# Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Profile ofEuphorbia pulcherrima Methanol Extract on Wistar Albino Rats

Authors: H. B. Sharif; M. D. Mukhtar; Y. Mustapha; Gabi Baba; A. O. Lawal
Journal: Advances in Pharmaceutics
 (2015)

---

## Abstract

This work was designed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity ofE. pulcherrima methanol extract. Mean lethal dose (LD50) and subchronic toxicity were determined using Lorke’s method to assess the effect of the extract on kidney and liver functions along histopathology assessment of the liver and kidney, respectively. The LD50 determined was 3807.89 mg/kg both orally and intraperitoneally. The kidney function parameters indicated elevation of the serum urea above the normal value in both control and the group treated with 10 mg/kg of the extract with mean values of 7.92 ± 1.19 and 7.86 ± 1.14 mMol/L, respectively. The creatinine and electrolytes were within the normal values. The results of ALAT, ASAT, ALP, T protein albumin, and bilirubin in all cases were within the normal values. Kidney, liver function parameters, and relative organ weight were statistically insignificant across all groups. This shows that various concentrations ofE. pulcherrima extract did not influence negatively the liver and kidney function parameters. Further studies are required to rule out the observed mild hepatic histological changes among a few members of the groups treated with 100 and 1000 mg/kg/day and any possible hepatoprotective and nephron-protective potential the extract may possess.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The usage of medicinal plants to treat ailments in traditional medicine is not always a reliable guarantee in terms of safety since it is difficult for the traditional practitioners to detect or monitor delayed effects, rare adverse effects, and adverse effects such as mutagenicity, arising from long-term administration. There has been increasing interest in the use of medicinal herbs for meeting the goal of primary health care delivery worldwide [1]. Accordingly, investigations into toxicity of medicinal plants have been carried out [2–4] and are ongoing as verse group of medicinal plants need to be explored studied.Plants are one of the most important sources of medicine [5]. Plant derived compounds (phytochemicals) have been attracting much interests as natural alternatives to synthetic compounds. Extracts of plants are used for the treatment of various diseases which forms the basis for all traditional systems of medicine [5].The treatment and control of diseases by the use of available medicinal plants in a locality will continue to play significant roles in medical health care implementation in the developing countries [6].In recent years, considerable interest has been evidenced by the medicinal and pharmacological professionals, regarding the use of indigenous drugs in the treatment of diseases [7]. The toxic effects produced by the administration of drugs as derivatives of these plants are much more a serious problem than that of the disease itself [8].Euphorbia pulcherrimais a popular Christmas plant grown for its red leafy bracts. It is a nontoxic plant although some species of the familyEuphorbiaceae that produce latex are toxic [9]. This flowering plant indigenous to Mexico and the Central America has large green and red leaves. It was reportedly introduced to the United States in 1829 by J. R. Poinsett, the American Ambassador to Mexico at that time. In the wild form, it is a large, woody shrub commonly growing 10 ft high. Indoors, it is typically much smaller with denser leaves. It is commonly used as a Christmas decoration and this makes its majority of exposures in the months of November, December, January, and February.It has various medicinal properties which include its use in the treatment of gonorrhea, respiratory tract infection, malaria, eczema, asthma, and warts cure [9]. Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) has been used as a hair removal cream in Mexico and Guatemala. The latex has been used as a remedy for toothache and anti-vomiting agent. Poultices of leaves have been applied to treat aches and pains [9]. The whole plant and its sap (latex) are used to make medicines despite the safety concern. People take poinsettia to treat fever and stimulate breast milk production, though it is said to cause abortion when taken by pregnant woman. In a related development it is said that the ethanol extract and water free extract of the plantleaves contain some wound healing properties [9].Euphorbia pulcherrimain recent years is engulfed with a lot of debate over its toxicity. In the past couple of years some commercial sources ofEuphorbia pulcherrimahave stated emphatically that this is a myth and that the plant is harmless [9].The public and some health professionals thought that it is a much maligned plant and is extremely toxic to humans. Studies have accounted for 22,793 cases of poison by control centers but surprisingly there were no fatalities among all poinsettia exposures in which 98.9% were accidental in nature and 93.3% were exposures involving children [10].The majority of exposed patients (96.1%) did not require treatment in health care facility and 92.4% did not develop any toxicity related to their exposure to the poinsettia. Most patients did not require any type of therapy and were treated without been referred to a health care facility [10].Despite that, toxicity is documented in most of the genusEuphorbia,but it is based on individual sensitivity. Other sources including Southern and Eastern Africa clearly state that the latex is highly irritative. However, in the Netherlands, Indies, and Indonesia, the bark, leaf, and root are regarded as being markedly toxic and in South China the plant is used as a fish poison [11].Few studies have reported the allergic potential ofEuphorbia pulcherrimalike rhinitis and asthma induced byEuphorbia pulcherrima,but patients were able to tolerate with few reported cases of contact dermatitis due to latex ofEuphorbia pulcherrima.The latex was found to have a depilatory effect as it contains from 5% to 15% caoutchouc and resins [12]. This has to do with the removal of unwanted hair from the body due to its toxicity [12].It is thus very clear that the safety ofEuphorbia pulcherrimais surrounded by controversies. This coupled with the fact that it is used in Hausaland ethno-pharmacopeia to treat gastro enteritis related ailments in Nigeria [12]. This informs the need to investigate the acute toxicity, using lethal dose (LD50) as the index, and the subacute toxicity with special consideration for its effect with respect to damage on organs such as the kidney and liver. Therefore, this work is designed to determine the lethal dose (LD50), subchronic toxicity, and the immunostimulatory effect ofE. pulcherrimaextract on wistar albino rats (experimental models) using the methods described by Lorke [13], [14], and [15], respectively.


## 2. Materials and Methods

The wholeE. pulcherrimaplant was freshly collected in dry season between the months of November and December 2013 and identified by a botanist at the Herbarium unit of Plant Sciences Department, Bayero University, Kano. The voucher number BUKHAN 273 was deposited at the herbarium. The toxicological analysis of the crude methanol extract of the wholeE. pulcherrimawas carried out at the Department of Pharmacology, the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.


### 2.1. Preparation of Plant Materials

The entire whole plant samples comprised of the red and green leaves, roots, stems, and flowers were washed with distilled water, cut into small pieces, and shade dried at room temperature (25°C) for two weeks. The red leaves occurred as 1-2 rows of bracts surrounding the cyathium inflorescence of the flower, while the green leaves dominated the whole plant. Five hundred grams of shade dried whole plant materials was pulverized into powder using sterile pestle and mortar and extracted exhaustively using Soxhlet apparatus with 2.5 litres of methanol. The extract was concentrated by rotary evaporator under reduced pressure and stored under dry state until it is required for use. The percentage yield of the crude extract was calculated using the following formula:(1)
Percentage
yield
=
mass
of
extract
total
mass
of
sample
extracted
×
100
%
.


### 2.2. Animals

Male adult Wistar rats (180–240 g) were used for the acute toxicity studies and rats weighing between 200 and 250 g were used for the subchronic toxicity profiling. The animals were obtained from National Institute of Trypanosomiasis and Onchocerciasis Research, Kaduna, Nigeria. They were fedad libitumwith standard feed and had free access to water. They were also maintained under standard conditions of humidity, temperature, and 12 h light/darkness cycle. The animals were allowed to acclimatize for two weeks before the commencement of the study. A standard protocol was followed in accordance with the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). The “principles of laboratory animal care” were also observed in this study.


### 2.3. Chemicals

Kits for glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT and AST), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT and ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total proteins, albumin, total bilirubin, urea, and creatinine were obtained from Human Gesellschaft für Biochemica and Diagnostica MBH, Germany, and used for the biochemical studies.


### 2.4. Acute Toxicity Studies

The acute toxicity (LD50) was estimated both orally and intraperitoneally in rats (n
=
13) in each case following Lorke’s method [13]. Dose levels of 10, 100, and 1000 mg/kg were used for the first phase. The number of deaths in each group within 24 hours was recorded. In the second phase which was deduced from the first phase, four rats were grouped into four groups of one rat each and they were treated with doses of 1200 mg/kg, 1600 mg/kg, 2900 mg/kg, and 5000 mg/kg orally and intraperitoneally. They were also observed for 24 hours as in the first phase, and final LD50 value was determined from Lorke’s formula as follows:
(2)
L
D
50
=
a
×
b
,
where  a is the highest dose at which no death occurred in the second phase and b is the least dosage at which death occurred in the 2nd phase [16]. The extract was classified using the LD50.


### 2.5. Subchronic Toxicity Studies

Twenty rats were selected by stratified randomization and then divided into four groups of five each. The first group served as control, while the remaining three groups were given 100, 100, and 1000 mg/kg of extracts orally for 28 days. The first day of dosing was considered as D0, whereas the day of sacrifice was designated as D28.


### 2.6. Mortality and Clinical Signs

During the four-week dosing period, all the animals were observed on daily basis for likely clinical signs and mortality patterns once before dosing, immediately after dosing, and up to 4 hours after dosing.


### 2.7. Relative Organ Weight

On day 28 of the dosing period, the animals were starved for 24 hrs; on day 29 all the animals were euthanized by exsanguination under chloroform anesthesia. The liver and kidneys were carefully dissected out and weighed in grams (absolute organ weight). The relative organ weight of each animal was then calculated as(3)
Relative
Organ
Weight
=
Absolute
organ
weight
g
Body
weight
of
rat
on
sacrifice
day
g
×
100
.


### 2.8. Gross Pathology and Microscopic Examination

The liver and the two kidneys for each rat were fixed and preserved in 10% formaldehyde before subjection to tissue processing procedures for the preparation of permanent mount of each tissue as described by Sofowora [14]. The tissues were dehydrated through various grades of alcohol comprised of 30, 50, 70, and 95% with a final bath in 100% alcohol (twice) to ensure total elimination of moisture. Clearing was performed in toluene in order to raise its refractive index to that of glass (1.5) to enable transparency of the cellular inclusions. The processes of infiltration and embedding were performed using liquid paraffin and molten paraffin wax using L-shaped mould, respectively. Sections were made using Rotary Microtome and the Hot plate method was used for mounting specimens onto slides. Staining of tissues was performed using iron hematoxylin and eosin stains. Canada balsam was used in mounting the tissues [17]. Slides were viewed under the ×40 objective of the light microscope and photographed using the digital eye piece camera (Model 582, Oplenic optronic Kina) to capture tissues images.


### 2.9. Preparation of Sera Samples

On day 28 of the dosing period, the animals were starved for 24 hrs, and on day 29 all the animals were exsanguinated under chloroform anesthesia and blood samples were drawn from the heart of each sacrificed animal. The samples were collected in sterilized plain plastic test tubes and allowed to stand for 3 hours to ensure complete clotting. The clotted blood samples were then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and clear serum samples were aspirated off and stored and were frozen for the biochemical test.


### 2.10. Serum Biochemistry

The parameters were determined colorimetrically by employing the standard ready-to-use kits and methods of Human [18] for glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT, AST), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT, ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total proteins, albumin, total bilirubin, serum urea, creatinine, and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and chloride). The manufacturer’s instructions for each biochemical parameter were strictly adhered to in the course of the investigations.


### 2.11. Immunostimulatory Effect ofE. pulcherrima Whole Plant Methanol Extract on Total Leucocyte Count (TLC) and Differential Leucocyte Count (DLC)

Total leucocytes count measures the cellular immunity in which phagocytic cells WBC were found, while the differential leucocytes count (DLC) measures the various cells found in the WBC because each performs different function. The increase in both TLC and DLC is an indication of immunostimulatory effect due to direct effect on the bone marrow or blast transformation of the WBC [16]. The blood samples collected were used to investigate the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), total protein, white blood cell (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, and bands which were determined by laboratory procedures described by Sofowora [14]. The method of Chidume et al. [19] was adopted for the determination of the total leucocytes count (TLC) and differential leucocytes count (DLC). Twelve mice were grouped into four and three in each group. The first group was administered with distilled water that served as control. The second, third, and fourth groups were administered with the extract at concentration doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally, respectively, on the 1st, 5th, and 9th days. On the 10th day, blood samples were taken from all the groups for TLC and DLC determination. The blood samples were collected by applying pressure on their tails and then cutting off the tip of each tail. White cell diluting pipette (capillary tube) was used to collect blood directly from the tail of the rats for TLC. The TLC was done by making 1 : 20 dilution of the samples with white cell diluting fluid and counting with the aid of improved Neubauer counting chamber under the microscope at ×10 magnification. The DLC was determined by making a thin film of the blood samples on microscopic slides and staining with the Leishman stain. The films were air dried at ambient temperature and examined microscopically under oil immersion using ×100 magnification.


### 2.12. Statistical Analysis

The results were statistically expressed as means standard error of the mean (SEM). The data was further analyzed using Latin square Design three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the IBM SPSS version 20.0 for the test of significant difference at 95% level (P
<
0.05). The Turkey hierarchy significant difference test was carried out for the purpose of ranking the order of the effects of treatments applied.


## 2.1. Preparation of Plant Materials

The entire whole plant samples comprised of the red and green leaves, roots, stems, and flowers were washed with distilled water, cut into small pieces, and shade dried at room temperature (25°C) for two weeks. The red leaves occurred as 1-2 rows of bracts surrounding the cyathium inflorescence of the flower, while the green leaves dominated the whole plant. Five hundred grams of shade dried whole plant materials was pulverized into powder using sterile pestle and mortar and extracted exhaustively using Soxhlet apparatus with 2.5 litres of methanol. The extract was concentrated by rotary evaporator under reduced pressure and stored under dry state until it is required for use. The percentage yield of the crude extract was calculated using the following formula:(1)
Percentage
yield
=
mass
of
extract
total
mass
of
sample
extracted
×
100
%
.


## 2.2. Animals

Male adult Wistar rats (180–240 g) were used for the acute toxicity studies and rats weighing between 200 and 250 g were used for the subchronic toxicity profiling. The animals were obtained from National Institute of Trypanosomiasis and Onchocerciasis Research, Kaduna, Nigeria. They were fedad libitumwith standard feed and had free access to water. They were also maintained under standard conditions of humidity, temperature, and 12 h light/darkness cycle. The animals were allowed to acclimatize for two weeks before the commencement of the study. A standard protocol was followed in accordance with the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). The “principles of laboratory animal care” were also observed in this study.


## 2.3. Chemicals

Kits for glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT and AST), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT and ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total proteins, albumin, total bilirubin, urea, and creatinine were obtained from Human Gesellschaft für Biochemica and Diagnostica MBH, Germany, and used for the biochemical studies.


## 2.4. Acute Toxicity Studies

The acute toxicity (LD50) was estimated both orally and intraperitoneally in rats (n
=
13) in each case following Lorke’s method [13]. Dose levels of 10, 100, and 1000 mg/kg were used for the first phase. The number of deaths in each group within 24 hours was recorded. In the second phase which was deduced from the first phase, four rats were grouped into four groups of one rat each and they were treated with doses of 1200 mg/kg, 1600 mg/kg, 2900 mg/kg, and 5000 mg/kg orally and intraperitoneally. They were also observed for 24 hours as in the first phase, and final LD50 value was determined from Lorke’s formula as follows:
(2)
L
D
50
=
a
×
b
,
where  a is the highest dose at which no death occurred in the second phase and b is the least dosage at which death occurred in the 2nd phase [16]. The extract was classified using the LD50.


## 2.5. Subchronic Toxicity Studies

Twenty rats were selected by stratified randomization and then divided into four groups of five each. The first group served as control, while the remaining three groups were given 100, 100, and 1000 mg/kg of extracts orally for 28 days. The first day of dosing was considered as D0, whereas the day of sacrifice was designated as D28.


## 2.6. Mortality and Clinical Signs

During the four-week dosing period, all the animals were observed on daily basis for likely clinical signs and mortality patterns once before dosing, immediately after dosing, and up to 4 hours after dosing.


## 2.7. Relative Organ Weight

On day 28 of the dosing period, the animals were starved for 24 hrs; on day 29 all the animals were euthanized by exsanguination under chloroform anesthesia. The liver and kidneys were carefully dissected out and weighed in grams (absolute organ weight). The relative organ weight of each animal was then calculated as(3)
Relative
Organ
Weight
=
Absolute
organ
weight
g
Body
weight
of
rat
on
sacrifice
day
g
×
100
.


## 2.8. Gross Pathology and Microscopic Examination

The liver and the two kidneys for each rat were fixed and preserved in 10% formaldehyde before subjection to tissue processing procedures for the preparation of permanent mount of each tissue as described by Sofowora [14]. The tissues were dehydrated through various grades of alcohol comprised of 30, 50, 70, and 95% with a final bath in 100% alcohol (twice) to ensure total elimination of moisture. Clearing was performed in toluene in order to raise its refractive index to that of glass (1.5) to enable transparency of the cellular inclusions. The processes of infiltration and embedding were performed using liquid paraffin and molten paraffin wax using L-shaped mould, respectively. Sections were made using Rotary Microtome and the Hot plate method was used for mounting specimens onto slides. Staining of tissues was performed using iron hematoxylin and eosin stains. Canada balsam was used in mounting the tissues [17]. Slides were viewed under the ×40 objective of the light microscope and photographed using the digital eye piece camera (Model 582, Oplenic optronic Kina) to capture tissues images.


## 2.9. Preparation of Sera Samples

On day 28 of the dosing period, the animals were starved for 24 hrs, and on day 29 all the animals were exsanguinated under chloroform anesthesia and blood samples were drawn from the heart of each sacrificed animal. The samples were collected in sterilized plain plastic test tubes and allowed to stand for 3 hours to ensure complete clotting. The clotted blood samples were then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and clear serum samples were aspirated off and stored and were frozen for the biochemical test.


## 2.10. Serum Biochemistry

The parameters were determined colorimetrically by employing the standard ready-to-use kits and methods of Human [18] for glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT, AST), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT, ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total proteins, albumin, total bilirubin, serum urea, creatinine, and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and chloride). The manufacturer’s instructions for each biochemical parameter were strictly adhered to in the course of the investigations.


## 2.11. Immunostimulatory Effect ofE. pulcherrima Whole Plant Methanol Extract on Total Leucocyte Count (TLC) and Differential Leucocyte Count (DLC)

Total leucocytes count measures the cellular immunity in which phagocytic cells WBC were found, while the differential leucocytes count (DLC) measures the various cells found in the WBC because each performs different function. The increase in both TLC and DLC is an indication of immunostimulatory effect due to direct effect on the bone marrow or blast transformation of the WBC [16]. The blood samples collected were used to investigate the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), total protein, white blood cell (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, and bands which were determined by laboratory procedures described by Sofowora [14]. The method of Chidume et al. [19] was adopted for the determination of the total leucocytes count (TLC) and differential leucocytes count (DLC). Twelve mice were grouped into four and three in each group. The first group was administered with distilled water that served as control. The second, third, and fourth groups were administered with the extract at concentration doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally, respectively, on the 1st, 5th, and 9th days. On the 10th day, blood samples were taken from all the groups for TLC and DLC determination. The blood samples were collected by applying pressure on their tails and then cutting off the tip of each tail. White cell diluting pipette (capillary tube) was used to collect blood directly from the tail of the rats for TLC. The TLC was done by making 1 : 20 dilution of the samples with white cell diluting fluid and counting with the aid of improved Neubauer counting chamber under the microscope at ×10 magnification. The DLC was determined by making a thin film of the blood samples on microscopic slides and staining with the Leishman stain. The films were air dried at ambient temperature and examined microscopically under oil immersion using ×100 magnification.


## 2.12. Statistical Analysis

The results were statistically expressed as means standard error of the mean (SEM). The data was further analyzed using Latin square Design three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the IBM SPSS version 20.0 for the test of significant difference at 95% level (P
<
0.05). The Turkey hierarchy significant difference test was carried out for the purpose of ranking the order of the effects of treatments applied.


## 3. Results

### 3.1. Yield, Colour, and Toxicity ofE. pulcherrima

The percentage yield and the physical characteristics of the methanol extract ofE. pulcherrimaobtained by Soxhlet extraction were 5.14% with dark green coloured appearance.The results of the acute toxicity tests ofE. pulcherrimaextract are shown in Table 1.Table 1
Acute toxicity tests ofE. pulcherrima extract.
Doses (mg/kg)
Survival rate (phase 1)
OralDeath/survive
IntraperitonealDeath/survive
10
0/3
0/3
100
0/3
0/3
1000
0/3
0/3
Doses (mg/kg)
Survival rate (phase 11)
1200
0/1
0/1
1600
0/1
0/1
2900
0/1
0/1
5000
1/1
1/1
LD50 (oral) and (intraperitoneal) = 3807.89 mg/kg.The result of the acute toxicity test revealed the LD50 to be 3807.89 mg/kg through both oral and intraperitoneal route of administration.


### 3.2. Effect of theE. pulcherrima Extract on the Serum Urea, Creatinine, and Electrolytes (Kidney Function Parameters) of the Rats

The result of the kidney function parameters test indicated elevation of the serum urea level above the normal reference value in both the control group and the group treated with 10 mg/kg of the extract with mean values7.92
±
1.19 and 7.86
±
1.14 mMol/L (Table 2). The results of creatinine and the electrolyte (Na+, K+, Cl−, and HCO
3
-) on the other hand were within the normal reference values and statistically indicated that P
>
0.05, that is, no significant difference within the average values of the electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl−, and HCO
3
-) across all groups. In other words, various concentrations ofE. pulcherrimaextracts did not influence any significant changes on the serum electrolytes of the treated animals. However, creatinine and urea mean values showed significant difference (P
<
0.05) across the treated groups and the control group. It was however noted that the mean values of creatinine level across the groups were within the normal reference values.Table 2
Effect of theE. pulcherrima extract on the serum urea, creatinine, and electrolytes level (kidney function parameters) of rats.
Kidney parameters(reference values)
Group A(1000 mg/Kg)
Group B(100 mg/Kg)
Group C(10 mg/Kg)
Group D(Control)
Na+  (Mol/L)(135–150)
129.8  ± 0.38
133.8 ± 2.44
132.6 ± 1.64
132.8 ± 2.39
K+  (Mol/L)(3.4–5.3)
3.58 ± 0.09
3.8 ± 0.56
3.8 ± 0.77
3.7 ± 0.56
Cl− (mMol/L)(95–110)
85.8 ± 0.66
93.2 ± 3.35
91.6 ± 2.75
91.8 ± 2.94
HC
O
3
-
(Mol/L)(24–32)
25.8 ± 0.66
25.8 ± 1.34
25.6 ± 1.35
26.6 ± 1.16
Creatinine  (mMol/L)(90–126)
70.4 ± 5.57
69.4 ± 1.75
87.6 ± 3.81
86.6 ± 3.0
Urea  (mMol/L)(2.5–6.5)
5.38 ± 0.58
5.6 ± 0.95
7.86 ± 1.14
7.92 ± 1.19
Values are expressed as mean  ± SEM forN = 5. Values are considered significant if (P
<
0.05).The significant difference indicated by the serum creatinine and urea level was further examined using the Tukey honest-significant difference (HSD) test to investigate real differences therein across all the groups (Table3).Table 3
Tukey’s HSD test for serum creatinine level of rats treated withE. pulcherrima extract.
Groups
N
Homogeneous subsets
1
2
Group B (100 mg/Kg)
5
69.40
Group A (1000 mg/Kg)
5
70.40
Group D (Control)
5
86.60
Group C (10 mg/Kg)
5
87.60
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.From the result of the Turkey honest-significant difference (HSD) test in Table3, in the first homogeneous subset, it can be deduced that groups treated with 1000 and 100 mg/kg had less creatinine and the group treated with 10 mg/kg and the control group had more creatinine. This is depicted by the mean plot in Figure 1.Figure 1
Mean plot of creatinine level across the groups’ depiction of significant level.From the result of the Turkey honest-significant difference (HSD) tests in Table4, the first homogeneous subset indicates that groups treated with 1000 and 100 mg/kg had less urea and the group treated with 10 mg/kg and the control group had more urea. This is depicted by the mean plot in Figure 2.Table 4
Tukey’s HSD test for serum urea level of rats treated withE. pulcherrima extract.
Groups
N
Homogeneous subsets
1
2
Group A (1000 mg/Kg)
5
5.38
Group B (100 mg/Kg)
5
5.60
Group C (10 mg/Kg)
5
7.86
Group D (Control)
5
7.92
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.Figure 2
Mean plot of urea level across the groups’ depiction of significant level.The result of the analysis showed a negative correlation between the concentration of the plant extract and the elevation of the urea and creatinine; that is, when concentration increased, the levels of the parameters decreased (Table2). These changes cannot be directly linked to the toxicity effect of the extract, since the mean values of the creatinine and urea of the groups treated with higher concentration of the extracts were practically not influenced positively by the extract.


### 3.3. Effect of theE. pulcherrima Extract on the Liver Function Parameters

The descriptive analysis of the results revealed elevation of the liver function parameters such as ALAT, ALP, T protein albumin, and bilirubin above the normal reference values. However, the ASAT level was within the normal reference values (Table5). The statistical analysis of ALAT, ASAT, ALP, T protein albumin, and bilirubin in all cases showed that P
>
0.05, that is, no significant difference in the average values of ALAT, ASAT, ALP, T protein, T. bilirubin, C. bilirubin, and albumin across the groups. In other words, various concentrations ofE. pulcherrimaplant extract do not really influence the level of the liver function parameters tested.Table 5
Effect of theE. pulcherrima extract on the serum level of ALAT, ASAT, ALP, T protein, albumin,  and bilirubin (liver function parameters) of rats.
Liver function
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Parameters
(1000 mg/Kg)
(100 mg/Kg)
(10 mg/Kg)
(Control)
Reference value
Mean ±  SE
Mean ± SE
Mean ± SE
Mean ± SE
ALAT (u/L)(up to 22 UI)
29.00 ± 1.48
32.00 ± 1.67
26.00 ± 2.41
32.20 ± 2.42
ASAT (u/L)(up to 218)
46.20 ± 1.88
39.80 ± 4.39
48.40 ± 7.42
49.80 ± 3.64
ALP (u/L)(60–170)
226.60 ± 17.15
220.20 ± 7.52
206.00 ± 6.50
207.00 ± 5.33
T. Protein (g/L)(58–80)
80.00 ± 0.71
80.80 ± 1.39
81.60 ± 0.75
83.00 ± 1.34
T. bilirubin (µmol/L)(1.7–17.1)
22.00 ± 1.05
21.00 ± 0.71
20.40 ± 0.60
21.40 ± 0.40
C. bilirubin (µmol /L)(1.7–8.5)
12.00 ± 0.63
11.20 ± 0.66
10.80 ± 0.58
11.60 ± 0.40
Albumin (g/L)(35–50 g)
51.80 ± 1.36
51.80 ± 1.07
51.00 ± 0.71
55.80 ± 2.31
Values are expressed as mean  ± SEM forN = 5. Values are considered significant if (P
<
0.05).


### 3.4. The Effect of the ofE. pulcherrima Extract on the Relative Organ Weight of Liver and Kidney

The result of the relative organ weight (Table6) indicated statistically that the mean values of both liver and kidney showed P
>
0.05. It is therefore concluded that there is no significant difference in the average relative organ weights of the liver and the kidney of the treated groups and the control group. In other words, various dose concentrations ofE. pulcherrimaplant extract did not really influence the relative organ weight of both liver and kidney.Table 6
The effect ofE. pulcherrima extract on the relative organ weight of liver and kidney.
Organ
Ref. value
Group A(1000 mg/Kg)
Group B(100 mg/Kg)
Group C (10 mg/Kg)
Group D (Control)
Mean ± SE
Mean ± SE
Mean ± SE
Mean ± SE
Liver
0.82
0.0469 ± 0.0058
0.0426 ± 0.0031
0.0395 ± 0.0019
0.0438 ± 0.0043
Kidney
0.76
0.0043 ± 0.0004
0.0046 ± 0.0002
0.0046 ± 0.0003
0.0046 ± 0.0004
Values are expressed as mean  ±  SEM forN = 5. Values are considered Significant if (P
<
0.05).


### 3.5. Immunostimulatory Effects ofE. pulcherrima Extract on the Total and Differential Leucocytes Counts

The result of the total and differential leucocytes counts (Table7) of the control and treated cases showed P
>
0.05. Therefore, there is no significant difference in the average values of the parameters such as PCV, Hb, T Protein, WBC, NEUT, LYMPH, and RBC across all groups. This therefore implies that various dose concentrations ofE. pulcherrimaextract do not really influence both total and differential leucocytes counts (Table 7).Table 7
The descriptive analyses of the total and differential leucocytes counts.
Liver parameters
Group A(10 mg/Kg)
Group B(100 mg/Kg)
Group C(1000 mg/Kg)
Group D(Control)
Mean ± SE
Mean ± SE
Mean ± SE
Mean ± SE
PCV (%)
46.33 ± 0.88
4.00 ± 2.31
45.67 ± 1.20
41.00 ± 4.04
Hb (g/dL)
15.43 ± 0.30
15.63 ± 0.78
15.20 ± 0.42
13.63 ± 1.34
T. Prot. (g/dL)
4.87 ± 0.59
5.60 ± 0.31
5.60 ± 0.20
5.20 ± 0.31
WBC (×109/L)
5.63 ± 0.61
5.27 ± 1.51
3.37 ± 0.34
2.70 ± 0.65
NEUT  (%)
27.00 ± 3.46
36.00 ± 0.58
17.00 ± 5.03
26.67 ± 6.49
LYMPH (%)
72.67 ± 3.48
59.00 ± 2.31
81.33 ± 5.36
68.67 ± 7.88
RBC (×106/L)
7.70 ± 0.15
7.80 ± 0.40
7.60 ± 0.21
6.80 ± 0.66
Values are expressed as mean  ± SEM forN = 5. Values are considered significant if (P
<
0.05).


### 3.6. Histopathology of Liver of Experimental Model Treated withE. pulcherrima Extracts

The result of the liver histopathology showed that the control group and the group treated with 10 mg/kg/day of the extract showed normal histology of liver (Figure3). Rat treated with 100 mg/kg/day showed mild portal lymphocytic infiltration (Figures 4(a) and 4(b)) and portal vascular congestion (Figure 4(a)). Rat treated with 1000 mg/kg/day on the other hand also showed mild portal lymphocytic infiltration (Figure 4(b)).Figure 3
Micrograph of the liver of a control rat showing the central vein, sinusoid, portal triad, and hepatocytes ×400.(a) and (b) micrograph of the liver of a rat treated with 100 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of the extract showing portal vascular congestion and mild portal lymphocytic infiltration, respectively,×400 magnification.
(a)
(b)


### 3.7. Histopathology of Kidney of Experimental Model Treated withE. pulcherrima Extracts

The result of the histopathology of kidney of control group and rats treated with doses 10, 100 mg/kg/day showed a similar pattern with majority of group members showing mild renal tubular dilation (MRTD) (Figures7(a) and 7(b)) while others showed normal histology (Figure 6). Remarkably majority of the members of the group treated with 1000 mg/kg/day showed normal histology (Figure 6). Only one of the member showed mild renal tubular dilation (Figure 7(a)). This implies that MRTD could possibly be remedied with the extract ofE. pulcherrimaat higher concentration.


## 3.1. Yield, Colour, and Toxicity ofE. pulcherrima

The percentage yield and the physical characteristics of the methanol extract ofE. pulcherrimaobtained by Soxhlet extraction were 5.14% with dark green coloured appearance.The results of the acute toxicity tests ofE. pulcherrimaextract are shown in Table 1.Table 1
Acute toxicity tests ofE. pulcherrima extract.
Doses (mg/kg)
Survival rate (phase 1)
OralDeath/survive
IntraperitonealDeath/survive
10
0/3
0/3
100
0/3
0/3
1000
0/3
0/3
Doses (mg/kg)
Survival rate (phase 11)
1200
0/1
0/1
1600
0/1
0/1
2900
0/1
0/1
5000
1/1
1/1
LD50 (oral) and (intraperitoneal) = 3807.89 mg/kg.The result of the acute toxicity test revealed the LD50 to be 3807.89 mg/kg through both oral and intraperitoneal route of administration.


## 3.2. Effect of theE. pulcherrima Extract on the Serum Urea, Creatinine, and Electrolytes (Kidney Function Parameters) of the Rats

The result of the kidney function parameters test indicated elevation of the serum urea level above the normal reference value in both the control group and the group treated with 10 mg/kg of the extract with mean values7.92
±
1.19 and 7.86
±
1.14 mMol/L (Table 2). The results of creatinine and the electrolyte (Na+, K+, Cl−, and HCO
3
-) on the other hand were within the normal reference values and statistically indicated that P
>
0.05, that is, no significant difference within the average values of the electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl−, and HCO
3
-) across all groups. In other words, various concentrations ofE. pulcherrimaextracts did not influence any significant changes on the serum electrolytes of the treated animals. However, creatinine and urea mean values showed significant difference (P
<
0.05) across the treated groups and the control group. It was however noted that the mean values of creatinine level across the groups were within the normal reference values.Table 2
Effect of theE. pulcherrima extract on the serum urea, creatinine, and electrolytes level (kidney function parameters) of rats.
Kidney parameters(reference values)
Group A(1000 mg/Kg)
Group B(100 mg/Kg)
Group C(10 mg/Kg)
Group D(Control)
Na+  (Mol/L)(135–150)
129.8  ± 0.38
133.8 ± 2.44
132.6 ± 1.64
132.8 ± 2.39
K+  (Mol/L)(3.4–5.3)
3.58 ± 0.09
3.8 ± 0.56
3.8 ± 0.77
3.7 ± 0.56
Cl− (mMol/L)(95–110)
85.8 ± 0.66
93.2 ± 3.35
91.6 ± 2.75
91.8 ± 2.94
HC
O
3
-
(Mol/L)(24–32)
25.8 ± 0.66
25.8 ± 1.34
25.6 ± 1.35
26.6 ± 1.16
Creatinine  (mMol/L)(90–126)
70.4 ± 5.57
69.4 ± 1.75
87.6 ± 3.81
86.6 ± 3.0
Urea  (mMol/L)(2.5–6.5)
5.38 ± 0.58
5.6 ± 0.95
7.86 ± 1.14
7.92 ± 1.19
Values are expressed as mean  ± SEM forN = 5. Values are considered significant if (P
<
0.05).The significant difference indicated by the serum creatinine and urea level was further examined using the Tukey honest-significant difference (HSD) test to investigate real differences therein across all the groups (Table3).Table 3
Tukey’s HSD test for serum creatinine level of rats treated withE. pulcherrima extract.
Groups
N
Homogeneous subsets
1
2
Group B (100 mg/Kg)
5
69.40
Group A (1000 mg/Kg)
5
70.40
Group D (Control)
5
86.60
Group C (10 mg/Kg)
5
87.60
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.From the result of the Turkey honest-significant difference (HSD) test in Table3, in the first homogeneous subset, it can be deduced that groups treated with 1000 and 100 mg/kg had less creatinine and the group treated with 10 mg/kg and the control group had more creatinine. This is depicted by the mean plot in Figure 1.Figure 1
Mean plot of creatinine level across the groups’ depiction of significant level.From the result of the Turkey honest-significant difference (HSD) tests in Table4, the first homogeneous subset indicates that groups treated with 1000 and 100 mg/kg had less urea and the group treated with 10 mg/kg and the control group had more urea. This is depicted by the mean plot in Figure 2.Table 4
Tukey’s HSD test for serum urea level of rats treated withE. pulcherrima extract.
Groups
N
Homogeneous subsets
1
2
Group A (1000 mg/Kg)
5
5.38
Group B (100 mg/Kg)
5
5.60
Group C (10 mg/Kg)
5
7.86
Group D (Control)
5
7.92
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.Figure 2
Mean plot of urea level across the groups’ depiction of significant level.The result of the analysis showed a negative correlation between the concentration of the plant extract and the elevation of the urea and creatinine; that is, when concentration increased, the levels of the parameters decreased (Table2). These changes cannot be directly linked to the toxicity effect of the extract, since the mean values of the creatinine and urea of the groups treated with higher concentration of the extracts were practically not influenced positively by the extract.


## 3.3. Effect of theE. pulcherrima Extract on the Liver Function Parameters

The descriptive analysis of the results revealed elevation of the liver function parameters such as ALAT, ALP, T protein albumin, and bilirubin above the normal reference values. However, the ASAT level was within the normal reference values (Table5). The statistical analysis of ALAT, ASAT, ALP, T protein albumin, and bilirubin in all cases showed that P
>
0.05, that is, no significant difference in the average values of ALAT, ASAT, ALP, T protein, T. bilirubin, C. bilirubin, and albumin across the groups. In other words, various concentrations ofE. pulcherrimaplant extract do not really influence the level of the liver function parameters tested.Table 5
Effect of theE. pulcherrima extract on the serum level of ALAT, ASAT, ALP, T protein, albumin,  and bilirubin (liver function parameters) of rats.
Liver function
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Parameters
(1000 mg/Kg)
(100 mg/Kg)
(10 mg/Kg)
(Control)
Reference value
Mean ±  SE
Mean ± SE
Mean ± SE
Mean ± SE
ALAT (u/L)(up to 22 UI)
29.00 ± 1.48
32.00 ± 1.67
26.00 ± 2.41
32.20 ± 2.42
ASAT (u/L)(up to 218)
46.20 ± 1.88
39.80 ± 4.39
48.40 ± 7.42
49.80 ± 3.64
ALP (u/L)(60–170)
226.60 ± 17.15
220.20 ± 7.52
206.00 ± 6.50
207.00 ± 5.33
T. Protein (g/L)(58–80)
80.00 ± 0.71
80.80 ± 1.39
81.60 ± 0.75
83.00 ± 1.34
T. bilirubin (µmol/L)(1.7–17.1)
22.00 ± 1.05
21.00 ± 0.71
20.40 ± 0.60
21.40 ± 0.40
C. bilirubin (µmol /L)(1.7–8.5)
12.00 ± 0.63
11.20 ± 0.66
10.80 ± 0.58
11.60 ± 0.40
Albumin (g/L)(35–50 g)
51.80 ± 1.36
51.80 ± 1.07
51.00 ± 0.71
55.80 ± 2.31
Values are expressed as mean  ± SEM forN = 5. Values are considered significant if (P
<
0.05).


## 3.4. The Effect of the ofE. pulcherrima Extract on the Relative Organ Weight of Liver and Kidney

The result of the relative organ weight (Table6) indicated statistically that the mean values of both liver and kidney showed P
>
0.05. It is therefore concluded that there is no significant difference in the average relative organ weights of the liver and the kidney of the treated groups and the control group. In other words, various dose concentrations ofE. pulcherrimaplant extract did not really influence the relative organ weight of both liver and kidney.Table 6
The effect ofE. pulcherrima extract on the relative organ weight of liver and kidney.
Organ
Ref. value
Group A(1000 mg/Kg)
Group B(100 mg/Kg)
Group C (10 mg/Kg)
Group D (Control)
Mean ± SE
Mean ± SE
Mean ± SE
Mean ± SE
Liver
0.82
0.0469 ± 0.0058
0.0426 ± 0.0031
0.0395 ± 0.0019
0.0438 ± 0.0043
Kidney
0.76
0.0043 ± 0.0004
0.0046 ± 0.0002
0.0046 ± 0.0003
0.0046 ± 0.0004
Values are expressed as mean  ±  SEM forN = 5. Values are considered Significant if (P
<
0.05).


## 3.5. Immunostimulatory Effects ofE. pulcherrima Extract on the Total and Differential Leucocytes Counts

The result of the total and differential leucocytes counts (Table7) of the control and treated cases showed P
>
0.05. Therefore, there is no significant difference in the average values of the parameters such as PCV, Hb, T Protein, WBC, NEUT, LYMPH, and RBC across all groups. This therefore implies that various dose concentrations ofE. pulcherrimaextract do not really influence both total and differential leucocytes counts (Table 7).Table 7
The descriptive analyses of the total and differential leucocytes counts.
Liver parameters
Group A(10 mg/Kg)
Group B(100 mg/Kg)
Group C(1000 mg/Kg)
Group D(Control)
Mean ± SE
Mean ± SE
Mean ± SE
Mean ± SE
PCV (%)
46.33 ± 0.88
4.00 ± 2.31
45.67 ± 1.20
41.00 ± 4.04
Hb (g/dL)
15.43 ± 0.30
15.63 ± 0.78
15.20 ± 0.42
13.63 ± 1.34
T. Prot. (g/dL)
4.87 ± 0.59
5.60 ± 0.31
5.60 ± 0.20
5.20 ± 0.31
WBC (×109/L)
5.63 ± 0.61
5.27 ± 1.51
3.37 ± 0.34
2.70 ± 0.65
NEUT  (%)
27.00 ± 3.46
36.00 ± 0.58
17.00 ± 5.03
26.67 ± 6.49
LYMPH (%)
72.67 ± 3.48
59.00 ± 2.31
81.33 ± 5.36
68.67 ± 7.88
RBC (×106/L)
7.70 ± 0.15
7.80 ± 0.40
7.60 ± 0.21
6.80 ± 0.66
Values are expressed as mean  ± SEM forN = 5. Values are considered significant if (P
<
0.05).


## 3.6. Histopathology of Liver of Experimental Model Treated withE. pulcherrima Extracts

The result of the liver histopathology showed that the control group and the group treated with 10 mg/kg/day of the extract showed normal histology of liver (Figure3). Rat treated with 100 mg/kg/day showed mild portal lymphocytic infiltration (Figures 4(a) and 4(b)) and portal vascular congestion (Figure 4(a)). Rat treated with 1000 mg/kg/day on the other hand also showed mild portal lymphocytic infiltration (Figure 4(b)).Figure 3
Micrograph of the liver of a control rat showing the central vein, sinusoid, portal triad, and hepatocytes ×400.(a) and (b) micrograph of the liver of a rat treated with 100 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of the extract showing portal vascular congestion and mild portal lymphocytic infiltration, respectively,×400 magnification.
(a)
(b)


## 3.7. Histopathology of Kidney of Experimental Model Treated withE. pulcherrima Extracts

The result of the histopathology of kidney of control group and rats treated with doses 10, 100 mg/kg/day showed a similar pattern with majority of group members showing mild renal tubular dilation (MRTD) (Figures7(a) and 7(b)) while others showed normal histology (Figure 6). Remarkably majority of the members of the group treated with 1000 mg/kg/day showed normal histology (Figure 6). Only one of the member showed mild renal tubular dilation (Figure 7(a)). This implies that MRTD could possibly be remedied with the extract ofE. pulcherrimaat higher concentration.


## 4. Discussion

Literature had reported claims that natural plant products are relatively safe and could be used after they have undergone thorough toxicological evaluations using modern scientific methods and passed the test [18]. It is a documented fact that any drug used in treatment of any ailment is not totally free from harmful effects. Plant extracts are also not left out as they can only be beneficial after a careful measurement of thepros and consassociated with their use. These can be achieved by initiation of toxicity assessment of the extract using experimental model. Indices such as LD50 and any effect on the organs of metabolism and homeostasis such as liver and kidney can be evaluated to ascertain the toxicity status of such plant extract. Advance toxicity studies such as subchronic study in animal model could also assist in predicting the potential toxic state of the plant extracts, from which possible interpolation of the response may be correlated with human and in addition may give an idea about the organ system involvement [18, 20]. The results of this investigation showed that extract ofE. pulcherrima wholeplant has the percentage yield of 5.14%, using methanol as the solvent of extraction. Characterization of the euphorbia extract to identify the potentially active compounds has been reported by Sharif et al., 2014 [21].The acute toxicity study of the extract revealed that the LD50 value is 3807.89 mg/kg (Table 1) both orally and intraperitoneally which is within the standard range of 500–5000 mg/kg body weight. Hence, the methanol extract ofE. pulcherrimacan be described as practically nontoxic on the scale proposed by (Lorke, 1983) [13].The result of this study indicates that the control and the treated groups with 10, 100, and 1000 mg/kg of the extract of theE. pulcherrimadid not show significant change in the kidney and liver function parameters. Even though the result indicated elevation of the serum urea and creatinine levels above the normal reference values in both the control group and the group treated with 10 mg/kg of the extract with mean values 7.92
±
1.19 and 7.86
±
1.14 mMol/L for urea (Table 2). The statistical analysis of the results showed a negative correlation between the concentration of the plant extract and the level of urea and creatinine (i.e., by implication when concentration increased, the levels of the parameters decreased). The changes cannot be directly linked to the toxicity effect of the extract, since the mean values of the creatinine and urea of the groups treated with higher concentration of the extracts were practically not influenced positively by the extract. However, these results possibly suggest the potential of the plant to be employed in the treatment of the diseases that are associated with elevation of serum level of creatinine and urea. However, this study suggests a further assessment of the nephron-protective potential ofE. pulcherrima as indicated by the kidney histopathology result, which showed that the rats in control group and rats treated with doses 10 and 100 mg/kg/day showed a similar pattern with majority of group members showing mild renal tubular dilation (MRTD) (Figures 7(a) and 7(b)) while others showed normal histology (Figure 6). However, the group treated with 1000 mg/kg/day indicated that the majority of the group members showed normal histology (Figure 6) and only one member showed mild renal tubular dilation (Figure 7(a)).The result of the liver function test as indices in screening the toxicity activity ofE. pulcherrimamethanol extract (Table 5) revealed the elevation of ALAT, ALP, T protein albumin, and bilirubin above the normal reference values, while ASAT level was within the normal reference values (Table 6). However, the statistical analysis of ALAT, ASAT, ALP, T protein albumin, and bilirubin in all cases showed P
>
0.05, that is, no significant difference in the average values of the parameters. The extract did not alter ALT, ASAT ALP, T protein albumin, and bilirubin concentration in the serum of the treated rats significantly. This is an indication that the extract has no aggressive effects on the metabolism and the excretion of the tested metabolites/enzymes in rats.The nonsignificant alteration in ALT and ASAT sera in the experimental models indicated non-hepatotoxic potential of the plantE. pulcherrima. ALT and ASAT are usually present in high concentration in the liver, where their main function is to take part in transamination activities. However, further research to consider the possible hepatoprotective effect of the plant extract is recommended. The presence of these enzymes in high level in liver could be associated with liver necrosis and other conditions that promote abnormal liver cell membrane permeability [22]. Moreover, cytoplasmic enzymes are only found in high concentration in mild liver injury, while severe liver damage results in the release of both mitochondrial enzymes and the cytoplasmic enzymes [22]. The results of the liver histopathology however indicated some element of the extract’s mild negative effect on the hepatic cells. The result showed that the control group and the group treated with 10 mg/kg/day of the extract showed normal histology of liver (Figure 3). However, one rat treated with 100 mg/kg/day showed mild portal lymphocytic infiltration (Figure 5) and other two rats showed portal vascular congestion (Figure 4(a)) in the group. A rat treated with 1000 mg/kg/day on the other hand showed portal vascular congestion (Figure 4(b)) and all other members of the group showed normal histology. It is pertinent to note that out of the 15 animals treated with the plant only 4 animals indicated some elements of negative effect. This is possibly not as a result of the effect of the extract, as the effect is expected to be more pronounced in the animal group treated with highest concentration. It is however recommended that further work should be designed to rule out such observed effect.(a) and (b) micrograph of liver from group of rats administered 100 mg/kg body weight of extracts showing mild portal lymphocytic infiltration×400.
(a)
(b)(a) and (b) micrograph of the kidney sections of control rat showing normal histology×400.
(a)
(b)(a) and (b) kidney sections of rats of all groups treated and not treated, showing mild tubular dilation (MRTD) of the renal tubules×400.
(a)
(b)


## 5. Conclusion

From the results, it can be concluded thatE.pulcherrimadoes not pose any challenge to the physiological state of both liver and kidney even when consumed at higher concentrations over a long period. The effect is therefore not concentration dependent.These scientific evidences showed that the extract under study possesses some chemical compounds and pharmacological properties similar to the classes of drugs that do not have the potentials to induce any liver or kidney damage. However, some mild hepatic histological changes were observed among a few members of the groups treated with 100 and 1000 mg/kg/day of the extract. Based on these findings, it is recommended that chronic toxicity studies be designed to specifically rule out such observed mild hepatic histological changes and the hepatoprotective and nephron-protective potentials of the plant extract.



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*Source: 539646-2015-02-19.xml*