# Common Fixed Point Theorems for Nonlinear Contractive Mappings in Dislocated Metric Spaces

Authors: Yijie Ren; Junlei Li; Yanrong Yu
Journal: Abstract and Applied Analysis
 (2013)

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## Abstract

In 1986, Matthews generalized Banach contraction mapping theorem
in dislocated metric space that is a wider space than metric space. In
this paper, we established common fixed point theorems for a class of contractive
mappings. Our results extend the corresponding ones of other authors in
dislocated metric spaces.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Fixed point theory is an important branch of nonlinear analysis and can be used to many discipline branches, such as control theory, convex optimization, differential inclusion, and economics. Banach proved a celebrated fixed point theorem for contraction mappings in complete metric space which is one of the pivotal results of analysis. Dass and Gupta [1] generalized Banach contraction mapping in metric space. Also Rhoades [2] established a partial ordering for various definitions of contractive mapping. The concept of metric spaces, as an environmental space in fixed point theory, has been generalized in several directions. Some of such generalizations are dislocated spaces, quasimetric spaces, dislocated quasimetric spaces, and generalized quasimetric spaces. The concept of dislocated spaces is treated differently by different authors. Matthews [3] generalized Banach contraction mapping theorem in dislocated metric space. Hitzler [4] presented variants of Banach contraction principle for various modified forms of a metric space including dislocated metric space and applied them to semantic analysis of logic programs. In this context, Hitzler and Seda [5] raised some related questions on the topological aspects of dislocated metrics. In 2005, Zeyada et al. [6] generalized a fixed point theorem in dislocated quasimetric spaces. In 2008, Aage and Salunke [7] proved some results on fixed points in dislocated quasimetric space. Recently, Isufati [8] proved fixed point theorem for contractive type condition with rational expression in dislocated quasimetric space. In this paper, we study the mapping refereed by Xia Dafeng and obtained fixed point theorems in dislocated metric space. For fixed point theorems, see [9, 10]. The following definition is introduced by Xia et al. [11].Definition 1 (see [11]).
LetR+=[0,∞). Let G1:R+2→R+, G2:R+3→R+, satisfying the following:(1)
ifw≤G1(u,v), then there exists c∈(0,1), such that w≤cmax{u,v};(2)
ifw≤G2(u,v,r), then there exists c∈(0,1), such that w≤cmax{u,v,r}.Theorem 2 (see [11]).
Let(X,d) be complete metric spaces, let f,g:X→X be continuous mappings, and for all x,y∈X, such that
(1)d(f(x),g(y))≤G1(d(x,f(x)),d(y,g(y)))
or
(2)d(f(x),g(y))≤G2(d(x,y),d(x,f(x)),d(y,g(y)))
then f,g have a unique common fixed point.


## 2. Preliminaries

Definition 3 (see [6]).
LetX be a nonempty set and let d:X×X→[0,∞) be a function called a distance function. If for all x,y,z∈X,(1)
nonnegativity:d(x,y)≥0;(2)
faithful:d(x,y)=0⇔x=y;(3)
the triangle inequality:d(x,y)≤d(x,z)+d(z,x),So, here d is a quasimetric on X, and (X,d) is called a quasimetric space.Definition 4 (see [6]).
LetX be a nonempty set and let d:X×X→[0,∞) be a function called a distance function. If for all x,y,z∈X,(1)
nonnegativity:d(x,y)≥0;(2)
indistancy implies equality:d(x,y)=0=d(y,x) implies x=y;(3)
the triangle inequality:d(x,y)≤d(x,z)+d(z,x),so, here d is called a dislocated quasimetric or dq-metric on X, and (X,d) is called a dislocated quasimetric space.Definition 5 (see [6]).
LetX be a nonempty set and let d:X×X→[0,∞) be a function called a distance function. If for x,y,z∈X, (1)
nonnegativity:d(x,y)≥0;(2)
indistancy implies equality:d(x,y)=0=d(y,x) implies x=y;(3)
symmetry:d(x,y)=d(y,x);(4)
the triangle inequality:d(x,y)≤d(x,z)+d(z,x),so, here d is called a dislocated metric or d-metric on X and the pair (X,d) is called a dislocated metric space.Definition 6 (see [6]).
A sequence{xn} in dq-metric space (dislocated quasimetric space) (X,d) is called a Cauchy sequence, if for a given ϵ>0, there exists n0∈N such that d(xm,xn)<ϵ or d(xn,xm)<ϵ; that is, min{d(xm,xn),d(xn,xm)}<ϵ for all m,n≥n0.Definition 7 (see [6]).
A sequence{xn} in d-metric spaces (X,d) is said to be d-converged to x∈X provided that
(3)limd(xn,x)=limd(x,xn)=0.
In this case, x is called a d-limit of {xn} and we write xn→x.Definition 8 (see [6]).
Ad-metric space (X,d) is called d-complete if every d-Cauchy sequence in X converges with respect to x in X.Lemma 9.
Every converging sequence in ad-metric space is a Cauchy sequence.Proof.
Let{xn} be a sequence which converges to some x, and let ϵ>0 be arbitrarily given. Then there exists n0∈N with d(xn,x)<ϵ/2 for all n≥n0. For m,n≥n0, then we obtain that d(xm,x)+d(x,xn)<ϵ/2+ϵ/2=ϵ. Hence {xn} is a Cauchy sequence.Lemma 10.
Limits in dislocated metric spaces are unique.Proof.
Letx and y be limits of the sequence {xn}. Then d(xn,x)→0 and d(xn,y)→0 as n→∞. By the triangle inequality of Definition 5, we conclude that d(x,y)≤d(x,xn)+d(xn,y)→0 as n→∞. Hence d(x,y)=0 and using the properties (2) of Definition 5, we conclude that x=y.Lemma 11.
Limits in dislocated quasimetric spaces are unique.Proof.
Letx and y be limits of the sequence {xn}. Then xn→x and xn→y as n→∞. By the triangle inequality, it follows that d(x,y)≤d(x,xn)+d(xn,y). As n→∞, we have d(x,y)≤d(x,x)+d(y,y). Similarly, d(y,x)≤d(x,x)+d(y,y). Hence |d(x,y)-d(y,x)|≤0; that is, d(x,y)=d(y,x). Also d(x,y)≤d(x,xn)+d(xn,y)→0 as n→∞. That is, d(x,y)=0, and d(x,y)=d(y,x)=0. By the property (2) of Definition 4, we conclude that x=y.Example 12.
LetX=R+. Define d:X×X→R+ by d(x,y)=|x-y|. Then the pair (X,d) is a dislocated metric space. We define an arbitrary sequence {xn} in X; if k>N, there exists an positive integer N that satisfies |xk-a|<ϵ/2. Then, for any m,n>N, we have d(xn,xm)=|xn-xm|≤|xn-a|+|xm-a|<ϵ/2+ϵ/2=ϵ. Thus, {xn} is a Cauchy sequence in X. Also as n→∞, then {xn}→∞∈X. Hence, every Cauchy sequence in X is convergent with respect to d. Thus, (X,d) is a complete dislocated metric space.


## 3. Main Results

In this section, now we establish that common fixed points for mapping satisfying contractive condition are proved in the frame of dislocated metric spaces.Definition 13 (see [9]).
There existϕ(t) that satisfy the condition ϕ′, if one lets ϕ:[0,+∞]→[0,∞) be nondecreasing and non-negative, then limϕn(t)=0, for a given t>0.Lemma 14 (see [9]).
Ifϕ satisfy the condition ϕ′, then ϕ(t)<t, for a given t>0.Lemma 15 (see [11]).
LetF:R+3→R+, and satisfy the condition ϕ′; for all u,v≥0, if u≤F(v,v,u) or u≤F(v,u,v) or u≤F(u,v,v), then u≤ϕ(v).Theorem 16.
Let(X,d) be a complete dislocated metric space, and let f,g:X→X be self-mapping, if(1)
eitherf or g is continuous;(2)
there existsF satisfying the condition ϕ′, for all x,y∈X, such that
(4)d(f(x),g(y))≤F(d(x,y),d(x,f(x)),d(y,g(y))),then f,g have unique common fixed points.Proof.
Letg be continuous, x0  arbitrary in X, xn, yn  the sequence of X, and
(5)xn=(fg)n(x0)=fg(xn-1),yn=g(fg)n-1(x0),n=1,2,…
Obviously,
(6)yn=g(xn-1),f(yn)=xn,gf(yn)=g(xn)=yn+1,n=1,2,….
By the given condition, we have
(7)d(xn+1,yn+1)=d(fg(xn),g(xn))≤F(d(g(xn),xn),d(g(xn),fg(xn)),d(xn,g(xn))).
By Lemma 15, we have
(8)d(xn+1,yn+1)≤ϕ(d(xn,g(xn))).
Also
(9)d(xn,g(xn))=d(f(yn),g(xn))=d(yn+1,xn)≤F(d(yn,xn),d(yn,f(yn)),d(xn,g(xn)))=F(d(xn,g(xn)))d(yn,f(yn)),d(yn,f(yn)),d(xn,g(xn))).
Therefore
(10)d(xn,g(xn))=d(yn+1,xn)≤ϕ(d(yn,f(yn)))=ϕ(d(yn,xn)).
By Lemma 14, we have
(11)d(xn+1,yn+1)≤ϕ2(d(xn,yn)).
Hence, by induction, for all n∈N, we obtain
(12)d(xn+1,yn+1)≤ϕ2n(d(x1,y1))=ϕ2n(d(x1,g(x0))).
Similarly
(13)d(yn+1,xn)≤ϕ2n-1(d(x1,y1))=ϕ2n-1(d(x1,g(x0))).
If n≥2, we have
(14)d(xn+1,xn)≤d(xn+1,yn+1)+d(yn+1,xn)≤ϕ2n(d(x1,g(x0)))+ϕ2n-1(d(x1,g(x0)))≤2ϕ2n-1(d(x1,g(x0))).
Note that by the condition ϕ′ we know, for n,m∈N such that m>n, we have
(15)d(xn,xn+m)≤d(xn,xn+1)+d(xn+1,xn+2)+⋯+d(xn+m-1,xn+m)≤ϕ2n-1(d(x1,g(x0)))+2ϕ2(n+1)-1(d(x1,g(x0)))+⋯+2ϕ2(n+m-1)-1(d(x1,g(x0)))≤∑i=2n-12(n+m-1)-1‍ϕi(d(x1,g(x0)))≤∑i=2n-1∞‍ϕi(d(x1,g(x0)))→0.
Hence,d(xn,xm)→0 as m,n→∞. This forces that {xn} is a Cauchy sequence in X. But X is a completely dislocated metric space; hence, {xn} is d-converges. Call the d-limit x*∈X. Then, xn→x* as n→∞. By the continuity of g, as n→∞, yn=y*=g(x*). So as n→∞, d(xn+1,yn+1)≤d(x*,y*)≤0, x* is the fixed point of g.
By the given condition, we have(16)d(f(x*),g(x*))=d(f(x*),x*)≤F(d(x*,x*),d(x*,f(x*)),d(x*,g(x*)))=F(0,d(x*,f(x*)),0).
Hence,d(f(x*),x*)≤ϕ(0)=0⇒f(x*)=x*, so x* is a common fixed point of f,g.
Uniqueness. Let y* be another common fixed point of f,g. Then by the given condition, we have
(17)d(x*,y*)=d(f(x*),g(y*))≤F(d(x*,y*),d(y*,f(y*)),d(x*,g(x*)))=F(d(x*,y*),0,0).
Since d(x*,y*)≤ϕ(0)=0⇒x*=y*, x* is the unique fixed point of f; similarly, we prove that x* is also the unique fixed point of g. Thus the fixed point of f,g is unique, and we prove the theorem.Theorem 17.
Let(X,d) be a complete dislocated metric space; and let f,g:X→X be continuous mapping, if(1)
there existsF satisfying the condition ϕ′, for all x,y∈X, if x≠y, such that
(18)d(f(x),g(y))≤F(d(x,y),d(x,f(x)),d(y,g(y))),(2)
there existsx0∈X such that {(fg)n(x0)} have a condensation point, then f,g have a unique common fixed point.Proof.
Letxn,yn be the sequence of X, and for all n, xn≠yn,
(19)xn=(fg)n(x0)=fg(xn-1),yn=g(fg)n-1(x0),n=1,2,….
Obviously,
(20)yn=g(xn-1),f(yn)=xn,gf(yn)=g(xn)=yn+1,n=1,2,….
Suppose thatx* is the condensation point of {xn}; there exists the subsequence {xni} of {xn} such that xni=x*. Since g is continuous, limg(xni)=g(x*)=y*.
Consider(21)d(f(y*),g(x*))=d(f(y*),y*)≤F(d(y*,x*),d(y*,f(y*)),d(x*,g(x*)))=F(d(y*,x*),d(y*,f(y*)),d(x*,y*)),d(f(y*),y*)≤ϕ(d(x*,y*))⟺d(f(y*),y*)<d(x*,y*).
Also consider(22)d(xn+1,yn+1)=d(fg(xn),g(xn))≤F(d(g(xn),xn),d(g(xn),fg(xn)),d(xn,g(xn)))≤ϕ(d(xn,g(xn))),d(xn,g(xn))=d(f(yn),g(xn))=d(yn+1,xn)≤F(d(yn,xn),d(yn,f(yn)),d(xn,g(xn)))=F(d(yn,f(yn)),d(yn,f(yn)),d(xn,g(xn)))≤ϕ(d(yn,f(yn)))=ϕ(d(yn,xn)).
Thus
(23)d(xn+1,yn+1)≤ϕ2(d(xn,yn))<d(xn,yn).
Hence, we know that{d(xn+1,yn+1)} is decreasing. Let limd(xn+1,yn+1)=ϵ and limd(yni+1,xni)=d(y*,x*)≤limd(yni,xni)=ϵ. Since {xni} is the subsequence of {xn}, we have
(24)d(f(y*),y*)=limd(f(yni+1),yni+1)=lim(d(xni,yni))=ϵ.
Hence, we conclude thatd(x*,y*)≤d(f(y*),y*), a contradiction. So x*=y*, y* is the fixed point of g. Similarly, y* is the fixed point of f.
Uniqueness. Let y′ be another common fixed point of f,g. Then by the given condition, we have
(25)d(y*,y′)=d(f(y*),g(y′))≤F(d(y*,y′),d(y′,f(y′)),d(y*,g(y*)))=F(d(y*,y′),0,0).
Sinced(y*,y′)≤ϕ(0)=0⇒y*=y′, y* is the unique fixed point of f. Similarly, we prove that y* is also the unique fixed point of g. Thus the fixed point of f,g is unique.



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