# Limiting Behavior of Travelling Waves for the Modified Degasperis-Procesi Equation

Authors: Jiuli Yin; Liuwei Zhao; Shanyu Ding
Journal: Advances in Mathematical Physics
 (2014)

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## Abstract

Using an improved qualitative method which combines characteristics of several methods, we classify all travelling wave solutions of the modified Degasperis-Procesi equation in specified regions of the parametric space. Besides some popular exotic solutions including peaked waves, and looped and cusped waves, this equation also admits some very particular waves, such as fractal-like waves, double stumpons, double kinked waves, and butterfly-like waves. The last three types of solutions have not been reported in the literature. Furthermore, we give the limiting behavior of all periodic solutions as the parameters trend to some special values.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The Degasperis-Procesi (DP) equation(1)ut+c0ux-uxxt+4uux=3uxuxx+uuxxx
was derived as a member of a one-parameter family of asymptotic shallow water approximations to the Euler equations [1, 2]. Since its discovery, many papers were devoted to the study of (1) (cf. [3–10] and the citations therein).The DP equation is of interests because of the following two aspects. On one side, (1) is integrable [1]. On another side, the DP equation presents abundant nonlinear phenomena due to the coexistence of nonlinear convections and nonlinear dispersions. Equation (1) admits wave-breaking phenomena and existence of exotic solution including peakons and cuspons [11–15].To further complement the study of the DP equation, Wazwaz gave and studied the modified Degasperis-Procesi equation (mDP) [16]:
(2)ut+c0ux-uxxt+4u2ux=3uxuxx+uuxxx.
It is clear that the nonlinear convection term uux has been changed to u2ux in (2). Wazwaz employed these modified forms as a vehicle to explore the change in the physical structure of the solution. Many researchers have obtained abundant travelling wave solutions by different methods. Ma et al. [17] applied the auxiliary equation method to obtain some new solitary and traveling wave solutions. Rui et al. [18] obtained abundant traveling wave solutions by the integral bifurcation method. In [19], a new characteristic of solitary wave solutions, bell-shaped solitary wave, and peakon coexisting for the same wave speed in mDP equation was found by Liu and Ouyang.It is noted that the nonsmooth wave solutions of the mDP equation obtained in the previous studies have not been checked in a weak solution way. And new solutions of the mDP equation have been founded.Motivated by the above two aspects, we try to answer them. It is noticeable that our method to search solutions of the mDP equation is combined with some characteristics of several methods [10–15]. Three characters lie in our method. (i) Definition of weak solutions of the mDP equation is given. (ii) More new exotic solutions are obtained. The parameter space is divided in further detail. (iii) The limiting behavior of traveling wave solutions is given.This paper is organized as follows. In Section2, we give the definition of weak solutions. In Section 3, we give theorems of the classification of travelling waves in the mDP equation. In Section 4, we give the proof. Section 5 is the conclusion.


## 2. Definitions and Notations

In this section, we will give the classification of travelling wave solutions of (2), which is stated in Theorem 3.For a travelling waveu(x,t)=ϕ(x-ct), (2) takes the form
(3)-cϕx+c0ϕx+cϕxxx+4ϕ2ϕx=3ϕxϕxx+ϕϕxxx,
where c is the wave speed.By integrating with respect tox and letting the integral constant be zero, (3) becomes
(4)12((ϕ-c)2)xx=43ϕ2-cϕ+c0ϕ+α.
Equation (4) makes sense for all ϕ∈Hloc⁡1(R). The following definition is therefore natural.Definition 1.
A functionϕ∈Hloc⁡1(R) is a travelling wave solution of (2) if ϕ satisfies (4) in distribution sense for some α∈R.Like the proof of the proceeding of Lemmas 4 and  5 in [15], we can give the following definition of weak traveling wave solutions.Definition 2.
Any bounded functionϕ belongs to Hloc⁡1(R) and is a travelling wave solution of (2) with speed c if it satisfies the following two statements.(a)
There are disjoint open intervalsEi, i≥1, and a closed set C such that R∖C=⋃i=1∞Ei, ϕ∈C∞(Ei) for i≥1, ϕ(x)≠c for x∈⋃i=1∞Ei, and ϕ(x)=c for x∈C.(b)
There is anα∈R such that
(i)
For eachα∈R, there exists β∈R such that(5a)ϕx2=F(ϕ),x∈Ei,where(5b)F(ϕ)=(8/15)φ5-(2/3)cφ4+(2/3)(c0-c)φ3-(c0-c)cφ2+h(φ-c)2andϕ→c, at any finite endpoint of Ei.(ii)
IfC has strictly positive Lebesgue measure μ(C)>0, we have α=-(1/3)c2-c0c.


## 3. Main Results

Lethm, hn, and hc be defined as in (11). All travelling wave solutions φ(x-ct) of (1) are smooth except at points where ϕ=c. We state our main result as follows.Theorem 3.
Ifc0<(1/16)(16c-75c2), any travelling wave solution of (1) falls into one of the following categories.(1)
Forh≤hm, there are no bounded traveling wave solutions.(2)
Forh∈(hm,hc], there exists a periodic wave solution.(3)
Forh∈(hc,0), there exist a periodic wave solution and a looped periodic wave solution. Moreover, as h→0, the periodic wave solution converges to a solitary wave solution pointing downward and the looped periodic wave solution converges to a looped wave solution.(4)
Forh∈(0,hn), there exists a looped periodic wave solution. Moreover, the looped periodic wave solution converges to a rotated looped wave solution.(5)
Forh>hn, there exists a cusped periodic wave solution.Theorem 4.
Ifc0<(1/16)(16c-75c2), any travelling wave solution of (1) falls into one of the following categories.(1)
Forh≤hm, there are no bounded traveling wave solutions.(2)
Forh∈(hm,hc], there exists a periodic wave solution.(3)
Forh∈(hc,0), there exist periodic and looped periodic wave solutions. Moreover, as h→0, the periodic wave solution converges to a solitary wave solution pointing downward and the looped periodic wave solution converges to a butterfly-like wave solution.(4)
Forh>0, there exists a cusped periodic wave solution.Theorem 5.
If(1/16)(16c-75c2)<c0<(1/3)(3c-4c2), any travelling wave solution of (1) falls into one of the following categories.(1)
Forh≤hm, there are no bounded traveling wave solutions.(2)
Forh∈(hm,hc], there exists a periodic wave solution.(3)
Forh∈(hc,hn), there exist a periodic wave solution and a looped periodic wave solution. Moreover, as h→hn, the looped periodic wave solution converges to a looped wave solution pointing downward.(4)
Ifh∈(hn,0), there exist a periodic wave solution and a cusped periodic wave solution. Moreover, as h→0, the periodic wave solution converges to a solitary wave solution pointing downward and the cusped periodic wave solution converges to a cusped wave solution.(5)
Ifh>0, there exists a cusped periodic wave solution.Theorem 6.
Ifc0=(1/3)(3c-4c2), any travelling wave solution of (1) falls into one of the following categories.(1)
Forh≤hm, there are no bounded traveling wave solutions.(2)
Forh∈(hc,0), there exists a periodic wave solution. Moreover, as h→0, there exists a cusped wave solution and the periodic wave solution converges to solitary wave solution pointing downward.(3)
Forh>0, there exists a cusped periodic wave solution.Theorem 7.
If(1/3)(3c-4c2)<c0<(1/5)(5c-2c2), any travelling wave solution of (1) falls into one of the following categories.(1)
Forh≤hm, there are no bounded traveling wave solutions.(2)
Forh∈(hm,hn], there exists a periodic wave solution.(3)
Forh∈(hn,hc), there exist two distinct periodic wave solutions. Moreover, as h→hc, one of these periodic wave solutions converges to a peaked periodic wave solution pointing downward.(4)
Forh∈(hc,0), there exist a periodic wave solution and a cusped periodic wave solution. Moreover, as h→0, the periodic wave solution converges a solitary wave solution pointing downward and the cusped periodic wave solution converges to a cusped wave solution.(5)
Forh>0, there exists a cusped periodic wave solution.Theorem 8.
Ifc0=(1/5)(5c-2c2), any travelling wave solution of (1) falls into one of the following categories.(1)
Ifh≤hm, there are no bounded traveling solitary wave solutions.(2)
Ifh∈(hm,hn], there exists a periodic wave solution.(3)
Ifh∈(hn,0), there are two types of periodic wave solution. Moreover, as h→0, the two periodic wave solutions converge to solitary wave solution pointing downward and peaked wave solution.(4)
Ifh>0, there exists a cusped periodic wave solution.Theorem 9.
If(1/5)(5c-2c2)<c0<c, any travelling wave solution of (1) falls into one of the following categories.(1)
Forh≤hm, there are no bounded traveling solitary wave solutions.(2)
Forh∈(hm,hn], there exists a periodic wave solution.(3)
Forh∈(hn,0), there are two types of periodic wave solution. Moreover, as h→0, the two periodic wave solutions converge to solitary wave solution pointing downward and solitary wave solution.(4)
Forh∈(0,hc), there exists a periodic wave solution. Moreover, as h→hc, the periodic wave solution converges to a peaked periodic wave solution.(5)
Forh>hc, there exists a cusped periodic wave solution.Theorem 10.
Ifc0≥c, any travelling wave solution of (1) falls into one of the following categories.(1)
Forh≤0, there are no bounded traveling solitary wave solutions.(2)
Forh∈(0,hc), there exists a periodic wave solution. Moreover, as h→0, the periodic wave solution converges to a peaked periodic wave solution.(3)
Forh>hc, there exists a cusped periodic wave solution.Theorem 11 (composite waves).
A countable number of cusped, peaked, and looped waves in the above cases corresponding to the same value ofα can be joined at points where ϕ=c to form composite waves. If μ(ϕ-1(c))=0, one can get travelling wave solution with very strange profiles, such as the travelling waves with a fractal appearance (see Figure 1(k)). For α=-(1/3)c2-c0c., the composite waves are solutions of (2) even if μ(ϕ-1(c))>0. Hence we can obtain double stumpons which contain intervals where ϕ=c (see Figure 1(l)).Travelling waves in (2) as t=0.
(a)
Solitary wave
(b)
Solitary wave pointing downwards
(c)
Peaked wave
(d)
Peaked wave pointing downwards
(e)
Cusped wave
(f)
Cusped wave pointing downwards
(g)
Looped wave
(h)
Rotated looped wave
(i)
Double kinked wave
(j)
Butterfly-like waves
(k)
Fractal-like wave
(l)
Double stumpon


## 4. Proof of Theorem3

In this section, we will show that the functions satisfying (a) and (b) in Definition2 consist exactly of the waves stated in Theorem 3.Letϕ be a function satisfying (a) and (b) and each wave segment solves the equation
(6)ϕx2=F(ϕ),x∈E,F(ϕ)=(815φ5-23cφ4+23(c0-c)φ3kkkkikkk-(c0-c)cφ2+h)((φ-c)2815)-1,
for some interval E and constants c0, h.For determining the solutions of (3), we should give the following facts.Lemma 12.
The qualitative behavior of solutions ofϕx2=F(ϕ) near points where F has a zero or a pole is as follows.(1)
IfF(ϕ) has a simple zero at ϕ=m, the solution ϕ to (6) satisfies ϕ(x)~m+λ((x-x0)2), where ϕ(x0)=ϕ0. It is easy to find that smooth solutions exist if F(ϕ) has two simple zeros.(2)
IfF(ϕ) has a double zero at ϕ=m, the solution ϕ of (6) satisfies ϕ(x)~m+ηexp⁡(-|x|) as x→∞. It is easy to find that smooth solitary wave solutions exist if F(ϕ) has a simple zero.(3)
Assume thatF(ϕ) has a double pole at ϕ=m; then we obtain
(7)ϕx(x)={23η|x-x0|-1/3+o((ϕ-m)1/3),x↓x0,-23η|x-x0|-1/3+o((ϕ-m)1/3),x↑x0,whereϕ(x0)=c and η is some constant. Particularly, if c=max⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x) (or min⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x)), we get lim⁡x→x0⁡ϕx(x)=-lim⁡x←x0⁡ϕx(x)=±∞. Then the function ϕ is called a cusped wave solution. If c∈(min⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x),max⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x)), then the function ϕ is called a looped wave.(4)
Peaked waves occur when the evolution ofϕ according to (6) suddenly changes direction at φ=c where F(c)≠0 and φ(x0)=c; that is, lim⁡x→x0⁡ϕx(x)=-lim⁡x←x0⁡ϕx(x)≠±∞.(5)
Double kinked waves occur when the right-hand side of (6) has two double zeros which are not opposite numbers, and φ=c is not between the two zeros. When the pole φ=c falls in the interval of the two zeros, butterfly-like waves occur. One reason for the occurrence of these two new solutions is that the solutions to (2) must be symmetry because this equation is invariable under the transformation x→-x.Now we apply the above analysis to(8)ϕx2(x)=Y(ϕ)=(815ϕ5-23cϕ4+23(c0-c)ϕ3kkki-(c0-c)cϕ2+h815(8/15)ϕ5)((ϕ-c)2)-1.
For convenience, we define F(ϕ), P(ϕ), and G(ϕ) where
(9)F(ϕ)=815ϕ5-23cϕ4+23(c0-c)ϕ3-(c0-c)cϕ2+h,P(ϕ)=815ϕ5-23cϕ4+23(c0-c)ϕ3-(c0-c)cϕ2,P′(ϕ)=23ϕ(ϕ-c)(4ϕ2-3c+3c0).
If c>c0, we define
(10)ϕm=-3c-3c02,ϕn=3c-3c02.
Let
(11)hm=-P(ϕm),hn=-P(ϕn),hc=-P(c).Remark 13.
It is not difficult to find thatY(ϕ) has the same zero points as F(ϕ) except ϕ=c. It is easy to see that a change h in equation (6) will shift the graph vertically up or down.Now we consider the existence of solutions and their limiting behavior, which have different analytical forms depending on the values ofc0 and h.Case A (c0<(1/16)(16c-75c2)).
In this case, we have the following.
(1) Ifh<hm, we can get that F(ϕ) has only a simple zero ϕ1 and F(c)<0 (see Figure 2(a)). Hence, there are no bounded traveling wave solutions. As h→hm, it is easy to find that, as F(ϕm)→0 (see Figure 2(b)), F(ϕ) has a double zero and a simple zero, so there are no bounded traveling wave solutions either.
(2) Ifh∈(hm,hc), we can observe that F(ϕ) has three distinct simple zeros denoted by ϕ1, ϕ2, and ϕ3, and F(ϕ)>0 for ϕ1<ϕ<ϕ2<c (see Figure 2(c)). Then there exists a periodic wave solution ϕ with ϕ1=min⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x) and ϕ2=max⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x). As h→hc, we have F(c)→0 and F(ϕ) has three distinct simple zeros denoted by ϕ1, ϕ2, and ϕ3 (see Figure 2(d)). Then there exists a periodic wave solution ϕ with ϕ1=min⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x) and ϕ2=max⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x).
(3) Ifh∈(hc,0), we can deduce that F(ϕ) has five distinct simple zeros denoted by ϕ1, ϕ2, ϕ3, ϕ4, and ϕ5 (see Figure 2(e)). Obviously, F(ϕ)>0 for ϕ1<ϕ<ϕ2<c. Hence there exists a periodic wave solution ϕ with ϕ1=min⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x) and ϕ2=max⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x). Then, we will study the limiting behavior of the periodic wave solution. As h→0, F(ϕ) has a double zero at ϕ=0 and three simple zeros, and F(ϕ)>0 for ϕ1<ϕ<0<c (see Figure 2(f)). Hence we deduce that, as h→0, the periodic wave solution ϕ converges to a solitary wave solution pointing downward with ϕ1=min⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x), 0=max⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x), and ϕ→0 as x→∞. Moreover, if h∈(hc,0), we can get ϕ3<c<ϕ4 and F(ϕ)>0 for ϕ3<ϕ<ϕ4 (see Figure 2(e)). It looks like there exists another periodic wave solution, but we cannot ignore the fact that ϕ3<c<ϕ4. When ϕ near c, according to Lemma 12, we have ϕx(x)~λ|x-x0|-1/3 and ϕ(x)~η|x-x0|. Hence ϕx(x)→∞ as ϕ→c and the loop is formed. So there exists a looped periodic wave solution ϕ with ϕ3=min⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x) and ϕ4=max⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x). Similarly, as h→0 (see Figure 2(f)), the looped periodic wave solution converges to a looped wave solution ϕ with 0=min⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x), ϕ2=max⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x), and ϕ→0 as x→∞.
(4) Ifh∈(0,hn), F(ϕ) has three simple zeros, denoted by ϕ1, ϕ2, and ϕ3, and F(ϕ)>0 for ϕ1<ϕ<ϕ2. Hence there exists a periodic looped wave solution ϕ of solution of (3) with ϕ1=min⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x) and ϕ2=max⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x). As h→hn, F(ϕ) has a simple zero besides F(ϕn)→0 (see Figure 2(h)). Hence the periodic looped wave solution converges to a looped wave solution ϕ1=min⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x), ϕn=max⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x), and ϕ→ϕn as x→∞.
(5) Ifh>hn, we can conclude that F(ϕ) has only a simple zero, denoted by ϕ1, and F(ϕ)>0 for ϕ1<ϕ<c (see Figure 2(i)). When ϕ reaches the pole point ϕ=c, it will make a sudden turn at this point and yield a cusp at ϕ=c; that is, limx↑x0ϕx(x)=-limx↓x0=∞. So there exists a cusped periodic wave solution of ϕ with ϕ1=min⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x) and c=max⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x).The graph ofF(ϕ) as c0<(1/16)(16c-75c2).
(a)
h
<
h
m
(b)
h
→
h
m
(c)
h
∈
(
h
m
,
h
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(d)
h
→
h
c
(e)
h
∈
(
h
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,
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)
(f)
h
→
0
(g)
h
∈
(
0
,
h
n
)
(h)
h
→
h
n
(i)
h
>
h
nCase B (c0=(1/16)(16c-75c2)).
(1) Ifh≤hm (see Figures 3(a) and 3(b)), similarly to the analysis in Case A, we obtain that there are no bounded traveling solitary wave solutions of (3).
(2) Ifh∈(hm,hc] (see Figures 3(c) and 3(d)), there exists a periodic wave solution ϕ of (3) with ϕ1=min⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x) and ϕ2=max⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x).
(3) Ifh∈(hc,0), we can deduce that F(ϕ) has five distinct simple zeros denoted by ϕ1, ϕ2, ϕ3, ϕ4, and ϕ5 (see Figure 3(e)). Obviously, F(ϕ)>0 for ϕ1<ϕ<ϕ2<c. Hence there exists a periodic wave solution. Moreover, as h→0, the periodic wave solution converges to a solitary wave solution pointing downward. Similarly, if h∈(hc,0), we can get ϕ3<c<ϕ4 and F(ϕ)>0 for ϕ3<ϕ<ϕ4 (see Figure 3(e)). So there exists a periodic looped wave of (3). Moreover, as h→0 (see Figure 3(e)), it looks like that the periodic looped wave solution converges to a looped solitary wave solution. However it is not true due to the fact that both F(0) and F(ϕn) converge to zero as h→0 besides 0<c<ϕn. According to Lemma 12, there exists a butterfly-like wave solution ϕ of (6) with 0=min⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x) and ϕn=max⁡x∈R⁡ϕ(x).
(4) Ifh>0, it is easy to observe that F(ϕ) has only one simple zero and F(c)>0; hence there exists a cusped periodic wave solution.The graph ofF(ϕ) as c0=(1/16)(16c-75c2).
(a)
h
<
h
m
(b)
h
→
h
m
(c)
h
∈
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(e)
h
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(f)
h
→
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(g)
h
>
0Case C ((1/16)(16c-75c2)<c0<(1/3)(3c-4c2)).
In this case, the geometric analysis ofF(φ) is shown in Figure 4. The result given in Theorem 5 can be proved in a way similar to that in Case B.The graph ofF(ϕ) as (1/16)(16c-75c2)<c0<(1/3)(3c-4c2).
(a)
h
<
h
m
(b)
h
→
h
m
(c)
h
∈
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h
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h
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(e)
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∈
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(f)
h
→
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n
(g)
h
∈
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h
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0
)
(h)
h
→
0
(i)
h
>
0Case D (c0=(1/3)(3c-4c2)).
In this case, the geometric analysis ofF(φ) is shown in Figure 5. The result given in Theorem 6 can be proved in a way similar to that in Case B.The graph ofF(ϕ) as c0=(1/3)(3c-4c2).
(a)
h
<
h
m
(b)
h
→
h
m
(c)
h
∈
(
h
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,
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)
(d)
h
→
0
(e)
h
>
0Case E ((1/3)(3c-4c2)<c0<(1/5)(5c-2c2)).
In this case, the geometric analysis ofF(φ) is shown in Figure 6. The result given in Theorem 7 can be proved in a way similar to that in Case B.The graph ofF(ϕ) as (1/3)(3c-4c2)<c0<(1/5)(5c-2c2).
(a)
h
<
h
m
(b)
h
→
h
m
(c)
h
∈
(
h
m
,
h
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(d)
h
→
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n
(e)
h
∈
(
h
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,
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)
(f)
h
→
h
c
(g)
h
∈
(
h
c
,
0
)
(h)
h
→
0
(i)
h
>
0Case F (c0=(1/5)(5c-2c2)).
In this case, the geometric analysis ofF(φ) is shown in Figure 7. The result given in Theorem 8 can be proved in a way similar to that in Case B.The graph ofF(ϕ) as c0=(1/5)(5c-2c2).
(a)
h
<
h
m
(b)
h
→
h
m
(c)
h
∈
(
h
m
,
h
n
)
(d)
h
→
h
n
(e)
h
∈
(
h
n
,
0
)
(f)
h
→
0
(g)
h
>
0Case G ((1/5)(5c-2c2)<c0<c).
In this case, the geometric analysis ofF(φ) is shown in Figure 8. The result given in Theorem 9 can be proved in a way similar to that in Case B.The graph ofF(ϕ) as (1/5)(5c-2c2)<c0<c.
(a)
h
<
h
m
(b)
h
→
h
m
(c)
h
∈
(
h
m
,
h
n
)
(d)
h
→
h
n
(e)
h
∈
(
h
n
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(f)
h
→
0
(g)
h
∈
(
0
,
h
c
)
(h)
h
→
h
c
(i)
h
>
h
cCase H (c0≥c).
In this case, the geometric analysis ofF(φ) is shown in Figure 9. The result given in Theorem 3 can be proved in a way similar to that in Case B.The graph ofF(ϕ) as c0≥c.
(a)
h
<
0
(b)
h
→
0
(c)
h
∈
(
0
,
h
c
)
(d)
h
→
h
c
(e)
h
>
h
cThen, we will study the existence of composite waves. By Theorems3–10, any countable number of travelling waves in the above cases corresponding to the same value of α can be joined at points where ϕ=c to form composite waves. If C=μ(ϕ-1(c))=0, then the composite wave is a solution of (2). For α=-(1/3)c2-c0c, the composite waves are solutions of (2) even if μ(φ-1(c))>0. Consequently, we can obtain double stumpons which contain intervals where ϕ=c (see Figure 1(l)). Since any countable number of wave segments can be joined together, one can get travelling waves with very strange profiles, such as the travelling waves with a fractal appearance where μ(φ-1(c))=0 (see Figure 1(k)). Then the proof of Theorem 11 is completed.


## 5. Conclusions

By an improved method combining some characteristics of several methods, we have obtained abundant traveling waves in the mDP equation. Those solutions include looped wave solutions, cusped wave solutions, peaked wave solutions, fractal-like waves, double stumpons, double kinked waves, and butterfly-like waves. Under different parametric conditions, various sufficient conditions to guarantee the existence of the above solutions are given. Our method can also be applied to other models where the location of extreme value points is determined. The limiting behavior of traveling wave solutions can also be given. Based on the study, it might be concluded that the improved method is useful and efficient. It can be widely applied to other nonlinear wave equations. Our study may be useful to further understand the role that the nonlinearly dispersive terms pay on the optical wave solutions.



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