# Research on Precision Teaching Model of Ideology Course Based on Collaborative Filtering Algorithm

Authors: Jinshan Li
Journal: Security and Communication Networks
 (2022)

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## Abstract

The ideological and political course should not only keep the academic rationality and political nature of the course itself, but also take into account the characteristics of colleges and universities and students’ growth and development needs. At present, there are some problems in the curriculum of ideology, such as mechanical rigidity, weak pertinence, lack of synergy, and inability to form a personalized collaborative and precise education mechanism. Aiming at related problems, this article constructs an accurate teaching model of ideological and political course based on collaborative filtering algorithm. First, the public test set of recommended fields is used to test and verify the effectiveness and practicability of the algorithm. For the data sparseness and cold start of collaborative filtering algorithm, the course feature attributes and attribute value preference matrix are used to solve the problem, and the similarity is calculated offline, so as to realize the real-time recommendation and accurate teaching of the course. In order to verify the effectiveness of this method for precise teaching, we conducted a test. The test results show that the precise teaching model has a positive effect on the improvement in students’ academic performance. The method proposed in this article realizes the identity transformation of students from passive acceptance to active construction, and the teaching effectiveness of ideological and political course is effectively improved.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Due to the continuous progress of information technology (IT), people pay more and more attention to educational informatization [1]. In the development process of educational informatization, the realization of precise teaching is the urgent need of educators and educatees. Accurate teaching can significantly improve learners’ learning efficiency [2]. The advantage of traditional education is that teachers can know students’ understanding of knowledge through students’ reactions in the classroom teaching process and decide the key points of students’ guidance [3]. As a public compulsory course, politics is taught in large classes in most schools at present, which easily lead to teachers’ low attention to students in class and cannot meet the individualized development needs of students. And classroom teaching is old-fashioned, and students’ acceptance is not high, so it is difficult to achieve accurate teaching [4]. Its disadvantages are mainly reflected in five aspects: ① the teaching mode lacks intelligence, and the courses are piled up in a single way; ② the lack of communication and information feedback mechanism; ③ the lack of effective teaching guidance mechanism; ④ the learning process lacks necessary monitoring and the teaching evaluation function is not strong; and ⑤ the lack of effective and perfect theoretical guidance. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve the ideal teaching effect. Through the analysis of the traditional teaching process, we can transplant its advantages into the network teaching process to realize intelligent teaching, that is, we can learn from the traditional teaching idea of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude [5]. Personalized and hierarchical teaching is an important guarantee to improve the teaching quality and classroom effectiveness of ideology courses. The development of IT provides technical support for collecting, storing, and analyzing students’ learning data.As the main channel and front of ideology work in universities, the ideology education course is an important way to practice the education mechanism in universities and also an important part of the theoretical course system in universities [6]. It runs through the whole process of higher education and teaching and is an important institutional carrier for universities to train socialist builders and successors. With the in-depth application of network technology in the field of education and the continuous improvement in learners’ requirements, the stereotyped teaching mode and fixed learning interface cannot reflect the teaching idea of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude [7]. Generally speaking, it is the lack of intelligent thought in the teaching process. In order to solve this problem, the intelligent network teaching system came into being. For school students, some students have poor self-discipline, and it is difficult for ideology teaching to achieve the desired teaching effect. It is particularly important to enhance the attractiveness of classroom teaching. The use of IT provides an opportunity to improve the boring classroom atmosphere [8]. With the support of IT, teachers of ideology courses can introduce personalized teaching resources and students can learn online. The system will automatically record students’ learning on track, and learning behaviors such as daily learning progress, learning duration, and mastery level exist in the form of data [9]. Teachers can conduct all-round monitoring, and students’ ideological status and learning status become visual and quantifiable. Teaching can be targeted according to different students’ specific learning conditions, and teaching methods can be adjusted accordingly [10]. The traditional teaching method of ideological and political course has great limitations, and the traditional collaborative filtering algorithm has problems such as data sparseness and cold start, which restricts the further development of collaborative filtering algorithm and ideological and political teaching. This article puts forward corresponding solutions to solve the problems such as data sparseness, cold start, and real-time performance. It provides a solid foundation for the next step to realize the precise teaching of ideological and political courses individually according to students’ interest preferences and learning needs.Ideology education plays a fundamental role in strengthening the value guidance of college students, strengthening the publicity and education of patriotic dedication, and establishing the all-round education mechanism for all employees [11]. In the process of informatization of ideology education, the problems of teaching mode, teaching efficiency, and sharing of teaching resources have been well solved, but there are still some problems [12]. Collaborative filtering (CF), also known as social filtering, is mainly divided into two categories: global-based CF and model-based CF [13]. The basic idea of CF algorithm is that users with similar interests may like the same items, or users may have similar preferences for a product similar to the one they are interested in [14]. In fact, it is a typical method of using collective wisdom. In order to realize the precise teaching of ideology course, this article improves the shortcomings of traditional CF algorithm. It also strengthens the real-time performance of the recommendation model of ideology courses in colleges and expands the applicable scope of the recommendation model of ideology courses in universities. The specific chapters of this article are arranged as follows:First, this article discusses the research background and current situation of precision teaching of ideological and political courses and introduces the related theories and key technologies of precision teaching. This article focuses on the related content of collaborative filtering algorithm, puts forward the concept and calculation formula of tag similarity between items, and weights the tag similarity and score similarity between items to generate the final similarity calculation formula. Then, with the final similarity calculation formula as the parameter, the prediction scoring formula is used to predict the user’s scores for the items, and theN items with the highest scores are selected and recommended to the user. Education and teaching data are used to carry out experiments. Finally, the experiment results show that the collaborative filtering algorithm can provide more accurate prediction, and the performance of the improved algorithm is better than that of the original algorithm.


## 2. Related Work

Based on the research on collaborative filtering algorithms and precise teaching of ideological and political courses, Knight started from actual projects and used tags to supplement and correct the shortcomings of traditional project-based collaborative filtering algorithms [15]. In order to solve the bottleneck problem restricting the teaching reform of ideological and political courses in colleges and universities, Zhou et al. accelerated the pace of classroom teaching reform [16]. Efficient teaching methods are adopted to lead the teaching of ideological and political courses to achieve precise advancement. Yang and Xie combined “precision teaching” with the teaching of ideological and political courses in schools and practiced the concept of precision teaching from the three paths of precise teaching objectives, programmed teaching process, and digital learning evaluation [17]. Li designed an intelligent teaching recommendation system based on collaborative filtering algorithm, realized the “one-to-one” teaching mode, and verified its effectiveness through experiments [18]. Starting from the opportunities and challenges faced by the precise teaching of ideological and political courses, Yang and Li aimed to solve the contradiction between supply and demand in the teaching of ideological and political courses, improve the quality of teaching, and truly play the important role of ideological and political courses in implementing morality and cultivating people [19]. Wang analyzed the current situation of the course selection system in colleges and universities and applied related technologies such as collaborative filtering algorithm, data mining technology, and personalized recommendation technology to the system to promote the optimization of the personalized recommendation system for course selection [20]. Wu et al. designed an intelligent teaching recommendation system based on collaborative filtering algorithm according to the traditional teaching idea of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude [21]. Yang believe that through the precise teaching reform of ideological and political courses, schools can teach ideological and political courses in a targeted manner, which can effectively stimulate students’ enthusiasm for learning [22].In this paper, the related literature is deeply studied, and aiming at the disadvantages of traditional education mode, the precise teaching model of ideological and political course is constructed by the collaborative filtering algorithm. Then, based on the actual needs of the precise teaching of ideological and political courses in colleges and universities, by introducing the gradual forgetting curve based on the timeliness change of users’ interests, the disadvantages of the traditional collaborative filtering algorithm, such as low efficiency, weak adaptability, and novelty rejection, are well solved. At the same time, the characteristic attributes of users and projects are obtained, and based on them, the similarities among users, projects, and users-projects are calculated to obtain similar neighbors. Finally, the missing values are predicted according to the scores of similar neighbors so as to solve the sparsity of data. Experiments show that this method is accurate and practical, and the real-time performance of the system is high.


## 3. Methodology

### 3.1. CF Algorithm

Among all personalized recommendation systems, the application effect and situation of CF system are the best. It is also the most widely used method [23]. CF algorithm uses group intelligence to make fuzzy recommendations and makes personalized and relevant recommendations based on common points of interest in the communication range. CF recommendation, as a popular information filtering technology, can filter and analyze the filtered content, so as to analyze users’ interests and improve information service quality. The core idea of the technology is social filtering, that is, users are divided into groups, and then specific users are recommended what other users in their group are interested in.CF algorithm has good adaptability, and the recommendation rules can be adjusted adaptively according to different points of interest. CF algorithm is still effective for long tail keywords, which can better solve the problem of identifying and recommending interest points in long catalogue. In the actual algorithm, the division of user interest groups comes from the user’s historical score data, which is analyzed by similarity to sort out the neighbors similar to the target user, and the items of interest to the neighbors are recommended to the user [24]. CF algorithm only depends on the user’s single-dimensional behavior, does not expand the dimension, does not need to know the content of recommendation and prediction deeply, and has wide practical applicability. According to different points, CF recommendation algorithms can be divided into two categories: ① CF algorithm based on users and ② CF algorithm based on project. Project-based CF algorithm is based on the idea that the original CF algorithm based on user behavior calculates the similarity between projects to find the nearest neighbor of recommended objects. It is a widely used algorithm in personalized recommendation system at present.Project-based CF algorithm establishes the list relationship between commodities by users’ personalized scores of a certain commodity and then recommends users and predicts users’ interest points based on the list relationship between commodities. The core of the user-based CF algorithm is to find the nearest neighbor set of the target user and then use the score of the nearest neighbor as a reference to predict the user’s interest. The algorithm has simple process and high accuracy, so it can guarantee high recommendation quality when the scoring data are relatively complete [25].User-based CF algorithm is to recommend resources that users may like to target users by calculating the similarity of their access behaviors [26]. If the obtained user behavior data are classified information, then clustering algorithm is generally used. For numerical information, matrix decomposition algorithm is usually used. The project-based CF algorithm is taken as an example to illustrate the basic principle of traditional CF algorithm (Figure1).Figure 1
Schematic diagram of project-based CF algorithm.The algorithm first generates the nearest neighbor set of the target project and then predicts the user’s score of the target project according to the user’s score of the nearest neighbor set of the project [27]. CF algorithm also has inherent defects, mainly because it adopts the cold start mode of initial data, and a large number of user behavior lists need to be collected at the start-up stage of the algorithm, which is not suitable for some scenes lacking initial data. Because CF algorithm uses swarm intelligence to make fuzzy recommendation, it often fails to give the basis and mechanism of recommendation, and it is not suitable for some logical applications. User-based CF algorithm is only suitable for systems with few users. If the number of users is very large, the cost of calculating the similarity matrix of users’ interests will become very high. The increase of the space complexity and time complexity of its operation and the increase of the number of users are similar to the square relationship. The recommendation results of this algorithm will not be updated immediately with the new behaviors of users, and it is difficult to provide convincing recommendation explanations for users.Corresponding to the schematic diagram of project-based CF algorithm, first, different users’ scoring tables for several commodities are established to obtain the similarity between several commodities, and then Euclidean distance table is obtained by Euclidean distance evaluation. Item-based CF algorithm recommends products to users by calculating the similarity between items. Because the similarity between projects is relatively fixed and easy to calculate, this algorithm is adopted in most systems.


### 3.2. Accurate Teaching of Ideology Course

“Precision teaching” is put forward on the basis of Skinner’s behaviorism learning theory. Accurate teaching of ideology courses requires teachers to set teaching objectives accurately, to use IT to support them, and to focus on the classroom according to the actual situation of students as well as grasp the teaching objectives and teaching content accurately and build a scientific teaching process. In order to achieve the expected teaching goal and improve the accuracy of ideology teaching, teaching accuracy should not be limited to the accuracy of teaching methods but should emphasize the all-round and accurate implementation of teaching ideas, teaching design, teaching process, and teaching effect evaluation. With the continuous development of IT, the implementation of precision teaching has technical support. Accurate teaching is conducive to the mutual penetration of various elements in classroom teaching and enhances the effectiveness of classroom teaching as well as it plays an extremely important role in the ideology course to implement the fundamental task of cultivating people by virtue.The core idea of “precise teaching” in ideological and moral course is to meet students’ individual differences, show flexibility in teaching, teach students in accordance with their aptitude, and give full play to the mainstay role of ideological and moral course in moral education. Teaching objectives play a very important role in the teaching process. Teaching activities are not only guided by teaching objectives, but also closely focused on achieving teaching objectives. Whether or not the teaching objectives are realized, and the degree of realization depends not only on the development of teaching activities, but also on the scientific and precise degree of setting the teaching objectives. Precision teaching is based on IT, and it is a typical “Internet plus education,” which is helpful to accurately locate students. It truly reflects the actual situation of students in an objective and quantitative way, teaches students in accordance with their aptitude, respects individual differences, and conducts hierarchical teaching to meet the needs of students’ individualized development, improve the atmosphere of traditional classroom teaching, and enhance their attractiveness.Teaching resources are an important part of the implementation of precision teaching, play a vital role, and are an important support for the development of teaching process. Fragmented teaching resources have the characteristics of small capacity, wide content, and flexibility, which can meet the fragmented learning needs of current students and enhance the richness, vividness, and extensibility of teaching content. With the support of IT, ideology teachers can actively optimize the teaching process and effectively integrate the data recording and analysis of students’ learning into the teaching process. In addition, ideology teachers optimize the introduction of digital teaching resources related to ideology courses, provide personalized teaching resources for students, and enhance the attraction of classroom teaching. According to learners’ learning styles, learning needs, and learning abilities, this article adds personalized recommendation function to the teaching system, thereby avoiding the blindness of students’ learning. The model architecture is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Student personalized recommendation model.With the help of new IT, ideological precision teaching uses smart phones, tablets, and other intelligent terminal devices to make the classroom system transcend the limitations of time and space and realize more open classroom teaching activities, which is conducive to activating students’ interest points and making students truly become the main body of learning. By studying the data analysis of students’ learning behavior, teachers can predict students’ future learning performance, adjust teaching strategies accordingly, and evaluate students comprehensively and objectively. Especially it makes the process teaching evaluation more accurate, so as to put forward feasible suggestions and countermeasures for students to achieve the expected teaching objectives and improve the effectiveness of ideology teaching. Educators should make accurate use of the existing teaching resources on the Internet. With the continuous development of network and IT, the available effective resources for ideology teaching are becoming more and more abundant. The construction of teaching resources for ideology courses should make targeted use of the existing network teaching resources and give full play to their advantages, so as to relieve the pressure of developing teaching resources independently.Ideology courses in universities help students to build important courses of world outlook and outlook on life and values. Through theoretical study and practical experience, they can solve practical problems such as ideology, politics, morality, law, etc., that modern students encountered during his growing up. This requires the construction of ideology classroom to highlight the needs of students. Through various educational technology support, big data support, access to related platforms, etc., we can understand students’ needs more accurately. Teachers can accurately supply teaching content by designing teaching topics, taking teaching materials as the basis, and taking common problems of higher vocational students as the guidance. Fragmented teaching resources are integrated into classroom teaching, and classroom teaching is carried out through the process of “looking at cases-discussing problems-talking about theories” and improve the informatization literacy of ideology teachers in universities. It is necessary to strengthen teachers’ awareness of information-based teaching, enhance their attention and sensitivity to IT, and give full play to their subjective initiative. For the traditional ideology class, there are some limitations in the use of IT. Teachers of the two courses should actively learn the cutting-edge modern educational IT, effectively integrate IT with ideology class in universities, and reshape classroom teaching.


### 3.3. Precise Teaching Model of Ideology Courses Based on CF Algorithm

Through the analysis, it can be concluded that it is of research and practical significance to propose an accurate recommendation algorithm and build an accurate teaching model of accurate ideology course based on it. There are some problems in the cold start, sparseness, and expansibility of the traditional recommendation algorithm, which cannot be applied to the precise teaching of ideology courses. At the same time, some data can supplement the recommendation results, and these data are not fully utilized in traditional recommendation algorithms. Aiming at the data sparseness and cold start problems of CF algorithm, it can be solved by the attributes of items, namely CF recommendation based on item attributes and CF recommendation based on attribute value preference matrix. CF algorithm calculates the user’s rating of the project as data, and then obtains the recommendation result. In the calculation process, the content of the project is not considered, which is very suitable for many educational data. It is difficult to determine the complete meaning of some educational data by keywords. If content-based algorithm is used for recommendation, it may lead to inaccurate recommendation results. The recommendation process based on this collaborative filtering algorithm is shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Recommendation process of collaborative filtering algorithm.The data layer is mainly classified and stored according to the corresponding data constraint relationship based on the running requirements of personalized recommendation system. The data layer consists of personal information database, interest database, self-test question information database, and personalized information database. In education, there are huge educational resources. If we define the content of each educational resource, we need to spend a lot of time and energy. The recommendation result of CF algorithm to users is thek items that they are most interested in, and the quality of this recommendation method is higher. Moreover, the CF algorithm can also recommend potential items of interest to users, not just the items related to their rated items.The similarity calculation in collaborative filtering algorithm is based on the data that each user scores at least two or more items together. Applying collaborative filtering algorithm to the precise teaching of ideological and political courses can accurately grasp the teaching objectives and contents and build a scientific teaching process. No matter what kind of recommendation is made, it is necessary to calculate the user’s rating on a certain item, and the prediction result can be obtained by using the following formula:(1)rui=1k∑w∈Nrwi,where rui is the rating of item i by user u. N represents the calculated neighbor set. w denotes a neighbor of u′s n neighbors that has a rating for item i. k represents the number of all neighbors of u that have ratings for item i among the n neighbors of u. The final prediction result is obtained by unifying the criteria of all users and then weighting. It can be calculated by the following formula:(2)rui=r¯u+z∑w∈Nsimu,wrwi−r¯w,where z is the normalization factor, which is expressed as follows:(3)z=1∑w∈Nsimu,w,where and is the average score of the product by the predicted user u and its neighbor user w. sim(u, w) represents the similarity between user u and user w.The application layer mainly embodies the process of intelligent recommendation. The main function is to collect information about students’ browsing, learning, and testing. According to the personalized recommendation algorithm, several knowledge points that are most similar to the target students are calculated, and the knowledge points are recommended to the target students, mainly including the student information collection module and personalized recommendation module. An evaluation matrix is established in the precise recommendation system to describe the main factors of students’ course learning process, such as hobbies, majors, learning level, course selection records, and teacher evaluation. The algorithm analyzes students’ behaviors according to the above lines information, establishes corresponding student items, finds out the course selection records with the highest similarity by comparing with the items in the evaluation matrix, and recommends courses to the students.Statistical accuracy is generally calculated using mean absolute error (MAE) and mean square root error (RMSE). MAE calculates the deviation between the predicted score and the actual score by the absolute value. The smaller the deviation value, the more accurate the prediction. Assuming that the user’s rating set for items isP1,P2,…,Pn, and the user’s predicted rating set for unrated items is Q1,Q2,…,Qn, then MAE is expressed as(4)MAE=∑i=1nQi−Pin.The smaller the MAE value, the higher the recommendation quality. SupposeT(u) is a list of user actions on the test set. R(u) is a list of recommendations made to users based on their behavior on the training set. The calculation of its precision rate and recall rate is shown as follows:(5)Recall=∑uRu∩Tu∑uTu,(6)Precision=∑uRu∩Tu∑uRu.At present, the main evaluation indexes of recommendation algorithm are MAE, accuracy, and recall rate. According to the above three indicators, this article analyzes the recommended algorithm of ideological and political precision teaching.The attributes of items or users are determined according to the relationship between users and items and themselves in the personalized recommendation system. Their attributes can reflect the uniqueness of items and users. In order to recommend any item in the recommendation system to the appropriate users in real time, we should first obtain the unique data of the item or user and construct the attribute vector space of the item or user, which will help to recommend the items that users need or like according to the CF algorithm. At the level of algorithm, because different tags of a project have different recognition degrees, it is necessary to measure the weight of different tags in actual calculation to calculate the correlation degree between goods and different tags. At the same time, due to the fuzziness and approximation of labels, some methods should be introduced to deal with labels to eliminate or reduce the influence caused by the fuzziness of labels. In the aspect of engineering development, we need to develop an easy-to-use evaluation and recommendation module. On the premise of obtaining data, these two modules must reduce the operation process of users as much as possible.The vector-based method is used to calculate the similarity quantitatively. Based on the Euclidean distance calculation theory, it is assumed thatx and y are any two points in the n-dimensional space, and the Euclidean distance between them is shown as follows:(7)dx,y=∑xi−yi2.According to the above formula, whenn = 2, the Euclidean distance is the distance between two points on the plane. In order to use Euclidean distance for quantitative calculation of similarity, formula (7) is transformed as expressed below:(8)simx,y=11+dx,y.In the above formula, the distance betweenx and y can represent the quantitative preference of students for a certain ideology course.Based on the information of neighboring students and neighboring ideology courses, the calculation recommendation mechanism is formed, that is the preference of all target students for a certain ideology course is taken as a vector to calculate the similarity between students and ideology courses, and after the similar courses for a certain ideology course are obtained, according to the historical preference of target students, the current ideology courses that students have not expressed their preference are predicted, and a list of ideology courses arranged in a continuous and orderly manner is calculated as the recommendation and prediction list. The similarity calculation method of tags in the algorithm is based on the following theory: if two tags are marked on the same item, there is a certain relationship between the two tags, which is called “tag co-occurrence.” That is, the semantic relationship between tags can be obtained from tag co-occurrence. Tags clustered into tag clusters represent different topics, and each topic represents different semantics. In addition to the semantics of the tag itself, the tag of the item also has information such as tag times. For an item, if some of its tags come from a tag cluster, it is considered that the item is related to this tag cluster, and the proportion of tag tagging times to total tag times can quantify the correlation between the item and the tag cluster.The algorithm can retrieve knowledge points that students may not have mastered and obtain the most “interesting” knowledge point setB according to the preset recommended number N of knowledge points or the similarity threshold. Finally, the union A ∪ B of set A and set B is recommended to the target students.(9)simi,j=∑c∈lijRic−R¯cRjc−R¯c∑c∈lijRic−Rc2∑c∈lijRjc−Rc2.In the precise teaching of ideology course, with the continuous learning of students, some relevant behavioral data will be generated. These data are the scientific basis for providing personalized learning and multi-evaluation learning services. Compared with traditional teaching evaluation, the most prominent feature of teaching evaluation in ideology classroom is its immediacy. With the help of the Internet and big data, it can timely analyze and evaluate the teaching process, especially the students’ “learning” situation, so that teachers can constantly make adjustments in the subsequent teaching. Accurate learning evaluation of teaching makes up for the disadvantages of traditional evaluation, such as one-sidedness and lag, and realizes timely, effective, and accurate digital learning evaluation through the application of IT. The development of modern educational technology has the characteristics of the times. In order to closely follow the development trend of the times and change the traditional ideological and political classroom, education departments and schools should organize and carry out special training on information-based teaching, help school teachers master solid theoretical knowledge of modern educational technology, and strengthen the learning of information-based teaching technology.


## 3.1. CF Algorithm

Among all personalized recommendation systems, the application effect and situation of CF system are the best. It is also the most widely used method [23]. CF algorithm uses group intelligence to make fuzzy recommendations and makes personalized and relevant recommendations based on common points of interest in the communication range. CF recommendation, as a popular information filtering technology, can filter and analyze the filtered content, so as to analyze users’ interests and improve information service quality. The core idea of the technology is social filtering, that is, users are divided into groups, and then specific users are recommended what other users in their group are interested in.CF algorithm has good adaptability, and the recommendation rules can be adjusted adaptively according to different points of interest. CF algorithm is still effective for long tail keywords, which can better solve the problem of identifying and recommending interest points in long catalogue. In the actual algorithm, the division of user interest groups comes from the user’s historical score data, which is analyzed by similarity to sort out the neighbors similar to the target user, and the items of interest to the neighbors are recommended to the user [24]. CF algorithm only depends on the user’s single-dimensional behavior, does not expand the dimension, does not need to know the content of recommendation and prediction deeply, and has wide practical applicability. According to different points, CF recommendation algorithms can be divided into two categories: ① CF algorithm based on users and ② CF algorithm based on project. Project-based CF algorithm is based on the idea that the original CF algorithm based on user behavior calculates the similarity between projects to find the nearest neighbor of recommended objects. It is a widely used algorithm in personalized recommendation system at present.Project-based CF algorithm establishes the list relationship between commodities by users’ personalized scores of a certain commodity and then recommends users and predicts users’ interest points based on the list relationship between commodities. The core of the user-based CF algorithm is to find the nearest neighbor set of the target user and then use the score of the nearest neighbor as a reference to predict the user’s interest. The algorithm has simple process and high accuracy, so it can guarantee high recommendation quality when the scoring data are relatively complete [25].User-based CF algorithm is to recommend resources that users may like to target users by calculating the similarity of their access behaviors [26]. If the obtained user behavior data are classified information, then clustering algorithm is generally used. For numerical information, matrix decomposition algorithm is usually used. The project-based CF algorithm is taken as an example to illustrate the basic principle of traditional CF algorithm (Figure1).Figure 1
Schematic diagram of project-based CF algorithm.The algorithm first generates the nearest neighbor set of the target project and then predicts the user’s score of the target project according to the user’s score of the nearest neighbor set of the project [27]. CF algorithm also has inherent defects, mainly because it adopts the cold start mode of initial data, and a large number of user behavior lists need to be collected at the start-up stage of the algorithm, which is not suitable for some scenes lacking initial data. Because CF algorithm uses swarm intelligence to make fuzzy recommendation, it often fails to give the basis and mechanism of recommendation, and it is not suitable for some logical applications. User-based CF algorithm is only suitable for systems with few users. If the number of users is very large, the cost of calculating the similarity matrix of users’ interests will become very high. The increase of the space complexity and time complexity of its operation and the increase of the number of users are similar to the square relationship. The recommendation results of this algorithm will not be updated immediately with the new behaviors of users, and it is difficult to provide convincing recommendation explanations for users.Corresponding to the schematic diagram of project-based CF algorithm, first, different users’ scoring tables for several commodities are established to obtain the similarity between several commodities, and then Euclidean distance table is obtained by Euclidean distance evaluation. Item-based CF algorithm recommends products to users by calculating the similarity between items. Because the similarity between projects is relatively fixed and easy to calculate, this algorithm is adopted in most systems.


## 3.2. Accurate Teaching of Ideology Course

“Precision teaching” is put forward on the basis of Skinner’s behaviorism learning theory. Accurate teaching of ideology courses requires teachers to set teaching objectives accurately, to use IT to support them, and to focus on the classroom according to the actual situation of students as well as grasp the teaching objectives and teaching content accurately and build a scientific teaching process. In order to achieve the expected teaching goal and improve the accuracy of ideology teaching, teaching accuracy should not be limited to the accuracy of teaching methods but should emphasize the all-round and accurate implementation of teaching ideas, teaching design, teaching process, and teaching effect evaluation. With the continuous development of IT, the implementation of precision teaching has technical support. Accurate teaching is conducive to the mutual penetration of various elements in classroom teaching and enhances the effectiveness of classroom teaching as well as it plays an extremely important role in the ideology course to implement the fundamental task of cultivating people by virtue.The core idea of “precise teaching” in ideological and moral course is to meet students’ individual differences, show flexibility in teaching, teach students in accordance with their aptitude, and give full play to the mainstay role of ideological and moral course in moral education. Teaching objectives play a very important role in the teaching process. Teaching activities are not only guided by teaching objectives, but also closely focused on achieving teaching objectives. Whether or not the teaching objectives are realized, and the degree of realization depends not only on the development of teaching activities, but also on the scientific and precise degree of setting the teaching objectives. Precision teaching is based on IT, and it is a typical “Internet plus education,” which is helpful to accurately locate students. It truly reflects the actual situation of students in an objective and quantitative way, teaches students in accordance with their aptitude, respects individual differences, and conducts hierarchical teaching to meet the needs of students’ individualized development, improve the atmosphere of traditional classroom teaching, and enhance their attractiveness.Teaching resources are an important part of the implementation of precision teaching, play a vital role, and are an important support for the development of teaching process. Fragmented teaching resources have the characteristics of small capacity, wide content, and flexibility, which can meet the fragmented learning needs of current students and enhance the richness, vividness, and extensibility of teaching content. With the support of IT, ideology teachers can actively optimize the teaching process and effectively integrate the data recording and analysis of students’ learning into the teaching process. In addition, ideology teachers optimize the introduction of digital teaching resources related to ideology courses, provide personalized teaching resources for students, and enhance the attraction of classroom teaching. According to learners’ learning styles, learning needs, and learning abilities, this article adds personalized recommendation function to the teaching system, thereby avoiding the blindness of students’ learning. The model architecture is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Student personalized recommendation model.With the help of new IT, ideological precision teaching uses smart phones, tablets, and other intelligent terminal devices to make the classroom system transcend the limitations of time and space and realize more open classroom teaching activities, which is conducive to activating students’ interest points and making students truly become the main body of learning. By studying the data analysis of students’ learning behavior, teachers can predict students’ future learning performance, adjust teaching strategies accordingly, and evaluate students comprehensively and objectively. Especially it makes the process teaching evaluation more accurate, so as to put forward feasible suggestions and countermeasures for students to achieve the expected teaching objectives and improve the effectiveness of ideology teaching. Educators should make accurate use of the existing teaching resources on the Internet. With the continuous development of network and IT, the available effective resources for ideology teaching are becoming more and more abundant. The construction of teaching resources for ideology courses should make targeted use of the existing network teaching resources and give full play to their advantages, so as to relieve the pressure of developing teaching resources independently.Ideology courses in universities help students to build important courses of world outlook and outlook on life and values. Through theoretical study and practical experience, they can solve practical problems such as ideology, politics, morality, law, etc., that modern students encountered during his growing up. This requires the construction of ideology classroom to highlight the needs of students. Through various educational technology support, big data support, access to related platforms, etc., we can understand students’ needs more accurately. Teachers can accurately supply teaching content by designing teaching topics, taking teaching materials as the basis, and taking common problems of higher vocational students as the guidance. Fragmented teaching resources are integrated into classroom teaching, and classroom teaching is carried out through the process of “looking at cases-discussing problems-talking about theories” and improve the informatization literacy of ideology teachers in universities. It is necessary to strengthen teachers’ awareness of information-based teaching, enhance their attention and sensitivity to IT, and give full play to their subjective initiative. For the traditional ideology class, there are some limitations in the use of IT. Teachers of the two courses should actively learn the cutting-edge modern educational IT, effectively integrate IT with ideology class in universities, and reshape classroom teaching.


## 3.3. Precise Teaching Model of Ideology Courses Based on CF Algorithm

Through the analysis, it can be concluded that it is of research and practical significance to propose an accurate recommendation algorithm and build an accurate teaching model of accurate ideology course based on it. There are some problems in the cold start, sparseness, and expansibility of the traditional recommendation algorithm, which cannot be applied to the precise teaching of ideology courses. At the same time, some data can supplement the recommendation results, and these data are not fully utilized in traditional recommendation algorithms. Aiming at the data sparseness and cold start problems of CF algorithm, it can be solved by the attributes of items, namely CF recommendation based on item attributes and CF recommendation based on attribute value preference matrix. CF algorithm calculates the user’s rating of the project as data, and then obtains the recommendation result. In the calculation process, the content of the project is not considered, which is very suitable for many educational data. It is difficult to determine the complete meaning of some educational data by keywords. If content-based algorithm is used for recommendation, it may lead to inaccurate recommendation results. The recommendation process based on this collaborative filtering algorithm is shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Recommendation process of collaborative filtering algorithm.The data layer is mainly classified and stored according to the corresponding data constraint relationship based on the running requirements of personalized recommendation system. The data layer consists of personal information database, interest database, self-test question information database, and personalized information database. In education, there are huge educational resources. If we define the content of each educational resource, we need to spend a lot of time and energy. The recommendation result of CF algorithm to users is thek items that they are most interested in, and the quality of this recommendation method is higher. Moreover, the CF algorithm can also recommend potential items of interest to users, not just the items related to their rated items.The similarity calculation in collaborative filtering algorithm is based on the data that each user scores at least two or more items together. Applying collaborative filtering algorithm to the precise teaching of ideological and political courses can accurately grasp the teaching objectives and contents and build a scientific teaching process. No matter what kind of recommendation is made, it is necessary to calculate the user’s rating on a certain item, and the prediction result can be obtained by using the following formula:(1)rui=1k∑w∈Nrwi,where rui is the rating of item i by user u. N represents the calculated neighbor set. w denotes a neighbor of u′s n neighbors that has a rating for item i. k represents the number of all neighbors of u that have ratings for item i among the n neighbors of u. The final prediction result is obtained by unifying the criteria of all users and then weighting. It can be calculated by the following formula:(2)rui=r¯u+z∑w∈Nsimu,wrwi−r¯w,where z is the normalization factor, which is expressed as follows:(3)z=1∑w∈Nsimu,w,where and is the average score of the product by the predicted user u and its neighbor user w. sim(u, w) represents the similarity between user u and user w.The application layer mainly embodies the process of intelligent recommendation. The main function is to collect information about students’ browsing, learning, and testing. According to the personalized recommendation algorithm, several knowledge points that are most similar to the target students are calculated, and the knowledge points are recommended to the target students, mainly including the student information collection module and personalized recommendation module. An evaluation matrix is established in the precise recommendation system to describe the main factors of students’ course learning process, such as hobbies, majors, learning level, course selection records, and teacher evaluation. The algorithm analyzes students’ behaviors according to the above lines information, establishes corresponding student items, finds out the course selection records with the highest similarity by comparing with the items in the evaluation matrix, and recommends courses to the students.Statistical accuracy is generally calculated using mean absolute error (MAE) and mean square root error (RMSE). MAE calculates the deviation between the predicted score and the actual score by the absolute value. The smaller the deviation value, the more accurate the prediction. Assuming that the user’s rating set for items isP1,P2,…,Pn, and the user’s predicted rating set for unrated items is Q1,Q2,…,Qn, then MAE is expressed as(4)MAE=∑i=1nQi−Pin.The smaller the MAE value, the higher the recommendation quality. SupposeT(u) is a list of user actions on the test set. R(u) is a list of recommendations made to users based on their behavior on the training set. The calculation of its precision rate and recall rate is shown as follows:(5)Recall=∑uRu∩Tu∑uTu,(6)Precision=∑uRu∩Tu∑uRu.At present, the main evaluation indexes of recommendation algorithm are MAE, accuracy, and recall rate. According to the above three indicators, this article analyzes the recommended algorithm of ideological and political precision teaching.The attributes of items or users are determined according to the relationship between users and items and themselves in the personalized recommendation system. Their attributes can reflect the uniqueness of items and users. In order to recommend any item in the recommendation system to the appropriate users in real time, we should first obtain the unique data of the item or user and construct the attribute vector space of the item or user, which will help to recommend the items that users need or like according to the CF algorithm. At the level of algorithm, because different tags of a project have different recognition degrees, it is necessary to measure the weight of different tags in actual calculation to calculate the correlation degree between goods and different tags. At the same time, due to the fuzziness and approximation of labels, some methods should be introduced to deal with labels to eliminate or reduce the influence caused by the fuzziness of labels. In the aspect of engineering development, we need to develop an easy-to-use evaluation and recommendation module. On the premise of obtaining data, these two modules must reduce the operation process of users as much as possible.The vector-based method is used to calculate the similarity quantitatively. Based on the Euclidean distance calculation theory, it is assumed thatx and y are any two points in the n-dimensional space, and the Euclidean distance between them is shown as follows:(7)dx,y=∑xi−yi2.According to the above formula, whenn = 2, the Euclidean distance is the distance between two points on the plane. In order to use Euclidean distance for quantitative calculation of similarity, formula (7) is transformed as expressed below:(8)simx,y=11+dx,y.In the above formula, the distance betweenx and y can represent the quantitative preference of students for a certain ideology course.Based on the information of neighboring students and neighboring ideology courses, the calculation recommendation mechanism is formed, that is the preference of all target students for a certain ideology course is taken as a vector to calculate the similarity between students and ideology courses, and after the similar courses for a certain ideology course are obtained, according to the historical preference of target students, the current ideology courses that students have not expressed their preference are predicted, and a list of ideology courses arranged in a continuous and orderly manner is calculated as the recommendation and prediction list. The similarity calculation method of tags in the algorithm is based on the following theory: if two tags are marked on the same item, there is a certain relationship between the two tags, which is called “tag co-occurrence.” That is, the semantic relationship between tags can be obtained from tag co-occurrence. Tags clustered into tag clusters represent different topics, and each topic represents different semantics. In addition to the semantics of the tag itself, the tag of the item also has information such as tag times. For an item, if some of its tags come from a tag cluster, it is considered that the item is related to this tag cluster, and the proportion of tag tagging times to total tag times can quantify the correlation between the item and the tag cluster.The algorithm can retrieve knowledge points that students may not have mastered and obtain the most “interesting” knowledge point setB according to the preset recommended number N of knowledge points or the similarity threshold. Finally, the union A ∪ B of set A and set B is recommended to the target students.(9)simi,j=∑c∈lijRic−R¯cRjc−R¯c∑c∈lijRic−Rc2∑c∈lijRjc−Rc2.In the precise teaching of ideology course, with the continuous learning of students, some relevant behavioral data will be generated. These data are the scientific basis for providing personalized learning and multi-evaluation learning services. Compared with traditional teaching evaluation, the most prominent feature of teaching evaluation in ideology classroom is its immediacy. With the help of the Internet and big data, it can timely analyze and evaluate the teaching process, especially the students’ “learning” situation, so that teachers can constantly make adjustments in the subsequent teaching. Accurate learning evaluation of teaching makes up for the disadvantages of traditional evaluation, such as one-sidedness and lag, and realizes timely, effective, and accurate digital learning evaluation through the application of IT. The development of modern educational technology has the characteristics of the times. In order to closely follow the development trend of the times and change the traditional ideological and political classroom, education departments and schools should organize and carry out special training on information-based teaching, help school teachers master solid theoretical knowledge of modern educational technology, and strengthen the learning of information-based teaching technology.


## 4. Result Analysis and Discussion

The CF recommendation algorithm is used to retrieve knowledge points that the target students may not have mastered. The idea of the algorithm is to generate intelligent recommendation based on the interdependence between users: predict the “preference” of the target user according to the “preference” of neighboring users. The basic principle of limiting the maximum value of the students’ neighbors of ideology courses is to ensure that all points in the area with the current point as the center and the distanceK are used as neighbors of the current point. The algorithm can obtain an uncertain number of students’ neighbors of ideology courses, but there will be no large fluctuations and deviations in the degree of quantitative preference, especially when dealing with isolated points. It improves the consistency of neighbor calculation in learning ideology courses. In the early stage of data mining, the original data are preprocessed to meet the experimental standards. The educational data used in this article come from the mobile independent school support platform. The data in the original database include all kinds of students’ behavior data, which need to be filtered to screen out students’ problem-solving records, and the final scoring matrix is obtained through implicit scoring. In the system data set, when the constraint index of tag similarity is 0.25, the adjustment coefficient in the similarity calculation formula is 0.4, and the number of nearest neighbors is 15, the system precision recommendation engine can achieve the best recommendation effect. In order to study the particularity of educational data, this article experimented on MovieLens data set and finally compared the experimental results of the two to analyze the particularity of educational data.In order to verify the actual working effect of the precise teaching model of ideology courses established in this article, we conducted several experiments. The educational data are randomly divided into 10 parts according to a uniform distribution: 2 parts are selected as the test set and the remaining 8 parts are used as the training set. Then, the user’s interest model is obtained through the training set, and the corresponding prediction is given on the test set according to the user’s interest model, and an appropriate evaluation method is selected to calculate the recommendation effect. Figure4 shows a comparison of the obtained accuracies for different kinds of recommendation algorithms with different values of k.Figure 4
Accuracy of different algorithms under differentk values.As can be seen from the figure, in the education data, the accuracy of CF algorithm based on users is low. This is because the number of students in the educational data in this article is much smaller than the number of exercises, and the sparsity of the data is also very large. When the user-based CF algorithm is used to find neighbors, there will be deviations, which will lead to the decrease of accuracy.The functional module design of the system follows the principles of practicality, modularization, and expandability. The core modules of the system mainly include the submodule of: selecting courses for ideology courses in universities, evaluating students for ideology courses in universities, recommending courses for ideology courses in universities, and maintaining and updating the system. Each submodule works cooperatively under the control of the system workflow: constructing an efficient and practical closed-loop dynamic recommendation mechanism for ideology courses in universities to form a virtuous circle, providing basic guarantee for the development of ideology education in universities, and getting the basic information of students by registering information in the system. Then, through the learning style measurement scale and course selection records filled in by students, the learners’ personality preferences and academic information can be obtained, so that the information of students can be mapped to the student model more accurately.After determining the application student group, the system initialization operation is carried out. It mainly completes the input of the information of ideology courses currently offered by the school and students’ preference information for each course in the past historical cycle. The initial value is written into the system data warehouse as the initial cold start data set of the improved CF algorithm. According to the student model and curriculum model in the system, the similarity among students, between courses, and between students and knowledge points is calculated, and suitable recommendation engines are used to recommend suitable content for students because the system includes students who log in for the first time and students who log in for more than two times and new courses. By comparing the project-based CF algorithm with the user-based CF algorithm, the recommendation effect of the precise recommendation engine of this system is verified, and the test results are obtained. MAE values of different algorithms are shown in Figure5. RMSE values of different algorithms are shown in Figure 6.Figure 5
Line chart of MAE value under different algorithms.Figure 6
Line chart of RMSE value under different algorithms.The MAE and RMSE values of the three algorithms can be visually compared by the trend chart. It can be seen that with the increase of the number of nearest neighbors, the MAE value of each algorithm first decreases and then increases. Overall, the MAE and RMSE values of this method are the lowest, while those of the other two methods are slightly higher. This verifies the effectiveness of this method.In order to comprehensively test the recommendation effect of the intelligent and precise teaching system of ideology courses, students are organized to try out the system. First of all, two sets of test questions are stored in the test library of the system, each set of test questions has 20 multiple-choice questions, and the difficulty coefficients of the two sets of test questions are equal and the test sites are the same. The users of the system interact with other layers through the user application layer and the extended service layer. The system determines the user type according to the information submitted by the users and decides whether to provide common user interface, teacher interface, or administrator interface for the users. Some operations related to the course are handled by the administrator in the background of the system, and the results of the course are entered by the teacher through the teacher interface. The optimized model is simulated and verified from the recall rate of precise teaching of ideology courses. The final simulation result with experimental data set is shown in Figure7.Figure 7
Comparison curve of recommended recall rate of the two models before and after optimization.It can be seen that the optimized algorithm in this article has a higher recall rate, and its performance is improved compared with the traditional algorithm. In the experiment, the user interest data set and the user invisible interest data set are regressed and mapped.It is necessary to start the submodule of personalized recommendation of ideology courses systematically and make personalized and accurate recommendation of ideology courses for different students so as to improve students’ interest points and ensure that ideology in colleges and universities forms a three-dimensional education situation of “watering flowers and roots, teaching people and teaching their hearts”. The learning forum provides a platform for communication and cooperation in the teaching mode of autonomous learning and cooperative learning, which can solve the problems that students encounter in the course of learning. For the problems in study and life, we can also communicate with students and teachers through this platform, thus enhancing the friendship between students and teachers and students.Hundred students are randomly selected to test the first set of questions, the system produces recommendations for different students according to the test results, and the students who organize the test identify the recommendation results produced by the system. The purpose is to confirm whether the knowledge points recommended by the system are not mastered and understood by the target students, that is the accuracy of the target students’ identification of the recommended results. According to the recommended results of the system, the students comprehensively review the knowledge points, and after the review, the students are organized to test the second set of questions to check whether the students’ scores have been greatly improved. This article uses the precision teaching system to experiment its practicability and effectiveness. The students’ grades are checked for improvement and obtained the results as shown in Figure8.Figure 8
Comparison line chart of students’ two test scores.It can be seen that after using this method, students’ scores have been significantly improved. The course evaluation module provides users with a platform to evaluate courses. Users can score the courses they have taken, such as evaluating a course from the teaching design and content of the course, the teaching methods and teaching effects of substitute teachers, teachers’ ethics and academic characteristics, etc. In order to adapt to the variability of students’ scoring information in the time dimension, the historical preference fusion similarity set is extended to a dynamic data set. Gradually, the actual needs of dynamic changes of interest points of college students in the new period are adapted, and the personalization, pertinence, and accuracy of recommendations are improved.This article introduces the framework of the precise teaching system of ideology courses. The data generated by the teaching system is used for experimental test, and the related parameters are adjusted according to the experimental results and compared with other algorithms. The analysis of the experimental results shows that the precision recommendation engine constructed by the algorithm proposed in this article has improved the precision teaching effect to a certain extent, and the performance of the improved algorithm is also improved. Therefore, if the CF algorithm can be applied to the current teaching system, it can not only provide convenience for students to check for missing items, but also let teachers know how well each student has mastered the course.


## 5. Conclusions

As a public compulsory course, most schools teach in large classes, which easily lead to teachers’ low attention to students in class and cannot meet the individualized development needs of students. Classroom teaching ideas are old-fashioned, students’ acceptance is not high, and it is difficult to achieve accurate teaching, so it is difficult to achieve ideal teaching effect. In order to better meet the three-dimensional educational development trend in ideology education in universities under the new situation of “watering flowers and roots, teaching people, and teaching heart,” an atmosphere of ideology education in universities with win-win cooperation between teachers and students, diverse forms, and innovative personality is created actively. In this article, aiming at the problems existing in the curriculum of ideology education in universities, a recommendation system of ideology education in universities based on improved CF algorithm is constructed and the goal of precise teaching of ideology courses is achieved.Precise teaching organically integrates the requirements of ideology course, the characteristics of higher vocational education, and the needs of students, taking into account the three needs in the setting of teaching objectives, the construction of teaching resources, the design of teaching process and the reconstruction of evaluation system, and accurately docking, effectively solving the problem that the pertinence of ideology course teaching in schools is not strong. The teaching system of this article is not only an important tool to realize the efficient and accurate teaching management of ideological and political courses, but also very beneficial to strengthen students’ quality education and cultivate compound talents and students’ individualized ability. The intelligent teaching system in this article realizes the precise teaching mode of ideological and political education, which is tailored to students’ learning situation, and the content of the page is generated intelligently by the teaching system. Intelligent ideological and political teaching system can guide students’ learning and help to improve learning efficiency and academic achievement.



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