# Spectrogram Image Analysis of Error Signals for Minimizing Impulse Noise

Authors: Jeakwan Kim; Yunseon Choi; Young-Sup Lee
Journal: Journal of Sensors
 (2016)

---

## Abstract

This paper presents the theoretical and experimental study on the spectrogram image analysis of error signals for minimizing the impulse input noises in the active suppression of noise. Impulse inputs of some specific wave patterns as primary noises to a one-dimensional duct with the length of 1800 mm are shown. The convergence speed of the adaptive feedforward algorithm based on the least mean square approach was controlled by a normalized step size which was incorporated into the algorithm. The variations of the step size govern the stability as well as the convergence speed. Because of this reason, a normalized step size is introduced as a new method for the control of impulse noise. The spectrogram images which indicate the degree of the attenuation of the impulse input noises are considered to represent the attenuation with the new method. The algorithm is extensively investigated in both simulation and real-time control experiment. It is demonstrated that the suggested algorithm worked with a nice stability and performance against impulse noises. The results in this study can be used for practical active noise control systems.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

Active noise control (ANC) systems are usually seeking to maximize the attenuation of a primary noise by cancelling the unwanted noise by taking advantage of the principle of superposition [1, 2]. They use adaptive feedforward algorithms such as the filtered reference least mean square (FxLMS) to compensate for the effect of the secondary path in order to ensure convergence [1, 2]. This ANC has been widely applied successfully to a number of applications such as airplanes, cars, headsets, mobile devices, and other consumer electronics [3, 4].However, as it is necessary to suppress a sudden impulse noise, an advanced ANC system, therefore, needs to have a capability to attenuate the sudden impulse noise to a certain level [5–8]. The spectrogram images give good information on how much the impulse input noise is suppressed after the application of the ANC algorithm [9–15].Impulse noises are important but harmful sources of the input to a number of practical control systems in which the noise level needs to maintain a certain level such as passenger cars or other various vehicles. Passenger cars are frequently exposed to excessive impulse noises when they are driven on rough roads or various bumps on pavements. Sudden impulses give huge effects to active noise control systems in terms of control stability as they can invoke excessive responses to maintain the performance during control. Therefore, it is necessary to adapt the step size to the magnitude of the impulses to control it, and the FxNLMS (filtered-x normalized LMS) algorithm can be used suitably in this case. For better driving and travelling conditions for drivers and passengers, they need to keep a comfortable noise level. The FxNLMS can offer better calm environment rather than FxLMS algorithm especially against impulse noise inputs. In this study, the algorithm for a duct ANC system is investigated in depth in order to control some impulse signals made of specific half-sine waves.In this study, thus, the analysis of the spectrogram images of error signals before and after control against three different impulses input noises to a duct system is shown.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section2, theoretical considerations are carried out to derive proper equations for impulse noise control based on the FxNLMS algorithm with a normalization factor in a duct. Section 3 presents the experimental setup including the test duct and control board for the real-time control. Also, the modelling of the secondary path is achieved to implement it in the control algorithm and the impulse signals for the input signal are designated in the same section. Intensive analysis and discussions from the measured results from real-time control in terms of time and frequency domain are written in Section 4. Finally, conclusions are summarized in Section 5.


## 2. Control Algorithm for Minimizing Impulse Noises

An impulse input to a system to be controlled causes a sudden response which makes the normal FxLMS cannot work properly. As shown in Figure1, the FxLMS update equation of the adaptive filter W
(
z
) is expressed as(1)
w
n
+
1
=
w
n
+
α
e
x
^
,where α is the convergence coefficient and e is the error signal and x
^ is the filtered reference signal vector which passed through the secondary path model S
^
(
z
) as illustrated in Figure 1.Figure 1
FxLMS algorithm.Also, as the large impulse input signal can introduce the instability in the LMS algorithm, one can use a smaller convergence coefficient when the measured reference signal becomes suddenly huge. This can lead to a stable FxLMS algorithm by modifying the step size of the update of the adaptive filterW
(
z
) by replacing α in (1) with α
N which can be defined by(2)
α
N
=
α
x
^
T
n
x
^
n
.In (2), α
N becomes smaller when the filtered reference signal x
^ is suddenly large. This is known as the FxNLMS (filtered-x normalized LMS). However, when the interval of each impulse is small enough, the system will respond continuously before the previous response decays completely. Thus, a new suggestion for the convergence coefficient can be written as(3)
α
N
C
=
k
α
x
^
T
n
x
^
n
,where the new term k increases the step size. Thus, α
N
C takes the place of α in (1) and it is rewritten as(4)
w
n
+
1
=
w
n
+
α
N
C
e
x
^
.Based on the suggested control algorithm in (4), the active minimization of the impulse input noise in a duct system will be presented in Section 3 in detail. As the algorithm can adaptively follow the huge and sudden changes in the input signal as denoted x
(
t
) in Figure 1, the control experiments were performed to demonstrate the feasibility of suppressing the impulse input noises in terms of the spectrogram images.


## 3. Experimental Setup

### 3.1. Hardware Setup

For the real-time impulse noise control, a duct experimental system has been built. The system includes a dSPACE 1104 digital signal processor, an acrylic duct, a primary loudspeaker at the end, a secondary loudspeaker, an error microphone at the other side end, a power amplifier, a signal conditioner, a reconstruction filter, and an antialiasing filter as shown in Figure2. The distance between the primary loudspeaker and the error microphone is 1800 mm.Figure 2
Experiment setup for the real-time control.The primary noise was originated from an external source and the control signal was generated from dSPACE 1104. The sampling frequency for the experiment was 6,000 Hz. The reconstruction filter and the antialiasing filter were designed as low-pass filters and their cutoff frequencies were both 500 Hz. Table1 shows the specifications of the components used in the experimental duct system in detail. In the real-time control experiment, the fixed length of the signal x
^ in the denominator of (2) for the FxNLMS was 100.Table 1
The specifications of the components in the duct system.
Component
Specification
Duct
Acryl, 1800 mm
Loudspeakers
Sammi SR-100A50
Microphone
PCB 1/2′′377B11
Signal conditioner
PCB 442B104
Antialiasing filter, reconstruction filter
Low-pass filter, cutoff frequency = 500 Hz
Digital signal processor
dSPACE DS1104
Power amplifier
InterM QD4240


### 3.2. Plant Modelling

The modeling of the secondary path of the duct system was carried out for the implementation of the control system. Its frequency response function (FRF) and impulse response function (IRF) are plotted in Figures3(a) and 3(b), respectively.Figure 3
Responses of the secondary path. (a) FRF, (b) IRF.
(a)
(b)The FRF indicates that there are many modes in the plant and the phase shows a linear property between 0 and about 2,000 Hz although there are some sudden changes at certain frequencies such as about 500 Hz and 1,100 Hz as illustrated in Figure3(a).The length of the IRF reaches about 400 samples until the response is decayed enough when the sampling frequency is 6,000 Hz as plotted in Figure3(b). However, the IRF length to represent the secondary path S
^
(
z
) was just 50 samples, because of the complexity of the control algorithm applied in this experiment.


### 3.3. Impulse Input Signals

The impulse inputs signals were designed by combining with half-sine waves and white noises to test the stability and performance of the control algorithm against some sudden impulse noises as described in Section2. As shown in Figure 4, the three half-sine waves with the frequencies of 77 Hz, 209 Hz, and 431 Hz, respectively, were designed for the control experiment. The sampling frequency of the control experiment was 6,000 Hz, and this indicates that 39 samples were necessary to implement the 77 Hz half-sine wave in Figure 4. And 15 and 7 samples were used for 209 Hz and 431 Hz half-sine waves, respectively.Figure 4
Half-sine waves of 77 Hz, 209 Hz, and 431 Hz for impulse input signals.Actually, the three different patterns of the half-sine waves represent some typical impulse noises. For example, the drivers of passenger cars can experience sudden big impulse noises when they pass over bumps on various roads. There are many different bumps on roads in terms of their heights and lengths. The three half-sine waves of 77, 209, and 431 Hz indicate blunt, medium, and sharp bumps, respectively. White noises were combined in the half-sine waves to make the impulse input signals contain more realistic background disturbances.Then, three impulse inputs of types A, B, and C were considered as shown in Table2. Type A impulse input consists of randomly spaced 14 impulses of 77 Hz half-sine wave with white noise for 2 seconds. Type B input has randomly spaced 14 impulses of 209 Hz half-sine wave with white noise for the same duration. Type C input contains randomly spaced 14 impulses of 77 Hz, 209 Hz, and 431 Hz half-sine waves with white noise as plotted in Figure 5.Table 2
The specifications of the components in the duct system.
Impulse input type
Signal combination
A
14 of 77 Hz half-sine waves + white noise
B
14 of 209 Hz half-sine waves + white noise
C
5 of 77 Hz + 5 of 209 Hz + 4 of 431 Hz half-sine waves + white noiseFigure 5
Type C impulse input with 14 half-sine waves and white noise.The number of the half-sine waves was 14 for each impulse input type as illustrated in Figure5. The magnitudes, intervals, and signs of each half-sine wave were randomly decided for the experiment. Type C impulse input consists of 5 of 77 Hz, 5 of 209 Hz, and 4 of 431 Hz half-sine waves with white noise. The largest magnitude of the 14 impulses in Figure 5 is designed to be 1. Each type impulse input was used as x
(
t
) signal in Figure 1 for the real-time control experiment in this study.


## 3.1. Hardware Setup

For the real-time impulse noise control, a duct experimental system has been built. The system includes a dSPACE 1104 digital signal processor, an acrylic duct, a primary loudspeaker at the end, a secondary loudspeaker, an error microphone at the other side end, a power amplifier, a signal conditioner, a reconstruction filter, and an antialiasing filter as shown in Figure2. The distance between the primary loudspeaker and the error microphone is 1800 mm.Figure 2
Experiment setup for the real-time control.The primary noise was originated from an external source and the control signal was generated from dSPACE 1104. The sampling frequency for the experiment was 6,000 Hz. The reconstruction filter and the antialiasing filter were designed as low-pass filters and their cutoff frequencies were both 500 Hz. Table1 shows the specifications of the components used in the experimental duct system in detail. In the real-time control experiment, the fixed length of the signal x
^ in the denominator of (2) for the FxNLMS was 100.Table 1
The specifications of the components in the duct system.
Component
Specification
Duct
Acryl, 1800 mm
Loudspeakers
Sammi SR-100A50
Microphone
PCB 1/2′′377B11
Signal conditioner
PCB 442B104
Antialiasing filter, reconstruction filter
Low-pass filter, cutoff frequency = 500 Hz
Digital signal processor
dSPACE DS1104
Power amplifier
InterM QD4240


## 3.2. Plant Modelling

The modeling of the secondary path of the duct system was carried out for the implementation of the control system. Its frequency response function (FRF) and impulse response function (IRF) are plotted in Figures3(a) and 3(b), respectively.Figure 3
Responses of the secondary path. (a) FRF, (b) IRF.
(a)
(b)The FRF indicates that there are many modes in the plant and the phase shows a linear property between 0 and about 2,000 Hz although there are some sudden changes at certain frequencies such as about 500 Hz and 1,100 Hz as illustrated in Figure3(a).The length of the IRF reaches about 400 samples until the response is decayed enough when the sampling frequency is 6,000 Hz as plotted in Figure3(b). However, the IRF length to represent the secondary path S
^
(
z
) was just 50 samples, because of the complexity of the control algorithm applied in this experiment.


## 3.3. Impulse Input Signals

The impulse inputs signals were designed by combining with half-sine waves and white noises to test the stability and performance of the control algorithm against some sudden impulse noises as described in Section2. As shown in Figure 4, the three half-sine waves with the frequencies of 77 Hz, 209 Hz, and 431 Hz, respectively, were designed for the control experiment. The sampling frequency of the control experiment was 6,000 Hz, and this indicates that 39 samples were necessary to implement the 77 Hz half-sine wave in Figure 4. And 15 and 7 samples were used for 209 Hz and 431 Hz half-sine waves, respectively.Figure 4
Half-sine waves of 77 Hz, 209 Hz, and 431 Hz for impulse input signals.Actually, the three different patterns of the half-sine waves represent some typical impulse noises. For example, the drivers of passenger cars can experience sudden big impulse noises when they pass over bumps on various roads. There are many different bumps on roads in terms of their heights and lengths. The three half-sine waves of 77, 209, and 431 Hz indicate blunt, medium, and sharp bumps, respectively. White noises were combined in the half-sine waves to make the impulse input signals contain more realistic background disturbances.Then, three impulse inputs of types A, B, and C were considered as shown in Table2. Type A impulse input consists of randomly spaced 14 impulses of 77 Hz half-sine wave with white noise for 2 seconds. Type B input has randomly spaced 14 impulses of 209 Hz half-sine wave with white noise for the same duration. Type C input contains randomly spaced 14 impulses of 77 Hz, 209 Hz, and 431 Hz half-sine waves with white noise as plotted in Figure 5.Table 2
The specifications of the components in the duct system.
Impulse input type
Signal combination
A
14 of 77 Hz half-sine waves + white noise
B
14 of 209 Hz half-sine waves + white noise
C
5 of 77 Hz + 5 of 209 Hz + 4 of 431 Hz half-sine waves + white noiseFigure 5
Type C impulse input with 14 half-sine waves and white noise.The number of the half-sine waves was 14 for each impulse input type as illustrated in Figure5. The magnitudes, intervals, and signs of each half-sine wave were randomly decided for the experiment. Type C impulse input consists of 5 of 77 Hz, 5 of 209 Hz, and 4 of 431 Hz half-sine waves with white noise. The largest magnitude of the 14 impulses in Figure 5 is designed to be 1. Each type impulse input was used as x
(
t
) signal in Figure 1 for the real-time control experiment in this study.


## 4. Results and Discussions

The real-time control experiments in the duct system against the impulse input noises as the primary sources, which are defined in Table2 and Figure 4 in the previous section, are shown.


### 4.1. Control against Type A Impulse Input

As type A impulse input consists of 77 Hz half-sine waves mostly, the spectrogram and PSD plotted in Figures6(a) and 6(d), respectively, show the dominant frequency components are observed around 80 Hz (the darkest parts) before control. It is also noted that there are some peaky components at about 350 Hz, which was caused by the acoustic modes in the duct.Figure 6
Real-time control result against type A impulse input. (a) Before control, (b) after FxLMS control, (c) after FxNLMS control, (d) PSD, and (e) attenuation.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)The spectrogram, PSD, and attenuation in Figures6(b), 6(d), and 6(e), respectively, after the FxLMS control against the same input type indicate that the reduction of 17~25 dB was achieved below 200 Hz. Particularly the dominant frequency components around 80 Hz were suppressed substantially. The spectrogram image after the FxLMS control in Figure 6(b) becomes quite brighter than before control in Figure 6(a).The spectrogram in Figure6(c) after the FxNLMS control displays even brighter image than after FxLMS control in Figure 6(b). The attenuation plot in Figure 6(e) illustrates that the frequency range of noise suppression was extended to about 800 Hz and the amount of the reduction reached about 15~25 dB.It is observed that the attenuation by the FxLMS is slightly better than the FxNMLS between 50 and 100 Hz in Figure6(e). In type A input, the necessary sample number of the 77 Hz half-sine wave is 39 because the sampling frequency was 6000 Hz. As the fixed length of the signal x
^ in the denominator of (2) for the FxNLMS was 100 in the control experiment, the FxNLMS could become less effective when the wavelength of the input noise is relatively long.If the length of the signalx
^ becomes longer, then the control effectiveness at low frequency such as 50–100 Hz would be better. However, the effectiveness at high frequency could become worse. Thus, this can be a problem of choosing more important frequency range for control. After intensive experiment, the length of 100 was determined to develop more effective algorithm against impulse input noises in which the frequencies of half-sine waves vary between 77 Hz and 431 Hz.


### 4.2. Control against Type B Impulse Input

As type B impulse input comprises 209 Hz half-sine waves, these frequency components were cancelled extensively after either the FxLMS or the FxNLMS controls as shown in Figure7. It is noted that the performances of both control algorithms were quite similar below about 450 Hz with the maximum reduction of about 30 dB as it can be seen from Figures 7(d) and 7(e). The spectrogram images in Figures 7(a), 7(b), and 7(c) demonstrate that the FxNLMS algorithm was better than that of the FxLMS.Figure 7
Real-time control result against type B impulse input. (a) Before control, (b) after FxLMS control, (c) after FxNLMS control, (d) PSD, and (e) attenuation.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)


### 4.3. Control against Type C Impulse Input

As type C impulse input has three half-sine waves of 77 Hz, 209 Hz, and 431 Hz randomly in terms of their magnitudes and occurrence and white noise, because of the various magnitudes of the input impulses which cause the different ringing times after each impulse, as plotted in Figure8(b), the FxLMS control cannot quickly suppress the ringing response followed by the impulse at about 1.2 seconds. It is found that the ringing response continued until the next impulse occurred.Figure 8
Real-time control result against type C impulse input. (a) Before control, (b) after FxLMS control, (c) after FxNLMS control, (d) PSD, and (e) attenuation.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)However, the FxNLMS control suppressed the ringing response very quickly as presented in Figure8(c). This difference of the performances of both control strategies demonstrates that the importance of the FxNLMS approach is very useful against a severe impulse input in those systems like passenger cars. In addition, it is noted that the control performance of the FxNLMS is more efficient against low frequency such as 77 Hz impulse input signals. The overall attenuation difference between the two algorithms in Figure 8(e) is about 5~10 dB at the frequency range of about 70~200 Hz. The spectrogram images in this result clarify the performance differences in the suppression of the mixed impulse input (type C).Table3 presents the average attenuations in dB against the three impulse input types A, B, or C. As plotted in Figures 6, 7, and 8, the differences in the three spectrogram images are caused by the impulse inputs that are different. The FxNLMS algorithm embedded in the real-time digital controller responds automatically with adaptive algorithms of the FxLMS and the FXNLMS against the input noises. Thus, the spectrogram images must be different because the two algorithms are different. Since the inputs were impulses, the FxNLMS showed better performance than the FxLMS in most of the frequency range as summarized in Table 3. The FxNLMS algorithm performed −16.97 dB, −18.24 dB, and −17.80 dB against the impulse input types A, B, and C, respectively. By the way, the FxLMS algorithm accomplished −13.44 dB, −18.03 dB, and −15.77 dB in the same order. This indicates that the FxNLMS algorithm achieved about 3.5 dB, 0.2 dB, and 2.0 dB more attenuation than the FxLMS.Table 3
Overall attenuation in 20~500 Hz.
Impulse input type
Overall attenuation
FxLMS
FxNLMS
Type A
−13.44 dB
−16.97 dB
Type B
−18.03 dB
−18.24 dB
Type C
−15.77 dB
−17.80 dBComparing the performances of the two algorithms against especially type C impulses input which is expected as more practical, it is noted the FxNLMS provides better stability for suppressing the resonances of the duct system. The two largest resonances at about 125 Hz and 325 Hz before control as plotted in Figure8(d) were suppressed more about 7~15 dB by the FxNLMS than the FxLMS.The frequency variation of the impulse input gives important effect to the stability and the performance of the FxNLMS algorithm, since the length of the signalx
^ in the denominator of (2) for the FxNLMS is very much related to the input half-sine wave frequency. Thus, if it is necessary to minimize a higher frequency impulse input, then a shorter length of the signal x
^ is required. Against low frequency impulses noises, a longer length is better in general. If the variation of the frequency of a half-sine impulse is small, the effect will not be big.


## 4.1. Control against Type A Impulse Input

As type A impulse input consists of 77 Hz half-sine waves mostly, the spectrogram and PSD plotted in Figures6(a) and 6(d), respectively, show the dominant frequency components are observed around 80 Hz (the darkest parts) before control. It is also noted that there are some peaky components at about 350 Hz, which was caused by the acoustic modes in the duct.Figure 6
Real-time control result against type A impulse input. (a) Before control, (b) after FxLMS control, (c) after FxNLMS control, (d) PSD, and (e) attenuation.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)The spectrogram, PSD, and attenuation in Figures6(b), 6(d), and 6(e), respectively, after the FxLMS control against the same input type indicate that the reduction of 17~25 dB was achieved below 200 Hz. Particularly the dominant frequency components around 80 Hz were suppressed substantially. The spectrogram image after the FxLMS control in Figure 6(b) becomes quite brighter than before control in Figure 6(a).The spectrogram in Figure6(c) after the FxNLMS control displays even brighter image than after FxLMS control in Figure 6(b). The attenuation plot in Figure 6(e) illustrates that the frequency range of noise suppression was extended to about 800 Hz and the amount of the reduction reached about 15~25 dB.It is observed that the attenuation by the FxLMS is slightly better than the FxNMLS between 50 and 100 Hz in Figure6(e). In type A input, the necessary sample number of the 77 Hz half-sine wave is 39 because the sampling frequency was 6000 Hz. As the fixed length of the signal x
^ in the denominator of (2) for the FxNLMS was 100 in the control experiment, the FxNLMS could become less effective when the wavelength of the input noise is relatively long.If the length of the signalx
^ becomes longer, then the control effectiveness at low frequency such as 50–100 Hz would be better. However, the effectiveness at high frequency could become worse. Thus, this can be a problem of choosing more important frequency range for control. After intensive experiment, the length of 100 was determined to develop more effective algorithm against impulse input noises in which the frequencies of half-sine waves vary between 77 Hz and 431 Hz.


## 4.2. Control against Type B Impulse Input

As type B impulse input comprises 209 Hz half-sine waves, these frequency components were cancelled extensively after either the FxLMS or the FxNLMS controls as shown in Figure7. It is noted that the performances of both control algorithms were quite similar below about 450 Hz with the maximum reduction of about 30 dB as it can be seen from Figures 7(d) and 7(e). The spectrogram images in Figures 7(a), 7(b), and 7(c) demonstrate that the FxNLMS algorithm was better than that of the FxLMS.Figure 7
Real-time control result against type B impulse input. (a) Before control, (b) after FxLMS control, (c) after FxNLMS control, (d) PSD, and (e) attenuation.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)


## 4.3. Control against Type C Impulse Input

As type C impulse input has three half-sine waves of 77 Hz, 209 Hz, and 431 Hz randomly in terms of their magnitudes and occurrence and white noise, because of the various magnitudes of the input impulses which cause the different ringing times after each impulse, as plotted in Figure8(b), the FxLMS control cannot quickly suppress the ringing response followed by the impulse at about 1.2 seconds. It is found that the ringing response continued until the next impulse occurred.Figure 8
Real-time control result against type C impulse input. (a) Before control, (b) after FxLMS control, (c) after FxNLMS control, (d) PSD, and (e) attenuation.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)However, the FxNLMS control suppressed the ringing response very quickly as presented in Figure8(c). This difference of the performances of both control strategies demonstrates that the importance of the FxNLMS approach is very useful against a severe impulse input in those systems like passenger cars. In addition, it is noted that the control performance of the FxNLMS is more efficient against low frequency such as 77 Hz impulse input signals. The overall attenuation difference between the two algorithms in Figure 8(e) is about 5~10 dB at the frequency range of about 70~200 Hz. The spectrogram images in this result clarify the performance differences in the suppression of the mixed impulse input (type C).Table3 presents the average attenuations in dB against the three impulse input types A, B, or C. As plotted in Figures 6, 7, and 8, the differences in the three spectrogram images are caused by the impulse inputs that are different. The FxNLMS algorithm embedded in the real-time digital controller responds automatically with adaptive algorithms of the FxLMS and the FXNLMS against the input noises. Thus, the spectrogram images must be different because the two algorithms are different. Since the inputs were impulses, the FxNLMS showed better performance than the FxLMS in most of the frequency range as summarized in Table 3. The FxNLMS algorithm performed −16.97 dB, −18.24 dB, and −17.80 dB against the impulse input types A, B, and C, respectively. By the way, the FxLMS algorithm accomplished −13.44 dB, −18.03 dB, and −15.77 dB in the same order. This indicates that the FxNLMS algorithm achieved about 3.5 dB, 0.2 dB, and 2.0 dB more attenuation than the FxLMS.Table 3
Overall attenuation in 20~500 Hz.
Impulse input type
Overall attenuation
FxLMS
FxNLMS
Type A
−13.44 dB
−16.97 dB
Type B
−18.03 dB
−18.24 dB
Type C
−15.77 dB
−17.80 dBComparing the performances of the two algorithms against especially type C impulses input which is expected as more practical, it is noted the FxNLMS provides better stability for suppressing the resonances of the duct system. The two largest resonances at about 125 Hz and 325 Hz before control as plotted in Figure8(d) were suppressed more about 7~15 dB by the FxNLMS than the FxLMS.The frequency variation of the impulse input gives important effect to the stability and the performance of the FxNLMS algorithm, since the length of the signalx
^ in the denominator of (2) for the FxNLMS is very much related to the input half-sine wave frequency. Thus, if it is necessary to minimize a higher frequency impulse input, then a shorter length of the signal x
^ is required. Against low frequency impulses noises, a longer length is better in general. If the variation of the frequency of a half-sine impulse is small, the effect will not be big.


## 5. Conclusions

This study presents spectrogram images analysis of error signals in an active control system against the impulse input signals in a one-dimensional duct. For the improvement of spectrogram images, a new normalization factorα
N
C in the update equation was implemented for the real-time control algorithm.The frequency variation of the impulse input gives important effect to the stability and the performance of the FxNLMS algorithm, since the length of the signalx
^ in the denominator for the FxNLMS is very much related to the input half-sine wave frequency.Control results with the new algorithm showed stable and excellent responses compared to those before control. As the three impulse input signals types with white noise were generated independently, the control algorithm attenuates the noises from about −17 dB to −18 dB with the new normalization factor in the real-time control. On the other hand, only about −13 dB to −16 dB were reduced with the FxLMS algorithm. The improved algorithm also worked with a nice stability and performance against 3 different types of the impulse input signals. The results in this study can be used for practical active noise control systems.



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*Source: 4935694-2015-12-06.xml*