# The Preparation and Characterization of Tourmaline-Containing Functional Copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA)

Authors: Yingmo Hu; Yunhua Li; Mengcan Li; Guocheng Lv; Quan Liu; Chunyan Hou
Journal: Journal of Spectroscopy
 (2018)

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## Abstract

Tourmaline was modified with vinyl triethoxysilane containing double bond to prepare the polymerizable organic vinylsiliconoxyl tourmaline (VST) and then copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) to produce the tourmaline-containing functional copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA). The structures and morphologies of VST and p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer were characterized by IR, SEM, and EDX. The experimental results indicated that tourmaline was introduced into the copolymer via surface modification and the tourmaline-containing functional copolymer was obtained by a copolymerization process with MMA and BA. The prepared p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer displayed excellent storage stabilities, high far-infrared radiation and negative ion releasing performances, and good mechanical properties.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Negative oxygen ions possess the efficacy of promoting metabolism of the human body, being able to prevent influenza, enhance human immune system, and restore the balance of the human body [1]. As such, materials able to release negative oxygen ions have attracted great attention recently and are applied in many fields, for example, as additives of building materials, textile fibers, health products, and cosmetics [2].Tourmaline, with the chemical formula of NaR3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH,F)4 (R is Mg, Fe, Li, or Mn) [3–5], is a natural cyclosilicate mineral. Because of its special chemical structure, it possesses many unique physical and chemical properties [6], such as far-infrared radiation [7, 8] and negative ion release [9, 10]. As such, a variety of applications of tourmaline have been developed [11–16]. If tourmaline could be added into polymers to prepare functional polymers, its applications could be further expanded to functional health-care products and functional materials [17, 18].However, tourmaline powders could not be dispersed well in nonpolar polymers due to the high polarity of its surface. Surface modification by organic materials was commonly used to render its surface polarity and to prepare tourmaline/polymer composites [19, 20]. A tourmaline-containing functional copolymer, if it could be produced, would provide a new channel to fabricate novel functional materials and devices. Previously, we prepared the tourmaline-containing functional copolymer p (TUC/BA/MMA), which displayed an excellent storage stability, excellent mechanical properties, superior performance in far-infrared radiation, and enhanced negative ion release [21].In the present study, we developed a new method to prepare tourmaline-containing functional copolymer. Tourmaline was modified first with a silane coupling agent containing double bond to synthesize polymerizable organic vinylsiliconoxyl tourmaline (VST). Then, tourmaline-containing functional copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA) was fabricated by copolymerizing VST with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA). The structures and morphologies of VST and copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA) were characterized by IR, SEM, and EDX, and their mechanical properties and performances in far-infrared radiation and negative ion release were evaluated quantitatively.


## 2. Experimental

### 2.1. Materials and Characterization

The tourmaline (8000 mesh) was obtained from Yanxin Mineral Co. Ltd., Hebei, China. Ethanol was purchased from Beijing Chemical Works. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO), butyl acrylate (BA), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), vinyltriethoxysilane, and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd.A PerkinElmer Spectrum 100 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was used to obtain the FT-IR spectra of the samples over the 4000–400 cm−1 range. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM, S-450 made by Hitachi) was operated at 20 kV for the microstructure images. And the elements of samples were analyzed by an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) attached to the SEM. The mechanical properties and viscosity of the copolymers were tested by the CMT4304 electronic universal testing machine controlled by a microcomputer and SNB-3 digital viscometer, respectively. A 5DX Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was utilized to measure the far-infrared radiation of copolymers. And an air ion counter (Alpha Lab Inc., USA) was used to quantify the negative ions released from the copolymers at room temperature.


### 2.2. Preparation of Polymerizable Vinylsiliconoxyl Tourmaline (VST)

Tourmaline (5 g) and vinyl triethoxysilane (1 g) were added into a three-neck flask and reacted for 1.5 h at 60°C in 50 mL of mixture of ethanol and distilled water with a volume ratio of 1 : 5 under pH 9. And the product was filtrated and washed three times with ethanol, then dried naturally.


### 2.3. Develop of Copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA)

20 mL DMF was poured into a four-neck flask connected to a reflux condensing tube, a constant pressure funnel, and a leading tube of nitrogen. The nitrogen was fluxed for 30 min to displace the gas in the flask. Then 20 mL of mixture of BA and MMA (1 : 1) dissolved in BPO was added to the flask with stir via the constant pressure funnel under 70°C. 2 g polymerizable organic VST was added into the flask while the viscosity started to rise and the reaction lasted for 9 h at 70°C under stirring to obtain the tourmaline-containing functional copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA).


## 2.1. Materials and Characterization

The tourmaline (8000 mesh) was obtained from Yanxin Mineral Co. Ltd., Hebei, China. Ethanol was purchased from Beijing Chemical Works. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO), butyl acrylate (BA), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), vinyltriethoxysilane, and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd.A PerkinElmer Spectrum 100 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was used to obtain the FT-IR spectra of the samples over the 4000–400 cm−1 range. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM, S-450 made by Hitachi) was operated at 20 kV for the microstructure images. And the elements of samples were analyzed by an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) attached to the SEM. The mechanical properties and viscosity of the copolymers were tested by the CMT4304 electronic universal testing machine controlled by a microcomputer and SNB-3 digital viscometer, respectively. A 5DX Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was utilized to measure the far-infrared radiation of copolymers. And an air ion counter (Alpha Lab Inc., USA) was used to quantify the negative ions released from the copolymers at room temperature.


## 2.2. Preparation of Polymerizable Vinylsiliconoxyl Tourmaline (VST)

Tourmaline (5 g) and vinyl triethoxysilane (1 g) were added into a three-neck flask and reacted for 1.5 h at 60°C in 50 mL of mixture of ethanol and distilled water with a volume ratio of 1 : 5 under pH 9. And the product was filtrated and washed three times with ethanol, then dried naturally.


## 2.3. Develop of Copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA)

20 mL DMF was poured into a four-neck flask connected to a reflux condensing tube, a constant pressure funnel, and a leading tube of nitrogen. The nitrogen was fluxed for 30 min to displace the gas in the flask. Then 20 mL of mixture of BA and MMA (1 : 1) dissolved in BPO was added to the flask with stir via the constant pressure funnel under 70°C. 2 g polymerizable organic VST was added into the flask while the viscosity started to rise and the reaction lasted for 9 h at 70°C under stirring to obtain the tourmaline-containing functional copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA).


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Characterization of Polymerizable Organic VST

#### 3.1.1. IR Spectra

The typical absorption bands of OH, B-O, and Si-O groups of raw tourmaline (Figure1(a)) were located at 3563, 1280, and 977 cm−1, respectively [22]. In contrast, the spectrum of modified tourmaline (Figure 1(b)) displayed new absorption bands at 3069 cm−1 (vinyl), 2957 cm−1 (methyl), and 1661 cm−1 (double bond). The typical absorption bands of tourmaline showed a few wavenumbers of redshift due to the electronic effect of the tourmaline powder’s surface linked with the vinylsiliconoxyl [23]. The FTIR results confirmed that vinylsiliconoxyl was introduced onto the surface of tourmaline to produce the polymerizable organic VST via surface modification (Scheme 1).Figure 1
IR spectra of unmodified tourmaline (a) and modified tourmaline (b).Scheme 1
Surface modification of tourmaline to form VST.


#### 3.1.2. SEM Images

The SEM images showed different surface properties between the raw and modified tourmaline. The modified tourmaline appeared to have excellent dispersivity (Figure2(b)) in contrast to the heavy agglomeration of unmodified one (Figure 2(a)). The organic vinylsiliconoxyl group on tourmaline surfaces after modification would reduce the surface polarity and significantly increased the hydrophobicity and dispersivity of tourmaline powders [24].Figure 2
SEM images of unmodified tourmaline (a) and modified tourmaline (b).
(a)
(b)


#### 3.1.3. Far-Infrared Radiation Analysis

The far-infrared emissivity of unmodified and modified tourmaline was measured over the 8–24μm wavelength range (Figure 3). A higher far-infrared emissivity (about 0.95) was found for the modified tourmaline, in comparison to about 0.87 for the unmodified one. This could be attributed to the reduced surface polarity, improved dispersivity, and increased surface areas of tourmaline powders after surface modification [25].Figure 3
Far-infrared emissivity of unmodified and modified tourmaline.


#### 3.1.4. Negative Ion Release

The amounts of negative ions released by raw and modified tourmaline were all far more than those by air (Table1), and modified tourmaline exhibited higher amount of negative ion release than that of unmodified tourmaline.Table 1
The amount of negative ions released by air, tourmaline, and modified tourmaline.
Samples
The amount of negative ions (ions/cm3)
Air
192
Unmodified tourmaline
433
Modified tourmaline
575


### 3.2. Characterization of p (VST/MMA/BA)

#### 3.2.1. IR Spectra of Copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA)

The IR spectrum of the copolymer showed the absorption peaks of methyl at 2970 cm−1 and 2850 cm−1, carbonyl group at 1737 cm−1, C-H bending vibrations at 1447 cm−1 and 1381 cm−1, and C-O band at 1162 cm−1 (Figure 4), in addition to the typical absorption bands of tourmaline at 3446 cm−1 (OH group), 1242 cm−1 (B-O band), and 988 cm−1 band (Si-O) [22]. However, the double-bond absorption disappeared in this spectrum. These results manifested that the copolymerization took place among BA, MMA, and organic VST to form the tourmaline-containing copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA).Figure 4
The IR spectrum of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer.


#### 3.2.2. The Viscosity of Copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA)

The viscosity of copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA) was high and increased with the increase of VST dosage at the initial stage (Table2) and peaked at 1% of VST dosage. This may indicate that VST could copolymerize with BA and MMA effectively, and the heteroatoms of tourmaline might lead to the interaction of copolymer chain. But an excess of tourmaline might separate the adjacent copolymer chain as a filler [26].Table 2
Viscosity of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer with different dosages of VST.
Dosage of VST (%)
Viscosity of copolymer (mPa·s)
0.3
280,650
0.8
294,507
1
309,953
2
252,831
3
239,149


#### 3.2.3. The Storage Stabilities of Copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA)

The storage stabilities of copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA) and copolymer of unmodified tourmaline with MMA and BA (p (unmodified tourmaline/MMA/BA)) obtained under the same fabrication procedures were evaluated. All copolymers containing VST at a mass percentage of 0.3, 1.0, and 2.0 displayed excellent storage stabilities after 30 days (Figures5(a)–5(c)). In contrast, the p (unmodified tourmaline/MMA/BA) showed massive sedimentation (Figure 5(d)) observably while placed less than a week. The results suggested that VST was introduced into the copolymer via copolymerization with MMA and BA to obtain tourmaline-containing functional copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA), while the unmodified tourmaline could not copolymerize with MMA and BA, but only form blended mixture with MMA and BA.Figure 5
The storage stabilities of copolymer with VST 0.3% (a), 1% (b), 2% (c), and 2% unmodified tourmaline (d).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)


#### 3.2.4. SEM Images and EDX Analysis

The SEM image of p (unmodified tourmaline/MMA/BA) (Figure6(a)) showed obvious reunion of tourmaline for its strong polarity, while the p (VST/MMA/BA) exhibited well distribution of tourmaline on both the surface and the interior of copolymer film (Figure 6(b)). The rough and uneven surface of the cross section shown in the inset image (Figure 6(b)) revealed that the p (VST/MMA/BA) film had good mechanical properties and is not brittle.Figure 6
The surface SEM images of p (unmodified tourmaline/MMA/BA) (a) and p (VST/MMA/BA) (b) (inset was the cross section of the film) and the EDX analysis of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer (c).
(a)
(b)
(c)Furthermore, the EDX elemental analysis of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer (Figure6(c)) further confirmed the presence of tourmaline in the copolymer by surface modification and copolymerization to form p (VST/MMA/BA).


### 3.3. The Performance Characterization of p (VST/MMA/BA) Copolymer

In order to study the performance of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer, the influence of VST dosage on the properties of negative ion release, far-infrared radiation, and mechanical properties of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer film were investigated quantitatively.


#### 3.3.1. The Negative Air Ion Releasing Property

The amount of negative ions released from p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer increased linearly with the increase of VST dosage (Figure7). These results were in accordance with the good dispersivity of modified tourmaline. With a bamboo charcoal content of 12%, poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polypropylene/bamboo charcoal (PET/PP/BC) thermoplastic composites could only produce negative air ions of 110–200 per cm3 [27]. The average negative air ion releasing was about 150 per cm3 for ethylene propylene diene terpolymer/polypropylene and tourmaline composite films [28]. The negative air ion releasing reached maximum of 300 per cm3 [29] at the tourmaline content of 5% in tourmaline-containing polypropylene composition films. The product developed from this study reached to 500 per cm3 at a VST loading level of only 2.5% (Figure 7), much better than previous developed materials.Figure 7
The amount of negative ions released from p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer.


#### 3.3.2. Far-Infrared Radiation Emissivity

The far-infrared radiation emissivity of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer, tested from 8 to 24μm wavelength at room temperature using the 5DX Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, was listed in Table 3. For p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer, the far-infrared emissivity values were all high (about 0.96) and remained more or less the same regardless of the amount of VST in the copolymer. The results are much better than 0.85 for poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polypropylene/bamboo charcoal (PET/PP/BC) thermoplastic composites [27] and better than 0.9 for paperboards coated with 40 g/m2 far-infrared emission functional materials [30]. In contrast, the far-infrared emissivity of tourmaline/graphene oxide (at tourmaline/graphene oxide ratio of 85 : 15) showed merely an enhancement of 4% in far-infrared emission than that of tourmaline alone [31]. The near constant results suggested that modified tourmaline distributed uniformly in the copolymer and the distribution of tourmaline on the surface of the film did not increase evidently [32].Table 3
Far-infrared emissivity of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer with different contents of VST.
The dosage of VST (%)
Far-infrared emissivity rate
0.3
0.958
0.8
0.959
1.5
0.950
2.0
0.956
2.5
0.962


#### 3.3.3. Mechanical Properties

The mechanical properties of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer with different added amounts of VST were tested according to the standard GB 13022-1991 [33]. Both the elastic modulus and tensile strength of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymers increased with increasing VST dosage (Figure 8). The results suggested that tourmaline was introduced into p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer with chemical bonding via the surface modification and copolymerization with MMA and BA, which enhanced the acting force effectively among polymer chains [21].Figure 8
The mechanical properties of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymers.


## 3.1. Characterization of Polymerizable Organic VST

### 3.1.1. IR Spectra

The typical absorption bands of OH, B-O, and Si-O groups of raw tourmaline (Figure1(a)) were located at 3563, 1280, and 977 cm−1, respectively [22]. In contrast, the spectrum of modified tourmaline (Figure 1(b)) displayed new absorption bands at 3069 cm−1 (vinyl), 2957 cm−1 (methyl), and 1661 cm−1 (double bond). The typical absorption bands of tourmaline showed a few wavenumbers of redshift due to the electronic effect of the tourmaline powder’s surface linked with the vinylsiliconoxyl [23]. The FTIR results confirmed that vinylsiliconoxyl was introduced onto the surface of tourmaline to produce the polymerizable organic VST via surface modification (Scheme 1).Figure 1
IR spectra of unmodified tourmaline (a) and modified tourmaline (b).Scheme 1
Surface modification of tourmaline to form VST.


### 3.1.2. SEM Images

The SEM images showed different surface properties between the raw and modified tourmaline. The modified tourmaline appeared to have excellent dispersivity (Figure2(b)) in contrast to the heavy agglomeration of unmodified one (Figure 2(a)). The organic vinylsiliconoxyl group on tourmaline surfaces after modification would reduce the surface polarity and significantly increased the hydrophobicity and dispersivity of tourmaline powders [24].Figure 2
SEM images of unmodified tourmaline (a) and modified tourmaline (b).
(a)
(b)


### 3.1.3. Far-Infrared Radiation Analysis

The far-infrared emissivity of unmodified and modified tourmaline was measured over the 8–24μm wavelength range (Figure 3). A higher far-infrared emissivity (about 0.95) was found for the modified tourmaline, in comparison to about 0.87 for the unmodified one. This could be attributed to the reduced surface polarity, improved dispersivity, and increased surface areas of tourmaline powders after surface modification [25].Figure 3
Far-infrared emissivity of unmodified and modified tourmaline.


### 3.1.4. Negative Ion Release

The amounts of negative ions released by raw and modified tourmaline were all far more than those by air (Table1), and modified tourmaline exhibited higher amount of negative ion release than that of unmodified tourmaline.Table 1
The amount of negative ions released by air, tourmaline, and modified tourmaline.
Samples
The amount of negative ions (ions/cm3)
Air
192
Unmodified tourmaline
433
Modified tourmaline
575


## 3.1.1. IR Spectra

The typical absorption bands of OH, B-O, and Si-O groups of raw tourmaline (Figure1(a)) were located at 3563, 1280, and 977 cm−1, respectively [22]. In contrast, the spectrum of modified tourmaline (Figure 1(b)) displayed new absorption bands at 3069 cm−1 (vinyl), 2957 cm−1 (methyl), and 1661 cm−1 (double bond). The typical absorption bands of tourmaline showed a few wavenumbers of redshift due to the electronic effect of the tourmaline powder’s surface linked with the vinylsiliconoxyl [23]. The FTIR results confirmed that vinylsiliconoxyl was introduced onto the surface of tourmaline to produce the polymerizable organic VST via surface modification (Scheme 1).Figure 1
IR spectra of unmodified tourmaline (a) and modified tourmaline (b).Scheme 1
Surface modification of tourmaline to form VST.


## 3.1.2. SEM Images

The SEM images showed different surface properties between the raw and modified tourmaline. The modified tourmaline appeared to have excellent dispersivity (Figure2(b)) in contrast to the heavy agglomeration of unmodified one (Figure 2(a)). The organic vinylsiliconoxyl group on tourmaline surfaces after modification would reduce the surface polarity and significantly increased the hydrophobicity and dispersivity of tourmaline powders [24].Figure 2
SEM images of unmodified tourmaline (a) and modified tourmaline (b).
(a)
(b)


## 3.1.3. Far-Infrared Radiation Analysis

The far-infrared emissivity of unmodified and modified tourmaline was measured over the 8–24μm wavelength range (Figure 3). A higher far-infrared emissivity (about 0.95) was found for the modified tourmaline, in comparison to about 0.87 for the unmodified one. This could be attributed to the reduced surface polarity, improved dispersivity, and increased surface areas of tourmaline powders after surface modification [25].Figure 3
Far-infrared emissivity of unmodified and modified tourmaline.


## 3.1.4. Negative Ion Release

The amounts of negative ions released by raw and modified tourmaline were all far more than those by air (Table1), and modified tourmaline exhibited higher amount of negative ion release than that of unmodified tourmaline.Table 1
The amount of negative ions released by air, tourmaline, and modified tourmaline.
Samples
The amount of negative ions (ions/cm3)
Air
192
Unmodified tourmaline
433
Modified tourmaline
575


## 3.2. Characterization of p (VST/MMA/BA)

### 3.2.1. IR Spectra of Copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA)

The IR spectrum of the copolymer showed the absorption peaks of methyl at 2970 cm−1 and 2850 cm−1, carbonyl group at 1737 cm−1, C-H bending vibrations at 1447 cm−1 and 1381 cm−1, and C-O band at 1162 cm−1 (Figure 4), in addition to the typical absorption bands of tourmaline at 3446 cm−1 (OH group), 1242 cm−1 (B-O band), and 988 cm−1 band (Si-O) [22]. However, the double-bond absorption disappeared in this spectrum. These results manifested that the copolymerization took place among BA, MMA, and organic VST to form the tourmaline-containing copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA).Figure 4
The IR spectrum of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer.


### 3.2.2. The Viscosity of Copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA)

The viscosity of copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA) was high and increased with the increase of VST dosage at the initial stage (Table2) and peaked at 1% of VST dosage. This may indicate that VST could copolymerize with BA and MMA effectively, and the heteroatoms of tourmaline might lead to the interaction of copolymer chain. But an excess of tourmaline might separate the adjacent copolymer chain as a filler [26].Table 2
Viscosity of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer with different dosages of VST.
Dosage of VST (%)
Viscosity of copolymer (mPa·s)
0.3
280,650
0.8
294,507
1
309,953
2
252,831
3
239,149


### 3.2.3. The Storage Stabilities of Copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA)

The storage stabilities of copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA) and copolymer of unmodified tourmaline with MMA and BA (p (unmodified tourmaline/MMA/BA)) obtained under the same fabrication procedures were evaluated. All copolymers containing VST at a mass percentage of 0.3, 1.0, and 2.0 displayed excellent storage stabilities after 30 days (Figures5(a)–5(c)). In contrast, the p (unmodified tourmaline/MMA/BA) showed massive sedimentation (Figure 5(d)) observably while placed less than a week. The results suggested that VST was introduced into the copolymer via copolymerization with MMA and BA to obtain tourmaline-containing functional copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA), while the unmodified tourmaline could not copolymerize with MMA and BA, but only form blended mixture with MMA and BA.Figure 5
The storage stabilities of copolymer with VST 0.3% (a), 1% (b), 2% (c), and 2% unmodified tourmaline (d).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)


### 3.2.4. SEM Images and EDX Analysis

The SEM image of p (unmodified tourmaline/MMA/BA) (Figure6(a)) showed obvious reunion of tourmaline for its strong polarity, while the p (VST/MMA/BA) exhibited well distribution of tourmaline on both the surface and the interior of copolymer film (Figure 6(b)). The rough and uneven surface of the cross section shown in the inset image (Figure 6(b)) revealed that the p (VST/MMA/BA) film had good mechanical properties and is not brittle.Figure 6
The surface SEM images of p (unmodified tourmaline/MMA/BA) (a) and p (VST/MMA/BA) (b) (inset was the cross section of the film) and the EDX analysis of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer (c).
(a)
(b)
(c)Furthermore, the EDX elemental analysis of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer (Figure6(c)) further confirmed the presence of tourmaline in the copolymer by surface modification and copolymerization to form p (VST/MMA/BA).


## 3.2.1. IR Spectra of Copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA)

The IR spectrum of the copolymer showed the absorption peaks of methyl at 2970 cm−1 and 2850 cm−1, carbonyl group at 1737 cm−1, C-H bending vibrations at 1447 cm−1 and 1381 cm−1, and C-O band at 1162 cm−1 (Figure 4), in addition to the typical absorption bands of tourmaline at 3446 cm−1 (OH group), 1242 cm−1 (B-O band), and 988 cm−1 band (Si-O) [22]. However, the double-bond absorption disappeared in this spectrum. These results manifested that the copolymerization took place among BA, MMA, and organic VST to form the tourmaline-containing copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA).Figure 4
The IR spectrum of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer.


## 3.2.2. The Viscosity of Copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA)

The viscosity of copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA) was high and increased with the increase of VST dosage at the initial stage (Table2) and peaked at 1% of VST dosage. This may indicate that VST could copolymerize with BA and MMA effectively, and the heteroatoms of tourmaline might lead to the interaction of copolymer chain. But an excess of tourmaline might separate the adjacent copolymer chain as a filler [26].Table 2
Viscosity of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer with different dosages of VST.
Dosage of VST (%)
Viscosity of copolymer (mPa·s)
0.3
280,650
0.8
294,507
1
309,953
2
252,831
3
239,149


## 3.2.3. The Storage Stabilities of Copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA)

The storage stabilities of copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA) and copolymer of unmodified tourmaline with MMA and BA (p (unmodified tourmaline/MMA/BA)) obtained under the same fabrication procedures were evaluated. All copolymers containing VST at a mass percentage of 0.3, 1.0, and 2.0 displayed excellent storage stabilities after 30 days (Figures5(a)–5(c)). In contrast, the p (unmodified tourmaline/MMA/BA) showed massive sedimentation (Figure 5(d)) observably while placed less than a week. The results suggested that VST was introduced into the copolymer via copolymerization with MMA and BA to obtain tourmaline-containing functional copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA), while the unmodified tourmaline could not copolymerize with MMA and BA, but only form blended mixture with MMA and BA.Figure 5
The storage stabilities of copolymer with VST 0.3% (a), 1% (b), 2% (c), and 2% unmodified tourmaline (d).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)


## 3.2.4. SEM Images and EDX Analysis

The SEM image of p (unmodified tourmaline/MMA/BA) (Figure6(a)) showed obvious reunion of tourmaline for its strong polarity, while the p (VST/MMA/BA) exhibited well distribution of tourmaline on both the surface and the interior of copolymer film (Figure 6(b)). The rough and uneven surface of the cross section shown in the inset image (Figure 6(b)) revealed that the p (VST/MMA/BA) film had good mechanical properties and is not brittle.Figure 6
The surface SEM images of p (unmodified tourmaline/MMA/BA) (a) and p (VST/MMA/BA) (b) (inset was the cross section of the film) and the EDX analysis of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer (c).
(a)
(b)
(c)Furthermore, the EDX elemental analysis of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer (Figure6(c)) further confirmed the presence of tourmaline in the copolymer by surface modification and copolymerization to form p (VST/MMA/BA).


## 3.3. The Performance Characterization of p (VST/MMA/BA) Copolymer

In order to study the performance of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer, the influence of VST dosage on the properties of negative ion release, far-infrared radiation, and mechanical properties of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer film were investigated quantitatively.


### 3.3.1. The Negative Air Ion Releasing Property

The amount of negative ions released from p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer increased linearly with the increase of VST dosage (Figure7). These results were in accordance with the good dispersivity of modified tourmaline. With a bamboo charcoal content of 12%, poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polypropylene/bamboo charcoal (PET/PP/BC) thermoplastic composites could only produce negative air ions of 110–200 per cm3 [27]. The average negative air ion releasing was about 150 per cm3 for ethylene propylene diene terpolymer/polypropylene and tourmaline composite films [28]. The negative air ion releasing reached maximum of 300 per cm3 [29] at the tourmaline content of 5% in tourmaline-containing polypropylene composition films. The product developed from this study reached to 500 per cm3 at a VST loading level of only 2.5% (Figure 7), much better than previous developed materials.Figure 7
The amount of negative ions released from p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer.


### 3.3.2. Far-Infrared Radiation Emissivity

The far-infrared radiation emissivity of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer, tested from 8 to 24μm wavelength at room temperature using the 5DX Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, was listed in Table 3. For p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer, the far-infrared emissivity values were all high (about 0.96) and remained more or less the same regardless of the amount of VST in the copolymer. The results are much better than 0.85 for poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polypropylene/bamboo charcoal (PET/PP/BC) thermoplastic composites [27] and better than 0.9 for paperboards coated with 40 g/m2 far-infrared emission functional materials [30]. In contrast, the far-infrared emissivity of tourmaline/graphene oxide (at tourmaline/graphene oxide ratio of 85 : 15) showed merely an enhancement of 4% in far-infrared emission than that of tourmaline alone [31]. The near constant results suggested that modified tourmaline distributed uniformly in the copolymer and the distribution of tourmaline on the surface of the film did not increase evidently [32].Table 3
Far-infrared emissivity of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer with different contents of VST.
The dosage of VST (%)
Far-infrared emissivity rate
0.3
0.958
0.8
0.959
1.5
0.950
2.0
0.956
2.5
0.962


### 3.3.3. Mechanical Properties

The mechanical properties of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer with different added amounts of VST were tested according to the standard GB 13022-1991 [33]. Both the elastic modulus and tensile strength of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymers increased with increasing VST dosage (Figure 8). The results suggested that tourmaline was introduced into p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer with chemical bonding via the surface modification and copolymerization with MMA and BA, which enhanced the acting force effectively among polymer chains [21].Figure 8
The mechanical properties of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymers.


## 3.3.1. The Negative Air Ion Releasing Property

The amount of negative ions released from p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer increased linearly with the increase of VST dosage (Figure7). These results were in accordance with the good dispersivity of modified tourmaline. With a bamboo charcoal content of 12%, poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polypropylene/bamboo charcoal (PET/PP/BC) thermoplastic composites could only produce negative air ions of 110–200 per cm3 [27]. The average negative air ion releasing was about 150 per cm3 for ethylene propylene diene terpolymer/polypropylene and tourmaline composite films [28]. The negative air ion releasing reached maximum of 300 per cm3 [29] at the tourmaline content of 5% in tourmaline-containing polypropylene composition films. The product developed from this study reached to 500 per cm3 at a VST loading level of only 2.5% (Figure 7), much better than previous developed materials.Figure 7
The amount of negative ions released from p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer.


## 3.3.2. Far-Infrared Radiation Emissivity

The far-infrared radiation emissivity of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer, tested from 8 to 24μm wavelength at room temperature using the 5DX Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, was listed in Table 3. For p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer, the far-infrared emissivity values were all high (about 0.96) and remained more or less the same regardless of the amount of VST in the copolymer. The results are much better than 0.85 for poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polypropylene/bamboo charcoal (PET/PP/BC) thermoplastic composites [27] and better than 0.9 for paperboards coated with 40 g/m2 far-infrared emission functional materials [30]. In contrast, the far-infrared emissivity of tourmaline/graphene oxide (at tourmaline/graphene oxide ratio of 85 : 15) showed merely an enhancement of 4% in far-infrared emission than that of tourmaline alone [31]. The near constant results suggested that modified tourmaline distributed uniformly in the copolymer and the distribution of tourmaline on the surface of the film did not increase evidently [32].Table 3
Far-infrared emissivity of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer with different contents of VST.
The dosage of VST (%)
Far-infrared emissivity rate
0.3
0.958
0.8
0.959
1.5
0.950
2.0
0.956
2.5
0.962


## 3.3.3. Mechanical Properties

The mechanical properties of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer with different added amounts of VST were tested according to the standard GB 13022-1991 [33]. Both the elastic modulus and tensile strength of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymers increased with increasing VST dosage (Figure 8). The results suggested that tourmaline was introduced into p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer with chemical bonding via the surface modification and copolymerization with MMA and BA, which enhanced the acting force effectively among polymer chains [21].Figure 8
The mechanical properties of p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymers.


## 4. Conclusions

The polymerizable organic vinylsiliconoxyl tourmaline (VST) was prepared by surface modification of tourmaline with vinyl triethoxysilane and then copolymerized with MMA and BA to fabricate tourmaline-containing functional copolymer p (VST/MMA/BA). The structures and morphologies of VST and p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer were characterized by IR, SEM, and EDX.The experimental results revealed that the organic modified tourmaline presented better negative ion releasing and far-infrared radiating properties due to a reduction of surface polarity, improvement of dispersivity, and increase of surface areas after organic modification. And the p (VST/MMA/BA) copolymer displayed excellent storage stabilities, high far-infrared radiation, and better negative ion releasing performances with good mechanical properties. The results suggested that tourmaline was introduced into the copolymer via surface modification and copolymerization with MMA and BA to achieve tourmaline-containing functional copolymer. This work presented a new way to develop mineral-containing functional copolymers and functional materials.



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*Source: 5031205-2018-05-07.xml*