# Second Order Ideal-Ward Continuity

Authors: Bipan Hazarika
Journal: International Journal of Analysis
 (2014)

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## Abstract

The main aim of the paper is to introduce a concept of second order ideal-ward continuity in the sense that a functionf is second order ideal-ward continuous if I-limn→∞Δ2f(xn)=0 whenever I-limn→∞Δ2xn=0 and a concept of second order ideal-ward compactness in the sense that a subset E of R is second order ideal-ward compact if any sequence x=(xn) of points in E has a subsequence z=(zk)=(xnk) of the sequence x such that I-limk→∞Δ2zk=0 where Δ2zk=zk+2-2zk+1+zk. We investigate the impact of changing the definition of convergence of sequences on the structure of ideal-ward continuity in the sense of second order ideal-ward continuity and compactness of sets in the sense of second order ideal-ward compactness and prove related theorems.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Let us start with basic definitions from the literature. LetK⊆ℕ, the set of all natural numbers, and Kn={k≤n:k∈K}. Then the natural density of K is defined by δ(K)=lim⁡nn-1|Kn| if the limit exists, where the vertical bars indicate the number of elements in the enclosed set.Fast [1] presented the following definition of statistical convergence for sequences of real numbers. The sequence x=(xk) is said to be statistically convergent to L if for every ϵ>0, the set Kϵ:={k∈N:|xk-L|≥ϵ} has natural density zero; that is, for each ϵ>0,
(1)lim⁡n1n|{j≤n:|xj-L|≥ϵ}|=0.
In this case, we write S-lim⁡x=L or xk→L(S) and S denotes the set of all statistically convergent sequences. Note that every convergent sequence is statistically convergent but not conversely.Some basic properties related to the concept of statistical convergence were studied in [2, 3]. In 1985, Fridy [4] presented the notion of statistically Cauchy sequence and determined that it is equivalent to statistical convergence. Caserta et al. [5] studied statistical convergence in function spaces, while Caserta and Koc˘inac [6] investigated statistical exhaustiveness.Kostyrko et al. [7] introduced the notion of ideal convergence. It is a generalization of statistical convergence. For details on ideal convergence we refer to [8–13].LetX be a nonempty set; then a family of sets I⊂P(X) (power sets of X) is called an ideal on X if and only if(a)
ϕ∈I,(b)
for eachA,B∈I, we have A∪B∈I,(c)
for eachA∈I and each B⊂A, we have B∈I.A nonempty family of setsF⊂P(X) is a filter onXif and only if(a)
ϕ∉F,(b)
for eachA,B∈F, we have A∩B∈F,(c)
eachA∈F and each B⊃A, we have B∈F.An idealI is called nontrivial ideal if I≠ϕ and X∉I. Clearly I⊂P(X) is a nontrivial ideal if and only if F=F(I)={X-A:A∈I} is a filter on X. A nontrivial ideal I⊂P(X) is called admissible if and only if {{x}:x∈X}⊂I. A nontrivial ideal I is maximal if there cannot exist any nontrivial ideal J≠I containing I as a subset.Definition 1 (see [7]).
A sequencex=(xn) of points in R is said to be I-convergent to the number ℓ if, for every ɛ>0, the set {n∈N:|xn-ℓ|≥ɛ}∈I. One writes I-lim⁡xn=ℓ. One sees that a sequence x=(xn) being I-convergent implies that I-lim⁡n→∞Δxn=0.Burton and Coleman [14] introduced the concept of quasi-Cauchy sequences as a sequence (xn) of points of R is said to be a quasi-Cauchy sequence if (Δxn) is a null sequence where Δxn=xn+1-xn. Çakallı and Hazarika [15] introduced the concept of ideal quasi-Cauchy sequences. Recall from [15] that a sequence (xn) of points of R is called ideal quasi-Cauchy if I-lim⁡n→∞Δxn=0.We say that a sequencex=(xn) is ward convergent to a number ℓ if lim⁡n→∞Δxn=ℓ where Δxn=xn+1-xn. Using the idea of continuity of a real function and the idea of compactness in terms of sequences, Çakallı [16] introduced the concept of ward continuity in the sense that a function f is ward continuous if it transforms ward convergent to 0 sequences to ward convergent to 0 sequences; that is, (f(xn)) is ward convergent to 0 whenever (xn) is ward convergent to 0, and Çakallı [17] introduced the concept of ward compactness in the sense that a subset E of R is ward compact if any sequence x=(xn) of points in E has a subsequence z=(zk)=(xnk) of the sequence x such that lim⁡k→∞Δzk=0 where Δzk=zk+1-zk. Throughout the paper c, S, I, and ΔI will denote the set of all convergent sequences, statistically convergent sequences, I-convergent sequences, and the set of all I-ward convergent to 0 sequences of points in R where a sequence x=(xn) is called I-ward convergent to 0 if I-lim⁡n→∞Δxn=0.Throughout the paper we assumeI is a nontrivial admissible ideal of N.


## 2. Second Order Ideal-Ward Continuity

We introduce the notion of second order ward convergent sequences as follows.Definition 2.
A sequencex=(xn) is said to be second order ward convergent to a number ℓ if lim⁡n→∞Δ2xn=ℓ where Δ2xn=xn+2-2xn+1+xn. For the special case ℓ=0, x is called second order ward convergent to 0.We note that any ward convergent to 0 sequence is also second order ward convergent to 0, but the opposite is not always true as it can be considering the sequence(n).Definition 3.
A sequencex=(xn) is said to be second order ideal-ward convergent to a number ℓ if I-lim⁡n→∞Δ2xn=ℓ where Δ2xn=xn+2-2xn+1+xn. For the special case ℓ=0, x is called second order ideal-ward convergent to 0. One denotes by Δ2I the set of all second order ideal-ward convergent sequences.Now we give the definition of second order ideal-ward continuous function on a subset ofR.Definition 4.
A functionf is called ward continuous on E if the sequence (f(xn)) is ward convergent to 0 whenever x=(xn) is a ward convergent to 0 sequence of terms in E.Definition 5.
A functionf is called second order ideal-ward continuous on E if I-lim⁡n→∞Δ2f(xn)=0 whenever I-lim⁡n→∞Δ2xn=0, for a sequence x=(xn) of terms in E.Theorem 6.
Iff is second order ideal-ward continuous on a subset E of R, then it is an ideal-ward continuous on E.Proof.
Suppose thatf is a second order ideal-ward continuous function on a subset E of R. Let (xn) be a sequence with I-lim⁡n→∞Δxn=0. Then we have the sequence
(2)(x1,x1,x2,x2,x3,x3,…,xn-1,xn-1,xn,xn,…)
such that I-lim⁡n→∞Δ2xn=0. Since f is second order ideal-ward continuous, then we get the sequence
(3)(yn)=(f(x1),f(x1),f(x2),f(x2),…,f(xn),f(xn),…)
such that I-lim⁡n→∞Δ2yn=0. It follows that
(4)(f(x1),f(x1),f(x2),f(x2),…,f(xn),f(xn),…)
is second order ideal-ward convergent to 0. This completes the proof of the theorem.The converse is not always true for this we consider the functionf(x)=sinxwhich is ideal-ward continuous but not second order ideal-ward continuous.Corollary 7.
Iff is second order ward continuous, then it is an ideal continuous.Theorem 8.
Iff is second order ideal-ward continuous, then it is second order ward continuous.Proof.
The proof is easy, so omitted.Definition 9.
A subsetE of R is called second order ward compact if x=(xn) is a sequence of points in Eand there is a subsequence z=(zk)=(xnk) of x such that lim⁡k→∞Δ2zk=0.Now we give the definition of second order ideal-ward compactness of a subset ofR.Definition 10.
A subsetE of R is called second order ideal-ward compact if x=(xn) is a sequence of points in Eand there is a subsequence z=(zk)=(xnk) of x such that I-lim⁡k→∞Δ2zk=0.Theorem 11.
A second order ideal-ward continuous image of any second order ideal-ward compact subset ofR is second order ideal-ward compact.Proof.
Suppose thatf is a second order ideal-ward continuous function on a subset E of R and E is a second order ideal-ward compact subset of R. Let (yn) be a sequence of points in f(E). Write yn=f(xn) where xn∈E for each n∈N. A second order ideal-ward compactness of E implies that there is a subsequence z=(zk)=(xnk) of (xn) with I-lim⁡k→∞Δ2zk=0. Write (tk)=(f(zk)). Since f is second order ideal-ward continuous, so we have I-lim⁡k→∞Δ2f(zk)=0. Thus we have obtained a subsequence (tk) of the sequence (f(xn)) with I-lim⁡k→∞Δ2tk=0. Thus f(E) is second order ideal-ward compact. This completes the proof of the theorem.Corollary 12.
A second order ideal-ward continuous image of any compact subset ofR is compact.Proof.
The proof of this theorem follows from the preceding theorem.Theorem 13.
If(fn) is a sequence of second order ideal-ward continuous functions defined on a subset E of R and (fn) is uniformly convergent to a function f, then f is second order ideal-ward continuous on E.Proof.
Letɛ>0 and (xn) be a sequence of points in E such that I-lim⁡n→∞Δ2xn=0. By the uniform convergence of (fn) there exists a positive integer N such that |fn(x)-f(x)|<ɛ/8 for all x∈E whenever n≥N. Since fN is second order ideal-ward continuous on E, then we have
(5){n∈N:|fN(xn+2)-2fN(xn+1)+fN(xn)|≥ɛ8}∈I.
But
(6){n∈N:|f(xn+2)-2f(xn+1)+f(xn)|≥ɛ}⊆{{n∈N:|f(xn+2)-fN(xn+2)|≥ɛ8}∪{n∈N:|fN(xn+1)-f(xn+1)|≥ɛ4}∪{n∈N:|fN(xn)-f(xn)|≥ɛ8}∪{n∈N:|fN(xn+2)-2fN(xn+1)+fN(xn)|≥ɛ8}}.
Since I is an admissible ideal, the right-hand side of relation (6) belongs to I, and we have
(7){n∈N:|f(xn+2)-2f(xn+1)+f(xn)|≥ɛ}∈I.
This completes the proof of the theorem.Theorem 14.
The set of all second order ideal-ward continuous functions on a subsetE of R is a closed subset of the set of all continuous functions on E; that is, Δ2iwc(E)¯=Δ2iwc(E) where Δ2iwc(E) is the set of all second order ideal-ward continuous functions on E,Δ2iwc(E)¯ denotes the set of all cluster points of Δ2iwc(E).Proof.
Letf be an element in Δ2iwc(E)¯. Then there exists sequence (fn) of points in Δ2iwc(E) such that lim⁡n→∞fn=f. To show that f is second order ideal-ward continuous, consider a sequence (xn) of points in E such that I-lim⁡n→∞Δ2xn=0. Since (fn) converges to f, there exists a positive integer N such that, for all x∈E and for all n≥N, |fn(x)-f(x)|<ɛ/8. Since fN is second order ideal-ward continuous on E we have
(8){n∈N:|fN(xn+2)-2fN(xn+1)+fN(xn)|≥ɛ4}∈I.
But
(9){n∈N:|f(xn+2)-2f(xn+1)+f(xn)|≥ɛ}⊆{{n∈N:|f(xn+2)-fN(xn+2)|≥ɛ8}∪{n∈N:|fN(xn+1)-f(xn+1)|≥ɛ4}∪{n∈N:|f(xn)-fN(xn)|≥ɛ8}∪{n∈N:|fN(xn+2)-2fN(xn+1)+f(xn)|≥ɛ8}}.
Since I is an admissible ideal, the right-hand side of the relation (9) belongs to I, and we have
(10){n∈N:|f(xn+2)-2f(xn+1)+f(xn)|≥ɛ}∈I.
This completes the proof of the theorem.Corollary 15.
The set of all second order ideal-ward continuous functions on a subsetE of R is a complete subspace of the space of all continuous functions on E.Proof.
The proof follows from the preceding theorem.



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