# An Analysis of the Flow of a Newtonian Fluid between  Two Moving Parallel Plates

Authors: A. Zeb; A. M. Siddiqui; M. Ahmed
Journal: ISRN Mathematical Analysis
 (2013)

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## Abstract

We consider flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid produced by two parallel plates, moving towards and away from each other with constant velocity. Inverse solutions of the equations of motion are obtained by assuming certain forms of the stream function. Analytical expressions for the stream function, fluid velocity components, and fluid pressure are derived.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Owing to the nonlinear nature of the Navier-Stokes equations, their exact solutions are far and few in number. Importance of the exact solutions lies in the fact that they serve as standards for validating the corresponding solutions obtained by numerical methods and other approximate techniques. The inverse or the indirect method, see for example, Neményi [1], is often used to compute these exact solutions.Finding exact solution using the inverse method consists of making an assumption on the general form of the stream functionψ, involving certain unknown functions, without considering the shape of boundaries of the solution domain occupied by the fluid. We then substitute this assumed form of ψ in the compatibility equation for the stream function to find the unknown functions involved in ψ. This provides the stream function ψ, and subsequently, the fluid velocity components. Once the fluid velocity components are available, then the second step is to compute the fluid pressure field using the component form of the Navier-Stokes equations. This kind of methods with applications in various fields of continuum mechanics are given in an article by Neményi [1]. Moreover, a number of reviews on the exact solutions for Navier-Stokes equations have been published, for example, Berker [2], Dryden et al. [3], Whitham [4], Schlichting [5], Wang [6], and Wang [7].In this paper, we apply the technique described above to analyze the flow of a viscous incompressible fluid induced by the motion of two parallel plates. These plates are moving towards each other and in the opposite direction with a constant velocityα, when size of the plates is much larger than distance between them. A large class of the processes such as the motion of liquid through a hydraulic pump and that of the underground water may mathematically be considered from this point of view, see Aristov and Gitman [8] and Siddiqui et al. [9, 10]. We apply the inverse method to solve this problem for Berker type flow, Riabouchinsky type flow and the potential flow with perturbation. The results obtained are compared with the known viscous solutions by setting the relative velocity α of the disks equal to zero.


## 2. Basic Equations

Ifu denotes the fluid velocity, f the total of body forces, T the stress tensor, ρ the constant fluid density, and D/Dt=(∂/∂t)+u·∇ the material derivative, then the basic set of equations governing the flow of an incompressible fluid are
(1)∇·u=0,ρDuDt=ρf+∇·T.
The constitutive equation, relating the stress tensor to the rate of strain tensor, for an incompressible Newtonian fluid is, T=-pI+μ∇u. Thus, in the absence of body forces, the basic set of equations governing the flow of an incompressible fluid becomes
(2)∇·u=0,∂u∂t+(u·∇)u=-1ρ∇p+ν∇2u,
where p denotes the fluid pressure, μ the coefficient of viscosity, and ν=μ/ρ the kinematic viscosity.


## 3. Problem Formulation

Consider the motion of an incompressible Newtonian fluid produced by the motion of two parallel plates moving towards each other or in the opposite direction with constant velocityα. The size of the disks is much larger than the distance between them. We assume that the horizontal velocity components u and v are independent of vertical coordinate z, whereas the vertical velocity component w depends linearly on the distance between the disks, see Aristov and Gitman [8] and Siddiqui et al. [9, 10].(3)u=[u(x,y,t),v(x,y,t),-2αz].
Using (3) into (2), we obtain
(4)∂u∂x+∂v∂y=2α,(5)∂u∂t+u∂u∂x+v∂u∂y+∂p*∂x=ν∇2u,(6)∂v∂t+u∂v∂x+v∂v∂y+∂p*∂y=ν∇2v,
where p*=p(x,y,t)/ρ-2α2z2. The equation for the vertical component w is identically satisfied. Equations (4)–(6) are three partial differential equations in three unknowns, namely, u, v, and p*. Once the velocity components u and v are determined, the pressure field can be found through (5) and (6). Eliminating p* between (5) and (6), we obtain
(7)∂ω∂t+2αω+u∂ω∂x+v∂ω∂y=ν∇2ω,ω=∂v∂x-∂u∂y,
where ω denotes magnitude of the vorticity vector.We now introduce the stream functionψ defining the horizontal components of the fluid velocity through the relations [8, 9]:
(8)u=αx+∂ψ∂y,v=αy-∂ψ∂x.
Then, the continuity equation (4) is identically satisfied and momentum equations (5) and (6) yield the following compatibility equation:
(9)∂(∇2ψ)∂t-∂(ψ,∇2ψ)∂(x,y)=-α[2∇2ψ+x∂(∇2ψ)∂x+y∂(∇2ψ)∂y]+ν∇4ψ,
where
(10)∂(ψ,∇2ψ)∂(x,y)=∂ψ∂x∂(∇2ψ)∂y-∂ψ∂y∂(∇2ψ)∂x.
The stream function ψ is determined by solving the compatibility equation (9), and the velocity components u and v can be determined through (8). One solution of the compatibility equation (9) is the trivial solution ψ=0 that corresponds to the potential motion, known as the motion near stagnation point. Other stationary solutions are examined in the following section.


## 4. Solutions of the Problem

Berker Type Flows. In this type of flow we look for the stream function ψ in the following general form
(11)ψ(x,y)=F(x)+G(y),
where F(x) and G(y) are arbitrary functions of x and y, respectively. This type of flow was also studied in the context of second grade fluid by Siddiqui et al. [9, 10]  using certain forms of F(x) and G(y). Here, we consider more general cases. Using (11) in the compatibility equation (9), we obtain
(12)F′′′(x)G′(y)-F′(x)G′′′(y)=-α[2F′′(x)+2G′′(y)+xF′′′(x)+yG′′′(y)]+ν[F(4)(x)+G(4)(y)].
For α=0 (12) reduces to Berker’s case. Now following Berker [2], we plan to study the following particular cases.IfF′′(x)=0, G′′(y)≠0. Then, in this case the vorticity ω=-∇2ψ is a function of y only and (12) reduces to
(13)G(4)(y)-(αy-A1ν)G′′′(y)-(2αν)G′′(y)=0,
where F′(x)=A1, A1 being an arbitrary constant. Now, integrate (13) twice to get
(14)G′′(y)-(αy-A1ν)G′(y)=Ay+B,
where A, B are arbitrary constants. For A=B=0, the solution of (14) is given by
(15)G(y)=σ1∑n=1∞‍(αn-1(y-A1/α)2n-1(2n-1)(n-1)!(2ν)n-1),
where σ1=exp[K1-A12/(2να)] and K1 denotes an arbitrary constant. Therefore, the stream function ψ is given by
(16)ψ(x,y)=A1x+B1+σ1∑n=1∞‍(αn-1(y-A1/α)2n-1(2n-1)(n-1)!(2ν)n-1),
where B1 is an arbitrary constant. Although the solution (16) for the stream function ψ is a power series, we were able to identify the series solution for u. Thus, the velocity components are
(17)u=αx+σ1exp(α(y-A1/α)22ν),v=αy-A1,w=-2αz.
Consequently, the analytical expression for the fluid pressure distribution in this case is the following:
(18)p=a1ηx-α2ρ2×[x2+(y-A1α)2+b1]-2ρα2z2,b1=2c1α2ρ,
where a1 and c1 are arbitrary constants.Similarly, ifF′′(x)≠0, G′′(y)=0, then the stream function ψ in the form of a power series is given by
(19)ψ(x,y)=σ2∑n=1∞‍(αn-1(x+A2α)2n-1(2n-1)(n-1)!(2ν)n-1)+A2y+B2,
where σ2=exp[K2-A22/(2να)], A2=G′(y). Here, A2, B2, and K2 are arbitrary constants. Again, we were able to identify the power series for v, and components of the fluid velocity are
(20)u=αx+A2,v=αy-σ2exp(α(x+A2/α)22ν),w=-2αz.
Correspondingly, the analytical expression for the fluid pressure distribution in this case is
(21)p=a2ηy-α2ρ2×[(x+A2α)2+y2+b2]-2ρα2z2,b2=2c2α2ρ,
where a2 and c2 are arbitrary constants.IfF′′G′′≠0. Then, we have to solve (12) to find the functions F(x) and G(y), which is both nonlinear and nonseparable. However, by differentiating first w.r.tox and then w.r.toy this equation becomes
(22)F(4)(x)G′′(y)-F′′(x)G(4)(y)=0,
which is in the separable form. Therefore, separating variables, (22) yields the following two linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients:
(23)F(4)(x)-λF′′(x)=0,G(4)(y)-λG′′(y)=0,
where λ is an arbitrary constant.(a) Ifλ<0, let λ=-β2, β being constant, then the solutions of (23) are given by
(24)F(x)=c1+c2x+c3cosβx+c4sinβx,G(y)=d1+d2y+d3cosβy+d4sinβy,
where c1, c2, c3, c4, d1, d2, d3, and d4 are arbitrary constants. Therefore, the stream function ψ is
(25)ψ=c+c2x+c3cosβx+c4sinβx+d2y+d3cosβy+d4sinβy,
where c=c1+d1, so that the fluid velocity components are
(26)u=αx+d2-β(d3sinβy-d4cosβy)v=αy-c2+β(c3sinβx-c4cosβx),w=-2αz.(b) Ifλ=0, then solution to (23) is given by
(27)F(x)=c1x3+c2x2+c3x+c4,G(y)=d1y3+d2y2+d3y+d4,
where c1, c2, c3, c4, d1, d2, d3, and d4 are arbitrary constants. Thus, the stream function ψ is
(28)ψ(x,y)=c1x3+d1y3+c2x2+d2y2+c3x+d3y+d,d=c4+d4.
Correspondingly, the fluid velocity components u, v, and w along x,  y, and z axes are given by
(29)u=αx+3d1y2+2d2y+d3,v=αy-3c1x2-2c2x-c3,w=-2αz.(c) Ifλ>0, let λ=β2, β being constant then solution to (23) is given by
(30)F(x)=c1+c2x+c3e-βx+c4eβx,G(y)=d1+d2y+d3e-βy+d4eβy,
where c1, c2, c3, c4, d1, d2, d3, and d4 are arbitrary constants. Therefore, the stream function ψ is given by
(31)ψ=d+c2x+c3e-βx+c4eβx+d2y+d3e-βy+d4eβy.
Consequently, the velocity components of the fluid are the following:
(32)u=αx+d2-β(d3e-βy-d4eβy),v=αy-c2+β(c3e-βx-c4eβx),w=-2αz.
The pressure distribution in all the three cases (a), (b), and (c) is given by
(33)p=A+Bηx-ρα(By+C)xy-α2ρ2(x2+y2)+ρ(By+C)F(x)-λρ[αxy-F(x)]G(y)+[λη-ρα]xG′(y)-2ρα2z2.
We remark that all the solutions given in (26), (29), and (32) are free from viscosity coefficient η and are known as universal solutions. However, pressure field in each case involves the viscosity coefficient η. Further note that the solutions are essentially the same as that of the Berker [2] in 2-dimensional case.


### 4.1. Riabouchinsky Type Flow

Here, we assume that the stream functionψ is linear in x and has the following general form:
(34)ψ(x,y)=xF(y)+G(y),
where F(y) and G(y) are arbitrary functions of y. Using (34), Aristov and Gitman [8] obtained an analytical solution of the compatibility equation by taking F(y) as a linear function of y. Siddiqui et al. [9, 10] studied the same in the context of second grade fluid. Here, we consider some more particular cases of F(y).On substituting from (34) the compatibility equation (9) yields the following two differential equations:
(35)Fd3Fdy3-dFdyd2Fdy2=α[3d2Fdy2+yd3Fdy3]-νd4Fdy4,(36)Fd3Gdy3-dGdyd2Fdy2=α[2d2Gdy2+yd3Gdy3]-νd4Gdy4,
and (35) admits the following particular solutions:
(37)F(y)=ay+b,(38)F(y)=6ν(y+a1)-1-αa1,(39)F(y)=a2e-λy+α(y-4λ)+λν,
where a, a1, a2, b, and λ are arbitrary constants. If G(y)=0, then, (37)–(39) completely determine the solution for the stream function ψ and hence for the fluid velocity components u and v. Thus, we assume G(y)≠0 and try to solve (36) in combination with (37)–(39).(a) On substituting value of the functionF(y) from (37) in (36), we obtain
(40)νd4Gdy4+[(a-α)y+b]d3Gdy3-2αd2Gdy2=0.
Now, setting U=d2G/dy2 and choosing the constant a=α, (40) reduces to the following equation with constant coefficients:
(41)νd2Udy2+bdUdy-2αU=0,(42)⟹U(y)=c1em1y+c2em2y,
where m1=(-b+b2+8αν)/2ν, m2=(-b-b2+8αν)/2ν and c1, c2 are arbitrary constants. Thus,
(43)G(y)=c1m12·em1y+c2m22·em2y+Ay+B,
where A, B are arbitrary constants. Therefore, the stream function and the corresponding fluid velocity components are
(44)ψ(x,y)=x(αy+b)+c1m12·em1y+c2m22·em2y+Ay+B,u=2αx+c1m1em1y+c2m2em2y+A,v=-b,w=-2αz.(b) Integrating (36) once, letting U=dG/dy in the resulting equation and substituting the value of F(y) from (38), we obtain
(45)νd2Udy2+[6ν(y+a1)-1-α(y+a1)]dUdy+[6ν(y+a1)-2-α]U=0,
which is a second order differential equation with variable coefficients. To solve, we assume
(46)U(y)=∑n=0∞‍cn(y+a1)n+r,
where r is a constant to be determined. We obtain the following solution of (45)
(47)U(y)=C1(y+a1)-3[1-α(y+a1)2ν]+C2(y+a1)-2[1-α(y+a1)23!ν-U1(y)],U1(y)=∑n=1∞‍([1·3·5⋯(2n-1)]·[α(y+a1)2]n+1(2n+3)!νn+1).
Therefore, the function G(y) finally becomes
(48)G(y)=-C1[ανln(y+a1)+12(y+a1)-2]-C2(y+a1)-1[1+αy(y+a1)3!ν+G1],G1(y)=∑n=1∞‍[1·3·5⋯(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+3)!(α(y+a1)2ν)n+1].
Hence, the stream function ψ and the fluid velocity components are given by
(49)ψ(x,y)=[6ν(y+a1)-1-αa1]x+G(y),u=αx-6νx(y+a1)-2+C1(y+a1)-3[1-α(y+a1)2ν]+C2u1,v=α(y+a1)-6ν(y+a1)-1,w=-2αz,u1=(y+a1)-2[1-13!·α(y+a1)2ν-U1].
It is remarked that by choosing the constant C2=0 we may get rid of the power series part and may obtain closed form solution for the stream function ψ and for the fluid velocity component u.(c) On substituting value of the functionF(y) from (39) into (36) yields
(50)νd4Gdy4+[a2e-λy-4αλ+λν]d3Gdy3-2αd2Gdy2-a2λ2e-λydGdy=0.
It is not easy to obtain the general solution of (50). Therefore, we consider a special case when a2=0 and obtain
(51)νd4Gdy4+(λν-4αλ)d3Gdy3-2αd2Gdy2=0.
In order to solve this equation we reduce its order by letting U=d2G/dy2. Then (51) becomes
(52)νd2Udy2+γdUdy-2αU=0,γ=λν-4αλ.
We notice that for a2=0, the particular solution (39) falls back to the solution given in (37) with a=α and b=λν-4α/λ. This is why (52) is similar to (41) having solution similar to (42), that is,
(53)U(y)=c1em1y+c2em2y,m1,2=-γ±γ2+8να2ν,
where c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants. Thus,
(54)G(y)=c1m12·em1y+c2m22·em2y+Ay+B,
where A and B are two arbitrary constants. The stream function ψ and the fluid velocity components are
(55)ψ(x,y)=x[α(y-4λ)+λν]+c1m12·em1y+c2m22·em2y+Ay+B,u=2αx+c1m1em1y+c2m2em2y+A,v=4αλ-λν,w=-2αz.
The analytical expression for the fluid pressure distribution in all the three cases (a), (b), and (c) is given by
(56)p=ρ2[(Ax2+Bx+C)-α2(x2+y2)+(2αy-F)F-2νF′]-2ρα2z2.Remark 4.1.
If we setb=0 in (37), we can recover the case F(y)=ay studied by Aristov and Gitman [8]. Similarly, letting α=0 in the cases (38) and (39) additionally studied in this paper, Riabouchinsky type 2-dimensional solutions can be obtained, see Berker [2], Polyanin and Zaitsev [11]. Moreover, the case (39) has also been considered by Siddiqui et al. [9, 10] in the context of second grade fluid. However, the special cases considered for evaluation of G(y) they choose a2=0 and/or α=0. Clearly, choosing α=0 means that the plates are at not moving.


### 4.2. Potential Flow Perturbations

In this section, we look for the fluid motion resulting from the superposition of a potential flow and a perturbation, see Berker [2]. Therefore, the stream function of this type of fluid motion will be of the form
(57)ψ(x,y)=ϕ(x,y)+ζ(x,y),
where the function ζ(x,y) denotes perturbation and the function ϕ(x,y) corresponds to the potential flow of the fluid that satisfies the following equation:
(58)∇2ϕ=0.
Now on substituting from (57) and (58) into the compatibility equation (9), we obtain
(59)ν∇4ζ-α[2∇2ζ+x∂∂x(∇2ζ)+y∂∂y(∇2ζ)]=-∂(ϕ,∇2ζ)∂(x,y)-∂(ζ,∇2ζ)∂(x,y).
Let us now suppose that the perturbation ζ is being restricted to satisfy the following condition:
(60)∇2ζ=f(ζ),
that is, the vorticity of the perturbation is constant along each streamline of this same perturbation. Therefore, by virtue of (60), the second term on right hand side of (59) disappears and we obtain
(61)ν∇4ζ-α[2∇2ζ+x∂∂x(∇2ζ)+y∂∂y(∇2ζ)]=-∂(ϕ,∇2ζ)∂(x,y).
We now consider the special case where the potential function ϕ is given by ϕ=ax, a being an arbitrary constant, then, the perturbation function ζ must satisfy the following two equations:
(62)∇2ζ=f(ζ)(63)ν∇4ζ-α[2∇2ζ+x∂∂x(∇2ζ)+y∂∂y(∇2ζ)]=-∂∂y(∇2ζ).
To find a particular solution of this system, we assume that f(ζ)=ζ and ζ is a homogeneous function of degree n of the variables x and y. Therefore, the solution of the system (62) and (63) is given by
(64)ζ(x,y)=Θ(x)eky,
where k=(n+2α-ν)/a is constant and Θ is an arbitrary function of x. The stream function ψ is given by
(65)ψ(x,y)=ax+(c1e1-k2x+c2e-1-k2x)ekyifk2<1,ψ(x,y)=ax+(c1+c2x)ekyifk2=1,ψ(x,y)=ax+(c1cos(k2-1)x+c2sin(k2-1)x)eky,ifk2>1.
Knowing stream function, the velocity components of the fluid motion and the expressions for pressure distribution can be easily found.


## 4.1. Riabouchinsky Type Flow

Here, we assume that the stream functionψ is linear in x and has the following general form:
(34)ψ(x,y)=xF(y)+G(y),
where F(y) and G(y) are arbitrary functions of y. Using (34), Aristov and Gitman [8] obtained an analytical solution of the compatibility equation by taking F(y) as a linear function of y. Siddiqui et al. [9, 10] studied the same in the context of second grade fluid. Here, we consider some more particular cases of F(y).On substituting from (34) the compatibility equation (9) yields the following two differential equations:
(35)Fd3Fdy3-dFdyd2Fdy2=α[3d2Fdy2+yd3Fdy3]-νd4Fdy4,(36)Fd3Gdy3-dGdyd2Fdy2=α[2d2Gdy2+yd3Gdy3]-νd4Gdy4,
and (35) admits the following particular solutions:
(37)F(y)=ay+b,(38)F(y)=6ν(y+a1)-1-αa1,(39)F(y)=a2e-λy+α(y-4λ)+λν,
where a, a1, a2, b, and λ are arbitrary constants. If G(y)=0, then, (37)–(39) completely determine the solution for the stream function ψ and hence for the fluid velocity components u and v. Thus, we assume G(y)≠0 and try to solve (36) in combination with (37)–(39).(a) On substituting value of the functionF(y) from (37) in (36), we obtain
(40)νd4Gdy4+[(a-α)y+b]d3Gdy3-2αd2Gdy2=0.
Now, setting U=d2G/dy2 and choosing the constant a=α, (40) reduces to the following equation with constant coefficients:
(41)νd2Udy2+bdUdy-2αU=0,(42)⟹U(y)=c1em1y+c2em2y,
where m1=(-b+b2+8αν)/2ν, m2=(-b-b2+8αν)/2ν and c1, c2 are arbitrary constants. Thus,
(43)G(y)=c1m12·em1y+c2m22·em2y+Ay+B,
where A, B are arbitrary constants. Therefore, the stream function and the corresponding fluid velocity components are
(44)ψ(x,y)=x(αy+b)+c1m12·em1y+c2m22·em2y+Ay+B,u=2αx+c1m1em1y+c2m2em2y+A,v=-b,w=-2αz.(b) Integrating (36) once, letting U=dG/dy in the resulting equation and substituting the value of F(y) from (38), we obtain
(45)νd2Udy2+[6ν(y+a1)-1-α(y+a1)]dUdy+[6ν(y+a1)-2-α]U=0,
which is a second order differential equation with variable coefficients. To solve, we assume
(46)U(y)=∑n=0∞‍cn(y+a1)n+r,
where r is a constant to be determined. We obtain the following solution of (45)
(47)U(y)=C1(y+a1)-3[1-α(y+a1)2ν]+C2(y+a1)-2[1-α(y+a1)23!ν-U1(y)],U1(y)=∑n=1∞‍([1·3·5⋯(2n-1)]·[α(y+a1)2]n+1(2n+3)!νn+1).
Therefore, the function G(y) finally becomes
(48)G(y)=-C1[ανln(y+a1)+12(y+a1)-2]-C2(y+a1)-1[1+αy(y+a1)3!ν+G1],G1(y)=∑n=1∞‍[1·3·5⋯(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+3)!(α(y+a1)2ν)n+1].
Hence, the stream function ψ and the fluid velocity components are given by
(49)ψ(x,y)=[6ν(y+a1)-1-αa1]x+G(y),u=αx-6νx(y+a1)-2+C1(y+a1)-3[1-α(y+a1)2ν]+C2u1,v=α(y+a1)-6ν(y+a1)-1,w=-2αz,u1=(y+a1)-2[1-13!·α(y+a1)2ν-U1].
It is remarked that by choosing the constant C2=0 we may get rid of the power series part and may obtain closed form solution for the stream function ψ and for the fluid velocity component u.(c) On substituting value of the functionF(y) from (39) into (36) yields
(50)νd4Gdy4+[a2e-λy-4αλ+λν]d3Gdy3-2αd2Gdy2-a2λ2e-λydGdy=0.
It is not easy to obtain the general solution of (50). Therefore, we consider a special case when a2=0 and obtain
(51)νd4Gdy4+(λν-4αλ)d3Gdy3-2αd2Gdy2=0.
In order to solve this equation we reduce its order by letting U=d2G/dy2. Then (51) becomes
(52)νd2Udy2+γdUdy-2αU=0,γ=λν-4αλ.
We notice that for a2=0, the particular solution (39) falls back to the solution given in (37) with a=α and b=λν-4α/λ. This is why (52) is similar to (41) having solution similar to (42), that is,
(53)U(y)=c1em1y+c2em2y,m1,2=-γ±γ2+8να2ν,
where c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants. Thus,
(54)G(y)=c1m12·em1y+c2m22·em2y+Ay+B,
where A and B are two arbitrary constants. The stream function ψ and the fluid velocity components are
(55)ψ(x,y)=x[α(y-4λ)+λν]+c1m12·em1y+c2m22·em2y+Ay+B,u=2αx+c1m1em1y+c2m2em2y+A,v=4αλ-λν,w=-2αz.
The analytical expression for the fluid pressure distribution in all the three cases (a), (b), and (c) is given by
(56)p=ρ2[(Ax2+Bx+C)-α2(x2+y2)+(2αy-F)F-2νF′]-2ρα2z2.Remark 4.1.
If we setb=0 in (37), we can recover the case F(y)=ay studied by Aristov and Gitman [8]. Similarly, letting α=0 in the cases (38) and (39) additionally studied in this paper, Riabouchinsky type 2-dimensional solutions can be obtained, see Berker [2], Polyanin and Zaitsev [11]. Moreover, the case (39) has also been considered by Siddiqui et al. [9, 10] in the context of second grade fluid. However, the special cases considered for evaluation of G(y) they choose a2=0 and/or α=0. Clearly, choosing α=0 means that the plates are at not moving.


## 4.2. Potential Flow Perturbations

In this section, we look for the fluid motion resulting from the superposition of a potential flow and a perturbation, see Berker [2]. Therefore, the stream function of this type of fluid motion will be of the form
(57)ψ(x,y)=ϕ(x,y)+ζ(x,y),
where the function ζ(x,y) denotes perturbation and the function ϕ(x,y) corresponds to the potential flow of the fluid that satisfies the following equation:
(58)∇2ϕ=0.
Now on substituting from (57) and (58) into the compatibility equation (9), we obtain
(59)ν∇4ζ-α[2∇2ζ+x∂∂x(∇2ζ)+y∂∂y(∇2ζ)]=-∂(ϕ,∇2ζ)∂(x,y)-∂(ζ,∇2ζ)∂(x,y).
Let us now suppose that the perturbation ζ is being restricted to satisfy the following condition:
(60)∇2ζ=f(ζ),
that is, the vorticity of the perturbation is constant along each streamline of this same perturbation. Therefore, by virtue of (60), the second term on right hand side of (59) disappears and we obtain
(61)ν∇4ζ-α[2∇2ζ+x∂∂x(∇2ζ)+y∂∂y(∇2ζ)]=-∂(ϕ,∇2ζ)∂(x,y).
We now consider the special case where the potential function ϕ is given by ϕ=ax, a being an arbitrary constant, then, the perturbation function ζ must satisfy the following two equations:
(62)∇2ζ=f(ζ)(63)ν∇4ζ-α[2∇2ζ+x∂∂x(∇2ζ)+y∂∂y(∇2ζ)]=-∂∂y(∇2ζ).
To find a particular solution of this system, we assume that f(ζ)=ζ and ζ is a homogeneous function of degree n of the variables x and y. Therefore, the solution of the system (62) and (63) is given by
(64)ζ(x,y)=Θ(x)eky,
where k=(n+2α-ν)/a is constant and Θ is an arbitrary function of x. The stream function ψ is given by
(65)ψ(x,y)=ax+(c1e1-k2x+c2e-1-k2x)ekyifk2<1,ψ(x,y)=ax+(c1+c2x)ekyifk2=1,ψ(x,y)=ax+(c1cos(k2-1)x+c2sin(k2-1)x)eky,ifk2>1.
Knowing stream function, the velocity components of the fluid motion and the expressions for pressure distribution can be easily found.



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*Source: 535061-2013-10-09.xml*