# Mechanical Vibration Signal Denoising Using Quantum-Inspired Standard Deviation Based on Subband Based Gaussian Mixture Model

Authors: Aidong Xu; Wenqi Huang; Peng Li; Huajun Chen; Jiaxiao Meng; Xiaobin Guo
Journal: Shock and Vibration
 (2018)

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## Abstract

Aiming at improving noise reduction effect for mechanical vibration signal, a Gaussian mixture model (SGMM) and a quantum-inspired standard deviation (QSD) are proposed and applied to the denoising method using the thresholding function in wavelet domain. Firstly, the SGMM is presented and utilized as a local distribution to approximate the wavelet coefficients distribution in each subband. Then, within Bayesian framework, the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator is employed to derive a thresholding function with conventional standard deviation (CSD) which is calculated by the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. However, the CSD has a disadvantage of ignoring the interscale dependency between wavelet coefficients. Considering this limit for the CSD, the quantum theory is adopted to analyze the interscale dependency between coefficients in adjacent subbands, and the QSD for noise-free wavelet coefficients is presented based on quantum mechanics. Next, the QSD is constituted for the CSD in the thresholding function to shrink noisy coefficients. Finally, an application in the mechanical vibration signal processing is used to illustrate the denoising technique. The experimental study shows the SGMM can model the distribution of wavelet coefficients accurately and QSD can depict interscale dependency of wavelet coefficients of true signal quite successfully. Therefore, the denoising method utilizing the SGMM and QSD performs better than others.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

With the science and technology developing, the mechanical equipment is becoming more and more complicated, which indicates that intelligent controlling and monitoring methods are necessary for machineries. The signal is widely used in mechanical system for controlling and monitoring [1–5] and helps to optimize the mechanical equipment management. The vibration signal among the most popular signals is applied to the mechanical information extraction. However, noise inevitably exists in mechanical vibration signal. Thus the study of noise reduction has attracted sustained attention in the past few decades, and estimating the noise-free signal coefficients in the wavelet domain is a practical way while it is difficult to recover noise-free signal in the time domain. Improved from VisuShrink, SureShrink, and BayesShrink, a fair amount of wavelets based on denoising techniques using thresholding functions has been developed for one-dimensional [6–8], two-dimensional [9–12], and three-dimensional [13, 14] signal. It has been demonstrated that the thresholding function based denoising algorithms utilizing local probability density function (PDF) [15] or utilizing interscale dependency of wavelet coefficients [16, 17] are among the best.The noise reduction algorithm using the thresholding function can be considered as estimating the noise-free wavelet coefficients as accurately as possible in a Bayesian framework [15]. The maximum a posteriori (MAP) Bayesian estimator is often employed to derive the thresholding function based on an appropriate prior knowledge of noise-free wavelet coefficients. So, the adopted distribution for the wavelet coefficients plays a key role in the performance of mechanical vibration signal denoising. Due to the versatility of the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) in characterizing statistical behavior in the wavelet domain, the GMM has been extensively applied in modeling the PDF of wavelet coefficients accurately [18], and the thresholding function derived from GMM performances shows better shrinking coefficients than those based on Gaussian model and Laplacian model. However, the GMM is mostly used for two-dimensional image rather than one-dimensional mechanical signal processing; it is necessary to do some research on one-dimensional signal processing for wider application of GMM. After wavelet decomposition, different subbands will present different wavelet coefficients. It is logical to take the level of subband into account while the GMM is employed to model the coefficient distribution in each level. In order to enhance the denoising effect, a subband based on Gaussian mixture model (SGMM) is proposed as a local PDF for each wavelet coefficient in its neighborhood.The standard deviation of the clean wavelet coefficients is an important parameter in SGMM. The conventional standard deviation (CSD) is mostly used to estimate the standard deviation of noise-free coefficients and it will finally appear in the thresholding function after MAP estimation based on SGMM, which will strongly influence the noise reduction effect. The CSD of clean wavelet coefficients is computed via an statistical way in its neighborhood [17], which ignores the interscale dependency between adjacent subbands. It has been revealed that denoising algorithms [16, 17, 19] which consider the influence of interscale dependency of wavelet coefficients performs better in denoising, whereas the studies shown in [16, 17, 19] consider interscale dependency in statistic distribution model and use the CSD of clean wavelet coefficients to handle wavelet. Since many works have shown strong evidences that wavelet coefficients produced by true signal exhibit significant dependencies on subsequent locations, in this paper the interscale dependency is taken into account from another perspective, which indicates that we will integrate the interscale dependency into the standard deviation. In order to evaluate the interscale dependency quantitatively, the quantum theory is employed due to its special nature.Quantum theory is an ongoing research in the fields of quick search [20], optimization [21, 22], clustering [23], and key distribution [24]. The work of incorporating quantum mechanics into other theories has stimulated the researches of quantum-inspired algorithms and their applications. Relying on the basic principles of quantum mechanics, a qubit described as a superposition can represent all states simultaneously that a datum may generate [21, 22]. A wavelet coefficient consists of the noise-free coefficient and the noise coefficient; in other words, it is the superposition of signal and noise. Therefore, quantum theory is potential to depict the interscale dependency between subbands in the same location. We will try to derive a quantum-inspired standard deviation (QSD) for noise-free wavelet coefficients in order to improve noise reduction effect of denoising method with CSD.From the above, in this paper the clean coefficients are estimated from the noisy data observations considering both local PDF using SGMM and interscale dependency using QSD while processing the wavelet coefficients with Bayesian estimation techniques. Using the SGMM with QSD has two advantages: (1) One better prior distribution of wavelet coefficients will result in one better thresholding function. The SGMM can model the distribution of wavelet coefficients more accurately in each subband; (2) the interscale dependency is a basic property of wavelet coefficients and the QSD considers the interscale dependency quantitatively. Combining the SGMM with QSD thus will elicit an exact thresholding function which will reduce noise professionally.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section2 the SGMM is presented and the thresholding function based on local SGMM with CSD using MAP estimator is derived. In Section 3, the quantum theory is employed to evaluate the interscale dependency between adjacent subbands quantitatively. The QSD integrating quantum mechanics is presented and substituted for CSD in the thresholding function. Then the procedures of the denoising algorithm using QSD are presented. In Section 4, the proposed denoising algorithm is applied and experimental results are discussed. Finally, Section 5 offers some conclusions.


## 2. Bayesian Denoising Based on SGMM with CSD

### 2.1. Bayesian Denoising Based on Gaussian PDF

In this paper, a mechanical vibration signal corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with zero mean will be considered. For ease of clear expression for deriving thresholding function using GMM as a local distribution, the thresholding function based on Gaussian PDF with local parameters is given first in this section. After wavelet transforming, the wavelet coefficients satisfyy=w+n, where y is the noisy wavelet coefficient of sampled mechanical signal, w is the noise-free wavelet coefficient to be computed, and n is noise coefficient, which is independent white zero-mean Gaussian one.Dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DTCWT) can reduce spectral aliasing for vibration signals and enjoys nearly shift invariance compared to other wavelets, which are attractive properties favorable to signal processing [7, 25, 26]. Owing to these advantages, DTCWT is utilized to conduct study in the next couple of sections. Note that DTCWT coefficients are complex, so we assume real part and imaginary part of coefficients are independent, for the real part and imaginary part are produced by two different trees. In the following sections, in order to facilitate the formulations, the DTCWT coefficients referred to are the real part. But the obtained equations and contents are also suitable for imaginary part.Given random variableY for Y=y and letting pw∣y(w∣y) denote the conditional PDF of random variable W for W=w, the standard MAP estimation for w(y) from the noisy observation y is given below:(1)w^y=argmaxw⁡pw∣yw∣y.The thresholding based denoising method employing local PDF can threshold each sampling point of each subband separately; thus its denoising ability is more powerful [15]. With that in the mind, the supposed local PDF for each wavelet coefficient is different; the equation y(k)=w(k)+n(k) is needed, where k=1,…,Ns and Ns is the quantity of DTCWT coefficients in the sth subband. Thus the MAP estimation of w(k) is expressed as(2)w^k=argmaxwk⁡pwk∣ykwk∣yk.Suppose the PDF of the noise-free DTCWT coefficientw(k)pw(k)(w(k)) is Gaussian with the standard deviation σ(k).(3)pwkwk=Gaussianwk,σk=1σ2πexp⁡-w2k2σ2k.Suppose the PDF of noise coefficientn(k)pn(k)(n(k)) is Gaussian with the standard deviation σn. The following formula can be adopted:(4)pnknk=Gaussiannk,σn=1σ2πexp⁡-n2k2σn2.Using Bayes rule, the following thresholding function is derived:(5)w^k=σ2kσ2k+σn2yk.


### 2.2. Thresholding Function Based on SGMM

Based on the previous part of thresholding function using Gaussian PDF, this part focuses on deriving thresholding function based on SGMM as local PDF for each noise-free coefficient. A GMM which is the sum of two Gaussian PDFs [27] is formulated as(6)pww=aGaussianw,σ1+1-aGaussianw,σ2=a1σ12πexp⁡-w22σ12+1-a1σ22πexp⁡-w22σ22.As the GMM has more parameters than Gaussian PDFGaussian(w,σ1) or Gaussian(w,σ2), it is more flexible for matching the histogram of a given dataset. Inspired by (6), assuming the noise-free wavelet coefficients distribution as a mixture PDF using local parameters under the subbands H0 and H1, the SGMM is presented. The SGMM for noise-free DTCWT coefficients is as follows:(7)pwkwk=akp1wk+1-akp2wk=akGaussianwk,σ1k+1-akGaussianwk,σ2k=ak1σ1k2πexp⁡-w2k2σ12k+1-ak1σ2k2πexp⁡-w2k2σ22k,where w1 is the coefficient under the subband H0 and w2 is the coefficient under the subband H1. Suppose w^1(k) is estimation of w(k) under the subband H0 using the MAP estimator, while w^2(k) is estimation of w(k) under the subband H1 using MAP estimator. Equation (7) is used as follows: firstly, a(k) and 1/σ1(k)2πexp⁡(-w2(k)/2σ12(k)) are calculated based on H0; the 1/σ2(k)2πexp⁡(-w2(k)/2σ22(k)) is calculated based on H1. Then (7) is applied to coefficients in both H0 and H1. Therefore, in (7) w(k) denotes all noise-free coefficients from H0 and H1.It is natural to thinkw(k) is the combination of w^1(k) and w^2(k). In fact, the following equation is satisfied:(8)w^k=paykw^1k+p1-aykw^2k,where p(H0∣y(k))≔pa(y(k)) and p(H1∣y(k))≔p1-a(y(k)). Here, y(k) denotes all noisy coefficients from H0 and H1. Since the subband is limited in H0 and H1, coefficients are Gaussian with standard deviations σ1(k) and σ2(k), respectively; thresholding function (5) can be employed to compute w^1(k) and w^2(k). In this case, (8) can be further written as(9)w^k=paykσ12kσ12k+σn2yk+p1-aykσ22kσ22k+σn2yk.In order to calculatepa(y(k)) and p1-a(y(k)), the following rule is used:(10)payk=akg1ykakg1yk+1-akg2ykp1-ayk=1-akg2ykakg1yk+1-akg2yk,where p(y(k)∣H0)≔g1(y(k)) denotes the PDF of y(k) according to H0 and p(y(k)∣H1)≔g2(y(k)) denotes the PDF of y(k) according to H1. So (9) can be formulated as(11)w^k=akg1ykakg1yk+1-akg2yk×σ12kσ12k+σn2yk+1-akg2ykakg1yk+1-akg2yk×σ22kσ22k+σn2yk.Noisy coefficients are the sum of noise-free coefficients and Gaussian noise and they satisfy the convolution(12)pykyk=akp1yk+1-akp2yk∗pnyk=akp1yk∗pnyk+1-akp2yk∗pnyk=akg1yk+1-akg2yk.Becausew(k) follows the SGMM with local parameters according to (7), Gaussian PDFs p1(w(k)) and p2(w(k)) include parameters σ1 and σ2. On this basis, g1(y(k)) and g2(y(k)) in (12) can be expressed as(13)g1yk=Gaussianyk,σ1k∗Gaussianyk,σnk=Gaussianyk,σ12k+σn2kg2yk=Gaussianyk,σ2k∗Gaussianyk,σnk=Gaussianyk,σ22k+σn2k.Therefore,pa(y(k)) and p1-a(y(k)) in (10) can be expressed as(14)payk=akGaussianyk,σ12k+σn2kakGaussianyk,σ12k+σn2k+1-akGaussianyk,σ22k+σn2kp1-ayk=1-akGaussianyk,σ22k+σn2kakGaussianyk,σ12k+σn2k+1-akGaussianyk,σ22k+σn2k.Now, thresholding function (11) can be written as(15)w^k=akGaussianyk,σ12k+σn2kσ12k/σ12k+σn2ykakGaussianyk,σ12k+σn2k+1-akGaussianyk,σ22k+σn2k+1-akGaussianyk,σ22k+σn2k×σ22k/σ22k+σn2ykakGaussianyk,σ12k+σn2k+1-akGaussianyk,σ22k+σn2k.Equation (15) is a thresholding function which can be used to shrink DTCWT coefficients. The EM algorithm is utilized to compute σ1(k) and σ2(k) [28]. A robust median estimator is an accepted way in the finest scale subband to estimate the noise standard deviation σn [19, 29].(16)σn=medianyf0.6745,where yf denotes the noisy wavelet coefficients from finest subband in scale.However, it is difficult to determine the three parameters, since the equationvar[w(k)]≠a2(k)σ12(k)+(1-a2(k))σ22(k) exits. The EM algorithm is most frequently utilized to compute the three parameters σ1(k), σ2(k), anda(k) from data [28], but it ignores the interscale dependency of the DTCWT coefficient. Considering the importance of the three parameters and the interscale dependency between subbands, it is necessary to develop an algorithm to compute parameters in the following sections.


## 2.1. Bayesian Denoising Based on Gaussian PDF

In this paper, a mechanical vibration signal corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with zero mean will be considered. For ease of clear expression for deriving thresholding function using GMM as a local distribution, the thresholding function based on Gaussian PDF with local parameters is given first in this section. After wavelet transforming, the wavelet coefficients satisfyy=w+n, where y is the noisy wavelet coefficient of sampled mechanical signal, w is the noise-free wavelet coefficient to be computed, and n is noise coefficient, which is independent white zero-mean Gaussian one.Dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DTCWT) can reduce spectral aliasing for vibration signals and enjoys nearly shift invariance compared to other wavelets, which are attractive properties favorable to signal processing [7, 25, 26]. Owing to these advantages, DTCWT is utilized to conduct study in the next couple of sections. Note that DTCWT coefficients are complex, so we assume real part and imaginary part of coefficients are independent, for the real part and imaginary part are produced by two different trees. In the following sections, in order to facilitate the formulations, the DTCWT coefficients referred to are the real part. But the obtained equations and contents are also suitable for imaginary part.Given random variableY for Y=y and letting pw∣y(w∣y) denote the conditional PDF of random variable W for W=w, the standard MAP estimation for w(y) from the noisy observation y is given below:(1)w^y=argmaxw⁡pw∣yw∣y.The thresholding based denoising method employing local PDF can threshold each sampling point of each subband separately; thus its denoising ability is more powerful [15]. With that in the mind, the supposed local PDF for each wavelet coefficient is different; the equation y(k)=w(k)+n(k) is needed, where k=1,…,Ns and Ns is the quantity of DTCWT coefficients in the sth subband. Thus the MAP estimation of w(k) is expressed as(2)w^k=argmaxwk⁡pwk∣ykwk∣yk.Suppose the PDF of the noise-free DTCWT coefficientw(k)pw(k)(w(k)) is Gaussian with the standard deviation σ(k).(3)pwkwk=Gaussianwk,σk=1σ2πexp⁡-w2k2σ2k.Suppose the PDF of noise coefficientn(k)pn(k)(n(k)) is Gaussian with the standard deviation σn. The following formula can be adopted:(4)pnknk=Gaussiannk,σn=1σ2πexp⁡-n2k2σn2.Using Bayes rule, the following thresholding function is derived:(5)w^k=σ2kσ2k+σn2yk.


## 2.2. Thresholding Function Based on SGMM

Based on the previous part of thresholding function using Gaussian PDF, this part focuses on deriving thresholding function based on SGMM as local PDF for each noise-free coefficient. A GMM which is the sum of two Gaussian PDFs [27] is formulated as(6)pww=aGaussianw,σ1+1-aGaussianw,σ2=a1σ12πexp⁡-w22σ12+1-a1σ22πexp⁡-w22σ22.As the GMM has more parameters than Gaussian PDFGaussian(w,σ1) or Gaussian(w,σ2), it is more flexible for matching the histogram of a given dataset. Inspired by (6), assuming the noise-free wavelet coefficients distribution as a mixture PDF using local parameters under the subbands H0 and H1, the SGMM is presented. The SGMM for noise-free DTCWT coefficients is as follows:(7)pwkwk=akp1wk+1-akp2wk=akGaussianwk,σ1k+1-akGaussianwk,σ2k=ak1σ1k2πexp⁡-w2k2σ12k+1-ak1σ2k2πexp⁡-w2k2σ22k,where w1 is the coefficient under the subband H0 and w2 is the coefficient under the subband H1. Suppose w^1(k) is estimation of w(k) under the subband H0 using the MAP estimator, while w^2(k) is estimation of w(k) under the subband H1 using MAP estimator. Equation (7) is used as follows: firstly, a(k) and 1/σ1(k)2πexp⁡(-w2(k)/2σ12(k)) are calculated based on H0; the 1/σ2(k)2πexp⁡(-w2(k)/2σ22(k)) is calculated based on H1. Then (7) is applied to coefficients in both H0 and H1. Therefore, in (7) w(k) denotes all noise-free coefficients from H0 and H1.It is natural to thinkw(k) is the combination of w^1(k) and w^2(k). In fact, the following equation is satisfied:(8)w^k=paykw^1k+p1-aykw^2k,where p(H0∣y(k))≔pa(y(k)) and p(H1∣y(k))≔p1-a(y(k)). Here, y(k) denotes all noisy coefficients from H0 and H1. Since the subband is limited in H0 and H1, coefficients are Gaussian with standard deviations σ1(k) and σ2(k), respectively; thresholding function (5) can be employed to compute w^1(k) and w^2(k). In this case, (8) can be further written as(9)w^k=paykσ12kσ12k+σn2yk+p1-aykσ22kσ22k+σn2yk.In order to calculatepa(y(k)) and p1-a(y(k)), the following rule is used:(10)payk=akg1ykakg1yk+1-akg2ykp1-ayk=1-akg2ykakg1yk+1-akg2yk,where p(y(k)∣H0)≔g1(y(k)) denotes the PDF of y(k) according to H0 and p(y(k)∣H1)≔g2(y(k)) denotes the PDF of y(k) according to H1. So (9) can be formulated as(11)w^k=akg1ykakg1yk+1-akg2yk×σ12kσ12k+σn2yk+1-akg2ykakg1yk+1-akg2yk×σ22kσ22k+σn2yk.Noisy coefficients are the sum of noise-free coefficients and Gaussian noise and they satisfy the convolution(12)pykyk=akp1yk+1-akp2yk∗pnyk=akp1yk∗pnyk+1-akp2yk∗pnyk=akg1yk+1-akg2yk.Becausew(k) follows the SGMM with local parameters according to (7), Gaussian PDFs p1(w(k)) and p2(w(k)) include parameters σ1 and σ2. On this basis, g1(y(k)) and g2(y(k)) in (12) can be expressed as(13)g1yk=Gaussianyk,σ1k∗Gaussianyk,σnk=Gaussianyk,σ12k+σn2kg2yk=Gaussianyk,σ2k∗Gaussianyk,σnk=Gaussianyk,σ22k+σn2k.Therefore,pa(y(k)) and p1-a(y(k)) in (10) can be expressed as(14)payk=akGaussianyk,σ12k+σn2kakGaussianyk,σ12k+σn2k+1-akGaussianyk,σ22k+σn2kp1-ayk=1-akGaussianyk,σ22k+σn2kakGaussianyk,σ12k+σn2k+1-akGaussianyk,σ22k+σn2k.Now, thresholding function (11) can be written as(15)w^k=akGaussianyk,σ12k+σn2kσ12k/σ12k+σn2ykakGaussianyk,σ12k+σn2k+1-akGaussianyk,σ22k+σn2k+1-akGaussianyk,σ22k+σn2k×σ22k/σ22k+σn2ykakGaussianyk,σ12k+σn2k+1-akGaussianyk,σ22k+σn2k.Equation (15) is a thresholding function which can be used to shrink DTCWT coefficients. The EM algorithm is utilized to compute σ1(k) and σ2(k) [28]. A robust median estimator is an accepted way in the finest scale subband to estimate the noise standard deviation σn [19, 29].(16)σn=medianyf0.6745,where yf denotes the noisy wavelet coefficients from finest subband in scale.However, it is difficult to determine the three parameters, since the equationvar[w(k)]≠a2(k)σ12(k)+(1-a2(k))σ22(k) exits. The EM algorithm is most frequently utilized to compute the three parameters σ1(k), σ2(k), anda(k) from data [28], but it ignores the interscale dependency of the DTCWT coefficient. Considering the importance of the three parameters and the interscale dependency between subbands, it is necessary to develop an algorithm to compute parameters in the following sections.


## 3. Quantum-Inspired Standard Deviation (QSD)

Thresholding function (15) using σ1(k),  σ2(k) can reduce noise notably; however the progress of the EM algorithm ignores the interscale dependency between DTCWT subbands and σ1(k),  σ2(k) computed are CSDs in essence. Experiments show that σ1(k),  σ2(k) are not only quite different from scale to scale, but also different for each pixel in the same subband. The works of many authors have shown strong evidence that wavelet coefficients produced by true signal exhibit significant dependencies on subsequent locations. However, the coefficients caused by noise will decay rapidly along scales [16]. The magnitudes of noise coefficients have weaker correlation across the wavelet decomposition scales than those of true signal coefficients. Estimating a true signal by analyzing interscale coefficients has been widely used in denoising algorithms. Therefore, in this section, the interscale dependency of wavelet coefficient across scales is combined to further process σ1(k),  σ2(k) after EM algorithm to improve the denoising effects.


### 3.1. The Concept of Quantum Bit

The quantum bit (qubit) is the smallest unit of information in principle of quantum theory. It is a probabilistic representation which can represent a linear superposition of two ground states. The qubit is defined by a superposition of ground states0 and 1 with a pair of numbers (α,β) as follows [30]:(17)ϕ=α0+β1,where ϕ, 0, 1 are the quantum states; α and β denote the probability amplitudes of the corresponding states. In the representation, |α|2 and |β|2 give the probability that the qubit will be in the “0” state and “1” state, respectively. So, the state of the qubit ϕ varies as α and β change. Therefore, a qubit can represent all states that a datum may have. A qubit may be in the “1” state, or in the “0” state, or in superposition of the two corresponding states with weighting factors α and β. Since DTCWT coefficients of a sampling signal are the superposition of noise-free coefficients and noise coefficients, it is potential to handle the information in wavelet coefficients by qubit.α and β are complex numbers, and the following normalization condition is always satisfied:(18)α2+β2=1.In physics the spin-up and spin-down orientations can be the interpretations of ground states 0 and 1, and the ground state and the excited state of an atom can also represent0 and 1, respectively [31]. As similarly known, a noise DTCWT coefficient can represent 0 and a true signal DTCWT coefficient can represent 1 when the quantum mechanics is employed to analyze the wavelet coefficients of a sampled mechanical vibration signal.


### 3.2. Quantum-Inspired Standard Deviation (QSD)

The parametersσ1(k),  σ2(k) are variates in thresholding function equation (15). They not only control the shape of the function, but also influence the denoising performance. Following Section 3.1, we focus on incorporating quantum theory into the standard deviations σ1(k),  σ2(k), which are calculated by EM algorithm, to improve the thresholding effects. Then the CSDs σ1(k),  σ2(k) are converted to QSDs which are tuned by the quantum-inspired appearing probability of true signal coefficients. One QSD characterizes interscale dependency between a coefficient and its parent and achieves a degree of noise reduction for the sampled mechanical signal via thresholding function.Noise and true signal have quite different singularity in wavelet domain. After transformation, wavelet coefficients of a true signal have strong scale dependency between each subband, especially at the point of signal saltation. However wavelet coefficients of noise decrease remarkably as decomposition level increases. These result in the fact that the product of a child coefficient and its parent coefficient for true signal is larger than the product for noise. Therefore, the product of coefficients between adjacent subbands can be used for denoising.Considering the amount of parent coefficients is twice the amount of child coefficients, the parent-child wavelet modulus is formulated as(19)Csk=ys+1roundk2×ysk,where s denotes the parent level, s+1 denotes the child level, and round denotes the rounding-off method. Cs(k) denote the product of a parent wavelet modulus ys+1(round(k/2)) and a child wavelet modulus ys(k). Cs(k) is at the kth position in the sth decomposition level. Note that it is stated in Section 2.1 that y in (19) refers to real part of DTCWT coefficients since we just discuss real parts. However, (19) is also applicative to imaginary part when we handle the coefficients under the imaginary domain while y denotes the imaginary part.Coefficients of a sampled signal are the composition of noise coefficients and true signal coefficients in nature, having similarity with the superposition in quantum theory. Inspired by basic quantum mechanics, the parent-child wavelet modulusCs(k) can be also expressed as the superposition of a noise wavelet coefficient and a true signal wavelet coefficient:(20)Csk=αk0+βk1,where α(k) and β(k) denote the probability amplitudes of noise wavelet coefficient 0 and true signal wavelet coefficient, respectively. Normalize Cs(k) as NCs(k)∈[0,1], and let α(k)=cos⁡(NCs(k)×π/2),β(k)=sin⁡(NCs(k)×π/2). The normalizing condition α2(k)+β2(k)=1 is then satisfied, and we can write the parent-child real wavelet modulus in a quantum-inspired form (21)Csk=cos⁡NCsk×π20+sin⁡NCsk×π21.In physical significance,NCs(k) reflects the appearing probability of true signal and noise. If the value of NCs(k) is less, the corresponding position between parent and child has less dependency or less energy, which means this position has larger probability for noise to appear. Conversely, if the value of NCs(k) is larger, the corresponding position between parent and child has lager dependency and larger energy, which means this position has larger probability for true signal to appear.After transforming,cos2⁡(NCs(k)×π/2) in (21) is used to represent the appearing probability of noise at the kth position in the sth decomposition level and sin2⁡(NCs(k)×π/2) in (21) is used to represent the appearing probability of true signal at kth position in the sth decomposition level. If NCs(k)=0, it means that the corresponding position is totally noise. If NCs(k)=1, it means that the corresponding position is totally true signal. Combining appearing probability of true signal and noise, the estimation for kth position at the present sth subband is QSD(22)σ1,QSDk=σ1sin⁡NCsk×π2σ2,QSDk=σ2sin⁡NCsk×π2.The proposed QSDs utilize interscale dependency between wavelet coefficients. Substituting for CSDs in the thresholding function based on SGMM, thresholding function (15) can be written as(23)w^k=akGaussianyk,σ1,QSD2k+σn2kσ1,QSD2k/σ1,QSD2k+σn2ykakGaussianyk,σ1,QSD2k+σn2k+1-akGaussianyk,σ2,QSD2k+σn2k+1-akGaussianyk,σ2,QSD2k+σn2k×σ2,QSD2k/σ2,QSD2k+σn2ykakGaussianyk,σ1,QSD2k+σn2k+1-akGaussianyk,σ2,QSD2k+σn2k.If the QSD indicates that the appearing probability of true signal is larger, the value of the thresholding function is larger adaptively. On the contrary, if QSD indicates that the appearing probability of noise is larger, the value of the thresholding function is less adaptively. These characteristics are in favor of noise reduction. Obviously the most important point is that the quantum-inspired appearing probability of noise-free signal which is denoted assin⁡(NCs×π/2) adaptively adjusts CSDs σ1(k),  σ2(k). The true signal of the machinery is enhanced and the noise is weakened with the thresholding function. In this thresholding function with QSD, the unimportant coefficients are shrunk nonlinearly instead of setting to zero, which can not only reduce noise but also preserve more shape details, such as impulsive feature of fault.


### 3.3. Procedure of Denoising Algorithm with QSD Based on SGMM

The denoising of the mechanical vibration signals employing QSD in thresholding function based on SGMM can be done in the following way:(1)
Sample a mechanical vibration signal.(2)
Decompose the noisy mechanical vibration signal by DTCWT.(3)
Threshold the real part of the DTCWT coefficients using (23) in each subband.(4)
Threshold the imaginary part of the DTCWT coefficients using (23) in each subband.(5)
Apply the inverse DTCWT to the thresholded coefficients to obtain the denoised signal. The flow chart of the algorithm is shown in Figure1.Figure 1
Flow chart of the proposed denoising algorithm.


## 3.1. The Concept of Quantum Bit

The quantum bit (qubit) is the smallest unit of information in principle of quantum theory. It is a probabilistic representation which can represent a linear superposition of two ground states. The qubit is defined by a superposition of ground states0 and 1 with a pair of numbers (α,β) as follows [30]:(17)ϕ=α0+β1,where ϕ, 0, 1 are the quantum states; α and β denote the probability amplitudes of the corresponding states. In the representation, |α|2 and |β|2 give the probability that the qubit will be in the “0” state and “1” state, respectively. So, the state of the qubit ϕ varies as α and β change. Therefore, a qubit can represent all states that a datum may have. A qubit may be in the “1” state, or in the “0” state, or in superposition of the two corresponding states with weighting factors α and β. Since DTCWT coefficients of a sampling signal are the superposition of noise-free coefficients and noise coefficients, it is potential to handle the information in wavelet coefficients by qubit.α and β are complex numbers, and the following normalization condition is always satisfied:(18)α2+β2=1.In physics the spin-up and spin-down orientations can be the interpretations of ground states 0 and 1, and the ground state and the excited state of an atom can also represent0 and 1, respectively [31]. As similarly known, a noise DTCWT coefficient can represent 0 and a true signal DTCWT coefficient can represent 1 when the quantum mechanics is employed to analyze the wavelet coefficients of a sampled mechanical vibration signal.


## 3.2. Quantum-Inspired Standard Deviation (QSD)

The parametersσ1(k),  σ2(k) are variates in thresholding function equation (15). They not only control the shape of the function, but also influence the denoising performance. Following Section 3.1, we focus on incorporating quantum theory into the standard deviations σ1(k),  σ2(k), which are calculated by EM algorithm, to improve the thresholding effects. Then the CSDs σ1(k),  σ2(k) are converted to QSDs which are tuned by the quantum-inspired appearing probability of true signal coefficients. One QSD characterizes interscale dependency between a coefficient and its parent and achieves a degree of noise reduction for the sampled mechanical signal via thresholding function.Noise and true signal have quite different singularity in wavelet domain. After transformation, wavelet coefficients of a true signal have strong scale dependency between each subband, especially at the point of signal saltation. However wavelet coefficients of noise decrease remarkably as decomposition level increases. These result in the fact that the product of a child coefficient and its parent coefficient for true signal is larger than the product for noise. Therefore, the product of coefficients between adjacent subbands can be used for denoising.Considering the amount of parent coefficients is twice the amount of child coefficients, the parent-child wavelet modulus is formulated as(19)Csk=ys+1roundk2×ysk,where s denotes the parent level, s+1 denotes the child level, and round denotes the rounding-off method. Cs(k) denote the product of a parent wavelet modulus ys+1(round(k/2)) and a child wavelet modulus ys(k). Cs(k) is at the kth position in the sth decomposition level. Note that it is stated in Section 2.1 that y in (19) refers to real part of DTCWT coefficients since we just discuss real parts. However, (19) is also applicative to imaginary part when we handle the coefficients under the imaginary domain while y denotes the imaginary part.Coefficients of a sampled signal are the composition of noise coefficients and true signal coefficients in nature, having similarity with the superposition in quantum theory. Inspired by basic quantum mechanics, the parent-child wavelet modulusCs(k) can be also expressed as the superposition of a noise wavelet coefficient and a true signal wavelet coefficient:(20)Csk=αk0+βk1,where α(k) and β(k) denote the probability amplitudes of noise wavelet coefficient 0 and true signal wavelet coefficient, respectively. Normalize Cs(k) as NCs(k)∈[0,1], and let α(k)=cos⁡(NCs(k)×π/2),β(k)=sin⁡(NCs(k)×π/2). The normalizing condition α2(k)+β2(k)=1 is then satisfied, and we can write the parent-child real wavelet modulus in a quantum-inspired form (21)Csk=cos⁡NCsk×π20+sin⁡NCsk×π21.In physical significance,NCs(k) reflects the appearing probability of true signal and noise. If the value of NCs(k) is less, the corresponding position between parent and child has less dependency or less energy, which means this position has larger probability for noise to appear. Conversely, if the value of NCs(k) is larger, the corresponding position between parent and child has lager dependency and larger energy, which means this position has larger probability for true signal to appear.After transforming,cos2⁡(NCs(k)×π/2) in (21) is used to represent the appearing probability of noise at the kth position in the sth decomposition level and sin2⁡(NCs(k)×π/2) in (21) is used to represent the appearing probability of true signal at kth position in the sth decomposition level. If NCs(k)=0, it means that the corresponding position is totally noise. If NCs(k)=1, it means that the corresponding position is totally true signal. Combining appearing probability of true signal and noise, the estimation for kth position at the present sth subband is QSD(22)σ1,QSDk=σ1sin⁡NCsk×π2σ2,QSDk=σ2sin⁡NCsk×π2.The proposed QSDs utilize interscale dependency between wavelet coefficients. Substituting for CSDs in the thresholding function based on SGMM, thresholding function (15) can be written as(23)w^k=akGaussianyk,σ1,QSD2k+σn2kσ1,QSD2k/σ1,QSD2k+σn2ykakGaussianyk,σ1,QSD2k+σn2k+1-akGaussianyk,σ2,QSD2k+σn2k+1-akGaussianyk,σ2,QSD2k+σn2k×σ2,QSD2k/σ2,QSD2k+σn2ykakGaussianyk,σ1,QSD2k+σn2k+1-akGaussianyk,σ2,QSD2k+σn2k.If the QSD indicates that the appearing probability of true signal is larger, the value of the thresholding function is larger adaptively. On the contrary, if QSD indicates that the appearing probability of noise is larger, the value of the thresholding function is less adaptively. These characteristics are in favor of noise reduction. Obviously the most important point is that the quantum-inspired appearing probability of noise-free signal which is denoted assin⁡(NCs×π/2) adaptively adjusts CSDs σ1(k),  σ2(k). The true signal of the machinery is enhanced and the noise is weakened with the thresholding function. In this thresholding function with QSD, the unimportant coefficients are shrunk nonlinearly instead of setting to zero, which can not only reduce noise but also preserve more shape details, such as impulsive feature of fault.


## 3.3. Procedure of Denoising Algorithm with QSD Based on SGMM

The denoising of the mechanical vibration signals employing QSD in thresholding function based on SGMM can be done in the following way:(1)
Sample a mechanical vibration signal.(2)
Decompose the noisy mechanical vibration signal by DTCWT.(3)
Threshold the real part of the DTCWT coefficients using (23) in each subband.(4)
Threshold the imaginary part of the DTCWT coefficients using (23) in each subband.(5)
Apply the inverse DTCWT to the thresholded coefficients to obtain the denoised signal. The flow chart of the algorithm is shown in Figure1.Figure 1
Flow chart of the proposed denoising algorithm.


## 4. Application for Bearing Signal Denoising

### 4.1. Experimental System of Rolling Element Bearing

The mechanical vibration signal used in this paper was acquired from a mechanical power-shift steering transmission. The test stand consists of a reliance electric motor, an accelerometer located on tank cover over the fault bearing with a magnetic base, and a data recorder with a sampling frequency of 10000 Hz per channel. The single point fault was set for the rolling element bearing at the inner raceway using electrodischarge machining with fault diameter of 3 mm and fault depth of 2 mm. The shaft rotational speed was 1830 rpm (30.5 Hz) while the equipment was at third gear. The time of sampling was 0.15 seconds [32]. On the basis of the theoretical calculation the characteristic frequency of inner race fault is 158 Hz. The waveform of the analyzed signal in the time domain and the frequency spectrum are displayed in Figure 2. The defect frequency 158 Hz cannot be detected in Figure 2(b). Both the waveform and the spectrum indicate that the signal is corrupted by strong noise.Figure 2
Fault signal with strong noise: (a) waveform in the time domain; (b) frequency spectrum.
(a) (b)


### 4.2. Applying for Denoising

The presented denoising method using QSD based on SGMM is employed to reduce noise and the results are shown in Figure3. Since the soft thresholding technique and hard thresholding technique are among the most widely used thresholding methods to depress noise, they are employed for purposes of comparison with the proposed algorithm. The results of soft and hard thresholding technique are shown in Figures 4 and 5.Figure 3
Denoising by thresholding function using QSD based on SGMM: (a) waveform in the time domain; (b) frequency spectrum.
(a) (b)Figure 4
Denoising by soft thresholding technique: (a) waveform in the time domain; (b) frequency spectrum.
(a) (b)Figure 5
Denoising by hard thresholding technique: (a) waveform in the time domain; (b) frequency spectrum.
(a) (b)(1) In the Time Domain.The soft and hard thresholding technique remove most of the noise, but they also remove the useful signal, which leads to the fact that the shock period is incorrect. The denoised signal by denoising method using QSD based on SGMM has more impact information, which is important for fault diagnosis. The proposed denoising method can depress noise and maintain the impulsive components.(2) In the Frequency Domain.The characteristic frequency 158 Hz can be seen in Figures 3(b), 4(b), and 5(b), which reveals that the three thresholding methods are useful. There are two obvious features of rolling element bearing with inner race fault: (1) The characteristic frequency and its harmonic frequencies have sideband and the difference between the sideband and its center frequency is equal to the rotating frequency. (2) The rotating frequency and its harmonic frequencies are significant. However the characteristic frequency has no correct sideband and the spectra have no harmonic frequencies after soft and hard thresholding. The characteristic frequency 158 Hz and its harmonic frequency at 316 Hz can be identified clearly in Figure 3(b) and side frequencies (158±30.5 Hz, 316±30.5 Hz) are prominent. Furthermore, the difference between the side frequencies and the center frequency is 30.5 Hz which is equal to the rotating frequency. In addition, in Figure 3(b) the modulation frequencies 30.5 Hz (equal to the frequency of rotor rotating) and 61 Hz (equal to the second harmonic frequency of rotor rotating) are very clear too. For all of these characteristics accord well with the characteristics of a standard bearing spectrum with inner race fault, we can confirm that there is an inner race fault in the rolling element bearing.


## 4.1. Experimental System of Rolling Element Bearing

The mechanical vibration signal used in this paper was acquired from a mechanical power-shift steering transmission. The test stand consists of a reliance electric motor, an accelerometer located on tank cover over the fault bearing with a magnetic base, and a data recorder with a sampling frequency of 10000 Hz per channel. The single point fault was set for the rolling element bearing at the inner raceway using electrodischarge machining with fault diameter of 3 mm and fault depth of 2 mm. The shaft rotational speed was 1830 rpm (30.5 Hz) while the equipment was at third gear. The time of sampling was 0.15 seconds [32]. On the basis of the theoretical calculation the characteristic frequency of inner race fault is 158 Hz. The waveform of the analyzed signal in the time domain and the frequency spectrum are displayed in Figure 2. The defect frequency 158 Hz cannot be detected in Figure 2(b). Both the waveform and the spectrum indicate that the signal is corrupted by strong noise.Figure 2
Fault signal with strong noise: (a) waveform in the time domain; (b) frequency spectrum.
(a) (b)


## 4.2. Applying for Denoising

The presented denoising method using QSD based on SGMM is employed to reduce noise and the results are shown in Figure3. Since the soft thresholding technique and hard thresholding technique are among the most widely used thresholding methods to depress noise, they are employed for purposes of comparison with the proposed algorithm. The results of soft and hard thresholding technique are shown in Figures 4 and 5.Figure 3
Denoising by thresholding function using QSD based on SGMM: (a) waveform in the time domain; (b) frequency spectrum.
(a) (b)Figure 4
Denoising by soft thresholding technique: (a) waveform in the time domain; (b) frequency spectrum.
(a) (b)Figure 5
Denoising by hard thresholding technique: (a) waveform in the time domain; (b) frequency spectrum.
(a) (b)(1) In the Time Domain.The soft and hard thresholding technique remove most of the noise, but they also remove the useful signal, which leads to the fact that the shock period is incorrect. The denoised signal by denoising method using QSD based on SGMM has more impact information, which is important for fault diagnosis. The proposed denoising method can depress noise and maintain the impulsive components.(2) In the Frequency Domain.The characteristic frequency 158 Hz can be seen in Figures 3(b), 4(b), and 5(b), which reveals that the three thresholding methods are useful. There are two obvious features of rolling element bearing with inner race fault: (1) The characteristic frequency and its harmonic frequencies have sideband and the difference between the sideband and its center frequency is equal to the rotating frequency. (2) The rotating frequency and its harmonic frequencies are significant. However the characteristic frequency has no correct sideband and the spectra have no harmonic frequencies after soft and hard thresholding. The characteristic frequency 158 Hz and its harmonic frequency at 316 Hz can be identified clearly in Figure 3(b) and side frequencies (158±30.5 Hz, 316±30.5 Hz) are prominent. Furthermore, the difference between the side frequencies and the center frequency is 30.5 Hz which is equal to the rotating frequency. In addition, in Figure 3(b) the modulation frequencies 30.5 Hz (equal to the frequency of rotor rotating) and 61 Hz (equal to the second harmonic frequency of rotor rotating) are very clear too. For all of these characteristics accord well with the characteristics of a standard bearing spectrum with inner race fault, we can confirm that there is an inner race fault in the rolling element bearing.


## 5. Conclusions

There are two highlights of the proposed denoising technique in this paper: (1) The SGMM is proposed and utilized to approximate the local PDF of each wavelet coefficient. The thresholding function is derived after the MAP estimation using the SGMM as the prior knowledge, which extends the application of the GMM to one-dimensional mechanical signal. (2) The quantum theory is employed to describe the interscale dependency of wavelet coefficients and the QSD is presented. Experimental results show that the denoising technique using the SGMM and QSD can achieve better denoising performance in both the time and frequency domains. The success of the denoising algorithm depends upon the ability of the SGMM modeling the statistical distribution accurately and the QSD exploring the interscale dependency of adjacent subbands correctly and efficiently. The algorithm is tested and verified through a mechanical vibration signal with bearing fault discussed as a denoising case in Section4. The advantages of the proposed denoising algorithm becomes more noticeable when the mechanical vibration signal is corrupted by more noise.Furthermore, instead of this thresholding function derived from the SGMM by the MAP estimator, the QSD can be applied into other nonlinear thresholding functions, for example, generalized Gaussian distribution based thresholding function or the MMSE estimation based thresholding function. However, these methods take longer time which may be more applicable for some signal processing.



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*Source: 5169070-2018-03-27.xml*