# Prepolymerization of Lacquer Sap under Pure Oxygen Atmosphere and Its Effects on the Properties of Lacquer Film

Authors: Jianhong Yang; Jianfeng Zhu; Wanghui Liu; Jianping Deng; Yuanyuan Ding
Journal: International Journal of Polymer Science
 (2015)

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## Abstract

A series of lacquer saps were prepared by prepolymerization under oxygen atmosphere. The prepolymerization process was investigated by GPC, UV-Vis, FT-IR, NMR, and microscope. The results showed that the polymerization of urushiol monomer was accelerated. The content of monomer in the lacquer sap swiftly decreased from 82.68% to 47.75% in 0.5 h. The mechanism of polymerization was complex and was involved in the coupling reaction of phenyl ring, the addition reaction of the unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond groups with urushiol hydroxyl groups, and other reactions that occurred on the side chains. In addition, the prepolymerization also improved significantly the drying property of lacquer film, especially at low relative humidity. At the same time, the sizes of the water drops in the lacquer saps significantly decreased with increasing the stirring time and the surface of lacquer film became smoother, which resulted in its excellent gloss (109–125). Due to the prepolymerization, the pencil hardness and the thermal stability of lacquer film were slightly improved as well.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Lacquer sap, a kind of water-in-oil (W/O) type emulsion, is collected from lac trees grown mainly in China and Japan (Rhus vernicifera), Vietnam and Chinese Taiwan (Rhus succedanea), and Burma and Thailand (Melanorrhoea usitata) [1, 2]. The sap of lac treeR. vernicifera consists of complex components including urushiol (60~65%), laccase (~0.2%), gummy substance (5~7%), glycoprotein (~2%), and water (20~30%) [3]. The lacquer sap has been used as coatings in China and Japan for thousands of years [4]. A red wooden bowl is the known earliest lacquer ware, which was found at Hemudu site in Zhejiang Province of China. It was made more than 7000 years ago [3, 5]. Today, lacquer sap is still interesting due to its natural ecofriendly feature and the excellent physicochemical properties of its film such as anticorrosiveness, high thermal stability, good brilliance, and superhigh durability [6–9]. However, lacquer sap dries by the oxidative polymerization of urushiol catalyzed by laccase under a specific condition (about 70~90% relative humidity at 20~30°C), which is followed by an autoxidation reaction on the long aliphatic unsaturated side chain as well [2, 4, 10–14]. This strict drying condition has prevented its use as an industrial paint [1].Recently, many methods have been developed to improve the drying property of lacquer sap. A UV irradiation method had been used to promote the drying of lacquer sap, but it severely damaged some properties of lacquer film such as gloss and durability [15]. A lacquer with a decrease of the urushiol monomer had also been prepared using a repeatedkurome process by stirring with additional moisture in the reaction vessel. Thekurome lacquer dried quickly in a natural environment due to prepolymerization of urushiol [10]. Some hybrid lacquers were also developed based on thekurome lacquer, such as lacquer/polyurethane-hybrid lacquer and lacquer/organic silane-hybrid lacquer [3, 16–18], but the process of repeatedkurome needs to take a long time and only very small amount of fast drying lacquer could be obtained. In addition, it is well known that O2 is essential for the oxidation polymerization of urushiol [19–21]. Thus, the fast drying lacquer should also be able to be prepared under oxygen atmosphere. Li et al. prepared some refined lacquers under oxygen atmosphere at 20°C. However, it was surprising that these lacquers did not dry [22]. So far, further study has not been done to investigate the polymerization of lacquer sap under pure oxygen atmosphere and the properties of the polymerized lacquer. In this paper, we aim to accelerate the drying of lacquer film through the prepolymerization of lacquer sap under pure oxygen atmosphere. The polymerization mechanism of lacquer sap was studied by GPC, UV-Vis, FT-IR, and NMR methods. Some properties of the prepolymerized lacquer films were investigated as well.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. Materials

The raw lacquer sap collected from lac treeR. vernicifera in China was purchased from Lichuan Delong Co., Ltd. (Enshi, China). The lacquer, a neat filtered sap, has naturally high moisture content of 26.9%. All other chemicals were of analytical grade and were used as received.


### 2.2. Prepolymerization of Lacquer Sap

Raw lacquer sap (100 g) was polymerized in a closed four-neck reaction flask (250 mL) equipped with a mechanic stirrer, reflux condenser, thermometer, and oxygen inlet. The lacquer sap was stirred with the rate of 240 rmp at 30°C under 1 atm oxygen atmosphere. A series of samples were prepared by controlling the prepolymerization time from 0.5 h to 3.0 h. Similarly, under the condition of air instead of pure oxygen, a series of samples were also prepared.


### 2.3. Drying Property

The raw and prepolymerized lacquer saps were applied on glass plate using 50μm film applicators (Tianjin Jingke Material Equipment Co., Ltd., China) and dried at different relative humidity (RH) in a 302 A temperature damp-heat regulation chamber (Shanghai Laboratory Instrument Works Co., Ltd., China) and their drying time was evaluated by QGZ-24 automatic drying time recorder (Tianjin Jingke Material Equipment Co., Ltd., China). The process of lacquer drying can be divided into two steps: touch-free dryness (TD) and hardened dryness (HD). The time until the marks of needle appear on the film surface is equivalent to TD, and the time until the marks of needle disappear completely on the lacquer film surface is equivalent to HD [10].


### 2.4. Pencil Hardness Test

The pencil hardness was checked on previously degreased tinplate with a dry film (thickness of the wet coating 50μm). Panels were subjected to property evaluation after two weeks of cure at 30°C and 80% RH. Pencil hardness was determined according to current national standard of GB/T6739-2006.


### 2.5. Characterization

The molecular weight of sample was measured by a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on a LC-20AD instrument (Shimadzu, Japan) equipped with a TSK G3000-HXL column (TOSOH, Japan). The eluent was THF. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The temperature of the column was maintained at 30°C. The eluate was monitored with RID-10A refractive index detector (Shimadzu, Japan). The standards used for calibration the column were polystyrene. All data provided by the GPC system were collected and analyzed with the aid of the LCsolution Workstation software package.The UV-Vis spectra were recorded on a SPECORD 50 spectrophotometer (Analytik Jena AG, Germany). The sample was thinly spread on the quartz plate.FT-IR spectra were recorded on a Nicolet Avatar 370 FT-IR spectrometer (Thermo, Madison, USA). The samples were thinly applied on the KBr pellets. 32 scans at a resolution of 2 cm−1 were averaged and referenced against air.1H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE III 400 MHz NMR spectrometer (Switzerland) with tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard. The samples were dissolved in CDCl3.The micrographs of lacquer saps were observed by a BX43 microscope (Olympus, Japan) and obtained using a digital camera (ToupCam, China).The surface morphologies of lacquer films were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) Zeiss SUPRA55 (Germany).The thermal behavior of lacquer film was estimated using a NETZSCH TG 209 F3 apparatus (Germany). The TG oven was programmed from 48°C to 647°C under N2 atmosphere, a rise of 10°C/min. The lacquer film (thickness of the wet coating 50 μm) was dried at 30°C and 80% RH for one week.The gloss of lacquer film was tested with an XGP20°-60°-85° specular gloss meter (Tianjin Xintongguangda Technology Co., Ltd., China). Lacquer films were prepared with 50μm thickness of the wet coating on tinplate panels and evaluated after two weeks of cure at 30°C and 80% RH.


## 2.1. Materials

The raw lacquer sap collected from lac treeR. vernicifera in China was purchased from Lichuan Delong Co., Ltd. (Enshi, China). The lacquer, a neat filtered sap, has naturally high moisture content of 26.9%. All other chemicals were of analytical grade and were used as received.


## 2.2. Prepolymerization of Lacquer Sap

Raw lacquer sap (100 g) was polymerized in a closed four-neck reaction flask (250 mL) equipped with a mechanic stirrer, reflux condenser, thermometer, and oxygen inlet. The lacquer sap was stirred with the rate of 240 rmp at 30°C under 1 atm oxygen atmosphere. A series of samples were prepared by controlling the prepolymerization time from 0.5 h to 3.0 h. Similarly, under the condition of air instead of pure oxygen, a series of samples were also prepared.


## 2.3. Drying Property

The raw and prepolymerized lacquer saps were applied on glass plate using 50μm film applicators (Tianjin Jingke Material Equipment Co., Ltd., China) and dried at different relative humidity (RH) in a 302 A temperature damp-heat regulation chamber (Shanghai Laboratory Instrument Works Co., Ltd., China) and their drying time was evaluated by QGZ-24 automatic drying time recorder (Tianjin Jingke Material Equipment Co., Ltd., China). The process of lacquer drying can be divided into two steps: touch-free dryness (TD) and hardened dryness (HD). The time until the marks of needle appear on the film surface is equivalent to TD, and the time until the marks of needle disappear completely on the lacquer film surface is equivalent to HD [10].


## 2.4. Pencil Hardness Test

The pencil hardness was checked on previously degreased tinplate with a dry film (thickness of the wet coating 50μm). Panels were subjected to property evaluation after two weeks of cure at 30°C and 80% RH. Pencil hardness was determined according to current national standard of GB/T6739-2006.


## 2.5. Characterization

The molecular weight of sample was measured by a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on a LC-20AD instrument (Shimadzu, Japan) equipped with a TSK G3000-HXL column (TOSOH, Japan). The eluent was THF. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The temperature of the column was maintained at 30°C. The eluate was monitored with RID-10A refractive index detector (Shimadzu, Japan). The standards used for calibration the column were polystyrene. All data provided by the GPC system were collected and analyzed with the aid of the LCsolution Workstation software package.The UV-Vis spectra were recorded on a SPECORD 50 spectrophotometer (Analytik Jena AG, Germany). The sample was thinly spread on the quartz plate.FT-IR spectra were recorded on a Nicolet Avatar 370 FT-IR spectrometer (Thermo, Madison, USA). The samples were thinly applied on the KBr pellets. 32 scans at a resolution of 2 cm−1 were averaged and referenced against air.1H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE III 400 MHz NMR spectrometer (Switzerland) with tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard. The samples were dissolved in CDCl3.The micrographs of lacquer saps were observed by a BX43 microscope (Olympus, Japan) and obtained using a digital camera (ToupCam, China).The surface morphologies of lacquer films were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) Zeiss SUPRA55 (Germany).The thermal behavior of lacquer film was estimated using a NETZSCH TG 209 F3 apparatus (Germany). The TG oven was programmed from 48°C to 647°C under N2 atmosphere, a rise of 10°C/min. The lacquer film (thickness of the wet coating 50 μm) was dried at 30°C and 80% RH for one week.The gloss of lacquer film was tested with an XGP20°-60°-85° specular gloss meter (Tianjin Xintongguangda Technology Co., Ltd., China). Lacquer films were prepared with 50μm thickness of the wet coating on tinplate panels and evaluated after two weeks of cure at 30°C and 80% RH.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Prepolymerization of Lacquer Sap

#### 3.1.1. Molecular Weight Change in the Polymerization Process

The molecular weight distribution of the lacquer saps was monitored by GPC in the polymerization process under oxygen atmosphere and air atmosphere, respectively. The results are summarized in Table1. It can be seen from Table 1 that the contents of urushiol monomer, oligomer, and polymer were 82.68%, 17.23%, and 0.09% in the raw lacquer, respectively. Under oxygen atmosphere, the urushiol monomer decreased rapidly to 47.75% in the prepolymerized lacquers and the oligomer increased quickly to 48.61% in the initial half an hour, indicating that the oxidation polymerization of urushiol was very fast. With increasing the reaction time from 0.5 h to 3.0 h, the content of urushiol monomer only decreased slowly from 47.75% to 23.28%. The polymerization of urushiol monomer became slow, which could mainly be due to the increase of the viscosity of prepolymerized lacquers. At the same time, a prominent feature was also observed in which the polymer increased swiftly from 3.64% to 20.48%, while the oligomer changed within the scope of 48.61–58.62%. Compared with the polymerization of urushiol under oxygen atmosphere, the conversion of urushiol monomer was very slow under air atmosphere. The contents of urushiol monomer, oligomer, and polymer were only 60.64%, 37.85%, and 1.51% until 3.0 h, respectively. All the results suggested that the condition with pure oxygen atmosphere was advantageous to accelerate the polymerization of urushiol monomer. It is well known that the oxidation polymerization of urushiol is mainly catalyzed by laccase. The laccase contains four copper atoms and catalyzes the reduction of O2 at a trinuclear copper cluster. O2 is essential for the oxidation polymerization of urushiol [19–21]. Under pure oxygen atmosphere, the fully reduced form of laccase could adequately contact O2 and quickly react with O2 to produce the intermediate with an oxygen-radical bound to the trinuclear copper cluster and oxidized the substrates into the products [19]. Thus, the laccase catalyzed polymerization of urushiol was accelerated under pure oxygen condition.Table 1
The molecular weight distribution of the raw and the prepolymerized lacquer saps under different atmospheres.
Sample
Prepolymerization time
Oxygen atmosphereb
Air atmosphere
Polymer/%
Oligomer/%
Monomer/%
Polymer/%
Oligomer/%
Monomer/%
RLa
0 h
0.09
17.23
82.68
0.09
17.23
82.68
1
0.5 h
3.64
48.61
47.75
0.50
28.29
71.21
2
1.0 h
4.66
58.32
37.02
0.63
31.44
67.93
3
1.5 h
7.10
55.35
37.55
0.88
32.87
66.25
4
2.0 h
10.95
58.62
30.43
1.08
33.34
65.58
5
2.5 h
15.84
54.38
29.78
1.10
34.17
64.73
6
3.0 h
20.48
56.24
23.28
1.51
37.85
60.64
aRaw lacquer; bpolymer: M
w
≥
3000; oligomer: 3000
>
M
w
≥
640; monomer: M
w
<
640.


#### 3.1.2. UV-Vis Spectra

The prepolymerization process of the lacquer sap under oxygen atmosphere was monitored with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Figure1 shows the UV-Vis spectra of the raw lacquer sap and prepolymerized lacquer saps. In the UV-Vis spectrum of raw lacquer, the broad peak at 200–265 nm was due to the π-π* of conjugated alkadiene (K band), and the peak at 280 nm was due to the π-π* of phenyl of urushiol (B band) [23]. In the oxidation polymerization process of lacquer sap, the K band became broad and overlapped the B band. In the meantime, the B band also shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. These indicated that the polymerization of urushiol occurred to form a bigger conjugated structure. In addition, a new band at about 450 nm was also observed, which also resulted from the absorption of the molecules with large conjugated structure. The intensity of the band increased gradually in the polymerization process, indicating that the extent of conjugation increased.Figure 1
UV-Vis spectra of the raw lacquer sap and the prepolymerized lacquer saps.


#### 3.1.3. FT-IR and NMR Spectra

The prepolymerization process of the lacquer sap under oxygen atmosphere was also analyzed with FT-IR and NMR spectrophotometers. Figure2 shows the FT-IR spectra of the raw and the prepolymerized lacquer saps. The peaks at 1356, 1280, and 1187 cm−1 were due to βO-H, γO-H, and C-O vibration of C-O-H group [24], respectively. In the spectra of the prepolymerized lacquer saps, their intensities decreased gradually with the increase of prepolymerization time, suggesting that the O-H groups on the phenyl ring participated in the polymerization reaction. A peak at 3012 cm−1 was related to C-H vibration of the phenyl ring [9]. Its intensity decreased with increasing the prepolymerization time, and the peaks at 775 cm−1 also became weak, suggesting that more substitution occurred on the phenol ring [14]. Furthermore, the peaks at 946 and 983 cm−1 due to the conjugated dienes obviously decreased [15], and the peak at 983 cm−1 shifted to 987 cm−1 in 3 h of prepolymerized lacquer sap as well [24], indicating that some reactions occurred not only on the phenol rings, but also in the side chains.Figure 2
FT-IR spectra of the raw lacquer sap and the prepolymerized lacquer saps.1H NMR spectra of the raw and prepolymerized lacquer saps are shown in Figure 3. The peak at about 6.71 ppm is assigned to the 1H signal on the phenyl ring, and the peak at 6.78 ppm is due to the 1H signal of the biphenyl [25, 26]. The integral value of the former gradually decreased with increasing the reaction time from 0 to 3.0 h, but the value of the latter increased, suggesting that more substitutions occurred on the phenyl rings, and the polymerization is involved in the oxidative coupling reaction of urushiol molecules as well. The peaks at 5.15–5.55 ppm were assigned to the protons of the –C–CH=CH–C– in the side chain [10]. Their integral values gradually decreased, suggesting that some reactions also occurred on the side chain. In addition, some new peaks that appeared at 4.05–4.20 ppm could be assigned to the proton of the –C=C–C–CH–O–Ph [10], indicating that the addition reaction of the unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond groups in the side chain with urushiol hydroxyl groups had occurred in the polymerization process too.Figure 3
1H NMR spectra of the raw lacquer saps and the prepolymerization lacquer saps in CDCl3.


#### 3.1.4. Micrograph

Figure4 shows the micrographs of the raw and the prepolymerized lacquer saps. Raw lacquer sap is a kind of natural water-in-oil (W/O) type emulsion. It can be seen from the micrographs of raw lacquer sap that the water was dispersed in the oil phase and the diameter of water drops was in the scope of 0.5–10 μm. The distribution of the size of water drops was broad. In the prepolymerization process, as the lacquer sap was continuously stirred, the sizes of water drops gradually decreased and their distribution was also more homogeneous as shown in Figure 4. The sizes of water drops were 0.5–3.0 μm after 3 h. In the meantime, the color of lacquer saps also changed gradually. For the raw lacquer sap, the color of its oil was gray and the color of its water drops was light blue-purple in the microscope. After 3 h of prepolymerization, the color of the water drops was still maintained basically, but the color of the oil became deep yellow. It could be related to the polymerization extent of urushiol. The intensity of the band of the prepolymerized lacquer sap at about 450 nm increased gradually in the polymerization process as mentioned in the UV-Vis spectra, which led to the change of its color [27].Figure 4
Micrographs (1000x magnification) of raw lacquer saps in different prepolymerization time. (a) 0 h; (b) 0.5 h; (c) 1.0 h; (d) 1.5 h; (e) 2.5 h; (f) 3.0 h.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)


### 3.2. Properties and Characterization of Lacquer Film

#### 3.2.1. Drying and Coating Properties

The drying time and the coating properties such as gloss and pencil hardness of the raw lacquer sap and the prepolymerized lacquer saps are shown in Table2. It can be seen from Table 2 that the drying time of the raw lacquer to reach touch-free dryness and hardened dryness was 3 h 20 min and 5 h 50 min at a high relative humidity of 78%. Compared with the raw lacquer, the prepolymerized lacquers dried faster and the drying time gradually decreased with the increase of prepolymerization time. When the prepolymerization time was 3.0 h, the drying time of sample’s film to reach TD and HD was 40 min and 2 h 20 min, respectively. Moreover, the drying time of the raw lacquer to reach TD and HD greatly increased at low relative humidity of 65% and was 23 h 30 min and 30 h 20 min, respectively. However, for the prepolymerized lacquer saps, their drying time was much shorter than that of lacquer sap. After the lacquer sap was prepolymerized for 3.0 h, its drying time of TD and HD was only 5 h 40 min and 12 h 30 min correspondingly. Obviously, the prepolymerization of lacquer sap could improve significantly the drying property, especially at low relative humidity. Furthermore, from the data shown in Table 2, it was also observed that the pencil hardness of the prepolymerized lacquer films slightly increased from 3H to 4H. However, the gloss of lacquer films was markedly improved by the prepolymerization of lacquer sap. The gloss of the raw lacquer film was 81, but that of all prepolymerized lacquer films was higher and within the scope of 109–125. It could be because the prepolymerization of lacquer sap resulted in the decrease of the water drops’ sizes as mentioned previously in the micrographs.Table 2
Drying time (h:min) of lacquer films and coating properties of cured films.
Sample
Prepolymerization  time (h)
30°C, 78% RH
30°C, 65% RH
Pencil hardnessb
Glossb
TD
HD
TD
HD
RLa
0
3:20
5:50
23:30
30:20
3H
81
1
0.5 h
2:30
4:30
18:10
26:20
4H
119
2
1.0 h
2:30
4:00
11:20
18:40
4H
118
3
1.5 h
2:20
3:30
9:50
17:10
4H
115
4
2.0 h
1:30
2:50
8:50
15:10
4H
125
5
2.5 h
0:30
2:30
6:40
13:20
4H
109
6
3.0 h
0:40
2:20
5:40
12:30
4H
110
aRL: raw lacquer; bthe lacquer films were tested after drying at 30°C and 80% RH for two weeks.


#### 3.2.2. SEM

The surface morphologies of the raw lacquer and its prepolymerized lacquer films were analyzed with a SEM, and their SEM images are shown in Figure5. It was observed that there were some “caves” in the raw lacquer film, which resulted from the evaporation of water in the drying process [10, 24]. The diameters of the “caves” were about 0.2–5 μm (Figures 5(a) and 5(b)). Due to the caves, the surface of the raw lacquer film was not very smooth. For the prepolymerized lacquer film, some “caves” were also observed. But their sizes were smaller (<0.5 μm), which was due to the smaller diameters of water drops in the lacquer sap (Figures 5(c) and 5(d)). Compared with the raw lacquer film, the surface of the prepolymerized lacquer film was smoother as well. The gloss of the lacquer films was closely related to their surface smoothness [24]. Obviously, the excellent gloss of the prepolymerized lacquer films resulted from their good surface smoothness.Figure 5
SEM photographs of the raw lacquer film ((a) magnification: 1.00 Kx; (b) magnification: 3.00 Kx) and the prepolymerization lacquer film after 3.0 h ((c) magnification: 1.00 Kx; (d) magnification: 5.00 Kx).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)


#### 3.2.3. Thermal Analysis

The TG curves of the raw and prepolymerized lacquer films are shown in Figure6. The degradation of the raw lacquer film could be divided into three stages. The first stage of raw lacquer film at 48–220°C with the weight loss of 3.28% was due to the loss of water and other small molecules. Its second degradation stage started at 220°C till 420°C with weight loss of 28.62%, which stemmed from the decomposition of lacquer polysaccharide, glycoprotein, and urushiol monomer [13]. The third stage began at 420°C till 647°C with weight loss of 52.58% that was attributed to the degradation of urushiol oligomer and polymer. Compared with the raw lacquer film, the prepolymerized lacquer films had similar TG curves. However, their weight loss was less after 200°C. At 647°C, the weight loss of raw lacquer film was 84.48% while that of the prepolymerized lacquer films was in the range from 69.38% to 75.07%. It indicated that the prepolymerized lacquer films possessed higher thermal stability, which could be because the extent of polymerization of lacquer films was improved after the prepolymerization of lacquer sap.Figure 6
TG and DTG curves of the raw and the prepolymerized lacquer films.


## 3.1. Prepolymerization of Lacquer Sap

### 3.1.1. Molecular Weight Change in the Polymerization Process

The molecular weight distribution of the lacquer saps was monitored by GPC in the polymerization process under oxygen atmosphere and air atmosphere, respectively. The results are summarized in Table1. It can be seen from Table 1 that the contents of urushiol monomer, oligomer, and polymer were 82.68%, 17.23%, and 0.09% in the raw lacquer, respectively. Under oxygen atmosphere, the urushiol monomer decreased rapidly to 47.75% in the prepolymerized lacquers and the oligomer increased quickly to 48.61% in the initial half an hour, indicating that the oxidation polymerization of urushiol was very fast. With increasing the reaction time from 0.5 h to 3.0 h, the content of urushiol monomer only decreased slowly from 47.75% to 23.28%. The polymerization of urushiol monomer became slow, which could mainly be due to the increase of the viscosity of prepolymerized lacquers. At the same time, a prominent feature was also observed in which the polymer increased swiftly from 3.64% to 20.48%, while the oligomer changed within the scope of 48.61–58.62%. Compared with the polymerization of urushiol under oxygen atmosphere, the conversion of urushiol monomer was very slow under air atmosphere. The contents of urushiol monomer, oligomer, and polymer were only 60.64%, 37.85%, and 1.51% until 3.0 h, respectively. All the results suggested that the condition with pure oxygen atmosphere was advantageous to accelerate the polymerization of urushiol monomer. It is well known that the oxidation polymerization of urushiol is mainly catalyzed by laccase. The laccase contains four copper atoms and catalyzes the reduction of O2 at a trinuclear copper cluster. O2 is essential for the oxidation polymerization of urushiol [19–21]. Under pure oxygen atmosphere, the fully reduced form of laccase could adequately contact O2 and quickly react with O2 to produce the intermediate with an oxygen-radical bound to the trinuclear copper cluster and oxidized the substrates into the products [19]. Thus, the laccase catalyzed polymerization of urushiol was accelerated under pure oxygen condition.Table 1
The molecular weight distribution of the raw and the prepolymerized lacquer saps under different atmospheres.
Sample
Prepolymerization time
Oxygen atmosphereb
Air atmosphere
Polymer/%
Oligomer/%
Monomer/%
Polymer/%
Oligomer/%
Monomer/%
RLa
0 h
0.09
17.23
82.68
0.09
17.23
82.68
1
0.5 h
3.64
48.61
47.75
0.50
28.29
71.21
2
1.0 h
4.66
58.32
37.02
0.63
31.44
67.93
3
1.5 h
7.10
55.35
37.55
0.88
32.87
66.25
4
2.0 h
10.95
58.62
30.43
1.08
33.34
65.58
5
2.5 h
15.84
54.38
29.78
1.10
34.17
64.73
6
3.0 h
20.48
56.24
23.28
1.51
37.85
60.64
aRaw lacquer; bpolymer: M
w
≥
3000; oligomer: 3000
>
M
w
≥
640; monomer: M
w
<
640.


### 3.1.2. UV-Vis Spectra

The prepolymerization process of the lacquer sap under oxygen atmosphere was monitored with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Figure1 shows the UV-Vis spectra of the raw lacquer sap and prepolymerized lacquer saps. In the UV-Vis spectrum of raw lacquer, the broad peak at 200–265 nm was due to the π-π* of conjugated alkadiene (K band), and the peak at 280 nm was due to the π-π* of phenyl of urushiol (B band) [23]. In the oxidation polymerization process of lacquer sap, the K band became broad and overlapped the B band. In the meantime, the B band also shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. These indicated that the polymerization of urushiol occurred to form a bigger conjugated structure. In addition, a new band at about 450 nm was also observed, which also resulted from the absorption of the molecules with large conjugated structure. The intensity of the band increased gradually in the polymerization process, indicating that the extent of conjugation increased.Figure 1
UV-Vis spectra of the raw lacquer sap and the prepolymerized lacquer saps.


### 3.1.3. FT-IR and NMR Spectra

The prepolymerization process of the lacquer sap under oxygen atmosphere was also analyzed with FT-IR and NMR spectrophotometers. Figure2 shows the FT-IR spectra of the raw and the prepolymerized lacquer saps. The peaks at 1356, 1280, and 1187 cm−1 were due to βO-H, γO-H, and C-O vibration of C-O-H group [24], respectively. In the spectra of the prepolymerized lacquer saps, their intensities decreased gradually with the increase of prepolymerization time, suggesting that the O-H groups on the phenyl ring participated in the polymerization reaction. A peak at 3012 cm−1 was related to C-H vibration of the phenyl ring [9]. Its intensity decreased with increasing the prepolymerization time, and the peaks at 775 cm−1 also became weak, suggesting that more substitution occurred on the phenol ring [14]. Furthermore, the peaks at 946 and 983 cm−1 due to the conjugated dienes obviously decreased [15], and the peak at 983 cm−1 shifted to 987 cm−1 in 3 h of prepolymerized lacquer sap as well [24], indicating that some reactions occurred not only on the phenol rings, but also in the side chains.Figure 2
FT-IR spectra of the raw lacquer sap and the prepolymerized lacquer saps.1H NMR spectra of the raw and prepolymerized lacquer saps are shown in Figure 3. The peak at about 6.71 ppm is assigned to the 1H signal on the phenyl ring, and the peak at 6.78 ppm is due to the 1H signal of the biphenyl [25, 26]. The integral value of the former gradually decreased with increasing the reaction time from 0 to 3.0 h, but the value of the latter increased, suggesting that more substitutions occurred on the phenyl rings, and the polymerization is involved in the oxidative coupling reaction of urushiol molecules as well. The peaks at 5.15–5.55 ppm were assigned to the protons of the –C–CH=CH–C– in the side chain [10]. Their integral values gradually decreased, suggesting that some reactions also occurred on the side chain. In addition, some new peaks that appeared at 4.05–4.20 ppm could be assigned to the proton of the –C=C–C–CH–O–Ph [10], indicating that the addition reaction of the unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond groups in the side chain with urushiol hydroxyl groups had occurred in the polymerization process too.Figure 3
1H NMR spectra of the raw lacquer saps and the prepolymerization lacquer saps in CDCl3.


### 3.1.4. Micrograph

Figure4 shows the micrographs of the raw and the prepolymerized lacquer saps. Raw lacquer sap is a kind of natural water-in-oil (W/O) type emulsion. It can be seen from the micrographs of raw lacquer sap that the water was dispersed in the oil phase and the diameter of water drops was in the scope of 0.5–10 μm. The distribution of the size of water drops was broad. In the prepolymerization process, as the lacquer sap was continuously stirred, the sizes of water drops gradually decreased and their distribution was also more homogeneous as shown in Figure 4. The sizes of water drops were 0.5–3.0 μm after 3 h. In the meantime, the color of lacquer saps also changed gradually. For the raw lacquer sap, the color of its oil was gray and the color of its water drops was light blue-purple in the microscope. After 3 h of prepolymerization, the color of the water drops was still maintained basically, but the color of the oil became deep yellow. It could be related to the polymerization extent of urushiol. The intensity of the band of the prepolymerized lacquer sap at about 450 nm increased gradually in the polymerization process as mentioned in the UV-Vis spectra, which led to the change of its color [27].Figure 4
Micrographs (1000x magnification) of raw lacquer saps in different prepolymerization time. (a) 0 h; (b) 0.5 h; (c) 1.0 h; (d) 1.5 h; (e) 2.5 h; (f) 3.0 h.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)


## 3.1.1. Molecular Weight Change in the Polymerization Process

The molecular weight distribution of the lacquer saps was monitored by GPC in the polymerization process under oxygen atmosphere and air atmosphere, respectively. The results are summarized in Table1. It can be seen from Table 1 that the contents of urushiol monomer, oligomer, and polymer were 82.68%, 17.23%, and 0.09% in the raw lacquer, respectively. Under oxygen atmosphere, the urushiol monomer decreased rapidly to 47.75% in the prepolymerized lacquers and the oligomer increased quickly to 48.61% in the initial half an hour, indicating that the oxidation polymerization of urushiol was very fast. With increasing the reaction time from 0.5 h to 3.0 h, the content of urushiol monomer only decreased slowly from 47.75% to 23.28%. The polymerization of urushiol monomer became slow, which could mainly be due to the increase of the viscosity of prepolymerized lacquers. At the same time, a prominent feature was also observed in which the polymer increased swiftly from 3.64% to 20.48%, while the oligomer changed within the scope of 48.61–58.62%. Compared with the polymerization of urushiol under oxygen atmosphere, the conversion of urushiol monomer was very slow under air atmosphere. The contents of urushiol monomer, oligomer, and polymer were only 60.64%, 37.85%, and 1.51% until 3.0 h, respectively. All the results suggested that the condition with pure oxygen atmosphere was advantageous to accelerate the polymerization of urushiol monomer. It is well known that the oxidation polymerization of urushiol is mainly catalyzed by laccase. The laccase contains four copper atoms and catalyzes the reduction of O2 at a trinuclear copper cluster. O2 is essential for the oxidation polymerization of urushiol [19–21]. Under pure oxygen atmosphere, the fully reduced form of laccase could adequately contact O2 and quickly react with O2 to produce the intermediate with an oxygen-radical bound to the trinuclear copper cluster and oxidized the substrates into the products [19]. Thus, the laccase catalyzed polymerization of urushiol was accelerated under pure oxygen condition.Table 1
The molecular weight distribution of the raw and the prepolymerized lacquer saps under different atmospheres.
Sample
Prepolymerization time
Oxygen atmosphereb
Air atmosphere
Polymer/%
Oligomer/%
Monomer/%
Polymer/%
Oligomer/%
Monomer/%
RLa
0 h
0.09
17.23
82.68
0.09
17.23
82.68
1
0.5 h
3.64
48.61
47.75
0.50
28.29
71.21
2
1.0 h
4.66
58.32
37.02
0.63
31.44
67.93
3
1.5 h
7.10
55.35
37.55
0.88
32.87
66.25
4
2.0 h
10.95
58.62
30.43
1.08
33.34
65.58
5
2.5 h
15.84
54.38
29.78
1.10
34.17
64.73
6
3.0 h
20.48
56.24
23.28
1.51
37.85
60.64
aRaw lacquer; bpolymer: M
w
≥
3000; oligomer: 3000
>
M
w
≥
640; monomer: M
w
<
640.


## 3.1.2. UV-Vis Spectra

The prepolymerization process of the lacquer sap under oxygen atmosphere was monitored with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Figure1 shows the UV-Vis spectra of the raw lacquer sap and prepolymerized lacquer saps. In the UV-Vis spectrum of raw lacquer, the broad peak at 200–265 nm was due to the π-π* of conjugated alkadiene (K band), and the peak at 280 nm was due to the π-π* of phenyl of urushiol (B band) [23]. In the oxidation polymerization process of lacquer sap, the K band became broad and overlapped the B band. In the meantime, the B band also shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. These indicated that the polymerization of urushiol occurred to form a bigger conjugated structure. In addition, a new band at about 450 nm was also observed, which also resulted from the absorption of the molecules with large conjugated structure. The intensity of the band increased gradually in the polymerization process, indicating that the extent of conjugation increased.Figure 1
UV-Vis spectra of the raw lacquer sap and the prepolymerized lacquer saps.


## 3.1.3. FT-IR and NMR Spectra

The prepolymerization process of the lacquer sap under oxygen atmosphere was also analyzed with FT-IR and NMR spectrophotometers. Figure2 shows the FT-IR spectra of the raw and the prepolymerized lacquer saps. The peaks at 1356, 1280, and 1187 cm−1 were due to βO-H, γO-H, and C-O vibration of C-O-H group [24], respectively. In the spectra of the prepolymerized lacquer saps, their intensities decreased gradually with the increase of prepolymerization time, suggesting that the O-H groups on the phenyl ring participated in the polymerization reaction. A peak at 3012 cm−1 was related to C-H vibration of the phenyl ring [9]. Its intensity decreased with increasing the prepolymerization time, and the peaks at 775 cm−1 also became weak, suggesting that more substitution occurred on the phenol ring [14]. Furthermore, the peaks at 946 and 983 cm−1 due to the conjugated dienes obviously decreased [15], and the peak at 983 cm−1 shifted to 987 cm−1 in 3 h of prepolymerized lacquer sap as well [24], indicating that some reactions occurred not only on the phenol rings, but also in the side chains.Figure 2
FT-IR spectra of the raw lacquer sap and the prepolymerized lacquer saps.1H NMR spectra of the raw and prepolymerized lacquer saps are shown in Figure 3. The peak at about 6.71 ppm is assigned to the 1H signal on the phenyl ring, and the peak at 6.78 ppm is due to the 1H signal of the biphenyl [25, 26]. The integral value of the former gradually decreased with increasing the reaction time from 0 to 3.0 h, but the value of the latter increased, suggesting that more substitutions occurred on the phenyl rings, and the polymerization is involved in the oxidative coupling reaction of urushiol molecules as well. The peaks at 5.15–5.55 ppm were assigned to the protons of the –C–CH=CH–C– in the side chain [10]. Their integral values gradually decreased, suggesting that some reactions also occurred on the side chain. In addition, some new peaks that appeared at 4.05–4.20 ppm could be assigned to the proton of the –C=C–C–CH–O–Ph [10], indicating that the addition reaction of the unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond groups in the side chain with urushiol hydroxyl groups had occurred in the polymerization process too.Figure 3
1H NMR spectra of the raw lacquer saps and the prepolymerization lacquer saps in CDCl3.


## 3.1.4. Micrograph

Figure4 shows the micrographs of the raw and the prepolymerized lacquer saps. Raw lacquer sap is a kind of natural water-in-oil (W/O) type emulsion. It can be seen from the micrographs of raw lacquer sap that the water was dispersed in the oil phase and the diameter of water drops was in the scope of 0.5–10 μm. The distribution of the size of water drops was broad. In the prepolymerization process, as the lacquer sap was continuously stirred, the sizes of water drops gradually decreased and their distribution was also more homogeneous as shown in Figure 4. The sizes of water drops were 0.5–3.0 μm after 3 h. In the meantime, the color of lacquer saps also changed gradually. For the raw lacquer sap, the color of its oil was gray and the color of its water drops was light blue-purple in the microscope. After 3 h of prepolymerization, the color of the water drops was still maintained basically, but the color of the oil became deep yellow. It could be related to the polymerization extent of urushiol. The intensity of the band of the prepolymerized lacquer sap at about 450 nm increased gradually in the polymerization process as mentioned in the UV-Vis spectra, which led to the change of its color [27].Figure 4
Micrographs (1000x magnification) of raw lacquer saps in different prepolymerization time. (a) 0 h; (b) 0.5 h; (c) 1.0 h; (d) 1.5 h; (e) 2.5 h; (f) 3.0 h.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)


## 3.2. Properties and Characterization of Lacquer Film

### 3.2.1. Drying and Coating Properties

The drying time and the coating properties such as gloss and pencil hardness of the raw lacquer sap and the prepolymerized lacquer saps are shown in Table2. It can be seen from Table 2 that the drying time of the raw lacquer to reach touch-free dryness and hardened dryness was 3 h 20 min and 5 h 50 min at a high relative humidity of 78%. Compared with the raw lacquer, the prepolymerized lacquers dried faster and the drying time gradually decreased with the increase of prepolymerization time. When the prepolymerization time was 3.0 h, the drying time of sample’s film to reach TD and HD was 40 min and 2 h 20 min, respectively. Moreover, the drying time of the raw lacquer to reach TD and HD greatly increased at low relative humidity of 65% and was 23 h 30 min and 30 h 20 min, respectively. However, for the prepolymerized lacquer saps, their drying time was much shorter than that of lacquer sap. After the lacquer sap was prepolymerized for 3.0 h, its drying time of TD and HD was only 5 h 40 min and 12 h 30 min correspondingly. Obviously, the prepolymerization of lacquer sap could improve significantly the drying property, especially at low relative humidity. Furthermore, from the data shown in Table 2, it was also observed that the pencil hardness of the prepolymerized lacquer films slightly increased from 3H to 4H. However, the gloss of lacquer films was markedly improved by the prepolymerization of lacquer sap. The gloss of the raw lacquer film was 81, but that of all prepolymerized lacquer films was higher and within the scope of 109–125. It could be because the prepolymerization of lacquer sap resulted in the decrease of the water drops’ sizes as mentioned previously in the micrographs.Table 2
Drying time (h:min) of lacquer films and coating properties of cured films.
Sample
Prepolymerization  time (h)
30°C, 78% RH
30°C, 65% RH
Pencil hardnessb
Glossb
TD
HD
TD
HD
RLa
0
3:20
5:50
23:30
30:20
3H
81
1
0.5 h
2:30
4:30
18:10
26:20
4H
119
2
1.0 h
2:30
4:00
11:20
18:40
4H
118
3
1.5 h
2:20
3:30
9:50
17:10
4H
115
4
2.0 h
1:30
2:50
8:50
15:10
4H
125
5
2.5 h
0:30
2:30
6:40
13:20
4H
109
6
3.0 h
0:40
2:20
5:40
12:30
4H
110
aRL: raw lacquer; bthe lacquer films were tested after drying at 30°C and 80% RH for two weeks.


### 3.2.2. SEM

The surface morphologies of the raw lacquer and its prepolymerized lacquer films were analyzed with a SEM, and their SEM images are shown in Figure5. It was observed that there were some “caves” in the raw lacquer film, which resulted from the evaporation of water in the drying process [10, 24]. The diameters of the “caves” were about 0.2–5 μm (Figures 5(a) and 5(b)). Due to the caves, the surface of the raw lacquer film was not very smooth. For the prepolymerized lacquer film, some “caves” were also observed. But their sizes were smaller (<0.5 μm), which was due to the smaller diameters of water drops in the lacquer sap (Figures 5(c) and 5(d)). Compared with the raw lacquer film, the surface of the prepolymerized lacquer film was smoother as well. The gloss of the lacquer films was closely related to their surface smoothness [24]. Obviously, the excellent gloss of the prepolymerized lacquer films resulted from their good surface smoothness.Figure 5
SEM photographs of the raw lacquer film ((a) magnification: 1.00 Kx; (b) magnification: 3.00 Kx) and the prepolymerization lacquer film after 3.0 h ((c) magnification: 1.00 Kx; (d) magnification: 5.00 Kx).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)


### 3.2.3. Thermal Analysis

The TG curves of the raw and prepolymerized lacquer films are shown in Figure6. The degradation of the raw lacquer film could be divided into three stages. The first stage of raw lacquer film at 48–220°C with the weight loss of 3.28% was due to the loss of water and other small molecules. Its second degradation stage started at 220°C till 420°C with weight loss of 28.62%, which stemmed from the decomposition of lacquer polysaccharide, glycoprotein, and urushiol monomer [13]. The third stage began at 420°C till 647°C with weight loss of 52.58% that was attributed to the degradation of urushiol oligomer and polymer. Compared with the raw lacquer film, the prepolymerized lacquer films had similar TG curves. However, their weight loss was less after 200°C. At 647°C, the weight loss of raw lacquer film was 84.48% while that of the prepolymerized lacquer films was in the range from 69.38% to 75.07%. It indicated that the prepolymerized lacquer films possessed higher thermal stability, which could be because the extent of polymerization of lacquer films was improved after the prepolymerization of lacquer sap.Figure 6
TG and DTG curves of the raw and the prepolymerized lacquer films.


## 3.2.1. Drying and Coating Properties

The drying time and the coating properties such as gloss and pencil hardness of the raw lacquer sap and the prepolymerized lacquer saps are shown in Table2. It can be seen from Table 2 that the drying time of the raw lacquer to reach touch-free dryness and hardened dryness was 3 h 20 min and 5 h 50 min at a high relative humidity of 78%. Compared with the raw lacquer, the prepolymerized lacquers dried faster and the drying time gradually decreased with the increase of prepolymerization time. When the prepolymerization time was 3.0 h, the drying time of sample’s film to reach TD and HD was 40 min and 2 h 20 min, respectively. Moreover, the drying time of the raw lacquer to reach TD and HD greatly increased at low relative humidity of 65% and was 23 h 30 min and 30 h 20 min, respectively. However, for the prepolymerized lacquer saps, their drying time was much shorter than that of lacquer sap. After the lacquer sap was prepolymerized for 3.0 h, its drying time of TD and HD was only 5 h 40 min and 12 h 30 min correspondingly. Obviously, the prepolymerization of lacquer sap could improve significantly the drying property, especially at low relative humidity. Furthermore, from the data shown in Table 2, it was also observed that the pencil hardness of the prepolymerized lacquer films slightly increased from 3H to 4H. However, the gloss of lacquer films was markedly improved by the prepolymerization of lacquer sap. The gloss of the raw lacquer film was 81, but that of all prepolymerized lacquer films was higher and within the scope of 109–125. It could be because the prepolymerization of lacquer sap resulted in the decrease of the water drops’ sizes as mentioned previously in the micrographs.Table 2
Drying time (h:min) of lacquer films and coating properties of cured films.
Sample
Prepolymerization  time (h)
30°C, 78% RH
30°C, 65% RH
Pencil hardnessb
Glossb
TD
HD
TD
HD
RLa
0
3:20
5:50
23:30
30:20
3H
81
1
0.5 h
2:30
4:30
18:10
26:20
4H
119
2
1.0 h
2:30
4:00
11:20
18:40
4H
118
3
1.5 h
2:20
3:30
9:50
17:10
4H
115
4
2.0 h
1:30
2:50
8:50
15:10
4H
125
5
2.5 h
0:30
2:30
6:40
13:20
4H
109
6
3.0 h
0:40
2:20
5:40
12:30
4H
110
aRL: raw lacquer; bthe lacquer films were tested after drying at 30°C and 80% RH for two weeks.


## 3.2.2. SEM

The surface morphologies of the raw lacquer and its prepolymerized lacquer films were analyzed with a SEM, and their SEM images are shown in Figure5. It was observed that there were some “caves” in the raw lacquer film, which resulted from the evaporation of water in the drying process [10, 24]. The diameters of the “caves” were about 0.2–5 μm (Figures 5(a) and 5(b)). Due to the caves, the surface of the raw lacquer film was not very smooth. For the prepolymerized lacquer film, some “caves” were also observed. But their sizes were smaller (<0.5 μm), which was due to the smaller diameters of water drops in the lacquer sap (Figures 5(c) and 5(d)). Compared with the raw lacquer film, the surface of the prepolymerized lacquer film was smoother as well. The gloss of the lacquer films was closely related to their surface smoothness [24]. Obviously, the excellent gloss of the prepolymerized lacquer films resulted from their good surface smoothness.Figure 5
SEM photographs of the raw lacquer film ((a) magnification: 1.00 Kx; (b) magnification: 3.00 Kx) and the prepolymerization lacquer film after 3.0 h ((c) magnification: 1.00 Kx; (d) magnification: 5.00 Kx).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)


## 3.2.3. Thermal Analysis

The TG curves of the raw and prepolymerized lacquer films are shown in Figure6. The degradation of the raw lacquer film could be divided into three stages. The first stage of raw lacquer film at 48–220°C with the weight loss of 3.28% was due to the loss of water and other small molecules. Its second degradation stage started at 220°C till 420°C with weight loss of 28.62%, which stemmed from the decomposition of lacquer polysaccharide, glycoprotein, and urushiol monomer [13]. The third stage began at 420°C till 647°C with weight loss of 52.58% that was attributed to the degradation of urushiol oligomer and polymer. Compared with the raw lacquer film, the prepolymerized lacquer films had similar TG curves. However, their weight loss was less after 200°C. At 647°C, the weight loss of raw lacquer film was 84.48% while that of the prepolymerized lacquer films was in the range from 69.38% to 75.07%. It indicated that the prepolymerized lacquer films possessed higher thermal stability, which could be because the extent of polymerization of lacquer films was improved after the prepolymerization of lacquer sap.Figure 6
TG and DTG curves of the raw and the prepolymerized lacquer films.


## 4. Conclusion

In this study, the raw lacquer sap was prepolymerized under oxygen atmosphere. The polymerization rate was quicker than that under air atmosphere. 59.4% of urushiol monomer was converted into the oligomer and polymer in 3.0 h. The polymerization of urushiol was complex, which was involved in the coupling reaction of phenyl ring, the addition reaction of the unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds with urushiol hydroxyl groups, and other reactions that occurred on the side chains. Due to the prepolymerization, the drying time of lacquer sap was shortened greatly, especially at the low relative humidity. In addition, the thermal stability of lacquer film was improved, and its gloss also became very excellent. Thus, the prepolymerization of lacquer sap under oxygen atmosphere is to hopefully be used to prepare a fast drying lacquer on a large scale and promote the applications of lacquer sap as an industrial paint.



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*Source: 517202-2015-08-27.xml*