# The Wigner-Ville Distribution Based on the Linear Canonical Transform and Its Applications for QFM Signal Parameters Estimation

Authors: Yu-E Song; Xiao-Yan Zhang; Chun-Heng Shang; Hong-Xia Bu; Xiao-Yan Wang
Journal: Journal of Applied Mathematics
 (2014)

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## Abstract

The Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD) based on the linear canonical transform (LCT) (WDL) not only has the advantages of the LCT but also has the good properties of WVD. In this paper, some new and important properties of the WDL are derived, and the relationships between WDL and some other time-frequency distributions are discussed, such as the ambiguity function based on LCT (LCTAF), the short-time Fourier transform (STFT), and the wavelet transform (WT). The WDLs of some signals are also deduced. A novel definition of the WVD based on the LCT and generalized instantaneous autocorrelation function (GWDL) is proposed and its applications in the estimation of parameters for QFM signals are also discussed. The GWDL of the QFM signal generates an impulse and the third-order phase coefficient of QFM signal can be estimated in accordance with the position information of such impulse. The proposed algorithm is fast because it only requires 1-dimensional maximization. Also the new algorithm only has fourth-order nonlinearity thus it has accurate estimation and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold. The simulation results are provided to support the theoretical results.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The main elements of the modern signal processing are nonstationary, non-Gaussian, and nonlinear signals. Among these signals, the development of the nonstationary signal processing theory is especially remarkable. There are many time-frequency analysis tools for nonstationary signals, such as short-time Fourier transform (STFT), fractional Fourier transform (FRFT), Gabor transform (GT), Wigner-Ville distribution function (WVD), ambiguity function (AF), linear canonical transform (LCT), and so forth [1]. The WVD is regarded as the mother of all the time-frequency distribution and has become an important distribution in signal analysis and processing, especially in the nonstationary signal analysis and processing [2–4]. The LCT as the generalization of the Fourier transform (FT) and the FRFT was first introduced by Moshinsky and Quesne [5] and Collins and Stuart [6]. Now it has been applied for filter designing, time-frequency signal separating, signal synthesis, and signal encryption [7–9].The quadratic frequency modulated (QFM) signal exists widely in nature and is an important nonlinear module in the signal processing field. It is applied widely in radar, sonar, speech, and communication fields, mostly in radar systems [10]. There are many algorithms for estimating the parameters of QFM signal, such as the maximum likelihood (ML) method [11], the adaptive short-time Fourier transform method [12], the polynomial Wigner-Ville distributions (PWVDs) [13], the product high-order matched-phase transform (PHMT) [14], and the ambiguity function based on the LCT method (LCTAF) [15]. Because the ML method and LCTAF method need 3-dimensional (3D) and 2D maximizations, respectively, these methods suffer from computational burden. The adaptive STFT method has lower resolution. The PWVDs and PHMT algorithms need high order of nonlinearity (sixth-order to be exact) and this leads to high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold. Therefore, methods to estimate the QFM signal parameters quickly and accurately are still an important issue to be solved.In [15, 16], Tao et al. and Bai et al. have defined the Wigner-Ville distribution based on linear canonical transform (WDL) separately. For the WDL, Bai has derived some properties and used them to detect the linear frequency modulated (LFM) signal. The WDL is a new and important signal processing tool, but they have not discussed the WDL in depth enough. In this paper we deduce some new properties of WDL and investigate the relationship between WDL and other transforms. We also derive WDLs of some common signals. In order to estimate QFM signal parameters, we define a new kind of Wigner-Ville distribution—the generalized Wigner-Ville distribution based on the linear canonical transform (GWDL). The GWDL algorithm just needs 1D maximization, so the amount of calculations is smaller compared to ML method and LCTAF method. And the new algorithm only needs fourth-order nonlinearity, so it has lower SNR threshold than the PHMT algorithm and PWVDs algorithm. The simulation results are provided to support the theoretical results.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section2 reviews the preliminaries about the WVD and the LCT. In Section 3, some new properties of WDL are deduced and the relationship between WDL and other transforms is investigated. The GWDL is defined and its application to QFM signal parameter estimation is illustrated in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 gives the conclusion.


## 2. Preliminary

### 2.1. The Winger-Ville Distribution

The instantaneous autocorrelation functionkf(t,τ) of signal f(t) is
(1)kf(t,τ)=f(t+τ2)f*(t-τ2).
The WVD of f(t) is defined as the Fourier transform of kf(t,τ) for τ:
(2)Wf(t,ω)=∫-∞+∞kf(t,τ)e-jωτdτ=∫-∞+∞f(t+τ2)f*(t-τ2)e-jωτdτ.
Another definition of WVD is
(3)WF(t,ω)=12π∫-∞+∞F(ω+v2)F*(ω-v2)ejvtdv,
where F(ω) is the Fourier transform of f(t).The WVD has many important properties, such as conjugation symmetry property, time marginal property, and energy distribution property. For more results about the WVD, one can refer to [17–19].


### 2.2. Linear Canonical Transform (LCT)

The LCT of a signalf(t) with parameter matrix A=(a,b,c,d) is defined as
(4)FA(u)=LA[f](u)={∫-∞+∞f(t)KA(u,t)dt,b≠0,de(jcd/2)u2f(du),b=0,
where the kernel function KA(u,t) is
(5)KA(u,t)=1j2πbexp⁡(jd2bu2-jutb+ja2bt2)
and parameters a,b,c,d∈R and satisfy ad-bc=1. The LCT has additive property
(6)L(a2,b2,c2,d2)[L(a1,b1,c1,d1)[f(t)]]=L(e,f,g,h)[f(t)],
where (efgh)=(a2b2c2d2)(a1b1c1d1), and reversible property
(7)LA[LA-1[f(t)]]=f(t).Other properties of LCT such as sampling and discretization, uncertainty principles, product and convolution theorems, and Hilbert Transform are discussed in detail in [20–23].When the parameter matrixA is with some special cases, the LCT reduces to FT, FRFT, Fresnel transform, and scaling operation [24]. So the LCT is the generalization of these transforms. From (4) we can see that when the parameter b=0, the LCT is a scaling transform operation multiplying a linear frequency modulation signal, so we suppose that b≠0 in the following discussion.


## 2.1. The Winger-Ville Distribution

The instantaneous autocorrelation functionkf(t,τ) of signal f(t) is
(1)kf(t,τ)=f(t+τ2)f*(t-τ2).
The WVD of f(t) is defined as the Fourier transform of kf(t,τ) for τ:
(2)Wf(t,ω)=∫-∞+∞kf(t,τ)e-jωτdτ=∫-∞+∞f(t+τ2)f*(t-τ2)e-jωτdτ.
Another definition of WVD is
(3)WF(t,ω)=12π∫-∞+∞F(ω+v2)F*(ω-v2)ejvtdv,
where F(ω) is the Fourier transform of f(t).The WVD has many important properties, such as conjugation symmetry property, time marginal property, and energy distribution property. For more results about the WVD, one can refer to [17–19].


## 2.2. Linear Canonical Transform (LCT)

The LCT of a signalf(t) with parameter matrix A=(a,b,c,d) is defined as
(4)FA(u)=LA[f](u)={∫-∞+∞f(t)KA(u,t)dt,b≠0,de(jcd/2)u2f(du),b=0,
where the kernel function KA(u,t) is
(5)KA(u,t)=1j2πbexp⁡(jd2bu2-jutb+ja2bt2)
and parameters a,b,c,d∈R and satisfy ad-bc=1. The LCT has additive property
(6)L(a2,b2,c2,d2)[L(a1,b1,c1,d1)[f(t)]]=L(e,f,g,h)[f(t)],
where (efgh)=(a2b2c2d2)(a1b1c1d1), and reversible property
(7)LA[LA-1[f(t)]]=f(t).Other properties of LCT such as sampling and discretization, uncertainty principles, product and convolution theorems, and Hilbert Transform are discussed in detail in [20–23].When the parameter matrixA is with some special cases, the LCT reduces to FT, FRFT, Fresnel transform, and scaling operation [24]. So the LCT is the generalization of these transforms. From (4) we can see that when the parameter b=0, the LCT is a scaling transform operation multiplying a linear frequency modulation signal, so we suppose that b≠0 in the following discussion.


## 3. The Wigner-Ville Distribution Based on Linear Canonical Transform

In [16], the authors have defined the WDL according to the actual needs, but they have missed some important properties. In this section, we deduce some new properties of WDL and investigate the relationship between WDL and other transforms.


### 3.1. The Definition of WDL

Definition 1.
Keeping the instantaneous autocorrelation functionkf(t,τ) unchanged and replacing the kernel function e-jwτ of FT by the kernel function KA(u,τ) of LCT in the WVD definition, the WDL is defined as [15]
(8)WDfA(t,u)=∫-∞+∞kf(t,τ)KA(u,τ)dτ,
where the kf(t,τ) is given by (1) and KA(u,τ) is shown by (5).Obviously, whenA=(0,1,-1,0), the LCT reduces to FT. Accordingly, the WDL reduces to classical WVD:
(9)WDfA(t,u)=1j2πWf(t,u).
When A=(cos⁡α,sinα,-sinα,cos⁡α),
(10)WDfA(t,u)=e-jαWfα(t,u).From (9) and (10) one can see that the WDL is a generalization of WVD based on the Fourier transform and the fractional Fourier transform.We know that some nonbandlimited signals in the classical Fourier domain, especially some nonstationary signals and non-Gaussian signals in the Fourier domain, can be bandlimited in the LCT domain [20]. The WVD can be seen as a FT of the instantaneous autocorrelation function and the WDL can be seen as a LCT of the instantaneous autocorrelation function. So signals which are nonbandlimited after WVD may be bandlimited in the WDL domain, and then we can use bandlimited theory to process this kind of signals. The traditional nonbandlimited signals processing problems in the Fourier domain can be solved in the LCT domain. This is one of the reasons why we discuss the WVD based on the LCT.The cross-WVD is the FT of crosscorrelation function forτ. It has more information and making full use of this information can improve signal processing ability. So we provide the definition of the cross-WVD based on the LCT here.Definition 2.
The cross-WVD based on LCT of signalf(t) and signal g(t) is defined as
(11)WDf,gA(t,u)=∫-∞+∞f(t+τ2)g*(t-τ2)KA(u,τ)dτ.


### 3.2. Basic Properties of WDL

In this subsection some new properties of WDL which are different from those in [16] are investigated and the proofs of some complex properties will be given in detail. All the properties are based on the fact that the WDL of f(t) is WDfA(t,u).Property 1 (symmetry and conjugation property).
The WDL of signalf*(-t) is
(12)WDf*(-t)A(t,u)=[WDfA-1(-t,u)]*.Property 2 (shifting properties).
The WDL of signalf(t)ejωt2 is
(13)WDf(t)ejωt2A(t,u)=ej2dωtu-j2bdω2τ2WDfA(t,u-2bωt).
The WDL of signalf(t-t0)ejωt is
(14)WDf(t-t0)ejωtA(t,u)=ej(udω-bdω2/2)×WDfA(t-t0,u-ω1b).
The WDL of signalg(t)=f(t)ejω1t+jω2t2 is
(15)WDg(t)A(t,u)=ej(ud(ω1+2ω2t)-bd(ω1+2ω2t)2/2)×WDfA(t,u-ω1b-2bω2t).
Especially when f(t)=1, g(t)=ejω1t+jω2t2 is the LFM signal, and its WDL is
(16)WDg(t)A(t,u)={2πbjej(d/2b)u2δ(2ω2bt+ω1b-u),a=0,1aej(d/2b)u2-j((u-ω1b-2bω2t)2/2ab),a≠0.Proof.
Firstly, a useful formula is given below that will be used in this paper:(17)∫-∞+∞e(-Ot2±2Pt+Q)dt=πOe(P2/O+Q),
where O,P,Q∈ℂ, O≠0 and Re(O)≥0.
Equation (15) is easy to get, so we only prove (16):
(18)WDg(t)A(t,u)=∫-∞+∞g(t+τ2)g*(t+τ2)KA(u,τ)dτ=1j2πbej(d/2b)u2×∫-∞+∞ej(w1+2ω2t-u/b)τ-(-j(a/2b))τ2dτ.
So O=-j(a/2b),P=(w1b-u)/2b+ω2t.
Whena=0, (18) is
(19)WDg(t)A(t,u)=1j2πbej(d/2b)u2∫-∞+∞ej(ω1+2ω2t-u/b)τdτ=2πbjej(d/2b)u2δ(2ω2tb+ω1b-u).
When a≠0,O≠0 and the condition Re(O)≥0 is met. According to (24), we can get
(20)WDg(t)A(t,u)=1aej(d/2b)u2-j((2bω2t+ω1b-u)2/2ab).
Then we obtain (16).Property 3 (scaling property).
Iff^(t)=|λ|f(λt) and λ≠0, then the WDL of f^(t) is
(21)WDhA(t,u)=1|λ|WDfB(λt,u),
where B=(a/λ,bλ,c/λ,dλ).


### 3.3. The Relationships between WDL and Other Time-Frequency Analysis Tools

#### 3.3.1. The Relationship between WDL and the Ambiguity Function Based on LCT (LCTAF)

The LCTAF is defined as [15]
(22)AFfA(τ,u)=∫-∞+∞kf(t,τ)KA(u,t)dt.Theorem 3.
The relationship between WDL and LCTAF is [15]
(23)WDfA(t,u)=∬-∞+∞AFfA(τ,v)KA,A-1(τ,v,u,t)dτdv,
where KA,A-1(τ,v,u,t)=KA(τ,u)KA-1(v,t) is the kernel function of 2-D LCT [25].Equation (23) indicates that the WDL is the 2D LCT of LCTAF, and two parameter matrixes corresponding to the kernel function of 2D LCT are reciprocal matrixes. This indicates that not only classical AF and WVD but also the LCTAF and the WDL have close relationships.


#### 3.3.2. The Relationship between WDL and the STFT

The STFT of signalf(t) is defined as
(24)Sfw(t,ω)=∫-∞+∞f(u)g*(u-t)e-jωudu.Theorem 4.
The WDL can be expressed by STFT:(25)WDfA(t,u)=1j2πb∬-∞+∞ej((d/2b)v2+vτ/2b-3aτ2/8b)iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii·SfW(τ,2v-aτb)iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii×KA,A-1(τ,v,u,t)dτdv,
where SfW(τ,(2v-aτ)/2b)=∫-∞+∞f(t′)[f(t′-τ)e-j(a/2b)(t′-τ)2]*e-jt′(v/b-(a/2b)τ)dt′.Proof.
From [15] we know that the LCTAF can be expressed by STFT as
(26)AFfA(τ,u)=1j2πbej((d/2b)u2+uτ/2b-3aτ2/8b)·SfW(τ,2u-aτb).
Taking (26) into (23), we can get (25).


#### 3.3.3. The Relationship between WDL and Wavelet Transform (WT)

The WT of signalf(t) is defined as
(27)WTf(a,b)=1a∫-∞+∞f(t)ψ*(t-ba)dt,
where ψab(t)=(1/a)ψ((t-b)/a) is the basic function of WT.Theorem 5.
The WDL can be expressed by WT as(28)WDfA(t,u)=1j2πb×∬-∞+∞ej((d/2b)v2-vτ/2b+aτ2/8b)·WTf(1,τ)iiiiiiiiii×KA,A-1(τ,v,u,t)dτdv,
where WTf(1,τ)=f(t-τ)e-j(a/2b)(t-τ)2+j(t-τ)((2u-aτ)/2b).Proof.
From [15] we know that the LCTAF can be expressed by STFT as
(29)AFfA(τ,u)=1j2πbej((d/2b)u2-uτ/2b+aτ2/8b)·WTf(1,τ).
Taking (29) into (23), we can get (28).


### 3.4. WDLs of Some Common Signals

Table1 gives WDLs of some common signals. They are easy to get, so we do not prove them here.Table 1
WDLs of some common signals.
Signals
WDLs
1
a
-
1
e
(
j
c
/
2
a
)
u
2
δ
(
t
-
t
0
)
δ
(
2
(
t
-
t
0
)
)
K
A
(
u
,
2
t
-
2
t
0
)
e
j
λ
t
{
2
π
b
j
e
j
(
d
/
2
b
)
u
2
δ
(
u
-
λ
b
)
,
a
=
0
1
a
e
j
(
d
/
2
b
)
u
2
-
j
(
(
u
-
ω
1
b
)
2
/
2
a
b
)
,
a
≠
0
e
j
μ
t
2
/
2
{
2
π
b
j
e
j
(
d
/
2
b
)
u
2
δ
(
u
-
2
μ
b
t
)
,
a
=
0
1
a
e
j
(
d
/
2
b
)
u
2
-
j
(
(
u
-
2
b
μ
t
)
2
/
2
a
b
)
,
a
≠
0
e
j
μ
t
2
/
2
+
j
λ
t
+
j
γ
{
2
π
b
j
e
j
(
d
/
2
b
)
u
2
δ
(
u
-
λ
b
-
2
μ
b
t
)
,
a
=
0
1
a
e
j
(
d
/
2
b
)
u
2
-
j
(
(
u
-
λ
b
-
2
b
μ
t
)
2
/
2
a
b
)
,
a
≠
0
e
-
t
2
/
2
{
2
π
b
j
e
j
(
d
/
2
b
)
u
2
δ
(
j
b
t
-
u
)
,
a
=
0
1
a
e
(
j
c
/
2
a
)
u
2
-
(
t
u
/
a
)
+
j
(
t
2
b
/
2
a
)
,
a
≠
0


## 3.1. The Definition of WDL

Definition 1.
Keeping the instantaneous autocorrelation functionkf(t,τ) unchanged and replacing the kernel function e-jwτ of FT by the kernel function KA(u,τ) of LCT in the WVD definition, the WDL is defined as [15]
(8)WDfA(t,u)=∫-∞+∞kf(t,τ)KA(u,τ)dτ,
where the kf(t,τ) is given by (1) and KA(u,τ) is shown by (5).Obviously, whenA=(0,1,-1,0), the LCT reduces to FT. Accordingly, the WDL reduces to classical WVD:
(9)WDfA(t,u)=1j2πWf(t,u).
When A=(cos⁡α,sinα,-sinα,cos⁡α),
(10)WDfA(t,u)=e-jαWfα(t,u).From (9) and (10) one can see that the WDL is a generalization of WVD based on the Fourier transform and the fractional Fourier transform.We know that some nonbandlimited signals in the classical Fourier domain, especially some nonstationary signals and non-Gaussian signals in the Fourier domain, can be bandlimited in the LCT domain [20]. The WVD can be seen as a FT of the instantaneous autocorrelation function and the WDL can be seen as a LCT of the instantaneous autocorrelation function. So signals which are nonbandlimited after WVD may be bandlimited in the WDL domain, and then we can use bandlimited theory to process this kind of signals. The traditional nonbandlimited signals processing problems in the Fourier domain can be solved in the LCT domain. This is one of the reasons why we discuss the WVD based on the LCT.The cross-WVD is the FT of crosscorrelation function forτ. It has more information and making full use of this information can improve signal processing ability. So we provide the definition of the cross-WVD based on the LCT here.Definition 2.
The cross-WVD based on LCT of signalf(t) and signal g(t) is defined as
(11)WDf,gA(t,u)=∫-∞+∞f(t+τ2)g*(t-τ2)KA(u,τ)dτ.


## 3.2. Basic Properties of WDL

In this subsection some new properties of WDL which are different from those in [16] are investigated and the proofs of some complex properties will be given in detail. All the properties are based on the fact that the WDL of f(t) is WDfA(t,u).Property 1 (symmetry and conjugation property).
The WDL of signalf*(-t) is
(12)WDf*(-t)A(t,u)=[WDfA-1(-t,u)]*.Property 2 (shifting properties).
The WDL of signalf(t)ejωt2 is
(13)WDf(t)ejωt2A(t,u)=ej2dωtu-j2bdω2τ2WDfA(t,u-2bωt).
The WDL of signalf(t-t0)ejωt is
(14)WDf(t-t0)ejωtA(t,u)=ej(udω-bdω2/2)×WDfA(t-t0,u-ω1b).
The WDL of signalg(t)=f(t)ejω1t+jω2t2 is
(15)WDg(t)A(t,u)=ej(ud(ω1+2ω2t)-bd(ω1+2ω2t)2/2)×WDfA(t,u-ω1b-2bω2t).
Especially when f(t)=1, g(t)=ejω1t+jω2t2 is the LFM signal, and its WDL is
(16)WDg(t)A(t,u)={2πbjej(d/2b)u2δ(2ω2bt+ω1b-u),a=0,1aej(d/2b)u2-j((u-ω1b-2bω2t)2/2ab),a≠0.Proof.
Firstly, a useful formula is given below that will be used in this paper:(17)∫-∞+∞e(-Ot2±2Pt+Q)dt=πOe(P2/O+Q),
where O,P,Q∈ℂ, O≠0 and Re(O)≥0.
Equation (15) is easy to get, so we only prove (16):
(18)WDg(t)A(t,u)=∫-∞+∞g(t+τ2)g*(t+τ2)KA(u,τ)dτ=1j2πbej(d/2b)u2×∫-∞+∞ej(w1+2ω2t-u/b)τ-(-j(a/2b))τ2dτ.
So O=-j(a/2b),P=(w1b-u)/2b+ω2t.
Whena=0, (18) is
(19)WDg(t)A(t,u)=1j2πbej(d/2b)u2∫-∞+∞ej(ω1+2ω2t-u/b)τdτ=2πbjej(d/2b)u2δ(2ω2tb+ω1b-u).
When a≠0,O≠0 and the condition Re(O)≥0 is met. According to (24), we can get
(20)WDg(t)A(t,u)=1aej(d/2b)u2-j((2bω2t+ω1b-u)2/2ab).
Then we obtain (16).Property 3 (scaling property).
Iff^(t)=|λ|f(λt) and λ≠0, then the WDL of f^(t) is
(21)WDhA(t,u)=1|λ|WDfB(λt,u),
where B=(a/λ,bλ,c/λ,dλ).


## 3.3. The Relationships between WDL and Other Time-Frequency Analysis Tools

### 3.3.1. The Relationship between WDL and the Ambiguity Function Based on LCT (LCTAF)

The LCTAF is defined as [15]
(22)AFfA(τ,u)=∫-∞+∞kf(t,τ)KA(u,t)dt.Theorem 3.
The relationship between WDL and LCTAF is [15]
(23)WDfA(t,u)=∬-∞+∞AFfA(τ,v)KA,A-1(τ,v,u,t)dτdv,
where KA,A-1(τ,v,u,t)=KA(τ,u)KA-1(v,t) is the kernel function of 2-D LCT [25].Equation (23) indicates that the WDL is the 2D LCT of LCTAF, and two parameter matrixes corresponding to the kernel function of 2D LCT are reciprocal matrixes. This indicates that not only classical AF and WVD but also the LCTAF and the WDL have close relationships.


### 3.3.2. The Relationship between WDL and the STFT

The STFT of signalf(t) is defined as
(24)Sfw(t,ω)=∫-∞+∞f(u)g*(u-t)e-jωudu.Theorem 4.
The WDL can be expressed by STFT:(25)WDfA(t,u)=1j2πb∬-∞+∞ej((d/2b)v2+vτ/2b-3aτ2/8b)iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii·SfW(τ,2v-aτb)iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii×KA,A-1(τ,v,u,t)dτdv,
where SfW(τ,(2v-aτ)/2b)=∫-∞+∞f(t′)[f(t′-τ)e-j(a/2b)(t′-τ)2]*e-jt′(v/b-(a/2b)τ)dt′.Proof.
From [15] we know that the LCTAF can be expressed by STFT as
(26)AFfA(τ,u)=1j2πbej((d/2b)u2+uτ/2b-3aτ2/8b)·SfW(τ,2u-aτb).
Taking (26) into (23), we can get (25).


### 3.3.3. The Relationship between WDL and Wavelet Transform (WT)

The WT of signalf(t) is defined as
(27)WTf(a,b)=1a∫-∞+∞f(t)ψ*(t-ba)dt,
where ψab(t)=(1/a)ψ((t-b)/a) is the basic function of WT.Theorem 5.
The WDL can be expressed by WT as(28)WDfA(t,u)=1j2πb×∬-∞+∞ej((d/2b)v2-vτ/2b+aτ2/8b)·WTf(1,τ)iiiiiiiiii×KA,A-1(τ,v,u,t)dτdv,
where WTf(1,τ)=f(t-τ)e-j(a/2b)(t-τ)2+j(t-τ)((2u-aτ)/2b).Proof.
From [15] we know that the LCTAF can be expressed by STFT as
(29)AFfA(τ,u)=1j2πbej((d/2b)u2-uτ/2b+aτ2/8b)·WTf(1,τ).
Taking (29) into (23), we can get (28).


## 3.3.1. The Relationship between WDL and the Ambiguity Function Based on LCT (LCTAF)

The LCTAF is defined as [15]
(22)AFfA(τ,u)=∫-∞+∞kf(t,τ)KA(u,t)dt.Theorem 3.
The relationship between WDL and LCTAF is [15]
(23)WDfA(t,u)=∬-∞+∞AFfA(τ,v)KA,A-1(τ,v,u,t)dτdv,
where KA,A-1(τ,v,u,t)=KA(τ,u)KA-1(v,t) is the kernel function of 2-D LCT [25].Equation (23) indicates that the WDL is the 2D LCT of LCTAF, and two parameter matrixes corresponding to the kernel function of 2D LCT are reciprocal matrixes. This indicates that not only classical AF and WVD but also the LCTAF and the WDL have close relationships.


## 3.3.2. The Relationship between WDL and the STFT

The STFT of signalf(t) is defined as
(24)Sfw(t,ω)=∫-∞+∞f(u)g*(u-t)e-jωudu.Theorem 4.
The WDL can be expressed by STFT:(25)WDfA(t,u)=1j2πb∬-∞+∞ej((d/2b)v2+vτ/2b-3aτ2/8b)iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii·SfW(τ,2v-aτb)iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii×KA,A-1(τ,v,u,t)dτdv,
where SfW(τ,(2v-aτ)/2b)=∫-∞+∞f(t′)[f(t′-τ)e-j(a/2b)(t′-τ)2]*e-jt′(v/b-(a/2b)τ)dt′.Proof.
From [15] we know that the LCTAF can be expressed by STFT as
(26)AFfA(τ,u)=1j2πbej((d/2b)u2+uτ/2b-3aτ2/8b)·SfW(τ,2u-aτb).
Taking (26) into (23), we can get (25).


## 3.3.3. The Relationship between WDL and Wavelet Transform (WT)

The WT of signalf(t) is defined as
(27)WTf(a,b)=1a∫-∞+∞f(t)ψ*(t-ba)dt,
where ψab(t)=(1/a)ψ((t-b)/a) is the basic function of WT.Theorem 5.
The WDL can be expressed by WT as(28)WDfA(t,u)=1j2πb×∬-∞+∞ej((d/2b)v2-vτ/2b+aτ2/8b)·WTf(1,τ)iiiiiiiiii×KA,A-1(τ,v,u,t)dτdv,
where WTf(1,τ)=f(t-τ)e-j(a/2b)(t-τ)2+j(t-τ)((2u-aτ)/2b).Proof.
From [15] we know that the LCTAF can be expressed by STFT as
(29)AFfA(τ,u)=1j2πbej((d/2b)u2-uτ/2b+aτ2/8b)·WTf(1,τ).
Taking (29) into (23), we can get (28).


## 3.4. WDLs of Some Common Signals

Table1 gives WDLs of some common signals. They are easy to get, so we do not prove them here.Table 1
WDLs of some common signals.
Signals
WDLs
1
a
-
1
e
(
j
c
/
2
a
)
u
2
δ
(
t
-
t
0
)
δ
(
2
(
t
-
t
0
)
)
K
A
(
u
,
2
t
-
2
t
0
)
e
j
λ
t
{
2
π
b
j
e
j
(
d
/
2
b
)
u
2
δ
(
u
-
λ
b
)
,
a
=
0
1
a
e
j
(
d
/
2
b
)
u
2
-
j
(
(
u
-
ω
1
b
)
2
/
2
a
b
)
,
a
≠
0
e
j
μ
t
2
/
2
{
2
π
b
j
e
j
(
d
/
2
b
)
u
2
δ
(
u
-
2
μ
b
t
)
,
a
=
0
1
a
e
j
(
d
/
2
b
)
u
2
-
j
(
(
u
-
2
b
μ
t
)
2
/
2
a
b
)
,
a
≠
0
e
j
μ
t
2
/
2
+
j
λ
t
+
j
γ
{
2
π
b
j
e
j
(
d
/
2
b
)
u
2
δ
(
u
-
λ
b
-
2
μ
b
t
)
,
a
=
0
1
a
e
j
(
d
/
2
b
)
u
2
-
j
(
(
u
-
λ
b
-
2
b
μ
t
)
2
/
2
a
b
)
,
a
≠
0
e
-
t
2
/
2
{
2
π
b
j
e
j
(
d
/
2
b
)
u
2
δ
(
j
b
t
-
u
)
,
a
=
0
1
a
e
(
j
c
/
2
a
)
u
2
-
(
t
u
/
a
)
+
j
(
t
2
b
/
2
a
)
,
a
≠
0


## 4. The QFM Signal Parameter Estimation Algorithm Based on the Generalized WDL

### 4.1. The Algorithm for the Parameter Estimation of QFM Signal

In [16], the authors have used the WDL for estimating LFM signals, but is it appropriate for dealing with QFM signal? Now let us discuss it. The QFM signal considered in this paper confirms the model f(t)=A0ej(a1t+a2t2+a3t3), where A0 is the amplitude and a1, a2, and a3  (a3≠0) are the phase coefficients to be determined. For the QFM signal, its WDL is
(30)WDfA(t,u)=1j2πbA02ej(d/2b)u2×∫-∞+∞ej[(a1+2a2t+3a3t2-u/b)τ+(a/2b)τ2+a3τ3/4]dτ.Formula (30) shows that we cannot get any information about phase coefficients, so it is difficult to estimate parameters of QFM signals. But we can change the instantaneous autocorrelation function kf(t,τ) of WDL to achieve this goal. We define this new WDL as the generalized Wigner-Ville distribution based on the linear canonical transform (GWDL).Definition 6.
Givenkf′(t,τ)=f(t+τ/2)f(t-τ/2)f*(-t+τ/2)f*(-t-τ/2), one defines the GWDL of signal f(t) as follows:
(31)GWDfA(t,u)=∫-∞+∞kf′(t,τ)KA(u,τ)dτ,
where the superscript * denotes the conjugate and KA(u,τ) is given by (5). The definition of GWDL in (31) indicates that the GWDL has fourth-order nonlinearity. Substituting the QFM signal f(t)=A0ej(a1t+a2t2+a3t3) into kf′(t,τ), we obtain kf′(t,τ)=A04ej(4(a1t+a3t3)+3a3tτ2). So the phase of kf′(t,τ) is quadratic for τ, while the phase of kf(t,τ) is cubic for τ. By this change we can estimate the QFM signal parameters using GWDL.Theorem 7.
The GWDL of QFM signal is(32)GWDfA(t,u)={A042πbjej((d/2b)u2+4(a1t+a3t3))δ(u),a+6ba3t=0,A04a+6ba3t×ej((d/2b)u2+4(a1t+a3t3)-u2/(2ab+24b2ta3)),a+6ba3t≠0.Proof.
Substitutingkf′(t,τ)=A04ej(4(a1t+a3t3)+3a3tτ2) into the definition of GWDL, we obtain
(33)GWDfA(t,u)=A04j2πbej((d/2b)u2+4(a1t+a3t3))×∫-∞+∞e-j(uτ/b)+j(a/2b+3a3t)τ2dτ.
According to (17), it is easy to obtain (32) by (33).Formula (32) indicates that the GWDL of QFM signal will generate an impulse at the point (-a/6ba3,0) in the (t,u) plane and the energy will gather along the line u=0. So we can get the location information (t′,0) of the impulse by searching the peak. According to the formula t′=-a/6ba3, the parameter a3 can be estimated as
(34)a^3=-a6bargmaxt|GWDL(t,0)|.Equation (34) shows that the condition a≠0 must be satisfied. After a3 has been estimated, the signal f(t)e-ja^3t3 can be approximated to a LFM signal. So other parameters can be estimated by algorithms for estimating the LFM signal, such as WDL algorithm [16], FRFT algorithm [26], and the cubic phase function (CPF) algorithm [27] (in Section 4.2 we choose the CPF algorithm to estimate the LFM signal).For the discrete QFM signalf(n), the specification of the proposed algorithm is as follows.Step 1.
Compute the GWDL off(n) and search for the peak in the time-u frequency plane to get the location information (n′,0); then estimate a3 according to (34).Step 2.
Multiplyf(n) with e-ja^3n3 and do CPF for f(n)e-ja^3n3; then estimate a2 according to
(35)a^2=argmaxΩ|CPF(n,Ω)|2,
where CPF(n,Ω) is the CPF of f(n)e-ja^3n3.Step 3.
Estimatea1 by dechirping and finding the Fourier transform peak:
(36)a^1=argmaxω|∑n=-(N-1)/2(N-1)/2f(t)e-j(a^2n2+a^3n3)-jωn|.Step 4.
EstimateA0 by evaluating
(37)A^0=|1N∑n=-(N-1)/2(N-1)/2f(t)e-j(a^1n+a^2n2+a^3n3)|.
For the discrete signal, to avoid ambiguities due to the periodicity of digital spectra, it is also assumed that [28]
(38)|aiΔi|≤πi((N-1)/2)i-1,i=1,2,3,
where N is the length of the discrete signal and Δ is the sampling interval.


### 4.2. Simulations

The parameter estimation algorithm proposed above is applied to a QFM signal here. The QFM signalf(t) is considered and its parameter values are set to be A0=2,a1=1,a2=0.1, anda3=0.01, the sampling interval is Δ=0.02 s, and the observing time is t=20 s. Obviously parameter values that we chose above meet condition (38). Figure 1 indicates the GWDL of f(t) when (a,b,c,d)=(0.02,1/24,0,50). It shows that the energy gathers along the line u=0. Figure 2 is the t-amplitude distribution of GWDL. Figure 3 is the u-amplitude distribution of GWDL and Figure 4 is the t-u distribution of QFM signal in the GWDL domain. Using the GWDL algorithm described above we get that the estimate values ofA0,a1,a2, anda3areA^0=1.9059,a^1=0.9415,a^2=0.1020, anda^3=0.0101, respectively. The simulation results indicate that the algorithm is accurate and the GWDL applying to the parameter estimation of the QFM signal is useful and effective.Figure 1
The GWDL of QFM signal.Figure 2
t-amplitude distribution of QFM signal in GWDL domain.Figure 3
u-amplitude distribution of QFM signal in GWDL domain.Figure 4
t-u distribution of QFM signal in GWDL domain.


### 4.3. Comparison with Other Methods

We know that the dimension of maximization for an algorithm leads to its computational complexity and efficiency whereas the nonlinearity order of an algorithm determines its SNR threshold and accuracy. So we compare the proposed method with other methods in the aspects of the dimension of maximization and the nonlinearity order.The algorithm we proposed above shows that it only needs three times 1D maximization for estimating all the four parameters, while the ML method requires 3D maximization and the LCTAF method needs 2D maximization. So this algorithm does not have heavy computational burden and is efficient.The PWVDs method [13] and the PHMT method [14] both need the same dimension of maximization as the proposed method (1D to be exact), but they have sixth-order nonlinearity, which decreases the estimation accuracy and increases the SNR threshold. Our method only has fourth-order nonlinearity, so the estimation values are more accurate and have lower SNR threshold.


## 4.1. The Algorithm for the Parameter Estimation of QFM Signal

In [16], the authors have used the WDL for estimating LFM signals, but is it appropriate for dealing with QFM signal? Now let us discuss it. The QFM signal considered in this paper confirms the model f(t)=A0ej(a1t+a2t2+a3t3), where A0 is the amplitude and a1, a2, and a3  (a3≠0) are the phase coefficients to be determined. For the QFM signal, its WDL is
(30)WDfA(t,u)=1j2πbA02ej(d/2b)u2×∫-∞+∞ej[(a1+2a2t+3a3t2-u/b)τ+(a/2b)τ2+a3τ3/4]dτ.Formula (30) shows that we cannot get any information about phase coefficients, so it is difficult to estimate parameters of QFM signals. But we can change the instantaneous autocorrelation function kf(t,τ) of WDL to achieve this goal. We define this new WDL as the generalized Wigner-Ville distribution based on the linear canonical transform (GWDL).Definition 6.
Givenkf′(t,τ)=f(t+τ/2)f(t-τ/2)f*(-t+τ/2)f*(-t-τ/2), one defines the GWDL of signal f(t) as follows:
(31)GWDfA(t,u)=∫-∞+∞kf′(t,τ)KA(u,τ)dτ,
where the superscript * denotes the conjugate and KA(u,τ) is given by (5). The definition of GWDL in (31) indicates that the GWDL has fourth-order nonlinearity. Substituting the QFM signal f(t)=A0ej(a1t+a2t2+a3t3) into kf′(t,τ), we obtain kf′(t,τ)=A04ej(4(a1t+a3t3)+3a3tτ2). So the phase of kf′(t,τ) is quadratic for τ, while the phase of kf(t,τ) is cubic for τ. By this change we can estimate the QFM signal parameters using GWDL.Theorem 7.
The GWDL of QFM signal is(32)GWDfA(t,u)={A042πbjej((d/2b)u2+4(a1t+a3t3))δ(u),a+6ba3t=0,A04a+6ba3t×ej((d/2b)u2+4(a1t+a3t3)-u2/(2ab+24b2ta3)),a+6ba3t≠0.Proof.
Substitutingkf′(t,τ)=A04ej(4(a1t+a3t3)+3a3tτ2) into the definition of GWDL, we obtain
(33)GWDfA(t,u)=A04j2πbej((d/2b)u2+4(a1t+a3t3))×∫-∞+∞e-j(uτ/b)+j(a/2b+3a3t)τ2dτ.
According to (17), it is easy to obtain (32) by (33).Formula (32) indicates that the GWDL of QFM signal will generate an impulse at the point (-a/6ba3,0) in the (t,u) plane and the energy will gather along the line u=0. So we can get the location information (t′,0) of the impulse by searching the peak. According to the formula t′=-a/6ba3, the parameter a3 can be estimated as
(34)a^3=-a6bargmaxt|GWDL(t,0)|.Equation (34) shows that the condition a≠0 must be satisfied. After a3 has been estimated, the signal f(t)e-ja^3t3 can be approximated to a LFM signal. So other parameters can be estimated by algorithms for estimating the LFM signal, such as WDL algorithm [16], FRFT algorithm [26], and the cubic phase function (CPF) algorithm [27] (in Section 4.2 we choose the CPF algorithm to estimate the LFM signal).For the discrete QFM signalf(n), the specification of the proposed algorithm is as follows.Step 1.
Compute the GWDL off(n) and search for the peak in the time-u frequency plane to get the location information (n′,0); then estimate a3 according to (34).Step 2.
Multiplyf(n) with e-ja^3n3 and do CPF for f(n)e-ja^3n3; then estimate a2 according to
(35)a^2=argmaxΩ|CPF(n,Ω)|2,
where CPF(n,Ω) is the CPF of f(n)e-ja^3n3.Step 3.
Estimatea1 by dechirping and finding the Fourier transform peak:
(36)a^1=argmaxω|∑n=-(N-1)/2(N-1)/2f(t)e-j(a^2n2+a^3n3)-jωn|.Step 4.
EstimateA0 by evaluating
(37)A^0=|1N∑n=-(N-1)/2(N-1)/2f(t)e-j(a^1n+a^2n2+a^3n3)|.
For the discrete signal, to avoid ambiguities due to the periodicity of digital spectra, it is also assumed that [28]
(38)|aiΔi|≤πi((N-1)/2)i-1,i=1,2,3,
where N is the length of the discrete signal and Δ is the sampling interval.


## 4.2. Simulations

The parameter estimation algorithm proposed above is applied to a QFM signal here. The QFM signalf(t) is considered and its parameter values are set to be A0=2,a1=1,a2=0.1, anda3=0.01, the sampling interval is Δ=0.02 s, and the observing time is t=20 s. Obviously parameter values that we chose above meet condition (38). Figure 1 indicates the GWDL of f(t) when (a,b,c,d)=(0.02,1/24,0,50). It shows that the energy gathers along the line u=0. Figure 2 is the t-amplitude distribution of GWDL. Figure 3 is the u-amplitude distribution of GWDL and Figure 4 is the t-u distribution of QFM signal in the GWDL domain. Using the GWDL algorithm described above we get that the estimate values ofA0,a1,a2, anda3areA^0=1.9059,a^1=0.9415,a^2=0.1020, anda^3=0.0101, respectively. The simulation results indicate that the algorithm is accurate and the GWDL applying to the parameter estimation of the QFM signal is useful and effective.Figure 1
The GWDL of QFM signal.Figure 2
t-amplitude distribution of QFM signal in GWDL domain.Figure 3
u-amplitude distribution of QFM signal in GWDL domain.Figure 4
t-u distribution of QFM signal in GWDL domain.


## 4.3. Comparison with Other Methods

We know that the dimension of maximization for an algorithm leads to its computational complexity and efficiency whereas the nonlinearity order of an algorithm determines its SNR threshold and accuracy. So we compare the proposed method with other methods in the aspects of the dimension of maximization and the nonlinearity order.The algorithm we proposed above shows that it only needs three times 1D maximization for estimating all the four parameters, while the ML method requires 3D maximization and the LCTAF method needs 2D maximization. So this algorithm does not have heavy computational burden and is efficient.The PWVDs method [13] and the PHMT method [14] both need the same dimension of maximization as the proposed method (1D to be exact), but they have sixth-order nonlinearity, which decreases the estimation accuracy and increases the SNR threshold. Our method only has fourth-order nonlinearity, so the estimation values are more accurate and have lower SNR threshold.


## 5. Conclusions

Some theories of the WDL are investigated in this paper. We first derive some new and important properties of the WDL. The relationships between WDL and other time-frequency analysis tools are also discussed, for instance, the LCTAF, STFT, and WT. The research on these theories of the WDL lays the foundation for its further application and enriches theoretical systems of the LCT and WVD. A fast and precise algorithm based on the generalized WDL for QFM signal parameter estimation is proposed, too. The new algorithm only needs 1D maximizations, so it does not have heavy computational burden and is efficient. Also the new algorithm is accurate and has a low SNR threshold because of its moderate order of nonlinearity.



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*Source: 516457-2014-05-13.xml*