# Intelligent Design of Tennis Player Training Schedule Based on Big Data of Complexity

Authors: Haiye Qiu; Chang Liu; Xiaomin Zhang
Journal: Complexity
 (2021)

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## Abstract

Tennis players have more physical training content, and the training items are complex. For athletes, training programs that adapt to their individual characteristics should be formulated according to their physical characteristics. The current development of big data has brought about changes in thinking, management, and business models. The combination of complex systems and big data can also make breakthroughs in the sports field. Based on this, this article proposes a tennis player training schedule intelligent formulation system based on complex system big data. First of all, this article adopts the literature data method, comparative analysis method, experimental analysis method, etc., in-depth study of the concepts of big data, complex system, and the physical structure characteristics of tennis sports. This paper designs an intelligent system for making tennis players’ training schedule, which collects, transforms, and integrates tennis training data through the characteristics of big data. Then, the dynamic time regulation of tennis is performed through a complex system, and finally, the experimental system is analyzed. This article mainly analyzes the comparison of physical indicators between the experimental group and the control group before and after the experiment, the evaluation indicators of sports events, the strength training effects of tennis events, and the analysis of shoulder joint tests. There is no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in the items before the experiment,P>0.05, which suggests that the physical fitness of the two groups of athletes is similar; in the posttest data, the experimental group and the control group have significant differences, P<0.05, indicating an effect from the experiment. In particular, in fan running, forward and backward strokes, and the serve, the scores of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group, indicating that the use of the formulated training system demonstrated significant results.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

According to surveys, there are tens of millions of people in China who love to play tennis. In particular, in recent years, tennis has grown at a growth rate of 13% among the sports that young people love at this stage. The sports data of tennis players in the course of sports can be used to help them understand the technical movements they frequently use in sports to improve their sports skills. Therefore, these data are very important for tennis enthusiasts.The development of big data has brought about many changes. First of all, big data has brought about a change in the way of thinking, and the development of big data has challenged the epistemology established in science, social science, and humanities and has formed a paradigm shift in the scope of multidisciplinary. Second, big data has brought about business changes. Today, we can use data to create new economic benefits. Data has become an important business investment. The development of big data has brought major changes to the entire business field. Third, big data has brought about changes in management. The development and application of big data have produced changes in many aspects and have received extensive attention from social and scientific circles. With the popularization of the Internet, mobile Internet, and Internet of Things, our production and life are becoming more and more “data-based”. The value of big data is driving the progress and development of social science research [1].Turan is to examine the impact of cognitive-based learning and imagery training on basic tennis skills to students who take elective tennis courses.16 volunteers who take elective tennis courses took part in the research. Control and experiment groups are formed by dividing volunteers into two equal groups. The control group (n = 8) and experiment group (n = 8) have only attended the tennis course, and at the end of the first week, the “Hewitt” test is applied to both groups. After the test is applied, both groups continued to attend tennis courses regularly for 8 weeks. Cognitive learning and imagery training is applied on the experimental group (PCG) in addition to their tennis lessons 2 periods of 30 minutes for 2 times per week; the control group (PG), on the other hand, only continued the tennis training. At the end of the 8th week of tennis courses, the “Hewitt” test is applied once more to the control and experiment groups. Acquired data is statistically with IBM SPSS 20 package program. In order to compare the acquired scores between groups, independent t-test and paired sample T-test are used. However, his experiment cannot directly show the students’ direct choice and influence on tennis [2]. Xu [3, 4] proposed Privacy-Preserving Data Mining (PPDM). The basic idea is to modify the data in such a way to effectively execute the data mining algorithm without compromising the security of the sensitive information contained in the data. The current research on PPDM is mainly focused on how to reduce the privacy risks brought by data mining operations. In fact, sensitive information may also be unnecessarily leaked during the process of data collection, data release, and information (IE data mining results) transmission. They look at privacy issues related to data mining from a broader perspective. However, the privacy protection data mining method they proposed is difficult to process in practical applications, and the cost is very high. Pluim aims to understand the incidence and prevalence of injuries of outstanding young tennis players. In the 2012-2013 Dutch National High-Performance Project, a 32-week follow-up survey was conducted on 73 players (11–14 years old); all participants completed the study. The OSTRC health questionnaire is used to record self-reported injuries and illnesses and to record training and competition exposure. The main observation indicators are the average prevalence of overuse injuries and the incidence of acute injuries. On average, athletes practice 9.1 hours per week (standard deviation: 0.6; range: 2.3–12.0), and playtime is 2.2 hours (standard deviation: 0.6; range: 2.3–12.0). During the study, 67 players reported a total of 187 injury problems. The average weekly prevalence of all health problems was 21.3% (95% CI: 19.2–22.9), of which 12.1% (95% CI: 10.9–13.3) constituted overuse injuries, and 5.8% (95%CI: 4.6–6.9) constituted a disease. The incidence of acute injury is 1.2/1000 h (95% CI: 0.7–1.7) for tennis. Excellent young tennis players have a higher incidence of overuse injury, indicating that athletes have a higher incidence of overuse injury. However, his research data is only analyzed from the perspective of teenagers, and we should also study the sports injury rate of tennis players.The innovations of this article are as follows: (1) combining qualitative research with quantitative research and fully analyzing research data; and (2) combining theoretical research with empirical research and combining big data and complex system theory with an empirical investigation on the training characteristics of tennis players.


## 2. Intelligent Design Method of Tennis Player Training Schedule Based on Big Data

### 2.1. Big Data

#### 2.1.1. The Concept of Big Data

The concept of big data originated in the 1990s, and there is still no accepted definition. The case of beer and diapers in marketing is the prototype of data mining, which contains the thinking of data value mining [5]. At the earliest time, big data was used to describe a large data set. This data set needs to be processed and analyzed in batches, and at the same time, network-related indexes are constantly updated [6]. Big data technology includes how to store large amounts of data, how to intelligently analyze images and videos, and how to effectively mine data. It also includes information transmission, perception, and security in technological innovation projects. Most of these technologies have a very close relationship with big data [7, 8]. In summary, big data includes key technologies such as data mining, data analysis, cloud computing, visualization, and database management. On the interface, artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality technology (AR), and other technologies are also the embodiment of the application of big data technology [9–11].Literally, big data cannot simply be regarded as a large collection of data. Big data is also a method of calculation. By collecting, storing, analyzing, processing, and sharing data, it can mine new value information of things and promote technology and the development of all aspects of society [12, 13]. Many people simply understand the concept of big data as a massive data collection that is one-sided. Big data is not only reflected in changes in volume but also different from the era of small data in terms of big data technology, platforms, and data analysis methods. The core of big data is to obtain useful information from massive amounts of disordered information through data mining and analysis and to find relevant relationships [14, 15].


#### 2.1.2. Characteristics of Big Data

At present, big data recognized by the industry has the characteristics of “4V”. Volume refers to the large scale of the data set. The general data volume must reach a scale of more than 10TB (Trillion bytes). In practice, it will also reach the PB (Petabyte) level. The volume of big data is not specific. Velocity refers to the fast data flow and processing speed. Due to the large volume of data, it can quickly generate a large amount of new data in real time, and the data format presents diverse characteristics [16, 17]. Therefore, there are very high requirements for the processing speed of big data, which need to be created and processed in real time or near real time, and data changes show dynamic characteristics. Variety refers to the diversity of big data types, data sources, types, and formats more and more abundantly; it not only contains structured data but also many semistructured and unstructured data (such as video and picture data), which makes big data inherently complex [15, 18]; value refers to the large volume of big data, so its own value density will be lower. Because of the large amount of big data and the diverse structure, the value density created by it is significantly lower. Only the large amount of data is aggregated and the relevant processing technology is used, in order to effectively analyze and mine the value of data [19, 20]. Therefore, having a large amount of data does not mean obtaining a higher value. The complexity of data poses new challenges and requirements for the improvement of analysis tools. In addition to the above 4 characteristics, big data also has the following characteristics.Big data has fineness and fine resolution. Big data collects as detailed data as possible to identify the unique indicators in the data. Through the “full data” analysis method [21–23], we can find abnormal situations that we can easily ignore and forget in a large amount of data. In this case, outliers become extremely important and useful. Through comparative analysis with normal transaction conditions [24, 25], all values are checked and the missing information is found. It is a big data problem to find out the information missed by the sample analysis method, find the situation that should not happen, and make an immediate analysis. This is a big data problem. This can only be achieved by mastering all the data.Big data is flexible and scalable. In other words, big data is not simply expressed by volume, it is characterized by continuous generation and can be quickly expanded, and new fields can be added [26]. In other words, big data is not simply displayed in a large amount of volume but is characterized by continuous generation, seeking to be exhaustive, refined, flexible, and scalable in production. Big data is mixed and uncertain. The current development of big data has allowed us to abandon accuracy and accept confounding. Therefore, it is misleading to claim that the data is objective and accurate. Big data is not absolutely accurate but mixed [27].


### 2.2. Complex System

Big data portrays a complex open giant system. Compared with simple systems, complex open systems have greater heterogeneity or diversity in their constituent elements, contact methods, or change modes, and this heterogeneity and diversity cannot be reduced. The openness, uncertainty, nonlinearity, intelligence, and multilevel nature of complex systems have formed inherent unpredictability, which poses a great challenge to big data forecasting [28].Complex systems are open. The closure is a strong constraint on the interaction between system components, and it is also a strong constraint on the interaction between the system and the environment. Strictly closed, the system is separated from the external environment by a strict mandatory boundary. There is no exchange of matter, energy, and information inside and outside, so there is no complexity in the closed system. But the society predicted by big data is an open system. Qian Xuesen’s interpretation of “openness” is as follows: “The system itself has exchanges of material, energy, and information with the environment around the system. Because of these exchanges, so it is open”. It emphasizes the importance of openness to systems science.Complex systems are uncertain. Openness brings a lot of uncertainty. For a completely certain system, there is no complexity at all, everything is predetermined, there is no suspense, there is no choice of different possibilities, and the complex system must be related to uncertainty and various uncertainties, such as contingency and randomness. It may produce complexity, and the various risks of the social system will bring complexity.Complex systems have nonlinear factors. We know that big data is nonlinear, the data itself is complex, and the social system portrayed by big data is also a nonlinear system. Nonlinearity is creative and innovative, and it will bring new qualitative things more or less in repeated operations. The accumulation of variables may bring unexpected qualitative changes or bring the system to a whole new realm. In addition, nonlinearity and dynamics are more likely to produce complexity together. Constant novelty and unpredictability of long-term behavior are common behaviors of nonlinear dynamic systems.A “dead system” without “liveness” will not produce complexity but a system with active and active agents as a component; because a large number of agents stimulate each other, restrict each other, use each other, and compete with each other, the entire system will produce complexity. The CAS (Complex Adaptive Systems) theory is that a large number of actors adapt to each other in a changing environment, and the process of adapting to the environment makes the system more complicated. A system composed of a large number of intelligent actors is more likely to show complexity, and the intelligent machine is the most complicated type of machine system.


### 2.3. Tennis

#### 2.3.1. Specific Characteristics of Tennis

In the “Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science (Tennis),” the general characteristics of tennis are described: that is, tennis is a noncontinuous, nonperiodic sport with continuous intensity fluctuations. Tennis, as an antagonistic event across the net, has high requirements on athletes’ physical fitness. The competition characteristics of tennis are mainly composed of multiple moments of high-intensity exertion combined with short-term intermittent long-term sports. The level of athletes’ skills and tactics is mainly manifested by the grasp and use of time and space. Studies have shown that the time and intensity of competition in tennis have always been on the rise.The characteristics of the sport tennis mentioned above have high requirements for the athletes’ various abilities, such as the ability to quickly start approaching the ball, the ability to quickly change direction, the ability to balance, and the ability to always maintain short-term explosive force during the game. The control ability of body movements is also a requirement. At the same time, a variety of sudden stops, changes of directions, restarts, and so on are often seen in tennis, so the ability to start and the brake is also quiet for tennis players.Therefore, under the current development trend of tennis, once any shortcoming appears in the athlete’s physical constitution, it will lead to obvious loopholes. Therefore, on the basis of special technology, the abovementioned characteristics will become crucial influencing factors, and the outcome of the game will also depend on the performance of the athlete’s physical function.


#### 2.3.2. Characteristics of Physical Fitness Structure of Chinese Tennis Players

Physical stamina is the basic athletic ability of the human body, and it is an important part of athletic ability. The development status of body shape, function, and sports quality has a huge impact on the development level of athletes’ physical fitness, and it is also affected by the health status. Body shape refers to the body’s internal and external shape; body function refers to the function of the body’s various organ systems; sports quality refers to the basic movement capabilities of the body, such as strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, agility, and coordination. Sports qualities are the external manifestation of physical fitness. Therefore, most physical fitness focuses on the development of various sports qualities.(1) Body Shape. Body shape is one of the basic links of athletes’ physical training. The physical characteristics of tennis players are mainly fast movement and flexible and changeable coordination. Therefore, the selection of tennis players in our country is mainly based on the selection of reserve personnel with the characteristics of the long back of hands, short torso, small pelvis, long calf, long Achilles tendon, and so on. Relevant studies in recent years have shown that the body shape of modern tennis players has gradually changed in the direction of large scale, especially in Europe and the United States. The height of individual professional male players has exceeded 2 meters, and there are also many female players. The height of a person is about 1.90 meters. At present, there is no obvious gap between Chinese tennis players and the world’s best tennis players in physical form.(2) Physical Fitness. From the analysis of the physical structure characteristics of contemporary tennis players, it appears that the current high-level tennis players in China have good lower limb strength and endurance. Although, compared with the past in terms of specific physical fitness, especially in terms of strength, speed, and explosive power, the gap with the world’s best players is gradually shortening, in terms of the speed and efficiency of the whole body power transmission, the flexibility of the shoulder joints and the lower limbs is commonly used. Explosive power and agility on the court (especially the ability to change direction from a large angle) still have a clear gap with the world’s high-level athletes in many aspects. Figure 1 is a diagram of a tennis training system.Figure 1
A diagram of a tennis training system.


## 2.1. Big Data

### 2.1.1. The Concept of Big Data

The concept of big data originated in the 1990s, and there is still no accepted definition. The case of beer and diapers in marketing is the prototype of data mining, which contains the thinking of data value mining [5]. At the earliest time, big data was used to describe a large data set. This data set needs to be processed and analyzed in batches, and at the same time, network-related indexes are constantly updated [6]. Big data technology includes how to store large amounts of data, how to intelligently analyze images and videos, and how to effectively mine data. It also includes information transmission, perception, and security in technological innovation projects. Most of these technologies have a very close relationship with big data [7, 8]. In summary, big data includes key technologies such as data mining, data analysis, cloud computing, visualization, and database management. On the interface, artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality technology (AR), and other technologies are also the embodiment of the application of big data technology [9–11].Literally, big data cannot simply be regarded as a large collection of data. Big data is also a method of calculation. By collecting, storing, analyzing, processing, and sharing data, it can mine new value information of things and promote technology and the development of all aspects of society [12, 13]. Many people simply understand the concept of big data as a massive data collection that is one-sided. Big data is not only reflected in changes in volume but also different from the era of small data in terms of big data technology, platforms, and data analysis methods. The core of big data is to obtain useful information from massive amounts of disordered information through data mining and analysis and to find relevant relationships [14, 15].


### 2.1.2. Characteristics of Big Data

At present, big data recognized by the industry has the characteristics of “4V”. Volume refers to the large scale of the data set. The general data volume must reach a scale of more than 10TB (Trillion bytes). In practice, it will also reach the PB (Petabyte) level. The volume of big data is not specific. Velocity refers to the fast data flow and processing speed. Due to the large volume of data, it can quickly generate a large amount of new data in real time, and the data format presents diverse characteristics [16, 17]. Therefore, there are very high requirements for the processing speed of big data, which need to be created and processed in real time or near real time, and data changes show dynamic characteristics. Variety refers to the diversity of big data types, data sources, types, and formats more and more abundantly; it not only contains structured data but also many semistructured and unstructured data (such as video and picture data), which makes big data inherently complex [15, 18]; value refers to the large volume of big data, so its own value density will be lower. Because of the large amount of big data and the diverse structure, the value density created by it is significantly lower. Only the large amount of data is aggregated and the relevant processing technology is used, in order to effectively analyze and mine the value of data [19, 20]. Therefore, having a large amount of data does not mean obtaining a higher value. The complexity of data poses new challenges and requirements for the improvement of analysis tools. In addition to the above 4 characteristics, big data also has the following characteristics.Big data has fineness and fine resolution. Big data collects as detailed data as possible to identify the unique indicators in the data. Through the “full data” analysis method [21–23], we can find abnormal situations that we can easily ignore and forget in a large amount of data. In this case, outliers become extremely important and useful. Through comparative analysis with normal transaction conditions [24, 25], all values are checked and the missing information is found. It is a big data problem to find out the information missed by the sample analysis method, find the situation that should not happen, and make an immediate analysis. This is a big data problem. This can only be achieved by mastering all the data.Big data is flexible and scalable. In other words, big data is not simply expressed by volume, it is characterized by continuous generation and can be quickly expanded, and new fields can be added [26]. In other words, big data is not simply displayed in a large amount of volume but is characterized by continuous generation, seeking to be exhaustive, refined, flexible, and scalable in production. Big data is mixed and uncertain. The current development of big data has allowed us to abandon accuracy and accept confounding. Therefore, it is misleading to claim that the data is objective and accurate. Big data is not absolutely accurate but mixed [27].


## 2.1.1. The Concept of Big Data

The concept of big data originated in the 1990s, and there is still no accepted definition. The case of beer and diapers in marketing is the prototype of data mining, which contains the thinking of data value mining [5]. At the earliest time, big data was used to describe a large data set. This data set needs to be processed and analyzed in batches, and at the same time, network-related indexes are constantly updated [6]. Big data technology includes how to store large amounts of data, how to intelligently analyze images and videos, and how to effectively mine data. It also includes information transmission, perception, and security in technological innovation projects. Most of these technologies have a very close relationship with big data [7, 8]. In summary, big data includes key technologies such as data mining, data analysis, cloud computing, visualization, and database management. On the interface, artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality technology (AR), and other technologies are also the embodiment of the application of big data technology [9–11].Literally, big data cannot simply be regarded as a large collection of data. Big data is also a method of calculation. By collecting, storing, analyzing, processing, and sharing data, it can mine new value information of things and promote technology and the development of all aspects of society [12, 13]. Many people simply understand the concept of big data as a massive data collection that is one-sided. Big data is not only reflected in changes in volume but also different from the era of small data in terms of big data technology, platforms, and data analysis methods. The core of big data is to obtain useful information from massive amounts of disordered information through data mining and analysis and to find relevant relationships [14, 15].


## 2.1.2. Characteristics of Big Data

At present, big data recognized by the industry has the characteristics of “4V”. Volume refers to the large scale of the data set. The general data volume must reach a scale of more than 10TB (Trillion bytes). In practice, it will also reach the PB (Petabyte) level. The volume of big data is not specific. Velocity refers to the fast data flow and processing speed. Due to the large volume of data, it can quickly generate a large amount of new data in real time, and the data format presents diverse characteristics [16, 17]. Therefore, there are very high requirements for the processing speed of big data, which need to be created and processed in real time or near real time, and data changes show dynamic characteristics. Variety refers to the diversity of big data types, data sources, types, and formats more and more abundantly; it not only contains structured data but also many semistructured and unstructured data (such as video and picture data), which makes big data inherently complex [15, 18]; value refers to the large volume of big data, so its own value density will be lower. Because of the large amount of big data and the diverse structure, the value density created by it is significantly lower. Only the large amount of data is aggregated and the relevant processing technology is used, in order to effectively analyze and mine the value of data [19, 20]. Therefore, having a large amount of data does not mean obtaining a higher value. The complexity of data poses new challenges and requirements for the improvement of analysis tools. In addition to the above 4 characteristics, big data also has the following characteristics.Big data has fineness and fine resolution. Big data collects as detailed data as possible to identify the unique indicators in the data. Through the “full data” analysis method [21–23], we can find abnormal situations that we can easily ignore and forget in a large amount of data. In this case, outliers become extremely important and useful. Through comparative analysis with normal transaction conditions [24, 25], all values are checked and the missing information is found. It is a big data problem to find out the information missed by the sample analysis method, find the situation that should not happen, and make an immediate analysis. This is a big data problem. This can only be achieved by mastering all the data.Big data is flexible and scalable. In other words, big data is not simply expressed by volume, it is characterized by continuous generation and can be quickly expanded, and new fields can be added [26]. In other words, big data is not simply displayed in a large amount of volume but is characterized by continuous generation, seeking to be exhaustive, refined, flexible, and scalable in production. Big data is mixed and uncertain. The current development of big data has allowed us to abandon accuracy and accept confounding. Therefore, it is misleading to claim that the data is objective and accurate. Big data is not absolutely accurate but mixed [27].


## 2.2. Complex System

Big data portrays a complex open giant system. Compared with simple systems, complex open systems have greater heterogeneity or diversity in their constituent elements, contact methods, or change modes, and this heterogeneity and diversity cannot be reduced. The openness, uncertainty, nonlinearity, intelligence, and multilevel nature of complex systems have formed inherent unpredictability, which poses a great challenge to big data forecasting [28].Complex systems are open. The closure is a strong constraint on the interaction between system components, and it is also a strong constraint on the interaction between the system and the environment. Strictly closed, the system is separated from the external environment by a strict mandatory boundary. There is no exchange of matter, energy, and information inside and outside, so there is no complexity in the closed system. But the society predicted by big data is an open system. Qian Xuesen’s interpretation of “openness” is as follows: “The system itself has exchanges of material, energy, and information with the environment around the system. Because of these exchanges, so it is open”. It emphasizes the importance of openness to systems science.Complex systems are uncertain. Openness brings a lot of uncertainty. For a completely certain system, there is no complexity at all, everything is predetermined, there is no suspense, there is no choice of different possibilities, and the complex system must be related to uncertainty and various uncertainties, such as contingency and randomness. It may produce complexity, and the various risks of the social system will bring complexity.Complex systems have nonlinear factors. We know that big data is nonlinear, the data itself is complex, and the social system portrayed by big data is also a nonlinear system. Nonlinearity is creative and innovative, and it will bring new qualitative things more or less in repeated operations. The accumulation of variables may bring unexpected qualitative changes or bring the system to a whole new realm. In addition, nonlinearity and dynamics are more likely to produce complexity together. Constant novelty and unpredictability of long-term behavior are common behaviors of nonlinear dynamic systems.A “dead system” without “liveness” will not produce complexity but a system with active and active agents as a component; because a large number of agents stimulate each other, restrict each other, use each other, and compete with each other, the entire system will produce complexity. The CAS (Complex Adaptive Systems) theory is that a large number of actors adapt to each other in a changing environment, and the process of adapting to the environment makes the system more complicated. A system composed of a large number of intelligent actors is more likely to show complexity, and the intelligent machine is the most complicated type of machine system.


## 2.3. Tennis

### 2.3.1. Specific Characteristics of Tennis

In the “Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science (Tennis),” the general characteristics of tennis are described: that is, tennis is a noncontinuous, nonperiodic sport with continuous intensity fluctuations. Tennis, as an antagonistic event across the net, has high requirements on athletes’ physical fitness. The competition characteristics of tennis are mainly composed of multiple moments of high-intensity exertion combined with short-term intermittent long-term sports. The level of athletes’ skills and tactics is mainly manifested by the grasp and use of time and space. Studies have shown that the time and intensity of competition in tennis have always been on the rise.The characteristics of the sport tennis mentioned above have high requirements for the athletes’ various abilities, such as the ability to quickly start approaching the ball, the ability to quickly change direction, the ability to balance, and the ability to always maintain short-term explosive force during the game. The control ability of body movements is also a requirement. At the same time, a variety of sudden stops, changes of directions, restarts, and so on are often seen in tennis, so the ability to start and the brake is also quiet for tennis players.Therefore, under the current development trend of tennis, once any shortcoming appears in the athlete’s physical constitution, it will lead to obvious loopholes. Therefore, on the basis of special technology, the abovementioned characteristics will become crucial influencing factors, and the outcome of the game will also depend on the performance of the athlete’s physical function.


### 2.3.2. Characteristics of Physical Fitness Structure of Chinese Tennis Players

Physical stamina is the basic athletic ability of the human body, and it is an important part of athletic ability. The development status of body shape, function, and sports quality has a huge impact on the development level of athletes’ physical fitness, and it is also affected by the health status. Body shape refers to the body’s internal and external shape; body function refers to the function of the body’s various organ systems; sports quality refers to the basic movement capabilities of the body, such as strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, agility, and coordination. Sports qualities are the external manifestation of physical fitness. Therefore, most physical fitness focuses on the development of various sports qualities.(1) Body Shape. Body shape is one of the basic links of athletes’ physical training. The physical characteristics of tennis players are mainly fast movement and flexible and changeable coordination. Therefore, the selection of tennis players in our country is mainly based on the selection of reserve personnel with the characteristics of the long back of hands, short torso, small pelvis, long calf, long Achilles tendon, and so on. Relevant studies in recent years have shown that the body shape of modern tennis players has gradually changed in the direction of large scale, especially in Europe and the United States. The height of individual professional male players has exceeded 2 meters, and there are also many female players. The height of a person is about 1.90 meters. At present, there is no obvious gap between Chinese tennis players and the world’s best tennis players in physical form.(2) Physical Fitness. From the analysis of the physical structure characteristics of contemporary tennis players, it appears that the current high-level tennis players in China have good lower limb strength and endurance. Although, compared with the past in terms of specific physical fitness, especially in terms of strength, speed, and explosive power, the gap with the world’s best players is gradually shortening, in terms of the speed and efficiency of the whole body power transmission, the flexibility of the shoulder joints and the lower limbs is commonly used. Explosive power and agility on the court (especially the ability to change direction from a large angle) still have a clear gap with the world’s high-level athletes in many aspects. Figure 1 is a diagram of a tennis training system.Figure 1
A diagram of a tennis training system.


## 2.3.1. Specific Characteristics of Tennis

In the “Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science (Tennis),” the general characteristics of tennis are described: that is, tennis is a noncontinuous, nonperiodic sport with continuous intensity fluctuations. Tennis, as an antagonistic event across the net, has high requirements on athletes’ physical fitness. The competition characteristics of tennis are mainly composed of multiple moments of high-intensity exertion combined with short-term intermittent long-term sports. The level of athletes’ skills and tactics is mainly manifested by the grasp and use of time and space. Studies have shown that the time and intensity of competition in tennis have always been on the rise.The characteristics of the sport tennis mentioned above have high requirements for the athletes’ various abilities, such as the ability to quickly start approaching the ball, the ability to quickly change direction, the ability to balance, and the ability to always maintain short-term explosive force during the game. The control ability of body movements is also a requirement. At the same time, a variety of sudden stops, changes of directions, restarts, and so on are often seen in tennis, so the ability to start and the brake is also quiet for tennis players.Therefore, under the current development trend of tennis, once any shortcoming appears in the athlete’s physical constitution, it will lead to obvious loopholes. Therefore, on the basis of special technology, the abovementioned characteristics will become crucial influencing factors, and the outcome of the game will also depend on the performance of the athlete’s physical function.


## 2.3.2. Characteristics of Physical Fitness Structure of Chinese Tennis Players

Physical stamina is the basic athletic ability of the human body, and it is an important part of athletic ability. The development status of body shape, function, and sports quality has a huge impact on the development level of athletes’ physical fitness, and it is also affected by the health status. Body shape refers to the body’s internal and external shape; body function refers to the function of the body’s various organ systems; sports quality refers to the basic movement capabilities of the body, such as strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, agility, and coordination. Sports qualities are the external manifestation of physical fitness. Therefore, most physical fitness focuses on the development of various sports qualities.(1) Body Shape. Body shape is one of the basic links of athletes’ physical training. The physical characteristics of tennis players are mainly fast movement and flexible and changeable coordination. Therefore, the selection of tennis players in our country is mainly based on the selection of reserve personnel with the characteristics of the long back of hands, short torso, small pelvis, long calf, long Achilles tendon, and so on. Relevant studies in recent years have shown that the body shape of modern tennis players has gradually changed in the direction of large scale, especially in Europe and the United States. The height of individual professional male players has exceeded 2 meters, and there are also many female players. The height of a person is about 1.90 meters. At present, there is no obvious gap between Chinese tennis players and the world’s best tennis players in physical form.(2) Physical Fitness. From the analysis of the physical structure characteristics of contemporary tennis players, it appears that the current high-level tennis players in China have good lower limb strength and endurance. Although, compared with the past in terms of specific physical fitness, especially in terms of strength, speed, and explosive power, the gap with the world’s best players is gradually shortening, in terms of the speed and efficiency of the whole body power transmission, the flexibility of the shoulder joints and the lower limbs is commonly used. Explosive power and agility on the court (especially the ability to change direction from a large angle) still have a clear gap with the world’s high-level athletes in many aspects. Figure 1 is a diagram of a tennis training system.Figure 1
A diagram of a tennis training system.


## 3. Intelligent Design of Tennis Player Training Schedule Based on Big Data

### 3.1. Total Design of Tennis Player Training Schedule Formulation

The tennis player training intelligent formulation system designed in this paper is mainly designed for coaches, athletes, physical trainers, and team managers. These functions are designed according to the nature of the work and the actual needs of these four groups of people.This system can be divided into four subsystems, namely, the player subsystem, the coaching subsystem, the physical trainer subsystem, and the background management subsystem. The player subsystem is divided into a plan management function module, a training management function module, and a personal information management function module. The plan management function module is divided into a short-term training plan view, long-term training goal view, training plan modification, redevelopment of the training plan, and special training plan. The training management function module is divided into training content recording, coaching stage evaluation and viewing, the appointment of coach special training, and training goal achievement statistics; personal information management function module is divided into basic information management, physical index management, diet management, and life management. The coaching subsystem is divided into training plan management function modules, player management function modules, team management function modules, and game management function modules. The training plan management function modules are divided into basic training management, player special training management, training goal formulation, and special training. The player management function modules are divided into plans, training records, and training evaluation. The team management function module is divided into member management, team training plan management. The game management function module is divided into prematch formation management, prematch training management, match records, match data statistics, and postmatch summary. The physical fitness trainer subsystem is divided into a personal physical training management function module, a player physical fitness viewing function module, and a team physical fitness statistical function module. The background management subsystem is divided into user management function modules and authority management function modules.


### 3.2. Tennis Training Data Collection and Transformation

#### 3.2.1. Data Conversion

This article converts the received raw data into decimal physical data, formula (1) is the decimal acceleration conversion formula, and formula (2) is the angular velocity conversion formula, where M is the acceleration of each axis, the original value of the angular velocity, b_sensitivity represents the accelerometer sensitivity, and E_sensitivity represents the sensitivity of the gyroscope.(1)b=Mb_sensitivity×h,(2)e=Me_sensitivity×π180.First, the original data is intercepted by the sliding window. According to the sampling frequency of the lower computer and the average time of each action, the width of the sliding window is set to 80 groups of data for each window, and each group of data has 6 data, so it forms an 80 × 6 matrix. In order to exclude data that is not a hitting action, it is necessary to judge whether there is a hitting action in the window. Through experimental analysis, the basis for judging whether there is a hitting action is the average value of the absolute value of the acceleration and the sliding variance of the angular velocity, and the absolute value of the acceleration the formula for the sliding variance of the mean and acceleration is as follows:(3)mean=1λ∑i=1λ∑j3xij2,Dvar=13∑j=46∑i=1τ1λ∑i=1λ−Xij2.After experiments, comparing the above values of the hitting action and the nonbatting action, it is concluded that when mean >1.5 g and Dvar >1.1 × 10^4, it is considered that there is a hitting action in the sliding window. Otherwise, the sliding window will slide down. The selection strategy of the action window is to take the peak point in the sliding window that is judged to have the hitting action as the hitting point, taking the hitting point as the center, and selecting 40 sets of data as the action window. After the action window is selected, the feature value of the motion window must be extracted.The eigenvalues selected by the training system mainly include mean, variance, standard deviation, peak value, covariance, correlation coefficient, skewness, exercise intensity, and other 12 eigenvalues, some features like root mean square (R) and absolute mean square deviation (MAD) have been proven to be very effective, and its equation is shown as follows:(4)Rx=1Dwin∑i=1Dwimxi2,MADx=1Dwin∑i=1Dwimxi−1Dwin∑I=1Dwinxi.In the above formula,Dwin represents the size of the action window and xi represents a single attribute of each row of data in the window.Finally, we select two physical characteristics, including exercise intensity (MP) and signal amplitude (SM). The exercise intensity is described as the Euclidean norm of the three-axis acceleration signal, then, the average value of the recognition window is calculated, and its equation is shown as follows:(5)MP=1Dwin∑i=0Dwinxi,a12+xi,a22+xi,a32,where xi,a1,xi,a2,andxi,a3 represent the single attribute value of the three axes X, Y, and Z, respectively .The signal amplitude area is usually considered as an indirect estimate of energy consumption, and its equation is defined as follows:(6)SM=1Dwin∑i=1Dwinxi,a1+∑i=1Dwinxi,a2+∑i=1Dwinxi,a3.After the feature value is extracted, a total of 63 feature values will be formed. Because the units of many feature values are different, in order to facilitate processing, it is necessary to change.The data is normalized, and the equation for eigenvalue normalization is as follows:(7)gnormal=g−νς.Here,g represents the feature vector, ν is defined as the mean value of g, and ς is defined as the variance of g.After intercepting all training data windows, feature extraction, and normalization of each feature, the feature value for judging the action of the ball can be selected through the difference of the feature value of each action, so as to pass the selection of feature value and the determination of the feature value threshold. We derive the classification algorithm of five kinds of actions from it. To estimate the speed of the racket, this article estimates the three-axis acceleration of each tennis action based on the time integral of the swing to the hitting point in the action window to estimate the speed of the racket.μ0 represents the starting speed of the axis in the action window with a hitting action, m is the hitting point, andμm represents the hitting speed of the axis in the action window with a hitting action; then, the speed calculation formula μm for this axis is(8)μ1=μ0+b0y,μ2=μ1+b1y,⋮μm=μm−1+bm−1y.Among them,b0,b1,…,bm−1are the acceleration of each sample point in the axis, y is the sampling interval of each sample point, and the sampling frequency is 50 Hz; then, y is 0.02 s.


#### 3.2.2. Data Integration

Data integration is the process of combining multiple data sources into a unified data interface for data analysis. Data integration is an important step in the process and may be extremely complicated. Some business rules and data conversion logic and algorithms can be applied, which usually include operations such as the merging and conversion of domain values, the connection of data, and the extraction and merging of fields. An important problem arising from data integration is data redundancy. Some redundancy can be found through simple analysis, such as identical definitions but different naming. Correlation analysis is a tool to detect data redundancy. For numerical data, the correlation between attributes and can be measured by the following formula:(9)tA,B=∑A−A¯B−B¯n−1ςAςB,where n is the number of ancestors, A and B are the average of the sum, and A¯ and B¯ are the standard deviation of the sum, respectively. If |tA,B∃0, it shows that A and B are positively correlated, and tA and B are large enough, indicating that one of the attributes is redundant and can be removed. If tA,B=0, it shows that A and B are not related. For nonnumerical data, the correlation between A and B can be measured by the following formula:(10)CorA,B=PA∪BPAPB.PAPBPA∪B is the probability of occurrence in the attribute set of the attribute, AI and BI, respectively A∪B. If CorA,B∃1, then A and B are positively correlated, where I=i1,i2,…,im means that there is redundancy.


#### 3.2.3. Dynamic Time Warping

DTW (dynamic time warping) was first mainly used in isolated word speech recognition. This algorithm is based on the idea of dynamic programming, which measures the similarity of two discrete time series, and can find the corresponding smallest matching path. The essence of DTW is an optimization problem. Using the time warping function that describes the timing correspondence between the reference template and the test template under certain conditions, the corresponding warping function is obtained when the cumulative distance between the reference template and the test template is the smallest.(11)M=M1,M2,…,Mn,…,MN,P=P1,P2,…,Pm,…,PM.The meanings of the parameters contained in the above two formulas are as follows. (1)M is the feature sequence corresponding to the reference template, and P is the feature sequence corresponding to the test template. (2) n represents the timing label of the reference template, and the range is between [1, N]; m represents the timing label of the test template, and the range is between [1, M]. (3) N and M, respectively, represent the total number of frames of the time sequence feature sequence in the reference and test templates. (4) M (n) is the feature vector of n frames of the reference template, and P (m) is the feature vector of m frames of the test template.A matrix grid needs to be constructed to align the two sequences ofM and P. The elements at the matrix (i, j) are the distance d between the two points of Xi and Yj, that is, each point on the X sequence and each corresponding to the Y sequence. Concerning the similarity between points, the smaller the distance, the higher the similarity, and vice versa, the lower the similarity. Euclidean distance is usually used as(12)fi,j=Mi−Pj2.The dynamic programming method can be boiled down to find a nonlinear bending path in the abovementioned grid. On this path, the distance between the test template feature sequence and the reference template feature sequence is the smallest and the similarity is the highest. The idea of DP is based on the locally optimal path to complete the realization of the globally optimal path. This path is called a regular path, and thel-th element is defined as(13)Wl=i,jl,W=w1,w2,…,wl,maxm,n≤l≤m+n−1.


## 3.1. Total Design of Tennis Player Training Schedule Formulation

The tennis player training intelligent formulation system designed in this paper is mainly designed for coaches, athletes, physical trainers, and team managers. These functions are designed according to the nature of the work and the actual needs of these four groups of people.This system can be divided into four subsystems, namely, the player subsystem, the coaching subsystem, the physical trainer subsystem, and the background management subsystem. The player subsystem is divided into a plan management function module, a training management function module, and a personal information management function module. The plan management function module is divided into a short-term training plan view, long-term training goal view, training plan modification, redevelopment of the training plan, and special training plan. The training management function module is divided into training content recording, coaching stage evaluation and viewing, the appointment of coach special training, and training goal achievement statistics; personal information management function module is divided into basic information management, physical index management, diet management, and life management. The coaching subsystem is divided into training plan management function modules, player management function modules, team management function modules, and game management function modules. The training plan management function modules are divided into basic training management, player special training management, training goal formulation, and special training. The player management function modules are divided into plans, training records, and training evaluation. The team management function module is divided into member management, team training plan management. The game management function module is divided into prematch formation management, prematch training management, match records, match data statistics, and postmatch summary. The physical fitness trainer subsystem is divided into a personal physical training management function module, a player physical fitness viewing function module, and a team physical fitness statistical function module. The background management subsystem is divided into user management function modules and authority management function modules.


## 3.2. Tennis Training Data Collection and Transformation

### 3.2.1. Data Conversion

This article converts the received raw data into decimal physical data, formula (1) is the decimal acceleration conversion formula, and formula (2) is the angular velocity conversion formula, where M is the acceleration of each axis, the original value of the angular velocity, b_sensitivity represents the accelerometer sensitivity, and E_sensitivity represents the sensitivity of the gyroscope.(1)b=Mb_sensitivity×h,(2)e=Me_sensitivity×π180.First, the original data is intercepted by the sliding window. According to the sampling frequency of the lower computer and the average time of each action, the width of the sliding window is set to 80 groups of data for each window, and each group of data has 6 data, so it forms an 80 × 6 matrix. In order to exclude data that is not a hitting action, it is necessary to judge whether there is a hitting action in the window. Through experimental analysis, the basis for judging whether there is a hitting action is the average value of the absolute value of the acceleration and the sliding variance of the angular velocity, and the absolute value of the acceleration the formula for the sliding variance of the mean and acceleration is as follows:(3)mean=1λ∑i=1λ∑j3xij2,Dvar=13∑j=46∑i=1τ1λ∑i=1λ−Xij2.After experiments, comparing the above values of the hitting action and the nonbatting action, it is concluded that when mean >1.5 g and Dvar >1.1 × 10^4, it is considered that there is a hitting action in the sliding window. Otherwise, the sliding window will slide down. The selection strategy of the action window is to take the peak point in the sliding window that is judged to have the hitting action as the hitting point, taking the hitting point as the center, and selecting 40 sets of data as the action window. After the action window is selected, the feature value of the motion window must be extracted.The eigenvalues selected by the training system mainly include mean, variance, standard deviation, peak value, covariance, correlation coefficient, skewness, exercise intensity, and other 12 eigenvalues, some features like root mean square (R) and absolute mean square deviation (MAD) have been proven to be very effective, and its equation is shown as follows:(4)Rx=1Dwin∑i=1Dwimxi2,MADx=1Dwin∑i=1Dwimxi−1Dwin∑I=1Dwinxi.In the above formula,Dwin represents the size of the action window and xi represents a single attribute of each row of data in the window.Finally, we select two physical characteristics, including exercise intensity (MP) and signal amplitude (SM). The exercise intensity is described as the Euclidean norm of the three-axis acceleration signal, then, the average value of the recognition window is calculated, and its equation is shown as follows:(5)MP=1Dwin∑i=0Dwinxi,a12+xi,a22+xi,a32,where xi,a1,xi,a2,andxi,a3 represent the single attribute value of the three axes X, Y, and Z, respectively .The signal amplitude area is usually considered as an indirect estimate of energy consumption, and its equation is defined as follows:(6)SM=1Dwin∑i=1Dwinxi,a1+∑i=1Dwinxi,a2+∑i=1Dwinxi,a3.After the feature value is extracted, a total of 63 feature values will be formed. Because the units of many feature values are different, in order to facilitate processing, it is necessary to change.The data is normalized, and the equation for eigenvalue normalization is as follows:(7)gnormal=g−νς.Here,g represents the feature vector, ν is defined as the mean value of g, and ς is defined as the variance of g.After intercepting all training data windows, feature extraction, and normalization of each feature, the feature value for judging the action of the ball can be selected through the difference of the feature value of each action, so as to pass the selection of feature value and the determination of the feature value threshold. We derive the classification algorithm of five kinds of actions from it. To estimate the speed of the racket, this article estimates the three-axis acceleration of each tennis action based on the time integral of the swing to the hitting point in the action window to estimate the speed of the racket.μ0 represents the starting speed of the axis in the action window with a hitting action, m is the hitting point, andμm represents the hitting speed of the axis in the action window with a hitting action; then, the speed calculation formula μm for this axis is(8)μ1=μ0+b0y,μ2=μ1+b1y,⋮μm=μm−1+bm−1y.Among them,b0,b1,…,bm−1are the acceleration of each sample point in the axis, y is the sampling interval of each sample point, and the sampling frequency is 50 Hz; then, y is 0.02 s.


### 3.2.2. Data Integration

Data integration is the process of combining multiple data sources into a unified data interface for data analysis. Data integration is an important step in the process and may be extremely complicated. Some business rules and data conversion logic and algorithms can be applied, which usually include operations such as the merging and conversion of domain values, the connection of data, and the extraction and merging of fields. An important problem arising from data integration is data redundancy. Some redundancy can be found through simple analysis, such as identical definitions but different naming. Correlation analysis is a tool to detect data redundancy. For numerical data, the correlation between attributes and can be measured by the following formula:(9)tA,B=∑A−A¯B−B¯n−1ςAςB,where n is the number of ancestors, A and B are the average of the sum, and A¯ and B¯ are the standard deviation of the sum, respectively. If |tA,B∃0, it shows that A and B are positively correlated, and tA and B are large enough, indicating that one of the attributes is redundant and can be removed. If tA,B=0, it shows that A and B are not related. For nonnumerical data, the correlation between A and B can be measured by the following formula:(10)CorA,B=PA∪BPAPB.PAPBPA∪B is the probability of occurrence in the attribute set of the attribute, AI and BI, respectively A∪B. If CorA,B∃1, then A and B are positively correlated, where I=i1,i2,…,im means that there is redundancy.


### 3.2.3. Dynamic Time Warping

DTW (dynamic time warping) was first mainly used in isolated word speech recognition. This algorithm is based on the idea of dynamic programming, which measures the similarity of two discrete time series, and can find the corresponding smallest matching path. The essence of DTW is an optimization problem. Using the time warping function that describes the timing correspondence between the reference template and the test template under certain conditions, the corresponding warping function is obtained when the cumulative distance between the reference template and the test template is the smallest.(11)M=M1,M2,…,Mn,…,MN,P=P1,P2,…,Pm,…,PM.The meanings of the parameters contained in the above two formulas are as follows. (1)M is the feature sequence corresponding to the reference template, and P is the feature sequence corresponding to the test template. (2) n represents the timing label of the reference template, and the range is between [1, N]; m represents the timing label of the test template, and the range is between [1, M]. (3) N and M, respectively, represent the total number of frames of the time sequence feature sequence in the reference and test templates. (4) M (n) is the feature vector of n frames of the reference template, and P (m) is the feature vector of m frames of the test template.A matrix grid needs to be constructed to align the two sequences ofM and P. The elements at the matrix (i, j) are the distance d between the two points of Xi and Yj, that is, each point on the X sequence and each corresponding to the Y sequence. Concerning the similarity between points, the smaller the distance, the higher the similarity, and vice versa, the lower the similarity. Euclidean distance is usually used as(12)fi,j=Mi−Pj2.The dynamic programming method can be boiled down to find a nonlinear bending path in the abovementioned grid. On this path, the distance between the test template feature sequence and the reference template feature sequence is the smallest and the similarity is the highest. The idea of DP is based on the locally optimal path to complete the realization of the globally optimal path. This path is called a regular path, and thel-th element is defined as(13)Wl=i,jl,W=w1,w2,…,wl,maxm,n≤l≤m+n−1.


## 3.2.1. Data Conversion

This article converts the received raw data into decimal physical data, formula (1) is the decimal acceleration conversion formula, and formula (2) is the angular velocity conversion formula, where M is the acceleration of each axis, the original value of the angular velocity, b_sensitivity represents the accelerometer sensitivity, and E_sensitivity represents the sensitivity of the gyroscope.(1)b=Mb_sensitivity×h,(2)e=Me_sensitivity×π180.First, the original data is intercepted by the sliding window. According to the sampling frequency of the lower computer and the average time of each action, the width of the sliding window is set to 80 groups of data for each window, and each group of data has 6 data, so it forms an 80 × 6 matrix. In order to exclude data that is not a hitting action, it is necessary to judge whether there is a hitting action in the window. Through experimental analysis, the basis for judging whether there is a hitting action is the average value of the absolute value of the acceleration and the sliding variance of the angular velocity, and the absolute value of the acceleration the formula for the sliding variance of the mean and acceleration is as follows:(3)mean=1λ∑i=1λ∑j3xij2,Dvar=13∑j=46∑i=1τ1λ∑i=1λ−Xij2.After experiments, comparing the above values of the hitting action and the nonbatting action, it is concluded that when mean >1.5 g and Dvar >1.1 × 10^4, it is considered that there is a hitting action in the sliding window. Otherwise, the sliding window will slide down. The selection strategy of the action window is to take the peak point in the sliding window that is judged to have the hitting action as the hitting point, taking the hitting point as the center, and selecting 40 sets of data as the action window. After the action window is selected, the feature value of the motion window must be extracted.The eigenvalues selected by the training system mainly include mean, variance, standard deviation, peak value, covariance, correlation coefficient, skewness, exercise intensity, and other 12 eigenvalues, some features like root mean square (R) and absolute mean square deviation (MAD) have been proven to be very effective, and its equation is shown as follows:(4)Rx=1Dwin∑i=1Dwimxi2,MADx=1Dwin∑i=1Dwimxi−1Dwin∑I=1Dwinxi.In the above formula,Dwin represents the size of the action window and xi represents a single attribute of each row of data in the window.Finally, we select two physical characteristics, including exercise intensity (MP) and signal amplitude (SM). The exercise intensity is described as the Euclidean norm of the three-axis acceleration signal, then, the average value of the recognition window is calculated, and its equation is shown as follows:(5)MP=1Dwin∑i=0Dwinxi,a12+xi,a22+xi,a32,where xi,a1,xi,a2,andxi,a3 represent the single attribute value of the three axes X, Y, and Z, respectively .The signal amplitude area is usually considered as an indirect estimate of energy consumption, and its equation is defined as follows:(6)SM=1Dwin∑i=1Dwinxi,a1+∑i=1Dwinxi,a2+∑i=1Dwinxi,a3.After the feature value is extracted, a total of 63 feature values will be formed. Because the units of many feature values are different, in order to facilitate processing, it is necessary to change.The data is normalized, and the equation for eigenvalue normalization is as follows:(7)gnormal=g−νς.Here,g represents the feature vector, ν is defined as the mean value of g, and ς is defined as the variance of g.After intercepting all training data windows, feature extraction, and normalization of each feature, the feature value for judging the action of the ball can be selected through the difference of the feature value of each action, so as to pass the selection of feature value and the determination of the feature value threshold. We derive the classification algorithm of five kinds of actions from it. To estimate the speed of the racket, this article estimates the three-axis acceleration of each tennis action based on the time integral of the swing to the hitting point in the action window to estimate the speed of the racket.μ0 represents the starting speed of the axis in the action window with a hitting action, m is the hitting point, andμm represents the hitting speed of the axis in the action window with a hitting action; then, the speed calculation formula μm for this axis is(8)μ1=μ0+b0y,μ2=μ1+b1y,⋮μm=μm−1+bm−1y.Among them,b0,b1,…,bm−1are the acceleration of each sample point in the axis, y is the sampling interval of each sample point, and the sampling frequency is 50 Hz; then, y is 0.02 s.


## 3.2.2. Data Integration

Data integration is the process of combining multiple data sources into a unified data interface for data analysis. Data integration is an important step in the process and may be extremely complicated. Some business rules and data conversion logic and algorithms can be applied, which usually include operations such as the merging and conversion of domain values, the connection of data, and the extraction and merging of fields. An important problem arising from data integration is data redundancy. Some redundancy can be found through simple analysis, such as identical definitions but different naming. Correlation analysis is a tool to detect data redundancy. For numerical data, the correlation between attributes and can be measured by the following formula:(9)tA,B=∑A−A¯B−B¯n−1ςAςB,where n is the number of ancestors, A and B are the average of the sum, and A¯ and B¯ are the standard deviation of the sum, respectively. If |tA,B∃0, it shows that A and B are positively correlated, and tA and B are large enough, indicating that one of the attributes is redundant and can be removed. If tA,B=0, it shows that A and B are not related. For nonnumerical data, the correlation between A and B can be measured by the following formula:(10)CorA,B=PA∪BPAPB.PAPBPA∪B is the probability of occurrence in the attribute set of the attribute, AI and BI, respectively A∪B. If CorA,B∃1, then A and B are positively correlated, where I=i1,i2,…,im means that there is redundancy.


## 3.2.3. Dynamic Time Warping

DTW (dynamic time warping) was first mainly used in isolated word speech recognition. This algorithm is based on the idea of dynamic programming, which measures the similarity of two discrete time series, and can find the corresponding smallest matching path. The essence of DTW is an optimization problem. Using the time warping function that describes the timing correspondence between the reference template and the test template under certain conditions, the corresponding warping function is obtained when the cumulative distance between the reference template and the test template is the smallest.(11)M=M1,M2,…,Mn,…,MN,P=P1,P2,…,Pm,…,PM.The meanings of the parameters contained in the above two formulas are as follows. (1)M is the feature sequence corresponding to the reference template, and P is the feature sequence corresponding to the test template. (2) n represents the timing label of the reference template, and the range is between [1, N]; m represents the timing label of the test template, and the range is between [1, M]. (3) N and M, respectively, represent the total number of frames of the time sequence feature sequence in the reference and test templates. (4) M (n) is the feature vector of n frames of the reference template, and P (m) is the feature vector of m frames of the test template.A matrix grid needs to be constructed to align the two sequences ofM and P. The elements at the matrix (i, j) are the distance d between the two points of Xi and Yj, that is, each point on the X sequence and each corresponding to the Y sequence. Concerning the similarity between points, the smaller the distance, the higher the similarity, and vice versa, the lower the similarity. Euclidean distance is usually used as(12)fi,j=Mi−Pj2.The dynamic programming method can be boiled down to find a nonlinear bending path in the abovementioned grid. On this path, the distance between the test template feature sequence and the reference template feature sequence is the smallest and the similarity is the highest. The idea of DP is based on the locally optimal path to complete the realization of the globally optimal path. This path is called a regular path, and thel-th element is defined as(13)Wl=i,jl,W=w1,w2,…,wl,maxm,n≤l≤m+n−1.


## 4. Design Analysis of Intelligent Design for Tennis Player Training Schedule Based on Big Data

### 4.1. Comparison of Physical Indicators between the Experimental Group and the Control Group

The body shape indicators of the two groups of athletes were subjected to an independent sampleT-test before the experiment. As can be seen from Figure 2, there is no significant difference in the body shape indicators of the two groups of subjects (P value >0.05). The body shape of the two groups of athletes is basically the same, the experiment can be carried out on the two groups of subjects, and it is ensured that the body shape factors will not have a significant impact on the experimental results.Figure 2
Analysis of the difference of the basic condition of the two groups of athletes before the experiment.Before and after the experiment, the physical fitness indicators of the two groups of athletes were tested by independent samples. According to the results in Figure3, there was no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in several test items in the pretest data, P>0.05; there were no significant differences between groups; therefore, the physical fitness characteristics between both groups are similar; in the posttest data, the experimental group and the control group have significant differences, P<0.05, which is statistically significant. In particular, in running forward and serving forward or backward, the scores of the experimental group are higher than those of the control group, which shows that the use of intelligent training system has significant results.Figure 3
Comparison of the pretest and posttest scores of the physical fitness indicators of the two groups in the experiment.


### 4.2. Evaluation Indicators of Sports Events

Each sports event belongs to different sports event groups, and different sports events have different characteristics of sports events. We should conduct selective and scientific sports training according to the characteristics of different sports events and formulate training plans to obtain more excellent sports. Figure4 is based on the importance of sports vision. It can be seen from Figure 4 that the importance of running and swimming in the visual direction of sports is slightly weaker than other sports, but for football, tennis, skiing, hockey, and other sports, the importance of the item is generally between 4 and5 values. Tennis involves all of the characteristics.Figure 4
Sports visual importance scale for different sports.


### 4.3. Tennis Sports Strength Training Effectiveness Analysis

The strength quality of tennis players was tested, and the interactive effects of fast strength and maximum strength on the athlete’s level were analyzed. It can be seen from Table1 that fast power has a very significant effect on athletes, but it also shows that maximum power and fast power also have a significant interactive effect on athletes’ technical level. Therefore, while focusing on the development of fast power, we should also achieve a steady increase in the maximum power.Table 1
Analysis of the interaction of tennis players’ strength training.
SourceMean squareFPE2Observed powerMaximum strength3.1574.0320.0020.1430.845Fast power4.5136.5950.0010.1740.976Maximum strength∗quick strength1.7443.2420.0060.1830.813Figure5 shows the statistics of core power versus serving speed. It can be seen from Figure 5 that core strength training can significantly improve the athlete’s serving speed. In the process of formulating sports training, it is necessary to strengthen the athlete’s core strength training. Core strength is mainly to carry out some functional strength training. From the perspective of training methods, such as vibration, core, and suspension training methods, these methods can be promoted and applied to a certain extent in the strength training of tennis players.Figure 5
Statistics of core strength to serve speed.In order to test the strength training effect of tennis players, Table2 is the description of the strength test indicators. The author has completed the comparison of the different strength forms before and after the training of the experimental group and the control group by testing the strength form of the athletes. Figure 6 shows that athletes’ various strength qualities have generally improved, especially in terms of maximum strength (such as bench press), lower limb stability strength (such as leg binding), and core stability strength (such as an eight-level abdominal bridge). Although the explosive power is not very obvious from the overall point of view, it is found in the test that there is a big difference. It is precisely because of the diversification of strength training methods and the development and implementation of detailed training plans according to the characteristics of each tennis player. The overall effect of the athletes is still relatively good, which not only improves their strength training effects but also reduces sports injuries happened and laid a solid foundation for later high-level training.Table 2
Strength test index description.
VariableNameUnitV13RMBench presskgV2Toss a solid ball with closed forehand footworkmV3Toss a solid ball with backhand closed footworkmV4Throw a solid ball over the head of the serving stationmV5Jump in place and touch highcmV6One-legged vertical jump and touch high (left side)cmV7One-legged vertical jump and touch high (right side)cmV8Squat on one leg (left)FrequencyV9Squat on one leg (right)FrequencyV10Eight-level abdominal bridgeLevelFigure 6
Changes in different forms of strength before and after training for the two groups of athletes.


### 4.4. Descriptive Statistical Analysis of Shoulder Joint Tests

The growth coefficient of the fixed base ratio refers to the ratio of the level of the reporting period to the level of a certain fixed period, indicating the total development speed of this phenomenon in a relatively long period of time. The growth coefficient of fixed base ratio = (final period number-initial number)/initial number∗ 100%. In this paper, the growth coefficient of the fixed base ratio is referred to as the fixed base ratio.Perform general descriptive statistics on the flexion and extension of each joint before and after each group of experiments, and you can have a general understanding of the minimum, maximum, average, and fixed base ratio and other related indicators and grasp its general development trend.From Table3, it can be seen that the experimental group and the control group were compared with the shoulder joint horizontal flexion and extension before and after the experiment. Each parameter index value of the test increased to different degrees. The peak torque is the product of the most human muscle strength and the moment arm during joint movement. From the results of shoulder joint horizontal flexion and extension, the experimental group’s average shoulder horizontal flexion peak torque was 59.38 before the experiment, and the fixed base ratio was 18.73%; the control group's average shoulder horizontal flexion peak torque before the experiment was 47.75, and the fixed base ratio is 13.41%. It can be seen that after the test, athletes in the experimental group have a higher level of increase in the peak shoulder flexion torque than the traditional strength group.Table 3
General descriptive statistical results of shoulder joint horizontal flexion and extension before and after the experiment.
Shoulder horizontal flexion and extension 60 degrees/secMinimumMaximumAverage valueFixed base ratioPeak shoulder flexion moment457259.3818.73Peak flexion work at shoulder level559970.5121.22Peak moment of shoulder horizontal extension325644.3920.51Peak shoulder extension work397455.2329.07Average peak moment of shoulder horizontal flexion498865.2519.54Average peak moment of shoulder horizontal extension629678.6423.48Percentage of peak moment of shoulder horizontal flexion and shoulder horizontal extension366447.7513.41Percentage of peak work in horizontal shoulder flexion and horizontal extension488361.636.38Relative peak moment of shoulder horizontal flexion387157.0219.59Relative peak moment of shoulder horizontal extension529668.1329.75


## 4.1. Comparison of Physical Indicators between the Experimental Group and the Control Group

The body shape indicators of the two groups of athletes were subjected to an independent sampleT-test before the experiment. As can be seen from Figure 2, there is no significant difference in the body shape indicators of the two groups of subjects (P value >0.05). The body shape of the two groups of athletes is basically the same, the experiment can be carried out on the two groups of subjects, and it is ensured that the body shape factors will not have a significant impact on the experimental results.Figure 2
Analysis of the difference of the basic condition of the two groups of athletes before the experiment.Before and after the experiment, the physical fitness indicators of the two groups of athletes were tested by independent samples. According to the results in Figure3, there was no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in several test items in the pretest data, P>0.05; there were no significant differences between groups; therefore, the physical fitness characteristics between both groups are similar; in the posttest data, the experimental group and the control group have significant differences, P<0.05, which is statistically significant. In particular, in running forward and serving forward or backward, the scores of the experimental group are higher than those of the control group, which shows that the use of intelligent training system has significant results.Figure 3
Comparison of the pretest and posttest scores of the physical fitness indicators of the two groups in the experiment.


## 4.2. Evaluation Indicators of Sports Events

Each sports event belongs to different sports event groups, and different sports events have different characteristics of sports events. We should conduct selective and scientific sports training according to the characteristics of different sports events and formulate training plans to obtain more excellent sports. Figure4 is based on the importance of sports vision. It can be seen from Figure 4 that the importance of running and swimming in the visual direction of sports is slightly weaker than other sports, but for football, tennis, skiing, hockey, and other sports, the importance of the item is generally between 4 and5 values. Tennis involves all of the characteristics.Figure 4
Sports visual importance scale for different sports.


## 4.3. Tennis Sports Strength Training Effectiveness Analysis

The strength quality of tennis players was tested, and the interactive effects of fast strength and maximum strength on the athlete’s level were analyzed. It can be seen from Table1 that fast power has a very significant effect on athletes, but it also shows that maximum power and fast power also have a significant interactive effect on athletes’ technical level. Therefore, while focusing on the development of fast power, we should also achieve a steady increase in the maximum power.Table 1
Analysis of the interaction of tennis players’ strength training.
SourceMean squareFPE2Observed powerMaximum strength3.1574.0320.0020.1430.845Fast power4.5136.5950.0010.1740.976Maximum strength∗quick strength1.7443.2420.0060.1830.813Figure5 shows the statistics of core power versus serving speed. It can be seen from Figure 5 that core strength training can significantly improve the athlete’s serving speed. In the process of formulating sports training, it is necessary to strengthen the athlete’s core strength training. Core strength is mainly to carry out some functional strength training. From the perspective of training methods, such as vibration, core, and suspension training methods, these methods can be promoted and applied to a certain extent in the strength training of tennis players.Figure 5
Statistics of core strength to serve speed.In order to test the strength training effect of tennis players, Table2 is the description of the strength test indicators. The author has completed the comparison of the different strength forms before and after the training of the experimental group and the control group by testing the strength form of the athletes. Figure 6 shows that athletes’ various strength qualities have generally improved, especially in terms of maximum strength (such as bench press), lower limb stability strength (such as leg binding), and core stability strength (such as an eight-level abdominal bridge). Although the explosive power is not very obvious from the overall point of view, it is found in the test that there is a big difference. It is precisely because of the diversification of strength training methods and the development and implementation of detailed training plans according to the characteristics of each tennis player. The overall effect of the athletes is still relatively good, which not only improves their strength training effects but also reduces sports injuries happened and laid a solid foundation for later high-level training.Table 2
Strength test index description.
VariableNameUnitV13RMBench presskgV2Toss a solid ball with closed forehand footworkmV3Toss a solid ball with backhand closed footworkmV4Throw a solid ball over the head of the serving stationmV5Jump in place and touch highcmV6One-legged vertical jump and touch high (left side)cmV7One-legged vertical jump and touch high (right side)cmV8Squat on one leg (left)FrequencyV9Squat on one leg (right)FrequencyV10Eight-level abdominal bridgeLevelFigure 6
Changes in different forms of strength before and after training for the two groups of athletes.


## 4.4. Descriptive Statistical Analysis of Shoulder Joint Tests

The growth coefficient of the fixed base ratio refers to the ratio of the level of the reporting period to the level of a certain fixed period, indicating the total development speed of this phenomenon in a relatively long period of time. The growth coefficient of fixed base ratio = (final period number-initial number)/initial number∗ 100%. In this paper, the growth coefficient of the fixed base ratio is referred to as the fixed base ratio.Perform general descriptive statistics on the flexion and extension of each joint before and after each group of experiments, and you can have a general understanding of the minimum, maximum, average, and fixed base ratio and other related indicators and grasp its general development trend.From Table3, it can be seen that the experimental group and the control group were compared with the shoulder joint horizontal flexion and extension before and after the experiment. Each parameter index value of the test increased to different degrees. The peak torque is the product of the most human muscle strength and the moment arm during joint movement. From the results of shoulder joint horizontal flexion and extension, the experimental group’s average shoulder horizontal flexion peak torque was 59.38 before the experiment, and the fixed base ratio was 18.73%; the control group's average shoulder horizontal flexion peak torque before the experiment was 47.75, and the fixed base ratio is 13.41%. It can be seen that after the test, athletes in the experimental group have a higher level of increase in the peak shoulder flexion torque than the traditional strength group.Table 3
General descriptive statistical results of shoulder joint horizontal flexion and extension before and after the experiment.
Shoulder horizontal flexion and extension 60 degrees/secMinimumMaximumAverage valueFixed base ratioPeak shoulder flexion moment457259.3818.73Peak flexion work at shoulder level559970.5121.22Peak moment of shoulder horizontal extension325644.3920.51Peak shoulder extension work397455.2329.07Average peak moment of shoulder horizontal flexion498865.2519.54Average peak moment of shoulder horizontal extension629678.6423.48Percentage of peak moment of shoulder horizontal flexion and shoulder horizontal extension366447.7513.41Percentage of peak work in horizontal shoulder flexion and horizontal extension488361.636.38Relative peak moment of shoulder horizontal flexion387157.0219.59Relative peak moment of shoulder horizontal extension529668.1329.75


## 5. Conclusion

This article mainly studies the design of an intelligent system for tennis player training schedule based on complex system big data. The training formulation in this article systematically arranges and records the athletes’ training content, formulates scientific training plans, and adjusts the training plan immediately according to the changes in the physical fitness of the players. It plays a very important role in the training process of tennis. This article is designed from four aspects, according to actual needs, from the four levels of coaches, athletes, physical trainers, and managers, from top to bottom to comprehensively understand the training process and training effects of each athlete, and make reasonable arrangements. The innovation of this article is that it is different from the previous operating training system. It innovatively proposes a combination of complex systems and big data and integrates processing and analysis of a large amount of training data. It provides the fastest personalized training program for athletes and improves training efficiency. The aim of this article is to stimulate discussion and theoretical support for the tennis training system.



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*Source: 4759395-2021-05-17.xml*