# Impacts of Light Rail Transit Tram on the Voltage and Unbalance of the Distribution System

Authors: Cheng-Ting Hsu; Hung-Ming Huang; Tsun-Jen Cheng; Lian-Jou Tsai
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2013)

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## Abstract

This paper presents the three-phase voltage and unbalance analysis for the distribution system with the loading of a light rail transit (LRT) tram. To investigate the dynamic responses of the system voltage and current, this paper adopts the Alternative Transients Program (ATP) software to model and simulate a multigrounded four-wire distribution system with an LRT loading. Two different definitions about unbalance are used to evaluate the problem. In this paper, the traction supply substation (TSS) with a single-phase transformer configuration is designed first for providing the electric power to the trams of LRT. However, it may result in the significant neutral line current and unbalance phenomenon to deteriorate the power quality of the distribution system. A Le-Blanc connection transformer in the TSS is therefore proposed to solve the problems.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Many counties and cities in the world are keen on planning light rail transit (LRT) system to meet the growing demand of public transportation. The LRT takes the advantages of low cost, low noise, low pollution, mature technology, short construction period, and easy maintenance. In addition, it may utilize electrical power from distribution systems of power grid because of its lower power requirements than the traditional railway and mass rapid transit systems. In general, it is very suitable to use the LRT as the public transport of the metropolitan areas and a variety of urban transport connections [1–3]. The tram of LRT is a heavy and irregular load, and it carries many power electronic equipment; the power quality of the distribution system can inevitably be affected [4, 5]. For the distribution system with the LRT, it may cause voltage fluctuation, unbalance, and harmonic and other power quality issues. To ensure the power quality, utilities have published many limits on these issues.The traction power substation (TSS) supplies the LRT with either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) electric power. Mostly, the AC power may cause three-phase unbalance problem, while the DC power supply will generate a harmonic problem. In this paper, the AC supply systems are considered, and the three-phase unbalance problem is the main investigation issue. This study case is based on a typical Taiwan Power Company (Taipower) 11.4 kV distribution feeder with four-wire and multigrounded system [6]. And the ATP [7] software is applied to establish the selected distribution feeder and the different AC power supply structures of the LRT. After that, it is used to execute three different operating scenarios. The instantaneous three-phase voltage and current and neutral line current are therefore simulated to calculate unbalance. By the way, two different definitions, the negative sequence unbalance ratio and unbalance factors [8], are both adopted for evaluating the three-phase unbalance of the distribution system.


## 2. LRT Impacts on the Unbalance of the Distribution Systems

Three-phase voltages (VA, VB,  and VC) can be decomposed into three separate phase sequence (V1), the negative phase sequence (V2), and the zero-phase sequence (V0) components, as shown in (1). It is well known that only the positive phase sequence exists in the balanced system. Consider
(1)[V0V1V2]=13[1111aa21a2a][VAVBVC],
where a=120∠0°. Negative sequence unbalance in a three-phase system is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the negative sequence component to the magnitude of the positive sequence component, while the zero sequence unbalance is defined as the magnitude of the zero sequence component to the magnitude of the positive sequence component, expressed as a percentage [8]. This definition can be applied for either voltage or current as shown in the following:
(2)d2(%)=V2V1×100%,d0(%)=V0V1×100%,m2(%)=I2I1×100%,m0(%)=I0I1×100%.In addition, three-phase voltage unbalance factor (VUF) and current unbalance factor (IUF) can also be defined as the ratio of the maximum deviation of a voltage or current from the average value to the average value, expressed in percentage, using phase-to-phase voltage or current as follows:(3)VUF(%)=Max(|Vavg-VAB|,|Vavg-VBC|,|Vavg-VCA|)Vavg×100%,IUF(%)=Max(|Iavg-IAB|,|Iavg-IBC|,|Iavg-ICA|)Iavg×100%,
where
(4)Vavg=VAB+VBC+VCA3,Iavg=IAB+IBC+ICA3.The voltage and current unbalance ratio limitations are set with different provisions according to different types of load duration by different institutions. In general, the voltage service of negative sequence unbalance (d2) is less than 3%. The current unbalance can be considerably higher, especially when single-phase loads are present [8]. For the rail systems in Taiwan, the value is limited to 1% and 1.2% for one day and 15 minute measurement period, respectively.


## 3. Le-Blanc Connection Transformer

A single-phase power supply for LRT will give rise to the problem of three-phase unbalance. In general, this problem can be improved by using the static var compensators (SVC) or a special connection of transformers, such as the Le-Blanc transformer connection. The purpose of the Le-Blanc transformer connection is to convert a three-phase system into two single-phase systems with symmetrical primary current. Figure1 shows the wiring diagram of the Le-Blanc transformer [9]. The secondary outputs of two single-phase voltages, Vm and Vt, have the characteristics of equal magnitude and 90 degrees phase shift. N1 and N2 are the number of winding turns at primary and secondary, respectively. Figure 2 gives the voltage vector diagram of the transformer.Figure 1
The Le-Blanc transformer connection diagram.Figure 2
The Le-Blanc transformer voltage vector diagram.The relations of the primary and secondary voltages of the Le-Blanc transformer can be written as(5)Vm=13N2N1(VB+VC-2VA),Vt=N2N1(VB-VC).The primary currents of the transformer are given by(6)IA=IAB-ICA,IB=IBC-IAB,IC=ICA-IBC.Also, the primary and secondary currents are dependent and can be expressed as(7)ICA=13N2N1Im-13N2N1It,IBC=23N2N1It,IAB=-13N2N1Im-13N2N1It.Substituting (7) into (6) will result in
(8)IA=-23N2N1Im,IB=13N2N1Im+N2N1It,IC=13N2N1Im-N2N1It.Furthermore, the relation of voltages and currents at the secondary side can be expressed as(9)Im=YmVm,It=YtVt,
where Ym and Yt are the admittances of the loading at secondary side. The primary line currents are thus obtained by substituting (9) into (8) as follows:
(10)IA=-23N2N1YmVm,IB=13N2N1YmVm+N2N1YtVt,IC=13N2N1YmVm-N2N1YtVt.It is found that the sum of the primary line currents must be zero, which keeps three-phase balanced, regardless of the load at the secondary side.


## 4. Distribution System and LRT Modeling

Figure3 shows the equivalent model of a multigrounded four-wire distribution system by the ATP software. The 69 kV high voltage side of the distribution substation is simplified as an ideal three-phase source with a short circuit capacity of 1000 MVA. The test feeder is fed by a 69 kV/11.4 kV, 25 MVA power transformer sited in the distribution substation. The primary feeders and laterals are all overhead construction and their parameters are listed in Table 1. In addition, there are 13 distribution transformers to serve the customers that are distributed along the test feeder. The active power and reactive power consumption of the customers in the feeder are 4560 kW and 3420 kvar, respectively. Besides, a capacitor bank with a rating capacity of 2100 kvar is installed at the end terminal of the feeder. It is assumed that the test distribution system is operated under balanced condition. The grounding resistance of the neutral point of the substation power transformer and the grounding points along the neutral wire are assumed to be 1 ohm and 25 ohm, respectively.Table 1
Line parameters.
Impedance
Conductor
Feeder
Lateral
Phase
Neutral
Phase
Neutral
Resistance (Ω/km)
0.131
0.209
0.945
0.945
Resistance (Ω/km)
0.364
0.382
0.355
0.355Figure 3
ATP modeling of the test distribution system.The electrical power of the tram must be fed from the TSS. The site of the TSS is 300 m from the distribution substation along the feeder. Figure4 shows the TSS with a single-phase transformer to supply the tram. In Figure 5, the transformer is replaced with the proposed Le-Blanc transformer connection, which converts a three-phase power into two single-phase powers to supply the tram. The AC power voltage is further step down by the transformer installed at the tram and is rectified into DC power then. Finally, it is converted into controllable voltage and frequency AC power to drive the induction motors with a total capacity of 720 kW for the tram.Figure 4
A TSS with the single-phase transformer connection.Figure 5
A TSS with the Le-Blanc transformer connection.


## 5. Voltages and Unbalance Analysis

This section is to explore the influence of unbalance, voltage drop, and the neutral line current variation on the three-phase four-wire multi-grounding distribution feeder system with AC power supply to the tram.


### 5.1. Case 1: Original System

This case executes the relative analysis without considering the tram loading. First, the ATP software is applied to obtain the power system responses. For the original test feeder, the neutral line current is very close to zero as shown in Figure6. It means that the original system is a balance system because all the load and lines are assumed to be three-phase balance. Figure 7 shows the three-phase voltage magnitude at different sites of the feeder. The secondary side of the substation has the highest phase voltage of 6543 V, which is about 0.994 pu. It is also observed that the lowest voltage of 6463 V occurred at the distance of 2700 m from the substation. It is acceptable for the utility because the voltage magnitudes at any feeder sites are higher 0.982 pu.Figure 6
Instantaneous neutral line current at substation terminal for Case  1.Figure 7
Three-phase voltage magnitudes at different feeder sites for Case  1.


### 5.2. Case 2: TSS Using Single-Phase Transformer

In this case, the TSS supplies AC electric power to the tram through a singlephase transformer which is connected to the phase C of the utility grid as shown in Figure4. First, the ATP software is executed to obtain the power system responses by assuming that one tram is running. Figure 8 shows the three-phase voltage magnitude. The secondary side of the substation has the highest phase voltages of 6536 V, 6543 V, and 6519 V for A, B, and C phases, respectively. Relatively, the lowest voltages appear at the distance of 2700 m from the substation, which are 6424 V, 6434 V, and 6433 V. It is acceptable for the utility because the voltage magnitudes at any feeder sites are higher than 0.976 pu. Figures 9 and 10 show the instantaneous three-phase voltage and current at the secondary side of the substation. It is observed that the current on phase C is larger than that on phases A and B due to a contribution of 720 kW tram loading. Figure 11 shows the neutral current flow through the substation transformer.Figure 8
Three-phase voltage magnitudes at different feeder sites for Case  2.Figure 9
Instantaneous three-phase voltages at substation terminal for Case  2.Figure 10
Instantaneous three-phase currents at substation terminal for Case  2.Figure 11
Instantaneous neutral line current at substation terminal for Case  2.By applying the unbalance definition previously, the voltage unbalances are calculated asVUF=0.65%, d2=0.47% and d0=0.22%, while the current unbalances are obtained as IUF=27.3%, m2=15.7%, and m0=11.6%. Figures 12 and 13 show the voltage and current unbalances at the secondary side of the substation as the sites of the TSS change. When the TSS is located at 2250 m point, the voltage unbalances are calculated as VUF=0.52%, d2=0.27%, and d0=0.18%, and the current unbalances are obtained as IUF=23.7%, m2=13.6%, and m0=9.5%. Likewise, as the TSS is located at 4200 m point, the voltage unbalances are calculated as VUF=0.4%, d2=0.19%, and d0=0.13%, and the current unbalances are obtained as IUF=18.6%, m2=10.1%, and m0=7.2%. Figure 14 shows the neutral current flow through the substation transformer as the TSS is located at different points. The neutral currents are 132 A, 51.7 A, and 26 A as TSS is located at 300 m, 2250 m, and 4200 m points, respectively. Obviously, all the voltage and current unbalances and the neutral current vary as the TSS is located at different points. The further the TSS is located away from the secondary side of the substation, the smaller the values become.Figure 12
Voltage unbalance at substation terminal with different TSS sites for Case  2.Figure 13
Current unbalance at substation terminal with different TSS sites for Case  2.Figure 14
Neutral current at substation terminal with different TSS sites for Case  2.


### 5.3. Case 3: TSS Using the Le-Blanc Transformer

To reduce the unbalance problem resulting from the TSS with a single-phase transformer connection, the Le-Blanc transformer connection is adopted in the TSS as shown in Figure5. Figure 15 shows the three-phase voltages at different buses along the feeder. At the secondary side of the substation, the three-phase voltages of VA, VB, and VC are 6522 V, 6512 V, and 6521 V, respectively. These values decrease to 6435 V, 6425 V, and 6434 V at the distance around 2700 m from the substation. Figures 16 and 17 show the instantaneous three-phase voltages and currents at the secondary side of the substation. The neutral line current flows through the substation transformer, which is very small, as shown in Figure 18. In this case, the voltage unbalances are calculated as VUF=0.059%, d2=0.0018%, and d0=0.0016%, and the current unbalances are obtained as IUF=0.06%, m2=0.0105%, and m0=0.0127% at the secondary side of the substation.Figure 15
Three-phase voltage magnitudes at different feeder sites for Case  3.Figure 16
Instantaneous three-phase voltages at substation terminal for Case  3.Figure 17
Instantaneous three-phase currents at substation terminal for Case  3.Figure 18
Instantaneous neutral line current at substation terminal for Case  3.Figures19 and 20 depict the voltage and current unbalance as the TSS is in different locations away from the secondary side of the substation. The voltage unbalances are calculated as VUF=0.035%, d2=0.0013%, and d0=0.001% when the TSS is located at a distance of 2250 m from the secondary side of the substation, and the current unbalances are obtained as IUF=0.0043%, m2=0.0092%, and m0=0.01%. The voltage unbalances are calculated as VUF=0.019%, d2=0.0008%, and d0=0.007% as the TSS is installed at the 4200 m point away from the secondary side of the substation, and the current unbalances are determined as IUF=0.0027%, m2=0.0074%, and m0=0.007%. Figure 21 illustrates the neutral line currents for different locations of the TSS. The neutral line currents are 73.5 mA, 26.4 mA, and 12.5 mA when the TSS is located at 300 m, 2250 m, and 4200 m points, respectively.Figure 19
Voltage unbalance at substation terminal with different TSS sites for Case  3.Figure 20
Current unbalance at substation terminal with different TSS sites for Case  3.Figure 21
Neutral current at substation terminal with different TSS sites for Case  3.


## 5.1. Case 1: Original System

This case executes the relative analysis without considering the tram loading. First, the ATP software is applied to obtain the power system responses. For the original test feeder, the neutral line current is very close to zero as shown in Figure6. It means that the original system is a balance system because all the load and lines are assumed to be three-phase balance. Figure 7 shows the three-phase voltage magnitude at different sites of the feeder. The secondary side of the substation has the highest phase voltage of 6543 V, which is about 0.994 pu. It is also observed that the lowest voltage of 6463 V occurred at the distance of 2700 m from the substation. It is acceptable for the utility because the voltage magnitudes at any feeder sites are higher 0.982 pu.Figure 6
Instantaneous neutral line current at substation terminal for Case  1.Figure 7
Three-phase voltage magnitudes at different feeder sites for Case  1.


## 5.2. Case 2: TSS Using Single-Phase Transformer

In this case, the TSS supplies AC electric power to the tram through a singlephase transformer which is connected to the phase C of the utility grid as shown in Figure4. First, the ATP software is executed to obtain the power system responses by assuming that one tram is running. Figure 8 shows the three-phase voltage magnitude. The secondary side of the substation has the highest phase voltages of 6536 V, 6543 V, and 6519 V for A, B, and C phases, respectively. Relatively, the lowest voltages appear at the distance of 2700 m from the substation, which are 6424 V, 6434 V, and 6433 V. It is acceptable for the utility because the voltage magnitudes at any feeder sites are higher than 0.976 pu. Figures 9 and 10 show the instantaneous three-phase voltage and current at the secondary side of the substation. It is observed that the current on phase C is larger than that on phases A and B due to a contribution of 720 kW tram loading. Figure 11 shows the neutral current flow through the substation transformer.Figure 8
Three-phase voltage magnitudes at different feeder sites for Case  2.Figure 9
Instantaneous three-phase voltages at substation terminal for Case  2.Figure 10
Instantaneous three-phase currents at substation terminal for Case  2.Figure 11
Instantaneous neutral line current at substation terminal for Case  2.By applying the unbalance definition previously, the voltage unbalances are calculated asVUF=0.65%, d2=0.47% and d0=0.22%, while the current unbalances are obtained as IUF=27.3%, m2=15.7%, and m0=11.6%. Figures 12 and 13 show the voltage and current unbalances at the secondary side of the substation as the sites of the TSS change. When the TSS is located at 2250 m point, the voltage unbalances are calculated as VUF=0.52%, d2=0.27%, and d0=0.18%, and the current unbalances are obtained as IUF=23.7%, m2=13.6%, and m0=9.5%. Likewise, as the TSS is located at 4200 m point, the voltage unbalances are calculated as VUF=0.4%, d2=0.19%, and d0=0.13%, and the current unbalances are obtained as IUF=18.6%, m2=10.1%, and m0=7.2%. Figure 14 shows the neutral current flow through the substation transformer as the TSS is located at different points. The neutral currents are 132 A, 51.7 A, and 26 A as TSS is located at 300 m, 2250 m, and 4200 m points, respectively. Obviously, all the voltage and current unbalances and the neutral current vary as the TSS is located at different points. The further the TSS is located away from the secondary side of the substation, the smaller the values become.Figure 12
Voltage unbalance at substation terminal with different TSS sites for Case  2.Figure 13
Current unbalance at substation terminal with different TSS sites for Case  2.Figure 14
Neutral current at substation terminal with different TSS sites for Case  2.


## 5.3. Case 3: TSS Using the Le-Blanc Transformer

To reduce the unbalance problem resulting from the TSS with a single-phase transformer connection, the Le-Blanc transformer connection is adopted in the TSS as shown in Figure5. Figure 15 shows the three-phase voltages at different buses along the feeder. At the secondary side of the substation, the three-phase voltages of VA, VB, and VC are 6522 V, 6512 V, and 6521 V, respectively. These values decrease to 6435 V, 6425 V, and 6434 V at the distance around 2700 m from the substation. Figures 16 and 17 show the instantaneous three-phase voltages and currents at the secondary side of the substation. The neutral line current flows through the substation transformer, which is very small, as shown in Figure 18. In this case, the voltage unbalances are calculated as VUF=0.059%, d2=0.0018%, and d0=0.0016%, and the current unbalances are obtained as IUF=0.06%, m2=0.0105%, and m0=0.0127% at the secondary side of the substation.Figure 15
Three-phase voltage magnitudes at different feeder sites for Case  3.Figure 16
Instantaneous three-phase voltages at substation terminal for Case  3.Figure 17
Instantaneous three-phase currents at substation terminal for Case  3.Figure 18
Instantaneous neutral line current at substation terminal for Case  3.Figures19 and 20 depict the voltage and current unbalance as the TSS is in different locations away from the secondary side of the substation. The voltage unbalances are calculated as VUF=0.035%, d2=0.0013%, and d0=0.001% when the TSS is located at a distance of 2250 m from the secondary side of the substation, and the current unbalances are obtained as IUF=0.0043%, m2=0.0092%, and m0=0.01%. The voltage unbalances are calculated as VUF=0.019%, d2=0.0008%, and d0=0.007% as the TSS is installed at the 4200 m point away from the secondary side of the substation, and the current unbalances are determined as IUF=0.0027%, m2=0.0074%, and m0=0.007%. Figure 21 illustrates the neutral line currents for different locations of the TSS. The neutral line currents are 73.5 mA, 26.4 mA, and 12.5 mA when the TSS is located at 300 m, 2250 m, and 4200 m points, respectively.Figure 19
Voltage unbalance at substation terminal with different TSS sites for Case  3.Figure 20
Current unbalance at substation terminal with different TSS sites for Case  3.Figure 21
Neutral current at substation terminal with different TSS sites for Case  3.


## 6. Conclusions

For the original test system, it is a three-phase balance system. However, the neutral line current flowing through the substation transformer is increased to 132 A when the TSS of the LRT adopts a single-phase transformer to supply the tram. In addition, the negative voltage and current sequence unbalances at the secondary side of the substation are obtained as 0.47% and 15.7%, respectively. To improve the poor power quality phenomenon, the TSS with the proposed Le-Blanc connection transformer is then used. It is found that the neutral line current flowing through the transformer and the negative voltage sequence unbalance decreases to the values of 0.074 A and 0.002%, respectively. It is concluded that the proposed TSS design has a significant effect on three-phase unbalances reduction for the distribution system with an LRT loading.



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*Source: 478637-2013-11-18.xml*