# A Central Mass in a Stationary Vacuum without Spherical or Axial Symmetry

Authors: William Davidson
Journal: ISRN Astronomy and Astrophysics
 (2013)

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## Abstract

A vacuum spacetime with a central mass is derived as a stationary solution to Einstein's equations. The vacuum metric has a geodesic, shear-free, expanding, and twisting null congruencek and thus is algebraically special. The properties of the metric are calculated. In particular, it is shown that the spacetime has an event horizon inside which there is a black hole. The metric is neither spherically nor axially symmetric. It is therefore in interesting contrast with the majority of metrics featuring a central mass which have one or more of these symmetry properties. The metric reduces to the Schwarzschild case when a certain parameter is set to zero.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In this paper, we present a special solution of Einstein’s equations which can be described as a stationary vacuum spacetime with a central mass singularity without spherical or axial symmetry. Apart from the massm, the metric will depend on a single parameter a, and it reduces to the Schwarzschild solution when a is set to zero.The character of this spacetime will be such that the Weyl tensor has a multiple null eigenvectork forming a geodesic, shear-free, and diverging twisting congruence. Thus, in terms of the Newman-Penrose spin coefficients, we can write as properties of k the following:
(1)κ=σ=0,ρ=-(Θ+iω)≠0,Θ being the divergence and ω the twist. Since the solution to be derived is vacuum, the previous properties mean that the metric will be algebraically special, so that of the Weyl complex coefficients we have
(2)ψ0=ψ1=0.Reference to the spacetime will be via a complex null tetradm, mbar, n, and k with labels 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, kbeing the vector described earlier. The field equations for a vacuum metric that admits a geodesic, shear-free, and diverging null congruence k were obtained by Kerr [1] and I. Robinson and J. R. Robinson [2] and further developed by Debney et al. [3]. A different approach to obtaining vacuum solutions was made by Kinnersley [4]. Here we follow mainly the methods of [5] and finally derive our solution in the specific form of (16).Since the central mass will be without spherical or axial symmetry, in contrast with the well-known GR vacuum solutions with mass singularity, it is believed that the derived spacetime in its final form (16) is of significant interest.


## 2. Basic Equations

In relation to the null tetrad, we will employ coordinatesxi=x,y,r, and u for i = 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The spacelike coordinate x is complex, y being its conjugate, r an affine parameter along the k lines, and u a retarded time. We will use the notation of [5, chapters 29 and 30]. The metric signature will be taken to be +2 and the speed of light and the Einstein gravitational constant to be unity. The spacetime metric, in terms of 1-forms relating the null tetrad to the xi system, is [2, 3, 5]
(3)ds2=2ω1ω2-2ω3ω4,
where
(4)ω1=-dx(Pρ-),ω2=-dy(Pρ),ω3=du+Ldx+L-dy,ω4=dr+Wdx+W-dy+Hω3.
In the xi system, we then have
(5)mi=(-Pρ-,0,PWρ-,PLρ-),m-i=(0,-Pρ,PW-ρ,PL-ρ),ni=(0,0,-H,1),ki=(0,0,1,0).
Here, for the case of a stationary solution,
(6)ρ=-1(r+iΣ),Σ=-iP2(∂-L-∂L-)2,W=i∂Σ,∂=∂x.The coefficient ofdu2 is -2H, where
(7)H=K2-(mr+MΣ)(r2+Σ2),K=2P2Re(∂∂-lnP),M=ΣK+P2Re(∂∂-Σ).
Here P, K, and M are real functions and L a complex function, of x and y. H is a real function and W a complex function, of x, y, and r. m is a constant (>0). A subscripted comma indicates partial differentiation. For a stationary vacuum spacetime, the equations are
(8)M=constant,(∂+2P-1∂P)∂C=0,
where
(9)C=∂-(P-1∂-P)+(P1∂-P)2.Calculations will be made in the tetrad frame whose metric coefficients are(10)gab=[01001000000-100-10].


## 3. A Stationary Vacuum Spacetime

We takeL and P to be
(11)P=xy2+1,L=-iaP2(a=realconst>0).
Referring to (7), we find that
(12)M=0,K=1,(13)H=a2(x+y)2+(r2-2mr)(xy+2)22[a2(x+y)2+r2(xy+2)2].
Calculation of the Riemann tensor showed that all components vanish when r→∞. The metric is therefore flat at infinity. It was verified that ψ0=ψ1=0, and in fact calculation leads to a Petrov type D. The vacuum equations (8) are evidently satisfied, and indeed all components of the Ricci tensor vanish confirming a vacuum metric.For the curvature of thex,y 2-surface, a function depending on x and y as well as r was obtained. It follows that the metric is neither spherically symmetric nor axisymmetric (see also Section 4).From the Newman-Penrose spin coefficientρ, we obtain for the divergence and twist of the k lines
(14)Θ=r(xy+2)2r2(xy+2)2+a2(x+y)2,ω=-a(x+y)(xy+2)r2(xy+2)2+a2(x+y)2,
respectively.


## 4. The Metric in Real Coordinates

If we make the transformation(15)x=2tan(θ2)eiξ,y=2tan(θ2)e-iξ,
then the metric coefficients can be expressed in terms of real coordinates θ, ξ, and r, numbered 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Thus, the transformed metric coefficients gij become
(16)gθθ=(4r4+2a2r(1+cosθ)cc×{r(1-cosθ)(1+cos2ξ)+2m(1+cosθ)sin2ξ}cc+a4sin4θcos2ξ)×(4r2+2a2sin2θcos2ξ)-1,gθξ=2a2mrsinθ(1+cosθ)2sinξcosξ2r2+a2sin2θcos2ξ,gξξ=(2r4sin2θ+a2rsin2θ(1+cosθ)cos2ξc×{r(1-cosθ)+2m(1+cosθ)}2r4)×(2r2+a2sin2θcos2ξ)-1,gθr=-a(1+cosθ)sinξ2,gξr=-a(1+cosθ)sinθcosξ2,gθu=(asinξ{4mr(1+cosθ)-2r2cosθasinξcc-a2sin2θcosθcos2ξ})×(2{2r2+a2sin2θcos2ξ})-1,gξu=-2asinθcosξ{r2-2mr(1+cosθ)}+a3sin3θcos3ξ2(2r2+a2sin2θcos2ξ),grr=0,gru=-1,guu=-2r2-4mr+a2sin2θcos2ξ2r2+a2sin2θcos2ξ.We note that if we seta=0, the metric reduces to the Schwarzschild spacetime (in Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates). In terms of these coordinates, the divergence and twist of the k lines, given by (14), have the expressions
(17)Θ=2r2r2+a2sin2θcos2ξ,ω=-2asinθcosξ2r2+a2sin2θcos2ξ.
Also, it may be verified that the component guu is the transform of -2H where H is given in (13).The hypersurfacesr=r+ and r=r- which satisfy the relation
(18)2r2-4mr+a2=0
are null surfaces. They form horizons
(19)r+=m(1+1-a22m2),r-=m(1-1-a22m2),
and they are real for
(20)0<a<2m.
In this case, r=r+ is an event horizon and r will be spacelike in its exterior but timelike in the region r-<r<r+ (where u will be spacelike).From the metric, we see that a radial light ray (ds=dθ=dξ=0) which satisfies
(21)-2dr+(2r2-4mr+a2sin2θcos2ξ)2r2+a2sin2θcos2ξdu=0
has dr/du>0 in the region r>r+, where 2r2-4mr+a2sin2θcos2ξ>0. However, in the region r-<r<r+ where the factor 2r2-4mr+a2sin2θcos2ξ<0, we have du/dr<0, so that the light ray, and indeed all timelike particle motions, can only be inwards and never outwards. Thus, the metric has a black hole if 0<a<2m. Setting a=0, we get the familiar results for the black hole in the Schwarzschild solution.We may verify in these coordinates that the Riemannian curvature of theθ, ξ 2-space (r=const;u=const) depends on θ and ξ as well as r, so that the metric is not spherically symmetric or axially symmetric. For the curvature, we derive
(22)Kθξ=(2m(-3a2sin2θcos2ξ+2r2)c×{a2[2r2(5+6cosθ+cos2θ)-4mr(1+cosθ)2]ccc+3a4(1+cosθ)2+8r4})×((2r2+a2sin2θcos2ξ)3cccc×{a2[rsin2θ+2m(1+cosθ)2]+2r3})-1.
When a=0, this result becomes 2m/r3, as appropriate to the Schwarzschild spacetime. The only Killing vector, when a≠0, is ∂u reflecting the stationary character of the solution.


## 5. Conclusion

In this paper, we have derived and described the properties of a stationary vacuum metric which has no spatial symmetry but reduces to the Schwarzschild spacetime when the parametera is set to zero. The spacetime is algebraically special and possesses a null congruence k which is geodesic, shear-free, and whose divergence and twist are calculated. Subject to the relation 0<a<2m, there is shown to be an event horizon inside which there is a black hole. These features are believed to be of critical interest since they are in contrast with most previous discussions which have concerned a central mass in a spherically or axially symmetric environment.



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*Source: 470634-2013-06-04.xml*