# Studies on Structural, Spectral, and Optical Properties of Organic Nonlinear Optical Single Crystal: 2-Amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidinium p-Hydroxybenzoate

Authors: S. Sudhahar; M. Krishna Kumar; A. Silambarasan; R. Muralidharan; R. Mohan Kumar
Journal: Journal of Materials
 (2013)

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## Abstract

2-Amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidinium p-hydroxybenzoate (ADPHB), a novel organic material, was  synthesized, and crystals were grown by slow evaporation solution growth method. The cell parameters and crystalline perfection of the grown crystal were studied by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analyses. The presence of various functional groups of the grown crystal was confirmed using Fourier Transform infrared spectral analysis. UV-Visible spectrum shows that ADPHB crystals have high transmittance in the range 305–900 nm. The refractive index and transient photoluminescence properties of the grown crystal were analyzed. The laser induced surface damage threshold, optical birefringence, and second harmonic generation efficiency of the grown crystal were studied.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The research on new organic nonlinear optical (NLO) materials has attracted more research groups to them for their advantages over the inorganic nonlinear optical materials.  The organic nonlinear optical molecules generally have a larger second-order nonlinear optical coefficient, and hence they are widely used in many applications such as optical communication, information storage, and optical switching [1–5]. The continuous research on organic NLO materials prompted to find many new nonlinear optical complexes engineered by organic molecules. For instance, nonlinear optical complexes formed from pyridine and carboxylic acids have been crystallized, and the structural, optical, and thermal properties of these crystals have been investigated due to their significant impact on laser technology, optical communication, and optical data storage technology [6]. Organic nonlinear optical compounds have large macroscopic second-order NLO susceptibilities χ(2), low dielectric dispersion, and ultrafast response to external electric fields [7, 8]. Organic nonlinear optical materials are formed based on NLO chromophores, which should be oriented in noncentrosymmetric way in order to exhibit macroscopic second-order nonlinear optical response. There are several different strategies resulting in macroscopic χ(2) organic materials, including ferroelectric liquid crystals [9], self-assembled films [10], Langmuir-Blodgett films [11], and poled polymer films [12], as well as single crystals [13]. Among them, polar organic crystals are of special interest, since large NLO effect can be achieved due to the high density of chromophores in the crystals, as well as the most stable packing of chromophores in macroscopic materials, resulting in a superior photochemical and thermal stability as compared with soft category materials [14]. Furthermore, organic NLO crystals can be produced in a bulk form and are therefore not limited to thin-film applications [13–16]. This is particularly important for frequency conversion applications such as terahertz-wave generation, where large interaction lengths are required [17]. The asymmetric unit of 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidinium p-hydroxybenzoate (ADPHB) contains a 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine (AMPY) molecule and a 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBZ) molecule. Both species are neutral; thus ADPHB is an adduct rather than a molecular salt. The atoms  O2  and –N2H2 group act as hydrogen-bond donors to atoms N1  and O3, respectively [18]. In the present investigation, single crystal of the title compound has been grown by slow evaporation method. The grown crystals were subjected to single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, FTIR, thermal, UV-Visible transmission, refractive index, photoluminescence (PL), laser induced surface damage threshold, birefringence, and second harmonic generation studies.


## 2.  Experimental

### 2.1. Material Synthesis and Crystal Growth

Commercially available starting materials, 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine (C6H9N3) (Sigma Aldrich, 99%) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (C7H6O3) (Loba Chemie, 99%), were dissolved in methanol. The clear ADPHB solution was obtained after a continuous stirring for about six hours to achieve homogeneous mixture of the solution. Then, the growth solution was allowed for slow evaporation which yielded the spontaneously nucleated crystals of the synthesized compound.  The synthesized compound was further purified by successive recrystallization process in methanol, and it was utilized for the crystal growth. The chemical synthesis scheme of the ADPHB compound is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Material synthesis scheme of ADPHB.Single crystal of the ADPHB was grown by slow evaporation method in methanol solution. The saturated solution was prepared by dissolving the purified ADPHB salt in methanol using solubility data. It was stirred well for about 6 h to obtain a homogeneous mixture of the growth solution and kept in the constant temperature bath at 38°C with an accuracy of±0.01°C. The well-defined ADPHB single crystals with good transparency were collected within the period of 15–18 days with an average size of 5 mm × 5 mm × 1.5 mm as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Photograph of as-grown ADPHB crystals.


### 2.2. Characterization Techniques

The grown single crystal of ADPHB was characterized by different instrumental methods.  Single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analyses were carried out to estimate the lattice parameters and crystalline quality of the grown crystal using Bruker Nonius CAD-4/MACH 3 single X-ray diffractometer and Bruker AXS CAD4 diffractometer, respectively. FT-IR spectrum was recorded for ADPHB using JASCO FTIR 410 spectrometer, and it was effectively used to identify the functional groups of the synthesized compound. TG-DTA analyses were carried out using SII TG/DTA 6300 EXSTAR apparatus with a heating rate of 10°C/min under N2  atmosphere. The optical transmission spectrum of ADPHB crystal was recorded with PerkinElmer Lambda 35 Spectrophotometer in the range of 190–1100 nm. The photoluminescence property of grown crystal was studied using RF-5301 Spectrometer. The laser damage threshold was recorded for ADPHB using 1064 nm wavelength of Nd : YAG laser radiation. The optical birefringence was observed using modified channeled spectrum method, and the relative second harmonic generation efficiency was evaluated by Kurtz-Perry powder technique using Nd : YAG laser source.


## 2.1. Material Synthesis and Crystal Growth

Commercially available starting materials, 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine (C6H9N3) (Sigma Aldrich, 99%) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (C7H6O3) (Loba Chemie, 99%), were dissolved in methanol. The clear ADPHB solution was obtained after a continuous stirring for about six hours to achieve homogeneous mixture of the solution. Then, the growth solution was allowed for slow evaporation which yielded the spontaneously nucleated crystals of the synthesized compound.  The synthesized compound was further purified by successive recrystallization process in methanol, and it was utilized for the crystal growth. The chemical synthesis scheme of the ADPHB compound is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Material synthesis scheme of ADPHB.Single crystal of the ADPHB was grown by slow evaporation method in methanol solution. The saturated solution was prepared by dissolving the purified ADPHB salt in methanol using solubility data. It was stirred well for about 6 h to obtain a homogeneous mixture of the growth solution and kept in the constant temperature bath at 38°C with an accuracy of±0.01°C. The well-defined ADPHB single crystals with good transparency were collected within the period of 15–18 days with an average size of 5 mm × 5 mm × 1.5 mm as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Photograph of as-grown ADPHB crystals.


## 2.2. Characterization Techniques

The grown single crystal of ADPHB was characterized by different instrumental methods.  Single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analyses were carried out to estimate the lattice parameters and crystalline quality of the grown crystal using Bruker Nonius CAD-4/MACH 3 single X-ray diffractometer and Bruker AXS CAD4 diffractometer, respectively. FT-IR spectrum was recorded for ADPHB using JASCO FTIR 410 spectrometer, and it was effectively used to identify the functional groups of the synthesized compound. TG-DTA analyses were carried out using SII TG/DTA 6300 EXSTAR apparatus with a heating rate of 10°C/min under N2  atmosphere. The optical transmission spectrum of ADPHB crystal was recorded with PerkinElmer Lambda 35 Spectrophotometer in the range of 190–1100 nm. The photoluminescence property of grown crystal was studied using RF-5301 Spectrometer. The laser damage threshold was recorded for ADPHB using 1064 nm wavelength of Nd : YAG laser radiation. The optical birefringence was observed using modified channeled spectrum method, and the relative second harmonic generation efficiency was evaluated by Kurtz-Perry powder technique using Nd : YAG laser source.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. X-Ray Diffraction Analyses

The cell parameters of ADPHB crystal were obtained from single crystal XRD data collected at room temperature. The ADPHB compound crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system with noncentrosymmetric space group Cc. The estimated cell parameters area=9.025 Å, b=11.469 Å, c=12.580 Å, α=γ=90°, β=102.804°, and v=1270 Å3 and are in good agreement with the reported data [18]. The ADPHB crystal was crushed to a uniform fine powder and was subjected to powder X-ray diffraction study to reveal crystalline perfection of the compound. The observed sharp and intense peaks reveal the high crystallinity of the grown crystal and the corresponding peaks were indexed. The recorded powder X-ray diffraction pattern of ADPHB crystal is shown in Figure 3.Figure 3
Powder XRD pattern of ADPHB crystal.


### 3.2. FT-IR Spectral Analysis

The FTIR spectrum was recorded to understand the chemical bonding, and it provides useful information regarding the molecular structure of the compound. FTIR spectrum was taken for the powdered sample in the wavelength range 4000–400 cm−1  as shown in Figure 4. The KBr pellet technique was used to analyze the sample. The powdered ADPHB sample with KBr in the ratio of 1 : 100 was used to make the pellet. The peak at 3476 cm−1 is due to phenolic O–H stretching.  The peak at 3292 is due to NH stretching vibration of primary amine group in 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. The absorption at 3065 cm−1 is due to C–H stretching. The peaks at 2969 and 2926 cm−1 are due to O–H stretch of carboxylic acid group present in the compound. The characteristic C=O carbonyl stretching vibration appears as a sharp peak at 1681 cm−1. The C=N stretching vibration appears at 1628 cm−1. The N–H bend primary amine produces absorption peak at 1595 cm−1. The absorption peaks at 1366 cm−1 are due to C–N stretch in aromatic amines. The aromatic C–H in-plane bending vibration appears at 853, 830, and 777 cm−1.  The assigned vibrational frequencies of functional groups of title compound are listed in Table 1.Table 1
FTIR frequency assignments of ADPHB.
Functional group assignments
ADPHB sample
O–H phenolic stretching
3476
N–H primary amines
3292
C–H stretching
3065
O–H carboxylic stretching
2969 and 2926
C=N stretching
1628
C=O carbonyl stretching
1681
N–H bend primary amines
1595
C–N stretch in aromatic amines
1366
C–H bending
853, 830, and 777Figure 4
FTIR spectrum of ADPHB.


### 3.3. Thermal Analysis

The thermal stability of powdered ADPHB sample was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) in the nitrogen atmosphere with a heating rate of 10°C/min. The ADPHB sample weighing 1.577 mg was used to record TGA and DTA thermogram which is shown in Figure5. In the TGA curve, there is no weight loss peak that occurs before 130.4°C and it reveals that there is no lattice water molecule in the compound. TG curve shows single stage weight loss patterns it is observed from the temperature 130.4°C  up to the 231.9°C and it is approximately 97.1% percentage loss of the compound. Thus, the TGA curve indicates that the sample is stable up to the temperature of 130.4°C for nonlinear optical applications. In the DTA curve, there are two endothermic steps available. The observed first endothermic peak at 183.4°C and a second endothermic peak at 219°C are due to the removal of the hydroxyl and amino groups expelled from the compound respectively [19, 20]. Hence, the recorded thermogram of the compound confirms ADPHB compound, and it is confirmed that the compound is thermally stable up to 130.4°C.Figure 5
TG/DTA trace of ADPHB.


### 3.4. Optical Studies

#### 3.4.1. UV-Visible Transmission Studies

UV-Visible spectral analysis gives useful information about electronic transitions in the compound [21]. The optical behavior of ADPHB crystal specimen was analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 190–900 nm. For this study, an optically polished single crystal of thickness 1.5 mm was used and the recorded transmittance spectrum is shown in Figure 6. The cut-off wavelength of the crystal is observed at 305 nm, and the crystals show good transmittance percentage in the range of 330–900 nm. This spectral study would be assisted in the understanding of electronic structure and the optical band gap of the crystal. From the spectrum, it is observed that ADPHB crystal has high transmittance in the entire visible, near infrared region and this property enables the material holds good for optoelectronic applications.Figure 6
UV-visible transmittance spectrum of ADPHB single crystal.


#### 3.4.2. Optical Band Gap Energy (Eg) Calculation

For optical device fabrication, the crystal should have high transparency in a considerable range of wavelength [22]. The UV cut-off wavelength of the grown ADPHB crystal was found to be 305 nm, and it is useful to make them potential material for optical device fabrication. The optical absorption coefficient (α) was calculated using the relation,
(1)α=(1d)log(1T),
where d is the thickness of the crystal and T is the transmittance. Owing to the direct band gap, the crystal under study has an absorption coefficient (α) obeying the following relation for high photon energies (hυ),
(2)hνα=A(hν-Eg)1/2,
where A is a constant, Eg  is the optical band gap, h is the Planck’s constant, and  ν  is the frequency of the incident photons [23]. The band gap of grown ADPHB crystal was estimated by plotting (αhν)2  versus hν and it is shown in Figure 7. The band gap energy of grown ADPHB crystal was found to be 3.84 eV. This indicates the consequences of wide band gap and large transmittance of the grown crystal.Figure 7
Plot of photon energy versus(αhν)2 of ADPHB crystal.


#### 3.4.3. Determination of Optical Constants

The optical behaviour of materials is important to determine their usage in optoelectronic devices [24]. The study of optical constants of a material such as refractive index and extinction coefficient is quite essential to examine the material’s potential optoelectronic applications [25]. Further, the optical properties may also be closely related to the material’s atomic structure, electronic band structure and electrical properties. The optical constants (n,k) were determined from the transmission (T) and reflection (R) spectrum based on the following relations [26]:
(3)T=(1-R)²exp(-αt)1-R²exp(-2αt),
where t is the thickness and α is related to extinction coefficient.k value was determined by
(4)k=αλ4π.
The refractive index (n) can be determined from the reflectance (R) [27]
(5)R=(n-1)²+k²(n+1)²+k².
The reflectance in terms of absorption coefficient was determined using
(6)R=1±1-exp(-αt)+exp(αt)1+exp(-αt),
and from the above equation, the refractive index n can be derived as
(7)n=-(R+1)±-3R2+10R-32(R-1).
The calculated refractive index value using the above equations for the grown ADPHB crystal is 2.562. The other calculated values of extinction coefficient (k) and reflectance (R) are 0.00310 and 0.49, respectively.


#### 3.4.4. Photoluminescence (PL) Spectral Studies

Photoluminescence spectroscopy is a nondestructive method of probing the electronic structure of materials. The photoluminescence spectrum was recorded for the as-grown inclusion free single crystal of ADPHB at room temperature with an excitation wavelength of 316 nm as shown in Figure8. A very strong intense emission peak was observed at 354 nm (3.502 eV), which corresponds to near band-edge excitons of as-grown crystals. Moreover, absence of visible emission bands has indicated the high crystal quality and perfect crystallinity of as-grown crystals. Therefore, the as-grown ADPHB crystals might be suitable for UV filters and optoelectronic laser devices.Figure 8
Photoluminescence spectrum of ADPHB crystal.


#### 3.4.5. Surface Laser Damage Threshold (LDT) Measurement

One of the essential criteria for the NLO crystal to perform as a device is that it needs high laser damage resistance because high optical intensities are involved in nonlinear process [28].  In the present experiment, an actively Q-switched Nd : YAG laser source with 6 ns pulse width and 10 Hz repetition rate was used. The output intensity of the laser was controlled with variable attenuator and delivered to the test sample located at the near focusing of the converging lens. The energy density of the input laser beam was recorded using power meter till the crystal got damaged. The surface damage threshold of the crystal was calculated using the formula
(8)PowerdensityP(d)=EτA,
where E is the energy (mJ), τ is the pulse width (ns) and A is the area of the circular spot size. Multiple shot LDT measurements were made on the well-polished plane of the grown ADPHB crystal. The beam spot size on the sample was 1 mm, and input energy was measured as 40 mJ. The calculated laser damage threshold is 4.73 GW/cm2. The laser damage property is nearly 23.65 times higher than other standard NLO materials of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) (0.20 GW/cm2) and 3.15 times higher than that of urea (1.5 GW/cm2). The laser damage threshold value of the present sample is compared with other NLO crystals [29] and is given in Table 2. The higher value of LDT will be useful for making laser based devices.Table 2
Comparison of laser damage threshold value of ADPHB crystal with other crystals.
Crystal
Laser damage threshold (GW/cm2)
KDP
0.2
Urea
1.5
Beta-barium borate
5.0
L-arginine phosphate
10.0
ADPHB
4.73


#### 3.4.6. Birefringence Studies

The experimental setup of modified channel spectrum (MCS) method was employed to reveal the birefringence behavior of the specimen [30, 31]. The constant deviation spectrometer was first calibrated using the standard procedure and 1000 W tungsten halogen lamp was used as source, which was collimated using a collimator. The optically polished ADPHB single crystal was placed on a rotary stage between crossed polarizer in the path of polarized light. The thickness of about 0.85 mm ADPHB crystal was used for the measurement. The direction of optical axis of the crystal slab was kept perpendicular to the direction of the collimated light transmitted by the polarizer. Finally, the light was passed through the analyzer and emerging light waves were examined by the microscope. The birefringence was calculated using the relation [32]
(9)Δn=kλt,
where λ is the wavelength of light, t is the thickness of the crystal and k is the order of interference maximum. The plot drawn between birefringence (Δn) and wavelength (λ) is shown in Figure 9. From this measurement, the dispersion of birefringence existing in the entire visible region observed.Figure 9
Birefringence spectrum of ADPHB crystal.


#### 3.4.7. Second Harmonic Generation Test

The second harmonic generation efficiency of ADPHB crystal was measured by using Kurtz-Perry powder SHG technique with potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal as reference material [33]. The fundamental laser beam of 1064 nm wavelength and 8 ns pulse width, with 10 Hz pulse rate, was made to fall normally on the sample cell. The input laser energy incident on the powdered sample was chosen to be 5.65 mJ/pulse. The grown single crystal of ADPHB and reference KDP was ground in a uniform particle size of 125–150 μm, packed in a microcapillary of uniform bore size, and exposed to laser radiations. The fundamental beam was filtered by using an IR filter. A photomultiplier tube was used as detector. The output from the sample was monochromated to collect the intensity of 532 nm component and to eliminate the fundamental radiation. The generation of the second harmonic was confirmed by the emission of green light. The SHG output efficiency for ADPHB and KDP samples was found to be 195 mV and 55 mV, respectively. Thus, it is observed that SHG efficiencies of ADPHB crystal were found to be 3.5 times higher those that of KDP.


## 3.1. X-Ray Diffraction Analyses

The cell parameters of ADPHB crystal were obtained from single crystal XRD data collected at room temperature. The ADPHB compound crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system with noncentrosymmetric space group Cc. The estimated cell parameters area=9.025 Å, b=11.469 Å, c=12.580 Å, α=γ=90°, β=102.804°, and v=1270 Å3 and are in good agreement with the reported data [18]. The ADPHB crystal was crushed to a uniform fine powder and was subjected to powder X-ray diffraction study to reveal crystalline perfection of the compound. The observed sharp and intense peaks reveal the high crystallinity of the grown crystal and the corresponding peaks were indexed. The recorded powder X-ray diffraction pattern of ADPHB crystal is shown in Figure 3.Figure 3
Powder XRD pattern of ADPHB crystal.


## 3.2. FT-IR Spectral Analysis

The FTIR spectrum was recorded to understand the chemical bonding, and it provides useful information regarding the molecular structure of the compound. FTIR spectrum was taken for the powdered sample in the wavelength range 4000–400 cm−1  as shown in Figure 4. The KBr pellet technique was used to analyze the sample. The powdered ADPHB sample with KBr in the ratio of 1 : 100 was used to make the pellet. The peak at 3476 cm−1 is due to phenolic O–H stretching.  The peak at 3292 is due to NH stretching vibration of primary amine group in 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. The absorption at 3065 cm−1 is due to C–H stretching. The peaks at 2969 and 2926 cm−1 are due to O–H stretch of carboxylic acid group present in the compound. The characteristic C=O carbonyl stretching vibration appears as a sharp peak at 1681 cm−1. The C=N stretching vibration appears at 1628 cm−1. The N–H bend primary amine produces absorption peak at 1595 cm−1. The absorption peaks at 1366 cm−1 are due to C–N stretch in aromatic amines. The aromatic C–H in-plane bending vibration appears at 853, 830, and 777 cm−1.  The assigned vibrational frequencies of functional groups of title compound are listed in Table 1.Table 1
FTIR frequency assignments of ADPHB.
Functional group assignments
ADPHB sample
O–H phenolic stretching
3476
N–H primary amines
3292
C–H stretching
3065
O–H carboxylic stretching
2969 and 2926
C=N stretching
1628
C=O carbonyl stretching
1681
N–H bend primary amines
1595
C–N stretch in aromatic amines
1366
C–H bending
853, 830, and 777Figure 4
FTIR spectrum of ADPHB.


## 3.3. Thermal Analysis

The thermal stability of powdered ADPHB sample was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) in the nitrogen atmosphere with a heating rate of 10°C/min. The ADPHB sample weighing 1.577 mg was used to record TGA and DTA thermogram which is shown in Figure5. In the TGA curve, there is no weight loss peak that occurs before 130.4°C and it reveals that there is no lattice water molecule in the compound. TG curve shows single stage weight loss patterns it is observed from the temperature 130.4°C  up to the 231.9°C and it is approximately 97.1% percentage loss of the compound. Thus, the TGA curve indicates that the sample is stable up to the temperature of 130.4°C for nonlinear optical applications. In the DTA curve, there are two endothermic steps available. The observed first endothermic peak at 183.4°C and a second endothermic peak at 219°C are due to the removal of the hydroxyl and amino groups expelled from the compound respectively [19, 20]. Hence, the recorded thermogram of the compound confirms ADPHB compound, and it is confirmed that the compound is thermally stable up to 130.4°C.Figure 5
TG/DTA trace of ADPHB.


## 3.4. Optical Studies

### 3.4.1. UV-Visible Transmission Studies

UV-Visible spectral analysis gives useful information about electronic transitions in the compound [21]. The optical behavior of ADPHB crystal specimen was analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 190–900 nm. For this study, an optically polished single crystal of thickness 1.5 mm was used and the recorded transmittance spectrum is shown in Figure 6. The cut-off wavelength of the crystal is observed at 305 nm, and the crystals show good transmittance percentage in the range of 330–900 nm. This spectral study would be assisted in the understanding of electronic structure and the optical band gap of the crystal. From the spectrum, it is observed that ADPHB crystal has high transmittance in the entire visible, near infrared region and this property enables the material holds good for optoelectronic applications.Figure 6
UV-visible transmittance spectrum of ADPHB single crystal.


### 3.4.2. Optical Band Gap Energy (Eg) Calculation

For optical device fabrication, the crystal should have high transparency in a considerable range of wavelength [22]. The UV cut-off wavelength of the grown ADPHB crystal was found to be 305 nm, and it is useful to make them potential material for optical device fabrication. The optical absorption coefficient (α) was calculated using the relation,
(1)α=(1d)log(1T),
where d is the thickness of the crystal and T is the transmittance. Owing to the direct band gap, the crystal under study has an absorption coefficient (α) obeying the following relation for high photon energies (hυ),
(2)hνα=A(hν-Eg)1/2,
where A is a constant, Eg  is the optical band gap, h is the Planck’s constant, and  ν  is the frequency of the incident photons [23]. The band gap of grown ADPHB crystal was estimated by plotting (αhν)2  versus hν and it is shown in Figure 7. The band gap energy of grown ADPHB crystal was found to be 3.84 eV. This indicates the consequences of wide band gap and large transmittance of the grown crystal.Figure 7
Plot of photon energy versus(αhν)2 of ADPHB crystal.


### 3.4.3. Determination of Optical Constants

The optical behaviour of materials is important to determine their usage in optoelectronic devices [24]. The study of optical constants of a material such as refractive index and extinction coefficient is quite essential to examine the material’s potential optoelectronic applications [25]. Further, the optical properties may also be closely related to the material’s atomic structure, electronic band structure and electrical properties. The optical constants (n,k) were determined from the transmission (T) and reflection (R) spectrum based on the following relations [26]:
(3)T=(1-R)²exp(-αt)1-R²exp(-2αt),
where t is the thickness and α is related to extinction coefficient.k value was determined by
(4)k=αλ4π.
The refractive index (n) can be determined from the reflectance (R) [27]
(5)R=(n-1)²+k²(n+1)²+k².
The reflectance in terms of absorption coefficient was determined using
(6)R=1±1-exp(-αt)+exp(αt)1+exp(-αt),
and from the above equation, the refractive index n can be derived as
(7)n=-(R+1)±-3R2+10R-32(R-1).
The calculated refractive index value using the above equations for the grown ADPHB crystal is 2.562. The other calculated values of extinction coefficient (k) and reflectance (R) are 0.00310 and 0.49, respectively.


### 3.4.4. Photoluminescence (PL) Spectral Studies

Photoluminescence spectroscopy is a nondestructive method of probing the electronic structure of materials. The photoluminescence spectrum was recorded for the as-grown inclusion free single crystal of ADPHB at room temperature with an excitation wavelength of 316 nm as shown in Figure8. A very strong intense emission peak was observed at 354 nm (3.502 eV), which corresponds to near band-edge excitons of as-grown crystals. Moreover, absence of visible emission bands has indicated the high crystal quality and perfect crystallinity of as-grown crystals. Therefore, the as-grown ADPHB crystals might be suitable for UV filters and optoelectronic laser devices.Figure 8
Photoluminescence spectrum of ADPHB crystal.


### 3.4.5. Surface Laser Damage Threshold (LDT) Measurement

One of the essential criteria for the NLO crystal to perform as a device is that it needs high laser damage resistance because high optical intensities are involved in nonlinear process [28].  In the present experiment, an actively Q-switched Nd : YAG laser source with 6 ns pulse width and 10 Hz repetition rate was used. The output intensity of the laser was controlled with variable attenuator and delivered to the test sample located at the near focusing of the converging lens. The energy density of the input laser beam was recorded using power meter till the crystal got damaged. The surface damage threshold of the crystal was calculated using the formula
(8)PowerdensityP(d)=EτA,
where E is the energy (mJ), τ is the pulse width (ns) and A is the area of the circular spot size. Multiple shot LDT measurements were made on the well-polished plane of the grown ADPHB crystal. The beam spot size on the sample was 1 mm, and input energy was measured as 40 mJ. The calculated laser damage threshold is 4.73 GW/cm2. The laser damage property is nearly 23.65 times higher than other standard NLO materials of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) (0.20 GW/cm2) and 3.15 times higher than that of urea (1.5 GW/cm2). The laser damage threshold value of the present sample is compared with other NLO crystals [29] and is given in Table 2. The higher value of LDT will be useful for making laser based devices.Table 2
Comparison of laser damage threshold value of ADPHB crystal with other crystals.
Crystal
Laser damage threshold (GW/cm2)
KDP
0.2
Urea
1.5
Beta-barium borate
5.0
L-arginine phosphate
10.0
ADPHB
4.73


### 3.4.6. Birefringence Studies

The experimental setup of modified channel spectrum (MCS) method was employed to reveal the birefringence behavior of the specimen [30, 31]. The constant deviation spectrometer was first calibrated using the standard procedure and 1000 W tungsten halogen lamp was used as source, which was collimated using a collimator. The optically polished ADPHB single crystal was placed on a rotary stage between crossed polarizer in the path of polarized light. The thickness of about 0.85 mm ADPHB crystal was used for the measurement. The direction of optical axis of the crystal slab was kept perpendicular to the direction of the collimated light transmitted by the polarizer. Finally, the light was passed through the analyzer and emerging light waves were examined by the microscope. The birefringence was calculated using the relation [32]
(9)Δn=kλt,
where λ is the wavelength of light, t is the thickness of the crystal and k is the order of interference maximum. The plot drawn between birefringence (Δn) and wavelength (λ) is shown in Figure 9. From this measurement, the dispersion of birefringence existing in the entire visible region observed.Figure 9
Birefringence spectrum of ADPHB crystal.


### 3.4.7. Second Harmonic Generation Test

The second harmonic generation efficiency of ADPHB crystal was measured by using Kurtz-Perry powder SHG technique with potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal as reference material [33]. The fundamental laser beam of 1064 nm wavelength and 8 ns pulse width, with 10 Hz pulse rate, was made to fall normally on the sample cell. The input laser energy incident on the powdered sample was chosen to be 5.65 mJ/pulse. The grown single crystal of ADPHB and reference KDP was ground in a uniform particle size of 125–150 μm, packed in a microcapillary of uniform bore size, and exposed to laser radiations. The fundamental beam was filtered by using an IR filter. A photomultiplier tube was used as detector. The output from the sample was monochromated to collect the intensity of 532 nm component and to eliminate the fundamental radiation. The generation of the second harmonic was confirmed by the emission of green light. The SHG output efficiency for ADPHB and KDP samples was found to be 195 mV and 55 mV, respectively. Thus, it is observed that SHG efficiencies of ADPHB crystal were found to be 3.5 times higher those that of KDP.


## 3.4.1. UV-Visible Transmission Studies

UV-Visible spectral analysis gives useful information about electronic transitions in the compound [21]. The optical behavior of ADPHB crystal specimen was analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 190–900 nm. For this study, an optically polished single crystal of thickness 1.5 mm was used and the recorded transmittance spectrum is shown in Figure 6. The cut-off wavelength of the crystal is observed at 305 nm, and the crystals show good transmittance percentage in the range of 330–900 nm. This spectral study would be assisted in the understanding of electronic structure and the optical band gap of the crystal. From the spectrum, it is observed that ADPHB crystal has high transmittance in the entire visible, near infrared region and this property enables the material holds good for optoelectronic applications.Figure 6
UV-visible transmittance spectrum of ADPHB single crystal.


## 3.4.2. Optical Band Gap Energy (Eg) Calculation

For optical device fabrication, the crystal should have high transparency in a considerable range of wavelength [22]. The UV cut-off wavelength of the grown ADPHB crystal was found to be 305 nm, and it is useful to make them potential material for optical device fabrication. The optical absorption coefficient (α) was calculated using the relation,
(1)α=(1d)log(1T),
where d is the thickness of the crystal and T is the transmittance. Owing to the direct band gap, the crystal under study has an absorption coefficient (α) obeying the following relation for high photon energies (hυ),
(2)hνα=A(hν-Eg)1/2,
where A is a constant, Eg  is the optical band gap, h is the Planck’s constant, and  ν  is the frequency of the incident photons [23]. The band gap of grown ADPHB crystal was estimated by plotting (αhν)2  versus hν and it is shown in Figure 7. The band gap energy of grown ADPHB crystal was found to be 3.84 eV. This indicates the consequences of wide band gap and large transmittance of the grown crystal.Figure 7
Plot of photon energy versus(αhν)2 of ADPHB crystal.


## 3.4.3. Determination of Optical Constants

The optical behaviour of materials is important to determine their usage in optoelectronic devices [24]. The study of optical constants of a material such as refractive index and extinction coefficient is quite essential to examine the material’s potential optoelectronic applications [25]. Further, the optical properties may also be closely related to the material’s atomic structure, electronic band structure and electrical properties. The optical constants (n,k) were determined from the transmission (T) and reflection (R) spectrum based on the following relations [26]:
(3)T=(1-R)²exp(-αt)1-R²exp(-2αt),
where t is the thickness and α is related to extinction coefficient.k value was determined by
(4)k=αλ4π.
The refractive index (n) can be determined from the reflectance (R) [27]
(5)R=(n-1)²+k²(n+1)²+k².
The reflectance in terms of absorption coefficient was determined using
(6)R=1±1-exp(-αt)+exp(αt)1+exp(-αt),
and from the above equation, the refractive index n can be derived as
(7)n=-(R+1)±-3R2+10R-32(R-1).
The calculated refractive index value using the above equations for the grown ADPHB crystal is 2.562. The other calculated values of extinction coefficient (k) and reflectance (R) are 0.00310 and 0.49, respectively.


## 3.4.4. Photoluminescence (PL) Spectral Studies

Photoluminescence spectroscopy is a nondestructive method of probing the electronic structure of materials. The photoluminescence spectrum was recorded for the as-grown inclusion free single crystal of ADPHB at room temperature with an excitation wavelength of 316 nm as shown in Figure8. A very strong intense emission peak was observed at 354 nm (3.502 eV), which corresponds to near band-edge excitons of as-grown crystals. Moreover, absence of visible emission bands has indicated the high crystal quality and perfect crystallinity of as-grown crystals. Therefore, the as-grown ADPHB crystals might be suitable for UV filters and optoelectronic laser devices.Figure 8
Photoluminescence spectrum of ADPHB crystal.


## 3.4.5. Surface Laser Damage Threshold (LDT) Measurement

One of the essential criteria for the NLO crystal to perform as a device is that it needs high laser damage resistance because high optical intensities are involved in nonlinear process [28].  In the present experiment, an actively Q-switched Nd : YAG laser source with 6 ns pulse width and 10 Hz repetition rate was used. The output intensity of the laser was controlled with variable attenuator and delivered to the test sample located at the near focusing of the converging lens. The energy density of the input laser beam was recorded using power meter till the crystal got damaged. The surface damage threshold of the crystal was calculated using the formula
(8)PowerdensityP(d)=EτA,
where E is the energy (mJ), τ is the pulse width (ns) and A is the area of the circular spot size. Multiple shot LDT measurements were made on the well-polished plane of the grown ADPHB crystal. The beam spot size on the sample was 1 mm, and input energy was measured as 40 mJ. The calculated laser damage threshold is 4.73 GW/cm2. The laser damage property is nearly 23.65 times higher than other standard NLO materials of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) (0.20 GW/cm2) and 3.15 times higher than that of urea (1.5 GW/cm2). The laser damage threshold value of the present sample is compared with other NLO crystals [29] and is given in Table 2. The higher value of LDT will be useful for making laser based devices.Table 2
Comparison of laser damage threshold value of ADPHB crystal with other crystals.
Crystal
Laser damage threshold (GW/cm2)
KDP
0.2
Urea
1.5
Beta-barium borate
5.0
L-arginine phosphate
10.0
ADPHB
4.73


## 3.4.6. Birefringence Studies

The experimental setup of modified channel spectrum (MCS) method was employed to reveal the birefringence behavior of the specimen [30, 31]. The constant deviation spectrometer was first calibrated using the standard procedure and 1000 W tungsten halogen lamp was used as source, which was collimated using a collimator. The optically polished ADPHB single crystal was placed on a rotary stage between crossed polarizer in the path of polarized light. The thickness of about 0.85 mm ADPHB crystal was used for the measurement. The direction of optical axis of the crystal slab was kept perpendicular to the direction of the collimated light transmitted by the polarizer. Finally, the light was passed through the analyzer and emerging light waves were examined by the microscope. The birefringence was calculated using the relation [32]
(9)Δn=kλt,
where λ is the wavelength of light, t is the thickness of the crystal and k is the order of interference maximum. The plot drawn between birefringence (Δn) and wavelength (λ) is shown in Figure 9. From this measurement, the dispersion of birefringence existing in the entire visible region observed.Figure 9
Birefringence spectrum of ADPHB crystal.


## 3.4.7. Second Harmonic Generation Test

The second harmonic generation efficiency of ADPHB crystal was measured by using Kurtz-Perry powder SHG technique with potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal as reference material [33]. The fundamental laser beam of 1064 nm wavelength and 8 ns pulse width, with 10 Hz pulse rate, was made to fall normally on the sample cell. The input laser energy incident on the powdered sample was chosen to be 5.65 mJ/pulse. The grown single crystal of ADPHB and reference KDP was ground in a uniform particle size of 125–150 μm, packed in a microcapillary of uniform bore size, and exposed to laser radiations. The fundamental beam was filtered by using an IR filter. A photomultiplier tube was used as detector. The output from the sample was monochromated to collect the intensity of 532 nm component and to eliminate the fundamental radiation. The generation of the second harmonic was confirmed by the emission of green light. The SHG output efficiency for ADPHB and KDP samples was found to be 195 mV and 55 mV, respectively. Thus, it is observed that SHG efficiencies of ADPHB crystal were found to be 3.5 times higher those that of KDP.


## 4. Conclusion

Nonlinear optical 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine p-hydroxybenzoate single crystals were grown by slow evaporation method. The crystalline perfection of the grown crystal was examined by X-ray diffraction studies. The modes of vibration molecule groups present in the grown crystal were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis. The thermogravimetric analyses reveal that the crystal is thermally stable up to 130.4°C without any structural phase transition. The transmission percentage, lower cut-off wavelength, and optical band gap energy(Eg) of the grown crystal were examined by UV-Vis spectral analysis. The linear refractive index, photoluminescence behavior, and birefringence property of the crystal were examined. The surface laser damage threshold value for ADPHB crystal was found to be 4.73 GW/cm2 and compared with other NLO crystals. The second harmonic generation efficiency of the crystal was found to be 3.5 times higher than that of standard KDP crystal.



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*Source: 539312-2013-03-28.xml*