# Statistical Characteristics and Security Analysis over Multi-Cascadeκ-μ Shadowed Channels

Authors: Xiaohong Wang; Ming Ren; Yiwei Fang; Xinji Tian; Yanyang Zeng
Journal: Journal of Advanced Transportation
 (2022)

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## Abstract

In this paper, the statistical characteristics of the multi-cascadeκ-μ shadowed fading channels are investigated and analyzed under the classic Wyner’s eavesdropping model. In particular, the general accurate expressions of the probability density function and the cumulative distribution function for amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are derived for the first time. Moreover, we further utilize the two performance evaluation metrics including outage probability and intercept probability to investigate the impacts of cascade number and channel parameters on reliability and security. Finally, the theoretical results are consistent with the simulations, proving the correctness of the derivation. The interesting conclusion is that when the average SNR is greater than 2 dB, the reliability of the multi-cascade model will decrease as the number of cascade increases; on the contrary, more cascading can lead to stronger anti-eavesdropping ability.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

With the wide application of wireless networks, people have higher demands on the transmission performance and security of the communication system. Secure and reliable wireless communication systems have become an important support for providing reliable services, transmitting confidential information, ensuring social stability, and maintaining national security. Different from traditional encryption and decryption algorithms, physical layer security (PLS) utilizes its fading properties to improve the system’s anti-eavesdropping ability by increasing the security capacity. Many scholars are committed to the security performance analysis of communication networks and have obtained some research results [1–8]. Wyner et al. in [1] proposed the security matter of the physical layer. The most crucial feature of physical security was to use the characteristics of its own channel to evaluate and improve the anti-eavesdropping capabilities of the system [2]. The authors in [3] utilized the collaborative automatic repeat request technology to improve the security performance. Cao et al. in [4] studied the PLS of the collaborative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system. The authors in [5] evaluated the confidentiality of cognitive radio networks. Song et al. in [6] investigated the optimal confidentiality capabilities of two different schemes of amplified forwarding and coordinated interference based on cooperative communication. The basic metrics on physical layer performance over fading distributions were defined and researched in [7, 8], such as the strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC), the security outage probability (SOP), and the average secrecy capacity (ASC).In practical wireless communication systems, wireless fading channels are susceptible to noise, interference, and other channel factors, which can lead to serious challenges for reliable communication. Therefore, research on fading channels is of great practical significance. The statistical characteristics of the channel are crucial to the analysis of system performance [9]. In recent years, with the emergence of complex communication environments, many fading channels have been explored by scholars [10–18]. When there is no line-of-sight component in the transmitted signal, the fading channel can be modeled as Rayleigh distribution [10]. Mason et al. in [11] put forward the Rician fading, which is also called Nakagami-n distribution. The Nakagami-m fading was first studied in [12], and its statistical properties were investigated in [13]. The η-μ fading can characterize small-scale changes of fading signals [14], and the accurate expression of the level crossing rate was investigated. Michel et al. in [15] proposed the α-μ distribution and deduced the principal characteristic function of the channels. The authors in [16] applied α-μ fading to the NOMA system and analyzed the effect of residual transceiver hardware impairments on the communication networks. The κ-μ fading considers the propagation of signal in a non-uniform scene, and the authors in [17] gave the characteristics of κ-μ fading distribution and important attributes. Imperfect Weibull channels and their applications were researched in [18].The above-mentioned channels are all single-fading channels, but in practice, many scenarios are more complex and need to be simulated by complicated models. For example, since the mobile-to-mobile communication model experienced more severe channel fading, the cascaded Nakagami-m distribution model was used to simulate this scenario [19]. The cascaded fading channel can also be applied to satellite communications systems [20], ultra-high frequency identification systems [21], multiple-input multiple-output correspondence [22], and vehicle-to-vehicle communication networks [23]. Therefore, more and more research on n-level cascaded fading channels has been conducted in recent years [24–26]. The precise expressions of the probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) for the SNR of the N∗ Nakagami random variables were first investigated in [24]. The cascaded Weibull distribution was composed of multiple random variables, and its statistical properties were derived in [25]. Tashman et al. in [26] studied the expressions of PDF and CDF of the receivers’ SNR of the multi-cascade κ-μ distribution and deduced security performance of the channels when there are multiple eavesdroppers.Theκ-μ fading is a general composite distribution, which can be simplified to Rician, Nakagami-m, and Rayleigh models by changing the parameters [17] where as the channel assumes that the components in each cluster are deterministic. For the limitation of κ-μ distribution, the κ-μ shadowed distribution was first investigated in [27], which is the physical extension of the κ-μ fading. The channel can simulate that the deterministic components of all clusters fluctuate stochastically. Also, the accurate expressions of PDF and CDF of SNR over the κ-μ shadowed distribution have been obtained, which makes it easier to carry out mathematical operations and analyses. The security of κ-μ shadowed fading was analyzed in [28], and the precise expressions of SPSC and the lower limit of SOP were investigated. The authors in [29] gave the capacity analysis of the multiple-input multiple-output communication system over κ-μ shadowed distribution. The security performance of downlink NOMA networks over κ-μ shadowed fading was researched in [30]. Bhatnagar in [31] studied the statistical properties of correlated squared κ-μ shadowed fading by deriving theoretical expressions for PDF and moment-generating function. In [32], the outage probability (OP) of amplify-and-forward relay communication system over κ-μ shadowed distribution and the expression of ASC were studied; moreover, the effect of beamforming and shaping arguments on system property was analyzed. Sun et al. in [33] deduced the new expression of SOP for single-input multi-output system based on the κ-μ shadowed random variables. In [34], the authors investigated the effective rate of communication networks under κ-μ shadowed random variables. The authors in [35] deduced the theoretical formulas of the channel capacity over κ-μ shadowed fading and investigated the performance of the spectrum aggregation system based on composite fading channels.References [1–8] describe the research on wireless communication network security by scholars, references [9–18] mainly list the investigation status of several common fading channels, references [19–26] aim to present the cascaded wireless related investigations and applications of fading channels, and references [19–34] specifically introduce the characteristics and research status of the κ-μ shadowed random variables. Combining the above analysis, to the authors’ knowledge, no relevant literature exploring multi-cascaded κ-μ shadowed distribution has appeared in the current database. Therefore, we carried out this work. Furthermore, the outstanding contributions of the paper are summarized as follows:(1)
Through the statistical analysis, the accurate expression of PDF and CDF of SNR over a multi-cascaded model is deduced mainly by deriving the unified closed expression of PDF and CDF of the amplitude ofn-level κ-μ shadowed distribution.(2)
Based on the derived expressions of PDF and CDF of SNR, the theoretical analytic equations of OP and intercept probability (IP) are derived, and the security performance of the system is analyzed. Finally, the theoretical results and Monte Carlo simulations are used for comparison and verification. Moreover, the impacts of its parameters on the systems’ performance are discussed.The content of the paper is arranged as follows. Section2 depicts the system model and statistical features. Section 3 derives the universal formulas for PDF and CDF of amplitude and SNR under the multi-cascade κ-μ shadowed distribution. The theoretical expressions of OP and IP are presented in Section 4. The influences of each parameter are provided in Section 5. The conclusions of this paper are given in Section 6.


## 2. System Model and Channel Characteristics

### 2.1. System Model

In Figure1, the paper considers Wyner’s eavesdropping model under multi-cascade κ-μ shadowed fading. The model mainly includes an emission source (S), a legitimate user (D), and an illegal user (E). We suppose that confidential information is transmitted through the main channel (S to D), but the eavesdropper will intercept the information through the eavesdropping channel (S to E). The fading of both the main (S to D) and wiretap (S to E) channels experiences multi-cascade κ-μ shadowed distribution, where XD,i and XE,i, i∈1,n represent the i-th cascade channel gain of the main channel and the eavesdropping channel, respectively.Figure 1
The system model.The signal received by the receiving terminals (D or E) can be expressed as(1)yw=hwx+nww∈D,E,where x denotes the transmitting signal and nw represents the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with an average value of zero and fixed variance σn2. In addition, hw represents multi-cascade κ-μ shadowed distributions between S and w, which can be expressed as(2)hw=∏i=1nhw,i,where hw=∏i=1nhw,i is the product of amplitudes representing κ-μ shadowed fading with the independent non-identical distribution.


### 2.2. Statistical Features

We presume that both the main and eavesdropper channels are submissive to i.n.i.d. overκ-μ shadowed random variables, and the PDF of the SNR over the channel was presented as [27](3)fγγ=mm1+κμμμΓμm+κμmγ¯γγ¯μ−1e−γ1+κμ/γ¯×F11m;μ;μ2κ1+κγγ¯m+κμ,where κ=d2/2σ2μ, d2 indicates total power of primary ingredients, 2σ2μ represents the general power of scattered waves, κ>0 represents the ratio of aggregate power of the primary ingredients to the overall power of the dispersive waves, and μ>0 is an attenuation parameter whose value is correlative to the quantity N of cluster groups in the received signal. M is the shaping parameter of Nakagami-m distribution. Besides, γ¯=E⋅ and E⋅ represent the average SNR and the expectation operator, respectively. Γ⋅ is defined in [36, eq. (8.310.1)] and F11⋅ is contained in [36, eq. (9.210.1)].The PDF of the amplitude for singleκ-μ shadowed random variable was deduced as [37](4)fXx=2mm1+κμμμΓμm+κμmx2μ−1Ωμe−x21+κμ/Ω×F11m;μ;μ2κ1+κx2Ωm+κμ,where Ω=ER2 represents the mean power and ER2=2μσ2+d2 is the average signal power.


## 2.1. System Model

In Figure1, the paper considers Wyner’s eavesdropping model under multi-cascade κ-μ shadowed fading. The model mainly includes an emission source (S), a legitimate user (D), and an illegal user (E). We suppose that confidential information is transmitted through the main channel (S to D), but the eavesdropper will intercept the information through the eavesdropping channel (S to E). The fading of both the main (S to D) and wiretap (S to E) channels experiences multi-cascade κ-μ shadowed distribution, where XD,i and XE,i, i∈1,n represent the i-th cascade channel gain of the main channel and the eavesdropping channel, respectively.Figure 1
The system model.The signal received by the receiving terminals (D or E) can be expressed as(1)yw=hwx+nww∈D,E,where x denotes the transmitting signal and nw represents the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with an average value of zero and fixed variance σn2. In addition, hw represents multi-cascade κ-μ shadowed distributions between S and w, which can be expressed as(2)hw=∏i=1nhw,i,where hw=∏i=1nhw,i is the product of amplitudes representing κ-μ shadowed fading with the independent non-identical distribution.


## 2.2. Statistical Features

We presume that both the main and eavesdropper channels are submissive to i.n.i.d. overκ-μ shadowed random variables, and the PDF of the SNR over the channel was presented as [27](3)fγγ=mm1+κμμμΓμm+κμmγ¯γγ¯μ−1e−γ1+κμ/γ¯×F11m;μ;μ2κ1+κγγ¯m+κμ,where κ=d2/2σ2μ, d2 indicates total power of primary ingredients, 2σ2μ represents the general power of scattered waves, κ>0 represents the ratio of aggregate power of the primary ingredients to the overall power of the dispersive waves, and μ>0 is an attenuation parameter whose value is correlative to the quantity N of cluster groups in the received signal. M is the shaping parameter of Nakagami-m distribution. Besides, γ¯=E⋅ and E⋅ represent the average SNR and the expectation operator, respectively. Γ⋅ is defined in [36, eq. (8.310.1)] and F11⋅ is contained in [36, eq. (9.210.1)].The PDF of the amplitude for singleκ-μ shadowed random variable was deduced as [37](4)fXx=2mm1+κμμμΓμm+κμmx2μ−1Ωμe−x21+κμ/Ω×F11m;μ;μ2κ1+κx2Ωm+κμ,where Ω=ER2 represents the mean power and ER2=2μσ2+d2 is the average signal power.


## 3. System Model and Channel Characteristics

This section mainly deduces the theoretical expressions of the PDF and CDF for amplitude and SNR over multi-cascadeκ-μ shadowed fading.


### 3.1. Analysis of Channel Amplitude Characteristics

The amplitude ofκ-μ shadowed fading with cascade degree n is expressed as(5)Yn=∏i=1nXi,where Yn=∏i=1nXi is the transformation of (2). Since the derivation process of the main and the eavesdropping channels is similar, only the main channel is considered in the analysis. Also, we denote the product of the magnitude of the cascade by Xii=1n.We first consider the condition of the two-level cascade. LetY2=X1X2; these two random variables are considered the product of the PDF of X1 and X2 of κ-μ shadowed fading. Employing substitution of random variables, the PDF of Y2 is represented by the following equation:(6)fY2y=∫−∞∞1tfX1ytfX2tdt.Substituting (4) into (6),(6) can be rewritten as(7)fY2y=Φ1y2μ1−1∫0∞t−2μ1+2μ2−1×exp−y/t21+κ1μ1Ω1×exp−t21+κ2μ2Ω2×F11m1;μ1;μ12κ11+κ1y/t2Ω1m1+κ1μ1×F11m2;μ2;μ22κ21+κ2t2Ω2m2+κ2μ2dt,where Φ1 is given as(8)Φ1=2m1m11+κ1μ1μ1μ1Γμ1m1+κ1μ1m11Ωμ1×2m2m21+κ2μ2μ2μ2Γμ2m2+κ2μ2m21Ωμ2.After some mathematical operations, (7) can be rewritten as(9)fY2y=∑g1=0∞∑g2=0∞Φ1Φ22y2μ1+2g1−1×1+κ2μ2Ω2μ1−μ2+g1−g2×G2,00,2Ω1Ω21+κ1μ11+κ2μ2y2|1,1+μ1−μ2+g1−g2−,where(10)Φ2=m1g1μ1g1g1!μ12κ11+κ1Ω1m1+κ1μ1g1×m2g2μ2g2g2!μ22κ21+κ2Ω2m2+κ2μ2g2.Through mathematical induction, the PDF of multi-cascadeκ-μ shadowed distribution can be written as(11)fYny=∑g1=0∞∑g2=0∞⋯∑gn=0∞Φxy2μ1+2g1−1×Gn,00,n∏i=1nΩiy2∏i=1n1+κiμi|Ψ−,where ψ=1,1+μ1−μ2+g1−g2,…,1+μ1−μn+g1−gn and(12)Φx=2∏i=1nmimi1+κiμiμiμiΓμimi+κiμimi1Ωiμ1+g1×∏i=1n1+κiμiμ1−μi+g1−gi×∏i=1nmigiμigigi!μi2κi1+κimi+κiμigi.After some operations, the CDF of amplitude can be obtained as(13)FYny=∑g1=0∞∑g2=0∞⋯∑gn=0∞Φx∫0yx2μ1+2g1−1×Gn,00,n∏i=1nΩix2∏i=1n1+κiμi|Ψ−dx.According to [38], we have(14)∫0yxα−1Gu,vs,tωx|aubvdx=yαGu+1,v+1s,t+1ωy|a1,…,at,1−α,at,…,aub1,…,bs,−α,bs+1,…,bv,and using (A.5) and (14), formula (13) can be converted to(15)FYny=∑g1=0∞∑g2=0∞⋯∑gn=0∞Φx2y2μ1+g1×G1,n+1n,1∏i=1n1+κiμi∏i=1nΩiy2|1−μ1−g1ζ,where. ζ=0,−μ1+μ2−g1+g2,…,−μ1+μn−g1+gn,−μ1−g1.Proof.
See Appendix.


### 3.2. Characteristics Analysis of SNR

This section will give the PDF and CDF of the SNR. We utilize the variateγ to represent the SNR at the import of the receiving terminal. The received average SNR (γ¯) is expressed as(16)γ¯=EYn2PN0,where Yn is the product vector of the multi-cascade κ-μ shadowed fading, N0 is the power spectral density of AWGN, and P is the transmitted power. Using (5) and (16), we can obtain(17)γ¯=PN0∏i=0nEXi2.According to [10, eq. (2.3)], the PDF of the SNR at receiver terminal can be written as(18)fγγ=fYn∏i=0nΩiγ/γ¯2γγ¯/∏i=0nΩi.Substituting (11) into (18),(19)fγγ=∑g1=0∞∑g2=0∞⋯∑gn=0∞Λx21γ¯μ1+g1×Gn,00,nγ¯γ∏i=1n1+κiμi|Ψ−γμ1+g1−1.By using (A.5) and (14), the CDF of SNR can be gained as(20)Fγγ=∑g1=0∞∑g2=0∞...∑gn=0∞Λx2γγ¯μ1+g1×G1,n+1n,1∏i=1n1+κiμiγ¯γ|1−μ1−g1ζ,where(21)Λx=2∏i=1nmimi1+κiμiμiμiΓμimi+κiμimi×∏i=1n1+κiμiμ1−μi+g1−gi×∏i=1nmigiμigigi!μi2κi1+κimi+κiμigi.The meanings of the parameters in formulas (20) and (21) mentioned above are as follows. mi, μi, and κi are all parameters of the κ-μ shadowed distribution. mi are the shaping parameters of Nakagami-m random variables, μi are non-negative natural numbers, representing the number of clusters, and κi are non-negative real numbers, expressing the ratio of overall power of the primary ingredients to aggregate power of the dispersive waves. In addition, gi means loop variables, n represents the number of cascade, and Gp,qm,n⋅ is Meijer’s G function [39].


## 3.1. Analysis of Channel Amplitude Characteristics

The amplitude ofκ-μ shadowed fading with cascade degree n is expressed as(5)Yn=∏i=1nXi,where Yn=∏i=1nXi is the transformation of (2). Since the derivation process of the main and the eavesdropping channels is similar, only the main channel is considered in the analysis. Also, we denote the product of the magnitude of the cascade by Xii=1n.We first consider the condition of the two-level cascade. LetY2=X1X2; these two random variables are considered the product of the PDF of X1 and X2 of κ-μ shadowed fading. Employing substitution of random variables, the PDF of Y2 is represented by the following equation:(6)fY2y=∫−∞∞1tfX1ytfX2tdt.Substituting (4) into (6),(6) can be rewritten as(7)fY2y=Φ1y2μ1−1∫0∞t−2μ1+2μ2−1×exp−y/t21+κ1μ1Ω1×exp−t21+κ2μ2Ω2×F11m1;μ1;μ12κ11+κ1y/t2Ω1m1+κ1μ1×F11m2;μ2;μ22κ21+κ2t2Ω2m2+κ2μ2dt,where Φ1 is given as(8)Φ1=2m1m11+κ1μ1μ1μ1Γμ1m1+κ1μ1m11Ωμ1×2m2m21+κ2μ2μ2μ2Γμ2m2+κ2μ2m21Ωμ2.After some mathematical operations, (7) can be rewritten as(9)fY2y=∑g1=0∞∑g2=0∞Φ1Φ22y2μ1+2g1−1×1+κ2μ2Ω2μ1−μ2+g1−g2×G2,00,2Ω1Ω21+κ1μ11+κ2μ2y2|1,1+μ1−μ2+g1−g2−,where(10)Φ2=m1g1μ1g1g1!μ12κ11+κ1Ω1m1+κ1μ1g1×m2g2μ2g2g2!μ22κ21+κ2Ω2m2+κ2μ2g2.Through mathematical induction, the PDF of multi-cascadeκ-μ shadowed distribution can be written as(11)fYny=∑g1=0∞∑g2=0∞⋯∑gn=0∞Φxy2μ1+2g1−1×Gn,00,n∏i=1nΩiy2∏i=1n1+κiμi|Ψ−,where ψ=1,1+μ1−μ2+g1−g2,…,1+μ1−μn+g1−gn and(12)Φx=2∏i=1nmimi1+κiμiμiμiΓμimi+κiμimi1Ωiμ1+g1×∏i=1n1+κiμiμ1−μi+g1−gi×∏i=1nmigiμigigi!μi2κi1+κimi+κiμigi.After some operations, the CDF of amplitude can be obtained as(13)FYny=∑g1=0∞∑g2=0∞⋯∑gn=0∞Φx∫0yx2μ1+2g1−1×Gn,00,n∏i=1nΩix2∏i=1n1+κiμi|Ψ−dx.According to [38], we have(14)∫0yxα−1Gu,vs,tωx|aubvdx=yαGu+1,v+1s,t+1ωy|a1,…,at,1−α,at,…,aub1,…,bs,−α,bs+1,…,bv,and using (A.5) and (14), formula (13) can be converted to(15)FYny=∑g1=0∞∑g2=0∞⋯∑gn=0∞Φx2y2μ1+g1×G1,n+1n,1∏i=1n1+κiμi∏i=1nΩiy2|1−μ1−g1ζ,where. ζ=0,−μ1+μ2−g1+g2,…,−μ1+μn−g1+gn,−μ1−g1.Proof.
See Appendix.


## 3.2. Characteristics Analysis of SNR

This section will give the PDF and CDF of the SNR. We utilize the variateγ to represent the SNR at the import of the receiving terminal. The received average SNR (γ¯) is expressed as(16)γ¯=EYn2PN0,where Yn is the product vector of the multi-cascade κ-μ shadowed fading, N0 is the power spectral density of AWGN, and P is the transmitted power. Using (5) and (16), we can obtain(17)γ¯=PN0∏i=0nEXi2.According to [10, eq. (2.3)], the PDF of the SNR at receiver terminal can be written as(18)fγγ=fYn∏i=0nΩiγ/γ¯2γγ¯/∏i=0nΩi.Substituting (11) into (18),(19)fγγ=∑g1=0∞∑g2=0∞⋯∑gn=0∞Λx21γ¯μ1+g1×Gn,00,nγ¯γ∏i=1n1+κiμi|Ψ−γμ1+g1−1.By using (A.5) and (14), the CDF of SNR can be gained as(20)Fγγ=∑g1=0∞∑g2=0∞...∑gn=0∞Λx2γγ¯μ1+g1×G1,n+1n,1∏i=1n1+κiμiγ¯γ|1−μ1−g1ζ,where(21)Λx=2∏i=1nmimi1+κiμiμiμiΓμimi+κiμimi×∏i=1n1+κiμiμ1−μi+g1−gi×∏i=1nmigiμigigi!μi2κi1+κimi+κiμigi.The meanings of the parameters in formulas (20) and (21) mentioned above are as follows. mi, μi, and κi are all parameters of the κ-μ shadowed distribution. mi are the shaping parameters of Nakagami-m random variables, μi are non-negative natural numbers, representing the number of clusters, and κi are non-negative real numbers, expressing the ratio of overall power of the primary ingredients to aggregate power of the dispersive waves. In addition, gi means loop variables, n represents the number of cascade, and Gp,qm,n⋅ is Meijer’s G function [39].


## 4. Analysis of OP and IP

In this section, we mainly research the accurate expressions of OP and IP based on the above channel model and statistical properties of multi-cascadeκ-μ shadowed fading.


### 4.1. Outage Probability

OP is the probability that the instantaneous SNR of the system output is lower than a fixed threshold; the threshold isγth; then, the expression of OP is(22)Pout=Pγγ≤γth=Fγγth.Substituting (20) into (22),(23)Pout=∑g1=0∞∑g2=0∞⋯∑gn=0∞Λx2γthγ¯μ1+g1×G1,n+1n,1∏i=1n1+κiμiγ¯γth|1−μ1−g1ζ.


### 4.2. Intercept Probability

IP is expressed as the probability that the eavesdropping channel capacity is greater than the target secrecy rate, which is the probability of the system being eavesdropped. Then, the IP can be presented as(24)Pint=PCE>RS=1−PCE≤RS=1−FγeRS−1,where we suppose that CE represents the channel capacity of the eavesdropping and RS is the target secrecy rate; substituting (20) into (24),(25)Pint=1−∑g1=0∞∑g2=0∞⋯∑gn=0∞Φx2eRS−1γ¯μ1+g1×G1,n+1n,1∏i=1n1+κiμiγ¯eRS−1|1−μ1−g1ζ.


## 4.1. Outage Probability

OP is the probability that the instantaneous SNR of the system output is lower than a fixed threshold; the threshold isγth; then, the expression of OP is(22)Pout=Pγγ≤γth=Fγγth.Substituting (20) into (22),(23)Pout=∑g1=0∞∑g2=0∞⋯∑gn=0∞Λx2γthγ¯μ1+g1×G1,n+1n,1∏i=1n1+κiμiγ¯γth|1−μ1−g1ζ.


## 4.2. Intercept Probability

IP is expressed as the probability that the eavesdropping channel capacity is greater than the target secrecy rate, which is the probability of the system being eavesdropped. Then, the IP can be presented as(24)Pint=PCE>RS=1−PCE≤RS=1−FγeRS−1,where we suppose that CE represents the channel capacity of the eavesdropping and RS is the target secrecy rate; substituting (20) into (24),(25)Pint=1−∑g1=0∞∑g2=0∞⋯∑gn=0∞Φx2eRS−1γ¯μ1+g1×G1,n+1n,1∏i=1n1+κiμiγ¯eRS−1|1−μ1−g1ζ.


## 5. Numerical Analysis

In this section, some comparisons between numerical simulation results and Monte Carlo trials are provided. All experimental figures show that the theoretical results are consistent with the simulation trials. In Figures2–6, unless otherwise mentioned, we used the following parameter settings: m1=m2=1, κ1=κ2=2, μ1=μ2=2, Cth=1, and n=2. It is worth noting that although the derived formulas contain infinite series, it has been verified by simulation that the expressions of OP and IP have converged when the number of simulation cycles reaches 50.Figure 2
OP and IP versus average SNR for various values ofn.Figure2 demonstrates the OP and IP versus the average SNR in different cascade numbers (n=1,2,3). It can be observed that the influence of the cascade degree n on the value of IP varies with the change of the average SNR. When γ¯> 2 dB, as n increases, the IP gradually decreases. Also, when the SNR is large, increase in n will enhance its security. The value of OP becomes bigger with the increase of n, which may be due to the increase in the number of scatterers between the transmitter and the receiver, which reduces the possibility of successful transmission.Figure3 presents the impact of OP and IP with average SNR in different parameters (κ=1,2,3). We clearly see that the Monte Carlo simulations and theoretical curves coincide very well. Comparing Figures 3 and 2, it can be concluded that the trends of their diagrams are similar, and the influences of cascade degree n and the parameter κ on OP and IP are analogical. However, the change amplitude of OP and IP caused by different n values is more significant than that caused by different κ.Figure 3
OP and IP versus average SNR for various values ofκ.Figure4 plots the variation of OP and IP with average SNR in different thresholds (Cth=1,2,3). We can note that in the entire range of the abscissa, as the SNR rises, the reliability of the system increases while the security decreases. Furthermore, as the value of Cth increases, OP rises and IP reduces. Therefore, the reliability of the channel will decrease by increasing the threshold, and the anti-eavesdropping capability of the channel will be improved.Figure 4
OP and IP versus average SNR for various values ofCth.Figure5 depicts the OP and IP versus the average SNR when m is different. The figure presents that when γ¯> 2 dB, OP reduces and IP increases with the increase of m, which shows that when γ¯> 2 dB, the increase of parameter m will strengthen the reliability of the multi-cascade network, and its security will gradually worsen with the increase of m. When γ¯< 2 dB, the change of m has little impact on the reliability, and the security improves with the increase of the value of m.Figure 5
OP and IP versus average SNR for various values ofm.Figure6 illustrates the OP and IP versus average SNR in different parameters (μ=1,2,3). The figure shows that as the average SNR increases, OP decreases and IP rises. It means that increasing the average SNR can improve the reliability and weaken its security. Through the analysis of Figures 6 and 5, we discover that the various tendencies of the two figures are similar, which shows that the changes of the parameters m and μ of the system have similar effects on the communication process of the multi-cascaded κ-μ shadowed fading channels.Figure 6
SOP OP and IP versus average SNR for various values ofμ.In summary, the parameters of the channel and the environmental parameters in the model determine the transmission and security performance. Utilizing Figures2–6, we can obtain the settings for enhanced security performance as smaller cascade degree n, small SNR, large threshold Cth, and small κ and m and the environmental settings for improving the transmission performance as larger SNR, small threshold, small cascade degree, and large m and μ at low SNR.


## 6. Conclusion

This paper mainly studies then-level cascade situation of the κ-μ shadowed fading under Wyner’s eavesdropping model. In particular, the statistical characteristics including the PDF and CDF of the amplitude and SNR are investigated. Then, the evaluation indicators (OP and IP) are obtained. Finally, we conduct theoretical simulations and Monte Carlo trials, respectively. According to the simulation results, we analyze the factors that affect the reliability and security. In addition, the multi-cascade system studied in this article can provide a theoretical basis for vehicle-to-vehicle communication and satellite communication systems.



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*Source: 5342655-2022-06-20.xml*