# Study of CRFP Shell Structures under Dynamic Loading in Shock Tube Setup

Authors: H. A. Khawaja; T. A. Bertelsen; R. Andreassen; M. Moatamedi
Journal: Journal of Structures
 (2014)

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## Abstract

The paper gives the study of the response of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CRFP) quasi-isotropic shell structures under the influence of dynamic loading. The quasi-isotropic CRFP shell specimens are fabricated using Multipreg E720 laminates. These laminates are laid in such a way that shell structure has equal strength and mechanical properties in the two-dimensional (2D) plane and hence can be regarded as quasi-isotropic. In this study, the dynamic loading is generated using shock waves in a shock tube experimental setup. The strain and pressure data is collected from the experiments. Additional tests are carried out using Material Test System (MTS) for both tensile and flexural response of CRFP. Results obtained from experiments are compared with numerical simulations using ANSYS Multiphysics 14.0 finite element method (FEM) package. The numerical simulation and experimental results are found to be in good agreement.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The composite materials are increasingly used in a number of applications, for example, ultralight tennis rackets, aircrafts fuselages, sports cars, and so forth. With the increase in usage of composites, it is also becoming essential to study them [1]. This paper presents an attempt to study the carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CRFP) under the influence of dynamic loading using shock waves generated in shock tube experimental setup.Researchers have tested various materials subjected to shock wave [2]. Usually, such experiments are carried out using explosives submerged in water [3, 4]. The test specimens are placed at different distances to control the intensity of shock waves [5, 6]. This method is both expensive and potentially dangerous and requires careful planning [3, 7]. In addition, complicated calculations and estimations are required to analyze the results. Another method is based on creating shock waves in a shock tube [8]. Such method has considerable advantages in comparison to earlier methods [9, 10]. In this method, either a solid projectile or a high pressure fluid is injected into a tube containing liquid instantaneously. This generates a shock wave which propagates along the tube. A test specimen subjected to the shock wave can be placed along the tube. The intensity of shock wave is controlled using velocity of entering projectile or the pressure of fluid. Further control can be added using a T-junction in the tube [9]. Pressure transducers and strain gauges can be placed along the tube for the collection of data. The shock tube experimental setup used in this study is given in Section 2.


## 2. Methodology

### 2.1. Preparation of CFRP Samples

For this study, quasi-isotropic shell structures are made by strengthening fibers in all respective 45° angles. A quasi-isotropic shell structure consists of a lay-up of laminates at 0°, +45°, +90°, −45° (135°), 0°, and so on as shown in Figure1. This makes the composite shell structure equally strong in two-dimensional (2D) plane. Different strengths and mechanical properties can be obtained by laying fabrics in different angular positions [11]. This is useful if required in particular application [12].Figure 1
A 3D model showing a quasi-isotropic lay-up of carbon fiber fabrics.In this work, carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CRFP) shell specimens are fabricated using Multipreg E720 laminates [13]. These laminates consist of two main components, carbon fiber fabric (T-300) and a matrix material (SC72A/EF72 [14, 15]). The matrix material (also known as resin) is an adhesive material, which helps to glue carbon fiber fabrics together. The matrix material also aids in increasing the stiffness and strength of the composite material. A generic tensile stress/strain behavior of fibers, resin, and composite is given in Figure 2 [16]. The failure mechanism of composite material is given by [17].Figure 2
A stress/strain diagram, showing the fiber sheets in green, the resin (matrix) material in yellow, and the combined composite material (PMC) in the middle [16].


### 2.2. Shock Tube Experiment Setup

The shock tube consists of two main parts: the driver section and the driven section (Figure3) [18]. The driver section contains compressed air, which is released into the driven section in order to create a shock wave. This is generally triggered with a burst plate or a high speed valve. In given experiments, shock wave is generated in water by releasing high pressure air through high speed valve. The shock wave propagates through water in the driven section [19]. At the end of the driven section, a T-section is fitted, enabling a secure mount of a test specimen (Figure 4).Figure 3
The shock tube. Driver section to the right (containing compressed air) and driven section to the left containing uncompressed water and a T-section for mounting the test specimen.Figure 4
Rosette strain gauge attached to a CRFP specimen using cyanide-based glue. The three-colored wires are connections to three strain gauges at 45° angles. The strain gauge is placed in the geometric center of the plate.In these experiments, three pressure sensors (one static and two piezoelectric sensors) are placed at three different places in the shock tube to capture the propagation of the shock wave. The test specimen is mounted with a rosette strain gauge in order to capture the small strains created by the shock wave impact (Figure5).Figure 5
The T-section. The CRFP specimen is mounted on the T-section where the three-colored wires are the connection of the rosette strain gauge.


### 2.3. Material Test System (MTS)

The Material Test System (MTS) [20] is employed to examine the change in properties of test specimens. Given setup (Figure 6) can apply static and dynamic loads up to 100 metric tons. These tests were performed on specimens with and without being subjected to shock impact (Figure 7). Two kinds of tests were performed using MTS system: tensile (Figure 8) and flexural tests (Figure 9).Figure 6
The MTS during tensile testing of a steel sample.Figure 7
Kevlar, CRFP, and aluminium test samples. The ends are reinforced using aluminium plates for holding into the clamps. Rosette strain gauge is mounted for measuring the local strains.Figure 8
Tensile loads applied to a test piece. The material is stretched.Figure 9
Flexural loads applied to a material. Such load will give a tensile stress in the top surface, a shear stress in the middle, and compressive stresses in the bottom layer.Rosette strain gauges were attached to the middle of each test piece for local strain. An average displacement gauge was also added to measure the total displacement of the test piece. The MTS was preprogrammed to apply tensile load, thus stretching the test piece until it ruptured. Tensile tests proved to be useful; however, clamps may create stress concentration points and hence lead to early failure. This can be avoided by performing flexural tests.Flexural testing is more accurate in order to find the mechanical properties of test specimens. The experiment has been performed by bending the material using a pressure line in the middle of the test pieces (applied top down), while being placed on two supports (one on the left hand bottom side and one on the right hand bottom side) as shown in Figures10(a) and 10(b). The middle (top down) line is applying pressure from the top onto the middle of the plane, bending the material until it suffers from total mechanical failure. The test piece used in flexural tests were prepared in the same way as for the tensile tests. In both tests, rosette strain gauge was placed in the geometric centre of the test piece. It is expected that the strain in longitudinal direction (from support to support) is going to be the highest with almost no strain in lateral direction.(a) A sketch of the flexural tests. (b) The actual flexural test performed in MTS.
(a)
(b)


## 2.1. Preparation of CFRP Samples

For this study, quasi-isotropic shell structures are made by strengthening fibers in all respective 45° angles. A quasi-isotropic shell structure consists of a lay-up of laminates at 0°, +45°, +90°, −45° (135°), 0°, and so on as shown in Figure1. This makes the composite shell structure equally strong in two-dimensional (2D) plane. Different strengths and mechanical properties can be obtained by laying fabrics in different angular positions [11]. This is useful if required in particular application [12].Figure 1
A 3D model showing a quasi-isotropic lay-up of carbon fiber fabrics.In this work, carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CRFP) shell specimens are fabricated using Multipreg E720 laminates [13]. These laminates consist of two main components, carbon fiber fabric (T-300) and a matrix material (SC72A/EF72 [14, 15]). The matrix material (also known as resin) is an adhesive material, which helps to glue carbon fiber fabrics together. The matrix material also aids in increasing the stiffness and strength of the composite material. A generic tensile stress/strain behavior of fibers, resin, and composite is given in Figure 2 [16]. The failure mechanism of composite material is given by [17].Figure 2
A stress/strain diagram, showing the fiber sheets in green, the resin (matrix) material in yellow, and the combined composite material (PMC) in the middle [16].


## 2.2. Shock Tube Experiment Setup

The shock tube consists of two main parts: the driver section and the driven section (Figure3) [18]. The driver section contains compressed air, which is released into the driven section in order to create a shock wave. This is generally triggered with a burst plate or a high speed valve. In given experiments, shock wave is generated in water by releasing high pressure air through high speed valve. The shock wave propagates through water in the driven section [19]. At the end of the driven section, a T-section is fitted, enabling a secure mount of a test specimen (Figure 4).Figure 3
The shock tube. Driver section to the right (containing compressed air) and driven section to the left containing uncompressed water and a T-section for mounting the test specimen.Figure 4
Rosette strain gauge attached to a CRFP specimen using cyanide-based glue. The three-colored wires are connections to three strain gauges at 45° angles. The strain gauge is placed in the geometric center of the plate.In these experiments, three pressure sensors (one static and two piezoelectric sensors) are placed at three different places in the shock tube to capture the propagation of the shock wave. The test specimen is mounted with a rosette strain gauge in order to capture the small strains created by the shock wave impact (Figure5).Figure 5
The T-section. The CRFP specimen is mounted on the T-section where the three-colored wires are the connection of the rosette strain gauge.


## 2.3. Material Test System (MTS)

The Material Test System (MTS) [20] is employed to examine the change in properties of test specimens. Given setup (Figure 6) can apply static and dynamic loads up to 100 metric tons. These tests were performed on specimens with and without being subjected to shock impact (Figure 7). Two kinds of tests were performed using MTS system: tensile (Figure 8) and flexural tests (Figure 9).Figure 6
The MTS during tensile testing of a steel sample.Figure 7
Kevlar, CRFP, and aluminium test samples. The ends are reinforced using aluminium plates for holding into the clamps. Rosette strain gauge is mounted for measuring the local strains.Figure 8
Tensile loads applied to a test piece. The material is stretched.Figure 9
Flexural loads applied to a material. Such load will give a tensile stress in the top surface, a shear stress in the middle, and compressive stresses in the bottom layer.Rosette strain gauges were attached to the middle of each test piece for local strain. An average displacement gauge was also added to measure the total displacement of the test piece. The MTS was preprogrammed to apply tensile load, thus stretching the test piece until it ruptured. Tensile tests proved to be useful; however, clamps may create stress concentration points and hence lead to early failure. This can be avoided by performing flexural tests.Flexural testing is more accurate in order to find the mechanical properties of test specimens. The experiment has been performed by bending the material using a pressure line in the middle of the test pieces (applied top down), while being placed on two supports (one on the left hand bottom side and one on the right hand bottom side) as shown in Figures10(a) and 10(b). The middle (top down) line is applying pressure from the top onto the middle of the plane, bending the material until it suffers from total mechanical failure. The test piece used in flexural tests were prepared in the same way as for the tensile tests. In both tests, rosette strain gauge was placed in the geometric centre of the test piece. It is expected that the strain in longitudinal direction (from support to support) is going to be the highest with almost no strain in lateral direction.(a) A sketch of the flexural tests. (b) The actual flexural test performed in MTS.
(a)
(b)


## 3. Results

### 3.1. Shock Tube and MTS Experiment Results

It is found that strain profile is linear mapping of driven pressure profile which can be seen from Figures11(a) and 11(b). The experiments are repeated on the same test piece to confirm the validity of the results. Repeated experiments proved that CRFP test pieces can withstand shock pressure (Figure 11(a)); however, it is worth noting that applied shock pressure in these experiments did not result in strains for more than 25% of strain limit for rupture. It can be deduced that material behaves linearly under shock pressure loading which is further confirmed using transient FEM simulation by applying driven pressure loading data from shock tube experiments.(a) Driven pressure profile in shock tube. (b) Rosette strain gauges response from four layers of CRFP specimen. Noise in strains after 0.16 s is due to experimental setup.
(a)
(b)At this stage, it is important to see the response of CRFP test samples under slow loading; therefore, MTS tests are employed. At first, tensile tests are performed on samples as shown in Figure7 where stress and strain data are recorded as shown in Figure 12. Tensile test is run until rupture of the test piece.Figure 12
Stress/strain curve from the initial tensile tests on CRFP test specimens. The test piece ruptured after 37.4 seconds, gaining a strain of 10.8 millistrains in total.As shown in Figure12, that CRFP test sample behaved linearly until rupture. The test specimen ruptured after approximately 37.4 seconds, gaining 10.8 millistrains. The overall Young’s modulus is found to be 28.897 GPa, whilst the modulus according to standard is provided as 26.751 GPa [21]. A slight deviation is observed in results with repetition in the tests for which a likely cause is variation in the curing process in preparation of the samples.Further, to confirm the linearity of CRFP response, flexural tests (Figures10(a) and 10(b)) are performed in MTS. The results show the strains in 0° (X), 45° (XY), and 90° (Y) directions. TheX-strain is largest (red), followed by theXY-strain (green), and the smallest is theY-strain (blue) as shown in Figure 13. TheX-strain shows a maximum of 0.013 before the material ruptured after 298 seconds. This shows that the quasi-isotropic CRFP test specimen behaves linearly during low velocity, dynamic loads.Figure 13
Strains over time gathered during flexural testing.X-strain in red,XY-strain in green, andY-strain in blue.X-strain is the largest strain,XY-strain is about half ofX-strain andY-strain is the least.


### 3.2. Finite Element Method Simulations Using ANSYS 14.0

The simulations [22, 23] are performed using experimental data gathered from shock tube experiments and the MTS. The 8-node 281-shell element provided in ANSYS 14.0 is used [23]. Mesh sensitivity analysis is carried out to ensure the quality of simulation results. In the analysis, the maximum strain is monitored with the mesh density. The value of maximum strain stabilizes with the increase in mesh density as shown in Figure 14. The FEM mesh used in simulation is shown in Figure 15. This represents the FEM model of 1200 elements (mesh density of “4
x” from Figure 14). The simulated shell structure is 2.145 mm thick and 3.70 cm in diameter. The outer edges of the circular mesh are constrained in all degrees of freedom (DOFs). Transient pressure data from shock wave experiments is applied to the surface area. Obtained results are shown in Figure 16.Figure 14
Results from the mesh sensitivity analysis (x
=
300 elements).Figure 15
Mesh used in finite element analysis; shown is “4
x” mesh density containing 1200 elements.Figure 16
Pressure from experiment compared to equivalent strains from numerical simulation for an eight-layer CRFP.The strains obtained from simulations are one-to-one mapping to the pressure data and strain, confirming the results earlier seen in experiments. This demonstrates that there is a coherent response in the structure with the application of dynamic loading. Thus, the simulations also confirm that the response is linear during transient impulsive loading for quasi-isotropic CRFP.


## 3.1. Shock Tube and MTS Experiment Results

It is found that strain profile is linear mapping of driven pressure profile which can be seen from Figures11(a) and 11(b). The experiments are repeated on the same test piece to confirm the validity of the results. Repeated experiments proved that CRFP test pieces can withstand shock pressure (Figure 11(a)); however, it is worth noting that applied shock pressure in these experiments did not result in strains for more than 25% of strain limit for rupture. It can be deduced that material behaves linearly under shock pressure loading which is further confirmed using transient FEM simulation by applying driven pressure loading data from shock tube experiments.(a) Driven pressure profile in shock tube. (b) Rosette strain gauges response from four layers of CRFP specimen. Noise in strains after 0.16 s is due to experimental setup.
(a)
(b)At this stage, it is important to see the response of CRFP test samples under slow loading; therefore, MTS tests are employed. At first, tensile tests are performed on samples as shown in Figure7 where stress and strain data are recorded as shown in Figure 12. Tensile test is run until rupture of the test piece.Figure 12
Stress/strain curve from the initial tensile tests on CRFP test specimens. The test piece ruptured after 37.4 seconds, gaining a strain of 10.8 millistrains in total.As shown in Figure12, that CRFP test sample behaved linearly until rupture. The test specimen ruptured after approximately 37.4 seconds, gaining 10.8 millistrains. The overall Young’s modulus is found to be 28.897 GPa, whilst the modulus according to standard is provided as 26.751 GPa [21]. A slight deviation is observed in results with repetition in the tests for which a likely cause is variation in the curing process in preparation of the samples.Further, to confirm the linearity of CRFP response, flexural tests (Figures10(a) and 10(b)) are performed in MTS. The results show the strains in 0° (X), 45° (XY), and 90° (Y) directions. TheX-strain is largest (red), followed by theXY-strain (green), and the smallest is theY-strain (blue) as shown in Figure 13. TheX-strain shows a maximum of 0.013 before the material ruptured after 298 seconds. This shows that the quasi-isotropic CRFP test specimen behaves linearly during low velocity, dynamic loads.Figure 13
Strains over time gathered during flexural testing.X-strain in red,XY-strain in green, andY-strain in blue.X-strain is the largest strain,XY-strain is about half ofX-strain andY-strain is the least.


## 3.2. Finite Element Method Simulations Using ANSYS 14.0

The simulations [22, 23] are performed using experimental data gathered from shock tube experiments and the MTS. The 8-node 281-shell element provided in ANSYS 14.0 is used [23]. Mesh sensitivity analysis is carried out to ensure the quality of simulation results. In the analysis, the maximum strain is monitored with the mesh density. The value of maximum strain stabilizes with the increase in mesh density as shown in Figure 14. The FEM mesh used in simulation is shown in Figure 15. This represents the FEM model of 1200 elements (mesh density of “4
x” from Figure 14). The simulated shell structure is 2.145 mm thick and 3.70 cm in diameter. The outer edges of the circular mesh are constrained in all degrees of freedom (DOFs). Transient pressure data from shock wave experiments is applied to the surface area. Obtained results are shown in Figure 16.Figure 14
Results from the mesh sensitivity analysis (x
=
300 elements).Figure 15
Mesh used in finite element analysis; shown is “4
x” mesh density containing 1200 elements.Figure 16
Pressure from experiment compared to equivalent strains from numerical simulation for an eight-layer CRFP.The strains obtained from simulations are one-to-one mapping to the pressure data and strain, confirming the results earlier seen in experiments. This demonstrates that there is a coherent response in the structure with the application of dynamic loading. Thus, the simulations also confirm that the response is linear during transient impulsive loading for quasi-isotropic CRFP.


## 4. Conclusion

Results from the shock tube experimental setup, Material Test System (with both tensile and flexural testing), and the Finite Element Method simulations using ANSYS 14.0 proved that, under dynamic loading, CRFP E720 composite behaves linearly. A good agreement between simulations and experimental results confirms that Finite Element Method can be used for modelling of deforming structures under dynamic loading especially in the case as that discussed. The results from the given case prove that the mechanical behavior for quasi-isotropic CRFP E720 laminates is as similar during high speed, short time dynamic shock wave loads as it is for long time static, low velocity loads.



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*Source: 487809-2014-12-04.xml*