# Prediction and Influencing Factors of College Students' Career Planning Based on Big Data Mining

Authors: Lingmei Cai; Xin Wang
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2022)

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## Abstract

College students' career planning refers to the process of establishing their own career development goals based on the analysis of their own subjective and objective factors, searching for a career, and taking necessary actions to achieve their career goals. Career planning is an important aspect of human resource management, and it is a new trend in recent research to use the theory and method of psychology to study it. This project understands the current situation of contemporary college students' career planning through investigation and finds the common problems in career planning among college graduates. Systematic analysis of these problems can be used as the research premise to study college students' career planning, help college students to make correct self-assessment and career orientation, improve their self-awareness and evaluation ability, and form a good career self. In the research, the author found that, in the guidance of college students' career development direction, it is necessary to predict the future career development direction of college students. Effective prediction methods can provide objective and simple data support and theoretical basis for educators to help them implement education guidance smoothly. Therefore, this paper has carried out a series of research work. The author firstly analyzes the problems existing in the process of college career education, then analyzes the relevant theories and common methods of educational data mining and the dimension analysis of the influencing factors of college students' career development direction, so as to determine the research dimension of this paper, and then carries out the relevant research such as the modeling of prediction model, the implementation of algorithm, and the case test of prediction method. According to the above research, the author draws the following conclusions: the grey prediction algorithm has better performance in small- and medium-sized data prediction. Based on the comprehensive quality evaluation data, the prediction conclusion is more objective and accurate. However, there are still some shortcomings in the algorithm design in this study. In the future research, we can try to adjust the relevant parameters through more data and more experimental verification, so as to further optimize the algorithm.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

With the continuous increase of national investment in higher education, the enrollment scale of local colleges and universities has also expanded, and the number of students is increasing. Most ordinary colleges and universities are facing the problem of difficult employment of students [1]. It is true that the career development of graduates is affected by many factors, including individual quality, family background, employment policy, and so on, but the influence of educational guidance in colleges and universities is still in the main position [2]. Therefore, in college education, it is an important task for educators to guide students' career development direction reasonably, effectively, and timely. This task directly affects the improvement of college students' comprehensive quality and the quality of talent training in colleges and universities. In this work, it is necessary to predict the future career development direction of college students. The effective forecasting method can provide objective and simple data support and theoretical basis for educators and help them to implement education guidance smoothly. Therefore, how to predict the future career development direction of college students is the focus of this paper.With the rapid development of today's educational informatization, all kinds of data and information are constantly accumulated in the process of education and teaching in colleges and universities, but many data have not been effectively used [3]. For example, in the educational administration information management system of most colleges and universities, the academic achievement data of students are only used for input/output and simple query operations, and the analysis and processing of students' achievements is generally only simple mathematical statistics such as statistical achievements and credits. For example, in most colleges and universities that implement comprehensive evaluation, the accumulated comprehensive evaluation data is only used for the evaluation of awards and the supplement of academic achievements [4]. As a result, a large number of valid data are stored in different computers in various forms and have not been excavated and used at a deeper level. As a result, these data are largely idle, which is not convenient for the university management departments to conduct effective teaching evaluation. At the same time, they have not played a scientific guiding role in the career development of students. Therefore, the career guidance of university student management workers can hardly meet the actual development needs of students [5]. How to cultivate and transport talents with independent ability and adapt to social needs has become an urgent task faced by colleges and universities today. However, the current talent training mode and employment guidance methods in colleges and universities have been difficult to adapt to the development of colleges and universities, which requires us to base ourselves on the present, focus on the future, carry out in-depth thinking and exploration, innovate educational concepts, and get out of the predicament of college development [6]. Under this background, this paper will learn from the latest achievements of western related theories and conduct a comprehensive study on the efficacy of college students' career planning, which will not only help to enhance a comprehensive understanding of career planning guidance theory, but also provide theoretical and practical basis for the development of employment guidance ideology in Chinese universities and also help to explore methods suitable for college students' career planning in China and provide reference for talent cultivation in Chinese universities. The research work done in this paper hopes to improve the ability of college students to adapt to the society and further make their own medium- and long-term development plan. In order to meet the practical needs of college students' differentiated and personalized development, effectively solve a series of practical problems, and improve the pertinence and effectiveness of college students' growth and talent education, we must innovate the growth and talent education mode of college students [7].The main contributions of this paper are as follows:(i)
On the basis of analyzing the research status at home and abroad in related fields and some related theories, analyze the influencing factors of college students' career development direction, and formulate evaluation dimensions.(ii)
Design a predictive model and implement the predictive model with an algorithm.(iii)
Apply the designed forecasting model, formulate forecasting rules, and finally get the forecasting conclusion.The rest of this paper is organized as follows. The second chapter of the paper is mainly to do a literature review. The proposed prediction model based on data mining is constructed in the third chapter of the article. There is an empirical study, and the fourth chapter mainly uses the collected data to analyze the career planning and influencing factors of college students. The fifth chapter mainly summarizes the results of this study and points out the shortcomings of the study.


## 2. Related Work

Literature [8] pointed out that students of different grades have significant differences in career feeling, career exploration, career planning, and career action, and they increase with the increase of grades. Literature [9] found that systematic career planning is helpful for a successful career. Literature [10] believes that whether college students have a clear career plan will affect their employment and career development. The factors that affect college students' career planning have been widely concerned by scholars at home and abroad. Literature [11] found that there was no significant difference in the career development of adolescents in different grades of the same major, indicating that age is not the main factor affecting the career planning of college students. Literature [12] found that, compared with girls, boys have more confident and positive attitudes towards career, indicating that there are significant differences between genders in college students' career planning. Literature [13] found that the motivation to study, the adaptability to study and life, the ability of career decision-making, and the application of career planning strategies have a significant positive correlation with the career planning of college students. Literature [14] pointed out that post-90s college students realize the importance of career planning, but they lack the understanding of career planning and thus lack specific career planning actions. Literature [15] believes that personal factors have a greater impact on career planning, which varies with age. Literature [16] believes that college students recognize that career planning is important but lack relevant career planning knowledge. Nearly half of the students do not have a clear career planning. The main factors that affect whether college students have obvious career planning are grades and identity, discipline, professional selection basis, professional satisfaction, career planning cognition, etc.As mentioned above, scholars at home and abroad have made some achievements in the research of college students' career planning, but there are still many disputes on “what factors affect college students' career planning.” Foreign research results are mostly based on the situation of developed countries, which are not suitable for the domestic situation. The research results of domestic academic circles in this field are mostly based on theoretical analysis or case analysis. There are few empirical studies to obtain data through questionnaire survey and then carry out econometric analysis. This paper is based on the survey of college students in representative colleges and universities in the Yangtze River Delta, the most developed economy and education in China, and then makes an empirical study according to the first-hand data and data obtained from the survey. This kind of “grounded gas” research is helpful to understand the current situation, characteristics, and influencing factors of college students' group career planning and lay the foundation for putting forward feasible and targeted countermeasures and suggestions.


## 3. Research on the Behavior Choice and Influencing Factors of College Students' Career Planning

### 3.1. Analysis of Influencing Factors of College Students' Career Planning

The influencing factors of college students' career planning mainly include internal factors and external factors [17]. Through scientific analysis and reasonable explanation of internal and external factors, we can help college students establish a more scientific and regular concept and awareness in the process of career planning. Internal factors, that is, their own factors: From the analysis of the college students themselves, it includes the interests, hobbies, personalities, and their own abilities and objective understanding of college students. The main body of the career planning of college students is the college students themselves, so it is necessary to establish a more humane development platform for college students, give them empty words for their growth, and make a humanized training plan [18]. Because college students are the main body of career planning, schools and society should strengthen investment in college students' career planning work, improve the college students' career planning system, and create more favorable conditions for college students' career planning, so that college students understand themselves more clearly [11]. Students' self-awareness includes whether they know their interests; Do you know your ability? Do you know your strengths and weaknesses? Are you satisfied with your college career? Have you made any plans for your college career? Do you know your development plan for the next three to five years? Among their own factors, the construction of college students' spiritual world should also attract our attention. The spiritual world is particularly important for today's college students. Facing the rapid changes of real society, it is a severe test for college students' spiritual world, and college students' spiritual world education mainly includes the cultivation of moral quality and professional attitude. How to establish good moral quality and good professional attitude is also an upward dimension of their own factors. At the same time, it is also a node to test college students' career planning. Instead of just staying at the level of self-worth and self-awareness, they should broaden their horizons and realize the importance of a good moral quality and professional attitude. This requires all colleges and universities to actively educate and cultivate the moral quality of college students, and the society should issue various relevant policies to restrict the moral behavior of college students. For college students themselves, they should participate in the practice of Zhuang Hui and carry out various types of preservice training, so that they can cultivate a good professional attitude and improve their professional cultivation before formal employment. Carry out a series of education through ideological and political education to improve college students' understanding and correct outlook on life and world, enrich college students' spiritual world, and face the real society and cruel workplace more calmly [17]. The comprehensive quality evaluation system of college students is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Comprehensive quality evaluation system of college students.External factors, i.e., social or other factors: From the analysis of the entire social environment, career planning statements cannot be empty talk without social factors. Sooner or later, college students will walk out of the school entrance and face the colorful external world. If the influence of social factors in career planning is not considered, college students will feel confused and at a loss when they first step into the society. While receiving theoretical knowledge education in schools, college students are required to actively participate in social practice. They cannot blindly study book theoretical knowledge. The correct attitude should be able to effectively combine book knowledge with social practice, so as to truly apply what they have learned. If they do not participate in social practice, it is difficult to have a correct understanding of the society, so that many college students run into barriers everywhere as soon as they leave the campus and cannot adapt to the society well. Social demand is the most important objective condition to determine college students' career planning and choice: firstly, it affects the realization degree of career choice. Generally speaking, if the job supply exceeds the demand, the range of college students' career choices will be larger, the employment difficulty will be smaller, and the degree of realization will be higher. If the position supply is less than the demand, the scope of choice will be narrowed and the degree of realization will be lower. Secondly, it is the opportunity to influence career choice. The political system is dominated by social factors. Today's college students are first and foremost aware of national policies and systems. Sending samples will be more conducive to choosing specific industries in the future. By understanding the occurrence and development of national policies, they can judge the future industry trends and choose industries in a targeted manner so as to find suitable development space. Economic trend is the secondary cause of social factors, and most enterprises are concentrated in the economic field, which is an important town for college students' employment. Economy, society, and culture are the three important factors of socioeconomic operation, all of which are indispensable. Without any one, society cannot function normally. Therefore, for contemporary college students, if they want to deepen their understanding of society, they should start from these three aspects, objectively and accurately understand the political, economic, and cultural changes of society, and then adjust their employment plans in time.


### 3.2. Prediction Model Modeling and Algorithm Implementation Based on Data Mining

Before modeling the prediction model, collect data first. Only in this way can we study the construction form of the model through the basic form of the collected data [19]. Therefore, the author has obtained the four-year comprehensive quality evaluation result data of the students of the seventh session of a normal university in the past ten years through investigation and statistics. Then, preprocess the acquired data. In this paper, we will turn the scattered data sets of students into annual master data tables of grades, so that these data are stored in the same way. This data table contains all data of all dimensions of students' comprehensive quality assessment in a certain grade and a certain year. First, fill in the missing values, such as students who miss the exam, whose scores are 0, and students who do not take courses, whose scores are -1. Secondly, remove outliers, such as dropouts, suspended students, and students' repeated scores. Delete some attributes irrelevant to the mining results, such as number and name. Generalize the attribute values in the table with the methods of normalization and attribute construction to obtain the generalized form. Then, the basic data of students are cumulatively calculated according to the data types required by the comprehensive evaluation dimension of college students' career development direction, and a new form of comprehensive evaluation data is obtained. In order to ensure the feasibility of modeling, it is necessary to do necessary inspection and processing for the preprocessed data mentioned above. We found that, in the above data, the amount of data is small. When the amount of data is small, GM1,1 modeling can be considered. But whether this kind of modeling can really be carried out requires feasibility verification. Therefore, after the following inspection process, the author confirms that the research in this paper can carry out GM1,1 modeling. The inspection process is as follows.Let the grades of thei-th student in the j semester be(1)Xi0=Xi01,Xi02,…,Xi0n,1≤j≤n.Calculate the order ratio of the sequence:(2)λik=Xi0k−1Xi0k,k=2,3,…,n.Then the order ratio of sequenceyi0=yi0j is(3)λiyk=yi0k−1yi0k∈X,k=2,3,…,n.The average value of the grade ratio in the validation data is 0.979, 1.043, and 0.926 in turn, which is within the allowable range. Therefore, the students' grades can be predicted by the data of grey modelGM1,1.Neural network is a mechanism similar to human brain. Neuron is the basic element of neural network, which is equivalent to multi-input and single output information processing unit. The input information processing is nonlinear. The network formed by the interconnection of a large number of neurons is neural network. The most commonly used algorithm is BP algorithm. BP neural network uses the error after output to estimate the error of the previous layer of the output layer and then uses this layer of error to estimate the error of the previous layer, so as to obtain the error estimates of all layers. The topology of BP neural network is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
BP neural network topology is shown in the figure.The accuracy of the prediction results can be clarified by performing the residual test. The general residual testing process is as follows:Calculate residual value(4)εik=Xi0k−X10∧kXi0k,k=1,2,…,n.If residual error(5)εik≤0.2,it can be considered that the predicted results meet the general requirements;If the residual(6)εik≤0.1,it can be considered that the prediction results meet the higher requirements.In this paper, the step ratio deviation is selected as the residual error, and the inspection process is as follows:Calculate grade ratio deviation(7)ρik=1−1−0.5a1+0.5aλik,k=1,2,…,n.If the order ratio deviation(8)ρik≤0.2,it can be considered that the predicted results meet the general requirements.If the order ratio deviation(9)ρik≤0.1,it can be considered that the predicted result meets the higher requirements.This paper measures the social network of college students from three aspects, divides the network interests into two aspects: information resources and career support, and divides the main influencing factors of career planning into three aspects. This paper holds that the impact of social network on college students' career planning is carried out through the intermediate variable of network interests. The different characteristics of college students' social network will have an impact on the information resources and career support in the network interests, and the differences of network interests will have different effects on college students' career planning. This paper proposes a hypothetical model of the impact of social network on college students' career planning, as shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Hypothetical model of social network's influence on college students' career planning.The explained variable of this model is “whether career planning has been carried out,” and there are two categories of variables: 1 is yes and 0 is no. Explanatory variables are factors that affect college students' individual characteristics and career planning cognition in making career planning, including gender, grade, cadres, disciplines, professional selection basis, professional satisfaction, career development direction cognition, professional knowledge source, and career planning cognition, all of which are virtual variables. Assuming that the probability of career planning for college studentsi is Pi, the specific form of logit model is as follows:(10)Pi=Fα+∑j=1mβjXij+u=11+exp−α+∑j=1mβjXij+u.Among them,Pi is the probability that the first i college student makes career plans, and i is the number of college students; βj represents the regression coefficient of j-type influencing factor; m represents the number of influencing factors; Xij is an explanatory variable, which indicates the j influencing factor of i college students; α is intercept; u is the error term.College students' career planning awareness is an important basis to measure whether they have career planning needs. The survey found that almost all college students said that they had considered or were considering their own future and future, and only a very small number said they had never considered sending one. However, it is worth noting that there are very few students who can actually make real efforts for their future ideals [20]. At the same time, there are great differences in career planning awareness among students from different families. Students whose parents are highly educated perform relatively well. They have better social resources than other students and have stronger information gathering and social skills. Because a deep cultural foundation is needed both at the cognitive level and at the theoretical level, for college students whose fathers have a college or undergraduate degree, they are obviously better than those whose fathers only received junior high school education in terms of theoretical guidance: the acceptance of new ideas is more compared to students whose fathers have no education or who have only received primary or middle school education [21]. For college students whose mothers have a college or undergraduate education, they are significantly better than those whose mothers only received junior high school education in terms of growth behavior; in terms of growth exploration and overall performance of growth planning, they are better than those whose mothers have no education or who only receive education. Students with primary or lower secondary education performed better. Career planning is a systematic project, and it is difficult to achieve good results without the scientific guidance of colleges and universities. The demand for career guidance is high, and most students believe that the school needs to provide good theoretical support and practical guidance. Therefore, colleges and universities should strengthen the systematic guidance and evaluation of the functions and effects of college students' career planning activities, so as to better provide targeted help according to the actual situation and needs of students. A recognized career planning assessment tool can help college students to correctly identify themselves, so that students can recognize their own strengths and weaknesses and then design a set of career planning that really suits them.


## 3.1. Analysis of Influencing Factors of College Students' Career Planning

The influencing factors of college students' career planning mainly include internal factors and external factors [17]. Through scientific analysis and reasonable explanation of internal and external factors, we can help college students establish a more scientific and regular concept and awareness in the process of career planning. Internal factors, that is, their own factors: From the analysis of the college students themselves, it includes the interests, hobbies, personalities, and their own abilities and objective understanding of college students. The main body of the career planning of college students is the college students themselves, so it is necessary to establish a more humane development platform for college students, give them empty words for their growth, and make a humanized training plan [18]. Because college students are the main body of career planning, schools and society should strengthen investment in college students' career planning work, improve the college students' career planning system, and create more favorable conditions for college students' career planning, so that college students understand themselves more clearly [11]. Students' self-awareness includes whether they know their interests; Do you know your ability? Do you know your strengths and weaknesses? Are you satisfied with your college career? Have you made any plans for your college career? Do you know your development plan for the next three to five years? Among their own factors, the construction of college students' spiritual world should also attract our attention. The spiritual world is particularly important for today's college students. Facing the rapid changes of real society, it is a severe test for college students' spiritual world, and college students' spiritual world education mainly includes the cultivation of moral quality and professional attitude. How to establish good moral quality and good professional attitude is also an upward dimension of their own factors. At the same time, it is also a node to test college students' career planning. Instead of just staying at the level of self-worth and self-awareness, they should broaden their horizons and realize the importance of a good moral quality and professional attitude. This requires all colleges and universities to actively educate and cultivate the moral quality of college students, and the society should issue various relevant policies to restrict the moral behavior of college students. For college students themselves, they should participate in the practice of Zhuang Hui and carry out various types of preservice training, so that they can cultivate a good professional attitude and improve their professional cultivation before formal employment. Carry out a series of education through ideological and political education to improve college students' understanding and correct outlook on life and world, enrich college students' spiritual world, and face the real society and cruel workplace more calmly [17]. The comprehensive quality evaluation system of college students is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Comprehensive quality evaluation system of college students.External factors, i.e., social or other factors: From the analysis of the entire social environment, career planning statements cannot be empty talk without social factors. Sooner or later, college students will walk out of the school entrance and face the colorful external world. If the influence of social factors in career planning is not considered, college students will feel confused and at a loss when they first step into the society. While receiving theoretical knowledge education in schools, college students are required to actively participate in social practice. They cannot blindly study book theoretical knowledge. The correct attitude should be able to effectively combine book knowledge with social practice, so as to truly apply what they have learned. If they do not participate in social practice, it is difficult to have a correct understanding of the society, so that many college students run into barriers everywhere as soon as they leave the campus and cannot adapt to the society well. Social demand is the most important objective condition to determine college students' career planning and choice: firstly, it affects the realization degree of career choice. Generally speaking, if the job supply exceeds the demand, the range of college students' career choices will be larger, the employment difficulty will be smaller, and the degree of realization will be higher. If the position supply is less than the demand, the scope of choice will be narrowed and the degree of realization will be lower. Secondly, it is the opportunity to influence career choice. The political system is dominated by social factors. Today's college students are first and foremost aware of national policies and systems. Sending samples will be more conducive to choosing specific industries in the future. By understanding the occurrence and development of national policies, they can judge the future industry trends and choose industries in a targeted manner so as to find suitable development space. Economic trend is the secondary cause of social factors, and most enterprises are concentrated in the economic field, which is an important town for college students' employment. Economy, society, and culture are the three important factors of socioeconomic operation, all of which are indispensable. Without any one, society cannot function normally. Therefore, for contemporary college students, if they want to deepen their understanding of society, they should start from these three aspects, objectively and accurately understand the political, economic, and cultural changes of society, and then adjust their employment plans in time.


## 3.2. Prediction Model Modeling and Algorithm Implementation Based on Data Mining

Before modeling the prediction model, collect data first. Only in this way can we study the construction form of the model through the basic form of the collected data [19]. Therefore, the author has obtained the four-year comprehensive quality evaluation result data of the students of the seventh session of a normal university in the past ten years through investigation and statistics. Then, preprocess the acquired data. In this paper, we will turn the scattered data sets of students into annual master data tables of grades, so that these data are stored in the same way. This data table contains all data of all dimensions of students' comprehensive quality assessment in a certain grade and a certain year. First, fill in the missing values, such as students who miss the exam, whose scores are 0, and students who do not take courses, whose scores are -1. Secondly, remove outliers, such as dropouts, suspended students, and students' repeated scores. Delete some attributes irrelevant to the mining results, such as number and name. Generalize the attribute values in the table with the methods of normalization and attribute construction to obtain the generalized form. Then, the basic data of students are cumulatively calculated according to the data types required by the comprehensive evaluation dimension of college students' career development direction, and a new form of comprehensive evaluation data is obtained. In order to ensure the feasibility of modeling, it is necessary to do necessary inspection and processing for the preprocessed data mentioned above. We found that, in the above data, the amount of data is small. When the amount of data is small, GM1,1 modeling can be considered. But whether this kind of modeling can really be carried out requires feasibility verification. Therefore, after the following inspection process, the author confirms that the research in this paper can carry out GM1,1 modeling. The inspection process is as follows.Let the grades of thei-th student in the j semester be(1)Xi0=Xi01,Xi02,…,Xi0n,1≤j≤n.Calculate the order ratio of the sequence:(2)λik=Xi0k−1Xi0k,k=2,3,…,n.Then the order ratio of sequenceyi0=yi0j is(3)λiyk=yi0k−1yi0k∈X,k=2,3,…,n.The average value of the grade ratio in the validation data is 0.979, 1.043, and 0.926 in turn, which is within the allowable range. Therefore, the students' grades can be predicted by the data of grey modelGM1,1.Neural network is a mechanism similar to human brain. Neuron is the basic element of neural network, which is equivalent to multi-input and single output information processing unit. The input information processing is nonlinear. The network formed by the interconnection of a large number of neurons is neural network. The most commonly used algorithm is BP algorithm. BP neural network uses the error after output to estimate the error of the previous layer of the output layer and then uses this layer of error to estimate the error of the previous layer, so as to obtain the error estimates of all layers. The topology of BP neural network is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
BP neural network topology is shown in the figure.The accuracy of the prediction results can be clarified by performing the residual test. The general residual testing process is as follows:Calculate residual value(4)εik=Xi0k−X10∧kXi0k,k=1,2,…,n.If residual error(5)εik≤0.2,it can be considered that the predicted results meet the general requirements;If the residual(6)εik≤0.1,it can be considered that the prediction results meet the higher requirements.In this paper, the step ratio deviation is selected as the residual error, and the inspection process is as follows:Calculate grade ratio deviation(7)ρik=1−1−0.5a1+0.5aλik,k=1,2,…,n.If the order ratio deviation(8)ρik≤0.2,it can be considered that the predicted results meet the general requirements.If the order ratio deviation(9)ρik≤0.1,it can be considered that the predicted result meets the higher requirements.This paper measures the social network of college students from three aspects, divides the network interests into two aspects: information resources and career support, and divides the main influencing factors of career planning into three aspects. This paper holds that the impact of social network on college students' career planning is carried out through the intermediate variable of network interests. The different characteristics of college students' social network will have an impact on the information resources and career support in the network interests, and the differences of network interests will have different effects on college students' career planning. This paper proposes a hypothetical model of the impact of social network on college students' career planning, as shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Hypothetical model of social network's influence on college students' career planning.The explained variable of this model is “whether career planning has been carried out,” and there are two categories of variables: 1 is yes and 0 is no. Explanatory variables are factors that affect college students' individual characteristics and career planning cognition in making career planning, including gender, grade, cadres, disciplines, professional selection basis, professional satisfaction, career development direction cognition, professional knowledge source, and career planning cognition, all of which are virtual variables. Assuming that the probability of career planning for college studentsi is Pi, the specific form of logit model is as follows:(10)Pi=Fα+∑j=1mβjXij+u=11+exp−α+∑j=1mβjXij+u.Among them,Pi is the probability that the first i college student makes career plans, and i is the number of college students; βj represents the regression coefficient of j-type influencing factor; m represents the number of influencing factors; Xij is an explanatory variable, which indicates the j influencing factor of i college students; α is intercept; u is the error term.College students' career planning awareness is an important basis to measure whether they have career planning needs. The survey found that almost all college students said that they had considered or were considering their own future and future, and only a very small number said they had never considered sending one. However, it is worth noting that there are very few students who can actually make real efforts for their future ideals [20]. At the same time, there are great differences in career planning awareness among students from different families. Students whose parents are highly educated perform relatively well. They have better social resources than other students and have stronger information gathering and social skills. Because a deep cultural foundation is needed both at the cognitive level and at the theoretical level, for college students whose fathers have a college or undergraduate degree, they are obviously better than those whose fathers only received junior high school education in terms of theoretical guidance: the acceptance of new ideas is more compared to students whose fathers have no education or who have only received primary or middle school education [21]. For college students whose mothers have a college or undergraduate education, they are significantly better than those whose mothers only received junior high school education in terms of growth behavior; in terms of growth exploration and overall performance of growth planning, they are better than those whose mothers have no education or who only receive education. Students with primary or lower secondary education performed better. Career planning is a systematic project, and it is difficult to achieve good results without the scientific guidance of colleges and universities. The demand for career guidance is high, and most students believe that the school needs to provide good theoretical support and practical guidance. Therefore, colleges and universities should strengthen the systematic guidance and evaluation of the functions and effects of college students' career planning activities, so as to better provide targeted help according to the actual situation and needs of students. A recognized career planning assessment tool can help college students to correctly identify themselves, so that students can recognize their own strengths and weaknesses and then design a set of career planning that really suits them.


## 4. Result Analysis and Discussion

After completing the grey prediction model modeling, the data of two grades are used to verify the effectiveness of the model. Take the data of the first two years of each grade as the prediction set, predict the comprehensive evaluation data of the students in the next two years, and compare the prediction results with the actual results to verify whether they are consistent, so as to verify whether the optimization model is effective. The waveform formed by the predicted data is consistent with the real data as a whole, and the optimization model is effective. There is a slight discrepancy in some parts. The analysis reason is that the insufficient amount of initial data will cause local errors in the algorithm, and the influence of special students will also lead to misprediction. The comparison between predicted data and real data is shown in Figure4.Figure 4
Comparison between predicted data and real data.According to the survey data, this paper uses the statistical software SPSS18.0 and logit model for regression analysis. The model estimation results show that the overall significance level of each model is not high, but the significance level of the coefficient is enough to explain the influence of college students' individual characteristics and career cognition on the formation of their career planning. The results are shown in Table1.Table 1
Measurement results of influencing factors of college students' career planning.
Explanatory variablesModel IModel IIModel IIIModel IVModel VGender0.485∗∗∗Boy0.323∗∗∗GradeFreshman0.518∗∗∗0.693∗∗∗Sophomore0.643∗∗∗0.888∗∗∗Junior year0.476∗∗∗0.253∗∗∗Senior year0.537∗∗∗0.206∗∗∗CadreSubject1.671∗∗∗1.228∗∗∗Professional choice0.951∗∗∗0.616∗∗∗Suit myself1.581∗∗∗1.255∗∗∗Career development awareness0.396∗∗∗0.755∗∗∗Intercept0.5930.3720.2600.5330.618Cox—snell R20.0040.0180.0310.0350.113Pseudo R20.0060.0230.1350.0460.321Note.∗ means significant at the level of 10%, ∗, ∗ means significant at the level of 5%, and ∗, ∗, ∗ means significant at the level of 1%.From the perspective of the influence of cognitive variables of career development, its coefficient passed the 1% significance level test in both model IV and model X. This shows that the cognition of career development is an important factor that affects college students to form a clear career plan. Judging from the influence of occupational knowledge source variables, neither model IV nor model X passed the 1% significance level test. This shows that the source of career knowledge is an important factor that affects college students to form a clear career plan. From the perspective of the influence of career cognitive variables, neither model IV nor model X passed the 1% significance level test. This shows that career cognitive variables are important factors that affect college students to form a clear career plan.The survey shows that college graduates are less satisfied with the career planning services and employment guidance of the school and society, which affects college graduates' good career planning. The career planning services of society and schools are relatively weak, the educational resources of career planning are seriously insufficient, and there is a lack of professional education and guidance talents. Only 20% of college students are satisfied with the service of the school employment center, which shows that college students are less satisfied with employment guidance and career planning and also reflects that college students' career planning has not attracted the full attention of the school and society. Schools and society lack effective professional career planning education and services for college students. The means and mode of employment education in schools are relatively single and tend to be vague. The degree of satisfaction of college graduates with the career services provided by the school and society is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Satisfaction of college graduates with career services provided by schools and society.According to the survey data, college students believe that the school has specially provided career planning courses or employment guidance services, but some college students still believe that the school has not specially provided career planning courses or employment guidance services. Further investigation found that some college students will turn to their parents, relatives, and friends when they encounter difficulties in job hunting, and some college students solve them independently; some college students are still in the stage of confusion. Only a small number of college students turn to the school employment guidance department. This shows that there is still much room for improvement in the publicity and service of career planning in colleges and universities in Ningbo. The knowledge sources of college students' career planning are shown in Table2.Table 2
Sources of college students' career planning knowledge.
Career planning serviceFrequencyPercentage (%)School career guidance office18230.34Parents15826.33Newspapers, magazines, etc.21035Employment association508.33Total600100The reason why college students’ self-cognition approach presents the above pattern is closely related to the lag in the school’s career planning education guidance. The main way for college students to acquire career planning knowledge is not the school, and only 30.34% and 30.34% choose the school’s career guidance center and employment association, 8.33%, while 26.33% and 35% choose parents and newspapers and magazines. This shows that colleges and universities should further strengthen career planning education and guidance and effectively improve the ability and level of college students to carry out career planning scientifically. The degree of emphasis that college graduates place on career planning is shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Importance attached by college graduates to career planning.Statistics show that college students pay more attention to the importance of career planning and the degree of demand. It shows that although college students attach great importance to career planning and realize that it is very useful for employment, they are relatively lacking in receiving systematic professional training and economic investment, and they cannot meet the requirements with some effect.Conceptually, college students' career planning is far from universal. The growth of college students is inseparable from the guidance and planning of correct ideology. Therefore, it is particularly important for college students to form a correct awareness of career planning. A reasonable planning consciousness will make college students' career planning go more smoothly. However, in terms of China's current career planning education system, there are still major problems. The first is that the guidance of college students' growth planning in colleges and universities has not reached the level of popularization. That is to say, what colleges and universities have done for college students' career growth is not comprehensive and concrete enough, and it has not penetrated into the actual activities of college students. Career planning courses in some local colleges and universities have not been well developed, and it can even be said that career planning courses have not been offered, so for college students themselves, career planning guidance for college students has not been rationally developed and the concept of growth planning has not been popularized among college students. This is also the problem that all schools should pay enough attention to in career planning in the future. After investigating civil servants, engineers, researchers, self-employed operators, and teachers, which are more rational occupations in the hearts of college students, it is concluded that there are conceptual deviations in college students' career planning, as shown in Figure7.Figure 7
There is conceptual deviation in college students' career planning.The survey found that college students prefer to engage in work related to mental work. Many people think that mental work is more honorable and more respectable than manual work. This is a misunderstanding of the current college students' career selection. They do not create a more reasonable employment space for themselves, but choose some unknown fields that are interprofessional and interindustry, which itself is a waste of resources. Under the influence of pragmatism or even money worship, many students prefer to consider the issue of income first and ignore their personal ideals. Short-sighted behavior and the idea of following the trend prevail, which is a serious bottleneck for college students' career planning. It is the most direct and effective way to solve the deviation of college students' career planning concept by improving their understanding of their majors and guiding them to establish a long-term concept. When college students find it difficult to find a job, they will seek ways as shown in Figure8.Figure 8
Ways for college students to seek help when they are struggling in job hunting.According to the survey data, college students' self-awareness is still relatively traditional. The reason why college students' self-awareness shows the above pattern is closely related to the lagging guidance of school career planning education. The main way for college students to acquire career planning knowledge is not school. This shows that Ningbo universities should further strengthen the education and guidance of career planning and effectively improve college students' ability and level of scientific career planning.From the level of system and mechanism, first of all, the specialty structure of Chinese universities is not reasonable enough. Some colleges and universities have turned the market demand into popular majors and invested a lot of teachers and financial resources for popular majors. However, with the change of the market, popular majors die out instantly, and the previous large-scale investment has little effect, which directly leads to the blindness of discipline construction. It can also be regarded as a waste of educational resources, without practical consideration for students. When students enter school and graduate, it takes four years, and a popular major can last almost no more than two years. When students get high marks for popular majors, four years later, they find that their majors have become unpopular, which is a distortion of education. It is reasonable to set up majors to meet the market demand. However, it is necessary to help students find their own position, complete the training of career planning, connect majors with training platforms, stop setting up so-called popular majors with others, put teachers and financial resources into building the training platform of college students' career planning, improve the lack of practical ability in professional theory, and comprehensively improve the comprehensive quality of college students.


## 5. Conclusions

To sum up, college students pay more attention to career planning but emphasize theory over practice, and the effect is not high. College students' cognition of career is too ideal and lacks good career cognition and career orientation. The main reason is that they do not have a good sense of career planning due to their lack of understanding of career cognition and career orientation, and they take the initiative to plan their own career. The research in this paper shows that the grey prediction algorithm has better performance in small- and medium-scale data prediction, but there is still room for improvement. When designing the algorithm, the author finally chose the grey prediction algorithm and made experimental adjustments and improvements based on parameters. The experimental results also confirmed the advantages of the grey prediction algorithm: it is suitable for small data, with fast operation speed and high precision. However, in the research process, the author also found that the algorithm still has shortcomings. There is still room for feasible optimization of the algorithm, and the accuracy of the algorithm can continue to be improved. For example, you can try to adjust the key parameters while combining with other algorithms and try to continue to simplify the program, and you can verify the results through a larger amount of data and more experiments. Adjust the relevant parameters to further optimize the algorithm. The author will further improve it in future research.The construction of college students' professional career planning platform and the formulation of college growth training plan can enable college students to better deal with employment problems. Colleges and universities have rich and dynamic ideological and political education resources. Effectively combining ideological and political education with college students' career planning can better provide a service platform for college students, enable college students to better understand themselves, establish a good outlook on life, values, and career choice, and promote the real implementation of ideological and political education to a certain extent. Helping college students strengthen their subject consciousness can effectively achieve the goal of cultivating talents. Nowadays, to carry out the ideological and political education of college students in colleges and universities, we need to use a variety of ways, explore new methods, stand at a new height, and integrate innovative thinking. Only in this way can we be effective. For a long time, the construction of college students' career planning has been a useful supplement to the ideological and political education. In the process of building college students' career planning, we will combine ideological and political education with career planning, strive to enable students to establish excellent career quality through moral introspection and quality training of ideological and political education, explore rich resources of ideological and political education through the application of career planning, improve the overall quality of modern college students, and improve the construction of college students' career planning, to enable students to have targeted solutions when facing employment problems. [22].



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*Source: 5205371-2022-04-06.xml*