# New Di- and Triorganotin(IV) Tyrosylalaninates as Models for

Authors: Mala Nath; Sulaxna; Xueqing Song; George Eng
Journal: ISRN Spectroscopy
 (2012)

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## Abstract

Di- and triorganotin(IV) derivatives of tyrosylalanine (H2Tyr-Ala) with general formula R2Sn(Tyr-Ala) (where R = Me, n-Bu, n-Oct, and Ph) and R3Sn(HTyr-Ala) (where R = Me and Ph) have been synthesized and structurally characterized in the solid state as well as in solution on the basis of various spectroscopic techniques, namely. FT-IR, multinuclear (1H, 13C and 119Sn) NMR and 119Sn Mössbauer. These investigations suggest that tyrosylalanine in R2Sn(Tyr-Ala) acts as dianionic tridentate ligand coordinating through carboxylate oxygen [–C(O)O−], amino (–NH2), and (CO)Npeptide- nitrogen, while in the case of R3Sn(HTyr-Ala), the ligand acts as monoanionic bidentate coordinating through –C(O)O− and –NH2, and the polyhedron around tin in R2Sn(Tyr-Ala) and R3Sn(HTyr-Ala) is a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal. Equilibrium (pH-metric) studies of the interaction of Me2Sn(IV)2+ and Me3Sn(IV)+ with dipeptides namely, tyrosylalanine (H2Tyr-Ala), glycyltyrosine (H2Gly-Tyr), and glycylisoleucine (H2Gly-Ile), in aqueous solution (I = 0.1 M KNO3, 298 K) have also been carried out. The concentration distribution of the various complex species in solution has been evaluated as a function of pH. It has been found that in these dipeptides, [–C(O)O−, N−, NH2] coordinated complexes are dominant in the neutral pH range with a trigonal-bipyramidal structure. The complex species formed are water soluble in the pH range 2.7–10.5. In all of the studied systems, no polymeric species have been detected in the experimental pH range. Beyond pH 8.0, significant amounts of hydroxo species, namely. Me3Sn(OH) and Me2Sn(OH)2, are formed.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Organotin compounds have emerged as potential future pharmaceuticals as antitumor agents among nonplatinum chemotherapeutic metallopharmaceuticals in the last two decades [1–5]. Though tin-based drugs usually are less active than the corresponding platinum antitumor drugs, however, they have the advantage of lower toxicity [6]. In order to get a better insight in how the organotin species behave inside the biological systems, it is necessary to study their coordination behavior with biomolecules that can occur in the biological medium. Therefore, considerable efforts have been made to understand the binding mode of organotin compounds with biologically relevant ligands such as amino acids [1, 2, 7–13] and dipeptides [1, 2, 12–24], which constitute a very important class of biomolecules. Further, diorganotin(IV) derivatives of dipeptides [12, 14, 18] have been found to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory activity; thus such compounds may hold the potential to be placed in the class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).Peptides or proteins are well known efficient metal ion binders, and their interaction with organotin cations may play an important role in the mechanism of their toxic and antitumor effect. Model studies using small peptides as low-molecular-weight protein mimics may furnish essential details on the metal ion-protein interactions. Several investigations are directed at exploring the coordination chemical behavior of di- and triorganotin(IV) cations towards amino acids [1, 2, 7–13], dipeptides [1, 2, 12–24], or tripeptides [12, 25, 26] in the solid state. However, a few works focused on the solution equilibrium studies for such systems [27–30] which could provide essential information on the biospeciation of organotin moiety and thus on its bioavailability. Therefore, the in vitro speciation of organotin compounds with hetero donor (N, O, or S-containing) ligands is indispensable and important due to the implication of organotin compounds in cancer prophylaxis and other physiological processes, and it may also be useful for the further modeling of organotin binding to macromolecular compounds.In view of this, herein we report the synthesis and structural studies of di- and triorganotin(IV) derivatives of tyrosylalanine (H2Tyr-Ala). The structure of these derivatives is discussed with special focus on the possible modes of coordination. Apart from this, the interaction of MenSn(4−n)+ (where n=2 or 3) with dipeptides, namely, tyrosylalanine (H2Tyr-Ala), glycyltyrosine (H2Gly-Tyr), and glycylisoleucine (H2Gly-Ile), has been performed in aqueous solution at 298 ± 0.1 K and at an ionic strength (I) of 0.1 M of KNO3 in the pH range 2.0–10.5. In this paper, the equilibrium behavior and possible structures of the complex species formed under experimental conditions have been discussed on the basis of pH-metric titrations.


## 2. Experimental

### 2.1. Materials and Physical Measurements

All the syntheses were carried out under anhydrous nitrogen atmosphere, and the precautions to avoid the presence of oxygen were taken at every stage. Solvents were dried and stored under nitrogen before use. Dimethyltin(IV) dichloride, di-n-butyltin(IV) dichloride, di-n-octyltin(IV) oxide (Aldrich), trimethyltin(IV) chloride and triphenyltin(IV) chloride (Merck-Schuchardt), tetraphenyltin(IV) (Sigma-Aldrich), tin tetrachloride (Farmitalia Carlo Erba) and tyrosylalanine (H2Tyr-Ala), glycyltyrosine (H2Gly-Tyr), and glycylisoleucine (H2Gly-Ile) (Sigma-Aldrich) were used as received. Diphenyltin(IV) dichloride was synthesized according to the reported method [31].All the physicochemical and spectral measurements were carried out using the same methods and instruments reported previously [32]. 1H–13C heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) and 1H–13C hetero-nuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC) NMR spectra of Ph2Sn(Tyr-Ala) were recorded on a Bruker Avance 500 MHz NMR spectrometer at the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India. HSQC and HMBC experiments were carried out at 298 K in D2O using DSS as internal standard. Typical parameters for 2D experiments were 1024–2048 data points along t2 dimension, 512 free induction decays in t1 dimension, pulse width ~7.7 μs, spectral width 6000 Hz (1H)/24,000 Hz (13C), number of scans 64, digital resolution 3.0 Hz/point, and relaxation delay 2.0 s. Data were zero-filled in F1 dimension before the Fourier transformation. Sine squared bell window function was applied before processing the FIDs. Potentiometric studies were performed under similar experimental conditions and using SCOGS software as reported previously [33].


### 2.2. Syntheses of Di- and Triorganotin(IV) Tyrosylalaninates by Sodium Salt Method

Tyrosylalanine (2.0 mmol, 0.252 g) was dissolved in the minimum amount (20 mL) of specially dried methanol under dry nitrogen and added to sodium methoxide, prepared by reacting sodium (~4.2 equivalent) for diorganotin(IV) derivatives/(~2.2 equivalent) for triorganotin(IV) derivatives with dry methanol (10 mL). The resulting mixture was first stirred at room temperature for 30 min and then refluxed for 5-6 h with constant stirring to give a clear solution of Na2Tyr-Ala/NaHTyr-Ala. A hot methanol solution (20 mL) of R2SnCl2/R3SnCl (~2.0 mmol) was added to the solution of the preformed sodium salt of H2Tyr-Ala. The resulting mixture was further refluxed with constant stirring for another 14–16 h except for di- and trimethyltin(IV) derivatives, for which only constant stirring was carried out at room temperature (30 ± 2°C) under dry nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was then centrifuged and filtered in order to remove the sodium chloride formed. The excess of solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the solid product thus obtained was recrystallized from either methanol-hexane (1 : 1 v/v) or methanol-petroleum ether (bp 40–60°C) (1 : 3, v/v) mixture.


### 2.3. Synthesis of Di-n-octyltin(IV) Tyrosylalaninate by the Azeotropic Removal of Water Method

Di-n-octyltin(IV) tyrosylalaninate was prepared under anhydrous nitrogen atmosphere by dropwise addition of a dry, hot methanol solution (2.0 mmol, 0.252 g, ~25 mL) of tyrosylalanine to the suspension of di-n-octyltin(IV) oxide (2.0 mmol, 0.248 g) in benzene. The reaction mixture obtained was refluxed with constant stirring, giving a clear solution within 2 h. Refluxing was continued at least for 16–18 h with azeotropic removal of water by the Dean-Stark apparatus. The solution was filtered, and the excess of solvent was removed under reduced pressure and allowed to cool. The solid product thus obtained was recrystallized by using methanol-hexane mixture (1 : 1, v/v).


## 2.1. Materials and Physical Measurements

All the syntheses were carried out under anhydrous nitrogen atmosphere, and the precautions to avoid the presence of oxygen were taken at every stage. Solvents were dried and stored under nitrogen before use. Dimethyltin(IV) dichloride, di-n-butyltin(IV) dichloride, di-n-octyltin(IV) oxide (Aldrich), trimethyltin(IV) chloride and triphenyltin(IV) chloride (Merck-Schuchardt), tetraphenyltin(IV) (Sigma-Aldrich), tin tetrachloride (Farmitalia Carlo Erba) and tyrosylalanine (H2Tyr-Ala), glycyltyrosine (H2Gly-Tyr), and glycylisoleucine (H2Gly-Ile) (Sigma-Aldrich) were used as received. Diphenyltin(IV) dichloride was synthesized according to the reported method [31].All the physicochemical and spectral measurements were carried out using the same methods and instruments reported previously [32]. 1H–13C heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) and 1H–13C hetero-nuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC) NMR spectra of Ph2Sn(Tyr-Ala) were recorded on a Bruker Avance 500 MHz NMR spectrometer at the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India. HSQC and HMBC experiments were carried out at 298 K in D2O using DSS as internal standard. Typical parameters for 2D experiments were 1024–2048 data points along t2 dimension, 512 free induction decays in t1 dimension, pulse width ~7.7 μs, spectral width 6000 Hz (1H)/24,000 Hz (13C), number of scans 64, digital resolution 3.0 Hz/point, and relaxation delay 2.0 s. Data were zero-filled in F1 dimension before the Fourier transformation. Sine squared bell window function was applied before processing the FIDs. Potentiometric studies were performed under similar experimental conditions and using SCOGS software as reported previously [33].


## 2.2. Syntheses of Di- and Triorganotin(IV) Tyrosylalaninates by Sodium Salt Method

Tyrosylalanine (2.0 mmol, 0.252 g) was dissolved in the minimum amount (20 mL) of specially dried methanol under dry nitrogen and added to sodium methoxide, prepared by reacting sodium (~4.2 equivalent) for diorganotin(IV) derivatives/(~2.2 equivalent) for triorganotin(IV) derivatives with dry methanol (10 mL). The resulting mixture was first stirred at room temperature for 30 min and then refluxed for 5-6 h with constant stirring to give a clear solution of Na2Tyr-Ala/NaHTyr-Ala. A hot methanol solution (20 mL) of R2SnCl2/R3SnCl (~2.0 mmol) was added to the solution of the preformed sodium salt of H2Tyr-Ala. The resulting mixture was further refluxed with constant stirring for another 14–16 h except for di- and trimethyltin(IV) derivatives, for which only constant stirring was carried out at room temperature (30 ± 2°C) under dry nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was then centrifuged and filtered in order to remove the sodium chloride formed. The excess of solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the solid product thus obtained was recrystallized from either methanol-hexane (1 : 1 v/v) or methanol-petroleum ether (bp 40–60°C) (1 : 3, v/v) mixture.


## 2.3. Synthesis of Di-n-octyltin(IV) Tyrosylalaninate by the Azeotropic Removal of Water Method

Di-n-octyltin(IV) tyrosylalaninate was prepared under anhydrous nitrogen atmosphere by dropwise addition of a dry, hot methanol solution (2.0 mmol, 0.252 g, ~25 mL) of tyrosylalanine to the suspension of di-n-octyltin(IV) oxide (2.0 mmol, 0.248 g) in benzene. The reaction mixture obtained was refluxed with constant stirring, giving a clear solution within 2 h. Refluxing was continued at least for 16–18 h with azeotropic removal of water by the Dean-Stark apparatus. The solution was filtered, and the excess of solvent was removed under reduced pressure and allowed to cool. The solid product thus obtained was recrystallized by using methanol-hexane mixture (1 : 1, v/v).


## 3. Results and Discussion

Reactions of R2SnCl2 (R = Me, n-Bu and Ph) and R3SnCl (R = Me and Ph) with the sodium salt of H2Tyr-Ala (formed according to (1)) in a 1 : 1 molar ratio led to the formation of di- and triorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates according to (2) and (3), respectively. Di-n-octyltin(IV) oxide reacts with H2Tyr-Ala in equimolar ratio in dry methanol to give di-n-octyltin(IV) tyrosylalaninate with azeotropic removal of water (equation (4); Scheme 1)(1)H2Tyr-Ala+xNaOMe⟶Na2(Tyr-Ala)/Na(HTyr-Ala)+xMeOH
(where x=1,2)(2)R2SnCl2+Na2(Tyr-Ala)⟶R2Sn(Tyr-Ala)+2NaCl
(where R = Me, n-Bu and Ph)(3)R3SnCl+Na(HTyr-Ala)⟶R3Sn(HTyr-Ala)+NaCl
(where R = Me and Ph)(4)n-Oct2SnO+H2Tyr-Ala⟶n-Oct2Sn(Tyr-Ala)+H2O.Scheme 1
Numbering scheme of H2Tyr-Ala and chemical formulae of H2Gly-Tyr and H2Gly-Ile.The above reactions were found to be quite feasible, and di- and triorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates (exceptn-Oct2Sn(Tyr-Ala)) were synthesized within ~19–22 h of refluxing. However, the reaction involving the synthesis of n-Oct2Sn(Tyr-Ala) yielded a turbid solution after prolonged heating, and the solid was obtained from the filtrate after removing the unreacted dipeptide/di-n-octyltin(IV) oxide. The resulting derivatives were obtained in 46–79% yield. All of the derivatives are found to be stable toward air and moisture. Most of the synthesized derivatives are soluble in methanol, but sparingly soluble in chloroform and other common organic solvents upon heating. The analytical data of all the synthesized derivatives (as presented in Table 1) suggest that in every instance the resulting derivatives crystallized with 1 : 1 stoichiometry regardless of the proportions of the organotin moiety and H2Tyr-Ala used.Table 1
Analytical data of di- and triorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates.
Compound (empirical formula)Yield (%)Color and physical statem.p. (°C)Analysis (%): found (calculated)CHNOSnMe2Sn(Tyr-Ala)[C14H20N2O4Sn]60Yellow solid210 (dec)42.10 (42.14)4.98 (5.05)6.96 (7.02)15.94 (16.04)29.69 (29.75)n-Bu2Sn(Tyr-Ala)[C20H32N2O4Sn]71White solid153–15549.68 (49.71)6.63 (6.68)5.76 (5.80)13.20 (13.24)24.50 (24.57)n-Oct2Sn(Tyr-Ala)[C28H48N2O4Sn]79White solid156–16056.42 (56.48)8.08 (8.13)4.63 (4.70)10.70 (10.75)19.89 (19.94)Ph2Sn(Tyr-Ala)[C24H24N2O4Sn]69White solid168–17055.04 (55.10)4.58 (4.62)5.31 (5.35)12.18 (12.23)22.61 (22.70)Me3Sn(HTyr-Ala)[C15H24N2O4Sn]46Brown solid183–18543.38 (43.40)5.80 (5.83)6.71 (6.75)15.39 (15.42)28.58 (28.61)Ph3Sn(HTyr-Ala)[C30H30N2O4Sn]55Light yellow solid128–13059.89 (59.92)4.98 (5.03)4.61 (4.65)10.59 (10.64)19.68 (19.74)


### 3.1. Infrared Spectroscopy

The characteristic infrared absorption frequencies (in cm−1) and their assignments for noncoordinated H2Tyr-Ala and di- and triorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates are presented in Table 2. There are several bands due to ν(O–H), ν(N–H), and ν(C–H) in the region 3571–2924 cm−1. It is difficult to differentiate between ν(O–H), ν(N–H), and ν(C–H) stretching vibrations with certainty. For H2Tyr-Ala, broadening occurs in the region 3440–3180 cm−1, which indicates either the overlapping of ν(O–H) and ν(N–H) vibrations or the presence of strong inter-/intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the solid state and the consequent perturbation of the ν(O–H) and ν(N–H) stretching vibrations. Infrared NH2 stretching frequencies were used to distinguish coordinated from non-coordinated amino groups of the ligand [1]. The position of ν(N–H) bands is influenced by hydrogen bonding and by coordination of the nitrogen to tin [1]. In all of the studied organotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates, some bands in region 3427–3055 cm−1 undergo substantial lowering when compared with H2Tyr-Ala (3440–3180 cm−1), indicating the participation of amino group in coordination to tin. It is supported by similar studies reported for other derivatives, R2SnL [1, 12, 14, 25] and R3SnHL (H2L = dipeptide) [1, 12, 14, 17–24], indicating coordination by the amino group to the central tin atom. The appearance of a new band of medium intensity in the region ~489–424 cm−1 in all of the studied derivatives, which may be assigned to ν(Sn←N), further confirms the coordination of the amino nitrogen to the organotin(IV) moiety.Table 2
IR frequenciesa (in cm−1) of di- and triorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates.
Compoundν(O–H)ν(N–H)/ν(C–H)ν(CO)amideνas(COO)/νs(COO)Δννas(Sn–C)/νs(Sn–C)ν(Sn–O)/ν(Sn←N)H2Tyr-Ala3440 m 3180 br16701560 m 1390 m170——Me2Sn(Tyr-Ala)3516 m3380 m  3286 m  3230 w3177 m  2924 w1594 vs1514 m/1340 w  1291 w174592 m/523 m551 m/489 wn-Bu2Sn(Tyr-Ala)3566 m3427 s  3343 s  3239 w  3187 s1655 s1622 vs/1369 w253671 m/587 m557 m/451 mn-Oct2Sn(Tyr-Ala)3586 m3412 m  3270 m  3227 m  3014 w1640 brsh1610 vs/1379 m231677 m/555 s570 w/452 vwPh2Sn(Tyr-Ala)3571 s3424 s  3333 s3231 w  3194 s1633 vs1615 s/1397 m218247 m/226 m533 m/457 mMe3Sn(HTyr-Ala)3439 br3332 s  3265 s  3101 s1659 m1602 vs/1394 m208607 w/591 w545 m/424 mPh3Sn(HTyr-Ala)3457 s3344 s  3171 s  3055 s1660 vs1526 s/1250 s276280 m/228 w503 m/449 mavs, very strong; s, strong; m, medium; w, weak; br, broad.The carboxylate groups in the organotin(IV) derivatives generally adopt a bridged structure in the solid state unless the organic substituents at the tin atom are bulky or the carboxylate group is branched at theα-carbon [1]. The νas(−C(O)O−) is observed at 1560 cm−1 in H2Tyr-Ala as found in most of the amino acids in their zwitterionic form. The IR spectra of the organotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates indicate that νas(−C(O)O−) vibrations shift to higher wave number (1622−1514 cm−1) in comparison to H2Tyr-Ala (1560 cm−1). The corresponding νs(−C(O)O−) in the synthesized derivatives (1397−1250 cm−1) either remains at the same value or moves to lower wave number side than in H2Tyr-Ala (1390 cm−1). The magnitude of the [νas(−C(O)O−) –νas(−C(O)O−)] (Δν) separation is large in studied organotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates (Δν = 208–276 cm−1) than in H2Tyr-Ala (Δν = 170 cm−1). Further the magnitude of Δν for all these derivatives have been found comparable to those obtained for R3SnAA (AA = amino acid anion) [1, 7, 9–12] and R2SnL (H2L = dipeptide) [1, 12, 14, 17–24], indicating that the carboxylate group acts as a monodentate donor group in H2Tyr-Ala, and hence the possibility of ionic bonding and also bridging and chelation can be excluded [1, 12, 14, 17–24]. The appearance of a new medium intensity band in the far-IR spectra of all the derivatives in the region 570–503 cm−1, which may be assigned to ν(Sn–O), further supports the bonding of carboxylate group to the tin atom [1, 12, 14, 17–24].Apart from the potential coordinating sites, namely, carboxylic oxygen and amino nitrogen, the amide group also exhibits strong tendency to coordinate with the organotin(IV) moiety. Two characteristic bands, namely, amide I (essentiallyν(C=O)) and amide II [δ(N–H), coupled with ν(C–N)], give the crucial information on the occurrence of metal coordination through the basic atoms of the amide group [17, 34]. Two intense bands observed at 1670 and 1450 cm−1 in the IR spectrum of H2Tyr-Ala have been assigned to amide I and amide II, respectively. The amide I band undergoes a small shift towards lower frequency (1655–1594 cm−1) in the IR spectra of diorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates upon complexation. This is probably due to the involvement of the peptide nitrogen in bonding with tin, which lowers the bond order of the (C=O)amide group due to the resonance stabilization [18]. The amide II band is absent in all of the diorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates due to the deprotonation of the amide nitrogen. In the IR spectra of Me3Sn(HTyr-Ala) and Ph3Sn(HTyr-Ala), amide I band undergoes a very small shift to lower wave number ~1660 cm−1 as compared to H2Tyr-Ala (1670 cm−1), indicating that the amide group does not take part in coordination to tin. The participation of amide group in coordination would have been followed by a significant shift in position of amide I band. However, the small shift of this band either may be due to the shifting of δ(N–H)def which is caused by the coordination of NH2 to tin or their participation in the intermolecular hydrogen bonding, as reported previously for R3Sn(HL) (H2L = dipeptide) derivatives [12, 19].Theνas(Sn–C) and νs(Sn–C) bands in all of the di- and trialkyltin(IV) tyrosylalaninates are observed in the range 634 ± 43 cm−1, whereas in the di- and triphenyltin(IV) tyrosylalaninates, the corresponding νas(Sn–C) and νs(Sn–C) are observed at 230 ± 17 cm−1 and 227 ± 1 cm−1, respectively, suggesting the existence of a bent C–Sn–C moiety [1, 7].


### 3.2.119Sn Mössbauer Spectroscopy

The experimental nuclear quadrupole splitting (QS) and isomeric shift (IS) values of the studied di- and triorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates in the solid state are presented in Table3. The ρ(QS/IS) value is >2 which indicates a coordination number more than 4 in the solid state for these derivatives. The observed low value of QS for di- and triphenyltin(IV) tyrosylalaninates is due to greater polarizability of the phenyl groups.Table 3
119Sn Mössbauer spectral data (80 K) of di- and triorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninatesa.
Compound no.QS (mm s−1)IS   (mm s−1)ρ (QS/IS)τ1 (L)τ2 (R)∠C–Sn–Cb   (°)Me2Sn(Tyr-Ala)3.281.232.671.091.42135.67n-Bu2Sn(Tyr-Ala)2.581.112.321.311.59115.81n-Oct2Sn(Tyr-Ala)3.411.392.450.971.07131.62Ph2Sn(Tyr-Ala)2.350.912.581.272.0114.85Me3Sn(HTyr-Ala)3.321.262.631.01.22136.86Ph3Sn(HTyr-Ala)2.130.972.201.081.20107.01aQS: quadruple splitting; IS: isomer shift relative to BaSnO3 and tin foil (splitting: 2.52 mm s−1); τ1 (L): half line-width left doublet component; τ2 (R): half line-width right doublet component.bParish’s relationship [35]: QS = 4[R][1–(3/4)sin22θ]1/2, where ∠C–Sn–C = (180–2θ)° and [R] is the partial quadruple splitting (p.q.s.). For alkyl and phenyl groups, R = −1.03 and −0.95 mms−1, respectively [35, 44].The IS and QS values observed for R2Sn(Tyr-Ala) (see Table 3) are consistent with the other R2SnL derivatives (where H2L = dipeptides) [1, 12, 14, 17]. For which a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal configuration has been reported with the organic groups of the organotin(IV) moiety, and peptide nitrogen is lying in equatorial position, and the amino nitrogen and carboxylic oxygen atoms are axial [1, 12, 14, 17]. Due to the high electronegativity of oxygen and nitrogen atom of the dipeptide anion, the QS is mainly governed by ∠C–Sn–C bond angle [35]. The calculated values of ∠C–Sn–C in the studied diorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates are in the range ~115–136° (Table 3). Thus, the tin atom configuration as shown in Figure 1 can be proposed for R2Sn(Tyr-Ala), on the basis of the above-mentioned similarity between the observed and reported QS values [12, 14, 17] and the calculated ∠C–Sn–C values.Figure 1
Structure of diorganotin(IV) tyrosinylalaninates.The Mössbauer spectra of the R3Sn(HTyr-Ala) (where R = Me, Ph) derivatives exhibit a doublet centered in the IS value range 0.97–1.26 mm s−1 and the quadrupole splitting (QS) values in the range 2.13–3.32 mm s−1. It has been reported [36] that the three conceivable (Figure 2) five-coordinate isomers of R3SnL derivatives, where L is a bidentate ligand, have different QS values ranges, 1.7–2.3 mm s−1 for isomer (a), 3.0–3.9 mm s−1 for (b), and 3.5–4.1 mm s−1 for (c). The observed values of IS and QS for Me3Sn(HTyr-Ala) and Ph3Sn(HTyr-Ala), support trans-trigonal-bipyramidal coordination (Figure 2(b)) and cis-trigonal-bipyramidal coordination (Figure 2(a)) of tin, respectively. Therefore, the structures as shown in Figure 3 have been proposed for trimethyl-/triphenyltin(IV) tyrosylalaninates, which are also supported by the calculated values of ∠C–Sn–C of ~137° for trimethyl- and ~107.01° for triphenyltin(IV) derivatives (Table 3). Similar structures have also been reported for Me3Sn(HL) [19, 20] and Ph3Sn(HL) [12, 17, 20] (where H2L = dipeptide).Three possible isomers of R3Sn(XY) [36].
(a)(b)(c)Proposed structure of (a) trimethyltin(IV) tyrosinylalaninate and (b) triphenyltin(IV) tyrosinylalaninate.
(a)(b)Further, the Mössbauer data (Table3) indicate a pronounced line intensity asymmetry (the Goldanskii-Karyagin effect) in all of the studied organotin(IV) derivatives, which reflects a lattice dynamic anisotropy in the recoil-free fraction arising in the organotin(IV) derivatives possessing intermolecular association along particular axis in the solid state [37]. Further, the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between amino and carbonyl oxygen is also present to some extent in all of these studied derivatives, which is responsible for the low solubility of these derivatives in common organic solvents.


### 3.3. Solution NMR Spectroscopy

The characteristic resonances in the1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR spectra of H2Tyr-Ala [38] and its organotin(IV) derivatives, recorded in methanol-d4, are presented in Tables 4, 5, and 6. In the 1H NMR spectra of all of the derivatives studied, the −CO(OH) resonance of H2Tyr-Ala (δ 12.0–13.0 ppm) is absent which suggests the replacement of the carboxylic proton by the organotin(IV) moiety. In 1H NMR spectra of H2Tyr-Ala and its organotin(IV) derivatives, it is difficult to assign NH2 resonance with certainty because it is observed either as a broad weak signal or in conjugation with phenyl protons attached to the ligand or tin. The resonances due to magnetically nonequivalent alkyl/phenyl protons and carbons of H2Tyr-Ala undergo diamagnetic shielding due to the conformation adopted by the ligand molecule [1, 12, 14] on coordination. The assignments of carbon and protons are also supported by the 1H–13C HMBC and 1H–13C HSQC spectra of Ph2Sn(Tyr-Ala). The total numbers of protons calculated from the integration curve are in agreement with those calculated from the proposed molecular formula. In the 13C NMR spectra, the resonance of carboxylic carbon (i.e., C-1) in all of the studied organotin(IV) tyrosinylalaninates shows a downward shift (δ 178.9–181.4 ppm) as compared to H2Tyr-Ala (δ 176.2 ppm) suggesting the coordination of H2Tyr-Ala through the carboxylic oxygen to the organotin(IV) moiety [1, 12, 14, 17, 19]. The 2J(1H–117/119Sn) coupling constant values obtained from the resolved satellites for Me2Sn(IV) and Me3Sn(IV) tyrosinylalaninates are 76.8/77.4 and 66.0 Hz, respectively. The ∠Me–Sn–Me angle calculated by using the Lockhart and Manders equation [39] are 126.99/127.68° and 116.41°, respectively. Further, for Me3Sn(IV) tyrosylalaninate, the observed 1J(13C–117/119Sn) coupling constant and calculated ∠Me–Sn–Me are 450.0 Hz and 116.23°, respectively. The calculated ∠Me–Sn–Me angle for Me2Sn(IV) and Me3Sn(IV) tyrosinylalaninates using NMR data is different from the angle calculated using 119Sn Mössbauer data (Table 3) in the solid state which may be due to solvent effect, and suggesting five-coordinated tin in these derivatives in solution. For other studied organotin(IV) tyrosinylalaninates, the satellites are not well resolved; hence, 1J and 2J coupling constants and C–Sn–C angle could not be calculated. Except Me3Sn(HTyr-Ala), two sets of resonances have been observed in most of the studied organotin(IV) tyrosinylalaninates in both 1H and 13C NMR spectra, which may be due to the presence of stereoisomers. In case of Me2Sn(Tyr-Ala), two resonances at δ 0.69 and 0.50 ppm in 1H NMR and at δ 0.12 and 0.03 in 13C NMR spectra are clearly observed for Me2Sn moiety, which confirms the presence of two isomeric forms. However, in case of other studied organotin(IV) derivatives, it is not identified because of strongly overlapping pattern of alkyl and phenyl protons attached to tin.Table 4
1H NMR spectral data of H2Tyr-Ala (recorded in D2O) [38] and of di- and triorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninatesa (recorded in CD3OD).
Compoundδ (ppm)H2Tyr-Ala3.78 (q, 1H, 7.25 Hz, H-2); 1.49 (d, 3H, 7.5 Hz, H-3); 3.93 (dd, 1H, 5.7, 8.2 Hz, H-6); 3.17b (d, 2H, H-7); 7.19 (d, 2H, 8.9 Hz, H-9,13); 6.88 (d, 2H, H-10,12).Me2Sn(Tyr-Ala)4.19 (q, 1H, 6.6 Hz, H-2); 1.37/(1.33) (d, 3H, 6.9 Hz, H-3); 3.74 (dd, 1H, 4.5, 4.8 Hz, H-6); 3.16-2.73b (m, 2H, H-7); 7.08/(7.05) (d, 2H, 8.4 Hz, H-9,13); 6.75 (d, 2H, 6.3 Hz, H-10,12); 0.69/(0.50) (s, 6H, H-α) [2J(1H-119Sn) = 76.8/77.4 Hz]. ∠Me–Sn–Mec = 126.99/127.68°.n-Bu2Sn(Tyr-Ala)4.20b (m, 1H, H-2); 1.73-1.01b (m, 15H, H-3, H-α, H-β and H-γ); 3.70 (t, 1H, 5.4 Hz, H-6)/3.51(dd, 1H, 4.5 Hz, H-6); 3.19-2.64b (mbr, 2H, H-7); 7.03 (d, 2H, 8.1 Hz, H-9,13); 6.71 (br, 2H, H-10,12); 0.90 (t, 6H, 7.2 Hz, H-δ).n-Oct2Sn(Tyr-Ala)4.19 (q, 1H, 6.9 Hz, H-2); 1.58-0.87b (m, 37H, H-3 and CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3); 3.69 (t, 1H, 5.4 Hz, H-6); 3.18-3.01b (m, 2H, H-7); 7.08 (d, 2H, 8.4 Hz, H-9,13); 6.77 (d, 2H, 8.1 Hz, H-10,12).Ph2Sn(Tyr-Ala)4.37/(4.21) (q, 1H, 6.9 Hz, H-2); 1.44/(1.32) (d, 3H, 6.9 Hz, H-3); 3.79/3.53 (t, 1H, 5.4 Hz, H-6); 3.19-2.66b (m, 2H, H-7); 7.03 (dd, 2H, 9.0 Hz, H-9,13); 6.72 (d, 2H, 7.2 Hz, H-10,12); 7.79 (d, 4H, 6.3 Hz, H-o) [3J(1H-119/117Sn) = 67/52 Hz]; 7.46 (m, 6H, H-m + p).Me3Sn(HTyr-Ala)4.21 (q, 1H, 6.0 Hz, H-2); 1.32 (d, 3H, 6.0 Hz, H-3); 3.63 (t, 1H, 6.0 Hz, H-6); 3.01 (dd, 2H, 6.0 Hz, H-7)/2.74 (dd, 2H, 9.0 Hz, H-7); 7.06 (d, 2H, 8.1 Hz, H-9,13); 6.72 (d, 2H, 8.4 Hz, H-10,12); 0.47 (s, 9H, H-α) [2J(1H-119Sn) = 66 Hz]. ∠Me–Sn–Mec = 116.41°.Ph3Sn(HTyr-Ala)4.22 (q, 1H, 7.2 Hz, H-2); 1.27 (d, 3H, 7.2 Hz, H-3); 3.60 (dd, 1H, 2.7 Hz, H-6); 2.97 (dd, 2H, 4.5 Hz, H-7)/2.67(dd, 2H, 8.4 Hz, H-7); 7.01 (d, 2H, 7.8 Hz, H-9,13); 6.71 (d, 2H, 8.4 Hz, H-10,12); 7.80 (d, 6H, 6.0 Hz, H-β) [3J(1H-119/117Sn) = 68/56 Hz]; 7.48-7.41 (m, 6H, H-γ, H-δ)b.as, singlet; d: doublet; dd: double doublet; t: triplet; q: quartet; m: multiplet; br: broad; weak or nonprominent signals are written in parenthesis.bStrongly overlapping multiplets  c∠Me–Sn–Me = 0.0161|2J|2 −1.32|2J| + 133.4; the Lockhart and Manders equation [39].Table 5
13C NMR spectral data of H2Tyr-Ala (recorded in D2O) [38] and of di- and triorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninatesa (recorded in CD3OD).
Compoundδ (ppm)bH2Tyr-AlaC-1: 176.2; C-2: 51.5; C-3: 17.2; C-5: 175.0; C-6: 57.3; C-7: 37.5; C-8: nb; C-9,13: 130.5; C-10,12: 117.5; C-11: 156.3.Me2Sn(Tyr-Ala)C-1: 181.1, 179.8; C-2: 53.3, 51.6; C-3: 19.8, 19.4; C-5: 175.3, 176.0; C-6: 56.9, 57.7; C-7: 38.7, 41.0; C-8: 131.8, 131.4; C-9,13: 126.9, 129.1; C-10,12: 117.2, 116.5; C-11: 159.1, 157.7; C-α: 0.12, 0.03.n-Bu2Sn(Tyr-Ala)C-1: 181.4, 179.8; C-2: 53.53, 51.76; C-3: 19.66, 19.47; C-5: 175.6, 176.0; C-6: 56.76, 57.74; C-7: 38.63, 41.10; C-8: 131.9, 131.4; C-9,13: 125.3, 128.5; C-10,12: 117.8, 116.9; C-11: 160.8; C-α: 21.0, 20.72; C-β: 28.24; C-γ: 27.53, 27.61; C-δ: 13.92.n-Oct2Sn(Tyr-Ala)C-1: 181.2; C-2: 53.5; C-3: 19.7; C-5: 175.4; C-6: 56.8; C-7: 38.6; C-8: 131.9; C-9,13: 127.2; C-10,12: 116.8; C-11: 158.1; C-octyl group: 34.73, 34.58, 32.99, 30.32, 30.21, 30.08, 26.07, 23.69, 21.31, 20.96, 14.45.Ph2Sn(Tyr-Ala)C-1: 180.9, 179.6; C-2: 53.32, 51.59; C-3: 19.75, 19.35; C-5: 175.1, 175.6; C-6: 57.02, 57.56; C-7: 38.21, 40.90; C-8: 131.9, 131.5; C-9,13: 129.7, 129.3; C-10,12: 116.4, 117.0; C-11: 158.1; C-α: 141.1; C-β: 137.3 [2J(13C-119Sn) = 90 Hz]; C-γ: 126.9; C-δ: 130.6, 130.4, 130.3.Me3Sn(HTyr-Ala)C-1: 179.1; C-2: 51.1; C-3: 18.9; C-5: 174.5; C-6: 57.1; C-7: 40.4; C-8: 131.5; C-9,13: 128.6; C-10,12: 116.6; C-11: 157.7; C-α: −2.0 [1J(13C-119/117Sn) = 450 Hz]. ∠Me–Sn–Mec = 116.23°.Ph3Sn(HTyr-Ala)C-1: 178.9; C-2: 51.2 (51.7); C-3: 19.0 (20.5); C-5: 174.1; C-6: 57.1 (57.5); C-7: 40.2 (39.5); C-8: 131.5 (132.7); C-9,13: 128.5; C-10,12: 116.6; C-11: nb; C-α: 141.6; C-β: 137.5 [3J(13C-119Sn) = 45 Hz]; C-γ: 129.7 [4J(13C-119Sn) = 135 Hz]; C-δ: 130.5.aSpectrum recorded on the Bruker DRX 300 MHz, FTNMR spectrometer.  bWeak signals are written in parenthesis; nb: not observed.  c∠Me–Sn–Me calculated by the Lockhart and Manders equation [39]; |1J| = 11.4 θ −875.Table 6
119Sn NMR spectral data of organotin(IV) derivatives of H2Tyr-Ala (recorded in CD3OD).
Compoundδ (ppm)Me2Sn(Tyr-Ala)−329.06n-Bu2Sn(Tyr-Ala)−261.18n-Oct2Sn(Tyr-Ala)−358.73Ph2Sn(Tyr-Ala)−480.54Me3Sn(HTyr-Ala)−184.50Ph3Sn(HTyr-Ala)−400.57The119Sn chemical shifts observed for alkyl- and phenyltin(IV) tyrosinylalaninates are given in Table 6. The tin shielding in the 119Sn NMR spectra increases markedly with increase in coordination number from δ 200 to −60, −90 to −190 and −210 to −400 ppm associated with four-, five-, and six-coordinated alkyltin(IV) compounds, and these tin shifts are higher with phenyl compared to alkyl substituents [40]. The observed 119Sn chemical shifts are in the range of δ −184.50 to −480.54 ppm, which are characteristic of the five- or six-coordinated tin. The 119Sn NMR is more sensitive to structural changes as compared to 1H and 13C NMR. The observed 119Sn shifts of these compounds suggest that the nature of the solvent plays an important role in these compounds, and it is proposed that one molecule of CD3OD is coordinated to tin in these compounds in solution.


### 3.4. Potentiometric Studies in Aqueous Medium

Stability constants for the protonation of the dipeptide ligands, namely, tyrosylalanine (H2Tyr-Ala), glycyltyrosine (H2Gly-Tyr), and glycylisoleucine (H2Gly-Ile), and the formation constant of the complex species calculated from the pH-metric titrations together with some derived data are given in Table 7. Some representative species distribution diagrams are depicted in Figures 4(a) and 4(b). The hydrolysis constants of dimethyltin(IV) and trimethyltin(IV) cations reported earlier [33, 41] have been taken into consideration during the evaluation of the pH-metric data. The composition and solution speciation of these species are very close to these reported earlier for the dimethyltin(IV)-Gly-Gly [42] and dimethyltin(IV)-Ala-Gly [43].Table 7
Protonation constants (log K) of the ligands and formation constants (logβ) of organotin(IV) complexes and hydrolysis constants of dimethyltin(IV) and trimethyltin(IV) cation at 298 ± 0.1 K,I = 0.1 M KNO3; βpqr = MpLqHr/[M]p[L]q[H]r; pK1 = log β111−log β110; pK2 = log β110−log β11-1; log K = log β111−log β011; standard deviations are in parentheses (last digit)a.
logβpqrH2Tyr-AlaH2Gly-AlaH2Gly-IluFor Me2Sn(IV) Systems11110.50(2)10.57(1)10.77(2)1106.57(2)6.11(1)6.75(1)11-12.10(3)1.40(2)1.87(3)pK13.934.464.02pK24.474.714.88log K1.751.621.89For Me3Sn(IV) Systems1119.45(2)10.08(3)9.84(1)1103.61(1)4.10(2)3.95(2)pK15.845.985.89Proton-Ligand Constants0118.75(2)8.95(1)8.88(2)01211.50(3)11.10(2)11.40(1)aThe hydrolysis constants of the dimethyltin(IV) cation are as follows: log β10-1 = −3.16(1); log β10−2 = −8.42(2); log β10−3 = −19.46(1); log β20-2 = −4.95(2); log β20−3 = −9.79(2); for trimethyltin(IV) cation, log β10-1 = −6.18(1); log β10-2 = −17.80(2) [33].Speciation curves for 1 : 1 (a) dimethyltin-Tyr-Ala and (b) trimethyltin-HTyr-Ala where M = Me2Sn2+ or Me3Sn+.
(a)(b)


#### 3.4.1. Dimethyltin(IV)-Dipeptide Systems

Since the dipeptides used in the present study have the same set of coordinating atoms, hence the same species have been considered for all the binary dimethyltin(IV) systems namely, [SnMe2(HL)]+, [SnMe2L], [SnMe2L(OH)]−, [SnMe2(OH)]+, [SnMe2(OH)2], [SnMe2(OH)3]−, [SnMe2L(OH)2]2−, [SnMe2L2]2−, [SnMe2L2(OH)]3−, and [SnMe2L2(OH)2]4− (where H2L = H2Tyr-Ala, H2Gly-Tyr and H2Gly-Ile). Introduction of [SnMe2L(OH)2]− species into the species matrix resulted in high value of standard deviation, and hence it was ruled out. Further, for all three systems, the last three species as written above were rejected by SCOGS as negative. This confirms that in all the dimethyltin(IV) systems, 1 : 1 metal : ligand complex species are formed in the studied pH range regardless of metal to ligand ratio which was varied from 1 : 1 to 1 : 3 in the different titration sets.The complex formation process of Me2SnCl2 with these dipeptides starts at pH = 2.9 ± 0.3 with the formation of 30–65% Me2Sn(HL) complex, that is, 111 species. This species is formed by the coordination of deprotonated ligand, coordinating through carboxylic oxygen. Furthermore, in all the studied dimethyltin(IV) systems, similar values of formation constant (log β ~ 10.62 ± 13) observed for this complex 111 species (i.e., Me2Sn(HL) for the reaction where M = Me2Sn2+: M + H2L ⇌ M(HL) + H) (Table 7) and the similar stepwise stability constants of the species (i.e., when the formation of 111 species is represented as H2L ⇌ H + HL; dissociation of the ligand, that is, log β011, and M + HL ⇌ M(HL); log K = log β111−log β011≈1.75 ± 0.14, see Table 7) are in favor of the formation of monodentate carboxylate coordination in these complexes (Figure 5) in the acidic pH range 2.9–5.5. In this case the log K value cannot correlate with the pKa of the carboxylic groups indicating that the stability is affected by several effects (hydrogen bonds, possible interaction with the amide oxygen of peptides, hydrophobic interactions, etc.).Figure 5
Possible geometrical structures of the complex species: M or Me2Sn(H2O)42+ (a); isomers of M(HL) (b1)/(b2); M(HL) or M(OH) (c); isomers of M(HL)(OH) (d)/(e); MLH−1(f).In the studied systems, Me2Sn(HL) complex species suffered a deprotonation near pH range 3.5–6.2 leading to the formation of ML or M(HL)(OH) (i.e., 110) species. For this process the observed pK1 values (see Table 7) are similar to each other in all the systems and may be attributed to the (i) deprotonation of a metal-bound water molecule forming hydroxo mixed-ligand complexes or (ii) metal-promoted deprotonation of −NH3+ group present in zewitterionic form. The pK1 values reported for dimethyltin(IV)-Gly-Gly [42] and- Ala-Gly [43] are 3.46 and 3.42, respectively, for which the formation of hydroxo mixed-ligand complexes was reported. In the present study the observed pK1 (3.93–4.46) values also indicate a hydrolytic process takes place during the deprotonation of the carboxylate coordinated M(HL) complex species, forming a hydroxo mixed-ligand, M(HL)(OH) (i.e., COO− and OH− are coordinated) complex. However, in the formation of ML species leading to the formation of eight-membered ring which would result in significantly different pK values. Therefore, on the basis of our results, the formation of ML species can be ruled out. The formation of this hydroxo mixed-ligand complex in acid solution is best described as a transfer of protons from water molecules. In such process, metal to oxygen bonds are neither broken nor formed. Consequently, the formation of hydroxo mixed-ligand species represents the detachment of a proton rather than the substitution of water molecules by OH- ions. Further, M(HL)(OH) species has a comparable affinity for a carboxylate group as well as for aqua ion (Figures 5(b1)/5(b2)), and the carboxylate coordinated species (trigonal-bipyramidal) undergoes water deprotonation (Figure 5(c)). In the studied pH range the species M(OH) and M(OH)2 also exist; however, the formation of M(OH)3 starts at pH ~9.The complex M(HL)(OH) undergoes further deprotonation in the pH range 4–10 leading to the formation of MLH−1 species (30–52%) (M(HL)(OH) ⇌ MLH−1 + H3O). For this process the pK2 values lie in the range 4.67 ± 0.20. The observed pK2 values for MLH−1 species are nearly coincident with those reported for the corresponding dimethyltin(IV)-Gly-Gly [42] and dimethyltin(IV)-Ala-Gly [43]. In this process the deprotonation of the amide and amine nitrogen takes place in a cooperative manner with the removal of the coordinated hydroxyl group. Therefore, a similar structure has been proposed for MLH−1 in which the coordination occurs via [NH2, N−, COO−] with a trigonal-bipyramidal geometry in which the equatorial position is occupied by two methyl groups and amide nitrogen (Figure 5(f)).


#### 3.4.2. Trimethyltin(IV)-Dipeptide Systems

In all of the trimethyltin-dipeptide systems, only one species having dipeptide to tin ratio of 1 : 1 has been found irrespective of the dipeptide to tin ratio at which the titration has been carried out. There is no evidence for the formation of polymeric species in the present study. For the trimethyltin systems, the complex formation starts at pH 4.7 ± 0.3 (Figure4(b)) to form 58–82% Me3Sn(HL) species (according to equilibrium Me3Sn + H2L ⇌ Me3Sn(HL) + H/H3O). Further, the formation of Me3Sn(HL) complex predominates over the hydroxide formation (i.e., Me3Sn + H2O ⇌ Me3Sn(OH) + H3O and Me3Sn(OH) + H2O ⇌ Me3Sn(OH)2 + H3O) at the early stages of the reaction (pH < 7.0). The extent of the Me3Sn(OH) and Me3Sn(OH)2 species formed is much less (3–8%) for all the studied trimethyltin(IV) systems as indicated from the speciation curves (Figure 4(b)). In the pH range 5.5–10.2, the Me3Sn(HL) complexes result in Me3Sn(HL)(OH) (via deprotonation of a metal bound water molecule (as shown in Figure 6)) (Me3Sn(HL) + H2O ⇌ Me3Sn(HL)(OH) + H3O), which is the predominant species (72–99)% at this pH range. Some amount of Me3Sn(HL)(OH) is also produced from the monohydroxo species Me3Sn(OH) in this pH range (Me3Sn(OH) + H2L ⇌ Me3Sn(HL)(OH) + H3O).Figure 6
Possible geometrical structures of the complex species: M or Me3Sn(H2O)2+ (a); isomers of M(HL)/M(OH) (b)–(d); and M(HL)(OH) or M(OH)2 (e).


### 3.5. Conclusions

In the present study, a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal structure is proposed for the synthesized di- and triorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates in the solid state on the basis of the results obtained from the spectroscopic techniques used. Tyrosylalanine acts as dianionic tridentate coordinating through [−C(O)O−], amino nitrogen (−NH2), and [(CO)Npeptide-] groups in R2Sn(Tyr-Ala) and as monoanionic bidentate coordinating through [−C(O)O− and −NH2] groups in the case of R3Sn(HTyr-Ala). In diorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates, it is proposed that the two organic groups and peptide nitrogen (Npeptide-) are in the equatorial positions, while the two axial positions are occupied by the carboxylic oxygen [−C(O)O−] and the amino nitrogen (NH2) atom from the same ligand molecule in the distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry around tin in solid state. However, a carboxylate and an amino group of two adjacent molecules coordinate at axial position in case of Me3Sn(HTyr-Ala), and for Ph3Sn(HTyr-Ala), the carboxylate and amino groups of the same ligand molecule are coordinated to tin. The equilibrium studies of Me2Sn(IV)- and Me3Sn(IV)-dipeptide systems suggest that the carboxylate group is bound to the metal ion in acidic pH. For Me2Sn(IV)-dipeptide systems, the carboxylate group acts as an anchoring group for the metal-promoted deprotonation of the amide nitrogen (assistied by chelate formation). It has been found that in these dipeptide ligands, [−C(O)O−, N−, NH2] coordinated complexes are dominant in the neutral pH (6–8) range with a trigonal-bipyramidal structure. Therefore, it can be concluded that RnSn(4-n)+ (n=2 and 3) species may interact strongly with the O/N donor groups of the protein and can effectively disturb DNA duplication process, and the interaction of organotin(IV) moiety with tyrosylalanine may serve as model for metal- protein interactions.


## 3.1. Infrared Spectroscopy

The characteristic infrared absorption frequencies (in cm−1) and their assignments for noncoordinated H2Tyr-Ala and di- and triorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates are presented in Table 2. There are several bands due to ν(O–H), ν(N–H), and ν(C–H) in the region 3571–2924 cm−1. It is difficult to differentiate between ν(O–H), ν(N–H), and ν(C–H) stretching vibrations with certainty. For H2Tyr-Ala, broadening occurs in the region 3440–3180 cm−1, which indicates either the overlapping of ν(O–H) and ν(N–H) vibrations or the presence of strong inter-/intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the solid state and the consequent perturbation of the ν(O–H) and ν(N–H) stretching vibrations. Infrared NH2 stretching frequencies were used to distinguish coordinated from non-coordinated amino groups of the ligand [1]. The position of ν(N–H) bands is influenced by hydrogen bonding and by coordination of the nitrogen to tin [1]. In all of the studied organotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates, some bands in region 3427–3055 cm−1 undergo substantial lowering when compared with H2Tyr-Ala (3440–3180 cm−1), indicating the participation of amino group in coordination to tin. It is supported by similar studies reported for other derivatives, R2SnL [1, 12, 14, 25] and R3SnHL (H2L = dipeptide) [1, 12, 14, 17–24], indicating coordination by the amino group to the central tin atom. The appearance of a new band of medium intensity in the region ~489–424 cm−1 in all of the studied derivatives, which may be assigned to ν(Sn←N), further confirms the coordination of the amino nitrogen to the organotin(IV) moiety.Table 2
IR frequenciesa (in cm−1) of di- and triorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates.
Compoundν(O–H)ν(N–H)/ν(C–H)ν(CO)amideνas(COO)/νs(COO)Δννas(Sn–C)/νs(Sn–C)ν(Sn–O)/ν(Sn←N)H2Tyr-Ala3440 m 3180 br16701560 m 1390 m170——Me2Sn(Tyr-Ala)3516 m3380 m  3286 m  3230 w3177 m  2924 w1594 vs1514 m/1340 w  1291 w174592 m/523 m551 m/489 wn-Bu2Sn(Tyr-Ala)3566 m3427 s  3343 s  3239 w  3187 s1655 s1622 vs/1369 w253671 m/587 m557 m/451 mn-Oct2Sn(Tyr-Ala)3586 m3412 m  3270 m  3227 m  3014 w1640 brsh1610 vs/1379 m231677 m/555 s570 w/452 vwPh2Sn(Tyr-Ala)3571 s3424 s  3333 s3231 w  3194 s1633 vs1615 s/1397 m218247 m/226 m533 m/457 mMe3Sn(HTyr-Ala)3439 br3332 s  3265 s  3101 s1659 m1602 vs/1394 m208607 w/591 w545 m/424 mPh3Sn(HTyr-Ala)3457 s3344 s  3171 s  3055 s1660 vs1526 s/1250 s276280 m/228 w503 m/449 mavs, very strong; s, strong; m, medium; w, weak; br, broad.The carboxylate groups in the organotin(IV) derivatives generally adopt a bridged structure in the solid state unless the organic substituents at the tin atom are bulky or the carboxylate group is branched at theα-carbon [1]. The νas(−C(O)O−) is observed at 1560 cm−1 in H2Tyr-Ala as found in most of the amino acids in their zwitterionic form. The IR spectra of the organotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates indicate that νas(−C(O)O−) vibrations shift to higher wave number (1622−1514 cm−1) in comparison to H2Tyr-Ala (1560 cm−1). The corresponding νs(−C(O)O−) in the synthesized derivatives (1397−1250 cm−1) either remains at the same value or moves to lower wave number side than in H2Tyr-Ala (1390 cm−1). The magnitude of the [νas(−C(O)O−) –νas(−C(O)O−)] (Δν) separation is large in studied organotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates (Δν = 208–276 cm−1) than in H2Tyr-Ala (Δν = 170 cm−1). Further the magnitude of Δν for all these derivatives have been found comparable to those obtained for R3SnAA (AA = amino acid anion) [1, 7, 9–12] and R2SnL (H2L = dipeptide) [1, 12, 14, 17–24], indicating that the carboxylate group acts as a monodentate donor group in H2Tyr-Ala, and hence the possibility of ionic bonding and also bridging and chelation can be excluded [1, 12, 14, 17–24]. The appearance of a new medium intensity band in the far-IR spectra of all the derivatives in the region 570–503 cm−1, which may be assigned to ν(Sn–O), further supports the bonding of carboxylate group to the tin atom [1, 12, 14, 17–24].Apart from the potential coordinating sites, namely, carboxylic oxygen and amino nitrogen, the amide group also exhibits strong tendency to coordinate with the organotin(IV) moiety. Two characteristic bands, namely, amide I (essentiallyν(C=O)) and amide II [δ(N–H), coupled with ν(C–N)], give the crucial information on the occurrence of metal coordination through the basic atoms of the amide group [17, 34]. Two intense bands observed at 1670 and 1450 cm−1 in the IR spectrum of H2Tyr-Ala have been assigned to amide I and amide II, respectively. The amide I band undergoes a small shift towards lower frequency (1655–1594 cm−1) in the IR spectra of diorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates upon complexation. This is probably due to the involvement of the peptide nitrogen in bonding with tin, which lowers the bond order of the (C=O)amide group due to the resonance stabilization [18]. The amide II band is absent in all of the diorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates due to the deprotonation of the amide nitrogen. In the IR spectra of Me3Sn(HTyr-Ala) and Ph3Sn(HTyr-Ala), amide I band undergoes a very small shift to lower wave number ~1660 cm−1 as compared to H2Tyr-Ala (1670 cm−1), indicating that the amide group does not take part in coordination to tin. The participation of amide group in coordination would have been followed by a significant shift in position of amide I band. However, the small shift of this band either may be due to the shifting of δ(N–H)def which is caused by the coordination of NH2 to tin or their participation in the intermolecular hydrogen bonding, as reported previously for R3Sn(HL) (H2L = dipeptide) derivatives [12, 19].Theνas(Sn–C) and νs(Sn–C) bands in all of the di- and trialkyltin(IV) tyrosylalaninates are observed in the range 634 ± 43 cm−1, whereas in the di- and triphenyltin(IV) tyrosylalaninates, the corresponding νas(Sn–C) and νs(Sn–C) are observed at 230 ± 17 cm−1 and 227 ± 1 cm−1, respectively, suggesting the existence of a bent C–Sn–C moiety [1, 7].


## 3.2.119Sn Mössbauer Spectroscopy

The experimental nuclear quadrupole splitting (QS) and isomeric shift (IS) values of the studied di- and triorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates in the solid state are presented in Table3. The ρ(QS/IS) value is >2 which indicates a coordination number more than 4 in the solid state for these derivatives. The observed low value of QS for di- and triphenyltin(IV) tyrosylalaninates is due to greater polarizability of the phenyl groups.Table 3
119Sn Mössbauer spectral data (80 K) of di- and triorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninatesa.
Compound no.QS (mm s−1)IS   (mm s−1)ρ (QS/IS)τ1 (L)τ2 (R)∠C–Sn–Cb   (°)Me2Sn(Tyr-Ala)3.281.232.671.091.42135.67n-Bu2Sn(Tyr-Ala)2.581.112.321.311.59115.81n-Oct2Sn(Tyr-Ala)3.411.392.450.971.07131.62Ph2Sn(Tyr-Ala)2.350.912.581.272.0114.85Me3Sn(HTyr-Ala)3.321.262.631.01.22136.86Ph3Sn(HTyr-Ala)2.130.972.201.081.20107.01aQS: quadruple splitting; IS: isomer shift relative to BaSnO3 and tin foil (splitting: 2.52 mm s−1); τ1 (L): half line-width left doublet component; τ2 (R): half line-width right doublet component.bParish’s relationship [35]: QS = 4[R][1–(3/4)sin22θ]1/2, where ∠C–Sn–C = (180–2θ)° and [R] is the partial quadruple splitting (p.q.s.). For alkyl and phenyl groups, R = −1.03 and −0.95 mms−1, respectively [35, 44].The IS and QS values observed for R2Sn(Tyr-Ala) (see Table 3) are consistent with the other R2SnL derivatives (where H2L = dipeptides) [1, 12, 14, 17]. For which a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal configuration has been reported with the organic groups of the organotin(IV) moiety, and peptide nitrogen is lying in equatorial position, and the amino nitrogen and carboxylic oxygen atoms are axial [1, 12, 14, 17]. Due to the high electronegativity of oxygen and nitrogen atom of the dipeptide anion, the QS is mainly governed by ∠C–Sn–C bond angle [35]. The calculated values of ∠C–Sn–C in the studied diorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates are in the range ~115–136° (Table 3). Thus, the tin atom configuration as shown in Figure 1 can be proposed for R2Sn(Tyr-Ala), on the basis of the above-mentioned similarity between the observed and reported QS values [12, 14, 17] and the calculated ∠C–Sn–C values.Figure 1
Structure of diorganotin(IV) tyrosinylalaninates.The Mössbauer spectra of the R3Sn(HTyr-Ala) (where R = Me, Ph) derivatives exhibit a doublet centered in the IS value range 0.97–1.26 mm s−1 and the quadrupole splitting (QS) values in the range 2.13–3.32 mm s−1. It has been reported [36] that the three conceivable (Figure 2) five-coordinate isomers of R3SnL derivatives, where L is a bidentate ligand, have different QS values ranges, 1.7–2.3 mm s−1 for isomer (a), 3.0–3.9 mm s−1 for (b), and 3.5–4.1 mm s−1 for (c). The observed values of IS and QS for Me3Sn(HTyr-Ala) and Ph3Sn(HTyr-Ala), support trans-trigonal-bipyramidal coordination (Figure 2(b)) and cis-trigonal-bipyramidal coordination (Figure 2(a)) of tin, respectively. Therefore, the structures as shown in Figure 3 have been proposed for trimethyl-/triphenyltin(IV) tyrosylalaninates, which are also supported by the calculated values of ∠C–Sn–C of ~137° for trimethyl- and ~107.01° for triphenyltin(IV) derivatives (Table 3). Similar structures have also been reported for Me3Sn(HL) [19, 20] and Ph3Sn(HL) [12, 17, 20] (where H2L = dipeptide).Three possible isomers of R3Sn(XY) [36].
(a)(b)(c)Proposed structure of (a) trimethyltin(IV) tyrosinylalaninate and (b) triphenyltin(IV) tyrosinylalaninate.
(a)(b)Further, the Mössbauer data (Table3) indicate a pronounced line intensity asymmetry (the Goldanskii-Karyagin effect) in all of the studied organotin(IV) derivatives, which reflects a lattice dynamic anisotropy in the recoil-free fraction arising in the organotin(IV) derivatives possessing intermolecular association along particular axis in the solid state [37]. Further, the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between amino and carbonyl oxygen is also present to some extent in all of these studied derivatives, which is responsible for the low solubility of these derivatives in common organic solvents.


## 3.3. Solution NMR Spectroscopy

The characteristic resonances in the1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR spectra of H2Tyr-Ala [38] and its organotin(IV) derivatives, recorded in methanol-d4, are presented in Tables 4, 5, and 6. In the 1H NMR spectra of all of the derivatives studied, the −CO(OH) resonance of H2Tyr-Ala (δ 12.0–13.0 ppm) is absent which suggests the replacement of the carboxylic proton by the organotin(IV) moiety. In 1H NMR spectra of H2Tyr-Ala and its organotin(IV) derivatives, it is difficult to assign NH2 resonance with certainty because it is observed either as a broad weak signal or in conjugation with phenyl protons attached to the ligand or tin. The resonances due to magnetically nonequivalent alkyl/phenyl protons and carbons of H2Tyr-Ala undergo diamagnetic shielding due to the conformation adopted by the ligand molecule [1, 12, 14] on coordination. The assignments of carbon and protons are also supported by the 1H–13C HMBC and 1H–13C HSQC spectra of Ph2Sn(Tyr-Ala). The total numbers of protons calculated from the integration curve are in agreement with those calculated from the proposed molecular formula. In the 13C NMR spectra, the resonance of carboxylic carbon (i.e., C-1) in all of the studied organotin(IV) tyrosinylalaninates shows a downward shift (δ 178.9–181.4 ppm) as compared to H2Tyr-Ala (δ 176.2 ppm) suggesting the coordination of H2Tyr-Ala through the carboxylic oxygen to the organotin(IV) moiety [1, 12, 14, 17, 19]. The 2J(1H–117/119Sn) coupling constant values obtained from the resolved satellites for Me2Sn(IV) and Me3Sn(IV) tyrosinylalaninates are 76.8/77.4 and 66.0 Hz, respectively. The ∠Me–Sn–Me angle calculated by using the Lockhart and Manders equation [39] are 126.99/127.68° and 116.41°, respectively. Further, for Me3Sn(IV) tyrosylalaninate, the observed 1J(13C–117/119Sn) coupling constant and calculated ∠Me–Sn–Me are 450.0 Hz and 116.23°, respectively. The calculated ∠Me–Sn–Me angle for Me2Sn(IV) and Me3Sn(IV) tyrosinylalaninates using NMR data is different from the angle calculated using 119Sn Mössbauer data (Table 3) in the solid state which may be due to solvent effect, and suggesting five-coordinated tin in these derivatives in solution. For other studied organotin(IV) tyrosinylalaninates, the satellites are not well resolved; hence, 1J and 2J coupling constants and C–Sn–C angle could not be calculated. Except Me3Sn(HTyr-Ala), two sets of resonances have been observed in most of the studied organotin(IV) tyrosinylalaninates in both 1H and 13C NMR spectra, which may be due to the presence of stereoisomers. In case of Me2Sn(Tyr-Ala), two resonances at δ 0.69 and 0.50 ppm in 1H NMR and at δ 0.12 and 0.03 in 13C NMR spectra are clearly observed for Me2Sn moiety, which confirms the presence of two isomeric forms. However, in case of other studied organotin(IV) derivatives, it is not identified because of strongly overlapping pattern of alkyl and phenyl protons attached to tin.Table 4
1H NMR spectral data of H2Tyr-Ala (recorded in D2O) [38] and of di- and triorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninatesa (recorded in CD3OD).
Compoundδ (ppm)H2Tyr-Ala3.78 (q, 1H, 7.25 Hz, H-2); 1.49 (d, 3H, 7.5 Hz, H-3); 3.93 (dd, 1H, 5.7, 8.2 Hz, H-6); 3.17b (d, 2H, H-7); 7.19 (d, 2H, 8.9 Hz, H-9,13); 6.88 (d, 2H, H-10,12).Me2Sn(Tyr-Ala)4.19 (q, 1H, 6.6 Hz, H-2); 1.37/(1.33) (d, 3H, 6.9 Hz, H-3); 3.74 (dd, 1H, 4.5, 4.8 Hz, H-6); 3.16-2.73b (m, 2H, H-7); 7.08/(7.05) (d, 2H, 8.4 Hz, H-9,13); 6.75 (d, 2H, 6.3 Hz, H-10,12); 0.69/(0.50) (s, 6H, H-α) [2J(1H-119Sn) = 76.8/77.4 Hz]. ∠Me–Sn–Mec = 126.99/127.68°.n-Bu2Sn(Tyr-Ala)4.20b (m, 1H, H-2); 1.73-1.01b (m, 15H, H-3, H-α, H-β and H-γ); 3.70 (t, 1H, 5.4 Hz, H-6)/3.51(dd, 1H, 4.5 Hz, H-6); 3.19-2.64b (mbr, 2H, H-7); 7.03 (d, 2H, 8.1 Hz, H-9,13); 6.71 (br, 2H, H-10,12); 0.90 (t, 6H, 7.2 Hz, H-δ).n-Oct2Sn(Tyr-Ala)4.19 (q, 1H, 6.9 Hz, H-2); 1.58-0.87b (m, 37H, H-3 and CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3); 3.69 (t, 1H, 5.4 Hz, H-6); 3.18-3.01b (m, 2H, H-7); 7.08 (d, 2H, 8.4 Hz, H-9,13); 6.77 (d, 2H, 8.1 Hz, H-10,12).Ph2Sn(Tyr-Ala)4.37/(4.21) (q, 1H, 6.9 Hz, H-2); 1.44/(1.32) (d, 3H, 6.9 Hz, H-3); 3.79/3.53 (t, 1H, 5.4 Hz, H-6); 3.19-2.66b (m, 2H, H-7); 7.03 (dd, 2H, 9.0 Hz, H-9,13); 6.72 (d, 2H, 7.2 Hz, H-10,12); 7.79 (d, 4H, 6.3 Hz, H-o) [3J(1H-119/117Sn) = 67/52 Hz]; 7.46 (m, 6H, H-m + p).Me3Sn(HTyr-Ala)4.21 (q, 1H, 6.0 Hz, H-2); 1.32 (d, 3H, 6.0 Hz, H-3); 3.63 (t, 1H, 6.0 Hz, H-6); 3.01 (dd, 2H, 6.0 Hz, H-7)/2.74 (dd, 2H, 9.0 Hz, H-7); 7.06 (d, 2H, 8.1 Hz, H-9,13); 6.72 (d, 2H, 8.4 Hz, H-10,12); 0.47 (s, 9H, H-α) [2J(1H-119Sn) = 66 Hz]. ∠Me–Sn–Mec = 116.41°.Ph3Sn(HTyr-Ala)4.22 (q, 1H, 7.2 Hz, H-2); 1.27 (d, 3H, 7.2 Hz, H-3); 3.60 (dd, 1H, 2.7 Hz, H-6); 2.97 (dd, 2H, 4.5 Hz, H-7)/2.67(dd, 2H, 8.4 Hz, H-7); 7.01 (d, 2H, 7.8 Hz, H-9,13); 6.71 (d, 2H, 8.4 Hz, H-10,12); 7.80 (d, 6H, 6.0 Hz, H-β) [3J(1H-119/117Sn) = 68/56 Hz]; 7.48-7.41 (m, 6H, H-γ, H-δ)b.as, singlet; d: doublet; dd: double doublet; t: triplet; q: quartet; m: multiplet; br: broad; weak or nonprominent signals are written in parenthesis.bStrongly overlapping multiplets  c∠Me–Sn–Me = 0.0161|2J|2 −1.32|2J| + 133.4; the Lockhart and Manders equation [39].Table 5
13C NMR spectral data of H2Tyr-Ala (recorded in D2O) [38] and of di- and triorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninatesa (recorded in CD3OD).
Compoundδ (ppm)bH2Tyr-AlaC-1: 176.2; C-2: 51.5; C-3: 17.2; C-5: 175.0; C-6: 57.3; C-7: 37.5; C-8: nb; C-9,13: 130.5; C-10,12: 117.5; C-11: 156.3.Me2Sn(Tyr-Ala)C-1: 181.1, 179.8; C-2: 53.3, 51.6; C-3: 19.8, 19.4; C-5: 175.3, 176.0; C-6: 56.9, 57.7; C-7: 38.7, 41.0; C-8: 131.8, 131.4; C-9,13: 126.9, 129.1; C-10,12: 117.2, 116.5; C-11: 159.1, 157.7; C-α: 0.12, 0.03.n-Bu2Sn(Tyr-Ala)C-1: 181.4, 179.8; C-2: 53.53, 51.76; C-3: 19.66, 19.47; C-5: 175.6, 176.0; C-6: 56.76, 57.74; C-7: 38.63, 41.10; C-8: 131.9, 131.4; C-9,13: 125.3, 128.5; C-10,12: 117.8, 116.9; C-11: 160.8; C-α: 21.0, 20.72; C-β: 28.24; C-γ: 27.53, 27.61; C-δ: 13.92.n-Oct2Sn(Tyr-Ala)C-1: 181.2; C-2: 53.5; C-3: 19.7; C-5: 175.4; C-6: 56.8; C-7: 38.6; C-8: 131.9; C-9,13: 127.2; C-10,12: 116.8; C-11: 158.1; C-octyl group: 34.73, 34.58, 32.99, 30.32, 30.21, 30.08, 26.07, 23.69, 21.31, 20.96, 14.45.Ph2Sn(Tyr-Ala)C-1: 180.9, 179.6; C-2: 53.32, 51.59; C-3: 19.75, 19.35; C-5: 175.1, 175.6; C-6: 57.02, 57.56; C-7: 38.21, 40.90; C-8: 131.9, 131.5; C-9,13: 129.7, 129.3; C-10,12: 116.4, 117.0; C-11: 158.1; C-α: 141.1; C-β: 137.3 [2J(13C-119Sn) = 90 Hz]; C-γ: 126.9; C-δ: 130.6, 130.4, 130.3.Me3Sn(HTyr-Ala)C-1: 179.1; C-2: 51.1; C-3: 18.9; C-5: 174.5; C-6: 57.1; C-7: 40.4; C-8: 131.5; C-9,13: 128.6; C-10,12: 116.6; C-11: 157.7; C-α: −2.0 [1J(13C-119/117Sn) = 450 Hz]. ∠Me–Sn–Mec = 116.23°.Ph3Sn(HTyr-Ala)C-1: 178.9; C-2: 51.2 (51.7); C-3: 19.0 (20.5); C-5: 174.1; C-6: 57.1 (57.5); C-7: 40.2 (39.5); C-8: 131.5 (132.7); C-9,13: 128.5; C-10,12: 116.6; C-11: nb; C-α: 141.6; C-β: 137.5 [3J(13C-119Sn) = 45 Hz]; C-γ: 129.7 [4J(13C-119Sn) = 135 Hz]; C-δ: 130.5.aSpectrum recorded on the Bruker DRX 300 MHz, FTNMR spectrometer.  bWeak signals are written in parenthesis; nb: not observed.  c∠Me–Sn–Me calculated by the Lockhart and Manders equation [39]; |1J| = 11.4 θ −875.Table 6
119Sn NMR spectral data of organotin(IV) derivatives of H2Tyr-Ala (recorded in CD3OD).
Compoundδ (ppm)Me2Sn(Tyr-Ala)−329.06n-Bu2Sn(Tyr-Ala)−261.18n-Oct2Sn(Tyr-Ala)−358.73Ph2Sn(Tyr-Ala)−480.54Me3Sn(HTyr-Ala)−184.50Ph3Sn(HTyr-Ala)−400.57The119Sn chemical shifts observed for alkyl- and phenyltin(IV) tyrosinylalaninates are given in Table 6. The tin shielding in the 119Sn NMR spectra increases markedly with increase in coordination number from δ 200 to −60, −90 to −190 and −210 to −400 ppm associated with four-, five-, and six-coordinated alkyltin(IV) compounds, and these tin shifts are higher with phenyl compared to alkyl substituents [40]. The observed 119Sn chemical shifts are in the range of δ −184.50 to −480.54 ppm, which are characteristic of the five- or six-coordinated tin. The 119Sn NMR is more sensitive to structural changes as compared to 1H and 13C NMR. The observed 119Sn shifts of these compounds suggest that the nature of the solvent plays an important role in these compounds, and it is proposed that one molecule of CD3OD is coordinated to tin in these compounds in solution.


## 3.4. Potentiometric Studies in Aqueous Medium

Stability constants for the protonation of the dipeptide ligands, namely, tyrosylalanine (H2Tyr-Ala), glycyltyrosine (H2Gly-Tyr), and glycylisoleucine (H2Gly-Ile), and the formation constant of the complex species calculated from the pH-metric titrations together with some derived data are given in Table 7. Some representative species distribution diagrams are depicted in Figures 4(a) and 4(b). The hydrolysis constants of dimethyltin(IV) and trimethyltin(IV) cations reported earlier [33, 41] have been taken into consideration during the evaluation of the pH-metric data. The composition and solution speciation of these species are very close to these reported earlier for the dimethyltin(IV)-Gly-Gly [42] and dimethyltin(IV)-Ala-Gly [43].Table 7
Protonation constants (log K) of the ligands and formation constants (logβ) of organotin(IV) complexes and hydrolysis constants of dimethyltin(IV) and trimethyltin(IV) cation at 298 ± 0.1 K,I = 0.1 M KNO3; βpqr = MpLqHr/[M]p[L]q[H]r; pK1 = log β111−log β110; pK2 = log β110−log β11-1; log K = log β111−log β011; standard deviations are in parentheses (last digit)a.
logβpqrH2Tyr-AlaH2Gly-AlaH2Gly-IluFor Me2Sn(IV) Systems11110.50(2)10.57(1)10.77(2)1106.57(2)6.11(1)6.75(1)11-12.10(3)1.40(2)1.87(3)pK13.934.464.02pK24.474.714.88log K1.751.621.89For Me3Sn(IV) Systems1119.45(2)10.08(3)9.84(1)1103.61(1)4.10(2)3.95(2)pK15.845.985.89Proton-Ligand Constants0118.75(2)8.95(1)8.88(2)01211.50(3)11.10(2)11.40(1)aThe hydrolysis constants of the dimethyltin(IV) cation are as follows: log β10-1 = −3.16(1); log β10−2 = −8.42(2); log β10−3 = −19.46(1); log β20-2 = −4.95(2); log β20−3 = −9.79(2); for trimethyltin(IV) cation, log β10-1 = −6.18(1); log β10-2 = −17.80(2) [33].Speciation curves for 1 : 1 (a) dimethyltin-Tyr-Ala and (b) trimethyltin-HTyr-Ala where M = Me2Sn2+ or Me3Sn+.
(a)(b)


### 3.4.1. Dimethyltin(IV)-Dipeptide Systems

Since the dipeptides used in the present study have the same set of coordinating atoms, hence the same species have been considered for all the binary dimethyltin(IV) systems namely, [SnMe2(HL)]+, [SnMe2L], [SnMe2L(OH)]−, [SnMe2(OH)]+, [SnMe2(OH)2], [SnMe2(OH)3]−, [SnMe2L(OH)2]2−, [SnMe2L2]2−, [SnMe2L2(OH)]3−, and [SnMe2L2(OH)2]4− (where H2L = H2Tyr-Ala, H2Gly-Tyr and H2Gly-Ile). Introduction of [SnMe2L(OH)2]− species into the species matrix resulted in high value of standard deviation, and hence it was ruled out. Further, for all three systems, the last three species as written above were rejected by SCOGS as negative. This confirms that in all the dimethyltin(IV) systems, 1 : 1 metal : ligand complex species are formed in the studied pH range regardless of metal to ligand ratio which was varied from 1 : 1 to 1 : 3 in the different titration sets.The complex formation process of Me2SnCl2 with these dipeptides starts at pH = 2.9 ± 0.3 with the formation of 30–65% Me2Sn(HL) complex, that is, 111 species. This species is formed by the coordination of deprotonated ligand, coordinating through carboxylic oxygen. Furthermore, in all the studied dimethyltin(IV) systems, similar values of formation constant (log β ~ 10.62 ± 13) observed for this complex 111 species (i.e., Me2Sn(HL) for the reaction where M = Me2Sn2+: M + H2L ⇌ M(HL) + H) (Table 7) and the similar stepwise stability constants of the species (i.e., when the formation of 111 species is represented as H2L ⇌ H + HL; dissociation of the ligand, that is, log β011, and M + HL ⇌ M(HL); log K = log β111−log β011≈1.75 ± 0.14, see Table 7) are in favor of the formation of monodentate carboxylate coordination in these complexes (Figure 5) in the acidic pH range 2.9–5.5. In this case the log K value cannot correlate with the pKa of the carboxylic groups indicating that the stability is affected by several effects (hydrogen bonds, possible interaction with the amide oxygen of peptides, hydrophobic interactions, etc.).Figure 5
Possible geometrical structures of the complex species: M or Me2Sn(H2O)42+ (a); isomers of M(HL) (b1)/(b2); M(HL) or M(OH) (c); isomers of M(HL)(OH) (d)/(e); MLH−1(f).In the studied systems, Me2Sn(HL) complex species suffered a deprotonation near pH range 3.5–6.2 leading to the formation of ML or M(HL)(OH) (i.e., 110) species. For this process the observed pK1 values (see Table 7) are similar to each other in all the systems and may be attributed to the (i) deprotonation of a metal-bound water molecule forming hydroxo mixed-ligand complexes or (ii) metal-promoted deprotonation of −NH3+ group present in zewitterionic form. The pK1 values reported for dimethyltin(IV)-Gly-Gly [42] and- Ala-Gly [43] are 3.46 and 3.42, respectively, for which the formation of hydroxo mixed-ligand complexes was reported. In the present study the observed pK1 (3.93–4.46) values also indicate a hydrolytic process takes place during the deprotonation of the carboxylate coordinated M(HL) complex species, forming a hydroxo mixed-ligand, M(HL)(OH) (i.e., COO− and OH− are coordinated) complex. However, in the formation of ML species leading to the formation of eight-membered ring which would result in significantly different pK values. Therefore, on the basis of our results, the formation of ML species can be ruled out. The formation of this hydroxo mixed-ligand complex in acid solution is best described as a transfer of protons from water molecules. In such process, metal to oxygen bonds are neither broken nor formed. Consequently, the formation of hydroxo mixed-ligand species represents the detachment of a proton rather than the substitution of water molecules by OH- ions. Further, M(HL)(OH) species has a comparable affinity for a carboxylate group as well as for aqua ion (Figures 5(b1)/5(b2)), and the carboxylate coordinated species (trigonal-bipyramidal) undergoes water deprotonation (Figure 5(c)). In the studied pH range the species M(OH) and M(OH)2 also exist; however, the formation of M(OH)3 starts at pH ~9.The complex M(HL)(OH) undergoes further deprotonation in the pH range 4–10 leading to the formation of MLH−1 species (30–52%) (M(HL)(OH) ⇌ MLH−1 + H3O). For this process the pK2 values lie in the range 4.67 ± 0.20. The observed pK2 values for MLH−1 species are nearly coincident with those reported for the corresponding dimethyltin(IV)-Gly-Gly [42] and dimethyltin(IV)-Ala-Gly [43]. In this process the deprotonation of the amide and amine nitrogen takes place in a cooperative manner with the removal of the coordinated hydroxyl group. Therefore, a similar structure has been proposed for MLH−1 in which the coordination occurs via [NH2, N−, COO−] with a trigonal-bipyramidal geometry in which the equatorial position is occupied by two methyl groups and amide nitrogen (Figure 5(f)).


### 3.4.2. Trimethyltin(IV)-Dipeptide Systems

In all of the trimethyltin-dipeptide systems, only one species having dipeptide to tin ratio of 1 : 1 has been found irrespective of the dipeptide to tin ratio at which the titration has been carried out. There is no evidence for the formation of polymeric species in the present study. For the trimethyltin systems, the complex formation starts at pH 4.7 ± 0.3 (Figure4(b)) to form 58–82% Me3Sn(HL) species (according to equilibrium Me3Sn + H2L ⇌ Me3Sn(HL) + H/H3O). Further, the formation of Me3Sn(HL) complex predominates over the hydroxide formation (i.e., Me3Sn + H2O ⇌ Me3Sn(OH) + H3O and Me3Sn(OH) + H2O ⇌ Me3Sn(OH)2 + H3O) at the early stages of the reaction (pH < 7.0). The extent of the Me3Sn(OH) and Me3Sn(OH)2 species formed is much less (3–8%) for all the studied trimethyltin(IV) systems as indicated from the speciation curves (Figure 4(b)). In the pH range 5.5–10.2, the Me3Sn(HL) complexes result in Me3Sn(HL)(OH) (via deprotonation of a metal bound water molecule (as shown in Figure 6)) (Me3Sn(HL) + H2O ⇌ Me3Sn(HL)(OH) + H3O), which is the predominant species (72–99)% at this pH range. Some amount of Me3Sn(HL)(OH) is also produced from the monohydroxo species Me3Sn(OH) in this pH range (Me3Sn(OH) + H2L ⇌ Me3Sn(HL)(OH) + H3O).Figure 6
Possible geometrical structures of the complex species: M or Me3Sn(H2O)2+ (a); isomers of M(HL)/M(OH) (b)–(d); and M(HL)(OH) or M(OH)2 (e).


## 3.4.1. Dimethyltin(IV)-Dipeptide Systems

Since the dipeptides used in the present study have the same set of coordinating atoms, hence the same species have been considered for all the binary dimethyltin(IV) systems namely, [SnMe2(HL)]+, [SnMe2L], [SnMe2L(OH)]−, [SnMe2(OH)]+, [SnMe2(OH)2], [SnMe2(OH)3]−, [SnMe2L(OH)2]2−, [SnMe2L2]2−, [SnMe2L2(OH)]3−, and [SnMe2L2(OH)2]4− (where H2L = H2Tyr-Ala, H2Gly-Tyr and H2Gly-Ile). Introduction of [SnMe2L(OH)2]− species into the species matrix resulted in high value of standard deviation, and hence it was ruled out. Further, for all three systems, the last three species as written above were rejected by SCOGS as negative. This confirms that in all the dimethyltin(IV) systems, 1 : 1 metal : ligand complex species are formed in the studied pH range regardless of metal to ligand ratio which was varied from 1 : 1 to 1 : 3 in the different titration sets.The complex formation process of Me2SnCl2 with these dipeptides starts at pH = 2.9 ± 0.3 with the formation of 30–65% Me2Sn(HL) complex, that is, 111 species. This species is formed by the coordination of deprotonated ligand, coordinating through carboxylic oxygen. Furthermore, in all the studied dimethyltin(IV) systems, similar values of formation constant (log β ~ 10.62 ± 13) observed for this complex 111 species (i.e., Me2Sn(HL) for the reaction where M = Me2Sn2+: M + H2L ⇌ M(HL) + H) (Table 7) and the similar stepwise stability constants of the species (i.e., when the formation of 111 species is represented as H2L ⇌ H + HL; dissociation of the ligand, that is, log β011, and M + HL ⇌ M(HL); log K = log β111−log β011≈1.75 ± 0.14, see Table 7) are in favor of the formation of monodentate carboxylate coordination in these complexes (Figure 5) in the acidic pH range 2.9–5.5. In this case the log K value cannot correlate with the pKa of the carboxylic groups indicating that the stability is affected by several effects (hydrogen bonds, possible interaction with the amide oxygen of peptides, hydrophobic interactions, etc.).Figure 5
Possible geometrical structures of the complex species: M or Me2Sn(H2O)42+ (a); isomers of M(HL) (b1)/(b2); M(HL) or M(OH) (c); isomers of M(HL)(OH) (d)/(e); MLH−1(f).In the studied systems, Me2Sn(HL) complex species suffered a deprotonation near pH range 3.5–6.2 leading to the formation of ML or M(HL)(OH) (i.e., 110) species. For this process the observed pK1 values (see Table 7) are similar to each other in all the systems and may be attributed to the (i) deprotonation of a metal-bound water molecule forming hydroxo mixed-ligand complexes or (ii) metal-promoted deprotonation of −NH3+ group present in zewitterionic form. The pK1 values reported for dimethyltin(IV)-Gly-Gly [42] and- Ala-Gly [43] are 3.46 and 3.42, respectively, for which the formation of hydroxo mixed-ligand complexes was reported. In the present study the observed pK1 (3.93–4.46) values also indicate a hydrolytic process takes place during the deprotonation of the carboxylate coordinated M(HL) complex species, forming a hydroxo mixed-ligand, M(HL)(OH) (i.e., COO− and OH− are coordinated) complex. However, in the formation of ML species leading to the formation of eight-membered ring which would result in significantly different pK values. Therefore, on the basis of our results, the formation of ML species can be ruled out. The formation of this hydroxo mixed-ligand complex in acid solution is best described as a transfer of protons from water molecules. In such process, metal to oxygen bonds are neither broken nor formed. Consequently, the formation of hydroxo mixed-ligand species represents the detachment of a proton rather than the substitution of water molecules by OH- ions. Further, M(HL)(OH) species has a comparable affinity for a carboxylate group as well as for aqua ion (Figures 5(b1)/5(b2)), and the carboxylate coordinated species (trigonal-bipyramidal) undergoes water deprotonation (Figure 5(c)). In the studied pH range the species M(OH) and M(OH)2 also exist; however, the formation of M(OH)3 starts at pH ~9.The complex M(HL)(OH) undergoes further deprotonation in the pH range 4–10 leading to the formation of MLH−1 species (30–52%) (M(HL)(OH) ⇌ MLH−1 + H3O). For this process the pK2 values lie in the range 4.67 ± 0.20. The observed pK2 values for MLH−1 species are nearly coincident with those reported for the corresponding dimethyltin(IV)-Gly-Gly [42] and dimethyltin(IV)-Ala-Gly [43]. In this process the deprotonation of the amide and amine nitrogen takes place in a cooperative manner with the removal of the coordinated hydroxyl group. Therefore, a similar structure has been proposed for MLH−1 in which the coordination occurs via [NH2, N−, COO−] with a trigonal-bipyramidal geometry in which the equatorial position is occupied by two methyl groups and amide nitrogen (Figure 5(f)).


## 3.4.2. Trimethyltin(IV)-Dipeptide Systems

In all of the trimethyltin-dipeptide systems, only one species having dipeptide to tin ratio of 1 : 1 has been found irrespective of the dipeptide to tin ratio at which the titration has been carried out. There is no evidence for the formation of polymeric species in the present study. For the trimethyltin systems, the complex formation starts at pH 4.7 ± 0.3 (Figure4(b)) to form 58–82% Me3Sn(HL) species (according to equilibrium Me3Sn + H2L ⇌ Me3Sn(HL) + H/H3O). Further, the formation of Me3Sn(HL) complex predominates over the hydroxide formation (i.e., Me3Sn + H2O ⇌ Me3Sn(OH) + H3O and Me3Sn(OH) + H2O ⇌ Me3Sn(OH)2 + H3O) at the early stages of the reaction (pH < 7.0). The extent of the Me3Sn(OH) and Me3Sn(OH)2 species formed is much less (3–8%) for all the studied trimethyltin(IV) systems as indicated from the speciation curves (Figure 4(b)). In the pH range 5.5–10.2, the Me3Sn(HL) complexes result in Me3Sn(HL)(OH) (via deprotonation of a metal bound water molecule (as shown in Figure 6)) (Me3Sn(HL) + H2O ⇌ Me3Sn(HL)(OH) + H3O), which is the predominant species (72–99)% at this pH range. Some amount of Me3Sn(HL)(OH) is also produced from the monohydroxo species Me3Sn(OH) in this pH range (Me3Sn(OH) + H2L ⇌ Me3Sn(HL)(OH) + H3O).Figure 6
Possible geometrical structures of the complex species: M or Me3Sn(H2O)2+ (a); isomers of M(HL)/M(OH) (b)–(d); and M(HL)(OH) or M(OH)2 (e).


## 3.5. Conclusions

In the present study, a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal structure is proposed for the synthesized di- and triorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates in the solid state on the basis of the results obtained from the spectroscopic techniques used. Tyrosylalanine acts as dianionic tridentate coordinating through [−C(O)O−], amino nitrogen (−NH2), and [(CO)Npeptide-] groups in R2Sn(Tyr-Ala) and as monoanionic bidentate coordinating through [−C(O)O− and −NH2] groups in the case of R3Sn(HTyr-Ala). In diorganotin(IV) tyrosylalaninates, it is proposed that the two organic groups and peptide nitrogen (Npeptide-) are in the equatorial positions, while the two axial positions are occupied by the carboxylic oxygen [−C(O)O−] and the amino nitrogen (NH2) atom from the same ligand molecule in the distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry around tin in solid state. However, a carboxylate and an amino group of two adjacent molecules coordinate at axial position in case of Me3Sn(HTyr-Ala), and for Ph3Sn(HTyr-Ala), the carboxylate and amino groups of the same ligand molecule are coordinated to tin. The equilibrium studies of Me2Sn(IV)- and Me3Sn(IV)-dipeptide systems suggest that the carboxylate group is bound to the metal ion in acidic pH. For Me2Sn(IV)-dipeptide systems, the carboxylate group acts as an anchoring group for the metal-promoted deprotonation of the amide nitrogen (assistied by chelate formation). It has been found that in these dipeptide ligands, [−C(O)O−, N−, NH2] coordinated complexes are dominant in the neutral pH (6–8) range with a trigonal-bipyramidal structure. Therefore, it can be concluded that RnSn(4-n)+ (n=2 and 3) species may interact strongly with the O/N donor groups of the protein and can effectively disturb DNA duplication process, and the interaction of organotin(IV) moiety with tyrosylalanine may serve as model for metal- protein interactions.



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*Source: 517837-2012-03-15.xml*