# Empirical Study Based on the Perceptions of Patients and Relatives about the Acceptance of Wearable Devices to Improve Their Health and Prevent Possible Diseases

Authors: Francisco D. Guillén-Gámez; María J. Mayorga-Fernández
Journal: Mobile Information Systems
 (2019)

---

## Abstract

In recent years, there has been a technological revolution affecting all areas of life, including health. Following this trend, a series of electronic devices called wearable technology have emerged with the aim of improving the quality of people’s life. These devices are made up of tools that help to prevent the development of chronic diseases and fight against the aging of society by monitoring the vital signs of users. Despite the advantages of using these devices from medical and health points of view, it is necessary to know the opinion of users regarding their use. For this reason, this study has been proposed. The purpose of this study is to analyse the perceptions of the subjects involved in the research regarding the acceptance of wearable devices, taking into account variables, such as age and gender. To this end, a nonexperimental, ex post facto design has been composed that combines descriptive and inferential techniques, with a sample of 606 patients and relatives belonging to a public health centre in the community of Madrid.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

Current households increasingly rely on consumer electronic devices which are intended both for leisure and for improving daily housework. One type of technological device that is presently having a large impact is the wearable device (wearable technology). According to Vijayalakshmi et al. [1], in 2018, approximately 210 million units of wearable devices were produced, amounting revenues of more than USD 30 billion.In recent years, the internet has passed through several phases: the first focused on information, while the second focused on people. However, different researchers predict that a new phase will occur, the next decade being the Internet of Things (IoT), in which there will be millions of wearable devices (including medical devices) that use big data and will be connected to the network in order to exchange data with one other [2, 3].Raskovic et al. [4] and Yang et al. [5] define wearable technology as a set of electronic devices (for example, smart watches, sports shoes with built-in GPS, and wristbands controlling the state of health) that are incorporated in some parts of the body (for example, footwear, clothes, and smart glasses) and interact continuously with the user in order to perform a specific function. The launch of Google Glasses and Apple’s Apple Watch has marked a turning point in the incorporation of these technologies in the daily routines of people. They have become particularly useful in the fields of medicine and health [6–8].Health systems fight against the aging of the population and the development of chronic diseases, which can be prevented, such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases [9, 10]. In response to these challenges, a multitude of researchers have found wearable technology and health-related apps to be a possible solution to improve the quality of people’s life [11–13]. In this way, Canhoto and Arp [14] affirm that wearable technology products can provide highly accurate metrics regarding the vital conditions of people. Consequently, users will be able to monitor and access information concerning their health more easily in order for physicians to both prevent diseases and help people, collecting evidence and objective data for the treatment of different types of diseases [15].Due to the aging trend of the population of developed countries, these wearable technologies will allow different life situations of patients or elderly people to be monitored, specifically in terms of the vital signs that guarantee their health and well-being [16, 17]. For example, these devices can measure a user’s heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory function, and the level of calories burned during exercise and steps walked, among other aspects [18, 19]. As Yetisen et al. [13] state, medical data can be sent to a healthcare provider to receive therapeutic feedback or can act automatically by other devices in the network.Despite the advantages of using wearable devices from medical and health points of view, it is necessary to know the opinion of users regarding the acceptance of these devices according to medical use and prevention of future diseases since there is currently little research that focuses on this study problem. In order to broaden this issue, the present study has been raised, objective of which is to analyse the perceptions of the subjects involved in the research regarding the acceptance of wearable devices as health tools in relation to their age and gender.


## 2. Theoretical Framework

### 2.1. Development of Instruments to Measure the Acceptance of Wearable Devices

Although the market for smart watches and other wearable devices is rapidly increasing, estimates show that current sales are still relatively low [20]. A lot of research has focused on the acceptance of consumers of new technologies and intelligent devices [21–23]. However, few studies have been carried out so far to measure the level of acceptance in the field of wearable health technologies.For example, Chuah et al. [24] created a theoretical instrument based on the technological acceptance of smart watches. The instrument was completed by 226 students from the University of Malaysia, where 77.9% were female and the average age of the sample was 21.4 years. The instrument they created was composed of nine dimensions, among which the following four components stand out: perceived utility, ease of use, attitudes of use, and purchase intention. Among the findings, the authors found that the ease of use of smart watches is indirectly related to the attitude towards the use of these wearable devices. The same results regarding wearable technologies were found by Chae [25] and Basoglu et al. [26].Along the same lines, Dehghani et al. [27] developed an instrument on the intentions of using wearable devices. To do this, the authors used a sample of 385 users, who answered a survey divided into six subdimensions, highlighting the attractive aesthetic scale, operational comfort, use of motivation, healthology, and intended use. The results showed that the aesthetic appeal was positively related to the intention of use, although the healthology dimension had no significant effect on the intended use, which was in contrast to the results obtained by Dehghani [28]. In addition, the intended and continued use of these devices was positively related to the actual use. Some of these findings are corroborated by the studies of Rauschnabel and Ro [29] and Chuah et al. [24], which determine that users see wearable devices as fashion accessories and that this significantly affects their intention to use them.On the other hand, in recent years, new and increasingly sophisticated online attacks have appeared in order to hack the vulnerability of these technological devices and the confidentiality of information in databases [30–32], and different authors have investigated about it [33, 34]. For instance, Das et al. [35] discovered privacy leaks in Bluetooth activation between the exercise tracker and the smartphone, including user tracking, user activity detection, and identification of people. In the same context, Langone et al. [36] analysed the link between different wearable devices and communication via Bluetooth, and they identified several security problems in a set of commercial portable devices.For this reason, any company or medical institution that uses wearable devices to monitor and save medical parameters of its patients should seek solutions, together with their creators, in order not to lose information and confidentiality of use [37–39]. Different investigations have analysed users’ perception about the possible loss of privacy of their medical data when using wearable devices. For example, Spagnolli et al. [40] and Wen et al. [41] claim that privacy loss in sharing this data or the fact that someone can access it significantly threatens the acceptance of their use.On the other hand, it is necessary to consider the theory of Ziefle and Wilkowska [21], who affirm that demographic variables, such as age, can significantly bias the acceptance and use made by patients of technological devices related to health and medical care. Some scholars have already investigated this topic [42, 43].For example, Arning and Ziefle [44] evaluated the general attitude and confidence in the use of e-Health technologies, using a sample of 52 university students and 52 adults. They found that the adult group reported a significantly more positive attitude towards e-Health technologies than the younger group. However, contradictory findings were found in the research of Röcker et al. [45], who determined that older adults may be more resistant or undecided in adopting novel technological devices than young adults due to different cultural, educational, and cultural factors and previous experiences.On the other hand, Rupp et al. [46] analysed, with a sample of 103 participants in an age range of 18 to 83 years, the motivation and confidence to use wearable technologies. Thus, they used different subdimensions, highlighting the reliability and privacy of these types of software. The authors determined that age influenced usability. They concluded that older adults often had more difficulty than younger adults learning the use of new technologies, which could even lead to anxiety. Similar results have been found with respect to mobile health services, with differences in the age of the user groups analysed [10, 47, 48].Although the vast potential of these technologies to know and even improve health seems obvious, it is very interesting to find out to what extent certain variables, such as gender, influence their acceptance of use. Zhang et al. [49] conducted an investigation with 436 participants, where they found significant differences between men and women. In terms of the technical dimension, men valued it more positively and even considered it irreplaceable, highlighting their higher level of acceptance and the value of the device as an innovative invention. In contrast, women considered its usefulness most important when referring to the health dimension. Other studies coincide with these results, where women have a lower use attitude than men [24, 45, 50, 51]. On the contrary, Wu et al. [52] conducted a study involving 120 Amazon consumers. The results showed that, for men, the attitude of use of portable technology was less favourable than that for women, as also found in a workplace study by Rooney et al. [53].Other studies highlight the preference for one type of device or another according to gender and age. According to Arning and Ziegle [44], older women opted for blood pressure metres, while younger women opted for home robots. On the other hand, young men had significant differences regarding the use of smart clothes, while the use of such smart clothes was rejected by older men.There is some research, on the other hand, which indicates that the gender variable is not decisive for using wearable devices since there are no significant differences in use between men and women [54–56].


## 2.1. Development of Instruments to Measure the Acceptance of Wearable Devices

Although the market for smart watches and other wearable devices is rapidly increasing, estimates show that current sales are still relatively low [20]. A lot of research has focused on the acceptance of consumers of new technologies and intelligent devices [21–23]. However, few studies have been carried out so far to measure the level of acceptance in the field of wearable health technologies.For example, Chuah et al. [24] created a theoretical instrument based on the technological acceptance of smart watches. The instrument was completed by 226 students from the University of Malaysia, where 77.9% were female and the average age of the sample was 21.4 years. The instrument they created was composed of nine dimensions, among which the following four components stand out: perceived utility, ease of use, attitudes of use, and purchase intention. Among the findings, the authors found that the ease of use of smart watches is indirectly related to the attitude towards the use of these wearable devices. The same results regarding wearable technologies were found by Chae [25] and Basoglu et al. [26].Along the same lines, Dehghani et al. [27] developed an instrument on the intentions of using wearable devices. To do this, the authors used a sample of 385 users, who answered a survey divided into six subdimensions, highlighting the attractive aesthetic scale, operational comfort, use of motivation, healthology, and intended use. The results showed that the aesthetic appeal was positively related to the intention of use, although the healthology dimension had no significant effect on the intended use, which was in contrast to the results obtained by Dehghani [28]. In addition, the intended and continued use of these devices was positively related to the actual use. Some of these findings are corroborated by the studies of Rauschnabel and Ro [29] and Chuah et al. [24], which determine that users see wearable devices as fashion accessories and that this significantly affects their intention to use them.On the other hand, in recent years, new and increasingly sophisticated online attacks have appeared in order to hack the vulnerability of these technological devices and the confidentiality of information in databases [30–32], and different authors have investigated about it [33, 34]. For instance, Das et al. [35] discovered privacy leaks in Bluetooth activation between the exercise tracker and the smartphone, including user tracking, user activity detection, and identification of people. In the same context, Langone et al. [36] analysed the link between different wearable devices and communication via Bluetooth, and they identified several security problems in a set of commercial portable devices.For this reason, any company or medical institution that uses wearable devices to monitor and save medical parameters of its patients should seek solutions, together with their creators, in order not to lose information and confidentiality of use [37–39]. Different investigations have analysed users’ perception about the possible loss of privacy of their medical data when using wearable devices. For example, Spagnolli et al. [40] and Wen et al. [41] claim that privacy loss in sharing this data or the fact that someone can access it significantly threatens the acceptance of their use.On the other hand, it is necessary to consider the theory of Ziefle and Wilkowska [21], who affirm that demographic variables, such as age, can significantly bias the acceptance and use made by patients of technological devices related to health and medical care. Some scholars have already investigated this topic [42, 43].For example, Arning and Ziefle [44] evaluated the general attitude and confidence in the use of e-Health technologies, using a sample of 52 university students and 52 adults. They found that the adult group reported a significantly more positive attitude towards e-Health technologies than the younger group. However, contradictory findings were found in the research of Röcker et al. [45], who determined that older adults may be more resistant or undecided in adopting novel technological devices than young adults due to different cultural, educational, and cultural factors and previous experiences.On the other hand, Rupp et al. [46] analysed, with a sample of 103 participants in an age range of 18 to 83 years, the motivation and confidence to use wearable technologies. Thus, they used different subdimensions, highlighting the reliability and privacy of these types of software. The authors determined that age influenced usability. They concluded that older adults often had more difficulty than younger adults learning the use of new technologies, which could even lead to anxiety. Similar results have been found with respect to mobile health services, with differences in the age of the user groups analysed [10, 47, 48].Although the vast potential of these technologies to know and even improve health seems obvious, it is very interesting to find out to what extent certain variables, such as gender, influence their acceptance of use. Zhang et al. [49] conducted an investigation with 436 participants, where they found significant differences between men and women. In terms of the technical dimension, men valued it more positively and even considered it irreplaceable, highlighting their higher level of acceptance and the value of the device as an innovative invention. In contrast, women considered its usefulness most important when referring to the health dimension. Other studies coincide with these results, where women have a lower use attitude than men [24, 45, 50, 51]. On the contrary, Wu et al. [52] conducted a study involving 120 Amazon consumers. The results showed that, for men, the attitude of use of portable technology was less favourable than that for women, as also found in a workplace study by Rooney et al. [53].Other studies highlight the preference for one type of device or another according to gender and age. According to Arning and Ziegle [44], older women opted for blood pressure metres, while younger women opted for home robots. On the other hand, young men had significant differences regarding the use of smart clothes, while the use of such smart clothes was rejected by older men.There is some research, on the other hand, which indicates that the gender variable is not decisive for using wearable devices since there are no significant differences in use between men and women [54–56].


## 3. Methods

### 3.1. Design

This is a nonexperimental, ex post facto study that combines descriptive and statistical techniques in order to measure the perceptions of patients about their acceptance of wearable devices. The statistical measurement techniques used have been the comparison of ranges through the Mann–WhitneyU test, the Pearson correlation for quantitative variables, and Spearman correlation, when one of these variables is ordinal, and the nonparametric relation of discrete variables, the chi-squared test. The data analyses were performed in SPSS v.24.


### 3.2. Participants

The sample is of nonprobabilistic nature, intentionally. The collection of data was carried out in the first quarter of 2018. The sample consisted of a total of 606 patients and relatives belonging to a public health centre in the community of Madrid (Spain). The predominant gender of the participants in the study was female (60.2%) compared to 39.8% male. Regarding age, the sample obtained an average of 32 years, with a standard deviation of 10.55. In addition, Table1 shows the number of devices per gender according to the part of the body where they prefer to wear the wearable device. It is observed that both sexes prefer on the wrist, followed by hanging on clothes.Table 1
Number of devices per gender according to the part of the body where they prefer to wear the wearable device.
Gender
Total
Male
Female
Where would you prefer to hang these devices?
Wrist
161
225
386
Hanging clothes
37
41
78
Integrated in clothes
17
51
68
Smart glasses
19
19
38
Shoes
13
23
36
Total
247
359
606


### 3.3. Procedure

In order to collect data on patients and relatives, the researchers visited the public health centre for a four-week period. The instrument was completed by all patients who were willing to fill it out at the door of the hospital, guaranteeing anonymity in the data processing. The database of the questionnaires was developed through Google Forms, where a digital tablet was used to fill out the surveys and, in this way, streamline the collection of data.


### 3.4. Instrument

An instrument has been developed to measure the perceptions and the patients’ level of acceptance regarding the use of wearable devices to monitor health. The first section included demographic variables and general questions related to wearable devices. The instrument was composed of five dimensions. The first dimension was focused on the utility of using wearable devices and was composed of two items (maximum 10 points); the second dimension was focused on the comfort of wearing these devices on the body or clothes and was composed of three items (maximum 15 points); the third dimension was focused on feelings and emotions when using wearable devices and included five items (maximum 25 points); the fourth dimension was related to the safety and reliability of such devices and included two items (maximum 10 points); and the last dimension was related to the intentions of use and included three items (maximum 15 points). In total, the instrument consisted of 15 items where a Likert scale of five points of valuation was used, where value one represented “totally disagree” and five represented “totally agree” (maximum 75 points).In addition, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire used for this investigation were analysed through reliability by internal consistency (Cronbach’sα), where the parameters obtained were α = 0.82 (instrument total), α = 0.77 (utility), α = 0.82 (comfort), α = 0.34 (emotions), α = 0.77 (intentions to use), and α = 0.56 (privacy and reliability).Regarding the variance, an exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) of the main axis with oblimin rotation was carried out. The results obtained with the sample adequacy index (KMO) was 0.879 and the Bartlet sphericity test was significant (sig = 0.001), indicating that the correlation matrix exceeds the conditions for performing this analysis. It has been found that the five factors explain 68.91% of the total variance.For the confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA), several indices recommended by Brown [57] have been considered, which are shown in Table 2: the values for the statistical adjustment minimum discrepancy/degrees of freedom (CMIN/DF), incremental adjustment index (IFI), comparative adjustment index (CFI), and the average square root of the approach error (RMSEA).Table 2
Confirmatory factor analysis indexes in the model.
χ
2
SB
gl
p
CMIN
IFI
CFI
RMSEA
NFI
448.067
83
<0.000
5.39
0.895
0.895
0.085
0.875In addition, it has been observed how the different subdimensions are correlated with each other, determining a good fit of the model [58], noting those that are related to the intention to use wearable devices: utility: intentions of use (r = 0.75); design: intentions of use (r = 0.72); privacy: intentions of use (r = 0.72); feelings: intentions of use (r = 0.44). The structure of the CFA is available in the appendix showing the correlations between the different dimensions (Figure 1).Figure 1
Structure of the CFA.


## 3.1. Design

This is a nonexperimental, ex post facto study that combines descriptive and statistical techniques in order to measure the perceptions of patients about their acceptance of wearable devices. The statistical measurement techniques used have been the comparison of ranges through the Mann–WhitneyU test, the Pearson correlation for quantitative variables, and Spearman correlation, when one of these variables is ordinal, and the nonparametric relation of discrete variables, the chi-squared test. The data analyses were performed in SPSS v.24.


## 3.2. Participants

The sample is of nonprobabilistic nature, intentionally. The collection of data was carried out in the first quarter of 2018. The sample consisted of a total of 606 patients and relatives belonging to a public health centre in the community of Madrid (Spain). The predominant gender of the participants in the study was female (60.2%) compared to 39.8% male. Regarding age, the sample obtained an average of 32 years, with a standard deviation of 10.55. In addition, Table1 shows the number of devices per gender according to the part of the body where they prefer to wear the wearable device. It is observed that both sexes prefer on the wrist, followed by hanging on clothes.Table 1
Number of devices per gender according to the part of the body where they prefer to wear the wearable device.
Gender
Total
Male
Female
Where would you prefer to hang these devices?
Wrist
161
225
386
Hanging clothes
37
41
78
Integrated in clothes
17
51
68
Smart glasses
19
19
38
Shoes
13
23
36
Total
247
359
606


## 3.3. Procedure

In order to collect data on patients and relatives, the researchers visited the public health centre for a four-week period. The instrument was completed by all patients who were willing to fill it out at the door of the hospital, guaranteeing anonymity in the data processing. The database of the questionnaires was developed through Google Forms, where a digital tablet was used to fill out the surveys and, in this way, streamline the collection of data.


## 3.4. Instrument

An instrument has been developed to measure the perceptions and the patients’ level of acceptance regarding the use of wearable devices to monitor health. The first section included demographic variables and general questions related to wearable devices. The instrument was composed of five dimensions. The first dimension was focused on the utility of using wearable devices and was composed of two items (maximum 10 points); the second dimension was focused on the comfort of wearing these devices on the body or clothes and was composed of three items (maximum 15 points); the third dimension was focused on feelings and emotions when using wearable devices and included five items (maximum 25 points); the fourth dimension was related to the safety and reliability of such devices and included two items (maximum 10 points); and the last dimension was related to the intentions of use and included three items (maximum 15 points). In total, the instrument consisted of 15 items where a Likert scale of five points of valuation was used, where value one represented “totally disagree” and five represented “totally agree” (maximum 75 points).In addition, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire used for this investigation were analysed through reliability by internal consistency (Cronbach’sα), where the parameters obtained were α = 0.82 (instrument total), α = 0.77 (utility), α = 0.82 (comfort), α = 0.34 (emotions), α = 0.77 (intentions to use), and α = 0.56 (privacy and reliability).Regarding the variance, an exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) of the main axis with oblimin rotation was carried out. The results obtained with the sample adequacy index (KMO) was 0.879 and the Bartlet sphericity test was significant (sig = 0.001), indicating that the correlation matrix exceeds the conditions for performing this analysis. It has been found that the five factors explain 68.91% of the total variance.For the confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA), several indices recommended by Brown [57] have been considered, which are shown in Table 2: the values for the statistical adjustment minimum discrepancy/degrees of freedom (CMIN/DF), incremental adjustment index (IFI), comparative adjustment index (CFI), and the average square root of the approach error (RMSEA).Table 2
Confirmatory factor analysis indexes in the model.
χ
2
SB
gl
p
CMIN
IFI
CFI
RMSEA
NFI
448.067
83
<0.000
5.39
0.895
0.895
0.085
0.875In addition, it has been observed how the different subdimensions are correlated with each other, determining a good fit of the model [58], noting those that are related to the intention to use wearable devices: utility: intentions of use (r = 0.75); design: intentions of use (r = 0.72); privacy: intentions of use (r = 0.72); feelings: intentions of use (r = 0.44). The structure of the CFA is available in the appendix showing the correlations between the different dimensions (Figure 1).Figure 1
Structure of the CFA.


## 4. Analysis of the Results

### 4.1. Exploratory Data Analysis

Figures2(a) and 2(b) show the results obtained after carrying out the exploratory analysis of the data in relation to the acceptance level based on the place of the body where the participants would like to wear them (Figure 2(a)) and according to the purpose for which they would be used according to gender (Figure 2(b)).Figure 2
(a) Acceptance level according to gender and depending on the place of the human body. (b) Level of acceptance according to gender and according to the purpose of use.
(a)
(b)In Figure2(a), it can be seen that men’s acceptance level in relation to the location or position of the wearable device on the body is higher than the acceptance level of women. It is noteworthy that, generally, both men and women prefer to wear these devices on the wrists (52.71% of men and 50.19% of women). In addition, the level of significance is less than 0.05 (χ2 = 10.245, gl = 4, sig. = 0.037), so the H0 is rejected; that is, the place where the device is worn according to sex is significant.In terms of the level of acceptance in relation to the purpose of use, the percentages of men are greater in all the options proposed (Figure2(b)), except in “others,” where women usually use wearable devices for different purposes than those proposed (53.77% of women versus 48.33% of men). In the other options of use, men have higher scores than women: in the use to be fashionable, for example, men scored 48.83%, while women scored 44%. Regarding the purpose of keeping medical information, the percentage of males (51.80%) was higher than that of females (48.95%). Furthermore, since the level of significance is less than 0.05 (χ2 = 13.118, gl = 4, sig. = 0.011), the H0 is rejected, so the proportion of men and women with respect to the purpose of using wearable devices is different between the different options.As can be seen in Figure3(a), the acceptance level of wearable devices for men is higher than that for women, regardless of their employment status, except in the case of the unemployed, whereby both men and women obtained very similar scores (men 49.44% and women 48.39%). On the other hand, male retirees have a higher level of acceptance than female retirees.Figure 3
(a) Level of acceptance according to gender and depending on employment situation. (b) Cumulative number of devices according to gender and age ranges.
(a)
(b)According to the age ranges, people under 30 have a greater number of devices (Figure3(b)), regardless of whether they are men or women, although women have a greater number of devices at home. The level of significance is lower than 0.05 (χ2 = 14.325, gl = 3, sig. = 0.002), so the H0 is rejected; that is, the proportion of men and women regarding the number of wearable devices they have at home is different, taking into consideration three categories (one device, two devices, and more than three devices).


### 4.2. Analysis of Patients’ Attitudes regarding the Acceptance of Wearable Devices

Tables3–8 show the descriptive parameters obtained in each of the items that make up each dimension of the instrument, as well as the total values of the dimensions, including the mean (M), standard deviation (SD), asymmetry (A), kurtosis (K), and the correlation of age (r) in the different dimensions of the questionnaire, as well as the difference of ranks in order to check whether there are any statistically significant differences with respect to gender and its effect size calculated by Cohen (d). In this study, when the data were not fulfilled with the assumption of normality, nonparametric statistics were used, specifically the Mann–Whitney U test.Table 3
Attitudes about the utility of using wearable devices.
Gender
M
SD
A
K
Age (r)
Kolmogórov–Smirnov
Mann–WhitneyU
KS
gl
Sig.
Sig.
d (Cohen)
Item 1
Male
3.46
1.23
−0.38
−0.71
−0.186∗∗
0.160
247
0.001
0.003
0.235
Female
3.17
1.24
−0.06
−0.97
−0.171∗∗
0.155
359
0.001
Total
3.29
1.24
−0.18
−0.92
−0.172∗∗
0.156
606
0.001
Item 2
Male
3.67
1.21
−0.46
−0.83
−0.126∗
0.204
247
0.001
0.146
—
Female
3.53
1.18
−0.35
−0.79
−0.137∗∗
0.168
359
0.001
Total
3.59
1.20
−0.39
−0.82
−0.130∗∗
0.179
606
0.001
Total
Male
7.13
2.22
−0.35
−0.79
−0.172∗∗
0.151
247
0.001
0.015
0.197
Female
6.70
2.18
−0.16
−0.85
−0.172∗∗
0.129
359
0.001
Total
6.88
2.20
−0.23
−0.85
−0.168∗∗
0.138
606
0.001
The correlation is significant at the∗∗0.01 and ∗0.05 levels.Table 4
Attitudes about the comfort of using wearable devices.
Gender
M
SD
A
K
Age (r)
Kolmogórov–Smirnov
Mann–WhitneyU
KS
gl
Sig.
Sig.
d (Cohen)
Item 1
Male
3.34
1.18
−0.16
−0.87
−0.142∗
0.166
247
0.001
0.409
—
Female
3.26
1.16
−0.08
−0.88
−0.131∗
0.165
359
0.001
Total
3.29
1.17
−0.11
−0.88
−0.134∗∗
0.166
606
0.001
Item 2
Male
3.15
1.29
−0.13
−1.02
−0.250∗∗
0.155
247
0.001
0.004
0.229
Female
2.84
1.30
0.18
−1.03
−0.144∗∗
0.164
359
0.001
Total
2.97
1.31
0.05
−1.10
−0.186∗∗
0.150
606
0.001
Item 3
Male
3.37
1.24
−0.28
−0.88
−0.154∗
0.169
247
0.001
0.018
0.188
Female
3.14
1.20
−0.04
−0.93
−0.143∗∗
0.159
359
0.001
Total
3.23
1.22
−0.13
−0.93
−0.144∗∗
0.163
606
0.001
Total
Male
9.85
3.21
−0.13
−0.85
−0.233∗∗
0.092
247
0.001
0.021
0.188
Female
9.24
3.11
0.02
−0.79
−0.155∗∗
0.087
359
0.001
Total
9.49
3.17
−0.04
−0.83
−0.186∗∗
0.083
606
0.001
The correlation is significant at the∗∗0.01 and ∗0.05 levels.Table 5
Attitudes about feelings and emotions when using wearable devices.
Gender
M
SD
A
K
Age (r)
Kolmogórov–Smirnov
Mann–WhitneyU
KS
gl
Sig.
Sig.
d
Item 1
Male
4.30
0.97
−1.46
1.69
−0.054
0.327
247
0.001
0.610
—
Female
4.30
1.05
−1.50
1.52
−0.124∗
0.351
359
0.001
Total
4.40
1.02
−1.49
1.59
−0.095∗
0.341
606
0.001
Item 2
Male
4.05
1.09
−0.99
0.17
−0.041
0.260
247
0.001
0.124
—
Female
3.92
1.08
−0.71
−0.34
−0.116∗
0.235
359
0.001
Total
3.97
1.09
−0.82
−0.17
−0.083∗
0.245
606
0.001
Item 3
Male
2.47
1.20
0.37
−0.83
−0.045
0.181
247
0.001
0.0708
—
Female
2.53
1.27
0.51
−0.72
0.020
0.205
359
0.001
Total
2.50
1.24
0.46
−0.75
−0.008
0.195
606
0.001
Item 4
Male
4.27
0.97
−1.24
0.83
−0.021
0.325
247
0.001
0.427
—
Female
4.18
1.07
−1.24
0.78
−0.040
0.308
359
0.001
Total
4.22
1.03
−1.25
0.84
−0.031
0.314
606
0.001
Item 5
Male
3.46
1.21
−0.33
−0.81
0.075
0.174
247
0.001
0.795
—
Female
3.48
1.21
−0.48
−0.69
0.025
0.222
359
0.001
Total
3.47
1.21
−0.42
−0.74
0.046
0.203
606
0.001
Total
Male
18.55
2.93
−0.52
0.26
−0.029
0.132
247
0.001
0.654
—
Female
18.40
2.95
−0.68
0.47
−0.073
0.122
359
0.001
Total
18.46
2.94
−0.62
0.38
−0.055
0.125
606
0.001
The correlation is significant at the∗∗0.01 and ∗0.05 levels.Table 6
Attitudes about the privacy and reliability of wearable devices.
Gender
M
SD
A
K
Age (r)
Kolmogórov–Smirnov
Mann–WhitneyU
KS
gl
Sig.
Sig.
d
Item 1
Male
3.01
1.09
−0.10
−0.67
−0.193∗∗
0.176
247
0.001
0.008
0.208
Female
2.79
0.96
0.13
−0.42
−0.077
0.191
359
0.001
Total
2.88
1.03
0.05
−0.56
−0.124∗∗
0.182
606
0.001
Item 2
Male
3.37
1.22
−0.43
−0.74
−0.048
0.216
247
0.001
0.005
0.222
Female
3.10
1.25
−0.05
−0.98
−0.098
0.153
359
0.001
Total
3.21
1.25
−0.20
−0.94
−0.076
0.179
606
0.001
Total
Male
6.38
1.94
−0.17
−0.58
−0.122
0.118
247
0.001
0.001
0.259
Female
5.89
1.85
0.09
−0.58
−0.104∗
0.105
359
0.001
Total
6.09
1.91
0.00
−0.62
−0.107∗∗
0.103
606
0.001
The correlation is significant at the∗∗0.01 and ∗0.05 levels.Table 7
Attitudes about the intended use.
Gender
M
SD
A
K
Age (r)
Kolmogórov–Smirnov
Mann–WhitneyU
KS
gl
Sig.
Sig.
d
Item 1
Male
3.23
1.25
−0.27
−0.95
−0.221∗∗
0.187
247
0.001
0.001
0.257
Female
2.99
1.23
−0.01
−0.90
−0.122∗
0.156
359
0.001
Total
3.13
1.25
−0.11
−0.96
−0.160∗
0.158
606
0.001
Item 2
Male
3.58
1.40
−0.49
−1.08
−0.177
0.231
247
0.001
0.001
0.311
Female
3.13
1.39
−0.02
−1.24
−0.093
0.158
359
0.001
Total
3.31
1.41
−0.20
−1.26
−0.105∗∗
0.188
606
0.001
Item 3
Male
2.65
1.37
0.35
−1.07
−0.130∗
0.182
247
0.001
0.001
0.207
Female
2.35
1.25
0.62
−0.58
−0.029
0.196
359
0.001
Total
2.47
1.30
0.51
−0.82
−0.072
0.191
606
0.001
Total
Male
9.55
3.31
−0.14
−0.90
−0.179∗∗
0.085
247
0.001
0.001
0.321
Female
8.47
3.19
0.13
−0.66
−0.104∗
0.082
359
0.001
Total
8.91
3.28
0.04
−0.81
−0.134∗∗
0.078
606
0.001
The correlation is significant at the∗∗0.01 and ∗0.05 levels.Table 8
Analysis of the variance (ANOVA) of the acceptance of wearables.
Source
Type III sum of squares
df
Mean square
F
Sig.
Partial eta-square
Corrected model
26185.603a
108
242.459
4.041
0.001
0.468
Intercept
202671.885
1
202671.885
3378.109
0.001
0.872
Number of devices
1186.873
3
395.624
6.594
0.001
0.038
Body part
1140.518
4
285.130
4.753
0.001
0.037
Age intervals
444.255
2
222.127
3.702
0.025
0.015
Interest in wearable devices
1514.057
2
757.028
12.618
0.001
0.048
Number of devices∗ body part
1827.908
12
152.326
2.539
0.003
0.058
a
R
2 = 0.468 (adjusted R2 = 0.352).Table3 shows how the total attitude towards the usefulness of wearable devices is medium high (M = 6.88), being slightly higher for males (M = 7.13) compared to females (M = 6.70). Specifically, the participants in the study perceive these devices as more useful to control/care for the health of elderly people (people with heart problems and hypertension (item 2, M = 3.59) versus utility for themselves (item 1, M = 3.29)). Regarding gender, significant differences have been found in this dimension (sig. 0.015). In terms of how age affects the perceptions of patients about the usefulness of wearable devices in their daily life, there is a significant effect in both genders towards total utility, with a small correlation (r = −0.168); that is, the coefficient of determination (R2) determines that the age variable represents 2.8% of the variability of the utility dimension of wearable devices (R2 = 0.028).Table4 includes data on the attitudes of patients and family members regarding the convenience of using wearable devices. The total assessment of this dimension is medium high (M = 9.49), being practically the same average for both genders. The least valued item has been the design of these devices (item 2), since the participants in the study have an average of M = 2.97, with a lower score in women (M = 2.84) than in men (M = 3.15). Regarding gender, significant differences have been found in this dimension (sig. 0.021), while in terms of how age affects perception of the ease of use of these devices, there is a significant effect in both genders, although the correlation is small (r = −0.186); that is, the coefficient of determination (R2) determines that the age variable represents 3.4% of the variability of the comfort-of-use dimension of wearable devices (R2 = 0.034).Table5 presents the results obtained in relation to the dimension feelings and emotions when using wearable devices. The results show a high total valuation on this dimension (M = 18.46), not appreciating differences according to gender. The least valued item was item 3 of this dimension, related to the fear of providing information to the family doctor regarding health status through wearable devices (M = 2.50), placing the fair value at half the scale. Item 1 was the most valued, related to the anxiety/burden that can occur when using this type of device for the first time (M = 4.40). The same score was achieved for both men and women. Regarding gender, no significant differences were found in this dimension (sig 0.654). In terms of how age affects perception with respect to feelings of use of wearable devices, the correlation is zero; that is, the age variable does not affect perceptions related to feelings and emotions of patients about the acceptance of wearable devices, as their opinions were unanimous in all age ranges.Table6 analyses the perceptions of the research participants regarding the privacy of users when using these devices and the reliability of the software. It can be seen how this dimension has a medium global assessment (M = 6.09). It was slightly higher for males (M = 6.38) compared to females (M = 5.89), meaning therefore that there were significant differences in this dimension with respect to gender (sig. 0.001).Regarding how age affects the perception of the respondents about the privacy and reliability of the software, it can be observed that there is a significant effect on both genders towards the perception of use, with a small correlation (r = −0.107); that is, the coefficient of determination (R2) determines that the age variable represents 1.14% of the variability of this dimension (R2 = 0.01).Table7 shows how the intentions of use of patients and family members on wearable devices in general terms of the dimension are medium high (M = 8.91). Specifically, it can be observed that users feel that they would be quite motivated to use wearable devices if they obtained a good performance when monitoring the vital signs of their physical exercises (M = 3.13). Regarding the purchase option, it can be observed that users would accept buying these devices to improve their quality of life if they were cheaper and affordable at their salary (M = 3.31). In addition, users do not show themselves willing to let themselves be carried away and bought by the opinion of others when buying wearable devices since the average obtained in item 3 is average (M = 2.65). Regarding gender, it can be observed that there are statistically significant differences with respect to the intention of use (sig. = 0.001). Regarding age, it is clear that there is a negative correlation with respect to the intention to use and buy (r = −0.134; results that coincide with Figure 3(b)). Therefore, the age variable would explain 1.15% of this dimension.On the other hand, the variance of the variable acceptance of wearables (dependent variable, DV) is analysed. To do this, it is taken into account as independent variables (IV): number of wearable devices (one, two, and more than two); part of the body where the device is carried; age of the sample (under 30 years, between 30 and 45 years, and over 45 years); interest in wearable devices (much, little, and nothing). The Levene equality test determined that the variances of error in the RV were different between groups (sig. 0.002); therefore, a contrast of means was made by Bonferroni. Partial eta-square (η) was calculated to determine the size of the effect. According to Richardson [59], the partial eta-squared values of approximately 0.01, 0.06, and 0.14 indicate small, medium, and large effects, respectively.Table8 shows how the corrected model determines that it is significant (sig. 0.001), presenting a large effect size (η = 0.468). That is, the model proposed with the different independent variables used explains 35.2% of the variance of the variable acceptance of wearables. In addition, it is observed how the variable number of devices presents a significant level in the proposed model, with an effect size of 0.872; the variable part of the body where the device is worn is significant with an effect size of 0.037; the age range is also significant, with a small effect size (η = 0.015); the interest in wearable devices is also significant with a large effect size (η = 0.048), as well as the interception number of devices ∗ body part (η = 0.058).


## 4.1. Exploratory Data Analysis

Figures2(a) and 2(b) show the results obtained after carrying out the exploratory analysis of the data in relation to the acceptance level based on the place of the body where the participants would like to wear them (Figure 2(a)) and according to the purpose for which they would be used according to gender (Figure 2(b)).Figure 2
(a) Acceptance level according to gender and depending on the place of the human body. (b) Level of acceptance according to gender and according to the purpose of use.
(a)
(b)In Figure2(a), it can be seen that men’s acceptance level in relation to the location or position of the wearable device on the body is higher than the acceptance level of women. It is noteworthy that, generally, both men and women prefer to wear these devices on the wrists (52.71% of men and 50.19% of women). In addition, the level of significance is less than 0.05 (χ2 = 10.245, gl = 4, sig. = 0.037), so the H0 is rejected; that is, the place where the device is worn according to sex is significant.In terms of the level of acceptance in relation to the purpose of use, the percentages of men are greater in all the options proposed (Figure2(b)), except in “others,” where women usually use wearable devices for different purposes than those proposed (53.77% of women versus 48.33% of men). In the other options of use, men have higher scores than women: in the use to be fashionable, for example, men scored 48.83%, while women scored 44%. Regarding the purpose of keeping medical information, the percentage of males (51.80%) was higher than that of females (48.95%). Furthermore, since the level of significance is less than 0.05 (χ2 = 13.118, gl = 4, sig. = 0.011), the H0 is rejected, so the proportion of men and women with respect to the purpose of using wearable devices is different between the different options.As can be seen in Figure3(a), the acceptance level of wearable devices for men is higher than that for women, regardless of their employment status, except in the case of the unemployed, whereby both men and women obtained very similar scores (men 49.44% and women 48.39%). On the other hand, male retirees have a higher level of acceptance than female retirees.Figure 3
(a) Level of acceptance according to gender and depending on employment situation. (b) Cumulative number of devices according to gender and age ranges.
(a)
(b)According to the age ranges, people under 30 have a greater number of devices (Figure3(b)), regardless of whether they are men or women, although women have a greater number of devices at home. The level of significance is lower than 0.05 (χ2 = 14.325, gl = 3, sig. = 0.002), so the H0 is rejected; that is, the proportion of men and women regarding the number of wearable devices they have at home is different, taking into consideration three categories (one device, two devices, and more than three devices).


## 4.2. Analysis of Patients’ Attitudes regarding the Acceptance of Wearable Devices

Tables3–8 show the descriptive parameters obtained in each of the items that make up each dimension of the instrument, as well as the total values of the dimensions, including the mean (M), standard deviation (SD), asymmetry (A), kurtosis (K), and the correlation of age (r) in the different dimensions of the questionnaire, as well as the difference of ranks in order to check whether there are any statistically significant differences with respect to gender and its effect size calculated by Cohen (d). In this study, when the data were not fulfilled with the assumption of normality, nonparametric statistics were used, specifically the Mann–Whitney U test.Table 3
Attitudes about the utility of using wearable devices.
Gender
M
SD
A
K
Age (r)
Kolmogórov–Smirnov
Mann–WhitneyU
KS
gl
Sig.
Sig.
d (Cohen)
Item 1
Male
3.46
1.23
−0.38
−0.71
−0.186∗∗
0.160
247
0.001
0.003
0.235
Female
3.17
1.24
−0.06
−0.97
−0.171∗∗
0.155
359
0.001
Total
3.29
1.24
−0.18
−0.92
−0.172∗∗
0.156
606
0.001
Item 2
Male
3.67
1.21
−0.46
−0.83
−0.126∗
0.204
247
0.001
0.146
—
Female
3.53
1.18
−0.35
−0.79
−0.137∗∗
0.168
359
0.001
Total
3.59
1.20
−0.39
−0.82
−0.130∗∗
0.179
606
0.001
Total
Male
7.13
2.22
−0.35
−0.79
−0.172∗∗
0.151
247
0.001
0.015
0.197
Female
6.70
2.18
−0.16
−0.85
−0.172∗∗
0.129
359
0.001
Total
6.88
2.20
−0.23
−0.85
−0.168∗∗
0.138
606
0.001
The correlation is significant at the∗∗0.01 and ∗0.05 levels.Table 4
Attitudes about the comfort of using wearable devices.
Gender
M
SD
A
K
Age (r)
Kolmogórov–Smirnov
Mann–WhitneyU
KS
gl
Sig.
Sig.
d (Cohen)
Item 1
Male
3.34
1.18
−0.16
−0.87
−0.142∗
0.166
247
0.001
0.409
—
Female
3.26
1.16
−0.08
−0.88
−0.131∗
0.165
359
0.001
Total
3.29
1.17
−0.11
−0.88
−0.134∗∗
0.166
606
0.001
Item 2
Male
3.15
1.29
−0.13
−1.02
−0.250∗∗
0.155
247
0.001
0.004
0.229
Female
2.84
1.30
0.18
−1.03
−0.144∗∗
0.164
359
0.001
Total
2.97
1.31
0.05
−1.10
−0.186∗∗
0.150
606
0.001
Item 3
Male
3.37
1.24
−0.28
−0.88
−0.154∗
0.169
247
0.001
0.018
0.188
Female
3.14
1.20
−0.04
−0.93
−0.143∗∗
0.159
359
0.001
Total
3.23
1.22
−0.13
−0.93
−0.144∗∗
0.163
606
0.001
Total
Male
9.85
3.21
−0.13
−0.85
−0.233∗∗
0.092
247
0.001
0.021
0.188
Female
9.24
3.11
0.02
−0.79
−0.155∗∗
0.087
359
0.001
Total
9.49
3.17
−0.04
−0.83
−0.186∗∗
0.083
606
0.001
The correlation is significant at the∗∗0.01 and ∗0.05 levels.Table 5
Attitudes about feelings and emotions when using wearable devices.
Gender
M
SD
A
K
Age (r)
Kolmogórov–Smirnov
Mann–WhitneyU
KS
gl
Sig.
Sig.
d
Item 1
Male
4.30
0.97
−1.46
1.69
−0.054
0.327
247
0.001
0.610
—
Female
4.30
1.05
−1.50
1.52
−0.124∗
0.351
359
0.001
Total
4.40
1.02
−1.49
1.59
−0.095∗
0.341
606
0.001
Item 2
Male
4.05
1.09
−0.99
0.17
−0.041
0.260
247
0.001
0.124
—
Female
3.92
1.08
−0.71
−0.34
−0.116∗
0.235
359
0.001
Total
3.97
1.09
−0.82
−0.17
−0.083∗
0.245
606
0.001
Item 3
Male
2.47
1.20
0.37
−0.83
−0.045
0.181
247
0.001
0.0708
—
Female
2.53
1.27
0.51
−0.72
0.020
0.205
359
0.001
Total
2.50
1.24
0.46
−0.75
−0.008
0.195
606
0.001
Item 4
Male
4.27
0.97
−1.24
0.83
−0.021
0.325
247
0.001
0.427
—
Female
4.18
1.07
−1.24
0.78
−0.040
0.308
359
0.001
Total
4.22
1.03
−1.25
0.84
−0.031
0.314
606
0.001
Item 5
Male
3.46
1.21
−0.33
−0.81
0.075
0.174
247
0.001
0.795
—
Female
3.48
1.21
−0.48
−0.69
0.025
0.222
359
0.001
Total
3.47
1.21
−0.42
−0.74
0.046
0.203
606
0.001
Total
Male
18.55
2.93
−0.52
0.26
−0.029
0.132
247
0.001
0.654
—
Female
18.40
2.95
−0.68
0.47
−0.073
0.122
359
0.001
Total
18.46
2.94
−0.62
0.38
−0.055
0.125
606
0.001
The correlation is significant at the∗∗0.01 and ∗0.05 levels.Table 6
Attitudes about the privacy and reliability of wearable devices.
Gender
M
SD
A
K
Age (r)
Kolmogórov–Smirnov
Mann–WhitneyU
KS
gl
Sig.
Sig.
d
Item 1
Male
3.01
1.09
−0.10
−0.67
−0.193∗∗
0.176
247
0.001
0.008
0.208
Female
2.79
0.96
0.13
−0.42
−0.077
0.191
359
0.001
Total
2.88
1.03
0.05
−0.56
−0.124∗∗
0.182
606
0.001
Item 2
Male
3.37
1.22
−0.43
−0.74
−0.048
0.216
247
0.001
0.005
0.222
Female
3.10
1.25
−0.05
−0.98
−0.098
0.153
359
0.001
Total
3.21
1.25
−0.20
−0.94
−0.076
0.179
606
0.001
Total
Male
6.38
1.94
−0.17
−0.58
−0.122
0.118
247
0.001
0.001
0.259
Female
5.89
1.85
0.09
−0.58
−0.104∗
0.105
359
0.001
Total
6.09
1.91
0.00
−0.62
−0.107∗∗
0.103
606
0.001
The correlation is significant at the∗∗0.01 and ∗0.05 levels.Table 7
Attitudes about the intended use.
Gender
M
SD
A
K
Age (r)
Kolmogórov–Smirnov
Mann–WhitneyU
KS
gl
Sig.
Sig.
d
Item 1
Male
3.23
1.25
−0.27
−0.95
−0.221∗∗
0.187
247
0.001
0.001
0.257
Female
2.99
1.23
−0.01
−0.90
−0.122∗
0.156
359
0.001
Total
3.13
1.25
−0.11
−0.96
−0.160∗
0.158
606
0.001
Item 2
Male
3.58
1.40
−0.49
−1.08
−0.177
0.231
247
0.001
0.001
0.311
Female
3.13
1.39
−0.02
−1.24
−0.093
0.158
359
0.001
Total
3.31
1.41
−0.20
−1.26
−0.105∗∗
0.188
606
0.001
Item 3
Male
2.65
1.37
0.35
−1.07
−0.130∗
0.182
247
0.001
0.001
0.207
Female
2.35
1.25
0.62
−0.58
−0.029
0.196
359
0.001
Total
2.47
1.30
0.51
−0.82
−0.072
0.191
606
0.001
Total
Male
9.55
3.31
−0.14
−0.90
−0.179∗∗
0.085
247
0.001
0.001
0.321
Female
8.47
3.19
0.13
−0.66
−0.104∗
0.082
359
0.001
Total
8.91
3.28
0.04
−0.81
−0.134∗∗
0.078
606
0.001
The correlation is significant at the∗∗0.01 and ∗0.05 levels.Table 8
Analysis of the variance (ANOVA) of the acceptance of wearables.
Source
Type III sum of squares
df
Mean square
F
Sig.
Partial eta-square
Corrected model
26185.603a
108
242.459
4.041
0.001
0.468
Intercept
202671.885
1
202671.885
3378.109
0.001
0.872
Number of devices
1186.873
3
395.624
6.594
0.001
0.038
Body part
1140.518
4
285.130
4.753
0.001
0.037
Age intervals
444.255
2
222.127
3.702
0.025
0.015
Interest in wearable devices
1514.057
2
757.028
12.618
0.001
0.048
Number of devices∗ body part
1827.908
12
152.326
2.539
0.003
0.058
a
R
2 = 0.468 (adjusted R2 = 0.352).Table3 shows how the total attitude towards the usefulness of wearable devices is medium high (M = 6.88), being slightly higher for males (M = 7.13) compared to females (M = 6.70). Specifically, the participants in the study perceive these devices as more useful to control/care for the health of elderly people (people with heart problems and hypertension (item 2, M = 3.59) versus utility for themselves (item 1, M = 3.29)). Regarding gender, significant differences have been found in this dimension (sig. 0.015). In terms of how age affects the perceptions of patients about the usefulness of wearable devices in their daily life, there is a significant effect in both genders towards total utility, with a small correlation (r = −0.168); that is, the coefficient of determination (R2) determines that the age variable represents 2.8% of the variability of the utility dimension of wearable devices (R2 = 0.028).Table4 includes data on the attitudes of patients and family members regarding the convenience of using wearable devices. The total assessment of this dimension is medium high (M = 9.49), being practically the same average for both genders. The least valued item has been the design of these devices (item 2), since the participants in the study have an average of M = 2.97, with a lower score in women (M = 2.84) than in men (M = 3.15). Regarding gender, significant differences have been found in this dimension (sig. 0.021), while in terms of how age affects perception of the ease of use of these devices, there is a significant effect in both genders, although the correlation is small (r = −0.186); that is, the coefficient of determination (R2) determines that the age variable represents 3.4% of the variability of the comfort-of-use dimension of wearable devices (R2 = 0.034).Table5 presents the results obtained in relation to the dimension feelings and emotions when using wearable devices. The results show a high total valuation on this dimension (M = 18.46), not appreciating differences according to gender. The least valued item was item 3 of this dimension, related to the fear of providing information to the family doctor regarding health status through wearable devices (M = 2.50), placing the fair value at half the scale. Item 1 was the most valued, related to the anxiety/burden that can occur when using this type of device for the first time (M = 4.40). The same score was achieved for both men and women. Regarding gender, no significant differences were found in this dimension (sig 0.654). In terms of how age affects perception with respect to feelings of use of wearable devices, the correlation is zero; that is, the age variable does not affect perceptions related to feelings and emotions of patients about the acceptance of wearable devices, as their opinions were unanimous in all age ranges.Table6 analyses the perceptions of the research participants regarding the privacy of users when using these devices and the reliability of the software. It can be seen how this dimension has a medium global assessment (M = 6.09). It was slightly higher for males (M = 6.38) compared to females (M = 5.89), meaning therefore that there were significant differences in this dimension with respect to gender (sig. 0.001).Regarding how age affects the perception of the respondents about the privacy and reliability of the software, it can be observed that there is a significant effect on both genders towards the perception of use, with a small correlation (r = −0.107); that is, the coefficient of determination (R2) determines that the age variable represents 1.14% of the variability of this dimension (R2 = 0.01).Table7 shows how the intentions of use of patients and family members on wearable devices in general terms of the dimension are medium high (M = 8.91). Specifically, it can be observed that users feel that they would be quite motivated to use wearable devices if they obtained a good performance when monitoring the vital signs of their physical exercises (M = 3.13). Regarding the purchase option, it can be observed that users would accept buying these devices to improve their quality of life if they were cheaper and affordable at their salary (M = 3.31). In addition, users do not show themselves willing to let themselves be carried away and bought by the opinion of others when buying wearable devices since the average obtained in item 3 is average (M = 2.65). Regarding gender, it can be observed that there are statistically significant differences with respect to the intention of use (sig. = 0.001). Regarding age, it is clear that there is a negative correlation with respect to the intention to use and buy (r = −0.134; results that coincide with Figure 3(b)). Therefore, the age variable would explain 1.15% of this dimension.On the other hand, the variance of the variable acceptance of wearables (dependent variable, DV) is analysed. To do this, it is taken into account as independent variables (IV): number of wearable devices (one, two, and more than two); part of the body where the device is carried; age of the sample (under 30 years, between 30 and 45 years, and over 45 years); interest in wearable devices (much, little, and nothing). The Levene equality test determined that the variances of error in the RV were different between groups (sig. 0.002); therefore, a contrast of means was made by Bonferroni. Partial eta-square (η) was calculated to determine the size of the effect. According to Richardson [59], the partial eta-squared values of approximately 0.01, 0.06, and 0.14 indicate small, medium, and large effects, respectively.Table8 shows how the corrected model determines that it is significant (sig. 0.001), presenting a large effect size (η = 0.468). That is, the model proposed with the different independent variables used explains 35.2% of the variance of the variable acceptance of wearables. In addition, it is observed how the variable number of devices presents a significant level in the proposed model, with an effect size of 0.872; the variable part of the body where the device is worn is significant with an effect size of 0.037; the age range is also significant, with a small effect size (η = 0.015); the interest in wearable devices is also significant with a large effect size (η = 0.048), as well as the interception number of devices ∗ body part (η = 0.058).


## 5. Discussions

The goal of this research is to analyse the perceptions of the subjects involved in the research regarding the acceptance of wearable devices as health tools in relation to their age and gender. When analysing the data of this study, we can see how men have a higher level of acceptance of the use of wearable devices according to their location. There are also gender differences in relation to the purpose of use, with men showing a greater level of acceptance based on their work situation, as well as significant differences according to age. The only exception is in the case of women under 30 years of age, who have a greater number of wearable devices in home than men. It is also noteworthy that women over 45 years are those with the lowest level of acceptance of use of these devices. This is confirmed by the results obtained by Arning and Ziefle [44] who emphasized that the older the woman, the less health devices they said they used.These data are contrary to those obtained by Wu et al. [52] and Rooney et al. [53], who affirm that men have a lower perception of use than women regarding the use of wearable devices. On the other hand, the studies of Duval and Hashizumo [50], Röchker et al. [45], Chuah et al. [24], and Whitehead et al. [51] are corroborated since in general terms women had lower perceptions than men.All the dimensions analysed in this study have obtained a medium or high average rating. This may be the result of a positive perception of the patients and family members involved in the study regarding the advantages and usefulness of these devices, but this perception does not have to be positively related to actual use, according to the results of Dehghani et al. [27]. Similarly, the age variable significantly influences all dimensions, except in the dimension of feelings and emotions. Although it is true that the age variable explains a very small percentage of the variability of the dependent variable, they are significant values to be taken into account. Thus, they corroborate the results of Ziefle and Wilkowska [21], Xue et al. [42], Guo et al. [43], and Deng [60] since age can significantly affect the acceptance and use of technological devices related to health and medical care.In this study, the physical attractiveness of wearable devices, included in the design and comfort dimension, is positively related to the intention of use, supporting the data obtained by Dehghani et al. [27] and Dehghani [28]. This implies that the use of these devices is influenced by fashions and is not focused on their use as a real concern for health issues. This theory is supported by Rauschnabel and Ro [29] and Chuah et al. [24] since, according to their studies, wearable devices are fashion accessories, which significantly affects the intention of use.The privacy and reliability of the use of software has a global average rating, being higher in men than in women, which implies that, as in the studies of Spagnolli et al. [40] and Wen et al. [41], the loss of privacy harms acceptance of use, especially more in women than in men. Therefore, according to different authors, it is necessary to focus on increasing confidentiality and the avoidance of possible hacks to lose information [37]. One of the possible solutions to introduce this identification and authentication could be biometric science, specifically facial authentication [61]. Through authentication servers, users are identified and authenticated and then can access the system. This could offer a new way to improve attacks on internet networks [62, 63]. In order to achieve this, it would be necessary to create a logical security system with barriers and procedures that allow any computer attack on the network of networks to be stopped.


## 6. Conclusions

Nowadays, according to Swan [2] and Hänsel [3], the technological revolution has evolved to such an extent that we are now in the so-called Internet of Things decade, and new technological devices, such as wearable devices, have emerged along these lines to improve the quality of people’s life [11–13]. However, there are still few studies that corroborate the advantages of these devices in the field of health [21–23]. Therefore, the importance of conducting research on the perceptions of patients and family members regarding the acceptance of wearable devices as health tools has been analysed in relation to the age and gender of participants.In general terms, it can be concluded that although men still have a greater interest in technologies, this interest is also increasing in young women. This may be due to the fact that, in recent years, women are becoming more visible in all areas of life, both public and private and thus, their acceptance and use of new technologies is growing.Although the perception of the use of wearable devices is positive, it does not have to be related to actual use, which can be influenced by age, since technologies advance at a dizzying pace, which in many cases, the population cannot continue, besides being a question of trends or “fashions.”Privacy is another fundamental issue for the use of such devices, as there is no excessive confidence on the part of the population regarding the confidentiality of the data and fears that may be caused by the lack of knowledge of device wearables.The main limitation of this study has been that the information has not been differentiated between family members and patients. This may show a bias in the study because there may be exogenous factors that affect internal validity. Therefore, it would be interesting to analyse the results of one group and the other subjects independently since both can provide interesting information.In addition to conducting the study by differentiating the constituent subjects of the sample, future research could also involve the carrying out of a parallel study where a control group and an experimental group are selected, with a phase of training and awareness about wearable devices, in order to identify any differences between the two research groups. It would also be interesting to analyse the influence of other variables, such as whether they do any sports or whether they are smokers. Another possible line of research could be to control other types of factors, such as how loyalty to a certain brand of technological devices, such as Apple, influences perception regarding the use of wearable devices [64, 65].



---

*Source: 4731048-2019-04-01.xml*