# Weighted Residual Method for Diffraction of Plane P-Waves in a 2D Elastic Half-Space Revisited: On an Almost Circular Arbitrary-Shaped Canyon

Authors: Vincent W. Lee; Heather P. Brandow
Journal: Journal of Earthquakes
 (2015)

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## Abstract

Scattering and diffraction of elastic in-plane P- and SV-waves by a surface topography such as an elastic canyon at the surface of a half-space is a classical problem which has been studied by earthquake engineers and strong-motion seismologists for over forty years. The case of out-of-plane SH-waves on the same elastic canyon that is semicircular in shape on the half-space surface is the first such problem that was solved by analytic closed-form solutions over forty years ago by Trifunac. The corresponding case of in-plane P- and SV-waves on the same circular canyon is a much more complicated problem because the in-plane P- and SV-scattered-waves have different wave speeds and together they must have zero normal and shear stresses at the half-space surface. It is not until recently in 2014 that analytic solution for such problem is found by the author in the work of Lee and Liu. This paper uses the technique of Lee and Liu of defining these stress-free scattered waves to solve the problem of the scattering and diffraction of these in-plane waves on an on an almost-circular surface canyon that is arbitrary in shape.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

This paper studies the subject on the diffraction of in-plane P-waves in an elastic half-space by arbitrary-shaped canyons using the weighted residual method. It presents a solution for any arbitrary-shaped canyons where the depth of the canyon is approximately half the width of the canyon, such as a semicircle, ellipse, or trapezoid.Researchers continue to study the effects of scattering and diffraction of waves on two-dimensional canyons in an elastic, isotropic, and homogeneous medium. These studies, which assist researchers to understand earthquake ground motions in and around topographic features, initially, addressed incident SH-waves [1–3]. In solving SH-waves, the method of images, which assumes equal and opposite scattered waves upon reflection, has been used [4]. Because of the mode conversion, an incident P-wave, which produces both a reflected P- and SV-wave, is more complex. Thus, the P- and SV-waves diffraction problems cannot be solved using the method of images. Much of the latest and most recent work on diffraction and soil-structure interaction for topographies involving analytic methods is so far thus limited mostly to SH-wave problems [5].Recently in 2014, Lee and Liu analyzed the harmonic motion induced by an incident P-wave for a two-dimensional diffraction around a semicircular canyon in an elastic half-space using an analytic solution to satisfy the zero-stress boundary conditions [6]. In past approaches, numerical approximations of geometry and/or wave functions were made to satisfy the half-space boundary condition using wave functions that are a function of both sine and cosine [3, 7]. Lee and Liu’s new method redefines the cylindrical-wave functions for both the longitudinal P- and shear SV-wave so that they are now a function of sine or cosine, but not a combination of both. Using the Fourier half-range expansion—and because each function itself is orthogonal in the half-space—the functions satisfy the zero-stress boundary condition along the half-space. The normal- and shear-stress boundary condition along the half-space in Figure 1 will be zero since the stress function contains sin(nθ), which equals zero when θ=0, π.Figure 1
Arbitrary-shaped with coordinates at the half-space.This paper expands on Lee and Liu’s new approach for the semicircular canyon replacing it with an arbitrary-shaped canyon with harmonic motion induced by an incident P-wave. In this study, the weighted residual method is applied for the solution of the wave function for the arbitrary-shaped canyon [8, 9]. Lee and Wu’s method defined the scattered wave potentials as a combination of both the sine and the cosine functions, and the origin was defined above the half-space for the case of the shallow canyon problem. This study uses the same principles from Lee and Liu’s paper for which the P- and SV-cylindrical-wave functions are defined by the sine function only. In addition, Lee and Wu [9] define two sets of scattered P- and SV-waves, (a total of four sets of waves) so as to satisfy four sets of boundary conditions, two on the half-space and two on the canyon. The coordinate system in this study is located at the half-space surface, which allows for arbitrary-shaped canyons to be solved. The new method uses only one set of scattered P- and SV-waves, using the method of Lee and Liu [6] to automatically satisfy the free-stress boundary conditions at the half-space surface. Using this improved weighted residual method, the results for Lee and Liu’s semicircle were verified and new results for an ellipse, trapezoid, and rectangle are presented.


## 2. Model

The model for the canyon has no restrictions on shape other than the surface of the canyon which must be continuous and defined by a sequential number of points whose polar coordinates have an increasing value ofθ. In Figure 1, the two-dimensional, arbitrary-shaped canyon in an elastic half-space (y>0) is defined. Each point will have an (x,y) coordinate and once transformed into polar coordinates, each point will have an (r,θ) location. The geometry of the canyon is transformed from the rectangular coordinate system into a cylindrical coordinate system with the same origin at O, shown as follows:(1)x=rcos⁡θ,y=rsin⁡θ,r=x2+y2,θ=tan-1⁡yx.The figure encompasses the following: an incident plane P-wave defined by the potential ϕi, with incidence angle θα. The incident angle is measured with respect to the horizontal x-axis. The waves have a circular frequency ω=2πf, a longitudinal-wave velocity α, and a transverse-wave velocity β.The half-space is elastic, isotropic, and homogeneous, with the following material properties: Lame constantsλ and μ and mass density ρ. The longitudinal-wave velocity α and transverse-wave velocity β are(2)α=λ+2μρ,β=μρ.Therefore, the constants kα=ω/α (P-wave number) and kβ=ω/β (SV-wave number) can be determined.


## 3. Harmonic Motion Induced by Incident P-Wave

Plane longitudinal- (P-) waves enter the half-space at angleθα, resulting in displacements and a propagation in the x-y plane. The incident plane P-wave is characterized by a potential ϕi and is defined in the x-y plane as(3)ϕi=exp⁡ikαxcos⁡θα-ysin⁡θα-iωt.The time factor is exp⁡(-iωt), where i=-1 and t is the time coordinate. The time factor is removed from the equation because we are only interested in studying the amplitude of the waves as a function of the canyon geometry and not the time aspect ωt, which describes the time-dependent oscillation of the wave due to the mode conversion along the half-space surface at y=0; the incident P-wave produces a reflected plane P-wave with P-wave potential ϕr, reflection angle θα, reflected plane SV-wave with a SV-wave potential ψr, and reflection angle θβ. The mode conversion takes place in order to satisfy the stress-free boundary conditions τyy=0 and τxy=0. The reflected P- and SV-wave potentials are derived in Achenbach’s paper [10]. The reflection angles, θα and θβ, are calculated using Snell’s law,forα>βimpliesθα>θβ:(4)sin⁡θαα=sin⁡θββ.On the flat half-space surface, the stress-free boundary conditions can be satisfied for the incident P and the reflected P- and SV-wave by utilizing the boundary conditions:(5)σy=τyxy=0=0,σθ=τθrθ=0,π=0.This results in the following set of equations for the reflected P-wave and SV-wave potentials defined in the x-y plane as(6)Reflected Plane P-Wavesϕr=K1exp⁡ikαxcos⁡θα+ysin⁡θα,Reflected Plane SV-Wavesψr=K2exp⁡ikβxcos⁡θβ+ysin⁡θβ.The reflection coefficients K1 and K2 derived by Cao and Lee and are defined as [3](7)K1=sin⁡2θαsin⁡2θβ-κ2cos2⁡2θβsin⁡2θαsin⁡2θβ+κ2cos2⁡2θβ,K2=-sin⁡2θαcos⁡2θβsin⁡2θαsin⁡2θβ+κ2cos2⁡2θβ.The free-field waves are unaffected by the canyon and become a combination of the input P-wave and reflected P- and SV-waves. The free-field P-wave potential ϕff and the free-field SV-wave potential ψff are as follows:(8)ϕff=ϕi+ϕr=exp⁡ikαxcos⁡θα-ysin⁡θα+K1exp⁡ikαxcos⁡θα+ysin⁡θα,ψff=ψr=K2exp⁡ikβxcos⁡θβ+ysin⁡θβ.Both of these potentials must satisfy the zero-stress boundary conditions along the half-space surface; namely, for all r≥a (same as (5)),(9)σy=τyxy=0=0,σθ=τθrθ=0,π=0.The solution to the wave problems is to start by deriving the Helmholtz wave equation (10)∇2ϕ+kα2ϕ=∂2ϕ∂r2+1r∂ϕ∂r+1r2∂2ϕ∂θ2+kα2ϕ=0.Prior research has shown that the solution Θ(θ) to the Helmholtz wave equation for the scattered P-wave potential ϕ=ϕ(r,θ)e-iωt in 2D cylindrical (polar) coordinates in the half-space region r≥0, 0≤θ≤π, and in the full space -π≤θ≤π, is a combination of both the sin⁡nθ and cos⁡nθ terms included as two independent solutions with A and B as constants and shown as(11)Θnθ=Ansin⁡nθ+Bncos⁡nθ.Lee and Liu [6] observed that in the half-space region, where r≥0, 0≤θ≤π, the sin⁡nθ and cos⁡nθ terms are no longer two independent solutions. The authors concluded that the solution will either be a sine series or a cosine series, butnot a combination of both. Therefore the solution becomes(12)Θnθ=sin⁡nθorcos⁡nθ.To solve the semicircular canyon, it is imperative that Sommerfeld’s radiation condition (waves that are outgoing towards infinity) is satisfied. The Hankel function of the first kind, Hn1kαr, is used since it represents an outgoing wave that decreases in amplitude, unlike the Hankel function of the second kind, Hn2kαr, which represents an incoming wave.Therefore, using the theory asserted by Lee and Liu [6] that, in the half-space, the sine functions are complete and orthogonal, the scattered wave potentials will take only the sine terms:(13)ϕs=∑n=0∞AnHn1kαrsin⁡nθ,ψs=∑n=0∞BnHn1kβrsin⁡nθwith A0=B0=0. Here Hn1· are Hankel functions of the first kind corresponding to outgoing waves to infinity satisfying Sommerfeld’s radiation condition. They can be defined in terms of Bessel functions of the 1st and 2nd kind which in turn are computed by algorithms defined and found in Abramowitz and Stegun [11].


## 4. Boundary Conditions for the Canyon Surface

Boundary conditions on the canyon surface must be satisfied for the free-field and scattered wave potentials. To satisfy these boundary conditions for no force on the canyon surface, the traction components—radialTr, and angular Tθ—on the surface are computed (see Figure 2(a)). Both traction components must satisfy the condition that there is zero stress as derived in the papers by Lee and Wu [8, 9]. The equations for the traction components (14) are derived from the stress equation (15):(14)Tr=σrcos⁡α+τrθsin⁡α=0,Tθ=σrsin⁡α+τrθcos⁡α=0.In Figure 2(b), the angle α is the angle between the radial vector r^ and the normal vector n^ at each point of the surface that is measured positive in the counterclockwise direction from the radial vector. The equations for the stresses are defined as [10, 12](15)σr=λ∇2ϕ+2μ∂2ϕ∂r2+∂∂r1r∂ψ∂θ,σθ=λ∇2ϕ+2μ1r∂ϕ∂r+1r∂2ϕ∂θ2+1r∂ψ∂θ-∂2ψ∂r∂θ,τrθ=μ2r∂2ϕ∂r∂θ-2r2∂ϕ∂θ+1r2∂2ψ∂θ2-∂2ψ∂r2+1r∂ψ∂r.The stresses τrθi+r, σri+r, σθi+r are the in-plane stresses induced by the incident P-wave and reflected P-wave and SV-wave potentials. These stresses are calculated directly from (15) and by substituting the free-field potentials in (8).Figure 2
Traction components.
(a)
(b)The stresses due to the scattered wavesσrs, τrθs, σθs are calculated by substituting the equations for the potentials of (13) into (15) and shown as(16)σrs=2μr2∑n=1∞AnE113n,kαrsin⁡nθ+CnE123n,kβrcos⁡nθ,σθs=2μr2∑n=1∞AnE213n,kαrsin⁡nθ+CnE223n,kβrcos⁡nθ,τθs=2μr2∑n=1∞AnE413n,kαrcos⁡nθ+CnE423n,kβrsin⁡nθwith Eij(3) the stress functions given by [12]. The tractions on the half-space surface due to the scattered waves, incident waves, and reflected waves are all given by (17)σyy=0=σθθ=0,π=0,τyxy=0=τθrθ=0,π=0for both free-field and scattered waves.On the canyon, the boundary condition of zero stress that must be satisfied on the surface of the arbitrary shape is [9] as follows:(18)Tri+r+Trs=0,Tθi+r+Tθs=0.


## 5. Application of Weighted Residual Method

The functions that define the stresses are an infinite summation. Therefore, the traction equations are an infinite summation. An approximate solution would use a finite summation withN terms and thus 2N unknowns, An, and Cn, n=1 to N. The procedure for solving these two equations, traction equation (18), is a special case of the method of moments defined in Roger Harrington’s paper, “Matrix methods for field problems” [13]. A set of weighting functions, w1,w2,w3,…,wN, in the range of 0 to π, is defined and applied to the traction terms. This results in 2N equations that require integration from 0 to π. Applying the method of weighted residuals, the weighting function is chosen as(19)wm=sin⁡mθ.For m=1,2,…,N, the function is (20)∫θTrSNwmdθ=-∫θTri+rNwmdθ,∫θTθSNwmdθ=-∫θTθi+rNwmdθ.Since sin⁡mθ equals zero when m=0, (20) represent 2N pairs of equations with 2N unknowns, An and Cn, for n=1,2,…,N.


## 6. Numerical Solutions

The equations for traction, (20), form a set of complex simultaneous equations with unknowns An and Cn, and coefficient matrix with terms aij, cij and constant terms ri, are shown as(21)a11⋯a1Nc11⋯c1N⋮⋱⋮⋮⋱⋮⋮⋱⋮⋮⋱⋮a2N,1⋯a2N,Nc2N,1⋯c2N,NA1⋮ANC1⋮CN=r1⋮rNrN+1⋮r2N.The terms of the coefficient matrix are determined by substituting the stress equations for the scattered waves (16) into the traction equations, Tr and Tθ, (17) and multiplying each equation by the weighting function (19). Each term requires integration along the boundary of the canyon from 0 to π. The equations are integrated using the Gaussian quadrature method. The surface of integration—the canyon surface—is divided into 400 segments defined by 401 points. Each segment is subdivided again by the 10-point Gauss-Legendre integration. This integration technique is highly accurate when the integrand is very smooth, which is the case for the sine and cosine functions, as the method converges much more quickly than in other integration schemes [14].The constant termsr1 to r2N are calculated from tractions computed from the free-field waves. These free-field stresses are substituted into the equations for traction (17) and then multiplied by the weighting function (19) and integrated along the boundary from 0 to π.The set of2N complex equations are solved for the unknowns A1 to AN, and C1 to CN.


## 7. Comparison of Results to Previous and Existing Studies

From the above analysis, which determined the coefficientAn and Cn of the P- and SV-wave potentials, the displacement amplitudes can now be determined. These displacement amplitudes of interest occur on the surface of the half-space and within the canyon surface. The amplitudes are important in studying the variability of ground motions in the vicinity of a canyon.The free-field displacements are calculated by substituting the incident- and reflected-wave potentials into(22)uxff=∂φff∂x+∂ψff∂y,uyff=∂φff∂y-∂ψff∂x.The scatter-wave displacements are calculated by substituting the P- and SV-wave potentials into (23)urS=∂φS∂r+1r∂ψS∂θ,uθS=1r∂φS∂θ-∂ψS∂r.The resulting displacements for the scatter waves are in the following form [12]:(24)urs=1r∑n=1∞AnE713n,kαrsin⁡nθ+CnE723n,kβrcos⁡nθ,uθs=1r∑n=1∞AnE813n,kαrcos⁡nθ+CnE823n,kβrsin⁡nθwith the displacement functions [12] given by(25)E713=E713n,kαr=kαrHn-11kαr-nHn1kαr,E723=E723n,kβr=nHn1kβr,E813=E813n,kαr=nHn1kαr,E823=E823n,kβr=-kβrHn-11kβr-nHn1kβr.In order to transform the scatter-wave displacements ur, uθ in polar coordinates to displacements ux and uy in rectangular coordinates, a transformation is used. The transformation is as follows:(26)uxuy=cos⁡θ-sin⁡θsin⁡θcos⁡θuruθ.The total displacement amplitudes are a linear combination of the scattered and the free-field waves, and the result of the real (Re) and imaginary (Im) parts(27)ux=Re2uxff+uxS+Im2uxff+uxS1/2,uy=Re2uyff+uyS+Im2uyff+uyS1/2.The phase angle of the points on the canyon and the surface of the half-space can be calculated by using(28)phasex=tan-1⁡Im⁡uxReux,phasey=tan-1⁡Im⁡uyReuy.These two-dimensional displacement amplitudes, horizontal ux and vertical uy, and the phase angle are plotted versus the dimensionless horizontal distance x/a for a specific dimensionless frequency η and an angle of incidence θα. The following plots use the dimensionless frequency parameters η:(29)η=ωaπβ=kβaπ=2aλβ,where a is the radius of the canyon, λβ is the wave length of the shear wave at frequency ω, β is the shear wave speed, κβ is the wave number, and f is the cyclic frequency defined as ω=2πf, with a Poisson ratio of ν=0.25. To verify the validity of this numerical method, each plot was generated using an increasing value of Nmax—the total number of equations—until convergence was achieved. The figures have a depth-to-half-width ratio of h/a=1 and their displacement amplitudes on the half-space surface and the surface of the canyon (r1=a) are plotted along the horizontal x-axis in the interval -4≤x/a≤4. The point x/a=-1 corresponds to the left rim of the canyon, x/a=0 to the bottom, and x/a=1 to the right rim. The incident P-waves are assumed to arrive from the left (x/a<0) in all cases. The displacement amplitudes were computed and compared with the results obtained by the closed-form analytic solutions presented in Lee and Liu [6] for the model of a semicircular canyon in Figure 3. The amplitudes from Lee and Liu [6] are shown in Figure 4, and the calculated results here are shown in Figure 5, to be described in the next paragraph.Figure 3
Semicircular canyon.Figure 4
Arbitrary-shaped semicircular canyonx/a versus Ux and Uy for η=10, θ=60°, and Nmax=112 (results from [6]).Figure 5
Weighted residual method recreated semicircular canyon matches Lee and Liu’s resultsη=10, θ=60°, and Nmax=126.In Figure5, the results are shown for the circular canyon with a coordinate system at the half-space (Figure 3) for θα=60, η=10, and Nmax=112 using the weighted residual method verified by the results of Lee and Liu [6]. The results shown in Figure 5 can be compared with the results in Figure 4 for the incident P-wave on a 2D semicircular canyon, which was computed using Lee and Liu’s analytic solution with the matrix equations of order from N=104–112. The results matched Lee and Liu’s results using N=112 terms.


## 8. The Case of the Semicircular Canyon

The results for the case of the semicircular canyon can also be compared theoretically by matching the boundary condition equations derived from the weighted residual method with those derived from Lee and Liu’s exact closed-form solution [6]. For the incident P-wave, the total waves are a combination of the free-field waves and scattered waves as follows:(30)ϕff=∑n=0∞Jnkαaansin⁡nθ+bncos⁡nθ,ψff=∑n=0∞Jnkβacnsin⁡nθ+dncos⁡nθ,ϕs=∑n=0∞AnHn1kαrsin⁡nθ,ψs=∑n=0∞CnHn1kβrsin⁡nθ.This assumes that the constants an, bn, cn, and dn are defined as follows:(31)an=sin⁡nθαK1-1εnin,bn=cos⁡nθαK1+1εnin,cn=sin⁡nθβK2εnin,dn=cos⁡nθβK2εninand taking into consideration the stress-free boundary condition at the surface of the semicircular canyon at r=a, (32)∫θσrscos⁡α+τrθssin⁡αsin⁡nθdθ=-∫θσrffcos⁡α+τrθffsin⁡αsin⁡nθdθ,∫θσθssin⁡α+τrθscos⁡αsin⁡nθdθ=-∫θσθffsin⁡α+τrθffcos⁡αsin⁡nθdθfor the case of a semicircular canyon, α=0. The orthogonality of the sine function gives(33)∫0πsin⁡nθsin⁡mθ=π2m=n0m≠n,∫0πcos⁡nθsin⁡mθ=smn=2mm2-n2m+nodd0m+neven.Therefore, the two boundary condition equations reduce down to(34)π2E113nAn+∑m=1m+nodd∞E123msnmCm=sffn=-π2E111nan-E121ncn-∑m=0m+nodd∞E111mbm+E121mdmsnm,∑m=1m+nodd∞E413msnmAm+π2E423nCn=tffn=-π2-E411nbn+E421ndn-∑m=1m+nodd∞E411mam+E421mcmsnm.Equations (34) are two boundary conditions that are identical to those derived in Lee and Liu’s [6] exact solution for a semicircular canyon. Therefore, with the choice of the sine function as the weighting function, the weighted residual methods resulted in the exact closed-form solution for the case of a semicircular canyon in an elastic half-space.


## 9. Application to Other Arbitrary Shapes

This new methodology for solving the arbitrary-shaped canyon is applicable to any arbitrary-shaped canyon. This section of the paper will look at an elliptical-shaped canyon and a trapezoidal-shaped canyon. For each shape, the number of equations,Nmax, increases until convergence is reached or the problem becomes numerically unstable. The procedure that has been applied in this paper, the method of moments using weighting functions, is an approximate technique and its accuracy is a function of convergence as the infinite series are truncated to a finite number of unknown terms: A1,…,An and C1,…,Cn. Three factors that affect the results are the number of terms, the stability of the Bessel functions, and integration. The cases of shallow canyons will be described and presented in the next paper.


### 9.1. Elliptical Canyon

The results for an elliptical canyon of depthsb/a=1.25 and 1.5, as shown in Figure 6, are presented in this section. The incident P-waves are assumed to arrive from the front side of the canyon for all cases. The results are presented in figures that show the x- and y-displacement amplitudes for an angle of incidence of θ=5°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. The case for θ=30° is for an oblique incident P-wave and the case of θ=90° is for a vertical incident P-wave. The x- and y-displacement amplitudes are plotted in the figures on the horizontal axis from x/a=-4 to x/a=+4. For convenience, each graph has three areas of interest: the front side (in which the waves arrive first x/a=-4 to x/a=-1), the backside (from x/a=+1 to x/a=+4), and the surface of the canyon (from x/a=-1 to x/a=+1). The results for h=1.25 are shown in Figures 7 and 8 and the results for b=1.5 are shown in Figures 9 and 10.Figure 6
Arbitrary-shaped elliptical canyon.Figure 7
Ellipse-shaped canyonb/a=1.25, η=2, θ=5°, 30°, 60°, 90°,  and Nmax=70.Figure 8
Ellipse-shaped canyonb/a=1.25, η=8, θ=5°, 30°, 60°, 90°, and Nmax=104.Figure 9
(a) Ellipse-shaped canyonb/a=1.5, η=2, θ=5°, 30°, and Nmax=60. (b) Ellipse-shaped canyon b/a=1.5,  η=2,  θ=60°, 90°, and Nmax=60.
(a)
(b)Figure 10
Ellipse-shaped canyonb/a=1.5, η=8, θ=5°, 30°, 60°, 90°, and Nmax=100.Figure7 shows the results for an elliptical canyon of depth b/a=1.25, a dimensionless frequency of η=2, and an incident angle of θ=5°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. For the graphs with incident angle θ=5°, the x-component displacement amplitudes slightly oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon and produce a shadowy behavior along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, both the x- and y-displacement amplitudes are oscillatory, producing a spike on the backside rim of the canyon at x/a=+1. The y-component displacement amplitudes slightly oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon. On the backside of the canyon, the oscillations are very steady, showing a shadowy behavior. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are oscillatory with a spike at the rims of the canyon at x/a=+1. For the graphs with incident angle θ=30°, the x-component displacement amplitudes tend to oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon but gradually oscillate and produce a shadowy behavior along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface both the x- and y-displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory and produce a spike on the front side and backside rim of the canyons. The y-component displacement amplitudes tend to oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon and produce a shadowy behavior along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with spikes at the rims of the canyon x/a=+1 and x/a=-1. For the graphs with incident angle θ=60°, the x- and y-component displacement amplitudes exhibit the same behavior as the graphs for incident angle 30°, with slightly smaller amplitudes and small corner spikes. For the graphs with incident angle of θ=90°, the x- and y-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin 0. The free-field amplitudes exhibit decaying oscillatory amplification on the front side of the canyon and shadowy behavior on the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are slightly oscillatory with spikes at both rims of the canyon for displacement of x/a=+1 and x/a=-1 for the x-component displacement amplitude.Figure8 shows the results for an elliptical canyon of depth b/a=1.25, dimensionless frequency η=8, and incidence angles of θ=5°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. For the graphs with incident angle θ=5°, the x-component displacement amplitudes oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon and produce a shadowy behavior along the backside. Within the canyon surface, both the x- and y-displacement amplitudes are oscillatory, producing spikes on the front side of the canyon rim at x/a=-1 and the backside rim at x/a=+1. The y-component displacement amplitudes oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side and the backside of the canyon. The oscillations are very steady, showing a shadowy behavior. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are oscillatory with spikes at the rims of the canyon at x/a=+1 and x/a=-1. For the graphs with incident angle θ=30°, the x-component displacement amplitudes tend to rapidly oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon but gradually oscillate on the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, both the x- and y-displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory and only produce a spike on the backside rim of the canyon at x/a=+1. The y-component displacement amplitudes tend to oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon. On the backside of the canyon, the oscillations are very steady, showing a shadowy behavior. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with spikes at the canyon rims at x/a=+1 and x/a=-1. These spikes are due to the sharp corners, which result in a change of curvature. For the graphs with incident angle θ=60°, the x- and y-component displacement amplitudes exhibit the same behavior as the graphs for the incident angle of 30° with slightly smaller amplitudes and no corner spike. For the graphs with incident angle θ=90°, the x- and y-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin 0. The free-field amplitudes exhibit decaying oscillatory amplification on the front side of the canyon and a shadowy behavior on the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are slightly oscillatory with spikes at both rims of the canyon for displacement of x/a=+1 and x/a=-1.Figures9(a) and 9(b) show the results for an elliptical canyon of depth b/a=1.5, a dimensionless frequency of η=2, and an incidence angle of θ=5°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. The displacement amplitudes tend to look similar along the free-field surface of the front side of the canyon and backside of the canyon as seen in Figure 7 for the ellipse with b=1.25. Figure 9 shows significant spikes at the rims of the canyons for an angle of incidence of θ=60°.In Figure9, the phase diagrams are shown alongside the corresponding displacement amplitudes. All phase diagrams have been scaled by π and shifted arbitrarily to have a zero phase angle at x/a=0.Figure10 shows the results for elliptical canyon depth b/a=1.5, dimensionless frequency η=8, and angles of incidence θ=5°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. The displacement amplitudes tend to look similar along the free-field surface of the front side of the canyon and backside of the canyon as those seen in Figure 8 for the ellipse with h=1.25. Figure 8 shows significant spikes at the rims of the canyons and much less oscillatory behavior within the surface of the canyon, producing shadow-like behavior.


### 9.2. Trapezoidal Canyons

The results for the trapezoidal canyon, as shown in Figure11, are presented in this section. The trapezoidal canyon is defined by h/a=1, with sloping sides of 60° and 45° measured from the horizontal axis. The incident P-waves are assumed to arrive from the front side of the canyon for all cases. Each figure shows the x- and y-displacement amplitudes for angles of incidence θ=30°, 60°, and 90°. The case for θ=30° is for an oblique incident P-wave, and the case of θ=90° is for a vertical incident P-wave. The x- and y-displacement amplitudes are plotted in the figures on the horizontal axis from x/a=-4 to x/a=+4. For convenience, each graph has three areas of focus: the front side, from x/a=-4 to x/a-1, the backside, from x/a+1 to x/a=+4, and the surface of the canyon, from x/a=-1 to x/a+1.Figure 11
Trapezoidal canyon.Figure12 shows the results for a trapezoidal canyon with depth of h/a=1, dimensionless frequency η=2, a slope of 60°, and incidence angles of θ=30°, 60°, and 90°. The x- and y-displacement amplitudes are plotted in the figures on the horizontal axis from x/a=-4 to x/a=+4. For the graphs with incident angle θ=5°, the x-component displacement amplitudes gradually oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon and produce a shadowy behavior along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, both the x- and y-displacement amplitudes are oscillatory, producing clustered spikes at the canyon rims. The y-component displacement amplitudes oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon. On the backside of the canyon, oscillations are very steady and show shadowy behavior. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are oscillatory with clustered spikes at the canyon rims. For the graphs with incident angles θ=30° and θ=60°, similar trends are observed for the x-component displacement amplitudes and y-component displacement amplitude with larger amplitude-clustered spikes on the front-sloping side of the canyon (x/a=-1 to x/a=-0.5) and on the back-sloping side of the canyon (x/a=+0.5 to x/a=+1). For the graphs with incident angle θ=90°, the x-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin. They exhibit a shadowy behavior about the free-field amplitudes on the front side and backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with very large clustered spikes on the sloping sides. The y-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin and exhibit a shadowy behavior along the free-field amplitudes on the front side and backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with clustered spikes on the sloping sides.Figure 12
Trapezoid-shaped canyonh/a=1, η=2, θ=5°, 30°, 60°, 90°, Nmax=28, and slope 60°.Figure13 shows the results for a trapezoidal canyon of depth h/a=1, dimensionless frequency η=6, a slope of 60°, and incidence angles θ=30°, 60°, and 90°. The x- and y-displacement amplitudes are plotted in the figures on the horizontal axis from x/a=-4 to x/a=+4. For the graphs with an incident angle of θ=5°, the x-component displacement amplitudes oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon, and produce a shadowy behavior along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, both the x- and y-displacement amplitudes are oscillatory, producing clustered spikes at the canyon rims. The y-component displacement amplitudes oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon. On the backside of the canyon, the oscillations are very steady, showing a shadowy behavior. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are oscillatory with clustered spikes at the rims of the canyon. For the graphs with incident angle θ=30°, the x-component displacement amplitudes tend to rapidly oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon but gradually oscillate on the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with clustered spikes on the front-sloping side (x/a=-1 to x/a=-0.5) and on the back-sloping side of the canyon (x/a=+0.5 to x/a=+1). The oscillations are much more oscillatory than the ones observed for deep elliptical canyons. The y-component displacement amplitudes tend to oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon. On the backside, the oscillations are very steady, showing a shadowy behavior. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with small clustered spikes at the front-sloping side of the canyon and larger clustered spikes at the back-sloping side. The oscillations are at a higher frequency than the ones observed for the deep elliptical canyons. The graphs with incident angle θ=60° display the same trends as the ones for incidence angle θ=30° except without the spikes at the sloping sides of the trapezoidal canyon. For the graphs with incident angle θ=90°, the x-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin and exhibit no amplitude change about the free-field amplitudes on the front side and backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with very large clustered spikes on the sloping sides. The y-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin and exhibit a shadowy behavior along the free-field amplitudes on the front side and backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with clustered spikes on the sloping sides.Figure 13
Trapezoid-shaped canyonh/a=1, η=6, θ=5°, 30°, 60°, 90°, Nmax=38, and slope 60°.Figure14 shows the results for a trapezoidal canyon of depth h/a=1, dimensionless frequency η=2, a slope of 45°, and angles of incidence θ=5°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. For the graphs with incident angle θ=5°, the x-component displacement amplitudes gradually oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon and produce a shadowy behavior along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface both the x- and y-displacement amplitudes are oscillatory. The y-component displacement amplitudes exhibit a very steady shadowy behavior on the front side and backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are oscillatory. For the graphs with the incident angles of θ=30° and θ=60°, the x- and y-component displacement amplitudes exhibit the same trends as those seen for the incident angle θ=5°. For the graphs with incident angle θ=90°, the x-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin and tend to exhibit a shadowy behavior along the free-field amplitudes on the front side and backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with very large clustered spikes at the rims of the canyon at x/a=+1 and x/a=-1. The y-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin and they also exhibit a shadowy behavior about the free-field amplitudes on the front side and backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with clustered spikes at the center of the canyon.Figure 14
Trapezoid-shaped canyonh/a=1, η=2, θ=5°, 30°, 60°, 90°, Nmax=18, and slope 45°.Figure15 shows the results for a trapezoidal canyon of depth h/a=1, dimensionless frequency η=6, slope of 45°, and angles of incidence θ=5°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. For the graphs with an incident angle of θ=5°, the x-component displacement amplitudes oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon and produce a shadowy behavior along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, both the x- and y-displacement amplitudes are oscillatory, producing clustered spikes on the rims of the canyon rim. The y-component displacement amplitudes oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon. On the backside of the canyon, the oscillations are very steady, showing a shadowy behavior. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are oscillatory with clustered spikes that peak at the center of the canyon. For the graphs with incident angle θ=30°, the x-component displacement amplitudes slightly oscillate about the free-field amplitudes on the front side of the canyon and exhibit a shadowy behavior along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory, oscillating much more rapidly than the ones observed for the trapezoidal canyons with a slope of 60°. The y-component displacement amplitudes exhibit a shadowy behavior about the free-field amplitudes on the front side and along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory. For the graphs with incident angle θ=60°, the x-component displacement amplitudes rapidly oscillate about the free-field amplitudes on the front side of the canyon, but gradually oscillate on the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with large clustered spikes at the rims of the canyon at x/a=-1 and x/a=+1. The y-component displacement amplitudes gradually oscillate about the free-field amplitudes on the front side of the canyon and along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory. For the graphs with the incident angle θ=90°, the x-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin, and they tend to exhibit a shadowy behavior along the free-field amplitudes on the front side and the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with very large clustered spikes at the canyon rims of x/a=+1 and x/a=-1. The y-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin, and they also exhibit a shadowy behavior about the free-field amplitudes on the front side and around the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with clustered spikes at the center of the canyon.Figure 15
Trapezoid-shaped canyonh/a=1, η=6, θ=5°, 30°, 60°, 90°, Nmax=28, and slope 45°.


## 9.1. Elliptical Canyon

The results for an elliptical canyon of depthsb/a=1.25 and 1.5, as shown in Figure 6, are presented in this section. The incident P-waves are assumed to arrive from the front side of the canyon for all cases. The results are presented in figures that show the x- and y-displacement amplitudes for an angle of incidence of θ=5°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. The case for θ=30° is for an oblique incident P-wave and the case of θ=90° is for a vertical incident P-wave. The x- and y-displacement amplitudes are plotted in the figures on the horizontal axis from x/a=-4 to x/a=+4. For convenience, each graph has three areas of interest: the front side (in which the waves arrive first x/a=-4 to x/a=-1), the backside (from x/a=+1 to x/a=+4), and the surface of the canyon (from x/a=-1 to x/a=+1). The results for h=1.25 are shown in Figures 7 and 8 and the results for b=1.5 are shown in Figures 9 and 10.Figure 6
Arbitrary-shaped elliptical canyon.Figure 7
Ellipse-shaped canyonb/a=1.25, η=2, θ=5°, 30°, 60°, 90°,  and Nmax=70.Figure 8
Ellipse-shaped canyonb/a=1.25, η=8, θ=5°, 30°, 60°, 90°, and Nmax=104.Figure 9
(a) Ellipse-shaped canyonb/a=1.5, η=2, θ=5°, 30°, and Nmax=60. (b) Ellipse-shaped canyon b/a=1.5,  η=2,  θ=60°, 90°, and Nmax=60.
(a)
(b)Figure 10
Ellipse-shaped canyonb/a=1.5, η=8, θ=5°, 30°, 60°, 90°, and Nmax=100.Figure7 shows the results for an elliptical canyon of depth b/a=1.25, a dimensionless frequency of η=2, and an incident angle of θ=5°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. For the graphs with incident angle θ=5°, the x-component displacement amplitudes slightly oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon and produce a shadowy behavior along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, both the x- and y-displacement amplitudes are oscillatory, producing a spike on the backside rim of the canyon at x/a=+1. The y-component displacement amplitudes slightly oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon. On the backside of the canyon, the oscillations are very steady, showing a shadowy behavior. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are oscillatory with a spike at the rims of the canyon at x/a=+1. For the graphs with incident angle θ=30°, the x-component displacement amplitudes tend to oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon but gradually oscillate and produce a shadowy behavior along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface both the x- and y-displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory and produce a spike on the front side and backside rim of the canyons. The y-component displacement amplitudes tend to oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon and produce a shadowy behavior along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with spikes at the rims of the canyon x/a=+1 and x/a=-1. For the graphs with incident angle θ=60°, the x- and y-component displacement amplitudes exhibit the same behavior as the graphs for incident angle 30°, with slightly smaller amplitudes and small corner spikes. For the graphs with incident angle of θ=90°, the x- and y-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin 0. The free-field amplitudes exhibit decaying oscillatory amplification on the front side of the canyon and shadowy behavior on the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are slightly oscillatory with spikes at both rims of the canyon for displacement of x/a=+1 and x/a=-1 for the x-component displacement amplitude.Figure8 shows the results for an elliptical canyon of depth b/a=1.25, dimensionless frequency η=8, and incidence angles of θ=5°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. For the graphs with incident angle θ=5°, the x-component displacement amplitudes oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon and produce a shadowy behavior along the backside. Within the canyon surface, both the x- and y-displacement amplitudes are oscillatory, producing spikes on the front side of the canyon rim at x/a=-1 and the backside rim at x/a=+1. The y-component displacement amplitudes oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side and the backside of the canyon. The oscillations are very steady, showing a shadowy behavior. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are oscillatory with spikes at the rims of the canyon at x/a=+1 and x/a=-1. For the graphs with incident angle θ=30°, the x-component displacement amplitudes tend to rapidly oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon but gradually oscillate on the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, both the x- and y-displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory and only produce a spike on the backside rim of the canyon at x/a=+1. The y-component displacement amplitudes tend to oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon. On the backside of the canyon, the oscillations are very steady, showing a shadowy behavior. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with spikes at the canyon rims at x/a=+1 and x/a=-1. These spikes are due to the sharp corners, which result in a change of curvature. For the graphs with incident angle θ=60°, the x- and y-component displacement amplitudes exhibit the same behavior as the graphs for the incident angle of 30° with slightly smaller amplitudes and no corner spike. For the graphs with incident angle θ=90°, the x- and y-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin 0. The free-field amplitudes exhibit decaying oscillatory amplification on the front side of the canyon and a shadowy behavior on the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are slightly oscillatory with spikes at both rims of the canyon for displacement of x/a=+1 and x/a=-1.Figures9(a) and 9(b) show the results for an elliptical canyon of depth b/a=1.5, a dimensionless frequency of η=2, and an incidence angle of θ=5°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. The displacement amplitudes tend to look similar along the free-field surface of the front side of the canyon and backside of the canyon as seen in Figure 7 for the ellipse with b=1.25. Figure 9 shows significant spikes at the rims of the canyons for an angle of incidence of θ=60°.In Figure9, the phase diagrams are shown alongside the corresponding displacement amplitudes. All phase diagrams have been scaled by π and shifted arbitrarily to have a zero phase angle at x/a=0.Figure10 shows the results for elliptical canyon depth b/a=1.5, dimensionless frequency η=8, and angles of incidence θ=5°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. The displacement amplitudes tend to look similar along the free-field surface of the front side of the canyon and backside of the canyon as those seen in Figure 8 for the ellipse with h=1.25. Figure 8 shows significant spikes at the rims of the canyons and much less oscillatory behavior within the surface of the canyon, producing shadow-like behavior.


## 9.2. Trapezoidal Canyons

The results for the trapezoidal canyon, as shown in Figure11, are presented in this section. The trapezoidal canyon is defined by h/a=1, with sloping sides of 60° and 45° measured from the horizontal axis. The incident P-waves are assumed to arrive from the front side of the canyon for all cases. Each figure shows the x- and y-displacement amplitudes for angles of incidence θ=30°, 60°, and 90°. The case for θ=30° is for an oblique incident P-wave, and the case of θ=90° is for a vertical incident P-wave. The x- and y-displacement amplitudes are plotted in the figures on the horizontal axis from x/a=-4 to x/a=+4. For convenience, each graph has three areas of focus: the front side, from x/a=-4 to x/a-1, the backside, from x/a+1 to x/a=+4, and the surface of the canyon, from x/a=-1 to x/a+1.Figure 11
Trapezoidal canyon.Figure12 shows the results for a trapezoidal canyon with depth of h/a=1, dimensionless frequency η=2, a slope of 60°, and incidence angles of θ=30°, 60°, and 90°. The x- and y-displacement amplitudes are plotted in the figures on the horizontal axis from x/a=-4 to x/a=+4. For the graphs with incident angle θ=5°, the x-component displacement amplitudes gradually oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon and produce a shadowy behavior along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, both the x- and y-displacement amplitudes are oscillatory, producing clustered spikes at the canyon rims. The y-component displacement amplitudes oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon. On the backside of the canyon, oscillations are very steady and show shadowy behavior. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are oscillatory with clustered spikes at the canyon rims. For the graphs with incident angles θ=30° and θ=60°, similar trends are observed for the x-component displacement amplitudes and y-component displacement amplitude with larger amplitude-clustered spikes on the front-sloping side of the canyon (x/a=-1 to x/a=-0.5) and on the back-sloping side of the canyon (x/a=+0.5 to x/a=+1). For the graphs with incident angle θ=90°, the x-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin. They exhibit a shadowy behavior about the free-field amplitudes on the front side and backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with very large clustered spikes on the sloping sides. The y-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin and exhibit a shadowy behavior along the free-field amplitudes on the front side and backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with clustered spikes on the sloping sides.Figure 12
Trapezoid-shaped canyonh/a=1, η=2, θ=5°, 30°, 60°, 90°, Nmax=28, and slope 60°.Figure13 shows the results for a trapezoidal canyon of depth h/a=1, dimensionless frequency η=6, a slope of 60°, and incidence angles θ=30°, 60°, and 90°. The x- and y-displacement amplitudes are plotted in the figures on the horizontal axis from x/a=-4 to x/a=+4. For the graphs with an incident angle of θ=5°, the x-component displacement amplitudes oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon, and produce a shadowy behavior along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, both the x- and y-displacement amplitudes are oscillatory, producing clustered spikes at the canyon rims. The y-component displacement amplitudes oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon. On the backside of the canyon, the oscillations are very steady, showing a shadowy behavior. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are oscillatory with clustered spikes at the rims of the canyon. For the graphs with incident angle θ=30°, the x-component displacement amplitudes tend to rapidly oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon but gradually oscillate on the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with clustered spikes on the front-sloping side (x/a=-1 to x/a=-0.5) and on the back-sloping side of the canyon (x/a=+0.5 to x/a=+1). The oscillations are much more oscillatory than the ones observed for deep elliptical canyons. The y-component displacement amplitudes tend to oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon. On the backside, the oscillations are very steady, showing a shadowy behavior. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with small clustered spikes at the front-sloping side of the canyon and larger clustered spikes at the back-sloping side. The oscillations are at a higher frequency than the ones observed for the deep elliptical canyons. The graphs with incident angle θ=60° display the same trends as the ones for incidence angle θ=30° except without the spikes at the sloping sides of the trapezoidal canyon. For the graphs with incident angle θ=90°, the x-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin and exhibit no amplitude change about the free-field amplitudes on the front side and backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with very large clustered spikes on the sloping sides. The y-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin and exhibit a shadowy behavior along the free-field amplitudes on the front side and backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with clustered spikes on the sloping sides.Figure 13
Trapezoid-shaped canyonh/a=1, η=6, θ=5°, 30°, 60°, 90°, Nmax=38, and slope 60°.Figure14 shows the results for a trapezoidal canyon of depth h/a=1, dimensionless frequency η=2, a slope of 45°, and angles of incidence θ=5°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. For the graphs with incident angle θ=5°, the x-component displacement amplitudes gradually oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon and produce a shadowy behavior along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface both the x- and y-displacement amplitudes are oscillatory. The y-component displacement amplitudes exhibit a very steady shadowy behavior on the front side and backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are oscillatory. For the graphs with the incident angles of θ=30° and θ=60°, the x- and y-component displacement amplitudes exhibit the same trends as those seen for the incident angle θ=5°. For the graphs with incident angle θ=90°, the x-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin and tend to exhibit a shadowy behavior along the free-field amplitudes on the front side and backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with very large clustered spikes at the rims of the canyon at x/a=+1 and x/a=-1. The y-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin and they also exhibit a shadowy behavior about the free-field amplitudes on the front side and backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with clustered spikes at the center of the canyon.Figure 14
Trapezoid-shaped canyonh/a=1, η=2, θ=5°, 30°, 60°, 90°, Nmax=18, and slope 45°.Figure15 shows the results for a trapezoidal canyon of depth h/a=1, dimensionless frequency η=6, slope of 45°, and angles of incidence θ=5°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. For the graphs with an incident angle of θ=5°, the x-component displacement amplitudes oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon and produce a shadowy behavior along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, both the x- and y-displacement amplitudes are oscillatory, producing clustered spikes on the rims of the canyon rim. The y-component displacement amplitudes oscillate about the free-field amplitude on the front side of the canyon. On the backside of the canyon, the oscillations are very steady, showing a shadowy behavior. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are oscillatory with clustered spikes that peak at the center of the canyon. For the graphs with incident angle θ=30°, the x-component displacement amplitudes slightly oscillate about the free-field amplitudes on the front side of the canyon and exhibit a shadowy behavior along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory, oscillating much more rapidly than the ones observed for the trapezoidal canyons with a slope of 60°. The y-component displacement amplitudes exhibit a shadowy behavior about the free-field amplitudes on the front side and along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory. For the graphs with incident angle θ=60°, the x-component displacement amplitudes rapidly oscillate about the free-field amplitudes on the front side of the canyon, but gradually oscillate on the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with large clustered spikes at the rims of the canyon at x/a=-1 and x/a=+1. The y-component displacement amplitudes gradually oscillate about the free-field amplitudes on the front side of the canyon and along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory. For the graphs with the incident angle θ=90°, the x-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin, and they tend to exhibit a shadowy behavior along the free-field amplitudes on the front side and the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with very large clustered spikes at the canyon rims of x/a=+1 and x/a=-1. The y-component displacement amplitudes are symmetric about the origin, and they also exhibit a shadowy behavior about the free-field amplitudes on the front side and around the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon surface, the displacement amplitudes are highly oscillatory with clustered spikes at the center of the canyon.Figure 15
Trapezoid-shaped canyonh/a=1, η=6, θ=5°, 30°, 60°, 90°, Nmax=28, and slope 45°.


## 10. Conclusions

Results of the current research have been presented for various shaped canyons: semicircular, elliptical, and trapezoidal. These results have been presented in Figures4–15 and the following general conclusions are proposed:(1)
This is the first time that Lee and Liu’s redefined cylindrical-wave function has been used to satisfy the zero-stress boundary condition along the half-space for arbitrary-shaped canyons. The application of the weighted residual method for the solution of the wave function allows for a solution to noncircular arbitrary-shaped canyons.(2)
This analytical approach was applied to a semicircular canyon withη=10, Nmax=112, and θ=60°. The results were compared to those of Lee and Liu [6] and shown to match exactly. The same amplification of surface displacements, as seen in previous studies, is also demonstrated in these results.(3)
This analytical approach was applied to elliptical-shaped canyons with varyingb/a (depth/width) ratios of 1.25 and 1.5. The resulting plots for the displacement amplitudes are for elliptical canyons with a higher frequency range than those for semicircular canyons in previous studies [14].(4)
The elliptical canyon withb/a=1.25 produced total displacement amplitudes on both the x- and y-components for η=8, which were highly oscillatory around the free-field surface on the front side of the canyon, and produced a more shadowy behavior along the backside of the canyon. Within the canyon, there were oscillations with spikes at the rims of the canyon at x/a=-1 and x/a=+1. The oscillations along the surface became more rapid as η increased. Increasing the elliptical depth to b=1.5 decreased the oscillations within the canyon surface and produced larger spikes with a greater magnitude at the front-side canyon rim at x/a=-1.(5)
This analytical approach was then applied to the trapezoidal canyon. The total displacement amplitudes of both thex- and y-components on the half-space showed a trend of being oscillatory on the front side of the canyon around the free-field amplitudes. On the backside of the canyon, the x-component amplitudes were oscillatory about the free field, but the y-component amplitudes produced a shadowy behavior around the free field. Both the x- and y-components are highly oscillatory about the canyon surface.(6)
At the trapezoidal canyon rims, spikes in the displacement amplitudes were observed. The spikes are consistent with the spikes that were observed for the semicircular and elliptical canyons. These spikes tend to increase in amplitude at higher dimensionless frequencies.(7)
Changing the slope of the trapezoidal canyon walls from 60° to 45° demonstrated that the amplitudes of both thex- component and y-component appeared sensitive to the angle of incidence and the slope of the canyon sides. The amplification of the x-component amplitudes and y-component amplitudes changed from the canyon sides to the canyon bottom. The degree of the spikes of the canyon rims also changed.(8)
For the trapezoidal canyon, larger values ofη (greater than 6) caused convergence problems. Further study is necessary.(9)
This method provides good results for arbitrary-shaped canyons in which the radius to the canyon surface is approximately equal toa. The solutions became numerically unstable as the radius to the canyon boundary became small, because the Bessel functions caused numerical problems.(10)
The method used in this paper, which is an expansion of Lee and Liu’s [6] redefined cylindrical-wave function with the application of the weighted residual method, can be extended to other types of incident waves such as SH and SV, as well as surface Rayleigh waves in an elastic homogeneous half-space.(11)
The method used in this paper can be applied to canyons of any shape, but convergence of the solutions may be difficult. This is in particular true when the irregular canyon has nonsmooth sharp corners, and when parts of the canyon are too shallow being close to the origin. The sequel to this paper will involve arbitrary-shaped canyons that are much shallower in depth from the half-space surface.(12)
This method can next be applied to arbitrary-shaped cylindrical valleys, where the valley medium is softer or harder than that of the half-space.(13)
This method can also be extended for problems involving three-dimensional elastic-wave propagations using the same concept and methodology but (different) three-dimensional spherical Hankel functions instead of the two-dimensional cylindrical Hankel functions here.(14)
For underground arbitrary-shaped cavities, the above concept of weighted residues can be applied, but the stress-free boundary conditions at the half-space surface will have to be addressed and taken care of, in addition to that at the cavity’s surface.


## 11. Summary

The two-dimensional diffraction of incident P-waves around an arbitrary-shaped canyon in an elastic half-space is presented in this paper. The scattered wave potentials for the resulting P-waves and S-waves are defined by an infinite series of terms with Hankel functions and only sine terms. Using the zero-stress boundary conditions, a solution is made using the weighted residual method to create a set of simultaneous equations for the unknown coefficients for a finite number of terms for the series.The solution is applied to the traditional semicircular canyon to verify the results and show convergence with a finite number of terms. The method is then applied to canyons of other shapes to demonstrate the versatility of the methodology. This paper demonstrates that good results can be achieved in deep elliptical (b≥a) canyons with frequencies as high as η=8. However, the results become unstable for the deep elliptical canyons with η>8 and for the shallow canyons (b<a). Good results were achieved for the trapezoidal canyons of slopes 60 and 45.The method in this paper has versatility and may be applied to other incident waves and to canyons of different shapes. A set of papers have been planned and are ongoing on the same subject area. For example, the work on the solution for the diffraction by shallow arbitrary-shaped canyons has just been completed. Other work planned includes diffraction by arbitrary-shaped fluid and valley media.



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*Source: 543128-2015-09-30.xml*