# Ethnotherapeutic Uses and Phytochemical Composition ofPhysalis peruviana L.: An Overview

Authors: Félicien Mushagalusa Kasali; Jonans Tusiimire; Justin Ntokamunda Kadima; Casim Umba Tolo; Anke Weisheit; Amon Ganafa Agaba
Journal: The Scientific World Journal
 (2021)

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## Abstract

Background. Plant-derived medicines are widespread and continue to increase in traditional and modern medicine, especially in developing countries. Physalis peruviana L. is among the most used plants in conventional medication worldwide. This review aimed to highlight the ethnotherapeutic uses and phytochemical status of identified compounds in P. peruviana. Methods. Data were collected from Google Scholar, PubMed/Medline, SciFinder, Science Direct, Scopus, the Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, and any other helpful search engine using Physalis peruviana as the primary keyword. Results. Some countries, worldwide, use P. peruviana in their traditional medicine system to manage diverse ailments, mainly diseases and gastrointestinal tract disorders (25.33%). Leaf was the mostly used part (49.28%), prepared by decoction (31.58%) and overall administrated orally (53.57%) as the main route of admission. Around 502 phytoconstituents were identified in different plant parts, especially fruit (38.19%) ethanol/ethyl acetate extract. In most cases (36.17%), the solvent of the extract was not specified. Several phytochemical classes were found in the plant, especially terpenes (26.09%) and phenolic compounds (14.94%). Esters were also abundant (11.55%). In the terpenes category, carotenoids were the most abundant (11.15% followed by monoterpenes (8.76%) and diterpenes (3.18%). However, flavonoids (5.17%) followed by cinnamic acid derivatives (3.99%), monophenolic compounds (1.79%), and phenolic acids (1.33 M) are the most reported phenolic compounds. Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) was the most cited (five times). Conclusion. P. peruviana plays an essential role in managing diseases in some countries and is rich in chemical compounds, which need to be isolated and investigated pharmacologically before clinical trials.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 80% of the population in developing countries uses herbal medicine to meet their primary healthcare requirements [1]. Humans have used natural products since prehistoric times, which include animals, marine organisms, microorganisms, and plants, in medicines to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases [2]. Plants still contribute primarily to health care, so many specific herbal extracts have been demonstrated to be productive for particular conditions [3]. More than 50,000 plants would possess therapeutic virtues globally. In Africa and Asia, it is estimated that more than 80 percent of the population uses traditional medicine for primary health care. This form of therapy remains prevalent in all world regions, and its use is rapidly spreading in developed countries [4].Physalis peruviana (Solanaceae) is a native plant from the Andean region and a semiupright herbaceous shrub or perennial, producing a group of branched stems native to the Andean region. P. peruviana is adapted to a wide range of altitudes, soils, and climatic conditions. It is also the most widely distributed species from the Physalis. Physalis genus contains several species with a long history of ethnomedical use to treat diverse diseases, especially asthma, cancer, dermatitis, hepatitis, bacterial infections, kidney and liver disorders, and malaria and has immunomodulatory antipyretic properties [5]. It contains different types of compounds, including physalins and alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins, and polysaccharides [6, 7]. The health benefits of the plant are related to the content of phytochemicals.This report summarizes ethnomedicinal use and phytoconstituents identified inP. peruviana. Previous reviews have been focused on nutritional values, pharmacological evidence, and phytochemical profiling of isolated compounds from the plant [8].This review aimed to highlight the ethnotherapeutic use and phytochemical status of identified compounds inP. peruviana L.


## 2. Literature Review Method

Different search databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Scopus, the Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, and any other helpful search engines usingP. peruviana as the primary keyword, were used. Full articles in English or French languages were retrieved without time limit restriction.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Ethnopharmacological Data ofP. peruviana L

The following Table1 presents the uses of P. peruviana in traditional medicines in different countries.Table 1
Ethnomedicinal uses ofP. peruviana L. in different countries.
CountriesVernacular namesPart(s) usedTraditional usesFormulation/method of administrationVoucher numberReferencesCameroon—TwigsCancer or disease relevance to cancer or cancer-like symptoms—Yes[9]AjijieuhLeaf and stemBile, swelling of legs and ankles for pregnant womenMaceration/oralYes[10]Ma pe pieLeaf and stemFungal infectionsMaceration/oralYes[11]ColombiaUchuvaFruitEar pain and diabetes—No[12]UchuvaFruitConjunctivitis and prevention of cataractJuice/oralNo[13]EquatorUvillaFlowerDisinfectant and healing of woundsDecoction/batheYes[14]Democratic Republic of the CongoMbumaLeafMalaria, intestinal worms, and splenomegalyDecoction and infusion/oralYes[15]Mbuma, Mbupuru, UmuhireAerial partDiabetes mellitus, colic in children, spleen, malaria, andinflammationDecoction/oralNo[16]MpuhuhuWhole plantHelminthiasisMaceration/oralYes[17]IndiaDonam asFruitGastricMastication/oralNo[18]FatkiLeaf and rootLeucorrhea and hydroceleDecoction/oralNo[19]KitutuLeafInduction of labor and ease childbirthDecoction/oralNo[20]KopalphootaWhole plantJaundiceRaw/oralNo[21]PhakphakeRipe fruitThroat soreMastication/oralYes 0032[22]PottipalamLeaf and dried seedJaundice and glaucoma—No[23]RashbhariLeafAbdominal disorder during pregnancyJuice/oralNo[24]TsiiboboproLeaf and fruitDiarrhea and dysenteryDecoction and raw/oralNo[25]Sodukku thakkaliWhole plantSkin diseasesExtraction/-No[26]—LeaveJaundiceDecoction/oralNo[27]—Whole plantGout—No[28]—LeafJaundicePaste/-Yes[29]IndonesiaDepuk-depukFruit and whole plantSmallpoxDecoction/oralNo[30]Pultak-pultaAll parts of the plantStomach acheDecoction/oralNo[31]JavaCiplukanLeaf and fruitDiabetes mellitus—No[32]KenyaEmbunwe, emiilwa (wanga)Stem, root, fruit, and leafInflammation and abdominal ailmentsΨRaw and infusion/poultices and enemaNo[33]MayengoLeafMalariaDecoction/steam inhalationYes[34]MŭnathiLeafPostpartum painDecoction/oralNo[35]MŭnathiLeafAnthelmintic, postpartum pains, and typhoid—No[36]MŭnathiSeed, bulb, fruit, leaf, and rootDiarrhea—No[37]—LeafDiabetes, malaria, and pneumoniaDecoction/oralNo[38]—LeafTyphoid and pneumoniaDecoction/-No[39]NepalGangathopaRootJaundiceMaceration/oralNo[40]Ram bhutka, Jangali mewaRootPiles—No[41]—LeafSore throat and abdominal painJuice/oralNo[42]New GuineaMondonLeafBoils and ulcersHeating/topical application on to cuts and scratches∗No[43]RwandaUmuhuhuLeafFacilitates the issuance of the placenta and abortifacient—No[44]South AfricaIgquzuLeafDiarrhea and associated ailments.As food/oralNo[45]IgquzuLeafDiarrheaDecoction/oralYes[46]—Whole plant and leafCancerDecoction/oralDS00095[47]TanzaniaKitutun kikubwaLeafMalariaMaceration/oralYes[48]MsupuLeafSkin fungal infectionsJuice/topical application∗Yes[49]NtuntunuFruitTyphoid feverJuice/oralYes[50]UgandaEntuutuLeaf and fruitSnakebiteInfusion/oralNo[51]EntuutuFresh leafSkin problems in babiesDecoction/bathe∗No[52]Entuutu—Wounds (fresh)—No[53]KitutuLeafInduce of labor during childbirthJuice/oralNo[54]Ntuntunu eneneLeafVomitingSmoked and infusion/batheYes[55]NtuntunuLeafMalariaDecoction/oral∗Yes[56]Decoction/oral∗NtuntunuLeafInfections (antibacterial)Juice/oralNo[57]Ntutunu eneneFruitEar and eye infectionChewing and swallowing/oralYes[58]Ntutunu eneneAerial part and leafHIV/AIDS—Yes[59]—Whole plantRash and ringwormJuice/-Yes[60]Veterinary use (Ψ); specific characteristics (∗); not specified (—).According to this table (Table1), fourteen countries worldwide use P. peruviana in their traditional medicinal system to treat several diseases. India represented the most cited country with twelve references, followed by Uganda (10), Kenya (7), Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Nepal, South Africa, and Tanzania, each with three references. Colombia and Indonesia were cited only twice.Referring to the number of diseases treated by country, India is the most representative country (20.27%), followed by Uganda (16.22%), the Democratic Republic of Congo (12.16%), Cameroon (6.76%), Colombia, Nepal, and South Africa (5.41%). It is known that the plant (mainly le fruit) is produced predominantly in Colombia and South Africa but exported in Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, and Canada [61]. However, its use in traditional medicine is widespread in other countries, including India and Uganda.The plant is widely known in various local names and used in Ayurvedic medicine for many human and animal purposes. The fruit is available from January to April [62]. In Uganda, the plant grows naturally in abandoned bush fallows, and it is helpful for income. It has been identified as a priority plant for commercialization (used popularly for its berries and associated derivative products such as juice, jam, and wine). It is also used as food and has medicinal applications [63].Local names, parts used, traditional utilization, preparation, and administration modes were documented.Figure1 indicates that the leaves are the most used part (49.28%) followed by fruits (14.49%), whole plant (11.59%), roots (7.5%), stem (4.35%), aerial parts, and seeds (2.90%). However, bulbs, flowers, ripe fruits, and twigs were cited once (1.45%). In some cases, the used parts were not specified (1.45%). Leaves are the most used in the formulation of remedies, as indicated above. The frequent use of leaves is associated with ease of accessibility among the aboveground parts of plants in natural ecosystems [50].Figure 1
Frequencies of parts used.Decoction has often been found as the effective formulation of herbal remedies as it is easy to prepare by mixing a drug with boiling water [64]. In this study (Figure 2), the decoction was used in almost 31.58% of all cases. However, other preparation modes have been found including juice (14.04%), maceration (8.77%), infusion (7.02%), extraction, and raw material (3.51%). In 19.30% of cases, the preparation mode was not reported.Figure 2
Frequencies of formulations.P. peruviana is indicated to treat various diseases, mainly in humans. Rarely, it is used in the management of diseases in veterinary medicine. For example, in western Kenya, it is used for livestock tick prevention and control. The results in Figure 3 show that diseases and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract were the most treated by the plant (25.33%), followed by female genital tract and breast (13.33%), skin (9.33%), liver and biliary tract (8.01%), eye and ear (8.01%), immune system (5.33%), endocrine system (5.33%), respiratory system (2.67%), and metabolic disorders (2.67%). Diseases of bones, joints, skeletal muscle, and body fluid-related diseases and disorders represent 1.33%. Another category of diseases, including helminthiasis, inflammations, malaria, snake bite, fungal infections, bacterial infections, and smallpox, represents 17.33%. About 4000 species had ethnomedical data supporting the use of these plants to treat, and most of them were native to tropical countries due to the extraordinary biodiversity in these countries [65].Figure 3
Frequencies of diseases and disorders treated.Mostly, oral route is the way of drug administration based on different formulations. Because of safety, good patient compliance, ease of ingestion, pain avoidance, and versatility to accommodate various types of drugs, the oral administration route is preferred over the different other administration routes of drug delivery [66]. Nevertheless, the route of the administration is not specified in a few cases (20.41%). Secondarily, bathe, tropical application, scratches, and steam inhalation are reported (Figure 4).Figure 4
Frequencies of routes of administration.There are some specific indications in formulations or modes of drug administration. For example, in India, the plant is associated withImpatiens roylei and Stephania hernandifolia to treat jaundice. In the same way, in Uganda, the plant is combined with Solanum esculentum and Solanum melongena to manage skin problems in babies and honey in treating malaria. It is possible that combining several plants can produce a more pronounced pharmacological response than using a single plant due to the synergy of action between different constituents. According to Sofowora et al. [67], the combined effects were much more effective than individual ones. Rarely, duration of treatment and posology were mentioned. However, those two factors depended on the type of diseases treated and the parts used. For example, in Uganda, treating malaria needs seven days by taking two teaspoons three times a day of a decoction or half a glass thrice a day. In Tanzania, an application of leaf juice on the affected area twice a day was indicated to treat skin fungal infections or heating/topical application on to cuts and scratches in New Guinea for boils and ulcers. In Nepal, the treatment of jaundice in children could take from four to ten days.The voucher number of plant material was not specified in 63.46% against 36.54%. Overall, in research studies that involved plant or animal materials, providing voucher specimens is necessary for several reasons. The main reason is to keep a permanent record documenting the plant used in a specific study to trace the true identity and source of the plant material [68]. In most cases, the plant species look alike (morphologically and chemically), and it is quite possible to have a confusing error when harvesting. To be reassured of the real identity of the plant, it is crucial to have it authenticated with an expert, for example, a botanist. In the event of a future contestation, the voucher number recorded in the herbarium will always be essential to confirm the integrity of its identity. It is also vital for reproducibility, which is very critical in research.


### 3.2. Phytoconstituents Identified in Different Parts of P. peruviana L

Table2 summarizes the chemical compounds identified and characterized from other parts and extracts of P. peruviana. Therefore, various classes of phytoconstituents have been found, including terpenes (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, and carotenoids), phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, phenolic esters, phenolic aldehydes, chalcones, coumarins, cinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids, and glucosides), alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, lactones, steroids and withanolides, alkaloids, sucrose esters, glucosides, siloxanes, vitamins, phytoprostanes, phytol derivatives, enols, heterocycles, alkanes, alkenes, benzimidazoles, and diverse functional groups.Table 2
Chemical compounds identified from different parts and extracts ofP. peruviana.
OrgansPhytoconstituentsSourceReferencesAerial parts3α-TigloylnxytropaneEthanol[69]3β-AcetoxytropaneEthanol[69]AntheraxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[70]CuscohygrineEthanol[69]HygrineEthanol[69]LuteinHexane/acetone/ethanol[70]NeoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[70]N-Methylpyrrolidinylhygrine AEthanol[69]N-Methylpyrrolidinylhygrine BEthanol[69]PhysoperuvineEthanol[69]PhytoflueneHexane/acetone/ethanol[70]TropineEthanol[69]ViolaxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[70]ZeaxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[70]γ-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[70]Body(S)-4-Iodo-1,2-epoxybutane—[71]1,1,1,5,7,7,7-Heptamethyl-3,3 bis(trimethylsiloxy) tetrasiloxane—[71]1,2,3-Tri(t-butyl) cyclopropenylium tribromide—[71]1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-hexane—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-octane—[71]Diethyl ester—[71]Docosane—[71]Eicosamethyl cyclodecasiloxane—[71]Eicosamethyl cyclodecasiloxane—[71]Calyces(all-E)-LuteinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3-O-myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-NeoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-TaraxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Taraxanthin esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-ViolaxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin or (all-E)-neoxanthin esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-Cryptoxanthin myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](E)-Vanillic acidEthyl acetate[73](E)-α-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Lutein 1Hexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Lutein 2Hexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Lutein esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-TaraxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Taraxanthin-⍺-linolenic acidHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-β-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]⍺-CopaeneolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]13-EpimanoolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]16-B1-PhytoPEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]16α-MethylpregnenoloneEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]17,27-Dihydroxylated withaloid D isomer 1Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]2,3-Dihydro-17,27-hydroxylated withanolide D derivativeEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]2,3-Dihydro-27-hydroxylated withanolide D isomer 1Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]2,3-Dihydro-27-hydroxylated withanolide D isomer 2Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]2,3-Dihydro-27-hydroxy-4β- hydroxywithanolide E isomerEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]2,3-Dihydro-4β-hydroxywithanolide EEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]2,3-Dihydro-hydroxylated 4β-hydroxywithanolide E derivativeEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]2′,4′-Dimethoxy-3-hydroxy-6-methylflavoneMethanol[75]2′,5′-DimethoxyflavoneMethanol[75]27-Hydroxy-4β-hydroxywithanolide E isomerEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]2-Hydroxy-2′,4′,6′-trimethoxychalconeMethanol[75]3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-4-phenylcoumarinMethanol[75]3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-7- hydroxy-4-methylcoumarinMethanol[75]3,2′,4′,5′,6-PentamethoxyflavoneMethanol[75]3,4,5-Methoxy cinnamicEthyl acetate[73]3,5,3′,5′-Tetra-tert-butyldiphenoquinoneMethanol[75]3,6,2′,3′-TetramethoxyflavoneMethanol[75]3,6,3′,4′-TetramethoxyflavoneMethanol[75]3′-Benzyloxy-5,6,7,4′-tetramethoxyflavoneMethanol[75]3-Hydroxy-7,8,2′-trimethoxyflavoneMethanol[75]3-O-Caffeoylquinic acidMethanol/water/formic acid[76]3-O-Feruloylquinic acidMethanol/water/formic acid[76]3-O-p-Coumaroylquinic acidMethanol/water/formic acid[76]4,4-Dimethyl-5-α-cholestane-3-oneEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]4-Aminobenzoic acidEthyl acetate[73]4-Hydroxy chalconeMethanol[75]4-O-Feruloylquinic acidMethanol/water/formic acid[76]5-(7a-Isopropenyl-4,5-dimethyl-octahydroinden-4-yl)- 3-methyl-pent-2-en-1-olEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]5,6-Epoxy-β-caroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid)Methanol/water/formic acid[76]5-O-Feruloylquinic acidMethanol/water/formic acid[76]7-Hydroxycoumarin-3- carboxylic acidMethanol[75]7δ-ErgosterolEthanol/Ethyl acetate[74]9-D1t-PhytoPMethanol[76]9-Epi-9-D1t-PhytoPMethanol[76]9-Epi-9-F1t-PhytoPMethanol[76]9-F1t-PhytoPMethanol[76]9-L1-PhytoPMethanol[76]AcecetinEthyl acetate[73]AmbrialEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Apg 6 arabinose 8 glucoseEthyl acetate[73]Apg 6 glucose 8 rhamnoseEthyl acetate[73]Apg 6 rhamnose 8 glucoseEthyl acetate[73]Apig-7-O-neohespirosideEthyl acetate[73]ApigeninEthyl acetate[73]Apigenin 7 glucoseEthyl acetate[73]Benzoic acidEthanol/Ethyl acetate[74]BiotinMethanol[75]Caffeic acidEthanol/Ethyl acetate[74]CaffeineEthyl acetate[73]CatecholEthyl acetate[73]Chlorogenic acidEthyl acetate[73]Chlorophyll aHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Chlorophyll a derivativeHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Chlorophyll bHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Chlorophyll b derivative 2Hexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Cinnamic acidEthyl acetate[73]ConiferolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Copalol isomer 1Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Copalol isomer 2Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Copalol isomer 3Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]CoumarinEthyl acetate[73]CryptomeridiolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Diepicedrene-1-oxideEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Dihydro-4β-hydroxywithanolide EEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Dihydromanoyl oxide 1Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Dihydromanoyl oxide 2Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Dihydromanoyl oxide 3Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Dihydromanoyl oxide 4Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Dihydromanoyloxide-7-carboxylic acid methyl esterEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Di-O-isobutanoyl-O-(2-methylbutanoyl)-O-pentenoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Di-O-isobutanoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Di-O-isobutanoyl-O-nonanoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Di-O-isobutanoyl-O-decanoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Di-O-isobutanoyl-O-octanoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Di-O-isobutanoyl-O-pentenoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Ellagic acidEthyl acetate[73]Ent-16-B1-PhytoPMethanol[76]Ent-9-L1-PhytoPMethanol[76]Ent-16-epi-16-F1t-PhytoPMethanol[76]Ent-16-F1t-PhytoPMethanol[76]EpicatechinEthyl acetate[73]Epimanoyl oxideEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]EudesmadienolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Farnesol acetateEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Ferulic acid-hexosideMethanol[76]Feruloylquinic acidMethanol[76]Friedelan-3-oneEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Ferulic acidEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Gallic acidEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]GardeninMethanol[75]Germacratrienol isomer 1Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Germacratrienol isomer 2Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Germacratrienol isomer 3Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]HesperetinEthyl acetate[73]Hydroxylated 4β-hydroxywithanolide E derivativeEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Isoaromadendrene epoxideEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Isoferulic acidEthyl acetate[73]IsorhamnetinEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]IsovitexinMethanol[75]KaempferolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnosyl(1⟶6)glucosideMethanol/water/formic acid[76]Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnosyl(1⟶6)glucoside- 7-O-glucosideMethanol/water/formic acid[76]Kaempferol-hexosideEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Kaempferol-rutinosideEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Kamp3(2-p-manryl)glucoseEthyl acetate[73]Kamp3-7 di-rhamnosideEthyl acetate[73]KhusiolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]LimoneneEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Luteo 6 glucose 8 arabinoseEthyl acetate[73]Luteo 7 glucoseEthyl acetate[73]MaalialcoholEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Methyl-3,7-bis(acetyloxy)cholestan-26-oateEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Methylprednisolone succinateMethanol[75]MyricetinEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]NaringinEthyl acetate[73]NaringeninEthyl acetate[73]O-Butanoyl-di-O-isobutanoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]O-Decanoyl-O-isobutanoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]O-Isobutanoyl-O-(2-methylbutanoyl)-O-octanoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]O-Isobutanoyl-O-(2-methylbutanoyl)-O-pentenoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]O-Isobutanoyl-O-(2-methylbutanoyl)sucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]O-Isobutanoyl-O-octenoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]O-IsobutanoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]p-Coumaric acidEthanol/ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate[73, 74]Pheophytin aHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]p-Hydroxy benzoic acidEthyl acetate[73]PhytoeneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]PhytolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Protocatechuic acidEthanol/ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate[73, 74]PyrogallolEthyl acetate[73]QuercetinMethanol, ethanol/ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate[74]Quercetin-3-O-glucosideMethanol/water/formic acid[76]Quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl(1⟶6)glucoside-7-O-glucosideMethanol/water/formic acid[76]Quercetin-hexosideEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]QuercetrinEthyl acetate[73]RhamncetinEthyl acetate[73]Rosmarinic acidEthyl acetate[73]Quercetin-3-O-rutinosideMethanol/water/formic acid, ethanol/ethyl acetate[74, 76]Salicylic acidEthyl acetate[73]SclareolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Sclareol oxideEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]SesquichameneEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Sesquiterpeneol isomerEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]SpironolactoneMethanol[75]trans-GeranylgeraniolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]TyrosolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Vanillic acidEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]VanillinEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]VitexinMethanol[75]Withanolide D isomerEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Withanolide E isomer 1Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Withanolide E isomer 2Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Withanolide E isomer 3Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]XanthineMethanol[75]α-13,13-Dimethylpodocarp-7-en-3⍺-olEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]⍺-Coumaric acidEthyl acetate[73]⍺-ElemolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]α-TocopherolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]α-Tocopherol-β-D-mannosideEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]β-SitosterolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]β-TocopherolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]δ-CadinolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]δ-TerpineolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]δ-TocopherolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Fruits(-)-Caryophyllene oxide—[77](5á)-Pregnane-3,20á-diolJuice[78](9Z)-β-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Antheraxanthin myristate-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-LuteinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3′-O-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3-O-myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3-O-palmitate-3′-O-myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein dimyristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-NeoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-TaraxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Taraxanthin esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-ViolaxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin dimyristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin myristate-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Zeaxanthin dimyristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Zeaxanthin dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Zeaxanthin myristate-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-ZeinoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-CryptoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-Cryptoxanthin myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-Cryptoxanthin palmitatePalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](E)-2-Hexenol—[79](E)-Non-2-enalDichloromethane[80](E)-α-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](E2, Z6)-Nona-2,6-dienalDichloromethane[80](S)-4-Iodo-1,2-epoxybutane—[71](Z)-Lutein 1Hexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Lutein esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Neoxanthin- or (Z)-violaxanthin esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Stigmasta-5,24(28)-dien-3β-olDichloromethane[80](Z)-TaraxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-β-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-γ-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]∆5-AvenasterolCrude oil[81, 82]∆7-AvenasterolCrude oil[81, 82]1,1,1,5,7,7,7-Heptamethyl-3,3 bis(trimethylsiloxy) tetrasiloxane—[71]1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D2Juice[71]1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid—[71]1,8-Menthadien-4-ol—[77]1-Phenyl-1,2-propanediol—[79]2,3-Diethyl-5-methyl pyrazineHexane and ethanol[83]2,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol—[77]2-Acetyl-1-pyrrolineDichloromethane[80]2-Butanone—[77]2-Heptanol—[79]2-Heptanone—[77]2-Methylbutanal—[77]2-Methylbutanol—[77, 79]2-Methylbutanoic acid—[79]2-Methylbutyl acetate—[77]2-Methylpropanol—[79]2-Methylpropanoic acid—[79]2-MethylpropanalDichloromethane[80]2-Methylpropenal—[77]2-Nonadecanol—[77]2-Norbornanone—[77]2-Pentanone—[77]2-Phenyl ethyl alcoholJuice[78]2-PhenylacetaldehydeDichloromethane[80]2-PhenylethanolDichloromethane[79, 80]2-Propanone—[77]2-UndecenalHexane and ethanol[83]3,3-Dimethyl-hexane—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-octane—[71]3,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid—[71]3,5-OctadienoneHexane and ethanol[83]3,7-Dimethyl-1-octene—[77]3-Ethyl-4-heptanol—[77]3-Hydroxy-2-butanone—[79]3-Methyl-1-hexanol—[77]3-Methyl-1-penten-3-ol—[84]3-Methyl-3-vinyl-1-cyclopropene—[84]3-Methyl butyl butanoate—[77]3-Octenol—[77]3-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-α-ionolDichloromethane[80]3-Phenyl propanol—[77]4-Hydroxy butyl acrylateHexane and ethanol[83]4-Isopropyl-1-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol—[77]4-Methyl-1-pentanol—[77]4-Nonanone—[77]4-Octanol—[77]4-Propyl guaiacolHexane and ethanol[83]4-Terpineol—[77]4-Vinylguaiacol—[79]4-Vinylphenol—[79]4-Vinylsyringol—[79]4β-Hydroxywithanolide EHexane and ethanol[83]5,6-Epoxy-β-carotene—[72]5,8-Epoxy-α-carotene—[72]6-Methyl-2-heptanone—[77]6-Methyl-5-heptene-2-one—[84]6-Methyl-hept-5-en-2-ol—[77]9-(Z)-Octadecenoic acid—[79]Acetaldehyde—[77]Acetic acid—[79]Allyl caproateHexane and ethanol[83]ApigeninEthanol or water[85]Apigenin 7 glucoseEthyl acetate[73]Benzaldehyde—[77, 84]Benzoic acidEthanol/ethyl acetate, ethanol, or water[72, 85]Benzyl acetateHexane and ethanol[83]Benzyl alcohol—[77, 79, 84]BetulinJuice[78]Butanal—[77]Butane-2,3-dione—[77]Butanoic acid—[77, 79]Butanol—[77, 79]Butanol-2-methylHexane and ethanol[83]Butyl 3-hydroxybutyrate—[84]Butyl acetateCrude oil[77, 84]Butyl butanoate—[77]Butyl decanoate—[77]Butyl dodecanoate—[77]Butyl octanoate—[77]Butyl-3-hydroxybutanoate—[77, 79]Caffeic acidMethanol, ethanol/ethyl acetate[78]CaffeineEthanol or water[85]CampesterolDichloromethane[86]Camphene—[77]Capric acid, methyl ester—[84]Carvacrol—[77]Caryophyllene oxide—[84]CatechinEthanol and isopropanol[87]CatecholEthanol or water[85]Cedr-8-en-9-alpha-ol acetateHexane and ethanol[83]CedrenolHexane and ethanol[83]Chlorophyll aHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Chlorophyll bHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Chlorophyll b derivative 1Hexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Chlorophyll b derivative 2Hexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Cinnamic acid-/ethanol or water[72, 85]cis-3-Hexenol—[77]cis-Myrtanol—[77]cis-Piperitone oxide—[77]cis-p-Mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol—[77]cis-Verbenol—[77]Citronellyl acetateHexane and ethanol[83]Cyclooctatetraene—[77]CyclosativeneHexane and ethanol[83]Cymenene—[77]Decanal—[77]Decanoic acidJuice, crude oil[77, 79, 81, 82]Dehydrosabinene—[77]Diethyl ester—[71]Diethylene glycolMethanol[88]Dihomo-γ-linolenic acidCrude oil[81]Dihydroactinidiolide—[77]DihydrocarveolHexane and ethanol[83]Dimethylvinylcarbinol—[77]Docosane—[77]Docosanoic acid—[89]Dodecane—[84]Dodecanoic acid, methyl ester—[84]Eicosamethylcyclodecasiloxane—[71]Eicosanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Eicosenoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Endo-borneol—[77]EpicatechinEthanol and isopropanol[87]Erucic acidCrude oil[81, 82]ErgosterolCrude oil[81, 82]Ethanol—[77]Ethyl 2-methyl propanoateDichloromethane[80]Ethyl acetate—[77]Ethyl benzoateJuice[78]Ethyl butanoateDichloromethane[77, 80]Ethyl caprate—[84]Ethyl caproate—[84]Ethyl decanoate—[77]Ethyl dodecanoate—[77, 84]Ethyl hexanoateDichloromethane[77, 80]Ethyl hexanol—[77]Ethyl hydroxyl hexanoate—[84]Ethyl octanoateDichloromethane, hexane, and ethanol[77, 80, 83]Ethyl pentanoate—[77]Ethyl-2-butenoate—[77]Ethyl-3-hydroxybutanoate—[79]Ethyl-3-hydroxyhexanoate—[79]Ethyl-3-hydroxyoctanoate—[79]Ethyl-5-hydroxyoctanoate—[79]EucalyptolHexane and ethanol[77, 83]Farnesol—[77]Fenchol—[77]Ferulic acidMethanol, ethanol/ethyl acetate[78, 88]FuraneolDichloromethane[80]Gallic acidEthanol and isopropanol, ethanol, or water[85, 87]Geranaldehyde—[77]Geraniol—[77]Geranoic acid—[79]Geranyl acetone—[77]Guaiacol—[79]Heptan-2-ol—[77]Heptanal—[77]Heptanol—[77]Hexadecanoic acidCrude oil, dichloromethane[72, 76, 77]Hexadecanoic acid esterHexane and ethanol[83]HexanalCrude oil, dichloromethane[77, 80, 84]Hexanoic acid—[77, 79]Hexanol—[77, 79]Hexyl butanoate—[77]Hexyl ethanoate—[77]Hexyl octanoate—[77]HomofuraneolHexane and ethanol[83]Hydrocinnamic alcohol—[77]Isoamyl octanoate—[77]Isobutyl acetate—[77]Isobutyl alcohol—[77]Isobutyl butanoate—[77]Isobutyl decanoate—[77]Isobutyl dodecanoate—[77]Isobutyl octanoate—[77]IsoeugenolHexane and ethanol[83]Isophorone—[77]Isopropenyl ethyl ketone—[77]Isopulegol—[77]KaempferolEthanol/ethyl acetate, ethanol, or water[78, 85]Kaempferol 3-O-rutinosideJuice[78]LanosterolCrude oil[81, 82]LimoneneEthanol/ethyl acetate[74, 77]Linalool—[77, 84]Linalool oxide—[77]Linoleic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Lucenin-2Juice[78]Lutein ester[72]MethionalDichloromethane[80]Methyl acetate—[77]Methyl benzoate—[84]Methyl butanoateHexane and ethanol[77, 83]Methyl buteneHexane and ethanol[83]Methyl decanoate—[77]Methyl heptenone—[77]Methyl hexanoate—[77]Methyl octanoate—[77]Methyl salicylate—[77, 79]Methylß-methylcrotonate—[84]Methyl-11-cyclopentylundecanoate—[77]Methyl-2-methoxyoct-2-enoate—[84]Methyl-3-hydroxybutanoate—[79]Myrcenol—[77]Neric acid—[77]NaringeninEthanol or water[85]Nervonic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Neryl acetateHexane and ethanol[83]Nonanal—[77]Nonanoic acid—[77]NonanolHexane and ethanol[83]Nopol—[77]O-Coumaric acidEthanol or water[85]Oct-1-en-3-olDichloromethane[80]Octadecanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Octanal-/Dichloromethane[77, 80]Octanoic acid—[77, 79]Octanoic acid, 3-methylbutyl ester—[84]Octanol—[77]Oleic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Palmitoleic acidCrude oil[81, 82]p-AnisaldehydeHexane and ethanol[83]p-Cymen-8-ol—[77]p-Cymene—[77]Pentyl alcohol—[84]Phenethyl alcohol—[77]Phenol—[79]Phenyl ethyl benzoateHexane and ethanol[83]Phenylethyl acetate—[77]PheophytinbHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]p-Hydroxy benzoic acidEthanol or water[85]PhytoeneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]PhytoflueneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]p-Menth-4(8)-ene-1,2-diol—[79]Propyl decanoate—[77]Propyl hexanoateHexane and ethanol[83]Propyl octanoate—[77]Quercetin 3,4′,7-trimethyl etherJuice[78]Rosoxide—[77]Salicylic acidEthanol or water[85]sec-Butyl butyrate—[77]StigmasterolDichloromethane[86]Syringic acidEthanol or water[85]Terpinen-4-ol—[84]Terpinolene—[84]Tetradecanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Tetracosanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]trans-3-Hexenol—[77]trans-Citral—[77]Trimethyl phenyl butenoneHexane and ethanol[83]Vanillic acidEthanol/Ethyl acetate, ethanol, or water[74, 85]VanillinEthanol/Ethyl acetate, ethanol, or water[74, 85]VerbeneneHexane and ethanol[77, 83]Verbenone—[77]Vitamin B9 (folic acid)Juice[78]Vitamin ECrude oil, dichloromethane[81, 86]Vitamin K1Crude oil[81]α-CubebeneJuice[78]α-Linolenic acidCrude oil[76, 77]α-PineneHexane and ethanol[77, 83]α-Terpinene—[77]α-Terpineol—[77, 79, 84]α-Terpinolene—[77]α-TocopherolCrude oil, ethanol/ethyl acetate[74, 81, 82]β-BisabololJuice[78]β-CaroteneCrude oil[81, 82]β-Citronellol—[77]β-Cyclocitral—[77]β-Ionone—[77]β-Ionone-5,6-epoxide—[77]β-LinaloolDichloromethane[80]β-Myrcene—[77]β-SitosterolCrude oil[81, 82]β-TocopherolCrude oil[81, 82]β-trans-Ocimene—[77]γ-Butyl-γ-butyrolactone—[84]γ-Caprolactone—[84]γ-Ethylbutyrolactone—[77]γ-Linoleic acidCrude oil[81, 82]γ-OctalactoneHexane and ethanol[79, 83]γ-Terpinene—[77, 84]γ-Tocopherol—[82]γ-Undecalactone—[77]δ-MuuroleneHexane and ethanol[83]δ-Octalactone—[77, 79]Leaves(S)-4-Iodo-1,2-epoxybutane—[71]1,1,1,5,7,7,7-Heptamethyl-3,3—[71]1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-hexane—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-octane—[71]CampesterolDichloromethane[86]Diethyl ester—[71]Docosane—[77]Eicosamethylcyclodecasiloxane—[71]Ethyl isoallocholateDichloromethane[86]Hexadecanoic acidDichloromethane[86]Hexahydrofarnesyl acetoneDichloromethane[86]Linoleic acidDichloromethane[86]Perulactone B—[90]Physalin B—[90]Physalin D—[90]Physalin F—[90]PhytolMethanol, dichloromethane[81, 86]StigmasterolDichloromethane[86]Vitamin EDichloromethane[86]Withanolide E—[90]Withanolide F—[90]Peel(all-E)-Antheraxanthin myristate-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-LuteinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3′-O-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3-O-myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3-O-palmitate-3′-O-myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein dimyristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-NeoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-TaraxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Taraxanthin esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-ViolaxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin dimyristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin myristate-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Zeaxanthin dimyristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Zeaxanthin dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Zeaxanthin myristate-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-ZeinoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-CryptoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-Cryptoxanthin myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-Cryptoxanthin palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](E)-α-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Lutein 1Hexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Lutein esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Neoxanthin- or (Z)-violaxanthin esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-TaraxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-β-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-γ-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]5,6-Epoxy-β-caroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]5,8-Epoxy-α-caroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Lutein esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]PhytoeneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]PhytoflueneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Pulp(all-E)-LuteinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3-O-myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3-O-palmitate-3′-O-myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein dimyristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-NeoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-TaraxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Taraxanthin esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-ViolaxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin dimyristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin myristate-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-ZeinoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-CryptoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-Cryptoxanthin myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](E)-α-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Lutein 1Hexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Lutein esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-β-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-γ-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]∆5-AvenasterolCrude oil[81, 82]∆7-AvenasterolCrude oil[81, 82]5,6-Epoxy-β-caroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]5,8-Epoxy-α-caroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]CampesterolCrude oil[81, 82]Decanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Eicosanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Eicosenoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Erucic acidCrude oil[81, 82]ErgosterolCrude oil[81, 82]Hexadecanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Homo-γ-linolenic acid—[82]LanosterolCrude oil[81, 82]Linoleic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Lutein esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Nervonic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Octadecanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Oleic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Palmitoleic acidCrude oil[81, 82]PhytoeneCrude oil[81,82]PhytoflueneCrude oil[81,82]StigmasterolCrude oil[81, 82]Tetradecanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Tetracosanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]α-Linolenic acidCrude oil[81, 82]α-TocopherolCrude oil[81, 82]β-CaroteneCrude oil[81, 82]β-SitosterolCrude oil[81, 82]β-TocopherolCrude oil[81, 82]γ-Linolenic acidCrude oil[81, 82]γ-Tocopherol—[82]δ-TocopherolEthanol/ethyl acetate[78]Roots(S)-4-Iodo-1,2-epoxybutane—[71]1,1,1,5,7,7,7-Heptamethyl-3,3 bis(trimethylsiloxy) tetrasiloxane—[71]1,2,3-Tri(t-butyl)cyclopropenylium tribromide—[71]1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-hexane—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-octane—[71]3α-TigloylnxytropaneEthanol[69]3β-AcetoxytropaneEthanol[69]CuscohygrineEthanol[69]Diethyl ester—[71]Dimethyl-flubendazoleDocosane—[71]Eicosamethylcyclodecasiloxane—[71]HygrineEthanol[69]N-Methylpyrrolidinylhygrine AEthanol[69]N-Methylpyrrolidinylhygrine BEthanol[69]PhysoperuvineEthanol[69]TropineEthanol[69]Dimethyl-flubendazole—[71]Seeds(S)-4-Iodo-1,2-epoxybutane—[71]1,1,1,5,7,7,7-Heptamethyl-3,3 bis(trimethylsiloxy)tetrasiloxane—[71]1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-hexane—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-octane—[71]1,2,3-Tri(t-butyl) cyclopropenylium tribromideMethanol[88]Caffeic acidMethanol[88]Diethyl ester—[71]Diethylene glycolMethanol[88]Docosane—[77]Eicosamethyl cyclodecasiloxane—[71]Octadecanoic acidMethanol[88]Different parts ofP. peruviana contain terpenes, and polyphenols represent the main two classes of identified phytoconstituents. They represent 26.09% and 14.94%, respectively. In the terpenes category, carotenoids are the most representative (11.15%), followed by monoterpenes (8.76%), sesquiterpenes (5.57%), and diterpenes (3.18%). A considerable amount of sesquiterpenes (22.3%) and fatty acids (22.8%) has been found in P. angulata, a Physalis species close to P. peruviana, as volatile components of leaf essential oil [91]. However, phytol (17.88%) was the most diterpenes found in ethanolic extracts of leaves, roots, and fruits of P. minima, beyond other phytoconstituents, including fatty acids [92]. According to our results, phytol was identified right now, only in calyces and leaves of P. peruviana.The presence of phytoene can justify the richness of the plant in carotenoids. Therefore, phytoene is an alkene hydrocarbon with 40 carbon atoms intermediate in the biosynthesis of carotenoids. The synthesis of phytoene is necessary for that of carotenoids in plants. The biosynthetic pathway from phytoene to violaxanthin is common to the genusPhysalis [70]. Furthermore, carotenoid pigments from different species of the Physalis genus are primarily used in the food industry as food dyes for fats and oils. Their seeds can contain up to 30% fatty oil [93]. The presence of carotenoids in the Physalis genus has been confirmed by Ramadan [94]. All-trans-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene, and all-trans-α-cryptoxanthin were the primary carotenoids found in the fruits.Referring to phenolic compounds, flavonoids are the most phytoconstituents found (5.17%) in the plant than cinnamic acid derivatives (3.98%), monophenolic compounds (1.79%), phenolic acids (1.39%), coumarins (0.79%), phenolic esters (0.79%), chalcones (0.39%), phenolic aldehydes (0.39%), and stilbenes (0.19%). Similarly, phenolic, flavonoid, and phenolic acid contents were identified and quantified in different parts of five members of thePhysalis genus including P. angulate, P. patula, P. subulata, P. solanacea, and P. hederifolia. However, quercetin, kaempferol, and phenolic acids were identified as the major phenolic phytoconstituents in those five plant species, in different concentrations according to organs [95]. Overall, monophenolic and polyphenolic compounds are synthesized and then accumulated in all plant tissues, but their concentration can be varied from different parts. Among phenolic compounds, phenolic acids and flavonoids are the most studied, mainly pharmacological properties exploited for medical purposes [96]. Gupta et al. [97] noted the strong influence of phenolic compounds and the carotenoid content with bioactivity.The plant also contains fatty acids, which are the most cited in the literature. For example, hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) was the most cited, five times (0.82%), followed by decanoic acid, linoleic acid, and octadecanoic acid, which were mentioned four times (0.66%). Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) is the most common saturated fatty acid in plants, animals, and microorganisms, and linoleic acid is central in plant lipids. It is essential for humans (animals) because it is derived mainly from dietary plant oils [98].Beyond the sucrose esters identified in plants (2.58%), others such as peruvioses A, B, C, D, and F had already been isolated before in the dichloromethane extract of the sticky exudate that covers the fruit [99, 100]. Nicandroses, other sucrose esters, have been isolated in the Physalis genus. Their presence is confirmed in different species including P. nicandroides var. attenuata, P. solanaceus, P. sordida, and P. viscosa [5].Steroids and withanolides (a group of naturally occurring polyoxygenated steroidal lactones) were also identified in the plant and represented 6.97%. Physalins (steroidal constituents) are the most active representatives of secondary metabolites of the genus [101]. Most withanolide compounds are produced by Solanaceae plants, in particular 19 genera of Solanaceae, including Acnistus, Datura, Deprea, Dunalis, Discopodium, Exodeconus, Hyoscyamus, Iochroma, Jaborosa, Larnax, Lycium, Nicandra, Physalis, Salpichroa, Trechonaetes, Tubocapsicum, Vassobia, Withania, and Witheringia [102, 103]. Nowadays, several withanolides have been isolated and characterized from different parts of P. peruviana, including dihydrowithaferins, physachenolides, physacoztolides, perulactones, withaperuvins, alkekenginins, withaferins, hydroxy-withanolides, physagulins, withaperuvins, physalolactones, withalongolide, physapubescins, withaphysanolides, viscosalactones, and phyperunolides [5, 8]. Almost 351 withanolides have been identified and isolated from the Physalis genus, mainly from P. peruviana and P. angulata [104].Steroids such as ergosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, lanosterol,ß-sitosterol, Δ5-avenasterol, and Δ7-avenasterol have been reported in P. peruviana pomace and fruit juice. A number of the vitamins have been identified primarily in pomace and fruits, including 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D2 (derived from vitamin D), vitamin B9 (folic acid), vitamin K, vitamin E (α,β,γ,δ-tocopherols), and biotin. A study on the phytochemical composition of goldenberry pomace confirmed the presence of those vitamins. In addition to vitamins A, D, and K, niacin, riboflavin, thiamin, pyridoxine, vitamin B12, choline chloride, and p-aminobenzoic acid have been identified and quantified [105, 106].Among ten alkaloids identified in the plant, cuscohygrine was subsequently isolated from the roots [107], and physoperuvine has already been isolated from P. peruviana roots [108]. The other alkaloids have been explicitly isolated in the aerial and roots. They are the only parts of plants where alkaloids were identified.


## 3.1. Ethnopharmacological Data ofP. peruviana L

The following Table1 presents the uses of P. peruviana in traditional medicines in different countries.Table 1
Ethnomedicinal uses ofP. peruviana L. in different countries.
CountriesVernacular namesPart(s) usedTraditional usesFormulation/method of administrationVoucher numberReferencesCameroon—TwigsCancer or disease relevance to cancer or cancer-like symptoms—Yes[9]AjijieuhLeaf and stemBile, swelling of legs and ankles for pregnant womenMaceration/oralYes[10]Ma pe pieLeaf and stemFungal infectionsMaceration/oralYes[11]ColombiaUchuvaFruitEar pain and diabetes—No[12]UchuvaFruitConjunctivitis and prevention of cataractJuice/oralNo[13]EquatorUvillaFlowerDisinfectant and healing of woundsDecoction/batheYes[14]Democratic Republic of the CongoMbumaLeafMalaria, intestinal worms, and splenomegalyDecoction and infusion/oralYes[15]Mbuma, Mbupuru, UmuhireAerial partDiabetes mellitus, colic in children, spleen, malaria, andinflammationDecoction/oralNo[16]MpuhuhuWhole plantHelminthiasisMaceration/oralYes[17]IndiaDonam asFruitGastricMastication/oralNo[18]FatkiLeaf and rootLeucorrhea and hydroceleDecoction/oralNo[19]KitutuLeafInduction of labor and ease childbirthDecoction/oralNo[20]KopalphootaWhole plantJaundiceRaw/oralNo[21]PhakphakeRipe fruitThroat soreMastication/oralYes 0032[22]PottipalamLeaf and dried seedJaundice and glaucoma—No[23]RashbhariLeafAbdominal disorder during pregnancyJuice/oralNo[24]TsiiboboproLeaf and fruitDiarrhea and dysenteryDecoction and raw/oralNo[25]Sodukku thakkaliWhole plantSkin diseasesExtraction/-No[26]—LeaveJaundiceDecoction/oralNo[27]—Whole plantGout—No[28]—LeafJaundicePaste/-Yes[29]IndonesiaDepuk-depukFruit and whole plantSmallpoxDecoction/oralNo[30]Pultak-pultaAll parts of the plantStomach acheDecoction/oralNo[31]JavaCiplukanLeaf and fruitDiabetes mellitus—No[32]KenyaEmbunwe, emiilwa (wanga)Stem, root, fruit, and leafInflammation and abdominal ailmentsΨRaw and infusion/poultices and enemaNo[33]MayengoLeafMalariaDecoction/steam inhalationYes[34]MŭnathiLeafPostpartum painDecoction/oralNo[35]MŭnathiLeafAnthelmintic, postpartum pains, and typhoid—No[36]MŭnathiSeed, bulb, fruit, leaf, and rootDiarrhea—No[37]—LeafDiabetes, malaria, and pneumoniaDecoction/oralNo[38]—LeafTyphoid and pneumoniaDecoction/-No[39]NepalGangathopaRootJaundiceMaceration/oralNo[40]Ram bhutka, Jangali mewaRootPiles—No[41]—LeafSore throat and abdominal painJuice/oralNo[42]New GuineaMondonLeafBoils and ulcersHeating/topical application on to cuts and scratches∗No[43]RwandaUmuhuhuLeafFacilitates the issuance of the placenta and abortifacient—No[44]South AfricaIgquzuLeafDiarrhea and associated ailments.As food/oralNo[45]IgquzuLeafDiarrheaDecoction/oralYes[46]—Whole plant and leafCancerDecoction/oralDS00095[47]TanzaniaKitutun kikubwaLeafMalariaMaceration/oralYes[48]MsupuLeafSkin fungal infectionsJuice/topical application∗Yes[49]NtuntunuFruitTyphoid feverJuice/oralYes[50]UgandaEntuutuLeaf and fruitSnakebiteInfusion/oralNo[51]EntuutuFresh leafSkin problems in babiesDecoction/bathe∗No[52]Entuutu—Wounds (fresh)—No[53]KitutuLeafInduce of labor during childbirthJuice/oralNo[54]Ntuntunu eneneLeafVomitingSmoked and infusion/batheYes[55]NtuntunuLeafMalariaDecoction/oral∗Yes[56]Decoction/oral∗NtuntunuLeafInfections (antibacterial)Juice/oralNo[57]Ntutunu eneneFruitEar and eye infectionChewing and swallowing/oralYes[58]Ntutunu eneneAerial part and leafHIV/AIDS—Yes[59]—Whole plantRash and ringwormJuice/-Yes[60]Veterinary use (Ψ); specific characteristics (∗); not specified (—).According to this table (Table1), fourteen countries worldwide use P. peruviana in their traditional medicinal system to treat several diseases. India represented the most cited country with twelve references, followed by Uganda (10), Kenya (7), Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Nepal, South Africa, and Tanzania, each with three references. Colombia and Indonesia were cited only twice.Referring to the number of diseases treated by country, India is the most representative country (20.27%), followed by Uganda (16.22%), the Democratic Republic of Congo (12.16%), Cameroon (6.76%), Colombia, Nepal, and South Africa (5.41%). It is known that the plant (mainly le fruit) is produced predominantly in Colombia and South Africa but exported in Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, and Canada [61]. However, its use in traditional medicine is widespread in other countries, including India and Uganda.The plant is widely known in various local names and used in Ayurvedic medicine for many human and animal purposes. The fruit is available from January to April [62]. In Uganda, the plant grows naturally in abandoned bush fallows, and it is helpful for income. It has been identified as a priority plant for commercialization (used popularly for its berries and associated derivative products such as juice, jam, and wine). It is also used as food and has medicinal applications [63].Local names, parts used, traditional utilization, preparation, and administration modes were documented.Figure1 indicates that the leaves are the most used part (49.28%) followed by fruits (14.49%), whole plant (11.59%), roots (7.5%), stem (4.35%), aerial parts, and seeds (2.90%). However, bulbs, flowers, ripe fruits, and twigs were cited once (1.45%). In some cases, the used parts were not specified (1.45%). Leaves are the most used in the formulation of remedies, as indicated above. The frequent use of leaves is associated with ease of accessibility among the aboveground parts of plants in natural ecosystems [50].Figure 1
Frequencies of parts used.Decoction has often been found as the effective formulation of herbal remedies as it is easy to prepare by mixing a drug with boiling water [64]. In this study (Figure 2), the decoction was used in almost 31.58% of all cases. However, other preparation modes have been found including juice (14.04%), maceration (8.77%), infusion (7.02%), extraction, and raw material (3.51%). In 19.30% of cases, the preparation mode was not reported.Figure 2
Frequencies of formulations.P. peruviana is indicated to treat various diseases, mainly in humans. Rarely, it is used in the management of diseases in veterinary medicine. For example, in western Kenya, it is used for livestock tick prevention and control. The results in Figure 3 show that diseases and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract were the most treated by the plant (25.33%), followed by female genital tract and breast (13.33%), skin (9.33%), liver and biliary tract (8.01%), eye and ear (8.01%), immune system (5.33%), endocrine system (5.33%), respiratory system (2.67%), and metabolic disorders (2.67%). Diseases of bones, joints, skeletal muscle, and body fluid-related diseases and disorders represent 1.33%. Another category of diseases, including helminthiasis, inflammations, malaria, snake bite, fungal infections, bacterial infections, and smallpox, represents 17.33%. About 4000 species had ethnomedical data supporting the use of these plants to treat, and most of them were native to tropical countries due to the extraordinary biodiversity in these countries [65].Figure 3
Frequencies of diseases and disorders treated.Mostly, oral route is the way of drug administration based on different formulations. Because of safety, good patient compliance, ease of ingestion, pain avoidance, and versatility to accommodate various types of drugs, the oral administration route is preferred over the different other administration routes of drug delivery [66]. Nevertheless, the route of the administration is not specified in a few cases (20.41%). Secondarily, bathe, tropical application, scratches, and steam inhalation are reported (Figure 4).Figure 4
Frequencies of routes of administration.There are some specific indications in formulations or modes of drug administration. For example, in India, the plant is associated withImpatiens roylei and Stephania hernandifolia to treat jaundice. In the same way, in Uganda, the plant is combined with Solanum esculentum and Solanum melongena to manage skin problems in babies and honey in treating malaria. It is possible that combining several plants can produce a more pronounced pharmacological response than using a single plant due to the synergy of action between different constituents. According to Sofowora et al. [67], the combined effects were much more effective than individual ones. Rarely, duration of treatment and posology were mentioned. However, those two factors depended on the type of diseases treated and the parts used. For example, in Uganda, treating malaria needs seven days by taking two teaspoons three times a day of a decoction or half a glass thrice a day. In Tanzania, an application of leaf juice on the affected area twice a day was indicated to treat skin fungal infections or heating/topical application on to cuts and scratches in New Guinea for boils and ulcers. In Nepal, the treatment of jaundice in children could take from four to ten days.The voucher number of plant material was not specified in 63.46% against 36.54%. Overall, in research studies that involved plant or animal materials, providing voucher specimens is necessary for several reasons. The main reason is to keep a permanent record documenting the plant used in a specific study to trace the true identity and source of the plant material [68]. In most cases, the plant species look alike (morphologically and chemically), and it is quite possible to have a confusing error when harvesting. To be reassured of the real identity of the plant, it is crucial to have it authenticated with an expert, for example, a botanist. In the event of a future contestation, the voucher number recorded in the herbarium will always be essential to confirm the integrity of its identity. It is also vital for reproducibility, which is very critical in research.


## 3.2. Phytoconstituents Identified in Different Parts of P. peruviana L

Table2 summarizes the chemical compounds identified and characterized from other parts and extracts of P. peruviana. Therefore, various classes of phytoconstituents have been found, including terpenes (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, and carotenoids), phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, phenolic esters, phenolic aldehydes, chalcones, coumarins, cinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids, and glucosides), alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, lactones, steroids and withanolides, alkaloids, sucrose esters, glucosides, siloxanes, vitamins, phytoprostanes, phytol derivatives, enols, heterocycles, alkanes, alkenes, benzimidazoles, and diverse functional groups.Table 2
Chemical compounds identified from different parts and extracts ofP. peruviana.
OrgansPhytoconstituentsSourceReferencesAerial parts3α-TigloylnxytropaneEthanol[69]3β-AcetoxytropaneEthanol[69]AntheraxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[70]CuscohygrineEthanol[69]HygrineEthanol[69]LuteinHexane/acetone/ethanol[70]NeoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[70]N-Methylpyrrolidinylhygrine AEthanol[69]N-Methylpyrrolidinylhygrine BEthanol[69]PhysoperuvineEthanol[69]PhytoflueneHexane/acetone/ethanol[70]TropineEthanol[69]ViolaxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[70]ZeaxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[70]γ-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[70]Body(S)-4-Iodo-1,2-epoxybutane—[71]1,1,1,5,7,7,7-Heptamethyl-3,3 bis(trimethylsiloxy) tetrasiloxane—[71]1,2,3-Tri(t-butyl) cyclopropenylium tribromide—[71]1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-hexane—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-octane—[71]Diethyl ester—[71]Docosane—[71]Eicosamethyl cyclodecasiloxane—[71]Eicosamethyl cyclodecasiloxane—[71]Calyces(all-E)-LuteinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3-O-myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-NeoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-TaraxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Taraxanthin esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-ViolaxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin or (all-E)-neoxanthin esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-Cryptoxanthin myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](E)-Vanillic acidEthyl acetate[73](E)-α-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Lutein 1Hexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Lutein 2Hexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Lutein esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-TaraxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Taraxanthin-⍺-linolenic acidHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-β-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]⍺-CopaeneolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]13-EpimanoolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]16-B1-PhytoPEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]16α-MethylpregnenoloneEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]17,27-Dihydroxylated withaloid D isomer 1Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]2,3-Dihydro-17,27-hydroxylated withanolide D derivativeEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]2,3-Dihydro-27-hydroxylated withanolide D isomer 1Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]2,3-Dihydro-27-hydroxylated withanolide D isomer 2Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]2,3-Dihydro-27-hydroxy-4β- hydroxywithanolide E isomerEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]2,3-Dihydro-4β-hydroxywithanolide EEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]2,3-Dihydro-hydroxylated 4β-hydroxywithanolide E derivativeEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]2′,4′-Dimethoxy-3-hydroxy-6-methylflavoneMethanol[75]2′,5′-DimethoxyflavoneMethanol[75]27-Hydroxy-4β-hydroxywithanolide E isomerEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]2-Hydroxy-2′,4′,6′-trimethoxychalconeMethanol[75]3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-4-phenylcoumarinMethanol[75]3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-7- hydroxy-4-methylcoumarinMethanol[75]3,2′,4′,5′,6-PentamethoxyflavoneMethanol[75]3,4,5-Methoxy cinnamicEthyl acetate[73]3,5,3′,5′-Tetra-tert-butyldiphenoquinoneMethanol[75]3,6,2′,3′-TetramethoxyflavoneMethanol[75]3,6,3′,4′-TetramethoxyflavoneMethanol[75]3′-Benzyloxy-5,6,7,4′-tetramethoxyflavoneMethanol[75]3-Hydroxy-7,8,2′-trimethoxyflavoneMethanol[75]3-O-Caffeoylquinic acidMethanol/water/formic acid[76]3-O-Feruloylquinic acidMethanol/water/formic acid[76]3-O-p-Coumaroylquinic acidMethanol/water/formic acid[76]4,4-Dimethyl-5-α-cholestane-3-oneEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]4-Aminobenzoic acidEthyl acetate[73]4-Hydroxy chalconeMethanol[75]4-O-Feruloylquinic acidMethanol/water/formic acid[76]5-(7a-Isopropenyl-4,5-dimethyl-octahydroinden-4-yl)- 3-methyl-pent-2-en-1-olEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]5,6-Epoxy-β-caroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid)Methanol/water/formic acid[76]5-O-Feruloylquinic acidMethanol/water/formic acid[76]7-Hydroxycoumarin-3- carboxylic acidMethanol[75]7δ-ErgosterolEthanol/Ethyl acetate[74]9-D1t-PhytoPMethanol[76]9-Epi-9-D1t-PhytoPMethanol[76]9-Epi-9-F1t-PhytoPMethanol[76]9-F1t-PhytoPMethanol[76]9-L1-PhytoPMethanol[76]AcecetinEthyl acetate[73]AmbrialEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Apg 6 arabinose 8 glucoseEthyl acetate[73]Apg 6 glucose 8 rhamnoseEthyl acetate[73]Apg 6 rhamnose 8 glucoseEthyl acetate[73]Apig-7-O-neohespirosideEthyl acetate[73]ApigeninEthyl acetate[73]Apigenin 7 glucoseEthyl acetate[73]Benzoic acidEthanol/Ethyl acetate[74]BiotinMethanol[75]Caffeic acidEthanol/Ethyl acetate[74]CaffeineEthyl acetate[73]CatecholEthyl acetate[73]Chlorogenic acidEthyl acetate[73]Chlorophyll aHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Chlorophyll a derivativeHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Chlorophyll bHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Chlorophyll b derivative 2Hexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Cinnamic acidEthyl acetate[73]ConiferolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Copalol isomer 1Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Copalol isomer 2Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Copalol isomer 3Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]CoumarinEthyl acetate[73]CryptomeridiolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Diepicedrene-1-oxideEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Dihydro-4β-hydroxywithanolide EEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Dihydromanoyl oxide 1Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Dihydromanoyl oxide 2Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Dihydromanoyl oxide 3Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Dihydromanoyl oxide 4Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Dihydromanoyloxide-7-carboxylic acid methyl esterEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Di-O-isobutanoyl-O-(2-methylbutanoyl)-O-pentenoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Di-O-isobutanoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Di-O-isobutanoyl-O-nonanoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Di-O-isobutanoyl-O-decanoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Di-O-isobutanoyl-O-octanoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Di-O-isobutanoyl-O-pentenoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Ellagic acidEthyl acetate[73]Ent-16-B1-PhytoPMethanol[76]Ent-9-L1-PhytoPMethanol[76]Ent-16-epi-16-F1t-PhytoPMethanol[76]Ent-16-F1t-PhytoPMethanol[76]EpicatechinEthyl acetate[73]Epimanoyl oxideEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]EudesmadienolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Farnesol acetateEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Ferulic acid-hexosideMethanol[76]Feruloylquinic acidMethanol[76]Friedelan-3-oneEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Ferulic acidEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Gallic acidEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]GardeninMethanol[75]Germacratrienol isomer 1Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Germacratrienol isomer 2Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Germacratrienol isomer 3Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]HesperetinEthyl acetate[73]Hydroxylated 4β-hydroxywithanolide E derivativeEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Isoaromadendrene epoxideEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Isoferulic acidEthyl acetate[73]IsorhamnetinEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]IsovitexinMethanol[75]KaempferolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnosyl(1⟶6)glucosideMethanol/water/formic acid[76]Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnosyl(1⟶6)glucoside- 7-O-glucosideMethanol/water/formic acid[76]Kaempferol-hexosideEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Kaempferol-rutinosideEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Kamp3(2-p-manryl)glucoseEthyl acetate[73]Kamp3-7 di-rhamnosideEthyl acetate[73]KhusiolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]LimoneneEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Luteo 6 glucose 8 arabinoseEthyl acetate[73]Luteo 7 glucoseEthyl acetate[73]MaalialcoholEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Methyl-3,7-bis(acetyloxy)cholestan-26-oateEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Methylprednisolone succinateMethanol[75]MyricetinEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]NaringinEthyl acetate[73]NaringeninEthyl acetate[73]O-Butanoyl-di-O-isobutanoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]O-Decanoyl-O-isobutanoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]O-Isobutanoyl-O-(2-methylbutanoyl)-O-octanoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]O-Isobutanoyl-O-(2-methylbutanoyl)-O-pentenoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]O-Isobutanoyl-O-(2-methylbutanoyl)sucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]O-Isobutanoyl-O-octenoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]O-IsobutanoylsucroseEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]p-Coumaric acidEthanol/ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate[73, 74]Pheophytin aHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]p-Hydroxy benzoic acidEthyl acetate[73]PhytoeneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]PhytolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Protocatechuic acidEthanol/ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate[73, 74]PyrogallolEthyl acetate[73]QuercetinMethanol, ethanol/ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate[74]Quercetin-3-O-glucosideMethanol/water/formic acid[76]Quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl(1⟶6)glucoside-7-O-glucosideMethanol/water/formic acid[76]Quercetin-hexosideEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]QuercetrinEthyl acetate[73]RhamncetinEthyl acetate[73]Rosmarinic acidEthyl acetate[73]Quercetin-3-O-rutinosideMethanol/water/formic acid, ethanol/ethyl acetate[74, 76]Salicylic acidEthyl acetate[73]SclareolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Sclareol oxideEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]SesquichameneEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Sesquiterpeneol isomerEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]SpironolactoneMethanol[75]trans-GeranylgeraniolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]TyrosolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Vanillic acidEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]VanillinEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]VitexinMethanol[75]Withanolide D isomerEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Withanolide E isomer 1Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Withanolide E isomer 2Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]Withanolide E isomer 3Ethanol/ethyl acetate[74]XanthineMethanol[75]α-13,13-Dimethylpodocarp-7-en-3⍺-olEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]⍺-Coumaric acidEthyl acetate[73]⍺-ElemolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]α-TocopherolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]α-Tocopherol-β-D-mannosideEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]β-SitosterolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]β-TocopherolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]δ-CadinolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]δ-TerpineolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]δ-TocopherolEthanol/ethyl acetate[74]Fruits(-)-Caryophyllene oxide—[77](5á)-Pregnane-3,20á-diolJuice[78](9Z)-β-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Antheraxanthin myristate-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-LuteinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3′-O-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3-O-myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3-O-palmitate-3′-O-myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein dimyristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-NeoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-TaraxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Taraxanthin esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-ViolaxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin dimyristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin myristate-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Zeaxanthin dimyristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Zeaxanthin dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Zeaxanthin myristate-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-ZeinoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-CryptoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-Cryptoxanthin myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-Cryptoxanthin palmitatePalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](E)-2-Hexenol—[79](E)-Non-2-enalDichloromethane[80](E)-α-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](E2, Z6)-Nona-2,6-dienalDichloromethane[80](S)-4-Iodo-1,2-epoxybutane—[71](Z)-Lutein 1Hexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Lutein esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Neoxanthin- or (Z)-violaxanthin esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Stigmasta-5,24(28)-dien-3β-olDichloromethane[80](Z)-TaraxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-β-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-γ-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]∆5-AvenasterolCrude oil[81, 82]∆7-AvenasterolCrude oil[81, 82]1,1,1,5,7,7,7-Heptamethyl-3,3 bis(trimethylsiloxy) tetrasiloxane—[71]1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D2Juice[71]1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid—[71]1,8-Menthadien-4-ol—[77]1-Phenyl-1,2-propanediol—[79]2,3-Diethyl-5-methyl pyrazineHexane and ethanol[83]2,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol—[77]2-Acetyl-1-pyrrolineDichloromethane[80]2-Butanone—[77]2-Heptanol—[79]2-Heptanone—[77]2-Methylbutanal—[77]2-Methylbutanol—[77, 79]2-Methylbutanoic acid—[79]2-Methylbutyl acetate—[77]2-Methylpropanol—[79]2-Methylpropanoic acid—[79]2-MethylpropanalDichloromethane[80]2-Methylpropenal—[77]2-Nonadecanol—[77]2-Norbornanone—[77]2-Pentanone—[77]2-Phenyl ethyl alcoholJuice[78]2-PhenylacetaldehydeDichloromethane[80]2-PhenylethanolDichloromethane[79, 80]2-Propanone—[77]2-UndecenalHexane and ethanol[83]3,3-Dimethyl-hexane—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-octane—[71]3,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid—[71]3,5-OctadienoneHexane and ethanol[83]3,7-Dimethyl-1-octene—[77]3-Ethyl-4-heptanol—[77]3-Hydroxy-2-butanone—[79]3-Methyl-1-hexanol—[77]3-Methyl-1-penten-3-ol—[84]3-Methyl-3-vinyl-1-cyclopropene—[84]3-Methyl butyl butanoate—[77]3-Octenol—[77]3-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-α-ionolDichloromethane[80]3-Phenyl propanol—[77]4-Hydroxy butyl acrylateHexane and ethanol[83]4-Isopropyl-1-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol—[77]4-Methyl-1-pentanol—[77]4-Nonanone—[77]4-Octanol—[77]4-Propyl guaiacolHexane and ethanol[83]4-Terpineol—[77]4-Vinylguaiacol—[79]4-Vinylphenol—[79]4-Vinylsyringol—[79]4β-Hydroxywithanolide EHexane and ethanol[83]5,6-Epoxy-β-carotene—[72]5,8-Epoxy-α-carotene—[72]6-Methyl-2-heptanone—[77]6-Methyl-5-heptene-2-one—[84]6-Methyl-hept-5-en-2-ol—[77]9-(Z)-Octadecenoic acid—[79]Acetaldehyde—[77]Acetic acid—[79]Allyl caproateHexane and ethanol[83]ApigeninEthanol or water[85]Apigenin 7 glucoseEthyl acetate[73]Benzaldehyde—[77, 84]Benzoic acidEthanol/ethyl acetate, ethanol, or water[72, 85]Benzyl acetateHexane and ethanol[83]Benzyl alcohol—[77, 79, 84]BetulinJuice[78]Butanal—[77]Butane-2,3-dione—[77]Butanoic acid—[77, 79]Butanol—[77, 79]Butanol-2-methylHexane and ethanol[83]Butyl 3-hydroxybutyrate—[84]Butyl acetateCrude oil[77, 84]Butyl butanoate—[77]Butyl decanoate—[77]Butyl dodecanoate—[77]Butyl octanoate—[77]Butyl-3-hydroxybutanoate—[77, 79]Caffeic acidMethanol, ethanol/ethyl acetate[78]CaffeineEthanol or water[85]CampesterolDichloromethane[86]Camphene—[77]Capric acid, methyl ester—[84]Carvacrol—[77]Caryophyllene oxide—[84]CatechinEthanol and isopropanol[87]CatecholEthanol or water[85]Cedr-8-en-9-alpha-ol acetateHexane and ethanol[83]CedrenolHexane and ethanol[83]Chlorophyll aHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Chlorophyll bHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Chlorophyll b derivative 1Hexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Chlorophyll b derivative 2Hexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Cinnamic acid-/ethanol or water[72, 85]cis-3-Hexenol—[77]cis-Myrtanol—[77]cis-Piperitone oxide—[77]cis-p-Mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol—[77]cis-Verbenol—[77]Citronellyl acetateHexane and ethanol[83]Cyclooctatetraene—[77]CyclosativeneHexane and ethanol[83]Cymenene—[77]Decanal—[77]Decanoic acidJuice, crude oil[77, 79, 81, 82]Dehydrosabinene—[77]Diethyl ester—[71]Diethylene glycolMethanol[88]Dihomo-γ-linolenic acidCrude oil[81]Dihydroactinidiolide—[77]DihydrocarveolHexane and ethanol[83]Dimethylvinylcarbinol—[77]Docosane—[77]Docosanoic acid—[89]Dodecane—[84]Dodecanoic acid, methyl ester—[84]Eicosamethylcyclodecasiloxane—[71]Eicosanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Eicosenoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Endo-borneol—[77]EpicatechinEthanol and isopropanol[87]Erucic acidCrude oil[81, 82]ErgosterolCrude oil[81, 82]Ethanol—[77]Ethyl 2-methyl propanoateDichloromethane[80]Ethyl acetate—[77]Ethyl benzoateJuice[78]Ethyl butanoateDichloromethane[77, 80]Ethyl caprate—[84]Ethyl caproate—[84]Ethyl decanoate—[77]Ethyl dodecanoate—[77, 84]Ethyl hexanoateDichloromethane[77, 80]Ethyl hexanol—[77]Ethyl hydroxyl hexanoate—[84]Ethyl octanoateDichloromethane, hexane, and ethanol[77, 80, 83]Ethyl pentanoate—[77]Ethyl-2-butenoate—[77]Ethyl-3-hydroxybutanoate—[79]Ethyl-3-hydroxyhexanoate—[79]Ethyl-3-hydroxyoctanoate—[79]Ethyl-5-hydroxyoctanoate—[79]EucalyptolHexane and ethanol[77, 83]Farnesol—[77]Fenchol—[77]Ferulic acidMethanol, ethanol/ethyl acetate[78, 88]FuraneolDichloromethane[80]Gallic acidEthanol and isopropanol, ethanol, or water[85, 87]Geranaldehyde—[77]Geraniol—[77]Geranoic acid—[79]Geranyl acetone—[77]Guaiacol—[79]Heptan-2-ol—[77]Heptanal—[77]Heptanol—[77]Hexadecanoic acidCrude oil, dichloromethane[72, 76, 77]Hexadecanoic acid esterHexane and ethanol[83]HexanalCrude oil, dichloromethane[77, 80, 84]Hexanoic acid—[77, 79]Hexanol—[77, 79]Hexyl butanoate—[77]Hexyl ethanoate—[77]Hexyl octanoate—[77]HomofuraneolHexane and ethanol[83]Hydrocinnamic alcohol—[77]Isoamyl octanoate—[77]Isobutyl acetate—[77]Isobutyl alcohol—[77]Isobutyl butanoate—[77]Isobutyl decanoate—[77]Isobutyl dodecanoate—[77]Isobutyl octanoate—[77]IsoeugenolHexane and ethanol[83]Isophorone—[77]Isopropenyl ethyl ketone—[77]Isopulegol—[77]KaempferolEthanol/ethyl acetate, ethanol, or water[78, 85]Kaempferol 3-O-rutinosideJuice[78]LanosterolCrude oil[81, 82]LimoneneEthanol/ethyl acetate[74, 77]Linalool—[77, 84]Linalool oxide—[77]Linoleic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Lucenin-2Juice[78]Lutein ester[72]MethionalDichloromethane[80]Methyl acetate—[77]Methyl benzoate—[84]Methyl butanoateHexane and ethanol[77, 83]Methyl buteneHexane and ethanol[83]Methyl decanoate—[77]Methyl heptenone—[77]Methyl hexanoate—[77]Methyl octanoate—[77]Methyl salicylate—[77, 79]Methylß-methylcrotonate—[84]Methyl-11-cyclopentylundecanoate—[77]Methyl-2-methoxyoct-2-enoate—[84]Methyl-3-hydroxybutanoate—[79]Myrcenol—[77]Neric acid—[77]NaringeninEthanol or water[85]Nervonic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Neryl acetateHexane and ethanol[83]Nonanal—[77]Nonanoic acid—[77]NonanolHexane and ethanol[83]Nopol—[77]O-Coumaric acidEthanol or water[85]Oct-1-en-3-olDichloromethane[80]Octadecanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Octanal-/Dichloromethane[77, 80]Octanoic acid—[77, 79]Octanoic acid, 3-methylbutyl ester—[84]Octanol—[77]Oleic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Palmitoleic acidCrude oil[81, 82]p-AnisaldehydeHexane and ethanol[83]p-Cymen-8-ol—[77]p-Cymene—[77]Pentyl alcohol—[84]Phenethyl alcohol—[77]Phenol—[79]Phenyl ethyl benzoateHexane and ethanol[83]Phenylethyl acetate—[77]PheophytinbHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]p-Hydroxy benzoic acidEthanol or water[85]PhytoeneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]PhytoflueneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]p-Menth-4(8)-ene-1,2-diol—[79]Propyl decanoate—[77]Propyl hexanoateHexane and ethanol[83]Propyl octanoate—[77]Quercetin 3,4′,7-trimethyl etherJuice[78]Rosoxide—[77]Salicylic acidEthanol or water[85]sec-Butyl butyrate—[77]StigmasterolDichloromethane[86]Syringic acidEthanol or water[85]Terpinen-4-ol—[84]Terpinolene—[84]Tetradecanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Tetracosanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]trans-3-Hexenol—[77]trans-Citral—[77]Trimethyl phenyl butenoneHexane and ethanol[83]Vanillic acidEthanol/Ethyl acetate, ethanol, or water[74, 85]VanillinEthanol/Ethyl acetate, ethanol, or water[74, 85]VerbeneneHexane and ethanol[77, 83]Verbenone—[77]Vitamin B9 (folic acid)Juice[78]Vitamin ECrude oil, dichloromethane[81, 86]Vitamin K1Crude oil[81]α-CubebeneJuice[78]α-Linolenic acidCrude oil[76, 77]α-PineneHexane and ethanol[77, 83]α-Terpinene—[77]α-Terpineol—[77, 79, 84]α-Terpinolene—[77]α-TocopherolCrude oil, ethanol/ethyl acetate[74, 81, 82]β-BisabololJuice[78]β-CaroteneCrude oil[81, 82]β-Citronellol—[77]β-Cyclocitral—[77]β-Ionone—[77]β-Ionone-5,6-epoxide—[77]β-LinaloolDichloromethane[80]β-Myrcene—[77]β-SitosterolCrude oil[81, 82]β-TocopherolCrude oil[81, 82]β-trans-Ocimene—[77]γ-Butyl-γ-butyrolactone—[84]γ-Caprolactone—[84]γ-Ethylbutyrolactone—[77]γ-Linoleic acidCrude oil[81, 82]γ-OctalactoneHexane and ethanol[79, 83]γ-Terpinene—[77, 84]γ-Tocopherol—[82]γ-Undecalactone—[77]δ-MuuroleneHexane and ethanol[83]δ-Octalactone—[77, 79]Leaves(S)-4-Iodo-1,2-epoxybutane—[71]1,1,1,5,7,7,7-Heptamethyl-3,3—[71]1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-hexane—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-octane—[71]CampesterolDichloromethane[86]Diethyl ester—[71]Docosane—[77]Eicosamethylcyclodecasiloxane—[71]Ethyl isoallocholateDichloromethane[86]Hexadecanoic acidDichloromethane[86]Hexahydrofarnesyl acetoneDichloromethane[86]Linoleic acidDichloromethane[86]Perulactone B—[90]Physalin B—[90]Physalin D—[90]Physalin F—[90]PhytolMethanol, dichloromethane[81, 86]StigmasterolDichloromethane[86]Vitamin EDichloromethane[86]Withanolide E—[90]Withanolide F—[90]Peel(all-E)-Antheraxanthin myristate-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-LuteinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3′-O-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3-O-myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3-O-palmitate-3′-O-myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein dimyristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-NeoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-TaraxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Taraxanthin esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-ViolaxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin dimyristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin myristate-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Zeaxanthin dimyristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Zeaxanthin dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Zeaxanthin myristate-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-ZeinoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-CryptoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-Cryptoxanthin myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-Cryptoxanthin palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](E)-α-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Lutein 1Hexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Lutein esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Neoxanthin- or (Z)-violaxanthin esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-TaraxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-β-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-γ-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]5,6-Epoxy-β-caroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]5,8-Epoxy-α-caroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Lutein esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]PhytoeneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]PhytoflueneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Pulp(all-E)-LuteinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3-O-myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein 3-O-palmitate-3′-O-myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein dimyristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Lutein dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-NeoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Neoxanthin myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-TaraxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Taraxanthin esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-ViolaxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin dimyristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin dipalmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-Violaxanthin myristate-palmitateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-ZeinoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-CryptoxanthinHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](all-E)-α-Cryptoxanthin myristateHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](E)-α-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Lutein 1Hexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-Lutein esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-β-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72](Z)-γ-CaroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]∆5-AvenasterolCrude oil[81, 82]∆7-AvenasterolCrude oil[81, 82]5,6-Epoxy-β-caroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]5,8-Epoxy-α-caroteneHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]CampesterolCrude oil[81, 82]Decanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Eicosanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Eicosenoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Erucic acidCrude oil[81, 82]ErgosterolCrude oil[81, 82]Hexadecanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Homo-γ-linolenic acid—[82]LanosterolCrude oil[81, 82]Linoleic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Lutein esterHexane/acetone/ethanol[72]Nervonic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Octadecanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Oleic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Palmitoleic acidCrude oil[81, 82]PhytoeneCrude oil[81,82]PhytoflueneCrude oil[81,82]StigmasterolCrude oil[81, 82]Tetradecanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]Tetracosanoic acidCrude oil[81, 82]α-Linolenic acidCrude oil[81, 82]α-TocopherolCrude oil[81, 82]β-CaroteneCrude oil[81, 82]β-SitosterolCrude oil[81, 82]β-TocopherolCrude oil[81, 82]γ-Linolenic acidCrude oil[81, 82]γ-Tocopherol—[82]δ-TocopherolEthanol/ethyl acetate[78]Roots(S)-4-Iodo-1,2-epoxybutane—[71]1,1,1,5,7,7,7-Heptamethyl-3,3 bis(trimethylsiloxy) tetrasiloxane—[71]1,2,3-Tri(t-butyl)cyclopropenylium tribromide—[71]1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-hexane—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-octane—[71]3α-TigloylnxytropaneEthanol[69]3β-AcetoxytropaneEthanol[69]CuscohygrineEthanol[69]Diethyl ester—[71]Dimethyl-flubendazoleDocosane—[71]Eicosamethylcyclodecasiloxane—[71]HygrineEthanol[69]N-Methylpyrrolidinylhygrine AEthanol[69]N-Methylpyrrolidinylhygrine BEthanol[69]PhysoperuvineEthanol[69]TropineEthanol[69]Dimethyl-flubendazole—[71]Seeds(S)-4-Iodo-1,2-epoxybutane—[71]1,1,1,5,7,7,7-Heptamethyl-3,3 bis(trimethylsiloxy)tetrasiloxane—[71]1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-hexane—[71]3,3-Dimethyl-octane—[71]1,2,3-Tri(t-butyl) cyclopropenylium tribromideMethanol[88]Caffeic acidMethanol[88]Diethyl ester—[71]Diethylene glycolMethanol[88]Docosane—[77]Eicosamethyl cyclodecasiloxane—[71]Octadecanoic acidMethanol[88]Different parts ofP. peruviana contain terpenes, and polyphenols represent the main two classes of identified phytoconstituents. They represent 26.09% and 14.94%, respectively. In the terpenes category, carotenoids are the most representative (11.15%), followed by monoterpenes (8.76%), sesquiterpenes (5.57%), and diterpenes (3.18%). A considerable amount of sesquiterpenes (22.3%) and fatty acids (22.8%) has been found in P. angulata, a Physalis species close to P. peruviana, as volatile components of leaf essential oil [91]. However, phytol (17.88%) was the most diterpenes found in ethanolic extracts of leaves, roots, and fruits of P. minima, beyond other phytoconstituents, including fatty acids [92]. According to our results, phytol was identified right now, only in calyces and leaves of P. peruviana.The presence of phytoene can justify the richness of the plant in carotenoids. Therefore, phytoene is an alkene hydrocarbon with 40 carbon atoms intermediate in the biosynthesis of carotenoids. The synthesis of phytoene is necessary for that of carotenoids in plants. The biosynthetic pathway from phytoene to violaxanthin is common to the genusPhysalis [70]. Furthermore, carotenoid pigments from different species of the Physalis genus are primarily used in the food industry as food dyes for fats and oils. Their seeds can contain up to 30% fatty oil [93]. The presence of carotenoids in the Physalis genus has been confirmed by Ramadan [94]. All-trans-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene, and all-trans-α-cryptoxanthin were the primary carotenoids found in the fruits.Referring to phenolic compounds, flavonoids are the most phytoconstituents found (5.17%) in the plant than cinnamic acid derivatives (3.98%), monophenolic compounds (1.79%), phenolic acids (1.39%), coumarins (0.79%), phenolic esters (0.79%), chalcones (0.39%), phenolic aldehydes (0.39%), and stilbenes (0.19%). Similarly, phenolic, flavonoid, and phenolic acid contents were identified and quantified in different parts of five members of thePhysalis genus including P. angulate, P. patula, P. subulata, P. solanacea, and P. hederifolia. However, quercetin, kaempferol, and phenolic acids were identified as the major phenolic phytoconstituents in those five plant species, in different concentrations according to organs [95]. Overall, monophenolic and polyphenolic compounds are synthesized and then accumulated in all plant tissues, but their concentration can be varied from different parts. Among phenolic compounds, phenolic acids and flavonoids are the most studied, mainly pharmacological properties exploited for medical purposes [96]. Gupta et al. [97] noted the strong influence of phenolic compounds and the carotenoid content with bioactivity.The plant also contains fatty acids, which are the most cited in the literature. For example, hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) was the most cited, five times (0.82%), followed by decanoic acid, linoleic acid, and octadecanoic acid, which were mentioned four times (0.66%). Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) is the most common saturated fatty acid in plants, animals, and microorganisms, and linoleic acid is central in plant lipids. It is essential for humans (animals) because it is derived mainly from dietary plant oils [98].Beyond the sucrose esters identified in plants (2.58%), others such as peruvioses A, B, C, D, and F had already been isolated before in the dichloromethane extract of the sticky exudate that covers the fruit [99, 100]. Nicandroses, other sucrose esters, have been isolated in the Physalis genus. Their presence is confirmed in different species including P. nicandroides var. attenuata, P. solanaceus, P. sordida, and P. viscosa [5].Steroids and withanolides (a group of naturally occurring polyoxygenated steroidal lactones) were also identified in the plant and represented 6.97%. Physalins (steroidal constituents) are the most active representatives of secondary metabolites of the genus [101]. Most withanolide compounds are produced by Solanaceae plants, in particular 19 genera of Solanaceae, including Acnistus, Datura, Deprea, Dunalis, Discopodium, Exodeconus, Hyoscyamus, Iochroma, Jaborosa, Larnax, Lycium, Nicandra, Physalis, Salpichroa, Trechonaetes, Tubocapsicum, Vassobia, Withania, and Witheringia [102, 103]. Nowadays, several withanolides have been isolated and characterized from different parts of P. peruviana, including dihydrowithaferins, physachenolides, physacoztolides, perulactones, withaperuvins, alkekenginins, withaferins, hydroxy-withanolides, physagulins, withaperuvins, physalolactones, withalongolide, physapubescins, withaphysanolides, viscosalactones, and phyperunolides [5, 8]. Almost 351 withanolides have been identified and isolated from the Physalis genus, mainly from P. peruviana and P. angulata [104].Steroids such as ergosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, lanosterol,ß-sitosterol, Δ5-avenasterol, and Δ7-avenasterol have been reported in P. peruviana pomace and fruit juice. A number of the vitamins have been identified primarily in pomace and fruits, including 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D2 (derived from vitamin D), vitamin B9 (folic acid), vitamin K, vitamin E (α,β,γ,δ-tocopherols), and biotin. A study on the phytochemical composition of goldenberry pomace confirmed the presence of those vitamins. In addition to vitamins A, D, and K, niacin, riboflavin, thiamin, pyridoxine, vitamin B12, choline chloride, and p-aminobenzoic acid have been identified and quantified [105, 106].Among ten alkaloids identified in the plant, cuscohygrine was subsequently isolated from the roots [107], and physoperuvine has already been isolated from P. peruviana roots [108]. The other alkaloids have been explicitly isolated in the aerial and roots. They are the only parts of plants where alkaloids were identified.


## 4. Conclusion

P. peruviana plays a significant role in managing various pathologies of different organ systems, but its ethnotherapeutic use is strongly limited to a few countries. The plant is very rich in compounds, considering the number of identified compounds. Regarding phytochemical profiling, effort must be directed towards isolating and characterizing more compounds, particularly those that can present a significant therapeutic interest via extensive pharmacological investigations.


## 5. Disclosure

This study is part of the Ph.D. training of FMK. The funding agent had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, and writing of the present manuscript.



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