# On Weighted Montgomery Identity fork Points and Its Associates on Time Scales

Authors: Eze R. Nwaeze; Ana M. Tameru
Journal: Abstract and Applied Analysis
 (2017)

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## Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to establish a weighted Montgomery identity fork points and then use this identity to prove a new weighted Ostrowski type inequality. Our results boil down to the results of Liu and Ngô if we take the weight function to be the identity map. In addition, we also generalize an inequality of Ostrowski-Grüss type on time scales for k points. For k=2, we recapture a result of Tuna and Daghan. Finally, we apply our results to the continuous, discrete, and quantum calculus to obtain more results in this direction.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In 1938, Ostrowski [1] proved the following inequality which approximates a function by its integral average.Theorem 1.
Letf:[a,b]→R be a differentiable mapping on (a,b) with the property that |f′(x)|≤M for all x∈(a,b). Then(1)fx-1b-a∫abftdt≤14+x-a+b/22b-a2b-aM,for all x∈[a,b]. The constant 1/4 is the best possible in the sense that it cannot be replaced by a smaller constant.In 1997, Dragomir and Wang [2] obtained another inequality of this type.Theorem 2.
Iff:[a,b]→R is differentiable on [a,b] and γ≤f′(x)≤Γ, for all x∈[a,b] for some constants γ,Γ∈R, then(2)fx-1b-a∫abftdt-fb-fab-ax-a+b2≤14b-aΓ-γ,for all x∈[a,b].In 1988, the German Mathematician Hilger [3] introduced the concept of time scales. The time scale calculus is a unification of the theory of difference equations with that of differential equations, unifying integral and differential calculus with the calculus of finite differences, offering formalism for studying hybrid discrete-continuous dynamical system. Since the introduction of this theory, it became a point of research to extend known classical differential and integral results to time scales. Following this line of thought, Bohner and Matthews [4] extended Theorem 1 to time scales by proving the following result.Theorem 3.
Leta,b,x,t∈T, a<b, and f:[a,b]→R be differentiable. Then, for all x∈[a,b], one has(3)fx-1b-a∫abfσtΔt≤Mb-ah2x,a+h2x,b,where h2·,· is given in Definition 12 and M=supa<t<bfΔt<∞. This inequality is sharp in the sense that the right-hand side of (3) cannot be replaced by a smaller one.For more generalizations, extensions, and variants of Theorem3, we refer the interested reader to papers [5–10] and the references therein. In 2008, Liu and Ngô [11] generalized Theorem 3 for k points x1,x2,…,xk. Specifically, they proved the following theorem.Theorem 4.
Suppose that(1)
a,b∈T,Ik:a=x0<x1<⋯<xk-1<xk=b is a division of the interval [a,b] for x0,x1,…,xk∈T,(2)
αj∈T(j=0,1,…,k+1) is k+2 points so that α0=a,αj∈[xj-1,xj](j=1,…,k) and αk+1=b,(3)
f:[a,b]→R is differentiable function.
Then one has(4)∫abfσtΔt-∑j=0kαj+1-αjfxj≤M∑j=0k-1h2xj,αj+1+h2xj+1,αj+1,where M=supa<t<b|fΔ(t)|. This inequality is sharp in the sense that the right-hand side of (4) cannot be replaced by a smaller one.As a consequence (by takingλ=0) of Theorem  9 in [12], Tuna and Daghan obtained the following time scale version of Theorem 2.Theorem 5.
Leta,b,x,t∈T,a<b, and f:[a,b]→R be differentiable. If fΔ is rd-continuous and γ≤fΔ(t)≤Γ, for all t∈[a,b] and for some γ,Γ∈R, then, for all x∈[a,b], one has(5)fx-1b-a∫abfσtΔt-Γ+γ2b-ah2x,a-h2x,b≤Γ-γ2b-ah2x,a+h2x,b.The aim of this paper is twofold, namely,(1)
proving a generalized weighted Montgomery identity fork points x1,x2,…,xk. Using this identity, we then obtain a weighted version of Theorem 4. Our result boils down to Theorem 4, if the weight function is the identity map,(2)
generalizing Theorem5 for k points x1,x2,…,xk. For the case where k=2, we recover Theorem 5.This present paper is organized as follows. In Section2, we provide some time scale essentials that will aid in better understanding of what follows. Our main results are then stated and proven in Section 3. Finally, we apply our results to the continuous, discrete, and quantum calculus to obtain more results in this direction. A brief conclusion follows thereafter in Section 4.


## 2. Preliminaries

Now, we briefly introduce the theory of time scales. For an in-depth study of the time scale calculus, we recommend the books of Bohner and Peterson [13, 14].Definition 6.
A time scaleT is an arbitrary nonempty closed subset of R. The forward jump operator σ:T→T and backward jump operator ρ:T→T are defined by σ(t)≔inf{s∈T:s>t} for t∈T and ρ(t)≔sup⁡{s∈T:s<t} for t∈T, respectively. Clearly, we see that σ(t)≥t and ρ(t)≤t for all t∈T. If σ(t)>t, then we say that t is right-scattered, while if ρ(t)<t, then we say that t is left-scattered. If σ(t)=t, then t is called right dense, and if ρ(t)=t, then t is called left dense. Points that are both right dense and left dense are called dense. The set Tk is defined as follows: if T has a left-scattered maximum m, then Tk=T-m; otherwise, Tk=T. For a,b∈T with a≤b, we define the interval [a,b] in T by [a,b]={t∈T:a≤t≤b}. Open intervals and half-open intervals are defined in the same manner.Definition 7.
The functionf:T→R, is called differentiable at t∈Tk, with delta derivative fΔ(t)∈R, if for any given ϵ>0 there exists a neighborhood U of t such that (6)fσt-fs-fΔtσt-s≤ϵσt-s,∀s∈U.IfT=R, then fΔ(t)=df(t)/dt, and if T=Z, then fΔ(t)=f(t+1)-f(t).Definition 8.
The functionf:T→R is said to be rd-continuous if it is continuous at all right-dense points t∈T and its left-sided limits exist at all left-dense points t∈T.Definition 9.
Letf be rd-continuous function. Then g:T→R is called an antiderivative of f on T if it is differentiable on T and satisfies gΔ(t)=f(t) for any t∈Tk. In this case, one has (7)∫abfsΔs=gb-ga.Definition 10.
The functionfσ:T→R is defined as (8)fσt≔fσtfor any t∈T.Theorem 11.
Ifa,b,c∈T with a<c<b,α∈R, and f,g are rd-continuous, then one has the following: (i)
∫ab‍[f(t)+g(t)]Δt=∫ab‍f(t)Δt+∫ab‍g(t)Δt.(ii)
∫ab‍αf(t)Δt=α∫ab‍f(t)Δt.(iii)
∫ab‍f(t)Δt=-∫ba‍f(t)Δt.(iv)
∫ab‍f(t)Δt=∫ac‍f(t)Δt+∫cb‍f(t)Δt.(v)
|∫ab‍ftΔt|≤∫ab‍|f(t)|Δt.(vi)
∫ab‍f(t)gΔ(t)Δt=(fg)(b)-(fg)(a)-∫ab‍fΔ(t)gσ(t)Δt.Definition 12.
Lethk:T2→R,k∈N, be functions that are recursively defined as (9)h0t,s=1,hk+1t,s=∫sthkτ,sΔτ,∀s,t∈T.


## 3. Main Results

For the proof of our theorems, we will need the following lemma.Lemma 13 (generalized weighted Montgomery identity fork points).
Suppose that(1)
a,b∈T,Ik:a=x0<x1<⋯<xk-1<xk=b is a division of the interval [a,b] for x0,x1,…,xk∈T,(2)
αj∈T(j=0,1,…,k+1) is k+2 points so that α0=a,αj∈[xj-1,xj](j=1,…,k) and αk+1=b,(3)
f,w:[a,b]→R are differentiable functions.
Then one has the following equation:(10)∫abKt,IkfΔtΔt+∫abwΔtfσtΔt=α1-wafa+wb-αkfb+∑j=1k-1αj+1-αjfxj,where(11)Kt,Ik=wt-α1,t∈a,x1,wt-α2,t∈x1,x2,⋮wt-αk-1,t∈xk-2,xk-1,wt-αk,t∈xk-1,b.Proof.
Using items (i), (ii), (iv), and (vi) of Theorem11, we have (12)∫abKt,IkfΔtΔt=∑j=0k-1∫xjxj+1Kt,IkfΔtΔt=∑j=0k-1∫xjxj+1wt-αj+1fΔtΔt=∑j=0k-1wxj+1-αj+1fxj+1-wxj-αj+1fxj-∫xjxj+1wΔtfσtΔt=∑j=0k-1αj+1-wxjfxj+wxj+1-αj+1fxj+1-∫xjxj+1wΔtfσtΔt=α1-wafa+wb-αkfb-∫abwΔtfσtΔt+∑j=1k-1αj+1-wxjfxj+∑j=0k-2wxj+1-αj+1fxj+1=α1-wafa+wb-αkfb-∫abwΔtfσtΔt+∑j=1k-1αj+1-αjfxj.Hence, the result follows.Remark 14.
The above lemma becomes Lemma1 in paper [11] if we take w(t)=t.Corollary 15.
Ifw(t)=t2, then wΔ(t)=σ(t)+t and (10) boils down to(13)∫abKt,IkfΔtΔt+∫abσt+tfσtΔt=α1-a2fa+b2-αkfb+∑j=1k-1αj+1-αjfxj,where (14)Kt,Ik=t2-α1,t∈a,x1,t2-α2,t∈x1,x2,⋮t2-αk-1,t∈xk-2,xk-1,t2-αk,t∈xk-1,b.Corollary 16.
If we takeT=R in Corollary 15, (13) becomes(15)∫abKt,Ikf′tdt+2∫abtftdt=α1-a2fa+b2-αkfb+∑j=1k-1αj+1-αjfxj.Theorem 17 (weighted Ostrowski type inequality fork points).
Under the assumptions of Lemma13, one has the following inequality:(16)α1-wafa+wb-αkfb+∑j=1k-1αj+1-αjfxj-∫abwΔtfσtΔt≤M∫abKt,IkΔt,where M=supa<t<b|fΔ(t)|.Proof.
The proof of inequality (16) follows by taking the absolute value of both sides of (10) and then applying item (v) of Theorem 11.Remark 18.
By choosingw(t)=t, we recapture Theorem 4.Corollary 19 (continuous case).
LetT=R. Then, one has from (16) the following inequality:(17)α1-wafa+wb-αkfb+∑j=1k-1αj+1-αjfxj-∫abw′tftdt≤M∫abKt,Ikdt,where M=supa<t<b|f′(t)| and K(t,Ik) is given by (11).Corollary 20 (discrete case).
LetT=Z,a=0,b=n. Suppose that (1)
Ik:0=j0<j1<⋯<jk-1<jk=n is a division of [0,n]∩Z for j0,j1,…,jk∈Z;(2)
pi∈Z(i=0,…,k+1) is k+2 points so that p0=0,pi∈[ji-1,ji]∩Z(i=1,…,k) and pk+1=n;(3)
f(k)=xk.
Then, for any differentiable functionw:[0,n]∩Z→R, and each k=1,2,…,n, one has(18)p1-w0x0+wn-pkxn+∑i=1k-1pi+1-pixji-∑j=1nwj-wj-1xj≤M∑j=0n-1Kj,Ik,where M=supi=1,…,n-1|Δxi| and(19)Kj,Ik=wj-p1,j∈0,j1,wj-p2,j∈j1,j2,⋮wj-pk-1,j∈jk-2,jk-1,wj-pk,j∈jk-1,n.Next, we formulate and prove a generalization of Theorem5.Theorem 21 (generalized Ostrowski-Grüss type inequality fork points).
Suppose that(1)
a,b∈T,Ik:a=x0<x1<⋯<xk-1<xk=b is a division of the interval [a,b] for x0,x1,…,xk∈T,(2)
αj∈T(j=0,1,…,k+1) is k+2 points so that α0=a,αj∈[xj-1,xj](j=1,…,k) and αk+1=b,(3)
f:[a,b]→R is differentiable, fΔ is rd-continuous, and there exist γ,Γ∈R such that γ≤fΔ(t)≤Γ for all t∈[a,b].
Then one has the following inequality:(20)∑j=0kαj+1-αjfxj-∫abfσtΔt-Γ+γ2∑j=0k-1h2xj+1,αj+1-h2xj,αj+1≤Γ-γ2∑j=0k-1h2xj,αj+1+h2xj+1,αj+1.Inequality (20) is sharp in the sense that the constant 1/2 on the right-hand side cannot be replaced by a smaller one.Proof.
Using Lemma13 with w(t)=t, we obtain (see also [11, Lemma 1])(21)∫abKt,IkfΔtΔt=∑j=0kαj+1-αjfxj-∫abfσtΔt,where(22)Kt,Ik=t-α1,t∈a,x1,t-α2,t∈x1,x2,⋮t-αk-1,t∈xk-2,xk-1,t-αk,t∈xk-1,b.Also, from (22), we get(23)∫abKt,IkΔt=∑j=0k-1∫xjxj+1t-αj+1Δt=∑j=0k-1∫xjαj+1t-αj+1Δt+∫αj+1xj+1t-αj+1Δt=∑j=0k-1∫αj+1xj+1t-αj+1Δt-∫αj+1xjt-αj+1Δt=∑j=0k-1h2xj+1,αj+1-h2xj,αj+1.Similarly, one gets(24)∫abKt,IkΔt=∑j=0k-1h2xj,αj+1+h2xj+1,αj+1.Now, let Θ=Γ+γ/2. From assumption (3), γ≤fΔ(t)≤Γ for all t∈[a,b] implies that γ-Θ≤fΔ(t)-Θ≤Γ-Θ for all t∈[a,b]. This further implies that |fΔ(t)-Θ|≤(Γ-γ)/2, for all t∈[a,b]. Hence,(25)maxt∈a,bfΔt-Θ≤Γ-γ2.Using (21) and (23), we obtain(26)∫abKt,IkfΔt-ΘΔt=∑j=0kαj+1-αjfxj-∫abfσtΔt-Θ∑j=0k-1h2xj+1,αj+1-h2xj,αj+1.The left-hand side of (26) is estimated as follows:(27)∫abKt,IkfΔt-ΘΔt≤maxt∈a,bfΔt-Θ∫abKt,IkΔt.Using relation (25) in (27), we get(28)∫abKt,IkfΔt-ΘΔt≤Γ-γ2∫abKt,IkΔt.Hence, the desired result follows.Remark 22.
Ifx1=x,α0=α1=a,α2=α3=x2=b, then Theorem 21 becomes Theorem 5 for the case where k=2.We now apply Theorem21 to different time scales.Corollary 23 (continuous case).
TakingT=R in Theorem 21 amounts to the following inequality: (29)∑j=0kαj+1-αjfxj-∫abftdt-Γ+γ2b2-a22-∑j=0k-1αj+1xj+1-xj≤Γ-γ2∑j=0k-1xj+1-xj22+∑j=0k-1αj+1-xj+1+xj22.Proof.
In this case,h2(t,s)=(t-s)2/2. Using this in inequality (20) gives the desired result.Remark 24.
The above corollary is the same as Corollary2.1 in [15]. In other words, Theorem 21 extends Corollary 2.1, in paper [15], to time scales.Corollary 25 (discrete case).
LetT=Z,a=0,b=n. Suppose that (1)
Ik:0=j0<j1<⋯<jk-1<jk=n is a division of [0,n]∩Z for j0,j1,…,jk∈Z;(2)
pi∈Z(i=0,…,k+1) is k+2 points so that p0=0,pi∈[ji-1,ji]∩Z(i=1,…,k) and pk+1=n;(3)
f(k)=xk.
Then one has the following inequality:(30)∑i=0kpi+1-pixji-∑j=1nxj+Γ+γ4n2-∑i=0k-12pi+1-1ji+1-ji≤Γ-γ2∑i=0k-1ji+1-ji22+∑i=0k-1pi+1-ji+1+ji22+∑i=0k-1pi+1-ji+1+ji2.Proof.
The proof follows by using the inequality in Theorem21 and observing that (31)h2ji,pi+1=ji-pi+1ji-pi+1-12,h2ji+1,pi+1=ji+1-pi+1ji+1-pi+1-12.Corollary 26 (quantum case).
LetT=qN0,q>1,a=qm,b=qn with m<n. Suppose that (1)
Ik:qm=qj0<qj1<⋯<qjk-1<qjk=qn is a division of [qm,qn]∩qN0 for j0,j1,…,jk∈N0;(2)
qpi∈qN0(i=0,…,k+1) is k+2 points so that qp0=qm,qpi∈[qji-1,qji]∩qN0(i=1,…,k) and qpk+1=qn;(3)
f:[qm,qn]→R is differentiable.
Then one has(32)∑i=0kqpi+1-qpifqji-∫qmqnfqtdqt-Γ+γ2q+1∑i=0k-1qji+1-qpi+1qji+1-qpi+1+1-qji-qpi+1qji-qpi+1+1≤Γ-γ2q+1∑i=0k-1qji+1-qpi+1qji+1-qpi+1+1+qji-qpi+1qji-qpi+1+1.Proof.
Using Theorem21 and the fact that, for the quantum calculus, one has σ(t)=qt, (33)h2qji,qpi+1=qji-qpi+1qji-qpi+1+1q+1,h2qji+1,qpi+1=qji+1-qpi+1qji+1-qpi+1+1q+1.Corollary 27.
Suppose thatα∈[a,b]∩T. Then one has the following inequality:(34)α-afa+b-αfb-∫abfσtΔt-Γ+γ2h2b,α-h2a,α≤Γ-γ2h2a,α+h2b,α.Proof.
Inequality (34) follows by choosing k=1,α0=a,x1=b,α0=a,α1=α, and α2=b, in Theorem 21.Remark 28.
(1) Taking α=a in (34), we get(35)b-afb-∫abfσtΔt-Γ+γ2h2b,a≤Γ-γ2h2b,a.
(2) Taking α=(a+b)/2 in (34), we get (36)fa+fb2b-a-∫abfσtΔt-Γ+γ2h2b,a+b2-h2a,a+b2≤Γ-γ2h2a,a+b2+h2b,a+b2.
(3) Now, for α=b in (34), we obtain(37)b-afa-∫abfσtΔt+Γ+γ2h2a,b≤Γ-γ2h2a,b.


## 4. Conclusion

The Ostrowski and Ostrowski-Grüss inequalities have received great deal of attention from the mathematical community dealing with inequalities. Giant steps have been made in extending some of the results to time scales. This work is tailored towards advancing this move. To be precise, we proved a generalization of the Montgomery identity and then used the resultant equation to obtain a weighted Ostrowski inequality fork points, thus generalizing a result of Liu and Ngô [11]. Furthermore, we obtained an Ostrowski-Grüss type inequality which generalizes and extends results of Tuna and Daghan [12] and Feng and Meng [15].



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