# Delay-Range-Dependent Stability Criteria for Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Systems with Fast Time-Varying Delays

Authors: Pin-Lin Liu
Journal: Journal of Applied Mathematics
 (2012)

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## Abstract

The problem of delay-range-dependent stability for T-S fuzzy system with interval time-varying delay is investigated. The constraint on the derivative of the time-varying delay is not required, which allows the time delay to be a fast time-varying function. By developing delay decomposition approach, integral inequalities approach (IIA), and Leibniz-Newton formula, the information of the delayed plant states can be taken into full consideration, and new delay-dependent sufficient stability criteria are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) which can be easily solved by various optimization algorithms. Simulation examples show resulting criteria outperform all existing ones in the literature. It is worth pointing out that our criteria are carried out more efficiently for computation and less conservatism of the proposed criteria.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

It is well known that time delay often appears in the dynamic systems, which is an important source of instability and degradation in the control performance. Fuzzy system in the form of Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) model has been paid considerable attention in the past two decades [1, 2]. It has been shown that the T-S model method gives an effective way to represent complex nonlinear systems by some simple local linear dynamic systems, and some analysis methods in the linear systems can be effectively extended to the T-S fuzzy systems. However, all the aforementioned criteria aim at time delay free T-S fuzzy systems. In practice, time delay, one of the instability sources in dynamical systems, is a common and complex phenomenon in many industrial and engineering systems such as chemical process, metallurgical processes, biological systems, rolling mill systems, and communication networks. As a result, stability analysis for T-S fuzzy systems with time delay is of great significance both in theory and in practice. Some approaches developed for general delay systems have been borrowed to deal with fuzzy systems with time delay. In recent years, the problems of stability and stabilization of the T-S fuzzy systems with time delay have attracted rapidly growing interests [3–21]. Among these references, great efforts have been focused on effective reduction of the conservation of the delayed T-S fuzzy model. Many effective methods, such as new bounding technique for cross-terms [7, 9], augmented Lyapunov functional method [7], and free-weighing matrix method [6, 10, 17–20], have been proposed. We can see that the free-weighting matrix approach is used as a main tool to make the criteria less conservative in the literature, and only the lower and upper bounds of delay function h(t) are considered. When stability analysis of delayed systems is concerned, a very effective strategy is to apply the Gu’s Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional discretization technique [22]. However, this discretization technique has been developed for linear systems subject to constant time delay. Besides, it is very hard to extend the stability analysis conditions obtained via this technique to control design since several products between decision variables will be generated, leading to nonconvex formulations. Therefore, less-conservative conditions for stability and control of T-S fuzzy systems subject to uncertain time delay are proposed based on a fuzzy weighting-dependent Lyapunov function, the Gu discretization technique [22], and extra strategies to introduce slack matrix variables by [13, 23]. However, these results have conservatism to some extent, which exist room for further improvement.The delay varying in an interval has strong application background, which commonly exists in many practical systems. The investigation for the systems with interval time-varying delay has caused considerable attention, see [13, 18, 24–26] and the references therein. In [15], Lyapunov-Krasovskii function and augmented Lyapunov-Krasovskii function to construct uncorrelated augmented matrix (UAM) and to deal with cross terms in the UAM through improved Jessen’s inequality. An improved delay-dependent criterion is derived in [18] by constructing a new Lyapunov functional and using free-weighting matrices. In [24], a weighting delay method is used to deal with the stability of system with time varying delay. In [25, 26], by developing a delay decomposition approach, the integral interval [t-h,t] is decomposed into [t-h,t-αh] and [t-αh,t]. Since a tuning parameter α is introduced, the information about x(t-αh) can be taken into full consideration; thus, the upper bound of ∫t-htx˙T(s)Rx˙(s)ds can be estimated more exactly no matter the delay derivative exists or not. However, it has been realized that too many free variables introduced in the free-weighting matrix method will complicate the system synthesis and consequently lead to a significant computational demand [7]. The problem of improving system performance while reducing the computational demand will be addressed in this paper.The main contributions of this paper are highlighted as follows. (1) delay-dependent stability criteria are developed, which are an improvement over the latest results available from the open literature [3, 5–7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17–21, 23, 27]; (2) theoretical proof is provided to show that the results in [6] are a special case of the results derived in this paper. The approach developed in this work uses the least number of unknown variables and consequently is the least mathematically complex and most computationally efficient. This implies that some redundant variables in the existing stability criteria can be removed while maintaining the efficiency of the stability conditions. With the present stability conditions, the computational burden is largely reduced; (3) since the delay decomposition approach is introduced in delay interval, it is clear that the stability results are based on the delay decomposition approach. When the positions of delay decomposition are varied, the stability results of the proposed criteria are also different. In order to obtain the optimal delay decomposition sequence, we proposed an implementation based on optimization methods.Motivated by the above discussions, we propose new stability criteria for T-S fuzzy system with interval time-varying delay. By developing a delay decomposition approach, the information of the delayed plant states can be taken into full consideration, and new delay-dependent sufficient stability criteria are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) which can be easily solved by various optimization algorithms. Since the delay terms are concerned more exactly, less conservative results are presented. Moreover, the restriction on the change rate of time-varying delays is relaxed in the proposed criteria. The proposed stability conditions are much less conservative and are more general than some existing results. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of our theoretical results.


## 2. Stability Analysis

Consider a T-S fuzzy system with a time-varying delay, which is represented by a T-S fuzzy model, composed of a set of fuzzy implications, and each implication is expressed by a linear system model. Theith rule of this T-S fuzzy model is of the following form:Plant rulei: if z1(t) is Mi1, and …, and zp(t) is Mip then(2.1a)x˙(t)=Aix(t)+Adix(t-h(t)),(2.1b)x(t)=ϕ(t),t∈[-h,0],i=1,2,...,r,where z1(t),z2(t),...,zp(t) are the premise variables; Mij,i=1,2,...,r,j=1,2,...,p are the fuzzy sets; x(t)∈Rn is the state; ϕ(t) is a vector-valued initial condition; Ai and Adi are constant real matrices with appropriate dimensions; the scalars ris the number of if-then rules; time delay, h(t), is a time-varying delay. We will consider the following two cases for the time-varying delay.Case 1.
h
(
t
) is a differentiable function satisfying
(2.2)0≤h1≤h(t)≤h2,|h˙(t)|≤hd,∀t≥0.Case 2.
h
(
t
) is a differentiable function satisfying
(2.3)0≤h1≤h(t)≤h2,
where h1 and h2 are the lower and upper delay bounds, respectively; h1,h2, and hd are constants. Here h1 the lower bound of delay may not be equal to 0, and when hd=0 we have h1=h2. Both Cases 1 and 2 have considered the upper and nonzero lower delay bounds of the interval time-varying delay. Case 1 is a special case of Case 2. If the time-varying delay is differentiable and hd<1, one can obtain a less conservative result using Case 1 than that using Case 2.By fuzzy blending, the overall fuzzy model is inferred as follows:(2.4)x˙(t)=∑i=1rwi(z(t))[Aix(t)+Adix(t-h(t))]∑i=1rwi(z(t))=∑i=1rθi(z(t))[Aix(t)+Adix(t-h(t))]=Ax(t)+Adx(t-h(t))x(t)=∑i=1rθi(z(t))ϕi(t),t∈[-h,0],
where z=[z1,z2,...,zp];wi:Rp→[0,1],i=1,2,...,r, is the membership function of the system with respect to the plant rule i; θi(z(t))=wi(z(t))/∑i=1rwi(z(t)); A=∑i=1rθi(z(t))Ai,  Ad=∑i=1rθi(z(t))Adi, and It is assumed that wi(z(t))≥0,i=1,2,...,r,  ∑i=1rwi(z(t))≥0forallt,  so we have θi(z(t))≥0,∑i=1rθi(z(t))=1.In the following, we will develop some practically computable stability criteria for the system described (2.1a). The following lemmas are useful in deriving the criteria. First, we introduce the following technical Lemma 2.1 of integral inequality approach (IIA).Lemma 2.1 (see [11]).
For any positive semidefinite matrices(2.5)X=[X11X12X13X12TX22X23X13TX23TX33]≥0.
Then, one obtains
(2.6)-∫t-htx˙T(s)X33x˙(s)ds≤∫t-ht[xT(t)xT(t-h)x˙T(s)][X11X12X13X12TX22X23X13TX23T0][x(t)x(t-h)x˙(s)]ds.Lemma 2.2 (see [28]).
The following matrix inequality(2.7)[Q(x)S(x)ST(x)R(x)]<0,
where Q(x)=QT(x),R(x)=RT(x)andS(x) depend on affine on x is equivalent to
(2.8)R(x)<0,Q(x)<0,Q(x)-S(x)R-1(x)ST(x)<0.In this paper, a new Lyapunov functional is constructed, which contains the information of the lower bound of delayh1 and upper bound h2.The following Theorem 2.3 presents a delay-range-dependent result in terms of LMIs and expresses the relationships between the terms of the Leibniz-Newton formula.Theorem 2.3.
Under Case1, for given scalars h1,h2,hd, and α(0<α<1), System (2.4) subject to (2.2) is asymptotically stable if there exist symmetry positive-definite matrices P=PT>0, Q1=Q1T>0, Q2=Q2T>0, Q3=Q3T>0, R1=R1T>0, R2=R2T>0, and positive semidefinite matrices
(2.9)X=[X11X12X13X12TX22X23X13TX23TX33]≥0,Y=[Y11Y12Y13Y12TY22Y23Y13TY23TY33]≥0,Z=[Z11Z12Z13Z12TZ22Z23Z13TZ23TZ33]≥0
such that the following LMIs hold:(2.10a)Ξi=[Ξ11Ξ120Ξ14Ξ15Ξ16Ξ12TΞ22Ξ23Ξ24Ξ25Ξ260Ξ23TΞ33000Ξ14TΞ24T0Ξ4400Ξ15TΞ25T00Ξ550Ξ16TΞ26T000Ξ66]<0,(2.10b)R1-X33≥0,(2.10c)R2-Y33≥0,(2.10d)R2-Z33≥0,where
(2.11)Ξ11=AiTP+PAi+Q1+Q2+Q3+αδX11+X13+X13T,Ξ12=PAdi,Ξ14=αδX12-X13+X23T,Ξ15=αδAiTR1,Ξ16=(h2-αδ)AiTR2,Ξ22=-(1-hd)Q2+(h2-αδ)Y22-Y23-Y23T+(h2-αδ)Z11+Z13+Z13T,Ξ23=(h2-αδ)Z12-Z13+Z23T,Ξ24=(h2-αδ)Y12T-Y13T+Y23,Ξ25=αδAdiTR1,Ξ26=(h2-αδ)AdiTR2,Ξ33=-Q3+(h2-αδ)Z22-Z23-Z23T,Ξ44=-Q1+(h2-αδ)Y11+Y13+Y13T+αδX22-X23-X23T,Ξ55=-δR1,Ξ66=-(h2-αδ)R2.Proof.
If we can proof that Theorem2.3 holds for two cases, that is, αδ≤h(t)≤h2 and h1≤h(t)≤αδ, where αδ=(h2+h1)/2, then Theorem 2.3 is true.Case1. When αδ≤h(t)≤h2.
Construct a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional candidate as(2.12)V(xt)=xT(t)Px(t)+∫t-αδtxT(s)Q1x(s)ds+∫t-h(t)txT(s)Q2x(s)ds+∫t-h2txT(s)Q3x(s)ds+∫-αδ0∫t+θtx˙T(s)R1x˙(s)dsdθ+∫-h2-αδ∫t+θtx˙T(s)R2x˙(s)dsdθ.
Calculating the derivative of (2.12) with respect to t>0 along the trajectories of (2.1a) and (2.1b) leads to
(2.13)V˙(xt)=xT(t)(PA+ATP)x(t)+xT(t)PAdx(t-h(t))+xT(t-h(t))AdTPx(t)+xT(t)(Q1+Q2+Q3)x(t)-xT(t-αδ)Q1x(t-αδ)-xT(t-h(t))(1-h˙(t))Q2x(t-h(t))-xT(t-h2)Q3x(t-h2)+x˙T(t)αδR1x˙(t)+x˙T(t)(h2-αδ)R2x˙(t)-∫t-δtx˙T(s)R1x˙(s)ds-∫t-h2t-δx˙T(s)R2x˙(s)ds≤xT(t)(PA+ATP)x(t)+xT(t)PAdx(t-h(t))+xT(t-h(t))AdTPx(t)+xT(t)(Q1+Q2+Q3)x(t)-xT(t-αδ)Q1x(t-αδ)-xT(t-h(t))(1-hd)Q2x(t-h(t))-xT(t-h2)Q3x(t-h2)+x˙T(t)[αδR1+(h2-αδ)R2]x˙(t)-∫t-αδtx˙T(s)R1x˙(s)ds-∫t-h2t-αδx˙T(s)R2x˙(s)ds,
with the operator for the term x˙T(t)[αδR1+(h2-αδ)R2]x˙(t) as follows:
(2.14)x˙T(t)[αδR1+(h2-αδ)R2]x˙(t)=[Ax(t)+Adx(t-h(t))]T[αδR1+(h2-αδ)R2][Ax(t)+Adx(t-h(t))]=xT(t)AT[αδR1+(h2-αδ)R2]Ax(t)+xT(t)AT[αδR1+(h2-αδ)R2]Adx(t-h(t))+xT(t-h(t))AdT[αδR1+(h2-αδ)R2]Ax(t)+xT(t-h(t))AdT[αδR1+(h2-αδ)R2]Adx(t-h(t)).
Alternatively, the following equations are true:(2.15)-∫t-αδtx˙T(s)R1x˙(s)ds-∫t-h2t-αδx˙T(s)R2x˙(s)ds=-∫t-αδtx˙T(s)R1x˙(s)ds-∫t-h(t)t-αδx˙T(s)R2x˙(s)ds-∫t-h2t-h(t)x˙T(s)R2x˙(s)ds=-∫t-αδtx˙T(s)(R1-X33)x˙(s)ds-∫t-h(t)t-αδx˙T(s)(R2-Y33)x˙(s)ds-∫t-h2t-h(t)x˙T(s)(R2-Z33)x˙(s)ds-∫t-αδtx˙T(s)X33x˙(s)ds-∫t-h(t)t-αδx˙T(s)Y33x˙(s)ds-∫t-h2t-h(t)x˙T(s)Z33x˙(s)ds.
By utilizing Lemma2.1 and the Leibniz-Newton formula, we have
(2.16)-∫t-αδtx˙T(s)X33x˙(s)ds≤∫t-αδt[xT(t)xT(t-αδ)x˙T(s)][X11X12X13X12TX22X23X13TX23T0][x(t)x(t-αδ)x˙(s)]ds≤xT(t)αδX11x(t)+xT(t)αδX12x(t-αδ)+xT(t-αδ)αδX12Tx(t)+xT(t-αδ)αδX22x(t-αδ)+xT(t)X13T∫t-αδtx˙(s)ds+xT(t-αδ)X23T∫t-αδtx˙(s)ds+∫t-αδtx˙T(s)dsX13x(t)+∫t-αδtx˙T(s)dsX23x(t-αδ)=xT(t)[αδX11+X13T+X13]x(t)+xT(t)[αδX12-X13+X23T]x(t-αδ)+xT(t-αδ)[δX12T+X23-X13T]x(t)+xT(t-αδ)[αδX22-X23-X23T]x(t-αδ).
Similarly, we obtain(2.17)-∫t-h(t)t-αδx˙T(s)Y33x˙(s)ds≤xT(t-αδ)[(h2-αδ)Y11+Y13T+Y13]x(t-αδ)+xT(t-αδ)[(h2-αδ)Y12-Y13+Y23T]x(t-h(t))+xT(t-h(t))[(h2-αδ)Y12T-Y13T+Y23]x(t-αδ)+xT(t-h(t))[(h2-αδ)Y22-Y23-Y23T]x(t-h(t)),(2.18)-∫t-h2t-h(t)x˙T(s)Z33x˙(s)ds≤xT(t-h(t))[(h2-αδ)Z11+Z13+Z13T]x(t-h(t))+xT(t-h(t))[(h2-αδ)Z12-Z13+Z23T]x(t-h2)+xT(t-h2)[(h2-αδ)Z12T-Z13T+Z23]x(t-h(t))+xT(t-h2)[(h2-αδ)Z22-Z23-Z23T]x(t-h2).
Substituting the above equations (2.14)–(2.18) into (2.13), we obtain
(2.19)V˙(xt)≤ξT(t)Ωξ(t)-∫t-αδtx˙T(s)(R1-X33)x˙(s)ds-∫t-h(t)t-αδx˙T(s)(R2-Y33)x˙(s)ds-∫t-h2t-h(t)x˙T(s)(R2-Z33)x˙(s)ds,
where ξT(t)=[xT(t)xT(t-h(t))xT(t-h2)xT(t-αδ)] and
(2.20)Ω=[Ω11Ω120Ω14Ω12TΩ22Ω23Ω240Ω23TΩ330Ω14TΩ24T0Ω44],
where
(2.21)Ω11=ATP+PA+Q1+Q2+Q3+αδX11+X13+X13T+AT[αδR1+(h2-αδ)R2]A,Ω12=PAd+AT[αδR1+(h2-αδ)R2]Ad,Ω14=αδX12-X13+X23T,Ω22=-(1-hd)Q2+(h2-αδ)Z11+Z13+Z13T+(h2-αδ)Y22-Y23-Y23T+AdT[αδR1+(h2-αδ)R2]Ad,Ω23=(h2-αδ)Z12-Z13+Z23T,Ω24=(h2-αδ)Y12T-Y13T+Y23,Ω33=-Q3+(h2-αδ)Z22-Z23-Z23T,Ω44=-Q1+(h2-αδ)Y11+Y13+Y13T+αδX22-X23-X23T.
IfΩ<0,R1-X33≥0,R2-Y33≥0, and R2-Z33≥0, then V˙(xt)<-ε∥x(t)∥2 for a sufficiently small ε>0. By the Schur complement of Lemma 2.2, Ω<0 is equivalent to the following inequality and is true:
(2.22)Ψ=[Ψ11Ψ120Ψ14Ψ15Ψ16Ψ12TΨ22Ψ23Ψ24Ψ25Ψ260Ψ23TΨ33000Ψ14TΨ24T0Ψ4400Ψ15TΨ25T00Ψ550Ψ16TΨ26T000Ψ66]<0,
where
(2.23)Ψ11=ATP+PA+Q1+Q2+Q3+αδX11+X13+X13T,Ψ12=PAd,Ψ14=αδX12-X13+X23T,Ψ15=αδATR1,Ψ16=(h2-αδ)ATR2,Ψ22=-(1-hd)Q2+(h2-αδ)Y22-Y23-Y23T+(h2-αδ)Z11+Z13+Z13T,Ψ23=(h2-αδ)Z12-Z13+Z23T,Ψ24=(h2-αδ)Y12T-Y13T+Y23,Ψ25=αδAdTR1,Ψ26=(h2-αδ)AdTR2,Ψ33=-Q3+(h2-αδ)Z22-Z23-Z23T,Ψ44=-Q1+(h2-αδ)Y11+Y13+Y13T+αδX22-X23-X23T,Ψ55=-αδR1,Ψ66=-(h2-αδ)R2.
That is to say, ifΨ<0,  R1-X33≥0,R2-Y33≥0, and R2-Z33≥0, then V˙(t)<-ε∥x(t)∥2 for a sufficiently small ε>0. Furthermore, (2.10a) implies ∑i=1rθi(z(t))Ωi<0, which is equivalent to (2.22). Therefore, if LMIs (2.10a) are feasible, the system (2.4) is asymptotically stable.Case 2. Whenh1≤h(t)≤αδ.
For this case, the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional candidate is chosen(2.24)V(xt)=xT(t)Px(t)+∫t-αδtxT(s)Q1x(s)ds+∫t-h(t)txT(s)Q2x(s)ds+∫t-h1txT(s)Q3x(s)ds+∫-αδ0∫t+θtx˙T(s)R1x˙(s)dsdθ+∫-αδ-h1∫t+θtx˙T(s)R2x˙(s)dsdθ,
where P>0,R1>0,R2>0,Qi>0(i=1,2,3).
ChoosingξT(t)=[xT(t)xT(t-h(t))xT(t-h1)xT(t-αδ)] and then using a proof process similar to that for Case 1, we derive the same condition (2.10a), (2.10b), (2.10c), and (2.10d) as that for Case 1. This completes the proof.When the information of the time derivative of delay is unknown, by eliminatingQ2we have the following result from Theorem 2.3.Corollary 2.4.
For given scalarsh1, h2, and α(0<α<1), the system (2.4) is asymptotically stable if there exist positive-definite matrices P=PT>0, Q1=Q1T>0, Q3=Q3T>0, R1=R1T>0, R2=R2T>0 and positive semidefinite matrices
(2.25)X=[X11X12X13X12TX22X23X13TX23TX33]≥0,Y=[Y11Y12Y13Y12TY22Y23Y13TY23TY33]≥0,Z=[Z11Z12Z13Z12TZ22Z23Z13TZ23TZ33]≥0,
such that the following LMIs hold:(2.26a)Ξ¯i=[Ξ¯11Ξ120Ξ14Ξ15Ξ16Ξ12TΞ¯22Ξ23Ξ24Ξ25Ξ260Ξ23TΞ33000Ξ14TΞ24T0Ξ4400Ξ15TΞ25T00Ξ550Ξ16TΞ26T000Ξ66]<0,(2.26b)R1-X33≥0,(2.26c)R2-Y33≥0,(2.26d)R2-Z33≥0,where Ξij(i,j=1,2,...,6) are defined in (8) and
(2.27)Ξ¯11=ATP+PA+Q1+Q3+αδX11+X13+X13T,Ξ¯22=(h2-αδ)Y22-Y23-Y23T+(h2-αδ)Z11+Z13+Z13T.Proof.
If the matrixQ2=0 is selected in (2.10a), (2.10b), (2.10c), and (2.10d), this proof can be completed in a similar formulation to Theorem 2.3.Whenh1=0, Theorem 2.3 reduces to the following Corollary 2.5.Corollary 2.5.
For given scalarsh,hd, and α(0<α<1), the system (2.4) is asymptotically stable if there exist symmetry positive-definite matrices P=PT>0,  Q1=Q1T>0,  Q2=Q2T>0,R=RT>0, and positive semidefinite matrices
(2.28)X=[X11X12X13X12TX22X23X13TX23TX33]≥0,Y=[Y11Y12Y13Y12TY22Y23Y13TY23TY33]≥0,
such that the following LMIs hold for i=1,2,...,r,
(2.29)Σi=[Σ11Σ120Σ14Σ12TΣ22Σ23Σ240Σ23TΣ330Σ14TΣ24T0Σ44]<0,R-X33≥0,R-Y33≥0,
where
(2.30)Σ11=AiTP+PAi+Q1+Q2+αhX11+X13+X13T,Σ12=PAdi+αhX12-X13+X23T,Σ14=αhAiTR,Σ22=-(1-hd)Q2+αhX22-X23-X23T+hY11+Y13+Y13T,Σ23=αhY12-Y13+Y23T,Σ24=αhAdiTR,Σ33=-Q1+αhY22-Y23-Y23T,Ω44=-αhR.Proof.
Choose the following fuzzy Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional candidate to be(2.31)V(t)=V1(t)+V2(t)+V3(t)+V4(t),
where
(2.32)V1(t)=xT(t)Px(t)V2(t)=∫t-αhtxT(s)Q1x(s)dsV3(t)=∫t-h(t)txT(s)Q2x(s)dsV4(t)=∫-αh0∫t+θtx˙T(s)Rx˙(s)dsdθ.
Then, taking the time derivative ofV(t) with respect to t along the system (2.4) yield
(2.33)V˙(t)=V˙1(t)+V˙2(t)+V˙3(t)+V˙4(t).
Then the proof follows a linear similar to the proof of Theorem2.3 and thus is omitted here.Remark 2.6.
In our Theorems2.3, hd can be any value or unknown due to Ξ22=-(1-hd)Q2+(h2-αδ)Y22-Y23-Y23T+(h2-αδ)Z11+Z13+Z13T. Therefore, Theorem 2.3 is applicable to both cases of fast and slow time varying delay. We will show the other characteristic of Theorem 2.3. When the distance between h1 and h2 is sufficiently small, the upper bound h2 of delay for unknown hd will be very close to the upper bound for hd=0. This characteristic is not included in previous Lyapunov functional based work where the upper bound of delay for hd≠0 is always less than that for hd=0.Remark 2.7.
It is seen from the proof of Theorem2.3 and Corollary 2.4 that the main characteristics of the method developed in this paper can be generalized as the following two steps. (i) Construct a Lyapunov function to integrated both lower and upper delay bounds, for example, αδ=(h2+h1)/2 in (2.12) and (2.24). (ii) Employ Lemma 2.1 to deal with cross-product terms, for example, those in (2.15)–(2.18). It is also seen from the proof that neither model transformation nor free-weighting matrices have been employed to deal with the cross-product terms. Therefore, the stability criteria derived in this paper are expected to be less conservative. This will be demonstrated later through numerical examples. It is noted that although it has been observed that using αδ=(h2+h1)/2 in the constructed Lyapunov function can improve stability performance for many examples, theoretical evidence has not been found so far to explain the observations.
Based on that, a convex optimization problem is formulated to find the bound on the allowable delay time0≤h1≤h(t)≤h2 which maintains the delay-dependent stability of the time delay system (2.4).Remark 2.8.
It is interesting to note thath1,h2 appears linearly in (2.10a) and (2.26a). Thus, a generalized eigenvalue problem (GEVP) as defined in Boyd et al. [28] can be formulated to solve the minimum acceptable 1/h1(or1/h2) and, therefore, the maximum h1(orh2) to maintain robust stability as judged by these conditions.
In this way, our optimization problem becomes a standard generalized eigenvalue problem, which can be then solved using GEVP technique. From this discussion, we have the following Remark2.9.Remark 2.9.
Theorem2.3 provides delay-dependent asymptotic stability criteria for the T-S fuzzy systems with an interval time-varying delay (2.4) in terms of solvability of LMIs [28]. Based on them, we can obtain the maximum allowable delay bound (MADB) 0≤h1≤h(t)≤h2 such that (2.4) is stable by solving the following convex optimization problem:
(2.34)Maximizeh2Subject toTheorem2.3(Corollary2.4)
Inequality (2.34) is a convex optimization problem and can be obtained efficiently using the MATLAB LMI Toolbox.
About how to seek an appropriateα satisfying 0<α<1, such that the upper bound h of delay h(t) subjecting to (2.29) is maximal, we give an algorithm as follows.Algorithm 2.10 ((Maximizingh>0)).
Step 1: For givenhd, choose an upper bound on h satisfying (2.29), and then select this upper bound as the initial value h0 of h.
Step 2: Set appropriate step lengths,hstep and αstep, for h and α, respectively. Set k as a counter, and choose k=1. Meanwhile, let h=h0+hstep and the initial value α0 of α equals to αstep.
Step 3: Letα=kαstep, if inequality (2.29) is feasible, go to Step 4; otherwise, go to Step 5.
Step 4: Leth0=h,α0=α,k=1 and h=h0+hstep, go to step 3.
Step 5: Letk=k+1. If kαstep<1, then go to step 3; otherwise, stop.Remark 2.11.
For Algorithm2.10, the final h0 is the desired maximum of the upper bound of delay h(t) satisfying (2.29) and α0 is the corresponding value of α.


## 3. Illustrative Examples

To illustrate the usefulness of our results, this section will provide numerical examples. It will be shown that the proposed results can provide less conservative results that recent ones have given [3, 5–7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17–21, 23, 27]. It is worth pointing out that our criteria carried out more efficiently for computation.Example 3.1.
Consider a time-delayed fuzzy system without controlling input. The T-S fuzzy model of this fuzzy system is of the following form.
Plant rules:Rule 1:
Ifx1(t) is M1, then
(3.1)x˙(t)=A1x(t)+Ad1x(t-h(t)).Rule 2:
Ifx1(t) is M2, then
(3.2)x˙(t)=A2x(t)+Ad2x(t-h(t)),
and the membership functions for rule 1 and rule 2 are
(3.3)M1(x1(t))=(1-11+e-5(x1(t)-(π/6)))11+e-5(x1(t)-(π/6)),M2(x1(t))=1-M1(x1(t)),
where
(3.4)A1=[-200-0.9],Ad1=[-10-1-1],A2=[-1.510-0.75],Ad2=[-101-0.85].Solution 3.2.
For system (3.1) and (3.2),by taking the parameter hd=0 and α=0.6, we get the Corollary 2.5 which remains feasible for any delay time h≤2.2459. In case of maximum allowable delay bound (MADB) h=2.2459, solving Corollary 2.5 yields the following set of feasible solutions:
(3.5)P=[33.23427.99927.999228.4879],Q1=[0.0039-0.0007-0.00070.0029],Q2=[78.8437-2.5471-2.547122.8291],R=[1.62804.50934.509313.7942],X11=[1.89331.58771.58778.4013],X12=[0.1663-3.3981-3.4381-6.7700],X13=[-1.2051-3.3469-3.3454-10.2327],X22=[2.02591.51081.51088.4337],X23=[1.20303.34883.347310.2310],X33=[1.62464.50974.509713.7915],Y11=[5.12990.41160.41165.9858],Y12=[-0.1102-0.1624-0.1588-0.5302],Y13=[0.19710.58720.59151.7945],Y22=[0.29620.65220.65222.0458],Y23=[0.34560.80550.80582.5092],Y33=[0.80932.11412.11416.4977].
Applying the criteria in [9, 10, 12, 17] and in this paper, the maximum values of h for the stability of system under considerations are listed in Table 1. It is easy to see that the stability criterion in this paper gives a much less conservative result than the ones in [9, 10, 12, 17].Table 1
Computation MADBh for varying  hd in Example 3.1.
h
d
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.9
≥1
Li et al. [9]
1.0078
0.8164
0.6042
0.3356
0.1509
Fail
Liu [12]
1.0655
0.9247
0.8040
0.7306
0.7232
0.7232
Lien [10]
1.2052
1.0766
0.9589
0.8468
0.7968
0.7843
Tian et al. [17]
1.2682
1.2071
1.1565
1.1415
1.1415
1.1415
Corollary2.5  (α=0.6)
2.0087
1.7944
1.5981
1.4114
1.3280
1.3071Furthermore, by taking the varioush1(hd=0.5), and from Theorem 2.3, we obtain the maximum allowable delay bound (MADB) h2 as shown in Table 2. From the above results of Table 2, if the h1 increases, the delay time length increases.Table 2
MADBh2(hd=0.5) for various h1 in Example 3.1.
h
1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.0
2.0
Theorem2.3  (α=0.6)
1.3451
1.4016
1.4598
1.5208
1.5903
1.6357
2.1182Remark 3.3.
Similar to Algorithm2.10, an algorithm for seeking an appropriate α such that the upper bound of delay 0≤h1≤h(t)≤h2, subjecting to (2.10a), (2.10b), (2.10c), and (2.10d) is maximal can be easily obtained.Example 3.4.
Consider a T-S fuzzy system with time-varying delay. The T-S fuzzy model of this fuzzy system is of the following form:Rule 1:
Ifx1(t) is M1, then
(3.6)x˙(t)=A1x(t)+Ad1x(t-h(t)).Rule 2:
Ifx1(t) is M2, then
(3.7)x˙(t)=A2x(t)+Ad2x(t-h(t)),
and the membership functions for rule 1 and rule 2 are
(3.8)M1(z(t))=11+exp⁡(-2x1(t)),M2(x1(t))=1-M1(z(t)),
where
(3.9)A1=[-3.20.60-2.1],Ad1=[10.902],A2=[-101-3],Ad2=[0.9011.6].Solution 3.5.
By taking the parameterhd=0, using Corollary 2.5, the maximum value of delay time for the System (3.6) and (3.7) to be asymptotically stable is h≤1.0245. By the criteria in [9, 16], the system (3.6) and (3.7)  is asymptotically stable for h≤0.58 and h≤0.6148, respectively. Hence, for this example, the criteria proposed here significantly improve the estimate of the stability limit compared with the result of [9, 16]. Employing the LMIs in [18–21] and those in Corollary 2.5 yields upper bounds on h2 that guarantee the stability of system (3.6) and (3.7) for various hd, which are listed in Table 3, in which “–” means that the results are not applicable to the corresponding cases. It can be seen from Table 3 that Corollary 2.5 in this paper yields the least conservative stability test than other approaches, showing the advantage of the stability result in this paper.Table 3
MADBh for various hd in Example 3.4.
h
d
0.1
0.5
0.9
≥1
Tian and Peng [18]
0.3950
0.3950
0.3950
—
Zuo and Wang [21]
0.4808
0.4746
0.4454
—
Wu and Li [19]
0.4809
0.472
0.4455
—
Z. Yang and Y. P. Yang [20]
0.5030
0.4995
0.4988
—
Kwon et al. [8]
0.7236
0.7154
0.7014
—
Corollary2.5  (α=0.6)
0.8014
0.7908
0.7418
0.7402Example 3.6.
Consider a T-S fuzzy system with time-varying delay is of the following form:
Plant rules.Rule 1:
Ifx1(t) is M1, then
(3.10)x˙(t)=A1x(t)+Ad1x(t-h(t)).Rule 2:
Ifx1(t) is M2, then
(3.11)x˙(t)=A2x(t)+Ad2x(t-h(t)),
and the membership functions for rule 1 and rule 2 are
(3.12)M1(z(t))=11+exp⁡⁡(-2x1(t)),M2(x1(t))=1-M1(z(t)),
where
(3.13)A1=[0.1100.2],Ad1=[-0.320-0.5],A2=[0.120-0.2],Ad2=[-0.3420.01-0.4].Solution 3.7.
By using Corollary2.4, the maximum allowable delay bound (MADB) can be calculated as h2=2.3725. The results for stability conditions in different methods are compared in Table 4. It can be seen that the delay-dependent stability condition in this paper is less conservative than earlier reported ones in the literature [5, 7, 10, 15, 18, 27]. Compared with Guan and chen [7] who used 5 LMI variables,  Yoneyama [27] employed 20 LMI variables to get better stability results. To obtain improved stability results than those in [15, 18, 27], we need 8 variables in Corollary 2.4 the same as [5, 10]. It is also seen from Table 4 that the larger ris the more unknown LMI variables are required in [18, 27]. However, the unknown number of LMI variables is independent of rin the results of this paper. It can be shown that the delay-dependent stability condition in this paper is the best performance.Table 4
MADBh2 for unknown hd(h1=0) in Example 3.6 for different methods (Number of variables: Nv; Number of fuzzy rules: r).
Method
h
2
N
v
Guan and Chen [7]
1,2214
5
Yoneyama [27]
1.8294
8
+
6
r
Tian andPeng [18]
1.9187
8
+
8
r
Lien [10]
1.9187
8
Chen et al. [5]
1.9187
8
Peng et al. [15]
2.2812
15
Corollary2.4  (α=0.6)
2.3725
8Remark 3.8.
Similar to Algorithm2.10, we can also find an appropriate scalar α, such that the upper bound of delay 0≤h1≤h(t)≤h2, subjecting to (2.26a), (2.26b), (2.26c), and (2.26d) reaches the maximum.Example 3.9.
Consider a nominal time-delay fuzzy system. The T-S fuzzy model of this fuzzy system is of the following form.Rule 1:
Ifx1(t) is M1, then(3.14a)x˙(t)=A1x(t)+Ad1x(t-h(t)).Rule 2:
Ifx1(t) is M2, then
(3.14b)x˙(t)=A2x(t)+Ad2x(t-h(t)),and the membership function for rules 1 and 2 are
(3.15)M1(z(t))=11+exp⁡(-2x1(t)),M2(x1(t))=1-M1(z(t)),
where
(3.16)A1=[-2.10.1-0.2-0.9],Ad1=[-1.10.1-0.8-0.9],A2=[-1.90-1.1-1.1],Ad2=[-0.90-1.1-1.2].Solution 3.10.
The objective is to determine the maximum value of constant time-delayh=h2(h1=0)for which the system is stable. Table 5 compares works based on common quadratic functionals [7, 18–20, 23] with the fuzzy functional of Corollary 2.4. It is clear by inspecting Table 5 that Corollary 2.4 provides the largest time delays. For comparison, Table 6 also lists the maximum allowable delay bound (MADB) h obtained from the criterion [3]. It is clear that Corollary 2.5 gives much better results than those obtained by [3]. It is illustrated that the proposed stability criteria are effective in comparison to earlier and newly published results existing in the literature.Table 5
MADBh=h2(h1=0) for different methods in Example 3.9.
Method
[7]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[23]
Corollary2.4  (α=0.6)
h
1.25
1.85
3.37
3.85
4.61
5.4873Table 6
MADBh for different hd for Example 3.9.
h
d
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
1.1
An and Wen [3]
3.036
2.240
1.747
1.523
1.497
Corollary2.5  (α=0.6)
4.4274
3.2378
2.5016
1.9494
1.5926Example 3.11.
Consider a nominal time-delay fuzzy system. The T-S fuzzy model of this fuzzy system is of the following form.Rule 1:
Ifx1(t) is M1, then
(3.17)x˙(t)=A1x(t)+Ad1x(t-h(t)).Rule 2:
Ifx1(t) is M2, then
(3.18)x˙(t)=A2x(t)+Ad2x(t-h(t)),
and the membership functions for rule 1 and rule 2 are
(3.19)M1(z(t))=sin⁡2(x1(t)),M2(x1(t))=cos⁡2(x1(t)),
where
(3.20)A1=[01-8-6],A2=[01-80],Ad1=Ad2=[001-2].Solution 3.12.
Considering a constant time delay, by using Corollary2.4, the maximum allowable delay bound (MADB) can be calculated as h2=0.4130(h1=0,α=0.5). By the criteria in [13, 23], the systems (3.17) and (3.18) is asymptotically stable for any h that satisfies h≤0.322 and h≤0.4060, respectively. Hence, for this example, the criteria proposed here significantly improve the estimate of the stability limit compared with the result of [13, 23].


## 4. Conclusion

In this paper, we have dealt with the stability problem for T-S fuzzy systems with interval time-varying delay. By constructing a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, the supplementary requirement that the time derivative of time-varying delays must be smaller than one is released in the proposed delay-range-dependent stability criterion. By developing a delay decomposition approach, the information of the delayed plant states can be taken into full consideration, and new delay-range-dependent sufficient stability criteria are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) which can be easily solved by various optimization algorithms. Since the delay term is concerned more exactly, it is less conservative and more computationally efficient than those obtained from existing methods. Thus, the present method could largely reduce the computational burden in solving LMIs. Both theoretical and numerical comparisons have been provided to show the effectiveness and efficiency of the present method. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of our theoretical results.



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