# Effects ofStreptococcus sanguinis Bacteriocin on Deformation, Adhesion Ability, and Young’s Modulus ofCandida albicans

Authors: Shengli Ma; Wenyu Ge; Yifan Yan; Xu Huang; Li Ma; Chunmei Li; Shuyang Yu; Chunxiao Chen
Journal: BioMed Research International
 (2017)

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## Abstract

In order to study the thallus changes on microscopic morphology and mechanical properties ofCandida albicans antagonized byStreptococcus sanguinis bacteriocin, the adhesion ability and Young’s modulus of thalli and hypha ofCandida albicans were measured by the relative measurement method using atomic force microscope’s (AFM) tapping model. The results showed that the average adhesion ability and Young’s modulus of thalli were 7.35±0.77 nN and 7.33±1.29 Mpa, respectively; the average adhesion ability and Young’s modulus of hypha were 9.82±0.39 nN and 4.04±0.76 Mpa, respectively. After being antagonized byStreptococcus sanguinis bacteriocin, the adhesion ability was decreased along with the increasing of deformation in reaction region and Young’s modulus followed the same changes. It could be concluded that the adhesion ability of hypha was greater than thalli, Young’s modulus of hypha was less than thalli, and adhesion ability and Young’s modulus ofCandida albicanswere decreased significantly after being antagonized byStreptococcus sanguinis bacteriocin.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Fungal infection became a tremendous threat to human health; fatality rate of deep fungal infection was higher than 80% [1], so it was an urgent problem to be solved out.Candida albicans (C. albicans) was quite common in human fungal infection; it could encroach on human skin, mucosa, and internal organs [2]. As the widespread application of immunosuppressive agents, broad spectrum antibiotics, and antitumor drugs, incidence rate of deep fungal infection was increased every year [3, 4].Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis)was a dominant bacteria in healthy human oral cavity; it was reported thatS. sanguinis had a strong antagonistic effect onC. albicans[5]. An antibacterial substance generated byS. sanguinis was calledS. sanguinisbacteriocin(S. s bacteriocin); it was reported that morphology ofC. albicans was altered after treatment withS. s bacteriocin, resulting in disc-like depressions in the surfaces of the spores and mycelia [6].S. s bacteriocin could even change the cell membrane permeability ofC. albicans, resulting in the leakages of cell contents [7, 8]. However, the mechanism of the inhibitory effect ofS. s bacteriocin had not been reported yet. It had been proved that cells had mechanical character to respond to physical and chemical stimulus from outside and make autoregulation, such as Young’s modulus and adhesion ability [9]. From the changes of cytomechanical character, we can suspect the cellular changes in the physiological and pathological processes [10–12]. In this study, effects ofS. s bacteriocin on adhesion ability and Young’s modulus ofC. albicanswere analyzed, in order to reveal the mechanical effects ofS. s bacteriocin on fungi.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. Extraction ofS. s bacteriocin

The standard strain ATCC 10556 ofS. sanguinis was purchased from the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University (Chengdu, China). Following identification and pure culture, the bacteria were inoculated on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) culture medium and anaerobically cultured for 48 h; the medium ofS. sanguinis was ultracentrifuged at a low temperature following anaerobic culture. The bacterial precipitate was collected, washed, and resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The target bacteriocin was released from the cells by sonication and the supernatant was collected by centrifugation (12,000 ×g, 4°C, 30 min). Solid ammonium sulfate was slowly added to the supernatant to yield 60% saturation, salted out for 6 h at 4°C and centrifuged to isolate the supernatant; the precipitate was dissolved in PBS. The desalting purification was conducted by chromatography on Sephadex G-25 (Pharmacia, Picastaway, NJ, USA). The collected materials were dialyzed, condensed, lyophilized, and cryopreserved [13].


### 2.2. Culture ofC. albicans

Standard strain ATCC10231 ofC. albicans was purchased from Shanghai Fu Xiang Biotechnology Co. Ltd.; the purified and identifiedC. albicans was diluted to 5 × 106 cfu/mL with RPMI-1640 culture medium; the bacterial suspensions were adjusted to PH 7.0 and cultured in 37°C for 2.5 h; after germ tube induction, they were centrifuged. The precipitate was collected, washed, and resuspended in PBS. Then 10 μL suspensions were dropped on fresh peeled mica surface; after atmospheric drying, they were used for atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis [14].


### 2.3. Illustration of the AFM Methods

The adhesion force and Young’s modulus of the cell were measured by real-time analyzing of the recorded force curves using AFM Peak Force QNM mode, under atmosphere; observation was carried out using standard scanning head with maximum sweep range of 100μm × 100 μm × 15 μm; passivating probe was selected to do indentation tests with viable cells and the force curves were recorded; elastic constant of commercialized AFM cantilever was marked on the probe box before leaving the factory, but these force constants were calculated based on the homogeneous cantilever, so there were some deviation with normal value; after recalibration, elastic modulus of Si3N4 probe was 0.06 N/m, resonant frequency of needlepoint was 17 kHz, the scanning speed was adjusted with the size of the scanning range, and frequency was controlled within 0.5–1.5 Hz. Dotty force curves were obtained quickly by scanning images while indenting samples using selected indentation frequency; after calculating the force curves, adhesion force and Young’s modulus of each indentation point were obtained; the results were collected by morphology imaging and deflection imaging, image pixels were 256 × 256 [15, 16], and the original force curves for measuring these parameters were shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Force curves ofC. albicans in single indentation point.


### 2.4. Measurements of Adhesion Ability and Young’s Modulus of NormalC. albicansThallus and Hypha

Using relative measurement, fiducial value was set to 3.5 Mpa, Hertz model was defined as cell model [16, 17], AFM planar imaging ofC. albicansin budding period was selected, and cell center was the basal observation point; there were 4 survey lines chosen randomly by using “#” marked in the surface of thallus cells; the thallus was demarcated; XzDate value in each site of survey lines was measured, the XzDate value represented adhesion value in adhesion measurement channel, and it represented Young’s modulus value in Young’s modulus channel; the mean value was calculated; the mean values of 4 survey lines were summed and then averaged; finally, the accurate value of adhesion ability and Young’s modulus was obtained, respectively. AFM planar imaging ofC. albicans in budding period was selected randomly, gemmiparous hyphae with length of 8 to 20 μm were selected and divided into 5 equal parts perpendicular to the 4 survey lines in long axis of hypha; XzDate value in each site of survey lines was measured. The hyphal calculating method of adhesion ability and Young’s modulus was the same as thallus. Scanning time of each sample was within 2 h in this study and at least 8 cells were measured in each sample.


### 2.5. Measurements of Deformation, Adhesion Ability and Young’s Modulus ofC. albicans afterS. s bacteriocin Treatment

TheS. s bacteriocin was diluted to 1 g/L with PBS;C. albicans was diluted to 5 × 106 cfu/mL with RPMI-1640 culture medium;C. albicans suspension (500 μL) was inoculated into a culture tube with 1 mL RPMI-1640 and 200 μLS. s bacteriocinfor 24 h at 37°C and then prepared for smear examination. AFM planar imaging ofC. albicans afterS. s bacteriocintreatment was selected randomly; thalli were divided into 5 equal parts perpendicular to the 4 survey lines in long axis; XzDate value in each site of survey lines was measured in deformation channel, adhesion measurement channel, and Young’s modulus channel, respectively. The mean values of 4 survey lines were summed and then averaged; finally, the accurate values of deformation, adhesion ability, and Young’s modulus ofC. albicans afterS. s bacteriocin treatment were obtained, respectively.


### 2.6. Statistical Analysis

Data analysis was carried out using SPSS19.0 software; the measured data were represented byx±s and analyzed with paired-samples T test; p<0.05 was considered to have statistical significance.


## 2.1. Extraction ofS. s bacteriocin

The standard strain ATCC 10556 ofS. sanguinis was purchased from the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University (Chengdu, China). Following identification and pure culture, the bacteria were inoculated on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) culture medium and anaerobically cultured for 48 h; the medium ofS. sanguinis was ultracentrifuged at a low temperature following anaerobic culture. The bacterial precipitate was collected, washed, and resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The target bacteriocin was released from the cells by sonication and the supernatant was collected by centrifugation (12,000 ×g, 4°C, 30 min). Solid ammonium sulfate was slowly added to the supernatant to yield 60% saturation, salted out for 6 h at 4°C and centrifuged to isolate the supernatant; the precipitate was dissolved in PBS. The desalting purification was conducted by chromatography on Sephadex G-25 (Pharmacia, Picastaway, NJ, USA). The collected materials were dialyzed, condensed, lyophilized, and cryopreserved [13].


## 2.2. Culture ofC. albicans

Standard strain ATCC10231 ofC. albicans was purchased from Shanghai Fu Xiang Biotechnology Co. Ltd.; the purified and identifiedC. albicans was diluted to 5 × 106 cfu/mL with RPMI-1640 culture medium; the bacterial suspensions were adjusted to PH 7.0 and cultured in 37°C for 2.5 h; after germ tube induction, they were centrifuged. The precipitate was collected, washed, and resuspended in PBS. Then 10 μL suspensions were dropped on fresh peeled mica surface; after atmospheric drying, they were used for atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis [14].


## 2.3. Illustration of the AFM Methods

The adhesion force and Young’s modulus of the cell were measured by real-time analyzing of the recorded force curves using AFM Peak Force QNM mode, under atmosphere; observation was carried out using standard scanning head with maximum sweep range of 100μm × 100 μm × 15 μm; passivating probe was selected to do indentation tests with viable cells and the force curves were recorded; elastic constant of commercialized AFM cantilever was marked on the probe box before leaving the factory, but these force constants were calculated based on the homogeneous cantilever, so there were some deviation with normal value; after recalibration, elastic modulus of Si3N4 probe was 0.06 N/m, resonant frequency of needlepoint was 17 kHz, the scanning speed was adjusted with the size of the scanning range, and frequency was controlled within 0.5–1.5 Hz. Dotty force curves were obtained quickly by scanning images while indenting samples using selected indentation frequency; after calculating the force curves, adhesion force and Young’s modulus of each indentation point were obtained; the results were collected by morphology imaging and deflection imaging, image pixels were 256 × 256 [15, 16], and the original force curves for measuring these parameters were shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Force curves ofC. albicans in single indentation point.


## 2.4. Measurements of Adhesion Ability and Young’s Modulus of NormalC. albicansThallus and Hypha

Using relative measurement, fiducial value was set to 3.5 Mpa, Hertz model was defined as cell model [16, 17], AFM planar imaging ofC. albicansin budding period was selected, and cell center was the basal observation point; there were 4 survey lines chosen randomly by using “#” marked in the surface of thallus cells; the thallus was demarcated; XzDate value in each site of survey lines was measured, the XzDate value represented adhesion value in adhesion measurement channel, and it represented Young’s modulus value in Young’s modulus channel; the mean value was calculated; the mean values of 4 survey lines were summed and then averaged; finally, the accurate value of adhesion ability and Young’s modulus was obtained, respectively. AFM planar imaging ofC. albicans in budding period was selected randomly, gemmiparous hyphae with length of 8 to 20 μm were selected and divided into 5 equal parts perpendicular to the 4 survey lines in long axis of hypha; XzDate value in each site of survey lines was measured. The hyphal calculating method of adhesion ability and Young’s modulus was the same as thallus. Scanning time of each sample was within 2 h in this study and at least 8 cells were measured in each sample.


## 2.5. Measurements of Deformation, Adhesion Ability and Young’s Modulus ofC. albicans afterS. s bacteriocin Treatment

TheS. s bacteriocin was diluted to 1 g/L with PBS;C. albicans was diluted to 5 × 106 cfu/mL with RPMI-1640 culture medium;C. albicans suspension (500 μL) was inoculated into a culture tube with 1 mL RPMI-1640 and 200 μLS. s bacteriocinfor 24 h at 37°C and then prepared for smear examination. AFM planar imaging ofC. albicans afterS. s bacteriocintreatment was selected randomly; thalli were divided into 5 equal parts perpendicular to the 4 survey lines in long axis; XzDate value in each site of survey lines was measured in deformation channel, adhesion measurement channel, and Young’s modulus channel, respectively. The mean values of 4 survey lines were summed and then averaged; finally, the accurate values of deformation, adhesion ability, and Young’s modulus ofC. albicans afterS. s bacteriocin treatment were obtained, respectively.


## 2.6. Statistical Analysis

Data analysis was carried out using SPSS19.0 software; the measured data were represented byx±s and analyzed with paired-samples T test; p<0.05 was considered to have statistical significance.


## 3. Results

### 3.1. Adhesion Ability and Young’s Modulus of NormalC. albicans Thallus and Hypha

Yeast form ofC. albicansthallus was round or ellipse with smooth and flat surface (Figures 2(a)–2(c)), after gemmation induction; the length of hyphae ranged from 8 to 20 μm; their surface was smooth and flat; there was no fracture or depression (Figures 3(a)–3(c)). In the range of 0~10.2 μm, adhesion parameter ofC. albicans hypha was 9~12 nN, while in the range of 10.2~16 μm, the parameter was 7~10 nN and the value of adhesion ability of hypha was higher than thallus (Figure 5(b)). Take the site of 12.4 μm in Figure 5(b) as reference point (adhesion ability was 0 nN); the adhesion ability was measured, the mean value of hypha was 9.82±0.39 nN, and the thallus was 7.35±0.77 nN (Table 1). Young’s modulus of thallus was 7~9 MPa, while the hypha was 4~6 MPa, less than the thallus (Figure 5(c)). After statistical analysis, the mean value of Young’s modulus of thallus was 7.33±1.29 Mpa, and the hypha was 4.04±0.76 Mpa (Table 2). It could be concluded that the adhesion ability of hypha was greater than thalli and Young’s modulus of hypha was less than thalli.Table 1
Adhesion ability ofC. albicans thalli and hyphae (nN).
Survey line
A1
B1
C1
D1
Mean value
Hypha
10.06
9.25
10.09
9.87
9.82 ± 0.39
Thalli
8.43
6.61
7.19
7.20
7.35 ± 0.77
Note. Paired-samples T test was applied, t=4.171, and p=0.025.Table 2
Young’s modulus ofC. albicans thalli and hyphae (MPa).
Survey line
A2
B2
C2
D2
Mean value
Hypha
4.61
3.01
3.90
4.63
4.04 ± 0.76
Thalli
7.06
6.32
9.22
6.74
7.33 ± 1.29
Note. Paired-samples T test was applied, t=4.580, and p=0.020.Figure 2
Single spores form ofC. albicansmeasured by real-time analyzing of the recorded force curves using AFM Peak Force QNM mode. (a) Spores form ofC. albicans, plane graph. (b) Spores form ofC. albicans, phase graph. (c) Spores form ofC. albicans, three-dimension graph.
(a)
(b)
(c)Figure 3
Single hyphal form ofC. albicans measured by real-time analyzing of the recorded force curves using AFM Peak Force QNM mode. (a) Hyphal form ofC. albicans, plane graph. (b) Hyphal form ofC. albicans, phase graph. (c) Hyphal form ofC. albicans, three-dimension graph.
(a)
(b)
(c)


### 3.2. Deformation, Adhesion Ability and Young’s Modulus ofC. albicans afterS. s bacteriocin Treatment

The AFM planar imaging ofC. albicans afterS. s bacteriocin treatment was shown in Figure 4; it could be found that thallus was warped, overlapped, and deformed, the surface was rough and creased, and disc-like depressions appeared.Figure 4
The imaging of groups ofC. albicans antagonized byS. s bacteriocin. (a) The imaging ofC. albicans antagonized byS. s bacteriocin, plane graph; (b) The imaging ofC. albicans antagonized byS. s bacteriocin, phase graph; (c) The imaging ofC. albicans antagonized byS. s bacteriocin, three-dimension graph.
(a)
(b)
(c)Figure 5
Effects ofS. s bacteriocin on deformation, adhesion ability, and Young’s modulus ofC. albicans. (a) The graph ofC. albicans deformation. (b) The graph ofC. albicans adhesion. (c) The graph ofC. albicans Young’s modulus. (d) The graph ofC. albicans deformation afterS. s bacteriocin treatment. (e) The graph ofC. albicans adhesion ability afterS. s bacteriocin treatment. (f) The graph ofC. albicans Young’s modulus afterS. s bacteriocin treatment.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)After morphology imaging, deformation changes ofC. albicans antagonized byS. s bacteriocin could be directly observed by AFM. Using AFM quantitative analysis, the value changes of deformation afterS. s bacteriocintreatment could be directly measured (Figure 5(d)). The results showed that deformation ofC. albicans changed significantly afterS. s bacteriocintreatment (Table 3).Table 3
Deformation changes ofC. albicans after S. s bacteriocin treatment (nm).
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Control group
74.13
77.85
75.51
69.85
82.13
87.52
90.28
61.57
56.18
70.26
Test group
77.36
97.04
120.71
259.44
348.34
408.66
426.20
357.45
272.49
141.77
Note. Control group was C. albicans, test group was C. albicans treated with S. s Bacteriocin, paired-samples T test was applied, t=4.273, and p=0.002.The adhesion ability of normalC. albicanswas 7.35±0.77 nN. The mean value was 5.69±0.62 nN afterS. s bacteriocintreatment (Table 4). It could be conformed that the adhesion ability ofC. albicanswas reducedby S. s bacteriocin, and the value was decreased along with the cup depth increasing (Figure 5(e)).Table 4
Adhesion ability changes ofC. albicans after S. s bacteriocin treatment (nN).
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Control group
5.62
6.02
5.61
6.25
5.33
5.85
5.38
5.36
5.39
5.62
Test group
4.59
3.83
3.86
2.91
2.49
2.34
3.24
3.67
4.45
5.33
Note. Control group was C. albicans, test group was C. albicans treated with S. s bacteriocin, paired-samples T test was applied, t=-5.923, and p<0.001.Young’s modulus of normalC. albicanswas 7.33±1.29 Mpa. The mean value was 5.03±0.81 Mpa afterS. s bacteriocintreatment (Table 5). It could be conformed that Young’s modulus ofC. albicanswas reducedby S. s bacteriocin, resulting in increasing of elasticity and deformation (Figure 5(f)).Table 5
Young’s modulus changes ofC. albicans after S. s bacteriocin treatment (MPa).
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Control group
7.63
7.58
7.29
7.37
7.41
7.55
7.72
7.66
7.39
7.55
Test group
5.96
5.37
4.69
4.34
3.99
4.27
4.57
4.88
5.66
6.64
Note. Control group was C. albicans, test group was C. albicans treated with S. s bacteriocin, paired-samples T test was applied, t=-9.490, and p<0.001.


## 3.1. Adhesion Ability and Young’s Modulus of NormalC. albicans Thallus and Hypha

Yeast form ofC. albicansthallus was round or ellipse with smooth and flat surface (Figures 2(a)–2(c)), after gemmation induction; the length of hyphae ranged from 8 to 20 μm; their surface was smooth and flat; there was no fracture or depression (Figures 3(a)–3(c)). In the range of 0~10.2 μm, adhesion parameter ofC. albicans hypha was 9~12 nN, while in the range of 10.2~16 μm, the parameter was 7~10 nN and the value of adhesion ability of hypha was higher than thallus (Figure 5(b)). Take the site of 12.4 μm in Figure 5(b) as reference point (adhesion ability was 0 nN); the adhesion ability was measured, the mean value of hypha was 9.82±0.39 nN, and the thallus was 7.35±0.77 nN (Table 1). Young’s modulus of thallus was 7~9 MPa, while the hypha was 4~6 MPa, less than the thallus (Figure 5(c)). After statistical analysis, the mean value of Young’s modulus of thallus was 7.33±1.29 Mpa, and the hypha was 4.04±0.76 Mpa (Table 2). It could be concluded that the adhesion ability of hypha was greater than thalli and Young’s modulus of hypha was less than thalli.Table 1
Adhesion ability ofC. albicans thalli and hyphae (nN).
Survey line
A1
B1
C1
D1
Mean value
Hypha
10.06
9.25
10.09
9.87
9.82 ± 0.39
Thalli
8.43
6.61
7.19
7.20
7.35 ± 0.77
Note. Paired-samples T test was applied, t=4.171, and p=0.025.Table 2
Young’s modulus ofC. albicans thalli and hyphae (MPa).
Survey line
A2
B2
C2
D2
Mean value
Hypha
4.61
3.01
3.90
4.63
4.04 ± 0.76
Thalli
7.06
6.32
9.22
6.74
7.33 ± 1.29
Note. Paired-samples T test was applied, t=4.580, and p=0.020.Figure 2
Single spores form ofC. albicansmeasured by real-time analyzing of the recorded force curves using AFM Peak Force QNM mode. (a) Spores form ofC. albicans, plane graph. (b) Spores form ofC. albicans, phase graph. (c) Spores form ofC. albicans, three-dimension graph.
(a)
(b)
(c)Figure 3
Single hyphal form ofC. albicans measured by real-time analyzing of the recorded force curves using AFM Peak Force QNM mode. (a) Hyphal form ofC. albicans, plane graph. (b) Hyphal form ofC. albicans, phase graph. (c) Hyphal form ofC. albicans, three-dimension graph.
(a)
(b)
(c)


## 3.2. Deformation, Adhesion Ability and Young’s Modulus ofC. albicans afterS. s bacteriocin Treatment

The AFM planar imaging ofC. albicans afterS. s bacteriocin treatment was shown in Figure 4; it could be found that thallus was warped, overlapped, and deformed, the surface was rough and creased, and disc-like depressions appeared.Figure 4
The imaging of groups ofC. albicans antagonized byS. s bacteriocin. (a) The imaging ofC. albicans antagonized byS. s bacteriocin, plane graph; (b) The imaging ofC. albicans antagonized byS. s bacteriocin, phase graph; (c) The imaging ofC. albicans antagonized byS. s bacteriocin, three-dimension graph.
(a)
(b)
(c)Figure 5
Effects ofS. s bacteriocin on deformation, adhesion ability, and Young’s modulus ofC. albicans. (a) The graph ofC. albicans deformation. (b) The graph ofC. albicans adhesion. (c) The graph ofC. albicans Young’s modulus. (d) The graph ofC. albicans deformation afterS. s bacteriocin treatment. (e) The graph ofC. albicans adhesion ability afterS. s bacteriocin treatment. (f) The graph ofC. albicans Young’s modulus afterS. s bacteriocin treatment.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)After morphology imaging, deformation changes ofC. albicans antagonized byS. s bacteriocin could be directly observed by AFM. Using AFM quantitative analysis, the value changes of deformation afterS. s bacteriocintreatment could be directly measured (Figure 5(d)). The results showed that deformation ofC. albicans changed significantly afterS. s bacteriocintreatment (Table 3).Table 3
Deformation changes ofC. albicans after S. s bacteriocin treatment (nm).
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Control group
74.13
77.85
75.51
69.85
82.13
87.52
90.28
61.57
56.18
70.26
Test group
77.36
97.04
120.71
259.44
348.34
408.66
426.20
357.45
272.49
141.77
Note. Control group was C. albicans, test group was C. albicans treated with S. s Bacteriocin, paired-samples T test was applied, t=4.273, and p=0.002.The adhesion ability of normalC. albicanswas 7.35±0.77 nN. The mean value was 5.69±0.62 nN afterS. s bacteriocintreatment (Table 4). It could be conformed that the adhesion ability ofC. albicanswas reducedby S. s bacteriocin, and the value was decreased along with the cup depth increasing (Figure 5(e)).Table 4
Adhesion ability changes ofC. albicans after S. s bacteriocin treatment (nN).
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Control group
5.62
6.02
5.61
6.25
5.33
5.85
5.38
5.36
5.39
5.62
Test group
4.59
3.83
3.86
2.91
2.49
2.34
3.24
3.67
4.45
5.33
Note. Control group was C. albicans, test group was C. albicans treated with S. s bacteriocin, paired-samples T test was applied, t=-5.923, and p<0.001.Young’s modulus of normalC. albicanswas 7.33±1.29 Mpa. The mean value was 5.03±0.81 Mpa afterS. s bacteriocintreatment (Table 5). It could be conformed that Young’s modulus ofC. albicanswas reducedby S. s bacteriocin, resulting in increasing of elasticity and deformation (Figure 5(f)).Table 5
Young’s modulus changes ofC. albicans after S. s bacteriocin treatment (MPa).
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Control group
7.63
7.58
7.29
7.37
7.41
7.55
7.72
7.66
7.39
7.55
Test group
5.96
5.37
4.69
4.34
3.99
4.27
4.57
4.88
5.66
6.64
Note. Control group was C. albicans, test group was C. albicans treated with S. s bacteriocin, paired-samples T test was applied, t=-9.490, and p<0.001.


## 4. Discussion

Candida albicans was a kind of conditioned pathogen; it might induce disease through many ways, for example, recognizing the host by adhesive attraction and invading the host by transition from spore phase to hypha phase. The shape ofC. albicans was plastic and variable; it could accommodate the internal environment of host by changing its shape. Adhesion was the first step of pathogenicity ofC. albicans; it was the necessary condition for virulence factors to develop their pathopoiesis. Adhesion represented the ability of attachment to the surface of host or materials for bacteria; it had close relationships with virulence of pathogenic bacteria [18]. Young’s modulus used to represent the size of cell elasticity and hardness reflects the ability of resistance to deformation; when Young’s modulus was small, their elasticity was large; it is an important parameter for the measurement of cytomechanics; Young’s modulus was closely related to the structure and function of pathogenic bacteria [19]. In the present, more and more research focused on cellular biomechanics [18]. It was reported thatS. s bacteriocincould inhibit the growth ofC. albicans; it could even change the cell shape ofC. albicans, resulting in the increasing of cell membrane permeability [20]. However, the mechanism of the inhibitory effect ofS. s bacteriocin had not been reported yet. In this study, theS. s bacteriocinwas extracted by high speed centrifugation and cell disruption methods; the extracts were used for the treatment ofC. albicansin spore phase and hypha phase; the spore and hypha were scanned by atomic force microscope (AFM), so the morphological and mechanical information ofC. albicansbefore and afterS. s bacteriocintreatment were obtained. It could provide some basis for illustrating the mechanical effects ofS. s bacteriocin onC. albicans.The result showed that the adhesion ability of normal hypha was9.82±0.39 nN, and the thallus was 7.35±0.77 nN, the adhesion ability of hypha was greater than thallus (p<0.05). It was reported that the formation of hypha was related to the increase of pathogenicity [21], but it was also shown that adhesion ability was the most important factor for the pathogenicity ofC. albicans; it could represent the virulence ofC. albicans[22]; the adhesion value was compared between hypha and thallus in this study; it was confirmed that the hypha pathogenicity was stronger than thallus in cytomechanics aspects. The mean value of Young’s modulus of normal thallus was 7.33±1.29 Mpa, and the hypha was 4.04±0.76 Mpa; Young’s modulus of hypha was less than thalli; namely, the elasticity of hypha was larger than thallus, so deformation was more likely to happen in the hypha rather than thallus. It was confirmed thatC. albicans could accommodate the internal environment of host by changing its shape [23]. Fungi had not been clearly recognized in clinic; it was probably because morphological plasticity of hypha was much stronger than thallus, so it could accommodate to environmental changes more quickly and become more pathogenic. It was reported that the protein content from cell wall extracts ofC. albicans in hypha phase was higher than spore phase, so whenC. albicanswas changed from spore phase to hypha phase, there will be new protein synthesis in cell wall or the increase of protein numbers [20]. In conclusion, it was confirmed in cytomechanics level that the pathogenicity ofC. albicansin hypha phase was stronger than spore phase. The reasons were as follows. First, mucoprotein ofC. albicansin hypha was higher than thallus or this kind of mucoprotein had acceptor which could combine to tissue and cells. Second, there was cell wall content in the thallus ofC. albicans, while cell wall content might not be formed in hypha, or there were some differences in the cell wall structure and content between thallus and hypha. Third, ergosterol was an important component in fungal cell membrane; it could stabilize cell membrane structure and minimize the fluidity of cell membrane [24]. It was suspected that the content of ergosterol in the membrane of hypha was higher than thallus. The hypha could secrete the secreted aspartyl proteinases (Sap); there were 9 members in SAP gene family, namely, SAP 1~9; the substrate of their coding product had various kinds of proteins in the host; among them, SAP4~6 were expressed only in hypha phase [25, 26]. This might be a reason why pathogenicity of hypha was stronger than spore.The shape ofC. albicanshad polytropy;C. albicanscould coexist in many anatomic sites; there were many allosteric enzymes, 3 glycometabolism pathways, and 2 complete respiratory systems inC. albicans, so it had specific system to accommodate to the environment in every survival state. Thus it means that there was complexity in the therapy of candidiasis. If the adhesive attraction ofC. albicanscould be put into priority, blocking the first way of host infection, other complex pathogenic processes would not proceed, and theC. albicansinfection could be cured. In this study,C. albicansin the gemmation stage was treated withS. s bacteriocin and their adhesion ability was measured. The result showed that the adhesion ability was decreased significantly after treatment, and their adhesion ability was decreasing with the rising of deformation value in the reaction value. The adhesion acceptor ofC. albicanswas tripeptide structure with Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic Acid (RGD), which could inhibit the adhesive attraction ofC. albicans [27]. It could be suspected that there might be RGD structure inS. s bacteriocin;this structure could combine with attachment protein ligand ofC. albicans, resulting in the decrease of adhesion ability ofC. albicans. It was shown in previous study thatS. s bacteriocin could induce the Ca2+ and Mg2+ leakage and increase the cell membrane permeability ofC. albicans [7, 24]. Ca2+ and Mg2+ could increase the adhesion ability of fungi [28]. Combining the results in this study, it was suspected thatS. s bacteriocin could reduce the adhesion ability ofC. albicansby decreasing the amount of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the cells. It was reported thatS. s bacteriocin could reduce the hydrophobic interaction in the cell surface ofC. albicans,while the hydrophobicity and adhesive attraction ofC. albicans were positively correlated [7]. It was confirmed in this study thatS. s bacteriocin could reduce the adhesion ability ofC. albicans, but was this reduction accomplished by inhibiting the hydrophobicity ofC. albicans? Or the hydrophobicity was affected by the adhesion reduction? Or they had their own function pathways? It needs further study.Young’s modulus was an important component which could represent the mechanics characteristics of the cell; it had positive correlation with cell hardness and rigidity, while it had negative correlation with cell elasticity. The outer layer ofC. albicanswas wrapped with rigid cell wall structure, when Young’s modulus ofC. albicanswas measured by atomic force microscope; the cell surface, scanned by experimental probe, was the cell wall structure ofC. albicans. In this study, Young’s modulus of thallus was decreased significantly afterS. s bacteriocintreatment, namely, the decrease of Young’s modulus of cell wall, so the hardness of cell wall was decreased. The cell wall had the function of maintaining cell shape and increasing thallus mechanical property. In this study the shape ofC. albicans was twisted and depressed afterS. s bacteriocintreatment; the cell wall rigidity and hardness were decreased. Thus their function on maintaining cell shape and increasing thallus mechanical property had been lost. There were antigenic structures on the cell wall ofC. albicans; the main antigenic component was mannoprotein, because theS. s bacteriocinhad a polypeptide chain or glycoprotein, a kind of precursor protein, so they might combine to the mannoprotein in the cell walls and then change or destroy the structure of cell walls. It was suspected that the inhibition region ofS. s bacteriocinonC. albicans might be the cell wall. While some studies showed that specific permease, a ATP enzyme in the cytoplasm membrane, was involved in the glycoprotein transportation ofC. albicans, it could transport nutritive material and maintain a kind of positive proton movement [29]. The peptides transportation byC. albicansdepended on this transport system. So it could be suspected thatS. s bacteriocincould enter the inner cell ofC. albicansthrough their active transport process and interfere in and destroy their metabolic processes of nutritive material or important ions, resulting in a series of changes, such as thallus permeability, adhesion ability, and cell wall hardness; finally the cells were induced to apoptosis.In summary,C. albicans had numerous pathogenic pathways; study on antiblastic effect ofS. s bacteriocinonC. albicansshould be versatile. In this study, the effects ofS. s bacteriocinon the adhesion ability and Young’s modulus ofC. albicanswere studied in the aspects of cytomechanics; the results could provide some basics for the fungal mechanical characteristics which were induced byS. s bacteriocin.



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*Source: 5291486-2017-05-22.xml*