# A Note on Some Generalized Closed Sets in Bitopological Spaces Associated to Digraphs

Authors: K. Kannan
Journal: Journal of Applied Mathematics
 (2012)

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## Abstract

Many investigations are undergoing of the relationship between topological spaces and graph theory. The aim of this short communication is to study the nature and properties of some generalized closed sets in the bitopological spaces associated to the digraph. In particular, some relations between generalized closed sets in the bitopological spaces associated to the digraph are characterized.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Concerning the applications of bitopological spaces, there are many approaches to the sets equipped with two topologies of which one may occasionally be finer than the other in analysis, potential theory, directed graphs, and general topology. Lukeš [1] formulated certain new methods to be used in discussing fine topologies, especially in analysis and potential theory in 1977 and one of the properties introduced by him is Lusin-Menchoff property of the fine topologies. This is the initiative to the study of various problems in analysis and potential theory with bitopological spaces.Brelot [2] compared the notion of a regular point of a set with that of a stable point of a compact set for an analogous Dirichlet problem and thus arrived at a general notion of thinness in classical potential theory.Bhargava and Ahlborn [3] investigated certain tieups between the theory of directed graphs and point set topology. They obtained several theorems relating connectedness and accessibility properties of a directed graph to the properties of the topology associated to that digraph. Further, they investigated these topologies in terms of closure, kernal, and core operators. This work extended to ceriatn aspects of work done by Bhargava in [4].Evans et al. [5] proved that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the labelled topologies on n points and labelled transitive digraph with n vertices. Anderson and Chartrand [6] investigated the lattice graph of the topologies to the transitive digraphs. In particular, they characterized those transitive digraphs whose topologies have isomorphic lattice graphs.In theoretical development of bitopological spaces [7], several generalized closed sets have been introduced already. Fukutake [8] defined one kind of semiopen sets in bitopological spaces and studied their properties in 1989. Also, he introduced generalized closed sets and pairwise generalized closure operator [9] in bitopological spaces in 1986. A set A of a bitopological space (X,τ1,τ2) is τiτj-generalized closed set (briefly τiτj-g closed) [10] if τj-cl(A)⊆U whenever A⊆U and U is τi-open in X, i,j=1,2and i≠j. Also, he defined a new closure operator and strongly pairwise T1/2-space. Further study on semiopen sets had been made by Bose [11] and Maheshwari and Prasad [12].Semi generalized closed sets and generalized semiclosed sets are extended to bitopological settings by Khedr and Al-saadi [13]. They proved that the union of two ij-sg closed sets need not be ij-sg closed. This is an unexpected result. Also, they defined that the ij-semi generalized closure of a subset A of a space X is the intersection of all ij-sg closed sets containing A and is denoted by ij-sgcl(A). Rao and Mariasingam [14] defined and studied regular generalized closed sets in bitopological settings. Rao and Kannan [15] introduced semi star generalized closed sets in bitopological spaces in the year 2005. (τ1,τ2)*-semi star generalized closed sets [16], regular generalized star star closed sets [17], semi star  generalized closed sets [18], and the survey on Levine’s generalized closed sets [19] had been studied in bitopological spaces in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2012, respectively.The aim of this short communication is to study the nature and properties of some generalized closed sets in the bitopological spaces associated to the digraph. In particular, some relations between generalized closed sets in the bitopological spaces associated to the digraph are characterized.


## 2. Preliminaries

A digraph is an ordered pair(X,Γ), where X is a set and Γ is a binary relation on X. A topology may be determined on a set X by suitably defining subsets of X to be open with respect to the digraph (X,Γ). A set A of the digraph (X,Γ) is open if there does not exist an edge from AC to A. In other words, a set A of the digraph (X,Γ) is open if pi∈AC and pj∈A imply that pipj∉Γ. A set A of the digraph (X,Γ) is closed if AC is open. Consequently, a set A of the digraph (X,Γ) is closed if there does not exist an edge from A to AC. Equivalently, a set A of the digraph (X,Γ) is closed if pi∈A and pj∈AC imply that pipj∉Γ. Thus, each digraph (X,Γ) determines a unique topological space (X,τΓ+), where τΓ+={A:A⊆Xof(X,Γ)is open}. Moreover, (X,τΓ+) has completely additive closure. That is, the intersection of any number of open sets is open.For example, consider the following digraph(X,Γ), where X={a,b,c,d}.Then the topology associated to the above digraph isτΓ+={ϕ,X,{d},{b,d},{b,c,d}}.Consequently,{A:A⊆X and there does not exist an edge from A to AC in (X,Γ)} forms the topology on X and it is denoted by τΓ-. Hence, we have a unique topological space (X,τΓ-). Thus, the topology associated to the digraph is τΓ-={ϕ,X,{a},{a,c},{a,b,c}}.Now, we are comfortable to define the bitopological space(X,τΓ+,τΓ-) with the help of these two unique topologies τΓ+,τΓ- associated to the digraph (X,Γ), where τΓ+,τΓ- are the right and left associated topologies. Also, the topology τΓ+ is called the dual topology to τΓ- and vise versa so that for every set A⊆X, the set τΓ+-cl(A) is the least τΓ--open set containing A and the set τΓ--cl(A) is the least τΓ+-open set containing A. For any set A⊆X of the digraph (X,Γ), the closure of A with respect to τΓ+ is defined by τΓ+-cl(A)={pj:pj is accessible from pi for somepi∈A}. In digraph, τΓ+-cl[{c}]={a,c}, since a is the only point accessible from c. Also, τΓ--cl[{c}]={b,c,d}.To retain the standard notation in the recent trend,(X,τ1,τ2) will denote the bitopological space (X,τΓ+,τΓ-). A set A is semiopen [20] in a topological space (X,τ) if A⊆cl[int(A)] and the complements of semiopen sets are called semiclosed sets. τj-scl(A) and τj-cl(A) represent the semiclosure and closure of a set A with respect to the topology τj, respectively, and they are defined by intersection of all τj-semiclosed and τj-closed sets containing A, respectively. Co τj represents  the complements of members of τj. Moreover, a set A of a bitopological space (X,τ1,τ2) is τiτj-semi generalized closed (resp., τiτj-generalized semiclosed, τiτj-semi star generalized closed [21–23]) if τj-scl(A)⊆U (resp., τj-scl(A)⊆U, τj-cl(A)⊆U) whenever A⊆U and U is τi-semiopen (resp., τi-open, τi-semiopen) in X,i,j=1,2 and i≠j.τ
i
τ
j-semi generalized closed sets, τiτj-generalized semiclosed sets, and τiτj-semi star generalized closed sets are denoted by τiτj-sg closed sets, τiτj-gs closed sets, and τiτj-s*g closed sets, respectively.


## 3. Relations between Some Generalized Closed Sets

In this section, we discuss some relations between generalized closed sets in the bitopological spaces associated to the digraphs.τ
1-open (resp., τ2-open) sets and τiτj-s*g closed sets are independent for i,j=1,2and i≠j in general. For example, let X={a,b,c},τ1={ϕ,X,{a}},τ2={ϕ,X,{a},{a,c}}. Then {a} is τ1-open but neither τ1τ2-s*g closed nor τ2τ1-s*g closed in X. Also, {b,c} is both τ1τ2-s*g closed and τ2τ1-s*g closed, but not τ1-open in X. Similarly, {a,c} is τ2-open but neither τ1τ2-s*g closed nor τ2τ1-s*g closed in X. Also {b,c} is both τ1τ2-s*g closed and τ2τ1-s*g closed, but not τ2-open in X.Similarly,τ1-closed (resp., τ2-closed) sets and τiτj-s*g closed sets are independent for i,j =1,2 and i≠j in general. Since every τi=coτjin a bitopological space (X,τ1,τ2) is associated to the digraph (X,Γ) and every τi-open set is τiτj-s*g open in every bitopological space X, we have every τj-closed set is τiτj-s*g open in X for i,j=1,2and i≠j. Also, every τj-closed set is τiτj-s*g closed in X and hence every τi-open set is τiτj-s*g closed in X associated to the digraph (X,Γ) for i,j=1,2 and i≠j.Suppose thatA is τi-open in X. Then AC is τi-closed and hence it is τjτi-closed in X. Also A is τj-closed and hence AC is τj-open in X. This implies that A is τjτi-closed in X associated to the digraph (X,Γ) for i,j=1,2and i≠j. So we have the following.Theorem 3.1.
Everyτ1-open (resp., τ2-open) set is both τiτj-s*g closed and τiτj-s*g open in X associated to the digraph (X,Γ) for i,j=1,2and i≠j.Theorem 3.2.
Everyτ1-closed (resp., τ2-closed) set is both τiτj-s*g closed and τiτj-s*g open in X associated to the digraph (X,Γ) for i,j=1,2 and i≠j.Since everyτiτj-s*g closed (resp., τiτj-s*g open) sets are τiτj-g closed, τiτj-sg closed and τiτj-gs closed (resp., τiτj-g open, τiτj-sg open and τiτj-gs open) in X, one can obtain the following:Theorem 3.3.
Every member of bothτ1 and τ2 is τiτj-g closed, τiτj-sg closed, τiτj-gs closed, τiτj-g open, τiτj-sg open and τiτj-gs open, in X associated to the digraph (X,Γ) for i,j=1,2and i≠j.A subsetA of a bitopological space (X,τ1,τ2) is τiτj-nowhere dense (resp., τiτj-somewhere dense) if τi-int[τj-cl(A)]=ϕ (resp., τi-int[τj-cl(A)]≠ϕ). Clearly, τiτj-nowhere dense sets and τiτj-s*g closed sets are independent for i,j=1,2and i≠j in general. For example, let X={a,b,c},τ1={ϕ,X,{a}},τ2={ϕ,X,{a},{b,c}}. Then {a} is τ1τ2-s*g closed but not τ1τ2-nowhere dense in X. Also, {b} is τ1τ2- nowhere dense but not τ1τ2-s*g closed in X.Suppose thatA is τiτj-nowhere dense in a bitopological space (X,τ1,τ2) associated to the digraph (X,Γ). Then τi-int[τj-cl(A)]=ϕ. Since τi=co,τj, one has τj-cl(A)=ϕ. This implies that A=ϕ. Hence, A is τiτj-g closed, τiτj-sg closed, τiτj-gs closed, τiτj-s*g closed, τiτj-g open, τiτj-sg open, τiτj-gs open, and τiτj-s*g open in X associated to the digraph (X,Γ) for i,j=1,2and i≠j.Therefore, one can conclude that every nonemptyτiτj-g closed (resp., τiτj-sg closed, τiτj-gs closed, τiτj-s*g closed, τiτj-g open, τiτj-sg open, τiτj-gs open, and τiτj-s*g open) set is τiτj-somewhere dense in X associated to the digraph (X,Γ) for i,j=1,2and i≠j.Since the setτj-cl(A) is the least τi-open set containing A in the bitopological space X associated to the digraph (X,Γ), τj-cl(A)⊆U whenever A⊆U and U is τi-open, for i,j=1,2and i≠j. Hence every subset A⊆X of the digraph (X,Γ) is τiτj-g closed and hence τiτj-g open.


## 4. Conclusion

Thus, we have discussed the nature and properties of some generalized closed sets in the bitopological spaces associated to the digraphs in this short communication. This may be a new beginning for further research on the study of generalized closed sets in the bitopological spaces associated to the directed graphs. Hence, further research may be undertaken towards this direction. That is, one may take further research to find the suitable way of defining the bitopological spaces associated to the digraphs by using bitopological generalized closed sets such that there is a one-to-one correspondence between them. It may also lead to the new properties of separation axioms on these spaces.



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