# Effect of Neutral Grounding Protection Methods for Compensated Wind/PV Grid-Connected Hybrid Power Systems

Authors: Nurettin Çetinkaya; Farhana Umer
Journal: International Journal of Photoenergy
 (2017)

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## Abstract

The effects of the wind/PV grid-connected system (GCS) can be categorized as technical, environmental, and economic impacts. It has a vital impact for improving the voltage in the power systems; however, it has some negative effects such as interfacing and fault clearing. This paper discusses different grounding methods for fault protection of High-voltage (HV) power systems. Influences of these grounding methods for various fault characteristics on wind/PV GCSs are discussed. Simulation models are implemented in the Alternative Transient Program (ATP) version of the Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). The models allow for different fault factors and grounding methods. Results are obtained to evaluate the impact of each grounding method on the 3-phase short-circuit fault (SCF), double-line-to-ground (DLG) fault, and single-line-to-ground (SLG) fault features. Solid, resistance, and Petersen coil grounding are compared for different faults on wind/PV GCSs. Transient overcurrent and overvoltage waveforms are used to describe the fault case. This paper is intended as a guide to engineers in selecting adequate grounding and ground fault protection schemes for HV, for evaluating existing wind/PV GCSs to minimize the damage of the system components from faults. This research presents the contribution of wind/PV generators and their comparison with the conventional system alone.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Sustainable energy sources (SESs) are about using energy wisely and using energy generated from clean sources and clean technologies. The larger number of SESs needs new schemes to improve or maintain the power quality and stability [1]. A grid interface with wind/PV farms improves system reliability [2].SESs have direct influence on the integration of wind/PV due to changeable and uncertain condition in wind speed, solar irradiance, and location. The SCF value is a basic feature for a safe and protective system. SCF magnitude is most significant for coupling location to the GCS which must not increase the designed value [3, 4]. The instability of SCF current sharing by distributed generation (DG) is a significant constraint in integrating the DG to the conventional system [5, 6]. Transients occur in the power system due to various reasons such as faults, switch closing and opening, or lightning strikes [7, 8]. The sudden connection of induction generators (IGs) to the busbars results in altering the transient current that also impacts the power quality [9].Grounded systems have many advantages as compared to ungrounded systems [10–12]. The grounding methods have small impact when a system runs at normal operation but become effective and significant when fault occurs to an overhead line (OHL). The suitable grounding solution is achieved through calculations and simulations of the system under fault condition [13]. Resonant grounding support extinguished the fault arc in OHL for about 80 percent of temporary ground faults [14].Many researchers previously discussed different types of neutral grounding, SLG fault, and fault location and detection in middle-voltage (MV) or HV conventional systems such as Al-Zyoud et al. who worked on Jordanian MV distribution systems (DSs) by using various techniques for grounding. Impacts of these earthing methods on the SLG fault are discussed [13]. Jacob and Nithiyanthan in their paper emphasized on the type of grounding based on rated voltage of the faulted network [15]. Pillai et al. in their paper discuss ground fault protection techniques for the MV stator of a generator and their merits and demerits [16]. Bapat et al. worked on application when the DSs considered multiple sources operating in parallel. Hybrid grounding was proposed for low and medium voltage systems [17]. In [18–21], the authors analyzed various types of neutral grounding. In [22, 23], the authors examined the voltage and current behaviour under fault condition for various parameters of systems. An isolated neutral system has low-value fault current. Many researchers created protection algorithms for compensation [24–28]. Overvoltage generated by single-line-to-ground (SLG) faults by using Petersen coil for MV systems is given in [29]. In [30], the authors analyzed the effect of neutral grounding techniques on the features of fault in Al Ain DS in UAE. In [31], a few experimental fault cases were examined under various conditions on a DS in Czech Republic with Petersen coil grounding. In [32], the authors analyzed and compared the features of earth fault in MV systems, that is, 20 kV with high-impedance grounding. The results are based on the evaluation of real case recordings, achieved in 3 years.Most of the researchers worked on MV networks and during the SLG fault on the conventional system, but no one worked on HV networks and during short-circuit faults (SCFs). In this paper, the authors worked on wind/PV GCSs under the SCF and will study the contribution of wind/PV generators under SCF condition and their comparison with the conventional system alone, the percentage reduction in magnitude of SC currents, and the wave distortion by using fault resistance and Peterson coil.


## 2. Types of Grounding Systems

Selection of a grounding system depends on the application and situation of the systems. Classification of grounding systems is given in Figure1 [15].Figure 1
Types of grounding systems.Basically, there are two ways to ground a system, and neutral grounding is the most commonly used. It could be used to ground the whole system or to ground equipment such as generators and transformers [33].These techniques are applied at a generating station or at a substation. A solid grounding system is directly grounded with no intentional impedance. Most of the low-voltage generators are chosen to be solidly grounded for fast clearing time of high fault currents which can have significant risk to the generator for high-level SLG magnitudes. In a resistance grounding system, a resistor is connected from the source wye point to the ground with a grounding conductor for minimizing fault currents.Recently, low-resistance grounding is preferred for generators as compared to solid grounding, to increase good reliability against overvoltage and harmonics [15]. A hybrid resistance grounding (HRG) system is most suited in systems with medium-voltage [16] generators. Fault current is reduced by using Petersen coil due to the compensating impact. The system charging and discharging during fault depend on the fault location and the line capacitances to the ground. Fault current compensates through Petersen coil and reduces the capacitive current.When the SLG fault takes place, the faulted phase discharges current to the ground during fault, which returns through the 2 unfaulted phases [13]. This can elevate the line-to-ground voltages of the 2 unfaulted phases which in turn charge the line-to-ground fault capacitance (insulation).Resonant coil (Peterson coil) condition is obtained when(1)3ωC0−1ωL=0.In the case of complete compensation,(2)3LCω2=1.


## 3. Wind/PV Grid-Connected System

The wind/PV generators are connected with the conventional power system. The 100 MW wind/PV generators are connected with the conventional system at the midpoint of 200 km OHL at a voltage of 400 kV as shown in Figure2. In this studied system, a synchronous machine (SM59_NC)-type synchronous generator (SG), an induction generator (IG), and 3-phase hybrid transformers (XFMR) are used; one hybrid transformer XFMR is used with SG, that is, 22/400 kV; the second XFMR is used with a PV generator on the ac side, that is, 0.44/400 kV (the interim medium-voltage systems through which the PV is fed to get to 400 kV are not mentioned in Figure 2); and the third XFMR [34] is used with IG, that is, 34/400 kV. All parameters are available in [35].Figure 2
No-load wind/PV GCS.


### 3.1. SCF Current Controlled by a Fault Resistor

The SCF is considered to take place at busbar X on the line as shown in Figure3. The short-circuit fault occurs when the voltage of phase A is at a peak value, that is, at 22.15 msec. The waveforms of the fault current at fault location X are given in Figure 4. Minimization of faulted phase currents at fault location X on the wind/PV GCS due to the SCF for different fault resistances is given in Table 1.Figure 3
Configuration of the studied wind/PV GCS for fault resistance from 1 Ω to 60 Ω with the SCF occurring at busbar X.Figure 4
SCF current at fault location X when the SCF occurs at fault location X with 40 Ω fault resistance on the wind/PV GCS.Table 1
Minimization of faulted phase currents at fault location X the on wind/PV GCS due to the SCF for different fault resistances.
Fault resistance (Rf) (Ω)
Maximum magnitude of fault current (Amp)
Current Minimization (%)
SCF
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
1
5263
5976
5767
−3.35
40.58
3382
3834
3791
−60.85
48
3125
3583
3544
−72.12
60
2801
3270
3239
−88.59The maximum magnitude of fault currents at fault location X decreases as the fault resistance increases. Fault current at fault location X decreases from 3.35% at 1 Ω fault resistance to 88.59% at 60 Ω fault resistances. It is also observed that SCF current is reduced as fault resistance is increased. Transients in the fault current waveform are higher at a lower value of the fault resistance as compared to a higher value expected. It is also analyzed that the wave attenuation is also higher due to the SCF as compared to the LG fault.


### 3.2. Comparison between the Wind/PV GCS with Solid Grounding and That with Peterson Coil Grounding under Various Faults

On this wind/PV GCS, different types of faults are considered such as the SLG fault, DLG fault, and SCF. The LG fault occurs on phase A at the end OHL, that is, 400 kV. In the case of the DLG fault, the fault occurs at the receiving end of the line on phases A and B. A comparison between solid grounding and Peterson coil grounding of 58.6 H inductance on 400 kV windings on the wind/PV GCS under various fault conditions is given in Table2.Table 2
A comparison between solid grounding and Peterson coil grounding of 58.6 H inductance on the wind/PV GCS under various fault conditions.
Fault type
Maximum magnitude of fault current at fault location X (Amp)
Current minimization (%)
Wind/PV GCS with solid grounding
Wind/PV IGs with Peterson coil grounding
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
SCF
5011
6176
5832
2698
4251
3985
−45.28
SLG fault
2096
—
—
2616
—
—
19.88
DLG fault
5119
4782
—
3208
3338
—
−43.26Table2 shows the SCF currents with solid grounding and with Peterson coil grounding of 58.6 H inductance. SCF current and wave distortion are reduced by using Peterson coil. Wave distortion is very high when the system is solid grounding as shown in Figures 5 and 6.Figure 5
SCF currents without Peterson coil at fault location X when the SCF occurs on the wind/PV GCS.Figure 6
SCF currents with Peterson coil of 58.6 H at fault location X when the SCF occurs on the wind/PV GCS.Table2 shows the SLG currents with solid grounding and with Peterson coil grounding of 58.6 H inductance. SLG current is increased to 19.88%, and wave distortion is reduced by using Peterson coil. Wave distortion is very high when the system is solid grounding as shown in Figures 7 and 8. It is also determined that Peterson coil is unsuitable under the SLG fault for 400 kV OHL from a transient overvoltage and distortion perspective. When the system capacitance is matched by the inductance of the coil, the system is fully compensated. If the reactor inductance does not match the system capacitance, the system is off tuned. It can be over- or undercompensated, depending on the relationship between inductance and capacitance. Peterson coil is not suitable for high-voltage and long transmission lines.Figure 7
Faulted phase current without Peterson coil at fault location X with the SLG fault on the wind/PV GCS.Figure 8
Faulted phase current with Peterson coil of 58.6 H at fault location X with the SLG fault on the wind/PV GCS.Table2 shows the DLG currents with solid grounding and with Peterson coil grounding of 58.6 H inductance. DLG current and wave distortion are reduced by using Peterson coil. Wave distortion is very high when the system is solid grounding as shown in Figures 9 and 10. It has been analyzed that Peterson coil is most suitable for the SCF and DLG fault. Harmonic distortion occurs due to wind/PV power electronics in Figures 5–10.Figure 9
Current of faulted phases A and B without Peterson coil at fault location X when the DLG fault occurs on the wind/PV GCS.Figure 10
Current of faulted phases A and B with Peterson coil of 58.6 H at fault location X when the DLG fault occurs on the wind/PV GCS.


### 3.3. SCF Current Minimization by Using Peterson Coil

The SCF is considered to take place at busbar X withRf=0 as shown in Figure 11. The short-circuit fault occurs when the voltage of phase A is at a peak value, that is, at 22.15 msec. Fault current is reduced by using resonant grounding due to the compensating impact of the Petersen coil. The charging and discharging in the SCF depend on the line-to-ground capacitances and on the fault location. Fault current through Petersen coil compensates and minimizes the capacitive current through the fault location. Table 3 gives the results in the case of Petersen coil with earth fault. Fault current has a small value because of the high percentage of compensation. This small value of fault current enables the system to continue feeding the consumers under fault for a long time. To compensate for the capacitive earth fault current of the feeder (with 200 km), the zero sequence capacitance is approximately 0.0079 μF/km.Figure 11
Configuration of the studied wind/PV GCS when Peterson coil varies from 1 H to 65 H with the SCF occurring at busbar X.Table 3
Minimization of fault currents at fault location X on the wind/PV GCS due to the SCF for different values of Peterson coil.
Fault inductance (Lf) (H)
Maximum magnitude of fault current with the SCF (Amp)
% change
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
1
5318
6154
5810
0.36
10
4349
5733
5420
7.73
30
3457
5111
4883
20.84
58.6
2698
4251
3985
45.28
65
2482
4069
3799
51.78Minimization of fault currents at fault location X on the wind/PV GCS due to the SCF for different values of Peterson coil is given in Table3. The waveforms of the fault current at fault location X are given in Figure 12. The maximum magnitude of fault currents at fault location X decreases as the fault inductance increases. Fault current at fault location X decreases from 0.36% at 1 H fault inductance to 51.78% at 65 H fault inductance. Transients in the fault current waveform are higher at a lower value of the fault inductance as compared to a higher value. It is also analyzed that the wave attenuation is also higher due to the SCF.Figure 12
SC current at fault location X when the SCF occurs at fault location X with 58.6 H fault inductance on the wind/PV GCS.The waveforms of the fault current at busbar Z are given in Figure13. Minimization of fault currents at busbar Z on the wind/PV GCS due to the SCF for different values of Peterson coil is given in Table 4. The maximum magnitude of fault currents at busbar Z decreases as the fault inductance increases. Fault current at fault location X decreases from 3.69% at 1 H fault inductance to 47.79% at 65 H fault inductance. Transients in the fault current waveform are higher at a lower value of the fault inductance as compared to a higher value. It is also analyzed that the wave attenuation is also higher due to the SCF.Figure 13
SC current at fault location X when the SCF occurs at fault location X with 58.6 H fault inductance on the wind/PV GCS (it is a not shunt-connected inductor).Table 4
Minimization of fault currents at busbar Z on the wind/PV GCS due to the SCF for different values of Peterson coil.
Fault inductance (Lf) (H)
Maximum magnitude of fault current with the SCF (Amp)
Current minimization (%)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
1
3356
4980
4801
−3.69
10
3061
4700
4495
−9.87
30
2796
4116
3850
−25.46
58.6
2466
3565
3439
−44.85
65
2408
3494
3338
−47.79Maximum magnitude of the voltage of faulted and unfaulted phases at fault location X when SCFs occur with fault inductance of Peterson coil that varies from 1 H to 65 H on the wind/PV GCS is given in Table5.Table 5
Maximum magnitude of the voltage of faulted and unfaulted phases at fault location X when the SCF occurs with fault inductance of Peterson coil varying from 1 H to 65 H on wind/PV IGs.
Fault inductance (H)
Maximum magnitude of the voltage of unfaulted phases at fault location X with Peterson coil (MV)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
1
0.00611
0.00237
0.002568
58.6
0.2808
0.2369
0.2843
65
0.2961
0.2428
0.3059The voltage of faulted phases increased from 6.11 kV at 1 H to 296.1 kV at 65 H inductances because it also acts as the voltage source. Wave attenuation is also increased as inductance increased as shown in Figures14 and 15. It is observed that fault currents due to the SLG fault are less as compared to those due to the SCF on wind/PV IGs. It means that the SCF has severe effects as compared to the SLG fault on the wind/PV hybrid system, when the effect of fault inductance is studied. It is also analyzed that the wave attenuation is also higher due to the SCF as compared to the SLG fault.Figure 14
SC voltage at fault location X when the SCF occurs at fault location X with 1 H fault inductance on wind/PV IGs.Figure 15
SC voltage at fault location X when the SCF occurs at fault location X with 58.6 H fault inductance on wind/PV IGs.


## 3.1. SCF Current Controlled by a Fault Resistor

The SCF is considered to take place at busbar X on the line as shown in Figure3. The short-circuit fault occurs when the voltage of phase A is at a peak value, that is, at 22.15 msec. The waveforms of the fault current at fault location X are given in Figure 4. Minimization of faulted phase currents at fault location X on the wind/PV GCS due to the SCF for different fault resistances is given in Table 1.Figure 3
Configuration of the studied wind/PV GCS for fault resistance from 1 Ω to 60 Ω with the SCF occurring at busbar X.Figure 4
SCF current at fault location X when the SCF occurs at fault location X with 40 Ω fault resistance on the wind/PV GCS.Table 1
Minimization of faulted phase currents at fault location X the on wind/PV GCS due to the SCF for different fault resistances.
Fault resistance (Rf) (Ω)
Maximum magnitude of fault current (Amp)
Current Minimization (%)
SCF
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
1
5263
5976
5767
−3.35
40.58
3382
3834
3791
−60.85
48
3125
3583
3544
−72.12
60
2801
3270
3239
−88.59The maximum magnitude of fault currents at fault location X decreases as the fault resistance increases. Fault current at fault location X decreases from 3.35% at 1 Ω fault resistance to 88.59% at 60 Ω fault resistances. It is also observed that SCF current is reduced as fault resistance is increased. Transients in the fault current waveform are higher at a lower value of the fault resistance as compared to a higher value expected. It is also analyzed that the wave attenuation is also higher due to the SCF as compared to the LG fault.


## 3.2. Comparison between the Wind/PV GCS with Solid Grounding and That with Peterson Coil Grounding under Various Faults

On this wind/PV GCS, different types of faults are considered such as the SLG fault, DLG fault, and SCF. The LG fault occurs on phase A at the end OHL, that is, 400 kV. In the case of the DLG fault, the fault occurs at the receiving end of the line on phases A and B. A comparison between solid grounding and Peterson coil grounding of 58.6 H inductance on 400 kV windings on the wind/PV GCS under various fault conditions is given in Table2.Table 2
A comparison between solid grounding and Peterson coil grounding of 58.6 H inductance on the wind/PV GCS under various fault conditions.
Fault type
Maximum magnitude of fault current at fault location X (Amp)
Current minimization (%)
Wind/PV GCS with solid grounding
Wind/PV IGs with Peterson coil grounding
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
SCF
5011
6176
5832
2698
4251
3985
−45.28
SLG fault
2096
—
—
2616
—
—
19.88
DLG fault
5119
4782
—
3208
3338
—
−43.26Table2 shows the SCF currents with solid grounding and with Peterson coil grounding of 58.6 H inductance. SCF current and wave distortion are reduced by using Peterson coil. Wave distortion is very high when the system is solid grounding as shown in Figures 5 and 6.Figure 5
SCF currents without Peterson coil at fault location X when the SCF occurs on the wind/PV GCS.Figure 6
SCF currents with Peterson coil of 58.6 H at fault location X when the SCF occurs on the wind/PV GCS.Table2 shows the SLG currents with solid grounding and with Peterson coil grounding of 58.6 H inductance. SLG current is increased to 19.88%, and wave distortion is reduced by using Peterson coil. Wave distortion is very high when the system is solid grounding as shown in Figures 7 and 8. It is also determined that Peterson coil is unsuitable under the SLG fault for 400 kV OHL from a transient overvoltage and distortion perspective. When the system capacitance is matched by the inductance of the coil, the system is fully compensated. If the reactor inductance does not match the system capacitance, the system is off tuned. It can be over- or undercompensated, depending on the relationship between inductance and capacitance. Peterson coil is not suitable for high-voltage and long transmission lines.Figure 7
Faulted phase current without Peterson coil at fault location X with the SLG fault on the wind/PV GCS.Figure 8
Faulted phase current with Peterson coil of 58.6 H at fault location X with the SLG fault on the wind/PV GCS.Table2 shows the DLG currents with solid grounding and with Peterson coil grounding of 58.6 H inductance. DLG current and wave distortion are reduced by using Peterson coil. Wave distortion is very high when the system is solid grounding as shown in Figures 9 and 10. It has been analyzed that Peterson coil is most suitable for the SCF and DLG fault. Harmonic distortion occurs due to wind/PV power electronics in Figures 5–10.Figure 9
Current of faulted phases A and B without Peterson coil at fault location X when the DLG fault occurs on the wind/PV GCS.Figure 10
Current of faulted phases A and B with Peterson coil of 58.6 H at fault location X when the DLG fault occurs on the wind/PV GCS.


## 3.3. SCF Current Minimization by Using Peterson Coil

The SCF is considered to take place at busbar X withRf=0 as shown in Figure 11. The short-circuit fault occurs when the voltage of phase A is at a peak value, that is, at 22.15 msec. Fault current is reduced by using resonant grounding due to the compensating impact of the Petersen coil. The charging and discharging in the SCF depend on the line-to-ground capacitances and on the fault location. Fault current through Petersen coil compensates and minimizes the capacitive current through the fault location. Table 3 gives the results in the case of Petersen coil with earth fault. Fault current has a small value because of the high percentage of compensation. This small value of fault current enables the system to continue feeding the consumers under fault for a long time. To compensate for the capacitive earth fault current of the feeder (with 200 km), the zero sequence capacitance is approximately 0.0079 μF/km.Figure 11
Configuration of the studied wind/PV GCS when Peterson coil varies from 1 H to 65 H with the SCF occurring at busbar X.Table 3
Minimization of fault currents at fault location X on the wind/PV GCS due to the SCF for different values of Peterson coil.
Fault inductance (Lf) (H)
Maximum magnitude of fault current with the SCF (Amp)
% change
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
1
5318
6154
5810
0.36
10
4349
5733
5420
7.73
30
3457
5111
4883
20.84
58.6
2698
4251
3985
45.28
65
2482
4069
3799
51.78Minimization of fault currents at fault location X on the wind/PV GCS due to the SCF for different values of Peterson coil is given in Table3. The waveforms of the fault current at fault location X are given in Figure 12. The maximum magnitude of fault currents at fault location X decreases as the fault inductance increases. Fault current at fault location X decreases from 0.36% at 1 H fault inductance to 51.78% at 65 H fault inductance. Transients in the fault current waveform are higher at a lower value of the fault inductance as compared to a higher value. It is also analyzed that the wave attenuation is also higher due to the SCF.Figure 12
SC current at fault location X when the SCF occurs at fault location X with 58.6 H fault inductance on the wind/PV GCS.The waveforms of the fault current at busbar Z are given in Figure13. Minimization of fault currents at busbar Z on the wind/PV GCS due to the SCF for different values of Peterson coil is given in Table 4. The maximum magnitude of fault currents at busbar Z decreases as the fault inductance increases. Fault current at fault location X decreases from 3.69% at 1 H fault inductance to 47.79% at 65 H fault inductance. Transients in the fault current waveform are higher at a lower value of the fault inductance as compared to a higher value. It is also analyzed that the wave attenuation is also higher due to the SCF.Figure 13
SC current at fault location X when the SCF occurs at fault location X with 58.6 H fault inductance on the wind/PV GCS (it is a not shunt-connected inductor).Table 4
Minimization of fault currents at busbar Z on the wind/PV GCS due to the SCF for different values of Peterson coil.
Fault inductance (Lf) (H)
Maximum magnitude of fault current with the SCF (Amp)
Current minimization (%)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
1
3356
4980
4801
−3.69
10
3061
4700
4495
−9.87
30
2796
4116
3850
−25.46
58.6
2466
3565
3439
−44.85
65
2408
3494
3338
−47.79Maximum magnitude of the voltage of faulted and unfaulted phases at fault location X when SCFs occur with fault inductance of Peterson coil that varies from 1 H to 65 H on the wind/PV GCS is given in Table5.Table 5
Maximum magnitude of the voltage of faulted and unfaulted phases at fault location X when the SCF occurs with fault inductance of Peterson coil varying from 1 H to 65 H on wind/PV IGs.
Fault inductance (H)
Maximum magnitude of the voltage of unfaulted phases at fault location X with Peterson coil (MV)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
1
0.00611
0.00237
0.002568
58.6
0.2808
0.2369
0.2843
65
0.2961
0.2428
0.3059The voltage of faulted phases increased from 6.11 kV at 1 H to 296.1 kV at 65 H inductances because it also acts as the voltage source. Wave attenuation is also increased as inductance increased as shown in Figures14 and 15. It is observed that fault currents due to the SLG fault are less as compared to those due to the SCF on wind/PV IGs. It means that the SCF has severe effects as compared to the SLG fault on the wind/PV hybrid system, when the effect of fault inductance is studied. It is also analyzed that the wave attenuation is also higher due to the SCF as compared to the SLG fault.Figure 14
SC voltage at fault location X when the SCF occurs at fault location X with 1 H fault inductance on wind/PV IGs.Figure 15
SC voltage at fault location X when the SCF occurs at fault location X with 58.6 H fault inductance on wind/PV IGs.


## 4. Conclusion

This investigation is significant for protection, designing, planning, and operation of the wind/PV GCS. The waveforms are analyzed for SCF current, which are used for designing the protection strategy. This research presents the transient overcurrent and overvoltage responses due to various faults, and the protection schemes such as solid, resistance, and Peterson coil grounding are examined for minimizing fault currents. These features have a significant contribution to the magnitudes and shapes of the current and voltage waveforms along OHL.This research included three types of faults including the SCF, SLG fault, and DLG fault. A detailed comparison between three cases has been examined, and this research was on a conventional system alone with the wind/PV GCS. The wind/PV generator had the most severe impact on the SCF. Fault calculation models are completed in ATP/EMTP software for HV wind/PV GCSs. The models investigate SCFs under various grounding methods and fault factors. SCF, SLG fault, and DLG fault currents are controlled by varying the value of fault resistance. The capacitive charging currents in OHL contribute to the fault current. Voltages of unfaulted phases are higher than the rated level of voltage.When the SCF is grounded through fault resistance, then, SCF current is decreased from 3.35% at 1Ω to 88.59% at 60 Ω fault resistance. Wave attenuation is also decreased as fault resistance increased from a low value of fault resistance to a high value.Fault currents with solid grounding and with Peterson coil grounding of 58.6 H inductance under various faults are also observed. SCF current is reduced to 45.28%, and wave distortion in fault current is also reduced by using Peterson coil grounding. SLG current is increased to 19.88%, and wave distortion is reduced by using Peterson coil grounding. DLG current is reduced to 43.26% and wave distortion is also reduced by using Peterson coil grounding. But wave distortions are very high for SCF, SLG, and DLG states, when the system is solid grounding. It has been analyzed that Peterson coil is most suitable for the SCF and DLG fault. In North America, the Peterson coil would only be considered for SLG purposes. Due to high voltage in OHL, it would require hundreds of higher voltage insulators over km; thus, it is never selected.Minimization of fault currents at fault location X and busbar Z on the wind/PV GCS due to the SCF for different values of Peterson coil at fault location X is also examined. The maximum magnitude of fault currents at fault location X decreases as the fault inductance increases. Fault current at fault location X decreases from 0.36% at 1 H fault inductance to 51.78% at 65 H fault inductance. Transients in the fault current waveform are higher at a lower value of the fault inductance as compared to a higher value. The maximum magnitude of fault currents at busbar Z decreases as the fault inductance increases. Fault current at busbar Z decreases from 3.69% at 1 H fault inductance to 47.79% at 65 H fault inductance. Transients in the fault current waveform are higher at a lower value of the fault inductance as compared to a higher value. It is also analyzed that the wave attenuation is also higher due to the SCF.



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*Source: 4860432-2017-11-19.xml*