# Fault Diagnosis of PMSG Wind Power Generation System Based on LMD and MSE

Authors: Hao Duan; Ming Lu; Yongteng Sun; Jinyu Wang; Cheng Wang; Zuguo Chen
Journal: Complexity
 (2020)

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## Abstract

After fault occurs, the fault diagnosis of wind turbine system is required accurately and quickly. This paper presents a fault diagnostic method for open-circuit faults in the converter of permanent magnet synchronous generator drive for the wind turbine. To avoid misjudgement or missed judgement caused by improper thresholds, the proposed method applies Local Mean Decomposition and Multiscale Entropy into the converter of wind power system fault diagnosis for the first time. This paper uses a novel multiclass support vector machine to classify the faults hardly diagnosed by other methods. Simulation results show that the method has the characteristics of high adaptability, high accuracy, and less diagnosis time.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The development of control strategies and detection of energy storage equipment bring considerable progress for the optimization and control of complex renewable energy systems [1–13]. In this field, wind turbines with permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) have become popular due to numerous advantages, such as gearbox-free, simple converter topology, and high efficiency at low wind speed, noise, and maintenance cost [14–19]. Wind power generation systems of PMSG are equipped with back-to-back full-scale power converter to improve the quality of transmitted power to the power grid [20]. However, the wind turbines usually operate in high temperatures and stressful environments, thereby weakening the converter of the variable-speed constant-frequency wind turbine [21]. Converter faults can be divided into short- and open-circuit faults [22, 23]. The occurrence of short-circuit fault is considerably rapid, easily triggering the protection mechanism of the system; thus, the fault can be quickly detected [24]. However, open-circuit (OC) faults do not generate a large current and have difficulty to trigger the protection mechanism [25]. Thus, immediately detecting these faults is difficult. OC faults may also cause potential secondary faults, which lead to the overall damage of the converter, ultimately, causing the shutdown of the wind turbine [21]. This phenomenon will decrease the reliability and stability of the system.When power switches in different positions of the converter occurs OC faults, the voltage and current variables of the converter will show different fault characteristics. So, the open switch fault diagnosis of the converter can be performed by the analysis of voltage or current [26–31]. With the advantages of using readily available quantities from the main control system without the additional sensors, fault diagnosis based on the current signal can be considered a class of feasible method because it is independent of either the system parameters or the control strategy and do not require additional sensors [32]. Abramik et al. [33] proposed a method based on the calculation of the normalised current average values of the fundamental and DC components of stator currents in each current cycle. Jlassi et al. [28] normalised the effective value of currents based on their average value and used the normalised value for the open-circuit fault feature extraction. However, this method cannot diagnose two insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) OC faults on the same bridge simultaneously. Estima et al. [34] utilised the normalised current average absolute value instead of the average value as the normalised variable for feature extraction. Khomfoi et al. [35] proposed a normalisation method based on the current instantaneous value, using Park’s vector modulus as the normalisation variable. Furthermore, the probability density function control strategy can be used for fault diagnosis and by designing appropriate controllers [36]. Yao et al. [37] proposed an iterative learning observer-based algorithm for fault diagnosis, and the method can be used in fault diagnosis of the constant fault, slow-varying fault, and fast-varying fault, but the control strategy is complicated. Yin et al. [38] proposed a RBFNN-based minimum entropy filter. The advantage of the method is parameters of the controller can be identified by data and decreases the difficulty in the fault diagnosis design, but stability of the model should be further analysed. However, in numerous existing methods, the threshold is fixed and highly dependent on the prior knowledge of the system. Thus, the selection of threshold seriously affects the reliability of fault diagnosis when the operating conditions are changed. A data-driven fault diagnosis strategy of 21 kinds of OC faults wind power converters is proposed in this paper based on the local mean decomposition (LMD) and multiscale entropy (MSE). This strategy can avoid the misjudgement or missed judgement caused by improper threshold selection and has high accuracy in the diagnosis process.


## 2. System and Fault Description

System configuration of the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) with variable-speed constant-frequency wind turbine is the current mainstream of wind power generation systems due to the following advantages: gearbox-free, simple converter topology, and high efficiency at low wind speed situation. The topology of a PMSG wind power system is shown in Figure1.Figure 1
PMSG wind power generation system.The power converter usually adopts a converter combination of a back-to-back structure. The converter near the rotor side is called a rotor-side converter. This converter adjusts the currents ofdq axes to track the maximum wind energy, achieves the variable speed with constant frequency, and improves the operating efficiency of the power generation system. The converter near the grid side is called a grid-side converter. This converter maintains the DC-side voltage constant and prevents grid-side current harmonics. Both sides of the converter have the same structure with a space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) strategy.


### 2.1. Wind Turbine Model

The wind turbine (WT) system is a kind of nonlinear due to the stochastic characteristics of natural wind and the aerodynamic characteristics of WT [39, 40]. The disturbance can be divided as internal and external disturbance. The internal mainly comes from parameter variations, control couplings, current harmonics, modeling errors, and nonlinear dynamics of the plant. The external disturbance mainly comes from wind speed change, torsional vibration, wind stream dissymmetry, etc [41]. The model of the WT is given by the following equation:(1)Pm=12ρπR2v3Cpλ,β=ωmJdωmdt+fωm+Te,(2)Tm=Pmωm=12ρπR5Cpλ,βλ3ωm2,Te=52npψiq,(3)λ=ωmRv,where Pm is the power absorbed by the wind wheel, Tm is the mechanical torque, ρ is the air density, R is the radius of wind wheel, v is the wind speed, Cpλ,β is the power coefficient, ωm is the rotor speed, J is the moment of inertia, f is the viscous damping coefficient, Te is the electromagnetic torque, np is the pole pair number, ψ is the flux linkage,iq is the q axis current of dq axes currents, λ is the ratio of tip speed, and β is the pitch angle.The MPPT control is applied when thev is smaller than the rated speed. When v is greater than the rated speed, output power of the PMSG is controlled by β. In the proposed method, the v is between the cut-in wind speed and the rated wind speed. Therefore, the β is constant at 0° and Cp is only relate to λ. The nonlinear third-order polynomial equation of the Cp characteristic is as follows [42]:(4)Cpλ=a0+a1λ+a2λ2+a3λ3,where a0=0.00715814, a1=−0.04454063, a2=0.02899277, and a3=−0.00202519.


### 2.2. Fault Description

The definition of the current Park’s vector is given by the following equation:(5)id=23ia−16ib−16ic,(6)iq=−12ib−12ic,where ia,ib, and ic are the currents’ instantaneous values.When the OC fault occurs in the converter, the output current of the converter will distort. It will cause the electromagnetic torque ripple and further affect rotor speed control of PMSG. The current waveform ofia,ib,ic with normal system operation is shown in Figure 2(a). When OC faults occur in the converter, the waveform of the three-phase current ia,ib,ic will be changed according to the position and number of the IGBT. Figures 2(b)–2(e) show that the OC fault occurs after normal system operation at 0.5 s.Figure 2
Current waveform of three currentsia,ib,ic. (a) Normal state. (b) OC fault occurrence in S1. (c) OC fault occurrence in S1 and S2. (d) OC fault occurrence in S1 and S3. (e) OC fault occurrence in S1 and S6.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)


## 2.1. Wind Turbine Model

The wind turbine (WT) system is a kind of nonlinear due to the stochastic characteristics of natural wind and the aerodynamic characteristics of WT [39, 40]. The disturbance can be divided as internal and external disturbance. The internal mainly comes from parameter variations, control couplings, current harmonics, modeling errors, and nonlinear dynamics of the plant. The external disturbance mainly comes from wind speed change, torsional vibration, wind stream dissymmetry, etc [41]. The model of the WT is given by the following equation:(1)Pm=12ρπR2v3Cpλ,β=ωmJdωmdt+fωm+Te,(2)Tm=Pmωm=12ρπR5Cpλ,βλ3ωm2,Te=52npψiq,(3)λ=ωmRv,where Pm is the power absorbed by the wind wheel, Tm is the mechanical torque, ρ is the air density, R is the radius of wind wheel, v is the wind speed, Cpλ,β is the power coefficient, ωm is the rotor speed, J is the moment of inertia, f is the viscous damping coefficient, Te is the electromagnetic torque, np is the pole pair number, ψ is the flux linkage,iq is the q axis current of dq axes currents, λ is the ratio of tip speed, and β is the pitch angle.The MPPT control is applied when thev is smaller than the rated speed. When v is greater than the rated speed, output power of the PMSG is controlled by β. In the proposed method, the v is between the cut-in wind speed and the rated wind speed. Therefore, the β is constant at 0° and Cp is only relate to λ. The nonlinear third-order polynomial equation of the Cp characteristic is as follows [42]:(4)Cpλ=a0+a1λ+a2λ2+a3λ3,where a0=0.00715814, a1=−0.04454063, a2=0.02899277, and a3=−0.00202519.


## 2.2. Fault Description

The definition of the current Park’s vector is given by the following equation:(5)id=23ia−16ib−16ic,(6)iq=−12ib−12ic,where ia,ib, and ic are the currents’ instantaneous values.When the OC fault occurs in the converter, the output current of the converter will distort. It will cause the electromagnetic torque ripple and further affect rotor speed control of PMSG. The current waveform ofia,ib,ic with normal system operation is shown in Figure 2(a). When OC faults occur in the converter, the waveform of the three-phase current ia,ib,ic will be changed according to the position and number of the IGBT. Figures 2(b)–2(e) show that the OC fault occurs after normal system operation at 0.5 s.Figure 2
Current waveform of three currentsia,ib,ic. (a) Normal state. (b) OC fault occurrence in S1. (c) OC fault occurrence in S1 and S2. (d) OC fault occurrence in S1 and S3. (e) OC fault occurrence in S1 and S6.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)


## 3. Fault Diagnosis Method

### 3.1. Signal Processing Based on LMD-MSE

LMD is a nonlinear and nonstationary signal analysis method. This method separates a frequency-modulated signal from an amplitude-modulated envelope signal and achieves a series of product function (PF) and residual components [43]. The MSE is based on sample entropy and describes the complexity of time series on multiple time scales. In the proposed method, the three-phase output current of the converter is firstly processed by LMD, and the first three PF components of each current are obtained. Then, the mean of MSE is then calculated on the basis of the statistical characteristics of the PFs. Finally, the extracted LMD-MSE information is used to describe the diagnostic features. The details of algorithm are as follows:(1)
Calculate the meanmi and the envelope estimate ai for all local extreme points ni of the original signal xt.(2)
Smoothmi and ai, and then obtain the local mean function m1t and the envelope estimation function a1t.(3)
Separatem1t from xt to obtain the FM signal s1t:(7)h1t=xt−m1t,(8)s1t=h1ta1t.(4)
Repeat steps (1)–(3), until ant meets the following form:(9)limn⟶∞ant=1.(5)
Obtain the envelope signalat:(10)at=∏k=1nakt.(6)
Calculate PF component:(11)PF1=atsnt.(7)
SeparatePF1 from the original signal, obtain ut as the new signal, and repeat (1)–(6) until ut is monotonous.(8)
Construct the coarse-grainedys from the original series with scale factors ss=1,2,…,N for each PFs:(12)yjs=1s∑i=j−1s+1jsxi1≤j≤N/S.(9)
Calculate the sample entropy ofys.(10)
Change the scale factors and repeat steps (8)-(9).(11)
Calculate the mean ofys.The procedure of LMD-MSE is shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Process of LMD-MSE.


### 3.2. Concept of RSSVM

The support vector machine (SVM) principle comes from statistical learning theory proposed by Vapnik [44]. SVM is a supervised learning method, which aims to establish an optimal hyperplane as the decision surface, to maximise the isolated edges amongst different classes. However, 21 kinds of converter OC fault types are available. Thus, numerous classifiers must be constructed, causing unsatisfactory diagnosis accuracy and slow classification speed. In the proposed method, a multiclass SVM, that is, RSSVM, can effectively reduce the number of classifiers and improve accuracy and speed.Consider the following training dataset for the K-class problem [45]:(13)S=x1,y1,x2,y2,…,xN,yN,wherexi=xi1,xi2,⋯,xinT is the feature vector of the ith sample and yi∈1,2,…,K is the classification number. Figure 4 shows that each class can be represented by the coordinate vector of its corresponding vertex considering that any two vertices of a regular simplex are equidistant.Figure 4
Representation of multiple classes.MatrixVK×K−1=V1,V2,…,VkT is used for K-class classification to denote the vertices of the regular simplex. A one-to-one mapping is also established between the vertices and classes. Thus, the training set from equation (2)fd2 can be rewritten as follows:(14)S=x1,VC1,x2,VC2,…,xN,VCN,where Ci1≤i≤N is the class of sample xi, thus satisfying ci∈1,2,…,K.If the belonging of ith and kth is the same, then Ci=Ck.For theith training sample, the output point fx=f1x,f2x,…,fnxT in the same K−1-dimensional Euclidean space should be closer to its corresponding vertex Ci than any other vertex by at least ε>0:(15)dfxi,Vk−dfxi,Vci≥ε,∀k≠ci.Equation (15) can be simplified to the following form, which is linear about fjx:(16)∑j=1K−12Vci,j−Vk,jfjxi+Vk,j2−Vci,j2≥ε,∀k≠ci.Thus, theK-class classification problem can be solved by resolving the following optimisation problem:(17)minf1,f2,…,fK−1∑i=1N∑k≠Ciξi,ks.t.∑i=1N2Vci,j−Vk,jfjxi+Vk,j2−Vci,j2≥ε−ξi,k,∀k≠ci,where ξi,k≥0 is a slack variable.Linear RSSVM for eachfjx has the following form:(18)fjx=wjTx+bj.Then, the optimisation problem (17) can be rewritten as follows:(19)minw,b∑j=1K−112wjTwj+bj2+C∑i=1N∑k≠Ciξi,ks.t.∑j=1K−12Vci,j−Vk,jwjTx+bj+Vk,j2−Vci,j2≥ε−ξi,k,i=1,2,…,Nξi,k≥0,i=1,2,…,N,where C>0andε>0 are parameters.We construct the Lagrangian function of problem (19) as follows:(20)Lw,b,α,β,ξ=∑j=1K−112wjTwj+bj2+C∑i=1N∑k≠Ciξi,k−∑i=1N∑k≠Ciαi,k∑j=1K−12Vci,j−Vk,jwjTx+bj+Vk,j2−Vci,j2−ε+ξi,k−∑i=1N∑k≠Ciβi,kξi,k.Using the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) and the following denotation,(21)αi=αi,1,…αi,ci−1,αi,ci+1,…,αi,kT,(22)α^=α1T,α2T,…,αNT,(23)Ei,j=2Vci,j−V1,j,…,Vci,j−Vci−1,j,Vci,j−Vci+1,j,…,Vci,j−Vk,jT,(24)Ej^=E1,j⋯0⋮⋱⋮0⋯EN,j,(25)Fi,j=Vci,j2−V1,j2,…,Vci,j2−Vci−1,j2,Vci,j2−Vci+1,j2,…,Vci,j2−Vk,j2T,(26)Fj^=F1T,F2T,…,FNT,the dual problem of optimisation problem (19) can be rewritten as follows:(27)minα^12α^T∑j=1K−1Ej^AAT+eeTEjTα^+Tα^T∑i=1k−1Fj^+εes.t.0≤α^≤Ce,where e denotes vector 1,1,…,1T with appropriate dimensionalities.For nonlinear situation, a kernel function is also used to map divisible data in low- to high-dimensional spaces linearly:(28)Kx,x′=ϕx⋅ϕx′.The RBF kernel function is used in this paper as a kernel function due to its excellent performance in practical usage.


## 3.1. Signal Processing Based on LMD-MSE

LMD is a nonlinear and nonstationary signal analysis method. This method separates a frequency-modulated signal from an amplitude-modulated envelope signal and achieves a series of product function (PF) and residual components [43]. The MSE is based on sample entropy and describes the complexity of time series on multiple time scales. In the proposed method, the three-phase output current of the converter is firstly processed by LMD, and the first three PF components of each current are obtained. Then, the mean of MSE is then calculated on the basis of the statistical characteristics of the PFs. Finally, the extracted LMD-MSE information is used to describe the diagnostic features. The details of algorithm are as follows:(1)
Calculate the meanmi and the envelope estimate ai for all local extreme points ni of the original signal xt.(2)
Smoothmi and ai, and then obtain the local mean function m1t and the envelope estimation function a1t.(3)
Separatem1t from xt to obtain the FM signal s1t:(7)h1t=xt−m1t,(8)s1t=h1ta1t.(4)
Repeat steps (1)–(3), until ant meets the following form:(9)limn⟶∞ant=1.(5)
Obtain the envelope signalat:(10)at=∏k=1nakt.(6)
Calculate PF component:(11)PF1=atsnt.(7)
SeparatePF1 from the original signal, obtain ut as the new signal, and repeat (1)–(6) until ut is monotonous.(8)
Construct the coarse-grainedys from the original series with scale factors ss=1,2,…,N for each PFs:(12)yjs=1s∑i=j−1s+1jsxi1≤j≤N/S.(9)
Calculate the sample entropy ofys.(10)
Change the scale factors and repeat steps (8)-(9).(11)
Calculate the mean ofys.The procedure of LMD-MSE is shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Process of LMD-MSE.


## 3.2. Concept of RSSVM

The support vector machine (SVM) principle comes from statistical learning theory proposed by Vapnik [44]. SVM is a supervised learning method, which aims to establish an optimal hyperplane as the decision surface, to maximise the isolated edges amongst different classes. However, 21 kinds of converter OC fault types are available. Thus, numerous classifiers must be constructed, causing unsatisfactory diagnosis accuracy and slow classification speed. In the proposed method, a multiclass SVM, that is, RSSVM, can effectively reduce the number of classifiers and improve accuracy and speed.Consider the following training dataset for the K-class problem [45]:(13)S=x1,y1,x2,y2,…,xN,yN,wherexi=xi1,xi2,⋯,xinT is the feature vector of the ith sample and yi∈1,2,…,K is the classification number. Figure 4 shows that each class can be represented by the coordinate vector of its corresponding vertex considering that any two vertices of a regular simplex are equidistant.Figure 4
Representation of multiple classes.MatrixVK×K−1=V1,V2,…,VkT is used for K-class classification to denote the vertices of the regular simplex. A one-to-one mapping is also established between the vertices and classes. Thus, the training set from equation (2)fd2 can be rewritten as follows:(14)S=x1,VC1,x2,VC2,…,xN,VCN,where Ci1≤i≤N is the class of sample xi, thus satisfying ci∈1,2,…,K.If the belonging of ith and kth is the same, then Ci=Ck.For theith training sample, the output point fx=f1x,f2x,…,fnxT in the same K−1-dimensional Euclidean space should be closer to its corresponding vertex Ci than any other vertex by at least ε>0:(15)dfxi,Vk−dfxi,Vci≥ε,∀k≠ci.Equation (15) can be simplified to the following form, which is linear about fjx:(16)∑j=1K−12Vci,j−Vk,jfjxi+Vk,j2−Vci,j2≥ε,∀k≠ci.Thus, theK-class classification problem can be solved by resolving the following optimisation problem:(17)minf1,f2,…,fK−1∑i=1N∑k≠Ciξi,ks.t.∑i=1N2Vci,j−Vk,jfjxi+Vk,j2−Vci,j2≥ε−ξi,k,∀k≠ci,where ξi,k≥0 is a slack variable.Linear RSSVM for eachfjx has the following form:(18)fjx=wjTx+bj.Then, the optimisation problem (17) can be rewritten as follows:(19)minw,b∑j=1K−112wjTwj+bj2+C∑i=1N∑k≠Ciξi,ks.t.∑j=1K−12Vci,j−Vk,jwjTx+bj+Vk,j2−Vci,j2≥ε−ξi,k,i=1,2,…,Nξi,k≥0,i=1,2,…,N,where C>0andε>0 are parameters.We construct the Lagrangian function of problem (19) as follows:(20)Lw,b,α,β,ξ=∑j=1K−112wjTwj+bj2+C∑i=1N∑k≠Ciξi,k−∑i=1N∑k≠Ciαi,k∑j=1K−12Vci,j−Vk,jwjTx+bj+Vk,j2−Vci,j2−ε+ξi,k−∑i=1N∑k≠Ciβi,kξi,k.Using the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) and the following denotation,(21)αi=αi,1,…αi,ci−1,αi,ci+1,…,αi,kT,(22)α^=α1T,α2T,…,αNT,(23)Ei,j=2Vci,j−V1,j,…,Vci,j−Vci−1,j,Vci,j−Vci+1,j,…,Vci,j−Vk,jT,(24)Ej^=E1,j⋯0⋮⋱⋮0⋯EN,j,(25)Fi,j=Vci,j2−V1,j2,…,Vci,j2−Vci−1,j2,Vci,j2−Vci+1,j2,…,Vci,j2−Vk,j2T,(26)Fj^=F1T,F2T,…,FNT,the dual problem of optimisation problem (19) can be rewritten as follows:(27)minα^12α^T∑j=1K−1Ej^AAT+eeTEjTα^+Tα^T∑i=1k−1Fj^+εes.t.0≤α^≤Ce,where e denotes vector 1,1,…,1T with appropriate dimensionalities.For nonlinear situation, a kernel function is also used to map divisible data in low- to high-dimensional spaces linearly:(28)Kx,x′=ϕx⋅ϕx′.The RBF kernel function is used in this paper as a kernel function due to its excellent performance in practical usage.


## 4. Simulation Result and Analysis

The PSCAD environment is used to model and simulate the wind power generation systems OF PMSG. The main parameters of PMSG are shown in Table1. Select OC faults occur in IGBT S1, S1, and S2 as typical faults. The LMD of the fault current are shown in Figures 5 and 6. The three-phase current information of fault features is mainly concentrated in the first three PF components.Table 1
Main parameters of PMSG.
ParameterValueNominal power1.58 MWNominal voltage0.69 kVStator resistance0.017 puStator leak inductance0.064 puRotor resistance0.016 puRotor leak inductance0.16 puMagnetizing inductance0.55 puNumber of pole pairs44Figure 5
LMD decomposition of OC fault occurred in S1: (a)ia, (b) ib, and (c) ic.
(a)(b)(c)Figure 6
LMD decomposition of OC fault occurred in S1 and S2: (a)ia, (b) ib, and (c) ic.
(a)(b)(c)The sample entropy in scale 1 to 6 ofPF1 component of the currentia when OC fault occurs in one IGBT is shown in Figure 7. The OC fault occurrence is similar to IGBT, and the sample entropy is different for different scales. The sample entropy at the same scale is also different for faults in different IGBT. Similarly, the conclusion is the same for the currents ib and ic and PF2 and PF3 components or even the OC fault occurrence in two IGBTs.Figure 7
Multiscale entropy of OC fault occurred in one IGBT.The MSE mean of the first three PF components of currentsia, ib, and ic is calculated as the sample of RSSVM, as shown in Table 2. Each fault state has 100 samples: the first 68 samples are selected as the training set, and the last 32 sets of data are used as the testing sample. Figure 8 presents the classification result of the RSSVM results. This figure reveals that except for the testing samples S1S2, S1S5, S1S6, and S4S6, the diagnostic accuracy of all testing sample is 100%. The final diagnostic accuracy for all 22 modes is 99.28%. The diagnosis results show that the LMD-MSE fault diagnosis method has good performance for the OC fault diagnosis of the PMSG converter.Table 2
MSE result under different OC faults.
TypeiaibicS10.2250.1520.1840.6330.2060.0140.7340.1800.006S20.1890.2080.1880.0780.2200.1100.4160.1700.004S30.8950.1770.0070.1660.1500.1240.7210.1930.005S40.8390.1740.0070.1660.1650.1700.4100.1590.177S50.2680.1580.1750.9280.1690.0060.1580.1620.131S60.6780.2130.0140.9930.1770.0090.1490.1360.159S1 S20.1730.1560.3500.1110.1930.0020.4210.1870.003S3 S40.7350.1970.0060.1760.1510.0280.4130.1990.006S5 S60.4000.2020.0070.7780.2070.0130.1200.1910.136S1 S30.5070.1860.2090.2870.1130.1420.7310.1830.009S1 S50.3670.1000.1770.7770.1670.0080.5360.1500.135S3 S50.7130.1690.0040.4970.1350.1680.2140.1130.176S2 S40.9100.2390.2090.1740.1020.1950.4360.1850.009S2 S60.3940.1440.1450.1310.1780.0110.2040.1300.212S4 S60.8030.1950.0080.5090.1600.1700.3320.0980.193S1 S40.6990.1940.1950.2730.1700.1770.4170.1970.011S1 S60.3310.1640.1840.3740.1880.0030.7520.1920.180S3 S20.5140.2120.1740.2540.1130.1770.4950.1760.008S3 S60.2680.1920.0050.5480.2060.1690.2660.1260.185Figure 8
RSSVM result.Numerical machine learning methods for fault diagnosis, such as Twin Support Vector Machines(TWSVM), Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN), Model Migration Neural Networks(MMNN) [46], and Least Squares Support Vector Machine(LSSVM) are given to make comparison. The results of comparison show that the SVM method used in this paper has the advantages in diagnostic accuracy and speed as depicted in Table 3.Table 3
Performance comparisons.
MethodAccuracy (%)Diagnosis time (s)MethodAccuracy (%)Diagnosis time (s)RSSVM99.280.0129RNN94.9680.0629MMNN98.270.0424FMNN96.720.0424TWSVM94.800.0722LSSVM92.800.0532CNN96.430.0457KSVCR93.430.0474


## 5. Conclusions

This paper investigated OC fault converters in wind power generation systems with PMSG. A fault diagnosis strategy based on LMD and MSE is also proposed. The three-phase output current of converters is firstly processed by LMD, and the first three PF components of each current are obtained. Then, the MSE mean is calculated on the basis of statistical characteristics of the PFs, and the extracted LMD-MSE information is used to describe the diagnostic features. Finally, a novel multiclass SVM is applied in the proposed method. The results show that the method possesses a high self-adapt ability and avoids misjudgement or missed judgement. This method can provide a reference for engineers interested in this field.



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