# Research on Influencing Factors of Adoption Behavior of Mobile Readers Based on Meta-Analysis

Authors: Haihua Zhou; Jing Liu; Xiaodong Cui
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2021)

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## Abstract

Many scholars have conducted extensive research on the adoption behavior of mobile readers, and there are obvious differences in the degree and direction of conclusions drawn from different individual studies. In this study, a meta-analysis method was used to comprehensively analyze a total of 74,964 independent samples of 31 relevant empirical research documents at home and abroad. The results show that the main influencing factors of mobile reading are perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived mobility, perceived entertainment, social influence, cognitive adjustment, perceived value, usage attitude, interface design, etc. Cognitive adjustment and usage attitude have the greatest impact on intention to use, followed by perceived usefulness, perceived mobility, subjective norms, perceived ease of use; perceived ease of use has a significant positive impact on perceived usefulness; interface design has a significant positive effect on perceived ease of use; behavioral intention has a significant positive effect on actual behavior; and perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have a significant positive effect on usage attitude.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

It is generally known that the fifth-generation (5G) mobile wireless networks have been widely deployed [1]. With the development of the fifth-generation (5G) mobile wireless networks, mobile reading quickly becomes convenient. Mobile reading refers to reading with mobile terminal devices such as mobile phones, tablets, and e-readers at any time and any place through wireless Internet. Reading content includes e-books, audio books, news, and magazines. In recent years, with the healthy and stable development of China’s mobile commerce market, mobile reading, as one of its important applications, has been favored by many users due to its convenience and flexibility, and scale and speed of development of mobile reading have made great progress. According to the research results of iiMedia Consulting’s “Special Research Report on the Development of China’s Mobile Reading Industry in 2020,” China’s online reading population has reached 530 million in 2020. The 18th National Reading Survey of the China Press and Publication Research Institute found that mobile reading and online reading are the main methods of digital reading for adult citizens in 2020, and the proportion of middle-aged and elderly people in the digital reading population has increased. Among them, 76.7% of adult citizens read on mobile phones, an increase of 0.6% from 76.1% in 2019. Among the groups who have experienced digital reading (online reading, mobile phone reading, e-reading, Pad reading, WeChat Mini Program, etc.), people aged 50 and above accounted for 23.2%, an increase of 2.8 from 20.4% in 2019. Mobile reading has become the mainstream reading platform. Major domestic reading platforms such as China Literature, Palm Media Technology, and Migu Digital Media Co. Ltd. are striving to attract readers and expand the scale of users. Scholars have conducted a lot of research on the influencing factors that affect the behavior of mobile readers. In the early days of the development of mobile Internet, when smart phones had just been popularized and the cost of using mobile devices such as mobile phones was relatively high, domestic scholars mainly studied the factors affecting the willingness or behavior of mobile reading. With the development of mobile Internet technology, especially with the popularization of new technologies such as 5G in the mobile Internet, mobile reading has gradually developed into willingness to pay. Therefore, in recent years, scholars have mainly studied the influencing factors of willingness to pay or behavior. Since the use of mobile networks in foreign countries is not as convenient as in China, most of the research conducted by foreign scholars focuses on the willingness or behavior of using e-readers such as Kindle. Most of these studies are based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model (UTAUT). The conclusions are quite different about the factors that affect users’ willingness or behavior to adopt mobile reading in different studies. Meta-analysis methods can analyze all documents based on the technology acceptance model, sort out the framework of research results that affect mobile reading intentions or behaviors, and make recommendations to major mobile digital platform service providers, network service providers, and other relevant departments based on the research results.Based on the existing Chinese and English literature, this paper finally builds a meta-analysis-based comprehensive model of the influencing factors of mobile reading on the basis of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model (UTAUT), which is a powerful supplement and expansion of the existing theoretical model of influencing mobile digital reading adoption behavior. This article is based on theoretical modeling and empirical research based on the conclusions of factors influencing the adoption of mobile reading, which is an extremely important reference for mobile service providers. Mobile service providers can carry out targeted marketing activities based on this research conclusion to promote mobile reading services. At the same time, the research in this article also provides a reference for the healthy development of the mobile reading market and the supervision of the regulatory agencies, so as to make the regulators attach great importance to the mobile reading market.The main contributions of this research: (1) systematically reviews 31 Chinese and English literatures on mobile reading influencing factors based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model (UTAUT) and structural equation models; (2) a total of 194 path relationships were sorted out in 31 articles, with 74964 samples. The same path relationships were merged, and 58 path relationships between 18 variables were finally integrated. Among these path relations, the path relationships with the number of studies greater than or equal to 5 were selected for research, and 13 path relationships among 11 variables were finally determined. The heterogeneity test was performed and the random-effect model was determined; (3) finally, a comprehensive model diagram of the influencing factors of mobile reading based on meta-analysis was established, and the meta-analysis of descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, effect value, and failure safety factor is carried out on these path relations.


## 2. Literature Review

At present, the model of the influencing factors of the willingness to adopt or the willingness to pay for mobile reading is mainly based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model (UTAUT). The model of the willingness to continue to adopt or the willingness to pay is based on the Expectation Confirmation Theory and is not included in this article. Therefore, the following models and literature are reviewed based on the technology acceptance model and the integrated technology acceptance model.


### 2.1. Model Introduction

The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was proposed by Davis [2] and other scholars in 1989 on the basis of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), as shown in Figure 1. In Figure 1, Technology Acceptance Model believes that system use is determined by behavioral intention, and behavioral intention is determined by both attitude toward using and perceived usefulness, and attitude toward using is determined by perceived usefulness and ease of use. Sexuality is jointly determined, the usefulness of perception is jointly determined by the ease of perception and external variables, and the ease of perception is determined by external variables. External variables include system design characteristics, user characteristics (including perception forms and other personality characteristics), task characteristics, the nature of the development or execution process, policy influence, organizational structure, etc., which are the internal beliefs, attitudes, and intentions that exist in the technology acceptance model. It establishes a connection with the differences between different individuals, environmental constraints, and controllable interference factors. The model can be used to predict the degree of individual adoption of information systems or information technology, and its main variables are perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, use attitude, behavior intention, and use behavior. Exogenous variables refer to the factors that affect the personal perceived usefulness and ease of use by the external environment of the model. External variables provide a link between beliefs, will, attitudes, environmental constraints, and controllable influencing factors within the technical model. It greatly improves the scalability of the technical model and provides the feasibility for the improvement of follow-up research.Figure 1
Technology acceptance model.Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model (UTAUT) was proposed by Venkatesh [3] and other scholars in 2003 in integrated existing Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Social Cognitive Theory (Social Cognition), Cognition Theory (SCT), and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). These theories have used several different technological and contextual factors that influence the adoption of technologies in individual and organizational contexts [4]. The model includes four independent variables—performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, and convenience conditions, and four adjustment variables—gender, age, experience, and voluntary use. From the definition of the independent variables in this model, performance expectations are equivalent to the perceived usefulness in the technology acceptance model, and effort expectations are equivalent to the perceived ease of use in the technology acceptance model. After the model was proposed, it has been widely used in research on user adoption and behavior, such as mobile commerce, mobile health services, mobile finance, mobile government, and online learning.


### 2.2. Literature Review

Through the review of existing literature, many scholars have carried out empirical research based on TAM, UTAUT, and the extended model based on these two models. The research variables and research conclusions are different. Scholars have used TAM to study the influencing factors of the adoption behavior intention of mobile reading activities. These influencing factors mainly include perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, subjective norms, social influence, perceived mobility, perceived value, cognitive adjustment, and interface design. Most scholars have found that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness have a positive and significant impact on usage intention [5–14], but the research conclusions of Xiong [5] do not support that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have a significant positive effect on intention to use. Han Chaoqun et al. [15] and Lao Guling et al. [16] support the positive and significant effect of perceived ease of use on behavior intention but do not support the positive and significant effect of perceived usefulness on behavior intention. Although the research conclusion of Williams et al. [17] support the positive and significant influence of perceived usefulness on behavior intention, it does not support the positive and significant influence of perceived ease of use on behavior intention. Subjective norms, social influences, etc., have a positive and significant impact on behavior intentions [9, 18–21], but the research conclusions of Han et al. [15] do not support the positive and significant influence of social influence on behavioral willingness. The research conclusions of Lao and Gao [16] do not support the positive and significant influence of subjective norms on behavior intentions. The research conclusions of Han et al. [15] and Lai et al. [22] support the positive and significant influence of perceived mobility on behavioral intentions, but Ge [23] and Chiang and Chen [19] found that the positive effect of perceived mobility on behavioral intention is not significant. Dong [24] empirically believes that perception tasks, performance expectations, community influence, promotion conditions, and perceived pleasure have a positive and significant impact on college students’ mobile reading behavior, while the effect of effort expectation is not significant; however, Zhang [21] found that both performance expectations and effort expectations have a significant positive impact on users’ willingness to pay. The research conclusions of Zheng [25], Huang and Fan [26], Wang et al. [27], Zhang [8], and Zhang et al. [13] support the perception of change. Usability has a positive and significant influence on usage attitude, while Liu et al. [20] do not support the positive and significant influence of perceived ease of use on usage attitude. Ye [28], Li and He [14], and Zheng [29] support the positive and significant impact of perceived value on behavioral intentions, but Zhao and Xie [30] did not support the positive and significant impact of perceived value on behavioral intentions. Scholars agree that interface design has a significant positive impact on perceived ease of use [8, 9, 31, 32], and most scholars believe that perceived ease of use has a significant positive impact on perceived usefulness [11, 22, 26, 33]. The results of many studies [8, 34] support the positive and significant impact of cognitive regulation on behavioral intentions. All scholars in this study including Chen and Zhu [35] believe that the intention to use has a positive and significant impact on the use behavior. Through the review of the above literature, it is found that many scholars have different conclusions about which factors have significant influence on users’ digital reading adoption behavior. Therefore, this article builds a comprehensive model based on the meta-analysis method on the influencing factors of the existing literature, and tries to draw more general conclusions that influence the adoption behavior of mobile reading.


## 2.1. Model Introduction

The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was proposed by Davis [2] and other scholars in 1989 on the basis of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), as shown in Figure 1. In Figure 1, Technology Acceptance Model believes that system use is determined by behavioral intention, and behavioral intention is determined by both attitude toward using and perceived usefulness, and attitude toward using is determined by perceived usefulness and ease of use. Sexuality is jointly determined, the usefulness of perception is jointly determined by the ease of perception and external variables, and the ease of perception is determined by external variables. External variables include system design characteristics, user characteristics (including perception forms and other personality characteristics), task characteristics, the nature of the development or execution process, policy influence, organizational structure, etc., which are the internal beliefs, attitudes, and intentions that exist in the technology acceptance model. It establishes a connection with the differences between different individuals, environmental constraints, and controllable interference factors. The model can be used to predict the degree of individual adoption of information systems or information technology, and its main variables are perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, use attitude, behavior intention, and use behavior. Exogenous variables refer to the factors that affect the personal perceived usefulness and ease of use by the external environment of the model. External variables provide a link between beliefs, will, attitudes, environmental constraints, and controllable influencing factors within the technical model. It greatly improves the scalability of the technical model and provides the feasibility for the improvement of follow-up research.Figure 1
Technology acceptance model.Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model (UTAUT) was proposed by Venkatesh [3] and other scholars in 2003 in integrated existing Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Social Cognitive Theory (Social Cognition), Cognition Theory (SCT), and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). These theories have used several different technological and contextual factors that influence the adoption of technologies in individual and organizational contexts [4]. The model includes four independent variables—performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, and convenience conditions, and four adjustment variables—gender, age, experience, and voluntary use. From the definition of the independent variables in this model, performance expectations are equivalent to the perceived usefulness in the technology acceptance model, and effort expectations are equivalent to the perceived ease of use in the technology acceptance model. After the model was proposed, it has been widely used in research on user adoption and behavior, such as mobile commerce, mobile health services, mobile finance, mobile government, and online learning.


## 2.2. Literature Review

Through the review of existing literature, many scholars have carried out empirical research based on TAM, UTAUT, and the extended model based on these two models. The research variables and research conclusions are different. Scholars have used TAM to study the influencing factors of the adoption behavior intention of mobile reading activities. These influencing factors mainly include perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, subjective norms, social influence, perceived mobility, perceived value, cognitive adjustment, and interface design. Most scholars have found that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness have a positive and significant impact on usage intention [5–14], but the research conclusions of Xiong [5] do not support that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have a significant positive effect on intention to use. Han Chaoqun et al. [15] and Lao Guling et al. [16] support the positive and significant effect of perceived ease of use on behavior intention but do not support the positive and significant effect of perceived usefulness on behavior intention. Although the research conclusion of Williams et al. [17] support the positive and significant influence of perceived usefulness on behavior intention, it does not support the positive and significant influence of perceived ease of use on behavior intention. Subjective norms, social influences, etc., have a positive and significant impact on behavior intentions [9, 18–21], but the research conclusions of Han et al. [15] do not support the positive and significant influence of social influence on behavioral willingness. The research conclusions of Lao and Gao [16] do not support the positive and significant influence of subjective norms on behavior intentions. The research conclusions of Han et al. [15] and Lai et al. [22] support the positive and significant influence of perceived mobility on behavioral intentions, but Ge [23] and Chiang and Chen [19] found that the positive effect of perceived mobility on behavioral intention is not significant. Dong [24] empirically believes that perception tasks, performance expectations, community influence, promotion conditions, and perceived pleasure have a positive and significant impact on college students’ mobile reading behavior, while the effect of effort expectation is not significant; however, Zhang [21] found that both performance expectations and effort expectations have a significant positive impact on users’ willingness to pay. The research conclusions of Zheng [25], Huang and Fan [26], Wang et al. [27], Zhang [8], and Zhang et al. [13] support the perception of change. Usability has a positive and significant influence on usage attitude, while Liu et al. [20] do not support the positive and significant influence of perceived ease of use on usage attitude. Ye [28], Li and He [14], and Zheng [29] support the positive and significant impact of perceived value on behavioral intentions, but Zhao and Xie [30] did not support the positive and significant impact of perceived value on behavioral intentions. Scholars agree that interface design has a significant positive impact on perceived ease of use [8, 9, 31, 32], and most scholars believe that perceived ease of use has a significant positive impact on perceived usefulness [11, 22, 26, 33]. The results of many studies [8, 34] support the positive and significant impact of cognitive regulation on behavioral intentions. All scholars in this study including Chen and Zhu [35] believe that the intention to use has a positive and significant impact on the use behavior. Through the review of the above literature, it is found that many scholars have different conclusions about which factors have significant influence on users’ digital reading adoption behavior. Therefore, this article builds a comprehensive model based on the meta-analysis method on the influencing factors of the existing literature, and tries to draw more general conclusions that influence the adoption behavior of mobile reading.


## 3. Methodology

### 3.1. Research Methodology

Meta-analysis method (Comprehensive meta-analysis, CMA) is a secondary comprehensive analysis and involves evaluation of numerous individual studies [36]. When scholars conduct research on the same subject, there are different research results due to different sample sources, sample sizes, method models, and research perspectives [37]. The meta-analysis method can draw a more universal comprehensive research conclusion by integrating a large number of studies. Compared with the traditional literature analysis method, which mainly analyzes the research content based on the author’s subjective judgment, the meta-analysis method is more objective and comprehensive [38]. Compared with traditional literature reviews and content analysis method, the meta-analysis method will screen the literature strictly, which can better avoid personal subjective thinking. The method makes the research conclusions more objective and universal. The paper uses the meta-analysis method to get a more objective conclusion based on the research results of many scholars. No research has been found on influencing factors of adoption behavior of mobile readers based on the meta-analysis method. The meta-analysis provides a framework for evaluating the series of studies as a whole, rather than looking at each in isolation [39]. The meta-analysis method has been used in many fields of research, such as medicine, education [40–42], psychology [43], criminology [44], business [45], ecology [46–48], and social science.The meta-analysis method includes three sections. The first section discusses the systematic review methods needed to support a meta-analysis including the literature search and the screening and coding of eligible studies. The second section discusses best practice meta-analysis including the choice of effect size models, the description of the effect size distribution across studies, and the exploration of variability in effect sizes, also termed heterogeneity, through effect size modeling. The final section discusses the presentation and interpretation of results from a meta-analysis within a systematic review [49].The process of meta-analysis mainly includes the determination of research topics, the collection and screening of literature, the determination of effect values and the extraction of effect values, the calculation of correlation values, and the analysis and test of results. Among them, the extraction of the effect size and the calculation of the correlation coefficient are the most critical, and the correlation coefficient or path coefficient is mainly used as the effect size for correlation analysis. Due to differences in measurement methods, it is necessary to standardize the effect size in different studies, and use sample size weighting to correct the errors in the correlation coefficients. The correction formula is as shown in equation (1).(1)r+=∑Niri∑Ni,where r+ is the sample weighted adjustment correlation coefficient, ri is the i-th correlation coefficient, Ni is the sample size corresponding to the i-th correlation coefficient.From Fisherr to Fisher Z, the following calculation is required. First, the Fisher Zi of each sample is calculated according to the correlation coefficient, as shown in formula (2), and then the sample size of each sample is used for weighting adjustment to obtain Fisher Z+, as shown in formula (3). Then, use Z+ to calculate rz, which is the final correlation coefficient, see formula (4). Formulas (5) and (6) are the upper limit and lower limit of the overall estimated value of the correlation coefficient when the confidence level is 95%, and s.d. is the standard deviation under the path.(2)Fisher’sZi=0.5×Ln1+ri1−ri,(3)Fisher’sZ+=∑Nizi∑Ni,(4)rZ=EXP2z+−1EXP2z++1,(5)Upper limit=rz+1.96×s.d.,(6)Lower limit=rz−1.96×s.d..Since the effect value of the comprehensive analysis comes from different documents, in order to test the difference between these results, this paper introduces the Fail-SafeN (FSN). The larger the value, the more stable the result of the meta-analysis in this paper is, and the less likely the result is to be rejected; if it is less than 0, it indicates that the research results are unstable and the publication bias is greater. The FSN calculation formula is shown in formula (7), where N represents the number of documents in the meta-analysis sample corresponding to the variable.(7)Nfs.05=∑z1.6452−N.


### 3.2. Choosing Studies

To find a common truth behind conceptually similar studies, researchers apply meta-analysis. The meta-analysis method is a secondary comprehensive analysis and evaluation of an existing single research. Therefore, after determining the related topics of the willingness to adopt or pay for mobile digital reading, it is first necessary to search for related literature in various databases. The following key words Mobile reading, Digital reading, Online reading, Influencing factors, Adopt Intention, Willingness to pay, etc., were searched in Web of science, Google Scholar, PQDT, CNKI, and other domestic and foreign databases. A total of 722 articles were retrieved, including 499 academic journal papers, 141 conference papers, and 82 dissertations. Before further screening of the remaining publications, we established inclusion and exclusion criteria [50]. The selection is based on the following principles:(1)
Remove theoretical research and review papers, and retain empirical research papers. The papers must report the correlation coefficient (r) values or other statistics, such as F- or t-statistics, that can be used to calculate correlation coefficients [51]. However, some empirical articles are simple questionnaire surveys and descriptive statistics, or surveys done with grounded theory. Some studies use factor analysis and variance analysis and do not report the correlation coefficient or path coefficient. Because these studies cannot extract the effect value of the correlation coefficient, these studies are not included in the research. Qualitative studies, descriptive studies, and studies that were not empirical (literature reviews, letters to the editor, commentaries, calls-to-action, etc.) were not included because they do not provide necessary information for our analyzes [52].(2)
Keep papers using TAM or UTAUT to study mobile reading of adoption behavior or willingness to pay. The dependent variable for the study is about reading willingness and use behavior, and the independent variable is the generation of extended models such as perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness in TAM or UTAUT. Some studies are also about influencing factors, but they are studied from the aspects of equipment conditions (reading conditions, intelligence level), individual characteristics (educational income), advantages of mobile terminal equipment, etc., or some literature studies information quality, information credibility, reputation, cognitive response, and emotional response, which are not included in the scope of our research. Some researchers are about the willingness to continue to use after adoption. Its theoretical basis is the expectation confirmation theory, and the intermediate variable is satisfaction. Such articles are not included in the study of this article.(3)
At present, most of the research on technology acceptance models uses the empirical method of structural equation modeling (SEM) [53], so this research retains papers that use structural equation modeling and provides the correlation coefficient or regression coefficient between the two variables in the research when screening literature. The discriminant validity tables provided in some articles will explain the values in the matrix. If it is not stated whether the values in the matrix are the correlation coefficient or the square of the correlation coefficient, they will be judged based on the data in the discriminant validity table.In summary, the researchers collected papers relating to influencing factors of adoption behavior of mobile readers to provide a synthesis of scientifically rigorous knowledge in mobile network [40]. When selecting the literature, papers whose topic is about the willingness to adopt behavior or willingness to pay for mobile digital reading, the research model of which is based on TAM or UTAUT and in which the correlation coefficient or regression coefficient between the variables is reported, are included in this research. According to the above principles, a total of 31 Chinese and English papers were selected(Table 1).Table 1
Literature review in the field of mobile reading acceptance.
Author (Year)SubjectParticipantsNumber of samplesLiterature source∗Xiong (2010) [5]The adoption behavior of mobile phone reading serviceCollege students, masters, doctors, and other groups451ThesisPan (2011) [31]Acceptance behavior of mobile reading usersMost of them are college students411ThesisLai and Chang (2011) [22]Attitudes toward using e-book readersHigh school students, college students, and graduate students288Online information reviewHan et al. (2012) [15]The adoption behavior of mobile readersHigh school students, college students, and graduate students392Soft scienceChang (2013) [18]Mobile reading efficiencyUndergraduate and graduate students363Library hi techLiu (2013) [6]Influencing factors of children’s online reading behavior8- to 12–year-old children and their parents256ThesisHao (2013) [7]The adoption of e-booksCollege students, colleges, undergraduates, masters, doctors, etc.1034Thesis∗Shen (2019) [32]Research on mobile reading adoption modelMost of the users are undergraduates426Library science research∗ Lao and Gao (2013) [16]Factors influencing consumers’ adoption of mobile readingConsumers in Shanghai594Consumer economyChiang and Chen (2014) [19]r-book reading willingnessAll users352The electronic library∗Ge (2014) [23]Behavioral intentions of cell phone readingStudents of Nankai university and Tianjin university using mobile phone libraries328Library work and research∗Zheng (2014) [25]Digital reading behaviorUndergraduates of Fudan university977Thesis∗ Huang and Fan (2014) [26]Digital reading behaviorFreshman302Publishing scienceYe (2014) [28]Mobile reading adoption behavior18- to 30-year-old youth413ThesisDong (2014) [24]Mobile reading behaviorZhejiang college students425Journal of Jiaxing universityZhang (2014) [8]The adoption behavior of mobile reading usersCover users of all ages and education levels311ThesisWilliams et al. (2014) [17]E-book consumption willingnessAll users234Journal of computer information systemsPark et al. (2015) [33]Reading intention of e-booksAll users219The electronic libraryHsiao and Chen (2015) [10]The efficiency of mobile readersThird grade60Library hi tech∗ Chen et al. (2015) [9]Users’ adoption intention of mobile reading charge serviceAll users who have been in contact with mobile reading190Digital library forum∗ Mao et al. (2016) [11]Research on the adoption behavior of mobile readersCollege students382New century library∗ Xu et al. (2017) [12]Research on the factors influencing the acceptance behavior of library mobile reading usersPublic library users and university library users425Library and information workWang et al. (2017) [27]Willingness to use mobile librariesAll users201Library hi tech∗ Zhang et al. (2018) [13]The adoption behavior of mobile reading APP usersAll users310Digital library theory and practiceZhao and Xie (2019) [30]Chaoxing mobile reading platform APP use intentionUniversity student379Library and information workJi et al. (2020) [34]Influencing factors of social reading behaviorCollege students and teachers195Library forumChen and Zhu (2020) [35]The influencing factors of the transfer behavior from paper-based reading to mobile readingCollege students and teachers298Library science researchLiu et al. (2020) [20]Digital reading intentionsChildren aged 9–14252Library constructionLi and He (2020) [14]The influence of perceived value of mobile readingAll groups, mainly undergraduates335Knowledge management forumZhang (2020) [21]The influencing factors of mobile readingAll users383Thesis∗ Zheng (2020) [29]The influencing factors of digital readingCollege students308ThesisThe documents marked with ∗ do not provide correlation coefficients between variables, so the calculation is based on the path coefficients provided by them.


### 3.3. Data Entry and Variable Determination

Systematic reviews follow three basic steps: searching the literature, screening abstracts and full-text documents, and coding included studies. When a meta-analysis is included in a systematic review, researchers need to use methods that will support generalizations to the eligible studies on a topic. Each of the three basic steps must demonstrate that the researcher has attempted to identify, screen, and code all eligible studies on a given topic [49].Based on the existing variables in 31 papers, this article defines these variables. Perceived usefulness (PU) refers to the usefulness of mobile reading, such as fast reading, increased efficiency, and large amount of information. Perceived ease of use (PEOU) refers to how difficult it is to perceive new technologies, such as using smartphones or Kindles and other readers. Perceived mobility (PM) is similar to perceived convenience. Mobile reading can be read anytime and anywhere. Perceived value (PV) refers to the value of mobile reading. The interface design (SD) refers to a friendly and easy-to-find interface for reading. Perceived entertainment (PE) refers to the use of mobile reading to make oneself happy or physically and mentally pleased, and to perceive fun and entertainment. Social influence (SI) refers to the use of mobile devices for mobile reading affected by friends and colleagues. Recognition adjust (RA) refers to the degree of individual control over the environment and perception of their own behavior, that is, users have self-recognition and judgment on their ability to use mobile numbers. Attitude (ATT) refers to the user’s attitude toward using mobile digital reading. Behavior intention (BI) refers to the user’s willingness to use mobile digital reading. Actual behavior (AB) refers to the behavior of users actually using mobile digital reading.When entering the corresponding data, some variables in the literature were merged. Although some variables have different names, those variables whose definitions or connotations are similar are merged into one variable. In addition to the definition of the variable, it is necessary to determine the measurement item. Some definitions may be translated from foreign terminology, which is difficult to understand, and then we should determine the measurement items. For example, the variable “convenience value” in the literature [30] is meant to distinguish between the perceived value and perceived convenience. Using the Chaoxing mobile APP, we can easily search for books and query the borrowing information, that is, mobile reading can be more convenient anytime. According to this principle, the effort expectations in the 31 papers are classified as perceived ease of use (PEOU); performance expectations are classified as perceived usefulness (PU); social norms, subjective norms, social values, community influence, social needs, and network externalities are combined into social influence (SI); convenience, convenience value, and use context are combined into perceived mobility (PM); emotional support, perceived pleasure, perceived interest, and entertainment are combined into perceived entertainment (PE); self-cognition, perceived behavior control, cognitive adjustment, self-evaluation, etc., are combined into cognitive adjustment (RA); and willingness to adopt, intention to use, willingness to pay, and willingness to transfer are combined into behavior intention (BI). If there is a difference in the definition of the same variable in the literature, it shall be combined according to the measurement items in the questionnaire. Some variables have the same name but completely different connotations. In order to further determine the meaning of this variable, we can determine the meaning of this variable by checking the measurement items of the questionnaire, and classify them as the corresponding variables in this article according to their connotations. Finally, a total of 194 path relationships were sorted out based on 31 papers, and the total number of samples was 74,964. The same path relationships were merged, and 58 path relationships among 18 variables were finally determined.


### 3.4. Heterogeneity Testing and Model Determination

Among the determined path relationships, the number of studies greater than or equal to 5 is selected for research, and finally 13 path relationships among 11 variables are selected for meta-analysis. At present, the meta-analysis mainly adopts fixed-effects model or random-effects model, and further chooses fixed-effects or random-effects model through heterogeneity test. Heterogeneity test methods mainly includeQ test, I2 test, and Tau2 test [54]. Q test is based on the test of total variation, assuming that the effect size follows the chi-square distribution, if P<0.05, then it is obviously heterogeneous; Tau2 represents the variance of the true effect between groups, and the larger the value, the greater the heterogeneity. The ratio of Tau2 to the total variance is I2. Therefore, the I2 test mainly reflects the proportion of the true variation of the effect size in the total variation. According to Higgins et al. [55], I2 values of 25%, 50%, and 75% can be regarded as the index range of low, medium, and high heterogeneity.Meta-analysis is used to combine quantitative data from related research to summarize the results for the whole population, from which it estimates the combined effect of the whole population by synthesizing the weighted means of the effect size from each empirical study. There are two ways to estimate the model to process the meta-analysis: a fixed-effect model and a random-effect model [56]. The fact that the Q statistic calculated in this test is significant (P<0.05) suggests that the studies are heterogeneous. Therefore, random-effects model was taken as a basis for calculating the overall effect size in this study. Furthermore, the values obtained according to the random-effects model are given in the results [57]. It can be seen from Table 2 that the results of the Q significance test between these path relationships are all 0.001, and the I2 is about 75%. Therefore, it is judged that these studies have high heterogeneity, so the random-effect model is selected for subsequent analysis.Table 2
Results of heterogeneity test.
Variable relationshipnQdfPI2Tau2SD-PEOU5380.2540.00198.950.293PEOU-PU13237.34120.00194.940.058PU-ATT7177.1360.00196.610.079PEOU-ATT6105.1750.00195.250.057PU-BI211576.81200.00198.730.224PEOU-BI16396.36150.00196.220.070RA-BI5160.6640.00197.510.112PE-BI770.9160.00191.540.022PM-BI728.3760.00178.850.013PV-BI13270.14120.00195.560.064SI-BI14334.96130.00196.120.063ATT-BI6362.8550.00198.620.177BI-AB671.1750.00192.970.030In Table2, n represents the sample size for studying the path relationship, Q represents the Q test, df represents the degree of freedom, P is the result of the Q significance test, and I2 and Tau2 represent the I2 test and Tau2 test, respectively.


## 3.1. Research Methodology

Meta-analysis method (Comprehensive meta-analysis, CMA) is a secondary comprehensive analysis and involves evaluation of numerous individual studies [36]. When scholars conduct research on the same subject, there are different research results due to different sample sources, sample sizes, method models, and research perspectives [37]. The meta-analysis method can draw a more universal comprehensive research conclusion by integrating a large number of studies. Compared with the traditional literature analysis method, which mainly analyzes the research content based on the author’s subjective judgment, the meta-analysis method is more objective and comprehensive [38]. Compared with traditional literature reviews and content analysis method, the meta-analysis method will screen the literature strictly, which can better avoid personal subjective thinking. The method makes the research conclusions more objective and universal. The paper uses the meta-analysis method to get a more objective conclusion based on the research results of many scholars. No research has been found on influencing factors of adoption behavior of mobile readers based on the meta-analysis method. The meta-analysis provides a framework for evaluating the series of studies as a whole, rather than looking at each in isolation [39]. The meta-analysis method has been used in many fields of research, such as medicine, education [40–42], psychology [43], criminology [44], business [45], ecology [46–48], and social science.The meta-analysis method includes three sections. The first section discusses the systematic review methods needed to support a meta-analysis including the literature search and the screening and coding of eligible studies. The second section discusses best practice meta-analysis including the choice of effect size models, the description of the effect size distribution across studies, and the exploration of variability in effect sizes, also termed heterogeneity, through effect size modeling. The final section discusses the presentation and interpretation of results from a meta-analysis within a systematic review [49].The process of meta-analysis mainly includes the determination of research topics, the collection and screening of literature, the determination of effect values and the extraction of effect values, the calculation of correlation values, and the analysis and test of results. Among them, the extraction of the effect size and the calculation of the correlation coefficient are the most critical, and the correlation coefficient or path coefficient is mainly used as the effect size for correlation analysis. Due to differences in measurement methods, it is necessary to standardize the effect size in different studies, and use sample size weighting to correct the errors in the correlation coefficients. The correction formula is as shown in equation (1).(1)r+=∑Niri∑Ni,where r+ is the sample weighted adjustment correlation coefficient, ri is the i-th correlation coefficient, Ni is the sample size corresponding to the i-th correlation coefficient.From Fisherr to Fisher Z, the following calculation is required. First, the Fisher Zi of each sample is calculated according to the correlation coefficient, as shown in formula (2), and then the sample size of each sample is used for weighting adjustment to obtain Fisher Z+, as shown in formula (3). Then, use Z+ to calculate rz, which is the final correlation coefficient, see formula (4). Formulas (5) and (6) are the upper limit and lower limit of the overall estimated value of the correlation coefficient when the confidence level is 95%, and s.d. is the standard deviation under the path.(2)Fisher’sZi=0.5×Ln1+ri1−ri,(3)Fisher’sZ+=∑Nizi∑Ni,(4)rZ=EXP2z+−1EXP2z++1,(5)Upper limit=rz+1.96×s.d.,(6)Lower limit=rz−1.96×s.d..Since the effect value of the comprehensive analysis comes from different documents, in order to test the difference between these results, this paper introduces the Fail-SafeN (FSN). The larger the value, the more stable the result of the meta-analysis in this paper is, and the less likely the result is to be rejected; if it is less than 0, it indicates that the research results are unstable and the publication bias is greater. The FSN calculation formula is shown in formula (7), where N represents the number of documents in the meta-analysis sample corresponding to the variable.(7)Nfs.05=∑z1.6452−N.


## 3.2. Choosing Studies

To find a common truth behind conceptually similar studies, researchers apply meta-analysis. The meta-analysis method is a secondary comprehensive analysis and evaluation of an existing single research. Therefore, after determining the related topics of the willingness to adopt or pay for mobile digital reading, it is first necessary to search for related literature in various databases. The following key words Mobile reading, Digital reading, Online reading, Influencing factors, Adopt Intention, Willingness to pay, etc., were searched in Web of science, Google Scholar, PQDT, CNKI, and other domestic and foreign databases. A total of 722 articles were retrieved, including 499 academic journal papers, 141 conference papers, and 82 dissertations. Before further screening of the remaining publications, we established inclusion and exclusion criteria [50]. The selection is based on the following principles:(1)
Remove theoretical research and review papers, and retain empirical research papers. The papers must report the correlation coefficient (r) values or other statistics, such as F- or t-statistics, that can be used to calculate correlation coefficients [51]. However, some empirical articles are simple questionnaire surveys and descriptive statistics, or surveys done with grounded theory. Some studies use factor analysis and variance analysis and do not report the correlation coefficient or path coefficient. Because these studies cannot extract the effect value of the correlation coefficient, these studies are not included in the research. Qualitative studies, descriptive studies, and studies that were not empirical (literature reviews, letters to the editor, commentaries, calls-to-action, etc.) were not included because they do not provide necessary information for our analyzes [52].(2)
Keep papers using TAM or UTAUT to study mobile reading of adoption behavior or willingness to pay. The dependent variable for the study is about reading willingness and use behavior, and the independent variable is the generation of extended models such as perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness in TAM or UTAUT. Some studies are also about influencing factors, but they are studied from the aspects of equipment conditions (reading conditions, intelligence level), individual characteristics (educational income), advantages of mobile terminal equipment, etc., or some literature studies information quality, information credibility, reputation, cognitive response, and emotional response, which are not included in the scope of our research. Some researchers are about the willingness to continue to use after adoption. Its theoretical basis is the expectation confirmation theory, and the intermediate variable is satisfaction. Such articles are not included in the study of this article.(3)
At present, most of the research on technology acceptance models uses the empirical method of structural equation modeling (SEM) [53], so this research retains papers that use structural equation modeling and provides the correlation coefficient or regression coefficient between the two variables in the research when screening literature. The discriminant validity tables provided in some articles will explain the values in the matrix. If it is not stated whether the values in the matrix are the correlation coefficient or the square of the correlation coefficient, they will be judged based on the data in the discriminant validity table.In summary, the researchers collected papers relating to influencing factors of adoption behavior of mobile readers to provide a synthesis of scientifically rigorous knowledge in mobile network [40]. When selecting the literature, papers whose topic is about the willingness to adopt behavior or willingness to pay for mobile digital reading, the research model of which is based on TAM or UTAUT and in which the correlation coefficient or regression coefficient between the variables is reported, are included in this research. According to the above principles, a total of 31 Chinese and English papers were selected(Table 1).Table 1
Literature review in the field of mobile reading acceptance.
Author (Year)SubjectParticipantsNumber of samplesLiterature source∗Xiong (2010) [5]The adoption behavior of mobile phone reading serviceCollege students, masters, doctors, and other groups451ThesisPan (2011) [31]Acceptance behavior of mobile reading usersMost of them are college students411ThesisLai and Chang (2011) [22]Attitudes toward using e-book readersHigh school students, college students, and graduate students288Online information reviewHan et al. (2012) [15]The adoption behavior of mobile readersHigh school students, college students, and graduate students392Soft scienceChang (2013) [18]Mobile reading efficiencyUndergraduate and graduate students363Library hi techLiu (2013) [6]Influencing factors of children’s online reading behavior8- to 12–year-old children and their parents256ThesisHao (2013) [7]The adoption of e-booksCollege students, colleges, undergraduates, masters, doctors, etc.1034Thesis∗Shen (2019) [32]Research on mobile reading adoption modelMost of the users are undergraduates426Library science research∗ Lao and Gao (2013) [16]Factors influencing consumers’ adoption of mobile readingConsumers in Shanghai594Consumer economyChiang and Chen (2014) [19]r-book reading willingnessAll users352The electronic library∗Ge (2014) [23]Behavioral intentions of cell phone readingStudents of Nankai university and Tianjin university using mobile phone libraries328Library work and research∗Zheng (2014) [25]Digital reading behaviorUndergraduates of Fudan university977Thesis∗ Huang and Fan (2014) [26]Digital reading behaviorFreshman302Publishing scienceYe (2014) [28]Mobile reading adoption behavior18- to 30-year-old youth413ThesisDong (2014) [24]Mobile reading behaviorZhejiang college students425Journal of Jiaxing universityZhang (2014) [8]The adoption behavior of mobile reading usersCover users of all ages and education levels311ThesisWilliams et al. (2014) [17]E-book consumption willingnessAll users234Journal of computer information systemsPark et al. (2015) [33]Reading intention of e-booksAll users219The electronic libraryHsiao and Chen (2015) [10]The efficiency of mobile readersThird grade60Library hi tech∗ Chen et al. (2015) [9]Users’ adoption intention of mobile reading charge serviceAll users who have been in contact with mobile reading190Digital library forum∗ Mao et al. (2016) [11]Research on the adoption behavior of mobile readersCollege students382New century library∗ Xu et al. (2017) [12]Research on the factors influencing the acceptance behavior of library mobile reading usersPublic library users and university library users425Library and information workWang et al. (2017) [27]Willingness to use mobile librariesAll users201Library hi tech∗ Zhang et al. (2018) [13]The adoption behavior of mobile reading APP usersAll users310Digital library theory and practiceZhao and Xie (2019) [30]Chaoxing mobile reading platform APP use intentionUniversity student379Library and information workJi et al. (2020) [34]Influencing factors of social reading behaviorCollege students and teachers195Library forumChen and Zhu (2020) [35]The influencing factors of the transfer behavior from paper-based reading to mobile readingCollege students and teachers298Library science researchLiu et al. (2020) [20]Digital reading intentionsChildren aged 9–14252Library constructionLi and He (2020) [14]The influence of perceived value of mobile readingAll groups, mainly undergraduates335Knowledge management forumZhang (2020) [21]The influencing factors of mobile readingAll users383Thesis∗ Zheng (2020) [29]The influencing factors of digital readingCollege students308ThesisThe documents marked with ∗ do not provide correlation coefficients between variables, so the calculation is based on the path coefficients provided by them.


## 3.3. Data Entry and Variable Determination

Systematic reviews follow three basic steps: searching the literature, screening abstracts and full-text documents, and coding included studies. When a meta-analysis is included in a systematic review, researchers need to use methods that will support generalizations to the eligible studies on a topic. Each of the three basic steps must demonstrate that the researcher has attempted to identify, screen, and code all eligible studies on a given topic [49].Based on the existing variables in 31 papers, this article defines these variables. Perceived usefulness (PU) refers to the usefulness of mobile reading, such as fast reading, increased efficiency, and large amount of information. Perceived ease of use (PEOU) refers to how difficult it is to perceive new technologies, such as using smartphones or Kindles and other readers. Perceived mobility (PM) is similar to perceived convenience. Mobile reading can be read anytime and anywhere. Perceived value (PV) refers to the value of mobile reading. The interface design (SD) refers to a friendly and easy-to-find interface for reading. Perceived entertainment (PE) refers to the use of mobile reading to make oneself happy or physically and mentally pleased, and to perceive fun and entertainment. Social influence (SI) refers to the use of mobile devices for mobile reading affected by friends and colleagues. Recognition adjust (RA) refers to the degree of individual control over the environment and perception of their own behavior, that is, users have self-recognition and judgment on their ability to use mobile numbers. Attitude (ATT) refers to the user’s attitude toward using mobile digital reading. Behavior intention (BI) refers to the user’s willingness to use mobile digital reading. Actual behavior (AB) refers to the behavior of users actually using mobile digital reading.When entering the corresponding data, some variables in the literature were merged. Although some variables have different names, those variables whose definitions or connotations are similar are merged into one variable. In addition to the definition of the variable, it is necessary to determine the measurement item. Some definitions may be translated from foreign terminology, which is difficult to understand, and then we should determine the measurement items. For example, the variable “convenience value” in the literature [30] is meant to distinguish between the perceived value and perceived convenience. Using the Chaoxing mobile APP, we can easily search for books and query the borrowing information, that is, mobile reading can be more convenient anytime. According to this principle, the effort expectations in the 31 papers are classified as perceived ease of use (PEOU); performance expectations are classified as perceived usefulness (PU); social norms, subjective norms, social values, community influence, social needs, and network externalities are combined into social influence (SI); convenience, convenience value, and use context are combined into perceived mobility (PM); emotional support, perceived pleasure, perceived interest, and entertainment are combined into perceived entertainment (PE); self-cognition, perceived behavior control, cognitive adjustment, self-evaluation, etc., are combined into cognitive adjustment (RA); and willingness to adopt, intention to use, willingness to pay, and willingness to transfer are combined into behavior intention (BI). If there is a difference in the definition of the same variable in the literature, it shall be combined according to the measurement items in the questionnaire. Some variables have the same name but completely different connotations. In order to further determine the meaning of this variable, we can determine the meaning of this variable by checking the measurement items of the questionnaire, and classify them as the corresponding variables in this article according to their connotations. Finally, a total of 194 path relationships were sorted out based on 31 papers, and the total number of samples was 74,964. The same path relationships were merged, and 58 path relationships among 18 variables were finally determined.


## 3.4. Heterogeneity Testing and Model Determination

Among the determined path relationships, the number of studies greater than or equal to 5 is selected for research, and finally 13 path relationships among 11 variables are selected for meta-analysis. At present, the meta-analysis mainly adopts fixed-effects model or random-effects model, and further chooses fixed-effects or random-effects model through heterogeneity test. Heterogeneity test methods mainly includeQ test, I2 test, and Tau2 test [54]. Q test is based on the test of total variation, assuming that the effect size follows the chi-square distribution, if P<0.05, then it is obviously heterogeneous; Tau2 represents the variance of the true effect between groups, and the larger the value, the greater the heterogeneity. The ratio of Tau2 to the total variance is I2. Therefore, the I2 test mainly reflects the proportion of the true variation of the effect size in the total variation. According to Higgins et al. [55], I2 values of 25%, 50%, and 75% can be regarded as the index range of low, medium, and high heterogeneity.Meta-analysis is used to combine quantitative data from related research to summarize the results for the whole population, from which it estimates the combined effect of the whole population by synthesizing the weighted means of the effect size from each empirical study. There are two ways to estimate the model to process the meta-analysis: a fixed-effect model and a random-effect model [56]. The fact that the Q statistic calculated in this test is significant (P<0.05) suggests that the studies are heterogeneous. Therefore, random-effects model was taken as a basis for calculating the overall effect size in this study. Furthermore, the values obtained according to the random-effects model are given in the results [57]. It can be seen from Table 2 that the results of the Q significance test between these path relationships are all 0.001, and the I2 is about 75%. Therefore, it is judged that these studies have high heterogeneity, so the random-effect model is selected for subsequent analysis.Table 2
Results of heterogeneity test.
Variable relationshipnQdfPI2Tau2SD-PEOU5380.2540.00198.950.293PEOU-PU13237.34120.00194.940.058PU-ATT7177.1360.00196.610.079PEOU-ATT6105.1750.00195.250.057PU-BI211576.81200.00198.730.224PEOU-BI16396.36150.00196.220.070RA-BI5160.6640.00197.510.112PE-BI770.9160.00191.540.022PM-BI728.3760.00178.850.013PV-BI13270.14120.00195.560.064SI-BI14334.96130.00196.120.063ATT-BI6362.8550.00198.620.177BI-AB671.1750.00192.970.030In Table2, n represents the sample size for studying the path relationship, Q represents the Q test, df represents the degree of freedom, P is the result of the Q significance test, and I2 and Tau2 represent the I2 test and Tau2 test, respectively.


## 4. Results and Discussion

### 4.1. Descriptive Statistical Analysis

If the correlation coefficient is reported in the researched literature, the effect size is the correlation coefficient. If the correlation coefficient is not reported in the literature and only the coefficient of the regression path is reported, according to the method of Peterson and Brown [58]: When r ≥ 0; × r = β × 0.98 + 0.05; when r < 0, r = 0.98–0.05, where β ∈ [−0.5, 0.5], the regression coefficient is converted into the correlation coefficient r.Statistics are carried out by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software, and the descriptive statistical analysis of each path relationship is shown in Table3. It can be seen from Table 3 that among the research literature on the influencing factors of mobile reading, the path relationship between perceived usefulness and behavioral intention is the most studied, and when the number reaches 21, only 3 paths are not significant with the significance rate reaching 85.7%; secondly, there are 16 studies on the path relationship between usability and behavioral intention, and 4 paths are not significant with a significant rate of 75%; the third is that the number of researches on the path relationship between social influence and behavioral intention is 14, and 5 paths are not significant with a significant rate of 64.3%. The significant rate of 8 of 13 path relationships reached 100%. The sample size of each path relationship is between 60 and 1034, and the average sample size is above 293.Table 3
Descriptive statistical analysis table of each path relationship.
Variable relationshipQuantityCorrelation coefficientSignificant situationSample sizeCumulative sampleAverage sampleMinimumMaximumDifferenceSignificantNot significantSignificance rate (100%)MinimumMaximumSD-PEOU50.3340.9320.598501001904261648330PEOU-PU130.3000.8140.51412192.32014514254327PU-ATT70.2360.7240.488701002019772735391PEOU-ATT60.1780.6130.435601002019772353392PU-BI210.0880.980.89218385.76010347482356PEOU-BI160.1190.7000.581124756010345967373RA-BI50.2640.6800.416501001955941823365PE-BI70.2240.5820.3587010032810343561509PM-BI70.3000.5760.27670100603922053293PV-BI130.0800.5790.49910376.9604514428341SI-BI140.1040.7700.6669564.319010345652404ATT-BI60.2230.8440.621601002529772611435BI-AB60.5200.7840.2646010025610342808468PU (perceived usefulness), PEOU (perceived ease of use), PM (perceived mobility), PE (perceived entertainment), SI (social influence), RA (cognitive adjustment), PV (perceived value), SD (interface design), ATT (attitude), BI (behavior intention), and AB (actual behavior).


### 4.2. Reliability Test Analysis

Before conducting a formal questionnaire survey, the reliability coefficient Cronbach’sα of the measurement items and variables of the questionnaire should be reported to prove the reliability of the questionnaire [37]. Most of the 31 papers report the value of Cronbach’s α. Some papers report the average of all variables or the range from the minimum to the maximum of the Cronbach’s α, and then the average value is taken as the reliability coefficient of all variables. It can be seen from Table 4 that the reliability coefficients of all variables are distributed between 0.673 and 1, the minimum average reliability is 0764, the maximum average reliability is 0.863, and the maximum variance is 0.011, indicating that the distribution of reliability coefficients of all variables is relatively stable.Table 4
Cronbach’sα analysis.
Variable valueAverage reliabilityMinimumMaximumVarianceNumber of studies (a)SD0.7640.7530.7770.0013PEOU0.8370.6730.9500.00626PU0.8500.7040.9600.00523PM0.8240.7200.9000.0049PV0.8260.7050.9320.00511PE0.8510.7730.9240.00212SI0.8250.7010.9190.00418RA0.8450.7620.9030.0036ATT0.8130.7370.9540.0068BI0.8630.7250.9980.00429AB0.8510.7011.0000.0116Part of the literature does not report the reliability coefficient, so the number of research variables will be less than the number of variable relationships in the descriptive statistical analysis in Table3.


### 4.3. Effect Size and Failure SafetyN Analysis

The effect sizes in this review were inspected to see whether they came from the same population [59]. The correlation coefficient, Fisher’s Z, and the failure safety N among the influencing factors of mobile reading adoption behavior are shown in Table 5. According to Cohen’s [60], when the value of Fisher’s Z is between 0.1 and 0.3, the effect size is Low, when the value is between 0.3 and 0.5, the effect size is medium, and when the value is greater than or equal to 0.5, the effect size is high. From the Fisher’s Z in Table 5, it can be seen that the minimum Fisher’s Z is 0.394 and the maximum Fisher’s Z is 0.896, both of which are above medium, that is, the robustness between these variables is relatively good. In a meta-analysis, there is always a probability for publication bias due to the inclusion of studies with larger effect size; thus, it is mandatory to assess the publication bias before proceeding to the analysis [51]. Accordingly, we employed fail-safe N method [61]. The larger the failure safety N, the smaller the deviation of the results of the meta-analysis [62], that is, the size of the failure safety N indicates how many samples are needed to be increased to eliminate the significant correlation between variables [63]. As can be seen from the failure safety N in Table 5, 13 sets of variable relationships have passed the failure safety factor test, that is, 1519 studies need to be added to eliminate the significant correlation between the variables SD-PEOU, and the significance of the failure safety factors of other path relationships can be derived from this. The Classic fail-safe N test showed that 1519 additional studies of adoption behavior of mobile readers would be required to nullify the overall effect size found in the present analysis [50]. Combined with the analysis results of Tables 3 and 5, the 13 path relationships of 11 variables constitute the comprehensive model diagram of the influencing factors of mobile reading adoption behavior in this article, as shown in Figure 2. Among these 13 path relationships, the path relationships are significant.Table 5
Correlation analysis.
Path relationshipCorrelation coefficientFisher’sZCorrelation 95% confidence intervalCorrelationZ-valueCorrelationP-valueFailure safetyNLower limitUpper limitSD-PEOU0.7140.8960.3960.8793.6810.0011519PEOU-PU0.5570.6290.4570.6439.1430.0015707PU-ATT0.5670.6430.4060.6945.9400.0011652PEOU-ATT0.4490.4840.2800.5914.8350.001647PU-BI0.5910.6790.4420.7086.5230.0017045PEOU-BI0.4310.4610.3160.5336.7690.0014752RA-BI0.6240.7320.4090.7744.8210.0011125PE-BI0.3980.4220.2970.4917.1440.0011084PM-BI0.4560.4920.3750.5309.8500.001862PV-BI0.3740.3940.2470.4895.4390.0012113SI-BI0.451′0.4860.3380.5517.0800.0014224ATT-BI0.6190.7230.3660.7864.1730.0012232BI-AB0.6650.8020.5760.73810.8190.0012490Figure 2
Comprehensive model diagram of influencing factors of mobile reading.As shown in Figure2, the main influencing factors of the adoption behavior of mobile digital reading users are perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived mobility, perceived entertainment, social influence, cognitive adjustment, perceived value, use attitude, interface design, etc. Cognitive adjustment has the greatest influence on behavior intention (0.624), followed by attitude (0.619), perceived usefulness (0.591), perceived mobility (0.456), social influence (0.451), perceived ease of use (0.431), perceived entertainment (0.398) and perceived value (0.374); perceived ease of use has a significant positive impact on perceived usefulness (0.557); interface design has a significant positive effect on perceived ease of use (0.714); behavioral intention has a significant positive impact on actual behavior (0.665); perceived usefulness (0.567) and perceived ease of use (0.449) have a significant positive impact on usage attitude.


## 4.1. Descriptive Statistical Analysis

If the correlation coefficient is reported in the researched literature, the effect size is the correlation coefficient. If the correlation coefficient is not reported in the literature and only the coefficient of the regression path is reported, according to the method of Peterson and Brown [58]: When r ≥ 0; × r = β × 0.98 + 0.05; when r < 0, r = 0.98–0.05, where β ∈ [−0.5, 0.5], the regression coefficient is converted into the correlation coefficient r.Statistics are carried out by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software, and the descriptive statistical analysis of each path relationship is shown in Table3. It can be seen from Table 3 that among the research literature on the influencing factors of mobile reading, the path relationship between perceived usefulness and behavioral intention is the most studied, and when the number reaches 21, only 3 paths are not significant with the significance rate reaching 85.7%; secondly, there are 16 studies on the path relationship between usability and behavioral intention, and 4 paths are not significant with a significant rate of 75%; the third is that the number of researches on the path relationship between social influence and behavioral intention is 14, and 5 paths are not significant with a significant rate of 64.3%. The significant rate of 8 of 13 path relationships reached 100%. The sample size of each path relationship is between 60 and 1034, and the average sample size is above 293.Table 3
Descriptive statistical analysis table of each path relationship.
Variable relationshipQuantityCorrelation coefficientSignificant situationSample sizeCumulative sampleAverage sampleMinimumMaximumDifferenceSignificantNot significantSignificance rate (100%)MinimumMaximumSD-PEOU50.3340.9320.598501001904261648330PEOU-PU130.3000.8140.51412192.32014514254327PU-ATT70.2360.7240.488701002019772735391PEOU-ATT60.1780.6130.435601002019772353392PU-BI210.0880.980.89218385.76010347482356PEOU-BI160.1190.7000.581124756010345967373RA-BI50.2640.6800.416501001955941823365PE-BI70.2240.5820.3587010032810343561509PM-BI70.3000.5760.27670100603922053293PV-BI130.0800.5790.49910376.9604514428341SI-BI140.1040.7700.6669564.319010345652404ATT-BI60.2230.8440.621601002529772611435BI-AB60.5200.7840.2646010025610342808468PU (perceived usefulness), PEOU (perceived ease of use), PM (perceived mobility), PE (perceived entertainment), SI (social influence), RA (cognitive adjustment), PV (perceived value), SD (interface design), ATT (attitude), BI (behavior intention), and AB (actual behavior).


## 4.2. Reliability Test Analysis

Before conducting a formal questionnaire survey, the reliability coefficient Cronbach’sα of the measurement items and variables of the questionnaire should be reported to prove the reliability of the questionnaire [37]. Most of the 31 papers report the value of Cronbach’s α. Some papers report the average of all variables or the range from the minimum to the maximum of the Cronbach’s α, and then the average value is taken as the reliability coefficient of all variables. It can be seen from Table 4 that the reliability coefficients of all variables are distributed between 0.673 and 1, the minimum average reliability is 0764, the maximum average reliability is 0.863, and the maximum variance is 0.011, indicating that the distribution of reliability coefficients of all variables is relatively stable.Table 4
Cronbach’sα analysis.
Variable valueAverage reliabilityMinimumMaximumVarianceNumber of studies (a)SD0.7640.7530.7770.0013PEOU0.8370.6730.9500.00626PU0.8500.7040.9600.00523PM0.8240.7200.9000.0049PV0.8260.7050.9320.00511PE0.8510.7730.9240.00212SI0.8250.7010.9190.00418RA0.8450.7620.9030.0036ATT0.8130.7370.9540.0068BI0.8630.7250.9980.00429AB0.8510.7011.0000.0116Part of the literature does not report the reliability coefficient, so the number of research variables will be less than the number of variable relationships in the descriptive statistical analysis in Table3.


## 4.3. Effect Size and Failure SafetyN Analysis

The effect sizes in this review were inspected to see whether they came from the same population [59]. The correlation coefficient, Fisher’s Z, and the failure safety N among the influencing factors of mobile reading adoption behavior are shown in Table 5. According to Cohen’s [60], when the value of Fisher’s Z is between 0.1 and 0.3, the effect size is Low, when the value is between 0.3 and 0.5, the effect size is medium, and when the value is greater than or equal to 0.5, the effect size is high. From the Fisher’s Z in Table 5, it can be seen that the minimum Fisher’s Z is 0.394 and the maximum Fisher’s Z is 0.896, both of which are above medium, that is, the robustness between these variables is relatively good. In a meta-analysis, there is always a probability for publication bias due to the inclusion of studies with larger effect size; thus, it is mandatory to assess the publication bias before proceeding to the analysis [51]. Accordingly, we employed fail-safe N method [61]. The larger the failure safety N, the smaller the deviation of the results of the meta-analysis [62], that is, the size of the failure safety N indicates how many samples are needed to be increased to eliminate the significant correlation between variables [63]. As can be seen from the failure safety N in Table 5, 13 sets of variable relationships have passed the failure safety factor test, that is, 1519 studies need to be added to eliminate the significant correlation between the variables SD-PEOU, and the significance of the failure safety factors of other path relationships can be derived from this. The Classic fail-safe N test showed that 1519 additional studies of adoption behavior of mobile readers would be required to nullify the overall effect size found in the present analysis [50]. Combined with the analysis results of Tables 3 and 5, the 13 path relationships of 11 variables constitute the comprehensive model diagram of the influencing factors of mobile reading adoption behavior in this article, as shown in Figure 2. Among these 13 path relationships, the path relationships are significant.Table 5
Correlation analysis.
Path relationshipCorrelation coefficientFisher’sZCorrelation 95% confidence intervalCorrelationZ-valueCorrelationP-valueFailure safetyNLower limitUpper limitSD-PEOU0.7140.8960.3960.8793.6810.0011519PEOU-PU0.5570.6290.4570.6439.1430.0015707PU-ATT0.5670.6430.4060.6945.9400.0011652PEOU-ATT0.4490.4840.2800.5914.8350.001647PU-BI0.5910.6790.4420.7086.5230.0017045PEOU-BI0.4310.4610.3160.5336.7690.0014752RA-BI0.6240.7320.4090.7744.8210.0011125PE-BI0.3980.4220.2970.4917.1440.0011084PM-BI0.4560.4920.3750.5309.8500.001862PV-BI0.3740.3940.2470.4895.4390.0012113SI-BI0.451′0.4860.3380.5517.0800.0014224ATT-BI0.6190.7230.3660.7864.1730.0012232BI-AB0.6650.8020.5760.73810.8190.0012490Figure 2
Comprehensive model diagram of influencing factors of mobile reading.As shown in Figure2, the main influencing factors of the adoption behavior of mobile digital reading users are perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived mobility, perceived entertainment, social influence, cognitive adjustment, perceived value, use attitude, interface design, etc. Cognitive adjustment has the greatest influence on behavior intention (0.624), followed by attitude (0.619), perceived usefulness (0.591), perceived mobility (0.456), social influence (0.451), perceived ease of use (0.431), perceived entertainment (0.398) and perceived value (0.374); perceived ease of use has a significant positive impact on perceived usefulness (0.557); interface design has a significant positive effect on perceived ease of use (0.714); behavioral intention has a significant positive impact on actual behavior (0.665); perceived usefulness (0.567) and perceived ease of use (0.449) have a significant positive impact on usage attitude.


## 5. Conclusion

This paper conducts a meta-analysis of 31 papers based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model (UTAUT). The 18 variables and 58 path relationships in these papers are studied in a total of 74,964 independent samples. On the basis of descriptive statistical analysis and correlation analysis, 13 path relationships among 11 variables were finally determined, a comprehensive model diagram of factors affecting mobile reading was constructed, and empirical studies were carried out. Compared with the traditional method, the meta-analysis method screens the literature strictly, which can better avoid personal subjective thinking. The method makes the research conclusions more objective and universal. The paper uses the meta-analysis method to get a more objective conclusion based on the research results of many scholars. No research is found on influencing factors of adoption behavior of mobile readers based on the meta-analysis method. Although the meta-analysis method is not a very innovative method, it is probably an innovative research method for this topic. This research has certain significance for scholars, mobile reading service providers, network operators, etc.(1)
The interface design of the reading platform or APP is of great significance to whether users adopt mobile reading. Mobile reading has gradually developed from free reading to paid reading. The interface design of the reading platform or APP has a significant positive impact on the user’s perceived ease of use. That is, the user’s good experience of using the reading platform will promote the user’s willingness to pay for reading on the platform. Platform service providers can consider the user’s experience in the design of the platform interface [64]. Only when users experience the friendliness of the interface design can they perceive the ease of use of the platform or APP, so they are willing to adopt mobile reading.(2)
Perceived ease of use is crucial to whether users adopt mobile reading willingness. Only when mobile reading users feel the ease of use of the reading platform or APP, they appreciate its value. The significant positive impact of ease of use has been proved by 92.3% of the studies, and its failure safetyN has reached 5707, indicating that the variable relationship between perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness is very stable and firm. In addition, perceived ease of use has a positive and significant impact on the attitude and willingness of mobile readers, which has also been confirmed in other studies [65].(3)
Perceived mobility has a significant impact on users’ willingness to adopt mobile reading. The biggest difference between mobile reading and nonmobile reading is that users can use mobile devices to read anytime and anywhere. The fragmented time in all public places such as high-speed rail, buses, subways, supermarkets, cafes, etc., can be used for mobile reading. All studies believe that perceived mobility has a positive and significant impact on mobile digital readers. Therefore, the promotion of mobile reading is not only related to mobile reading service providers but also related to the quality of network operation services. The higher the network quality and the wider the network coverage provided by the three major operators of China Mobile, China Telecom, and China Unicom, the less difficult the popularization of mobile digital reading is.(4)
Perceived pleasure has a positive and significant impact on mobile readers’ willingness to adopt. If mobile readers feel happy when using the reading platform or APP, they will be willing to use mobile devices for reading. Of course, the source of this happiness comes from a variety of experiences, such as the smooth use of the platform, the rich reading content that meets the needs of readers, and the interaction with other readers when reading, etc. Therefore, in order for users to experience happiness in reading, it requires the concerted efforts of many parties, such as friendly platform interface, high quality of network services, and selected and diversified reading content.(5)
Social influence has a positive and significant influence on whether users adopt mobile reading. 64.3% of the studies believe that social influence has a positive and significant impact on mobile reading adoption behavior, and the failure safetyN of its path relationship reached 4224, indicating that 4224 studies need to be added to eliminate the significant correlation between the variables SI-BI. That is, this relationship is relatively stable and reliable. Social norms, subjective norms, social values, community influence, social needs, and network externalities are all similar to social influences. Major reading platforms or Apps can establish online reader exchange areas or online comments to allow individual readers to gain recognition and resonate in groups, and the platforms need to actively encourage readers who have already been loyal users of mobile reading platforms to share more to expand the influence on family members, friends, and colleagues around them and expand platform users.(6)
Cognitive adjustment has a significant impact on mobile readers’ willingness to adopt. All the studies collected in this article believe that cognitive adjustment has a significant impact on the willingness to use mobile digital reading, and the failure safetyN of its path relationship reached 1125, indicating that 1125 studies need to be added to eliminate the significant correlation between the variables RA-BI. Cognitive adjustment is the individual users’ cognition and evaluation of the reading platform. For platform service providers, if they can do a good job of training and operation guidance before the platform is used [66], it will make users feel less difficult and uncomfortable when using the platform, which is effective for users to adopt mobile reading services.Although meta-analysis provides a comprehensive and generalizable view of previous research in an area, it has some limitations [45]. There are also deficiencies in the research. Due to the lack of data on the mediating and moderating effects of age and gender in the research literature, this article does not study the role of age, gender, experience, voluntary use, and other moderating variables in the integrated technology acceptance model. Therefore, the role of these factors should be considered in future research.



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