# Data-Driven Robust Control of Unknown MIMO Nonlinear System Subject to Input Saturations and Disturbances

Authors: Li Wang; Huajun Gong; Chunsheng Liu
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2017)

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## Abstract

This paper presented a new data-driven robust control scheme for unknown nonlinear systems in the presence of input saturation and external disturbances. According to the input and output data of the nonlinear system, a recurrent neural network (RNN) data-driven model is established to reconstruct the dynamics of the nonlinear system. An adaptive output-feedback controller is developed to approximate the unknown disturbances and a novel input saturation compensation method is used to attenuate the effect of the input saturation. Under the proposed adaptive control scheme, the uniformly ultimately bounded convergence of all the signals of the closed-loop nonlinear system is guaranteed via Lyapunov analysis. The simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed data-driven robust controller.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Adaptive controls of multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) systems have received significantly increased attention [1–4]. Variables adaptive control techniques have been applied to many practical applications, for example, indirect-adaptive model-following control approach for flying vehicles [5], model reference adaptive control scheme for single-input LTI systems [6], robust control scheme for a class of systems with uncertainty and time delay [7], and adaptive sliding mode scheme for near space vehicles [8], where the established control strategies required some knowledge of nonlinear dynamics and met some specific conditions. However, in most of the practical nonlinear systems, it is difficult to obtain their accurate mathematical models.Fortunately, input-output data of the nonlinear system can be accessed in many practical control processes. The accessed historical input-output data could be incorporated indirectly in the form of a data-driven model. The data-driven model could be extracted from useful information contained in input-output data, which belongs to the field of data-driven control techniques [9–11]. Then it is desirable to design the controller based on the available input-output data.In [12], a delayed dynamic neural network was to do online identification for identification problem for time-delay nonlinear system. For the nonlinear MIMO system, a data-driven robust approximate optimal tracking control scheme had been proposed with the aim of resolving the data-driven control problem [13]. In [14], an adaptive dynamic programming was developed to handle zero-sum neuro-optimal control problem for continuous-time unknown nonlinear system with disturbances. However, these controls only considered external disturbances and did not consider input constraints.Physical input saturation would be encountered in the practical systems and needs to be considered in the designed controls. It may lead to the degradation of system performance, undesirable inaccuracy, or instability. To improve the systems performance, the effect of actuator saturation should be appropriately considered during the control design procedure [15, 16]. In [17], a dynamic surface control scheme was designed for uncertain strict-feedback nonlinear systems in the presence of input saturation. Adaptive neural network control was investigated for an uncertain nonlinear system with asymmetric saturation actuators [18], where the established control strategies required the known sign of control gain and met a specific assumption of uncertain strict-feedback nonlinear system. Although approximation-based adaptive control approaches were proposed for a class of MIMO systems [19, 20], the input constraints cannot be compensated when encountering the entirely unknown dynamics model [19]. In [20], the researchers developed an adaptive neural control strategy for a class of affine nonlinear systems.Motivated by the above-mentioned considerations, this paper focuses on a class of unknown MIMO nonlinear systems with input saturation and external disturbances. In this paper, a data-driven model based on RNN is proposed to reconstruct the unknown system dynamics by using available input-output data. Then a novel robust feedback approximate controller is proposed for the nonlinear system in presence of external disturbance and input saturation via the constructed data-driven model. Radial basis function NN (RBFNN) is employed to tackle the uncertainties and external disturbance, in which the number of online adaptation parameters is reduced to only one, which greatly reduced the computation burden. The integrated control scheme combines adaptive NN robust control with input saturation compensation technique to satisfy the practical requirements in applications.Compared with the existing literature, the contributions of this brief include the following.(1)
A RNN model is developed to reconstruct the unknown general system dynamics by using input-output data of the system, and then a control scheme that integrates adaptive output-feedback control methodologies with data-driven model dynamics is proposed for the unknown MIMO nonlinear systems.(2)
To make the proposed controller more general and practical, the external disturbances, system uncertainties, and the input saturation are considered for the entirely unknown MIMO nonlinear systems in this paper without satisfying the matched parametric uncertainties [16] for a class of affine nonlinear systems [20] or requiring the known sign of the control gain of strict-feedback nonlinear system [18].The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section2, we present the general problem and the system formulation. An effective RNN model will be established to reconstruct the dynamics of the nonlinear systems. Convergence properties of the weight matrices of RNN will also be presented. In Section 3, the robust controller for unknown nonlinear system with disturbance and input constraints is designed and the stability analysis is developed. Section 4 gives simulation results to verify effectiveness of the proposed method. Finally, the conclusions are drawn in Section 5.Throughout the paper, the following notations are used.Notations 1.
· stands for a suitable norm. When z is a vector, z denotes the Euclidean norm of z. When z is a matrix, z denotes the two-norm ofz.Notations 2.
For a given matrixA, AT and trA represent its transpose and trace, respectively. For a square matrix, A>0 and A<0 denote positive-definiteness and negative-definiteness, respectively.


## 2. Problem Formulation and Neurodynamic Model by RNN

Consider a class of continuous-time nonlinear systems subject to actuator saturation and disturbances in the following form:(1)x˙t=Gxt,ut+ηd,where x(t)=x1t,x2t,…,xntT∈Rn is the state vector and u(t) denotes the control input subject to saturation-type nonlinear which is described by ut=u1t,u2t,…,umtT∈Ξ,Ξ=u∣u(t)∈Rm,uit≤αi,i=1,…,m, where αi>0 is the saturating upper bound. The system function G(·,·) is an unknown smooth nonlinear function with respect to xt and ut on a compact set Ωx⊂Rn containing the origin, and G(0,0)=0. Hence, x=0 is an equilibrium state of system (1) under the control u=0. ηd denotes bounded system external disturbances.Assumption 3 (see [21–23]).
For the disturbances in system (1), there exists unknown positive constant η-d such that ηd≤η-d.In this paper, in order to tackle the robust control problem for system (1) with input saturation and unknown disturbances, one needs to derive an adaptive feedback control such that the unknown close-loop nonlinear system is globally bounded. Hence, a data-driven method, that is, using the input-output data of unknown system, is desired for the nonlinear system (1). Then, a robust feedback controller based on the RNN model is to be discussed in Section 3 to compensate the nonlinear effect of the disturbances and input saturation constraints. To simplify writing, u(t) and x(t) are abbreviated to u and x in some subsequent formulas, respectively.Remark 4.
During reconstructing the RNN model, the external disturbances are considered; the system uncertainty and input saturation compensation problem is solved in Section3.The continuous-time nonlinear system dynamics (1) can be reconstructed in the form of an RNN as follows:(2)x˙=A∗x+C∗fx+B∗ut+D∗+ηd+ηx,where A∗, B∗, C∗, and D∗ are the unknown ideal weight matrices. ηx denotes a finite approximate error, which satisfies ηx≤η-x, where η-x is positive number. From Assumption 3, thus η=ηd+ηx is taken as the compound disturbance which satisfies η≤η-=η-d+η-x.Assumption 5 (see [13]).
The norm of matricesA∗, B∗, C∗, and D∗ is assumed to be bounded, which satisfied A∗≤A-, B∗≤B-, C∗≤C-, and D∗≤D-, where A-, B-, C-, and D- are all positive constants.Assumption 6 (see [24]).
The activation functionf(x) is a given local Lipschitz continuous differentiable function; that is, a function fx:a,b→R is local Lipschitz on a,b, fx1-fx2≤kx1-x2 for all x1,x2∈a,b, where k>0 is a positive constant.Selection of active functionf(x) would guarantee that the controller exists and is obtainable by dichotomy principle.Based on (2), the data-driven RNN model can be constructed as (3)x^˙=A^x+B^u+C^fx^+D^+εex,where A^, B^, C^, and D^ are the estimated weight matrices of the ideal unknown weight matrices A∗, B∗, C∗, and D∗, respectively. Define the weight estimation error matrices as A~=A∗-A^,B~=B∗-B^,C~=C∗-C^,D~=D∗-D^ and state estimation error as ex=x-x^,f~(ex)=f(x)-f(x^).Considering Assumption6, let ε in (3) be a square matrix that satisfies(4)λminε-A∗-12C∗C∗T≥12k2+η-,where λmin(·) is the representation of the minimum eigenvalue.The state estimation errorex derivative is obtained from (2) and (3), which is given below:(5)e˙x=x˙-x^˙=A∗x+C∗fx+B∗u+D~+η-A^x^-C^fx^-B^u-εex.According to the equations(6)A∗x-A^x^=A∗ex+A~x^,C∗fx-C^fx^=C∗f~ex+C~fx^,B∗u-B^u=B~u,the derivative of ex is(7)e˙x=A∗ex+A~x^+C∗fex-C~fx^+B~u+D~+η-εex.Theorem 7.
Consider the RNN model system (3), let Assumption 9 hold, and the adaptive update rules of the estimated weight matrices A^,B^,C^,D^ in (3) can be expressed as(8)A^˙T=τAx^exT-τAA^T,(9)B^˙T=τBuexT-τBB^T,(10)C^˙T=τCfx^exT-τCC^T,(11)D^˙T=τDexT-τDD^T,where the learning rate parameters τA, τB, τC, and τD are all positive design constants.
Then the adaptive update rules (8)–(11) can guarantee that the uniformly ultimate boundedness of identification estimation error ex and the weight estimation error matrices A~,B~,C~,D~ are all UUB.Proof.
Define Lyapunov function:(12)V1=Vx+VA+VB+VC+VD,where Vx=1/2exTex,VA=1/2τAtrA~TA~,VB=1/2τBtrB~TB~,VC=1/2τCtrC~TC~, and VD=1/2τDD~TD~.
DifferentiatingV1 and invoking (8)–(11) and (12), we get(13)V˙x=exTA∗ex+exTC∗f~ex+exTA~x^+exTC~fx^+exTB~u+exTD~+exTη-exTεex,(14)V˙A=-trx^exTA~+trA^TA~,(15)V˙B=-truexTB~+trB^TB~,(16)V˙C=-trfx^exTC~+trC^TC~,(17)V˙D=-exTD~+D^TD~,where A~˙=-A^˙,B~˙=-B^˙,C~˙=C^˙,D~˙=-D^˙.
LetA--=1/2trA∗TA∗-1/2trA^TA^,C--=1/2trC∗TC∗-1/2trC^TC^,B--=1/2trB∗TB∗-1/2trB^TB^,D--=1/2D∗TD∗-1/2D^TD^,τ=A--+B--+C--+D-- be unknown constants.
Then, we have(18)V˙A=-trx^exTA~-12trA~TA~+A--,V˙B=-truexTB~-12trB~TB~+B--,V˙C=-trfx^exTC~-12trC~TC~+C--,V˙D=-exTD~-12D~TD~+D--.
According to Assumption6, we have(19)exTC∗f~ex≤12exTC∗C∗Tex+12f~exTf~ex≤12exTC∗C∗Tex+12k2ex2.Substituting (13) and (18)-(19) in (12) gives(20)V˙1=exTA∗ex+exTC∗f~ex+exTηd-exTεex-12trA~TA~-12trB~TB~-12trC~TC~-12D~TD~+τ≤-λminN-12k2+η-exTex-12trA~TA~-12trB~TB~-12trC~TC~-12D~TD~+τ,where N=ε-A∗-C∗C∗T/2 and λminN is minimum eigenvalue of the matrixN.
Using (20), we can see if the designed square matrix ε satisfies(21)κ=λminN-k2+η-2>0.Then all of the signals such as ex,A~,B~,C~, and D~ are guaranteed UUB properties. The proof is completed.Remark 8.
According to Theorem7, in unknown continuous-time nonlinear case of this paper, we can see that the RNN-based system state x^(t) will converge to the ideal state x(t) when t→∞. The update rules of weight matrices A^, B^, C^, and D^ are all in continuous-time domain and A^, B^, C^, and D^ will converge to the ideal matrices A∗, B∗, C∗, and D∗, respectively. Thus, it is a merit of the developed method.


## 3. Robust Control Based-NN for Unknown Nonlinear System Disturbance and Input Saturation

The control objective is that the unknown continuous-time nonlinear system with input saturation and disturbance can be stable under the developed adaptive feedback control scheme. Based on data-driven control theories, the continuous-time adaptive law of weight matricesA^, B^, C^, and D^ is preferred. Thus, the original robust control problem of unknown continuous-time nonlinear system (1) is transformed into the robust control for system (2); for example, it has been transformed to design the stable controller for the reconstruction models based-RNN. The detailed robust control scheme and the corresponding parameters updating are presented in this section.Consequently, the nonlinear system (2) can be rewritten as(22)x˙=Ax+ΔAxt+But,where x∈Rn,A, B, C, D are the output of RNN-based system corresponding state vector and steady weight matrices. ΔAxt=Cfx+ϑ is the compound disturbance, in which ϑ=A∗-Ax+B∗-Bu+C∗-Cfx+D∗-D+ηx+ηdt can be seen as a finite uncertainty vector which includes the modeling error, approximation error, the perturbation of aerodynamic coefficients, aerodynamic moment coefficients, and external time-varying unknown atmospheric turbulence; thus, ΔAxt can be seen as a finite compound disturbance vector. The uv=uv1,uv2,…,uvmT∈Rm denotes the plant input vector subjected to saturation nonlinearity, which is constrained and defined as(23)uvi=sat⁡vit=sgn⁡vit·min⁡αi,vit,where v=v1,…,vmT∈Rm is the system virtual control input vector to be designed later. αi>0 is the known saturation parameter of uvi, which comes either from a physical process constraint or from an artificial limiter. sgn⁡· denotes the sign of function ·. min·,· denotes the minimum of · and ·. Clearly, between the applied actual control uvt and the desired control input vt, there is difference. To facilitate the controller design later, define following function:(24)Δv=u-v.Assumption 9.
The input differenceΔ(v) between the saturation input u(t) and the desired control input v(t) is bounded with an unknown bound; that is, r=Δv≤Δ-.With the bounded property of the saturation input and desired input, we can see that the differenceΔv is bounded, and Assumption 9 is reasonable.System (22) can be rewritten as(25)x˙=Ax+ΔAx,t+Bv+BΔv.The control objective is now to design an adaptive feedback controller for system (25) as well as for nonlinear system (1). A baseline control law v(t) based on the indirect-adaptive control method is developed to ensure that the closed-loop system is stable.Lemma 10 (see [25]).
The following inequality holds for anyσ0>0 and ς∈R:(26)0≤ς-ςtanh⁡ςσ0≤κσ0,where κ is a constant satisfying κ=e-(κ+1);  that is,κ=0.2785.Lemma 11 (see [26]).
For bounded initial conditions, if there exist aC1 continuous and positive definite Lyapunov function V(x) satisfying ax≤Vx≤bx such that V˙x≤-δVx+π, where a,b:Rn→R are class K functions and δ, π are positive constants, then the solution x(t) is uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB).Equation (25) can be rewritten as(27)x˙=-x+BEx+Bv+gx+BΔv,where E∈Rm×n is an appropriately dimension designed matrix which satisfied that the matrix A+In×n-BE is Hurwitz matrix. gx=Ax+ΔAx,t+x-BEx, gx is an unknown continuous equivalent disturbance.In many references of robust adaptive control engineering [27–29], NN was usually employed as approximation tool for modeling continuous nonlinear function term because of its good approximation capability. In this paper, a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is used to approximate the unknown equivalent disturbance gx. Under the optimal weight value, the unknown term can be expressed as(28)gx=BW∗Tψx+ξt,ξt≤ξm,where W∗ is the optimal weight value in the approximation. ξ(t) is the smallest approximation error; ξm is an upper bound of the approximation error ξ(t).Substituting (28) into (27) yields(29)x˙=-x+BEx+Bv+BW∗Tψx+Bξ+BΔv.Remark 12.
The conventional adaptive NN approach is used to estimate the weight matrixW∗ themselves. In this paper, we introduce a novel unknown constant ϖ which is specified as θ=θ1θ2⋯θnT,θi=W∗i∗2,i=1,2,…,n,ϖ=∑θi. In this way, the presented adaptive law of NN contains only one parameter regardless of the order of systems. Therefore, the number of adaptation laws of NN is reduced considerably, which successfully handles this “dimensionality curse” problem.
Doing some simple mathematical manipulation, we have(30)χW∗Tψ=∑i=1mχiWi∗∗Tψ≤12∑i=1mχi2θiψTψ+12≤12χ2ϖψTψ+12,where χ=(xTB)T∈Rm.
Thus, we can obtain(31)-12χ2ϖ^ψTψ+χW∗Tψ≤12χ2ϖ~ψTψ+12,where ϖ^ is the estimation of ϖ,ϖ~=ϖ-ϖ^.Design the virtual input controller:(32)v=-Ex-tanh⁡χTω0r^-tanh⁡χTσ0ξ^m-12χTϖ^ψTψ,where r^ is the estimator ofr.Substituting controller (32) into system (29),(33)x˙=-x-Btanh⁡χTω0r^-Btanh⁡χTσ0ξ^m+Bξ+BW∗Tψx-12BχTϖ^ψTψ+BΔv.Design the following adaptation estimation algorithm of unknown parameter:(34)ϖ^˙=χ2ψTψ+δϖϖ^,(35)r^˙=χtanh⁡χTω0+δrr^,(36)ξ^˙m=χtanh⁡χTσ0+δξmξ^m,where δϖ>0,δr>0, and δξm>0 are the small design positive constants, modification terms which are introduced to improve the robustness in the presence of the estimate error. ω0, σ0 are design positive constants.It can be seen that the adapting law of NN was designed by the unknown parameterϖ^ not the estimation parameter of weight matrix W^ in (34). By the adaptive law of NN, the term BW∗Tψx of (33) was to be offset, that is, the unknown equivalent disturbance gx of (27) was to be compensated.Remark 13.
From (36), we can see that the known upper boundary requirement of the unknown NN approximation error is eliminated for the design adaptation law of estimation of NN approximation error.Theorem 14.
Consider the unknown MIMO nonlinear system (1) with input constraints and the unknown external disturbance. The update law of the weight matrix of RNN model is designed in (8), (9), (10), and (11), respectively. The virtual input control law and parameter tuning laws are designed as (32), (34), (35), and (36), respectively. Then, by selecting the design parameters appropriately, the designed control scheme can guarantee that all signals in the closed-loop system are bounded; for example, the signals x, ϖ~, r~, and ξ~m are uniformly ultimately bounded.Proof.
Consider the following Lyapunov function candidate:(37)L=∑i=12Li,where L1=(xTx)/2,L2=(ϖ~2)/4+(r~2)/2+(ξ~m2)/2.
Letr~=r-r^,ϖ~=ϖ-ϖ^. Invoking (33), the time derivative of L1 is given by(38)L˙1=-xTx-χtanh⁡χTω0r^-χtanh⁡χTσ0ξ^m-12χχTϖ^ψTψ+χW∗Tψx+χξ+χΔv.
From (30), the time derivate of L1 can be rewritten as(39)L˙1≤-xTx-χtanh⁡χTω0r^-xTBtanh⁡χTσ0ξ^m-12χ2ϖ~ψTψ+χ1ξm+χ1r+12.
Using Lemma10, we can obtain (40)χ1r-χtanh⁡χTω0r=r∑i=1nχi-∑i=1nχitanh⁡χiω0≤0.2785nrω0,χ1ξm-χtanh⁡χTσ0ξm=ξm∑i=1nχi-χitanh⁡χiσ0≤ξm∑i=1n0.2785σ0=0.2785nσ0ξm.
From (40), the time derivative of L1 is given by (41)L˙1≤-xTx+χtanh⁡χTω0r~+χtanh⁡χTσ0ξ~m+12+12χ2ϖ~ψTψ+∑i=1n0.2785rω0+0.2785ξmσ0.
From (37), the time derivate of L2 is(42)L˙2=-12ϖ^˙ϖ~-r^˙r~-ξ^˙mξ~m,where ϖ~˙=-ϖ^˙,r~˙=-r^˙,ξ~˙m=-ξ^˙m.
Substituting the parameter updating laws (34)–(36) into (42), we have the following equality:(43)L˙2=-12χ2ψTψϖ~-12δϖϖ^ϖ~-χtanh⁡χTω0r~-δrr^r~-χtanh⁡χTσ0ξ~m-δξmξ^mξ~m.
The following inequalities hold(44)-12δϖϖ^ϖ~≤-14δϖϖ~2+14δϖϖ2,-δrr^r~≤-12δrr~2+12δrr2,-δξmξ^mξ~m≤-12δξmξ~m2+12δξmξm2.
Substituting (44) into (43), we have the following inequality:(45)L˙2≤-12χ2ψTψϖ~-14δϖϖ~2+14δϖϖ2-χtanh⁡χTω0r~-12δrr~2+12δrr2-χtanh⁡χTσξ~m-12δξmξ~m2+12δξmξm2.
From (39) and (45), we have(46)L˙≤-xTx-14δϖϖ~2-12δrr~2+12-12δξmξ~m2+14δϖϖ2+12δξmξm2+12δrr2+n0.2785rω0+ξmσ0.
Then we have the following conclusion:(47)L˙≤-βL+φ,where β=min⁡1,δϖ/4,δr/2,δξm/2,φ=δξmξm2/2+δϖϖ2/4+δrr2/2+1/2+n0.2785rω0+ξmσ0, φ and β are positive constants.
Finally, we have(48)L≤φβ+ϑe-βt,where ϑ=L0-φ/β,L=fx,ϖ~,r~,ξ~m. Thus, limt→∞⁡Lt≤φ/β,∀t>0.
With the help of Lemma11, x,ϖ~,r~,ξ~m are all uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB). This proof is completed.From Theorems7 and 14, it is noted that the weight matrices adaptation laws (8)–(11) during the process of modeling and the designed controller (32) guaranteed that the closed-loop system (1) is UUB.


## 4. Simulation

To evaluate the performance of our algorithm, we give two examples for the numerical experiments.Example 15.
Consider the following complex affine nonlinear continuous-time system:(49)x˙1=-x1+x2+2x23+dt,x˙2=-0.5x1+x2x12+0.5x21+2x22sin⁡x12+u.
It is assumed that the system dynamics is unknown and input-output data are available. The external disturbance signald(t) was chosen as(50)dt=rand⁡-1,1e-0.2tcos⁡t,where rand-1,1 denotes the random number in [-1,1]. Except for the external disturbance, the input constraint is added to system (49).The activation functionf(x^) is selected as hyperbolic tangent function tanh⁡x^. Let the RNN with the initial elements of matrices A^,B^,C^,D^ be randomly selected in [-0.5,1]. Select the design parameter in Theorem 7 as τA=τB=τC=τD=0.9. The design gain matrix ε=16;-58. Figures 1(a) and 1(b) show the states and their estimates (dotted) by RNN for Example 15. It can be clearly seen that all states were estimated. The trajectories of the modeling errors (e1=x1-x^1,e2=x2-x^2) by the RNN are shown in Figure 2, where we can see that the state estimation errors are UUB around the equilibrium. Hence, we can see that the nonlinear system can be well reconstructed by the RNN data-driven model as Theorem 7 predicted.Figure 1
The states and their estimates by RNN.
(a)
(b)Figure 2
The modeling errors by the RNN.Based on the obtained data-driven model, the approximation robust NN controller is implemented for the unknown affine nonlinear continuous-time system (49). Parameters for adaptive laws in Theorem 14 are selected as δϖ=0.0002,δr=0.0005,δξm=0.0002,ω0=0.5,σ0=0.4. The initial values of the parameters are selected as ϖ^(0)=0.1,r^(0)=0.5,ξ^m(0)=0.01 and the initial values of the states are x0=[-0.2,-1]T.Under the proposed nonlinear adaptive controller scheme (32), the simulation results are shown in Figures 3–5. As shown in Figure 3, the smooth control input is bounded and convergent. It is shown in Figure 4 that the stability of the closed-loop system can be obtained and the state quickly converges to zero for the nonlinear system (49) in the presence of time-varying external disturbances and input saturations. Figure 5 shows the estimated curves of control parameters ϖ^, r^, and ξ^m. All of the four estimation parameters converge to the real values. We can see that the closed-loop system is UUB in the presence of external disturbances and input constraints by the proposed adaptive control algorithm.Figure 3
Control input.Figure 4
The closed-loop system states response.Figure 5
Convergence ofϖ^, ξ^m, and r^.Example 16.
Consider that a nonaffine system is described by the following differential equation [30]: (51)x˙=x2x12+0.15u3+0.14+x22u+sin⁡0.1u+10dt.
Similarly, to maintain the excitation condition, the external disturbanced(t) as (50) is added to system (51).
Choose the following simulation parameter:δϖ=δξm=0.002,δr=0.001,ω0=5,σ0=0.1,ε=-0.110;-36 and the initial values are ϖ^(0)=0,r^0=0,ξ^m0=0.001, x10,x20=0.5,-1.
Using a similar method as in Example15, based on the RNN model and the nonlinear system (51), Figures 6(a) and 6(b) show the states and their estimates (dotted). It can be clearly seen that all states were estimated. The curves of the system model errors are shown in Figure 7. It is observed that the obtained data-driven model can reconstruct the unknown nonaffine nonlinear system (51) successfully as Theorem 7 predicted.Figure 6
The states and their estimates by RNN.
(a)
(b)Figure 7
The modeling errors by the RNN.Under the proposed nonlinear adaptive controller scheme (32), the simulation results are shown in Figures 8–10 for the nonaffine nonlinear system (51). The smooth bounded control input is convergent as shown in Figure 8. It is shown in Figure 9 that the stability of the closed-loop system can be obtained and the state variables quickly converge to zero for the nonlinear system (51) with time-varying external disturbances and input constraints. Figure 10 shows the evolution curves of control parameters ϖ^, r^, and ξ^m, which are bounded. We can see that the closed-loop system is UUB in the presence of external disturbances and input constraints by the proposed adaptive control algorithm.Figure 8
Control input.Figure 9
The closed-loop system states response.Figure 10
Convergence ofϖ^, ξ^m, and r^.These simulation results demonstrate the tracking capability of the proposed controller which is valid for nonaffine nonlinear system with the time-varying unknown external disturbance and input saturation and satisfying tracking performance is obtained even for the unknown system dynamics.


## 5. Conclusion

In this paper, the data-driven robust control scheme is designed for an unknown nonlinear system with consideration of input constraints nonlinearity and unknown external disturbances. An RNN was employed to reconstruct the nonlinear with data-driven model. Based on the obtained model, an adaptive NN control scheme has been developed to cope with the time-varying disturbances and input saturations. By the proposed adaptive NN control, the UUB of all of the signals of the closed-loop system is guaranteed via Lyapunov approach. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, from which we can find that the good performance is guaranteed. The primary goal of our future work is to devise appropriate conditions and novel parameters updating laws rendering asymptotically stability of modeling error of reconstructed unknown continuous-time nonlinear system. In addition, we continue to study the robustness issues in data-driven control not only consideration of external disturbances but also consideration of sensors and actuators faults.



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