# Optimal Tuning of Decentralized PI Controller of Nonlinear Multivariable Process Using Archival Based Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization

Authors: R. Kotteeswaran; L. Sivakumar
Journal: Modelling and Simulation in Engineering
 (2014)

---

## Abstract

A Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm is proposed to fine-tune the baseline PI controller parameters of Alstom gasifier. The existing baseline PI controller is not able to meet the performance requirements of Alstom gasifier for sinusoidal pressure disturbance at 0% load. This is considered the major drawback of controller design. A best optimal solution for Alstom gasifier is obtained from a set of nondominated solutions using MOPSO algorithm. Performance of gasifier is investigated at all load conditions. The controller with optimized controller parameters meets all the performance requirements at 0%, 50%, and 100% load conditions. The investigations are also extended for variations in coal quality, which shows an improved stability of the gasifier over a wide range of coal quality variations.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) is an efficient method of clean power and energy generation. Here coal reacts with air and steam which is converted into producer gas (also called syngas) under controlled pressure and temperature. Purified producer gas is directed to gas turbine for generating power. The exhaust gas from the gas turbine enters Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) to produce steam which in turn runs the steam turbine, coupled with a generator. Coal gasifier is an important and primary element in IGCC. It involves many complicated chemical reactions with huge time constant, interactions among the control loop, and strong nonlinearity. The benchmark model of coal gasifier was developed in two stages at the Alstom Technology Centre, UK. The linear gasifier model at 0%, 50%, and 100% load conditions was issued in 1997. The details of this model, its specifications, and control techniques are discussed in the literature [1–8]. A nonlinear model which includes load change test and coal quality variation test is issued as second round challenge pack in 2002 [9] and a special session is held at UKACC CONTROL 2004 Conference [10]. The baseline controller [2] provided with the challenge pack fails to satisfy the constraints [11] at 0% load for sinusoidal pressure disturbance. The ultimate requirement is to design a suitable controller such that each of the constraint is met for all load conditions.Researchers have attempted to design advanced control schemes and/or retune the baseline controller to meet the performance objectives at 0%, 50%, and 100% load conditions. This benchmark challenge II, which is a higher order state space model, is reduced to lower order model by different techniques [12, 13]. Design and implementation of advanced control schemes are also reported in the literature [14–23]. Soft computing techniques such as Bat algorithm, Cuckoo search, Nondominated Sorting Genetic algorithm II, Multiobjective Genetic algorithm, and Normalized Normal Constraint algorithm are also found in the literature [6, 7], [22–28], which deals with tuning of baseline PI controller. Cuckoo search algorithm [24] and Bat algorithm [25] are used to retune a portion of baseline PI controller (pressure loop PI controller) since the baseline PI controller did not satisfy PGAS constraints at 0% load for sinusoidal pressure disturbance. Improved results are obtained for pressure disturbance test and coal quality variation test when compared to baseline PI controller. Further, in order to improve the overall response during pressure disturbance and coal quality variations, all four loops are retuned using multiobjective optimization techniques [22, 27, 28]. The performance of the gasifier is improved during pressure disturbance test and coal quality variation test. Recent development in soft computing approaches offers the scope for new optimization algorithms to be used with this problem. Archival based Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, one of such improved versions of PSO, finds many successful applications in all fields of engineering with single objective and multiobjective optimization problems. In the present work, PSO based Multiobjective Optimization algorithm is used to fine-tune the parameters of baseline PI controller. The simulation results are compared with baseline PI [11], Simm A [22], Cuckoo PI [24], and Bat PI [25].


## 2. Controller Structure and Input/Output Limits

Coal gasifier is a highly nonlinear, multivariable process, having five controllable inputs (char flow rate, air flow rate, coal flow rate, steam flow rate, and limestone flow rate), few noncontrol inputs (boundary conditions, pressure disturbance, and coal quality), and four outputs (fuel gas calorific value, bed mass, fuel gas pressure, and fuel gas temperature) with a high degree of cross-coupling between them. The process is a four-input, four-output regulatory problem for the controller design with limestone flow rate at a constant value. Coal gasifier exhibits a complex dynamic behaviour with mixed, fast, and slow dynamics and it is difficult to control. The complete transfer function of coal gasifier is expressed as(1)
[
y
1
y
2
y
3
y
4
]
=
[
G
11
G
12
G
13
G
14
G
15
G
21
G
22
G
23
G
24
G
25
G
31
G
32
G
33
G
34
G
35
G
41
G
42
G
43
G
44
G
45
]
[
u
1
u
2
u
3
u
4
u
5
]
+
[
G
d
1
G
d
2
G
d
3
G
d
4
]
×
d
,
where y
1 = CVGAS = fuel gas caloric value (J/kg), y
2 = MASS = bed mass (kg), y
3 = PGAS = fuel gas pressure (N/m2), y
4 = TGAS = fuel gas temperature (K), G
i
j = transfer function from ith input to jth output, u
1 = WCHR = char extraction flow (kg/s), u
2 = WAIR = air inlet flow (kg/s), u
3 = WCOL = coal inlet flow (kg/s), u
4 = WSTM = steam inlet flow (kg/s), u
5 = WSLM = limestone mass flow (kg/s), and d
= PSINK = sink pressure (N/m2).The order of Alstom gasifier is found to be 25. The process is reduced to4
×
4 square matrix, since limestone flow rate is kept constant which is approximated to 1/10th of flow rate of coal. The existing baseline controller structure is given in Table 1. It employs three PI controllers and one feedforward plus feedback controller for regulating the outputs. The output variables CVGAS, PGAS, and TGAS are controlled by the inputs WAIR, WSTM, and WCHR, respectively, while WCOL (feedback) and WCHR (feedforward) regulate MASS.Table 1
Controller structure.
WCHR
WAIR
WCOL
WSTM
CVGAS
0
PI
0
0
MASS
P(Feedforward)
0
P(Feedback)
0
PGAS
0
0
0
PI
TGAS
PI
0
0
0The structure of PI controller is given by(2)
u
(
s
)
=
K
c
(
1
+
1
s
T
i
)
e
(
s
)
,
where u
(
s
), K
c, T
i, and e
(
s
) are the controller output, proportional gain, integral time, and error signal, respectively. Controller parameters are determined by considering the following input and output constraints. The input actuator flow limits and rate of change of limit are associated with the physical properties of the actuator. Hence, the inputs should not exceed the value shown in Table 2.Table 2
Input limits.
Input variable
Max. (kg/s)
Min. (kg/s)
Rate (kg/s2)
WCHR
3.5
0
0.2
WAIR
20
0
1.0
WCOL
10
0
0.2
WSTM
6.0
0
1.0Gasifier outputs should be regulated within the limits for sink pressure (PSINK) disturbance test (Table3). During load change and coal quality variation tests, the outputs should be regulated as closely as possible to the demand.Table 3
Output limits.
Output variable
Desirable
Limits
CVGAS
±10 kJ kg−1
MASS
Minimize
±500 kg
PGAS
fluctuations
±0.1 bar
TGAS
±1 K


## 3. Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO)

Multiobjective optimization involves two or more objectives that are optimized simultaneously. The discussions about various multiobjective evolutionary approaches from analytical weighted aggression to population based approaches and Pareto-optimality concepts are discussed by Fonseca and Fleming [29]. Pareto based approaches are most suitable for multiobjective optimization problems, due to their ability to produce multiple solutions in less computation time. Nondominated Sorting Genetic algorithm II (NSGA II) [30], Pareto Archive Evolutionary Strategy (PAES) [31], and Microgenetic Algorithm (micro-GA) [32] are the three highly competitive Evolutionary Multiobjective (EMO) algorithms used in the recent past. Further, PSO [33] based algorithms seem particularly suitable for single and multiobjective optimization, because of their high speed of convergence. PSO has been used widely in optimising the outputs of process industries [34, 35]. There are several forms of multiobjective PSO proposed over the years, to solve multiobjective problems. Coello [36] proposed a Pareto dominance based MOPSO approach to solve multiobjective optimization problems.Mathematically,minimize(3)
f
i
(
x
)
,
i
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
Msubject to the constraints(4)
h
j
(
x
)
=
0
,
j
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
J
,
g
k
(
x
)
≤
0
,
k
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
K
,
where the constraints h
j
(
x
) and g
k
(
x
) represent the restrictions imposed on the decision variables and x denotes the optimum solution. The decision vector x
=
(
x
1
,
x
2
,
…
,
x
n
) can be discrete, continuous, or mixed in n dimensional space. The functions f
i are called objective or cost function. When M is greater than one, the optimization is termed as multiobjective or multicriteria. Figure 1 shows the flow chart for MOPSO scheme. In addition to the repository of particles and mutation operator, this algorithm uses secondary repository of particles to guide the other particles. External repository stores the record of all nondominated solutions found during the search process. The external repository contains archive controller and grid. Archive controller decides the inclusion of certain solution into the archive.Figure 1
Flow chart of Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm.


### 3.1. Flow Chart

Nondominated vectors acquired in the primary population are compared with the elements of external repository which will be empty at the start of the search. An empty external archive accepts the current solution. If a new solution is dominated by an individual within the external archive, then such a solution is automatically rejected; otherwise such solution is stored in the external archive. At the end of the search, if the external population has achieved the specified capacity, the adaptive grid procedure is invoked. All the nondominated solutions are stored in external archive. Decision making problem is the process of finding best optimal solution from the existing alternatives. Many methods have been developed to solve Multiple Criteria Decision Making problem (MCDM). A prior knowledge of the relative importance of objectives is required in all MCDM methods.


## 3.1. Flow Chart

Nondominated vectors acquired in the primary population are compared with the elements of external repository which will be empty at the start of the search. An empty external archive accepts the current solution. If a new solution is dominated by an individual within the external archive, then such a solution is automatically rejected; otherwise such solution is stored in the external archive. At the end of the search, if the external population has achieved the specified capacity, the adaptive grid procedure is invoked. All the nondominated solutions are stored in external archive. Decision making problem is the process of finding best optimal solution from the existing alternatives. Many methods have been developed to solve Multiple Criteria Decision Making problem (MCDM). A prior knowledge of the relative importance of objectives is required in all MCDM methods.


## 4. Problem Formulation

Figure2 shows the proposed scheme of multiobjective optimization technique applied to tune the parameters of baseline PI controller. Minimizations of Integral of Absolute Error (IAE) and Maximum Absolute Error (MAE) from nominal values for all outputs at 0% load condition are chosen as objective function for PSO algorithm. Table 4 shows the 8 objective functions chosen for this problem.Table 4
MOPSO tuning objectives.
Sl. no.
Objectives
1
MAE of CVGAS over 300 s
2
MAE of MASS over 300 s
3
MAE of PGAS over 300 s
4
MAE of TGAS over 300 s
5
IAE of CVGAS over 300 s
6
IAE of MASS over 300 s
7
IAE of PGAS over 300 s
8
IAE of TGAS over 300 sFigure 2
Block diagram of optimization scheme.Controller parameters of baseline PI controller are taken as decision variables. Input constraints are associated with Simulink model and they are not included in the desired specifications.Coal gasifier has five manipulated inputs and four outputs. Setpoint to the gasifier is selected in accordance with 0% operating point. Disturbances such as pressure disturbance, load disturbance, and coal quality disturbance also affect the system performance. For this specific problem, a sinusoidal pressure disturbance of amplitude 0.2 bar and frequency of 0.04 Hz are applied. The measured outputs are compared with their corresponding setpoint that produces an error signal. MAE and IAE are calculated for 300 sec, which acts as the objective function for this optimization algorithm. MOPSO algorithm chooses the parameters of baseline PI controller, which takes necessary control action based on the error signal by manipulating the input variables. The controller should respond quickly enough so that the output variables do not deviate from the setpoint more than the specified constraints. Hence the sampling time is selected as 1 second. This procedure continues until the maximum number of iteration is reached. At the end, MOPSO algorithm provides a set nondominated solution for the controller parameters. From these nondominated solutions, optimal controller parameters are obtained so as to meet the input-output constraints at all load conditions and for all disturbances.Table5 shows the controller parameters of baseline-PI, Cuckoo PI, Bat PI, Simm and Liu (denoted as Simm A), and the parameters obtained by the above procedure (denoted by MOPSO-PI).Table 5
Controller parameters.
Parameter
Baseline PI
Cuckoo PI
Bat PI
Simm A
MOPSO PI
CV_Kp
-
1.226
e
-
4
-
1.226
e
-
4
-
1.226
e
-
4
-
1.5445
e
-
4
-
2.57
e
-
4
CV_Ki
-
8.0404
e
-
5
-
8.0404
e
-
5
-
8.0404
e
-
5
-
1.0867
e
-
4
-
7.588
e
-
4
BM_Kp
0.1450706
0.1450706
0.1450706
0.1814
0.2465885
BM_Kf
1.0327973
1.0327973
1.0327973
1.2910
1.86302375
Pr_Kp
2.0189
e
-
4
3.5427
e
-
4
4.0149
e
-
4
2.2281
e
-
4
2.1424
e
-
4
Pr_Ki
2.6457
e
-
5
7.0102
e
-
8
1.14496
e
-
7
6.14
e
-
6
1.145
e
-
5
Tg_Kp
1.70129
1.70129
1.70129
2.1266
1.76866
Tg_Ki
9.4794
e
-
3
9.4794
e
-
3
9.4794
e
-
3
1.19
e
-
2
1.0224
e
-
2Cuckoo [24] and Bat algorithm[25] based procedure involved tuning of pressure loop PI controller alone and all the other parameters are similar to baseline controller parameters. A small change in the controller parameter is observed which is sufficient to meet the aforesaid constraints.


## 5. Performance Test Results

Following performance tests are conducted to verify the robustness of the system for the tuned values of baseline PI controller. Test results should satisfy the constraints for all performance tests. Using the tuned parameters, simulation is run for 300 sec at 0%, 50%, and 100% load conditions with sinusoidal and step pressure disturbance.


### 5.1. Pressure Disturbance Tests

A step change in pressure disturbance of 0.2 bar and a sinusoidal pressure disturbance of amplitude 0.2 bar and frequency 0.04 Hz are applied to the Alstom gasifier at 0%, 50%, and 100% load conditions.The dynamic response of Alstom gasifier for step and sinusoidal pressure disturbance at 0%, 50%, and 100% load is shown in Figures3 and 4, respectively. Figure 3(a) shows the deviation of outputs from nominal values. All outputs meet the performance requirements without violating the output constraints. Since the input limits and rate of change of limits are associated with physical properties of the actuator, inflow is always regulated within the limits.Response to step disturbance at 0%, 50%, and 100% load.
(a)
Outputs and limits
(b)
Inputs and limitsResponse to sinusoidal disturbance at 0%, 50%, and 100% load.
(a)
Outputs and limits
(b)
Inputs and limitsFrom Figure4, it is clear that all the outputs are within the limits. At 0% load condition, for disturbance rejection performance, steam flow rate reaches its lower limit for sinusoidal pressure disturbance. Performance indices such as MAE and IAE for the above six pressure disturbance tests are calculated for 300 sec and are listed in Tables 6
(
a
) and 6
(
b
).Table 6
(a) Summary of test output results—Maximum Absolute Error. (b) Summary of test output results—Integral of Absolute Error.
(a)
Test description
Outputs
Baseline PI
Cuckoo PI
Bat PI
Simm A
MOPSO PI
100% load,step disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
4.8533
6.0736
6.5038
4.23649
1.0751
MASS (kg)
6.9383
6.9382
6.9382
6.9407
7.4428
PGAS (bar)
0.0499
0.040952
0.0410
0.05131
0.0561
TGAS (K)
0.2395
0.27865
0.2941
0.22438
0.2698
50% load,step disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
5.0310
6.7232
7.3247
4.45998
1.0659
MASS (kg)
8.4548
8.4548
8.4548
8.4548
9.0476
PGAS (bar)
0.0577
0.0496
0.0494
0.05918
0.0634
TGAS (K)
0.2660
0.31869
0.3395
0.24766
0.2852
0% load,step disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
5.8914
8.0184
9.8772
4.70603
1.0445
MASS (kg)
11.053
11.053
11.053
11.0529
11.8115
PGAS (bar)
0.0772
0.075986
0.0760
0.078547
0.0829
TGAS (K)
0.3232
0.40339
0.4315
0.30182
0.3218
100% load, sinusoidal disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
4.1025
3.7562
3.7838
2.4006
0.3603
MASS (kg)
10.858
10.756
10.799
10.173
9.9925
PGAS (bar)
0.0496
0.029062
0.0258
0.04049
0.0401
TGAS (K)
0.3784
0.35226
0.3566
0.280606
0.2491
50% load, sinusoidal disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
4.7122
4.3039
4.3730
2.7118
0.4094
MASS (kg)
12.852
12.719
12.783
11.991
11.7817
PGAS (bar)
0.0623
0.036325
0.0325
0.04949
0.0495
TGAS (K)
0.4226
0.39123
0.3982
0.31069
0.2785
0% load, sinusoidal disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
5.8585
6.8594
7.9930
3.4857
0.7028
MASS (kg)
16.346
16.296
16.365
15.532
15.2117
PGAS (bar)
0.1196
0.099138
0.0991
0.09041
0.0879
TGAS (K)
0.4791
0.51445
0.5699
0.36566
0.3573
(b)
Test description
Outputs
Baseline PI
Cuckoo PI
Bat PI
Simm A
MOPSO PI
100% load, step disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
30.492
34.956
37.035
21.4567
4.1192
MASS (kg)
795.29
766.03
768.72
770.167
845.6540
PGAS (bar)
0.3883
0.71104
0.6365
0.66801
0.4134
TGAS (K)
32.449
31.668
31.812
25.3313
28.0122
50% load, step disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
32.224
37.329
38.920
23.588
4.3242
MASS (kg)
421.53
442.03
437.36
905.62
1671.89
PGAS (bar)
0.4669
0.96041
0.8552
0.8308
0.51978
TGAS (K)
38.433
37.073
37.278
31.295
35.5484
0% load, step disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
43.864
46.585
49.858
30.7476
5.65885
MASS (kg)
667.9
573.95
580.91
834.466
1754.91
PGAS (bar)
0.59493
2.2373
1.9707
0.86776
0.56538
TGAS (K)
38.388
35.714
36.169
29.5588
32.109
100% load, sinusoidal disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
773.94
703.34
709.01
450.358
68.077
MASS (kg)
2076.5
2075
2073.8
2073.03
2191.29
PGAS (bar)
9.2825
5.4295
4.8282
7.4122
7.452
TGAS (K)
66.998
62.211
62.933
49.092
44.986
50% load, sinusoidal disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
879.66
802.54
812.64
506.179
76.7957
MASS (kg)
2522.2
2517.3
2515.5
2515.83
2655.36
PGAS (bar)
11.506
6.7252
6.0099
9.125
9.1915
TGAS (K)
74.717
69.129
70.358
54.105
50.16
0% load, sinusoidal disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
1039.5
1061.7
1126.2
640.636
97.1409
MASS (kg)
3007.2
3040.6
3018.1
3156.57
3336.64
PGAS (bar)
19.145
13.123
12.702
14.4267
14.723
TGAS (K)
79.541
82.098
85.674
64.371
60.749Table6
(
a
) shows the comparison of MAE for existing baseline PI controller, Cuckoo PI, Bat PI, Simm A, and MOPSO-PI controller settings. It was observed that MOPSO based PI controller provides best results for CVGAS and TGAS during sinusoidal and step pressure disturbance. PGAS is well tuned by Cuckoo search and Bat search based PI controllers. A marginal increase in PGAS is observed for sinusoidal and step pressure disturbance with MOPSO-PI controller. At 0% load, for sinusoidal pressure disturbance, baseline PI controller did not satisfy the constraints (greater than 0.1 bar). It is clear that MOPSO-PI based closed loop system produces better results and meets the performance specifications comfortably even at 0% load condition.Similarly Table6(b) shows comparison of IAE indices for the aforesaid controllers. For step pressure disturbance CVGAS, PGAS, and TGAS are well tuned by MOPSO-PI, Bat and Cuckoo PI, and Simm A, respectively. For sinusoidal pressure disturbance CVGAS and TGAS are well tuned by MOPSO-PI while PGAS is well tuned by Bat PI controller.Performance indices show that the tuned MOPSO based PI controller provides better results and meets all the performance requirements without violating the constraints.


### 5.2. Load Change Test

Stability of coal gasifier and controller function across the working range of the plant (0%, 50%, and 100% load) is investigated. The system is started at 50% load, allowed to reach the steady state, then ramped it to 100% over a period of 600 seconds (5% per min). The response is shown in Figure5. Actual load, CVGAS, and PGAS track their demands quickly to setpoint while Mass takes more time to reach its steady state, though manipulated inputs coal flow and char flow have reached their steady state immediately. TGAS reached its steady state at around 13 minutes from the start, immediately char flow rate is regulated towards its steady state point, and MASS begins to return to its setpoint, as the coal flow rate reached its maximum.Response to load increase from 50% to 100% load.
(a)
Response to ramped increase in load
(b)
Input response to load changeThis procedure is repeated for 0% to 50% change in load. Similar type of response is obtained. It is clear from the results that MOPSO-PI controller is able to track the changes in load.


### 5.3. Coal Variation (Model Error) Test

The quality of syngas depends on various factors such as type of coal (calorific value of coal) and moisture content. Quality of coal greatly affects each output of the gasifier. In this test, the quality of coal that is fed to gasifier is increased and decreased by 18%; input-output responses for sinusoidal and step change in pressure disturbance are tabulated at 100%, 50%, and 0% load conditions.For sinusoidal change in pressure disturbance, at 0% load, for −18% change in coal quality, PGAS reaches its upper limit. For the same pressure disturbance, at 100% load TGAS reaches it upper and lower limits for +18% and −18% change in coal quality, respectively. For the other entire scenario the outputs meet the performance requirements without violating the constraints. Figures6, 7, and 8 show the response of gasifier at 0%, 50%, and 100% load condition for ±
18
% coal quality variations and for sinusoidal change in pressure disturbance.Response to sinusoidal disturbance at 0% load.
(a)
Outputs and limits
(b)
Inputs and limitsResponse to sinusoidal disturbance at 50% load.
(a)
Outputs and limits
(b)
Inputs and limitsResponse to sinusoidal disturbance at 100% load.
(a)
Outputs and limits
(b)
Inputs and limitsThis procedure was repeated for step change in pressure disturbance along with coal quality variations. Figures9, 10, and 11 show the response of gasifier at 0%, 50%, and 100% load condition for ±18% coal quality variations and for step change in pressure disturbance. For step change in pressure disturbance, all the outputs meet the performance requirements without violating the constraints at 0%, 50%, and 100% load conditions for +18% and −18% change in coal quality variations.Response to step disturbance at 0% load.
(a)
Outputs and limits
(b)
Inputs and limitsResponse to step disturbance at 50% load.
(a)
Outputs and limits
(b)
Inputs and limitsResponse to step disturbance at 100% load.
(a)
Outputs and Limits
(b)
Inputs and LimitsTable7 shows the violation variables under decreasing (−18%) and increasing (+18%) coal quality variations during sinusoidal and step change in pressure disturbance.Table 7
Violation variables under coal quality change (±18%) (↑: the variable reaches its upper limit; ↓: the variable reaches its lower limit).
Load
100%
50%
0%
Disturbance type
Sine
Step
Sine
Step
Sine
Step
Coal quality
Char↓
Char↓
Char↓
Withinlimits
WStm↓
Withinlimits
increase (+18%)
T gas↑
Coal quality
Coal↑
Coal↑
Withinlimits
Coal↑
Pgas↑
Char↑
decrease (−18%)
T gas↓
WStm↓Table8 shows allowed increase and decrease scope of coal quality for each scenario. Baseline PI controller did not satisfy the constraints even for the desired coal quality (calorific value) during 0% load under sinusoidal pressure disturbance.Table 8
Comparison of allowed coal quality variation (%).
Load
100%
50%
0%
Disturbance
Sine
Step
Sine
Step
Sine
Step
Baseline PI [11]
(−14,11)
(−18,18)
(−18,16)
(−18,18)
(0,0)
(−18,18)
Simm A [22]
(−13,8)
(−5,14)
(−14,14)
(−12,18)
(0,5)
(−8,18)
MOPI [23]
(−13,8)
(−5,14)
(−14,14)
(−12,18)
(−3,18)
(−8,18)
SOPI  [23]
(−13,8)
(−6,13)
(−14,14)
(−12,18)
(−4,18)
(−8,18)
Cuckoo PI [24]
(−15,12)
(−18,18)
(−18,17)
(−18,18)
(0,6)
(−18,18)
Bat PI [25]
(−15,12)
(−18,18)
(−18,17)
(−18,18)
(0,7)
(−18,18)
Optimal PI [28]
(−17,13)
(−18,18)
(−18,18)
(−18,18)
(−7,18)
(−18,18)
PADRC [17]
(−18,6)
(−17,14)
(−18,10)
(−12,18)
(−18,18)
(−8,18)
MOPSO PI
(−16,13)
(−18,18)
(−18,18)
(−18,18)
(−9,18)
(−18,18)It is seen that MOPSO based baseline PI controller provides better response for wide range of coal quality variations as compared to the existing methods [11, 17, 23–25, 28].


## 5.1. Pressure Disturbance Tests

A step change in pressure disturbance of 0.2 bar and a sinusoidal pressure disturbance of amplitude 0.2 bar and frequency 0.04 Hz are applied to the Alstom gasifier at 0%, 50%, and 100% load conditions.The dynamic response of Alstom gasifier for step and sinusoidal pressure disturbance at 0%, 50%, and 100% load is shown in Figures3 and 4, respectively. Figure 3(a) shows the deviation of outputs from nominal values. All outputs meet the performance requirements without violating the output constraints. Since the input limits and rate of change of limits are associated with physical properties of the actuator, inflow is always regulated within the limits.Response to step disturbance at 0%, 50%, and 100% load.
(a)
Outputs and limits
(b)
Inputs and limitsResponse to sinusoidal disturbance at 0%, 50%, and 100% load.
(a)
Outputs and limits
(b)
Inputs and limitsFrom Figure4, it is clear that all the outputs are within the limits. At 0% load condition, for disturbance rejection performance, steam flow rate reaches its lower limit for sinusoidal pressure disturbance. Performance indices such as MAE and IAE for the above six pressure disturbance tests are calculated for 300 sec and are listed in Tables 6
(
a
) and 6
(
b
).Table 6
(a) Summary of test output results—Maximum Absolute Error. (b) Summary of test output results—Integral of Absolute Error.
(a)
Test description
Outputs
Baseline PI
Cuckoo PI
Bat PI
Simm A
MOPSO PI
100% load,step disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
4.8533
6.0736
6.5038
4.23649
1.0751
MASS (kg)
6.9383
6.9382
6.9382
6.9407
7.4428
PGAS (bar)
0.0499
0.040952
0.0410
0.05131
0.0561
TGAS (K)
0.2395
0.27865
0.2941
0.22438
0.2698
50% load,step disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
5.0310
6.7232
7.3247
4.45998
1.0659
MASS (kg)
8.4548
8.4548
8.4548
8.4548
9.0476
PGAS (bar)
0.0577
0.0496
0.0494
0.05918
0.0634
TGAS (K)
0.2660
0.31869
0.3395
0.24766
0.2852
0% load,step disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
5.8914
8.0184
9.8772
4.70603
1.0445
MASS (kg)
11.053
11.053
11.053
11.0529
11.8115
PGAS (bar)
0.0772
0.075986
0.0760
0.078547
0.0829
TGAS (K)
0.3232
0.40339
0.4315
0.30182
0.3218
100% load, sinusoidal disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
4.1025
3.7562
3.7838
2.4006
0.3603
MASS (kg)
10.858
10.756
10.799
10.173
9.9925
PGAS (bar)
0.0496
0.029062
0.0258
0.04049
0.0401
TGAS (K)
0.3784
0.35226
0.3566
0.280606
0.2491
50% load, sinusoidal disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
4.7122
4.3039
4.3730
2.7118
0.4094
MASS (kg)
12.852
12.719
12.783
11.991
11.7817
PGAS (bar)
0.0623
0.036325
0.0325
0.04949
0.0495
TGAS (K)
0.4226
0.39123
0.3982
0.31069
0.2785
0% load, sinusoidal disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
5.8585
6.8594
7.9930
3.4857
0.7028
MASS (kg)
16.346
16.296
16.365
15.532
15.2117
PGAS (bar)
0.1196
0.099138
0.0991
0.09041
0.0879
TGAS (K)
0.4791
0.51445
0.5699
0.36566
0.3573
(b)
Test description
Outputs
Baseline PI
Cuckoo PI
Bat PI
Simm A
MOPSO PI
100% load, step disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
30.492
34.956
37.035
21.4567
4.1192
MASS (kg)
795.29
766.03
768.72
770.167
845.6540
PGAS (bar)
0.3883
0.71104
0.6365
0.66801
0.4134
TGAS (K)
32.449
31.668
31.812
25.3313
28.0122
50% load, step disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
32.224
37.329
38.920
23.588
4.3242
MASS (kg)
421.53
442.03
437.36
905.62
1671.89
PGAS (bar)
0.4669
0.96041
0.8552
0.8308
0.51978
TGAS (K)
38.433
37.073
37.278
31.295
35.5484
0% load, step disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
43.864
46.585
49.858
30.7476
5.65885
MASS (kg)
667.9
573.95
580.91
834.466
1754.91
PGAS (bar)
0.59493
2.2373
1.9707
0.86776
0.56538
TGAS (K)
38.388
35.714
36.169
29.5588
32.109
100% load, sinusoidal disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
773.94
703.34
709.01
450.358
68.077
MASS (kg)
2076.5
2075
2073.8
2073.03
2191.29
PGAS (bar)
9.2825
5.4295
4.8282
7.4122
7.452
TGAS (K)
66.998
62.211
62.933
49.092
44.986
50% load, sinusoidal disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
879.66
802.54
812.64
506.179
76.7957
MASS (kg)
2522.2
2517.3
2515.5
2515.83
2655.36
PGAS (bar)
11.506
6.7252
6.0099
9.125
9.1915
TGAS (K)
74.717
69.129
70.358
54.105
50.16
0% load, sinusoidal disturbance
CVGAS (KJ/kg)
1039.5
1061.7
1126.2
640.636
97.1409
MASS (kg)
3007.2
3040.6
3018.1
3156.57
3336.64
PGAS (bar)
19.145
13.123
12.702
14.4267
14.723
TGAS (K)
79.541
82.098
85.674
64.371
60.749Table6
(
a
) shows the comparison of MAE for existing baseline PI controller, Cuckoo PI, Bat PI, Simm A, and MOPSO-PI controller settings. It was observed that MOPSO based PI controller provides best results for CVGAS and TGAS during sinusoidal and step pressure disturbance. PGAS is well tuned by Cuckoo search and Bat search based PI controllers. A marginal increase in PGAS is observed for sinusoidal and step pressure disturbance with MOPSO-PI controller. At 0% load, for sinusoidal pressure disturbance, baseline PI controller did not satisfy the constraints (greater than 0.1 bar). It is clear that MOPSO-PI based closed loop system produces better results and meets the performance specifications comfortably even at 0% load condition.Similarly Table6(b) shows comparison of IAE indices for the aforesaid controllers. For step pressure disturbance CVGAS, PGAS, and TGAS are well tuned by MOPSO-PI, Bat and Cuckoo PI, and Simm A, respectively. For sinusoidal pressure disturbance CVGAS and TGAS are well tuned by MOPSO-PI while PGAS is well tuned by Bat PI controller.Performance indices show that the tuned MOPSO based PI controller provides better results and meets all the performance requirements without violating the constraints.


## 5.2. Load Change Test

Stability of coal gasifier and controller function across the working range of the plant (0%, 50%, and 100% load) is investigated. The system is started at 50% load, allowed to reach the steady state, then ramped it to 100% over a period of 600 seconds (5% per min). The response is shown in Figure5. Actual load, CVGAS, and PGAS track their demands quickly to setpoint while Mass takes more time to reach its steady state, though manipulated inputs coal flow and char flow have reached their steady state immediately. TGAS reached its steady state at around 13 minutes from the start, immediately char flow rate is regulated towards its steady state point, and MASS begins to return to its setpoint, as the coal flow rate reached its maximum.Response to load increase from 50% to 100% load.
(a)
Response to ramped increase in load
(b)
Input response to load changeThis procedure is repeated for 0% to 50% change in load. Similar type of response is obtained. It is clear from the results that MOPSO-PI controller is able to track the changes in load.


## 5.3. Coal Variation (Model Error) Test

The quality of syngas depends on various factors such as type of coal (calorific value of coal) and moisture content. Quality of coal greatly affects each output of the gasifier. In this test, the quality of coal that is fed to gasifier is increased and decreased by 18%; input-output responses for sinusoidal and step change in pressure disturbance are tabulated at 100%, 50%, and 0% load conditions.For sinusoidal change in pressure disturbance, at 0% load, for −18% change in coal quality, PGAS reaches its upper limit. For the same pressure disturbance, at 100% load TGAS reaches it upper and lower limits for +18% and −18% change in coal quality, respectively. For the other entire scenario the outputs meet the performance requirements without violating the constraints. Figures6, 7, and 8 show the response of gasifier at 0%, 50%, and 100% load condition for ±
18
% coal quality variations and for sinusoidal change in pressure disturbance.Response to sinusoidal disturbance at 0% load.
(a)
Outputs and limits
(b)
Inputs and limitsResponse to sinusoidal disturbance at 50% load.
(a)
Outputs and limits
(b)
Inputs and limitsResponse to sinusoidal disturbance at 100% load.
(a)
Outputs and limits
(b)
Inputs and limitsThis procedure was repeated for step change in pressure disturbance along with coal quality variations. Figures9, 10, and 11 show the response of gasifier at 0%, 50%, and 100% load condition for ±18% coal quality variations and for step change in pressure disturbance. For step change in pressure disturbance, all the outputs meet the performance requirements without violating the constraints at 0%, 50%, and 100% load conditions for +18% and −18% change in coal quality variations.Response to step disturbance at 0% load.
(a)
Outputs and limits
(b)
Inputs and limitsResponse to step disturbance at 50% load.
(a)
Outputs and limits
(b)
Inputs and limitsResponse to step disturbance at 100% load.
(a)
Outputs and Limits
(b)
Inputs and LimitsTable7 shows the violation variables under decreasing (−18%) and increasing (+18%) coal quality variations during sinusoidal and step change in pressure disturbance.Table 7
Violation variables under coal quality change (±18%) (↑: the variable reaches its upper limit; ↓: the variable reaches its lower limit).
Load
100%
50%
0%
Disturbance type
Sine
Step
Sine
Step
Sine
Step
Coal quality
Char↓
Char↓
Char↓
Withinlimits
WStm↓
Withinlimits
increase (+18%)
T gas↑
Coal quality
Coal↑
Coal↑
Withinlimits
Coal↑
Pgas↑
Char↑
decrease (−18%)
T gas↓
WStm↓Table8 shows allowed increase and decrease scope of coal quality for each scenario. Baseline PI controller did not satisfy the constraints even for the desired coal quality (calorific value) during 0% load under sinusoidal pressure disturbance.Table 8
Comparison of allowed coal quality variation (%).
Load
100%
50%
0%
Disturbance
Sine
Step
Sine
Step
Sine
Step
Baseline PI [11]
(−14,11)
(−18,18)
(−18,16)
(−18,18)
(0,0)
(−18,18)
Simm A [22]
(−13,8)
(−5,14)
(−14,14)
(−12,18)
(0,5)
(−8,18)
MOPI [23]
(−13,8)
(−5,14)
(−14,14)
(−12,18)
(−3,18)
(−8,18)
SOPI  [23]
(−13,8)
(−6,13)
(−14,14)
(−12,18)
(−4,18)
(−8,18)
Cuckoo PI [24]
(−15,12)
(−18,18)
(−18,17)
(−18,18)
(0,6)
(−18,18)
Bat PI [25]
(−15,12)
(−18,18)
(−18,17)
(−18,18)
(0,7)
(−18,18)
Optimal PI [28]
(−17,13)
(−18,18)
(−18,18)
(−18,18)
(−7,18)
(−18,18)
PADRC [17]
(−18,6)
(−17,14)
(−18,10)
(−12,18)
(−18,18)
(−8,18)
MOPSO PI
(−16,13)
(−18,18)
(−18,18)
(−18,18)
(−9,18)
(−18,18)It is seen that MOPSO based baseline PI controller provides better response for wide range of coal quality variations as compared to the existing methods [11, 17, 23–25, 28].


## 6. Conclusion

In this paper a Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm is proposed to fine-tune the parameters of baseline PI controller of Alstom gasifier benchmark challenge II. MOPSO algorithm provides set of nondominated solutions for the baseline PI controller, among which a suitable set of PI parameters are selected. The performance tests such as pressure disturbance, load change, and coal quality variations are investigated. During pressure disturbance test, the controller with optimized settings meets all the performance requirements at 0%, 50%, and 100% load conditions. Load change test shows good results. During coal quality test, the gasifier along with optimized controller settings verifies its capability to handle wide range of coal quality variations.



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*Source: 504706-2014-02-12.xml*