateMicrostateDiagnosis indexTNRNVR%Diagnosis indexTNRNVR%Diagnosis indexTNRNVR%Decision-making stageTN: 0.87RN: 0.81VR: 7.40Project plan0.820.776.49Conception value0.770.726.94Information acquire rate0.850.806.25Improved rate0.710.659.23Suggestion value0.880.891.12Work-efficiency ratio of report0.880.891.12Feasible process0.930.876.89Feasible condition0.940.869.30Data reliable rate0.960.8710.3Condition satisfied rate0.920.8310.8Work-efficiency ratio of report0.950.923.26Feasible analysis0.930.894.49Method correctness rate0.960.951.05Feasibility content comprehensive rate0.890.828.53Decision for approval0.860.798.86Project decision0.870.808.75Work-efficiency ratio of decision0.870.808.75Rule disobeying rate0.000.000.00Project approval0.850.7710.4Work-efficiency ratio of approval0.850.7710.4As indicated in Table4, the maximum value of VR of the microstate diagnosis result is 10.8%, while the minimum value is 1.05%. The maximum and the minimum VR values of the median state diagnosis results are 10.4% and 1.12%, respectively. The maximum VR value of the macrostate diagnosis is 7.40%, while the minimum value is 0.81%.Since the maximum allowable test deviation of the Chinese large-scale construction project implementation status diagnosis system is ±15% [31], the macro- and mesoresults by the proposed diagnosis index system can fully meet the requirements. Consequently, the ongoing macro and mesostatus of the project can be reflected rapidly with a qualified accuracy.


### 3.2. Discussion

#### 3.2.1. About Determination of Indicators

The established diagnosis index system, which has been applied in the practical construction projects, includes many kinds of diagnosis indicators. Generally, there are three types of diagnosis indicators.The first type is that which has clarified indicators. Taking the project quality as an example, the national standard namedUnified Standards for Acceptance of Construction Quality has clear items about the assessment method as well as the specific parameters such as the dimensions, the flatness, the perpendicularity, and the mechanical mechanics' properties of the materials.The second type is the indicators which have already been attached to the project, such as the project investment, the construction scale, the construction area, the completion time, and the concerned regulations that have been already made in advance. Once the project is carried out, the exact limitations will be applied to these indicators such as the money, the period, the materials, and the sites. Consequently, the corresponding indicators can be set up according to the exact limitations.The third type is the indicators without specific and clear standards, such as the work efficiency of the staff and the coordination efficiency. Due to the diversity of the project, the management contents will be adjusted and revised according to varied project requirements. However, there are still two common characteristics for these indicators. First, these indicators are often determined in a qualitative or semiquantitative form. Second, although these indicators satisfy all the specific requirements and rules of an actual project, most contents of these indicators are still universal.In practical engineering, to make full use of the established standards and regulations, the project managers often carry out the evaluation by means of giving an exact score to the implementation effect. This method has been widely used in practice and has received common acceptance. This kind of method provides a good reference for the indicator establishing in construction projects. To make this method not only satisfy all of the requirements of the projects but also practically applied in actual engineering, the detailed contents of the standards and rules are divided into different items which can be evaluated by varied scores. Consequently, the quantitative indicators are brought into the original qualitative management items, and all of the diagnosis indicators of the index system can be fully determined.


#### 3.2.2. About Standardization of Indicators

During the assessment of the project implantation status, the analytical results obtained based on different standards include both qualitative indicators and quantitative indexes. Hence, the diagnosis results of the indexes are diversified. For the sake of the normalized evaluation, all of the diagnosis results need to be quantified. Generally, there are three types of diagnosis results, namely, the qualitative results, the quantitative results, and the semiquantitative results.For the first type, the exact values can be obtained according to the national and departmental standards. For the second type, the detailed evaluation values can be obtained based on the difference comparison between the actual and the planned ones. For the third type, the evaluation values can be adaptively obtained based on the comparison between the standard ones and the diagnosis index values given by means of table indexes.The other issue about the diagnosis standardization is caused due to the diversity of the diagnosis contents. Some of the diagnosis results may be a percentage value, some may be a binarization value which is either zero or one, and some may be numerical values. Therefore, the indicators need to be standardized as well when they are transformed into quantitative forms. In this paper, all of the indicator values are transformed into decimal forms which are in the range of [0, 1] based on the practical experiment experience and experts’ professional suggestions.


#### 3.2.3. About the Effect of Index System

In our method, the maximum error rates of the microstate, the median state, and the macrostate are 10.8%, 10.4%, and 7.40%, respectively, while the minimum error rates are pretty satisfied. More details about the results can be found in Table4.Obviously, the implementation state of the large-scale construction project can be finely diagnosed based on an exact quantitative index value. Other scholars have also presented other methods to deal with the implementation state diagnosis for large-scale constructions. For instance, Hou Xueliang et al. employed the Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) and Bayesian Inference to carry out the diagnosis on the construction quality [30, 31]. Comparatively, such a method is more suitable for the qualitative analysis on the implementation state, while our method is able to further obtain the exact index values and therefore seems more refined.


## 3.1. Case Study

In order to verify the scientificity and the effectiveness of the index system constructed by the aforementioned method, the index system was applied to a construction project for the implementation state diagnosis. The decision-making stage was taken as the specific detection object. The required information of the related 11 microdiagnosis indicators was input into the system to obtain the diagnosis valueTN. Then, the diagnosis values of the macro- and the mesomanagement objects were calculated as well.Meanwhile, six senior engineers, who were in charge of the project and had more than 15 years’ experience, were invited to evaluate the actual status of the management objects in macro-, meso-, and microaspects. Scores were given by these engineers with the same criterion of the index system. Then, the test RN value can be obtained after the normalized performance on the scores. Finally, the error rate VR between TN and RN can be calculated, as shown in Table4.Table 4
Effectiveness comparison of the diagnosis index system.
MacrostateMedium stateMicrostateDiagnosis indexTNRNVR%Diagnosis indexTNRNVR%Diagnosis indexTNRNVR%Decision-making stageTN: 0.87RN: 0.81VR: 7.40Project plan0.820.776.49Conception value0.770.726.94Information acquire rate0.850.806.25Improved rate0.710.659.23Suggestion value0.880.891.12Work-efficiency ratio of report0.880.891.12Feasible process0.930.876.89Feasible condition0.940.869.30Data reliable rate0.960.8710.3Condition satisfied rate0.920.8310.8Work-efficiency ratio of report0.950.923.26Feasible analysis0.930.894.49Method correctness rate0.960.951.05Feasibility content comprehensive rate0.890.828.53Decision for approval0.860.798.86Project decision0.870.808.75Work-efficiency ratio of decision0.870.808.75Rule disobeying rate0.000.000.00Project approval0.850.7710.4Work-efficiency ratio of approval0.850.7710.4As indicated in Table4, the maximum value of VR of the microstate diagnosis result is 10.8%, while the minimum value is 1.05%. The maximum and the minimum VR values of the median state diagnosis results are 10.4% and 1.12%, respectively. The maximum VR value of the macrostate diagnosis is 7.40%, while the minimum value is 0.81%.Since the maximum allowable test deviation of the Chinese large-scale construction project implementation status diagnosis system is ±15% [31], the macro- and mesoresults by the proposed diagnosis index system can fully meet the requirements. Consequently, the ongoing macro and mesostatus of the project can be reflected rapidly with a qualified accuracy.


## 3.2. Discussion

### 3.2.1. About Determination of Indicators

The established diagnosis index system, which has been applied in the practical construction projects, includes many kinds of diagnosis indicators. Generally, there are three types of diagnosis indicators.The first type is that which has clarified indicators. Taking the project quality as an example, the national standard namedUnified Standards for Acceptance of Construction Quality has clear items about the assessment method as well as the specific parameters such as the dimensions, the flatness, the perpendicularity, and the mechanical mechanics' properties of the materials.The second type is the indicators which have already been attached to the project, such as the project investment, the construction scale, the construction area, the completion time, and the concerned regulations that have been already made in advance. Once the project is carried out, the exact limitations will be applied to these indicators such as the money, the period, the materials, and the sites. Consequently, the corresponding indicators can be set up according to the exact limitations.The third type is the indicators without specific and clear standards, such as the work efficiency of the staff and the coordination efficiency. Due to the diversity of the project, the management contents will be adjusted and revised according to varied project requirements. However, there are still two common characteristics for these indicators. First, these indicators are often determined in a qualitative or semiquantitative form. Second, although these indicators satisfy all the specific requirements and rules of an actual project, most contents of these indicators are still universal.In practical engineering, to make full use of the established standards and regulations, the project managers often carry out the evaluation by means of giving an exact score to the implementation effect. This method has been widely used in practice and has received common acceptance. This kind of method provides a good reference for the indicator establishing in construction projects. To make this method not only satisfy all of the requirements of the projects but also practically applied in actual engineering, the detailed contents of the standards and rules are divided into different items which can be evaluated by varied scores. Consequently, the quantitative indicators are brought into the original qualitative management items, and all of the diagnosis indicators of the index system can be fully determined.


### 3.2.2. About Standardization of Indicators

During the assessment of the project implantation status, the analytical results obtained based on different standards include both qualitative indicators and quantitative indexes. Hence, the diagnosis results of the indexes are diversified. For the sake of the normalized evaluation, all of the diagnosis results need to be quantified. Generally, there are three types of diagnosis results, namely, the qualitative results, the quantitative results, and the semiquantitative results.For the first type, the exact values can be obtained according to the national and departmental standards. For the second type, the detailed evaluation values can be obtained based on the difference comparison between the actual and the planned ones. For the third type, the evaluation values can be adaptively obtained based on the comparison between the standard ones and the diagnosis index values given by means of table indexes.The other issue about the diagnosis standardization is caused due to the diversity of the diagnosis contents. Some of the diagnosis results may be a percentage value, some may be a binarization value which is either zero or one, and some may be numerical values. Therefore, the indicators need to be standardized as well when they are transformed into quantitative forms. In this paper, all of the indicator values are transformed into decimal forms which are in the range of [0, 1] based on the practical experiment experience and experts’ professional suggestions.


### 3.2.3. About the Effect of Index System

In our method, the maximum error rates of the microstate, the median state, and the macrostate are 10.8%, 10.4%, and 7.40%, respectively, while the minimum error rates are pretty satisfied. More details about the results can be found in Table4.Obviously, the implementation state of the large-scale construction project can be finely diagnosed based on an exact quantitative index value. Other scholars have also presented other methods to deal with the implementation state diagnosis for large-scale constructions. For instance, Hou Xueliang et al. employed the Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) and Bayesian Inference to carry out the diagnosis on the construction quality [30, 31]. Comparatively, such a method is more suitable for the qualitative analysis on the implementation state, while our method is able to further obtain the exact index values and therefore seems more refined.


## 3.2.1. About Determination of Indicators

The established diagnosis index system, which has been applied in the practical construction projects, includes many kinds of diagnosis indicators. Generally, there are three types of diagnosis indicators.The first type is that which has clarified indicators. Taking the project quality as an example, the national standard namedUnified Standards for Acceptance of Construction Quality has clear items about the assessment method as well as the specific parameters such as the dimensions, the flatness, the perpendicularity, and the mechanical mechanics' properties of the materials.The second type is the indicators which have already been attached to the project, such as the project investment, the construction scale, the construction area, the completion time, and the concerned regulations that have been already made in advance. Once the project is carried out, the exact limitations will be applied to these indicators such as the money, the period, the materials, and the sites. Consequently, the corresponding indicators can be set up according to the exact limitations.The third type is the indicators without specific and clear standards, such as the work efficiency of the staff and the coordination efficiency. Due to the diversity of the project, the management contents will be adjusted and revised according to varied project requirements. However, there are still two common characteristics for these indicators. First, these indicators are often determined in a qualitative or semiquantitative form. Second, although these indicators satisfy all the specific requirements and rules of an actual project, most contents of these indicators are still universal.In practical engineering, to make full use of the established standards and regulations, the project managers often carry out the evaluation by means of giving an exact score to the implementation effect. This method has been widely used in practice and has received common acceptance. This kind of method provides a good reference for the indicator establishing in construction projects. To make this method not only satisfy all of the requirements of the projects but also practically applied in actual engineering, the detailed contents of the standards and rules are divided into different items which can be evaluated by varied scores. Consequently, the quantitative indicators are brought into the original qualitative management items, and all of the diagnosis indicators of the index system can be fully determined.


## 3.2.2. About Standardization of Indicators

During the assessment of the project implantation status, the analytical results obtained based on different standards include both qualitative indicators and quantitative indexes. Hence, the diagnosis results of the indexes are diversified. For the sake of the normalized evaluation, all of the diagnosis results need to be quantified. Generally, there are three types of diagnosis results, namely, the qualitative results, the quantitative results, and the semiquantitative results.For the first type, the exact values can be obtained according to the national and departmental standards. For the second type, the detailed evaluation values can be obtained based on the difference comparison between the actual and the planned ones. For the third type, the evaluation values can be adaptively obtained based on the comparison between the standard ones and the diagnosis index values given by means of table indexes.The other issue about the diagnosis standardization is caused due to the diversity of the diagnosis contents. Some of the diagnosis results may be a percentage value, some may be a binarization value which is either zero or one, and some may be numerical values. Therefore, the indicators need to be standardized as well when they are transformed into quantitative forms. In this paper, all of the indicator values are transformed into decimal forms which are in the range of [0, 1] based on the practical experiment experience and experts’ professional suggestions.


## 3.2.3. About the Effect of Index System

In our method, the maximum error rates of the microstate, the median state, and the macrostate are 10.8%, 10.4%, and 7.40%, respectively, while the minimum error rates are pretty satisfied. More details about the results can be found in Table4.Obviously, the implementation state of the large-scale construction project can be finely diagnosed based on an exact quantitative index value. Other scholars have also presented other methods to deal with the implementation state diagnosis for large-scale constructions. For instance, Hou Xueliang et al. employed the Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) and Bayesian Inference to carry out the diagnosis on the construction quality [30, 31]. Comparatively, such a method is more suitable for the qualitative analysis on the implementation state, while our method is able to further obtain the exact index values and therefore seems more refined.


## 4. Conclusions

This paper proposed a new method to construct the diagnostic index system in large-scale construction projects and carries out the application of the proposed method into a case study for validation. The primary conclusions based on the study can be drawn up as follows:(1)
The establishing method of the index system for the construction projects is essential to the scientific management. However, the current frame of the index system is far from qualified in engineering applications, since the index system for different projects needs too many efforts to concretize and verify the indexes/indicators.(2)
How to scientifically pick the sensitive parameters to form the effective index system is the key point. Since the index parameters refer to many factors, it is significant to select the proper indicators in all-level stages. The Rough Set method based on the evidence theory is an effective approach to determine the appropriate indicators.(3)
It is shown that the diagnostic index system constructed by the proposed method is able to meet the actual management needs of large-scale construction projects, with qualified scientificity, systematicness, and completeness. Different from the index system constructed by other methods, the indexes/indicators established in this paper are more systematically correlated, with a better hierarchical progression in all levels of the index system.Particularly, to solve the problem of the large number of indicators referring to the diversity of the diagnosis contents, the proposed method needs to transform the indicator values into the standardized decimal forms which are in the range of [0, 1]. This procedure requests large amount of work and requires qualified experience of the operators. Therefore, there is a limitation of the proposed method which sometimes relies on the practical experiment experience and the experts’ professional suggestions. In our next step work, we will carry out a specific study to improve this issue.



---

*Source: 5531449-2021-06-10.xml*